Full text of Monthly Labor Review : August 1963, Vol. 86, No. 8
The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.
Monthly
Labor
Review
A U G U ST
1963
VOL.
86
NO .
The 1963 ILO Conference
Employment of School-Age Youth
Job M obility in 1961
SEP 7
1363
PUBLIC LIBRARY
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
W. Willard Wirtz , Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
R obert J. M yers, Acting Commissioner of Labor Statistics
H. M. D outy, Associate Commissioner for Program Planning and Publications
W. D uane E vans, Associate Commissioner for Systems Analysis and Economic Growth
P aul R. K erschbaum, Associate Commissioner for Management and Field Operations
H erman B. B yer, Assistant Commissioner
J ack Alterman, Chief, Division of Economic Growth
Gertrude B ancroft, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
Arnold E. C hase, Assistant Commissioner for Prices and Living Conditions
J oseph P. G oldberg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
H arold G oldstein, Assistant Commissioner for Manpower and Employment Statistics
L eon Greenberg , Assistant Commissioner for Productivity and Technological Developments
P eter H enle , Special Assistant to the Commissioner
R ichard F. J ones, Deputy Associate Commissioner for Management
W alter G. K eim , Deputy Associate Commissioner for Field Operations
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Division of Publications
H yman L. L ewis, Economic Consultant to the Commissioner
L eonard R. L insenmayer , Deputy Associate Commissioner for Program Planning and Publications
F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards
A be R othman, Chief, Division of Statistical Standards
W illiam C. Shelton, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
R obert B. Steffes , Departmental Statistical Officer
Regional Offices and Directors
NEW ENGLAND REGION
W endell D. M acdonald
18 Oliver Street
Boston, Mass. 02110
Connecticut
New Hampshire
Maine
Rhode Island
Massachusetts Vermont
M ID D L E ATLANTIC REGION
H erbert B ienstock
341 Ninth Avenue
New York, N.Y. 10001
Delaware
New York
Maryland
Pennsylvania
New Jersey
District of Columbia
EAST CEN TRA L REGION
J ohn W. L ehman
1365 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44114
Kentucky
Ohio
Michigan
West Virginia
N O RTH CENTRAL REGION
Adolph O. B erger
105 West Adams Street
Chicago, 111. 60603
Illinois
Missouri
Indiana
Nebraska
Iowa
North Dakota
Kansas
South Dakota
Minnesota Wisconsin
SOUTHERN REGION
B runswick A. B agdon
1371 Peachtree Street NE.
Atlanta, Ga. 30309
Alabama
North Carolina
Arkansas
Oklahoma
Florida
South Carolina
Georgia
Tennessee
Louisiana Texas
Mississippi Virginia
W ESTERN REGION
M ax D. K ossoris
630 Sansome Street
San Francisco, Calif. 94111
Alaska
Nevada
Arizona
New Mexico
California
Oregon
Colorado
Utah
Hawaii
Washington
Idaho
Wyoming
Montana
The Monthly Labor Review is for sale by the regional offices listed above and by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C., 20402. Subscription price per year—$7.50 domestic; $9.00 foreign. Price 75 cents a copy.
The distribution of subscription copy is handled by the Superintendent of Documents.
should be addressed to the editor-in-chief.
Communications on editorial matters
Uve of funds for printing this publication approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget (October 31,1963).
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR .BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
L awrence R. K lein , Edilor-in-Chief
M ary S. B edell, Executive Editor
CONTENTS
Special Articles
889
897
907
914
White-Collar Unionism in Western Europe, II
Special Labor Force Reports:
Job Mobility in 1961
Employment of School-Age Youth, October 1962
The International Labor Conference of 1963
Summaries of Studies and Reports
920
925
935
910
944
947
The ILO Director-General’s Speech on the South African Question
Hours of Work in the United States and Abroad
Older Workers’ Performance in Industrial Retraining Programs
Earnings in Selected Metropolitan Areas of the South, June 1962
Earnings in Leather Tanning and Finishing, March 1963
Equal Pay Act of 1963
Technical Note
948
The Use of Price Indexes in Escalator Contracts
Departments
hi
953
957
959
966
977
The Labor Month in Review
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
August 1963 • Vol. 86 • No. 8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The Labor Month
in Review
As t h e A u g u s t 29 d e a d l i n e for the railroads and
the operating brotherhoods approached, whether
there would be a strike, an agreement, or legis
lation on the work rules dispute in the railroad
industry remained unclear.
In the face of a breakdown in collective bar
gaining, legislation was proposed by President
Kennedy “after more than 3J£ years of constant
but fruitless attempts to achieve a peaceful
settlement between the parties through every
private and public means available.”
In his message to the Congress on July 22, the
President recommended that:
. . . for a 2-year period during which both the parties
and the public can better inform themselves on this prob
lem and alternative approaches—interim work rules
changes proposed by either party to which both parties
cannot agree should be submitted for approval, dis
approval, or modification to the Interstate Commerce
Commission in accordance with the procedures and pro
visions of section 5 of the Interstate Commerce Act, the
Commission being directed to use to advantage the work
of the two previous panels which received evidence on
these matters. At its discretion, the Commission may
also appoint a Special Advisory Panel to assist it in the
discharge of its functions. The Commission shall judge
the effect of each proposed rule on the adequacy and
safety of transportation service to the public and on the
interests of both parties; and it shall, with the advice of
the Secretary of Labor, require fair and equitable arrange
ments to protect the interests of the affected employees,
giving proper weight to the protection provisions of section
5(2) (f) of the Interstate Commerce Act and those recom
mended by the Presidential Commission and Emergency
Board reports. Emerging from the recommendations of
these boards was the principle that, while many jobs
would not be filled following the death, retirement, or
voluntary transfer of the present occupants, every present
employee with a significant attachment to the railroad
industry would retain the right to his present employment
or to comparable railroad employment at comparable
pay. Provisions would also be made for rehiring priority,
relocation expenses, displacement allowances, education
and retraining grants, supplemental severance and re
tirement benefits, and other features.
Unlike compulsory arbitration, this method would
preserve and prefer collective bargaining and give prec
edence to its solutions. But any strike or lockout
designed to impose a rules change which has not been
approved by the Commission or the parties, or to oppose
one which has been approved, would be subject to the
remedies of section 5(8) of the Interstate Commerce Act.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
To give the Congress time to act on the ICC
approach or other means of cooling or “shopping”
the work rules hot boxes, the carriers postponed
again the date for making the changes in work
rules that they had first proposed in November
1959. In the initial hearings, before the House
Commerce Committee, the railroads testified that
legislation was the only peaceful way out of the
dispute. The operating unions opposed the Presi
dential recommendations, equating them with com
pulsory arbitration, which they have steadily
rejected in this dispute.
“Every private and public means available” to
achieve settlement had, in the weeks just before
the Administration’s legislative proposal, included
a procedure suggested by Secretary of Labor W.
Willard Wirtz on July 5 calling for Assistant
Secretary James J. Reynolds to assist the parties
through a period of mediation, joint study of
work rules, and, if necessary, arbitration. Neither
this approach nor a request on July 9 by President
Kennedy that the parties submit their dispute
to Supreme Court Justice Arthur J. Goldberg
for settlement was acceptable to the unions.
Although there had been no mention of what
techniques Justice Goldberg might use in peace
making, in line with their stand on arbitration,
the brotherhoods let it be known his assistance
would not be welcome.
On July 10, the eve of the day the railroads had
set for putting the new rules into effect and
the unions had then set as their strike date, the
President announced that the parties had agreed
to a postponement until July 29. He asked a
six-man subcommittee of his Advisory Committee
on Labor-Management Policy to report to him
by July 19 on the issues in dispute and the cur
rent positions of the parties which he would
transmit to the Congress on July 22 with recom
mendations for legislation. Excerpts from the
committee’s report follow:
The carriers by their notices sought the right to remove
all firemen (except in passenger service), contending that
the work traditionally performed by firemen has almost
entirely disappeared or could be performed by other
employees. The brotherhoods contended that firemen
are essential for safe and efficient operations as well as
for relief of engineers and for training future engineers.
The Presidential Railroad Commission concluded that
firemen 'are not so essential for the safe and efficient
operation of road freight and yard diesels'that there should
continue to be either a national rule or local rules requiring
their assignment on all such diesels.’ It recommended
that firemen with less than 10 years’ seniority be separated
from service, with various provisions for severance pay,
nr
IV
retraining, and preferential hiring rights on other railroad
jobs. Firemen with over 10 years’ seniority were to be
retrained with full job rights.
In its report, the Emergency Board concluded that
there should be determination, by bargaining and by
neutral proceedings, if necessary, of ‘those situations,
if any, which will continue to require the presence of a
fireman in order to assure adequate safety, and to prevent
placing an undue burden upon the remaining crew mem
bers.’ The Board suggested negotiating a procedure
whereby positions could be eliminated as they became
vacant but which would permit the brotherhoods to
question the elimination on the grounds of safety or undue
burden. Disagreements would be settled by local nego
tiations, or, failing agreement, by a special referee pro
cedure. All firemen—except those hired recently or those
working only irregularly— were to continue in the employ
of the carriers although firemen with less than 10 years’
seniority could be transferred to other comparable jobs
with an earnings guarantee. For those electing to
withdraw from service, educational scholarships, retrain
ing allowances, and separation allowances were recom
mended.
In the post-emergency Board negotiations, the brother
hoods made an offer to agree to a reduction in certain
categories of jobs (on an attrition basis), which they
said would include 5,500 such jobs of the approximately
32,000 firemen jobs in freight and yard service. The
carriers rejected this offer for various reasons, among them
that the conditions attached to it would reduce the number
of jobs actually affected to only a few hundred.
Road and yard train service crews generally consist of
one conductor and two brakemen. The carriers proposed a
national rule to gain the ‘unrestricted right’ to determine
appropriate crew consists; the brotherhoods sought a
national rule establishing one conductor and two brakemen as a minimum crew in all instances.
The Presidential Railroad Commission concluded that a
national rule establishing a procedure for determining
undermanning or overmanning of train crews was justified.
The Emergency Board recommended the negotiation
of national guidelines based upon safety, efficiency, and
avoidance of undue burden, with any disputes concerning
the application of these guidelines to be resolved by
local bargaining and a special referee porcedure.
Based upon a proposal made by the Secretary of Labor
on June 19, both parties have agreed in principle to a
procedure for handling the problem. However, the
brotherhoods proposed to limit its application to crew
consist situations which deviate from the generally pre
vailing pattern of one conductor and two brakemen.
The carriers indicated that the brotherhoods’ modifica
tion would be acceptable if it did not apply to certain
classes of service; they referred specifically to branch
lines, secondary main lines, and main lines equipped with
newly developed or automated control equipment.
Over the years a ‘jurisdictional’ distinction has de
veloped with respect to the work to which road service
and yard service crews are entitled. Three problems
have been posed by this distinction: extending switching
limits; road crews performing work in yards; and the
discontinuing of yard engine assignments. The carriers
sought the elimination of restrictions affecting their
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
operations in each of these areas. The brotherhoods
maintained that any further combination of road and
yard service should be prohibited unless sanctioned by
local agreement.
The Commission found that present agreements con
cerning extending switching limits— agreements providing
for arbitration— were working satisfactorily and should
not be disturbed. However, it recommended that even
where yard crews are on duty road crews should be per
mitted, subject to specific conditions to prevent abuse, to
perform certain movement and switching operations in
yards in connection with their own train. The Com
mission recommended that when a shift had less than 4
hours of yard engine assignment work for 10 consecutive
days, it might be discontinued but that it must be restored
according to the same formula.
The Emergency Board recommended the negotiation
of a rule which would permit more flexible use of road and
yard crews but which would preserve the basic distinctions
reflected by separately existing seniority rights. Specific,
negotiated rules to limit possible carrier abuse and to
provide employee protection were also recommended.
The brotherhoods continue to maintain that this issue
should be handled locally, while the carriers feel minimum
criteria should be developed as suggested by the Emergency
Board.
The industry’s pay structure is one of extreme com
plexity. Both parties sought to modernize the existing
structure. In the aggregate, the carriers’ proposals
would have reduced their payrolls, the brotherhoods'
proposals would have increased them.
The Commission found the present wage structure to
contain ‘widespread anomalies and inequities’ together
with ‘unconscionable’ disparities in hours on duty. A
major revision of the wage structure was recommended
and outlined in detail; continuous study by a standing
joint committee was also proposed.
The Emergency Board proposed two modifications of the
Commission’s recommendations, a full 2 percent of current
payroll be used to work out adjustments in the pay struc
ture and provision be made to assure that ‘incumbent
employees will not be unduly (adversely) affected by the
structural changes.’
The brotherhoods have indicated a willingness to discuss
these issues. The carriers, having accepted the rec
ommendations, take the view that further discussions on
compensation issues cannot be undertaken until the
firemen and other manning questions are resolved.
On the issues of manning self-propelled vehicles,
interdivisional runs, protection for employees
affected by technical change, mergers, consolida
tion, or similar change, the Committee reported
that agreement might be reached once the fore
going issues are settled.
As t h i s v o l u m e w e n t t o p r e s s , Secretary of
Labor W. Willard Wirtz who had continued me
diation attempts after submission of the proposed
legislation, said that “Prospects of settlement. . .
by bargaining depend on one side or the other
making a new proposal.”
White-Collar Unionism in Western Europe
o t e .— The article which follows is the second half of a paper dealing with the
development of white-collar unions in Western Europe. Thefirst part, which appeared
in the July issue (pp. 765-771), covered the extent of white-collar unionism and ana
lyzed the factors that have contributed to its growth in the postwar period.
E d it o r ’s N
E verett
M.
K a ssa lo w *
Structure of Nonmanual Unionism
The variety in the structure of nonmanual union
ism in Western Europe is considerable. Moreover,
the forms of unionism and the bargaining patterns
often differ from those we regard as normal in
the United States, but not much more than do
European manual union forms and practices.
These differences, of course, reflect differences in
the organization of the economy, traditions among
employers (the previously noted greater role of
employer associations as well as the absence of as
many large corporate industrial units as in the
United States), etc.
Austria and Germany. Even in those countries
where most of the unionized white-collar em
ployees have been organized within the central,
traditional, once almost completely manualdominated labor federations, the forms of whitecollar unionism are quite varied. In Austria, for
instance, the GAP is a separate affiliate of the
Austrian Federation of Trade Unions and it covers
white-collar workers throughout the private sector
whether in banking, insurance, manufacturing,
forestry, or what have you. On the other hand,
within the German Federation of Trade Unions
(DGB) the nonmanual employees are organized
by the 16 basic industrial unions. Office and tech
nical employees in the textile industry, for ex
ample, would be organized in the one textile union.
The DGB has unionized approximately 1.2
million white-collar employees in private and
public employment.25 While many of them
are in public employment, a few of the large
industrial unions operating in the private sector
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
have made considerable progress in unionizing
the white-collar workers in their jurisdictions.
The giant German Metalworkers Union has a
nonmanual membership of 147,000 and the Chem
ical, Paper and Ceramics Union has 50,000 nonmanual members. The DGB affiliate in the
banking, commerce, and insurance field has 100,000
members.
Outside the DGB, there has existed since 1948
an independent union devoted to organizing
white-collar workers across the board, i.e., in
private and public employment, the Deutschen
Angestellten Gewerkschaft (DAG) with a mem
bership of over 460,000. This union was born
from the dissatisfaction of certain nonmanualworker groups within the DGB, with the major
cause apparently being their resistance to the
principle of making them part of the various
industrial unions.26
There are, aside from the DGB and the DAG,
several other organizations engaged in unionizing
nonmanual employees in Germany. The most
important of these is the Deutscher Beamtenbund,
a union devoted to organizing only classified civil
service employees. Its membership of around
660,000 is largely nonmanual.
‘ Director of Research, Industrial Union Department, A FL-CIO , and
also Director, continuing Seminar on Comparative Labor Movements,
National Institute of Labor Education.
28 It is difficult to separate manuals from nonmanuals in classified civil
service employment—the so-called Beamte.
28 In pre-Hitler Germany, there was a very strong, independent whitecollar federation and, to some extent, the DAG carries on this tradition.
The DA G’s application for membership in the International Confederation
o f Free Trade Unions, with which the DGB is affiliated, has been held up.
It is, however, a member of the International Federation of Clerical and
Technical Employees, the trade secretariat for free white-collar unions in
the private sector.
889
890
Sweden. In some instances a separate federa
tion—separate, that is, from the traditional
manual workers’ federation—has unionized the
bulk of the white-collar employees. In Sweden,
the already-mentioned Swedish Central Organiza
tion of Salaried Employees (TOO) is the main
center of white-collar unionization. Indeed, in
Sweden even the professional employees—the
so-called diploma or college graduate types—have
organized a separate central federation.
The Swedish Federation of Trade Unions (LO),
the manual workers’ federation, has some nonmanual membership, including substantial num
bers of lower level nomnanuals in commerce, in
its Commercial Workers Union.27 LO also has
organized a fair number of lower level nonmanuals
in public employment, including many in com
munications. But LO seems never to have made
a strong and concerted drive to organize non
manuals generally. This, in turn, eventually
helped pave the way for TCO, as a separate
nonmanual federation.
The TCO is a combination of unions of a pre
dominantly vertical or industrial character, along
with a number of horizontal or craft unions.
The largest TCO union is the Swedish Union of
Clerical and Technical Employees in Industry,
a vertical union which covers all types of office
and in a few instances managerial employees in
Swedish private industry outside of commerce or
trade. This union has a 1963 membership of
135,000, or around 30 percent of the entire TCO.
On the other hand, the second largest union in
the TCO is a craft type, the Swedish Union of
Foremen and Supervisors, which takes in those
categories of workers in private industries and
numbers over 47,000 members. The Union of
Commercial Employees in Sweden has jurisdiction
over nonmanual workers in most of retail and
wholesale trade. Other important craft unions in
the TCO include the Swedish Nurses Association,
the Swedish Union of Policemen, the Union of
Noncommissioned Officers in the Defense Forces,
and the Swedish Ship Officers Association.
SACO, the Swedish federation of professional
or diploma employees’ unions, has to a consider
able extent grown up on the foundation of the
country’s various professional societies and as
sociations. If one conceives of the American
Pharmaceutical Association, the American Med
ical Association, or the Society of Archivists
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
explicitly taking on union and collective bargaining
functions along with their professional tasks, he
can begin to have a picture of SACO. In addi
tion to promoting the professional interests of
their members and their occupations, Swedish
professional associations have gradually com
mitted themselves “to safefuard the social and
economic interests of the members” (from the
constitution of the Swedish Medical Association).
So far does the extent of union organization in
Sweden go that the SACO includes one union that
takes in clergymen. The great majority of these
professionals, including doctors and clergymen,
are employees of the state, and SACO’s member
ship of 65,000 is concentrated primarily in public
employment.
The recent establishment of a union covering
doctors in the public hospitals to bargain with the
City of New York is a somewhat similar devel
opment in our own country. Usually, of course,
such professionals in the United States are selfemployed.
The Netherlands. In the Netherlands, where there
are three main central labor movements—the
Netherlands Federation of Trade Unions (the
socialist-oriented NVV), the Netherlands Catholic
Workers’ Movement (Catholic-oriented KAB),
and the National Federation of Christian Workers
(Protestant-oriented CNV)—the forms of nonmanual unionism are even more varied. Thus
in the NVV, the leading Dutch labor federation,
by a clear-cut organizational decision at the end of
World War II, nonmanual workers were slotted
into their “appropriate” industrial unions; e.g.,
the nonmanuals in metal plants were “assigned”
to the Metalworkers union. The NVV also
established one central union, Mercurius, to cover
all employees in commercial establishments as
well as nonmanual workers who fall outside of the
traditional industrial lines (for example, banks,
insurance, private hospitals). The principle of
organizing appropriate nonmanuals into their
“industrial” unions has also been largely followed
27 Until recently there was jurisdictional friction between this union and
the TCO commercial workers union, but this now seems to have been worked
out. TC O ’s relations with the Swedish Confederation of Professional
Associations (SACO) have been more strained than those with LO. (Both
TCO and LO are affiliated to the International Confederation of Free Trade
Unions.) TCO tends to believe there is no real necessity for a third federa
tion of professional employees. Some of these professional employees are to
be found in the TCO ranks, but the large majority are in SACO.
WHITE-COLLAR UNIONISM IN WESTERN EUROPE
891
by the CNV, but within the KAB, white-collar
workers tend to be organized on craft lines.
Alongside of the TUC and its nonmanual
affiliates, there are a number of important whitecollar independent unions in Great Britain. The
largest of these is the National Association of
Local Government Officers (NALGO), which has
a membership in the neighborhood of 280,000.30
The National Union of Teachers, also an inde
pendent, has a membership of over 215,000.
Several other independent unions, or staff associ
ations as they are generally termed, are also
operating in the national civil service.
Great Britain. The traditionally greater variety
and overlapping in the forms of organization in
British manual-worker unions tends to hold for
nonmanual unionism. In describing the nonmanual affiliates of the British Trades Union Con
gress, the secretary of the TUC Nonmanual Work
ers Advisory Committee mentions three types of
organization:
Horizontal: In which nonmanual employees irrespective
of their industry are in the same union. Examples may be
found in the Clerical and Administrative Workers’ Union
and the Association of Supervisory Staffs, Executives, and
Technicians. The most successful union of this type is
considered to be the Draughtsmen and Allied Technicians’
Association.
Vertical: In which the clerical staffs may be in the same
union as the manual workers whether skilled, semiskilled,
or laborers, for example, National Union of Mineworkers
and National Association of Theatrical and Kine
Employees.
Occupational: In which nonmanual workers within an
industry or service have separate unions— Transport
Salaried Staffs Association, National Union of Bank Em
ployees, Civil Service Clerical Association, etc. This type
has by far the most nonmanual members in Britain.28
As an example of some of the overlapping, office
employees in the nationalized coal industry are
unionized in both the National Union of Mineworkers and the Clerical and Administrative
Workers’ Union, both affiliated to the TUC.29
One of the TUC’s largest nonmanual-worker
concentrations is in the Union of Shop, Distribu
tive and Allied Workers (USDAW), which takes in
both manual and nonmanual employees in the
retail and wholesale trade field. In an earlier
period much of USDAW’s strength was based in
the British co-op field. A number of the commer
cial employee union affiliates of predominantly
manual-worker federations in Western Europe owe
their origin, to an important extent, to traditional
labor co-op ties. Unionization among the em
ployees of cooperative stores and warehouses was
(and is) almost an automatic affair.
28 W. A. Widden, “ The Place of Nonmanual Workers in the Trade Union
Structure,” International Nonmanual Workers’ Conference, op. cit., p. 39.
22 There has been some recent discussion in Britain about the desirability of
consolidating unionized clerical-office and related employees into one national
union. See Trade Union Membership (London, Political and Economic
Planning, 1962) and The Observer, July 1,1962, for union officers’ reaction to
this proposal.
30 A recent move led by officers of NALGO to affiliate with the TUC was
defeated by a close vote in the referendum.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Denmark. In Denmark, the unionized nonmanual
employees are divided between the Danish Feder
ation of Labor (LO), and a loosely organized,
independent white-collar federation, the Federa
tion of Civil Servants and Salaried Employees
(FTF). Within the LO, three-fifths of whitecollar membership is concentrated in the Danish
Union of Commercial and Clerical Employees
(HK), with a membership of around 90,000.
HK is the second largest union in the LO and
probably its fastest growing affiliate. HK takes
in white collars in public as well as private em
ployment, but over 70 percent of its members are
in private employment and most of these are in
trade. (Most of the public white-collar workers
are in civil service unions, some in the LO and
some in the FTF.)
The independent FTF is only a little more than
10 years old. It has a membership of around
125,000, primarily in public employment. It
includes a teachers union of around 20,000, a
nurses union of around 30,000, and several im
portant higher level civil service worker unions.
The FTF has a thinly manned headquarters
secretariat and has not yet developed into a
federation comparable to the TCO in Sweden.
Some Danish white-collar workers are orga
nized independently of both the FTF and the LO.
A union of foremen and technicians, covering
both public and private employment, numbers
over 25,000. Most of these workers have moved
up from a manual background; an early agree
ment by the LO with Danish employer associa
tions not to take in foremen seems to account for
the union’s independent status.
Industrial Adaptation. Even where a single
union covers all white-collar workers in the
private sector, it commonly sets up divisions for
892
different industrial and/or occupational groups.
Thus, the Austrian GAP, which covers the entire
private white-collar sector, has six industry di
visions: (1) Industry, including separate sections
for metals, chemicals, construction, clothing, etc.;
(2) commerce and trade; (3) banking; (4) private
insurance; (5) social insurance (the Austrian social
security system has a semipublic character and is
not part of the general civil service system); and
(6) agriculture and forestry.
The German DAG, which also covers the entire
range of both public and private white-collar
employment, organizes along similar functional
lines, although it includes occupational groupings
(technicians and foremen and supervisors) which
the Austrian GAP has feared might encourage
separatism. The DAG has the following sec
tions: (1) Commercial and clerical; (2) banking;
(3) insurance; (4) public service; (5) technicians;
(6) mining; (7) shipping; and (8) foremen and
supervisors. Each of these groups has its own
full-time officers and staff and there are frequent
meetings to decide on bargaining policy and the
like.
Somewhat similar though less formal groupings
can be observed in the British Clerical and Ad
ministrative W orkers’ Union. Thus, efforts are
made to assist workers in the “ engineering”
(metal fabricating) industries or in coal to group
together for bargaining.
Union Organizing Tactics and Programs
Recognizing white-collar workers’ tendency to
ward separatism in organization and the necessity
to grant them some assurance of fuller representa
tion, those manual workers’ federations which are
making serious efforts to unionize white-collar
workers have tried to develop separate institutions
or departments for them within the federation.
Thus, the British TU C holds a separate annual
conference for nonmanual affiliates and has a full
time officer who works solely in the nonmanual
field.31 The Dutch NVV, which is committed to
to industrial unionism, has nevertheless established
a special secretariat to coordinate all interunion
nonmanual activities and problems. This secre
tariat attempts to present a clear white-collar
view in NVV affairs, prepare special propaganda
tracts to appeal to nonmanual workers, collect
wage data on nonmanual occupations regardless
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
of industry and union, and so forth. In the
German DGB, a top officer has responsibility for
coordinating nonmanual worker activities and
supervising a substantial white-collar section
which undertakes studies on automation, collective
bargaining, and vocational education as they affect
nonmanual workers. This section has a staff of
around 20 people in DGB headquarters.
Another approach to the unionization of non
manuals was the proclamation by the Metal
workers affiliate of the DGB in the spring of 1959
of a “White-Collar Workers’ Year,” during which
stepped-up organizing resulted in a white-collar
membership gain of 13,945.
Political Activities. Generally, nonmanual union
ists tend to be less “political,” or less apt to sup
port or relate to the traditional labor-socialist
party, than unionized manual workers. (The
interest of nonmanuals in political issues as such,
however, probably equals or exceeds that of the
average manual worker.) In Great Britain, for
example, where a union member may elect not to
pay any union political levies, this practice of
“contracting out” of such payments is more
prevalent in nonmanual TUC affiliates. More
over, a nonmanual union, even though part of the
TUC, is a bit less likely to affiliate with the
British Labor Party than is the average manual
workers union; the National Union of Bank Em
ployees is a good example.32
Both the Swedish TCO and the German DAG
are neutral so far as political party ties are con
cerned, even though they take positions on specific
political issues. Although the members of both
these organizations clearly tend to be more con
servative politically than manual unionists, some
of their leaders come from or are personally
sympathetic to the Socialist Party.
In Austria, the majority of the leaders of the
nonmanual GAP may be personally committed
and active Socialists, but they attribute the more
successful unionization of nonmanuals since World
31 The sufficiency of even these efforts have been questioned by TUC whitecollar union leaders. Dame Anne Godwin, Chief Officer of the Clerical and
Administrative Workers’ Union, has argued that the TUC must do more to
make itself attractive to nonmanuals. See “ Workers in White Overalls,”
Socialist Commentary, 1959.
33 According to Richard Rose, the British Labor Party polled approxi
mately a two-thirds vote among manual workers in the 1959 election, but only
about one-fifth among the nonmanual occupations. See Mark Abrams and
Richard Rose, M ust Labour Lose (London, Penguin Books, Ltd., 1960),
p. 76.
*
WHITE-COLLAR UNIONISM IN WESTERN EUROPE
893
War II in part to the formal depoliticalization of
the Austrian Federation of Trade Unions.33 This
formal political nonpartisanship made it easier to
take in all groups of the work force, including the
Catholics who had been strong among the whitecollar groups in the pre-Dolfuss era.
The British National Union of Bank Employees
runs successful jazz sessions for its younger
members, while the Austrian GAP owns two
schools which also serve as beautiful ski resorts
in the winter.
These are examples of the way in which whitecollar unions are trying to ‘"individualize” their
membership appeal.
Special White-Collar Appeals. It is difficult to
generalize about tactics and propaganda, but
there seems to be fair agreement among European
union leaders that some significant changes in
traditional union practices and appeals are
necessary if white-collar employees are to be
successfully organized. Thus, appeals must be
more individually tailored than the general classsolidarity types of propaganda which were effec
tive with manual unionists. Merit rating systems
and individual types of adjustment are more
acceptable to some groups of nonmanual em
ployees than has been the case with nonmanuals.
It is, of course, possible to exaggerate the
differences in the appeals of unionism as between
manuals and nonmanuals. A leading Dutch
sociologist has concluded that in today’s Welfare
State, all union members, manual as well as nonmanual, look to their unions with ‘less desire for
all-round improvement than for individual ad
vantages.” 34 That is, members appear more and
more to be seeking a shift of union emphasis from
collective to individual aspirations.
Probably white-collar worker aspirations help
account for the special programs of vocational
education which some European white-collar
unions have developed. The German DAG, for
example, runs a large number of permanent
vocational educational training institutes de
signed to improve and upgrade the skills of partici
pants—members and nonmembers. The DGB
sponsors competitive tests to determine individual
excellence in selected white-collar activities (typing,
shorthand, bookkeeping, etc.). These compe
titions are open to members and nonmembers, and
the winners may even gain a trip to Paris!
83 In contrast to the pre-1930’s, when each major political party and/or
religious group had its “own” union federation, the Austrians created a
unified trade union center after World War II—a center which has no sort of
direct ties with any political party.
31 M. Van de Vail, “ Trade Unions in the Welfare State as Seen by Their
Members,” Trade Union Information (Paris, Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development), No. 38 (not dated, probably 1962).
85 New York Times, September 5,1962.
88 Space permits treatment of only a few key factors in white-collar col
lective bargaining.
6 9 4 -5 9 5 — 63------- 2
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In a somewhat different vein are the impresive technical publications which the Draughts
men’s Union of Great Britain puts out for its
members, and indeed for techuicains in all British
industry. It has issued dozens of studies on such
subjects as The Fundamentals of Jig Design,
Screw Propeller Design, and Horsepower of
Leather Belts. The publications of this union
have become standards in the technical field.
The important wage research which many
white-collar unions have undertaken to meet the
individual needs of their members will be discussed
in connection with collective bargaining.
On a tactical level, the relatively large number of
women among the white-collar work force is also
compelling many European unions to rethink
some of their appeals and programs. The 1962
annual convention of the British Trades Union
Congress heard no fewer than “nine reports of
importance primarily to women in unions. The
reports covered such subjects as nurses’ training,
needlework competitions, and the selection of
Sandra MacDonald of the Union of Post Office
Workers as the ‘Trades Union Teen-Age Personal
ity Girl.’ ” 35 (The fact that Dame Anne Godwin,
general secretary of the Clerical and Administrative
Workers’ Union, was completing her term as
president of the TUC may have helped to account
for this emphasis upon women’s affairs!)
Collective Bargaining, Wages, and Strikes36
F o r the most part, bargaining structures and
patterns for white-collar workers tend to follow
those practiced in the manual-worker field. Where
a high degree of centralization in bargaining has de
veloped, as in Sweden, centralized patterns also
tend to follow in white-collar union bargaining; in
fact, the bargaining structure in the Swedish
manufacturing sector is in some ways even more
centralized for white-collar employees than for
manuals. The two key white-collar unions, the
Swedish Union of Clerical and Technical Em ploy-
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
894
ees in Industry (SIF) and the Swedish Foremen's
Association (SAF), negotiate a central bargain for
all white-collar employees in all manufacturing.
By contrast, manual workers are bargained for
on an industrywide basis, as metals, textiles,
chemicals, etc.
In other countries where industrywide bargain
ing between national unions and associations has
become the pattern, as in the British engineering
industries, unions covering the clerks and drafts
men have also negotiated national agreements
with the appropriate employers’ associations.
In Germany, in the private sector of the economy,
the pattern of bargaining is largely set by the
large industrial unions, many of which negotiate
separately with industrywide employers’ associ
ations for the white-collar workers and the manual
workers. Where plural unionism has been the
prevailing practice, as in The Netherlands and
France, it is common for more than one union to
have representation rights in a given white-collar
unit.
While it is difficult to generalize, it is my imimpression that, until now and with some excep
tions, key economic bargaining power in almost
every western European country rests with the
manual unions and/or the manual federations (if
there is a separate white-collar federation). Un
der these circumstances, the white-collar unions,
so far as general economic movements are con
cerned, tend to be followers rather than leaders.
Whether this is due primarily to the greater militance of the manual workers’ unions, their longer
experience, and their greater numerical strength
is difficult to say. Strong demand for blue-collar
workers in the postwar labor market, with its
great emphasis upon the reconstruction and re
equipment of European industry and the later
expansion in consumer durable markets, also
helps account for the manual unions’ bargaining
leadership.
Wage Structures. The stronger economic impact
of the manual unions is in part accounted for by
the special character of white-collar wage bar
gaining in the private sector. In nearly every
country, one finds that white-collar wages are
more individualized, or less standardized, than
manual workers’ wages.
At the extreme of this individualized approach
is the Swedish SIF, which maintains:
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
. . . every employee should receive a salary equivalent to
his proficiency, position, education, age, and years of service.
No schedule of salary rates for employees exists in Swedish
industry; instead, salaries are determined quite individu
ally. This does not mean, however, that SIF is inactive
when it comes to improving salary conditions for its mem
bers. Collective bargaining takes place each year iiy
almost every company where the salaried employees are
organized. . . . 37
Under this system, each year (or 2 years as the
case may be) a central bargain is made which
specifically recognizes that additional individual
increases (a significant percentage on the average)
will be negotiated at each work place thereafter.
These negotiations and adjustments are based
upon individual merit, length of service, special
skills, and so forth. If the plant-level negotiations
do not produce agreement, the matter may be
taken up in central negotiations. To back up the
local negotiations, comprehensive salary surveys
and classification studies are made by the unions;
furnishing one’s own salary data is a virtual con
dition of membership in the SIF. The union is
thus able to guide the individual in negotiations
by indicating to him what are the prevailing levels
for given jobs in given areas, etc. In some ways,
this comprehensive wage work gives the union a
greater hold on membership interest than the
manual-worker unions can command in negoti
ating general scales.38
The British Draughtsmen’s union also makes
extensive wage surveys to assist its members in
negotiating at the local level. Recently the
Draughtsmen installed an advanced electronic
data-processing system to help keep up with its
wage analyses.39
In the United States, where there is a relatively
large concentration of engineering and technical
personnel in private employment, although union
ism has only barely begun among these employees,
one can already discern a special emphasis upon
wage research. The existence of individual merit
systems, which result in individual as against
uniform wage rates, makes the provision of such
data a major service function for engineering
37 S o m e
F a c ts A b o u t S I F , T h e S w e d is h U n io n o f C le r ic a l a n d T e c h n ic a l E m
(Stockholm, undated, around 1951), p. 10.
88 Beyond the wage surveys, the SIF has helped to develop the job classifi
cation system for clerical and technical employees which has now become
standard throughout most of Swedish industry; see T h e C l a s s if ic a tio n S y s t e m
o f th e T C O , S u m m a r y D e s c r i p t i o n (Stockholm, TOO, 1961).
p l o y e e s in I n d u s t r y
89 D r a u g h ts m e n
a n d A l l i e d T e c h n ic ia n s A s s o c ia t io n , I t s S t r u c tu r e a n d W o r k
(London, 1962), pp. 16-17.
WHITE-COLLAR UNIONISM IN WESTERN EUROPE
895
unionism. As white-collar unionism develops
further in the United States, one can probably
anticipate the growth of the wage research func
tion in the unions that cater to white-collar
employees.40
Returning to SIF’s approach to wage bargain
ing, one should note that this union represents
something of an extreme, even in Sweden, inas
much as no general occupational scales are sought.
In other Swedish white-collar bargaining (for
example, in commerce as well as in government),
there are standardized salary schedules—though
again not as standardized as for manual work.41
While most European white-collar unions do
not go as far as the SIF in accepting an individual
salary structure, many accept and weigh in factors
which individualize the salary schedule consid
erably. Frequently, only job minimums are ne
gotiated across the board, and beyond this a
variety of “individual” factors affect the em
ployee’s wage. For example, under Dutch col
lective agreements, a white-collar employee’s
salary depends not only upon what branch of
industry he works in and what class of job he
holds, but also on sex, age and/or seniority, and
merit rating. The degree of union participation
or control in the merit rating process varies
widely. The use of individual merit rating, age
factors, and male /female distinction are fairly
widespread in European white-collar salary
schemes.
Regular longevity increases are quite common
for banking employees. In Great Britain, for
instance, there is provision for regular wage
increases (to some extent related to job advance
ment) between ages 17 and 31. The National
Union of Banking Employees has accepted this
custom, though it seeks some changes in the
progression pace, scale, etc.
As the economies of Western Europe increase
their dynamism, some concern is emerging that
the rigidities imposed by systems which depend
so considerably upon longevity make it difficult
to recruit younger personnel into some jobs.
Several banking and insurance company execu
tives expressed this concern to me in recent years.
40 See, for example, S u r v e y o f S a l a r ie s , M a r c h 1963, prepared and published
by the Lockheed Section of the Engineers and Scientists Guild, Burbank,
Calif.
« The acceptance of more individualized wage treatment even among
manual workers in some European countries goes beyond U.S. practice.
Skilled metalworkers in Denmark, for example, have minimums set by na
tional negotiations but once these are completed, individual workers proceed
to negotiations on their own behalf.
42 Even among manual workers, strikes have become less common in
Western Europe than in the United States.
42 T C O , C e n tr a l O r g a n i z a ti o n o f S a l a r ie d E m p l o y e e s i n S w e d e n (Stockholm
953 ed.), p. 31.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Strikes. Whether for reasons of outlook or tradi
tion, strikes and strike action tend to be con
siderably less practiced or accepted among most
unionized white-collar workers than among man
uals.42 This holds true even in some cases where
white-collar workers are organized in the same
union as the blue; the German Metalworkers
Union is a good example. No one in that union
expects strike action on the part of white-collar
workers even when the manual workers go out.
Because of their predominantly manual-worker
background, foremen and technicians may be a
little closer to the manuals in their acceptance of
strike action.
In Austria, on the other hand, there appears to
be no significant distinction between the manuals
and nonmanuals so far as strike techniques and
policies are concerned. The situation in Great
Britain seems to vary with the union; thus the
Draughtsmen, with a strong sense of craft pride
and a large number of members who have been
apprenticed and upgraded from the manual ranks,
appears to be as militant as any other union in the
TUC. Unions like those covering bank em
ployees and clerical workers seem, however, to
lay less emphasis on strike action.
Where the nonmanuals are in a separate
federation, as in Sweden, strike action becomes
more complicated. The TCO refers to:
. . . the very difficult intermediary position occupied
by salaried employees in the event of dispute. Theoret
ically, salaried employees in large industrial enterprises
have the same right as manual workers to come out on
strike. But the result of such a strike would be that
the manual workers of the enterprise would immediately
be plunged into unemployment and this, in many cases,
rules out the possibility of strike action. Manual workers,
on the other hand, need not have such inhibitions. The
employers cannot lay off salaried employees in the event
of a labor dispute; and it is stipulated in salaried employees’
agreements that their wages cannot be reduced until a
strike has been proceeding for at least 3 months—and
even then not below 60 percent of the normal amount, a
further condition being that working hours are reduced
accordingly. Under their agreements, salaried em
ployees are, in principle, neutral in the event of a labor
dispute, nor are they obliged to carry out work causing
a strike.43
896
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
Considerable emphasis must be given to the
fact th at under no circumstances are white-collar
employees expected to perform the work of
manuals who are on strike. In Great Britain, too,
while the white-collar unions follow a policy of
making no “ common cause” with blue-collar
strikes, they are careful to avoid any taking on of
struck blue-collar work.
5j«
%
5jc
SjC
5ii
In a variety of forms, with some borrowing
from the past experience of manual unions along
with improvisation of new forms and policies,
European white-collar workers are taking to
unionism in increasing numbers. Underlying
social, economic, and political forces in Western
Europe, and the very successes of the white-
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
collar unions in the past decade, support the
proposition th at this latest wave of organization
will continue to mount. Some of the same
underlying forces, such as the accelerated growth
in the white-collar occupations and the growing
importance of collective representation in national
social and economic decisionmaking are also
operating to the same end in the United States.
Recent successes of a number of U.S. whitecollar unions seem to foreshadow developments
similar to those in Western Europe, although a
more deeply rooted tradition of individualism, as
well as differences in labor market conditions
and labor law, m ay produce a somewhat slower
pace of white-collar union growth in the United
States.
Special Labor Force Reports
E ditor ’s N ote .— The following two articles are parts oj a series oj reports on
special labor force subjects. Recent articles in the series include Labor
Force and Employment, 1960-62; Educational Attainment oj Workers,
March 1962; Multiple Jobholders in May 1962 (all in the May 1963 issue of
the Monthly Labor Review); High School Graduates and Dropouts, 1962; and
Economic Status oj Nonwhite Workers, 1955-62 (both in the July 1963 issue).
O f prints oj all articles in the series, including in most cases additional
detailed tables and an explanatory note, are available upon request to the
Bureau or to any oj its regional offices {listed on the inside front cover oj
this issue).
Job Mobility
in 1961
G er tr u d e B ancroft a n d
S tu a r t G a r f in k l e *
A merican workers in the past have readily
moved to new jobs and to areas where oppor
tunities were bright. Some of these changes were
voluntary, some due to the disappearance of old
ways of making a living. In recent years, it has
been argued that job mobility is on the decline
and that workers are no longer mobile enough to
accommodate to changing labor market demands,
in part because of the holding power of seniority
rights and fringe benefits.
The extent of job changing and the reasons for
change were examined in a national survey cover
ing the year 1961, which also provided the basis
for comparison with a 1955 survey, the only
previous one covering the entire labor force.
During 1961, some 8 million workers—10 percent
of the number who worked—shifted from one
employer to another, some within the same com
munity, some to distant States. In 1955, about
the same proportion changed jobs. There is no
clear evidence, therefore, that this type of mobility
has been significantly reduced.
The 8 million job changers in 1961 included
persons who lost their jobs through layoff or
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
business failure, as well as those who changed
jobs to improve their status or for various per
sonal reasons.
About 40 percent of the job changers lost no
time between jobs, and another 25 percent who
did have to look for another job were at work
again within 4 weeks. One-third of all the job
shifts were made to improve status, one-third
because a job was lost, and the remaining third
for such reasons as the ending of a temporary job,
illness, or other personal reasons. Thus, a sub
stantial amount of job mobility was voluntary
and involved no serious loss of working time.
The present study shows the amount and
character of job mobility th at occurred during
1961, a year when recovery from the 1960-61
recession began, but also a year when over 13
million persons who worked were unemployed at
some time. The survey, conducted in February
1962 by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau
of Labor Statistics, was similar to one conducted
by the Census Bureau for 1955.1 Besides identi
fying persons who changed employers during the
year, the survey attem pted to find out the reasons
for job changes, the nature of each job, including
earnings, and the amount of unemployment
between jobs. This information was then related
to the personal characteristics of the job changers.
*Of the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Office of Manpower, Auto
mation, and Training, respectively.
' “ Job Mobility of Workers in 1955,” Current Population Reports, Series
P-50, No. 70 (U.S. Bureau of the Census).
897
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
898
This study of mobility uses two different types
of measures of mobility but only one basic criterion
for determining if a job change has taken place:
If a person worked for two different employers at
two different times, he is counted as having two
different jobs.2 Persons who changed occupations
but worked for the same employer are not con
sidered job changers in this study. The mobility
measures are: (1) a count of all persons who
changed jobs at least once during the year and
who never had two jobs at the same time—called
“job changers” ; (2) a count of all changes from
one employer to another—called “job shifts.”
Since any person could have several different job
shifts, the number of job shifts is greater than the
number of job changers.
Job Mobility in 1961 and 1955
The proportion of persons who changed jobs
was about the same in 1955, when the employ
ment situation was very good, and in 1961, a year
of high unemployment. Eleven percent of the
workers changed jobs in 1955 and 10 percent in
1961 (table 1). The overall rate for men was
11 percent in 1961 and 12.5 percent in 1955; the
1961 rate was lower in each age group except
those 65 years and over, but the differences were
small. For women, however, the overall rate was
T a b l e 1.
R ate
of
J o b C h a n g in g ,
1955
and
by
A ge
and
Se x ,
1961
[Numbers in thousands]
Worked in 1961
Age and sex
Total
Persons who
changed jobs
one or more
times
Worked in 1955
Total
Per
Num cent
ber
of
total
Persons who
changed jobs
one or more
times
Per
Num cent
ber
of
total
Total, 14 years and over. 80,287
8,121
10.1
75,353
8,366
11.1
Male, 14 years and over ___ 49,854
2,926
14 to 17 years__________
18 and 19 years _______ 1,946
4,507
20 to 24 years__________
25 to 44 years__________ 21,062
45 to 64 years_________ - 16, 512
65 years and over_______ 2,901
5, 509
261
457
1,101
2, 630
960
100
11.0
8.9
23.5
24.4
12.5
5.8
3.4
47,624
2,541
1,618
3, 509
21, 516
15,331
3,109
5,940
328
444
976
2,825
1,262
105
12.5
12.9
27.4
27.8
13.1
8.2
3.4
Female, 14 years and over___ 30,433
2,044
14 to 17 years__________
18 and 19 years ------------ 1,789
3,476
20 to 24 years__________
25 to 54 years____ _____ 17,995
55 to 64 years---- ----------- 3, 782
65 years and over_______ 1,347
2, 612
118
397
568
1,348
156
25
8.6
5.8
22.2
16.3
7.5
4.1
1.9
27, 729
1.683
1,508
3,367
16,932
3,067
1,192
2,426
179
314
501
1,278
131
23
8.7
10.8
20.8
14.9
7.5
4.3
1.9
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b l e 2. J ob S h if t s P e r 100 P e r s o n s W h o W o r k e d ,
by R ea so n f o r S h i f t , A g e , and S e x , 1955 a nd 1961
Reason for eaving job
Age and sex
Improvement
in status
1961
1955
Job loss
1961
1955
Total, 14 years and over_________
5.3
6.7
5.3
4.2
Male, 14 years and o v e r ______________
14 to 17 years____________________
18 to 24 years------------ -----------------25 to 44 years____________________
45 to 64 years _________ _____
65 years and over. ----------------------
6.1
3.0
14.0
7.9
2.1
.9
7.8
5.7
18.6
9.1
4.1
.7
6.8
2.8
13.0
7.6
4.6
2.8
5.3
2.7
11.1
5.6
4.0
1.5
Female, 14 years and over____________
14 to 17 years____________________
18 to 24 years . . ------------------------25 to 44 years ___________ . . —
45 to 64 years. . ------- --------------65 years and over __________ ._
4.1
1.4
9.4
4.2
2.3
.1
4.8
5.7
10.5
4.3
2.6
2.8
1.4
5.5
2.8
2.1
.7
2.3
2.3
3.0
2.3
2.1
the same in both years and, in the 18 to 24 age
group, slightly higher in 1961.
The chief difference between 1955 and 1961 was
the increase in job changes following a job loss.
Conversely, fewer job changes were made in 1961
for voluntary reasons or to improve a job situa
tion, as the job shift rates presented in table 2 show.
In 1955, job shifts to improve status were much
more important than those due to loss of job for
both men and women under 45. In 1961, these
voluntary shifts occurred at about the same rate
as the involuntary shifts for men, but for women
they continued to exceed the job loss rates.
Job shifts, both voluntary and involuntary,
were at peak rates in 1955 and 1961 in the age
groups 18 to 24 years. The most dramatic
change between 1955 and 1961 was the drop in
the rate of voluntary job shifts for young men
in this age group-—from almost 19 per 100 em
ployed to 14 per 100. Job shifts because of loss
of job rose, but only moderately—from 11 to 13
per 100. This suggests that a reduction in the
level of economic activity may have had its
greatest effect in reducing voluntary job changing.
Economic Status of Job Changers
Voluntary job mobility in the United States is
often cited as a reason for the higher unemploy
ment rates here than in other industrialized
countries. But the 1961 study shows that voluntary
2An exception to this definition was that persons who worked for several
different private families in jobs such as domestic service, babysitting, odd
jobs and the like, were considered as having one job.
899
JOB MOBILITY IN 1961
job changing was not a major factor in unemploy
ment that year. Over 13 million persons who
worked were unemployed at some time during
1961, but only 2 million, or 15 percent, were
looking for work in connection with a voluntary
job change (table 3). In 1955, when job oppor
tunities were much greater, 23 percent of workers
unemployed during the year were looking for work
while voluntarily changing jobs.3
Unemployment rates are always highest for
young people, in part because they lack the skills
to command steady jobs and the seniority to
protect them against layoffs. Another reason for
their high rates, however, is that they are shopping
for jobs as they start their work careers. Some
35 percent of the young people 18 to 24 years
of age who both worked and looked for work in
1961 had some unemployment in connection with
job changing (table 4). This compares with 29
percent of the unemployed workers 25 to 44 years
and 20 percent for workers 45 to 64 years.
While some unemployment might be expected
when a job change is made, about 60 percent of
the persons who made only one job change during
the year had no unemployment between jobs
(table 5). Of those who made only one change
and whose change was made to improve status,
about 80 percent had no unemployment; of those
changing for this reason who were unemployed,
only 8 percent were out of work for 15 weeks or
more. Job changers who lost their jobs had
longer periods of unemployment; about one-fifth
were unemployed for 15 weeks or more.
Job Changing by Color. Although job mobility
rates for white and nonwhite workers are not
a See Robert L. Stein, “ Unemployment and Job Mobility,” Monthly
Labor Review, April 1960, pp. 350-358.
T a b l e 3.
J ob M o b il it y of t h e U n e m p l o y e d , 1955
1961
and
[Numbers in thousands]
1955
1961
Mobility status of unemployed
Num Percent N um Percent
ber
ber
100.0
9,814
100.0
9,682
3,738
1,783
1,955
72.1
27.9
13.3
14.6
6,149
3,665
1,448
2,217
62.7
37.3
14.8
22.6
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
J ob M o b il it y
of th e
U n em plo y ed ,
by
A ge,
1961
[Numbers in thousands]
Mobility status of
unemployed
Total
Total unemploy
ed who worked
during year__ 13,420
Job changers................ 3,738
P ercent... ................... 27.9
14 to 18 and 20 to
24
19
17
years years years
25 to
44
years
65
45 to
64
years
years and
over
2,187
5,649
3,467
322
801
36.6
1,654
29.3
693
20.0
44
13.7
583
120
20.6
1,212
424
35.0
greatly different, nonwhite job changers have more
difficulty locating other jobs (table 6). About 55
percent of nonwhite males who changed jobs were
unemployed between jobs compared with about
45 percent of the white job changers. Similarly,
some 60 percent of the nonwhite men had to look
for 5 weeks or more before finding a second job
compared with only 50 percent of the white men.
Nonwhite women job changers were unemployed
longer than white women, although the percent
with unemployment was about the same.
Earnings of Male Job Changers. The most valid
earning comparisons are for men who worked
full time on their first and second jobs and earned
between $40 and $150 a week on their first jobs—
about 8 out of 10 in the full-time group. Onethird of these men earned more on their second job
than on their first, and about one-half were in the
same earnings group although there were substan
tial variations among the various earnings classes.
Men whose earnings on their first job were
relatively low were able to increase their earnings
more readily than were those in the higher earnings
groups. Fifty-eight percent of the males who
earned $40 to $59 a week on their first job and had
no unemployment between jobs earned more on
their second job, compared with only 16 percent
of those whose first job paid between $100 and $150
a week (table 7). Even among those who were
unemployed between jobs and who presumably
had a harder time finding a new job, about onefourth got better paying jobs, and one-half stayed
in the same earnings group.
Age Patterns of Mobility
Total unemployed who worked
during year.................................... 13,420
Did not change jobs during y e a r.-....... —
Changed jobs----------------------------------Lost job------------------------------------Changed jobs for other reasons...........
T a b l e 4.
The overall mobility rate for men reaches a
peak in the age group 18 to 24; 1 in 4 of those who
worked during 1961 changed jobs at least once.
900
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
T a b l e 5. W e e k s o f U n e m p l o y m e n t
C h a n g in g J obs O n ly O n c e , by R e a s o n
1961
Percent
Reason
unemployment
P erso ns
C hange,
for
for
Weeks of unemployment
Total
1 to 14
weeks
15 weeks
or more
Total........................................
39.9
100.0
86.6
13.4
Job loss............................... ..............
Improvement in status....................
Termination of temporary job.......
Other reasons 1..................................
62.4
21.4
43.2
45.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
80.9
92.2
92.3
88.9
19.1
7.8
7.7
11.1
1Includes illness, household and school responsibilities, fired, retired,
other reasons, and reasons not reported.
Thereafter, the rate falls off rapidly. (See
chart 1.) The proportion of job shifts that are
made to improve status continues to rise through
age 44 and slightly exceeds the proportion due to
loss of job. After age 45, loss of job becomes a
far more important reason for job shift. (See chart
2 .)
For women, the overall mobility rate is at a
peak among 18- and 19-year-old workers, 1 in 5 of
whom changes jobs during the year. The propor
tion of job shifts made to improve status is fairly
steady at about 30 percent from 18 up to age 55.
Except for job changers 55 years and over, loss of
job is a less important reason for job shifting.
Pattern jor men. The age pattern of mobility
provides a revealing measure of work career
development. Among boys 14 to 17 years old,
about 1 out of 10 changed jobs one or more
times during 1961. Jobseeking for these boys
is not as serious a problem as it is for older
men. Many are still in school and depend on
parents for support. Of those who changed jobs,
about 7 out of 10 changed jobs only once during
the year. Many of these—about 4 out of 10—
made the change directly from the first to the
second employer, without any loss of working
time. Even when boys did lose time in changing
T a b l e 6.
W eeks
by
U n e m p l o y m e n t f o r J ob C h a n g e r s ,
C o lo r a n d S e x , 1961
of
Men
Duration of unemployment
White
Women
Non
white
White
Non
white
Total job changers (thousands)___
4,884
625
2, 335
277
Percent with unemployment__________
Total with unemployment____________
1 to 4 w eeks..,.............................. ......
5 weeks or more__________________
46. 2
100.0
50.2
49.8
55. 4
100.0
37.3
62. 7
43. 1
100.0
61.1
38.9
46.6
100.0
48.8
51.2
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
jobs, about half did not look for work at all
between jobs. Boys in these age groups are
usually getting their first experience in the job
market, and because school attendance is, by far,
their most important activity, their jobs are
usually part time and casual.
The work pattern of 18- and 19-year-old boys,
most of whom are no longer in school, reflects a
period of adjustment to the job market. About
one-fourth of those who did any work during 1961
changed jobs during the year. Among the new
entrants to the work force, many are not trained
T a b l e 7.
E a r n in g s
W o r k e d F u l l T im e
m e n t S t a t u s , 1961
of
on
M a l e J ob C h a n g e r s W h o
B o th J o b s , by U n e m p l o y
[Percent distribution]
Earnings on second job
Average weekly earm'ngs on first
job and unemployment status
Lower Same Higher
Total earnings earnings earnings
group group group
T otal
Total i................................................
100.0
18.2
48.5
33.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
8.7
16.3
24.8
23.6
44.6
41.4
41.1
63.0
46.7
42.3
34.1
13.4
T o ta l................................................
100.0
13.7
46.4
39.9
$40 to $59......................................................
$60 to $79............................................
$80 to $99. .........................................
$100 to $149...................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
5.7
13.0
19.9
17.1
36.6
36.0
38.3
67.3
57.6
51.0
41.8
15.6
100.0
23.3
50.9
25.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
12.3
19.4
29.8
32.0
54.3
46.6
44.0
57.4
33.3
34.0
26.2
10.6
$40 to $59............................................
$60 to $79.................................
$80 to $99..............................
$100 to $149........................................
No U nemployment B etween J obs
Some U nemployment B etween J obs
Total............................................
$40 to $59.............................................
$60 to $79..........................................
$80 to $99...................................
$100 to $149...................................
1All persons whose weekly earnings on their first job were less than $40
were grouped into one category. Similarly, all persons In the $150 or more
category on their first job were grouped together. As a result, it was imposable to tabulate the number whose earnings might have been in a lower or
higher category on their second job, and therefore no totals can be shown for
sill job changers.
in a skill and thus have little to offer prospective
employers. Consequently, they may find it
necessary to make several job changes looking for
a job which will provide adequate pay and oppor
tunity for advancement. ^Relatively few boys
marry and begin to raise families at this age and
so they are able to change jobs even if it means a
fairly sustained period of unemployment. Many
of the job changes among boys, however, are not
voluntary. Newly hired persons are often the
first to be laid off in employment cutbacks: those
JOB MOBILITY IN 1961
901
with relatively little education are usually unskilled
workers who are particularly subject to layoffs.
The work patterns of 20- to 24-year-old men are
generally similar to those of the 18- and 19-yearolds, although there are some differences. Of the
older group, about 85 percent who lost time
between jobs looked for work, compared with only
75 percent of the 18- and 19-year-olds. The
20- to 24-year-olds also made more job changes
during the year. Greater mobility may reflect
increased social pressures and family responsi
bilities as well as better knowledge of the labor
market.
Job changing decreases from a peak among men
20 to 24 years old; by the time men reach their late
fifties, mobility declines to a small fraction of the
level of the early twenties. Among men 55 to 64,
only 1 out of 25 changed jobs in 1961. Seniority
* See Hugh Folk, "Effects of Private Pension Plans on Labor M obility,''
Monthly Labor Review, March 1963, pp. 285-288.
rights and the accumulation of fringe benefits prob
ably hold men of 55 or over on the job.4 More
over, the difficulties of making advantageous job
changes at this age and the problems of finding a
new job discourage job changing. A high propor
tion of older men lose worktime during job changes
and they tend to be unemployed between jobs for
a somewhat longer time than younger men. At
this age also, loss of jobs becomes more important
as a reason for job changing. Fifty-six percent of
all job changes made by men 55 to 64 years old
are made because they lost their jobs, compared
with 41 percent among men 25 to 54 years old.
Undoubtedly some of the reduction in mobility in
the 55-to-64-age group is associated with the fact
that many older men leave the work force if they
lose their jobs. They are not counted among job
changers simply because they cannot or do not
find employment.
Job changing among men 65 years old and older
is less frequent than among any other age group,
Chart 1. Job Changing in 1961
[Job changers as percent of persons with work experience]
MEN
14 14and 17
Over
1819
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
20- 25- 45- 65
24 44
64 and
Over
AGE GROUP
WOMEN
14
and
Over
1417
1819
2024
AGE GROUP
2554
55
and
Over
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
902
but there is evidence that many of these older
workers are working in temporary jobs to supple
ment retirement income. Among men 65 years
old and over, about 2 out of 10 job changes were
caused by the termination of a temporary job com
pared with less than 1 out of 10 among men 25 to
54 years old.
Pattern jor Women. Only about 8.5 percent of
all women who worked during 1961 changed
jobs compared with 11 percent of men, and fewer
of them changed jobs more than once during the
year. There were, nevertheless, many similar
tendencies in the career patterns of men and
women as reflected in job mobility data. Fre
quent job changes characterize the beginning of a
work career for women. These data also seem to
reflect the typical labor force entry patterns of
young persons, many of whom are still in school.
Vacation and part-time after-school jobs are com
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Chart 2.
mon, and job changes are frequently associated
with the termination of a summer or other vaca
tion job.
Almost 1 out of 4 girls 18 and 19 years old who
worked in 1961 changed jobs during the year. The
most important reason for changing was to get a
better job. About 7 out of 10 who changed jobs
during the year made only one change and about
one-third lost no work time in changing jobs.
Those who looked for work between their first and
second job spent a relatively short time in their
job hunt—7 out of 10 had a new job within 4
weeks.
Studies of job mobility of this type measure
only short-range job changes. Other significant
job changes among women over 20 years of age
are separated by a period of years, since they leave
their jobs to raise families and reenter the work
force after their children become less dependent.
The annual rates of job changing shown in this
Reasons for Leaving Jobs
[P ercent d is trib u tio n o f changes, b y reason]
Job Loss S33
Improvement §¡1
Termination of Temporary Job E 2
All Other £ 3
JOB MOBILITY IN 1961
T a b l e 8.
M
o b il it y
903
R ates
and
R easons
fo r
J
ob
C han g es,
by
O c c u p a t io n
and
Job changers
Major occupation group of longest job
Rate of job
changing
(percent of
persons who
worked in
1961)
1961
Job shifts
Percent who
looked for work
Reason for job shift (percent
distribution)
Total
1 to 4
weeks
Se x ,
5 weeks
or more
Lost job
Improve Termina
tion of
Other i
ment in
tempo
status
rary job
Jobs left by men..........................................
11.0
22.9
24.3
100.0
37.5
33.7
10.9
18.0
Professional, technical, and kindred workers.......
Farmers and farm managers..................................
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm.
Clerical and kindred w orkers..-...........................
Sales workers------------- ------------------------------Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers_____
Operatives and kindred workers.................. .......
Private household workers.
Service workers, except private household.
Farm laborers and forem en............ ..........
Laborers, except farm and mine________
8.5
1.9
4.7
9.1
13.0
13.3
13.8
17.4
11.9
100.0
25.0
42.4
11.1
21.5
34.5
18.1
17.2
56.9
39.4
39.6
43.8
54.8
28.3
37.0
6.4
14.8
19.4
23.3
19.8
21.8
36.7
12.5
47.6
29.0
16.4
8.8
20.0
( 2)
12.1
15.2
16.4
17.4
16.8
23.3
8.6
26.0
8.3
1.9
5.5
19.7
Jobs left by women...................................
Professional, technical, and kindred workers___
Farmers and farm managers________ ________
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm.
Clerical and kindred workers________________
Sales w orkers..-------- -------------------- ------ -----Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers_____
Operatives and kindred workers________ _____
Private household workers__________________
Service workers, except private household_____
Farm laborers and foremen__________________
Laborers, except farm and mine_____________
10.1
8.6
4.4
8.8
3.6
12.0
5.3
10.6
1
Includes illness, household or school responsibilities, fired, retired, and
reason not reported.
stud}7, nevertheless, provide valuable information
about job mobility of women. The decline in
the tendency for women to change jobs as they
grow older parallels that for men. The fact that
the most important single reason for job changing
in 1961 among women 20 to 54 was to get a better
one contrasts with the situation among men, where
loss of job became a more important reason for
changing jobs than improvement in status after
age 35. Some of this difference is associated with
differences in the economic pressures on men and
women. For example, women who lose their
jobs can often leave the job market if a satisfactory
reemployment opportunity does not turn up.
Some women also take a longer time to look for
a new job. A study covering job changes in 1
year does not include any women who lost their
jobs during the year without finding new jobs
during that year; for this reason, these data prob
ably understate the mobility rate for women.
Mobility by Occupation and Industry
Job mobility information for the various occu
pation groups gives another dimension to knowl
edge of the nature of work in the occupations.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
17.0
24.4
24.3
24.8
28.0
i t ./
23.2
19.4
26.2
24.7
0
35.0
18.5
31.0
(2)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
11.0
16.8
17.5
100.0
20.6
30.0
17.1
32.2
11.2
100.0
16.8
23.3
23.6
36.3
100.0
16.5
20.2
33.5
37.0
15.0
100.0
22.0
35.0
20.9
100.0
35.6
25.8
17.1
7.2
27.1
32.9
31.1
9.7
0
(2)
---------------
0
0
6.8
15.0
47.3
0
22.4
20.5
27.9
3.8
100.0
(2)
29.7
33.2
8.2
17.0
14.7
24.9
23.0
18.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
0
21.0
23.8
9.5
10.8
9.4
72.9
27.9
30.5
42.4
10.1
2 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.
Except among construction workers, who are a
special group, job shifts tend to be most frequent
in those occupations which require little training
and education. In contrast, jobs which require
much training are usually more stable and the
number of these jobs is expanding. Furthermore,
as the trained employee acquires experience on
the job he steadily becomes more valuable to his
employer.
Occupations of Job Changers. Professional and
technical work is one of the most rapidly expanding
occupational fields. About 9 percent of the men
whose longest job in 1961 was in these occupations
changed jobs during the year. Of all the job
changes made by male professional and technical
workers, about 40 percent were made to improve
status and only 25 percent because of job loss
(table 8). Only 30 percent of the men in this
occupation group who changed jobs were unem
ployed between jobs compared with almost 50
percent of all men who changed jobs.
About 5 percent of the men whose longest job
was in the “manager, official, and proprietor”
group changed jobs in 1961. This low rate of
change among the managerial group probably
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
904
group, where a large investment in training and
the availability of relatively high paying jobs
leads to a high degree of attachment to the work
force, about 8 percent of all women changed jobs
in 1961—about the same as among men in the
professions.
A much lower proportion of the job shifts by
women professional workers was made to improve
status than among men. A higher proportion of
shifts by professional women, largely teachers and
nurses, were made because of the termination of
a temporary job.
An occupation group with a higher mobility
rate for women than for men was that of clerical
workers—the largest major field of employment
for women. Improvement in status was the most
important reason for leaving jobs among women
in clerical work. Undoubtedly the large number
of alternative job opportunities for women in
this occupation group was important in this
connection.
results from several circumstances. One is that
men in this occupational group are older than in
most other groups and therefore less prone to
change jobs; another is that this group is a sort
of occupational elite in which status and job
satisfaction are quite high. Improvement in
status was the most important reason for changing
jobs among the male managerial group. Never
theless, one-third of the job shifts were made
because a job was lost, and one-third of the job
changers had some unemployment between jobs.
The two largest major occupation groups of
men—craftsmen and operatives—have many sim
ilar mobility characteristics. About 13 percent
of the men in each of these occupations changed
jobs during 1961. More of the job shifts of
craftsmen in 1961 were related to job losses, how
ever—57 percent compared with only 39 percent
for operatives. A large proportion of craftsmen
are employed in the construction industry where
employment for many workers requires moving
from one job to another as some projects end and
others begin.
Although job changing is generally less common
among women than among men, this is not true
for professional workers. In this occupation
T a b l e 9.
M o b il it y R a t e s
and
R ea son s
Patterns of Industry Mobility. Many of the
considerations which affect job mobility among
workers employed in the various industries have
already been discussed. Some aspects of job
for
J ob C h a n g e s ,
by
I ndu stry
a nd
Job shifts
Job changers
Major industry group and class of worker oflongest job
Rate of job
changing
(percent of
persons who
worked in
1961)
Reason for job shift (percent
distribution)
Percent who
looked for work
Total
1 to 4
weeks
S e x , 1961
5 weeks
or more
Lost job
Improve- Termination of
ment in
Other 1
tempostatus
rary job
Jobs left by men....... —............................
11.0
22.9
24.3
100.0
37.5
33.7
10.9
18.0
Agriculture................... - ...........................- ........
Nonagricultural industries................................
Wage and salary workers............................
Forestry, fisheries, and m in in g ..........
Construction..........................................
M anufacturing...... ...............................
Transportation and public utilities__
Wholesale and retail trade.--..............
Service.............. - ........ — ........-...........
Public administration..........................
Self-employed and unpaid family workers.
9.1
11.3
12.3
15.9
25.0
9.7
8.2
14.2
12.1
6.6
4.3
16.9
23.5
24.0
22.6
25.2
25.6
24.2
26.1
19.8
14.4
13.9
18.7
24.8
25.3
39.1
25.7
26.1
27.3
23.4
23.4
24.9
16.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
16.9
39.6
39.3
41.4
66.0
41.9
33.7
26.7
19.1
25.0
47.8
23.7
34.7
34.8
28.0
17.4
36.8
33.5
43.9
46.3
31.5
32.0
43.7
7.5
7.5
13.0
4.6
3.7
9.1
7.3
13.4
20.6
7.6
15.6
18.2
18.4
17.6
12.0
17.6
23.7
22.1
21.3
23.0
12.7
Jobs left by w om en................................
8.6
26.0
17.5
100.0
20.6
30.0
17.1
32.2
Agriculture---- ------ --------------------------------Nonagricultural industries.................................
Wage and salary workers................ ...........
Forestry, fisheries, and mining______
Construction____________________
Manufacturing-------- -------------------Transportation and public utilities...
W'holesale and retail trade...................
Service___________ ____ __________
Public administration_____________
Self-employed and unpaid family workers.
5.2
8.8
9.4
14.3
26.5
26.9
(2)
(2)
25.1
(2)
28.5
26.0
<2)
(2)
8.0
18.0
18.2
(2)
(2)
26.2
(2)
21.4
13.4
(2)
(2)
100.0
100.0
100.0
(2)
(2)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100 .0
100.0
100.0
9.9
21 .2
20.9
9.0
31.2
31.5
68.9
14.2
13.9
12.2
33.3
33.7
35.3
12.7
19.7
15.9
13.8
34 .3
29.6
14.2
33.6
33.4
21 .1
21.3
7.2
17.9
14.2
15.1
36.7
23.1
28.0
55.2
32.5
35.5
28.4
21.3
1 Includes illness, household or school responsibilities, fired, retired, and
reason not reported.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(2)
(2)
8.5
9.0
11.9
8.7
6.8
3.6
2 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.
905
JOB MOBILITY IN 1961
T able 10.
P attern
of
J ob S hifts,
by
Occupation Group
of
J ob L eft
and
Sex , 1961
[Percent distribution]
Pattern of job shift
Major occupation group of job left and sex
Number i
(thousands)
Total
Same occupation and
industry
Same occupa- Same industry,
different
tion, different
industry
occupation
Different
occupation
and industry
Job shifts by men............................. ...........
7,539
100.0
33.5
17.6
10.0
38.9
Professional, technical, and kindred workers___
Farmers and farm managers........ .........................
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm.
Clerical and kindred workers________________
Sales workers......................................... ................
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers..........
Operatives and kindred workers...... ....................
Private household workers..................... .............
Service workers, except private household_____
Farm laborers and foremen...................................
Laborers, except farm and mine...........................
497
50
360
381
632
1,654
1, 753
5
609
515
1,184
100.0
(2)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(2)
100.0
41.6
23.1
5.8
29.4
26.5
18.3
28.6
53.1
25.3
12.0
16.0
16.9
14. 5
25.1
18.7
17.1
12.2
8.8
10.1
42.7
50.7
42.2
23.6
39.5
30.9
45. 7
22.3
17.3
100.0
9.0
6.0
9.5
42.7
48.2
49.0
Job shifts by women__________________
3,329
100.0
34.7
21.3
9.9
34.2
Professional, technical, and kindred workers___
Farmers and farm managers..................................
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm.
Clerical and kindred workers.................. ............
Sales workers.... ............. ...................................
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers_____
Operatives and kindred workers...... ....................
Private household workers___ ______________
Service workers, except private household_____
Farm laborers and foremen...................................
Laborers, except farm and m in e..........................
314
100.0
66.0
9.2
3.8
21.0
23.9
29.0
46.5
4.0
7.3
22.0
22.2
45.1
43.6
7.3
40.1
55.5
15.2
3.4
12.1
7.8
2.2
13.7
1.6
33.3
87.1
34.1
43.0
76
1,076
327
24
485
176
693
130
28
i Excludes persons making 4 or more shifts.
changing, however, are specific to the individual
industries.
The construction industry, for example, had
the highest rate of job changing of all the industry
groups. About 1 out of 4 male construction
workers changed jobs during 1961 (table 9).
Some 55 percent of the construction workers who
changed jobs in 1961 made more than one job
change during the year compared with only 37
percent of all workers. Most of these job changers
found their new jobs in the construction industry,
even though about two-thirds of all job changes
resulted from job losses. This pattern of fre
quent job changing with strong attachment to
the industry is unique to construction where jobs
are often of short duration, but where relatively
high wage rates prevail. Workers who change
jobs in construction tend to be older than job
changers in other industries. Many older job
changers may stay in the industry because they
are unable to find suitable alternative job oppor
tunities in another, more stable industry.
In 1961, more men were employed in manu
facturing industries than in any other major
industry group. About 1 out of 10 workers in
this industry changed jobs during the year.
Loss of a job was the most important reason for
job shifting in this industry; 42 percent of the
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
100. 0
(2)
100. 0
100.0
(2)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(2)
19.3
s Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.
job changes were made for this reason, as com
pared with 37.5 percent for all workers.
At 14 percent, the rate of job changing in
wholesale and retail trade is exceeded only among
construction workers and agricultural wage and
salary workers. Improvement in status was the
most important reason for changing; over twofifths of all changes were made for that reason.
Women employed in trade had the highest
rate of job changing among the major industry
groups. Over half of the changes made by these
women were to jobs in the same major industry
group. The most important reason for changing
jobs was for improvement in status—about 1
out of 3.
Stability of Occupation and Industry. A worker’s
attachment to his occupation is somewhat more
stable than to the industry in which he works,
according to the 1961 study. Comparison of the
occupation and industry group of each job shows
that 51 percent of the job shifts made by men and
56 percent of those made by women involved no
change in major occupation group (table 10).
Only 44 percent of the shifts made by men and
women involved no change in industry. Perhaps
because men find a wider range of occupations
than women, the proportion of job shifts involving
906
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
11. P e r c e n t o f J o b S h i f t s t o S a m e
t io n
and
I n d u str y G r o u p, by I n d u str y
o f J o b L e f t a n d S e x , 1955 a n d 1961
T a ble
Major industry group of job left and sex
Same occu
pation
group
1961
1955
O ccupa
G roup
Same in
dustry
group
1961
1955
34.1
51.0
45.8
43.5
Agriculture............................. . . .............................. 43.0
31.6
45.9
26.2
Nonagricultural industries1______ ___________
Wage and salary workers_______ _________
Construction______ _____________ __
M anufacturing..___ ___ ____________
Durable goods______ ______ _____
Nondurable goods________________
Transportation and public utilities_____
Wholesale and retail trade____________
Service and finance_______________ ___
Public administration___ ____________
47.9
48.5
61.3
46.1
47.0
44.0
44.4
43.1
42.5
45.6
43.3
43.7
63.2
37.5
41.8
30.4
34.0
43.5
30.5
24.2
35.2
36.2
46.9
33.5
38.1
23.5
21.0
41.6
26.9
19.5
39.6
Job shifts by m en_____________________
51.9
52.9
68.3
50.7
52.9
47.1
48.4
45.2
48.7
39.9
Job shifts by women___________________ 56.0
Agriculture---- --
. . . ____________________
Nonagricultural industries 1____________ . . ..
Wage and salary workers ______________ .
Manufacturing______________________
Durable goods___________________
Nondurable goods_____________
Wholesale and retail trade- ______ ____
Service and finance _________________
Public administration__________ _____
50.4
44.5
54.5
47.5
54.5
41.1
56.0
56.7
66.4
73.4
62.1
48.0
76.8
(2)
50.6
51.3
57.2
58.2
56.3
46.9
49.7
64.1
44.1
44.3
42.4
35.6
46.5
56.7
35.9
(2)
39.4
39.9
39.9
42.7
37.5
51.3
32.7
22.3
1Includes wage and salary workers in industries not shown separately as
well as self-employed and family workers.
2 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.
changes in both occupation and industry was
higher for men than for women—39 versus 34
percent.
Professional men and craftsmen had the highest
degree of occupational stability, as might be
expected from their investment in training and the
current demand for workers with specific skills.
Managers and proprietors, on the other hand,
were more likely to shift to other occupational
groups, chiefly clerical and sales, when they
changed jobs. It would appear that opportuni
ties for other jobs as managers and proprietors
are not so readily available. Clerical workers
and nonfarm laborers also tend to move to other
occupational groups but there was no particular
pattern in their job shifts.
Women in professional and technical occupa
tions, like men, have a strong occupational
attachment; 75 percent of their job shifts were
to other professional and technical jobs. But
women who are clerical workers (including stenog
raphers and secretaries) also tend to stay in the
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
same group when they change jobs even though
their industrial mobility is high. About 70 per
cent of the clerical job shifts involved no change
in occupation but about the same proportion in
volved a shift to another major industry group.
Job shifts by sales workers and private household
workers were frequently to other occupation and
industry groups; sales workers often shifted to
clerical work, and private household workers to
other types of service jobs in commercial estab
lishments.
Although it gives no certain evidence of a per
manent decline in the general mobility of the
labor force since 1955, the 1961 study shows a
definite increase in the occupational and indus
trial stability of job changers (table 11). Shifts
were more likely to be to jobs in the same occupa
tion or industry in 1961 than in 1955. It is not
clear whether the increasing stability reflects a
fundamental change in workers’ attitudes or
simply the difference between two phases of the
business cycle. Both studies show that job shifts
made to improve status are more likely to involve
a change in occupation and industry than are
those made because jobs have been lost. As we
have seen, job shifting to a better job was more
frequent in 1955 than in 1961.
*
*
*
Ideally, a country’s labor force should adjust
smoothly to changing needs for skills and changing
locations of demand for workers. With a mini
mum of frictional loss, workers then could and
would shift from declining areas, industries, and
occupations to those that are growing. In prac
tice, however, the specific interests of employers
and workers may not coincide with the interests
of the economy as a whole. Just how much
mobility is desirable and what types of job shifts
lead to the optimum pattern are questions that
cannot be answered with present knowledge.
Perhaps if most job shifts were voluntary, and
all workers who lost their jobs found equally
good or better ones in a short period of time, the
operation of the labor market could be considered
highly satisfactory.
tions to the monthly survey of the labor force
conducted by the Bureau of the Census in October
1962 for the Bureau of Labor Statistics.1
Employment of School-Age
Youth, October 1962
Unemployment
Carl R osenfeld*
under 25
years of age continued to be a pressing economic
and social problem in October 1962, even though
the total was somewhat below the peak level
reached a year earlier. As a result of the general
improvement in economic activity, unemploy
ment in this age group decreased 150,000 over the
year to 1.2 million, with all the decline occurring
among persons no longer enrolled in school.
About 875,000 of the jobless were not in school.
A 10-percent expansion in the number of working
students to 3.6 million brought total employment
of the 14 to 24 age group to 11.8 million. Over
the year, an increase in the number of persons in
these ages enrolled in school led to the rise in
employment, as there was no change in the labor
force participation rate or in the number and
proportion unemployed. On the other hand, the
stability in the total number of nonstudents in
the labor force mirrored the stability in the
population of that age group.
The information in this article on employment
and unemployment among young people in and
out of school is derived from supplemental ques
U nemployment
T able
among young persons
1. E m p l o y m e n t S t a t u s
of
Students
and
N
Of the 1.2 million young persons 14 to 24 years
old who were looking for work in October 1962,
300,000 were still enrolled in school; the remainder
had either quit school or graduated from high
school or college (table 1).
Unemployment was much more prevalent in
October among school dropouts than among young
persons who had graduated at least from high
school. One-third of the nonstudents under 25
years of age in the labor force had not completed
high school, but they comprised a much greater
proportion, one-half, of all the unemployed in the
age group.2
*Of the Division of Employment and Labor Force Analysis, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
1 Data presented in this report relate to the civilian noninstitutional popula
tion in the calendar week ending Oct. 13, 1962. All members of the Armed
Forces and inmates of institutions are excluded. The survey of students’
employment in October 1961 was analyzed in the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w ,
June 1962, pp. 635-642 and reprinted as Special Labor Force Report No. 22.
An article based on the 1960 survey appeared in the July 1961 issue of the
R e v i e w (Special Labor Force Report No. 16) and another, based on the 1959
survey, was published in the July 1960 issue (Special Labor Force Report
No. 6).
2 A detailed analysis of unemployment among school dropouts may7 be
found in “ Employment of High School Graduates and Droupouts, October
1962,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , July 1963, pp. 727-779, and Special Labor
Force Report No. 32; see also “ E d u c a t io n a l A t t a i n m e n t o f W o r k e r s , March
1962,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , May 1963, pp. 504-515.
o n stu d en ts
14 t o 24 Y e a r s O l d ,
by
A ge
and
Se x , O ctober
1960-62
(Numbers in thousands]
18 to 24 years
14 to 17 years
Employment status
Both
sexes
Male
Female
1960
1961
1962 i
Both
sexes
Male
Female
14 to 17
years
18 to 24
years
14 to 17
years
18 to 24
years
Total noninstitutional population---------------
12,811
6,492
6,319
17,570
8,788
8, 782
12,280
17,158
11,389
16,392
Enrolled in school----- -------------------- ---------------Civilian labor force______________ ________
Labor force participation rate 2_______
Employed . . - ------------- -------------------A griculture-.. .............. ......................Nonagricultural industries__________
Unemployed----------------------------- -Unemployment rate 3_______________
11, 740
2, 377
20.2
2,187
404
1,783
190
8.0
6,032
1,437
23.8
1,317
298
1,091
120
8.4
5,708
840
16.5
870
106
764
70
7.4
3,869
1,495
38.6
1,375
59
1,316
120
8.0
2,389
1,044
43.7
965
54
911
79
7.6
1,480
451
30.5
410
5
405
41
9.1
11,163
2, 252
20.2
2,042
462
1,580
210
9.3
3,419
1,299
38.0
1, 213
77
1,136
86
6.6
10,242
2,227
21.7
2,601
521
1, 540
166
7.5
3,167
1,167
3(3. 7
1,089
45
1,044
74
6.4
Not enrolled in school_________________________
1,071
51
539
52.8
451
102
349
88
16.3
460
51
304
74.3
258
86
172
46
15.1
611
235
38.5
193
16
177
42
17.9
13, 701
1,417
8, 610
70.1
7,824
548
7, 276
786
9.1
6,399
1,399
4, 767
95.3
4,358
438
3,920
409
8.6
7,302
18
3,843
52.8
3,466
110
3,356
377
9.8
1,117
62
616
58.4
489
141
348
127
20.6
13, 739
1,329
8,614
69.4
7, 710
657
7,053
904
10. 5
1,147
49
680
61.9
549
141
408
131
19.3
13,225
1,329
8,233
69.2
7,468
682
6, 786
765
9.3
Civilian labor force________________________
Labor force participation rate 2. ......... Employed . ____________________________
Agriculture. _________________________
Nonagricultuial industries._________ . . .
Unemployed------------ ------------ --------------- Unemployment rate 3-----------------------
1 Data for 1962 are not strictly comparable with those for earlier years
because of the introduction of 1960 Census data into the estimation procedure.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 Percent of civilian noninstitutional population in the labor force,
8 Percent of civilian labor force who were unemployed.
907
908
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
T able 2. U nemployment R ates for P ersons 18 to 24
Y ears Old,1 by C olor, S ex , and Y ears of School
C ompleted, M arch 1962
[Percent of civilian labor force]
Years of school completed
Color and sex
Elementary school
Less than
8 years
8 years
20.4
21.5
18.5
18.4
27.4
19.5
15.9
32.7
19.2
20.4
Total...............
W hite........................
Nonwhite..................
Male...................... .
Female......................
High school
1 to 3
years
17.6
16.0
24. 7
16.7
19.3
4 years
or more
9.8
9.0
17.4
10.2
9.4
College
1 year
or more
5.5
5.1
12.0
6.0
5.0
1Includes students and nonstudents.
Recent data on educational attainment of
workers indicate that among persons 18 to 24
years old in March 1962 (students and non
students), 1 of every 10 high school graduates in
the labor force was unemployed—half the propor
tion of those who had completed 8 years or less
of schooling, but twice the rate of those who had
completed 1 or more years of college (table 2).
As a result of a rise in both the number in the
labor force and in the unemployment rate, unem
ployment among youths 14 to 24 years old not in
school was half again as large in October 1962 as
in the same month in 1957 (table 3). Since 1957,
unemployment has increased at about the same
rate among students and nonstudents; and in both
October of 1957 and 1962, the rate for nonstudents
was about 1.5 percentage points greater than
for students.
Unemployment rates have increased more
sharply for full-time college students than for
high school or elementary school students since
1959, the first year for which data by type of
school attended are available (table 4). The rate
for persons attending college full time rose by
39 percent and for elementary or high school
students by 13 percent between 1959 and 1962.
There is evidence that college students are finding
it more difficult now than a few years ago to
obtain the part-time jobs most of them seek.
Prolonged unemployment or repeated spells of
joblessness could leave some students financially
unable to continue their education at a time when
the American economy demands more persons
with a college or technical education.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
High unemployment rates among young persons
may become even higher in the next few years
if the rate of economic growth doesn’t increase
enough to create more jobs for millions expected
to reach working age in the 1960’s. As a result
of the large number of births in the late 1940’s,
the 14- to 24-year-old group in the labor force
may increase by about 3.3 million between 1962
and 1967, about double the growth between 1957
and 1962.
During the coming years, job-finding problems
of unemployed youth who are poorly educated or
inadequately trained will be aggravated by a con
tinuation of technological developments. In the
past decade, there has been a decline in job open
ings which have low education or skill require
ments and an increase in those which require a
technical or college education. Employment of
farm laborers will probably decline during the
1960’s and the number of nonfarm laborers will
remain unchanged, thus narrowing the oppor
tunities for the very types of jobs which disad
vantaged youths are most likely to hold when
starting their work careers. And they will be
foreclosed from the expanding occupations which
require relatively high levels of education, train
ing, and skill—professionals, technicians, clerical
workers, and building-trades craftsmen, mechanics,
repairmen, and other skilled workers.
Employment and Hours
Stability in the number of employed non
students and the increase in students over the year
reflected changes in the population of the 14- to
T a b l e 3. E m pl o y m e n t a n d U n e m p l o y m e n t o f S t u d e n t s
a n d N o n s t u d e n t s 14 to 24 Y e a r s O ld , O c t o b e r 1 9 5 7 62
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status
1962
1961
1960
1959
1958
3,562
3,255
3,150
3,145
2,886
310
296
240
228
230
178
8.0
8.3
7.1
6.8
7.4
5.6
N ot E nrolled in School
Employed..... .................... 8,275
Unemployed:
Number________
874
Percent of civilian labor force................
9.6
8,199
8,017
7,702
7,368
7,399
1,031
896
828
928
576
11.2
10.1
9.7
11.2
7.2
E nrolled in School
Employed.............. ..........
Unemployed:
Num ber____ „
Percent of ci vilian labor force....... ...........
1957
2,983
909
EMPLOYMENT OF SCHOOL-AGE YOUTH
T a b l e 4. U
n em pl o y m en t R a tes 1 o p St u d e n t s and N ons t u d e n t s 14 t o 24 Y e a r s O l d , b y T y p e o f S c h o o l
a n d A g e , O c t o b e r 1959-62
School enrollment status, type of
school, and age
1962
1961
1960
1959
Enrolled in school3....................................
Elementary or high school2................
14 and 15 years...............................
16 and 17 y ears............................
18 and 19 years..............................
College, full time 2 3............ ................
18 and 19 years...............................
20 and 21 years...............................
22 to 24 years.................................
College, part time 23............ ...............
20 to 24 years....................... .........
8.0
8.6
5.2
10.4
13.4
8.6
8.8
10.2
5.7
3.5
2.7
8.3
9.5
5.9
12.6
10.5
7.3
9.7
7.2
1.6
2.7
1.8
7.1
7.7
3.2
10.2
12.7
6.8
7.3
2.0
8.8
2.5
2.1
6.8
7.6
3.6
9.4
12.9
6.2
6.8
3.5
8.5
4.1
4.1
Not enrolled in school..... ........ .................
14 and 15 years...............................
16 and 17 years..............................
18 and 19 y ears............ ................
20 and 21 years___ ___________
22 to 24 years..................................
9.6
(4)
16.8
12.6
9.4
7.0
11.2
C)
20.9
14.9
10.5
8.0
10.1
(9
18.6
14.8
9.3
6.2
9.7
(9
21.4
14.2
9.5
5.7
1 Percent of civilian labor force who were unemployed.
3 Includes data not shown separately.
3 Students taking 12 hours or more of college courses during the average
school week were classified as full-time students.
* Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.
24-year-old group rather than in their proportions
in the labor force. The 1 million rise between
October of 1961 and 1962 in the number of stu
dents wras accompanied by a substantial expan
sion (300,000) in the number employed (table 5).
All the employment gain occurred among students
age 16 to 24. Among young persons who had com
pleted their schooling, population and employ
ment remained relatively stable.
Persons who attend school full time and also
work are usually unable to hold full-time jobs.
The survey revealed that among the employed
students in October, 9 of 10 elementary and high
school pupils and 8 of 10 attending college full
time usually worked at part-time jobs in nonfarm
industries. Since almost all young persons out
of school are available for full-time work, they
averaged more hours during the survey week than
did students.
A v e r a g e h o u r s w o r k e d , O c to b e r 1962
Students
Agriculture_________________
Nonagricultural industries____
26
16
Nonstudents
46
40
There has been no significant change in the past
few years in the average number of hours worked
by the two groups of young persons in farm and
nonfarm industries. Substantially longer hours in
agriculture result in part from the timing of the
survey during the busy fail harvest season.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Out of School Youth 16 to 21 Years Old
Persons 16 to 21 years old and not in school are
an increasing proportion of our labor force, and
changes in the occupational structure of the econ
omy in the postwar period have tended to diminish
the job opportunities available to them. A total
of 5.3 million of these young persons were working
or looking for jobs in October 1962. About 94
percent of the male nonstudents 18 to 21 years
old were in the labor market at that time, only
slightly below the 98 percent for men in the most
active group of 35 to 44 years. Among boys 16
to 17 years old who had left school, only 3 out of
4 were working or looking for work (table 6); most
of the others in this group were not even looking
for work at the time of the survey. Women are
most likely to be in the labor market after leaving
school and before they have assumed family re
sponsibilities. Among women 18 to 21 years old,
6 out of 10 were in the labor force, a much greater
proportion than among women in the central age
groups.
Unemployment is generally greatest among
young persons who have been in the job market
for a comparatively short period of time, and
particularly among those who are least educated,
T a b l e 5. P o p u l a t io n ,1 P e r c e n t in L a b o r F o r c e , a n d
E m pl o y m e n t o f P e r s o n s 14 to 24 Y e a r s O l d , by A g e
a n d S c h o o l E n r o l l m e n t , O c t o b e r 1961 a n d 1962
[Numbers in thousands]
1962
Age
Per
Popu cent in
lation 1 labor
force
1961
Em
ploy
ment
Per
Popu cent in
lation 1 labor
force
Em
ploy
ment
Enrolled in school
Total, 14 to 24
years..............
15,609
24.8
3,562
14,582
24.4
3,255
14 and 15 years............. .
16 and 17 years...............
18 and 19 years_______
20 to 24 years..............
6,998
4, 742
2,144
1,725
15.2
27.7
29.2
50.4
1,009
1,178
563
812
6,621
4, 542
1,952
1,467
15.9
26.3
31.6
46.5
994
1,048
559
654
N ot enrolled in school
Total, 14 to 24
years..............
13,304
68.8
8,275
13,465
68.5
8,199
14 and 15 years_______
16 and 17 years_______
18 and 19 years...............
20 to 24 years........... ......
140
880
2, 985
9,299
27.1
56.9
73.5
69.0
34
417
1,918
5,906
160
895
3,187
9,223
32.5
63.0
71.8
68.6
43
446
1,948
5,762
1 Civilian noninstitutional population.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
910
T a b l e 6. C i v i l i a n N o n i n s t i t u t i o n a l P o p u l a t io n , L a b o r F o r c e , a n d L a b o r F o r c e P a r t i c i p a t i o n R
P e r s o n s 16 t o 21 Y e a r s O l d N o t E n r o l l e d i n S c h o o l , b y A g e a n d S e x , O c t o b e r 1959-62
a t e s 1 fo r
[Numbers in thousands]
1961
1962
Number
in labor
force
Percent
in labor
force
7,491
5,239
69.9
56.9
73.5
71.5
895
3,187
3, 409
564
2,288
2,387
2,721
91.9
3, 044
278
1,065
1,378
76.4
92.3
95.6
418
1,237
1,389
2, 538
56.6
223
1,130
1,185
43.2
61.7
55.3
Number
in labor
force
Percent
in labor
force
7,448
5, 259
70.6
880
2,985
3, 583
501
2,195
2,563
Total, 16 to 21 years___
2, 960
16 and 17 years..........................
18 and 19 years_____________
20 and 21 years.........................
364
1,154
1,442
4, 488
516
1,831
2,141
Age and sex
Popu
lation
Popu
lation
1959
1960
Number
in labor
force
Percent
in labor
force
Number
in labor
force
Percent
in labor
force
7, 273
5,123
70.4
6,905
4, 714
68.3
63.0
71.8
70.0
972
2, 916
3,385
629
2,135
2, 359
64.7
73.2
69.7
932
2, 752
3,221
565
1,970
2,179
60.6
71.6
67.6
2,755
90.5
2,986
2,797
93.7
2, 735
2, 512
91.8
321
1,115
1,319
76.8
90.1
95.0
435
1,158
1,393
356
1,075
1,366
81.8
92.8
98.1
418
1,097
1,220
335
1,019
1,158
80.1
92.9
94.9
4,447
2, 484
55.9
4, 287
2,326
54.3
4,170
2, 202
52.8
477
1,950
2,020
243
1,173
1,068
537
1,758
1,992
273
1,060
993
50.8
60.3
49.8
514
1, 655
2,001
230
951
1,021
44.7
57.5
51.0
Popu
lation
Popu
lation
B oth Sexes
Total, 16 to 21 years__
16 and 17 years....... ........... ......
18 and 19 years..........................
20 and 21 years---- -----------M ale
F emale
Total, 16 to 21 years___
16 and 17 years_____________
18 and 19 years....... ..................
20 and 21 years..........................
50.9
60.2
52.9
i Percent of civilian noninstitutional population in the labor force.
least trained, and most inexperienced. Youths 16
to 21 years old and out of school comprised only
7 percent of the labor force in October 1962, but
the 600,000 who were jobless accounted for 18
percent of the unemployed.
The number of unemployed out of school youth
between the ages of 16 and 21 rose by 100,000
between October 1959 and the same month in
1961 when the effects of the 1960-61 recession
were still apparent, but by October 1962, it had
declined to the level of 3 years earlier.
The unemployment rate for this group was 11.4
percent in October, three times as high as for
persons 25 years and over. The incidence of job
lessness is consistently about twice as high for
those 16 to 17 years old as for those 20 and 21
years old (table 7). The difference in rates be
tween these two groups reflects the higher average
educational attainment of the older youths (many
of whom had graduated from college or a tech
nical institution) and the additional years of work
experience and maturity acquired since leaving
school. Almost all the jobless young men were
single (8 out of 9), but among the women only
one-half were unmarried.
Employment of nonstudents 16 to 21 years old
rose by about one-half million between 1959 and
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1962 to a total of 4.7 million (table 8), reflecting
trends both in size of population and in labor force
participation. Employment gains were confined
to those 18 to 21 years of age, equally divided
T a b l e 7. U n e m p l o y m e n t
O ld N o t E n r o l l e d in
O c t o b e r 1959-62
Age and sex
P e r s o n s 16 t o
S chool, by A ge
of
Number unemployed
(in thousands)
21 Y e a r s
and
Se x ,
Unemployment rate1
1962
1961
1960
1959
1962
1961
1960
Total, 16 to 21
years_________
601
708
652
607
16 and 17 years_______
18 and 19 years_______
20 and 21 years..............
84
277
240
118
340
250
117
315
220
121
279
207
297
379
379
357
42
138
117
69
170
140
65
177
137
86
154
117
Total, 16 to 21
years________
304
329
273
250
16 and 17 years--------18 and 19 years_______
20 and 21 years_______
42
139
123
49
170
110
52
138
83
35
125
90
1959
11.4
13.5
12.7
12.9
16.8
12.6
9.4
20.9
14.9
10.5
18.6
14.8
9.3
21.4
14.2
9.5
10.9
13.8
13.6
14.2
15.1
13.0
8.5
21.5
15.2
10.6
18.3
16.5
10.0
25.7
15.1
10.1
12.0
13.2
11.7
11.4
18.8
12.3
10.4
20.2
14.5
10.3
19.0
13.0
8.4
15.2
13.1
8.8
B oth Sexes
M ale
Total, 16 to 21
years________
16 and 17 years----------18 and 19 years.- -----20 and 21 y e a rs.......... .
F emale
i Percent of civilian labor force who were unemployed.
911
EMPLOYMENT OF SCHOOL-AGE YOUTH
T a b l e 8. E m p l o y m e n t o f P e r s o n s 16 t o 21 Y e a r s O ld
N o t E n r o l l e d in S c h o o l , b y A g e a n d S e x , O c t o b e r
1959-62
Age and sex
1962
1961
1960
1959
B oth Sexes
4,658
4,531
4,471
4,107
417
1,918
2,323
446
1,948
2,137
512
1,820
2,139
444
1,691
1,972
Total, 16 to 21 years______
2,424
2,376
2,418
2,155
16 and 17 years-------- ------------18 and 19 years..............................
20 and 21 years_______________
236
927
1,261
252
945
1,179
291
898
1,229
249
865
1,041
Total, 16 to 21 years.......... -
2,234
2,155
2,053
1,952
16 and 17 years______________ 18 and 19 years__ ____________
20 and 21 years----- ----------------
181
991
1,062
194
1,003
958
221
922
910
195
826
931
Total, 16 to 21 years........
16 and 17 years_____ ____ _____
18 and 19 years_____________—
20 and 21 years___________ ____
M ale
F emale
between men and women. Farm employment is
more common among young men not in school
than among those 25 years and over and is most
common among boys 16 and 17 years old (table
9). Among adult men, 9 percent worked in
agriculture in October 1962 compared with 15
percent of those 16 to 21 years and 30 percent of
the boys 16 and 17 years. Few women held
farm jobs, and there was no sharp difference in
the proportions of women younger or older than
25 years engaged in farm work (3 and 5 percent).
Among young men employed in nonfarm indus
tries, a greater proportion worked in manufactur
ing, 38 percent, than any other industry, and
another 27 percent were employed in trade.
Female workers in the same age groups were
more heavily concentrated than the men in one
industry. The service industries (including fi
nance and private household) accounted for 44
percent of the young women employed in nonagricultural industries, and an equal proportion
was in manufacturing and trade.
Part-time employment was less prevalent among
young wage and salary workers not in school than
among all wage and salary workers in October.
Out of school youths comprise a lower proportion
of all those working only part of a regular work
week, since such data include a large number of
students and working mothers who are available
only for part-time jobs. Among those 16 to 21
years old employed in nonfarm industries, 10
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
percent reported that they usually worked part
time on their jobs (table 10), but among all
workers the rate was 13 percent. Part-time work
is much more prevalent among persons employed
in agriculture, with 23 percent of the youths and
30 percent of all workers so employed. The
incidence of part-time work was several times
greater among 16- and 17-year-old boys in non
farm jobs than among those 20 and 21 years old,
19 percent and 4 percent, respectively. Since
many employers do not hire workers under the
age of 18 because of legal restrictions, or educa
tional or other requirements, the only jobs readily
available to jroung boys are part-time openings
common in retail trade and service industries.
Workers 16 to 21 years old are most likely to
be employed in occupations that differ materially
from those of older persons (table 11). Half the
young women were typists, stenographers, or
other kinds of clerical workers, and they were
T a b l e 9. M a j o r I n d u s t r y G r o u p a n d C l a s s o f W o r k e r
o f E m p l o y e d P e r s o n s 16 t o 21 Y e a r s O l d , N o t
E n r o l l e d i n S c h o o l , b y A g e a n d S e x , O c t o b e r 1962
[Percent distribution]
Total,
16 to
21
years
16 and
17
years
All industry groups..........._ _ ..........
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Agriculture ___ ______ ____________
Nonagricultural industries____________
15.0
85.0
30.1
69.9
18.3
81.7
9.8
90.2
Nonagricultural industries_______
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Wage and salary workers........ ................
________________
Construction
Manufacturing________________ ..
Wholesale and retail trade________Service industries________________
All other industries 1____ _________
Self-employed and unpaid family
workers.................................. ..................
98.5
12.1
37.7
26.9
14.4
7.4
97.6
10.9
27.9
32.1
18.2
8.5
99.2
11.9
39.8
26.9
14.4
6.2
98.2
12.4
37.8
26.1
13.9
8.0
1.5
2.4
.8
1.8
Major industry group, class of worker,
and sex
18 and 20 and
21
19
years
years
M ale
F emale
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Agriculture_________________________
Nonagricultural industries____________
3.4
96.6
7.7
92.3
3.7
96.3
2.4
97.6
Nonagricultural industries_______
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Wage and salary workers............. ........ .
Manufacturing. _______________
Wholesale and retail trade_________
Service industries________________
All other industries2— _________
Self-employed and unpaid family
workers_________ _______________
98.1
21.7
21.9
44.2
10.2
100.0
21.6
29.3
41.9
7.2
98.5
20.3
24.1
43.8
10.3
97.3
23.1
18.7
44.9
10.6
1.5
2.7
All industry groups........................
1.9
1 Includes forestry and fisheries, mining, transportation and public utilities,
and public administration.
2 Includes forestry and fisheries, mining, construction, transportation and
public utilities, and public administration.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
912
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 19G3
Selected Occupation Groups of Employed and Unemployed M en, O ctober 1962
almost twice as likely to hold such jobs as women
25 years and over. Since not many had acquired
the experience or education usually associated
with professional and managerial occupations,
T a b l e 10. F u l l - T im e
and
these positions were reported by relatively few of
the young men and women.
The higher rate of unemployment for young
men than for older persons reflects to a large
P a r t - T im e S t a t u s o f W a g e a n d S a la r y W o r k e r s 16 t o 21 Y e a r s O ld N
S c h o o l , by I n d u s t r y G r o u p , A g e , a n d S e x , O c t o b e r 1962
ot
E nrolled
in
[Percent distribution]
All industry groups
Age and sex
Total
Full time
Agriculture
Part time
Total
Nonagricultural industries
Full time
P art time
77.0
23.0
Total
Full time
P art time
B oth Sexes
Total, 16 to 21 years_______________
100.0
89.6
10.4
100.0
16 and 17 years......................................... ......
18 and 19 years____ ____________________
20 and 21 years______________________ . .
100.0
100.0
100.0
79.1
88.1
92. 7
20 9
11.9
7.3
(l)
100.0
(')
76.0
82.2
24.0
100.0
90.4
9.6
inn n
100.0
100.0
n
89! 0
93.0
19 0
ii! o
100.0
93.0
7.0
inn n
100.0
100.0
81 5
9l! 4
95.9
s! 6
4.1
100.0
87.8
12.2
inn n
inn n
m o
80 4
87* 1
89! 7
10.3
ri
7.0
M ale
Total, 16 to 21 years..............................
100.0
92.0
8.0
100.0
16 and 17 years................................................
18 and 19 years............................ ............ ......
20 and 21 years__________ ____ __________
100. 0
100.0
100.0
80.3
89.8
95. 7
19. 7
10.2
4. 3
(1)
100.0
(')
Total, 16 to 21 years__________ _____
100.0
87.0
13.0
16 and 17 years............... ........................ ........
18 and 19 years____ ___________ _____ _
20 and 21 years___________________
100. 0
100.0
100.0
77. 8
86. 5
89.1
22.2
13. 5
10. 9
(')
(1)
(1)
0)
79.1
17.8
20.9
F emale
1 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
913
EMPLOYMENT OF SCHOOL-AGE YOUTH
T
11. M a j o r
21 Y e a r s
able
to
Y ears
16
O ld
and
O c c u p a t io n o p E m p l o y e d P e r s o n s
O ld N o t in S c h o o l a n d P e r s o n s 25
O v e r , b y S e x , O c t o b e r 1962
[Percent distribution]
Male
Female
16-21
years
25
years
and
over
16-21
years
Total employed.......................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Professional, office, and sales workers______
Professional, technical, and kindred
w orkers....................................................
Managers, officials, and proprietors,
except farm.............................................
Clerical and kindred workers__________
Sales workers...............................................
Manual workers______ ______ ___________
Craftsmen, foremen,and kindred workers.
Operatives and kindred workers...............
Laborers, except farm and mine................
Service workers..................................................
Private household.....................................
Service workers except private household.
Farmers and farm laborers...............................
20.4
39.8
59.9
53.4
4.1
12.5
5.1
13.2
2.5
9.0
4.7
60.4
10.2
34.0
16.2
6.2
.2
6.0
13.1
15.6
6.5
5.2
45.6
20.6
18.6
6.5
6.3
.1
6.2
8.2
.9
48.8
5.1
14.5
.6
13.6
.3
22.2
7.0
15.3
3.4
5.7
27.2
7.3
17.8
1.2
16.3
.3
23.9
8.3
15.6
4.9
Major occupation group
25
years
and
over
N ote : B ecause of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
degree the kinds of work they do when employed.
One-half the boys 16 to 21 years old were opera
tives or laborers in October 1962, compared with
one-foorth of the older men, and these are the
types of work which have the highest rates of
joblessness. (See chart.) Occupations with the
lowest incidence of joblessness (professional work
ers, managers, and sales workers) were held by
only 11 percent of the young men, a proportion
only one-third as large as for older men. During
the rest of the decade, the greatest increase in
employment is projected for occupations in which
unemployment rates are now below average and
which have higher education and training require
ments. Unemployment among young men can
be materially reduced if they obtain skills to
qualify them for those jobs in which work is to be
most steady.
We have met today to consider the recent Keport of your Committee on
Youth Employment. We view this report as representing a valuable approach
to the critical problem of unemployment among youth. We urge that it be
given the most immediate and serious attention by all segments of the society.
The report shows that an alarming percentage of today’s youth are not
prepared for the labor market needs now and in the future. Even with an
improved rate of economic growth significant manpower training problems
will remain. It is important that there be recognition by management, labor,
and the public generally of the need to invest in the education and training of
youth today for the effectiveness of the labor force tomorrow. This is partic
ularly significant at this time, because the next decade will be marked by a
rapid increase in the number and proportion of young people in our labor force.
This committee notes particularly that, in the face of an increasing supply of
young workers, there is in fact a decrease in job opportunities for new intrants
to the labor force at traditional levels of skill, ability, and experience.
Despite their deep interest in this situation, management and labor cannot
resolve this problem alone. It calls for review by those at all levels of govern
ment, and particularly by State and local authorities, of their policies and
practices affecting the availability of employment opportunities to youth.
/
—Statement to the President from the Advisory Committee on Labor-Management
Policy, April 29, 1963.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The International
Labor Conference
of 1963
Lawrence R. Klein
T he 47 th session of the International Labor
Conference was to have been “ a hymn to Africa/’
as Henry Hauck, French Government delegate
remarked, more in rue than remonstrance, during
a plenary session. That the hymn did not
become a dirge for the International Labor
Organization could be attributed largely to the
resolute action and leadership of the United
States 1 and the Western bloc delegations.
In many ways the Conference, held in Geneva
June 5-26, 1963, was highly unusual: The Presi
dent of the Conference resigned midway through
the meeting; 31 African and 5 Arab countries
withdrew from participation; the credentials of
the South African worker delegate were rejected
by the Conference; plenary meetings were sus
pended for several days while the Conference
coped with the impending walkout of the 36
countries; there was a vigorous effort by the
Russian and Eastern bloc delegates to terminate
the Conference forthwith; there were noisy and at
times undisciplined demonstrations in support of
extra-legal expulsion of South Africa (for that
nation’s policy of apartheid); the ILO DirectorGeneral made an extraordinary and eloquent
address pleading, in the face of some vociferous
declarations to the contrary, for a procedure of
due process and constitutional demeanor.
Nevertheless, the Conference recovered in good
order and completed its seven-point agenda, in
cluding adoption of a budget and action on the
reports of its technical committees.
The African Situation
Even though the enduring worth of the ILO shone
through in all its tripartite signficance in the work
914
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
of the technical committees of the Conference,
much of the time, energy, and debate of the plenary
sittings was devoted to the hiatus caused by the
African-Arab walkout. The defection of the 36
delegations cannot be dismissed solely on the
grounds of political immaturity aided and abetted
by Soviet-dominated delegations eager and willing
to exploit the issue (in painfully obvious fact,
they were so aided). The action reflected more
the impatience and compulsions of newly won
nationalism and African-Arab unity reacting to
resentment against the presence of a delegation
from the Republic of South Africa, which has an
official policy of apartheid. The resentment was
heightened because South Africa had ignored the
request of a 1961 Conference resolution to with
draw^ from the ILO until it had abandoned its
policy of racial separation. (The ILO constitu
tion has no provision for the expulsion of member
states.)
African nations most certainly captured the
attention of the Conference, first by their presence
and then by their absence and the manner of
their leaving.
There were 31 African nations (not counting
South Africa) represented out of a total of 102
delegations seated in the Conference. Joseph M.
Johnson, Minister of Labor in Nigeria, was elected
president without opposition. Five African gov
ernments (to the exclusion, for the first time, of
any European government) and a total of three
African employer and worker delegates were
elected to the Governing Body of ILO, which
had been enlarged from 40 to 48 to accommodate
representation of the newly emerging nations.
It was the chairman’s recognition, on June 12,
of William F. Hamilton, employer delegate from
1 Members of the delegation were: Government: Delegates—George L-P
Weaver, Assistant Secretary of Labor for International Affairs and chairman
of the delegation, and George P . Delaney, Special Assistant to the Secretary
of State; Adviser and Substitute Delegate—John F. Skillman, Special Assist
ant to the Secretary of Commerce; Advisers—Representatives Adam Clayton
Powell, James Roosevelt, and Wilham Hanes Ayres; Ambassador Roger W.
Tubby, Representative to the European Office of the United Nations;
Richard Conn, H arry M. Douty, Dale Good, John E. Lawyer, Irvin S.
Lippe, John P . O’Neill, Donald L. Ream, Harold D. Snell, William M .
Steen, Morris B. Wallach, and John L. Hagan. Employers: Delegate—
Richard Wagner, Chairman of the Board, Chamber of Commerce of the
United States, and Chairman of the Executive Committee, Champlin Oil
and Refining Co.; Advisers—John E. Branch, Malcolm L. Denise, Richard
P . Doherty, Edwin R. Niehaus, George J. Pantos, and William G. Van
Meter. Workers: Delegate—Rudolph Faupl, International Representative,
International Association of Machinists; Advisers—Cornelius J. Haggerty,
Joseph D. Keenan, George Meany, William J. Pachler, Jacob S. Potofsky,
Bert Seidman, and David Sullivan.
THE INTERNATIONAL LABOR CONFERENCE OF 1963
South Africa, to take his turn on the list of
speakers waiting to address a plenary session
that precipitated the turmoil that wracked the
Conference. A point of order was raised over
the legality of the South African presence. The
legal adviser of the Conference ruled that since
no objection to the South African employers’
participation had been lodged with the Credentials
Committee, the delegation was properly seated.
Sergei A. Slipchenko, government delegate from
the Ukrainian S.S.R. and a Conference vice
president, who in the absence of the president
was chairman for the session, thereupon allowed,
in almost cavalier disregard of parliamentary
procedure, a series of 14 “points of order.” These,
in fact, were political speeches raising no proce
dural issue. The session was ultimately adjourned
with the South African delegate still waiting to
speak.
At the next plenary session, on June 14, the
disturbed situation continued. Mr. Johnson, the
president, declined to preside because of his role
in efforts to oust South Africa, and vice president
Rudolph Faupl, United States worker delegate,
was in the chair. In response to a point of order
again challenging Mr. Hamilton’s right to speak,
the chair ruled that under the ILO Constitution
any accredited delegate was entitled to speak,
stating that this ruling was the unanimous opinion
of the Conference officers. (See pp. 921-922.) There
upon the African delegations and others, including
worker delegations from most countries, left their
seats, and some delegates demonstrated at the
rear of the hall while Mr. Hamilton made his
speech.
Plenary sessions were suspended until June
18, when Mr. Johnson announced that he had
resigned the presidency and that the African
nations would participate no further in the 47th
Conference. (Ultimately the 31 African and 5
Arab countries withdrew formally from the
Conference.) Director-General David A. Morse
then made the address, reproduced on pages 920924, in which he clarified the legal and moral
issues and charted a course around the impasse.
In matter of fact, all delegations except the
South African condemned apartheid and sym
pathized with the Africans. The basic issue was
whether the ILO constitution and due process or
political and emotional considerations would
prevail. The African position in its most extreme
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
915
form was expressed by Sikhe Camara, Govern
ment delegate from Guinea: “You can do what
you like with the constitution, but we will not
allow ourselves to be bound by law.” Counterposed was the statement of Assistant Secretary
of Labor George L-P Weaver, U.S. Government
delegate: “. . . one of the speakers made a state
ment that we are not bound by the law; . . . .
The implications are that we are the law, . . . .
We must establish, if we hope for continuity of
the work in which we are engaged, a society of laws,
not of men—and I speak as one who was part of
a group that has deliberately used the law as an
instrument . . . of social precision in terms of
rectifying age-old injustices . . . .”
The contretemps thus faced was not eased by
efforts of the Soviet bloc, which first supported
abandonment of constitutional law and then
sought adjournment of the Conference until the
end of the year. Nor was it helped by Mr.
Slipchenko’s exercise of veto power on resolutions
introduced to take positive and constitutional
proceedings to bar South Africa from the ILO in
the future. (No urgent resolution may be put
before a plenary session without the unanimous
approval of the Conference officers.)
However, the happy choice of Erik Dreyer,
government delegate from Denmark, as the new
president gave the Conference a skilled, resolute,
and shrewd parliamentarian. This fact, plus the
work of the United States and other democratic
nations in keeping the Soviet delegations on the
defensive, put the Conference back on keel and
on course.
Later on, the delegates approved a minority
report of the Credentials Committee which un
seated the South African worker delegate, Johan
H. Liebenberg, on grounds chiefly that he came
from an unrepresentative organization. The vote
was 135 (including the U.S. Government and
worker delegates) to 3 (the two South African
Government delegates and Mr. Liebenberg), with
57 abstentions (all of them employer and govern
ment delegates).
Following the Conference, the Governing Body
approved a proposal of the Director-General to
exclude South Africa from all ILO meetings except
the Conference and to seek jointly with the United
Nations an “ appropriate solution of the problem
posed by the membership of South Africa [in both
organizations] so long as th at country continued
916
its present policy.” 2 The African members did
not boycott the meeting of the Governing Body.
Routine Conference Business
When it opened, the Conference was the largest
in the history of the ILO, with 102 of the 108
member states represented. Delegates and tech
nical advisers totaled nearly 1,100. Most states
had full tripartite representation. Six states were
new members of ILO.3
All officers for the session were unanimously
elected: Messrs. Johnson, Dreyer, Slipchenko, and
Faupl, as well as T. H. Robinson of Canada, who
was employers’ vice president.
The triennial elections to the Governing Body
held on June 13, filled 14 of the 24 government
seats (10 are held permanently by the 10 countries
of chief industrial importance 4), 12 employer, and
12 worker places—including the 8 African repre
sentatives mentioned earlier. Richard Wagner
and Mr. Faupl, the United States employers’ and
workers’ delegates, were elected. Elections take
place in separate government, employer, and
worker meetings rather than in plenary session.
Assistant Secretary of Labor Weaver, in addi
tion to leading the United States delegation, was
chairman of the Selection Committee, which serves
as a steering committee for the session.
Because of the absence of the African delega
tions, election of the African Advisory Committee,
first constituted in 1961, was postponed until the
1964 Conference, with membership to run for 2
instead of 3 years.
A gross expenditure budget of $16,977,000 was
approved. It represented an increase of about 16
percent over that of the preceding year. Com
munist bloc nations unsuccessfully voted to defer
consideration of the budget, pending outcome of
their moves to adjourn the Conference, because of
the absence of the African delegations.5
Technical Committee Reports
Three new international instruments—a con
vention and a recommendation concerned with the
guarding of machinery and a recommendation re
lating to termination of a worker’s employment by
the employer—were adopted. Two other items
proposing new international labor standards—
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
hygiene in shops and offices and benefit payments
in cases of industrial injury and occupational
disease—were reviewed by the Conference and
will appear as agenda items in 1964 for a final
decision.
Guarding of Machinery. The 70-member Com
mittee on Guarding of Machinery proposed a
convention (adopted in plenary session by a vote
of 201 to 0 with 1 abstention) which requires pro
hibition by national law (or equally effective
measures) of the sale, rent, exhibition, or transfer
(for domestic use or for export) of new or used
power-driven machines which do not have adequate
safety guards. It also prohibits the operation of
unguarded machinery by workers. A maximum
3-year exemption from portions of the convention
is possible. Ratifying nations must provide
penalties for violations.
A recommendation, approved 204 to 0 with 1
abstention, extends the prohibitions applied in the
convention to the manufacture of machinery, and
provides that in the list of prohibitions account
should be taken of dangerous working parts. It
also suggests that machine construction should
if possible eliminate or safeguard danger points.
Ironically, these instruments, the first of their
kind among ILO standards, were proposed in 1959
by Ghana, one of the African nations which left
* The African states are pressing other UN bodies for the exclusion of South
Africa and Portugal. Early in July, the African delegates to the Inter
national Conference on Education, sponsored jointly by the United Nations
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization and the International
Bureau of Education, pushed through a resolution expelling Portugal (because
of its colonial policy) and then walked out of the Conference when the P ortu
guese delegates refused to leave. The resolution was supported by the Soviet
bloc, the Arab countries, India, and Israel; it was opposed by major Western
countries, including the United States, on the ground that the Conference
had no right to bar an invited country.
The African countries also asked the Economic and Social Council to bar
both South Africa and Portugal from its subsidiary Economic Commission
for Africa. On July 10, U.S. Ambassador Adlai Stevenson, in a speech before
the ECOSOC meeting in Geneva, warned that if the United Nations tradi
tion of free debate and democratic decision “should be altered now, we
threaten not only the political future of the UN but its economic and social
aims.”
The South African Government announced in mid-July that it would not
participate in the meeting of the UN Security Council at which its racial
policies are currently being discussed. It also declined to take part in an
ILO Iron and Steel Trades Committee meeting and the UN Economic
Commission for Africa.
3 Algeria, Burundi, Jamaica, Rwanda, Trinidad and Tobago, and Uganda.
* Canada, China, France, Federal Republic of Germany, India, Italy,
Japan, U.S.S.R., United Kingdom, and United States.
Industrial importance is determined on the following criteria and weights;
National income, 6; contributions to ILO , 3; economically active population, 1.
8 Contributions of the 31 African countries to the ILO are just under 4 per
cent of its income.
THE INTERNATIONAL LABOR CONFERENCE OF 1963
the Conference, to protect workers in developing
countries from unsafe imported equipment.
Termination oj Employment. A recommendation
governing the dismissal of workers and the rights
of those who are dismissed was approved by the
Conference by a vote of 196 to 14, with 10 absten
tions, on submission by the 177-member Com
mittee on Termination of Employment. The
standards proscribe firing of workers for capricious
reasons and specifically mention union activity,
good faith filing of a complaint, and race, sex, reli
gion, political opinion, nationality, or social origin
as invalid grounds for dismissal. Workers who are
to be dismissed should be given due notice, or pay
in lieu of notice, and should have the right of
appeal to a neutral body which would have rein
statement authority if it finds an unjustified
dismissal took place. Income should be protected
by unemployment insurance, severance pay, or a
combination of such benefits, depending on na
tional laws, collective agreements, and employer
personnel practices. Serious misconduct by a
worker would render him ineligible for notice and
benefits, but he would not lose hearing rights.
The employer, however, would have unrestricted
right to determine the size of his work force.
Consultation with workers’ representatives on spe
cific appropriate matters is urged prior to reduction
of work force, and public authorities should be
consulted if the reduction is of such a magnitude
as to have an economic effect beyond the work
place. Selection of workers for dismissal should
be by the familiar criteria of seniority, age, skill,
and occupation.
The recommendation exempts from its provi
sions casual, part-time, and probationary workers,
and public employees to the extent that constitu
tional provisions in the country might preclude
their coverage.
The recommendation states that effect may be
achieved “through national laws or regulations,
collective agreements, work rules, arbitration
awards, or court decisions, or in such other manner
consistent with national practice . . . .” H. M.
Douty, U.S. Government adviser, reporting for the
Committee, noted that the instrument “represents
a pioneer effort by the ILO to develop standards
in this area of vital concern to both workers and
employers. The area is characterized by many
6 9 4 -5 9 5 — 63------- 3
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
917
difficult and subtle problems and contains numer
ous implications for managerial and worker be
havior, for productivity, and for industrial peace.”
Hygiene in Shops and Offices. The report of the
90-member Committee on Hygiene in Shops and
Offices goes on the agenda of the 1964 Conference
in the form of a proposed recommendation and
convention. Included in the recommendation are
specific elements of sanitation and health in work
places, such as proper ventilation, toilets, first
aid facilities, light and heat, and protective equip
ment. In general, the convention provisions con
form with the items contemplated by the recom
mendation.
Social Security. To modernize earlier conventions
(Nos. 12, 17, 18, and 42), the report of the 141member Committee on Social Security looks
toward adoption next year of a convention and
recommendation in the fields of industrial injuries
and occupational diseases. The plenary session
was divided in its approval of the proposals, with
the employer delegations generally favoring a
recommendation alone. The convention would re
quire that employees receive medical care benefits
and cash compensation for loss of earning capacity
caused by work injury or specified occupational
diseases, and would permit certain coverage ex
emptions if the number excepted did not exceed
10 percent of all employees. A committee of
experts will review and improve the list of occu
pational diseases appended to the report, which
represent the minimum coverage required by the
convention. Both the convention and the recom
mendation will be placed on the 1964 agenda.
Richard P. Doherty, United States employer
adviser, in opposing the proposed convention,
argued that a recommendation would offer greater
flexibility. He also took exception to the “allembracing” coverage provided by the convention.
Speaking for the employer group, he emphasized
that the document was not “totally bad,” but
“on balance it has gone so far that it is not a
practical document.” He thought such an instru
ment should be “compatible with the economic
capacity of a country, and also compatible with
the administrative competency that has developed
in that country.”
918
Application of Conventions
Despite the political maneuvering which at
times appears to preoccupy the annual meetings,
the basic but unspectacular work of the ILO—at
the Conferences and by the staff—is the drawing
up and approving of international labor standards.
Each year the Conference sets up a special com
mittee to review the record of the constituent
nations on the ratification of conventions and,
perhaps more important, the extent to which
convention provisions are actually applied by
ratifying countries. A Committee of Experts
reports to this special Committee on the Applica
tion of Conventions and Recommendations, which
at the 47th Conference numbered 101 members.
Although the report of the Committee was
adopted by the Conference without dissent, there
was sharp debate during Committee meetings and
at the plenary sessions. One focus of attention
was a special report on the performance of the
member states on Convention 111 on discrimina
tion in respect of employment, which was the basis
for the Committee’s recommendation that the
Conference urgently appeal to all nonratifying
countries “to give prompt consideration to the
possibility of ratification.” Another concerned
the ILO’s operations in supervising the implemen
tation of conventions, a task which the Committee
reported had become more complex as the number
of ratifications has grown and the ILO member
ship has expanded to include countries with widely
different economic and social systems.
On the latter question, the Soviet point of view
in the Committee was that the Committee of Ex
perts was biased and that it should be restrained
by specific procedural rules. The U.S.S.R. Gov
ernment representative challenged—as a “nonobjective interpretation . . . which distorted”—
a finding by a majority of the Committee of Ex
perts that Soviet legislation was not in conformity
with the convention guaranteeing freedom of
association and the right to organize. The
majority view was that the Committee of Experts
was a quasi-judicial body whose “impartiality,
objectivity, integrity, and professional competence
was beyond question,” and that the experts should
not be fettered by procedural rules, since their ob
jectivity was best guaranteed by the personal
quality of the individuals.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
Mr. Weaver, in discussing the report in the Con
ference Committee, emphasized that “discrimina
tion in one form or another is to be found in every
country, no matter how high its ideals or how
perfect its constitutional and legislative protec
tions might be.” He forthrightly described the
efforts of the United States Government to end
discrimination against Negroes, and pointed to
the use of Federal authority at Oxford, Miss., “to
put into effect the right of one man to attend the
university of his State.” He stressed that in the
United States there is no attempt to “hide our
problems; they are there for everyone to see, and
we invite the whole world to observe and evaluate
our efforts to solve them.”
The reporter of the Committee, in presenting
its report, stressed that the ILO should satisfy
itself that ratified standards are “implemented not
only in law but in practice.” He also stressed
labor inspection “as a means of promoting practi
cal application.”
Representative James Roosevelt, United States
Government adviser, in a speech to the plenary
session, warned that the “imposition of arbitrary
rules could only serve to degrade” the experts. “I
speak for the entire United States Government
delegation when I say that . . . adoption of this
report . . . will help assure that the principles
and purposes which first attracted you and us, and
the African nations, to the ILO remain unsullied
by political adventuring and expediency.”
The contention of the Communist countries
that Socialist states should be regarded in a
different light in respect to freedom of association
(i.e., trade union rights) was sharply attacked in
the Conference debate on the report. W. D. H.
Fréchette, Canadian employer adviser, stated:
This whole controversy hinges around the contention of
certain countries that ILO standards should be interpreted
in different ways depending upon the economic and social
structure of the countries concerned. This idea of a double
standard is categorically rejected by your committee.
P. Schade Poulsen, employer adviser from
Denmark, chided the Communist position thus:
I suggest that the philosophy behind this whole proposal
is that the Committee of Experts, as soon as a country is
labeled a Socialist country or a Communist country, should
not be allowed to criticize anything because nothing can be
wrong in such a country.
THE INTERNATIONAL LABOR CONFERENCE OF 1963
Attack on Soviet practices in the light of ILO
convention requirements was pressed by Bert
Seidman, United States worker adviser. He
pointed out that “year after year” the Committee
of Experts had reported “flagrant violation” of the
convention on the right to organize, and in the
current report could only state that “no new
element has been adduced which would invalidate
the conclusions reached by the Committee in
previous years, i.e., that the legislation of the
U.S.S.R. contains a number of provisions which
are or are liable to be contrary to the rights and
guarantees laid down in the convention.”
Mr. Seidman also challenged the practice of
anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union and scored the
position of “countries which, while they maintain
discrimination within their own borders, brazenly
deny it exists. These same countries hypocriti
cally assume the most righteous pose in denouncing
discrimination in other countries.”
Ernest M. Hyde-Clarke, United Kingdom em
ployer adviser, on the same track, responded to a
Bulgarian’s reference to Alabama: “ . . if mat
ters are going to be brought up such as Alabama—
though I am in no position to defend what happens
there—it is my duty to bring up in return what
happened in Bulgaria last year and earlier this
year among many of my Ghanaian and Nigerian
friends who were studying there but who could not
continue to remain there because of discrimination
and the lack of freedom of association.”
The Director-General’s Report
Ordinarily, the report of the Director-General
is concerned with a single topic of importance in
the labor field. This year, it examined the pro
gram and structure of the ILO and directed the
attention of the Conference toward the major
labor and social problems on which the organiza
tion should concentrate its efforts and toward the
structural and procedural changes which might
best facilitate program achievement.
Debate on the report was extensive (169
speakers participated) and often political in
character. The lack of unanimity between and
within delegations was indicative of the inde
pendent roles the government, employer, and
worker groups play on the ILO tripartite stage.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
919
However, it is possible to point to a few items on
which there was reiterated comment.
These included technical aid for African and
other developing countries; realism in writing and
applying conventions; worker opposition to direct
ILO participation in trade union development,
organization, and education; better organized
Conferences with more time for discussion; and
regional meetings. The Communist nations
pressed constantly for more representation on the
Governing Body and for direct participation of
the Communist-controlled World Federation of
Trade Unions in the Conferences. They also
desired transfer of certain powers from the Gov
erning Body to the Conference. Speaking for the
United States Government, Mr. Weaver saw “no
reason for disturbing” the “effective working
relationship between the Governing Body and
the . . . Conference.” He also rejected a pro
posal in the report that some of the functions of
the Credentials Committee be assumed by an
independent quasi-judicial body. This suggestion
was generally opposed.
The independent role of employer and worker
groups was stressed as the essence of the principle
of tripartitism. Richard Wagner, United States
employer delegate, in a challenge to the Com
munist position on the human freedom intrinsic
in tripartitism, said that the “forthright position
of the ILO on these . . . principles is well known,
and it is high time that nations which do not
conform . . . should either withdraw from this
organization or be relegated to the status of
observers.”
In the traditional reply to the discussion of the
report, Mr. Morse announced that because of the
absence of the African delegations during most of
the session, he would carry his report over to the
48th session, adding some “guidelines.”
He thought stress in next year’s discussion
might be placed on the section of his report dealing
with trade unions and labor relations in the devel
oping countries, incomes policy, the relation of
standards setting to an expanding and diverse
membership, and the possibility of regional meet
ings to observe the feasibility and practicality of
conventions in developing countries. Periodicity
of Conferences and their relation to regional
meetings or conferences should be explored.
Summaries of Studies and Reports
The ILO Director-General’s Speech
on the South African Question
o t e .— This article is an excerpt from
a speech by David A. Morse, Director-General
of the International Labor Office, at the 4-7th
International Labor Conference in Geneva on
June 18, 1963. A report on the Conference
appears on pp. 914-919 of this issue.
E d it o r ’s N
I h a v e , during 15 years, come to this rostrum to
defend many interests in maintaining the universal
ity and the strength of our Organization. Today,
I come again in what is perhaps my most difficult
intervention, but one which must be made. I
owe it to my member states to set the record
straight and to give you the objective facts in the
situation, because we are now part of the historical
process, and it is important, in the writing of
history, that the truth be stated so that those who
follow us can benefit from our own experiences.
I rise to speak because I was told yesterday by
a committee officially designated to represent the
African group that they had not yet prepared an
agreed declaration and that before they made a
declaration they would inform the SecretaryGeneral—the Director-General of this Organiza
tion—who, after all, is the trustee of its consti
tution and its welfare. I have not yet been so
informed, and I am surprised that my first notice
is your statement this morning, Mr. Johnson.
Secondly, I must put the record straight. Mr.
Johnson has resigned as President of the Confer
ence, and, of course, it will be necessary to elect a
new President.
This Conference and this Organization have
been living through very difficult days. The
situation has developed since last Wednesday,
when a protest was made by the African delegates
concerning the right of the employers’ delegate
from the Republic of South Africa to speak in the
discussion on the Director-General’s Report. It
continued last Friday when, as you know, on the
ruling of the chair, the employers’ delegate from
920
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
South Africa made his statement and a number of
delegates thereupon left the hall and, as you know,
there was a considerable and noisy demonstration.
Since then plenary sittings of the Conference
have been suspended. There have been a series
of discussions and negotiations outside this hall
in an attempt to find a way out of the impasse in
which the Conference found itself. These were
initiated by me, because of my responsibility as
Secretary-General of the Conference and on the
specific authority given to me by the Selection
Committee of the Conference last Wednesday
evening to carry out consultations with a view to
a resolution of the difficulty. These consultations
have, in an atmosphere of tension, been accom
panied by various rumours.
First let me say that fundamental issues touch
ing the very structure of civilization and human
dignity are involved in this situation. There is
the issue of discrimination, of a racial policy which
has been condemned by a resolution adopted,
without opposition, by this Conference in 1961.
Also there is the issue of freedom of speech for
duly accredited delegates—even for those who
may hold condemned opinions.
It has been suggested that the ILO and its
executive officers have approached this problem
from too legalistic and procedural a standpoint
and have not considered it from its moral aspects.
I must be the first to dispel this idea. The ILO
has always been alive to the moral aspect. In
deed, that is the foundation of its law. The
ILO alone, among all the international organi
zations, has been persistent and able to give
substance to the principles enunciated in the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, through
a number of binding international conventions in
the human rights field, dealing with freedom of
association, abolition of forced labor, and the
elimination of discrimination in employment.
Furthermore, the Governing Body has estab
lished a standing committee that will deal on a
practical basis with the issue of discrimination.
Also, the ILO has been dealing—more persistently,
I submit, than any other international organiza-
ILO DIRECTOR-GENERAL’S SPEECH ON SOUTH AFRICA
tion—with the basic issues of human rights and
discrimination which are involved in the South
African question. And may I remind you that it
has been dealing with them as moral issues, not
legalistic issues, and in practical ways.
I make this clear so as to stress that the ILO, its
officers, and its Director-General have not
approached and cannot approach this question in
a narrow, limited, procedural way. Nevertheless
I say at the same time that the Organization
cannot afford to compromise its constitutional
position by ill-considered action. The basic con
stitutional law of this Organization is the mandate
it has received. And from whom has it received
this mandate? It has received it from the sover
eign states which make up the ILO—all of you
here who represent your governments. If this is
violated, the very existence of the ILO as an
international organization is violated, and it is
through. Any breach of this constitutional law
would open the way for arbitrary, vicious rule
which today may be turned against one party but
tomorrow will be turned against another party.
I,
as Director-General, I tell you this, will
never, never be a consenting party to any action—
any supposed solution to a difficulty—which
would undermine the foundations of law and of
confidence on which the ILO rests.
Accordingly I considered it my duty—my
solemn duty—to point out to the African dele
gates courses of action which would be legally
possible and which might at the same time be
substantially more effective means of pursuing
their legitimate aims than either the sort of
demonstration we had last Friday or their
total withdrawal from the work of the Conference.
One of my difficulties during this phase was
in maintaining contact with the African delega
tions. They were meeting—the Government,
employer, and worker delegates from Africa
together—at various times during Saturday,
Sunday, and yesterday. Several times I sent
messages offering to speak with this meeting, but I
was informed each time that it was not necessary.
Finally, at my request to be heard I was informed
that a delegation of 12, had been appointed to
meet with me. This delegation’s spokesman made
it clear that it was not empowered to discuss
with me, but only to hear what I had to say and
report back.
1 E ditor’s N ote.—Asking South Africa to withdraw from the ILO.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
921
Thus I explained to this delegation four points
outlining a composite of measures that wTere open
to the African delegations.
First, the African delegations might have come
to this session of the Conference with a challenge
to the credentials of the South African Government
delegation and, in view especially of the 1961
resolution,1 this could have been a basis for ex
cluding the delegation from participating at this
session. The African delegations could, however,
take action to challenge these credentials at the
next session if they so desired.
Second, a resolution could be submitted to this
session of the Conference under the existing
urgency procedure which would put this Con
ference clearly on record against the policy of
apartheid. In addition, this resolution could ask
the United Nations to become seized with this
problem and to determine a policy to be adopted by
the entire United Nations family on the issue of
apartheid. This resolution could also request the
Security Council of the United Nations to deal with
the issue of apartheid on an urgent basis at its
July 1963 session.
Third, I stated that I would be prepared per
sonally, in my capacity as Secretary-General of
the Conference and Director-General of the ILO,
to meet with the Secretary-General of the United
Nations in July, upon the close of this session, in
order to clarify and put personally to the Sec
retary-General such views as this Conference
might decide to embody in a resolution at this
session. This would ensure that resolutions
passed by the ILO and by the United Nations are
fully coordinated and that the Secretary-General
is in possession of all the elements for his presenta
tion to the Security Council.
Fourth, the African group could decide to
undertake concerted action in the Governing
Body of the ILO and in the governing bodies of
ail other international organizations, and in the
United Nations itself, to obtain the specific
amendment of the constitution of the ILO, the
constitutions of all other international organiza
tions, and the constitution of the United Nations
itself, which would state specifically that the
policy of apartheid was fundamentally contrary
to the constitutions of all these bodies and that
any nation practicing this policy cannot be a
member of the United Nations or any of the
organizations comprising the United Nations.
922
In making these points to the delegation I
reiterated my willingness and m y desire to meet
with the whole assembly of African delegations,
to explain the position to them as I saw it, and
to discuss any question with them. The dele
gation’s spokesman indicated, however, that they
would report to the whole meeting and would
inform me in due course of its wishes.
T h at was yesterday morning. E arly in the
afternoon I heard unofficial reports th at the
meeting of African delegates had concluded. The
press, however, had word th at a declaration had
been adopted and th at it was to be read to the
plenary sitting. There was even a text of such
a declaration in the hands of some journalists.
Some of the members of the delegation from the
African meeting came back to see me yesterday
afternoon. Their spokesman then informed me
th at the meeting had decided th at the African
delegations would cease participating in the work
of the session. A t the same time, it was made
clear th at this decision was subject to change in
the light of developments th at might take place—
presumably any further negotiations th at might
lead to a different situation.
I turned to these gentlemen and I asked these
spokesmen for the African delegates whether they
could clarify the reports I had received concerning
a declaration to be made on their behalf. In
reply I was informed th at the information I had
received, and th at I had heard, was completely
inaccurate. No declaration had been approved
by the delegations. Furtherm ore, I was assured
th at, as Secretary-General of the Conference, I
would be informed of any such declaration before
it was made to the Conference. I told the Selec
tion Committee last evening, for the record, on
my word as Secretary-General of this Conference,
th at I was informed th at there was no declaration,
th at no declaration had been agreed and th at I
was not seized of one; because I believed.
M any of you will have read the substance of
this so-called declaration in today’s newspapersI have. I refer to this now as a m atter of privi.
lege because this text contains certain allegations
concerning which the facts must be made clear
also. I t concerns the person who presided over
the sitting of the Conference last Friday, M r.
Rudi Faupl, the workers’ vice president of the
Conference. L e t me read the text which was
given to the press:
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
“Considering the personal and anti constitu
tional action of the vice president, Mr. Faupl,
president of the 11th meeting, and the deplorable
manner with which the representative of the
Republic of South Africa was imposed on the
members of the Conference in violation of the
1961 resolution . . . [the African delegations] de
cide as a protest to abstain from participating
in the meeting . . . .”
W hat I am going to tell you now I also told
the spokesman representing the African delega
tions and, subsequently, the Selection Committee.
I t is this: th at M r. Faupl, when he presided at
the sitting of the Conference where this problem
came up, was presiding after a meeting of all the
officers of the Conference at which it was agreed
by all the officers of the Conference th at he
should take the chair so th at the business of the
Conference could proceed.
Now, M r. Faupl stated th at he did not want to
take the chair; he stated th at he had voted in
favor of the resolution on South Africa; he stated
th at from the bottom of his toes he was against
the whole policy of apartheid; he stated th at his
whole career in his country had been spent in
fighting racialism and he did not want to have to
be placed in the position of ruling in a case which
ran against his own conscience when it came to the
elements of this issue. This was the discussion
which took place among the officers of this Con
ference. B u t he was prevailed upon by his col
leagues, by all the officers of this Conference,
to do his duty, and he said: “I will accept th at;
after all, it is true, I have been elected; this is an
honor, being vice president, which has been con
ferred upon the workers. B u t I accept only in
all these circumstances, in the interests of the
Organization and in the interests of complying
with the constitutional requirements of the job
at this session, and only on this condition, that
all the officers of the Conference agree th at I shall
rule in this m atter th at the South African dele
gate has the right to speak.” T h at was his
position.
The Government vice president [Sergei Slipchenko, Ukrainian Socialist Republic] then indi
cated th at he would like to suggest an amendment
to what M r. Faupl had proposed, his amendment
being th at when M r. Faupl ruled it should be very
clear th at he was ruling th at all delegates had the
right to speak, not just the delegate of South
ILO DIRECTOR-GENERAL’S SPEECH ON SOUTH AFRICA
Africa, so that it was clear that we were talking
about a principle which really was basic to the
whole issue of freedom of speech. That, of course,
was accepted unanimously by the officers, includ
ing Mr. Johnson, and it was on that basis and on
behalf of all the officers that Mr. Faupl came to
this rostrum and agreed to preside.
We then went back to the Selection Committee,
all the officers of the Conference went to the
Selection Committee, including Mr. Johnson, and
I reported to the Committee that the acting
President would proceed in the Conference on this
agreed basis.
Now, there are many other aspects of this
problem that I could go into, but I thought I
ought to make it clear that any public insinuation
of this character in this matter concerning Mr.
Rudi Faupl and concerning the manner in which
he presided must be publicly, irrevocably, and
clearly denied. There must not be any mis
understanding about the manner in which any
officer of this Conference has discharged his
responsibilities. I do not want to go further into
this case, but I think it important that this
particular point be made.
Now let me revert to the story of the negotia
tions and add that on several occasions during
the last few days I have been in contact with the
Government delegation of the Republic of South
Africa in order to ascertain, in line with the
resolution of 1961, whether that delegation would
be prepared to withdraw from the Conference. I
was given to understand that the Government of
South Africa had decided, as a matter of policy,
not to leave.
This Conference at its 1961 session adopted a
resolution condemning the racial policies of the
Government of the Republic of South Africa and
advising the Republic of South Africa to withdraw
from membership of the ILO.
The Government of South Africa has not com
plied with this advice, nor has its delegation
consented to withdraw from this session of the
Conference, and there is no provision in the
ILO constitution for the expulsion of a member
state.
In the face of this situation, Mr. Johnson of
Nigeria, who was the mover of the 1961 resolu
tion, resigned as president of the session, and the
African delegations, as I was told yesterday, have
decided to participate no further in its work.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
923
So far, the situation would seem to be entirely
negative. However, there are, in addition, more
recent factors which put the situation in a different
light.
The first of these is the continuing determina
tion of the majority of delegates that the con
structive work of the ILO in fulfillment of its
basic objectives should not be allowed to be
paralyzed. Accordingly, a new president of the
Conference will be elected, and under his guid
ance the basic work, our search for peace based
upon social justice, can continue its way to fruition.
And, in addition, a resolution has been sub
mitted to me under the urgency provision of the
Standing Orders, and the Officers of the Confer
ence are now seized of it. This draft resolution
would reiterate the condemnation of apartheid of
the 1961 resolution and refer the situation created
by South Africa’s noncompliance with that resolu
tion as a matter of urgency to the United Nations.
It would request the United Nations to consider
the situation in relation to South Africa’s con
tinued participation as a member of the United
Nations and to report action taken to the ILO.
This draft resolution, which has been presented
by the Government delegate of Panama, thus
takes up one of the suggestions I made to the
African delegations. Other points could be taken
up in the Governing Body.
Let me say, in concluding this assessment of
the situation, that the ILO has had to face very
grave crises in its recent history. I have been
through them all, and I believe myself that from
each test we have emerged strengthened, and I
believe that we will do so again. There are two
reasons for this: as an Organization, we have
never wavered, we never will waver, in our basic
moral purposes; and we have never adopted, and
we shall never adopt, arbitrary methods.
In 1954, when issues of a different character,
but equally as grave as those which confront us
today, were raised, issues concerning the right of
the Soviet Union to participate fully in the work
of the ILO, I recalled to the Conference that the
rule of law, due process of law tempered by reason
and equity, was the essence of our tradition and
civilization.
Let me quote what I said then. “ Yet we can
never afford to take a tradition like ours for
granted. The rule of law can be destroyed by any
acquiescence in a violation of law. A habit of
92*1
reasonable compromise can be undermined by
emotional intransigence. W hatever future course
this Organization m ay take, any abandonment of
our tradition, any resort to unconstitutional
means to overcome a problem in defiance of due
process of law, can only be to our loss. It would
drain away our constitutional strength.
“ And this is an issue, let me emphasize, which
does not affect the ILO alone. With great care
we have all helped to build a framework for inter
national cooperation through the United Nations
family of organizations. Any move to break away
from this acquired habit by resorting to the use of
power alone, no m atter what the seeming ad
vantages, no m atter what the provocation, would
not only threaten the ILO , it would be a setback
for the United Nations. E ach of us here must
continue the work of our predecessors, to nurture
prudently the growth of a civilized community
of nations.”
That is what I said in 1954, and which I feel
bound to recall in the light of our present very
different circumstances, because the principle I
tried to express, the feeble manner in which I tried
to put my views across on this particular concept
is, I believe, of lasting and real validity. These
are words, but there is truth in them, and I believe
that if we adhere to the law it will reinforce the
moral purpose of the ILO in its struggle against
racial discrimination and for universal recognition
of human dignity. Without law there can be no
respect for dignity, no civilized recognition of equal
rights and equal opportunities. The infraction of
law only creates the basis for discrimination. So
we must fight discrimination, but we must fight
it with truth and we must fight it with the dignity
that comes from truth.
M y friends, you do not have to tell me about
racial discrimination; I need no lessons on racial
discrimination. I t is a challenge to the existence
of a world community, and so it is a challenge to
world peace, it is a challenge to world order. We
must fight this discrimination, we must fight this
enemy, but we must fight it with methods which
strengthen the foundations of world order. We
must— I urge upon you, I pray you— engage this
enemy effectively. This cannot be done by
quitting the Conference, by sitting in the halls.
T h at is why I regret the decision of which I
was informed yesterday th at the African dele
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
gations were planning to take no further part
in this session of the Conference. I think this
is an unfortunate decision, I think it is a very
unwise one. I would prefer to see Africans stay
and fight on this issue, fight under the rules of
law which are open to them, and show the world
how men can meet a challenge and master it,
and master it with the power of truth and dignity.
I know from my own struggle with fascism
through five years of war that you cannot engage
the enemy when you retreat.
This issue of apartheid is one by which the
United Nations and the other specialized agencies,
as well as the ILO , are now challenged. I
believe that this Conference should take a decisive
step in responding to the challenge, in doing so
in a way whereby the United Nations and the
ILO , with the other organizations, work out
together a common policy, a common action,
combining their force and their effectiveness.
Whether this is done depends upon the delegates
present here— depends in large measure upon the
African delegates.
I t has been said, and it has been mentioned
in the press, th at some people would be ready
to destroy the ILO as a protest against South
Africa. L e t me say this. They will not. They
cannot destroy the ILO ; they do not have it in
their power to destroy the ILO. The ILO is
too firmly rooted in the movements of workers
everywhere in the world towards fuller freedom
and a social order which is more just and equitable,
and in the struggle of the peoples of emerging
nations for a better way of life. Those who talk
this way cannot destroy the ILO, but they can
limit the effectiveness with which the ILO works
to achieve what they themselves want. They
can, if the passion of the moment so dictates,
reject the weapon which the ILO can be in the
struggle against discrimination.
And this is the question with which this Con
ference is now squarely faced. Do we lay down
our weapons? Do we abandon the field of battle?
Do we sabotage the foundations of a civilized
world community in our haste to leave? Or do
we, on the contrary, go forward together to
engage in the struggle and to triumph over in
justice and oppression, to triumph over poverty
and discrimination? T hat is the decision before
this Conference.
HOURS OF WORK IN THE UNITED STATES AND ABROAD
Hours of Work in the
United States and Abroad*
N o t e .— The following article is an
excerpt—with necessary editorial modifica
tions—from a set oj background materials on
hours oj work presented by the Commissioner
oj Labor Statistics bejore a subcommittee oj
the House Education and Labor Committee on
June 11, 1963. The excerpt is limited to the
discussion oj current pattern oj working hours,
including workweeks over Ifi hours, in the
United States and—briefly—in certain indus
trialized joreign countries. Omitted were those
materials dealing with trends in hours oj work,
dual jobholding, paid vacations and holidays,
and the costs oj supplementary benefits.
E d it o r 's
T h e r e has been a continuing long-term decline
in the time spent at work by the average American.
This is true whether the measuring rod is the
hours scheduled for work or the hours actually
spent on the job, whether daily, weekly, or
annually.
The decline in working time has involved
reductions in hours per day and days per week,
and increases in days off from work in the form of
paid vacations and paid holidays.
Over the years, the basic reasons for reducing
hours have undergone several changes. Originally,
the physically exhausting nature of extremely
long workweeks was the primary motivating
force. With the gradual decline in working hours,
the trend toward further reductions has reflected
a desire for increased leisure time for its own sake.
More recent proposals for reducing hours, on the
other hand, have been offered as a possible solution
to the continuing high rate of unemployment.
Current Patterns of Working Hours
In May 1963, the average workweek for the
entire U.S. economy was 40.7 hours. Among those
at work, about a fifth worked very long hours
(49 or more), but this was matched by another
fifth who worked part time (less than 35 hours).
As usual, the largest single group of workers—
about 40 percent—put in 40 hours. (See table 1
and chart 1.)
694—5 9 5 — 63-
4
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
925
There were about 31 million workers whose
hours ranged between 35 and 40 a week. The
proportion of workers reporting precisely 40 hours
of work was comparatively high in manufacturing,
railroads, public utilities, and public administra
tion (standard governmental activities). Workers
reporting 35-39 hours of work constituted only 6
percent of those at work; by occupational group,
this proportion was highest among clerical workers,
and by industry it was highest in finance, insur
ance, and real estate. As of May 1963, however, a
relatively small proportion of blue-collar workers
were in this category.
Hours actually worked averaged 39X for non
farm wage and salary workers. Longer than
average were the weekly hours of workers in rail
roads, wholesale trade, mining, and forestry and
fisheries (ranging between 42 and 45). These are
industries employing relatively few women or parttime workers and where the nature of the work
might require exceptionally long hours under cer
tain circumstances. On the other hand, hours of
39 or below were found in retail trade and in
several of the service industries, such as education,
entertainment and recreation, and private house
hold service. It should be noted, however, that
reported hours may be somewhat understated in
these sectors because of the irregularity of the
workweek and the variety of activities engaged in,
often for more than one employer.
While hours of work per week have declined in
every occupational group over the past decade,
very wide differences remain. Longest workweeks
continued to be registered by farm operators (55
hours) and nonfarm managers, officials, and pro
prietors (50 hours) in May 1963. These groups
*The Bureau of Labor Statistics was asked by the Select Subcommittee on
Labor of the House Education and Labor Committee to supply background
information on hours of work in the American economy. The request speci
fied information on trends of working hours, current pattern of hours worked,
extent of paid vacations and holidays, and other materials which might be
useful to the subcommittee in its exploration of current developments regard
ing working time.
The concept of hours of work as presented in these materials is a broad one.
It encompasses not only the daily and weekly hours spent on the job, but
also total working time throughout the year. Thus, it embraces develop
ments affecting paid leave in the form of vacations and holidays.
These materials presented a summary of recent trends and present-day
practices affecting various aspects of working time. No attem pt was made to
assess the benefits or costs of any specific change in working time or to consider
relative benefits or costs of any proposed change in working time.
Those responsible for the preparation of the materials included James E.
Blackwood, Division of Employment and Labor Force Analysis; Lily Mary
David and Albert A. Belman, Division of Wage Economics; and Kurt
Braun, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
926
T
a b l e 1.
D u r in g
P ersons at
th e Survey
W ork,
W eek,
by H ours
M a y 1948
of W ork,
and M ay
1963
Nonagricultural wage and
salary workers
Total at work (all
industries)
Hours of work
Number
1948
1963
Percent dis
tribution
1948
1963
Number
1948
1963
Percent dis
tribution
1948
1963
Total............ 56,900 66,889 100.0 100.0 43,015 55,291 100.0 100.0
8,238 13,016
1,838 4, 560
2,290 3,347
1,853 2, 562
2,257 2, 547
14.5
3.2
4.0
3.3
4.0
19.5
6.8
5.0
3.8
3.8
9,920
3, 673
2,297
1,917
2,033
12.8
3.2
2.9
2.8
3.7
18.0
6.6
4.2
3.5
3.7
35 to 40 hours____ 23,131 31,184
35 to 39 hours. 2,258 4,067
40 hours____ 20, 873 27,117
40.7
4.0
36.7
46.6 21,242 29,091
6.1 1,806 3,511
40.5 1,436 25,580
49.4
4.2
45.2
52.7
6.4
46.3
41 hours or more.. 25, 533 22, 687
41 to 47 hours. 5,273 5,311
8,189 4,188
48 hours... ..
44.9
9.3
14.4
33.9 16,296 16,279
7.9 4, 618 4, 656
6.3 6,834 3, 511
37.9
10.7
15.9
29.5
8.4
6.4
21.2
19.7
8,112
11.3
14.7
1 to 34 hours_____
1 to 14 hours—
15 to 21 hours.
22 to 29 hours.
30 to 34 hours.
49 hours or
more............
12,071 13,188
5,482
1,392
1,260
1,220
1, 610
4,844
N ote: Data relate to actual hours of work during the survey week by mem
bers of the labor force who were at work. Data are for the month of M ay
of each year and reflect hours worked at all jobs during the week. These
figures are based on interviews obtained in the monthly survey of house
holds. Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
include a high proportion of self-employed and
supervisory personnel with major responsibilities
for the functioning of enterprises. Next longest
average of working hours (over 42) were recorded
among professional workers and skilled craftsmen,
where the proportion of self-employed is also
relatively high and where heavy burdens of re
sponsibility are also concentrated. At the other
end of the scale, hours were relatively low for
private household workers (25) and nonfarm
laborers (34). Among these groups, job attach
ments are relatively unstable and a full-time work
week is often made up only by combining work for
a number of different employers.
Scheduled Hours. Forty hours is the most preva
lent weekly work schedule for blue-collar workers
in most industries in the United States. The 40hour week is also the most common schedule for
office workers in most industries and in most cities
except in the Northeast, but in all regions sub
stantial numbers of office workers have shorter
schedules. (See table 2.)
About 85 percent of the manufacturing bluecollar workers in metropolitan areas are on a 40hour schedule. Those that do not work a 40-hour
week are about evenly divided between shorter
and longer schedules. The shorter workweeks
are concentrated in a few industries such as print
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ing, the women’s apparel trades, and the rubber
industry in Akron. (Almost all unionized printing
establishments have schedules of less than 40
hours, with 37%-hour weeks being most common.)
Longer schedules are found in a limited number of
continuous-process manufacturing industries such
as paper and pulp, where many employees are
scheduled to work 48 hours 1 week out of every 4
and, hence, average about 42 hours a week.
In some nonmanufacturing industries such as
retail and wholesale trade and various service
industries, schedules of substantial numbers of
blue-collar workers exceed 40 hours. Thus, in
metropolitan areas about one-fifth to one-sixth
of the nonoffice workers in retail and wholesale
trade are on schedules of more than 40 hours a
week. (The 1961 amendments to the Fair Labor
Standards Act provide that a standard of 44 hours
will apply to the larger retail trade establishments
beginning in September 1963. The standard will
be reduced to 42 hours in September 1964 and to
40 hours in September 1965.) About 3 out of
10 blue-collar workers in the service trades in these
areas, most of whom are not covered by the FLSA,
also work schedules in excess of 40 hours.
In most of the highly unionized nonmanufactur
ing industries, 40 hours is the most common
standard workweek. Thus, all but 6 precent of
the workers covered by union wage scales in local
trucking are on a 40-hour schedule, as are 85
percent of those in local transit and about 90
percent of those in the building trades. Most of
the building trades workers not on a 40-hour
schedule have a 35-hour week. The most notable
exception is in New York City, where electricians
on building construction are employed for 25
hours a week at straight-time and 5 hours at over
time. Local transit is the only unionized indus
try in which as much as 10 percent of the workers
are regularly employed for more than 40 hours.
While the 40-hour week is still the most common
single schedule for office workers in metropolitan
areas, more than one-third work fewer than 40
hours. Workweeks in excess of 40 hours are
extremely rare for office workers.
In each of the four regions of the country, at
least one-sixth of the office workers in metro
politan areas regularly work less than 40 hours, and
in the northeastern cities more than three out of
five worked such schedules. Short work schedules
were in effect for two out of three office workers
HOURS OF WORK IN THE UNITED STATES AND ABROAD
in finance, real estate, and insurance. The prev
alence of short work schedules in the northeastern
section of the country reflects in part the concen
tration of insurance and finance and of national
offices of large industrial concerns in this part of
the country.
In southern metropolitan areas, 23 percent of all
plant workers were employed for workweeks of
more than 40 hours, compared with 6 to 8 per
cent in the other three regions.
Workweeks Over 40 Hours
In May 1963, the workweek of an estimated 22.7
million workers (including those in agriculture, the
self-employed, and white-collar employees as well
as wage earners) exceeded 40 hours. This total
included 13.2 million with workweeks of 49 hours
or more, about one-fifth of the total at work. Of
this 13.2 million total, about 2.4 million were
working on farms and another 2.7 million were in
nonfarm self-employment (including about 130,000
unpaid family workers).
The approximately 8.1 million nonfarm wage
and salary employees working over 48 hours in
clude about 1% million government workers and
roughly 1 million dual jobholders. This latter
group averaged about 52 hours of work altogether,
including 12 hours on secondary jobs in May 1962
(latest available data).
The proportion of nonfarm wage and salary
employees working over 48 hours has shown a
persistent rise over the postwar period. This in
crease, while relatively small, is nevertheless sig
nificant because it runs counter to the general
pattern of shorter scheduled workweeks in many
sectors of the economy and because it diverges
from the downtrend in the proportion working 41
to 48 hours.
There is no basis for believing that this uptrend,
which appears to have been more pronounced since
the mid-^SCTs, is the result of more dual jobhold
ing or better survey techniques. Dual jobholding
has been a fairly constant proportion of total em
ployment since 1956 (earlier studies were not com
parable), and there have been no basic changes in
the labor force survey schedule design, enumera
tion techniques, or quality control procedures since
the mid-1950’s.
The rising trend in the number and proportion
of persons in nonfarm industries with very long
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
927
weekly hours of work was apparent in May 1963
to varying degrees in nearly every major industry
and occupation. However, a major factor respon
sible for this trend appeared to be both an increas
ing proportion of professional and technical work
ers in nonfarm employment, and a lengthening of
hours among those highly skilled workers. (See
chart 2.)
Characteristics of Those With Long Workweeks.
Self-employed workers tend to have much longer
workweeks than any other class of workers; in
1963, persons self-employed in nonfarm industries
had an average workweek of 47 hours compared to
about 39% hours for nonfarm wage and salary
workers as a whole. Comprising about 10 percent
of all nonfarm workers, the self-employed ac
counted for 20 percent of all persons working 49
hours or more per week.
The proportion of wage and salary workers with
very long hours is high in trade and low in manu
facturing industries. However, even in manu
facturing, 1 out of every 8 full-time employees
Chart 1. Distribution of Hours of Work for Nonfarm
Employees, May 1948 and May 1963
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
928
worked 49 hours or more in 1963 (table 3). In all
probability, a high proportion of these were non
production workers or dual jobholders.
Employees in certain occupations are more likely
to work longer hours. More than 40 percent of all
persons in the managers, officials, and proprietors
group worked 49 hours or more in 1963; about 20
percent of all professional and technical and the
same proportion of sales workers also had long
workweeks. Together, these three occupations
accounted for over 40 percent of all workers and
over 50 percent of the nonfarm workers with
especially long workweeks in 1963. Extended
hours were least common among clerical workers,
domestics, and nonfarm laborers. Persons with
very long hours appear to be concentrated in the
more highly skilled occupations—where a relative
shortage exists—or in positions where they would
probably have a personal interest in their job.
(See table 4.)
T a b l e 2.
In 1963, manual workers (craftsmen, operatives,
and laborers) comprised about 3 million persons
with workweeks of more than 48 hours, represent
ing about one-fourth of the overall total working
such hours. Out of the 3 million, an estimated
800,000 were dual jobholders.
Certain groups in the population are more
likely than others to work extended hours. In
May 1963, 40 percent of all men in nonfarm indus
tries worked more than 40 hours per week compared
with 18 percent of the women.1 The average
workweek for men in the central age groups (25-64
years) was about 45 hours per week, compared
with about 36 for women in the same age cate
gories. In part, these differences reflected the
higher proportion of women on part time. Even
i
This discussion concerns those working more than 40 hours, since data on
personal characteristics are not available separately for those working 49
hours or more.
P e r c e n t D is t r ib u t io n o f S c h e d u l e d W e e k l y H o u r s 1 o f O f f ic e a n d P l a n t W o r k e r s
A r e a s , by I n d u s t r y D iv is io n a n d R e g io n ,2 1 9 6 1 -6 2 3
Scheduled weekly hours1
All
areas
Public
utilities4
Wholesale
trade
M e t r o p o l it a n
Region2
Industry division
Manu
facturing
in
Retail
trade
Fi
Services
nance 5
North
east
South
North
Central
West
Office workers
All weekly work schedules_________
100
100
100
Under 40 hours8..............................................
35 hours__________________________
3614 hours_____________ _______ ____
371$ hours...... ............................................
38'M hours..................... ............................
40 hours________________________ _____
Over 40 hours_________ _______________
36
11
3
14
4
62
2
22
7
1
8
4
77
1
Average scheduled weekly hours...................
38.9
39.4
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
66
17
8
22
7
34
50
19
3
19
5
44
5
62
25
6
20
4
38
24
3
2
12
4
71
6
23
3
2
11
5
76
1
18
1
1
9
5
81
1
37.9
38.5
37.8
39.6
39.5
39.6
25
9
1
13
1
75
31
9
3
13
4
64
5
24
5
1
11
1
70
6
39.2
39.2
39.5
Q)
(7)
(7)
Plant workers
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Under 40 hours 6
_
___
Under 37ti hours______ ____________
37t£ hours __ _ _______ ____________
40 hours
____ _ ________________
Over 40 hours 8
42 hours__________________________
44 hours___________________________
45 hours. _________________________
48 hours . . . . . ______________
Over 48 hours
1
4
3
82
11
1
2
2
3
1
8
4
3
85
7
1
1
2
2
1
3
1
2
79
17
8
5
3
63
29
2
5
4
16
2
11
5
4
80
8
1
1
2
2
1
4
2
2
72
23
1
4
4
8
3
6
3
2
86
8
1
2
2
2
1
4
3
1
90
6
1
1
Average scheduled weekly hours_________
40.4
40.1
41.5
40.1
41.3
40.3
All weekly work schedules...................
2
1
1
4
3
2
4
11
3
4
67
22
2
5
3
7
2
40.3
41.0
41.0
(7)
(7)
1
94
5
1
1 The scheduled workweek is the number of hours which a majority of the
full-time workers on the first or day shift were expected to work at the time
of the survey, regardless of whether some hours were paid for at overtime
rates.
2 The regions are: Northeast—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and
Vermont; South—Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia,
Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisana, M aryland, Mississippi, North
Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virgina, and West
Virginia; North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minne
sota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wiscon
sin; and West—Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada,
New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(7)
(7)
2
(7)
40.2
3 Information on establishment practices is obtained annually in 6 of the
largest areas and biennially in a rotating cycle in the remaining areas. Data
for a majority of the workers relate to late 1961 and early 1962; for the remain
der, to late 1960 and early 1961.
4 Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.
3 Finance, insurance, and real estate. Data are not shown separately for
plant workers in this industry group. Plant workers in real estate firms,
however, are included in all-industry data.
6 Includes weekly schedules other than those presented separately.
i Less than 0.5 percent.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
HOURS OF WORK IN THE UNITED STATES AND ABROAD
T a b l e 3.
W a g e a n d S a l a r y W o r k e r s i n N o n a g r ic u l t u r a l I n d u s t r ie s , b y H o u r s o f W o r k a n d M a jo r
I n d u s t r y G r o u p , M a y 1948 a n d M a y 1963
[Percent distribution]
Major industry group
Total
at
work
Hours of work
1 to
34
35 to
39
40
41 to
47
48
100.0
17.8
6.4
46.3
8.4
6.4
14.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
7.9
16.9
9.4
2.4
3.8
5.3
50.9
49.1
58.8
6.8
9.7
8.9
8.1
5.3
7.9
23.8
13.3
11.8
100.0
100.0
9.7
24.1
5.5
5.5
57.4
31.7
6.7
9.8
5.1
8.9
15.6
20.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
12.5
30.7
8.7
18.3
7.0
4.7
44.4
35.0
65.3
7.2
8.2
5.2
2.8
4.3
4.6
14.9
14.7
11.5
Total____ _________ 100.0
12.8
4.2
45.2
10.7
15.9
11.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
11.3
16.2
9.1
.6
36.8
45.6
60.7
5.4
3.8
10.3
10.1
37.2
14.6
9.5
8.8
9.3
6.8
100.0
100.0
6.3
14. 7
1.9
2.8
39.8
29.6
10.5
13.2
27.4
22.9
14.0
16.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
7.8
23.7
5.3
10.5
44.3
29.7
63.7
13.7
10.4
8.3
13.4
14.3
11.4
10.4
14.3
9.5
49 or
more
M ay 1963
Total________ _____
Mining, forestry, and fisheries__________________
Construction...... ..................
Manufacturing____ ______
Transportation and public
utilities_______________
Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real
estate_________________
Service industries_________
Public administration_____
M ay 1948
Mining, forestry, and fish
eries.....................................
Construction_____________
Manufacturing___________
Transportation and public
utilities_____ __________
Wholesale and retail trad e..
Finance, insurance, and real
estate_________________
Service industries.. ............
Public administration_____
4.1
7.7
1.8
among full-time workers, however, a much higher
proportion of men than women (nearly one-half
versus one-fourth) worked over 40 hours. (See
table 5.)
Married men are much more likely than single
men to work longer hours, which probably reflects
their stronger motivation to maximize income and
their larger proportion among the self-employed
and in highly skilled occupations where longer
workweeks are more prevalent. More married
women than single women work long hours (17
versus 14 percent in 1963), but the hours of both
are exceeded by those of women who are widowed,
divorced, or separated. These women, of course,
have a greater need for income.
A greater proportion of whites than nonwhites
had workweeks in excess of 40 hours in 1963—35
as compared with 28 percent. This reflects the
higher concentration of whites in self-employment
and in the more highly skilled occupations, as well
as the lower proportion of whites on part time for
economic reasons.
Overtime Hours in Manufacturing. In 1962, over
time hours for manufacturing production workers
aggregated 34.7 million per week and represented
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
929
a payroll cost of $120.4 million, including about
$40 million in premium pay (assuming payments
at a rate of time and one-half). Overtime hours
accounted for 6.9 percent of total paid man-hours
in manufacturing and 10.1 percent of total payroll.
During the 7-year period for which data are
available (1956-62), overtime hours in manufac
turing ranged from a low of 2 per week in the
recession year of 1958 to a high of 2.8 in both 1956
and 1962, and have averaged about 2.5.
Changes in the amount of overtime work have
varied with fluctuations in the business cycle.
In a period of business contraction, the length
of the average workweek has declined but less
sharply than employment, and mainly through the
reduction of overtime. With business improve
ment, the work force has expanded and average
hours of work have increased, again chiefly
through increased use of overtime. Even at the
bottom of the cycle, however, a considerable
amount of overtime has been worked.
To what extent does industry utilize the availa
bility of surplus labor to reduce hours and cut
overtime costs? Some insight into this question
is given by a special study relating hours of work
with unemployment rates in 113 metropolitan
areas.
In September 1962, average weekly hours of
production workers in manufacturing industries
for this group of areas was 40.6 hours, approxi
mately the same as the national average. There
was a wide range of averages among the 113
areas; the lowest was 36.4 (Wilkes-Barre-Hazleton,
Pa.) and the highest, 46.7 (Kenosha, Wis.).
When hours of work in these areas were matched
with the areas’ labor market classification by the
T a b l e 4. P e r s o n s a t W o r k 49 H o u r s o r M o r e , b y
M a j o r O c c u p a t io n G r o u p , A p r i l 1952 a n d A p r i l 1963
Major occupation group
Percent
distribution
Thousands of person*
Percent
change
1952-63
1952
1963
1952
1963
Total__________ ________
100.0
100.0
10, 726
11,829
10
Professional and technical_______
Managers, officials, and proprietors________________________
Clerical___ _________ _ _ _ ___
Sales.. ______________ _______
Craftsmen and foremen........ ..........
Operatives____________________
Non farm laborers______________
Private household workers.. ___
Service workers, except household.
Farm ers...
______________
Farm laborers_________________
6.9
12.7
744
1,507
103
22.7
3. 6
0.2
9.2
11.6
2.5
1.6
6.8
22.1
6.8
24.0
3.8
7.0
10.2
12.5
2.3
1.9
8.6
12.0
5.0
2,438
388
666
990
1,242
264
170
726
2,368
730
2,844
447
832
1,208
1,477
272
221
1,014
1,421
587
17
15
25
22
19
3
30
40
-4 0
-2 0
930
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
Bureau of Employment Security,2 the data sug
gested that average weekly hours tended to be
higher in areas with relatively low or moderate
unemployment than in areas of relatively sub
stantial unemployment. In September 1962, me
dian weekly hours were one-half hour lower in
“ D ” areas than in “ C” areas, and 1.9 hours lower
in “E ” areas than in “ D ” areas. In the one “ F ”
area (unemployment over 12 percent), the average
was 36.4. However, overtime was widespread
throughout these areas, and only in those with
heaviest unemployment was it very rare or
nonexistent. (See table 6.)
Another significant aspect of hours worked in
manufacturing is their wide diversity, not only
among the various industries, but even among
different plants within an industry. This situa
tion is illustrated in table 7, where production
workers are distributed in terms of the average
weekly hours in the plants where they are em
ployed. Thus, in some industries where average
weekly hours are relatively low (e.g., apparel),
Chart 2.
Proportion of Employees Working Over
40 Hours
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b l e 5.
P e r s o n s a t W o r k in N o n a g r ic u l t u r a l I n
d u s t r ie s , by H o u r s o f W o r k , A g e , S e x , and M a r it a l
S t a t u s , M ay 1955 and M ay 1963
Men
Age and
marital
status
PerPercent
cent
at work at work
1-34 41 hours
hours or more
1963
Total__
1963
W omen
Average
weekly
hours
1955
1963
PerPercent
cent
at work at work
1-34 41 hours
hours or more
1963
1963
Average
weekly
hours
1955
1963
12.3
40.0
43.0
42.9
29.6
17.8
36.6
35.2
90.5
43.2
15.0
6.5
5.8
7.9
36.4
3.3
36.0
44.4
46.0
40.6
24.4
18.4
35.8
41.5
44.3
44.7
44.0
39.3
13.3
32.3
41.6
45.0
45.5
44.5
35.3
90.5
35.3
19.5
27.3
27.5
26.1
48.4
3.2
10.4
13.6
17.6
17.6
19.9
17.1
34.5
38.1
37.5
36.8
37.6
36.7
12.4
32.0
36.5
35.8
36.0
37.1
31.3
7.5
36.6
44.0
20.4
44.2
36.9
44.9
33.2
30.8
31.7
17.0
13.6
36.1
36.0
35.1
32.7
15.0
39.0
42.2
42.6
24.1
24.2
38.5
37.8
A ge
14 to 17______
20 to 24______
25 to 34______
35 to 44______
45 to 64______
65 and over__
21.8
21.6
M arital
Status
Married,
spouse
présent____
Single..............
Other marital
status_____
N o t e : See note, table 1.
there are nevertheless a number of plants with
high average hours. Further, there is undoubtedly
an even greater variability of hours among the
workers themselves. This diversity reflects the
wide variation in worker preferences, economic
conditions, manufacturing processes, and unionmanagement relations, all of which may affect an
employer’s decision to schedule overtime work.
For manufacturing as a whole, production
worker employment fell 8 percent during the
1956-62 period while average weekly hours and
average overtime hours remained the same.
Since industrial production increased rapidly
during the period (the Federal Keserve Board
index of industrial production in manufacturing
showing a rise of 18 percent), the decline in
employment appears to be a consequence of
increased productivity. It does not appear that
any major change in the length of the average
workweek or in the use of overtime took place
during this period. (See table 8.)
Labor s u p p ly
c la s s ific a tio n
Group
Group
Group
Group
Group
Group
A .........
B ____
C .........
D]
e J-___
Fj
U s u a l u n e m p lo y
m e n t r a te (p e r c e n t )
D e s c r ip t io n
Overall labor shortages......... ........
Relatively low unemployment__
Moderate unemployment............
Relatively substantial
ployment.
unem
Less than 1.5
1.5 to 2.9
3.0 to 5.9
[6.0 to 8.9
19.0 to 11.9
[l2.0 or more
931
HOURS OF WORK IN THE UNITED STATES AND ABROAD
T
able
6.
A verage W
e e k l y H o u r s 1 o f P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s i n
A r e a s C l a s s i f i e d A c c o r d in g t o L a b o r
Areas
classified
by BES
Num
ber
Manufacturing
production
Median
workers
hours
(thousands)
38.039.9
36.037.9
40.041.9
e t r o p o l it a n
Percent of areas with hours of—
Number of areas with hours of—
Areas with hours data
Labor supply classifications
M a n u f a c t u r in g f o r 113 S t a n d a r d M
S u p p l y ,2 S e p t e m b e r 1962
42.0 and
over
Total
36.037.9
38.039.9
40.041.9
42.0 and
over
Total........................... .
147
113
10,476
40.6
3
24
72
14
100.0
2.7
21.2
63.7
12.4
..............
0
10
96
34
6
2
0
8
76
23
6
1
391
7,557
2,145
363
20
40.4
40.9
40.4
38.5
36.4
0
0
1
2
0
2
12
6
3
1
6
53
13
0
0
0
11
3
0
0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
4.4
40.0
25.0
15.8
26.1
60.0
100.0
75.0
69.7
56.5
14.5
13.0
A
■R
c
D ...............................................
■R
F
i Average weekly hours relate to the average hours for which pay was
received. Overtime hours represent that portion of the gross average weekly
hours which were in excess of regular hours and for which premium payments
were made. For more details, see Employment and Earnings, May 1963,
p. 7-E.
s For an explanation of classification, see Area Labor Market Trends;
see also text footnote 2.
Source: Prepared by State agencies in cooperation with Bureau of Labor
Statistics; excludes 3 areas in Puerto Rico.
A variety of patterns prevails in the use of
overtime work. In some industries, use of over
time appears to be at a minimum but in others,
such as food processing, sugar refining, pulp and
paper products, agricultural chemicals, and copper
ore mining, overtime is more extensive.
For example, in the highly seasonal agricultural
chemical industry (fertilizers, insecticides, etc.),
the annual average of gross weekly hours has been
about 43. However, this average normally varies
from a seasonal low of about 41 hours to a peak
of 45 to 47 hours in April and May. With peak
demand, production worker employment rises
very sharply—by nearly 68 percent. Thus, most
of the adjustment in this industry to its extremely
seasonal pattern is made by hiring more workers,
but part of the adjustment consists of raising the
workweek by 4 to 6 hours.
In sugar refining, an annual average of about
44 hours reflects a workweek in the range of 40 to
43 hours during 10 months of the year, rising to
about 50 in the peak season in November and
December. Production worker employment jumps
from an average of about 25,000 in slow seasons to
about 40,000 in the 3 to 4 months beginning with
October, largely because of the requirements for
T a b l e 7.
P r o d u c t io n W
orkers
in
M a n u f a c t u r in g , b y A v e r a g e W e e k l y H o u rs 1 o f T h e i r P l a n t s
I n d u s t r y G r o u p , O c t o b e r 1962
[Percent distribution]
and
M a jo r
Average weekly hours 1
Industry
All manufacturing....................................................................... —
Total
100.0
40.0 and
under
40.1-42.0
42.1-44.0
44.1-46.0
46.1-48.0
Over 48.0
44.8
26.0
13.2
7.9
3.9
4.2
13.5
7.6
3.4
3.2
2.9
7.9
8.7
7.1
6.6
10.1
6.2
7.9
8.2
6.5
8.1
3.2
5.0
7.6
3.9
2.6
4.2
3.6
2.5
3.2
1.3
4.0
4.2
5.2
8.8
5.2
1.6
3.9
4.2
1.5
3.2
1.0
2.6
Durable goods.................................... - ------------------- ----------------------
100.0
42.4
30.0
Ordnance and accessories
______________________________
Lumber and wood products, except furniture_________________
Furniture and fixtures____________________________________
Stnnp clay and glass products_____________________________
Primary metal industries
_ ________ _____ ____________
Fabricated metal products___ _____________________________
Machinery
_____________________________________
Electrical equipment and supplies
_______________________
Transportation equipment
- ____________________
Instruments and related products __ _____ _______________ __
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_____________________
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
26.0
46.5
41.4
42.6
53.7
43.8
47.3
39.4
31.8
31.2
50.0
50.0
22.5
21.8
29.3
24.2
23.0
23.5
33.2
41.9
44.2
20.7
13.8
12.9
11.7
11.9
11.4
15.0
15.2
15.6
11.6
15.7
14.7
Nondurable goods......................................... ............. ................ ...............
100.0
48.2
20.5
12.9
8.3
4.6
5.5
Food and kindred products
_ _________________________
Tobacco manufactures____________________________________
Textile mill products
_ ________________- __ - ________
Apparel and related products
_ _____________________
Paper and allied products
_ ____________ - _____________
Printing publishing, and allied industries
_____________
Chemicals and allied products
_ _____________________
Petroleum refining and related industries____________________
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products_____ ___ ____ __ __
Leather and leather products
_______________________
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
39.4
54.5
40.7
83.1
22.1
74.6
27.5
18.8
47. 1
80.2
19.4
21.8
19.3
8.5
23.3
10.9
39.4
58.1
22.6
8.7
13.2
2.6
17.2
4.4
19.5
6.0
20.3
10.8
15.2
5.6
9.7
8.2
15.1
2.2
12.0
5.3
6.9
4.6
6.7
2.4
6.5
5.2
5.1
.9
10.8
1.2
3.2
1.5
6.0
1.2
11.8
7.8
2.7
.9
12.3
2.1
2.7
6.2
3.4
1.8
i See footnote 1 table 6.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N o t e : Because of rounding, individual percentages m ay not add to 100.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
932
processing sugar beets. The industry apparently
needs to double its labor input, from about 1
million man-hours per week in the off season to
about 2 million at the seasonal peak. It ac
complishes this by a 60-percent increase in produc
tion worker employment, but also has to raise
hours substantially.
Long hours have also been characteristic of the
paper and pulp industry, which averages between
43 and 44 hours per week. A major cause for
these long workweeks is the continuous-process
operation that is prevalent in many parts of the
industry. Since the facilities are in operation
168 hours per week, the average workweek for
four shifts must be 42 hours. Normally, three
shifts work 40 hours while one of the shifts works
48 hours.
The high average workweek in the copper ore
mining industry illustrates the effect of special
factors other than seasonality of demand or un
usual processing methods. Characteristically,
working hours in this industry have a seasonal
low in the summer and a peak in the winter, with
small fluctuations in employment. This pattern
arises out of the location of most copper mines—
in isolated mountain or desert areas where work
ers cannot profitably use a long weekend and
where they prefer to avoid long hours during the
T a b l e 8.
C h anges
in
summer. Thus, while the mines could operate
year-round with a stable workweek and employ
ment, workers’ preferences have led to this
seasonal variation.
For the 1956-62 period, individual industries
show a variety of trends. In certain industriee
(e.g., transportation equipment, lumber and wooe
products, and petroleum refining), productiod
worker employment has declined markedly whiln
overtime hours have been increasing. On ths
other hand, there are other industries (such as
ordnance, electrical equipment, and printing and
publishing) in which the trend has been in exactly
the opposite direction—an increase in production
workers with stable or declining average weekly
overtime hours.
Working Hours in Some Other Countries
Most other industrialized countries are experi
encing efforts by trade unions to reduce working
hours to the 40-hour standard widely accepted in
the United States. At the present time, however,
current practices embodied in both law and col
lective bargaining agreements provide for hours
somewhat longer than those worked in this
country. Summary information both on stand
ard weekly hours and actual hours worked for
E m p l o y m e n t , A v e r a g e W e e k l y H o u r s , a nd A v e r a g e O v e r t im e H o u r s 1— f o r P r o d u c t io n
W o r k e r s in M a n u f a c t u r in g , by M a jo r I n d u s t r y G r o u p , 1956-62
Average weekly hours1
Employment
Industry
1956 annual 1962 annual
average
average
(thousands) (thousands)
Percent
change
1962 annual
average
Change
from 1956
(hours)
0
Overtime hours 1
1962 annual
average
Change
from 1956
(hours)
All manufacturing........................................ .......................
13,436
12,417
-8
40.4
Durable goods............................... .......................................... —
7,669
6,930
-1 0
40.9
- .1
2.8
- .2
Ordnance and accessories____________________________
Lumber and wood products, except furniture...... ...............
Furniture and fixtures______________________________
Stone, clay, and glass products................ .............................
Primary metal industries..... ..................................................
Fabricated metal products............. ........................................
Machinery.............. ................. -............................................
Electrical equipment and supplies__________________ .
Transportation equipment.....................................................
Instruments and related products_____________________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_______________
85
662
316
507
1,132
901
1,159
975
1,364
236
333
99
544
316
41«
938
856
1,016
1,035
1,122
228
317
16
-18
0
-9
-17
-5
-12
6
-18
-3
-5
41.3
39.7
40.7
40.9
40.1
41.1
41.7
40.6
42.0
40.9
39.7
- .2
.9
0
- .2
- .9
- .2
- .6
- .2
.6
- .1
- .3
2.4
3.2
2.9
3.4
2.2
2.9
3.1
2.2
3.4
2.4
2.3
- .1
.6
.6
.1
- .6
- .2
-. 8
- .4
.3
-. 1
- .5
Nondurable goods................. ........................ ..............................
5,767
5,487
-5
39.7
.1
2.7
.3
Food and kindred products__________________________
Tobacco manufactures__________________________ ____
Textile mill products_______________________________
Apparel and related products.................... ............................
Paper and allied products___ ________________ ______
Printing, publishing, and allied industries_____________
Chemicals and allied products................................................
Petroleum refining and related industries______________
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products_____________
Leather and leather products_________________________
1,302
90
944
1,088
465
560
526
161
291
341
1,178
78
793
1,098
477
597
519
126
301
319
-10
-13
-16
1
3
7
-1
-22
3
-6
41.0
38.5
40.6
36.3
42.6
38.3
41.5
41.6
41.0
37.7
- .3
- .3
.9
.3
- .2
- .6
.4
.6
.6
.1
3.4
1.0
3.2
1.3
4.5
2.8
2.5
2.3
3.1
1.4
0.3
- .3
.6
.3
0
- .3
.4
.1
1.0
0
i See footnote 1, table 6.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.8
0
HOURS OF WORK IN THE UNITED STATES AND ABROAD
T able 9. N ormal W eekly M aximum H ours of W ork
i n I ndustry in S elected F oreign Countries
Fixed by—
Country
Law
Collec
tive
contract
Australia 1_______
40
Austria___ ____ ..
48
Belgium________
48
Canada 2________ 44-48
Denm ark_______
France__________
40
448
Federal Republic
of Germany.
45
45
40-44
43
(«)
• 40-47
Fixed by—
Country
Law
Israel......................
____
Italy
Japan. ________
Netherlands
Norway
Sweden .
Switzerland_____
United Kingdom..
47
48
40
48
45
45
48
Collec
tive
contract
47
«44-48
45
37-42
40-42
45-46
42-44
1 The hours of work are determined by an arbitration system established
under a constitutional provision.
2 The hours of work are determined by provincial legislation.
s In the steel industry, 42 hours.
4 The general standard fixed by law is 8 hours a day, with special regula
tions governing Sunday work. Indirectly, this means a regular 48-hour
workweek.
1 Average 44.
« Average 46.
S ource : For Australia, Yearbook of the Commonwealth of Australia, WIZ ;
for Western Europe, Arbeit and Wirtschaft (Austrian Chamber of Labor an d
Austrian Trade Union Federation, February 1983); for Canada, Provincial
Labour Standards (Department of Labour of Canada, December 1962); fo r
Israel, Histadrut (General Federation of Labor in Israel), as transmitted in
Airgram A-736, May 24, 1963, by the American Embassy in Tel Aviv; for
Japan, Labor Legislation (Ministry of Labor, 1959).
selected foreign countries is presented in tables
9 and 10.
France introduced the legal 40-hour week in
1936 in an effort to create additional employment
opportunities. In practice, however, the legisla
tion has not yet been fully implemented; the
actual average working time is higher. In October
1962, for example, it was 46.2 hours per week.
In Italy some big enterprises, including some
in the metal industry, have recently introduced
the 45-hour week. The mine workers have ob
tained the 40-hour standard workweek. In Aus
tria, the regular 45-hour week was introduced in
February 1959 for those enterprises in industry
and commerce which are subject to collective
agreements. Sweden, Norway, and Denmark
have in recent years reduced the working time
gradually to the regular 45-hour week in such a
way that every year the weekly working time
was reduced by 1 hour.
In Switzerland, a normal 45-hour week has been
in force in the machine and metal industry since
May 1960. In the Swiss watch, printing, and
other major industries, weekly working time is to
be reduced from 48 hours to 44 hours by the
mid-1960’s. In a referendum held in October
1958, however, Switzerland rejected the legal
introduction of a 44-hour week.
In the United Kingdom, the normal working
time is fixed by wage orders or collective agree
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
933
ments. Generally a 44-hour week prevails, but
in the British machine industry, 42 hours per
week has been the normal working time since
March 1960. In April 1963, collective agreements
were concluded in the construction and electrical
industries reducing the normal workweek to 40
hours, and similar contracts are under negotiation
in shipbuilding and engineering.
In Belgium, collective agreements provide for
a 45-hour standard workweek for a vast majority
of workers. The Belgian Government announced
in 1963 a change which, if carried through, would
make 45 hours the statutory workweek.
In the Federal Republic of Germany, the statu
tory maximum hours of work are fixed by several
laws and regulations and are generally 8 hours
per day with a 6-day workweek. However, 5.5
million wage and salary earners, including those
in the pace-setting metal industries, are covered
by collective contracts providing for a 42-43-hour
standard workweek at present and for a reduction
to a 40-hour week by 1965-66.
A general reduction of the workweek to 40 hours
has been one of the fundamental aims of the trade
union movement in all Western European coun
tries ever since the end of World War II. This
goal has repeatedly been raised when new legisla
tion or collective agreements have been discussed.
The question of shorter hours of work was also
involved in the discussions leading to the 1957
treaty establishing the European Economic Com
munity. A provision was included in the treaty
stating that the member countries agree upon the
necessity of improving workers’ living and working
T able 10. H ours W orked P er W eek in M anufac
turing in Selected F oreign Countries 1
Country
Australia____________________
Austria_____________________
Canada_____________ _____
F rance... . - . _ ______ ..
Federal Republic of Germany___
Italy .. ___________ ____ ___
Japan________ _____________
Netherlands_____ .
____
Norway....... .............. ........ ...
Sw itzerland... ____ . ______
United Kingdom............
_ ..
Date
December 1962___
December 1962___
September 1962__
September 1962__
September 1962__
February 1962
September 1962__
1961
December 1961___ /
l
September 1962__
October 1962
Average hours
worked1
39.9ft
43.0
41.4
45.9
44.5
2168.3
49.3
46.7
>41 .6
437.7
45.7
46.2
1 The data for Austria, Canada, Germany, and Switzerland represent hours
actually worked; those for the remaining countries show hours paid for.
2 Average monthly hours for period of January-April 1962.
2 Male.
4 Female.
Source : International Labor Review, “ Statistical Supplement,” March
1963; Quarterly Summary of Australian Statistics, December 1962; Rassegna
di Statisliche del Lavoro, January-February 1963.
934
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
T a b l e 11. O v e r t i m e P r e m iu m a s P e r c e n t o f S t r a ig h t T im e H o u r l y W a g e i n S e l e c t e d F o r e ig n C o u n t r i e s
Country
First
hour
Second
hour
Third
hour
Fourth
hour
Addi
tional
hours
25
25
25
50
50
A u stria________________
50
25
25
50
50
Belgium________________
3314
50
50
100
25
Denmark_______________
25 for un to 8 hours of overtime, then 50.
France . - - ___Federal Republic of Ger
25
50
50
50
25
m any___ ___ _________
30
20
20
30
30
Italy__________________
25
50
50
25
50
Norway - ___________
25
50
50
10
25
Netherlands. ,.
Up to 70 after first hour
___ ______ 25 to 50
Sweden
25
25
25
25
25
Switzerland ________
Source : Arbeit und Wirtschaft, February 1Ö63.
conditions with the aim of equalizing such condi
tions by upgrading standards in poorer countries.
The unions concerned have emphasized that the
implementation of this article must include short
ening of the hours of work. Their campaign for
shorter hours has met with considerable success
in the EEC and other countries. As indicated
above, a trend in the direction of the 40-hour
week has been generally evident throughout West
ern Europe in recent years, especially in collective
agreements covering the larger industrial enter
prises.
Among the major problems encountered in
dealing with the question of shorter working hours
has been their effect on the demand for labor in a
tight labor market, and their relationship to pro
ductivity. The economics minister of the West
German State of North ithine-Westphalia has
pointed out recently that the reduction of weekly
working tune by 1 hour created a demand for
500,000 additional employees in the Federal Re
public of Germany, which, in view of the general
scarcity of indigenous labor and the limited avail
ability of foreign workers, was difficult to satisfy.
Unions have agreed to gradual introduction or
postponement of shorter working hours when
convinced that such a step was necessary to avoid
drastic repercussions in the labor market or to
avoid interfering with efforts to increase national
productivity. Under the system of wage and
price control in The Netherlands, the Government
has ruled that reductions in working time are
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
admissible only within the framework of increasing
productivity.
Another way in which U.S. experience differs
from that of most other industrialized countries
pertains to the penalty rates for overtime work.
In other countries rates are generally below the
50-percent premium paid in the United States,
although in a number of cases a lower premium
applies only for the first 2 or 3 hours of overtime
work. (See table 11.)
Although workers in Western Europe generally
tend to work longer hours than their counterparts
in America, the number of paid public holidays is
higher in most Western European countries than
in the United States, ranging from 4 to 8 in
Switzerland to 16 in Italy. The exception is
France, where there are 11 statutory holidays in
the year but only 1 day is required by law to be
a paid holiday. Collective agreements in various
industries provide for additional paid holidays up
to the full 11 days, but most commonly 5.
Almost all Western European countries have
established legal minimum time of paid annual
leave in terms of working days, ranging roughly
from 2 to 3 weeks; the exceptions are The Nether
lands and the United Kingdom, where a minimum
of 2 weeks is granted on a contractual basis. In
many cases, the average number of vacation days
actually paid is still higher. In Germany, the
minimum was raised from 12 to 15 days by a new
Federal law which became effective January 1963.
In the framework of the prevailing labor shortage
in continental Europe, the trend in collective
agreements in the pace-setting industries has been
toward longer vacations with higher pay. In
Belgium and in The Netherlands, workers receive
double pay during their vacations. In France,
since the nationalized Renault factories granted
their workers four weeks of paid vacation,
instead of the legal 3 weeks, about 3 million
additional workers in other industries have been
granted the extra week, bringing the total to over
6 million workers.
RETRAINING OLDER WORKERS
Older Workers’ Performance in
Industrial Retraining Programs
M easures to improve the employability of older
workers whose jobs are affected by technological
changes are particularly important for the 1960’s.
When laid off because of skill obsolescence, older
workers generally find it difficult to locate new
jobs. However, by retraining workers and assign
ing them to other jobs within the firm or returning
them to their old jobs, management is frequently
able to retain valuable employees.
Research on the adaptability of older workers to
retraining programs indicates that in a significant
number of cases, their performance compares
favorably with younger employees. This article
summarizes a study of older workers’ performance
in retraining programs at four firms in different
industries where extensive new technology had
been introduced.1
The innovation at each firm is described along
with its implications for job skills and retraining.
Results of tests given as part of the retraining
courses are then analyzed to determine how well
older workers performed. A case study of an
aircraft company presents in greater detail a
description of course content and the relative
performance of older and younger trainees.
Scope and Method
The four firms selected for study were in in
dustries where the introduction of technological
changes required the retraining of employees.
More than 2,000 retrained workers in a variety of
occupations were covered: Production workers in
an oil refinery; maintenance mechanics in an
airline; engineers, technicians, and craftsmen in
an aircraft factory; and operators in a telephone
company. These firms were the only ones of
about 100 canvassed which had kept suitable
objective measures of the performance of indi
vidual workers during retraining, had included
both younger and older workers (over age 40),
and had personnel records showing age and edu
cational level of workers. The data on trainee
performance were obtained from company records
and interviews with training and personnel
officials.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
935
The training courses were usually highly
specialized and were given to only a small number
of trainees. In analyzing the results, trainees
in most cases were divided into two age groups—
younger and older trainees.2 Because of the
diversity of courses, it was not considered feasible
to aggregate the test results. Comparisons of
younger and older workers were therefore made
only within individual courses. Although each
test covered only a small number of trainees,
the number of tests was sufficient to draw tenta
tive conclusions.
Aspects of Retraining
Technological Change. Retraining programs con
stituted a major step in introducing technological
change at plants studied. Major modifications
in job duties of employees affected by the new
technology were required at each firm, but re
placement of incumbent workers was not con
sidered as desirable or practicable as retraining.
Table 1 summarizes the type of change at each
firm, its impact on job duties, and the content of
representative training programs.
Older and Younger Workers. Although test re
sults often revealed that the younger group did
better in retraining courses than older trainees,
there were noteworthy exceptions which made it
precarious to predict success based solely on age.
In the few cases when training continued over
long periods, older workers more often performed
as well or better than younger workers. More
over, on most tests, a proportion of older workers—
as high as 40 percent-—did better than a signifi
cant proportion of younger workers. Younger
trainees appeared to learn more quickly when
training courses were short and emphasis was on
rapid acquisition of perceptual motor skills.
Tables 2A through 2D provide examples of com
parative performance of older and younger workers
in the retraining programs.
The findings of this study reaffirm the impor
tance of appraising a worker’s adaptability on the
basis of individual capacity and aptitudes rather
1 The study was conducted for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by Dr. Arnold
Tannenbaum and Gary Grenhoim of the Survey Research Center, Institute
of Social Research of the University of Michigan, and will be presented in
Industrial Retraining Programs for Technological Change (BLS Bulletin
1368,1963).
2 The division for the younger and older age categories varied from age
36 to age 52, depending on the course and its requirements.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
936
T able 1.
D escription
of
R etraining
and
Changes
in T echnology and
F irms
J ob R equirements
at
F our Selected
Description of training
Firm
Description of new technology
Impact on job skill and responsibility
Oil refinerv______
Modernization of oil refining operations.
New equipment featured a high degree
of process integration, increased capacity,
more precise control, and new products.
The new system eliminated separate
cooling, storage, and reheating opera
tions. More than 2,000 instruments are
used to record and control pumps, com
pressors, and related devices.
Production workers must now have knowl
edge of processes in other parts of the mill.
Because of more instrumentation, instru
ment mechanics were transferred to the
production department. Hourly wage
rates are substantially higher.
Operating employees received training in
new equipment and processes, including
typical problem situations. Three sets of
nearly similar courses were given, each in
volving a separate course for the four zones
(process units) of the refinery. The first
sets lasted a total of 7 weeks, full-time, and
the third averaged 4 to 8 hours a week for
2 years. Workers from the instrument di
vision received training over a 9-month
period in principles of measuring pressure,
etc., elementary math, control valves and
process flow, electricity and electronics,
and control and recording devices.
Aircraft company..- Major expansion in scope and complexity
of operations. With rapid changes in
military technology in recent years, the
company has had to include, in addition
to aircraft production, research and
development of advanced weapon sys
tems, electronic components, and metal
lurgy of exotic metals.
New technology has had implications for
numerous occupations. For example,
welders and assemblers now work with
closer tolerances and with metals which
require special handling. Additional skill
and knowledge is also needed in electron
ics, technical writing, and blueprint
reading.
Extensive retraining was required for produc
tion workers, technicians, and engineers.
Typical courses included optical tooling,
electronics, blueprint reading, and weld
ing. (See case study on pp. 937 939. for
description of training programs and rela
tive performance of older workers.)
____ Introduction of turbine powered aircraft— Maintenance mechanics must acquire an
overall knowledge of jet aircraft, new
maintenance equipment, and their peri
odic modifications. Jet aircraft mainte
nance requires greater precision, particu
larly on hydraulic and electrical systems.
Approximately the same physical abilities
are used.
Courses for mechanics ranged from 6-hour
familiarization sessions to detailed tech
nical courses lasting 260 hours. Training
consisted of classes and lectures describing
equipment and servicing procedures, and
maintenance of in-service equipment. Re
training was in stages, coinciding with the
acquisition of jet aircraft.
Telephone operators must learn new tech
niques for recording calls. Rather than
recording data on paper, in the new sys
tem, the operator scans vertical columns
on the card, making a mark in 1 of 10
spaces for each letter or digit of the num
ber. The marks must be made rapidly
and accurately, which requires good
sensorimotor coordination.
Training of telephone operators consisted of
a 2-day course to develop manual skill in
marking and interpreting cards. Trainees
received practice telephone calls to test
their ability to record data, and placed
calls to assess their ability to use cards as a
memory device. Speed and accuracy were
emphasized.
Airline_____
Telephone com
pany.
Introduction of electronic data processing.
Because of E D P, the billing procedure
for long distance calls changed. A spe
cial card is used to enter telephone num
bers and other data needed for proper
billing. Data is entered on the card by
special pencil, and the operation is
known as the “ sense-mark” procedure.
than on age.3 Arbitrary age barriers in training
programs would exclude some older workers
capable of high-level performance in training.
Counseling. The test results reflect, to some
extent, the prevalence of informal methods of
selecting trainees; only a few were tested, inter
viewed, or counseled before training. However,
the performance of those few workers provided
counseling suggests that such procedures might
lead to better matching of the candidates’ apti
tudes with the retraining to be given and modifica
tion of programs to meet the needs of the trainees.
8 See also Comparative Job Performance by Age: Large Plants in M en’s
Footwear and Household Furniture Industries (BLS Bulletin 1223, 1957), and
Comparative Job Performance by Age: Office Workers (BLS Bulletin 1273,
1960).
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Counseling also helps allay apprehensions about
training, especially for older workers who may
resist training because of its novelty or
unfamiliarity.
Education. Some evidence, although fragmen
tary, suggests that lack of education may have
been a handicap for the older trainees. The
older group had a lower average level of educa
tional attainment and lacked recent school experi
ence. Older and younger workers with the same
level of education differed less in performance.
At the oil refinery, where the level of formal
education was emphasized in selecting trainees
for some courses, in all but one of the six courses
the older workers achieved grades above the group
average.
937
RETRAINING OLDER WORKERS
Need for Additional Research. The evidence from
this pilot study would indicate a need for further
research into the potentialities and problems of
retraining employed older workers.* Since con
tinuing technological change will undoubtedly
intensify the need for retraining employees, it
would be helpful to know more about methods
that obtain the best results with older trainees.
Wider dissemination of knowledge about the
ability of older persons to learn new skills and to
maintain these skills through continued practice
should contribute to an easier adjustment to
technological change.
Limitations of the Study
In assessing the findings, it is important to take
into account certain limitations of the study.
Since the performance of older trainees on tests
is compared with that of younger trainees, the
study does not deal directly with the question of
whether the test performance met the employers’
minimum requirements. No evidence was found,
however, that any trainee was laid off because of
test results. Companies apparently preferred to
use performance on the job as the yardstick for
evaluating the individual worker.
The study was also limited to those aspects of
retraining for which data on the performance of
trainees could be obtained from company records.
For overall assessment, comparative records of
attendance, continuity of service, and productivity
of trainees after reassignment should be considered.
The interests and attitudes of trainees about the
changes in their jobs and retraining and the
opinion of supervisors and instructors about
workers’ performance, although relevant, were
outside the scope of the study.
Finally, the results of the study should not be
expected to agree with experience in retraining
programs where all trainees are carefully screened
so that only those with maximum potentialities
for success are chosen.
A Case Study of Retraining
In recent years, one of the four companies
studied, a large West Coast aircraft manufacturer,
undertook extensive retraining programs to cope
with changing production requirements and chang
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ing technology. From the more than 200 training
courses given, 6 representative courses were
selected for study for which performance data
were available covering both older and younger
workers. These courses are briefly described and
the performance results set forth in the following
paragraphs.
Optical Tooling. Because of the need for greater
precision in assembling parts, a number of new
optical devices for measuring and alining have
been introduced. Higher aircraft speeds require
greater accuracy and smaller tolerances in assem
bling. Optical tools, which replace the level and
plumb, are more sensitive to minute misalinements caused by contraction or expansion of
metals. They also allow the assembler more
accurately to aline parts in angular relationship
to each other.
Forty-six production workers were given instruc
tion in the use of several different devices.
Twenty-four were younger trainees and twentytwo were older. Classroom lectures combined
with demonstrations were followed by practice by
the trainees themselves in setting up and using the
instruments. Each class was limited to four or
five trainees.
4 For a description of some current research projects on retraining, see
Report of the Secretary of Labor on Research and Training Activities Under
the Manpower Development and Training Act Transmitted to the Congress
February 1963 (U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Manpower, Automation
and Training), pp. 93-99.
T able
2A .
T r a in in g
C ourses
fo r
I n stru m en t
M e c h a n ic s a t a n O i l R e f i n e r y : C o m p a r a t iv e
P e r f o r m a n c e o f O l d e r a n d Y o u n g e r T r a in e e s
on T e s t s
Younger trainees (age
39 and under)
Older trainees (age 40
and over)
Percent
Percent
Course
Company course:
Elementary mathe
matics______ --Fractions and deci
mals___________
Vendor course:
Control valves-----C on trols and val ves.
Level indicators___
University course: Gen
erators and AC cir
cuits__ --- -----------
Number
Number
Above Below
of
Above Below
of
trainees aver aver trainees aver aver
age
age
age
age
grade grade
grade grade
33
7
29
71
6
67
8
47
53
7
71
29
8
8
8
50
50
50
50
50
50
7
6
6
43
67
50
57
33
50
7
43
57
6
50
50
938
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
T a b l e 2B. T r a i n i n g C o u r s e s a t a n A ir c r a f t P l a n t :
C o m p a r a t iv e P e r f o r m a n c e o f O l d e r a n d Y o u n g e r
T r a in e e s o n T e s t s
Younger trainees1
Older trainees1
Percent
Course
Percent
Number
Number
of
Above Below
of
Above Below
trainees aver- aver- trainees aver- average
age
age
age
grade grade
grade grade
1. Optical tooling for
toolmakers 2_____
2, Introdution to electronics for engi
neers_________
3. Basic electronics for
technical w riters...
4. Electronics technician,
transition
and development. .
5. Blueprint reading I
for machinists
6. Blueprint reading II
for machinists____
24
79
36
53
47
19
53
47
21
22
36
64
17
47
53
19
42
58
9
67
33
9
33
67
9
78
22
g
25
75
9
44
56
8
50
50
1In courses 1,2, and 3, older trainees include those age 41 and over; in course
4, those 36 and over; and in courses 5 and 6, those 50 and over.
1A pass or fail grade in attaining accuracy was given for this course. The
percent items across the columns indicate the proportion of trainees who
passed (above average grade column) or failed (below average grade column).
Electronics. Because of the growing use of elec
tronic equipment both in the design of aircraft
and in the production tools used, the company
provided extensive training for engineers, technical
writers, and maintenance electricians.
Engineers. An introductory course in electron
ics, designed to provide general competence rather
than skill in specific applications, was given to 53
engineers. About a third of this group were
older trainees. The classes were scheduled for
2% hours after work, twice a week, for 23 months.
A total of 300 hours of classes were given. Half
the instruction consisted of classroom lectures and
discussion and the other half laboratory work.
Trainees were selected from all engineering de
partments—including hydraulics, blueprint prepa
ration, and technical specification. Although all
trainees were classified as engineers, as many as 1
out of 3 lacked an engineering degree. All had at
least a high school education.
Technical Writers. A course on basic electron
ics designed to familiarize technical writers with
terminology used in describing electronic ap
paratus was given to 38 employees. Classes met
for 2 hours after work, twice a week, for about 5
months. The course consisted entirely of lectures
and discussions, with a minimum of mathematics.
Of the 38 trainees, 19 were over age 40.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Maintenance Electricians. The third electronics
course was intended to prepare maintenance elec
tricians for new jobs in the maintenance and
repair of advanced electronic apparatus. Classes
were held on company time, 5 days a week, for
3% hours over a 4-month period. The course
involved lectures on electronic theory and labora
tory work with test equipment and components.
While intellectual skills were emphasized, the
work also called for some manual dexterity and
sensorimotor coordination. After completion of
the course, the trainees were upgraded in pay (in
contrast to trainees in the previously described
electronics courses) and given the job title,
“industrial electronics technician.”
The 18 trainees who completed the course had
been selected from a group of 50 maintenance
electricians after careful screening, which included
an examination testing their knowledge of AC and
DC circuits, vacuum tubes, transistors, and basic
algebra. Nine of the eighteen trainees were older
workers. Only the 20 individuals scoring the
highest were accepted for training, most of whom
had some experience maintaining less complicated
types of electronic equipment. Of this group, one
T a b l e 2C. T e l e p h o n e
O p e r a t o r T r a in e e s : L e v e l
o f P e r f o r m a n c e on T e s t s I n t e r p r e t in g T ic k e t s ,
by A ge G roup
Age group (percent)
Tests and level of performance
18-24
25-34
35-44
Speed using old method:
Above average performance 1_______
Below average performance________
52.2
47.8
52.7
47.3
50.9
49.1
33.3
66.7
Errors using old method:
Above average performance2_______
Below average performance________
63.0
37.0
68.5
31.5
69.1
30.9
64.9
35.1
Speed using new method:
Above average performance 1____ ..
Below average performance_______
60.9
39.1
54.6
45.4
38.2
61.8
28.1
71.9
Errors using new method:
Above average performance2____ ..
Below average performance________
56.5
43.5
60.6
39.4
60.0
40.0
39.3
60.7
Speed difference:8
Above average performance________
Below average performance___ ___
55.4
44.6
54.6
45.4
49.1
50.9
31.8
68.2
Number of trainees________ ___
92
165
55
57
45 and
over
i “ Above average performance” signifies that speed in interpreting cards
was higher than average.
2“ Above average performance” signifies that accuracy was better than
average, i.e., fewer errors were made.
»“ Above average performance” means that the difference between speeds
on new and old method was smaller than average. “ Below average per
formance” signifies that the difference was greater than average, i.e., more
time needed for new method.
RETRAINING OLDER WORKERS
left the course before completion to accept a higher
paying job, and another left because of illness.
Machinists. With the introduction of new weap
ons systems, some machinists experienced diffi
culty in analyzing and interpreting symbols used
on blueprints. The foreman of the group requested
the training department to conduct a course in
blueprint reading. After a preliminary screening
examination, 17 trainees were selected—8 of whom
were over age 50. The course was given during
working hours, 2 hours a day, for 7 days, and
covered explanations of the various symbols used
and their translation into the final product.
Welders. A variety of changes in welding technol
ogy necessitated several retraining courses. New
metals such as titanium and zirconium alloys and
light gage steel are now used when conventional
welding technology is not applicable. Moreover,
requirements for weld size and assembly dimen
sions have become more critical.
Changes in technology require that welders
have some knowledge of metallurgy and causes of
metal distortions. The welder also uses more
complex equipment and must adjust a larger
number of variables to achieve proper regulation
of temperature, gas flow, and speed of weld.
The courses were primarily designed to familiar
ize? welders with the new equipment, processes,
and techniques. Only 20 percent of the time
involved classroom lectures and discussions of the
theory and background of new methods. In the
practice sessions, comprising 80 percent of the
training, trainees were assigned standardized test
jobs and their performance on these jobs was
carefully measured and appraised. A final per
formance score was given each trainee based on
the number of hours needed to meet U.S. Air
Force standards.
Trainees had either applied to take the course
or were recommended by their supervisor. About
200 were selected on the basis of their performance
* The effect of education was eliminated in 4 of the 6 courses, by computing
the performance scores for each individual as a deviation from the average
performance score of all individuals having the same number of years of
formal schooling. These deviations represent the performance of each trainee
relative to that of others having the same education.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
939
T able 2D .
A i r l i n e M a in t e n a n c e
b u t io n o f C o u r s e s A c c o r d in g t o
fo r m a n c e o f O l d e r T r a in e e s
Course level
1______ _____
2______________
3_____________
4______________
5______________
6______________
W o r k e r s : D is t r i
C o m p a r a t iv e P e r
Percent of courses showing that
older trainees d id 1—
Num ber Number
of
of
courses trainees Better than Equally Not as well
younger
as well as as younger
younger
trainees
trainees
trainees
8
45
45
82
21
27
39
286
268
476
140
140
75.0
20.0
28.8
29.3
23.8
33.3
12.5
11.1
4.5
15.9
14.3
18.5
12.5
68.9
66.7
54.8
61.9
48.2
1 Percentages were computed on the basis of counting each course as a
single observation. D ata on the performance of trainees in each course were
analyzed to determine whether the scores of the older half of the trainees
fell above the median course grade more often, equally often, or less often than
the younger trainees. Excluded are 24 courses in which the total range in
grades is less than 5 points and/or the total range of ages is less than 5 years.
on a preliminary welding test. The union negoti
ated a classification—welder—and higher pay for
those who completed training.
Performance in Retraining. The methods used to
assess the performance of trainees at the aircraft
plant involved both practical and written tests.
Table 2B shows the comparative performance of
older and younger workers in six of the courses.
Half the older trainees obtained grades above the
average in only one of the six measures. A
significant proportion of the older trainees (40
percent or more) were, however, above average
in two other courses. In the case of the younger
trainees, a majority were above average in five of
the courses. The younger group scored lowest in
Blueprint Reading II, the course in which the
older group scored highest. There was little
variation in the performance of the two groups
when differences in education were taken into
account.5
The performance of older trainees in the four
welding courses compared favorably with younger
trainees. In two of the courses, the older group
qualified in a shorter period of time. According
to course instructors, previous relevant experience
probably accounted for the superior performance
of older trainees in these courses.
—E dgar W einberg
Division of Technological Studies
940
Earnings in Selected Metropolitan
Areas of the South, June 1962
I ncreases in area pay levels in nine southern
metropolitan areas ranged from 3 to 8 percent,
or 'as much as 14 cents an hour, between June
of 1981 and 1962. The rise in overall earnings
in these areas, revealed by a Bureau of Labor
Statistics study,1 was undoubtedly influenced in
part by the amendments to the Fair Labor Stand
ards Act which increased the Federal minimum
wage from $1 to $1.15 an hour for previously
covered workers and established a $1 minimum
for newly covered workers, effective September 3,
1961.2 This article summarizes June 1962 find
ings in the nine areas and presents some of the
wage changes which took place between survey
periods.
Earnings in June 1962
Average straight-time wage levels for all
nonsupervisory workers covered by the survey
differed by as much as 44 percent, ranging from
$1.51 an hour in Asheville, N.C., to $2.18 in
Lake Charles, La., in June 1962, but by no
more than 10 percent among the remaining
areas—from $1.70 to $1.87 an hour. (See table.)
The proportions of workers earning less than $1
ranged from 6 to 13 percent among the nine
areas, while from 21 to 34 percent averaged less
than $1.25 an hour. Comparatively greater
differences were found in the proportion of workers
earning $2 or more an hour, varying from 16
to 55 percent.
In manufacturing industries, the level of
straight-time earnings for nonsupervisory workers
ranged from $1.58 an hour to $2.69, again in
Asheville and Lake Charles.3 The wide differ
ence in manufacturing pay levels is largely
attributable to differences in the two areas’
industry composition. Relatively lower paying
manufacturing industries, such as food, textiles,
and apparel, provided the major source of factory
worker employment in Asheville, whereas the
higher paying petroleum refining and chemical
industries employed a substantial portion of the
factory work force in Lake Charles. Manufac
turing averages were between $1.75 and $2 an
hour in Wichita Falls, Tex., Amarillo, Tex.,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
Durham, N.C., and Monroe, La., and were
above $2 in Tuscaloosa, Ala., and Lexington, Ky.
Few manufacturing employees in any of the
areas were paid less than the current $1.15 Federal
minimum wage, although from nearly a tenth to
almost a fifth received less than $1.25 an hour, the
Federal minimum which will become effective on
September 3, 1963. Differences among the areas
in the proportion of workers earning $2 or more an
hour varied widely, from 14 percent in Asheville
to 84 percent in Lake Charles. Among the other
areas, only in Tuscaloosa and Lexington did the
majority of the manufacturing workers earn more
than $2.
In the nonmanufacturing industries studied,
average hourly earnings varied from $1.42 in
Asheville to $1.90 in Lake Charles, which was
about half the dispersion found in manufacturing
(34 and 70 percent, respectively). The narrower
range in nonfactory earnings is attributable in
part to the greater similarity among the areas in
the distribution of workers by nonmanufacturing
industry. In six of the nine areas, approximately
a tenth of the nonfactory workers averaged less
than $1 an hour, and from a half to two-thirds
earned between $1 and $2 an hour in all of
the areas.
The earnings of nonmanufacturing workers
averaged from 3 to 79 cents an hour below those
of manufacturing workers in the nine areas. Pay
differences appeared to be directly related to
the level of manufacturing earnings in the area.
Thus, in three areas where manufacturing earn
ings were the lowest, the factory pay advantage
did not exceed 16 cents an hour; in the two middleranked areas, pay differences were 36 and 39
cents; and in the three areas with the highest
paid manufacturing workers, factory earnings, on
the average, were 48 to 79 cents an hour higher
1
The survey was conducted in June of 1961 and 1962 on a sample basis in
nine selected Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas of the South, which
had populations of 100,000 to 150,000 (according to the 1960 census). (See
table, footnote 3, for definitions of the areas.) The survey included all
nonsupervisory employees of establishments with four workers or more in
major industry divisions except agriculture and government. Other ex
clusions were petroleum and natural gas production, railroad transportation,
and nonprofit religious, charitable, educational, and humane organizations.
More comprehensive information for the June 1962 payroll period as well
as complete tabulations for June 1961 will be issued in a BLS report. The
results of the Bureau’s June 1961 study were presented in the January 1963
issue of the Monthly Labor Review, pp. 55-57.
3 Fair Labor Standards Amendments of 1961 (Public Law 87-30).
3 Insufficient data were obtained for manufacturing in Huntsville, Ala.,
to warrant separate presentation.
941
EARNINGS IN SELECTED METROPOLITAN AREAS OF THE SOUTH
than in nonmanufacturing. However, when rank
ed by average hourly earnings, the order of the
cities was not always identical for manufacturing
and nonmanufacturing. For example, Wichita
Falls and Amarillo recorded the second and third
lowest average earnings in manufacturing, but
were ranked fifth and third from the top in non
manufacturing earnings.
4
See “ Changes in Employee Earnings in Retail Trade, June 1961-June
1962,” Monthly Labor Review, July 1963, pp. 802-807.
The level of earnings in retail trade was lower
than in nonmanufacturing as a whole in each of
the southern communities studied. Average retail
pay levels ranged from $1.21 an hour in Tusca
loosa to $1.62 in Lake Charles and varied from
$1.30 to $1.55 an hour in the remaining areas.
In the South as a whole, average earnings were
$1.39 an hour in June 1962.4 At least a tenth of
the retail employees in seven of the nine areas
were paid less than $1 an hour in June 1962; at
A v e r a g e S t r a i g h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n i n g s 1 o p N o n s u p e r v i s o r y E m p l o y e e s i n M a n u f a c t u r i n g a n d N o n m a n u
f a c t u r i n g 2 a n d P e r c e n t E a r n i n g L e s s T h a n S p e c i f i e d A m o u n t s , S e l e c t e d M e t r o p o l it a n A r e a s 3 o f t h e
S o u t h , J u n e 1962
Metropolitan areal3andlindustry
Average
Number of
hourly
workers
earnings 1
Percent of workers earning less than—
$0. 75
$1.00
$1.05
$1.15
$1.20
$1.25
$1.50
$2.00
$2.50
Amarillo, Tex...............................................................
Manufacturing________________ _____________
Nonmanufacturing____________ _____________
Retail trade_____________________________
Contract construction........... ............................
21,800
3,200
18,600
6,400
1,900
$1.78
1.80
1.77
1.55
2.64
2.5
(«)
2.9
2.9
(5)
6.5
(5)
7.6
8.4
(5)
12.3
.7
14.3
25.0
.1
15.4
1.5
17.8
33.4
.7
20.2
6.6
22.6
38.1
2.2
23.3
10.5
25.6
41.3
2.9
45.1
43.2
45.4
63.5
8.9
68.8
69.0
68.8
81.2
27.0
83.2
87.9
82.3
90.8
50.3
Asheville, N .C .............................. ....................................
Manufacturing______________________________
Nonmanufactnring________ _______ ___________
Retail trade____________ ___________ _____
Contract construction_____________________
26,300
14,400
11,900
4,500
1,600
1.51
1.58
1.42
1.30
1. 78
2.4
.4
4.8
3.5
(«)
8.0
.7
16.9
17.1
.3
12.8
1.5
26.7
36.9
3.2
15.9
1.8
33.2
49.9
4.9
27.7
14.9
43.2
57.0
18.6
31.8
19.0
47.4
61.4
20.9
56.2
47.9
66.2
78.2
36.9
84.4
85.5
83.1
91.0
61.8
95.7
97.5
93.6
96.1
88.5
Durham, N .C......... ..........................................................
Manufacturing______________________________
Nonmanufactnring__________________________
Retail trade______ ________ ______________
Contract construction_____________________
23,800
11,300
12, 500
3,800
2,500
1,74
1.93
1.57
1.43
1. 71
.6
.2
.9
.6
.1
6.2
1.1
10.8
10.4
1.4
12.1
2.0
21.2
33.7
6.8
15.4
2.7
26.9
43.6
9.9
24.5
11.3
36.3
48.3
24.9
26.9
13.0
39.3
52.2
26.9
42.5
27.2
50.3
71.0
44.4
65.2
51.0
77.9
87.7
69.1
89.2
89.5
88.9
93.7
84.4
Huntsville, Ala.4......................... .......................................
Nonmanufacturing....................................................
Retail trade_____________________________
Contract construction______ ______________
Services__________ ________ __________ . .
17,600
13,900
3,400
2,500
5,900
1.87
1.89
1.38
1.92
2.41
2.7
3.2
4.1
1.4
4.6
6.8
8.3
13.7
1.5
10.8
13.8
16.8
36.9
7.3
14.3
16.6
20.3
48.1
8.8
14.9
25.0
27.6
52.7
17.5
19.5
27.4
29.3
54.6
18.3
20.3
44.4
44.5
73.4
39.7
26.1
67.5
64.9
88.9
66.9
42.2
78.5
76.7
94.0
76.9
57.6
Lake Charles, La_______________________________
Manufacturing____ _________________________
Nonmanufacturing_________________ _______ .
Retail trade______________________ ______
Contract construction_____________________
18,200
6,500
11,700
3, 700
2,600
2.18
2.69
1.90
1.62
2.64
2.5
.4
3.7
5.4
(s)
6.0
.4
9.2
13.3
(5)
10.1
.7
15.3
24.5
1.7
13.6
3.8
19.1
33.7
1.9
19.2
7.0
26.0
37.7
6.6
20.9
8.0
28.0
38.8
8.1
32.4
12.0
43.7
57.6
17.1
45.3
16.3
61.6
78.1
27.8
59.8
31.5
75.7
87.6
49.5
Lexington, K y__________________________________
Manufacturing______________________________
Nonmanufacturing___________________________
Retail trade_____________________________
Contract construction________________ ____
24,800
7, 700
17,100
6,000
3,100
1.84
2.17
1.69
1.51
2.13
2.5
(5)
3.6
.6
.1
7.7
.3
11.0
6.8
.5
14.8
.7
21.2
28.4
4.8
18.0
1.4
25.6
37.1
6.6
23.1
6.0
30.9
41.4
8.7
25.7
8.2
33.6
45.7
8.8
40.3
19.1
49.9
65.5
23.7
63.2
44.3
71.8
81.3
51.1
79.3
65.3
85.6
91.6
65.9
Monroe, L a_____ ____ ______ ___________________
Manufacturing__________ ______ ______ _____
Nonmanufactnring___________________________
Retail trade_____________________________
Contract construction_____________________
15,800
5,500
10,200
3,300
1,900
1.74
1.99
1.60
1.40
2.05
5.5
(5)
8.5
10.0
(5)
10.5
1.6
15.3
21.7
.4
15.5
3.3
22.1
38.3
1.9
19.3
4.3
27.4
50.1
2.1
30.3
11.9
40.3
54.8
16.8
32.1
13.9
42.0
56.0
17.1
45.1
21.9
57.6
71.9
33.6
68.7
53.7
76.8
87.1
59.1
83.3
80.7
84.7
95.5
70.2
Tuscaloosa, Ala___ _______________________
Manufacturing_____________________________
Nonmanufacturing_________________ ___ _____
Retail trade_________________ ______ .
Contract construction_____________________
14,800
7,300
7,500
3,100
1,300
1.81
2.15
1.48
1.21
2.03
6.9
1.0
12.4
14.4
1.7
12.6
1.3
23.1
32.4
2.0
18.3
2.6
32.9
53.3
5.8
20.7
2.9
37.1
60.1
6.9
31.1
14.6
46.4
65.6
12.6
33.5
16.1
49.7
68.4
14.5
44.4
22.6
64.5
80.5
30.4
62.2
41.1
81.9
92.0
60.3
77.0
65.8
87.4
95.9
67.6
Wichita Falls, Tex________________________
M anufacturing... ___________ __________ . . .
Nonmanufacturing_____________________ . .
Retail trade_____________________________
Contract construction_____________________
14,900
2,800
12,200
4,400
1,500
1.70
1.76
1.68
1.52
2.14
3.1
(s)
3.8
3.7
(5)
8.7
.5
10.5
13.8
(»)
13.2
1.1
15.9
25.0
«
17.6
1.4
21.3
35.0
.7
24.4
13.6
26.9
41.0
2.3
26.5
15.6
29.0
43.1
2.5
48.9
41.9
50.4
62.3
32.1
72.0
69.1
72.7
81.3
50.8
86.1
89.5
85.3
91.0
67.5
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 Industry groups excluded from the survey were: agriculture, government,
petroleum and natural gas production, railroad transportation, and nonprofit
religious, charitable, educational, and humane organizations.
8 Metropolitan areas, as used in this study, refer to those city and county
areas defined by the Bureau of the Budget as Standard Metropolitan Sta
tistical Areas. Included are counties containing at least 1 central city with
a population of 50,000 or more as well as those adjacent counties that are
found to be metropolitan in character and economically and socially
integrated with the county containing the central city.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The following are the central cities and counties which comprise the metro
politan areas studied: Amarillo, Tex. (Potter and Randall Counties); Ashe
ville, N.C. (Buncombe County); Durham, N.C. (Durham County); Hunts
ville, Ala. (Madison County); Lake Charles, La. (Calcasieu Parish); Lexing
ton, Ky. (Fayette County); Monroe, La. (Ouachita Parish); Tuscaloosa,
Ala. (Tuscaloosa County); and Wichita Falls, Tex. (Archer and Wichita
Counties).
4 Data for manufacturing industries did not meet criteria for publication.
4 Less than 0.05 percent.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
942
least a fourth in the nine areas received less than
$1.05; and a majority of the workers earned less
than $1.25 in five of the areas.
Earnings in the contract construction industries,
in contrast with retail trade, were substantially
higher than the all nonmanufacturing average in
each of the areas. The range in earnings for
contract construction workers was from $1.71 an
hour in Durham to $2.64 in Amarillo and Lake
Charles. Earnings were at least $2.50 an hour
for three-tenths or more of the workers in six of
the areas. A comparison of contract construction
wage levels with those in manufacturing showed
that the former group had a pay advantage in
four of the areas.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
Changes in Average Hourly Earnings
The rise in area wage levels between June 1961
and June 1962 extended from 5 to 14 cents an hour.
(See chart.) The magnitude of changes in
earnings did not appear to relate to the area wage
level. Areas showing at least a 6-percent increase,
for example, included Lake Charles with the
highest average earnings and Wichita Falls with
next to the lowest earnings level. Only Hunts
ville improved its earnings rank relative to the
other areas over the year.
Pay levels increased a greater degree in non
manufacturing than in manufacturing for each of
the areas except Asheville, where the average for
Changes in Average Hourly Pay Levels, Selected Metropolitan Areas in the South, June1961June 1962
1 Insufficient data to warrant presentation.
2 Decrease of 1 cent.
3 Tlie increase in the all industries average is higher than manufacturing
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
and nonmanufacturing because of an increase in the proportion of manu
facturing workers in higher paying manufacturing industries between the
1961 and 1962 survey.
943
EARNINGS IN SELECTED METROPOLITAN AREAS OF THE SOUTH
factory workers was the lowest among the areas.5
Cents-per-hour increases in average hourly earn
ings in nonmanufacturing were as high as 13 cents
in three areas and from 10 to 12 cents in three
other areas, whereas the largest increase in manu
facturing was 8 cents an hour. The following
tabulation shows by what percentage average
hourly earnings of manufacturing workers are
greater than nonmanufacturing workers.
June
1961
Amarillo, Tex__________________________
Asheville, N .C __________________________
Durham, N .C __________________________
Lake Charles, La_______________________
Lexington, K y__________________________
Monroe, La____________________________
Tuscaloosa, Ala________________________
Wichita Falls, Tex______________________
4
9
26
51
32
30
54
14
June
1962
2
11
23
42
28
24
45
5
Changes in the Distribution of Earnings
In June 1961, the proportion of manufacturing
workers paid less than $1.15 an hour ranged from
5 to 16 percent. In June 1962—9 months
after the $1.15 Federal minimum wage became
effective—fewer than 5 percent of these workers
in any of the areas studied earned less than that
amount. Over the year, the proportion of workers
doubled at the 5-cent wage interval which in
cluded the $1.15 rate and in some areas tripled.
In each area, the proportion of factory workers
concentrated at or just above the $1.15 Federal
minimum in June 1962 was greater than the
proportion at or just above the $1 Federal mini
mum in effect in June 1961.
Changes in the distribution of factory earnings
were not entirely limited to the lower pay levels.
The proportion of factory workers earning at least
$2 an hour increased between survey years by
several percentage points in most of the areas,
although small declines were experienced in
Amarillo and Wichita Falls.
In nonmanufacturing industries, workers’ earn
ings were affected at two different pay levels by
5
Insufficient data were obtained for manufacturing in Huntsville to war
rant calculation of percentage differences.
« Retail coverage under the act was generally limited to enterprises with
$1 million or more annual gross. Retail establishments with less than
$250,000 annual sales which were part of such enterprises would generally
be exempt.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
the amendments to the Fair Labor Standards Act
effective in September 1961—$1.15 which applied
to workers covered by the act prior to the amend
ments (mostly in mining, transportation, public
utilities, finance, and wholesale trade); and $1
which applied to workers brought under the act in
1961 (mostly in retail trad e6). There were sub
stantial reductions in the proportion of workers
paid less than $1 and less than $1.15 an hour
between June 1961 and June 1962. The pro
portion of workers at or just above the $1.15
Federal minimum increased in each of the areas
studied. Although many of the workers at
the $1 to $1.05 wage interval in June 1961 were
raised to the higher minimum, the effect of these
increases on the earnings distributions was partly
offset, apparently, by the movement into this
earnings interval of newly protected workers, since
the proportion of nonmanufacturing workers earn
ing between $1 and $1.05 an hour did not change
significantly between survey years.
Changes at the $1 level were much sharper when
earnings of retail employees were examined sepa
rately, as shown in the following tabulation:
Percentage of retail workers earning—
Less than $1______ $1 to $1.05
June
June
June
June
1961
1962
1962
1961
12
17
8
Tex_____ ____ _____ 21
Amarillo,
Asheville, N.C
_____
Durham, N.C___ ______ _____
Huntsville, N.C______ .____
Lake Charles, La___________
Lexington, Ky_ _ ________
Monroe, La____
._____
Tuscaloosa, Ala _ _ _________
Wichita Falls, Tex__ __ ._____
35
28
46
34
25
43
50
29
17
10
12
14
10
13
10
10
12
15
13
7
22
32
14
9
20
23
23
11
22
17
21
11
Up to half and no less than a fifth of these workers
in any single area earned less than $1 an hour in
June 1961. No more than a third of such workers
were paid less than $1 in June 1962, and the pro
portions with these earnings were more than halved
in most of the areas between survey periods.
Concomitantly, the proportion of workers con
centrated at the $1 to $1.05 wage interval in
creased substantially in most of the areas.
—H erbert S chaffer
Division of National Wage and Salary Income
944
Earnings in Leather Tanning
and Finishing, March 1963
S traight-time earnings of production and re
lated workers in leather tanning and finishing
establishments averaged $2.13 an hour in March
1963. All but 5 percent of the 25,493 workers
covered by a Bureau of Labor Statistics study 1
earned between $1 and $3 an hour; a tenth of the
workers earned less than $1.50, and 5 percent
earned $3 or more. Average earnings for produc
tion workers varied by location, establishment
size, community size, labor-management contract
coverage, and occupation.
A large majority of the workers were in estab
lishments providing paid holidays and vacations,
as well as several types of health and insurance
plans.
Earnings
Compared with the nationwide average earn
ings of $2.13 an hour, production-worker averages
in the three major regions 2—together accounting
for slightly more than four-fifths of the industry’s
work force—were: $2.10 in New England, $2.20
in the Middle Atlantic, and $2.27 in the Great
Lakes. Workers in the Border and Southeast
regions averaged $1.89 and $1.60 an hour, respec
tively. (See accompanying table.) The March
1963 average for all production workers was 7.6
percent above the average of $1.98 in May 1959,
when the Bureau conducted a similar study.3
Since that study, average earnings of production
workers increased 5 percent in New England, 8.1
percent in the Great Lakes region, and 10.6 percent
in the Middle Atlantic region.
Men accounted for nine-tenths of the industry’s
production workers in March 1963 and averaged
$2.16 an hour—36 cents more than the average for
women. Men greatly outnumbered women in all
but one of the occupations studied separately; an
equal number of men and women were employed
as trimmers (dry).
Production workers in establishments with 100
or more employees averaged $2.17 an hour—16
cents more than workers in smaller establishments.
Among the three major regions, the average wage
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
advantage for workers in the larger establishments
amounted to 9 cents in New England, 14 cents in
the Middle Atlantic, and 52 cents in the Great
Lakes region.
Production workers employed in metropolitan
areas 4 averaged $2.23 an hour compared with
$1.98 for workers in smaller communities. In
New England, workers in metropolitan areas
averaged 42 cents an hour more than those in the
smaller communities; in the other two major
regions, however, averages for the two com
munity-size groups were almost identical.
Production workers in establishments having
collective bargaining agreements averaged $2.22
an hour—27 cents an hour more than workers in
establishments without such agreements. Among
the three major regions, the differential amounted,
on the average, to 11 cents in the Middle Atlantic,
24 cents in the Great Lakes, and 42 cents in New
England.
The exact impact on earnings of any of the
characteristics identified above cannot be isolated
and measured because of their interrelationship
and the influence of other factors, including
method of wage payment.
Slightly more than half of the industry’s pro
duction workers were paid under incentive wage
systems, usually individual piece rate systems.
Regionally, the proportions of workers paid on
an incentive basis were nearly a third in the
Southeast, approximately half in three other
regions, and three-fifths in New England.
1 The study covered establishments employing 20 workers or more and
primarily engaged in tanning, currying, and finishing hides and skins into
leather (industry 3111, except leather converters, as defined in the 1957 edition
of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual prepared by the U.S. Bureau
of the Budget).
A more comprehensive account of this study is presented in Industry Wage
Survey: Leather Tanning and Finishing, March 1968 (BLS Bulletin 1378).
Individual releases providing data on earnings and supplementary benefits
were issued earlier for: Boston; Fulton County, N.Y.; Illinois; Maine;
Newark and Jersey City; New Hampshire; Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington; and Wisconsin.
The straight-time hourly earnings presented in this article differ in concept
from the gross average hourly earnings published in the Bureau’s monthly
hours and earnings series. Unlike the latter, the averages presented hero
exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and
late shifts, and average earnings are calculated by summing individual hourly
earnings and dividing by the number of such individuals. In the monthly
series, the sum of the man-hour totals reported by establishments iri the
industry is divided into reported payroll totals. The monthly series includes
leather converters which were excluded from this study.
2 For difinition of regions used in this study, see footnote 2 of table.
3 See “ Earnings in Leather Tanning and Finishing, May 1959,” Monthly
Labor Review, October 1959, pp. 1114-1119.
‘ For definition, see footnote 4 of table.
945
EARNINGS IN LEATHER TANNING AND FINISHING
Percent of workers with straight-time
hourly earnings of less than—
Earnings of all but 5 percent of the workers
were between $1 and $3 an hour, with the middle
half earning between $1.80 and $2.46. A tenth
of the workers earned less than $1.50, with a
larger proportion at these levels in the Southeast
and Border States than in the major regions:
N
u m b e r and
$1.X 0
New England________
Middle Atlantic_____
Border States________
Southeast___________
Great Lakes_________
$1 .3 0
4.
1.
11.
6.
1.
0. 6
.3
9. 1
3. 8
.8
$1.1,0
2
7
8
2
8
7.
2.
20.
25.
2.
A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n i n g s 1 o f P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s i n L e a t h e r T a n n in g
i s h i n g E s t a b l i s h m e n t s , b y S e l e c t e d C h a r a c t e r is t ic s a n d R e g i o n s ,2 M a r c h 1963
United States *
Characteristic
All production workers___ _______
Workers
New England
Earn Workers
ings1
Middle Atlantic
Earn Workers
ings1
Border States
Earn Workers
ings 1
Southeast
Earn Workers
ings 1
$1.5 0
7
7
1
6
7
and
10.
3.
23.
51.
3.
5
8
5
1
6
F in
Great Lakes
Earn Workers
ings 1
Earn
ings 1
25,493
$2.13
7,586
$2.10
6,938
$2.20
2,439
$1.89
1,198
$1.60
6,462
$2.27
23,200
2,293
$2.16
1.80
6,911
675
$2.14
1.73
6,434
504
$2.22
1.84
2,170
269
$1.90
1.88
1,088
110
$1.62
1.35
5, 732
730
$2.32
1.87
6,612
18,881
2.01
2.17
2,454
5,132
2.04
2.13
2,120
4,818
2.10
2.24
2,187
1.91
1,011
5,451
1.83
2.35
14,961
10, 532
2.23
1.98
4.185
3,401
2.29
1.87
4,268
2,670
2.20
2.19
1,060
1,379
2.19
1.67
4,499
1,963
2.28
2.25
17,138
8,355
2.22
1.95
5,257
2,329
2.23
1.81
5,244
1,694
2.22
2.11
1,248
1,191
1.82
1.97
4,303
2,159
2.35
2.11
10,201
2,506
1,648
2,022
2.16
1.88
2.28
2. 28
4,323
2.06
1,027
2.12
1,272
1.67
3,834
2.39
941
339
414
112
76
2.40
2.33
2.48
2.28
2.46
362
148
116
43
55
2.42
2.30
2.44
2. 58
2.53
193
46
96
41
10
2.48
2.40
2.63
2.23
2.49
28
17
2.08
2.37
84
34
34
13
1.53
1. 52
1.53
1.56
257
94
151
12
2. 65
2.63
2. 69
2.34
677
845
435
763
187
872
658
360
386
775
636
277
359
916
1,852
801
176
875
514
2.25
2.11
2.31
2.15
1.72
1.78
1.86
2.03
2.02
2. 09
2.60
2.61
2.60
2.42
2.46
2.48
2.41
2.45
2.03
241
296
143
151
53
304
272
121
122
279
207
15
192
271
767
302
103
362
226
2.21
2.02
2.31
2.05
1.82
1.75
1.85
2.01
1.84
2.00
2. 55
2. 52
2.55
2.43
2.38
2.39
2.12
2. 46
1.98
139
190
121
205
37
202
151
77
121
141
157
81
76
280
392
104
41
247
83
2.28
2.31
2.37
2.18
1.67
1.88
1.87
2.10
2.27
2.26
2.70
2.92
2.47
2. 56
2.54
2.34
3.46
2.47
2.17
64
28
46
63
24
119
58
29
71
62
35
17
18
36
115
14
1.94
2.26
1.98
1.84
1.48
1.54
1. 58
1.80
1.89
1.78
2.66
2.33
2. 97
2. 95
2. 57
1.75
52
48
16
61
12
30
1.75
1.59
1.65
1.76
1.44
1.43
57
31
1.48
1.61
92
30
2. 79
1.87
17
30
1.41
1.49
162
188
88
227
58
183
143
99
50
239
208
143
65
222
481
366
15
100
122
2.54
2.31
2.47
2.36
1.83
1.98
2.03
2.15
2.23
2.26
2.64
2.56
2.80
2.41
2. 56
2.65
1.75
2.36
2.19
S ex
Men................................................................
Women.............. ........ ........ ..........................
Size
of
E stablishment
20-99 workers. _
100 workers or more _
Size
of
C ommunity
Metropolitan areas *__________________
Nonmetropolitan areas ...............................
931
1.63
L abor-M anagement C ontracts
Establishments with—
Majority of workers covered________
None or minority of workers covered_
M ajor T ype
of
L eather 4
Side leather
Sole leather__________________ _______
Upper leather, calf____________________
TTppp.r lftathnr, kid
_
.... _ _ _
Selected Occupations
Buffers, machine_______________ _____
Automatic, large__________________
Automatic, small_________________
Buzzle__________________________
Overshot________________________
Colorers, fat liquorers, or oilwheel
operators____ ___________ __________
Embossing- or plating-press operators___
Fleshing-machine operators____________
Haulers__________________ __________
Janitors____________ ________ ________
Laborers, material handling, dry work___
Laborers, material handling, wet work__
Measuring machine operators____ _____
Seasoners, hand______________________
Seasoners’ machine_________ __________
Shaving machine operators____________
Automatic_______________________
Hand operators___________________
Stakers, machine_____________________
Tackers, togglers, and pasters.....................
Pasters______________________ ____
Tackers
Togglers_________________________
Trimmers, dry.............. ...... .....................
i Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
» The regions in this study are: New England—Connecticut, Maine, Massa
chusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic—
New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Border States—Delaware, Dis
trict of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia;
Southeast—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South
Carolina, and Tennessee; and Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin.
s Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. Alaska
and Hawaii were not included in the study.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4
The term “ metropolitan area,” as used in this study, refers to the Stand
ard Metropolitan Statistical Areas established under the sponsorship of the
U.S. Bureau of the Budget.
4 Establishments were classified on the basis of the major type of leather
tanned or finished during the preceding year. The production-worker total
above includes data for establishments tanning or finishing other types of
leather in addition to those shown separately.
N ote: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publi
cation criteria.
946
The occupational classifications for which sepa
rate data were obtained accounted for three-fifths
of the production workers within the scope of
the study. Hourly averages for those jobs ranged
from $1.72 for janitors to $2.60 for shaving
machine operators. The 1,852 tackers, togglers,
and pasters—'the largest occupational category
studied separately—Averaged $2.46. Other nu
merically important jobs and their averages were
material handling laborers, $1.78 on dry work
and $1.86 on wet work; machine seasoners,
$2.09; embossing- or plating-press operators,
$2.11; haulers, $2.15; colorers, fat liquorers, or
oilwheel operators, $2.25; machine buffers, $2.40;
and machine stakers, $2.42. The accompanying
table presents average earnings for some of the
occupations studied separately and indicates
variations in occupational earnings levels among
the regions.
Establishment Practices
Data were also obtained on work schedules and
selected supplementary benefits, including paid
holidays and vacations and several types of health,
insurance, and pension plans.5
A work schedule of 40 hours a week was in effect
in establishments employing nine-tenths of the
industry’s production workers in March 1963.
This was also the predominant weekly work
schedule in each of the regions. Approximately
an eighth of the workers were employed on late
shifts.
Paid holidays—ranging from 3 to 10 annually—•
were provided by establishments accounting for
nearly all of the industry’s production workers.
8 Establishment practices for production workers are briefly described in
this article. Additional details for these workers and information on office
workers are presented in BLS Bulletin 1378, op. cit.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
Regionally, the most common holiday provisions
were 9 days a year in New England, 7 days in the
Middle Atlantic and Border States, 6 days plus
2 half days in the Great Lakes, and 5 days in the
Southeast.
Paid vacations after qualifying periods of
service were provided by establishments employ
ing virtually all of the production workers. A
large majority of the workers were in establish
ments providing 1 week of vacation pay after 1
year of service, 2 weeks after 5 years, and 3 weeks
after 15 years. A fifth of the workers were in
establishments providing 4 weeks of vacation pay
after 25 years of service. Vacation provisions
tended to be more liberal in the Great Lakes than
in the other regions.
Life, hospitalization, and surgical insurance for
which the employer paid at least part of the cost
were available to more than nine-tenths of the
production workers. Four-fifths of the workers
were in establishments providing sickness and
accident insurance; nearly three-fourths in those
providing medical insurance; about half in those
having accidental death and dismemberment
insurance; and a tenth in those with catastrophe
insurance. The proportion of workers in plants
providing specified health and insurance benefits
varied by region.
Retirement pension benefits providing regular
payments for the remainder of the worker’s life
upon retirement (other than benefits available
under Federal old-age, survivors, and disability
insurance) were available to approximately half of
the production workers. Provisions for retire
ment severance pay were reported by plants
employing an eighth of the production workers.
— G eorge L . S telluto
Division of Occupational Pay
EQUAL PAY ACT OF 1963
Equal Pay Act
of 1963
o t e .'— The following is the jull text of
the Equal Pay Act of 1968 (PL-88-88), which
was signed into law by President John F.
Kennedy on June 10, 1963.
E d it o r ’s N
S e c . 2(a) The Congress hereby finds that the
existence in industries engaged in commerce or in
the production of goods for commerce of wage
differentials based on sex—(1) depresses wages and
living standards for employees necessary for their
health and efficiency; (2) prevents the maximum
utilization of the available labor resources; (3)
tends to cause labor disputes, thereby burdening,
affecting, and obstructing commerce; (4) burdens
commerce and the free flow of goods in commerce;
and (5) constitutes an unfair method of compe
tition.
(b) I t is hereby declared to be the policy of this
act, through exercise by Congress of its power to
regulate commerce among the several States and
with foreign nations, to correct the conditions
above referred to in such industries.
S e c . 3. Section 6 of the Fair Labor Standards
Act of 1938, as amended (29 U.S.C. et seq.), is
amended by adding thereto a new subsection (d)
as follows:
“ (d)(1) No employer having employees subject
to any provisions of this section shall discriminate,
within any establishment in which such employees
are employed, between employees on the basis of
sex by paying wages to employees in such estab
lishment at a rate less than the rate at which he
pays wages to employees of the opposite sex in
such establishment for equal work on jobs the
performance of which requires equal skill, effort,
and responsibility, and which are performed under
similar working conditions, except where such pay
ment is made pursuant to (i) a seniority system;
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
947
(ii) a merit system; (iii) a system which measures
earnings by quantity or quality of production; or
(iv) a differential based on any other factor other
than sex: Provided, T hat an employer who is pay
ing a wage rate differential in violation of this
subsection shall not, in order to comply with the
provisions of this subsection, reduce the wage rate
of any employee.
“ (2) No labor organization, or its agents, repre
senting employees of an employer having employ
ees subject to any provisions of this section shall
cause or attem pt to cause such an employer to
discriminate against an employee in violation of
paragraph (1) of this subsection.
“ (3) For purposes of administration and en
forcement, any amounts owing to any employee
which have been withheld in violation of this sub
section shall be deemed to be unpaid minimum
wages or unpaid overtime compensation under
this act.
“ (4) As used in this subsection, the term Tabor
organization’ means any organization of any kind,
or any agency or employee representation com
mittee or plan, in which employees participate and
which exists for the purpose, in whole or in part,
of dealing with employers concerning grievances,
labor disputes, wages, rates of pay, hours of em
ployment, or conditions of work.”
S ec. 4. The amendments made by this act shall
take effect upon the expiration of one year
from the date of its enactment: Provided, That
in the case of employees covered by a bona fide
collective bargaining agreement in effect at least
thirty days prior to the date of enactment of this
act, entered into by a labor organization (as
defined in section 6(d)(4) of the Fair Labor
Standards Act of 1938, as amended), the amend
ments made by this act shall take effect upon
the termination of such collective bargaining
agreement or upon the expiration of two years
from the date of enactment of this act, whichever
shall first occur.
Technical Note
The Use of Price Indexes
in Escalator Contracts
I n l o n g - t e r m c o n t r a c t s governing wages, rents,
■continuous or future delivery of a product,
alimony payments, administration of legacies,
and delivery of a new product for which the seller
has no satisfactory cost estimate, to name a few
examples, changes in the purchasing power of the
dollar pose a problem because they are beyond the
control of the contracting parties. One method
the parties use to protect themselves against un
foreseen price change, especially in times of inflation,
is the escalator clause. Essentially, this attempts
to have the transaction price represent constantvalue units as measured by the quantity of goods
and services which a given amount of money will
buy. It usually employs a price index as an
objective means of adjusting the actual price.
One advantage of escalation is that the techniques
and measures used to convert monetary units
into constant-value units are normally mechanical
and, once established, cannot be manipulated by
either party. Another is that it is relatively in
expensive to administer since, after the mechanics
have been agreed upon, very little computing is
required.
This article discusses the techniques of escala
tion using the two major price indexes published
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics—the Consumer
Price Index (CPI) and the Wholesale Price
Index (WPI). It does not discuss the pros and
cons of using one type of index or data as against
another, or the desirability of escalation in pref
erence to other means of protecting against price
change.1 Both of these are matters for the
948
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
contracting parties to decide. But, for those who
are interested in escalation, the article highlights
some of the essential qualities of the data they
may specify in the contract, shows how these
data should be described in the agreement, and
suggests techniques for adjustments.
BLS Data for Escalation Purposes
The Consumer Price Index. The CPI measures
changes in the cost of a list of goods and services
which represents the items important in the
expenditures of urban wage earners and clerical
workers and their families. It does not measure
their actual expenditures or their total cost of
living, both of which include outlays for such
purposes as income taxes, contributions to charity,
and personal insurance—things which the workers
and their families do not “consume.” Nor does
it measure the cost of changes in the manner or
level of living which are typically associated with
changes in income, size of family, the age of
family members, etc. It does, however, measure
changes in the prices of things which the “average”
family normally buys for current consumption
and, conversely, the purchasing power of the
dollar spent by workers and their families as a
group.
The same items are priced month after month,
using specifications to insure that identical quali
ties are priced, in about 50 cities These cities
represent all urban areas from metropolitan New
York City to communities with as few as 2,500
i Other methods include hedging, which involves use of a counter-balancing
transaction; cost plus contracts, which places the risk on one of the parties;
target or incentive contracts, which stipulate the original price and a fee,
with the fee increased if costs are decreased; and delivery price contracts,
which provide that price will be determined by market or cost conditions at
the time of future delivery.
PRICE INDEXES IN ESCALATOR CLAUSES
residents. Price trends in each city affect the
United States index according to population.
Within each city, price changes for the sample
goods and services are combined with weights
based on the importance in family expenditures
of the sample items and the related items which
they represent. Thus, if families make 1 percent
of their outlays for milk and 20 percent for rent,
a 5-percent rise in rents would have 20 times as
much effect on the index as a 5-percent rise in
milk prices.
Once the item sample has been determined, it
stays fixed until the next m ajor weight revision2
or until there is clear evidence th at an alteration
in the list of goods or services is called for. F or
example, as wages and their purchasing power
rise, workers begin to spend proportionately less
for food and other necessities and eventually the
index weights must be revised. Also, new items
must be added from time to time as they become
important— such as television sets and nylon hose.
The CPI is published about the 25th of the
month following that to which the index applies
and reflects prices collected at varying dates during
the entire month. Separate indexes are avail
able for most of the largest cities: for New York,
Chicago, Los Angeles, Detroit, and Philadelphia
on a monthly basis; for the others on a quarterly
basis. In addition to the total, or the All Items
index, separate indexes are calculated for major
categories of family spending: Food, housing,
apparel, transportation, etc.3
The C P I has been used for m any years as a
wage escalator in labor-management contracts.
I t is estimated th at about 2 million workers are
now covered by such agreements. The index is
also used to a lesser extent to adjust rent pay
ments, royalties, pensions, and alimony payments.
2 These revisions, based on detailed surveys of workers’ ineomesand expend
itures, are made at intervals of about 10 years. The next revision is sched
uled for completion with the January 1964 index. A summary of the major
changes incident to the revision was published in the Ju ly issue of the Review,
pp. 794-795.
8 A more detailed description of the index as currently calculated is avail
able on request.
4 Official monthly indexes are available separately for some of the major
groups of commodities, as well as for the total, continuously since 1890. A
finer classification by subgroups of commodities is available since 1913.
In 1952, the third level of classification— product class—was introduced;
these have been extended back to 1947.
s Questionnaires were sent to the 2,700 names on the mailing list for the
monthly press release and to the 4,200 who receive the detailed report. The
number of usable returns totaled 3,026.
6 9 4 - 5 9 5 — 63-
-5
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
949
Recently, an insurance company began issuing
life insurance policies which contain a provision
that benefits will be increased in proportion to the
rises in the C P I.
The Wholesale Price Index. The WPI is a general
purpose index designed to provide a continuous
monthly series showing price changes, singly and
in combination, for all commodities sold in primary
markets of the United States. The index meas
ures the general rate and direction of price move
ments in primary markets and the specific changes
for individual commodities or groups of commodi
ties. It is based on a sample of over 2,100 com
modities chosen to represent a wide variety of
commodity specifications and markets. The
prices used in constructing this index are those
which apply at the first important commercial
transaction for each commodity. Most are the
selling prices of representative manufacturers
or producers or prices quoted on organized ex
changes or markets. The basic weights are total
transactions as reported in the latest industrial
censuses.
The index is intended to measure price changes
between two periods of time, excluding the in
fluence of changes in quality, quantity, terms of
delivery, level of distribution, unit priced, or
source of price. To accomplish this, the index
calculations are based on the relative change from
one period to the next in prices of identical or
nearly identical items, as defined by precise
specifications.
The basic All Commodities index is divided into
15 major groups and about 80 subgroups. In
addition, some 300 “product class” indexes,
which group commodities characterized by similar
ity of raw materials, production processes, or
end use, are of particular interest to users of
escalator clauses.4 The Bureau will also, under
contract, construct indexes for special combina
tions of individual series to meet the specifica
tions of the parties to an escalator agreement.
A 1961 survey of WPI users 5 revealed that
932 companies or individuals used the WPI for
the escalation of sales or purchase contracts
totaling nearly $14 billion. The indexes most
frequently specified in escalator contracts are
shown on the following page.
950
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
Number of
contracts
Metals and metal products_____________________
All commodities________________________________
Ail commodities other than farm
products and foods___________________________
Finished steel products_________________________
Steel mill products_____________________________
Iron and steel__________________________________
Machinery and motive products_________________
Electrical machinery and equipment_____________
Machinery and equipment______________________
Structural steel shapes__________________________
Petroleum and products________________________
Industrial chemicals____________________________
General purpose machinery and equipment_______
Chemicals and allied products___________________
Carbon plates__________________________________
Crude petroleum_______________________________
Lumber and wood products_____________________
Specially constructed index for
metals and metal products____________________
178
124
87
87
73
66
24
23
19
19
19
16
15
14
13
10
10
10
Elements of Escalation
There are three major elements in an escalator
clause contract:
1. Establishment of the initial price or rate at
the time of the contract. The escalator clause
protects against radical changes in real costs from
the original estimate; it cannot correct an errone
ous or inequitable original price. In fact, if the
original price is incorrect, almost any escalator
clause will exaggerate the error over time.
2. Selection of an appropriate escalating index.
Escalation is usually based on an index which is
assumed to represent the commodity or service
being escalated. The escalator, then, is subject
to any limitations inherent in the escalator index.
The CPI is generally used for escalating wages
and items sold at retail levels; the WPI is more
often used for adjusting prices of raw materials
or production equipment, industrial rents, etc.
3. Procedures for carrying out the escalation.
Six basic points are usually defined in escalator
mechanisms:
A. Identification of the Index To Be Used. The
index used as the escalator should always be
completely identified regardless of whether it is
a widely known index or a special combination of
individual series or categories. Exact title and
the index base period should be indicated. For
example, an adequate identification would be:
The Consumer Price Index, All Items, U.S., 1957-
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
59 = 100, or the Wholesale Price Index, All Com
modities (Except Farm and Food Products),
1957-59 = 100, issued by the U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics. The indexes are published first in a month
ly press release, about 2 weeks later in a detailed
report, and, about a month thereafter, in the
Current Labor Statistics section of the Monthly
Labor Review. The publication to be used should
be specifically named in the contract.
If the contract is based on the WPI, it is safer
to specify whether the preliminary or final index 6
is to be used. The CPI is final on first publica
tion. If an item or group or specially computed
combination of individual WPI series is to be
used, the BLS code or category numbers should
be included in the identification.
In specially computed indexes based on either
the CPI or WPI, the relative weights of items
should be specified. For example, an index for
escalating the price of turbines might assign the
major components of the product the following
relative importances to reflect changes in material
costs:
Carbon steel plate________________
Carbon steel sheet________________
Electrical sheet___________________
Steel forgings____________________
Copper wire_____________________
B L S Code
Weight
(percent)
10-14-26
10-14-46
10-14-50
10-15-71
10-26-01
50
20
15
7^
7^
B. Reference Dates of Escalation. The date to which
the index being used as the base of the escalator
refers should always be indicated. The reference
base period is usually not the same as the base
period of the price index or series; for example, the
reference index may be the CPI for March 1962,
stated on the 1957-59 official base period. The
reference date of indexes on which subsequent
changes are to be computed should also be speci
fied. The parties may prefer—for the escalator
base or the subsequent adjustments—to use a
particular month’s index, an annual average, or
an average for 3 months, or 6 months, or 5 years,
or any other period or date, whatever suits their
purpose. In any event, the contract should
specify precisely the reference dates of the indexes
to be used.
J Indexes are^considered preliminary for 1 month, or until the index for the
month following the date of reference is published.
PRICE INDEXES IN ESCALATOR CLAUSES
C. Frequency of Adjustment. It should also specify
the effective dates of adjustments. The parties
may agree that adjustments are to be made
quarterly. For example, if the index goes up
or down by a specified number of points or fraction
of a point by the end of the quarter, the change in
wages, rents, etc., takes place automatically at a
stipulated time. If the index does not change by
at least this amount, then no change is called for
in the wage rate, rent, or product price.
On the other hand, the change in the payment
may be required whenever the index reaches a
certain point—118.0 (1947-49 = 100), 120.0, etc.—
or when it changes by a specified amount. Thus,
if an increase of 1 cent in a wage rate is called for
whenever the index moves up 0.5 point, the time
interval is immaterial—it may be 1 month or 6,
or 12, etc.
Two factors should be considered in deciding
the frequency of adjustments:
1. Too frequent adjustments may create some
difficulties because of the seasonal or erratic
movements of prices, particularly for farm prod
ucts and foods. As commodities move up the
processing scale away from raw materials into
more highly fabricated goods, seasonal price
changes tend to become progressively less impor
tant. Use of quarterly, semiannual, or annual
average indexes will minimize such periodic
fluctuations and result in a smoother adjustment
pattern.
Conversely, in a period of continuous price
movement in one direction, infrequent adjust
ments may understate the true change somewhat,
since escalator clauses adjust only for what has
already happened. When prices are rising, pay
ments do not increase as rapidly as the index;
when prices are falling, payments do not
decrease as fast as the index.
2. The time lag between collection of the basic
price data and publication of the indexes does not
permit the contracting parties to time adjustments
to coincide with the occurrence of price changes.
For the CPI and the WPI, 4 to 6 weeks elapse
between the collection and the release of the
index, even in preliminary form. If a final
index is used, then the lag increases by at least a
7 The reference base for both the C P I and the W PI was changed in 1962
from 1947-49=100 to 1957-59=100. Although the indexes are also available
on the 1947-49 base, users should consider shifting to the new base as soon as
practicable.
6 9 4 -5 9 5 — 6 3 --------6
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
951
month. Unless provision is made for this re
porting lag, the understatement of the true price
change will be intensified when prices are changing
rapidly. In many instances, particularly for
rents, retroactive payments are called for in
order to correct the time lag.
I). The Mechanics of Adjustment. The heart of the
escalator clause is the method of adjustment,
which can be varied in many ways, depending on
the purpose for which the index is to be used and
the wishes of the contracting parties. There are
two basic methods of adjusting payments in
accordance with a price index—one is to apply to
the price (or the wage rate) some multiple of the
percentage change in the index; the other is to
provide that for each specified absolute change in
the index, the price will change by some specified
amount. Either method is satisfactory. How
ever, unless the base index is exactly 100.0, a
change of one index point is not the same as a
change of 1 percent. When the index is greater
than 100, a change of an index point is less than
a change of 1 percent and when the index is less
than 100, a change of a point is more than a
change of 1 percent. Therefore, a clause might
read that prices will change 1 percent for each
1-percent change in the index or that prices will
change a given dollar-and-cents amount for each
1-point change in the index.
Many wage agreements contain a cents-to-point
relationship, requiring that wage rates be upped
by a cent for every change of one-half (or 0.5)
point from the base index. Others condition the
change on 0.6 point, a whole point, etc. Such a
relationship frequently is predicated on the wage
rate-price index relationship at the time of the
agreement. For example, if the base index for
escalation is 120.0 and the average wage is $2.40
per hour, then one index point is equivalent to 2
cents and one-half point equals 1 cent. To main
tain this relationship, the parties may agree on a
1-cent wage increase if the index moves up onehalf point. Under this type of agreement, a new
cents-to-point relationship must be calculated
when the BLS changes its index base period,
because rebasing changes the value of an index
point.7 The index-wage relationship can also be
of the percentage type. This is less frequently
used in wage agreements than the cents-to-point
relationship—perhaps because the resulting wage
952
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
rates might result in fractions of a cent or because
the concept is not quite as simple.
For leases and other long-term price agreements,
the percent-of-change technique offers no diffi
culty. If this method is adopted, the clause
should specify how the change is to be computed;
for example, the parties may decide that an index
change of 12.5 percent is to result in a price ad
justment of 12 percent, 12.5 percent, or 13 percent,
or they may work out a schedule of changes, as in
the cents-to-point contracts. As both the CPI
and the WPI are published to one decimal place,
it is desirable that contracts refer to the indexes
in these terms.
E. Upper and Lower Limits of Adjustment. The
escalator clause should specify whether adjust
ments will be made for index changes in either
direction or only one. If an agreement mentions
increases only, presumably decreases are not
contemplated. Some clauses, on the other hand,
specify that wages, rents, etc., are to move down
as well as up but are not to drop below a specified
minimum; for example, a wage escalation clause
may call for a 1-cent decrease for every 0.4 index
point down to an index level of 97.8.
viously published as final, because of late reports
or errors. The contract should specify whether or
not account is to be taken of such corrections.
For statistical accuracy, the Bureau is com
mitted to keep the composition of the indexes in
line with prevailing conditions. In both the CPI
and the WPI, the BLS revises commodity specifi
cations, adds new products, discontinues obsolete
items, and, from time to time, revises the weighting
structure and reference base.
Escalator mechanisms cannot be controlled by
either party, so agreements often stipulate a
procedure to follow if the escalator mechanism
changes or disappears. In most cases, this pro
cedure simply states that the original issuing
agency will be sole judge of the comparability of
successive indexes, and that if the agency cannot
supply indexes which are comparable, a named inde
pendent authority (such as the dean of the business
school or the head of the economics department in
the State university) will select a method of con
tinuing the contract. When the relationship is
one of cents to point as in a wage contract, the
parties may want to renegotiate. For this reason,
the Bureau gives notice of anticipated changes in
the official indexes at least 6 months in advance.
F. Provision jor Revision of the Index. The Bureau
occasionally publishes corrections of indexes pre
Division of Industrial Prices and Price Indexes
— F rancis
S. C unningham
The compiler of a general-purpose index number . . . cannot foresee to
what uses and misuses his figures will be put. For each of the legitimate uses
he might conceivably devise an appropriate series. But he cannot conceivably
devise a single series that will serve all uses equally well. For the very
qualities that make an index number good, say, for the man of affairs con
cerned with the business outlook, may make it bad for other men interested
in the fortunes of farmers, in the effects of the tariff, in the relation between
gold output and prices, in comparing changes in price levels in different
countries, etc. The day has not yet come when the uses of index numbers
are sufficiently differentiated and standardized to secure the regular publica
tion of numerous special-purpose series. Until that day does come, the
making of general-purpose series will continue and the makers will go on
choosing their methods perforce on rather vague and general grounds. So
long also must most of the users of index numbers put up with figures imper
fectly adapted to their ends.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
— From Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices in the United States and Foreign
Countries (BLS Bulletin 173, 1915), p. 26.
Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*
Labor Relations
Agency Shop. On June 3, 1963, the U.S. Supreme
Court handed down two unanimous decisions
clarifying the legal status of agency-shop contracts.
The Court held that such agreements are a legiti
mate form of union security under section 8(a)(3)
of the Labor Management Relations Act, but
that they may be prohibited by State law under
section 14(b) of the act.
In the first case, the Court ruled 1 that it was
an unfair labor practice for an employer to refuse
bargaining on a union’s proposal of an agencyshop agreement requiring nonunion employees to
pay to the union amounts equal to initiation fees
and membership dues as a condition of employ
ment. Where not prohibited by a State law, the
Court held, such an agreement conditions employ
ment upon a practical equivalent of union “mem
bership” within the meaning of the act’s unionshop provision.
The case grew out of a dispute between the
General Motors Corp. and the United Automobile
Workers, whose national agreement requiring all
employees to join the union did not apply “in
any State which prohibits, or otherwise makes
unlawful, membership in a labor organization as
a condition of employment.” Since Indiana’s
right-to-work law, however, permits the agency
shop, the union demanded that the company
bargain on an agency shop proposal which would
require all nonunion employees hired at the com
pany’s Indiana plants to pay to the union, within
30 days after the agreement or their initial em
ployment, a sum equal to the initiation fee and
monthly sums equal to the regular membership
dues.
Contending that such an agreement would vio
late the LMRA, the company refused to bargain
on this proposal. The union filed charges with
the National Labor Relations Board, which held
that the agency shop was a legitimate union se
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
curity arrangement and that the employer had
committed an unfair labor practice by refusing to
bargain on it.2 The court of appeals reversed,
holding that section 8(a)(3) of the act, authorizing
agreements requiring “membership” in a labor
organization as a condition of employment, did
not permit an agency shop since such an agree
ment does not require membership in the union.3
The Supreme Court agreed with the Board
that the agency shop is a legitimate form of
union security and a proper subject for collective
bargaining. It said that the 1947 amendments
to the act had altered the meaning of “member
ship” for purposes of union security contracts by
making union membership as a condition of em
ployment dependent only upon payment of fees
and dues. The union’s agency-shop proposal
would condition employment upon the “practical
equivalent” of membership under section 8(a)(3)
of the amended act.
Although the Court recognized that, under the
agency-shop arrangement, the employee’s name
would not be placed on the union rolls, it dismissed
this as a distinction more formal than real in
the context of permitted union security arrange
ments. Noting that administrative and judicial
rulings under the Wagner Act had approved
forms of union security “less severe” than the
closed or union shop, the Court also said that
the 1947 Taft-Hartley amendments were not
intended to validate only the union shop and
abolish all other union security agreements per
mitted by State law. Its view of the legislative
history of the amendments was that Congress
intended “to reduce the evils of compulsory
unionism while allowing financial support for the
bargaining agent.”
Since the agency shop was a legitimate form of
union security, the company’s refusal to bargain
on the union’s proposal constituted an unfair
•Prepared in the U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The
cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions
believed to be of special interest. No attem pt has been made to reflect all
recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law or to
indicate the eflect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the existence
of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue pre
sented.
1 N L R B v. G e n e r a l M o to r s C o r p . (U.S. Sup. Ct., June 3,1963).
2 G e n e r a l M o to r s C o r p . and U n it e d A u to m o b il e W o r k e r s , 133 NLRB 451
(1961); see M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , December 1961, pp. 1367-68.
2
G e n e r a l M o to r s C o r p . v. N L R B , 303 F. 2d 428 (1962); see M o n t h l y L a b o r
R e v i e w , August 1962, p. 906.
953
954
labor practice from which the Board properly
directed it to refrain.
In the other agency-shop decision, the Court
ruled 4 that section 14(b) of the LMRA, per
mitting States to outlaw agreements requiring
union membership as a condition of employment,
also allows States to prohibit an agency shop or
substantially equivalent arrangements.
The
Court, however, reserved for re argument the
question of whether State courts or only the
NLRB, has power to prohibit the violation of
such a law.
The agreement between the Retail Clerks and
the Food Fair Stores supermarkets in Florida
provided that the company’s nonunion employees
would pay to the union, within 30 days after the
agreement or their initial employment, an initial
and subsequent monthly “service fees” not to
exceed the initiation fees and monthly dues of
union members. A trial court’s dismissal of a
suit by several employees seeking to annul the
provision was reversed by the Florida Supreme
Court, which held that the agreement violated
the State’s right-to-work law.5
The U.S. Supreme Court held that since section
14(b) of the LMRA permits States to prohibit
agreements authorized by section 8(a)(3), requir
ing union membership as a condition of employ
ment, and since the agency-shop arrangement is a
practical equivalent of such an agreement (see
General Motors), a State is permitted to outlaw
agency-shop agreements under section 14(b) of
the act.
To the contention that the arrangement here
differed from a true agency-shop agreement, such
as that involved in the General Motors case, in that
the service fees were to be used to defray the
costs of collective bargaining, the Court replied
that such restrictions were not ironclad or apparent
on the face of the agreement. Even if all receipts
from nonmembers were to be used for the restricted
purpose, the Court said that since the amount of
the service fees was the exact equivalent of union
dues, the overall effect would be the same as under
an agency-shop arrangement and should receive
the same treatment.
The Court noted that interpretation of section
14(b) of the LMRA should probably have been
referred to the NLRB when the suit was first
brought, since the scope of the provision was un
clear at that time. Since, however, the meaning
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
of the section had been settled by the General
Motors case, it was now unnecessary to refer the
problem to the Board for clarification of the
statute. However, the Court said, questions re
mained as to whether the State’s right-to-work law
made the agency shop an unfair labor practice
under the LMRA and, if so, whether a State court
might enjoin such arrangements. The Court
reserved these questions for full argument and
decision during the fall term of 1963.
Federal-State Jurisdiction. In two other cases
decided on the same day, the Supreme Court de
limited the area in which the State may exercise
jurisdiction over damage suits against a union
where the crux is the alleged interference with a
member’s employment.
In one of the cases, the Supreme Court held6
that a State court had no jurisdiction of a union
member’s action for damages caused by the union’s
refusal to refer him to a job upon request of the
employer, even if the union’s conduct violated
State law. The union’s action may have arguably
been subject to the LMRA’s provisions and, thus,
be within the exclusive jurisdiction of the NLRB.
A member in good standing of the Shreveport,
La., local of the Plumbers union sought employ
ment in Dallas, Tex., on a bank construction
project where the hiring was done through union
referral. The project foreman asked the union’s
Dallas local to refer the member to work, but the
local’s business agent refused because of the
member’s alleged noncompliance with internal
union rules. The member’s union card from the
Shreveport local was accepted by the Dallas local,
and he was referred to other jobs, but not to the
bank construction proj ect. Eventually he brought
suit in a State court, claiming damages from the
union for failure to refer him to the bank construc
tion and alleging that the union’s action interfered
with his right to contract and to pursue a lawful
occupation, was a breach of promise implicit in
union membership not to discriminate against any
member or deny him the right to work, and vio
lated certain State laws.
4 Retail Clerks International Association, Local 1625 v. Schermerhorn (TJ.S.
Sup. Ct., June 3 ,196à).
8 Schermerhorn v. Retail Clerks International Association, Local 1625, 141
So. 2d 269 (Fla. Sup. Ct., 1962).
8 Local 100, United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumb
ing and Pipefitting Industry v. Borden (U.S. Sup. Ct., June 3, 1963).
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
The union successfully challenged the State
court’s jurisdiction, asserting that the dispute
was within exclusive jurisdiction of the Board,
and the case was dismissed. However, the dis
missal was laid aside by the State’s court of civil
appeals, which, relying on the U.S. Supreme
Court’s decision in Gonzales,7 rejected the union’s
preemption argument and demanded the case for
trial. The jury findings for the member were
upheld, in effect, by the Texas Supreme Court,
and the union appealed.
The U.S. Supreme Court held that the principle
established in the Garmon case 8 was applicable
here. In that case, the Court had ruled that in
the absence of any compelling State interest such
as the maintenance of domestic tranquillity, the
State must defer to the exclusive jurisdiction of
the Board where the matter litigated may argu
ably be subject to the protection of section 7 or
the prohibition of section 8 of the act.
The Court noted that if the refusal to refer and
the resultant inability to obtain employment are
assumed to have been based on the member’s
noncompliance with union rules, then the union’s
action may have violated the member’s rights
protected by section 8(b)(1)(A) and may have
induced the employer to discriminate against the
member in violation of sections 8(b)(2) and
8(a)(3) of the act. On the other hand, the facts
may show that the union’s conduct was to prevent
the member from circumventing a valid hiring
hall arrangement and, hence, was a protected con
certed activity within the meaning of section 7.
In either case, “it is reasonably ‘arguable’ that
the matter conies within the Board’s jurisdiction,”
the Court said.
The Supreme Court did not accept the member’s
contention that even if the union’s interference
with his employment is a matter within the juris
diction of the Board, the State courts are still not
deprived of jurisdiction of the case under the
principle established by Gonzales. (In the Gon
zales case, a union member who had been ex
pelled successfully sued for restoration of mem
bership and for damages flowing from the ex
pulsion.) The Court explained that Gonzales
i International Association of Machinists v. Gonzales, 356 U.S. 617 (1958);
see Monthly Labor Review, July 1958, pp. 772-773.
s San Diego Building Trades Council v. Garmon, 359 U.S. 236 (1959); see
Monthly Labor Review, June 1959, pp. 669-670.
» Local m , International Association of Bridge, Structural and Ornamental
Iron Workers Union v. Per ko (U.S. Sup. Ct., June 3,1963).
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
955
involved primarily an internal union matter—the
relationship between a member and his union.
The award of consequential damages was a
collateral relief. Since the State court had
jurisdiction over the suit for restoration of union
membership, it had the power to “fill out” the
State remedy by awarding consequential damages.
In the present case, the Court held, the subject
matter involved—almost exclusively—the union’s
action regarding the member’s efforts to acquire
employment. The man did not seek determi
nation of his status as a union member, the Court
said, and the State is not called upon to “fill out”
a remedy as in the Gonzales case. The State
court was initially without jurisdiction.
The dissenting Justices Douglas and Clark
maintained that Gonzales could not be distin
guished from the present case. They held that
expeditious administration of justice in this area
dictates allowing the individual employee to seek
redress of his grievances in his home town tri
bunal, not at some place that may be distant
and expensive to reach.
In the other case, the Supreme Court held9
that a State court lacked jurisdiction over an
action for damages against a union brought by
a member who had been laid off and prevented
from obtaining subsequent employment as a
foreman or superintendent because of an alleged
violation of a union rule.
A member of the Iron Workers’ union, employed
as a foreman, was fined by the union and sus
pended from membership for violating union rules
by instructing Boilermakers on a project how to
perform certain work claimed by the Iron Workers.
The fine was later suspended and the member
placed on probation. After the two crafts had
resolved their jurisdictional dispute, the Iron
Workers informed the employer they would no
longer take orders from the foreman. Several
weeks after the completion of the project, he was
laid off “as a result of his dispute with the union”
and was not hired subsequently as a foreman or
superintendent by the same or any other employer
In his suit for damages under the State law, the
member charged that the union and some of its
officials conspired to bring about his discharge
from duties “ as superintendent and foreman” and
to prevent his reemployment in such capacity.
The trial court characterized the action com
plained of as a “ common-law tort.” In rejecting
956
the union’s argument of Federal preemption, the
court held, in line with the Gonzales decision, that
the Federal law does not prevent a State action
‘‘to recover damages for a common-law tort which
is also an unfair labor practice.” A jury verdict
(on the second trial) for the member was upheld
by the State supreme court, and the union
appealed.
The Supreme Court held that, as in the Borden
case, the rationale of the Gonzales decision would
not support a finding that the State could exercise
jurisdiction in this case. The suit here does not
involve a dispute over internal union matters as
did Gonzales; the gist of the violation here is the
“ interference with the plaintiff’s existing or pro
spective employment relations,” the Court said.
To rebut the preemption argument of the union,
the member contended that, as a job superin
tendent, he was a “ supervisor” within the meaning
of section 2(11) and thus is excluded from the act’s
coverage by section 2(3). The Court found,
however, that the member worked sometimes as a
regular iron worker, sometimes as a foreman, and
sometimes as a supervisor. Since the member’s
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
employment status fluctuated it must be deter
mined for the purpose of this suit. The court
felt that the Board could more wisely be charged
with such a determination.
Should it be assumed that the member was
solely a supervisor, the court held, the dispute
would still be within the Board’s jurisdiction.
The union’s insistence on the discharge of a super
visor for failure to comply with union rules might
violate section 8(b)(1)(A) by tending to coerce
nonsupervisory employees into observing those
rules. In such a case, the Board has the power,
under section 10(c), to order the union to reim
burse the supervisor for loss of wages. Moreover,
by forcing the employer to discharge a supervisor,
the union would also violate section 8(b)(1)(B)
because, in effect, it would be coercing the em
ployer in the selection of his representatives for
the purpose of collective bargaining or the adjust
ment of grievances.
The Court concluded that the subject matter of
this case falls within the exclusive jurisdiction of
the Board. Justices Douglas and Clark dissented,
for the reasons stated in the Borden case dissent.
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
June 2, 1963
U nited S tates R ubber C o. agreed to a 2-year contract
with the Rubber Workers covering 24,000 workers in 18
plants similar to contracts previously reached for the
other large companies in the industry (Chron. item for
Apr. 24, MLR, June 1963). It provides wage increases in
1963 and 1964 totaling 16 cents an hour in tire plants and
13 cents in nontire plants. Supplemental unemployment
benefits were increased in amount and duration, and a
joint study committee was established to discuss automa
tion and other problems.
June 3
T he U.S. Supreme Court in N LRB v. General Motors ruled
that agency shop arrangements, requiring payment of
amounts equal to and in lieu of fees and dues, are lawful
under the Labor Management Relations Act in States
which do not prohibit such contracts. In a related case,
Retail Clerks, Local 1625 v. Schermerhorn, the Court
affirmed State authority to outlaw agency-shop and
service fee agreements. (See also p. 954 of this issue.)
I n two cases, the U.S. Supreme Court denied State court
jurisdiction over damage actions brought by members
against their unions involving allegation of union inter
ference with a member’s employment. The Court found
that refusal of a union’s hiring hall to refer a member to a
particular employer and layoff of a member because of his
dispute with the union were both within the jurisdiction of
the National Labor Relations Board. The cases were
United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices, Local
100 v. Borden and International Association of Bridge,
Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers, Local 207 v.
Perko. (See also pp. 954-955 of this issue.)
June 4
P resident J ohn F. K ennedy directed Secretary of Labor
W. Willard Wirtz to require completely nondiscriminatory
admission to apprenticeship programs, requested review
of all Federal construction programs to prevent discrimina
tory hiring practices, and announced his intention, ac
complished June 22, to extend the authority of the Com
mittee on Equal Employment Opportunity to include
construction based fully or in part on Federal grant-in-aid
programs. On June 6, Secretary Wirtz announced a
variety of measures to insure equal employment oppor
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
tunity, including establishment of new apprenticeship
standards, and the creation of a 50-man task force which
began immediate on-the-site inspection of Federal con
struction projects. (See also p. 964 of this issue.)
On June 21, the Building and Construction Trades
Department adopted a program for eliminating discrimi
nation in apprenticeship and job referrals.
U nder the Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act, a
minimum wage determination of $1.65 an hour was issued
by Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz for persons em
ployed in the manufacture or furnishing of the products of
the pumps and compressors industry. No specific wage
determination had previously been made for this industry.
June 6
T he N orthrop C orp. announced pay increases awarded
under a periodic wage review ranging from 5 to 8 cents an
hour for 6,500 employees. (See also p. 960 of this issue.)
June 8
A s c h e d u l e of new minimum wage rates, which includes
10-percent increases required by the 1961 amendments
to the Fair Labor Standards Act, was announced by the
Department of Labor for industries covered by the act
prior to the amendments in Puerto Rico and the Virgin
Islands. The new rates, revising a prior schedule an
nounced March 23, will become effective for most industries
November 3, and bring minimum rates to 25 percent above
those in effect before the amendments.
June 10
T he Equal Pay Act of 1963 (P.L. 88-38), which prohibits
wage discrimination because of sex, was signed by Presi
dent Kennedy. (See also p. 947 of this issue.)
I n a c a s e involving a 1961 strike by Division 1287 of the
Street, Electric Railway and Motor Coach Employes
against Kansas City Transit, Inc., the United States
Supreme Court reversed a Missouri Supreme Court
decision and struck down the State’s King-Thompson Act,
which prohibited strikes against public utilities seized by
the State. The Court declared that the State’s seizure
of the utility had been merely a maneuver to circumvent
a strike and thus conflicted with Federal legislation guaran
teeing the right to strike against private employers. The
company had conducted business as usual following the
seizure, without State participation in management.
I n a w o r k a s s i g n m e n t d i s p u t e between the Lathers and
the Carpenters, the National Labor Relations Board gave
effect to a jurisdictional agreement between the two
international unions, even though the employers had not
accepted the agreement. The Board found that none
of the other criteria it had laid down for deciding such
957
958
cases (Chron. item for February 28, MLR, April 1962) pro
vided a basis for determination in this case— Wood, Wire
and Metal Lathers Union and Acoustics & Specialties, Inc.
June 11
L ocal 9 of the Brewery Workers ratified a 2-year contract
with the Pabst, Miller, and Schlitz companies which con
tained a 10-cent-an-hour wage increase each year. Pay
differentials for the second and third shifts were also
increased. (See also pp. 961-962 of this issue.)
A nthony P rovenzano, a Teamster vice president and
president of New Jersey Teamster Joint Council 73, was
convicted in a Federal court in Newark, N.J., of extorting
$17,100 from Dorn Transportation, Inc., between June 1,
1959, and January 1, 1962. The Secretary of Labor
had sued the previous week to invalidate his reelection
to the presidency of Local 560 in December 1962, on the
basis of failure to conform with Landrum-Griffin Act
election requirements.
June 14
A $3.9 million grant enabling the Board of National
Missions of the Presbyterian Church to buy five Kentucky
hospitals owned by the United Mine Workers Welfare and
Retirement Fund’s Miners Memorial Hospital Association
was approved by the Area Redevelopment Adminsitration.
Five other hospitals owned by the union will continue
under its auspices for at least a year. (See also pp. 964965 of this issue.)
June 17
T he U.S. Supreme Court reversed a South Carolina
decision denying unemployment benefits to a Seventh
Day Adventist who had refused to work on Saturday and
was dismissed by a textile mill when it shifted to a 6-day
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
week. Other
to 2 majority
since its effect
case was Adell
5-day employment was unavailable. A 7
held that the denial was unconstitutional
was to limit free exercise of religion. The
H. Sherhert v. Charlie V. Verner.
June 20
T he S teelworkers union and 11 major steel producers
agreed upon extension of their 1962 contracts for 21
months on terms recommended by their joint Human
Relations Committee. Wage rates were unchanged; but
the companies agreed to increase contributions to the
savings and vacation plan by 9.5 cents an hour, beginning
in 1964. The senior half of each company’s work force
are to receive a 13-week vacation every 5 years. Life
and hospital insurance benefits were improved and sickness
and accident benefits increased. The agreement also
made experimental changes in several provisions affecting
job security. (See also pp. 959-960 of this issue.)
A Walsh-H ealey A ct wage determination for the scien
tific, industrial, and laboratory equipment industry by
the Secretary of Labor set the minimum at $1.35 an hour
for the electrical indicating instruments and service test
equipment branch and $1.50 in the rest of the industry.
The industry minimum had been $1.20.
June 28
T he National Labor Relations Board ruled that a multi
employer construction industry association unlawfully
refused to bargain on a proposed nondiscriminatory hiring
hall on grounds that it was illegal under a right-to-work
law. The Board held that bargaining is mandatory on
the issue under the Labor Management Relations Act,
since it is not a form of union security and is not subject
to State regulation. The case was Houston Chapter,
Associated General Contractors and Local 18, Construc
tion and General Laborers Union.
Developments in
Industrial Relations*
Wages and Collective Bargaining
Basic Steel. For the second consecutive year, 11
major basic iron and steel companies and the
United Steelworkers of America agreed to leave
wage rates unchanged and instead to adopt con
tract provisions designed to improve income and
job security.
The agreement, worked out by the joint Human
Relations Committee and recommended to the
companies and the Union Wage Policy Com
mittee, was reached on June 20 without resort to
formal negotiations. The 1962 agreement per
mitted reopening on or after May 1, 1963, with
the right to strike or lockout 90 days later.1
The union and the companies signed the new
contracts on June 29, to run for at least 21 months
from August 1, with provision for reopening on
120 days’ notice after January 1, 1965. This
would put the earliest strike date at May 1, 1965.
The major feature of the agreement was the
addition of extended vacations for workers on the
top half of the seniority roster. It also improved
insurance benefits and included “ experimental”
provisions covering outside contracting, scope of
the bargaining unit, performance of bargaining
unit work by supervisors, and scheduling over
time when some employees are on layoff. It also
specified that a revised job classification manual
would go into effect by the end of June 1963,
applying to description or classification of jobs
established or changed after January 1, 1963.
Effective January 1, 1964, the companies are to
increase their contributions to the savings-vacation
fund by 9% cents an hour, bringing the total contri
bution to 12% cents. In addition, up to onefourth the cost of the vacation plan can be
financed by diverting money from the SUB fund
if it reaches maximum funding. (Previously up to
4% cents a man-hour could be so diverted.)
Although the basic agreement provides for re
negotiation in 1965, the provision for company
contributions is to remain in effect for 5 years.
Beginning in 1964, the half of the wage earners
in each company with the greatest seniority will
receive a total of 13 weeks’ vacation—9 or 10
weeks more than their normal vacation—every
fifth year. (In the intervening 4 years, they will
receive their usual 3 or 4 weeks’ vacation.) Em
ployees retiring after they are entitled to one
extended vacation period will receive prorated
benefits of 1 week’s vacation pay for each 6
months of subsequent services. As soon as em
ployees become entitled to an extended vacation
benefit, this supersedes the credit of 1 week’s
vacation pay at retirement for each 5 years’
service prior to 1961, provided under the 1962
agreement.2 Employees in the junior group who
retire will still receive this retirement benefit
provided by the previous agreement.
Benefits for the extended vacation period will
equal 40 hours’ pay for each week of vacation.
Vacations can be scheduled throughout the year.
Provision is also made for an additional week of
vacation pay, to be credited in cycles, with the
length of the cycles dependent on the level of the
savings-vacation fund. Employees in the junior
group will participate in each cycle; those in the
senior group will receive the extra week of vacation
pay during the first and fourth cycles; whether or
not the fourth cycle is reached in any 5-year
period will depend on the level of the savingsvacation fund. Employees in the senior group
must save the additional vacation pay until retire
ment; those in the junior group can choose between
taking the vacation week immediately or deferring
it until retirement. A provision in the 1962
agreement for 1 week’s vacation pay for each 2
years’ service after January 1, 1961, to the extent
funds were available, was discontinued as of the
end of January 1964. Workers who have not re
ceived a week’s vacation pay under this provision
were to be the first to receive such pay under the
new cycle arrangement. (Under the previous
financing arrangements, funds reportedly had not
*Prepared in the Division of Wage Economics, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
on the basis of published material available in mid-July.
1 See Monthly Labor Review, May 1962, pp. 552-554.
2 Employees in the senior group retiring after June 1, 1963, will receive
their extended vacation benefits, but the portion in excess of the previous
savings-vacation plan benefit iss not payable until after January 1,1964.
959
6 9 4 -5 9 5 — 6 3 --------7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
960
been adequate to provide vacation pay to workers
with relatively low seniority.)
Application of the “ sabbatical” vacation p'an
to the senior half of the work force, instead of
workers with 15 or more years’ service as in the
can industry,3 was designed to equalize costs of
the plan among the 11 companies and prevent
any changes in costs because of changes in the
age composition of the steel labor force. The
senior group reportedly will include those with
17 or more years’ service at U.S. Steel; 16 years
at Bethlehem Steel Co., Armco Steel Corp., Great
Lakes Steel Corp., and The Colorado Fuel & Iron
Corp.; 15 years at Republic Steel Corp.; 14 years
at Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp.; 12 years at
Inland Steel Co., and The Youngstown Sheet &
Tube Co.; and 18 years and 21 years, respectively,
at Wheeling Steel Corp. and Pittsburgh Steel Co.
Improvements in insurance, estimated to cost
about 1 cent an hour, included 365 days’ hospital
ization instead of the former 120 days, a $10
increase in weekly sickness and accident benefits,
and an increase of $500 in life insurance.
The experimental provisions of the agreement,
to be in effect from August 1, 1963, through
December 31, 1964, included (a) specific restric
tions on contracting out of bargaining unit work
to accord with past practice or to “ improve or
clarify” the existing protection for bargaining
unit employees; (b) a flat prohibition on super
visors’ performing bargaining unit work unless
experimental, intended for training purposes,
required by emergency conditions, negligible in
amount, or could not reasonably be assigned to a
bargaining-unit employee; (c) assurance that new
or changed jobs will not be excluded from the
bargaining unit when they involve a significant
amount of bargaining unit duties even though
they may also involve duties not normally
within the bargaining unit; and (d) a prohibition
on overtime work without consulting the union if
it appears that qualified laid-off employees could
be recalled for at least 2 weeks.
Other Metalworking. The Northrop Corp. an
nounced, in early June, 5- to 8-cent-an-hour wage
increases retroactive to May 27 for 6,500 hourly
employees in California. Employees of the Norair
and Nortronics Divisions and Northrop Space
Laboratories in plants at El Segundo, Palos
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
Verdes Estates, Anaheim, Palmdale, and Edwards
Air Force Base were affected.
The General Dynamics Corp. granted pay in
creases to 11,500 nonunion employees at its
Astronautics, Convair, and Electronics divisions
in San Diego, its division in Pomona, Calif.,
and one in F o rt W orth, Tex. The increases,
effective July 1, raised base pay 3 percent for
salaried employees and 2 }{ percent for hourly paid
workers. The length of service required for 3
weeks of vacation was decreased from 12 to 10
years, and overtime provisions for salaried em
ployees were improved. Under contracts nego
tiated in 1962,4 over 30,000 union workers, most
of whom are represented by the International
Association of Machinists, received a 2 ^-percent
wage increase on June 22 at the four California
divisions and on August 5 at the F o rt W orth
division.
Employees of the New York Shipbuilding Corp.
represented by the Boilermakers union on June 22
ratified a 2-year agreement covering 3,500 workers.
The contract provided a 7-cent-an-hour increase
the first year, with an additional 9 cents an hour
the second year. Other provisions lowered the
voluntary retirement age for men from 65 to 62,
added insurance benefits, improved vacations, and
extended seniority recall rights from 5 to 6 years.
The Brown Instruments Division of Minneapo
lis-Honeywell Regulator Co. in Philadelphia
reached agreement in early June with the United
Instrument Workers, which is affiliated with the
Electrical Workers (IUE), on a 2-year contract
covering over 1,400 workers. The agreement
established a program under which the company
will train interested workers for higher rated jobs
already in existence or to be established. Train
ing will last from 60 to 460 working days and will
take place during working hours, with workers
paid at the new job rate after 60 days, regardless
of the length of the training period. The employer
will determine whether individual workers are
making sufficient progress to justify their continua
tion in the training program. The contract also
increased wages 6 cents an hour in 1963 and 7
cents in 1964, raised insurance benefits, and added
a paid holiday.
3 See Monthly Labor Review, November 1962, pp. 1282-1283.
«Ibid., pp. 1281-1282.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
W ith near record levels of production and sales
in the auto industry, the D etroit metropolitan area
moved up from “substantial and persistent unem
ployment’’ to “moderate unemployment” during
June 1963 for the first time since Ju ly 1957,
according to the U .S. Departm ent of L ab or’s
Bureau of Em ploym ent Security. Ford M otor
Co. said th at it had no men on layoff lists in the
D etroit area who had not recently been offered a
job and th at it had hired new factory workers in
M ay and June. General Motors Corp., most of
whose factories are outside the D etroit area,
reported it had exhausted layoff lists in its Michi
gan plants and had also begun hiring new workers.
Lumber and Payer. When negotiations over wage
issues broke down in early June, the Woodworkers
and the Lumber and Sawmill Workers Union (a
Carpenters affiliate) jointly called a strike of
6,000 workers against West Coast logging and saw
mill operations of U.S. Plywood Corp. and St.
Regis Paper Co. The coordinated action by the
unions was significant because their keen rivalry
in organizing and bargaining activities had
previously held cooperation to a minimum. A
few days later, the four other members of a “Big
Six” bargaining association—Crown Zellerbach
Corp., International Paper Co., Rayonier, Inc.,
and Weyerhaeuser Co.—shut down their West
Coast operations, idling an additional 13,000
workers. The unions’ negotiations with the
Timber Operators Council, Georgia-Pacific Corp.,
and Simpson Timber Co., which began in April
and early May, remained deadlocked. Neither
union secured a wage increase in 1962 negotiations
under reopeners in the Pacific Coast lumber indus
try.5 In this year’s bargaining, the Woodworkers
had reduced the proposed package from 60 to 35
cents an hour, and the Sawmill Workers had
requested a 40-cent settlement.
The International Paper Co. and three unions—
the Papermakers and Paperworkers, the Pulp and
Sulphite Workers, and the Firemen and Oilers—
representing approximately 4,400 workers at the
company’s six Northern Division mills agreed on
June 15 to a 2-year contract retroactive to June 1.
The agreement provided general wage increases
of 6 cents an hour the first year and 2% percent
(with a 6-cent minimum) in 1964. The company
* See Monthly Labor Review, August 1062, p. 914.
6 See Monthly Labor Review, June 1963, pp. 707-708.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
961
payment for dependents’ coverage under group
hospital-medical insurance was increased from $3
a month per employee to a maximum of $7.50 in
the first year and $9.50 the second year. Maxi
mum health and accident benefits were increased
to $70 a week, from $50, and the waiting period
for such benefits for illness was shortened to 3
days from 7 days. Eligibility for a fourth week
of vacation was reduced to 20 years, from 23
years, the retirement plan was improved, and
shift differentials were increased to 7 and 12 cents,
from 6 and 11 cents.
Other Manufacturing. Dow Chemical Co. and
Ethyl-Dow of Freeport, Tex., and 10 unions
reached agreement June 6 on 5-year contracts
increasing wage rates 8 cents an hour, effective
June 13, and 6 cents more in June of both 1964
and 1965. One additional day of personal
(“merit”) vacation per year will become effective
in 1964, and 1 additional day of regular vacation
in 1965. Employees previously received merit
vacations on a graduated scale ranging from 5
days after 5 years’ service to 20 days after 20
years. These vacation days could be taken at
any time within 5 calendar years after they were
earned and were in addition to regular vacations
of 12-13 days. A reopener on wages and shift
differentials or vacations was provided in the
fourth and fifth years. The contracts affect
about 3,500 workers.
Also reaching agreement June 6 on an 8-cent-anhour wage increase were the Union Carbide
Chemical Co. in Texas City, Tex., and the city’s
Metal Trades Council. The agreement, nego
tiated under a wage reopener, covered some
1,800 employees and followed the pattern set
earlier this year by a wage increase at Monsanto
Chemical Co. in Texas City.
Dunlop Tire and Rubber Corp. and the United
Rubber Workers (Local 135), representing 825
production and maintenance employees in the
Tonawanda, N.Y., tire plant, agreed in June to
a 2-year contract providing wage increases similar
to those previously negotiated by the Big Four
(9 cents effective July 15 this year and 7 cents
effective June 29, 1964).6 In addition, the com
pany agreed to pay $40,000 on March 4, 1964,
for adjustments of the labor-grade structure.
Fringe benefit improvements were similar to those
negotiated by the large rubber companies, in-
962
eluding supplemental workmen’s compensation
pay and increased payment to the supplemental
unemployment benefits fund, together with es
tablishment of short workweek benefits and a
raise in the amount and duration of weekly
benefits. The local had previously agreed to a
9.2-percent rate reduction for incentive workers
at Dunlop, effective March 1, 1963.7
On June 2, United States Rubber Co. also agreed
to 2-year contracts similar to those previously
reached in the industry.
The American Radiator and Standard Sanitary
Corp. and the International Brotherhood of
Operative Potters, representing approximately
1,600 employees at six plants located in Tiffin,
Ohio, Trenton, N.J., Kokomo, Ind., Richmond
and Torrance, Calif., and New Orleans, La.,
agreed on May 31 to a 3-year contract effective
June 1, 1963, with a wage reopener after the
second year. The first year of the contract
provided wage and inequity adjustments and
improvements in pensions and shift differentials
reportedly amounting to 8% cents plus 3 cents
for company assumption of the total cost of the
insurance for employees and dependents. Shift
differentials were increased from 9 and 12 cents
to 10 and 15 cents. The pension plan was
improved by liberalizing provisions for those
with 15 years’ service who seek early retirement
and those disabled whose age and years of service
total 75 or 80. Increased wages and Columbus
Day as the eighth paid holiday were to become
effective in the second year of the contract and
a %-cent increase in insurance in the third year.
The total package was reportedly worth more
than 19% cents.
A 2-year agreement providing general wage
increases of 10 cents an hour effective in each
year, increased shift differentials, and liberalized
vacations was ratified on June 11 by Local 9 of
the Brewery Workers International Union and
three Milwaukee breweries—Joseph Schlitz Brew
ing Co., Pabst Brewing Co., and Miller Brewing
Co. Shift differentials were increased a cent an
hour—to 11 and 16 cents; the service qualifica
tion for a 5-week vacation was reduced to 17
years from 20 years, and a sixth week of vacation
was added after 20 years’ service. The agreement,
which covers approximately 4,500 workers, also
established a joint labor-management committee
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
on labor stability. The smaller Milwaukee Brew
ing Co. requested separate negotiations.
Construction. Building contractors associations
and 10 unions in New York City reached agree
ment in late June on 3-year agreements affecting
70.000 to 75,000 workers. Five unions—the
so-called “concrete alliance” whose members
work mainly on reinforced concrete construc
tion—agreed on June 21 to wage increases of
75 cents an hour over the 3 years and additional
contributions of 2 percent for supplementary
benefits. For carpenters, the largest union in
volved, the package increase was approximately
92% cents an hour. Their scale had been $5.05
an hour plus 8 percent in supplementary benefits.
Glaziers Local Union 1087 (an affiliate of the
Painters) settled on the same date for 95 cents
an hour in wages during the contract period with
no changes in supplementary benefits. The
Steamfitters agreed to a 95-cent-an-hour pack
age, with the allocation to be decided later.
Negotiations were continued beyond the midyear
expiration date of contracts with 10 other build
ing trade groups affecting an additional 75,000
workers.
In negotiations with the Keystone Building
Contractors Association, the Laborers District
Council of Western Pennsylvania, composed of
3 Hod Carriers locals in 11 counties, in late May
secured wage-rate increases totaling 35 cents an
hour—10 cents on June 15, 1963, and 12% cents
on the same date in 1964 and 1965. At the end
of the contract, rates for the 4,500 workers in
volved will range from $2.90 to $3,075 an hour,
depending on the contract zone involved.
In late May, the Plod Carriers’ Union reached
agreement with the Construction Contractors
Council on a 3-year contract affecting about
9.000 laborers in the Washington, D.C., area.
The contract provided wage increases of 5 cents
an hour effective May 27, 1963 ; 7% cents an hour
May 1, 1964; 5 cents May 1, 1965; and 5 cents
November 1, 1965. The previous scale was
$2.70 an hour plus 17% cents an hour for fringe
benefits.
The Southern Illinois Builders Association
and the Southern Illinois Contractors Association
i See Monthly Labor Review, May 1963, pp. 557 and 562.
963
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
on June 5 agreed to a 3-year contract with the
Southwest Illinois District Council of Laborers,
affecting about 6,000 laborers in 12 counties.
The contract, effective August 1, 1963, provided
a 15-cent-an-hour wage increase in both the
first and second years but no increase the third
year. This provision will almost equalize laborers’
scales in the St. Louis area east and west of the
Mississippi River. At the expiration of the
Illinois contract, the top paid laborers on the
east side of the river will be receiving 7% cents
an hour more than their Missouri counterparts,
who recently negotiated a 60-cent-an-hour pack
age increase over 3 years.
Locals 302 and 612 of the Operating Engineers
in western Washington approved a 2-year con
tract with the Associated General Contractors
(Mountain-Pacific, Seattle, and Tacoma chapters)
granting a 20-cent wage increase effective June 1,
1963, and 15 cents in wages and 10 cents in fringes
on June 1, 1964. The 45-cent package affects
approximately 5,000 workers on heavy construc
tion jobs in the Seattle, Yakima, Tacoma, Port
Angeles, Aberdeen, Mount Vernon, and Wenatchee
areas.
Other Nonmanufacturing. A 17%-cent wage in
crease and improved health and welfare benefits—
the same terms recently negotiated by the Amal
gamated Clothing Workers and the Clothing
Manufacturers Association 8—were provided for
some 5,000 custom tailors and clothing workers
in New York City. The agreement is effective
July 1 and affects tailors employed by members
of the Manhattan Merchant Tailors Association,
the United Custom Tailors, and the Uniform
Manufacturers Association.
The Pennsylvania Power and Light Co. and the
Employees Independent Association agreed in
June on a 2-year contract establishing a major
medical plan for 3,700 clerical and manual em
ployees and their dependents and raising hourly
wages an average of 10 cents the first year and
9 cents the second. Effective June 3, 1963, wage
rates were increased from 6 to 16 cents an hour
depending on job classification; effective June 1,
1964, they will be increased from 5 to 14 cents.
The contract covered employees of the Lehigh,
8 See Monthly Labor Review, July 1963, p. 830.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Central, Susquehanna, Harrisburg, and Lancaster
divisions of the company; employees in the Scran
ton division are represented by other unions.
The Los Angeles City Council on May 20
approved a 5%-percent pay raise for 12,000 of the
city’s 42,000 employees effective July 1, 1963.
Not included were policemen and firemen, whose
pay is set by a formula, and such workers as
nurses, janitors, elevator operators, and kitchen
helpers.
Discrimination
In early June, President John F. Kennedy
called more than 300 labor leaders to a White
House conference on civil rights. The President
requested union leaders to (a) create a working
committee to cooperate with government in end
ing job discrimination, (b) assist in registering
minority group voters, (c) encourage the advance
ment of Negro trade unionists to leadership posi
tions, and (d) take an active role in the formation
of biracial committees. A letter from AFL-CIO
President George Meany subsequently urged more
than 800 local and State labor federations to set
up civil rights committees, to take stock of dis
crimination in their communities, and to set up
and immediately implement a program to deal
with it. He reminded them of the resolution
adopted in 1961 by the AFL-CIO convention
which stated: “It is our purpose not only to
mobilize all resources of organized labor to elim
inate all discrimination in its own ranks but also
to enlist communitywide support of labor’s drive
against discrimination.”
The Building and Construction Trades Depart
ment of the AFL-CIO and the presidents of its
18-member unions, with 3.5 million members,
adopted on June 21 in Washington, D.C., a pro
gram for eliminating racial discrimination in
apprenticeship, membership, and work referral.
It urged local unions to refer to jobs and accept
into membership any qualified applicant. If the
union operates a hiring hall or other job referral
system, applicants would be referred without dis
crimination if they are qualified. Locals should
also accept and refer applicants for apprenticeships
but with due regards to apprenticeship standards.
With respect to such standards, it was stated
that “we do not intend to delegate to outsiders
964
the right to decide the qualifications for entrance
into the industry and union membership.”
In the first action under this program, on July 1
the Carpenters executive board ordered its 3,000
locals to eliminate racial discrimination. The
Carpenters union is the largest of the construc
tion unions. In addition, the board ordered the
end of racially segregated locals. The union
keeps no records of its members’ race, but the
1960 census reported 920,862 carpenters, of whom
5.3 percent were nonwhite. Jobs are to be made
available on a first come first served basis to those
meeting established qualifications. Union spokes
men expected to rely principally on persuasion to
make the new policies effective.
The Los Angeles County Federation of Labor
inaugurated a program June 18 to eliminate
racial discrimination in union hiring halls. A
four-man committee is to increase Negro employ
ment by investigating complaints and checking
hiring practices of employers and referral and
placement practices of union locals, and by
seeking AFL-CIO intercession with international
unions.
The results of a survey of employment practices
at Federal construction sites throughout the
country ordered by President Kennedy in early
June were released late in the month. At the
47 sites surveyed, about one-sixth of all workers
but only one-twentieth of the skilled workers
were Negroes. Follow-up surveys will be made
to check compliance with Executive Order 10925
issued March 6, 1961.9 The President extended
the authority of the Committee on Equal Em
ployment Opportunity to federally assisted con
struction projects on June 22. The order also
covered projects financed partly or wholly by
Federal grant-in-aid programs. The President
further ordered Secretary of Labor W. Willard
Wirtz to forbid discrimination in federally ap
proved apprenticeship programs. After these
announcements, the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People announced it
would withdraw its plans to picket Federal con
struction sites as it had the Philadelphia city
construction projects.10
New York Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller in
late June announced plans to speed up State
construction programs in order to increase employ
ment opportunities, especially for Negroes. At
the same time, Peter Brennan, president of the
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
State Building Trades Council, announced plans
to eliminate bias in membership and referral policy
and in job training programs.
Also late in June, the Pharmacy-Community
Human Rights Committee composed of union,
management, and civil rights leaders in New York
City announced plans to train 200 Negro and
Puerto Rican young people as sales clerks and
cosmeticians in drug stores. Commencing in
September, these trainees will be paid $50 a week
for 30 hours on the job and 10 hours in the
classroom.
Union Conventions
The Communications Workers of America held
its twenty-fifth annual convention June 10-14 at
Kansas City, Mo., after adjourning negotiations
with Michigan Bell Telephone Co. The union
expected the settlement with this company to
become the pattern setter for the year. Presi
dent Joseph A. Beirne in his keynote address
expressed dissatisfaction with the company’s
offer. He also mentioned CWA’s Operation
Latin America in which locals donate supplies
and money to help democratic trade unionists in
Latin America combat totalitarianism, lauded
Labor Secretary W. Willard Wirtz for stressing
at the Labor Ministers’ conference at Bogota,
Colombia,11 the importance of labor unions in
making the Alliance for Progress effective, and
praised the Institute for Free Labor Develop
ment 12 for its success in training talented young
labor leaders in Latin America.
President Beirne was reelected by a 5-1 margin
over Wayne K. Hazen of Jacksonville, Fla.
The delegates adopted a resolution warning
that high unemployment caused by sluggish
economic growth is exhausting public patience
with the status quo. The convention affirmed
the expulsion by a CWA trial court and the
executive board of five union officers for attempt
ing to swing their locals to the Teamsters.13
After some heated debate, it also resolved to offer
its support to President Kennedy in carrying out
his civil rights program.
9 See Monthly Labor Review, May 1961, p. 530.
i° See Monthly Labor Review, July 1963, p. 837.
11 Ibid., pp. 789-793.
12 See Monthly Labor Review, August 1962, p. 886.
is See Monthly Labor Review, January 1963, p. 67.
965
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
The 40,000-member International Leather
Goods, Plastic and Novelty Workers Union (AFLCIO) held its tenth convention in Atlantic City,
N.J., June 10-13, and reelected Norman Zukowsky
president. Collective bargaining resolutions were
adopted calling for reductions in the workweek to
37%hours (the level prevailing in New York City)
and uniformity of wage and other contract pro
visions between handbag plants within and outside
New York City. The convention fixed a goal of
July 15, 1965, as a uniform expiration date for all
agreements.
The union called upon the AFL-CIO to form an
apparel trades department, to include such unions
as the International Ladies’ Garment Workers,
the Hat, Cap and Millinery Workers, the Textile
Workers, and the Shoe Workers. The delegates
also asked for amendment of the Trade Expansion
Act to allow the President to negotiate agreements
regulating the volume of trade and to clarify the
law, and for repeal of the 10-percent excise tax on
handbags, luggage, and gloves.
The Retail Clerks International Association
held its 19th convention in Chicago in late June
as part of its celebration of its 75th anniversary.
The 400,000-member union reported that its
membership had doubled in the past 10 years
and had increased 25 percent in the past 4 years.
Officers’ reports indicated that the union was
involved in more than 2,000 National Labor
Relations Board representation elections and card
checks between 1959 and 1963, winning more than
60 percent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Other Developments
The Area Redevelopment Administration of
the U.S. Department of Commerce announced in
mid-June that it would grant $3.9 million to a
nonprofit corporation under the supervision of the
Board of National Missions of the Presbyterian
Church to purchase five hospitals in eastern
Kentucky from the Miners’ Memorial Hospital
Association, a subsidiary of the United Mine
Workers Welfare Fund. Administrators of the
mine workers fund, with revenues declining as the
unionized mines’ output of coal fell, had earlier
announced plans to close the hospitals on July 1
as an economy measure. The Area Redevelop
ment Administration is authorized to make loans
and grants for facilities such as hospitals in order
to attract industry to depressed areas. The
Kentucky legislature, meeting in special session,
granted $700,000 to the hospitals to meet an
operating deficit and to finance care for nonpaying
patients until October 1, when the corporation
takes over the operation of the hospitals.
The fund had cut pension benefits from $100 to
$75 a month and canceled medical benefits for
union members whose companies had not paid
the 40-cent-a-ton royalty. While these economies
resulted in a $6 million surplus for the 1963
fiscal year, in the 3 preceding years the fund
operated at a loss. These economies and an
nouncement of the fund’s plans to close the
hospitals had led to violence in eastern Kentucky,
where these hospitals are the key medical facilities.
Book Reviews
and Notes
E ditor’s N ote.—Listing of a publication in this
section is for record and reference only and does
not constitute an endorsement of point of view
or advocacy of use.
Special Reviews
Unwanted Workers: Permanent Layoffs and LongTerm Unemployment. By Richard C. Wilcock
and Walter H. Franke. New York, Free
Press of Glencoe, 1963. 340 pp. $6.95.
This book is a welcome addition to the growing
body of literature in the general area of manpower
problems and analysis. Specifically, this volume
deals with the issue of long-term unemployment—•
postwar trends, causes, and solutions. It illumi
nates a number of problems through detailed
empirical research and provides a concise descrip
tion and realistic evaluation of the many programs
(both large and small) that are designed to cope
with long-term unemployment.
The writers believe that the main cause of rising
levels of total and long-term unemployment since
1953 has been inadequate aggregate demand.
They support appropriate fiscal and monetary
policies for the purpose of stimulating economic
growth. However, these points are made almost
in passing. Most of the book is given over to
demonstrating that the problem of long-term
unemployment requires what is coming to be
widely known as an “ active labor market policy.”
The situation calls for a coordinated program of
assistance to the unemployed in maintaining their
incomes, upgrading their skills, increasing their
mobility, and helping them in their jobseeking
efforts.
Although these authors reject the hypothesis
of growing structural unemployment, the empir
ical studies which form the basis for much of the
discussion and for the authors’ conclusions focus
on classic structural situations. Because of man
agement decisions to increase efficiency of opera
966
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
tions, four plants of the Armour Co. and one
plant of the ABC Co. (a manufacturer of home
laundry equipment) were shut down. The
released employees were mainly semiskilled pro
duction workers, including a high proportion of
long-term employees, many of whom were older
workers reluctant to leave their home communi
ties. Moreover, those laid off were generally
unfit for other available job opportunities and
experienced exceedingly long periods of unemploy
ment. The authors clearly demonstrate that
when relatively large numbers of semiskilled
workers are thrown out of work and into the
labor market at one time, they have a very
difficult time finding new jobs. Unemployment
insurance was not adequate protection against
long-term unemployment resulting from the com
plete elimination of jobs; the employment service
was not up to the task of finding enough alterna
tive openings; the workers themselves were not
very mobile geographically, nor were they very
skillful in seeking other jobs.
As the reader is led through the statistics,
charts, and tables, a vivid portrait of the jobless
semiskilled production worker emerges. Many
hollow generalizations about the unemployed fall
by the wayside. For example, when they were
working they were no less productive than mil
lions of employed workers. There is no evidence
here they remained on unemployment insurance
unjustifiably since the vast majority had de
pendents and undeferrable expenses and unem
ployment insurance represented only about a
third of their previous wages until it too was
exhausted—an all-too-frequent occurrence. The
unemployed did not have unrealistic job aspira
tions—they generally looked for the kind of work
they had before, rejected very few alternative job
offers, and eventually accepted reduced pay scales.
Part 3 deals with the range of remedies and
public policies which might lead to a reduction in
long-term unemployment. The argument for
labor market programs is that such programs
would facilitate the job expansion touched off
by a general economic expansion. The authors
also support job-creating public works programs
under certain conditions. While the general out
line seems useful to this reviewer, it also appears
that the authors could have strengthened their
justification of labor market programs on other
grounds: (1) Whatever the level of structural un-
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
employment, it is too high from a humanitarian
standpoint, and action must be taken since this is
the kind of unemployment problem that individual
workers are least able to deal with. (2) Whatever
the postwar trend in structural unemployment, it
is entirely possible that it will increase as we move
further into the decade. (3) Whatever the merits
of the arguments, it is clearly not going to be easy
to achieve the general measures required to pro
mote more rapid growth in real output because
of the many constraints operating on policy
makers in this area. (4) Improvement in labor
market programs will not be easy either. It is
possible, however, that there may be a much
greater potential payoff for such programs than
has hitherto been realized. We still know very
little about the extent of job vacancies for highly
skilled workers, but the suspicion is growing that
the reservoir of such openings is very great. If
the matching of workers and jobs could be achieved
on a really large scale, the stimulus to consumer
spending and thereby to economic activity might
be considerable.
Despite some disagreement with the authors on
matters of emphasis, I believe they have succeeded
in bringing the problem of worker displacement
into much sharper focus in human terms. Their
book performs another service by pointing up the
limitations of our present methods for dealing
with these situations, in summarizing the broad
range of private and public policies which attempt
to combat long-term unemployment, and in
vigorously advocating more effective programs
for improving the operation of the American
labor market.
—R obert L. S tein
Division of Employment and Labor Force Analysis
Bureau of Labor Statistics
American Labor Unions— What They Are and
How They Work. By Florence Peterson.
New York, Harper & Row, Publishers, 1963.
271 pp. 2d rev. ed. $5.50.
American Labor Unions is the second version
of a volume which originally appeared in 1945
and was revised for the first time in 1952. As its
predecessors, the major direction of the study is
toward a microscopic presentation of the details
of trade union structure, government, internal
rules of procedure, and activities. The current
revision updates the material, incorporates dis
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
967
cussion of new developments—including the
impact of the Labor-Management Reporting and
Disclosure Act of 1959 on union internal affairs—
and for the first time includes a treatment of the
law of labor relations. Florence Peterson, one
time chief, Industrial Relations Division, U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, does not claim to deal
here with general labor problems or to present a
depth analysis of the development of the American
trade union movement. The book is not suitable
as a text in traditional university courses in labor
relations, although for some of them, it could be
valuable as a supplement to more comprehensive
readings. The style is painstakingly descriptive,
factual, and thoroughly objective. Line-for-line
the study packs more information about trade
union operation and activities than any other
volume in the field. It is a storehouse of knowl
edge for anyone who desires an accurate and
dispassionate description of the mechanism and
activities of the labor union movement.
The volume is divided into five major divisions.
Part I presents a kaleidoscopic review of the high
lights of trade union development. Part II treats
structure and government of basic components of
the trade union movement—the AFL-CIO, and
the national and local unions; it also includes a
chapter dealing with union membership rules and
the handling of finances. Part III contains the
two new chapters on labor relations law. Part
IV discusses the union-employer relationship, in
cluding the scope of the bargaining unit, the
bargaining process, contract provisions, the nature
of disputes and settlement procedures, and unionmanagement cooperation. The last part treats
political and educational activities of the trade
union movement, union membership welfare
programs, and international activities of organ
ized labor. An exhaustive glossary of labor terms
and a union directory showing the names and
membership totals of the national unions are
included in the appendixes.
Beyond marshalling a tremendous amount of
information, the author explains why unions have
adopted certain practices and procedures. The
study, therefore, is more than a compilation of
facts. It encourages understanding of trade
union operation and activities.
—F red Witney
Department of Economics
Indiana University
968
Home, School and Work: A Study of the Education
and Employment of Young People in Britain.
By M. P. Carter. Oxford, England, Pergamon Press Ltd., 1962. 340 pp. (Inter
national Series of Monographs on Social
and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. I.) $7.50,
Macmillan Co., New York.
Professor Carter’s study, which is based upon
information collected from 200 British youngsters,
primarily from working class homes in Sheffield,
is much more than a valuable source of informa
tion about young persons’ knowledge of work,
reasons for choosing jobs, methods of finding
employment, and reactions toward labor unions.
The author, a senior research worker in the
Department of Sociological Studies at the Uni
versity of Sheffield, has also provided some pro
vocative insights into attitudes of British working
class adults toward work and life which are re
flected in the interviews with their children.
It is apparent that the parents in the lowest
income areas and their children drifted through
schools and in and out of jobs. Many of the
children were indifferent as to which jobs they
would secure and believed the kind of jobs they
would get would depend as much on luck as on
merit.
The schools attempted to replace aimlessness
with aspiration. But youngsters often accepted
unquestioningly the value judgment of parents,
friends, and relatives who may have been no better
equipped to judge than they were. In many slum
area homes, discussions about occupations, work,
and planning for the future never take place. A
considerable number of young people took
jobs on impulse.
Despite excellent occupational guidance material
developed in England, Professor Carter finds that
apparently most of the children in his survey had
done little or no reading about work or occupa
tions, and they appeared to be alarmed that any
one should take work so seriously. Although the
youngsters were aware that the steel, engineering,
and cutlery industries were predominant in Shef
field, they were ignorant about the kinds of jobs
that could be found in these industries.
The author criticizes the work of the youth
employment officer who is supposed to provide
vocational guidance to youngsters and help them
find work. He believes that the small number of
employment officers cannot adequately service
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
the large number of youth who need assistance
each year.
Lack of motivation and a haphazard attitude
toward life and work are apparently the by
product of a society which has been too willing to
accept poverty casually and has not successfully
prevented the deterioration of basic institutions
which could contribute some of the missing in
terest and desire for self-improvement. Both the
adults and youngsters in the study apparently
felt that they are unable to participate meaning
fully in decisions governing their political and
economic destiny.
Professor Carter’s study is well worth the
attention of American social scientists. His
interpretation and analysis of the attitudes of
English youth are provocative and should
result in stimulating more of a positive approach to
our own problems.
— H o w ard R o se n
Manpower Development Officer
Office of Manpower, Automation, and Training
U.S. Department of Labor
The Right to Membership of a Trade Union. By
R. W. Rideout. London, Athlone Press,
University of London, 1963. 243 pp. $7.20,
Oxford University Press, Inc., New York.
Professor Rideout has made an important con
tribution to the literature of a field which has
been neglected too long by lawyers, labor his
torians, and labor economists, with only two or
three outstanding exceptions. The author has
done exhaustive research into the case law govern
ing the right of an individual to belong to a labor
union. Future researchers and writers owe the
author of this scholarly work a debt of gratitude
for compiling the 850 cases cited.
The volume makes a comparative study of the
law of union membership in the United States,
Canada, England, Ireland, Wales, Scotland, South
Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, both as to the
law of admission to membership and of expulsion
from membership. This reader noted more sim
ilarities than differences in the law as developed
by the courts of these countries.
The volume is more suitable for the lawyer than
for the layman, notwithstanding the author’s
expressed desire that both lawyer and layman
find it useful. This is especially true in the
chapter on due process, where the lawyer is
likeliest to appreciate some of the subtleties the
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
courts have developed in applying, for example,
the audi alterem partem rule. This is not to say
that Professor Rideout has failed to translate legal
theories into policy choices the layman can eval
uate. His success in going beyond technical legal
theory is perhaps best illustrated in the chapter
on jurisdiction of the courts, where he undertakes
to analyze the various theories used by the courts
in assuming jurisdiction. Here, he offers the
reader well developed conclusions on the practical
shortcomings of strict reliance on any one of the
legal doctrines: “Underlying the approach of all
common law courts to any internal affair of a
voluntary unincorporated association is, at least
in theory, an understandable reluctance to inter
fere. . . . In practice, however, . . . the truth
is that when obvious injustice has been done the
courts will interfere. . . .”
The author makes some harsh comments on
Title I of the Labor-Management Reporting and
Disclosure Act of 1959: “Unfortunately, there has
been a tendency, particularly in America, to use
such meaningless words as ‘fair’ to define the
content of this right [the right to be heard],
and the Labor-Management Reporting and Dis
closure Act, 1959, does not assist in the clarifica
tion of this all-important aspect since it merely
requires a ‘full and fair’ hearing.” The author
criticizes the 4-month “exhaustion of remedies”
rule in the LMRDA as being unworkable and
observes, “The fact that at last the legislature
has entered the enclosure may give pleasure, but
such pleasure may have to be tempered with
regret that something more sensible was not done
in the process.”
One of the most significant contributions of the
book is found in the last chapter, on remedies.
Nowhere in the literature on union membership
is there, to this reviewer’s knowledge, any piece
of research that even approaches what has been
done by this author in bringing together and
analyzing legal remedies available to an aggrieved
member. Here, too, he goes beyond a mere
classification of the case law, and concentrates on
the way in which the courts’ decisions have affected
aggrieved members. He concludes that “very
often [the aggrieved] may compromise his dispute
rather than pursue his rights, especially as the
current position of the law normally only permits
a negative order which can be more easily cir
cumvented than a positive remedy.”
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
969
The only serious shortcoming of the book is that
the cases are not confined to trade unions, par
ticularly in countries other than the United States
and Canada. While there is not the plethora of
case law in these other countries dealing strictly
with trade union situations, there is a question as
to the applicability of the general issues presented
to particular trade union situations. To the
extent that trade unions occupy special legal
status in the British Commonwealth countries (as
they most assuredly do in America), the analysis
is weakened by the inclusion of jockey club cases
and the like.
— D a v id A. S w a n k in
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Standards
U.S. Department of Labor
Facts About S IF (The Swedish Union of Clerical
and Technical Employees in Industry).
Stockholm, Svenska Industritj ânstemannaforbundet, 1963. 44 pp.
This pamphlet describes the largest union of
salaried workers in Swedish industry, a major
segment of what is presented as the organized
“white-collar movement.”
SIF—the Swedish Union of Clerical and Tech
nical Employees in Industry—is formally un
affiliated with the much larger Confederation of
Swedish Trade Unions and, in contrast, has re
mained politically neutral. SIF stresses job se
curity through agreements with employer federa
tions on holidays, sick pay, overtime, pensions,
and other conditions of employment. On sal
aries, it accepts the principle of pay differentials
for separate functional status groups of employees
and for individuals, based on age, qualifications,
and responsibility. Negotiations on salary changes
occur through collective bargaining mainly by
plantwide “clubs” within the scope of national
agreements reached by SIF and the Swedish
Employers Confederation (SAF). In the works
councils of individual plants, representatives of
SIF clubs and of manual workers’ unions regularly
discuss such topics as production, sales, invest
ment, and personnel policy. SIF also sponsors
training courses for members and bargainers, and
furnishes vocational information to prospective
white-collar workers still in school.
Telling evidence is presented here that whitecollar workers can be organized, for more than 80
percent of the organizable salaried employees in
970
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
industry are said to belong to SIF. This is a
striking achievement by our standards. Swedish
society, of course, accepts organization to a much
greater extent than in the United States. Some
further clues to the organizing success of SIF
may perhaps be found in two facts: (1) 70 per
cent of SIF members are male; and (2) the clubs’
jurisdictions cover broad categories of employees,
described here as administration, sales, purchas
ing, accounting, and supervision. The latter
unit of organization may be applicable to the
American scene as well.
—Louis H . O ezack
Department of SociologyBoston University
Institutional Economics: Veblen, Commons, and
Mitchell Reconsidered. Lectures by Joseph
Dorfman, G. E. Ayres, Neil W. Chamberlain,
Simon Kuznets, and R. A. Gordon. Berkeley,
University of California Press, 1963. 183 pp.,
bibliographies. $4.
An almost countless number of writers have
attempted to delineate and characterize something
called “institutional economics.” In this graceful
and refreshing little book, five more eminent prac
titioners of the craft approach the problem, each
from a different direction.
Dorfman sketches the intellectual background
against which institutionalism emerged in the
latter third of the 19th century. His lecture helps
enormously to explain the wide differences in the
conclusions of earlier appraisers of institutional
ism. (Homan has said it doesn’t exist, Boulding
sees it as a minor chapter in the history of economic
thought, and Gruchy maintains that it’s alive,
vigorous, and our only hope.) The three major
characteristics of the original movement—the in
stitutionalists believed that economic analysis
must be evolutionary, interdisciplinary, and em
pirical—received varying emphasis at the hands
of the leading figures in the tradition. Conse
quently, the “value-free” compilations of the Na
tional Bureau and the challenging critique of
Clarence Ayres are somehow lumped in the same
taxonomic bin.
Professor Ayres contributes the essay on Veblen
and, with his usual wit, makes clear the Veblenian
objection to price theory. His is the most suc
cessful essay in the book—but then, he had Veblen
to work with. Neil Chamberlain describes and
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
explains the sometimes bewildering theories of
John R. Commons and seems to share the opinion
of Boulding and Parsons that, of the three writers
considered here, Commons will be the most en
during. Simon Kuznets adds a warm and in
formative tribute to the accomplishments and to
the leadership of spirit of Wesley Clair Mitchell.
In his ambitious concluding essay, R. A. Gordon
courageously suggests a definition of institutional
ism by means of seven propositions to which in
stitutionalists, with varying degrees of fervor, will
tend to subscribe. He also enumerates areas
within contemporary economics in which institu
tionalist elements may be found—aggregative
analysis, economic development, and the growth
of techniques of quantification are of major im
portance. Finally, he argues that institutionalists
have been guilty of a failure of nerve in their re
luctance to broaden their scope of analysis. The
greatest institutionalist of the century, he con
cludes, may well be a man seldom met in this
context—Joseph Schumpeter.
The last section of the book is comprised of a
selected bibliography of the writings of Veblen,
Commons, and Mitchell.
— D o n a l d J. M cC l u r g
D epartment of Economics
University of Colorado
The Economics oj Loyalty-Incentive Rates in the
Railroad Industry oj the United States. By
Robert F. Lundy. Pullman, Washington
State University, Bureau of Economic and
Business Research, 1963. 144 pp., bibliog
raphy. (Bulletin 37.) $6, Washington State
University Press, Pullman.
The author sets a number of rather ambitious
objectives for this brief work. It is his purpose
to analyze the current economic effects of “loyal
ty-incentive” rates in the United States. In
chapter 3, the author at last defines “loyaltyincentive rates” to be of two general forms:
The first has been the “annual volume rate,” sometimes
referred to as a “volume-guarantee rate,” which is an
agreement between a railroad or railroads and a shipper
or shippers providing for a fixed (reduced) rate per ton
or per hundredweight, conditioned upon the shipment of
a specified minimum volume of the involved commodities
during the year over the lines of the participating rail
roads. . . . The other form taken by loyalty-incentive
rates has been that of “contract rates” or “guaranteed
rates,” the terminology varying with details involved in
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
the agreements. Such rates are more closely akin to
Canadian agreed charges than are the annual volume
rates in that they are conditioned on the shipment of an
agreed percentage of the specified traffic of the shipper
over the lines of the participating railroads.
The author proposes to analyze the economic
effect of such rates on the competitive position
of the railroads, the probable effect of such rates
on intramodal and intermodal competition, the
ability of the agencies to better compete on the
basis of inherent advantage, the effect of loyaltyincentive rates on the shipping public, the legality
of such rates, and finally, to suggest appropriate
statutory amendments or changes in regulatory
policy in light of the study.
The author accomplishes his purpose by pre
senting the general problem area, briefly describ
ing the experience of Canada and certain European
countries with rates of this nature, and describing
the efforts of American railroads to apply loyaltyincentive rates on selected commodity movements.
He then analyzes six leading cases, providing a
review of Interstate Commerce Commission policy
and summarizing the attitude of the courts. Upon
this base, he analyzes the economic effects of
loyalty-incentive rates.
Although he recognizes that the effects of
“loyalty-incentive rates are not wholly or pre
cisely predictable,” that “the problem does not
lend itself to empirical study,” and that “there has
not been much experience with loyalty-incentive
rates in the United States,” the author’s con
clusions are expressed with surprising confidence.
This brief review cannot present the analysis
and conclusions in detail but, in general, the
author finds that the “use of loyalty-incentive
pricing as applied to certain competitive markets
would be profitable to the railroads,” that “it
would increase the railroads’ effectiveness in fore
stalling the use of private transport,” and that
such rates “would permit a considerable amount
of intermodal competition, especially over longer
periods.” Further, he finds that “the effects of
loyalty-type rates on shippers would generally be
beneficial, promoting considerable advantages
while not resulting in substantial disadvantages,”
and “thus, loyalty-incentive rates will have a
tendency to overcome some of the inadequacies
of the present rate structure and to induce a more
economically efficient use of resources in trans
port . . .”
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
971
The author clearly recognizes some of the
serious inherent limitations in his study, and per
haps his findings should have been expressed in
more cautious terms. His work has nonetheless
called attention to an extremely interesting eco
nomic development, a type of ratemaking that is
not widely understood and that may have impor
tant economic effects. In time, the effect of such
ratemaking techniques should become more ap
parent; with additional experience in this country,
empirical data should become available which
may serve further to support the author’s tenta
tive findings. Economists interested in transport
should recognize this as a fruitful area. Addi
tional research based on more extensive informa
tion would further clarify the economic effects of
loyalty-incentive rates.
—J ames W . B ennett, J r .
Chairman, Department of Transportation
University of Tennessee
Economics of the Free Society. By Wilhelm Röpke;
translated by Patrick M. Boarman. Chicago,
Henry Regnery Co., 1963. 273 pp. $4.95.
I t is, doubtless, good for the soul of a non
believer to be exposed occasionally to a tract on
economic orthodoxy. This, in essence, is what
Economics of the Free Society is. Mankind, ac
cording to Röpke, has only two alternatives:
freedom or command. A free society is one
“functioning with astonishing regularity through
the medium of the free market with its freely
fluctuating prices.” A command society lodges
power “in the hands of the consciously ordering,
planning, inciting, commanding, and commandenforcing State.” Heaven in this moral system
is inhabited by competition, the price system,
monetary stability, marginal utility, little business
(though big business seems to have its points),
independent farmers, free trade, and the gold
standard. The denizens of hell include the State,
business and union monopolies (“there is hardly
a monopoly worth the name at whose birth, in
one way or another, the State has not acted as
midwife”), inflation, current policies to promote
full employment, macro-economic concepts but
tressed by statistics, and Maynard Keynes.
Röpke, himself a refugee from Hitler, accuses
Keynes of being “the intellectual authority for
economic policy in National Socialist Germany.”
972
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
While this statement may be considered both
startling and preposterous, it has the virtue of
being new. The basic framework of ideas that
Röpke proposes, by contrast, is stale. Nor does
he (or his translator?) state them well. There is
a tendency to employ mushy language to glide
over difficult problems or simply for its own sake.
Consider this statement:
As to the question of what will become of unemployed
workers and idle factories in a period in which markets are
choked with goods and every branch of production over
stocked, we make the following answer. In a depression,
productive facilities will come to life and a market for the
resultant goods will be created when those who have been
shut out of the productive process win back their former
purchasing power by being reinstated in this process, a
chain of events which will occur once economic equilibrium
in reestablished.
One is reminded of Calvin Coolidge’s remark,
“When more and more people are thrown out of
work unemployment results.”
Economics of the Free Society is more interesting
for its history than for its contents. Röpke wrote
it in German while in exile in Turkey in 1936 and
it was first published in Vienna just before the
Anschluss. The Nazis seized the books. Czech
and Hungarian translations did not appear be
cause of Hitler’s conquests. The French edition
was published in 1940 and was actually circulated
under the German regime. Now this English
translation has been made by Professor Boarman
of Bucknell University.
Precisely what the publisher hopes to accom
plish by the issuance of this book escapes me.
His dustjacket blurb says the book is “designed
as either a basic or supplementary introductory
text” in economics. For this purpose, there are
many more satisfactory alternatives. As a re
statement of economic orthodoxy it is inferior to
the works of the founding fathers themselves or
to the more rigorous books of contemporary pro
ponents of this viewpoint. This reviewer hopes
that at least the Intercollegiate Society of Indi
vidualists, whose assistance “in the publication of
this book” is acknowledged, will be pleased.
—I rving B ernstein
Institute of Industrial Relations
University of California (Los Angeles)
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Education and Training
Education for a Changing World of Work: Report of the Panel
of Consultants on Vocational Education. Washington,
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Office of Education, 1963. 296 pp., bibliography.
$1.25, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Vocational Education and Federal Policy. By Sar A. Levi
tan. Kalamazoo, Mich., W. E. Upjohn Institute for
Employment Research, 1963. 30 pp., bibliography.
A Guide to Programmed Instruction. By Jerome P. Lysaught
and Clarence M. Williams. New York, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 1963. 180 pp., bibliography. $3.95.
Programmed Instruction Saves Time— and Grows. By R.
David Niebler. (In Personnel Journal, Swarthmore,
Pa., May 1963, pp. 239-243. 75 cents.)
m
Programed Instruction for Schools and Industry. By J. L.
Hughes. Chicago, Science Researchi Associates, Inc.,
1962. 299 pp., bibliography. $6.
College Graduates Assess Their Company Training. By
Stephen Habbe. New York, National Industrial Con
ference Board, Inc., 1963. 80 pp. (Personnel Policy
Study 188.)
How Training Directors Can Use Manpower Development and
Training Act’s On-the-Job (O JT) Provisions for Training
the Unemployed, Underemployed, and Youth. By Elliott
French. (In Training Directors Journal, American
Society of Training Directors, New York, May 1963.
pp. 3-5. $1.)
The New York Rehabilitation Program. By S. E. Senior.
(In Journal of Occupational Medicine, New York,
June 1963, pp. 291-296. $1.)
Employee Benefits
Corporate Pension Funds, 1962. Washington, U.S. Securi
ties and Exchange Commission, 1963. 8 pp. (Statisti
cal Series Release 1902.)
The Kaiser-Steel Union Sharing Plan. By Harold Stieglitz.
New York, National Industrial Conference Board, Inc.,
1963. 48 pp. (Personnel Policy Study 187.)
The Portable Pension Experiment. (In Labor Gazette,
Canadian Department of Labor, Ottawa, May 1963,
pp. 368-371. 50 cents, Queen’s Printer, Ottawa.)
Industrial Relations
How to Negotiate the Labor Agreement: An Outline Summary
of Tested Bargaining Practice. By Bruce Morse.
Detroit, Mich., Trends Publishing Co., 1963. 62 pp.
$3.65.
973
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Management Initiative in the Ethics of Industrial Relations.
By Ralph A. Rothstein. (In Personnel Journal,
Swarthmore, Pa., May 1963, pp. 232-238. 75 cents.)
A Layman’s Guide to Basic Law Under the National Lahor
Relations Act. (An address at the Information Pro
gram for Labor and Management at Southern Method
ist University, October 17, 1962.) By Stuart Roth
man. Washington, National Labor Relations Board,
1962. 52 pp.
Collective Bargaining: Shift for the Sixties. By Thomas R.
Brooks. (In Dun’s Review and Modern Industry,
New York, July 1963, pp. 30-32. 75 cents.)
Craft Severance Under the Wagner and Taft-Hartley Acts,
1935-1962. By Paul R. White. (In Industrial
Labor Relations Research, Cornell University, New
York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations,
Ithaca, N.Y., Vol. IX, No. 1, 1963, pp. 10-19.)
Labor Arbitration and Federal Pre-emption: The Overruling
of Black v. Cutter Laboratories. By Irving Kovarsky.
(In Minnesota Law Review, Minneapolis, March 1963,
pp. 531-555. $2.)
State Seizure in Public Interest Disputes. By Herbert R.
Northrup and Richard L. Rowan. (In Journal of
Business, University of Chicago, Graduate School of
Business, April 1963, pp. 210-227. $2.25, University
of Chicago Press, Chicago.)
Seniority Rights and Industrial Change: Zdanok v. Glidden
Co. By Alfred W. Blumrosen. (In Minnesota Law
Review, Minneapolis, March 1963, pp. 505-529. $2.)
Foreign Flags on U.S. Ships: Convenience or Necessity? By
Edward B. Shils and Sidney L. Miller, Jr. (In Indus
trial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society,
University of California, Insititute of Industrial
Relations, Berkeley, May 1963, pp. 131-152. $1.50.)
Labor Organization at Du Pont: A Study in Independent
Local Unionism. By Julius Rezler. (In Labor His
tory, Tamiment Institute, New York, Spring 1963,
pp. 178-195. $1.50.)
Work Stoppages in California, 1962. San Francisco, Cali
fornia Department of Industrial Relations, Division
of Labor Statistics and Research, 1963. 24 pp.
Labor Force
Employment and Earnings Statistics for States and Areas,
1939-62. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1963. 633 pp. (Bulletin
1370.) $3.50, Superintendent of Documents, Wash
ington.
A Time for Action: Proceedings of the National Conference
on Equal Employment Opportunity, Department of the
Army, September 27-28, 1962. Washington, 1963.
70 pp.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
South Carolina’s Manpower Challenge of the Sixties.
Columbia, South Carolina Employment Security
Commission, Research and Statistics Section, 1963.
20 pp.
Professional Workers in Industry: Professionalism and
Occupational Associations, by George Strauss; Pro
fessional Engineers: Salary Structure Problems, by
W. Lee Hansen; Will Engineers Unionize? by Eldon
J. Dvorak. (In Industrial Relations: A Journal of
Economy and Society, University of California,
Institute of Industrial Relations, Berkeley, May 1963,
pp. 7-65. $1.50.)
Technicians in Science and Engineering [in CanadaJ.
Ottawa, Canadian Department of Labor, Economics
and Research Branch, 1963. 81 pp. (Monograph
48.) 25 cents, Queen’s Printer, Ottawa.
Aerospace “Industry” Is Nation’s Largest Employer in
Manufacturing. By Ernest F. Schroeder. (In Labor
Market and Employment Security, U.S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, Washing
ton, May 1963, pp. 1-10. 30 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.)
Private Pension Plans and Manpower Policy. By Hugh
Folk Washington, U.S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1963. 37 pp. (Bulletin
1359.) 25 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
Moderate Rise in Interarea Recruitment During First Quar
ter. (In Labor Market and Employment Security,
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment
Security, Washington, May 1963, pp. 12-17, 43. 30
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
Work Experience in Puerto Rico, Calendar Year 1962.
San Juan, Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1963. 11 pp. (Special Labor Force
Report 32.) In Spanish and English.
Profile of Unemployment. By Ewan Clague. Washing
ton, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1963. 10 pp.
The Future Manpower Situation in India, 1961-76. By
V. R. K. Tilak. (In International Labor Review,
Geneva, May 1963, pp. 435-446. 75 cents. Dis
tributed in United States by Washington Branch of
ILO.)
Labor Organizations
Unionization of White-Collar Employees: Extent, Potential,
and Implications. By Benjamin Solomon and Robert
K. Burns. (In Journal of Business, University of
Chicago, Graduate School of Business, April 1963,
pp. 141-165. $2.25, University of Chicago Press,
Chicago.)
974
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
The Future for Public Employee Unions. By Douglas
Weiford and Wayne Burggraaff. (In Public Manage
ment, Chicago, May 1963, pp. 102-107. 50 cents.)
Faltering Labor Unions— Can They Get in Step? By A. N.
Wechsler. (In Mill & Factory, New York, April
1963, pp. 66-71. $1.)
Personnel Management
Practices for White-Collar Employees. Washington, Bureau
of National Affairs, Inc., 1963. 13 pp. (Personnel
Policies Forum Survey 69.) $1.
Minimizing Personality Tensions in Industrial Relations.
By Luis Kutner. (In Business Review, Boston
University, College of Business Administration,
Boston, Spring 1963, pp. 29-45.)
Prices and Consumption Economics
Consumer Expenditures and Income: Northern New Jersey,
1960. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1963. 12 pp. (BLS
Report 237-13.) Other reports in this series include;
R eport N o .
Portland, Maine, 1960__________________
Baltimore, Md., 1960___________________
Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 1960_______________
Buffalo, N .Y ., 1960____________________
Orlando, Fla., 1960____________________
Dallas, Tex., 1960_____________________
Cleveland, Ohio, 1960___________________
Los Angeles, Calif., 1960________________
Champaign-Urbana, III., 1960___________
Small Cities in the Northeastern Region,
1960 (Burlington, Vt., Kingston, N .Y .,
Lewistown, P a.)_____________________
Pages
237-14
237-16
237-17
237-18
237-19
237-20
237-21
237-22
237-23
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
237-24
8
National Income and the Price Level: A Study in Macro
theory. By Martin J. Bailey. New York, McGrawHill Book Co., Inc., 1962. 304 pp. $6.95.
Regional Income Developments in 1962. By Edwin J.
Coleman. (In Survey of Current Business, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Office of Business Eco
nomics, Washington, April 1963, pp. 6-13. 30 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
Social Determinants of Price in Several African Markets.
By Edwin R. Dean. (In Economic Development and
Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press,
Chicago, April 1963, pp. 239-256. $1.75.)
Production and Productivity
Exploring Productivity Measurement in Government. By
John W. Kendrick. (In Public Administration
Review, Chicago, June 1963, pp. 59-66. $4.)
Facts and Observations on Labor Productivity in Western
Europe, North America, and Japan. By Angus
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Maddison. (In Productivity Measurement Review,
Productivity Measurement Advisory Service of the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Develop
ment, Paris, May 1963, pp. 5-12. 75 cents, OECD
Regional Office, Washington.)
Automation. By Andrew Bluemle. Cleveland, Ohio,
World Publishing Co., 1963. 142 pp., bibliography.
$3.95.
Automation: Technique, Mystique, Critique. By Robert A.
Solo. (In Journal of Business, University of Chicago,
Graduate School of Business, April 1963, pp. 166-178.
$2.25, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.)
Focus on Automation— The Management View, The Labor
View, The International Questions. New York,
American Foundation on Automation and Employ
ment, Inc., [1963]. 18 pp.
The Impact of Automation on Wage and Salary Administra
tion. By Barry M. Ginsburg. (In Industrial Labor
Relations Research, Cornell University, New York
State School of Industrial and Labor Relations,
Ithaca, N.Y., Vol. IX, No. 1, 1963, pp. 3-9.)
Automation: The Nut & Bolt Division of Company X — A
Case Study in Automation. By Julius Rezler. Jam
shedpur, India, Jamshedpur Productivity Council
and Xavier Labor Relations Institute, 1962. 26 pp.
Rs. 1.50.
Social Security
Workmen’s Compensation Problems: Proceedings of the 48th
Annual Convention of the International Association of
Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, Indian
apolis, Ind., September 23-27, 1962. Washington,
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Stand
ards, 1963. 179 pp. (Bulletin 254.) 55 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
The Crisis in Workmen’s Compensation. (In American
Federationist, American Federation of Labor and
Congress of Industrial Organizations, Washington,
June 1963, pp. 17-22.)
Entitlement to Unemployment Insurance Benefits: A Report
Prepared for the New York State Advisory Council on
Employment and Unemployment Insurance. By Lil
lian Chutroo. New York, State Advisory Council on
Employment and Unemployment Insurance, 1963.
53 pp.
Review of Unemployment Insurance Financing in New York
State. (Report of the Governor’s Committee on
Unemployment Insurance Financing.) Albany, N.Y.,
1963. 76 pp.
TEC Family Characteristics Study: An Analysis of the
Personal and Family Status Characteristics of the LongTerm Unemployed in Minnesota. St. Paul, Minne-
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
975
sota Department of Employment Security, 1963.
15 pp. (TEC Report 2.)
Disability Determinations Under the Railroad Retirement
Act, 1961—62. (In Monthly Review, U.S. Railroad
Retirement Board, Chicago, May 1963, pp. 2-5.)
Disabled Workers and Rehabilitation Services. By Donald
S. Frank. (In Social Security Bulletin, U.S. Depart
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social
Security Administration, Washington, June 1963,
pp. 3-6. 25 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.)
Wages and Hours
Occupational Wage Survey: Pittsburgh, Pa., January 1963.
Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau
of Labor Statistics, 1963. 32 pp. (Bulletin 1345-40.)
25 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Other bulletins in this series include:
Louisville, K y.-In d., February 1963.
Waterbary, Conn., March 1963___
Burlington, Vt., March 1963______
Toledo, Ohio, February 1963______
South Bend, Ind., March 1963____
Albany-Schenectady-Troy, N .Y .,
March 1963___________________
Cincinnati, Ohio-Ky., March 1963
Rockford, III., April 1963_________
Birmingham, Ala., April 1963____
Phoenix, Ariz., March 1963
Charlotte, N.C., April 1963_______
Savannah, Ga., May 1963________
Unemployment Conditions and Movements of the Money
Wage Level. By William G. Bowen and R. Albert
Berry. (In Review of Economics and Statistics,
Cambridge, Mass., May 1963, pp. 163-172. $2,
Harvard University Press, Cambridge.)
Wage Stabilization in the Korean War Period: The Role
of the Subsidiary Wage Boards. By Bruno Stein.
(In Labor History, Tamiment Institute, New York,
Spring 1963, pp. 161-177. $1.50.)
Hours of Work— Background Materials. (Presented before
the Select Subcommittee on Labor of the House
Education and Labor Committee, June 11, 1963.)
By Ewan Clague. Washington, U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1963. 85 pp.
Miscellaneous
P r ic e
(cents')
Bulletin N o .
P ages
1345-48
1345-49
1345-50
1345-51
1345-52
28
20
24
28
20
25
20
25
25
20
1345-53
1345-54
1345-55
1345-56
1345-57
1345-58
1345-60
20
20
20
20
20
20
18
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Industry Wage Survey—Southern Sawmills and Planing
Mills, June 1962. By George L. Stelluto. Wash
ington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1963. 38 pp. (Bulletin 1361.) 30 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Wage Changes in 24 Manufacturing Industries, 1948-59:
A Comparative Analysis. By Donald R. Snodgrass.
(in Yale Economic Essays, Yale University Press,
New Haven, Conn., Spring 1963, pp. 171-221. $2.50.)
Mean, RIaximum and Minimum Salaries of Professors in
Graduate Schools: 1961-1962. By W. Robert Bokelman and Louis A. D ’Amico. (In Personnel Journal,
Swarthmore, Pa., May 1963, pp. 224-226. 75 cents.)
Union Wages and Hours: Building Trades, July 1, 1962
and Trend 1907—62. By Thomas C. Mobley. Washing
ton, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1963. 43 pp. (Bulletin 1355.) 30 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Union Wages and Hours: Motortruck Drivers and Helpers,
July 1 , 1962 and Trend 1936-62. By John E. Wall.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1963. 30 pp. (Bulletin 1356.) 25
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
The Future of Alaska: Economic Consequences of Statehood.
By George W. Rogers. Washington, Resources for
the Future, Inc., 1962. 311 pp. $6.50, The Johns
Hopkins Press, Baltimore.
The American Economic System: An Anthology of Writings
Concerning the American Economy. Compiled by
Massimo Salvadori. New York, Bobbs-Merrill Co.,
Inc., 1963. 604 pp. $2.50.
International Economics. By Charles P. Kindleberger.
Homewood, 111., Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1963. 686
pp. 3d ed. $11.35.
Economic Growth and Services. By William J. Regan.
(In Journal of Business, University of Chicago,
Graduate School of Business, April 1963, pp. 200-209.
$2.25, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.)
Applied Business and Economic Statistics. By Ya-lun
Chou. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston,
Inc., 1963. 634 pp. $7.50.
Work Design. By Gerald Nadler. Homewood, 111.,
Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1963. 837 pp., bibliography.
$16.
Current Projects on Economic and Social Implications of
Science and Technology.
Washington, National
Science Foundation, 1963. 126 pp. (NSF 63-8.)
40 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Papers and Proceedings of the Seventy-fifth Annual Meeting
of the American Economic Association, Pittsburgh, Pa.,
December 27-29, 1962. Edited by Harold F. William
son and Gertrude Tait. (In American Economic
Review, Menasha, Wis., May 1963, pp. 1-753. $4.)
Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Industrial
Relations Research Association, Pittsburgh, Pa., De-
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
976
cember 27-28, 1962. Edited by Gerald G. Somers.
Madison, The Association (University of Wisconsin,
Social Science Building), 1963. 359 pp. $4.
National Income and Expenditure. By Richard and
Giovanna Stone. Chicago, Quadrangle Books, Inc.,
1962. 118 pp. Rev. ed. $3.95.
Labor Laws and Their Administration: Proceedings of the
46th Convention of the International Association of
Governmental Labor Officials, Little Rock, Ark.,
August 27-30, 1962. Washington, U.S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, 1963. 202 pp.
(Bulletin 251.) 60 cents, Superintendent of Docu
ments, Washington.
Pocket Dictionary of Computer Terms. Compiled by
Howard W. Sams technical staff. Indianapolis,
Ind., Howard W. Sams & Co., Inc., 1962. 96 pp.
(DCT-1.) $1.50.
Seventeenth Report of the International Labor Organization
to the United Nations. Geneva, International Labor
Office, 1963. 78 pp. $1. Distributed in United
States by Washington Branch of ILO.
Annual Report [of the Canadian] Department of Labor for
the Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 1962. Ottawa,
1963. 103 pp. 25 cents, Queen’s Printer, Ottawa.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The Economic Growth of Brazil: A Survey From Colonial
to Modern Times. By Celso Furtado; translated
by Ricardo W. de Aguiar and Eric Charles Drysdale.
Berkeley, University of California Press, 1963. 285
pp. $5.
Is There a Welfare State? A Review of Recent Social
Change in Britain. By Barbara Wootton. (In
Political Science Quarterly, Academy of Political
Science, Columbia University, New York, June 1963,
pp. 179-197. $1.50.)
Current Labor Statistics
TABLES
A.—Employment
978
979
983
987
A -l.
A -2.
A -3.
A -4.
987 A -5.
988 A -6.
Estim ated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
Employees in non agricultural establishments, by industry
Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted
Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted
Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations
B.—Labor Turnover
989 B - l .
Labor turnover rates, by major industry group
C .~ Earnings and Hours
992 C - l .
1004 C -2 .
1004 C -3 .
1005 C -4 .
1007 C -5 .
1007 C—6.
Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry
Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries
Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing,
by major industry group
Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities
Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing
D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
1008
D -l.
1009
1010
1012
1013
D -2 .
D -3 .
D -4.
D -5 .
Consumer Price Index— All-city average: All items, groups, subgroups, and special
groups of items
Consumer Price Index— All items and food indexes, by city
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product
E.—Work Stoppages
1014 E - l .
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
F.—Work Injuries
F -l.
Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries 1
i This table is included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review.
N ote : With the exceptions noted, the statistical series here from the Bureau of Labor Statistics are described in
t i s t i c a l S e r ie s
T e c h n iq u e s o f P r e p a r i n g M a j o r B L S S t a
(BLS Bulletin 1168, 1954), and cover the United States without Alaska and Hawaii.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
977
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
978
A.—Employment
T a b l e A - l . Estim ated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
fin thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and o v er1
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Annual aver
age
1962
1963
Employment status
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1961
1960
Total, both sexes
74,923 74,914 76,554 76,437 76,857 74,175
73,126
72,187 72,179 73,695 73,582 74,001 71,603
3,294 3,512 3,932 4,018 4,463 4,806
70,612
3,931
6.7
5.5
5.3
5.8
5.5
5.8
1,546 1,681 1,702 1,805 2,536 1,897
964
664
630
940 1,037
654
411
255
230
295
358
229
449
728
345
341
428
418
804
584
576
593
447
477
68,893 68,668 69,762 69,564 69,539 66,796
63,418 63,103 63,993 63,ÔÜ0 63,249 61,333
48,047 49,684 47,264 46,372 49,209 47,257
9,426 7,265 6,849 6,598 6,927 7,522
3,811 3,475 3,222 3,185 3,365 3,610
2,133 2,680 6,667 7,343 3,748 2,946
5,475 5, 564 5,770 6,064 6,290 5,463
3,688 3,693 3,900 4,270 4,377 3, 540
1,232 1,310 1,285 1,215 1,346 1,245
477
446
447
462
404
426
122
200
182
133
129
101
5.0
1,799
823
353
502
454
66,681
60,958
40,388
8,249
3,279
3,042
5,723
3,811
1,279
444
190
50,110 51,657 51,733 51,832 49,918
49,507
47,378
3,060
44,318
39,811
32,984
3, 587
1,511
1,729
4,508
3,132
827
370
179
47,025
2,541
44,485
39,807
32,511
4,100
1,360
1,836
4,678
3,365
792
348
172
24,812 24,949 24,804 24,897 24,703 25,026 24,257
23,619
Total labor force..______________________ 77,901 75,864 74,897 74,382 73,999 73,823 74,142 74,532
Civilian labor force
____ - - - - - - - - - - - - - 75,165 73,127 72,161 71,650 71,275 70,607 71,378 71,782
TTnemnlovment
______________ 4,846 4,066 4,063 4,501 4,918 4,672 3,817 3,801
Unemployment rate seasonally ad5.8
5.8
5.6
5.6
0.1
5.7
5.9
5.7
justed *
_____________________
2,802 1,833 1,597 1,553 1,814 1,996 1,697 1,960
Unemployed ^ weeks or less T
684
840
963 1,315 1,162
672
679
TTpemployed 5—10 weeks, nmir.
806
292
300
361
485
598
371
222
262
612
525
469
684
696
649
743
TTnemploved 15—
26 w eeks,
502
397
453
691
541
619
681
514
643
Unemployed over 26 weeks
T_,
Em ploym ent__ ___________ . . . . . . . . ___ 70,319 69,061 68,097 67,148 66,358 65,935 67,561 67,981
Non agricultural_________________ ___ 64, 365 63,883 63,424 62,812 62,309 61,730 63,495 63,098
Wnrke.d 3fi hours or more
49, 804 50,383 46, 505 48,669 47,063 48,480 49,175 45.107
Worked 15—
34 hours.
___ _______ 7,015 7,261 10,455 7,588 8, 573 7,235 7,932 11,894
Worked 1—14 hours .
__________ 3, 580 4,144 3,856 4,119 4,238 3,845 4,143 4,074
W ith a job blit not at work *________ 3,966 2,093 2,608 2,436 2,432 2,172 2,243 2,021
Agricultural
_______- - - - - - - - - - - - 5,954 5,178 4,673 4,337 4,049 4,206 4,066 4,883
Worker! 35 hours or more
.. . 4,199 3,489 3,198 2,587 2,261 2,522 2,352 3,262
907 1,069
987
____________ 1, 226 1,196 1,041 1,042 1,040
Worker! 15-34 hours
398
490
444
467
483
305
415
'413
Worked 1-14 hours________________
153
316
249
241
267
129
With a jop hut, not at work >
119
80
Males
Total labor force________________________ 52,204 50,483 50,010 49,675 49,508 49,269 49,574 49,719 49,974
Civilian labor force______ - ______________ 49, 500 47,778 47,306 46,975 46,816 46,585 46,841 47,001 47,269
Unemployment.
..
_ _ 2,779 2,434 2,600 3,013 3,293 3,080 2,522 2,259 1,881
Employment _ _____________ ___ ___ - 46, 722 45,345 44, 706 43.962 43, 523 43,505 44,319 44,743 45,387
Non agricultural.
._
42,078 41,205 40, 762 40,251 39,994 39,839 40,782 40,703 41,131
Worked 35 hours or more
35, 283 35,055 32,806 33,648 32,710 33,648 33,946 31,704 33,774
3, 256 3,161 4,941 3,439 4,026 3,251 3,612 6,130 4,428
Worked 15-34 hours.,,,.
Worked 1-14 hours,
1, 551 1,795 1,658 1,688 1,779 1,593 1,760 1,618 1,628
W ith a job but not at work
_____ 1,988 1,193 1,357 1,476 1,481 1,351 1,461 1,250 1,302
Agricultural_________________ - ______ 4, 644 4,140 3,945 3,711 3,529 3,666 3,537 4,040 4,256
3,634 3,071 2, 888 2,383 2,074 2,281 2,181 2,908 3,168
Worked 35 hours or more
694
692
656
786
751
730
702
700
637
Worked 15-34 hours_______________
307
281
424
400
384
423
Worker! 1-14 hours _ _
296
247
276
114
276
133
232
216
246
112
With a joh hut not at work »
96
68
47,406
1,991
45,415
41,052
34,769
3,261
1,433
1,588
4,363
3,180
780
309
92
48,830
2,327
46,503
41,899
33,483
3,316
1,449
3,652
4,604
3,327
819
293
165
48,911
2,406
46,505
41,732
32,952
3,183
1,337
4,261
4,773
3,634
687
332
121
49,009
2,698
46,310
41,421
34,624
3,244
1,518
2,035
4,889
3,743
733
305
109
Females
Total labor force----------- ---------------------- 25,697 25,381 24,886 24,707 24,492 24,054 24,568
Civilian labor force
25,665 25,349 24,854 24,675 24,460 2L022~ 24,537
TTnemplnyment.
.....
2,067 1,632 1,463 1,489 1,625 1,592 1,295
Employment .
23, 598 23,717 23,391 23,186 22,835 22,430 23,242
22; 287 22, 679 22,663 22,560 22,315 21,890 22,714
Non agricultural. _T . .....__
Worked 35 hours or more__________ 14, 522 15,327 13,699 15,022 14,356 14,835 15,228
Worked 15-34 hours
3, 760 4,099 5, 515 4,149 4,547 3,983 4,319
Worked 1-14 hours
2,029 2,352 2,198 2,430 2,459 2,252 2,383
782
950
820
960
900 1,251
With a job but not at work *_______ 1,978
528
520
540
625
728
Agricultural-. ___________________ 1,310 1,038
172
204
187
243
564
418
311
Worked 35 hours or more________
252
312
255
236
341
493
590
Worked 15-34 hours______________
66
44
83
57
135
59
117
Worked 1-14 hours_______________
40
20
26
17
12
17
23
W ith a job b ut not at work *______
i Estimates are based on Information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in
family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.
1 Unemployment as a percent of labor force.
3 Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite
instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
24,781
1, 543
23,238
22,395
13,404
5,763
2,457
771
843
355
377
91
27
24,918
1,413
23,505
22,287
14,273
4,998
2,184
832
1,219
520
538
145
15
24,773
1,520
23,253
22,051
14,914
4,004
2,042
1,092
1,201
512
529
152
9
24,865
1,605
23,260
22.094
13,782
3,533
1,773
3,005
1,166
573
466
110
17
24,671
1,611
23,059
21,768
13,420
3,415
1,848
3,082
1,291
636
530
116
12
24,993
1,764
23,228
21,827
14,583
3,682
1,847
1,713
1,491
634
613
141
13
24,225 23,587
1,747
1,390
22,478 22,196
21, 523 21,151
14,273 13,627
3,934
4,149
2,098
1,919
1,217
1,206
955
1,045
445
408
419
486
107
96
22
17
new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. Most of
the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as unem
ployed.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Explanatory Notes (in Employ
ment and Earnings, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
current issues).
Figures for periods prior to April 1962 are not strictly comparable with
current data because of the introduction of 1960 Census data into the esti
mation procedure. The change primarily affected the labor force and em
ployment totals, which were reduced by about 200,000. The unemployment
totals were virtually unchanged.
A.—EMPLOYMENT
979
T a b l e A -2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
1963
1962
Annual
average
Industry
Junes Mays
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Total employees........... ............................... 56,802 56,222 55,825 55,068 54,780 54,833 56,444
Mining______________________________
645
639
627
612
614
617
628
Metal mining_______________________
85.2
82.9
79.8
80.7
78.9
78.3
Iron ores_________________________
29.1
25.1
26.6
25.0
23.3
24.4
Copper ores................................. ...........
28.4
28.0
28.5
28.0
28.0
28.0
Coal mining________________________
134.7 135.9 134.5 139.7 140.4 140.2
Bituminous___ _______ _____ _____
126.7 127.9 126.3 131.3 131.9 131.6
Crude petroleum and natural gas______
302.0 296.2 294.5 294.1 295.3 301.2
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
171.7 171.6 170.8 171.5 171.6 171. e
Oil and gas field services................... . ........... 130.3 124.6 123.7 122.6 123.7 129.6
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining_____
116.7 112.3 102.7
99.3 102.2 108.2
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1961
1960
56,214 56,333 56,252 55,709 55,493 55,777 54,077 54,347
638
78.9
25.1
27.8
645
79.4
25.9
27.7
651
80.3
26.4
27.9
658
83.8
28.3
28.8
648
87.8
29.0
28.8
661
89.2
29.8
29.2
666
87.1
27.5
28.9
28.3
142.2
133.4
143.8
135.2
142.6
134.2
141.9
133.4
129.9
120.7
142.8
134.2
155.5
145.1
182.2
168.2
300.1
172.1
128.0
303.0
172.8
130.2
307.2
175.5
131.7
309.2
178.0
131.2
310.1
178.0
132.1
307.9
177. 5
130.4
308.9
176.8
132.2
313.9
181.7
132.2
709
33 ! 2
116.4 119.1 121.0 122.9 120.2 120.6 114.9 119.5
Contract construction__________________ 2,902 2,766 2,585 2,315 2,241 2,349 2,532 2,801 2,936 2,978 3,031 2,982 2,839 2,760 2,882
General building contractors..................... _________ 851.2 807.9 718.0 693.7 731.4 786.2 861.7 889.1 903.2 929.2 916.4 873.0 860.8 911.7
Heavy construction....................................
597.1 512.4 412.5 383.8 409.6 471.1 579.3 648.4 667.6 685.4 675.0 624.5 565.6 581.3
Highway and street construction.......... _________ 353.3 283.4 207.8 185.5 201.4 244.9 326.9 379.0 394.5 405.2 393.6 359.6 302.8 302.4
Other heavy construction___________ _________ 243.8 229.0 204.7 198.3 208.2 226.2 252.4 269.4 273.1 280.2 281.4 264.9 262.9 278.9
Special trade contractors______________ ........... 1,317.9 1, 264.4 1,184. 5 1,163.0 1,207.8 1,274.4 1,360.4 1,398.8 1,407.1 1,416.5 1,390. 9 1,341.0 1,333.2 1,388.8
Manufacturing_______________________ 16,964 16,813 16,701 16,613 16,546 16,551 16,727 16,891 17,028 17,127 16,931 16,782 16,870 16,267 16,762
Durable goods_____________________ 9. 66811 9.595 9, 513 9,430 9,399 9,407 9,473 9,533 9,562 9,571 9,402 9,463 9,547 9,042 9,441
Nondurable goods_________________ 7.296 7.218 7,188 7,183 7,147 7,144 7,254 7,358 7,466 7,556 7,529 7,319 7,323 7,225 7,321
Durable good»
Ordnance and accessories_____________
Ammunition, except for small arms___
Sighting and fire control equipment__
Other ordnance and accessories_______
214.5
213.6
112.1
47.5
54.0
214.3
111.9
48.7
53.7
217.5
113.7
49.8
54.0
219.2
114.3
51.1
53.8
220.3
114.1
52.1
54.1
221.0
114.8
52.0
54.2
221.6
114.7
52.6
54.3
220.4
114.2
52.5
53.7
220.7
114.0
53.0
53.7
221.6
115.0
53,4
53.2
217.0
113.7
53.3
50.0
211.8
110.7
52.5
48.6
200.6
103.1
51.1
46.5
187.3
93.9
50.0
43.4
613.5
91.9
272.3
591.0
82.0
265.2
579.1
78.7
261.1
574.7
80.6
257.5
579.2
82.4
259.7
592.0
88.1
261.9
608.6
E?94.0
269.2
620.7
97.2
273.9
629.9
101.2
277.1
639.6
104.5
280.1
632.9
103.7
279.0
635.8
101.8
281.6
600.5
91.5
268.9
636.8
92.6
294.7
147.9
39.8
61.6
144.6
38.7
60.5
141.3
37.6
60.4
140.0
37.4
59.2
140.6
37.5
59.0
143.6
38.7
59.7
146.4
39.0
60.0
148.9
40.0
60.7
150.7
39.6
61.3
152.9
40.5
61.6
149.2
40.8
60.2
149.6
41.2
61.6
141.3
40.8
58.0
146.6
43.2
59.0
382.4
377.7
271.2
28.2
34.2
44.1
377.4
271.7
28.5
33.7
43.5
378.1
271.7
28.8
34.6
43.0
377.1
270.4
28.9
34.8
43.0
379.5
270.3
30.0
35.4
43.8
383.3
273.5
30.5
34.9
44.4
387.1
275.8
30.7
35.7
44.9
388.2
276.9
28.5
37.8
45.0
388.0
276.0
28.2
38.0
45.8
387.6
273.3
30.3
37.7
46.3
378.3
266.5
29.2
37.2
45.4
382.3
269.1
29.7
37.1
46.4
367. 4
259.6
27.4
36.2
44.2
383.4
271.1
28.3
39.0
45.1
599.7
588.5
29.6
103.7
40.0
71.9
44.2
161.8
122.5
574.2
29.5
102.6
39.0
69.7
44.3
153.5
120.9
550.4
28.8
101.2
35.5
65.9
43.6
141.5
119.0
540.7
29.0
100.0
34.6
64.8
43.4
136.0
118.3
545.2
29.2
98.4
36.3
65.9
43.4
138.3
118.8
560.3
30.3
99.7
37.9
68.6
43.7
144.9
120.2
578.2
31.0
100.4
40.3
70.6
44.5
154.7
121.4
588.0
30.5
101.8
40.8
71.4
45.3
160.7
122.2
592.8
30.4
102.8
41.4
72.5
44.8
163.2
122.7
595.6
30.1
103.1
41.7
73.1
44.2
165.1
123.5
590.1
29.7
103.0
41.5
72.1
43.5
163.0
123.0
589.5
29.6
103.9
41.3
71.8
43.9
162.2
122.4
566.8
27.9
100.6
40.0
70.7
43.4
150.2
119.5
595.3
31.1
102.9
42.8
76.1
47.1
155.4
124.0
_________
—
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture............... .............. ...... ......... 604.1
Logging camps and logging contractors.
Sawmills and planing mills__________ ...........
Millwork, plywood, and related
products________________________
Wooden containers_________________
Miscellaneous wood products...... .......... —
Furniture and fixtures_______________
Household furniture_____________ . . .
Office furniture____________________
Partitions; office and store fixtures____
Other furniture and fixtures_________
Stone, clay, and glass products________
Flat glass_________________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.
Cement, hydraulic..................................
Structural clay products........................
Pottery and related products.................
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Other stone and mineral products____
—
_________
_________
_________
Primary metal industries.................... 1,209.8 1,193.8 1,176. 7 1,153. 5 1,137.6 1,124.2 1,124.4 1,118.7 1,123.1 1,136.4 1,134. 7 1,134. 7 1,166. 0 1,142.3 1.228.7
Blast furnace and basic steel products..
618.4 603.5 583.9 569.4 555.8 555.3 550.8 555.2 566.3 567.5 570.8 594.9
652.5
Iron and steel foundries_____________ _________ 200.4 199.1 196.9 196.2 195.3 195.3 194.9 195.5 196.6 193.8 194.0 196.9 599.9
186.0 203.6
Nonferrous smelting and refining_____
68.7
67.1
68.0
67.4
66.9
68.2
68.7
69.1
68.9
69.4
67.8
68.8
67.4
70.8
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding_______________________
178.8 178.0 177.3 176.8 176.6 176.8 176.7 177,5 177.5 176.8 177.3 178.0 169.9 175.6
Nonferrous foundries_______________ _________
68.2
67.9
68.1
68.1
68.4
68.4
67.5
67.1
67.1
67.1
66.0
64.7
61.4
65.1
Miscellaneous primary metal industries.
59.6
60.1
60.0
60.2
60.7
60.4
60.1
58.7
59.5
60.6
60.1
61.4
57.8
61.1
Fabricated metal products____________ 1,150.9 1,134.2 1,121.3 1,109. 5 1,108.1 1,111.3 1,122.1 1,128.3 1,134.1 1,135. 7 1,115.5 1,115.8 1,129.0 1,076. 4 1,128.6
Metal cans_______________ ________
63.1
62.1
59.0
58.3
57.6
60.4
57.9
61.0
65.3
65.4
65.7
65.2
60.6
62.5
Cutlery, handtools, and general hard-"
ware___________________________
140.2 140.2 140.0 140.7 141.0 141.5 141.3 140.0 138.4 134.7 133.6 138.7 129.7 136.0
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures______ __________________
79.0
77.9
77.2
77.2
76.0
77.0
77.8
79.0
78.6
78.8
76.7
77.0
79.0
75.2
Fabricated structural metal products..
328.7 321.4 315.1 313.9 317.0 322.3 325. 8 330.9 335.1 333.7 334.4 332.3 325.8 334.3
Screw machine products, bolts, etc....... _________
87.9
88.0
88.3
88.4
88.0
87.9
87.8
87. 7 87.0
87.0
88. 1 87. 1 80.4
85.6
Metal stampings__________________
195.0 193.4 191.8 192.2 195.3 197.1 196.4 196.4 193.2 180.2 184.3 188.3 179.4 197.7
Coating, engraving, and allied services..
68.2. 67.3
67.3
65.7
66.1
66.0
70.0
69.6
69.2
67.8
67.4
68.9
63.9
64.2
Miscellaneous fabricatedwire products.
56.8! 56.3
56.4
56.1
56.2
57.0
57.4
57.7
55.7
55.6
56.8
57.1
53.7
56.9
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products. —
115.3' 114. 7l 114. 5l 114.6 113.6 114.3 113.9 111.8 112.1 112.2 112.0 114.4 107.8 112.4
See footnotes a t end of table
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
980
T a b l e A -2 . Employees iD nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1— Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1962
1963
Industry
Ju n e 3 M a y 3 Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1961
1960
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods— Continued
Machinery__________ _______________ 1,491.6 1,484.3 1,485.1 1,481.5 1.474.0 1,469.3 1,464.2 1,462.9 1,463.1 1,466.7 1,463.9 1,468.1 1,479.5 1,401.1 1,471.4
86.8
85.7
86.6
86.8
86.3
86. 6 86.8
80.0
87.0
88.5
88.3
88.1
87.5
88.1
Engines and turbines_______________
129.9 132.3 132. 3 130.5 125.1 120.8 117 4 1180 118 7 117.7 119.0 120.5 112 4 114.1
Farm machinery and equipment..........
212.3
212.0
209.0
208.6
207.8
211.2
211.1
198.
1
219.7
211.2 210.3 209.4 208.8 208.7
Construction and related machinery__
Metalworking machinery and equip262.8 263.0 262.1 260.7 259. 5 269. 5 258 3 256.4 255. 0 253. 1 256.7 259.7 243.8 258.2
ment - _______________________
169.5 170.2 169.9 169.2 169.9 170 8 170.8 171.6 171.6 172.4 172.9 173.5 167.9 173.8
Special Industry machinery................. 221.7 221.8 221.8 221.2 222. 2 220. 5 222.6 223.4 223.2 222.9 222.0 222.8 211.1 223.0
General Industrial machinery________
Office, computing, and accounting
148.1 148.2 148.8 148.7 149.6 150 0 150.4 150.5 151.9 152.1 151.0 151.8 149.3 145.7
machines______ ________________
99.7 101.0
96.3
96 2 96.7
94.1
99 8
95.3
95 3 96.0
97.3
95.9
100.3
99.1
Service Industry machines__________
Miscellaneous machinery___________ ........... 153.3 152.1 151.8 150.7 150.5 151 3 162.6 152.7 151.7 160.3 149. 9 151.6 144.6 150.4
Electrical equipment and supplies_____ 1,533.8 1,518.7 1,519.2 1, 524.0 1, 533. 7 1,543. 5 1. 556. 0 1,561.1 1,561 2 1.556. 7 1,638. 9 1,529.1 1,534.2 1.436.0 1.445.6
159.8 160.3 159.9 160.7 161.9 163 1 163.5 163 5 163.3 163 2 161. 7 162.2 160.9 163 2
Electric distribution equipment______
174.4 174.4 174.1 174.8 175.3 176 4 176.9 176 6 176 9 175. 7 177.0 178 3 170.5 177 4
Electrical Industrial apparatus_______
158.4 156.6 154.0 154. 4 154.6 155 2 154 8 156. 6 155.0 151 9 150.7 164.3 161.0 157 2
Household appliances______________
137.0 138.0 138.3 138.2 137 6 138 6 138 9 139 4 138.8 136. 1 133 6 135. 4 128. 5 132.7
Electric lighting and wiring equipment.
122.8 119.4 120.6 122.1 124.6 128. 2 132 9 135. 7 135. 2 132.2 129 9 127 8 113. 1 111.8
Radio and TV receiving sets.................
408.6 413.5 419.4 423.9 426 6 428. 9 427 4 424.7 422.6 420.0 415.7 416.2 378.4 366 0
Communication equipm ent_________
240.7 240.4 241.1 241.8 244.5 246 6 247.0 247.6 248.0 246.5 246. 7 245. 7 227.2 225.2
Electronic component« and accessories
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
117.0 116.6 116.6 117.8 118.5 119.1 119.1 118.1 116.9 113.3 113.8 114.3 106.4 111.4
and supplies____________________
Transportation equipment........................ 1,717.2 1, 717.1 1,710.6 1,698. 4 1, 702. 5 1,709.2 1, 705 6 1,695 4 1,683 9 1,668.7 1,536.2 1,647.4 1,660.4 1.522 5 1.617.3
766. 8 759.9 748.0 751.3 761. 2 762 4 755 1 746.8 731. 8 607. 3 727 5 746 4 647 9 727.6
Motor vehicles and equipment_______
721.8 722.1 724.2 728.2 730.8 729 7 726 6 719.7 719.0 709 7 705.1 695.6 669 4 673 8
Aircraft and parts ________________
151.5 152.2 152.2 150.1 148. 5 145.1 144.0 145.5 144 3 144 3 141.8 142.6 142.2 141.0
8htp and boat building and repairing..
45 5 43.6
45. 5 35.8
41.9
44.8
42 0 43.2
43.8
42.8
45.3
45. 3 46.0
44 4
29.4
29.4
30.3
28.7
28.8
27 3
26.5
27.8
31.1
28.7
30.4
31.7
Other transportation equipm ent..___
28. 5 25.9
Instruments and related products............ 366.9 364.3 363.3 362.0 361.2 361.3 362 0 362.1 361.6 361.3 361.3 357.4 358.2 346.4 354.2
73.6
72.3
72.6
74.4
73.9
__
74.1
75.7
74 4 74.3
73.2
72.2
72.7
Engineering and scientific instruments
73 3 74.2
Mechanical measuring and control
95.7
95.9
95.0
94. 7 91.8
95.8
96 5 96.3
95.1
97.6
97.6
97.6
devices___ ______ _______________
97. 6 97.0
41.7
41.8
42.4
39 3 40. fi
41.8
41.8
41 7 41.6
41.6
42.0
42.1
42.6
Optical and ophthalmic goods............... ___
41.9
Surgical, medical, and dental equip49.0
49.5
49.2
50.0
49.6
49.6
47.6
49
7
49
7
47.3
50.3
51.0
50.7
ment ________________________
50. 3
71.0
71.4
70.5
71.8
68.4
69.0
70.6
71 1 71 2 71.0
70.8
72.0
71.4
Photographic equipment and supplies..
70.3
29.0
29.1
27.
7
29.
0
28.6
28.8
25.
3
26.6
29.0
27.9
28.1
28.9
28.8
Watches and clocks________________
27 8
Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries.
397.2 389.2 380.1 375. 7 370.2 363.9 382 4 409 0 418.1 414.5 407.3 392.4 399.9 381.6 392.1
42.3
41.2
41. 5 40.0
41.8
43.2
41 8 42 8 42 6
40.6
40.9
Jewelry silverware, and plated ware...
40.6
40.6
112.2 101.9 102.3
95.0
107.9
99.8
Tovs, amusement, and sporting goods.
89. 1 84 1 95.3 116 1 123. 1 119. 7 117. 1 112.4
32.6
33.2
34 9 35 1 34. 6 34.1
31.2
31.0
34.2
34.2
34.5
34.8
Pens, pencils, office and art materials.
33. 5 33.5
53.1
56.3
56.9
56.8
56.0
54 0
55.2
57 !
57.5
52.9
52.9
52.1
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
53. 3 52.8
153.0 153.1 153.0 153.3 152. ti 155. 9 168.1 160.4 161. 1 158.6 154.3 157.0 152. 7 158.1
Other manufacturing Industries______
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products___________ 1, 742. 5 1,695. 6 1,677.7 1,674. 7 1, 665.1 1,686.9 1,738.8 1,780. 7 1,858. 5 1,931.1 1,910. 5 1,829. 6 1,777.9 1,780.2 1,792. 7
302.5 299.8 298.6 300.8 304.1 311 5 316 0 315.9 312 7 314. 7 313.4 314.4 317.0 321.1
Meat products____________________
304.6 301.8 298.9 297.4 298.4 301.2 303.0 306.1 312.3 320.5 322.3 318.8 313.3 316.6
Dairy products____________________
Canned and preserved food, except
1Q2 2 189 (1 188.3 181.1 187. 4 202.2 227. 5 298.1 379.1 359.1 286.7 236.3 243.6 241.8
Graln m i l l p r o d u c t s
126.2 123.4 124.3 123.7 124.4 124. S 124.9 128.2 130.6 131. 1 131.0 128.7 128.6 128.4
303.9 302.3 303.3 302.3 303.2 307.0 308.9 308.0 307.3 308.0 308. 1 308.8 305.7 307. 5
Bakery products___________________
28.5
30. C 29.3
28.8
44. 1 45.7
45.1
32.1
34.3
27.0
34.8
36.6
30.9
27.8
Sugar
____ __________________
78. 7 79. 9 84.0
83. C 76. £ 69. 1 73.2
80. C 79.0
87.6
85.1
78.3
74.5
Confectionery and related products___
73.8
221.4 218.0 214.5 210.1 212.2 217.9 219. 7 223.5 228.6 227. 2 229.1 227.7 216.5 218.2
Beverages . _____________________
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod140.1 141. 1 141.5 142.5 142.5 146.1 147.5 148.6 145.5 143.0 140.6 141.2 141.4 142.8
u c ts ___________________________
74.1
74.9
37. 1
21.4
77.4
37.2
21.8
79.5
37.2
22.0
85.2
36.8
22.1
Textile mill products.................................. 863.9
Cotton broad woven fabrics_________
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
Narrow fabrics and smallwares..... ........
Knitting _________________________
Finishing textiles except wool and knit
Floor covering_____________________
Yarn and thread___________________ i________
Miscellaneous textile goods__________
See footnotes at end of table.
857.4
237.7
70.0
49.8
26.6
203.9
70.2
33.1
101.6
64.5
858.2
238. c
69.8
50.2
26.5
202.5
70.6
33.7
101.2
65.4
857.3
238.8
69.7
50.3
26.5
201.9
70.6
33.8
100.7
65.0
854. 4
238.7
69. 8
50 2
26 5
199 2
70 4
34.2
100. 9
64.5 1
Tobacco manufactures______________
Cigarettes________________-_______
Cigars___ _______ ____ _______ ____
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
111.2 117.6
37. C 37. £
22.6
22.8
102.6
37.9
22.6
855. 2 867.5 876.2 881.3 883.7
240.2 242.2 243 ! 243.2 244.2
70. 1 70.6
70 1 70.5
70 3
51.6
49.6
50.8
48.6
48.8
27. i
27 5 27 2 27. 4
26. (
198. 1 203 5 210. i 214 4 215 £
70. 5 71 6 71. 5 71.6
71.2
34.6
35 0 35 1 34 7 34.2
100 7 102 2 102. i 102.9 103 0
66.5
66.4
66.3
66.4
65.7
885.8
245. C
70.6
52 2
27 3
217.2
71 1
33 1
103. 8
65.5
88.3
37.1
22.0
94.1
37.2
23.0
96.2
37. (
22.9
76.9
37.9
22. C
76.2
37.6
22. £
90.5
37. C
24.8
94.1
37.2
27.9
872.9 890.9 879.8 914.0
243.4 247. C 251.2 260.4
68.7
70.4
69.8
73.4
52.9
52.2
52.3
56.0
26.6
27.4
26.6
27.6
213. C 217.6 211. 1 214.4
70. f
72.2
70.8
74.3
33.0
33.4
33 1 35.9
101.3 103.6 100.4 103.7
69.0
64.1
66.4
64.6
A —EMPLOYMENT
T able
981
A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1963
1962
A nnual
average
In d u stry
June
1
M ay 2 A pr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Nov.
Dec.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1961
1960
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Nondurable flood*—C ontinued
ADnarel and related nrod»cts_. .
1,255.6 1,253.4 1,246.3 1,267. 0 1,250.6 1,2192 1.235. 6 1,252 7 1, 258. 5 1,264.2 1,266.7 1,207.8 1,230. 5 1,199. 5 1.228 4
______ 118.5 116.9 118.2 118.5 118. 5 119. 1 118 5 119.5 120.2 119.8 115.2 119.4 118.4 121.6
M en’s and boys’ suits and c o a ts ...
M en's and boys’ furnishings. . .
338.6 335.7 332.2 330.7 327. 5 331.8 334. 9 335.2 336.4 336.1 324.7 331.2 302.2 307.6
W om en’s, misses’, and Juniors’ outerw ear.............................. .............
347.1 349. i 363.7 356.0 337.9 339.5 343 4 342.3 349.7 356.7 335.5 342.2 348.3 361.3
W om en’s and children’s undergar122.4 122.7 122. 7 121 7 120 . 2 123 0 120 0 120 7 124 0 t?3 3 lio 7
m e n ts ........... .......
... .
H ats, caps, and m illinery.......... .............. ______
32.8
34.5
39.9
36.8
39.3
34! 5
32.9
35.8
36.2
36.8
32'0
31.7
36.2
34.9
78.4
Girls' and children’s o u terw ear............
73.8
79.5
75 1
77 2 78 0 78 ?
77 2
79 0 76.3
76 f
79 2
76 1
66.4
F u r goods and miscellaneous apparel .
66.6 66.7
62.9
65.0
72.3
73.3
68.2
72.2
71.6
67! 8 68.7
69.5 69!0
M iscellaneous fabricated textile products___________________ . .
149.2 146.2 144.1 140 4 139.1 143 3 147.9 148 7 147 7 143 8 137 7 138 1 135 8 136 9
602.9
225.6
68.6
600.8
224.7
67.7
599.8
223. 7
68.3
597.0
223 4
68.3
600.3
225. 2
68. 5
605.7
606.4
226 £
608 8
227 9
602.2
227 7
68.3
68.3
610.7
229 0
67.7
610.4
231 4
68.5
66.7
66.4
130.4
178.3
130.2
178.2
129. 8
178.0
128 6
176.7
128. 9
177.7
130 ?
180.8
129 1
181. 6
130 0
182.1
130 0
183.4
130 4
181.9
129 3
178.8
Printing, publishing, and allied Indust r i e s . . . .................................. ..................
938.6
Newspaner p u b l’shlng and p rin tin g ..
Periodical publishing and p rin tin g !.. ______
B o o k s ____ ____ _______ _________
Commercial p rinting.........
_
Bookbinding and related industries. .
O ther publishing and printing Industr i e s ..................................................
934.9
343.9
67.4
77.0
289.4
49.4
932.4
341.9
67.8
76.5
289.4
48.9
913.5
322.2
68.8
75.6
290.6
48.4
909.2
321.0
68.7
75.1
288.6
47.8
912.2
320.6
69.5
75. 4
291.2
48.0
920.1
323.7
69. 1
75. 4
294 7
48.4
945. 7
348 £
69. 4
75 7
293.8
48.4
945.0
346 6
68.9
76 0
293.8
48.7
941.3 934.0
345 1 345 5
107.8
107.9
107.9
108.0
107.5
108.8
109.9
Chemicals and allied products
871.8
Industrial chem icals.................... ............
Plastics and synthetics, except glass. .
1>ruas......................
Roan, cleaners, and toilet goods.............
Paints, varnishes, and allied products .
_______
Agricultural chem icals_________
O ther chemical products_____________ ............
870.2
287.5
166.5
113.7
99.8
63.9
52.1
86.7
871.4
286.7
164.7
113.3
100.4
63.4
56.3
86.6
880.6
285.4
163. 5
112. 5
100. 7
62.6
49.3
86.6
852. 7
284 4
163. 2
112. 0
99. 9
62.0
45.4
85.8
850. 1
284. 6
163. 4
111 6
99. 9
61.6
43.5
85.5
849.9
284.9
162.9
111.7
100.2
61.7
42.3
86.2
852.0
285 2
163 3
111 3
190.6
189.6
154.2
35.4
187.5
154.5
33.0
186.3
155.2
31.1
186.3
154. 6
31. 7
185. 4
153. 0
32.4
186.9
153. 5
33.4
189. 1
154 3
34.8
190.7
154. 9
395.1
105.0
161.0
129.1
393.2 392.1
104. 7 104.3
160.4 160.8
128.1 127.0
391.5
104. 4
161.0
126.1
394.7
105. 3
163. 9
125. 5
395. 8
105 7
164. 4
125.7
398 2
105 3
164 4
128. 5
399.9
344.1
31.8
230.4
81.9
342.9
31.5
229.8
81.6
354.6 351.4
32. 1 32. 9
237. 6 236.1
84.9
82.4
359. 3
3,916
783.8
684.5
265.8
85.6
106.0
48.6
911.4
214.2
191.4
19.8
304.0
815.3
686.8
34.4
92.2
601.8
247.4
150. 5
173.1
30.8
3,881 3,868
773.0 765.0
674.4 666.9
265.3 267.7
85.4 86.0
107.2 110.0
47.5 46.6
901.0 890.4
213.3 212. 6
190.4 190. 2
19.9
19.9
295.4 299.0
815.2 813.0
686.3 684.8
34.4
34.4
91. 9
92.6
597.4 599. 9
243. 7 247. 5
150.3 150.0
172.8 172.4
30. o;
30.6
3,862
761.4
664. 4
268.8
3,937
786. 7
681. 6
269.3
86.9
109. 4
47.9
925. 4
210. 5
189. 1
20.5
306. 0
815. 8
685.9
35. 7
92. 3
602. 5
247. 7
151.2
173.6
30.0
Paper and allied products_______
Paper and pulp________________
P a p e r b o a r d . _________________
C onverted paper and paperboard
products. ____________ .
Paperboard containers and boxes____
Petroleum refining and related industries
Petroleum refining......................... .....
O ther petroleum and coal p ro d u c ts ...
R ubber and miscellaneous plastic produ c ts ... . .
Tires and Inner tubes_______________
Other rubber products______________
Miscellaneous plastic products_______
Leather and leather products__________
Leather tanning and finishing________
Footwear, except ru b b er____________
O ther leather products______________
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n and p u b lic u t i l i t i e s
,
Railroad transportation_______________
Class I railroads____________________
Local and Interurban passenger tra n s it..
Local and suburban tran sp o rtatio n __
Taxicabs................................... ....... .....
Intercity and rural buslines__
M otor freight transportation and storage.
Air transp o rtatio n ..................................1 .
Air transportation, common carriers..
Pipeline transportation _______________
O ther transportation
C om m unication______________________
Telephone com m unication__
Telegraph com m unication___________
Radio and television broadcasting .
Electric, gas. and sanitary services____ _
Electric companies and system s_____
Gas companies and system s_______
Com bined u tility system s______
W ater, steam , and sanitary s y ste m s..t.
See footnotes a t end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
610.3
397.3
351.1
3,973
352.2
31. 7
235.1
85.4
86.2
110. 7
46.7
888. 2
211. 9
190.3
19. 9
301.0
811.3
682.7
34.7
92.0
599. 8
247. 4
150.2
172.4
29.8
3,794
760. 4
663 4
270.0
86.5
110.2
48.2
884. 8
212.4
190.8
20.2
233.8
811. 5
683.3
34.9
91. 4
600. 5
247. 4
150.5
172.8
29.81
?
33. 1
238.4
87.8
68.3
m s
589.5
893.3
224 4
66. 8
69.3
174.0
124 4
17611
930.7 933.4 926.3
343 1 343 7 339 1
66.4
66 4 71.0
70 1 75 4
73 0
28912 292.0 289.8
48.3
48.0
47.1
917.2
332 0
71.0
71 1
289.2
47.0
292! 2
49.3
75 8
288.9
49.5
111 0
no 0
108 2
107 0
106 3
106 3
853.6
284 9
163 2
110 0
101. 8
62.8
42.9
87.4
855.9
285 1
104 3
110 5
101 8
63.6
42.7
87.9
858.0
287 8
103 4
111 4
855. 0
288 9
102 9
110 7
851.2
287 7
158 4
830.2
284 8
152.3
829.6
280 8
153 2
90 2
99 4
64.7
40.7
88.8
64. 5
40.6
88.3
64.2
43.3
88.2
90 5
62 4
44 7
82.9
92 2
63.8
44.8
81.8
192.8
156 4
36.2
199.9
103 5
36.4
200.9
105 0
200.9
105 3
35.6
203.0
170 0
211.7
177 0
35.9
105 3
164 7
129 9
397.7
105 7
164 3
127 7
392.1
104 5
101 4
120 2
384.5
103 5
157 1
123 9
361 0 358. 6
33. 1 32. 9
235. 8 233. 4
92.1
92.3
360.8
32 8
236 9
91.1
368.6
32 8
243 5
92.3
3,934
781. 8
683 1
266.9
87 1
107. 0
3. 959
784 4
085 0
265 2
87.9
105 0
3, 983
810. 2
710 0
253. 6
87.7
103 0
49.7
50 1
942 1 927 5
210. 0 199 2
188 5 177 8
21 2 21 6
300 7 302 0
823 6 829 1
693 2 699.1
36.6
36.2
92 3 91 5
612 1 619 2
251 4 253 8
153 4 155 3
176.8 178.7
30.5
31.4
10 1.2
62 0
41.0
87.4
35.8
3. 959
792. 5
692 9
267. 0
87.7
105 7
47.9
48.4
939 0 947.9
209. 2 210 8
188. 3 189 5
20 6
20 8
296 6 296 0
816 9 818. 8
687 5 688.3
35. 7 35.8
91 8 92. 8
603 4 604 9
247 7 248 3
161 7 151 8
174.0 174.5
30.0
30.3
70 4
66.1
607.3
22« 5
60
101 2
33.0
34.1
391.4
104 5
101 5
125 4
365.1
374.0
358. 4
31 6
239 2
87 6
363.5
32 7
241 7
89 1
361.0
239 3
88 7
365.8
34.1
242. 0
89 1
3.948
811 1
711 8
254. 4
87.8
102 7
50.4
920 3
193 1
172 0
21 6
299 9
829 1
698.5
36.8
91 9
618 3
253 9
154 9
178.1
31.4
3, 965
819 2
719 0
3, 923
819 5
717 4
270 0
4. 017
880 9
780 5
282 0
201 0
88.6
104 2
I 9.6
919 2
207 0
185 0
21 6
301 2
822.3
692.5
36.7
91 2
612 7
251 6
153 7
176.5
30.9 1
101 0
149 1
100 8
153 3
114 Q 113 8
33 0
9 1 .5
109 5
48.2
875 2
197 3
175 0
22 2
302 1
820 2
694.8
37.1
92 4
010 7
252 2
153 1
175.3
30.1
94.6
120 4
47.2
873 8
191 0
171 0
23 1
308 0
838 7
706.0
38.3
92 4
013 0
254 S
153 4
175.0
30-3
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
982
T able
A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1962
1963
Industry
Ju n e2 M ay2 Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1961
1960
Wholesale and retail trade______________ 11,791 11,683 11,726 11,477 11,415 11,520 12,401 11,842 11, 682 11, 627 11, 558 11,540 11,582 11,368 11,412
Wholesale trade_______ _____ _______ 3,127 3,095 3,088 3,082 3,078 3,086 3,129 3,113 3,113 3,105 3,107 3,091 3,074 3,008 3,009
Motor vehicles and automotive equip
228.5 227.6 226.8 225.9 224.9 226.7 226.0 226.4 226.9 226.8 226.3 224.2 215.6 213.6
m ent........................ - _____________
198.2 198.6 198.5 197.9 197.4 199.3 199.2 198.4 196.8 196.9 195.4 194.4 188.3 183.8
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products..
134.8 134.3 134.5 134.0 134.8 135.2 135.1 135.7 135.1 135.9 135.8 134.5 130.7 130.8
Dry goods and apparel_____________
486.0 485.7 490.1 487.8 491.6 502.9 602.7 497.9 492.8 491.8 498.9 499.7 491.5 494.0
Groceries and related products_______
220.2 219.2 217.6 217.6 217.2 216.5 215.8 215.2 214.1 215.3 215.2 213.5 204.8 208.1
Electrical goods___ ________________
Hardware, plumbing and heating
144.2 144.3 143.3 142.8 142.7 143.6 144.1 144.8 145.0 145.4 145.3 144.9 142.6 145.1
goods....................... .............................
526.5 524.8 521.3 519.0 514.8 514.8 512.2 511.9 514. 5 513.5 512.1 508.5 483.6 479.1
Machinery, equipment, and supplies..
8,588 8,638 8,395 8,337 8,434 9,272 8,729 8,569 8,522 8,451 8,449 8,508 8,361 8,403
Retail trade________________________
1, 522.9 1, 559.0 1,482. 5 1, 461.2 1,534.2 2,045.5 1,700.9 1, 590.5 1,556.8 1,512.8 1, 501.5 1,526.8 1, 554.8 1,563.1
General merchandise stores.............. . . .
902.0 919.9 875.2 861.9 915.0 1,242.8 1,014.2 936.2 911.0 885.7 878.1 898.5 910.6 914.4
Department stores................... ...........
315.7 330.9 309.7 302.2 313.0 417.6 347.8 329.7 326.9 311.5 308.4 312.3 330.0 335.4
Limited price variety stores................
1, 388.6 1,401.1 1,393.4 1,397.6 1,386.4 1.417.5 1,396.7 1,383.6 1,368.7 1,365.0 1,376.6 1,374.9 1,358.3 1, 356.1
Food stores_______________________
1,219.2 L 222.8 1,224.4 1,223.2 1,218.4 1,239.1 1,226.2 1,216.5 1,204.0 1,202.2 1,211.3 1,208.8 1,186.9 1,181.6
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores..
672.2 731.0 645.9 634.1 661.2 801.2 695.7 674.6 663.3 630.5 630.2 663.0 645.7 637.2
Apparel and accessories stores________
109.6 113.5 107.5 109.9 117.3 146.3 117.1 111.0 108.9 106.6 107.9 113.2 107.7 104.3
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores_____
261.5 271.6 252.2 244.3 252.7 304.1 268.4 259.9 252.8 241.1 242.0 251.7 246.2 243.1
Women’s ready-to-wear stores______
95.7
95.8 100.3
96.8
94.7
97.9
99.2 102.6
96.9 102.6 130.9 106.7 101.6 100.8
Family clothing stores____ _______
122.5 155.6 114.6 111.0 113.7 132.2 119.4 119.7 121.7 114.7 114.7 120.5 116.0 119.0
Shoe stores______________________
415.3 414.9 416.0 413.3 416.5 432.4 419.6 414.5 413.0 409.1 407.8 410.0 405.4 409.2
Furniture and appliance stores_______
1, 697.4 1, 660.8 1,622.9 1,610.9 1,607. 9 1,651.0 1,658. 7 1,670.5 1,686.0 1, 700.9 1,699.2 1, 706.3 1,617.6 1,626.5
Eating and drinking places__________
2, 891.5 2,871.6 2,834.1 2, 820.3 2,828.1 2,924.4 2,857.6 2,834.8 2,834.3 2,832. 7 2,833.5 2,826. 7 2, 776.9 2,811.1
Other retail trade__________________
713.6 ' 710.5 707.5 706.0 701.9 696.4 692.3 687.3 683.4 683.9 681.8 675.3 656.5 674.6
Motor vehicle dealers_____________
140.3 138.0 133.2 132.0 134.2 142.1 138.3 133.9 134.7 135.6 136.3 136.4 138.3 142.8
Other vehicle and accessory dealers..
384.3
384.0 382.7 379.6 383.2 402.7 386.9 384.7 382.2 382.5 378.0 379.5 372.9 369.5
Drug stores________ _____________
2,847
2,835 2,821 2,810 2,803 2,807 2,808 2,807 2,813 2,841 2,839 2,808 2,748 2,684
2,874
Finance, insurance, an d real e s ta te _______
730.6 730.3 728.9 727.0 722.7 723. 4 720.9 720.0 719.9 729.0 725.1 715.4 695.1 674.7
Banking................................... .................
271.0 270.8 270.3 270.1 268.6 267.3 268.3 271.2 271.5 268.2 262.5 256.2
272.3
273.2
Credit agencies other than banks.............
87.4
85.1
78.6
72.4
86.6
86.1
86.6
87.0
88.8
88.5 .88.6
87.4
89.5
89.8
Savings and loan associations................
142.0 142.2 141.4 142.3 141.2 140.5 142.2 143.9 143.5 143.0 145.2 146.0
142.3
142.6
Personal credit institutions...................
132.4
114.2
130.8
131.9
126.8
120.8 120.3 120.8 120.2 119.3 120.4 121.1 122.8 125. 5
Security dealers and exchanges.................
876.1 874.0 875.4 873.2 869.9 870.6 869.9 868.5 869.4 875.0 871.7 864.0 856.7 839.0
Insurance carriers___________________
477.5 476.3 477.4 476.1 474.4 473.5 473.1 472.3 472.5 474.0 472.3 469.6 468.4 459.0
Life insurance____ ________________
53.2
52.8
51.6
50.9
52.8
53.3
52.7
52.8
52.8
52.5
52.7
52.8
52.7
53.1
Accident and health insurance_______
302.6 302.2 302.4 301.8 300.3 301.8 301.6 300.9 301.7 304.2 302.8 298.9 295.1 287.3
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance..
203.0
201.0
199.8
196.2
201.2
204.0
202.3
201.0
202.8
202.9
202.1
202.3
203.0
203.6
Insurance agents, brokers, and services...
568.1 560.6 547.0 541.2 543.6 545.0 549.6 551.9 553.0 554.9 559.4 552.6 531.4 527.3
ReaLestate_________________________
32.4
32.7
30.3
32.5
36.1
31.8
32.2
30.8
30.3
28.4
32.2
28.7
29.6
33.1
Operative builders..................................
75.7
75.2
75.9
76.7
75.8
76.0
75.1
75.7
74.6
75.1
74.5
75.0
74.7
74.5
Other finance, insurance, and real estate.
Services and miscellaneous...........................
Hotels and lodging places_____________
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels______
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants.
Miscellaneous business services:
Advertising............................... ............ .
Motion pictures........................................
Motion picture filming and distribut
ing....................................................... .
Motion picture theaters and services...
Medical services:
Hospitals________________________
G overnm ent-............ .......
Federal Governments.
Executive.................
Department of Defense_______
Post Office Department______
Other agencies_______________
Legislative___________________
Judicial______________________
State and local governm ent4______
State government______________
Local government_____________
Education____________________
Other State and local government.
8,118
35.2
144.6
492.8
494.5
498.2
36.2
138.3
33.9
124.3
35.5
124.9
36.5
127.8
36.3
131.4
7, 870
616.5
570.1
1, 225.9 1, 224.1 1,222. 2 1,215. 9 1,204. 6 1,201. 6 1,202.4 1,196.9 1,192.8 1,192.3 1,194. 5 1,186. 5 1,141.7 1,105.0
9,535 9,540 9,536 9,536 9,510 9, 438 9,607 9,470 9, 406 9, 241 8,860 8,870 9,171 8, 828 8,520
2,375 2,340 2,344 2,335 2, 332 2,327 2,492 2,348 2,333 2,336 2,365 2,368 2,354 2,279 2,270
2,311.0 2, 314.2 2,305.0 2, 302.3 2,297. 5 2,462.4 2,318.8 2,303.8 2,306.4 2,335.5 2,338. 5 2,324.2 2,250. 9 2,242.6
949.9 951.4 952. 5 957.0 959.1 961.9 965.1 964.0 962.6 972.9 973.4 970.2 943.7 940.6
582.8 583.3 582.2 580.6 582.5 742.7 587.8 583.9 587.1 589.2 589.9 587.0 596. 7 586.7
778.3 779.5 770.3 764.7 755.9 757. 8 765 9 755.9 756.7 773.4 775.2 767.0 710.5 715.3
23.2
22.6
23.9
23.9
24.1
23.9
23.7
23.9
24.0
23.8
23.6
23.8 23.8
23.7
4.9
5.5
5.5
5.1
5.6
5.5
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
6,817
6,502
6,
548
6,250
6,905
6,495
7.122
7,073
7,201
7,115
7,178
7,111
7,160 7, 200 7,192
1, 813.5 1, 805.0 1,803. 5 1, 800.0 1, 786. 8 1,784.2 1,786.2 1, 779.9 1,725.2 1,670. 7 1,677. 6 1. 729.9 1,663.6 1,592.7
5, 386. 6 5, 387.2 5,397.3 5, 377. 6 5,324. 2 5,330.3 5,336. 0 5, 293.0 5,180.1 4, 824.3 4,824. 4 5,087. 5 4,884. 5 4, 657.0
3, 706.0 3, 719.3 3, 746. 7 3, 723.1 3,669. 2 3,674. 5 3,677.0 3, 629.0 3,410. £ 2.938. 4 2,949.2 3,318.7 3,175. 4 2,983.3
3, 494.1 3, 472.9 3,454.1 3, 454.5 3,441.8 3,440.0 3, 445. 2 3, 443. 9 3,494. 4 3,556. 6 3, 552. 8 3, 498. 7 3,373. 9 3,266.4
:
i Beginning with the December 1961 issue, figures differ from those pre
viously published for three reasons. The industry structure has been con
verted to the 1957 Standard Industrial Classification; the series have been
adjusted to March 1959 benchmark levels indicated by data from government
social insurance programs; and, beginning with January 1959, the estimates
are prepared from a sample stratified by establishment size and, in some cases,
region. For comparable back data, see Employment and Earnings Statistics
for the United States, 1909-60. (BLS Bulletin 1312). Statistics from April 1959
forward are subject to further revision when new benchmarks become avail
able.
In addition, data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in January 1959.
This inclusion Increased the nonagricultural total by 212,000 (0.4 percent) for
the March 1959 benchmark month, with increases for industry divisions
ranging from 0.1 percent in mining to 0.8 percent in government.
These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all full- and
part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked during,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
36.1
145.9
487.3
33.1
128.4
43.5
145.8
36.9
146.3
490.1
31.3
137.7
43.5
140.9
37.2
143.5
499.2
31.5
138.6
109.9
189.3
111.6
182.0
501.7
112.4
164.3
621.0
614.1
112.1
183.2
7,830
605.9
562.1
111.8
160.5
610.5
110.4
184.4
504.6
7,805
6Ò3.1
580.5
111.1
158.2
518.8
110.4
179.8
503.9
111.4
180.7
7,761
599. 6
558.5
111.7
161.5
7, 361
567.7
511.1
503.4
7,782
6Ó5.4
564.3
111.4
169.0
7,516
587.7
531.3
111.6
174.5
7,826
60S. 8
567.1
111.9
170.0
7, 881
672.6
612.7
7,867
745.6
640.3
7,934
621.2
576.0
112.4
167.7
7,884
742.1
638.9
7. 856
654.1
597.9
8,018
642.9
592.7
or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the
month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than 1 establishment dur
ing the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are
excluded.
2 Preliminary.
* Data relate to civilian employees who worked on. or received pay for, the
last day of the month.
4
State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
S o u r c e : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the
U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is pre
pared by the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission.
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able
983
A-3. Production workers in non agricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
1963
1962
Annual
average
Industry
Ju n e2 M a y 2 Apr.
M ining........ .......
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1961
I960
502
70.8
24.8
23.3
490
68.4
22.3
23.4
476
65.5
21.9
22.9
476
66. (
20.7
22.9
479
64.2
19.2
22.9
491
63.6
20. (
23.0
501
64. i
20. i
22.8
507
64.7
21.6
22.6
512
65.4
22.1
22.7
517
68.5
23. i
23.5
508
72.7
24.4
23.7
520
73.9
25.1
24.0
527
71.5
22.8
23.7
567
76.9
28.8
22.6
Coalmining___________________ ___________
Bituminous....................... ..................................
118.5
111. 5
119.4
112.4
118.3
111.1
123.0
115.6
123.6
116.2
123.4
115.8
125.0
117.3
126.6
118.9
125.0
117.6
124.7
117.3
113.7
105.6
125.0
117.4
136.7
127.5
161.2
148.9
Crude petroleum and natural gas.........................
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields..............
Oil and gas field services___________________
215.1
102.1
113.0
209.1
101.8
107.3
208.4
102.1
106.3
207.5
102.3
105.2
209.0
102.5
106.5
215.0
102.5
112.5
214.0
103.0
111.0
215.8
103.2
112.6
219.8
105.2
114.6
221.2
107.2
114.0
221.5 220.1
107. C 107.2
114.5 112.9
223.1
108.4
114.6
229.1
113. 8
115.3
97.2
92.6
83.4
79.8
2, 361 2,179
731.2 687.7
528.3 443.6
320.6 251.0
207.7 192.6
1,101.0 1, 047.5
1.915
599.2
345.9
176.6
169.3
970.3
1,841
573.9
317.6
154.9
162.7
949.0
Metal mining.
Iron ores__
Copper ores.
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining.
82.6
99.6 101.3 102.8 100.2 100.8
89. 1 97.2
95.4
99.6
1,947 2,128 2,397 2,529 2,570 2,621 2,573 2,431 2,344 2,458
General building contractors................................ .
611.4 666.1 742.0 769.2 784.2 809.4 796.5 753.4 740.4 788.3
Heavy construction___ ____________________
342.1 402.6 510.0 577.8 596.1 612.2 602.3 552.9 492.8 609.0
Highway and street construction.......... ............
170.4 213.6 295.2 346.6 361.8 372.4 361.2 327.8 271.2 270.6
Other heavy construction_________ ________
171.7 189.0 214.8 231.2 234.3 239.8 241.1 225.1 221.6 238.4
Special trade contractors.........................................
993.0 1,059.1 1,145.2 1,181.6 1,189.6 1,199.5 1,173.9 1,125.0 1,110.8 1,160.7
Manufacturing______
12, 537 12,424 12, 322 12,240 12,173 12,187 12,358 12,518 12,661 12,751 12,544 12,403 12,516 12,044 12,562
Durable goods___
7,101 7,050 6,973 6,883 6,848 6,862 6,929 6,994 7,027 7,034 6,862 6, 925 7,025 6, 6Ï3 7,021
Nondurable goods.
5,436 5,374 5,349 5,357 5,325 5,325 5,429 5,524 5,634 5,717 5,682 5,478 5,491 5,431 Si 541
Durable good»
Contract construction__________________________
Ordnance and accessories...........................
96.9
Ammunition, except for small arm s...................
Sighting and fire control equipment..... .............
Other ordnance and accessories........ .................
96.5
39.8
19.7
37.0
96.5
39.3
20.5
36.7
98.4
40.3
21.1
37.0
98.8
40.6
21.4
36.8
100.2
40.8
22.2
37.2
101.0
41.5
22.0
37.5
101.7
41.7
22.4
37.6
100.9
41.5
22.2
37.2
101.3
41.8
22.2
37.3
101.5
42.7
21.8
37.0
98.6
43.0
21.9
33.7
96.7
41.7
21.8
33.2
94.3
39.6
22.5
32.2
89.4
37,0
22.7
29.7
Lumber and wood products, except fur
niture..................................................... 540.9
Logging camps and logging contractors............
Sawmills and planing mills____ _____
Millwork, plywood, and related prod
ucts........................................................ ............
Wooden containers_________________ ______
Miscellaneous wood products________
550.2
85.3
249.3
529.2
76.4
242.2
518.2
73.6
238.1
513.5
75.4
234.4
518.0
77.3
236.7
529.9
82.7
238.8
546.9
89.2
245.7
558.4
92.3
250.1
567.2
96.3
253.1
676.0
99.5
255.6
568.4
98.3
254.3
571.4
96.4
256.9
534.8
85.2
243.4
570.3
87.1
268.5
126.0
36.2
53.4
122.9
35.1
52.6
120.0
34.1
52.4
118.8
33.7
51.2
119.3
33.8
50.9
121.9
34.9
51-6
124.7
35.3
52.0
127.0
36.3
52.7
128.6
35.9
53.3
130.4
36.9
53.6
126.7
36.9
52.2
127.3
37.5
53.3
119.4
36.8
49.9
124.1
39.1
51.4
Furniture and fixtures____________
Household furniture____________
Office furniture________________
Partitions, office and store fixtures.
Other furniture and fixtures.......... .
317.1
313.2
231.8
22.2
25.5
33.7
313.6
232.6
22.6
25.0
33.4
313.2
232.0
22.7
25.6
32.9
312.7
230.8
22.8
26.0
33.1
315.2
230.8
24.1
26.7
33.6
318.9
233.7
24.6
26.3
34.3
322.5
236.1
24.7
27.0
34.7
323.7
237.3
22.6
28.9
34.9
323.0
235.9
22.4
29.1
35.6
322.7
233.8
24.4
28.8
35.7
313.3
226.9
23.2
28.3
34.9
316.9
229.4
23.9
27.8
35.8
303.9
221.5
21.8
26.6
34.0
318.9
232.3
22.8
29.2
34.5
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Flat glass.............. ................................
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.
Cement, hydraulic________________
Structural clay products___________
Pottery and related products_______
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Other stone and mineral products.......
483.4
473.1
24.0
89.3
32.0
61.4
37.5
127.6
89.3
459.8
23.8
88.3
31.1
59.1
37.6
119.7
88.2
436.4
23.2
86.7
27.8
55.6
36.7
108.0
86.3
427.5
23.5
85.5
26.9
54.5
36.5
103.0
85.6
432.2
23.9
83.9
28.5
55.6
36.6
105.2
86.2
446.6
24.9
84.8
30.0
58.4
36.8
111.7
87.5
465.1
25.6
85.8
32.5
60.4
37.8
121.3
89.0
474.2
25.3
87.0
32.9
61.0
38.6
126.9
89.7
478.9
25.0
87.8
33.5
62.3
38.0
129.4
90.5
480.9
24.8
87.5
33.9
62.8
37.5
131.4
90.8
476.4
24.4
87.6
33.7
62.0
37.1
129.6
90.3
476.1
24.5
88.6
33.4
61.4
37.2
129.0
90.1
455.1
23.7
84.6
32.2
80.4
36.9
118.1
87.4
483.2
27.0
86.8
34.8
65,9
40.3
123.5
91.8
Prim ary metal industries...... ........... ........
Blast furnace and basic steel products..
Iron and steel foundries_____________
Nonferrous smelting and refining..........
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and ex
truding_________________________
Nonferrous foundries_________ ______
Miscellaneous primary metal indus
tries------ --------------- ------- ------------
985.4
971.5
508.5
170.2
53.0
954.6
493.4
168.9
52.5
930.6
473.0
166.6
51.5
915.4
458.8
165.9
51.3
900.5
443.9
165.0
51.7
900.3
442.3
165.0
52.7
894.2
437.4
164.5
53.0
897.5
440.8
165.0
53.5
910.9
451.9
166.1
53.8
906.3
450.3
163.4
53.0
903.4
451.9
163.1
51.8
935.5
475.4
166.6
52.9
914.5
482.0
156.0
51.7
992.0
529.3
172.4
54.9
136.4
56.4
135.5
56.8
135.0
56.9
134.9
56.8
134.9
56.9
135.2
57.1
135.4
56.0
135.8
55.9
136.2
55.9
135.3
56.1
135.4
53.4
136.9
54.7
129.0
50.4
133.6
53.7
Fabricated metal products____________
M etal cans____ ___________________
Cutlery, handtools, and general hard
ware__________________ _________
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures------ ----------- -------------------Fabricated structural metal products—
Screw machine products, bolts, etc----Metal stampings----------------------------Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod
ucts___ ________________________
See footnotes at end of table.
875.5
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
47.0
47.5
47.6
47.7
48.1
48.0
47.9
46.5
47.0
48.2
47.8
49.0
45.4
48.2
868.8
52.9
857.2
51.9
846.4
50.0
844.2
48.6
848.2
47.8
859.2
47.3
864.7
47.5
870.7
50.4
872.1
54.8
850.9
54.9
851.6
55.2
867.6
55.0
819.6
51.7
869.0
54.1
110.3
110.5
110.2
110.7
111.3
111.8
111.8
110.6
108.8
105.1
104.4
109.4
101.4
107.3
58.9
232.9
69.2
157.8
56.2
45.1
57.9
225.5
69.1
156.5
55.7
44.7
57.8
219.7
69.4
154.9
54.3
44.7
67.5
218.4
69.6
155.2
54.6
44.3
56.3
221.3
69.3
158.2
54.9
44.6
57.2
226.3
69.4
160.1
56.2
45.4
58.1
229.0
69.2
159.4
58.7
46.0
58.9
234.7
68.9
159.3
58.4
46.3
58.6
238.4
68.5
156.3
57.9
45.3
58.5
236.7
68.2
143.4
56.3
44.2
56.8
237.2
67.4
147.5
56.0
43.9
56.9
236.2
68.8
152.3
57.6
45.3
55.2
230.3
62.6
143.7
53.0
42.2
58.7
238.1
67.2
160.7
53.8
45.5
85.5
85.4
85.4
85.3
84.5
85.5
85.0
83.2
83.5
83.6
83.2
86.1
79.6
83 6
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
984
T
able
A--3. Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1962
1963
Industry
Ju n e2 M a y 2 Apr.
M ar.
Feb.
Jan
Dee.
Nov.
Oet.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1961
1960
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods— Continued
1,034.6 ,031.1 1,032.3 1,028.3 1,023. 5 020.9 1,017.5 1,016.7 1,018.1 ,020.7 1,015.3 ,019.6 1,034. 5 964.5 1,030.4
Machinery.......-................................—
58.2
56.8
56.1
51.2
57.8
57.5
67.7
59.5
58.0 57.5
58.8
58.6
58.8
58.1
Engines and turbines--------- --------86 . 7
84.9
79. 6
78.6
83.8
85.1
84.5
91.1
87.1 83.9
95.5
97.2
97.3
95.1
Farm machinery and equipment-------141.1 140.0 139.4 138.5 138.6 138.7 138.3 137.6 140.8 141.3 140.3 141.7 128.2 144.5
Construction and related machinery...
Metalworking machinery and equip
196.6 196.1 194.5 194.3 193.2 193.5 192.6 191.2 189.8 187.4 191.1 194.2 180.1 194.0
ment__________________________
116.3 117.1 116.6 116.1 116.8 118.1 117.9 119.0 118.7 119.0 119.2 120.1 116.2 122.3
Special Industry machinery................. .
148.7 149.0 149.0 148.8 150.1 148.2 151.0 151.7 151.6 151.6 150.9 162.3 143.0 154.9
General industrial machinery.............. .
Office, computing and accounting ma
94.9
93.1
95.2
94.5
94.3
94.4
93.4
93.3
92.8
90.1
90.5
91.9
88.3
89.1
chines------ ------- ----------- ------------69.7
70.1
68.7
63.8
65.3
66.0
65.3
64.8
64.2
64.5
66.2
65.3
68.0
69.1
Service industry machines................—
117.8 116.9 116.7 116.7 115.5 116.6 117.6 117.7 116.8 114.8 114.6 116.3 109. 0 114.2
Miscellaneous machinery------- --------1,035.9 023.8 1,022.21,023.9 1,031.5 1,042.3 1,052.9 1,060.1 1,002.0 1,059.2 1,041. t 1,031.4 1,038.9 963.3 986.9
Electrical equipment and supplies---105.7 106.0 105.7 106.5 107.3 108.6 109.1 109.1 109.0 108.6 107.0 107.6 105.3 108.3
Electric distribution equipment---119.1 119.1 118.5 119.1 119.7 120.3 120.8 120.3 120.7 119. 5 120.6 122.0 114.8 121. 5
Electrical industrial apparatus-----118.8 116.4 114.3 117.7 114.8 120.7
121.5 120.1 117.2 117.9 118.2 118.8 118.8 119
Household appliances----------------99.9 103.6
106.8 107.8 107.9 107.9 107.8 108.5 108.9 109.5 109.2 106.1 10i. 2 105.8
Electric lighting and wiring equipment.
95.4
82.2
99.7
97.6
82.6
102.
102.7
100.2
95.5
91.5
89.0
87.7
86.7
90.6
Radio and TV receiving sets..................
219.
5
217.8
200. 4 201.4
214.8 218.4 222.4 225.1 227.4 228.1 227.7 226.7 225.3 222.4
Communication equipment..........
176.4 175.8 176.4 176.8 179.8 182.0 183.4 183.8 184.6 183.4 183.1 183.3 165.5 164.4
Electronic components and accessories.
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
87.6
84.9
79.9
86.8
80.0
89.4
90.4
91.2
90.6
91.1
89.2
88.1
88.9
and supplies_____________ _______
1,035.0 1,132.7
Transportation equipment....................... 1,177.5 177.7 1,172.6 i, 158. 5 1,159.1 1,168.3 1,167.8 1,159.6 1,149.8 1,133.3 1,007.7 1,120.6 1,136.6
598.0 591.0 579.7 583.3 592.8 595.8 589.3 581.0 566.3 441.2 661.3 680.0 491.7 666. 5
Motor vehicles and equipment............
391.4 392.7 392.0 394.0 398.7 398.7 396.4 391.4 389.3 388.0 384.2 378.4 378.7 392. 5
Aircraft and parts.................................
128.3 129.3 129.5 126.0 124.9 121.5 120. 7 122.2 121.0 120.7 118.6 119.6Î 117.8 11« . 6
Ship and boat building and repairing..
33.9
24.8
32.5
82.0
33.8
33.3
31.9
30.8
31.3
30.7
33.8 33.0
34.6
33.9
Railroad equipment........... ...................
24.7
25.1
21.9
24.0
24.0
23.4
23.3
22.4
20.6
23.5
21.1
22.8
25.0
26.1
Other transportation equipment-----Instrum ent and related products----Engineering and scientific instruments
Mechanical measuring and control de
vices________________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods.......
Surgical, medical, and dental equip
ment__________________________
Photographic equipment and supplies.
Watches and clocks________________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware—
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods..
Pens, pencils, office and art materials---Costume Jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing Industries---------
233.5
320.4
231.9
38.0
231.0
38.2
229.5
38.5
228.9
38.8
229.2
39.3
229.9
39.5
230.5
39.4
230. 5
39.3
229.9
39
229.4
38.6
225.8
37.7
63.5
30.5
63.4
30.5
63.5
30.2
63.4
30.3
63.2
30.0
62.8
30.1
62.7
30.2
62.4
30.5
62.3
30.2
62.2
30.4
61.2
30.3
35.7
40.7
23.5
35.5
40.1
23.3
35.2
39.5
35.0
39.3
22.3
34.6
39.6
22.5
34.3
40.4
34.5!
40.6
23.4
34.4!
40. 5
23.4!
34.5
40.4
23.4
34.3
40.7
23.2
33.9
40.5
22.8
312.1
31.2
90.7
26.1
43.7
120.4
304.1
31.5
82.9
25.9
42.9
299.5
31.3
77.9
25.6
43.8
120.9
293.1
31.7
71.9
24.9
44.0
287.1
31.7
66.7
24.8
43.7
305 2
32.5
77.6
25.
45.8
123.6
832. 4
33.4
99.0
26.3
47.8
125.9
341.6
33.3
105. 8
26.6
47.5
128.4
337.8
33.0
330. 6
32.3
99.6
26.8
46.
126.2
8Î6.1
120.
22.6
120.6
120.2
102.2
26.2
47.4
129.0
22.2
30.8
95.3
24.3
43.8
121.9
228.5
38.4
221.6
40.4
232.0
42. S
61.3
31.1
59.8
29.1
63.3
30.7
33.8
40.4
23.5
33.0
39.4
33.1
41.1
20.1
21.1
322.4
32.0
94.4
24.9
46.5
124.6
306.2
32.7
85.3
23.0
44.5
120.7
316.0
33.9
86.4
23.0
47.3
125. 4
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products----------------- 1,143.
Meat products--------------------------—
Dairy products...................................... .
Canned and preserved food, except
Grain mill products__ ____ _________
Bakery products---------------------------Sugar........................................................
Confectionery and related products...
Beverages.................................................
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod
ucts___________ . . . . ------------------Tobacco manufactures______
Cigarettes_______________
Cigars__________________
Textile mill products...... ............ ____ ...
Cotton broad woven fabrics________
Bilk and synthetic broad woven fabrics
Weaving aud finishing broad woolens..
Narrow fabrics and smallwares.............
Knitting..............................................
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering_____________ ____
Yarn and thread................... .............
Miscellaneous textile goods...._______
Bee footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,146. 6 1,187.6
1,102.2 1,087.6 1,086.1 1,076.9 1,098.9
254.7
243.3
241.6
151.8
239.2
149.5
237.8
147.0
240.1
145.7
146.3
250.9
148.3
155.6
151.5
86.4
174.5
144.3
150.6
165.2
86.8
173.6
28.9
63.9
86.8
174.8
24.2
58.1
115.4
152.5
85.7
173.5
21.5
58.6
113.4
92.7
63.4
30.7
88.0
62.
20.0
774.
,265.6 ,329.7 1,303.6 ,223.8 1,175.8 1,190.8 1,211.3
255.0 251.0 253.1 251.5 253.0 254.3 257
164.8 163.2 163.0 169.7
152.1 166.9 16*
190.4
86.9
178.7
39.8
71.0
115.7
280.6
90.2
179.2
38.9
69.4
118.9
338.1
91.8
177.8
26.1
67.3
122.4
318.2
92.1
177.2
24.1
61.4
119.3
246.4
92.0
177.3
23.4
53.7
121.4
197.8
90.1
176.4
57.2
120.9
206.2
89.6
174,
28.4
62.8
115.6
206.1
89.8
176.«
30.3
83.5
118.8
21.0
62.4
173.3
22.5
62.8
111.2
100.6
110.0
176.7
38.4
67.7
114.2
93.7
94.3
95.6
95.5
98.4
100.6
101.3
98.3
95.7
93.3
94.4
68.2
99.0
65.8
30.9
20.3
67.8
31.0
20.5
73.2
30.7
20.5
76.5
31.0
20.5
81.9
31.
98.7
30.8
20.9
105.1
31.7
21.2
84.1
30.9
21.3
»0.4
31.8
20.9
65.2
31.7
20.3
64.7
31.5
21.3
79.4
31.5
23.1
83 3
32.2
26.0
769.2
786.1
221.4
62.9
44.4
23.2
178.8
60.1
28.2
93.0
64.1
767, 0
223.0
63.4
42.8
23.4
177.2
60.3
28.0
93.1
55.2
778.9
224.8
63.8
43.0
24.0
182.
61.2
29.2
94.6
55. 91
787.7
226.4
83. 6
43.8
24.2
189.4
61.2
29.2
94.8
56.1
792.5 795.7
226. S 226. 5
63.9
63.3
45.7
44.9
24.1
23.9
193.2 194.2
61.1
61.3
28.8* 28.4
95.5
95.4
798.2
227. 8
63.9
46.3
23.9
196.3
61.0
27.4
96.2
55.4
786.0
226. 0
62.1
46.3
23.3
192.5
60.5
27.4
93.9
54 0
803.4
229. 7
63.7
47.2
24.1
196.7
793.2
234.7
63.1
46.2
23.2
190.7
60.9
27.8
93, 0
53.7
826.7
244.1
66.9
49.5
24.1
194.3
64.1
30.4
96.9
«7.5
769.3
769.9
220.0
220.6
63.2
44.1
23.3
183.6
59.8
27.3
93.6
54.4
86.0
149.9
62.9
44.3
23.3
182.2
60.3
27.8
93.4
55.1
221.2
62.
44.
23.2
181.7
60.2
27.9
93.0
54.7
21.1
68.2 66.3
22.8
«2.1
27.8
96.2
55.9
985
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able A -3 . Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1— Continued
[In thousands]
Ann ual
aver age
1962
1963
Industry
Ju n e 2 M a y 2 Apr. Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1961
1960
Manufacturing—Con tinued
Nondurable goods— Continued
Apparel and related products................... 1,111.7
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats_____
M en’s and boys’ furnishings________
Women’s, misses’ and juniors’ outer
wear____ _________ ______ ______
Women’s and children’s undergarments..
Hats, caps, and millinery_______ ____
Girls’ and children’s outerwear.............
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel__
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prodnets........................................................
1,096.8 1,113.1 1,118.5 1,125.3 1,128.7 1,071.2 1,092.6 1,066.8 1,094.2
1,111.6 1,105.9 1,127.5 1,112.3 1,081.3
106.1 106.3 105.8 106.4 107.6 107.5 103.1 106.7 104.3 108.9
106.0
307.5
104.4
305.1
105.6
301.6
105.9
300.0
297.2
300.6
303.7
304.4
305.7
305.8
294.2
300.6
273.7
279.0
307.5
111.5
28.8
68.7
63.2
305.7
112.0
31.8
69.1
64.1
313.5
110.2
32.1
69.1
63.0
320.9
109.2
32.7
70.6
62.3
300.2
103.0
28.2
69.9
58.8
306.7
106.2
27.8
70.5
59.4
313.7
104.8
31.1
66.4
60.2
325.8
106.2
32.4
67.5
60.2
123.9
125.0
124.1
119.8
113.8
114.7
112.6
113.6
485.3
184.9
54.4
484.0
186.6
63.4
476.3
183.0
52.8
482.7
183.9
55.2
469.5
181.4
64.0
474.0
181.8
56.4
309.4
108.1
28.7
69.9
57.4
313.0
108.3
30.2
65.5
57.8
327.6
108.3
35.6
71.0
58.4
320.2
107.5
34.9
70.7
56.7
301.9
106.0
32.4
68.0
64.5
304.4
109.3
30.2
67.2
59.4
124.6
121.6
119.4
116.4
115.2
119.5
476.4
181.7
55.0
474.3
180.8
53.8
473.3
179.7
54.5
471.1
179.8
54.4
474.4
181.3
54.8
479.5
182.5
54.9
480.8
183.1
54.8
483.9
183.9
54.9
98.1
141.6
98.0
141.7
97.7
141.4
96.6
140.3
96.8
141.5
97.6
144.5
97.5
145.4
98.6
146.5
98.6
147.4
98.3
145.7
97.5
143.0
98.7
144.9
94.9
139.1
95.7
140.1
592.6
591.6
173.8
27.0
47.1
227.0
39.9
589.5
172.3
27.7
46.4
226.9
39.4
579.9
161.8
27.9
46.0
228.6
38.9
576.3
160.7
27.9
45.8
226.8
38.4
579.2
160.8
28.0
45.9
229.3
38.7
587.3
163.7
27.9
45.7
232.8
39.1
604.3
179.9
28.2
46.2
232.0
39.1
605.6
178.9
28.2
46.7
232.3
39.3
602.6
177.9
27.8
46.7
231.4
39.8
595.9
177.4
26.7
46.0
228.0
40.1
592.1
175.0
26.4
46.4
228.0
39.0
596.8
177.1
26.4
46.1
230.8
38.5
695.7
175.5
29.7
44.4
230.3
38.0
591.5
172.4
29.8
43.0
229.5
38.1
76.8
76.8
76.7
76.7
76.5
78.1
78.9
80.2
79.0
77.7
77.3
77.6
77.9
78.8
Chemicals and allied products______
Industrial chemicals------------ ----------Plastics and synthetics, except glass.
Drugs....................... ........................
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods______
Paints, varnishes, and allied products,
Agricultural chemicals............................
Other chemical p ro d u cts..._________
528.2
529.9
165.9
61.5
60.5
36.7
37.1
56.6
532.2
165.5
110.1
61.2
61.0
36.3
41.6
56.5
522.7
164.5
109.5
60.6
61.4
35.6
34.7
56.4
517.3
163.7
109.8
60.6
61.1
35.1
31.0
56.1
515.4
164.1
110.7
60.3
60.6
34.7
29.3
55.7
515.4
164.2
110.4
60.1
61.3
34.7
28.0
56.7
518.6
164.9
111.0
60.1
62.2
35.2
27.5
57.7
520.3
164.6
110.8
59.4
62.8
35.8
28.9
58.0
522.7
165.3
111.9
69.2
62.9
36.6
28.4
68.4
522.9
166.9
110.8
60.0
62.2
37.3
26.5
69.2
521.0
167.6
110.7
59.6
60.0
37.6
26.4
59.1
520.4
167.3
107.0
59.6
60.9
37.3
29.0
59.3
506.1
164.7
102.6
58,2
58.4
35.5
30.9
55.8
510.8
169.0
103.5
58.8
50.1
36.7
31.0
55.6
Petroleum refining and related indus
tries...................................................... .
Petroleum refining..................................
Other petroleum and coal products___
122.2
121. 5
96.0
25.5
119.4
96.3
23.1
117.7
96.7
21.0
117.7
96.1
21.6
117.2
94.9
22.3
118.7
95.4
23.3
120.4
95.8
24.6
121,3
95.9
25.4
122.5
96.8
25.7
128.4
102.6
25.8
129.7
104.2
25.5
129.9
104.6
25.4
130.6
107.1
23.5
137.7
113.1
24.6
307.3
305.0
76.4
126.3
102.3
303.4 302.3
76.0
75.7
125.9 126.1
101. 5 100.5
301.6
75.7
126.2
99.7
304.8
76.7
129.0
99.1
306.4
76.9
129.8
99.7
308.9
76.5
130.1
102.3
310.9
76.5
130.7
103.7
308.5
77.0
129.9
101.6
303.4
75.8
127.5
100.1
296.1
75.0
122.9
98.2
303.5
76.1
127,7
99.7
280.2
73.0
117.0
90.2
288.7
78.2
120.8
89.7
310.1
302.9
27.9
205.0
70.0
301.1
27.6
204.2
69.3
310.2
27.7
209.5
73.0
312.8
28.2
211.9
72.7
310.2 317.6
29.3
28.9
211 1 213.1
75.2
70.2
318.8
29.1
210.3
79.4
816.6
29.0
208.1
79.5
319.1
28.8
211.6
78.7
826.6
28.8
218.1
79.7
316.4
27.7
213.8
74.9
321.3
28.7
216.4
76.2
318.8
28.9
213.8
76.2
322.9
29.9
216.4
76.5
81.7
45.1
826.0
17.1
81.6
43. £
816.4
17.1
82.2
43.1
806.3
17.1
82.4
43.3
804.1
17.0
82.9
44.8
801.5
17.4
83.3
44.4
843.1
17.6
83.5
44.4
857. S
17.7
83.9
44.9
867.1
17.9
84.2
46.2
862.7
18.2
83.9
46.6
848.7
18.5
84.1
46.9
840.8
18.6
85.0
46.4
840.5
18.5
86.7
45.0
800.0
18.8
89.2
44.6
801.8
19.3
556.3
24.5
75.5
525.3
210.7
132.9
154.8
26.9
555.6
24.5
75.4
521A
208. C
132.7
154. C
26.7
554.2
24.6
75.6
523.7
211.5
132.4
153.6
26.2
553.3
24.8
75.5
524.1
211.5
132.6
154.0
26.0
554.0
25.2
75.3
525.9
211.7
133.1
155. Î
26.0
556.8
25.9
75.4
528.5
212.2
133.9
156.2
26.2
558.2
26.0
76.1
530.1
212.6
134.5
156. i
26.2
559.1
26.0
77.3
531.7
213.2
134 5
157.6
26.5
563.5
26.4
76. S
538.7
216.1
136. C
159. Í
26.7
569.3
26.7
76.6
545.8
218.5
137.9
161. £
27.5
568.7 583.3
26.9
26.7
76.4
76.1
544.8 639.3
218. C 215.7
137.9 136. f
161.4 160,0
27.5
27.0
568.7
26.9
78.3
538.7
216.8
136.4
159.4
26.1
581.9
27.9
77.9
643.6
220.2
137.3
159.4
20.7
Paper and allied products_____________
Paper and pulp------------- ---------------Paperboard..............................................
Converted paper and paperboard prod
ucts------ ------ ------- ---------------------Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries...................................................... .
Newspaper publishing and printing__
Periodical publishing and printing.......
Books.............................. .........................
Commercial printing______ ________
Bookbinding and related industries---Other publishing and printing indus
tries........................................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod
ucts--- ------ --------------------------. ..
Tires and inner tubes.............................
Other rubber products............ .............
Miscellaneous plastic products______
Leather and leather p ro d u cts...
Leather tanning and finishing.
Footwear, except rubber.........
Other leather products—____
482.8
111.6
Transportation and public utilities:
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation--------------Intercity and rural buslines______ ____ _____
Motor freight transportation and storage.............
Pipeline transportation...........................................
Communication:
Telephone communication_________________
Telegraph communication 8...............................
Radio and television broadcasting---------------Electric, gas, and sanitary services____________
Electric companies and systems..----------------Gas companies and systems________________
Combined utility systems___________I--------Water, steam, and sanitary systems__ I--------See footnotes at end of table.
6 9 4 -5 9 5 — 63-
-S
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
986
T able
À-3. Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1962
1963
Industry
Junes M ay’ Apr.
Wholesale and retail trade *______ - ____
Wholesale trade_____________________
Motor vehicles and automotive equipm ent___________________________
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products_
Dry good? and apparel______ _______
Groceries and related products________
Electrical goods............................. .........
Hardware, plumbing and heating
pODf) S
Machinery, equipment, and supplies.-.
Eetall trade 4______ _________________
Oeneral merchandise stores__________
Department stores_______________
Limited price variety stores________
Food stores_______________________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores..
Apparel and accessories stores...............
M en’s and boy’s apparel stores_____
Women’s ready-to-wear stores______
Family clothing stores____________
Shoe stores___ __________________
Furniture and appliance stores_______
Other retail trade '__________________
Motor vehicle dealers______________
Other vehicle and accessory dealers___
Drug stores------------------ __________ —
Finance, Insurance, and real estate:
Banking________ __________________
Security dealers and exchanges________
Insurance carriers___________________
Life insurance_____ _______________
Accident and health Insurance----------Fire, marine, and casualty Insurance...
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels____
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants.
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distributing
8,875
2, 645
193.6
164.8
111.6
427.7
190.9
Mar.
Jan.
Feb.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1960
8,960 8,749 8,710 8,822 9,657 9,100 8,939 8,868 8,791 8,775 8,817 8,744 8,810
2,641 2,636 2,633 2,643 2,689 2,676 2, 677 2,608 2,671 2,657 2,642 2, 597 2,610
192.6
165.0
111.1
427.6
190.4
191.6
164.7
111.4
431.9
189.5
191.0
164.3
110.5
430.3
189.5
189.9
163.8
111.4
433. 8
189.5
191.3
166.1
112.0
445. 6
189.4
190.7
166 2
112.3
445.5
188.8
191.4
165 4
1130
440 5
188-1
191.6
164. 5
112. 5
435. 8
187.4
191.5
165.0
113.0
434.8
188.9
191.5 189.6
163.7 162.8
113.0 112.1
442. 1 442 4
188.7 187.2
182.0
158.7
111. 1
435.7
179.5
181.5
155.6
112.0
439 1
183.0
124.9 125.0 124. 1 123.8 123. 5 124.6 124.9 125. 3 125. 7 126.2 125.9 125.6 124.0 127.7
446.5 446.2 442. 5 439.9 438.5 438.8 437.2 437.2 438 3 437.4 436. 6 434 1 414. 1 412.0
6,230 6,319 6,113 6, 077 6,179 6.968 6,424 6,262 6,200 6,120 6,118 6,175 0,147 6.201
1,392.0 1,427.2 1,352.0 1,331.6 1,404.0 1.910.3 1.567.6 1, 462. 8 1,430.2 1, 388. 2 1,377. 1 1,402.4 1,433 5 1,447.9
824.5 842.9 79S.6 785. 6 837.3 1, 163. 8 935 2 859.3 834. 7 810.2 802. 5 823 0 837.6 843.6
292.2 306.4 284.8 278. 2 289.0 390.8 322 5 307.7 304. 9 290 4 287.3 291.9 309 3 316.8
1,294.0 1, 305. 9 1,296.7 1,302.3 1,292.7 1,321.5 1,301. 1 1, 290. 4 1,275.2 1,272.6 1,283. 9 1,283 1 1.273 4 1, 273 1
1,133.1 1,136.4 1,137.0 1, 136.4 1,133. 2 1,152.4 1,139 9 1, 131.8 1,119.1 1,118.5 1,127. 6 1,126.0 1,109. 7 1,106. 5
608.9 667. 7 582.9 572.1 599. 3 737.7 632 7 611 9 601 0 569. 5 569. 5 601.9 586. 9 582. 3
97.9
95.6
98.0 103.1
99.4 107. 1 135.3 106.3 100. 5 98 6 96.2
99.0 102.9 96.9
237.9 248.2 229.4 221.6 230.0 281.0 245. 2 236.6 229 9 218. 4 219 4 229.1 225 0 223 3
92. 5 89.8
88.1
90. 2
99 2 94.2
93. 1 88 5 88.2
92.0
95.0
89. 5 95. 2 123.2
108.6 142.0 100.9
97. 5 100.1 118.6 105.9 106. 4 108 3 101. 5 101. 6 107. 5 102. 9 106. 3
368.7 368.5 369.1 367.7 370.4 387 2 373.9 368 9 367.8 364.0 363 4 365. 4 364. 2 368.9
2, 566.4 2, 549. 5 2,512.4 2, 503. 3 2,512.4 2,611. 4 2,548. 4 2, 527. 7 2, 525. 7 2, 520. 1 2,524 2 2, 522. 2 2, 489. 7 2, 528.3
621.6 618.0 616. 3 614.8 611.8 607.0 603.6 600.0 596.2 596. 8 594. 6 589.0 576. 1 596.2
120.4 117.9 113.0 111. 6 113. 5 122.9 118.8 114. 1 114.3 115.4 116. 2 110.3 117.7 123.1
355.4 355.6 354.2 352.5 355.9 375.0 359.8 357.5 355.5 355.1 351.1 353.1 348.4 347.5
617.6
111.0
785.2
430.9
47.3
270.1
617.3
110.4
783.6
430.1
46.9
269.7
616.3
111. 1
786.0
431.8
47.1
270.1
614.2 610.9
110. 5 1098
784.1 781.0
430.7 429.3
46.9
46.7
269.7 268.2
613.3
110 6
783.2
429 2
46.9
270.0
611.5
111 5
782.8
428.5
47.2
270.1
610.8
113. 3
781 6
428.2
47.2
269.2
010.7 619.9
116.1 121.4
783. 8 789.7
429. 5 4313
47 3 47.8
270.2 272.7
616.8
123.1
786.3
429. 2
47.8
271.4
607. 6
1227
779.6
427.0
47. 6
267 8
592.0
119.0
777.0
428.8
46. 4
265.2
575.9
107 0
763 9
420.7
46.0
260.3
558.3
541.8
533.7
531.7
525.2
528.0
529.7
538.3
565.4
606.3
605.0
579.9
503.8
485.0
367.0
365.3
356.7
355.2
360.0
361.0
364.6
368.0
369.4
369.9
378.1
380.3
377.9
389.2
21.6
20.9
21.6
22.2
23.4
24.7
23.9
24.1
24.1
24.2
23.9
23.6
28.1
29.0
i For comparability of data with those published In Issues prior to Decem
ber 1961 and coverage of these series, see footnote 1. table A-2.
For mining, manufacturing, and laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants,
data refer to production and related workers; for contract construction, to
const ruction workers; and for all other Industries, to nonsupervlsory workers.
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper
vlsory workers (including leadman and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing,
warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, Janitorial and watchmen
services, product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use
(e.g., power plant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated
with the above production operations.
Construction workers include working foremen, journeymen, mechanics,
apprentices, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition,
repair, and maintenance, etc., at the site of construction or working in shop
or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed^
by members of the construction trades.
fT- ' J
Nonsupervlsory workers Include employees (not above the working super
visory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairmen, salespersons,
operators, drivers, attendants, service employees, linemen, laborers, janitors,
watchmen, and similar occupational levels, and other employees whoso
services are closely associated with those of the employees listed,
s Preliminary.
• Data relate to nonsupervlsory employees except messengers.
* Excludes eating and drinking places.
The revised series on employment, hours and earnings, and labor turnover in non
agricultural establishments should not be compared with those published in issues prior
to December 1961. (See footnote 1, table A-2, and “ Technical Note, The 1961 Revision
of the BLS Payroll Employment Statistics,” M o n th ly Labor R e v ie w , January 1962,
pp. 59-62.) Moreover, if future benchmark adjustments require further revisions, the
figures presented in this issue should not be compared with those in later issues which
reflect the adjustments.
Comparable data for earlier periods are published in E m p lo y m e n t a n d Earnings
S ta tis t ic s for th e U n ited S ta le s , 1909-60 (BLS Bulletin 1312), which is available at
depository libraries or which may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents
for $3. For an individual industry, earlier data may be obtained upon request to the
Bureau.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1961
987
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able A-4. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted1
[In thousands]
1962
1963
Industry division and group
June2 M ay2 Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
Total........... ............. .................... ...................................... — 56,556 56,413 56,191 55,963 55, 730 55, 536 55,580 55,597 55.647 55, 583 55,536 55,617 55, 535
652
641
646
648
623
625
636
638
625
625
635
641
636
Mining--------------- -------- -------------------- ------ ------ ------2,671
2,731
2,
738
2,654
2,696
2,716
2,
715
2,
646
2,651
2,634
2,
730
Contract construction----------------------------------------------- 2,730 2,733
Manufacturing........................................................................ 17,022 17,021 16,915 16,771 16,605 16,632 16, 681 16,695 16,781 16,805 16, 795 16, 908 16,923
9,470 9, 486 9, 461 9, 552 9, 555
Durable goods--------------------------------------------------- 9,678 9,664 9, 583 9,478 9, 423 9,399 9,418 9,413
213
217
221
220
222
220
220
222
219
218
214
215
216
Ordnance and accessories___ _________________
607
603
609
611
610
603
605
602
608
617
611
613
580
Lumber and wood products, except furniture........
385
386
386
380
380
380
380
378
378
381
382
386
386
Furniture and fixtures_______________-_______
583
581
581
561
572
579
576
566
562
565
579
589
591
Stone, clay, and glass products________________
Primary metal industries_____________________ 1,206 1,199 1,179 1,151 1.136 1,121 1. 121 1,115 1,119 1,134 1,141 1,149 1,163
1.132
1,131
1,122
1,129
1,109
1.
110
1,117
1,
117
1,104
1,135
1,
111
Fabricated metal products____________________ 1,153 1,148
1, 474 1, 470
Machinery-------- ----------------------------------------- 1,482 1,475 1,472 1,464 1, 461 1,466 1, 468 1,481 1,482 1,471 1,480
Electrical equipment and supplies-------------------- 1,554 1,547 1,542 1,536 1. 534 1,533 1.535 1.527 1, 546 1,528 1, 541 1, 555 1,554
1,687
Transportation equipm ent____________________ 1, 745 1,729 1,716 1,680 1,671 1,662 1, 669 1,652 1, 674 1, 694 1,619 1,688
362
362
359
361
358
358
360
359
359
362
367
364
368
Instruments and related products--------------------401
400
397
393
392
392
383
387
386
383
389
396
397
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries------------Nondurable goods---------------------------------------------- 7,344
Food and kindred products___________________ 1, 740
85
Tobacco manufactures_______________________
864
Textile mill products________________________
Apparel and related products_________________ 1,283
609
Paper and allied products--------- --------------------943
Printing, publishing, and allied industries---------874
Chemicals and allied products..----------------------189
Petroleum refining and related Industries.............
405
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products............
352
Leather and leather products----- ---------------------
7,357
1,759
87
863
1,286
608
941
867
190
402
354
7,332
1,766
88
864
1,273
605
935
863
189
397
352
7,293
1,780
88
861
1,253
605
915
859
188
394
350
7,242 7,233
1,768 1,770
88
87
860
858
1,229 1,220
602
602
913
911
856
853
187
188
392
391
350
350
7,263 7,282 7,311
1,773 1,763 1,769
90
93
90
868
871
866
1,229 1,231 1,242
603
601
604
938
937
914
855
855
853
189
191
189
390
389
389
360
358
356
7.319
1, 770
96
874
1,243
603
938
853
191
393
358
7, 334
1, 763
93
879
1,246
606
937
855
198
395
362
7, 356
1,777
89
885
1,249
606
937
858
199
396
360
7,368
1,774
87
891
1,257
606
937
853
199
399
365
Transportation and public utilities....................................... 3,941 3,928 3,912 3,915 3,913 3,836 3,921 3,918 3,935 3, 928 3,932 3,913 3,934
Wholesale and retail trade__ - ______________ ___ _____ 11,830 11,805 11,760 11,765 11,679 11,637 11,573 11,600 11, 594 11,612 11,627 11.652 11.621
Wholesale trade_________ ______-____ -___ _______ 3,149 3,139 3,122 3,110 3.093 3,083 3.074 3,076 3,085 3,090 3,082 3, 100 3,096
Retail trade____________________________________ 8,681 8,666 8,638 8,655 8, 586 8,554 8,499 8,524 8,509 8,522 8, 545 8, 552 8, 525
Finance, Insurance, and real estate------------------------------ 2,854 2,853 2,844 2,844 2,836 2,828 2,821 2,822 2, 813 2, 799 2, 796 2, 792 2,788
Service and miscellaneous------------------------------------------ 7,982
7,939
7,918
9,561
2,387
7,174
9.493
2,371
7,122
9,477
2,363
7,114
Government____________ __________________________
State and local_________________________________
• Preliminary.
T able
7,937
7,917
7,895
7,876
7,846
7,831
7,809
7,805
7,783
9,449 9,434 9, 429 9,384 9, 339 9,274 9,204 9,183
2. 356 2,379 2,391 2. 381 2. 371 2. 369 2,374 2,375
7,093 7,055 7,038 7,003 6, 968 6. 905 6, 830 6.808
N o t e : The seasonal adjustment method used Is described In
sonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly
Review, August i960, pp. 822-827.
9,472
2,363
7.109
7,749
9,197
2,366
6,831
Labor
A-5. Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted 1
[In thousands]
1962
Major industry group
June2 M ay2 Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
12,600 ¡12,616 12,524 12,386 12,284 12,257 12,311 12,324 12,416 12, 446 12,432 12, 551 12.581
7,112 7,111 7.043 6,930 6,874 6, 853 6,880 6,875 6.933 6,953 6,925 7.024 7,035
Durable goods------ -------------------------------------97
100
103
101
102
101
100
99
99
97
97
97
Ordnance and accessories-------------------------546
543
545
541
543
539
541
547
549
556
549
548
517
Lumber and wood products, except furniture
321
315
320
320
315
317
317
315
314
316
319
320
321
Furniture and fixtures___________________
467
467
465
462
468
459
451
448
451
447
465
473
474
Stone, clay, and glass products-----------------934
920
910
892
906
885
898
914
898
929
959
979
983
Primary metal industries________________
871
868
858
866
854
847
849
842
870
852
881
846
879
Fabricated meta! products_______________
1.027
1,
029
1,027 1,022 1,019 1,012 1,011 1,016 1,021 1,031 1,035 1,026 1,034
Machinery..........................- ------- --------------Electrical equipment and supplies_____________ 1,055 1,050 1.043 1,035 1,032 1,032 1,034 1,029 1,047 1,032 1. 045 1,057 1,058
1,203 1,188 1,178 1,141 1,127 1,122 1, 131 l, 119 1,139 1,160 1, 090 l. 164 1,161
Transportation equipm ent______ ________
231
231
231
228
228
228
228
228
230
229
232
235
236
Instruments and related products......... .......
322
325
321
316
317
316
310
310
306
312
306
320
318
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries----5.
546
5,
527
5,507
5,
493
5,
483
5,488 5,505 5,481 5,456 5,410 5, 404 5,431 5, 449
Nondurable goods-------------------------------------1,147 1,164 1,169 1,182 1,169 1,173 1, 175 1,168 1,178 1,179 1,170 1, 181 1,180
Food and kindred products_____________
76
77
81
84
82
79
78
76
75
76
77
74
72
Tobacco manufactures__________________
803
798
791
787
783
780
777
772
774
775
771
775
775
Textile mill products_____ ______________
1
,1
2
0
1,110
1,109
1,105
1,105
1,093
1,089
1,139 1,144 1,131 1,114 1,090 1,081
Apparel and related products-----------------482
481
477
481
478
476
478
476
476
478
480
478
482
Paper and allied products..............................
600
599
698
599
598
597
582
581
579
592
581
596
596
Printing, publishing, and allied industries..
523
528
624
521
519
520
517
518
519
520
523
526
531
Chemicals and allied products......................
128
128
127
121
121
120
120
118
120
119
120
122
120
Petroleum refining and related Industries...
312
307
304
306
301
300
301
300
302
304
306
311
315
R ubber and miscellaneous plastic products.
318
322
320
316
318
316
315
308
309
308
310
313
311
Leather and leather products.
N o t e ' The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “ New Sea«
i For definition of production workers, see footnote 1, table A-3.
sonai
Adjustment
Factors for Labor Force Components,” Mojithly Labor
1Preliminary.
Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.
Manufacturing.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
988
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
T able
A-6. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations 1
[All Items except average benefit amounts are In thousands]
1963
Item
May
Employment service:8
New applications for work__......... ......... .
Nonfarm placements_________________
Mar.
Apr.
911
612
1962
904
581
Jan.
Feb.
904
423
861
496
Dec.
1,097
459
766
434
Nov.
907
533
Oct.
Sept.
948
643
856
652
Aug.
879
642
June
July
914
580
May
1,102
'605
899
656
State unemployment insurance programs:
Initial claims 3 4................. ................. ...
1,079
1,216
1,127
1,308
2,102
1,353
1,267
1,747
956
1,197
1,395
1,083
1,133
Insured unemployment5 (average weekly
volume)___ _____________ ________
1,624
2, 298 2,546
1,918
2,063
1,625
2. 591
1,385
1,331
1,469
1,543
1,469
1, 570
Rate of insured unemployment «............. .
3.9
4.7
5.6
6.2
6.3
5.1
4.0
3.4
3.3
3.6
3.8
3.6
3.9
Weeks of unemployment compensated__
6,732
9,091
7,919
9,025 10,002
5,702
6,307
5,207
4,695
5,781
5,563
5,507
6,391
Average weekly benefit amount for total
unemplovment...... .
$34.91 $35. 54 $35.80 $35. 70 $35. 52 $35.11 $34.95 $34. 69 $34.42 $34.29 $34. 01 $34.20 $34. 04
Total benefits paid___________________ $235, 851 $274,798 $316,422 $313,272 $342,411 $214,203 $193,551 $176,608 $160,559 $197,414 $186,965 $188,871 $215,015
Unemployment compensation for ex-service
men: 7 *
Initial claims *______________________
Insured unemployment8 (average weekly
volume)........................... .......................
Weeks of unemployment compensated__
Total benefits paid__________________ _
20
23
47
203
$6, 760
58
267
$8, 797
Unemployment compensation for Federal
civilian employees: *8
Initial claims * . ______ _____________
Insured unemployment8 (average weekly
volume)__________________________
Weeks of unemployment compensated__
Total benefits paid___________________
11
13
11
12
20
12
12
14
10
12
15
10
11
28
119
$4, 678
31
137
$5,241
35
150
$5, 591
38
148
$5,433
37
156
$5,744
31
116
$4,262
29
115
$4,282
27
111
$4,182
25
98
$3,797
26
114
$4,354
26
97
$3,653
24
107
$4,172
26
114
$4,297
Railroad unemplovment insurance:
Applications M______________________
Insured unemployment (average weekly
volume)__________________________
Number of payments »_ ..........................
Average amount, of benefit payment u__
Total benefits paid .................................
4
5
7
19
12
16
16
32
22
65
7
4
39
99
$74.44
$7,333
49
57
64
61
73
61
60
65
50
138
118
137
173
133
132
148
124
129
$77.11 $80.24 $80. 58 $79.97 $79. 56 $78. 73 $74.47 $83.26 $78.53
$9,005 $11,004 $10,881 $13, 732 $10,358 $10,373 $11,081 $10,134 $10,081
52
98
$75. 84
$7,256
44
108
$71. 91
$7,825
62
125
$73.03
$9,052
All programs:44
Insured unem ploym ent8______________
1, 799
1,699
1,614
1,719
4
2,089
25
27
39
31
29
31
27
39
30
25
22
71
77
77
303
306
338
$9,932 $10,027 $11,100
65
235
$7,679
57
222
$7,298
52
214
$7,019
52
200
$6,549
52
211
$6,934
46
175
$5,659
40
165
$5,420
40
177
$5,703
2, 465
2,726
i Includes data for Puerto Rico, beginning January 1961 when the Com
monwealth’s program became part of the Federal-State UI system.
8 Includes Guam and the Virgin Islands.
* Initial claims are notices filed by workers to indicate they are starting
periods of unemployment. Excludes transitional claims.
4 Includes interstate claims for the Virgin Islands.
8 Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem
ployment.
« The rate is the number of insured unemployed expressed as a percent of
the average covered employment in a 12-month period.
» Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs.
9 Includes the Virgin Islands.
8 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs.
«• An application for benefits Is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning
of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is re
quired for subsequent periods in the same year.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2, 778
2,223
1,780
1,539
1,497
1,628
11 Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods.
11 The average amount is an average for all compensable periods, not
adjusted for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments.
13 Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpay
ments.
14 Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State. Ex-servicemen and UCFE programs and the Railroad Unemployment
Insurance Act.
Souece : U.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Employment Security for
all items except railroad unemployment insurance, which is prepared by the
U.S. Railroad Retirement Board.
B.—LABOR TURNOVER
989
B.—Labor Turnover
T able
B -l. Labor turnover rates,
by
major industry group 1
[Per 100 employees]
1963
1962
Annual
average
Major Industry group
M a y 2 Apr.
Mar.
1j Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1961
J
1960
Accessions: Total *
Manufacturing:
Actual___ _______________________
Seasonally adjusted................................. .
Durable goods.............................................
Ordnance and accessories..................... .
Lumber and wood products, except fur
niture__________________________
Furniture and fixtures_____________
Stone, clay, and glass products______
Primary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products__________
Machinery_______________ ________
Electrical equipment and supplies___
Transportation equipment....................
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
tries............................................... ........
Nondurable goods_____ _____________
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures...........................
Textile mill products..............................
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products......................
Printing, publishing, and allied in
dustries............ ....................................
Chemicals and allied products..............
Petroleum refining and related indus
tries___________________________
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products________________________
Leather and leather products________
N onmanufacturing:
Metal mining_____________________
Coal mining______________________
3.9
3.9
3.8
A. 2
3.5
4.1
3.3
5.9
3.6
3.9
2.4
3.5
3.0
3.6
3.9
4.0
4.9
S. 8
5.1
4.0
4.5
4.1
5.0
3.9
4.3
4.3
4.1
3.8
3.8
2.3
3.8
2.2
3.5
2.0
3.2
2.2
3.5
2.4
2.3
1.6
2.8
1.9
3.6
2.4
4.5
2.5
4.6
2.6
3.8
3.0
4.5
3.9
4.1
2.9
3.9
2.8
3.5
2.6
8.6
4.2
4.2
3.5
4.1
2.5
3.1
3.6
2.5
6.6
4.4
5.6
3.8
4.3
2.7
2.9
3.8
2.5
5.9
3.7
4.7
3.6
3.8
2.6
2.7
3.4
2.4
4.5
3.9
3.4
3.6
3.2
2.7
2.6
3.2
2.4
4.7
4.1
3.5
3.4
3.7
3.0
3.0
3.7
2.6
2.5
2.5
1.9
2.3
2.5
2.1
2.1
2.8
1.7
3.2
3.3
2.4
2.5
3.0
2.3
2.7
3.5
2.4
4.5
4.3
2.8
2.7
3.9
2.8
3.4
4.5
2.6
5.4
5.0
3.3
2.7
4.5
2.9
3.8
8.0
2.6
5.4
6.0
4.0
3.3
5.5
3.2
4.0
6.1
3.4
6.3
5.2
3.8
2.8
4.0
2.9
3.5
4.2
2.8
8.8
4.7
4.8
2.8
4.6
3.7
4.4
4.4
3.9
7.5
5.1
4.6
2.5
4.5
3.1
3.8
4.3
2.7
5.3
4.1
3.6
3.4
4.4
3.0
3.6
4.7
2.6
4.8
3.9
3.4
2.4
3.9
2.9
3.2
4.3
2.4
5.0
5.8
5.2
5.1
6.3
2.4
3.6
5.8
6.8
6.9
6.0
6.2
6.4
5.6
5.3
4.1
5.5
2.1
3.9
5.8
2.7
3.8
4.9
1.7
3.6
5.1
2.7
3.5
4.2
2.7
3.5
4.6
2.4
3.4
3.8
2.6
3.3
5.3
2.1
3.7
4.1
3.7
3.3
5.8
2.2
2.5
3.2
5.9
1.9
3.1
1.6
3.1
3.9
5.5
2.7
4.4
1.9
4.2
6.4
4.4
3.5
5.3
2.4
5.3
9.2
16.0
3.8
5.2
2.8
5.8
10.0
19.8
4.2
6.2
3.0
5.4
9.1
8.9
3.9
6.7
2.9
5.7
9.0
3.2
4.2
6.6
4.1
4.5
6.6
3.0
4.1
6.1
2.8
4.2
5.9
6.1
3.5
5.6
2.6
4.1
6.0
5.6
3.2
5.3
2.6
2.8
2.0
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.4
2.6
1.9
2.9
2.0
2.0
1.3
2.5
1.4
3.2
1.8
3.7
2.1
3.4
2.0
3.2
2.0
4.1
3.3
2.9
2.2
2.9
2.1
3.0
2.0
1.7
2.1
1.6
.9
1.3
.6
.8
1.2
1.5
1.7
1.5
2.7
1.6
1.3
1.2
3.5
5.6
3.7
4.4
3.3
4.1
2.9
4.2
3.1
5.9
2.2
3.5
3.0
4.4
3.7
4.8
4.5
4.7
4.3
5.5
4.1
6.1
4.4
6.1
4.1
5.3
3.8
5.0
3.1
4.8
2.8
1.9
5.9
2.2
3.0
2.4
2.9
2.2
3.2
2.2
2.0
1.4
2.9
1.5
2.7
1.7
2.9
2.5
2.4
2.5
2.4
1.4
3.8
1.2
3.4
1.8
2.7
2.1
3.4
1.6
Accessions: New hires
Manufacturing:
Actual___________________________
stea-ianally adjusted
.......
Durable goods______________________
Ordnance and accessories.......................
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture--------- --------------------------Furniture and fixtures......... - ................
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Prim ary metal industries................ ......
Fabricated metal products— ................
Machinery________________________
Electrical equipment and supplies-----Transportation equipment.....................
Instruments and related products------Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries................ .....................................
Nondurable goods..................................... Food and kindred products...................
Tobacco manufactures.—____ ______
Textile mill products_______________
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products....... . .............
Printing, publishing, and allied industries___________________ --------Chemicals and allied products----------Petroleum refining and related industries____________________________
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products. ........................ ....................
Leather and leather products................
N onmanufactu ring:
M etal mining_____________________
Coal mining.............................................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.4
2.5
2.3
3.6
2.0
2.4
1.9
2.3
2.5
2.3
3.1
2.3
3.4
2.5
2.8
2.9
2.2
2 .4
2.9
2.5
2.2
2 .2
1.8
2.3
3.2
2 .1
2.2
1.3
2.1
1.3
1.8
1.1
1.7
1.3
1.7
1.4
1.1
.9
1.6
1.2
2.2
1.5
2.6
1.8
2.6
1.8
2.4
2.2
3.1
2.9
2.6
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
5.9
3.5
2.6
1.7
2.6
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.7
4.6
3.3
2.7
1.4
2.4
1.9
1.6
1.9
1.7
3.7
2.7
2.1
1.0
2.0
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.7
3.0
2.7
1.5
.9
1.7
1.8
1.5
1.6
1.6
2.7
2.7
1.3
.9
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.7
1.5
.9
.6
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
2.5
2.5
1.3
.7
1.8
1.4
1.7
1.8
1.7
3.6
3.4
1.8
.9
2.6
1.7
2.2
2.4
2.0
4.4
4.3
2.1
1.0
3.0
1.9
2.7
2.9
2.0
4.6
4.8
2.5
1.0
2.9
1.9
2.6
2.1
2.2
4.7
4.2
2.5
.9
2.5
1.9
2.2
2.0
2.2
6.2
3.9
3.3
1.3
3.2
2.7
3.2
2.6
3.3
5.4
4.1
3.1
1.1
2.9
2.2
2.6
2.2
2.1
3.3
2.7
1.8
.9
2.1
1.6
2.0
1.6
1.7
3.4
2.8
2.0
.8
2.1
1.7
2.0
1.7
1.7
3.2
3.2
2.6
2.6
2.6
1.5
2.4
4.3
5.3
5.2
4.2
4.7
4.3
3.6
3.4
2.1
2.1
2.0
1.9
3.2
1.3
1.3
1.7
3.3
1.2
1.5
.9
1.9
2.2
2.3
1.8
2.7
1.2
2.8
4.1
3.1
2.5
3.6
1.8
3.7
6.0
10.5
2.8
3.8
2.2
3.9
6.5
7.8
3.2
4.5
2.2
3.5
5.8
2.5
2.7
4.2
2.1
3.9
6.0
1.6
3.1
4.0
3.2
2.9
3.9
1.3
3.0
3.9
2.0
2.5
3.4
3.2
2.2
3.1
1.7
2.5
3.5
2.9
2.0
3.2
1.8
2.1
1.2
1.3
.7
1.9
1.0
2.5
1.2
3.0
1.5
2.7
1.4
2.6
1.5
3.3
2.6
2.3
1.6
2.1
1.4
2.4
1.4
1.8
2.6
3.4
1.0
2.8
3.6
1.8
2.4
2.8
1.0
2.4
3.4
1.7
2.1
2.1
1.6
2.2
3.1
1.4
1.9
1.9
1.1
2.0
3.1
1.2
2.1
1.4
2.0
1.8
1.9
1.6
1.8
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.3
.9
.5
.7
.4
.6
.9
1.1
1.3
1.2
2.2
1.2
.9
.8
2.2
3.2
2.0
2.6
1.8
2.3
1.7
2.4
1.6
3.3
1.1
2.1
1.7
2.8
2.5
3.1
3.3
3.2
3.0
3.9
2.3
3.7
3.1
4.1
2.6
3.2
1.9
2.9
1.7
2.9
1.3
.8
1.7
.8
1.5
.7
1.3
1.0
1.6
.6
1.1
.4
1.2
.6
1.4
.8
1.4
.7
1.3
.7
1.3
.5
2.8
.4
2.0
.5
1.2
.6
1.9
.4
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
990
T able
B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
Annual
average
1962
1903
Major Industry group
M a y 2 Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1961
1960
Separations: Total *
Manufacturing:
Actual___________________________
3.5
3.8
3.5
S.G
3.5
S.7
3.2
3.7
3.9
S.9
3.8
3.9
4.0
3.9
4.3
3.8
5.0
4.1
5.2
4-8
4.4
4.6
3.8
4-S
3.8
4-1
4.0
4.3
Durable goods_____________________
Ordnance and accessories___________
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture...___ _________________
Furniture and fixtures............................
Stone, clay, and glass products..........
Primary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products.....................
Machinery_____________ _________
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment.....................
Instruments and related products.........
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.......................................................
3.2
2.5
3.3
2.6
3.3
4.2
3.1
3.1
3.7
3.2
3.4
2.1
3.6
2.7
3.9
2.7
4.3
3.4
5.4
2.9
4.4
2.2
38
2.7
3.6
2.5
3.9
2.3
4.3
2.4
4.8
4.4
2.8
2.2
3.6
2.8
3.0
3.6
2.5
5.3
4.4
3.0
2.1
3.5
2.6
3.1
3.8
2.3
5.5
4.4
2.9
2.1
3.8
2.5
3.5
3.4
2.4
4.7
3.8
3.3
2.2
3.6
2.3
3.0
3.3
2.4
5.0
4.5
4.9
2.6
4.2
2.8
3.6
3.7
2.6
5. 5
3.6
51
2.5
3.5
2.)
2.8
3.0
2.1
6.2
4.2
4.0
2.9
3.9
2.6
3. 1
3.4
2.8
5.6
4.6
4.1
3.5
4.7
2.9
3 4
3.8
3.0
6.7
5.2
4.9
3.8
4.9
3.5
4.0
4. 1
3.3
6.8
5.7
4.5
3.6
4. 7
3.8
39
10.6
3.1
5.7
5.2
3.5
4 1
5.4
3.0
3.3
6. 5
2.4
4.7
46
3 3
44
4 1
3.0
32
3.9
2.6
4.7
4.7
3.7
4. 5
3 6
29
3. 1
3 6
2.3
5.5
43
3.8
2.8
4. 5
32
32
5. 0
2.6
6.1
4.6
4.1
4.0
4.8
3. 4
3.5
5. 2
2.7
4.3
4.7
4.2
3.8
6.6
12.2
8.2
5.6
5.6
6.1
6.4
5.2
4.8
5.8
5. 9
Nondurable goods___________________
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures______________
Textile mill products_______________
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products....... ...............
Printing, publishing, and allied industries............................................_..........
Chemicals and allied products...............
Petroleum refining and related industries__ _________________________
Ru bber and miscellaneous plastic products___ ______ _________________
Leather and leather products..... ...........
3.8
4.3
4.1
3.7
5.7
2.4
3.9
4.8
4.0
3.7
6.0
2.5
3.7
4.8
7.2
3.5
4.8
2.4
3.3
4.6
9.5
3.1
4.2
2.3
4.3
6.3
7.0
3.9
5.4
2.8
4.3
6.2
10.8
3.4
5.9
2.5
4.5
6.8
16.9
3.7
5. 1
2.7
5.0
8.2
10.8
3.8
5.7
2.8
5.8
9.3
5.4
4.5
5.9
4.2
4.8
6. 7
2.9
4.5
5.8
3.4
4.3
5.9
2.3
3.9
6.3
2.5
3.8
5.0
2. 4
3 4
5.2
2.4
4. 1
5. 1
2.7
3.6
6.2
2.6
4.2
5.9
5.9
3.4
5.7
2.7
4.4
60
59
3.7
6. 1
2.9
2.8
2.6
2.6
1.9
2.7
1.7
2.3
1.4
2.9
1.7
2.7
1.6
2.9
2.0
3.1
1.8
4.1
3.1
3.5
2.4
2.5
1.9
3.0
2.3
2.9
2.5
2.9
2.0
2.8
2.1
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.9
1.8
2.1
2.2
1.8
2.7
2.5
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
4. 1
5.9
4.0
5.3
3.2
4.2
3.2
5.2
3.5
5.0
3.9
5.0
4.9
2.3
3.2
5.2
3.2
3.4
2.6
4.5
3.1
2.5
3.8
3.8
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining_______________________
Coal mining________________________
3.1
4.6
3.1
5.9
3.5
4.7
2.9
3.8
3.5
5.2
2.8
5.4
3.5
4.5
3.9
5.4
4.5
5.9
2.9
2.3
3.0
2.7
3.1
2.5
2.6
2.0
3.5
2.1
5.6
1.8
3.8
3.2
3.6
2.6
6.0
2.0
Separations: Quits
Manufacturing:
Actual___________________________
Seasonally adjusted____ _____________
Durable goods______________________
Ordnance and accessories____ _______
Lumber and wood products except
furniture________________________
Furniture and fixtures______________
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Frimary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products.....................
Machinery..____ _____ ___________
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment.................
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...... ................................................
Nondurable goods______ ____________
Food and kindred products__________
Tobacco manufactures______________
Textile mill products_______________
Apparel and related products________
Paner and allied products______ _____
Printing, publishing, and allied industries____ ________________________
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related industries_______ ____________________
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products.............................................. .
Leather and leather products................
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining________________________
Coal mining.................. ..............................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.5
1.0
1-4
1.1
1-4
0.8
l.S
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.4
2.4
1.4
2.1
1.5
1.4
l.S
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.2
.9
1.1
.8
1.0
.9
.8
.8
.9
.9
.7
.6
.9
.8
1.2
1.0
2.0
1.7
1.8
1.5
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.0
2.7
2.3
1.1
.7
1.3
1.0
1.2
.9
1.1
2.6
2.2
1.1
.6
1.2
1.0
1.1
.8
1.0
2.2
1.9
.9
.5
1.1
.9
1.1
.8
1.0
1.6
1.5
.7
.4
.8
.7
1.0
.7
1.0
1.7
1.7
.8
.4
.9
.8
1.0
.7
1.1
1.3
1.1
.6
.3
.6
.6
.8
.5
.8
1.9
1.6
.8
.4
.9
.8
1. 1
.7
1.1
2.6
2. 1
1.2
.5
1.3
.9
1.3
1.0
1.4
4.2
3.0
2.0
.9
2.2
1.5
2.2
1.6
1.9
3.7
3. 1
1.9
.9
1.9
1.4
1.9
1.4
1.6
2.6
2.2
1.2
.6
1.2
.9
1.3
.9
1.2
2.5
2. 1
1.2
.6
1.4
1. 1
1.5
1.0
1.3
2.6
2.5
1.3
.6
1.4
1. 1
1.4
1.0
1.2
1.9
1.5
1.0
.5
1.0
.8
1. 1
.8
1.0
2.3
1.7
1.1
.6
1.1
.9
1.2
.9
1.1
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.0
1.6
2.2
3.0
3.0
1.9
2.2
i.e
1.8
1.9
1.6
1.6
.6
2.1
2.5
1.0
1.5
1.4
.8
2.0
2.3
1.0
1.4
1.4
.7
1.7
2.1
.9
1.2
1.2
.7
1.4
1.9
.7
1.3
1.3
.9
1.6
2.0
.8
1.0
1.1
.6
1.1
1.4
.6
1.3
1.3
.8
1.6
1.9
.8
1.8
2. 1
.9
2.0
2.4
1.1
2.9
4.0
2. 1
2.6
3. 1
2.5
2.5
2.9
1.4
2.8
3.2
1.8
1.7
1.9
.8
2. 1
2.6
1.0
1.7
1.8
.6
2.0
2.4
1.1
1.7
1.8
.6
2.1
2.5
1.1
1.4
1.6
.9
1.6
2.0
1.0
1.8
1.7
1.0
1.6
2.3
1.2
1.4
.7
1.3
.7
1.2
.6
1.1
.5
1.2
.6
.9
1.3
.5
1.5
2.1
1.2
1.4
.6
1.5
.8
1.4
.7
1.5
.7
2.5
1.8
1.7
.5
.6
.6
.5
.5
.4
.4
.6
.7
1.4
1.2
.6
.7
.6
.5
.5
1.3
2.3
1.2
2.3
1.1
2.0
.9
1.6
1.0
2.0
.8
1.5
1.0
1.9
1.5
2.5
2.2
3.1
1.9
3.3
1.3
2.4
1.5
2.4
1.5
2.4
1.1
2.1
1.1
2.2
1.6
.5
1.4
.5
1.2
.3
1.1
.3
1.2
.3
.8
.3
.9
.3
1.1
2.2
.5
1.8
.6
1.3
.4
1.1
.3
1.2
.3
1.0
.4
1.5
.3
.4
.8
.8
991
B.—LABOR TURNOVER
T able B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group ^C ontinued
[Por 100 employees]
Annual
average
1962
1963
Major industry group
M a y 5 Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
196]
2.2
1960
Separations: Layoffs
Manufacturing:
Actual___________________________
Seasonally adjusted-------------------------Durable goods---------------------------------Ordnance and accessories----------------Lumber and wood products, except
furniture_______________________
Furniture and fixtures______________
Stone, clay, and glass products---------Primary metal Industries----------------Fabricated metal products---------------Machinery_______________________
Electrical equipment and supplies.......
Transportation equipment--------------Instruments and related products-----Miscellaneous manufacturing Indus
tries_________________ _____ ____
Nondurable goods----------------------------Food and kindred products-------------Tobacco manufactures_____________
Textile mill products----------------------Apparel and related products-----------Paper and allied products___________
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries---------- ------------------------------Chemicals and allied products..............
Petroleum refining and related indus
tries------ -------------------------- -------Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products................................................
Leather and leather products........ ........
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining_______________________
Coal mining----------------- -------------------
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.2
2.5
2.3
2.2
1.9
2.3
2.2
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.8
t o
t o
1.9
1.8
t.O
t.6
t i
t.O
1.8 .............
1.3
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.6
2.6
1.6
1.8
2.0
1.7
2.2
1.1
2.0
1.3
1.8
1.1
1.6
1.1
2.8
1.0
2.4
.5
1 .7
1.6
1.0
2.2
.7
2.6
12
i 3
11
1.8
1.4
1.2
2. 5
1.7
1. 4
2.4
1.7
2.1
.8
1.1
1.3
1.8
1.4
3.1
1.9
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.7
3.2
1.5
1. 7
1.4
1.9
2.2
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.0
1.5
1.2
2.8
2.1
2.2
1.7
2.1
1.6
1.4
2. 1
2.3
2.0
1.3
2.2
2.2
1.7
2.8
3.4
.7
.9
.9
.8
.9
.7
8.3
.8
4.4
.7
2.0
.8
1.0
1.3
2.2
.7
3.5
2.0
2.7
2.0
2.4
1.2
1.3
1.9
LI
2.1
1.6
2.2
2.4
1.7
1. 0
2. Ó
3.6
1.9
40
1.7
2.3
3.1
2.1
.8
1 6
2.6
2. 1
3. 4
14
2.5
1.3
.7
.
1.9
2.4
2. 0
1.8
3.6
10.6
5.8
2.4
1.7
2.0
2.4
2.0
12
1 1
1.8
16
2.1
3.0
1.0
2. 5
.8
9
1.4
1.8
2.8
2.6
1.1
3.0
.9
.9
.7
.9
1.8
1.7
2.8
6.0
1.2
2. 0
1.1
.9
.6
.9
1.6
2. 8
8.4
1.1
1.7
1.1
.8
.5
1. 8
2.1
.9
1.4
1.8
2.7
1.3
1.3
1.9
1.0
1.8
2.4
4. 4
5.6
1.6
2.6
1.5
2.8
4.7
9.8
1.9
4.0
1.3
6.0
15.7
1.6
2.6
1.3
2.6
6.4
9.3
1.2
2.5
1.2
4.5
2.5
1.2
2.2
1.2
1.2
.7
1.3
.8
1.2
1.1
1.1
.8
1.1
.8
2.7
2.2
1.6
3.1
1.0
1.0
1.7
.9
.9
.7
1.4
1.3
.7
.9
.9
2.4
3. 0
2.9
3.1
3. 5
.9
3.6
1.0
2.0
3.2
3.2
1.7
2.7
1.6
.9
2.2
3 7
2.2
36
4. 5
1.5
1.1
.9
1.7
5
3.2
1.1
1.2
2.9
.9
1.4
2.4
1.3
.8
2.1
.7
.7
.8
.8
1.0
1.2
1.9
a, 4
—
1. 7
1.4
4.6
.8
1.3
3.1
1.1
.9
1.0
2.9
.9
1.9
1.6
3.2
1.2
.9
.9
.3
.5
.7
.9
.8
.9
1.0
.6
.7
.6
.5
.3
.5
.6
.6
1.2
1.5
1.2
2.9
1.7
2.0
1.2
1.6
1.8
2.5
1.6
3.4
1.9
1.5
2.0
1.4
1.6
1.9
1.9
1.0
1.1
.9
2.1
1.7
2.0
1.6
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.1
6
.9
1.6
1.4
1.6
.9
1.3
4.2
2.3
2.2
1.8
1.7
3.0
1.0
2.4
1.2
4.2
1.4
2.6
.7
1.4
3.7
1.4
1.7
2.9
1.3
1.4
1.1
1.4
1 .6
i Beginning with the December 1961 issue, figures differ from those pre
viously published. The industry structure has been converted to the 1957
Standard Industrial Classification, and the printing and publishing industry
and some seasonal manufacturing industries previously excluded are now
calendar month, while the employment series measures changes from mid
m o n t h to midmonth; and (2) the turnover series excludes personnel changes
caused by strikes, but the employment series reflects the influence of such
stoppages.
111Datalnclude Alaska and Hawaii beginning in January 1959; this inclusion
has not significantly affected the labor turnover rates.
Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing and non
manufacturing Industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not com
parable with the changes shown by the Bureau’s employment series for the
following reasons: (1) the labor turnover series measures changes during the
« Beginnlm^wlth January 1959, transfers between establishments of the
same firm are included in total accessions and total separations; therefore,
rates for these items are not strictly comparable with prior data. Transfers
comprise part of “ other accessions” and “ other separations," the rates for
which are not shown separately.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
992
C.—Earnings and Hours
T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry
Annual
average
1962
1963
Industry
May* Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Nov.
Dec.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1961
1960
Average weekly earnings
Mining............. ...... «.......................................
Metal mining...........................................
Iron ores........................ ...................
Copper ores.......................................
$114.81 $113.16 $111.38 $112.88 $112.34 $112.07
116.97 117.22 118.49 117.26 116.16 116.57
118.89 117.80 116.73 116.05 118.95 115.36
121.84 124.12 125.71 121.69 121.12 121.41
$110.43 $111. 78 $112. 88 $111.90 $110.02 $111.10 $109.61 $107.18 $105.44
116.44 116.16 118.12 116.00 116.88 118.86 119.28 113.44 111.19
119. 56 117.87 122.61 119.87 124.43 127.51 126.28 115. 80 114. 73
120.13 119.14 120.98 117.99 117.46 121.24 120.40 119.03 116. 77
Coal mining............................................. 124.26 119.18 114. 87 122.46 121.29 119.57 111. 24 114.39 113.62 113.15 102.30 115.69 108.15 111.34 110. 76
B itum inous...______ ___________ 126.00 120. 58 115.29 123. 56 121.76 120. 71 111. 65 115.13 114.39 114.25 103. 60 117.06 109.47 112.73 112. 77
Crude petroleum and natural gas.......... 111. 04 111.45 110.77 110.51 110.51 112.04 109.30 109.20 110.99 109.56 110.83 107. 74 108. 52 105. 75 103.32
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields_______________________ 117.33 119. 89 117.45 117.33 120.38 118.28 114.37 113. 00 118.69 113.98 118.14 112. 72 112.31 113.15 108.54
Oil and gas field services.................. 105.16 103.94 104.49 103. 76 100. 67 105.71 104.40 105.90 103.82 104.84 103. 82 102. 67 105. 03 98.67 98.31
Quarrying and nonmetalllc mining___ 110.08 107.00 102.67
Contract construction__ _______________
General building contractors_________
Heavy construction________________
Highway and street construction__
Other heavy construction................
Special trade contractors____________
127.25
117. 85
125.16
123.25
128.13
134.28
124.17
115.84
121.30
118.02
125.76
130.31
121.99
113.34
114.95
109.03
120.96
129. 60
98.77 100.14
117.29
108.85
108.12
99.64
116.49
125.24
120.01
111.11
113. 54
107.16
120.05
128.13
98.66 107.21 110. 86 113.24 113.01 110.66 107.62 107.38 100. 09
117.97
108.55
109.20
104. 24
115.63
127.41
120. 88
113.34
117. 61
115.02
121.13
127. 45
126.82
117.12
127.20
126. 58
128. 86
133.16
128.21
117.81
129.38
128.62
129.68
134.23
127.26
116.92
130. 50
129.65
131.04
132.38
125.57
115.92
127. 67
126.44
128. 54
131. 65
121.45
111.91
122.13
119.13
126.48
127.72
123. 44
114,14
124.07
120. 70
128.86
129.46
96. 58
117.71
108. 83
118. 48
113.40
125.11
123. 08
112.67
103. 72
114. 77
110.00
119.60
118.11
Manufacturing........................... .................... 99.47 97.76 98. 09 97.20 97.44 98.42 97.36 96.72 97.68 95.75 96. 80 97.27 96.80 92.34
Durable goods____ ________ ____ 108.62 106.37 106.49 106.23 105.82 107. 63 106.19 105.37 105.88 103. 89 104.45 105.47 105.22 100.10
Nondurable goods..................... ...... 87.91 86.19 87.07 86.24 86.24 86.94 86.72 85.72 86.80 86.18 86.80 87.02 86.37 82.92
89.72
97.44
80.36
Average weekly hours
m
41.9
40.9
38.6
42.9
41.3
40.7
38.0
43.4
40.5
41.0
37.9
43.8
40.9
41.0
37.8
43.0
41.0
40.9
39.0
42.8
40.9
40.9
37.7
42.9
40.9
41.0
39.2
42.6
41.4
40.9
38.9
42.1
41.5
41.3
40.2
42.3
41.6
40.7
39.3
41.4
Coal mining______________________
Bituminous
39.7
40.0
38.2
38.4
36.7
36.6
39.0
39.1
39.0
38.9
38.2
38.2
36.0
35.9
36.9
36.9
36.3
36.2
36.5
36.5
Crude petroleum and natural gas_____
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields.............................. ................
Oil and gas field services____ ____
41.9
41.9
41.8
41.7
41.7
42.6
42.2
42.0
42.2
42.3
40.6
43.1
41.2
42.6
40.5
43.0
40.6
42.7
41.8
41.6
41.5
43,5
40.7
43.5
40.5
43.4
41.5
42.9
41. C
43.5
Mining...........................................................
Metal mining_____________________
Iron ores______________________
Copper ores....... ..............................
41.3
42.0
41.4
43.3
40.9
42.0
41.0
43.0
40.6
41.4
38.6
43.6
40.4
41.8
39.7
44.4
37.2
37.4
35.0
35.2
35.8
35.9
35.5
35.8
42.3
41.6
41.9
41.8
42.0
41.6
42.9
40.4
42.6
40.4
43.4
40.7
42.9
40.5
43.5
40.9
41.3
40.4
41.8
Quarrying and nonmetalllc mining___
45.3
44.4
42.6
41.5
41.9
40.6
44.3
46.0
46.6
46.7
46.3
45.6
45.5
43.9
43.7
Contract construction__________________
General building contractors..................
Heavy construction__________ ______
Highway and street construction__
Other heavy construction................
Special trade contractors____________
38.1
36.6
42.0
42.5
41.2
37.3
37.4
36.2
41.4
42.0
40.7
36.4
36.2
35.2
39.1
38.8
39.4
35.8
34.7
33.7
36.9
36.1
37.7
34.5
35.4
34.4
38.1
37.6
38.6
35.2
34.8
33.4
36.4
35.7
37.3
35.1
36.3
35.2
39.6
39.8
39.2
35.6
38.2
36.6
42.4
43.2
41.3
37.3
38.5
36.7
42.7
43.6
41.3
37.6
38.8
37.0
43.5
44.4
42.0
37.5
38.4
36.8
42.7
43.6
41.2
37.4
37.6
36.1
41.4
41.8
40.8
36.7
38.1
36.7
42.2
42.8
41.3
37.2
36.9
35.8
40.3
40.5
40.1
36.2
36.7
35.4
40.7
41.2
40.0
35.9
Manufacturing...............................................
Durable goods..................................
Nondurable goods______________
40.6
41.3
39.6
39.9
40.6
39.0
40.2
40.8
39.4
40.0
40.7
39.2
40.1
40.7
39.2
40.5
41.2
39.7
40.4
41.0
39.6
40.3
41.0
39.5
40.7
41.2
40. C
40.4
40.9
39.9
40.5
40.8
40.0
40.7
41.2
40.1
40.5
41.1
39.8
39.8
40.2
39.3
39.7
40.1
39.2
$2.74
2.86
3.08
2.84
$2.74
2.88
3.10
2.86
$2.75
2.89
3.08
2.87
$2.76
2.86
3.07
2.83
$2.74
2.84
3.05
2.83
$2.74
2.85
3.06
2.83
$2.70
2.84
3.05
2.82
$2. 70
2. 84
3.03
2.83
$2.72
2.86
3.05
2.86
$2.69
2.85
3.05
2.85
$2. 69
2.83
3.08
2.81
$2.69
2.83
3.08
2.80
$2.68
2. 84
3.08
2. 80
$2.64
2.74
3.00
2.73
$2.61
2.66
2.89
2.63
Coal mining___
Bituminous.
3.13
3.15
3.12
3.14
3.13
3.15
3.14
3.16
3.11
3.13
3.13
3.16
3.09
3.11
3.10
3.12
3.13
3.16
3.10
3.13
3.11
3.13
3.09
3.11
3.11
3.14
3.12
3.16
Crude petroleum and natural gas........ .
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields__ ____________________
Oil and gas field services________
2. 65
2. 66
2.65
2.65
2.65
2.63
2.59
2.60
2.63
2.59
2.62
2.59
2.59
2.53
2.46
2.89
2.44
2.91
2.44
2.90
2. 43
2.89
2.43
2.88
2.42
2.85
2.43
2.81
2.40
2.79
2.44
2. 86
2.42
2.78
2.41
2.84
2.42
2.79
2.41
2.78
2.42
2.78
2.30
2.68
2.26
É Q P
Average hourly earnings
Mining...........................................................
Metal mining_____________________
Iron ores______ _______________
Copper ores___________________
Quarrying and nonmetalllc mining__
2.43
2.41
2.41
2.38
2.39
2. 43
2.42
2.41
2.43
2.42
2.39
2.36
2.36
2.28
2.21
Contract construction_________________
General building contractors________
Heavy construction......... ..................... .
Highway and street construction..
Other heavy construction........... .
8pecial trade contractors____________
3.34
3.22
2.98
2.90
3.11
3.60
3.32
3.20
2.93
2.81
3.09
3.58
3.37
3. 22
2.94
2. 81
3.07
3.62
3.38
3.23
2.93
2.76
3.09
3.63
3.39
3.23
2.98
2.85
3.11
3.64
3.39
3.25
3.00
2.92
3.10
3.63
3.33
3.22
2.97
2. 89
3.09
3.58
3.32
3.20
3. 00
2.93
3.12
3. 57
3.33
3.21
3.03
2.95
3.14
3.57
3.28
3.16
3.00
2.92
3.12
3.53
3.27
3.15
2.99
2.90
3.12
3.52
3.23
3.10
2.95
2. 85
3.10
3.48
3.24
3.11
2.94
2.82
3.12
3.48
3.19
3.04
2.94
2.80
3.12
3.40
3.07
2.93
2.82
2.67
2.99
3.29
Manufacturing__________
Durable goods___
Nondurable goods.
2.45
2. 63
2.22
2.45
2.62
2.21
2.44
2. 61
2.21
2.43
2. 61
2.20
2.43
2.60
2.20
2.43
2.61
2.19
2.41
2.59
2.19
2.40
2.57
2.17
2.40
2. 57
2.17
2.37
2.54
2.16
2.39
2.56
2.17
2.39
2. 56
2.17
2.39
2. 56
2.17
2.32
2.49
2.11
2.26
2.43
2.06
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
993
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry Continued
Annual
average
1962
1963
Industry
May 3 Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Nov.
Dec.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1961
1960
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories------------------ $118.49 $115.26 $119.19 $120.35 $120.64 $120.96 $118. 69 $117.01 $117.01 $115.34 $115.18 $116.88 $117.16 $113.42 $108.67
Ammunition except for small
110.29
arms................- ............................ . 117.62 116.24 117.86 119.31 119.02 120.06 118.37 116.69 117.38 116.00 114.97 116.00 116. 72 115.49
Sighting and fire control equip122.01 119.20 127.98 128.29 128.35 131.24 128.87 125. 58 125.40 122.78 122.36 126.48 126.60 117.27 113.16
Other ordnance and accessories---- 116.90 112.19 116.05 117. 59 117. 74 116.06 113. 44 111.79 112.06 110. 70 110. 70 112.19 111. 65 108.39 103.17
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture_______________________
Sawmills and planing mills--------Millwork, plywood, and related
products.-------- --------------------Wooden containers_____________
Miscellaneous wood products-----Furniture and fixtures.— --------------Household furniture------- ---------Office furniture________________
Partitions, office and store fixtures
Other furniture and fixtures--------
80.40
73.20
78.21
71.82
77.42
71.16
77.03
70.80
76.83
70. 77
78.01
71.02
79.00
72.31
79.60
72.98
82. 01
75.30
81.80
74. 48
80.40
73. 75
80.40
73.60
79.59
73.12
77.03
68.99
73.71
67.20
89.45
68.31
73.89
87.53
66.90
72.36
87.12
65.01
73.12
86.48
64. 91
72.90
86.48
64.02
73.08
87.53
64.12
72.80
86.90
65. 76
73. 71
86.48
67.06
73. 44
88.81
68. 21
74.62
88.82
68.30
73.49
87.12
68.71
72.00
87.56
67.89
73. 49
88.81
67.73
72.85
84.03
63.12
69.77
81.19
62.17
69.32
79.19
74.99
95.40
99.82
82.01
78.01 79.19 78.79 78.60
74.03 75.36 74.96 74.19
92.63 93.15 92.29 94.07
98.39 101.20 100.58 101.85
81.19 79.98 81.18 80.99
81.58 80.16 81.34 81.54 80.54 78.18 79.95 78.38 76.21
78.02 76.63 77.38 77.15 75.99 73.38 74.85 73. 75 71.46
95.40 91.77 91.39 92.57 92.34 92. 52 93.61 92.80 90. 54
99.04 100. 65 107. 01 107.87 108.38 105.16 106.01 104.17 100. 53
82.21 81.20 81.61 82.41 81. 79 80.39 83.43 81.20 80.20
75.20
70.45
90.42
96.72
78.78
Average weekly hours
Ordnance and accessories___________
Ammunition except for small arms.
Sighting and fire control equip
ment___ ____________________
Other ordnance and accessories----Lumber and wood products except
furniture....... ......................... —...........
Sawmills and planing mills.............
Millwork, plywood, and related
products____________________
Wooden containers_____________
Miscellaneous wood products------Furniture and fixtures..........................
Household furniture____________
Office furniture________________
Partitions, office and store fixtures.
Other furniture and fixtures______
41.0
40.7
40.3
40.5
41.1
40.5
41.5
41.0
41.6
40.9
42.0
41.4
41.5
41.1
41.2
40.8
41.2
40.9
40.9
40.7
40.7
40.2
41.3
40.7
41.4
41.1
40.8
41.1
40.7
41.0
40.4
41.6
39.6
40.5
42.1
41.3
42.2
41.7
42.5
41.9
43.6
41.6
43.1
41.1
42.0
41.1
41.8
41.2
41.2
41.0
41.2
41.0
42.3
41.4
42.2
41.2
40.3
40.9
41.0
40.3
40.0
40.0
39.5
39.9
39.3
39.1
39.3
38.9
39.2
39.1
39.2
38.6
39.5
39.3
40.0
40.1
40.8
40.7
40.9
40.7
40.4
40.3
40.4
40.0
40.4
40.4
39.5
39.2
39.0
39.3
41.8
41.4
40.6
40.9
40.3
40.2
40.9
39.4
40.4
40.6
39.1
40.5
40.6
38.8
40.6
40.9
39.1
40.0
40.8
40.1
40.5
40.6
40.4
40.8
41.5
40.6
41.0
41.7
40.9
40.6
40.9
40.9
40.0
41.3
40.9
40.6
41.5
40.8
40.7
40.4
39.7
40.1
39.8
39.6
40.3
40.2
40.1
41.3
39.3
40.4
39.8
39.8
40.1
39.2
39.8
40.2
40.3
40.5
40.0
39.4
40.2
40.3
40.3
39.6
39.6
40.1
40.1
40.9
40.1
39.7
41.2
41.5
41.3
39.3
40.3
40.9
41.2
39.9
40.1
40.2
41.5
41.6
40.8
41.8
40.4
41.6
41.7
40.6
42.3
41.0
41.3
41.3
40.5
42.5
41.1
40.3
40.1
40.4
41.4
40.6
41.0
40.9
40.7
41.9
41.3
40.4
40.3
40.7
41.5
40.2
39.9
39.7
40. 6
40.7
40.3
40.0
39.8
41.1
40.3
40.4
Average hourly earnings
Ammunition except for small arms.
Sighting and fire control equip
ment_______________________
Other ordnance and accessories......
Lumber and wood products except
furniture............ .........— ...................
Sawmills and planing mills--------Millwork, plywood, and related
products____________________
Furniture and fixtures_____________
Household furniture____________
Office furniture________________
Partitions, office and store fixtures.
Other furniture and fixtures..........
See footnotes at end of table.
6 9 4 - 5 9 5 — 63-
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
9
$2.89
2.89
$2.86
2.87
$2.90
2.91
$2.90
2.91
$2.90
2.91
$2.88
2.90
$2.86
2.88
$2.84
2.86
$2.84
2. 87
$2.82
2.85
$2.83
2.86
$2.83
2.85
$2.83
2.84
$2.78
2.81
$2.67
2.69
3.02
2.81
3.01
2.77
3.04
2.81
3.04
2.82
3.02
2.81
3.01
2. 79
2.99
2.76
2.99
2. 72
3.00
2. 72
2.98
2.70
2.97
2. 70
2.99
2.71
3.00
2.71
2.91
2. 65
2.76
2.56
2.01
1.83
1.98
1.80
1.97
1.82
1.96
1.82
1.96
1.81
1.99
1.84
2.00
1.84
1.99
1.82
2.01
1. 85
2.00
1.83
1.99
1.82
1.99
1.84
1.97
1.81
1.95
1.76
1.89
1.71
2.14
1.65
1.82
2.14
1.66
1.80
2.13
1.65
1.81
2.13
1.66
1.80
2.13
1.65
1.80
2.14
1.64
1.82
2.13
1. 64
1.82
2.13
1. 66
1.80
2.14
1.68
1.82
2.13
1.67
1.81
2.13
1.68
1.80
2.12
1.66
1.81
2.14
1.66
1. 79
2.08
1.59
1.74
2.04
1.57
1.72
1.97
1.87
2.31
2.54
2.03
1.96
1.86
2.31
2.51
2.04
1.97
1. 87
2. 30
2. 53
2.03
1.96
1.86
2.29
2. 54
2.05
1.96
1.85
2.30
2.54
2.04
1.98
1.88
2.31
2.52
2.04
1.96
1.86
2.30
2.51
2.02
1.96
1.86
2.24
2. 56
2.02
1.96
1.85
2.28
2. 55
2.01
1.95
1.84
2.28
2. 55
1.99
1.94
1.83
2.29
2. 54
1.98
1.95
1.83
2.30
2.53
2.02
1.94
1.83
2.28
2. 51
2.02
1.91
1.80
2.23
2.47
1.99
1.88
1.77
2.20
2.40
1.95
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
994
T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1963
1962
Annual
average
Industry
May*
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1961
1960
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing:—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products..... ........
Flat glass..___________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown........ ...... .............................
Cement, hydraulic_____________
Structural clay products..................
Pottery and related products..........
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products_____________ _______
Other stone and mineral products...
$103.25 $101.11 $99.23 $97.36 $97.11 $97. 84 $100.28 $100.85 $101. 50 $101.57 $100.67 $100. 43 $99. 60 $95.24 $92. 97
133.17 131.66 130. 65 127. 92 129. 26 130. 42 133.06 127. 59 126. 94 125.78 126.81 127.92 125.02 122 68 127. 35
Primary metal Industries.......................
Blast furnace and basic steel
products____________________
Iron and steel foundries_________
Non ferrous smelting and refining...
Non ferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding.......................................
Nonferrous foundries........ ...... ........
Miscellaneous primary metal Industries_________ _____ _____
127.60 127.82 122.91 122. 21 120. 80 120.39 117. 91 116. 92 118.80 116. 23 116.62 119.10 118. 50 114. 95 109. 69
98.95 98.00 100. 40 100.40 100.15 99. 14 99.14 98.49 97. 76 98.09 98.00 100. 37 99.06 95. 44 91 94
116.48 119.99 112.87 111.63 112.16 111.50 115.21 114.26 116.62 115.93 117 60 114. 12 113. 85 106. 52 102 87
91.12 90.06 86. 67 84.56 85.41 85. 81 86.90 87. 56 87 34 87. 97 87. 54 88. 17 88.60 84. 45 82 21
90.85 89.15 89. 70 88. 53 88.08 89. 67 90. 45 90.68 89. 82 87. 64 87.69 86. 85 85.58 82. 30 81.37
108.62 103.92 99. 07 93 93
102.42 101.18 100.28 100.04
94.46
98.15
95.60 102 96 105. 36 108.14 108. 66 105. 67 104. 28 103. 60
99.14 99.88 99.55 99. 80 100.12 100.60 99.87 99. 29
97. 10
96.05
93 04
93. 79
138.20 141.70 131.27 129.89 128. 44 126. 68 123. 39 122. 42 125.00 122. 68 121 77 123. 71 124. 68 122.92 116 13
111.76 110.15 110. 56 110.83 108. 54 109.88 107. 73 106. 52 107.45 103. 34 106. 90 109. 41 106. 90 98. 81 96 61
119.68 119.83 116.62 116.05 116.20 117.04 116.47 114. 52 116. 47 116.03 114.80 116.05 113. 85 109. 48 108. 09
119.28 115.23 116. 62 116.34 116.47 118. 00 116. 62 115.09 116. 05 113. 98 115.35 118.80 115.90 111.76 106 01
105.47 103.79 104.96 105.63 105. 88 105.73 103. 79 103. 94 103.12 101. 30 101. 25 104.42 103.73 100. 35 97. 61
127.20 124.75 126.99 128.02 130.09 128.94 125.14 123.60 126.12 123.49 121.88 124.38 123.19 116. 98 112. 92
Average weekly hours
Stone, clay, and glass products..............
Flat glass_____ __________ _____
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown___________ __________
Cement, hydraulic..................... .
Structural clay products_________
Pottery and related products____
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products.......................................
Other stone and mineral products.. .
Primary metal Industries..................... .
Blast furnace and basic steel
products____ ________________
Iron and steel foundries_________
Nonferrous smeltine and refining...
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding............................... ......
Nonferrous foundries__________
Miscellaneous primary metal Industries_____________________
41.8
39.4
41.1
39.3
40.5
39.0
39.9
38.3
39.8
38.7
40.1
38.7
41.1
39.6
41.5
38.9
41.6
38.7
41.8
38.7
41.6
38.9
41.5
39.0
41.5
38.0
40.7
38.7
40.6
40.3
39.9
41.6
41.8
39.5
39.2
42.1
41.5
39.1
40.0
40.6
40.5
39.0
40.0
40.3
39.7
39.0
39.9
40.2
40.1
38.8
40.3
40.4
40.1
39.5
40.3
41.0
40.8
40.2
40 2
41.1
41.3
40.3
39.9
41.5
41.2
40.1
40.2
41. 7
41.3
39.3
40.0
42.0
41. 1
38.8
40.8
41.2
41.2
38.6
40.6
41.4
41.4
38.9
40 1
40 5
40. 6
38.1
39.8
40. 5
40.3
38.2
44.7
41.3
43.3
40.8
41.8
40.6
39.8
40.5
40.0
39.9
40.0
40.3
42.9
40.6
43 9
40.8
44.5
40.9
44.9
41.2
44.4
41.4
44.0
41.1
43.9
41.2
42.4
40.7
42.1
40.6
41.7
41.5
40.7
40.6
40.4
40.4
39.7
39.5
40.0
39.4
39.4
401
39.9
39.5
39.0
41.5
41.7
41.7
41.8
41.1
41.9
39.9
41.1
41.5
39.6
41.2
41.3
39.4
40.5
41.5
39.1
41.0
41.8
38.2
40.5
41.3
37.9
40.5
40.9
38 7
40.7
41.3
38.1
39.9
41.0
37.7
40.8
41.0
38.3
41. 6
41.3
38.6
40.8
41.1
38.9
38.9
40. 7
38 3
38.8
41.1
42.6
41.2
41.6
40.7
42.1
41.0
42.0
41.1
42.2
41.2
42.6
41.3
42.1
40.7
41.7
40.6
42.2
40.6
41.6
40.2
42.1
40.5
43.2
41.6
42.3
41.0
41 7
40.3
40.7
39.8
41.3
40.9
41.5
41.7
42.1
42.0
41.3
41.2
41.9
41.3
40.9
41.6
41.2
40.2
39.9
Average hourly earnings
Btone, clay, and glass products..............
Flat glass.......................... ..............
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown.............................. ...............
Cement, hydraulic..........................
Structural clay products................
Pottery and related products_____
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products.................................
Other stone and mineral products...
$2.47
3.38
$2.46
3.35
$2.45
3.35
$2.44
3.34
$2. 44
3.34
$2.44
3.37
$2.44
3.36
$2. 43
3. 28
$2. 44
3.28
$2. 43
3.25
$2. 42
3. 26
$2. 42
3.28
$2.40
3.29
$2. 34
3.17
$2.29
3.16
2.48
2.80
2.18
2.30
2.50
2.85
2.17
2.28
2. 51
2. 78
2.14
2.30
2. 51
2. 77
2.13
2.27
2.51
2. 79
2.13
2.27
2. 46
2. 76
2.14
2. 27
2.46
2. 81
2.13
2. 25
2.45
2. 78
2.12
2. 25
2. 45
2.81
2.12
2.24
2. 44
2. 78
2. 13
2.23
2.45
2.80
2.13
2.26
2. 46
2.77
2.14
2.25
2. 44
2. 75
2.14
2.20
2.38
2.63
2.08
2.16
2.31
2. 84
2. 04
2.13
2.43
2.48
2.40
2.48
2.37
2.47
2.36
2.47
2.36
2. 46
2.39
2. 46
2. 40
2. 46
2.40
2.44
2. 43
2.44
2. 42
2. 43
2.38
2.43
2.37
2.43
2. 36
2.41
2.29
2. 36
2. 21
2. 31
Primary metal industries_____ _____
Blast furnace and basic steel
products......................................
Iron and steel foundries_________
Nonferrous smelting and refining...
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding........................ .
Nonferrous foundries........ ......
Miscellaneous primary metal Industries...........................................
3.00
3.08
3.02
3.01
2.99
2.98
2.97
2.96
2.97
2.95
2.96
2.97
2.97
2.91
2. 81
3.33
2.68
2.87
3.39
2.68
2.86
3. 29
2.69
2.81
3.28
2.69
2.81
3.26
2.68
2.80
3. 24
2. 68
2.80
2.23
2. 66
2. 82
3.23
2.63
2.80
3.23
2. 64
2.82
3.22
2. 59
2.83
3. 23
2.62
2.80
3.23
2.63
2. 81
3.23
2.62
2. 77
3. 16
2. 54
2. 69
3.04
2 49
2. 63
2.80
2.56
2.77
2.55
2. 77
2. 56
2. 77
2. 57
2. 76
2.57
2. 77
2. 56
2. 77
2. 65
2. 76
2.56
2. 75
2.54
2.74
2. 52
2. 74
2.50
2. 75
2.51
2. 74
2. 53
2. 68
2. 49
2. 58
2 45
3.08
3.05
3.06
3.07
3.09
3.07
3.03
3.00
3.01
2.99
2.98
2.99
2.99
2.91
2.83
See footnotes a t end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
995
O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Industry
M a y 2 Apr. | Mar. | Feb. | Jan.
Annual
average
1962
1963
Dec.
j Nov.
| Oct.
j Sept.
| Aug.
July
June
J May
1961
1960
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
66 $105.32 $104.30 $106. 75 $105. 73 $100. 85 $98. 82
Fabricated metal products__________ $108.32 $104. 75 $105. 67 $105.26 $105. 78 $106.30 $105. 63 $105. 73 $106.
127.02 121. 80 114.68
Metal cans......................................... 127.62 125.14 122. 59 120.88 122.29 122. 48 119. 99 123. 26 133.11 131. 50 133.15 131.67
Cutlery, handtools, and general
100. 70 93.93 93.03
hardware_________ __________ 103.82 100.35 102.00 101.59 102.84 103.50 103.34 101.27 100.37 96.88 97.53 101. 43
Heating equipment and plumbing
97.27 94. 56 91. 26
fixtures______________________ 90. 50 97.46 98.46 98.31 98.80 98.21 98. 80 100.94 101.34 100.69 98.65 100. 78
Fabricated structural metal prod
38 107. 49 105.37 106.40 105. 37 102. 47 99. 47
ucts________________________ 107.94 105.04 104. 52 104.26 103.86 105.04 104. 75 106.19 107.
107.60 105.00 104. 75 105. 58 105. 33 98.90 95. 58
Screw machine products, bolts, etc. 108.38 105.50 106. 68 107.19 108. 46 108.89 106 09 104. 75 112.
56 111. 45 109. 21 111.72 113. 25 105.01 107. 74
Metal stampings............................... 116.33 111. 65 113.30 112.74 113.01 113.40 113.13 112.56
Coating, engraving, and allied
90.94 91.62 95.57 94.02 90.32 86.43
95.87 92.80 94.12 91.53 92.39 93.98 92.70 93. 79
services_____________________
Miscellaneous fabricated wire prod
97.53 94.48 90.50
ucts___ _____________________ 98.29 95.51 97. 34 97.34 98.06 97.70 96.17 96.64 97. 29 96.64 95. 94 98.65
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
104.30 102. 72 100.19 96.96
products_____________________ 106. 45 103.83 104. 60 103.83 104. 49 105. 41 104. 75 105. 41 105. 67 102. 51 100.15
114.09 114.09 107.16 104. 55
112.59
112.
74
112.32
112.61
112.
75
114.
26
113.
98
114.
82
113.85
115.
51
115.
79
Machinery............................. .............
109. 69
122.01 118.60 123.82 122. 70 120. 58 121.99 120. 80 120.80 120.80 119. 69 115. 34 120. 77 121.06 114 11
Engines and turbines_________
107. 46 107. 45 103 46 99.85
107.
33
106.
67
107.87
108.81
108.
94
110.
84
112.07
113.03
113.
58
112.07
109.
47
Farm machinery and equipment—
102.66
106.
52
113.
42
113.42
113.42
112.88
112.
61
Construction and related machinery.. 115.79 113.57 113.85 113. 44 112. 75 112. 48 111. 66 112. 75
Metalworking machinery and
123.12 123.12 125. 86 128.04 128. 48 116. 90 117.27
equipment___________________ 129.20 127.74 130. 52 128. 33 126. 58 126. 44 123.25 122.20
43 108. 38 106. 01 106. 43 108. 46 108.03 101.43 99. 72
Special industry machinery............. 109.13 107.17 108. 88 107.94 108. 71 109.06 106. 43 106.
105.04 101. 71
General industrial machinery____ 112.61 110.16 111.38 111. 38 110.84 112.06 111. 52 111.79 111.38 111.24 111.37 112. 86 112.17
Office, computing and accounting
111.24 106.23
111.78
112.06
114.
96
113.68
111.78
114.33 113.93 114. 90 114.21 113.81 114. 09 112. 84 112.31
machines___________________
99.94 100. 04 99. 55 102.01 103. 57 99.87 95.84 93.43
Service industry machines_______ 103. 82 101.15 102. 31 100. 90 100. 50 100.35 100. 75 109.
104.00 101.26
108.
63
108.
29
108.45
109.39
108.29
82
Miscellaneous machinery________ 111.35 108.94 110.30 109. 62 110. 66 112.14 109. 72
Average weekly hours
40.5
40.5
41.3
41.7
40.9
41.3
41.5
41. 1 41.3
41.2
41.0
41 5 40. 6 40. 8 40.8
Fabricated metal products__________
42.0
41.4
42.2
43.6
43.3
43.4
43.5
41.5
40.4
40.9
41.1
40.7
41.0
41.3
42.4
Meta) cans...................................... .
Cutlery, hand tools, and general
40.1
39.8
41.4
41.1
40.3
40.2
40.8
41.0
41.4
41.5
40.8 41.3
40.3
41.2
40.8
hardware___________________
Heating equipment and plumbing
39.4
39.0
39.7
40.8
40.1
40.6
40.7
40.7
40.0
39.8
40.0 39.6
39.3
39.7
39.8
fixtures.........................................
Fabricated structural metal prod
40.5
40.0
41.0
41.4
41.0
41.5
41.3
41.0
40.6
40.4
40.1
40.1
40.4
40.2
41 2
ucts................................................
40. 7 40.5
42.3
42.4
42.0
41.9
42.7
41.9
42.1
42.7
42.7
42.2
42.0
42 5 41.7
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
40.7
41.6
42.1
42.0
40.6
42.0
41.9
42.0
41.9
42.0
41.7
41.6
41.2
41.5
42.3
Metal stampings.............................
Coating, engraving, and allied
40.2
40.5
41.6
42.1
40.9
40.6
41.5
41.5
41.4
41.2
40.7
40.5
40.7
41.1
41.5
services.............................-...........
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
40.9
40.4
41.5
41.8
41.0
41.3
41.4
41.3
41.4
41.1
41.2
40.9
40.9
40.3
41.3
products____________________
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
39.9
40.6
40.4
40.9
39.9
40.2
40.8
40.7
40.6
40.7
40.4
40.5
40.4
40.7
41.1
products____________________
41.0
40.9
42.1
42.1
41.7
41.6
41.6
41.4
41.3
41.7
41.6
41 8 41. 4 41. 7 41.6
Machinery............................. .................
40.9
39. 9 39.6
40.8
39.5
40.4
40.3
40.4
40.4
40.8
40 4 39 8 41. 0 40. 9 40.6
Engines and turbines___________
40.1
40.1
40.7
40.4
40.1
40.5
40.4
40.3
40.2
40.6
40.9
41.3
40.1
40. 9 41.1
Farm machinery and equipment...
40. 5 40.1
41.7
41.7
41.5
41.7
41.4
41.3
40.9
40.9
41.0
41.1
41.0
41.1
41.8
Construction and related machinery.
Metalworking machinery and
44.0
41.9
42.8
44.0
43.4
42.9
42.9
42.6
42.5
43.3
43.2
43.
5
43
5
43.3
43.8
equipment__________________
42.7
41. 4 41. 9
42.7
41.9
41.9
42.5
41.9
41.9
42.6
42.0
42.3
41. 7 42.2
42 3
Special industrial machinery....... .
40.2
41. 7 40.4
41.8
41.4
41.2
41.1
41.1
41.0
41.2
40.9
40.8
40.5
40.8
41.1
General industrial machinery........
Office, computing, and accounting
41.2
40.7
40.5
40.6
41.5
40.5
40.6
40.3
40.4
40.6
40.5
405
40.4
40.6
40 4
machines___________________
40.1
40.1
41.1
42.1
41.3
40.8
40.5
40.3
40.3
40.3
40.2
40.2
40.6
41 2
40.3
Service industry machines_______
42.6
41.6
41.5
42.3
42.3
42.2
42.4
42.4
42.2
42.8
42.4
42.0
41.9
42.1
42.5
Miscellaneous machinery________
Average hourly earnings
56 $2.56 $2.49 $2. 44
$2. 61 $2.58 $2.59 $2. 58 $2.58 $2. 58 $2. 57 $2. 56 $2. 57 $2. 55 $2. 55 $2.
Fabricated metal products__________
3.01
2. 90 2. 77
3.02
3.04
3.03
2. 97 3.06
2.98
2.97
2.99
2.97
3.03
2.99
3.01
Metal cans____________________
Cutlery, hand tools, and general
2.36
2.32
2.45
2.
45
2. 42
2.41
2.47
2.46
2.49
2.50
2.49
2.49
2. 50 2.49
2,52
hardware____________________
Heating equipment and plumbing
2.40
2.34
2.45
2.
47
2.46
2.48
2. 48 2.49
2.48
2.47
2.47
2.47
2.48
2.48
2.50
fixtures______________________
Fabricated structural metal prod
2. 57 2. 53 2.45
2.60
2. 59 2. 57 2.57
2.
59
2.58
2.59
2.60
2
02
2.60
2
60
2.
60
ucts___________________ _____
2. 43 2.36
2. 50 2. 49 2. 49
2.50
2.52
2. 50
2 55 2.53
2.54
2. 54 2. 54 2. 55 2.52
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
2.69
2. 58 2.59
2.66
2.69
2.66
2.68
2.68
2.70
2.70
2.71
2. 73 2. 71 2.71
2.75
Metal stampings....... ......................
Coating, engraving, and allied
2.15
2.23
2.27
2.26
2.24
2.24
2.23
2.26
2.25
2.27
2.27
2.26
2.29
2.28
2.31
services_________________ ____
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
2.31
2.24
2.35
2.36
2.34
2.34
2.35
2.34
2.34
2.36
2.38
2.38
2.37
2.38
2.38
products------------------------------Miscellaneous fabricated metal
2.48
2.43
2.
53
2.55
2.51
2.55
2.
59
2. 58 2. 59
2.59
2. 57 2. 57 2. 57 2.58
2.59
products____________________
2.55
2.62
2. 71
2.71
2.70
2.70
2. 71
2.72
2.73
2.74
2.
74
9. 7 7
2.
76
2
75
2
77
Machinery----------- -----------------------2.96
2. 96 2. 86 2.77
2. 92
2. 99 2. 99 2. 99 2.97
2. 97 2 99
3.00
2.98
3. 02
3.02
Engines and turbines........... ...........
2.49
2.58
2.64
2.66
2. 66
2. 70 2. 67 2.65
9 73
2. 73 2.71
2 75
2. 75 2.74
2 74
Farm machinery and equipment...
2. 56
2. 72 2. 72 2. 63
2.72
2. 72 2.72
2. 73
2. 75
2. 75 2.73
2.77
2. 77 2.76
2.77
Construction and related machinery
Metalworking machinery and
2. 79 2.74
2. 92
2.90
2.91
2. 87 2. 87
2. 87
2.90
2.92
9 Q7
2. 95 2. 93
2 95
2.98
equipment--------- -----------------2. 45 2.38
2. 54 '¿. 53
2. 54
2. 53
2. 55
2. 54 2. 54
2.57
2. 66
2.57
2.57
2.58
2.58
Special industry machinery............
2.60
2. 53
2.69
2.70
2.69
2.
70
2.71
2.72
2.
72
2.
71
2.72
2.73
2.72
2. 73
2.7'
General industrial machinery.......
Office, computing, and accounting
2.61
2.70
2.76
2.76
2.77
2.
76
2.
8t
2.78
2.81
2.81
2.81
2.82
2.
83
2.81
2.83
machines------- ---------------------2.33
2.39
2. 43
2.46
2. 47
2. 44
2. 4"
2.4?
2.5C
9 59 9. 5
2.5() 2.41
9 51
9 5f
Service industry machines______
55
51
2. 56
2.5'
2.56
2.58
2.59
2.6(
2.6l| 2.65
2 .ê
2. 6 (
2 61 1 2.61
Miscellaneous machinery-----------See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
996
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
T able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1963
1962
Annual
average
Industry
M a y 2 Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
$97.20
102.97
102. 41
106.08
$96.72
103. 94
102.16
105.04
$98.16
104.81
104. 33
105.15
$97.68 $94.47 $90. 74
102. 72 101.00 97.77
103. 57 99.38 95.44
103. 72 101. 30 96.23
1961
1960
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goads—Continued
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Electric distribution equipment__
Electrical Industrial apparatus___
Household appliances___________
Electric lighting and wiring equip
m ent_______________________
Radio and TV receiving sets..........
Communication equipment______
Electronic components and acces
sories____________________ ___
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies..... ........... .............. .
$98. 74
106.11
105.22
108.79
$96. 87
103. 08
102.77
106. 25
$97.84
104.78
103.38
107.71
$98.33
104.23
104.81
104.92
$97.93
102.91
103.48
104.14
$99.96
107.12
103.38
108.36
$98.66
104.75
103. 63
105.41
$98. 49
104. 6C
103.07
105.67
$99.22
105.22
103.98
105. 67
93.09 90.00 90.91 90.29 90. 52 92.62 92.52 91.66 93.25 90.68 89.95 91.30
86.85 83.60 85.97 86.63 85.75 87.34 85. 67 87. 64 89.76 87. 67 85. 75 87.89
104.92 103.08 105.04 106.49 106.86 108.05 106.86 107.12 107. 90 105.26 103. 94 105. 47
82. 76 82.35 83.79 82. 56 82.37 83.20 82.80 82. 40 83.02 81.39 80.58 83.03
104.23 102.14 102.54 106.19 108.94 110.30 107.33 108.26 105. 98 100.35 105. 41 105. 92
Transportation equipment__________ 126.35 121.95 123.85 123. 55 124. 74 129.73 128.27 126.10 124.49 119.19 121.93 121.09
Motor vehicles and equipment....... 133.11 125.44 128.71 127.38 129.63 138.40 137.33 132. 24 131. 02 121. 47 127.25 125.38
Aircraft and parts______________ 120. 30 119.31 120.18 121.76 122.64 123.94 123.09 122.80 120.38 119.11 118.40 118. 56
Ship and boat building and re
pairing______________________ 121. 47 118. 84 119.66 118.15 118.20 119.02 115. 49 116.06 116.35 118. 49 116.28 114. 74
Railroad equipment____________ 119.50 119.10 121.47 115. 44 118.48 115.15 114.07 115.63 118.89
99 118. 60 121.99
Other transportation equipment__ 92.10 90. 76 88.66 87.38 85.46 86.51 83.85 88.07 88. 78 119.
89.01 86.24 89. 24
90. 45 87.91
84.32 82.50
106.66 102.31
84. 71
80.11
98.82
82.82
80.40
76.24
105. 41
96.32
93.93
121. 96 113.81 111. 52
128.01 115.09 115.21
118.14 115.09 110.43
113. 68 110.92 103.75
122. 70 108.39 107.86
87.33 83. 71 80.13
Average weekly hours
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Electric distribution equipment__
Electrical industrial apparatus___
Household appliances___________
Electric lighting and wiring equip
ment_________________________
Radio and TV receiving sets_____
Communication equipment______
Electronic components and acces
sories_______________________
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies...... ...........................
40.3
40.5
41.1
40.9
39.7
39.8
40.3
40.4
40.1
40.3
40.7
40.8
40.3
40.4
41.1
40.2
40.3
40.2
40.9
39.9
40.8
41.2
40.7
41.2
40.6
40.0
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.7
40.9
40.8
41.0
41.1
41.1
40.8
40.5
40.7
40.8
40.8
40.3
40.6
40.7
40.4
40.9
41.1
41.4
40.6
40.7
40.6
41.1
40.2
40.2
40. 4
40.4
40.2
39.8
40.4
40.1
39.6
40.3
39.3
40.2
39.3
38.0
39.8
39.7
38.9
40.4
39.6
39.2
40.8
39.7
38.8
41.1
40.4
39.7
41.4
40.4
39.3
41.1
40.2
40.2
41.2
40.9
40.8
41.5
40.3
40.4
40.8
39.8
39.7
40.6
40.4
40.5
41.2
40.2
39.4
41.5
39.6
39.1
40.6
39.4
38.7
40.5
39.6
39.4
39.9
39.5
39.6
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.3
39.7
39.5
40.5
40.4
40.2
39.5
40.4
39.9
39.9
41.0
41.9
42.1
41.6
41.8
41.4
40.3
41.5
41.7
41.5
39.8
39.8
Transportation equipment....................
Motor vehicles and equipment___
Aircraft and parts______________
Ship and boat building and
42.4
43.5
41.2
41.2
41.4
41.0
41.7
42.2
41.3
41.6
41.9
41.7
42.0
42.5
42.0
43.1
44.5
42.3
42.9
44.3
42.3
42.6
43.5
42.2
42.2
43.1
41.8
41.1
40.9
41.5
41.9
42.7
41.4
41.9
42.5
41.6
42.2
43.1
41.6
40.5
40.1
41.4
40.7
41.0
40.9
Railroad equipment____________
Other transportation equipment__
41.6
40.1
41.3
40.7
40.1
40.7
40.7
40.9
40.3
40.6
39.4
39.9
40.9
40.3
39.2
40.9
39.3
39.5
40.1
39.2
39.0
40.3
39.6
40.4
40.4
40.3
41.1
41.0
40.4
41.4
40.8
39.8
40.3
40.4
40.8
41.7
40.6
40.9
41.0
39.9
38.3
39.3
39.3
38.8
38.9
repairing________ _____________
Average hourly earnings
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Electric distribution equipment__
Electrical industrial apparatus____
Household appliances___________
Electric lighting and wiring equip
m ent___ ______ _____ _______
Radio and TV receiving sets_____
Communication equipment______
Electronic components and acces
sories____________________ _
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies..... ............................
$2.45
2.62
2. 56
2.66
$2.44
2.59
2. 55
2. 63
$2.44
2.60
2.54
2.64
$2.44
2.58
2. 55
2. 61
$2.43
2. 56
2. 53
2. 61
$2. 45
2. 60
2. 54
2.63
$2.43
2.58
2.54
2. 59
$2.42
2. 57
2. 52
2. 59
$2. 42
2.56
2.53
2. 59
$2.40
2. 53
2. 51
2.60
$2.40
2.56
2. 51
2.60
$2.40
2. 55
2.52
2. 59
$2.40
2.53
2.52
2. 58
$2.35
2. 50
2. 46
2.52
$2.28
2.42
2.38
2.43
2.31
2.21
2.61
2.29
2.20
2.59
2.29
2.21
2.60
2. 28
2.21
2. 61
2.28
2.21
2.60
2.29
2.20
2.61
2.29
2.18
2.60
2.28
2.18
2.60
2.28
2.20
2.60
2.25
2.17
2.58
2.26
2.16
2.56
2.26
2.17
2.66
2.25
2.14
2.57
2.22
2.11
2.52
2.15
2.07
2.44
2.09
2.09
2.10
2.09
2.08
2.08
2.07
2.06
2.06
2.05
2.04
2.05
2.05
2. 00
1.93
2. 58
2. 56
2.57
2.59
2.60
2.62
2. 58
2. 59
2. 56
2. 49
2. 54
2.54
2. 54
2.42
2.36
Transportation equipm ent....................
Motor vehicles and equipment___
Aircraft and parts___ __________
Ship and boat building and re
pairing..................................... ......
Railroad equipment____________
Other transportation equipment__
2.98
3.06
2.92
2.96
3.03
2. 91
2.97
3.05
2.91
2. 97
3.04
2.92
2.97
3.05
2. 92
3.01
3.11
2.93
2.99
3.10
2.91
2. 96
3.04
2. 91
2. 95
3.04
2.88
2.90
2. 97
2. 87
2. 91
2. 98
2.86
2.89
2.95
2.85
2.89
2.97
2.84
2. 81
2.87
2.78
2.74
2.81
2.70
2.92
2.98
2.23
2.92
2. 97
2.23
2.94
2.97
2.20
2. 91
2. 93
2.19
2.89
2. 94
2.18
2.91
2.93
2.19
2.88
2. 91
2.15
2.88
2.92
2.18
2.88
2. 95
2.16
2.89
2.97
2.15
2. 85
2.98
2.14
2.84
2. 99
2.14
2.80
3.00
2.13
2. 78
2.83
2.13
2.64
2.78
2.06
See footnotes at en d of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
997
T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1963
1962
Annual
average
Industry
M a y 2 Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept,
j
Aug.
July
June
May
1961
1960
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—C on tinued
D u r a b l e g o o d s —Continued
Instruments and related products......... $101.59 $99.79 $101. 59 $101.59 $100.28 $102.18
Engineering and scientific instru
ments____ _______ _____ _______ 116.69 115.54 119. 23 120.10 117.71 118.71
Mechanical measuring and control
devices_______________________ 102.97 100.10 101. 50 100.10 99.14 101.43
Optical and ophthalmic goods____
94.30 93.02 93.46 93.02 92. 80 92.60
Surgical, medical, and dental
equipment____________________
84.82 83.18 84. 40 84.40 83.37 85.05
Photographic equipment and sup
plies________________ _____ ____ 116.33 113.68 115. 77 117.03 115.08 118.02
Watches and clocks______________ 83.74 82.50 83. 53 83.74 82.29 83.13
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
tries___________________
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware_____________ _______ ____
Toys, amusement and sporting
goods______ _____ _____ ____
Pens, pencils, and office and art
materials____ ______
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions_______________________
Other manufacturing industries___
$101. 76 $100.61 $100.61 $100.04 $99. 55 $100. 94 $99.80 $97.27 $93. 73
119.28 119.00 118. 43 118. 44 117.03 118.02 115. 79 112. 48 110. 95
100.85
90. 64
99. 79
91.30
98.80
89.84
98. 98
88. 78
99.23
87.29
98.98
90.27
98. 74
89.01
95. 91
87.33
92.00
81.80
85. 47
84.42
85.89
85.69
85.27
86.31
85.47
82.21
80.40
119.14 115.09 115.37 114.13 115.09 116.06 116. 06 111. 61 106.14
83.82 83. 79 84.00 83.41 82.95 84.00 83.16 80.58 76.83
79.40
78.78
80. 39
80.19
79.58
80.19
78.01
78.60
78.60
77.42
77.03
78.60
78.60
75.84
74.28
88.22
86.72
87. 60
86.37
87.20
93.04
90.20
88.51
86.88
84.77
82.68
86.27
86.67
82.62
80.40
72.35
71.63
72.94
73.34
73.15
71.44
70.77
72.07
71.28
70.35
69. 89
70.98
71. 74
70.17
67.73
77.02
76.43
77.02
78. 59
76.44
76.76
75. 98
75. 55
75.52
74.61
74.07
74.82
74.58
72.86
71.92
72.89
85.79
72.15
85.10
73.05
86. 40
72.65
85.97
71.39
84.53
72. 47
86.22
69.30
84.80
70.98
85.01
71.64
85.46
71.06
84.40
72.25
83. 79
74.07
85.03
72. 72
84.02
68.60
81.78
66.13
79.99
Average weekly hours
Instruments and related products..
Engineering and scientific instru-"
ments_______________________
Mechanical measuring and control
devices______ _____ _______
Optical and ophthalmic goods..” ""
Surgical, medical, and dental
equipment___________________
Photographic equipment and supfiles____________________
atches and clocks__________
W
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
tries____________________________
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware__________________________
Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods____________________
Pens, pencils, and office and art
materials_____________________
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions................................... ...........
Other manufacturing industries-.-!
40.8
40.4
40.8
40.8
40.6
41.2
41.2
40.9
40.9
41.0
40.8
41.2
40.9
40.7
40.4
40.8
40.4
41.4
41.7
41.3
41.8
42.0
41.9
41.7
42.0
41.5
42.0
41.5
40.9
41.4
40.7
42.1
40.2
41.9
40.6
42.1
40.2
41.9
40.3
41.8
40.9
41.9
40.5
41.2
40.4
41.5
40.0
41.4
40.4
41.1
40.5
40.6
40.4
41.6
40.3
41.4
40.3
41.0
40.0
40.1
40.2
39.8
40.0
40.0
39.7
40.5
40.7
40.2
40.9
41.0
40.8
41.1
40.7
40.3
40.0
41.4
39.5
40.6
39.1
41.2
39.4
41.5
39.5
41.1
39.0
42.0
39.4
42.4
40.3
41.4
39.9
41.5
40.0
41.5
40.1
41.7
39.5
41.9
40.0
41.6
39.6
41.8
39.5
41.3
39.0
39.3
39.5
39.0
39.6
39.5
39.2
39.7
39.6
39.9
40.1
39.7
39.3
39.9
39.9
39.5
40.1
39.6
40.0
39.8
40.0
42.1
41.0
40.6
40.6
39.8
39.0
40.5
40.5
40.3
40.2
38.9
38.1
38.8
38.4
38.3
38.0
39.1
39.6
39.6
39.3
38.4
39.0
39.2
39.2
38.7
39.7
39.6
39.7
40.3
39.4
40.4
40.2
40.4
40.3
39.9
39.4
39.8
39.8
39.6
39.3
39.4
39.9
39.0
39.4
39.7
40.0
39.7
39.8
38.8
39.5
39.6
40.1
38.5
40.0
39.0
40.1
39.8
40.5
39.7
40.0
39.7
39.9
40.7
40.3
40.4
40.2
39.2
39.7
38.9
39.6
$2.32
Average hourly earnings
$2.47
$2.49
$2.49
$2.47
$2.48
$2.47
$2.46
$2.46
$2. 44
$2.44
$2.45
$2.44
$2.39
2.86
2.88
2.88
2.85
2.84
2.84
2.84
2. 84
2.82
2.82
2. 81
2.79
2. 75
2.68
2.49
2.22
2.50
2.22
2.49
2.22
2.46
2.22
2.48
2.21
2.49
2.20
2.47
2.20
2.47
2.17
2.45
2.16
2.45
2.15
2.45
2.17
2. 45
2.15
2.38
2.13
2.30
2.04
2.09
2.11
2.11
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.09
2.09
2.10
2.10
2.04
2.01
2.80
2.11
2.81
2.12
2.82
2.12
2.80
2.11
2.81
2.11
2.81
2.08
2. 78
2.10
2. 78
2.10
2.75
2.08
2.76
2.10
2.77
2.10
2.79
2.10
2.67
2.04
2.57
1.97
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.03
2.03
2.02
1.97
1. 97
1.96
1.95
1.96
1. 97
1.97
1.92
1.89
2.20
2.19
2.19
2.17
2.18
2.21
2.20
2.18
2.14
2.13
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.05
2.00
$2.49
Instruments and related products.._
Engineering and scientific instru
ments_________________________ 2.86
Mechanical measuring and control
devices......... ......................................
2.53
Optical and ophthalmic goods____
2.24
Surgical, medical, and dental
equipm ent..____ ______________
2.11
Photographic equipment and sup
plies.................................................... 2.81
Watches and clocks............................ 2.12
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
tries_________ ____ ________________
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
w a re...................................................
Toys, amusement, and sporting
g o o d s.......... .....................
Pens, pencils, and office and art
materials......... ............................... .
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions...................... .........................
Other manufacturing industries___
See footnotes at end oi table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.86
1.88
1.88
1.91
1.91
1.88
1.81
1.82
1.80
1. 79
1.82
1.82
1.83
1. 79
1.76
1.94
1.93
1. 94
1.95
1.94
1.90
1.89
1.87
1.87
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.84
1.83
1.85
2.15
1.85
2.16
1.84
2.16
1.83
2.16
1.84
2.14
1.83
2.15
1.80
2.12
1.82
2.12
1.80
2.11
1. 79
2.11
1.82
2.10
1.82
2.11
1.80
2.09
1. 75
2.06
1.70
2.02
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
998
T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Annual
average
1962
1963
Industry
M ay 2 j Apr. j Mar. | Feb.
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable good»
Food and kindred products-------------Meat products_________________
Dairy products________________
Canned and preserved food, except
meats______ ________________
Grain mill products............... :------Bakery products_______________
Sugar................... ........ ...............—
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages___ _________ _______
Miscellaneous food and kindred
products____________________
Tobacco manufactures-------------------Cigarettes____________________
Cigars....................- ................ ........
Textile mill products______________
Cotton broad woven fabrics...........
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics_____________________
Weaving and finishing broad
woolens____________________
Jan.
Nov.
Dec.
Oct.
Sept.
July j June 1 May
Aug.
1
1961 j 1980
Average weekly earnings
$95. OR $92. 80 $93.73 $92.86 $93.15 $94.12 $93. 52 $91.21 $92. 80 $91 46
Ì02.34 99.10 100.55 98. 89 101.66 103.34 103 58 100. 86 100.04 98. 42
97.90 97.02 97.48 96.37 97.29 97.10 96. 64 95. 79 98.01 95.63
74.17 73. 33 75.40 73. 83 73 50 72.36 70.88 72. 96 79.07 76 00
103.64 100.35 102.86 103.81 104.28 105. 23 106. 65 104 41 105. 33 103 51
93.79 91.60 91.20 90. 91 90. 29 92. 11 93. 20 91.71 93 48 92 21
116.48 112.75 111 .30 107. 53 102. 09 99 89 101. 23 91. 76 108 36 108 88
77. 81 75.64 77.62 76. 64 76.04 77. 59 77. 1.8 78.14 79 71 77 78
107.16 105.71 105.06 102.05 101.39 104.01 103.88 103. 46 105 30 104. 30
$93.66 $92. 70 $92. 48 $89 16
101.88 101 26 100. 60 97 58
98.08 96. 54 95. 63 92.65
71 04
99. 46
87. 64
97 65
73 23
99. 85
68.71
94. 15
83. 81
93 70
69 34
96 72
68 87. 13
65 69 03
77 85. 72
06 56.02
12 65 04
49 63 20
83 95
64.94
80 29
53 86
63 60
62 56
75. 81 71 06 74. 69
104. 20 101 47 99 01
92. 89 92 66 91 35
111 02 112 40 104 08
75. 86 76. 82 76. 63
107.94 104 81 103 02
90 10
76.03
91 31
57. 56
69. 46
67. 65
89
75
91
56
69
67
$86. 30
94. 83
89. 68
91.32
78.95
97.41
57.99
69.02
06.99
90.27
63.71
82.95
53.72
67.26
66. 50
91.30
73.11
88.22
58.56
68.51
66.33
92.02
69. 70
85. 51
58.99
68. 00
65.84
91.81
73.15
90. 32
59. 57
67.26
66. 66
92.45
75.39
95.53
59.14
68. 45
67.49
92.00
72. 35
95.94
61.23
68. 45
67.16
90.50
68. 17
86. 56
60.60
68. 45
67.16
91.37 91.38
70 72 68.04
93 03 89 38
59.82 59 28
67. 54 68. 21
65. 27 66. 99
91. 59
73. 28
88 01
55. 18
68 21
66. 99
75.34
72.49
73.35
73.35
73.35
74. 99
74. 47
74. 47
73. 35
74 04
73.53
75.17
73 70
68. 72
68 31
76.49
71.10
; 62.37
74.62
69.26
60.10
76.86
69.77
61.24
76. 49
70.18
60. 59
75. 35
70 69
59.57
74.80
70. 69
60. 32
73. 67
70.07
61.82
74. 44
70. 07
61.99
76 80
71 45
62.15
77. 96
70. 76
62.08
79 06
71. 10
62. 24
80. 89
72. 98
62. 56
80 41
70 93
62 24
72 28
68 11
59. 21
69 83
66 07
56. 93
79.10
73.44
63.65
80.95
78.35
72. 50
62.16
79.17
80.09
76.68
62.56
80.15
79.15
75.83
61.09
79. 73
75. 48
72. 45
60. 61
79.17
80. 40
75. 90
61.29
80. 73
75.26
74. 45
62. 52
78.72
76 04
71 10
62. 22
80. 10
80. 97
73 69
63. 55
80. 67
79
72
63
79
55
16
24
52
74. 70
72 04
59. 55
75. 36
71.73
70 62
58 05
73.60
Food and kindred products....... —
Meat products______________
Dairy products..........................
Canned and preserved food, except
meats___________________
Grain mill products_________
Bakery products____________
Sugar_____________________
Confectionery and related products
Beverages--------- ---------------------Miscellaneous food and kindred
products___________________
Tobacco manufactures------------------Cigarettes____________________
Cigars_______________________
Textile mill products------ -------------Cotton broad woven fabrics------Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics_____________________
Weaving and finishing broad
woolens__________________
Narrow fabrics and smallwares
Knitting-------- -----------------Finishing textiles, except wool and
knit____ ________________
Floor covering--------------------Yarn and thread-----------------Miscellaneous textile goods......
40.8
41.1
42.2
40.0
39.8
42.0
40.4
39.9
42.2
40.2
39.4
41.9
40.5
40.5
42.3
80 04 77. 98 76. 59
77.33 76 72 75. 58
61. 69 62 00 6185
81. 12 79. 73 79.32
Average weekly hours
40.9
41.8
41.1
41.2
41.0
41. 5 41. 6 41.0
42.2
42.8
42.2
42.4
41 2
40. 5
42. 5
42 0
41. 5
43. 4
41 2
41. 6
43. 1
41. 1
41. 4
42. 5
40.9
41 0
42. 5
40.9
40 7
42.3
36.9
44.1
40.6
43.3
39.3
40.9
30.3
42 7
40.0
41.3
38.2
40.5
37.7
43.4
40.0
42.0
39.6
40.1
37.1
43 8
39.7
41.2
39.3
39.4
37.5
44 0
39.6
41.5
39.4
39.3
37.3
44 4
40. 4
45 2
40.2
39.7
37.5
45.0
40.7
45.6
40.2
39.8
38.4
45 2
40 4
40.6
40 7
40. 1
41.4
45. 4
41 0
42.0
41.3
40.5
40.0
45. 4
40 8
42 2
40. 3
40.9
41 2
45. 7
41 1
42. 7
38 9
42.0
37.4
45.3
41 0
42 9
39 6
41. 1
38 5
44 2
40. 6
41 3
39 5
40. 4
38 4
44 8
40 2
43 4
39.8
40. 1
38.6
44 2
40 1
44. 2
39 4
40.3
41.7
38.7
41.1
36.7
40.6
40.6
41.6
34.7
35.6
34.0
39.8
40.3
42.1
37.3
37.7
37.3
40.3
40.2
42.6
36.3
36.7
37.1
40.0
39.9
42.7
38.5
39.1
37.7
39.8
40.4
43.2
40.1
41.0
38.4
40.5
40.9
43.6
38.9
41.0
39 0
40. 5
40.7
43.3
40. 1
37 8
38 6
40. 5
40.7
43.1
41.6
40. 1
38.1
40.2
39.8
42.7
37.8
39. 2
380
406
40.6
42.8
37 2
38 6
35.6
40.6
40.6
42.3
38 4
39 7
36.9
41 1
41.0
42.3
38 4
39 9
36. 4
40 9
40.9
42. 5
39 0
39 5
37 6
39 9
40.0
42. 4
38 2
38 6
37 4
39 5
40 1
43.3
41.9
42.4
42.4
42.4
43.1
42.8
42.8
42.4
42.8
42.5
43.2
42.6
41.4
41.4
41.8
41.1
38.5
41.0
40. 5
37.1
42.0
40.8
37.8
41.8
40. 8
37.4
41.4
41.1
37.0
41.1
41.1
37.7
40.7
40.5
38.4
40.9
40 5
38.5
42.2
41.3
38.8
42.6
40.9
38.8
43.2
41. 1
38.9
44. 2
41 7
39.1
43.7
41 0
389
41.3
40 3
38.2
40 8
39 8
37. 7
42.3
40.8
40.8
41.3
41.9
40.5
40.1
40.6
42.6
42.6
40.1
41.1
42.1
42.6
39.8
41.1
40.8
40. 7
39.1
40.6
41.1
40. 4
40. 4
41. 5
43 3
41 4
41 0
41.8
43.0
41 0
40 8
41. 2
41. 5
40 7
39 7
40.3
40.3
39. 9
38 7
40.0
Food and kindred products------Meat products____________
Dairy products-----------------Canned and preserved food, except
meats___________________
Grain mill products______ ______
Bakery products________________
$2.33
2.49
2.32
$2.32
2.49
2.31
$2.32
2.52
2.31
$2.31
2. 51
2.30
$2. 30
2.51
2.30
40. 9
41.4
41.7
42.8
42 3
43. 1 42.7
43.2
40 6
39.8
39.9
40.0
41.0
41. 6 41. 1 41.1
Average hourly earnings
$2.20 $2. 27 $2 23 $2 22 $2. 22
2. 44
2. 43
2. 49 2. 46
2. 49
2.29
2. 25
2.29
2. 27
2. 29
$2. 23
2. 45
2.26
$2. 25
2 44
2. 24
$2. 25
2 43
2. 25
$2 18
2. 38
2. 18
$2 11
2 33
2 12
2.01
2.35
2.31
2.69
1.98
2.62
2.02
2.35
2.29
2.73
1.98
2.61
2.00
2.37
2.28
2.65
1.96
2.62
1.99
2. 37
2.29
2. 61
1. 95
2.59
1.96
2.37
2. 28
2. 46
1.93
2.58
1.94
2. 37
2. 28
2 21
1 93
2. 62
1.89
2. 37
2.29
2. 22
1.92
2.61
1.90
2.31
2. 27
2 26
1 92
2.58
1.91
2 32
2. 28
2. 58
1.93
2.60
1.90
2 28
2. 26
2 58
1. 93
2. 55
1.84
2. 28
2. 28
2.60
1 95
2. 57
1.90
2. 24
2 26
2 62
1 94
2. 55
1.94
2 24
2 25
2 62
1 94
2. 55
1.85
2 22
2 18
2. 25
1. 84
2. 49
1 78
2 13
2. 09
2 12
1. 76
2. 40
2.19
2.04
2.37
1. 58
1.70
1.65
2.17
1.98
2. 33
1.58
1.69
1.65
2.17
1.96
2.34
1.57
1.70
1.65
2.16
1.92
2.33
1.59
1.70
1.65
2.15
1.90
2.31
1.58
1.69
1.65
2.14
1.88
2. 33
1.54
1.69
1. 65
2.11
1.86
2. 34
1.57
1.69
1.65
2.09
1.70
2. 29
1. 57
1. 69
1.65
2.12
1. 70
2. 32
1. 57
1.68
1. 64
2.14
1 80
2. 28
1.56
1.68
1.65
2.14
1.97
2 28
1. 55
1 68
1.65
2. 13
1 98
2. 30
1. 56
i.eo
1. 65
2. 12
1 97
2. 30
1. 54
1.69
1.65
2.06
1.77
2. 17
1. 49
1.63
1.58
1 98
1.70
2.08
1. 44
1. 61
1. 56
1.74
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.74
1.74
1.74
1. 73
1.73
1.73
1.74
1.73
1.66
1.65
1.82
1 72
1.60
1.81
1.73
1.61
1.82
1.73
1.61
1.82
1.73
1.61
1.83
1 73
1.60
1.83
1.73
1.60
1.83
1.75
1.60
1.84
1.73
1 60
1.75
1.69
1 56
1.72
1. 68
1. 51
1.88
1.79
1.54
1.95
1.87
1.79
1.55
1.95
1.87
1. 78
1. 55
1.94
1. 85
1 77
1 56
1.93
1.84
1 76
1 64
1.92
1. 85
1 76
1 54
1.93
1.87
1.78
1. 55
1.93
1.85
1. 70
1 56
1 93
1.80
1 77
1. 50
1.87
1.78
1. 77
1.50
1. 84
K nitting------------------------Finishing textiles, except wool and
knit_______________________
Floor covering-----------------------Yarn and thread______________
Miscellaneous textile goods--------
Sugar________________________
Confectionery and related products
Beverages______________________
Miscellaneous food and kindred
products____________ - —
Tobacco manufactures---------------------Cigarettes___________ _____ ____
Textile mill products.............................
Cotton broad woven fabrics.
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics.................................. - ........... .
Weaving and finishing broad
woolens_____________________
Narrow fabrics and smallwares...
Knitting............................- ............... .
Finishing textiles, except wool and
knit__________________
Floor covering---------- ------ -------Yarn and thread----------------------M iscellaneous textile goods-------- ;
Bee footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.83
1.73
1.62
1.82
1.71
1.62
1.83
1.71
1.62
1.83
1.72
1.62
1.82
1.72
1.61
1.87
1.80
1. 56
1.96 1
1.87
1.79
1. 55
1.95
1.88
1.80
1.56
1.95 1
1.88
1. 78
1. 55
1.94
1.85
1.78
1. 55
1.95
42.8
42. 4
39 8
41. 4
999
C.—EARNTNOS AND HOURS
T able 0-1. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Annual
average
1962
1963
Industry
M ay3 Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Apparel and related products............... $60. 96 $59. 45 $61.85 $60. 82
74.03 70.76 73.48 72 93
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats__
Men’s and boys’ furnishings......... . S3.91 52.85 53.28 53.14
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’
outerwear................. - .................. . 63.98 64.33 68.00 65. 93
Women’s and children’s undergar
56.67 53.86 56.36 55. 23
ments...............................- .........
62. 66 60.32 69.56 67.12
Hals, caps, and millinery...............
58.00 52.44 55.69 55.85
OtrIs’ and children’s outerwear---Fur goods and miscellaneous ap
parel.............................................. . 61.23 57.44 61.05 69.81
Miscellaneous fabricated textile
64. 94 63.24 63.88 63. 34
products_________ __________
Paper and allied p ro d u cts...._______ 104.80 102. 90 104.55 103. 21
Paper and pulp________________ 116.16 114.23 116.42 115.02
Paperboard___________________ 116.95 115.01 117.40 115. 02
Converted paper and paperboard
products................... ................... . 91.02 89. 69 91.02 90.68
Paperboard containers and boxes.. 94. 58 92.34 93.25 92. 34
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries...................................................... . 110. 21 108.68 110.21 108. 20
Newspaper publishing and printing 113.15 110. 83 109.38 108 06
Periodical publishing and printing 113. 26 114. 16 116.87 113 37
Books..................................................... 106. 40 103. 28 103.57 100. 98
111.83 110.58 113.18 110. 87
Commercial printing....................
89.08 87. 55 88.01 86. 56
Bookbinding and related industries
Other publishing and printing in
111.
34 111.43 115.33 114. 17
dustries_____________________
outerw ear.......................... ...............
Women’s and children’s under
garments____ _______ ________
n ats, caps, and millinery________
Girls’ and children’s outerwear___
Fur goods and miscellaneous ap
parel________ ______ ________
Miscellaneous fabricated textile
products____ ________________
Paper and allied products___________
Paper and p u lp _________________
Paperboard. ____________ _______
Converted paper and paperboard
products............ ....................... .....
Paperboard containers and boxes...
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries.............................. ......................
Newspaper publlshingand printing.
Periodical publishing and printing.
B o o k s.________ _________________
Commercial p rin tin g _____________
Bookbinding and related Indus
tries..................... .......................—
Other publishing and printing in
dustries___ ___ ____________ —
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1961
1960
$59.64 $60.12 $60. 62 $59. 95 $61.32 $62.16 $60. 76 $61. 09 $60. 59 $57. 70 $56. 45
71.57 73. 13 72. 54 71.57 74.09 73. 89 73.53 74.09 73. 50 67.78 68. 27
52. '5 53.20 53. 77 53. 77 54. 48 54.81 53. 58 54.95 53. 58 49.87 48. 55
63. 46
62.60
63.17
62. 32
65.23
67.16
65.74
63. 64
64. 73
61.61
58. 70
54. 32
64 05
54. 67
55. 18
65. 34
62. 15
57. 22
62. 46
53.61
56. 92
63.68
53.35
57. 07
66. 79
64. 72
56. 47
69.00
55. 69
55.12
68. 26
55.63
55.02
65. 70
56.30
54. 77
61.60
54. 51
53. 87
63. 19
52. 75
51.91
60. 54
51. 54
61.05
64. 61
64. 79
63. 89
64.05
62. 59
62. 29
63. 70
61.23
60. 86
58. 74
62. 53
103. 64
115 46
114. 93
64 73 64.90 64.68 63. 96 63. 03 61.38 63. 96 63. 71 61.45 60. 48
104 88 103. 28 103. 28 104. 49 103 82 103 58 102. 96 101 34 99. 45 95. 37
115. 40 114.23 113. 45 114 06 113. 36 114. 58 112. 75 111. 10 109 69 105. 40
119.08 115.01 113. 45 116. 77 117. 64 116. 59 115. 58 112.46 109. 44 105.16
89.60
94. 05
90.69
94.08
89.60
92.74
108. 49
113 04
111 83
97.64
110. 37
85. 19
107. 82 109. 62 108.29 107. 34
111.08 111. 38 109 99 109. 87
114 11 118. 55 115. 83 111.95
98. 11 102. 16 101. 18 98. 64
109 70 111 11 110 54 109. 87
85. 63 88.53 87.30 84. 75
107. 62
110. 23
114 62
100 00
109. 87
85.31
107.90
110. 90
108. 58
101. 75
109. 87
86.36
110.01
108. 77 110. 21 109. 35
weekly hours
37.0
36.5
35.9
37.7
37.8
36.7
38.6
38.1
37.6
91.43
91.98
91.94
94. 24
90. 20
94. 05
106. 38
107 10
106.92
100 84
109. 52
86. 71
109.24
112. 85
113 83
100 04
111.50
87.01
113.30 111.84
90. 42
95. 15
91.52
97. 13
91. 10
94. 73
110.11 110.11
36.5
37.2
37.7
35.6
36.1
36.7
36.6
37.3
37.0
36 2
37 4
36.9
35.5
36.7
36.7
Average
36.3
36.0
37 5 37.2
37.6
37.2
34.4
34.4
35.6
34.7
33.4
33.3
33.6
32.8
33.8
34.8
34.6
36.3
36. 5
35.0
37.4
34. 7
35.5
37.2
34.8
35.1
37.3
36.3
36.0
37.4
37. 5
36.4
36.5
36. 5
36.6
36.6
38.1
38.0
87. 13
90. 47
83.23
86. 10
102. 80
105.05
107. 38 105. 33
110.09 109 18
99.06 95. 82
106 20 103. 88
82.13 78. 87
109.16 108.19 100.37
35. 5
30.9
36.5
36.5
37.5
38.0
35.4
35.3
36.4
34.4
34.8
33.3
33.2
36.2
36.5
36.8
35.8
35.0
36.1
36 4
35.7
35.4
35.8
35.2
35.3
36 8
37.8
38.7
36.8
35.4
36.6
35.2
33.7
34.5
36.6
37.0
36.4
36.1
35 7
36.5
35.5
35.0
35.5
35.6
34.6
35.7
35.6
35.7
36.3
36.4
36.3
36.6
36.6
35.8
36.4
35.6
35.8
85.0
38.3
42 9
43 9
44.6
38.4
42. 5
43.6
43.4
38.5
42. 5
43.3
43.3
38.3
43.0
43.7
44.4
38.2
42.9
43.6
44.9
37.2
42.8
43.9
44.5
38.3
42.9
43.7
44.8
37.7
42.4
43.4
44.1
37.7
42.5
43 7
43.6
37.8
42 2
43.4
43.1
38.2
42. 6
44.0
43.8
37.2
42.0
43.6
43.4
37.8
42.5
44.1
44.3
37.7
42 3
43.9
43.9
37.0
42.3
43 9
43.7
41.0
41.3
40.4
40.5
41.0
40.9
40.8
40.5
41.0
40.7
41 6
41.7
41.0
41.8
41.1
42.1
41.6
42.6
41.6
42.1
41.1
41.8
41.6
42.0
41.1
41.4
41.1
41.5
40.8
41.0
38.4
36.5
39.6
41.4
39.1
38.0
36.1
39.5
40.5
38.8
38.4
36.1
40.3
40.3
39.3
38.1
35.9
39.5
39.6
38.9
37.9
35.7
38.6
39. 7
38.7
38.6
37 0
39 8
39.7
39.4
38.2
36. 7
39. 1
38.9
39.0
38.1
36.3
39.9
39.4
38.9
38.6
36.4
40. 6
40.7
39.4
38.4
36.3
40.5
40.8
39.2
38.2
36. 5
39. 7
39.3
39.1
38.3
36.5
40.5
40.0
39.1
38.4
36.6
39 2
40.7
39.1
38.2
36. 4
39.6
40.6
38.9
38.5
36. 7
39. 7
40 6
39.2
38.9
38.4
38.6
38.3
38.2
38.6
38.2
38.4
39.7
39.5
38.7
38.6
38.9
38.2
38.1
38.0
37.9
38.7
38.7
38.8
38.1
38 3 38.4
38.6
38.7
Average hourly earnings
$1.67 $1. 67 $1.67 $1. 68 $1.68
1.96
1.96
1.95
1.95
1.95
1. 43 1.42
1.43
1.43
1. 43
38.1
38.5
38.3
38.5
38.4
$1.66
1 93
1.41
$1.66
1.96
1.42
$1.66
1.96
1.41
$1.63
1.92
1.37
$1.59
1. 85
1.33
$1.67 $1.67 $1.69
Apparel and related products-------1.96
1.97
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats__ 1.99
1.44
1.44
Men’s and boys’ furnishings-------- 1.43
Women’s, misses’, and Juniors’
1.91
outerwear......................... ..........— 1.86 1.87
Women’s and children’s under
1.53
1.54
1.54
garments_________ __________
1. 79
1.88
Hats, caps, and millinery................ 1. 77
1.52
1.53
Girls’ and children's outerwear----- 1.53
Fur goods and miscellaneous ap
1.66 1.71
parel________________________ 1. 72
Miscellaneous fabricated textile
1.69
1.70
1.70
products.___ _____i _________
2.46
Paper and allied products___________ 2. 46 2. 45
2.64
2.62
2.
64
Paper and pulp......... ........ ..............
2.65
2.65
2.67
Paperboard___________________
Converted paper and paperboard
2.22 2. 22 2.22
products____________________
2.28
Paperboard containers and boxes... 2. 29 2.28
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
2.87
2
.
86
2.87
tries.......................................................
3.03
3.07
Newspaper publlshingand printing. 3.10
2.89
2.90
2
86
Periodical publishing and printing.
2.57
Books________________________ 2. 57 2. 55
2.88
2.85
2.86
Commercial printing----------------2.28
2.28
Bookbinding and related industries, 2.29
Other publishing and printing in
2.98
2. 93 2.94
dustries............................... ..........
See footnotes at end of table.
Oct.
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Apparel and related products........... . . .
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats__
Men’s and boys’ furnishings-------Women’s, misses’, and juniors’
Nov.
Dec.
$1.68 $1. 68
1.95 1.95
1.44 1.44
1.90
1.90
1.88 1.88
1.90
1.93
1.93
1.90
1.85
1.86
1.85
1.77
1.53
1.88
1.63
1.83
1.54
1.52
1.79
1.49
1. 53
1.80
1.51
1.53
1.83
1.52
1.53
1.84
1.52
1.51
1.84
1.53
1.51
1.87
1. 52
1.52
1.80
1.53
1.53
1.76
1. 51
1.48
1.77
1.49
1.45
1.72
1.46
1.68
1.68
1.71
1.78
1.78
1.76
1.75
1.71
1.74
1.75
1.72
1.70
1.65
2. 44
2.62
2.62
1.69
2. 45
2.63
2.63
1.69
2. 44
2.63
2.67
2.22
2. 28
2.23
2.26
2.84
3.01
2.87
2. 65
2. 85
2.26
2.82
3.00
2. 77
2.54
2.83
2.27
2. 95
2 92
1.53
1.63
1.69
1.68 1.67 1.65 1. 65 2.1.67
2.34
40 2.39
2.42
2. 42
2. 43
2 43
2. 56 2. 51
58
2. 62 2. 61 2.60 2.61 22.. 58
2.51
2.
55
2. 62 2.63 2. 62 2.62
2.12
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.21 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.19
2. 26 2. 25 2.26 2.28 2.25 2.25 2. 24 2. 24 2.18
2.75
2. 84
2. 82 2. 81 2.81 32. 81
2.83
2. 84
2 83
03 2 95
3.01
3.02
3.03
3. 05 3. 08 3. 06 3.06
2. 78
2.77
2 83
2. 86 2. 86 2. 86 2. 92 2. 86 22.. 82
2.50
2. 44
2.50
51
2. 48
2.51
2. 51
2.52
2. 49
2. 73
2.81
2.81
2.81
2.83
2 82 2 82 2. 82 2.19
2. 83
2.21 2.22 2.15
2. 26 2. 23 2.23 2.23 2. 21
2 86 2. 85 2.81
2 87
2 89
2 85 2 84
2 87
2 89
1.69
2.43
2.62
2. 65
1.60
2 26
2. 43
2. 44
2.04
2.10
2.67
2.87
2. 75
2.30
2. 65
2.07
2. 77
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
1000
T able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1962
1963
Annual
average
Industry
May*
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Chemicals and allied products...............
Industrial chemicals.........................
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass............................ ....................
Drugs................................. - ........... .
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods—
Paints, varnishes, and allied prodnets
Agricultural chemicals__________
Other chemical products_________
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Nov.
Dec.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1961
1960
Average weekly earnings
$112.59 $113.40 $111.37 $110.83 $111.10 $112.17 $111.37 $110.95 $110.81 $110.12 $110.81 $111.19 $109.52 $106.81 $103.25
126.88 131.24 126.88 126.16 126.05 127.56 126.65 126.05 125.52 124.09 124.80 125.16 123. 73 120.93 117.31
112.32 114.66 110.68 110.15 110.00 111. 61 109.86 109. 59 110.24 110.24 111.41 112.52 109.62 107. 74 104.17
99.14 98. 58 100.70 100.45 100.85 100.60 100.12 100.19 98.16 98.23 97.92 98.88 98.57 93.96 90.68
103.53 102.62 103.28 102.91 103.02 103.73 103.98 103.48 105.32 103.98 103. 79 103. 73 101.50 98.98 94.77
108.62 103.48 103.38 102.21 101. 71 102.31 101.66 100. 75 101. 75 102.34 102.09 104.25 105.00 98.25
97. 58 99.50 91.08 89.89 89.89 90.52 89. 46 89.68 90.31 86. 72 88. 20 87. 77 92. 57 84.15
109.30 105.78 104.86 105.06 106.24 107.52 105.66 105. 57 106.17 105.08 104.42 104. 75 103.09 101.19
95.65
82.37
97.06
Petroleum refining and related Indus131.57 134.20 128.61 126.36 130.62 126.99 127. 71 127.19 131.09 126.35 129.44 127.68 126.05 124.42 118. 78
tries
Petroleum refining.............. ......... -- 137.03 140.95 134.97 132.68 137.52 132.48 132.57 130.88 135.24 129.34 133. 54 131.65 130.60 129.24 123.22
Other petroleum and coal products. 111. 32 105. 50 99.35 98.60 102.50 105.59 108.03 113.48 115.57 113.40 113. 70 111. 95 106.27 102.10 99.26
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products........................ .......................
Tires and inner tubes___________
Other rubber products__________
Miscellaneous plastic products.......
101.09 99.05 101.34 100.69 101.34 103. 00 101.84 101.02 101.76 101.02 101.84 104.58 101.19 96. 72 92. 97
128.00 126.88 129.36 128.32 129.52 134. 55 132. 75 132.11 131. 78 131. 70 136.83 138.13 130.19 121.88 116.33
96.22 94.40 95.82 95.82 96.29 97.47 96. 59 95. 30 96.46 94. 42 93. 90 98. 05 96. 05 91.53 87.82
86.51 84.63 86.72 85.89 86.51 86.10 85.26 85.48 86.53 85. 28 85. 89 87.36 85.90 82.82 79.40
Leather and leather products-----------Leather tanning and finishing....... .
Footwear, except rubber...... ...........
Other leather products__________
64.77
91.53
61.37
63.24
62.48
89.38
59.33
60.69
64.58
88.58
61.88
63.04
65.08
88.36
62.33
63.24
65.60
88.84
63.54
62.70
65.05
88.84
62.66
62.79
Chemicals and allied products_______
Industrial chemicals........... ............
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass.
Drugs
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___
Paints, varnishes, and allied prod-
41.7
41.6
42.0
42.2
41.4
41.6
41.2
41.5
41.3
41.6
41.7
42.1
41.4
41.8
41.4
41.6
41.6
40.3
40.6
42.0
40.4
40.4
41.3
41.1
40.5
41.1
41.0
40.2
41.2
41.5
40.4
41.8
41.4
41.0
41.3
41.2
41.1
Agricultural chemicals__________
Other chemical products_________
42.1
45.6
42.2
40.9
48.3
41.0
40.7
44.0
40.8
40.4
42.6
41.2
40.2
42.4
41.5
40.6
42.1
42.0
Petroleum refining and related Industrias
Petroleum refining................... ........
Other petroleum and coal products.
41.9
41.4
44.0
42.2
42.2
42.2
40.7
40.9
39.9
40.5
40.7
39.6
41.6
41.8
41.0
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products.............. ................- ..............
Tires and inner tubes___________
Other rubber products.............. ......
Miscellaneous plastic products___
40.6
40.0
40.6
41.0
40.1
39.9
40.0
40.3
40.7
40.3
40.6
41.1
40.6
40.1
40.6
40.9
Leather and leather products ......... .
Leather tanning and finishing.........
Footwear, except rubber_________
Other leather products.....................
36.8
40.5
36.1
37.2
35.5
39.9
34.9
35.7
36.9
39.9
36.4
37.3
37.4
39.8
37.1
37.2
64.03
87.78
60.67
64.05
62.63
88. 44
59.30
61. 79
64.36
88.26
61.69
62.75
65. 53
87.82
63. 67
62.37
65. 84
85. 89
64.46
62.21
65.88
88.70
64.01
63.08
63.98
88.29
61.66
61.55
62.83
84.35
60.15
61.07
60.52
81.74
58.04
58.62
41.5
41.7
41.4
41.5
41.5
41.6
41.8
42.0
41.8
41.8
41.4
41.7
41.3
41.6
41.2
41.4
40.9
41.6
40.9
41.3
41.6
41.1
41.1
42.2
40.8
40.7
42.3
41.2
41.0
42.0
40.9
40.6
41.6
40.5
40.9
41.5
40.3
40.5
40.5
42.0
41.6
40.3
42.5
41.4
40.7
42.6
41.8
41.1
41.1
41.7
41.0
42.2
41.6
41.7
42.4
41.9
42.0
45.6
41.4
40.6
42.5
41.3
40.7
42.9
41.3
41.5
41.4
41.9
41.6
41.3
42.7
41.7
40.9
44.5
42.7
42.0
45.5
41.7
40.8
45.0
42.3
41.6
45.3
42.0
41.4
44.6
41.6
41.2
43.2
41.2
40.9
42.9
41.1
40.8
42.6
40.7
40.1
40.8
41.0
41.2
41.4
41.3
41.0
40.9
41.1
41.1
40.6
40.9
40.9
40.9
40.9
41.2
40.8
41.4
41.4
40.9
40.9
40.7
41.0
40.9
42.1
40.3
40.9
42.0
42.5
41.9
41.8
41.3
41.2
41.4
41.3
40.3
39.7
40.5
40.6
39.9
39.3
40.1
40.1
37.7
40.2
37.6
37.1
37.6
40.2
37.3
37.6
36.8
39.9
35.9
37.9
36.2
40.2
35.3
37.0
37.2
40.3
36.5
37.8
38.1
40.1
37.9
37.8
38.5
39.4
38.6
37.7
38.3
40.5
38.1
38.0
37.2
40.5
36.7
37.3
37.4
39.6
36.9
37.7
36.9
39.3
36.5
37.1
Average weekly hours
llOt-S
Average hourly earnings
Chemicals and allied products_______
Industrial chemicals____________
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass...
Drugs................. ...............................
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___
Paints, varnishes, and allied products.................................. ...............
Agricultural chemicals______ ____
Other chemical products.................
$2.70
3.05
$2.70
3.11
$2.69
3.05
$2.69
3.04
$2.69
3.03
$2.69
3.03
$2.69
3.03
$2.68
3.03
$2.67
3.01
$2. 66
2.9S
$2. 67
3.00
$2.66
2.98
$2.62
2.96
$2.58
2.90
$2.50
2.82
2.70
2.46
2.55
2.73
2.44
2.54
2.68
2.45
2.55
2.68
2.45
2. 56
2.67
2.43
2.55
2.67
2.43
2.53
2. 66
2.43
2. 53
2.66
2.42
2.53
2.65
2.40
2.55
2.65
2.39
2.53
2.64
2.40
2.55
2.66
2. 40
2.53
2.61
2.41
2.50
2.59
2.32
2.42
2.51
2.25
2.34
2.58
2.14
2.59
2.53
2.06
2.58
2.51
2.07
2.57
2.53
2.11
2.55
2.53
2.12
2.56
2.52
2.15
2.56
2.51
2.13
2. 54
2.50
2.11
2.55
2.50
2.12
2.54
2. 4S
2.11
2.52
2.49
2.09
2.51
2.50
2.07
2.50
2.50
2.03
2.49
2.42
1.98
2.45
2.35
1.92
2.35
Petroleum refining and related Industr ie s ......................................................
Petroleum refining............................
Other petroleum and coal products.
3.14
3.31
2.53
3.18
3.34
2.50
3.16
3.30
2.49
3.12
3.26
2.49
3.14
3.29
2.50
3.00
3.2C
2.52
3.07
3.21
2.53
3.05
3. 20
2. 55
3.07
3.22
2.54
3.03
3.17
2.52
3.06
3.21
2.51
3.04
3.18
2.51
3.03
3.17
2.46
3.02
3.16
2.38
2.89
3.02
2.33
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products________________________
Tires and inner tubes................ ......
Other rubber products.....................
Miscellaneous plastic products.......
2.49
3.20
2.37
2.11
2.47
3.18
2.36
2.10
2.49
3.21
2.36
2.11
2.48
3.2C
2.36
2.10
2.4S
3.23
2. 36
2.11
2.5C
3.25
2.30
2.10
2.47
3.23
2.33
2.09
2.47
3.23
2.33
2.09
2.47
3.22
2.32
2.08
2. 49
3.25
2.33
2.10
2.4£
3.25
2.31
2.09
2.45
3.16
2.32
2.08
2.40
3.07
2.26
2.04
2.33
2.96
2.19
1.98
Leather and leather products________
Leather tanning and finishing.........
Footwear, except rubber..................
Other leather products.....................
1.76
2.26
1.70
1.70
1.76
2.24
1.70
1.70
1.75
2.22
1.70
1.69
1.74
2.22
1.68
1.70
1.74
2.21
1.6S
1.69
1.73
2.21
1.68
1.67
2.49
3.23
2.35
2.10
1.74
2.2C
1.69
1.69
1.73
2.2C
1.68
1.67
1.73
2. IS
1.6S
1.66
1.72
2. IS
1.68
1.65
1.71
2.18
1.67
1.65
1.72
2. IS
1.68
1.66
1.72
2.18
1.68
1.65
1.68
2.13
1.63
1.62
1.64
2.08
1.59
1.58
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1001
C — EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C - l .
Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Annual
average
1962
1963
Industry
Mays
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Nov.
Dec.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1961
1960
Average weekly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Olftss I railroads 3
Local and in tenir ban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation.
Intercity and rural buslines______
Motor freight transportation and
storage _______________________
Pipeline transportation...........................
Communication:
Telephone communication_______
Telegraph communication *______
Radio and television broadcasting.
Electric, gas, and sanitary services___
Electric companies and systems__
Gas companies and systems______
Combined utility systems ______
Water, steam, and sanitary systems.
$116.48 $117.85 $117.94 $114.26 $118.21 $116.45 $115.33 $114. 65 $112.41 $108.84
$103.09 $101.22 $100.32 $100.91 $99. 42 100.86 100.62 100.38 100.20 101.01 100.49
123. 55 124.27 119.13 122.97 125.12 116.33 117.73 119.14 125.65 129.44 126.62
116.62 114.95 114.67 113.98 111. 52 114. 54 113.30 113.30 115. 78 115.35 114.81
136.82 138.11 135.94 138.63 138.58 139. 52 131.78 130.07 135.05 130.09 137.37
100.84
110.04
133.00
120.42
121.54
112.20
129.78
96.35
99.94
108.16
135.04
119.72
120.42
111.65
129.05
97.10
100. 58
107.38
131.99
119.43
120.13
112.48
128.43
97.34
101.09
108.05
131.93
120.01
119.43
113.44
129.68
98.47
99. 94
108.05
134.30
119. 60
120. 42
111. 38
128.64
97.64
101.35
106.97
130.93
121.18
121.60
114. 40
130.94
96.70
103.07
105.78
132.78
119.48
119.89
111. 11
129.27
97.34
102.06
107. 74
131.14
118. 78
120.30
110. 70
128.23
95.47
102. 31
109.98
130.81
118.94
120.06
111.51
127.82
97.29
99.29
110.08
126.10
116.85
118.82
106.92
125.97
95.06
99.54
111.11
127.53
117.14
119.11
107.73
125.87
96.59
101.48 100.58 98.24 94.82
121.80 117.85 112.14 105.22
114.39 112.61 108.16 104.17
133.50 130.17 131.78 124.53
97.66
111.28
124.68
115.87
117.14
106.80
125.26
94.37
96.14
108.61
126.16
115.46
116.31
107.06
125.66
93.96
93.38
104.08
119. 74
112.48
112.75
104.19
121. 77
93.02
89.50
100.01
121.13
108.65
109.45
100.69
117.26
89.84
Average weekly hours
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Cîlass T railroads 3
____________
Local and in tenir ban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation.
Intercity and rural buslines______
Motor freight transportation and
storage _______________________
Pipeline transportation_____________
Communication :
Telephone communication_______
Telegraph communication 4______
Radio and television broadcasting.
Electric, gas, and sanitary services----Electric companies and systems__
Gas companies and systems______
Combined utility systems...............
Water, steam, and sanitary systems.
41.9
42.7
43.2
41.1
43.3
42.5
42.4
43.1
42.1
41.7
42.6
42.9
42.0
43.0
41.8
41.8
41.7
43.3
41.6
43.9
42.2
41.4
42.1
41.6
42.0
42.4
42.1
44.4
42.8
45.9
42.4
44.9
43.0
43.5
42.8
42. 7
42.9
42.8
43.1
42.6
41.5
40.6
41.2
40.5
41.1
40.1
41.0
40.3
40.7
41.0
41.5
41.4
41.2
40.3
41.5
39.9
42.1
40.8
42.1
40.4
41.9
41.5
41.9
40.7
41.4
40.3
41.6
40.3
41.5
40.8
39.7
42.0
39.7
41.1
41.2
40.8
41.2
41.0
39.5
41.6
39.6
41.0
41.1
40.6
41.1
40.8
*
39.6
41.3
39.4
40.9
41.0
40.9
40.9
40.9
39.8
41.4
39.5
41.1
40.9
41.1
41.3
41.2
39.5
41.4
39.5
41.1
41.1
41.1
41.1
41.2
39.0
41.3
39.2
41.5
41.5
41.6
41.7
40.8
40.9
41.0
39.4
41.2
41.2
41.0
41.3
40.9
40.5
41.6
39.5
41.1
41.2
41.0
41.1
40.8
40.6
42.3
39.4
41.3
41.4
41.3
41.1
41.4
40.2
42.5
38.8
41.0
41.4
40. 5
40.9
40.8
40.3
42.9
39.0
41.1
41.5
40.5
41.0
41.1
39.7
42.8
38.6
40.8
41.1
40.3
40.8
40.5
39.4
43. 1
38.7
40.8
41.1
40.4
40.8
40.5
39.4
41.8
38. 6
40.9
41.0
40. 7
41.0
40.8
39.6
42.2
38.7
41.0
41.3
40.6
41.0
41.4
Average hourly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation.
Intercity and rural buslines______
Motor freight transportation and
storage
_ __________________
Pipeline transportation_____________
Communication:
Telephone communication_______
Telegraph communication 4______
Radio and television broadcasting..
Electric, gas, ana sanitary services____
Electric companies and systems__
Gas companies and systems______
Combined u tility systems___ ____
Water, steam, and sanitary systems.
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.78
$2.76
$2.73
$2.78
$2.73
$2.74
$2.72
$2.66
$2.67
$2.61
2.39
2.83
2.39
2.81
2.38
2.83
2.36
2.82
2.37
2.82
2.36
2.80
2.35
2.76
2.29
2.62
2.20
2. 47
$2.42
2.88
$2.41
2.89
$2.40
2.85
$2.42
2.84
$Z 39
2.85
2.39
2.81
2.81
3.37
2.79
3.41
2.79
3.39
2.78
3.44
2.74
3.38
2.76
3.37
2. 75
3.27
2.73
3.26
2.75
3.31
2.74
3.22
2.74
3.31
2.73
3.28
2.72
3.23
2.60
3.27
2.51
3.09
2.54
2.62
3.35
2.9<
2.95
2. 75
3.15
2.35
2.53
2.6C
3.41
2.92
2 . 9;
2. 75
3.1<
2.38
2.54
2.6C
3.35
2.92
2.9c
2.75
3.U
2.38
2.54
2.61
3.31
2.92
2.92
2.76
3.11
2.39
2.53
2. 61
3.40
2.91
2 . 9;
2.71
3. i;
2.37
2.54
2.59
3.34
2.92
2.93
2.75
3.14
2.37
2.52
2.58
3.37
2.90
2.91
2.71
3.13
2.38
2.52
2.59
3.32
2.89
2.92
2.70
3.12
2.34
2.52
2.60
3.32
2.88
2.90
2.70
3.11
2.35
2.47
2.59
3.25
2.85
2.87
2.64
3.08
2.33
2.47
2.59
3.27
2.85
2.87
2.66
3.07
2.35
2.46
2.60
3.23
2.84
2.85
2.65
3.07
2.33
2.44
2.52
3.26
2.83
2.83
2.65
3.08
2.32
2.37
2.49
3.11
2.75
2.75
2. 56
2.97
2.28
2.26
2.37
3.13
2.65
2.65
2.48
2.86
2.17
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
1002
T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Annual
average
1962
1963
Industry
M ay3 Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1961
1960
Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade !_____________ $77.39 $76. 62 $76. 42 $76. 42 $76.2C $75. 47 $75. 65 $75 46 $76 05 $76. 44 $76. 44 $75 86 $74 88 $72. 94
Wholesale trad e..................................... 99. 47 98. 58 98. 58 97 93 97. 36 98. 74 97. 44 97 03 98.09 96. 87 97. 10 96 87 96. 22 93 56
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipment....... ............................ 94. 66 94.24 93.15 92. 74 92. 96 93.83 93.41 93 86 93 86 93 26 93 04 92 84 93 46 89. 46
Drugs, chemicals, and allied produets
___ ________________ 99.10 99.90 100.15 99. 75 98. 40 99. 45 99 70 98 80 99 94 97 84 98 09 96 96 96 47 94 24
Dry goods and apparel.................... 91.01 92.38 91.85 91. 96 91. 10 92. 58 92 12 92 74 93 25 92 74 91 99 91 37 91 85 92 86
Groceries and related products....... 93 79 92. 93 91.84 90.98 91. 05 92. 20 91 96 91 30 92 35 91 96 91 76 90 49 89 66 87 14
Electrical goods..... .......................... 101,85 101.71 102.21 102. 87 102. 56 103. 48 102. 97 102. 97 102. 91 100. 04 101.84 100 12 100 12 97. 53
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods---- ------------------------------ 95.88 95.00 93.96 93.50 94. 66 95.30 94. 54 94.60 94.83 92.92 93. 79 92. 57 92 80 89 91
Machinery, equipment, and supplies _______________________ 108. 36 107. 16 107.16 106.08 105 93 108. 65 106 19 105. 37 107 38 103 98 103 66 106 04 104 14 101 69
Retail trade 8------- ------------------------- 68.06 67.48 66.93 66 93 67 30 66 85 66 38 66 55 66 88 67 55 67 38 66 85 65 98 64 01
General merchandise stores............. 53. 85 53. 13 53.01 62. 51 52 86 54 06 51. 68 52 67 53 48 53 35 53 55 53 09 52 48 60 62
Department sto re s----- --------- 58. 65 57.80 57. 12 56. 45 57 46 58 06 55. 61 57 80 58 82 58 12 58. 12 58 13 57 28 65 04
Limited price variety stores---- 39.36 39.81 39. 36 39 16 38. 96 39. 56 38 32 38. 20 39 15 40 00 39. 96 39 12 38 16 37 28
Food stores.............. ........................ 65. 58 65.26 64.89 64. 54 64.91 04. 95 65. 66 64. 94 65. 50 66.25 66. 43 65. 16 63 88 63 01
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores___________________ 67. 36 66.66 66.47 66 12 66 6W 66 36 67 45 6 6 53 66 96 67. 71 68 20 67 15 66 66 64 44
Apparel and accessories stores------ 54. 56 55. 52 53 35 54. 19 55 36 56 05 53 54 53 35 54 13 54. 82 54 87 54. 13 53 36 52 40
‘ 'M en's and boys' apparel stores. 66.06 66. 39 64.40 64. 78 66. 77 67 23 64 06 64 59 65. 45 66 70 67. 44 64 93 65 «5 64 67
Women’s readv-to-wear stores . 49.01 49. 68 48. 19 48. 38 49 35 50.05 48. 10 48 05 48 33 48 23 48. 85 48. 08 47 57 46. 24
Family clothing stores.............. 53. 70 54. 11 52.20 53. 55 53. 94 54. 96 52. 55 52.00 53 04 53. 58 53 64 53 04 51 60 51 98
Shoe stores............................ --- 54. 95 58.68 55. 59 55. 61 56. 45 57.61 54. 28 53. 77 56. 95 56.83 57. 93 56. 28 55. 23 52.81
$70. 98
91. 13
86. 53
91. 20
90 68
84. 67
95. 11
86.36
09. 80
62. 37
48 58
53 09
35 53
60. 98
62. 95
51. 30
63 29
44 41
51.01
52 33
Average weekly hours
Wholesale and retail trade 8---- --------------Wholesale trade .....................-...........
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipment.......... ...............- .........
Drugs, chemicals, and allied produots
_____________________
Drv good« and apparel...............
Groceries and related products-----Electrical goods..... ........ ................Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods--------------------- -------------Machinery, equipment, and supplies ______________________
Retail trade 8________ ____________
General merchandise stores............
Department »tores.....................
Limited price variety stores---Food stores................... -........ -........
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores____________________
Apparel and accessories stores-----Men’s and bovs’ apparel stores.
Women’s ready-to-wear stores..
Family clothing stores..... ....... .
Shoe stores--------------------------
38.4
40.4
38.4
40.3
38.5
40.4
38.9
40.8
38. 4
40.6
38. 5
40 6
38. 8
40. 7
39.2
40. 7
39.2
40.8
41.7
41.4
41.4
41.5
41.7
41.7
41.9
41.9
42.2
42.1
39.8
37.4
41.3
40.2
39.9
37.8
41.0
40.4
39.9
38.0
40.8
40.5
40 0
37 8
41.2
40.7
40.1
38 1
42.1
40.9
40.2
37. 6
41 8
40.7
40.0
37 7
41. 6
40. 7
40 3
37 3
41. 6
41.0
40 1
37 7
41 8
40.5
40.2
37 7
41.9
40.9
40.8
40.6
40.5
40.3
40.8
40.9
40.4
40.6
40.7
40.4
40.0
41.2
37.6
34.3
34. 1
32.0
34.7
40.9
37.7
34.5
34.2
32.9
34.9
40.9
37.6
34.2
33.8
32. 0
34.7
40. 8
37 6
34 1
33.6
32. 1
34.7
40.9
37.6
34.1
33 6
32 2
34.9
41.0
38.2
35.8
35. 4
34 1
35.3
41.0
37.5
34.0
33.5
32 2
35.3
41.0
37.6
34. 2
34 0
32 1
35.1
41.3
38 0
31 5
34 4
32 9
35.6
41.1
38.6
35 1
34.8
33.9
38.4
41 3
38 5
35 0
34 8
33.3
36.6
34.9
34. 1
36.7
33.8
35. 1
31.4
34.9
34.7
37.3
34.5
35.6
32.6
34.8
34.2
36 8
33.7
34.8
32.7
34.8
34.3
36.6
33 6
35. 0
33.5
35.1
34.6
37 3
33 8
34.8
33.4
35.3
35. 7
38.2
35.0
36.4
33.3
35.5
34. 1
36. 4
33 4
34.8
32.5
35 2
34 2
36 7
33 6
34.9
32 2
35.8
34 7
37 4
33 8
35.6
33.5
36.6
35.6
37.9
31. 7
36.2
35.3
36.7
35.4
38 1
34.4
36 0
34.9
38.5
40.6
38.5
40.4
41.7
39.8
37.3
41.5
40.1
38.9
40.7
38.0
40.6
38 8
40. 5
39.0
40.5
42.2
42. 1
42.0
41.8
39. 9
37 0
41 7
40. 7
39. 7
37. 8
41 7
40. 7
40. 1
37 9
41 3
40.3
40.0
38. 1
41.3
40.3
40.6
40. 7
40.5
40.4
41 1
38 2
34 7
34 6
32 6
35.8
41 0
37.7
34. 3
31 3
31 8
35. 1
40. 8
38 1
34 6
34 4
32. 7
35 8
40.9
38. 5
34 7
34 7
32 0
30 3
33.1
34 7
37.1
3! 1
35.6
33.3
35 3
34 2
37 3
33 5
35 1
32.3
36.0
34. 7
37 6
31 0
36. 1
32.8
36.0
34 9
37 9
33 9
36. 7
?2 «
$1.95
2.38
$1. 95
2.38
$1.94
2. 37
$1.88
2 31
$1 82
2. P.5
Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade *...........- ............. $2.01
Wholesale trade........ .............................. 2.45
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipm ent.................................... 2. 27
Drugs, chemicals, and allied prod2.49
u c t s _______________________
Dry goods and apparel— .............. 2. 44
2. 26
Groceries and related products----Electrical goods.............................. 2.54
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods..................................... ........ 2.35
Machinery, equipment, and supplies________________________ 2. 63
Reta'l trade--------- ------- ------------------ 1.81
General merchandise stores............. 1.57
1.72
Department stores__________
1.23
Limited price variety stores—
Food stores................................. ...... 1. 89
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores............................. .......... 1.93
1.60
Apparel and accessories »tores-----Men’s and bov«’ apparel stores. 1. 80
1.45
Women's ready tn-wear stores.
1.53
Family clothing stores_______
1.
75
Shoe stores_________________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.97
2. 40
$1 96
2. 39
$1.96
2.41
$1.95
2.38
2.25
2.24
2. 24
2. 24
2. 21
2.21
2.20
2.22
2.13
2.07
2. 48
2.43
2.19
2. 53
2. 48
2. 45
2. 20
2. 53
2. 47
2.46
2.20
2.53
2. 48
2.50
2. 22
2. 51
2. 44
2 40
2. 20
2. 47
2. 44
2. 44
2. 19
2. 49
2. 43
2. 43
2. 17
2.46
2 43
2. 43
2.15
2.46
2. 35
2. 45
2.11
2. 42
2. 28
2 38
2. 05
2.36
2. 30
2. 31
2.28
2. 28
2.22
2.15
2. 53
1.75
1. 52
1.67
1.18
1.82
2.51
1. 75
1. 63
1. 67
1.20
1.82
2. 58
1 75
1.53
1.68
1.20
1.82
2. 54
1. 75
1 53
1 67
1 20
1.82
2. 49
1. 68
1. 46
1.60
1.14
1.76
2.44
1.62
1.40
1.63
1.09
1.08
1.86
1.65
1.77
1.42
1.49
1.66
1.86
1 56
1.75
1 41
l. 49
1.69
1.80
1 56
1 76
1. 42
1 47
1.71
1.79
1. 51
1. 72
1 30
1.44
1.61
1.72
1 47
1.67
1 31
1.39
1.61
$1.94
2. 42
$1.99
2. 44
$1.99
2.44
$1.99
2. 43
$1.98
2.41
2.26
2.25
2. 24
2.24
2. 51
2. 47
2. 25
2. 53
2 51
2.43
2.24
2.53
2.50
2. 42
2.23
2.54
2. 46
2.41
2.21
2.52
2.34
2.32
2.32
2.32
2. 33
2.34
2.33
2.33
2.62
1. 79
1. 54
1. 69
1 21
1. 87
2.62
1.78
1.55
1.69
1.23
1.87
2.60
1.78
1.54
1.68
1.22
1.86
2. 59
1.79
1.55
1.71
1.21
1.86
2. 65
1. 75
1.51
1. 64
1.16
1.84
2. 59
1.77
1.52
1. 66
1. 19
1. 86
2. 57
1. 77
1.54
1. 70
1.19
1.85
2.60
1.78
1. 55
1.71
1. 19
1.84
1.91
1.60
1.78
1.44
1.52
1.80
1.91
1. 56
1.75
1.43
1. 50
1.70
1.90
1.58
1.77
1.44
1. 53
1.66
1.90
1.60
1.79
1.46
1.55
1.69
1.88
1. 57
1.76
1 43
1.51
1.73
1.90
1. 57
1. 76
1. 44
1. 51
1.67
1.89
1.56
1. 76
1.43
1. 49
1.67
1.87
1.58
1. 75
1.43
1.49
1.70
1.85
1. 54
1. 76
1.39
1.48
1.61
1003
O.— EARNTNOS A V I) H O U R S
T
able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry
Continued
Annual
average
1962
1063
Industry
M ay8 Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Nov.
Dec.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1961
1960
Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade '—Continued
Retail trade '—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores___ m i si L sloo
Other retail trad e______ ________ 78 08 77 83
Motor vehicle dealers........... . 97.45 97.01
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers___________________ 81. 72 81.22
Drug stores________________ 58.24 58.24
Finance, Insurance, and real estate:
Banking ....... ........................ ................ 74 03 74.23
Security dealers and exchanges_______ 122.93 119.06
Insurance carriers__________________ 95. 56 95. 54
l.tfe Insurance_________________ 100 19 100. 23
Accident and health insurance___ 81.81 81.31
Fire, marine, and casualty in
surance_______ ______________ 91.91 91.83
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels •_ 47.74 46.97
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants____ __________________ 52.54 52.40
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and dis
tributing____________________ 116.08 118.04
Wholesale and retail trade*—Continued
Retail trade '—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores___
Other retail trade ____ ________
Motor vehicle dealers_______
Other vehicle and accessory
Drug stores_____________
Finance, Insurance, and real estate:
B inking ..................................................
Security dealers and exchanges_______
Insur .nee carriers_________________
Life insurance_________________
Accident and health insurance___
Fire, marine, and casualty in
surance ______ _____________
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels •.
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants______________________
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distrib
uting_______________________
680.60 $80.40 682.21 683.63 681.39 680.38 681.38 681.56 682.17 680. 54 679. 90 'S677 64
76. 63 76. 63 76 82 77. 19 76. 63 76. 22 75. 76 76. 68 76. 49 76. 54 75. 76 73. 57
93. 74 92.87 92. 43 93.96 95. 05 93.08 90.48 93. Ö7 93. 73 94.60 93. 73 88.44
80. 66 80. 91 82. 57 81.84 78. 58 79.64 80. 70 81.77 81.51 80. 70 80. 15 78.59
57. 72 57.88 58. 40 58. 30 57.31 57.31 57. 72 58. 75 58.06 57. 13 56. 58 55. 80
74.23 74. 03 74.23 73 30
116.34 IS 10 117 26 16. 09
95. 81 95. 79 95. 41 94 60
100. 83 100. 64 100 98 00. 14
81.13 81.53 81. 77 80.20
$74.98
71 57
87.91
77.26
53. 34
72. 72 72. 54
12. 66 09. 10
94. 26 94.07
99. 57 99. 44
79. 14 78. 20
71.97
11 25
93. 76
98. 92
78. 45
71.80
10.68
94.35
00. 61
78.30
72. 56
16. 29
94.89
00. 82
77.97
71.80
23 73
93 21
98.65
78.00
71.42
17.09
93 25
98. 70
78. ^2
69. 19
33 35
89 83
95 11
74. 41
67. 15
117 12
87 41
93.32
71.33
91.73
91.82
90.56
89. 68
89.58
89.44
89.27
88.50
89. 71
88.32
88.09
85.14
81.96
47.36
47.62
47.36
47.62
47.99
47.72
46.05
45.89
45.94
47.64
46. 77
45. 54
43.89
50.95
50.42
50. 6P
51.08
50.70
50. S3
50.83
50.83
50. 70
51.35
51.87
49.28
48.11
118.11 119. 41 120.13 124.01 116. 99 120.82 120.01 117.50 115. 37 114.19 111.97 116. 45
Average weekly hours
113.69
40. 7
41.3
43.7
40.5
41.4
43.7
40.5
41.2
43.6
40.4
41.2
43.6
40.7
41 3
43.6
41.4
41.5
43.7
40.9
41.2
43 6
40.8
41.2
43.7
41.1
41.4
43.5
41.4
41.9
43.9
41.5
41.8
43.8
41.3
41.6
44.0
41 4
43.8
41.3
41.8
44.0
41.2
42.1
44. 4
43.7
36.4
43.9
36.4
43.6
36.3
43.5
36.4
44.1
36.5
44 0
36.9
43.9
36 5
44.0
36.5
44.1
37.0
44.2
37.9
44.3
37.7
44.1
37.1
43.8
36.5
44.4
37.2
44.4
37.3
37.2
37.3
37.3
37.2
37.3
37.4
37.1
37.2
37.1
37.2
37.4
37.2
37.2
37.0
37.1
38.5
38.5
38.5
38.4
38.5
38.4
38.7
38.8
38.7
39.9
39.6
39.7
39.3
39.6
39.9
39.5
39.4
38.6
38.2
38.4
38.7
38.7
39.1
39.1
39.1
39.3
39.5
39.9
38.8
38.8
........
A verage hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade '—Continued
Retail trade <—Continued
Other vehicle and accessory
Drug stores___ ___________
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking
_________________________
Security dealers and exchanges______
Insurance carriers_________________
Life Insurance_______ _________
Accident and health insurance___
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance.
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotel« and lodging places:
$2. 01
1 89
2.23
$2. 00
1.88
2.22
$1.99
1.86
2.15
$1.99
1.86
2.13
$2.02
1.86
2.12
$2.02
1.86
2. 15
$1.99
1. 86
2. 18
$1.97
1.85
2.13
$1.98
1.83
2.08
$1.97
1.83
2.12
$1.98
1.83
2.14
$1.95
1.84
2.15
$1.93
1.83
2.14
$1.88
1. 76
2.01
$1.82
1. 70
1.98
1. 87
1.60
1.85
1.60
1.85
1.59
1.86
1.59
1.87
1.60
1.86
1.58
1. 79
1. 57
1.81
1.57
1.83
1. 56
1.85
1. 55
1.84
1.54
1.83
1.54
1.83
1. 55
1.77
1. 50
1.74
1. 43
1.99
1.99
1.99
1.99
1.99
1.96
1.96
1.95
1.94
1.93
1.94
1.93
1.92
1.87
1.81
1.24
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.23
1.24
1.24
1.23
1.19
1.15
1.16
1.20
1.19
1.15
1.10
1.33
1.33
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.31
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.29
1.30
1.30
1.27
1.24
Personal services:
plants______________________
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distrib
uting. ........................................
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to Decem
ber ie«l, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1,
table A-3.
8 Preliminary.
» Based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter
state Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees who received pay
during the month, except executives, officials, and stall assistants (ICC
Group I).
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
t Data relate to nonsupervisory employees eicepi messengers.
• Excludes eating and drinking places.
1 Money payments only, additional value of board, room, uniforms, ana
tips not Included.
S o u r c e ; U.8. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for Class I railroads. (See footnote 3.)
1004
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
C-2. Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries1
1963
Industry division and group
M ay2 Apr.
Mar.
1962
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
M in in g ................................. .........................
42.0
41.8
40.9
41.6
41.3
40.6
41.1
41.1
41.3
41.2
40.9
40.6
41.0
Contract construction...............................
37.5
37.3
37.4
36.6
36.5
35.4
37.3
37.2
37.7
37.3
37.4
36.7
37.5
Manufacturing.......................................................
40.7
40.3
40.4
40.3
40.2
40.3
40.4
40.1
40.5
40.2
40.5
40.5
40.6
Durable goods...................................
Ordnance and accessories_______
Lumber and wood products except furniture .
Furniture and fixtures.............................
Stone, clay, and glass products........
Primary metal industries.........................
Fabricated metal products________________
Machinery___ ___________
Electrical equipment and supplies......
Transportation equipment..........................
Instruments and related products__
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_________
41.3
40.9
39.8
41.1
41.5
41.7
41.5
41.6
40.3
42.4
41.0
39.7
40.8
40.4
39.7
40.7
41.3
41.5
41.0
41.3
40.1
41.5
40.6
39.3
41.0
41.0
39.7
40.5
41.2
40.6
41.2
41.5
40.3
41.7
40.9
39.6
41.0
41.5
40.1
40.6
40.7
40.7
41.3
41.7
40.5
41.9
41.0
39.7
40.7
41.2
40.0
40.5
40.4
40.2
41.2
41.6
40.3
41.6
40.6
39.4
41.1
41.6
39.7
40.4
40.5
40.2
40.8
41.6
40.3
42.3
41.2
39.5
41.1
41.4
39.7
40.6
40.9
40.1
41.3
41.7
40.5
42.9
40.9
39.3
40.7
41.1
39.4
40.5
41.0
39.7
41.1
41.5
40.5
42.2
40.7
39.4
41.0
41.2
40.2
40.8
41.3
39.9
41.0
41.7
40.6
42.4
40.8
40.0
40.9
41.4
40. 3
40.5
41.2
39.7
41.0
41.9
40.5
41.5
41.0
39.7
41.0
40. 9
40.4
40.6
41.4
39.6
41.1
41.8
40. 7
42.1
40. 8
39.8
41.0
41.5
39 fi
41.3
41.0
39 fi
41.4
41 8
40. 7
41 9
41 1
39.9
41 1
41 3
40 2
41 3
41.2
39 9
41.3
41 Q
40 7
42 2
41 1
40.1
Nondurable goods.......... .................
Food and kindred products___________
Tobacco manufactures......................................
Textile mill products..................................
Apparel and related products_____________ .
Paper and allied products.................. ..............
Printing, publishing, and allied industries__
Chemicals and allied products__
Petroleum refining and related industries.. .
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products__
Leather and leather products__________________
39.9
41.0
38.9
41.0
36.6
42.8
38.4
41.6
41.9
40.8
37.6
39.6
40.7
36.1
40.6
36.2
42.4
38.2
42.0
42.2
40.9
37.0
39.8
41.1
39.2
40.4
36.7
42.7
38.4
41.5
40.9
41.1
36.8
39.5
40.9
37.5
40.1
36.1
42.7
38.3
41.4
41.0
41.0
36.8
39.4
40.7
38.5
40.0
35.8
42.5
38.1
41.3
41.8
40.9
36.8
39.6
40.9
39.0
40.2
36.4
42.8
38.3
41.4
41.9
41.0
37.4
39.4
41.0
39.4
39.9
36.1
42.5
38.1
41.4
41.6
40.9
36.9
39.3
40.7
38.7
40.0
35.8
42.2
37.9
41.5
41.8
40.6
36.9
39.7
41.1
39.5
40.3
36.4
42.6
38.3
41.5
42.1
41.0
37.8
39.4
40.7
37.4
40.3
36.1
42.5
38.3
41. 5
41. 7
40.5
37.5
39.8
41. 6
37.1
40. 7
36.4
42. 7
38.3
41 /Í
41. 7
40. 5
37.6
40 0
41.1
37. 9
41.0
3fi. 8
42 8
38 4
41 fi
41 7
41. 5
38.0
40 1
41 3
38 fi
41.3
3fi fi
42 fi
38 4
41 7
41 fi
41 5
38.0
38.7
40.7
37.9
38.7
40.6
37.9
38.6
40.6
37.8
38.7
40.5
37.9
38.7
40.4
37.8
38.7
40.6
38.0
38.7
40.6
37.9
38.6
40.5
37.8
38.7
40.6
38.0
38.7
40.6
37.9
38. 7
40.6
37.9
38.7
40.7
37.9
38 8
40.7
38.0
Wholesale and retail trade 8__________ . _
Wholesale trade____________________
Retail trade 3______ ______ _______
• For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3.
* Preliminary.
8 Excludes eating and drinking places.
T able
N ote: The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “ New
Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor
Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.
C-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by
major industry group 1
1963
1962
Annual
average
Major industry group
M ay2 Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept. Aug.
July
June
May
1961
1960
Manufacturing_______________________
$2.37
$2.38
$2.36
$2.36
$2.36
$2.35
$2. 33
$2.32
$2.31
$2.29
$2.31
$2.31
$2.31
$2.25
$2.20
Durable goods______________________
Ordnance and accessories___________
Lumber and wood products except
furniture..............................................
Furniture and fixtures.......................... .
Stone, clay, and glass products.............
Prim ary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products...................
Machinery_______________________
Electrical equipment and supplies........
Transportation equipment............ ........
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
tries_______ _________ __________
2.54
2.82
2.54
2.81
2. 53
2.83
2.53
2. 82
2.52
2.81
2. 52
2. 78
2.50
2.78
2.48
2. 76
2.48
2.77
2.46
2.75
2. 47
2. 75
2. 47
2. 76
2. 47
2. 76
2. 42
2. 71
2.36
2.60
1.93
1.91
2.36
2. 95
2. 52
2.67
2.40
2.86
2.42
1.91
1.91
2.37
2.98
2.51
2. 66
2.40
2.86
2.41
1.90
1.91
2.36
2.93
2. 51
2. 66
2.39
2.87
2.42
1.89
1.90
2.36
2.92
2.50
2.66
2.39
2.86
2. 42
1.89
1.90
2.36
2.91
2.49
2.65
2.38
2.86
2.40
1.92
1.90
2. 36
2.90
2.49
2.65
2. 38
2.86
2. 40
1.93
1.89
2.35
2.89
2. 48
2. 64
2.36
2. 84
2. 40
1.91
1.89
2.33
2. 89
2.47
2.63
2.35
2.83
2.39
1.93
1.88
2.33
2. 89
2.48
2.62
2. 35
2.83
2. 38
1.91
1.88
2.32
2.88
2. 46
2.60
2.33
2. 80
2.37
1.91
1.88
2. 32
2.88
2. 47
2. 60
2.34
2.80
2.37
1.91
1.88
2.32
2.88
2. 46
2.60
2.34
2.78
2.37
1.89
1.89
2.30
2. 89
2.47
2.60
2.34
2. 78
2.38
1.88
1.86
2.25
2.84
2.42
2.54
2.30
2.72
2.32
1.82
1.82
2.20
2.75
2.36
2.47
2.23
2.65
2.26
Nondurable goods....................................
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures______________
Textile mill products..............................
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products___________
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries........ ..............................................
Chemicals and allied p roducts...........
Petroleum refining and related indus
tries___________________________
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products_________ _____ ________
Leather and leather products________
1.96
1.98
1.97
1.98
1.98
1.96
1.92
1.91
1.90
1.90
1.92
1.91
1.91
1.87
1.84
2.14
2.24
2.01
1.63
1.64
2.34
2.15
2. 24
1.98
1.64
1.64
2.34
2.14
2.23
1.94
1. 64
1. 66
2.34
2.13
2.23
1.91
1.64
1.65
2.33
2.14
2.22
1.88
1.63
1.66
2.33
2.12
2. 20
1.85
1.63
1.64
2.32
2.11
2.17
1.83
1. 63
1.64
2.31
2.10
2.15
1.68
1.63
1.64
2.31
2.10
2.13
1.67
1.62
1.65
2.30
2.09
2.13
1.78
1.62
1.64
2.30
2.10
2. 13
1.95
1.62
1.63
2.29
2. 10
2.16
1. 96
1.62
1.62
2.28
2.09
2.16
1.95
1.62
1.63
2. 27
2.05
2.09
1. 74
1.57
1.61
2.23
1. 99
2.02
1.67
1.56
1.56
2.15
(8)
2.62
m
2.61
(3)
2. 61
(8)
2.62
(8)
2.62
(*)
2. 62
(")
2. 61
(>)
2.60
(3)
2. 59
(3)
2.59
(3)
2.58
(3)
2. 57
(3)
2.54
(3)
2.51
(*)
2.43
3.04
3.09
3.09
3.06
3.07
2.99
2. 98
2.96
2.96
2. 95
2.97
2.95
2.95
2. 94
2.82
2.41
1. 73
2.40
1.73
2.40
1.72
2.40
1.70
.41
1.71
2. 41
1.70
2.39
1.71
2.38
1.70
2. 38
1.70
2. 38
1.69
2.40
1.68
2.38
1.69
2.36
1.69
2.32
1.65
2.26
1.61
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to Decem
ber 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1,
table A-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime are derived by as
suming that overtime hours are paid for at the rate of time and one-half.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8 Preliminary.
’ Not available because average overtime rates are significantly above
time and one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable goods
total has little effect.
1005
O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C-4. Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1
1963
A nnual
average
1962
In d u stry
M a y 2 Apr.
M anufacturing..... .....................
D urable goods_____ _______________
N ondurable goods___________________
M ar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
1961
1960
2.8
2.9
2.6
2.4
2.5
2.4
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.9
3.1
2.7
2.9
3.0
2.8
2.8
2.9
2.7
3.0
3.1
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.9
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.4
2.3
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.5
1.9
1.7
.9
2.5
1.5
1.6
1.2
1.6
2.1
1.9
2.1
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.2
2.6
2.7
2.4
2.9
2.9
3.1
2.7
4.0
2.9
2.6
2.0
3.4
2.7
2.4
2.1
2.8
2.5
2.2
1.7
2.7
2.5
2.2
1.9
2.8
2.1
2.3
2.0
3.0
2.2
2.1
1.8
2.4
2.4
2.1
1.9
2.4
2.2
1.9
1.6
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.7
2.7
1.8
3.2
3.2
2.9
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.9
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.9
3.2
3.2
3.8
3.6
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.5
2.9
2.9
2.9
3.0
3.5
3.5
3.1
2.6
2.7
2.3
1.6
2.3
3.9
1.9
3.6
2.1
3.2
2.1
6.4
3.0
3.1
2.8
3.5
2.7
3.1
2.8
2.6
2.2
2.4
1.3
1.2
1.9
3.3
1.6
3.2
2.3
2.8
1.6
5.6
2.5
2.8
2.8
3.1
2.9
3.2
2.6
2.9
2.6
2.9
1.8
1.3
2.2
3.0
1.3
3.3
2.0
2.6
1.7
4.5
2.7
2.5
1.8
3.5
2.9
3.0
2.2
2.7
2.5
2.7
1.8
1.7
2.0
2.7
1.5
3.3
1.7
2.5
1.6
3.6
2.5
2.4
1.5
3.6
2.8
2.8
1.9
2.5
2.5
2.7
1.8
1.9
2.1
2.7
1.5
3.3
1.6
2.4
1.7
3.5
2.3
2.3
1.3
3.1
2.8
3.3
2.4
2.7
3.3
3.7
2.2
1.6
2.9
2.9
1.8
3.8
1.3
2.5
1.9
3.8
2.4
2.3
1.1
3.5
2.9
3 2
2.5
2.7
3.0
3.2
1.6
2.5
2.9
3.4
2.2
3.6
1.7
2.9
2.1
5.0
2.7
2.1
1.0
3.0
2.8
3.2
2.8
3.0
3.3
3.4
2.0
3.7
2.8
3.7
1.5
3.5
1.8
3.0
2.3
6.0
2.7
2.0
.9
2.9
2.3
3.8
3.2
3.1
3.4
3.4
2.4
4.6
3.2
3.9
2.0
3.4
2.3
3.1
2.0
6.4
2.9
2.2
1.3
2.7
3.0
3.7
3.3
3.1
3.2
3.2
2.0
4.0
3.4
3.9
1.6
3.4
2.1
3.2
2.1
6.7
2.8
1.9
.9
2.5
3.1
3.5
4.0
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.4
3.6
2.6
3.8
1.8
3.8
2.1
3.2
1.7
6.3
2.7
2.0
1.1
2.8
2.6
3.5
3.4
3.2
3.1
3.1
2.4
3.6
3.0
3.7
1.6
3.7
1.8
2.9
1.6
6.3
2.9
2.3
1.1
3.4
2.9
3.4
3.3
3.0
2.5
2.6
1.7
2.8
2.4
3.6
1.3
3.5
1.9
3.2
1.2
6.2
2.8
2.0
1.0
3.2
2.3
2.8
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.0
2.4
2.5
3.1
2.1
3.6
1.5
2.7
1.5
5.0
2.3
1.9
1.3
2.1
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.7
3.1
2.4
3.6
1.6
2.7
1.5
4.8
2.4
1.8
1.3
2.1
3.0
3.7
2.9
3.1
3.0
3.2
2.5
2.8
2.7
2.4
3.1
3.4
3.1
2.9
2.7
2.3
3.3
3.0
2.9
2.6
2.5
3.5
3.2
3.3
2.7
2.7
3.9
3.3
3.8
2.9
2.4
3.8
2.9
3.2
3.0
2.5
3.4
2.9
3.2
3.0
2.8
3.7
3.0
3.5
3.3
4.9
3.2
2.6
2.9
3.1
4.3
3.3
2.8
2.7
2.9
4.7
4.1
3.2
3.4
3.1
4.0
3.4
2.9
2.8
2.9
3.5
3.1
2.3
2.3
2.4
3.2
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.6
2.8
2.6
2.2
2.8
2.6
2.9
3.1
3.Ï
2.4
2.5
2.1
2.3
2.9
2.8
2.0
2.1
1.6
2.7
3.7
3.8
3.0
2.9
1.3
2.0
3.1
3.0
2.6
2.1
17
2.2
3.5
3.3
3. 1
2.8
1.7
2.1
3.9
3.2
2.8
2.8
1.8
2.0
4.0
3.4
3.2
2.9
2.0
2.3
4.3
3.6
3.5
3.0
1.9
2.5
3.7
3.8
3.3
2.9
2.5
2.6
3.6
3.8
3.6
3.1
2.5
3.0
4.2
4.1
3.6
3.2
2.2
3.0
3.6
3.7
3.1
3.0
1.9
2.8
3.6
3.2
2.8
2.7
2.2
2.8
4.0
3.4
3.7
3.1
1.6
2.6
3.8
3.6
3.3
2.9
1.5
2.3
2.6
2.9
2.8
2.7
1.4
2.4
2.5
3.7
2.7
2.6
2.7
3.1
2.4
2.0
2.6
2.2
2.7
1.7
2.2
2.2
2.5
3.2
2.7
2.6
2.4
2.3
3.0
2.6
2.5
2.3
2.4
2.8
2.0
2.0
2.2
2.6
3.1
2.5
1.9
2.3
2.6
2.8
1.9
1.6
2.2
2.7
2.9
1.9
1.8
2.5
2.7
3.0
2.3
2.1
2.7
2.5
3.0
2.3
1.9
2.8
2.2
3.2
2.1
1.7
3.0
2.7
3.4
2.3
2.1
2.9
2.6
3.3
2.5
2.2
2.8
2.3
2.5
1.7
1.6
1.9
1.9
2.7
1.8
1.9
1.8
4.9
3.4
2.4
4.6
3.1
2.0
5. 1
3.5
2.4
4.7
3.5
2.3
4.4
3.5
2.2
4.7
3.7
2.6
4.3
3.3
2.5
4.1
3.3
2.6
4.2
3.6
2.6
4.5
3.3
2.7
4.9
3.4
3.0
5.2
3.8
3.2
5.3
3.5
2.9
3.4
2.8
2.0
4.3
3.3
2.1
1.6
2.5
4.2
1.9
1.9
2.4
2.2
1.9
1.8
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.7
3.6
1.5
1.5
1.9
1.5
1.4
.9
1.2
1.6
1.7
2.3
4.2
1.9
1.9
2.2
2.2
1.7
1.4
1.9
1.9
1.5
1.8
3.9
1.9
1.8
2.4
1.6
1.6
1.4
2.1
1.9
1.3
1.6
4.1
1.9
1.5
2.1
1.3
1.7
1.2
2.2
1.7
1.5
1.7
4.3
2.4
2.5
2.2
2.3
2.0
2.1
2.5
2.1
1.3
1.6
4.2
2.3
2.2
2.3
1.9
2.1
1.7
2.4
2.1
1.4
1.8
4.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
1.8
2.1
2.2
2.5
1.9
1.4
2.0
4.4
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.1
2.4
2.6
3.0
2.1
1.3
2.1
4.1
2.1
2.0
2.1
2.2
1.8
2.4
2.3
1.9
1.6
2.5
4.2
2.0
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.6
2.0
1.8
1.8
1.5
3.0
4.0
2.3
2.2
2.6
2.0
1.9
2.5
2.2
2.2
1.5
2.2
4.0
2.1
1.9
2.4
1.6
1.7
1.6
2.5
2.1
2.2
1.6
3.5
1.9
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.6
2.1
1.9
1.9
1.9
3.4
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.4
2.5
1.6
2.2
3.4
4.3
2.1
3.7
1.9
2.8
2.4
2.3
1.6
2.7
3.3
1.9
2.9
1.9
2.7
1.9
1.8
1.8
3.1
3.7
2.3
2.9
2.3
2.9
2.3
2.5
2.6
3.0
3.3
2.6
3.3
1.6
2.6
2.2
2.3
3.4
3.3
3.8
2.8
3.1
1.6
1.8
2.2
2 8
3.8
4.6
6.1
3.2
3.4
1.5
2.1
2.5
3.1
3.7
4.5
5.9
3.2
3.0
1.2
1.9
2.5
2.7
3.5
3.9
4.9
3.2
2.9
1.7
2.7
2.5
2.8
2.9
3.6
4.5
3.0
2.5
1.7
3.0
2.5
2.9
2.3
3.1
3.6
2.7
3.0
2.1
3.3
2.4
2.7
3.1
3.3
4.0
2.5
2.8
1.8
2.5
2.4
2.7
3.3
3.3
3.9
2.6
2.7
2.5
3.6
2.5
2.6
3.2
3.4
4.0
2.7
2.9
2.8
3.5
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.5
.9
1.8
2.1
2.2
1.9
2.7
3.2
2.2
2.4
1.2
1.7
2.1
2.8
2.3
2.2
1.8
2.1
2.1
2.5
1.9
2.3
1.9
2.0
2.6
2.1
2.5
1.7
2.3
2.5
2.3
2.5
2.3
2.0
2.5
2.1
2.3
2.5
1.9
2.2
1.9
2.0
1.9
1.8
2.1
3.4
1.8
1.7
2.3
1.4
2.2
2.9
1.7
1.9
3.2
1.7
1.6
3.1
.5
2.2
3.0
1.8
2.2
3.4
2.0
2.4
2.7
2.1
2.5
2.7
2.1
2.5
2.5
2.0
2.4
2.6
1.6
2.3
2.8
2.3
2.1
2.9
1.7
2.1
2.9
1.5
2.2
2.5
1.0
D u ra b le goods
Ordnance and accessories.................... .........
A m m unition except for small arm s........
Sighting and lire control eq u ip m en t___
O ther ordnance and accessories_____
L um ber and wood products except
furnitu re............. ............... .....................
Sawmills and planing mills......................
M illw ork, plywood, and related produ c ts............................................ ................
Wooden containers__________________
M iscellaneous wood products_______
F u rn itu re and fixtures..................................
H ousehold fu rn itu re......................... .........
Office fu rn itu re.......... . .............................
P artitions; office and store fixtures.........
O ther furniture and f i x t u r e s ____
Stone, clay, and glass products_________
F la t glass____________ _____ _________
Glass and glassware, pressed or b lo w n ..
C em ent h y d rau lic___________________
Structural clay p ro d u cts_____________
P o ttery and related products......... .........
Concrete, gypsum , and plaster products.
O ther stone and m ineral products___
P rim ary m etal industries............................
B last furnace and basic steel p ro d u c ts ...
Iron and steel foundries______________
N onferrous sm elting and refining...........
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extr a d in g ......... ...........................................
Nonferrous foundries________________
M iscellaneous prim ary m etal industries.
Fabricated m etal products_____________
M etal cans_________________________
C utlery, h an d tools, and general hardw are..........................................................
H eating equipm ent and plum bing fixtures............... ...........................................
Fabricated structural m etal p ro d u c ts ...
Screw machine products, bolts, etc........
M etal stam pings____________________
Coating, engraving, and allied services..
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
M iscellaneous fabricated m etal products..............................................................
M achinery___________________________
Engines and tu rb in es.................................
F arm m achinery and eq u ip m en t_____
C onstruction and related m achinery__
M etalw orking m achinery and equipm e n t____ ____ ____________________
Special indu stry m achinery__________
General industrial m achinery________
Office, com puting and accounting machines_______ _____________________
Service in dustry m achines___________
M iscellaneous m achinery____________
Electrical equipm ent and supplies______
Electric distribution eq u ip m en t. __
Electrical industrial ap p aratus_______
H ousehold appliances_________ _____ _
Electric lighting and wiring eq u ip m en t.
Radio and TV receiving sets...................
C om m unication e q u ip m e n t.._______
Electronic com ponents and accessories..
M iscellaneous electrical equipm ent and
supplies___________ _______________
T ransportation e q u ip m en t_____________
M otor vehicles and eq u ip m en t........... .
Aircraft and p a rts___________________
Ship and boat building and re p a irin g .. .
R ailroad e q u ip m en t_________________
O ther transportation eq u ip m en t____
Instrum en ts and related products______
Engineering and scientific in stru m en ts.
M echanical measuring and control devices_________ ______________ _____
Optical and ophthalm ic goods...............
Surgical, medical, and dental equipm e n t....................................... .................
Photographic equipm ent and su p p lies..
W atches and clocks__________________
See footnotes a t end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
1006
T able
C-4. Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1—Continued
Annual
average
1962
1963
Industry
M ay2
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1961
1960
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable good»—Continued
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are...
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods..
Tens, pencils, office and art m aterials..
Costume Jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing Industries_____
Nondurable good»
Food and kindred products
Meat products____________________
Dairy products____ _____ _________
Canned and preserved food, except meats.
Grain mill products
Bakerv products
Sugar.......................................................
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages...............................................
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod
ucts.______ _____________________
Tobacco manufactures.______________
Cigarettes________________________
Cigars______ _____________________
Textile mill products________________
Cotton broad woven fabrics
Silk and svnthettc broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
Narrow fabrics and smallwares______
Knitting......................... .......................
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering____________________
Yarn and thread
Miscellaneous textile goods_________
Apparel and related products.
Men’s and hovs’ suits and coats______
M en’s and boys’furnishings_________
Women’s, misses’, and juniors' outer
w ear................... ........... .....................
Women’s and children’s undergar
ments........ ...........................................
Hats, caps, and millinery......................
Glris’ and children’s outerwear........ .
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod
ucts..... ................................. ................
Paper and allied products__________ . . .
Paper and pulp........................ ......... .
Paperboard..............................................
Con verted paper and paperboard prod
ucts............... ........................................
Paperboard containers and boxes..........
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.
Newspaper publishing and printing__
Periodical publishing and printing.......
. .
Books...............
Commercial printing............................
Bookbinding and related Industries__
Other publishing and printing indus
tries. ........................................... ..........
Chemicals and allied products_________
Industrial chemicals_______ _____ _
P'astics and synthetics, except glass__
Drugs. _____ ___________ _______
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods............
Paints, varnishes and allied products..
Agricultural chemicals.... ............. .........
Other chemical products____________
Petroleum refining and related industries.
Petroleum refining..................................
Other petroleum and coal products___
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prodTires and Inner tubes_______________
Other rubber products____ _________
Miscellaneous plastic products
Leather and leather products ________
Leather tanning and finishing...............
Footwear except rubber.
Other leather products____ ______
2.0
2.7
1.6
1.7
2.2
2.2
1.8
2.3
1.5
1.4
2.0
2.0
2. 2
2.7
1.7
1.8
2.3
2.5
2.1
2.5
1.7
2.0
2.3
2.3
2.0
2.5
1.7
1.9
1.7
2.3
2.4
4.1
1.5
2.1
2.2
2.5
2.3
3.4
2.1
1.8
1.9
2.5
2.5
3.4
2.3
3.1
2.0
2.6
2.6
3.2
2.4
2.2
2.1
2.9
2.3
2.7
1.9
2.2
2.4
2.6
1.9
2.2
1.6
1.6
2.0
2.1
2.3
2.9
2.0
1.6
3.0
2.4
2.4
3.1
2. 2
1.9
2. 5
2.3
2.1
3.0
1.9
1.8
1.9
2.2
2.1
2.8
1.9
1. 5
1.7
2.3
3.4
3.5
3.5
2.2
6.0
3.1
5.0
1.9
3.2
2.9
2.9
3.2
1.8
4.7
2.9
4.3
1.7
2.9
3.1
3.2
3.2
2.2
5.4
2.8
3.4
2.3
2.8
3.0
2.9
3.0
2.2
5.6
2.7
3.2
2.3
2.4
3.1
3.4
3.0
2.2
5.7
2.6
3.4
2.3
2.3
3.4
4.2
3.2
2.2
6.1
2.9
3.2
3.0
2.5
3.6
4.5
3.2
2.1
6.4
3.3
4.5
3.1
2.5
3.4
3.8
3.2
2.3
6.9
3.1
2.9
3.3
2.5
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.4
7.0
3.7
4.9
3.4
3.2
3.4
3.1
3.4
2.8
6.9
3.3
4.4
2.6
3.1
3.9
3.9
4.0
3.5
6.9
3. 4
4.6
1.7
4.0
3.6
3. 8
3.8
2.5
0. 6
3.4
4.7
2.0
3.3
8.5
3.9
3.6
2.5
6. 2
3.1
3.9
1.6
3.2
3.3
37
3 1
2.4
6.2
2.9
4.5
2.5
2.8
3.3
3.7
2.9
23
0.0
2.9
42
2.4
2.8
3.8
1.1
1.3
1.0
3.2
3.2
4.3
3.8
3.4
2.0
4.2
3.5
3.2
3.3
1.3
1.1
1.2
3.5
.3
.4
.1
2.8
3.0
3.7
3.0
2.9
1.6
3.8
3.6
2.9
2.8
1.1
.9
.9
3.7
.8
1.0
.8
3.1
3.0
3.9
3.6
3.0
1.8
4.6
4.8
3.1
3.3
1.4
1.3
1.1
4.0
.7
.5
1.1
3.0
2.9
3.9
3.7
3.0
1.7
4.2
4.9
2.9
3.4
1.2
1.3
1.0
3.9
.6
.5
.7
2.8
3.0
4.0
3. 4
3.3
1.6
3.1
3.3
2. 5
3.2
1.0
1.1
.9
4.3
1.1
1.2
1.0
3.0
3.0
4.3
3.1
3.2
1.7
4.4
4.5
2.6
3.7
1.2
1.3
1.0
4.3
1.2
1.5
1.6
3.3
3.2
4.5
3.2
3.3
2.2
4.7
5.1
2.8
3.8
14
11
1.3
4.1
1.2
1.0
1.4
3.2
3.1
4.4
3.4
3.4
2.3
4.2
5.0
3.1
3.6
1.4
1.3
1.3
4.1
1.6
1.4
1.3
3.0
2.8
4.2
3.7
3.2
2.3
3.7
4.7
2.8
3.4
1.4
1.3
1.4
4.0
1.0
.8
1.2
3.1
3.0
4. 4
4.1
3.3
2.3
3.3
4.9
3.3
3.2
1.5
1.2
1.8
4.0
.6
.7
.4
3.1
2.9
4.2
4. 4
3.3
2.4
3.2
3. 4
3.2
3.7
1.3
10
1.3
3.9
.9
.9
.9
3.5
3.1
4.6
6. 2
3. 4
2. 5
4.7
3.8
3.5
4.2
1.4
1.3
1.4
3.9
.7
.9
.5
3.3
3.3
4.3
4. 9
3. 3
2.3
4.3
3. 4
3.4
3. 4
1.3
1.2
1.2
3.9
1.1
12
1.0
2.7
2.7
3.2
33
2.9
20
3.7
3.3
2.8
2.9
1.1
.8
.9
3.9
1.0
1.1
1.0
2.6
2.8
3.3
3 1
2.4
19
3.2
2.8
2. 4
2.8
1.2
1.4
1.0
1.4
1.4
1.8
1.5
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.1
1.1
1.2
1. 5
l.i
1.0
1.1
1.2
.9
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.2
.9
1.0
1.0
.7
.7
1.3
2.1
1.2
.9
1.1
1.7
1.2
.8
.9
1.1
.8
.7
1.2
1.2
.7
1.1
1.7
1.2
.9
1.3
1.7
1.5
1.1
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.1
1.7
4.2
5.2
5.4
1.5
3.8
4.8
5.0
1.5
4.3
5.4
5.9
1.4
4.2
5.2
5.6
1.3
4.2
5.3
5.4
1.8
4.6
5.2
6.3
2.0
4.6
5.2
6.0
2.2
4.6
6.1
6.5
2.1
4.8
5.3
6.4
1.8
4.6
5.2
6.9
1.5
4.7
5.5
6.S
1.8
4.5
5. 2
0. 1
1.7
4.4
6. 4
5. 4
1.6
4.3
5.0
5.6
1.7
4.1
5. 1
5.1
2.7
3.5
2.7
2.7
2.8
3.9
2.9
2.1
2.9
3.3
2.8
2.0
4.0
3.6
3.2
2.2
2.8
3.2
2.5
1.8
3.3
2.8
2.8
1.8
2.9
3.1
2.4
1.8
2.3
2.6
2.7
2.2
3.2
3.8
3.0
3.1
3.3
2.8
3.2
2.1
2.8
4.0
2.8
2.9
3.6
2.8
2.9
2.3
3.0
4.3
2.8
2.7
3.8
3.0
3.0
2.4
3.3
4.6
3.1
2.8
4.4
3.6
3.2
3.2
3.4
4.1
2.9
2.5
3.4
3.6
3.0
2.7
3.0
4.2
2.7
2.4
2.6
3.4
2.8
2.4
3.3
4.0
2.0
2.6
2.6
3.3
2.7
2.1
2.8
3.7
2.8
2.8
2.3
3. 9
2.9
2.5
3.0
3.6
2.7
24
3 1
3.7
2.9
2.1
2.8
3.3
2.9
27
3.6
3.7
3.1
2.1
2.1
2.6
2.2
2.2
1.8
2.2
2.9
6.9
2.7
2.8
1.9
6.0
2.5
3.0
2.4
2.0
3.0
3.1
2.7
2.1
P
1.9
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.0
2.2
2.0
9.6
2.2
2.5
2.1
4.1
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.1
2. 6
2.4
2.0
5.6
2.4
1.7
1.5
2.6
2.7
2.4
2.4
2.0
2.5
2.5
1.7
3.7
2.4
1.6
1.4
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.2
1.9
2. 4
2.3
1.6
3.3
2. 5
2.0
1.7
3.2
2.6
2. 4
2.5
2.1
2.4
2.4
1.6
3.5
2.7
2.0
1.5
4.0
2.4
2.3
2.4
1.9
2.5
2.6
1.5
3.1
2.6
2.5
1.9
4.8
2.7
2.5
2 4
2.0
2.7
2.8
1.8
3.6
2.6
2.5
1.6
5.9
2.7
2.7
2.8
2.3
2.5
3.2
2.3
3.9
2.8
3.0
2.0
6.6
2.8
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.7
2.3
2.8
2.8
2.2
1.3
5.9
2.6
2.8
28
2.8
2.3
2.5
2.4
3.2
2.6
2.6
1.7
6.2
2.4
2.6
2. 4
2.6
2. 4
2.8
2.8
3.3
3.0
2.5
1.6
6.1
2.2
2.7
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.3
3 1
7. 2
2.8
2.2
1.8
4.7
2.5
2.3
2 3
2.0
1.9
2.6
1.9
3 8
2.5
2.0
1.5
4.5
2.6
2.3
2.5
2.0
1.9
2.3
1.9
4.3
2.5
2.0
14
4.5
2.7
2.6
2.3
3.2
1.1
2.9
.9
1.1
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.5
.9
2.3
.7
.9
2.9
2.8
2.5
3.4
1.3
2.3
1.2
1.4
2.9
2.9
2.6
3.2
1.5
2.5
1.3
1.7
2.7
2.8
2.6
3.0
1.2
2.4
1.1
1.2
3.2
35
3 1
3.0
1.3
2.5
1.1
3.1
3.3
3.0
3.2
1.4
2.5
3.0
3.3
2.8
3.1
1.3
2.7
.9
1.8
3.3
3.8
32
3.3
1.4
2.8
1.0
1.8
3.1
3.5
2.9
3.0
1.5
2.8
1.2
1.8
3.0
3.6
2.6
3.0
1.4
2.3
1.3
3.7
4.4
3.5
3.5
1.5
3.0
1.2
1.8
3.2
3.3
3. 1
3.3
1.2
2.8
2.0
27
2. 4
2.9
1.4
2.3
1.1
1.7
2.4
23
2.2
2.5
1.2
2. 1
1.1
1.4
1 "For comparability of data with those published In Issues prior to Decem
ber 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1,
table A-3.
Thpse series cover premium overtime hours of production and related
workers during the pay period ending nearest the 15t.h of the month, Over
time hours are those paid for at premium rates because (1) they exceeded
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
le
1.0
2.1
15
1.0
1.3
either the straight-time workday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week
ends or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours, nours for which
only shift differential, hazard, Incentive, or other similar types of pre
miums were paid are excluded.
1 Preliminary.
100T
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction activities1
[1957-59 = 100]
Annual
average
1962
1963
Activity
Ju n e8 M a y 2 Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1961
1960
Man-hours
Total________________________ ______ - 101.9
M ining---------------------------------------------- 85.9
Contract construction__________________ 104.2
Manufacturing----------------------------- ------ 102.3
99.5
83.5
98.0
100.6
96.1
80.3
88.7
98.2
94.0
76.6
75.6
98.2
92.4
77.3
69.5
97.3
93.4
77.9
75.1
97.5
96.3
79.8
80.7
100.0
99.2
81.3
94.9
100.9
101.7
83.3
105. 3
102.0
103.4
84.3
107.7
103.6
102.0
85.4
110.6
101.3
100.6
82.4
107.7
100.2
100.8
85.4
99.5
101.8
95.1
84.9
94.3
95.8
99.0
91 1
98.3
99.6
104.1
121.0
102.7
121.3
100.0
119.3
99.1
124.1
98.4
125.8
98.7
127.9
100.7
129.9
101.2
129.5
101.8
127.4
102.4
128.0
99.0
127.4
99.8
123.1
102.2
122.4
93.9
118.1
99.4
111.7
96.8
104.0
104.0
105.4
104.1
102.5
113.6
99.7
105.6
98.2
101.2
101.2
102.6
102.2
101.6
111.0
99.9
103.7
93.2
100.4
96.7
100.5
98.7
100.8
109.1
96.5
102.2
90.7
101.2
90.6
95.9
97.9
101.3
110.7
96.5
102.7
90.0
101.1
87.3
94.1
97.5
100.5
111.8
96.4
102.4
90.6
101.7
88.2
92.2
98.4
100.2
113.1
98.2
102.0
92.5
105.7
91.7
92.2
100.2
100.2
115.8
100.7
103.8
96.2
106.0
08.0
90.0
100.7
99.1
115.8
99.5
104. 1
99.6
107.9
100.8
89.8
101.9
99.6
116.4
97.9
103.3
103.1
108.0
102.1
92.5
102.7
100.2
116.9
95.7
103.0
105.0
107.3
103.0
90.5
99.6
99.6
113.4
82.9
103.1
102.3
101.6
101.6
90.3
98.8
100.4
111.8
93.9
101.0
102.7
104.5
101.3
95.2
102.6
102.8
114. 5
95.2
103.1
94.0
97.7
94.8
91.6
94.1
93.2
104.1
83.8
98.8
99.2
102.6
100. 4
98.0
99. 9
99.7
105. 8
92.1
102.8
Durablp goods................ . .......................
Ordnance and accessories________
Lumber and wood products, ex
cept furniture___________ ____
Furniture and fixtures__________
Stone, clay, and glass products.......
Primary metal Industries................
Fabricated metal products..............
Machinery____________________
Electrical equipment and supplies..
Transnortatlon equipment..............
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing In
dustries_____ ________________
96.9
96.9
94.5
91.8
98.9
107 6
111.2
110.7
107.2
101.5
105.1
98.8
101.4
97.9
89.0
74.8
92.4
100.3
103.6
95.9
86.2
69.6
90.7
103.2
101.8
97.1
86.9
77.1
91.6
108.2
102.9
96.0
85.6
80.9
90.6
105.6
101.7
96.0
88.1
89.7
90.2
100. 7
102.6
99.1
93.3
100.0
93.2
103. 5
105.0
100.6
96.8
99 6
94. 4
105.8
104.4
102.2
102.6
120.5
94.8
105.4
105.1
105.2
110.0
133.2
94.6
107.8
106.6
104.3
106.4
104.1
95.7
109. 5
106.1
100.8
101.8
74.0
94.2
102.7
104.1
101.2
95.9
75.6
97.7
105. 5
105.8
98.2
96. 5
94. 4
93. 5
99.1
102.0
99.8
98. 0
&7. 1
96. 5
101. 8
102.1
104.4
106.5
103.0
107.7
102.3
104.1
100.8
102.6
100.9
102.5
104.2
103.5
106.0
103.5
106.0
103.7
106.8
104.5
105.1
104.3
104.0
104.2
105.1
104.8
104.6
100.8
104.4
101.8
103.3 .100.8
100.0
93.8
75.7
93.7
106.6
106.4
Nondurable goods_________________
Food and kindred products______
Tobacco manufactures__________
Textile mill products___________
Apparel and related products____
Paper and allied products...............
Printing, publishing, and allied In
dustries_____________________ 105.0
Chemicals and allied products........ 106.0
Petroleum refining and related
85.4
industries___________________
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products____________________ 110.1
97.0
Leather and leather products____
84.2
83.2
79.2
78.8
80.6
81.4
82.7
83.5
86.5
88.4
90.7
90.2
89.0
93.5
109.0
91.0
107.1
87.5
108.2
93.7
107.8
95.6
109.3
95.7
111. 1
97.8
111.3
95.9
112.0
93.7
112.0
97.0
109.2
101.7
106.8
99.5
112.3
100.6
99.5
97.4
101.5
97. 5
90.2
123.9
115.7
92.0
127.0
117.4
92.2
128. 5
113.6
88.8
124.8
113.2
92.0
114.0
115.1
89.9
106. 4
105.2
95.2
106. 9
106. 6
Payrolls
M ining______________________________
Contract construction__________________
Manufacturing_______________________ 119.1
91.6
115.8
116. 8
88.4
104.3
113.7
84.4
90.1
113.4
85.5
83.3
112.0
85.7
90.3
112.1
87.6
96.9
115.0
87.9
111.9
115.3
and for contract construction, to construction workers, as defined In footnote
1, table A-3.
* Preliminary.
• For comparability of data with those published in Issues prior to Decem
ber 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2.
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related workers
T able C-6. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing1
[In current and 1957-59 dollars]
Annual
average
1962
1963
Item
May 2 Apr.
Mar.
Jan.
Feb.
Dee.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1961
1960
Manufacturing
Gross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars____________________
1957-59 dollars................................u........
Spendable average weekly earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
Current dollars________________
1957-59 dollars.................. ...... ..........
Worker with 3 dependents:
Current dollars________________
1957-59 d o llars......... ............ .........
$99.47 $97.76 $98.09 $97.20 $97. 44 $98. 42 $97.36 $96. 72 $97.68 $95. 75 $96. 80 $97.27 $96. 80 $92. 34
93.66 92.05 92.36 91.61 91.92 93.02 91.85 91.25 92.06 90. 76 91.75 92.37 92.02 88.62
$89.72
87.02
78. 05
73. 98
78.43
74. 48
78. 05
74.19
74.60
71. 59
72. 57
70.39
86. 45 84. 87
81.48 80. 45
85.73
81.26
86.11
81.78
85. 73 82.18
81. 49 78.87
80.11
78.36
73.79
78.63
74. 04
77.91
73. 43
78.11
73.69
79. 35
75.00
78.50
74. 06
77. 99 78.76
73. 58 74.23
87.45
82.34
86.04
81.02
86. 31
81.27
85. 58
80.66
85.78
80. 92
87.05
82. 28
86.19
81.31
85. 66
80.81
i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to Decem
ber 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1,
table A-3.
Spendable average weekly earnings are based on gross average weekly
earnings as published in table C-l less the estimated amount of the workers’
Federal social security and Income tax liability. Since the amount of tax
liability depends on the number of dependents supported by the worker as
well as on the level of his gross Income, spendable earnings have been com
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
77.21
73.18
79.69
75.04
puted for 2 types of income receivers: (1) A worker with no dependents,
and (2) a worker with 3 dependents.
,
The earnings expressed in 1957-59 dollars have been adjusted for changes
in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Consumer Price Index.
2 Preliminary.
N ote: These series are described in “ The Calculation and Uses of the
Spendable Earnings Series,” Monthly Labor Review, January 1959, PD. 50-54.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
1008
D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able D -l. Consumer Price Index.1—All-city average: *A11 items, groups, subgroups, and special
groups of items
[1957-59=100]
1962
1963
Annual
average
Group
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb,
Jan.
Dec.
Nov,
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1962
1961
All items.......................................................... 106.6
106.2
106.2
106.2
106.1
106.0
105.8
106.0
106.0
106.1
105. 5
105. 5
105.3
105 4
104.2
Food *........... ..................................................
Food at home_____________________
Cereals and bakery products...........
Meats, poultry, and fish. _..............
Dairy products________________
Fruits and vegetables......................
Other foods at home *......................
105.0
103.4
109.2
98.4
102.8
115.6
96.9
104.2
102. 5
109.3
98.0
102.8
113.9
94.5
104.3
102.6
109.2
98.3
102.9
112.0
96.2
104.6
103.0
109.1
100.7
103.5
109.6
96.7
105.0
103.5
109.2
102.1
103.6
109.4
97.1
104.7
103.2
108.7
102.5
103.8
106.4
97.6
103. 5
101.9
108.2
102.5
103.9
100.2
97.2
104.1
102.6
108.4
103.5
104.2
102.1
97.2
104.3
102.9
108.0
104.1
104.3
102.0
98.1
104.8
103.5
107.9
106.3
104.2
102.2
97.8
103.8
102.3
107.8
102.6
103.9
105.2
95.2
103.8
102.4
107.9
100.8
103.5
109.9
94.1
103.5
102.1
107.4
99.7
102.7
111.9
93.4
103.6
102.2
107.6
101.7
104.1
105.0
96.1
102.6
101.5
105. 4
99.3
104.8
104.2
97.8
Housing A................ ........................ .............
Rent_____________________________
Gas and electricity............ - ....................
Solid and petroleum fuels.......................
Housefumishings___ _______________
Household operation_______________
105.9
106.7
108.1
102.1
98.5
110.2
105.7
106.6
107.4
102.4
98.4
110.0
105.8
106.5
107.5
104.2
98.5
109.9
105.7
106.4
108.0
104.8
98.6
109.7
105.4
106.4
108.0
104.8
98.3
109.3
105.4
106.3
108.2
104.9
97.9
109.3
105.2
106.2
108.1
104.8
98.6
108.1
105.1
106.2
108.1
103.6
98.7
107.8
105.0
106.1
108.0
102.4
98.8
107.6
104.9
105.9
108.0
101.3
98.7
107.6
104.8
105.8
108.0
100.1
98.5
107.4
104.8
105.7
108.0
99. 7
99.0
107.5
104.8
105.6
107.7
99.4
99.1
107.4
104.8
105. 7
107.9
102.1
98.9
107.4
103.9
104.4
107.9
101.6
99.5
105.9
Apparel.............................. ............................
Men’s and boys’___________________
Women’s and girls’______ __________
Footwear...............................................—
Other apparel *____________________
103.9
104.4
101.2
110.6
101.0
103.7
104.2
101.1
110.3
100.9
103.8
104.1
101.4
110.2
100.9
103.6
103.9
101.1
110.0
101.1
103.3
103.7
100. 7
109.9
100.9
103.0
103.5
100.2
109.8
100.3
103.9
104.3
101.5
109.9
101.3
104.3
104.3
102.5
109.7
101.1
104.9
104.2
104.0
109.6
101.6
104.6
104.0
103.6
109.5
101.2
102.5
102.9
99.9
109.3
100.3
102.9
103.2
100.4
109.2
100.8
102.8
103.1
100.5
109.1
100.4
103.2
103.3
100.9
109.3
100.6
102.8
102.8
101.0
107.8
100.9
Transportation.............................................. 107.4
Private___________________________ 106.1
Public................ ....................... ............ - 116.6
107.4
106.0
116.5
107.0
105.5
116.5
107.0
105.6
116.4
106.8
105.3
116.3
106.6
105.3
115.7
108.0
106.8
115.7
108 3
107.2
115.4
108.1
106.9
116.0
107.8
106.7
115.7
107.4
106.2
115.7
106.8
105.4
115.6
107.3
106.0
115.6
107.2
105.9
115.4
105.0
104.0
111.7
Medical care......... ......................................... 116.8
116.4
116.1
115.8
115.6
115.5
115.3
115,0
114.9
114.7
114.6
114.6
114.4
114.2
111.3
107.6
107.1
106.9
106.8
106.8
106.8
106.1
106.5
104.6
Personal care................................................... 107.8
107.8
107.6
107.3
107.3
107.4
Reading and recreation________________
110.7
111.0
110.1
110.0
110.2
110.0
110.1
109.5
110.0
110.3
110.0
109.2
109.6
107.2
107.6
106.0
105.8
105.7
105.7
105.7
105.6
105.6
105.6
105.6
105.5
105.6
105.2
105.3
104.6
Special groups:
All items less food__________________ 107.3
All items less shelter....................... ........ 106.6
All commodities less food___________ 103.3
107.0
106.1
103.0
107.0
106.1
103.0
106.8
106.1
102.9
106.6
106.1
102.7
106.5
105.9
102.6
106.7
105.8
103.4
106.7
106.0
103.5
106.7
106.1
103.6
106.6
106.1
103.4
106.2
105. 5
102.6
108.1
105.4
102.5
106.1
105.3
102.6
106.1
105.4
102.8
104.8
104.2
102.1
103.7
104.4
104.2
104.7
100.8
98.5
103.8
104.5
104.1
104.6
100.6
98.4
103.6
104.3
104.0
104.7
100.4
98.5
103.6
104.0
104.6
105.1
101.7
98.6
103.9
104.2
104.4
104.5
102.2
98.6
104.0
104.4
104.6
104.5
102.0
98.6
104.1
104.7
104.6
104.6
101.6
98.6
103.2
103.5
103.2
103.7
101.7
98.7
103.1
103.5
103.3
103.5
101.5
98.7
103.1
103. 4
103.4
103.8
101.6
98.8
103.2
103.6
103.8
104.2
101.5
98.8
102.4
102.8
103.2
103.3
100.5
98.fi
111.9
110.8
111.6
110,5
111.2
110.5
111.2
110.1
110.8
110.0
110.6
109.8
110.5
109.8
110.5
109.9
110.6
109.8
110.5
109.5
110.2
109.5
110.2
107.6
108.3
110.2
112.0
119.2
110.5
110.2
111.8
118.9
110.0
109.9
111.4
118.7
109.6
109.9
111.1
118.5
109.7
109.1
110.9
118.2
109.3
108.8
110.7
118.0
109.3
108.7
110.8
117.8
109.1
108.6
110.5
117.5
109.3
108.5
111.7
117.3
109.3
108.6
111.7
117.2
109.1
108.6
111.5
116.9
108.7
108.5
111.2
116.8
108.7
107.2
109.5
113.1
106.8
Other goods and services...............................
110.9
All commodities.............................. ........
Nondurables *_________________
Nondurables less food___________
Nondurables less food and apparel—
Durables 7__ ____ _____________
Durables less cars____ ______
104.1
104.8
104.5
105.0
101.3
98.4
103.6
104.2
104.2
104.7
98.3
103.6
104.2
104.3
104.7
100.9
98.4
All services8................... ........... .............
All services less rent—.........—..........
Household operation services,
gas, and electricity.............. .
Transportation services.............
Medical care services.................
Other services.......... —...........
111.3
112.2
111.1
111.1
110.6
112.3
120.1
110.5
110.2
112.2
119.5
110.3
101. 0
111.9
•T he Consumer Price Index for June 1963 calculated from a 1947-49
=100 base was 130.8. *
1 The Consumer Price Index measures the average change In prices of
goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker
families. Data for 46 large, medium-size, and small cities are combined for
the all-city average.
* In addition to subgroups shown here, total food includes restaurant meals
and other food bought and eaten away from home.
* Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic),
and other miscellaneous foods.
4 In addition to subgroups shown here, total housing Includes the purchase
price of homes and other homeowner costs.
• Includes yard goods, diapers, and miscellaneous items.
• Includes food, house paint, solid fuels, fuel oil, textile housefumishings,
household paper, electric light bulbs, laundry soap and detergents, apparel
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(except shoe repairs), gasoline, motor oil, prescriptions and drugs, toilet
goods, nondurable toys, newspapers, cigarettes, cigars, beer, and whiskey.
7 Includes water heaters, central heating furnaces, kitchen sinks, sink
faucets, porch flooring, household appliances, furniture and bedding, floor
coverings, dinnerware, automobiles, tires, radio and television sets, durable
toys, and sporting goods.
8 Includes rent, home purchase, real estate taxes, mortgage, interest, prop
erty insurance, repainting garage, repainting rooms, reshingling roof, re
finishing floors, gas, electricity, dry cleaning, laundry service, domestic
service, telephone, water, postage, shoe repairs, auto repairs, auto insurance,
auto registration, transit fares, railroad fares, professional medical services,
hospital services, hospitalization and surgical insurance, barber and beauty
shop services, television repairs and motion picture admissions.
1009
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able
D-2. Consumer Price Index 1—All items and food indexes,
by
city
f1957—
59=100]
Annual
average
1962
1963
City
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1962
1961
1963
fig li
lo = 100)
June
All Items
All-city average *__
106.6
106.2
106.2
106.2
106.1
106.0
105.8
106.0
106.0
106.1
105.5
105.5
105.3
105.4
104.2
130.8
Atlanta, Qa______
Baltimore, M d____
Boston, Mass_____
Chicago, 111...........
Cincinnati, Ohio__
104.9
106.8
(3)
105.2
104.6
0
(s)
(s)
105.0
0
0
0
109.2
105.0
0
104.9
106.2
0
105.2
104.5
0
0
0
104.7
0
0
0
108.6
104.7
0
104.5
105.7
0
104.7
104.0
0
0
0
105.0
0
0
0
108.2
105.0
0
104.7
106.0
0
105.2
104.3
0
0
0
104.4
0
0
0
107.2
104.5
0
104.0
104.8
0
104.6
103.3
104.1
105.2
107.4
104.6
103.6
103.2
104.4
105.1
103.6
102.6
129.9
132.5
0
132.7
127.3
Cleveland, Ohio___
Detroit, Mich_____
Houston, Tex_____
Kansas City, M o....
Los Angeles, Calif...
(3)
103.5
(3)
(3)
107.4
104.3
102.4
104.4
0
107.6
0
102.1
0
106.4
108.0
(8
102.6
0
0
107.7
104.3
102.6
105.0
0
107.8
0
102.5
0
105.9
107.3
0
102.5
0
0
107.2
103.7
102.6
104.5
0
107.1
0
102.8
0
107.1
107.2
0
102.8
0
0
107.2
103.8
102.3
104.6
0
106.6
0
101.9
0
106.0
106.8
0
101.8
0
0
107.0
103.5
102.2
104.6
106.1
106.6
103.2
101.9
102.6
104.5
105.4
0
127.6
0
0
133.9
Minneapolis, Minn.
New York, N .Y ....
Philadelphia, P a__
Pittsburgh, Pa....... .
Portland, Oreg____
(3)
108.7
107.2
(3)
(3)
0
107.8
106.2
0
0
106.5
107.9
106.4
106.3
106.2
0
107.6
106.4
0
0
0
107.6
106.2
0
0
106.0
107.5
105.9
106.5
105.7
0
106.9
105.7
0
0
0
107.1
105.8
0
0
105.9
107.2
105.8
106.3
105.3
0
107.3
106.0
0
0
0
106.6
105.2
0
0
105.7
106.4
105.3
106.0
104.8
0
105.8
104.9
0
0
105.5
106.4
105.2
105.9
104.6
104.2
104.8
104.4
105.0
104.1
0
131.0
131.6
0
0
St. Louis, Mo_____
San Francisco, Calif.
Scranton, P a............
Seattle, Wash......... .
Washington, D .C ...
105.6
108.9
(3)
(3)
(3)
0
0
106.7
107.4
106.1
(»)
0
0
0
0
105.8
108.4
0
0
0
0
0
106.9
107.2
105.6
106.0
107.8
0
0
0
0
0
106.5
107.0
105.3
105.6
107.5
0
0
0
0
0
106.0
106.7
104.8
104.4
107.5
0
0
0
105.1
107.4
105.9
106.5
104.6
103.9
105.8
104.1
104.9
103.7
131.0
138.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Food
All-city average1
105.0
104.2
104.3
104.6
105.0
104.7
103.5
104.1
104.3
104.8
103.8
103.8
103.5
103.6
102.6
Atlanta, Ga......... ......
Baltimore, M d_____
Boston, Mass______
Chicago, 111........... .
Cincinnati, Ohio........
103.7
104.8
106.6
105.9
102.9
102.3
103.5
106.2
104.7
102.3
102.7
103.5
106.6
105.0
102.2
103.8
103.7
106.5
105.7
102.6
104.2
103.9
106.3
105.4
103.7
104.0
104.6
106.4
105.6
103.1
102.7
103.4
105.7
104.3
101.7
103.1
103.6
106.4
105.7
102.8
103.9
104.2
105.7
105.7
103.0
104.3
104.5
105.7
106.7
103.7
103.4
104. 2
105.0
105.8
102.2
102.9
103.4
104.3
105.7
102.4
103.0
103.0
104. 2
105.2
101.5
103.0
103.3
104.6
105.3
101.9
101.8
102.4
102.4
103.2
101.8
Cleveland, Ohio____
Detroit, Mich______
Houston, Tex.........
Kansas City, Mo.......
Los Angeles, Calif__
101.6
102.0
103.1
103.9
106.3
100.7
100.7
102.0
102.1
105.9
100.8
100.8
101.8
103.3
106.6
101.7
101.1
102.3
103.6
106.8
102.2
101.7
103.0
104.3
107.8
101.7
101.3
103.2
103.2
106.8
100.8
100.6
102.4
103.2
105.6
101.3
101.6
102.8
104.4
105.3
101.7
101.5
103.6
104.5
105.6
102.4
101.6
104.0
105.1
105.9
101.5
100.8
102.9
104.2
104.7
101.4
101.2
103.1
103.7
105.0
101.2
100.9
102.2
103.0
106.1
101.0
101.1
102.9
103.3
105.5
100.9
101.4
101.3
101.9
104.5
Minneapolis, M in n ..
New York, N.Y ........
Philadelphia, P a___
Pittsburgh, P a...........
Portland, Oreg_____
102.1
106.9
104.5
103.7
104.8
101.7
106.3
103.2
103.2
104.1
102.0
106.3
103.1
103.1
104.5
101.8
106.6
104.1
104.1
104.6
101.7
106.8
104.4
104.3
105.2
101.5
106.6
104. 5
103.2
105.3
100.8
104.9
103.0
101.7
103.9
100.9
105.8
103.5
102.5
104.1
101.5
106.3
104.8
102.8
104.5
102.5
107.0
104.8
103.4
104.8
101.8
105.7
103.6
102.5
103.4
102.5
104.8
103.8
102.4
103.6
102.3
103.7
102.6
102.5
104.2
101.8
104.9
103.1
102.4
103.6
101.2
102.9
101.9
102.3
103.0
St. Louis, Mo............
San Francisco, Calif.
Scranton, P a_______
Seattle, Wash......... .
Washington, D .C ___
104.9
107.0
104.6
107.1
104.6
103.1
105.9
103.1
106.7
103.3
104.0
106.5
103.1
107.3
102.9
104.5
106.9
103.3
107.3
103.6
105.0
107.0
104.4
106.9
103.2
104.9
106.7
104.1
106.3
103.9
104.6
105.6
102.9
105.9
101.8
104.5
105.8
103.6
105.9
102.1
1,03.8
105.6
104.1
105.9
103.4
104.2
105. 0
103.8
106.6
103.0
102.7
104.3
102.3
106.0
102.6
102.8
105.5
103.1
106.1
102.2
102.3
105.9
103.5
106.5
101.1
103.0
105.4
103.1
105.7
102.0
102.0
104.0
101.3
104.5
101.6
1 See footnote 1, table D -l. Indexes measure time-to-time changes in
prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clericalworker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one
city than in another.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
______
______
______
...........
* Average of 46 cities.
• All items indexes are computed monthly for 5 cities and once every
month on a rotating cycle for 15 other cities.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
1010
T able D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities
[1957-59“ 100, unless otherwise specified] >
Annual
Average
1962
1963
Commodity group
Ju n e 3 May
All commodities______________________
100.3 4100.0
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov,
Oct.
99.7
90.9
100.2
100.5
100. 4 100.7
97.6
97.4
98.7
99.8
99 3
100.4
98.5
104.0
102.0
94 1
99.3
101. 3
100.1
111.9
87. 4
100.8
107. 4
97 9
107.8
97.3
88.5
101. 1
96.2
98. 1
101. 9
99.3
108. 2
89.0
100.9
107 6
99. 1
108. 1
Farm products and processed foods______
98.9
98.4
Farm products....................................... .
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables..
G rain s.....................................................
Livestock and live poultry__________
Plant and animal fibers..........................
Fluid milk________________________
Eggs............ ................ ............................
Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds_________
Other farm products_______________
Processed foods______ ______________
Cereal and bakery products_________
Meats, poultry, and fish____ _______
Dairy products and ice cream________
Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables___ ______ _______________
Sugar and confectionery_____ _______
Packaged beverage materials________
Animal fats and oils________________
Crude vegetable oils________________
Refined vegetable oils______________
Vegetable oil end products__________
Miscellaneous processed foods !______
All commodities except farm products........
All commodities except farm and foods
Textile products and apparel__________
Cotton products__ ________________
Wool products____________________
Manmade fiber textile products______
Silk products_______ ______________
Apparel_____ _________ _____ _____
Miscellaneous textile products «.........
Hides, skins, leather, and leather products.___________________________
Hides and skins___________________
Leather__________________________
Footwear_________________________
Other leather products...........................
Fuel and related products, and power___
Coal..........................................................
Coke..___ _______________________
Gas fuels ’______ __________
Electric power t.....
Crude petroleum and natural gasoline..
Petroleum products, refined_________
Chemicals and allied products__
Industrial chemicals_____ ____
Prepared paint____________________
Paint materials..................... ..................
Drugs and pharmaceuticals_________
Fats and oils, Inedible_________ _____
Mixed fertilizer____________________
Fertilizer materials............... ...........
Other chemicals and allied products__
Rubber and rubber products
Crude rubber____ _____ ________
Tires and tubes...................
Miscellaneous rubber products ' _____
Lumber and wood products......................
Lumher __
Mlllwork________ _____________
Plywood________________ _____
Pulp, paper, and allied products..............
Woodpulp.....................................
Waste pa per____________________
Paper___ _____________
Paperboard_________________ _____
Converted paper and paperboard products.................................. ........
Building paper and hoard
.....
See footnotes at end of table.
94.9
90.8
101.4
89.3
101.4
97.9
79.2
113.8
89.3
102.1
107.0
93.9
106.6
94.4
99.8
102.9
86.8
101.7
4 97.3
77. 1
112.5
89. 5
‘ 101.7
107.6
‘ 91.9
4106. 8
95.4
95.4
96.5
96 5
99.0
99.6
105.1 103. 7 103 0
88.2
89. 5
85.6
102 0 101 8 100 8
99. 6 101 1
98.3
99 1
99.8
81.3
110.7 113 8 113 5
89. 1
89.4
89.0
99.0 100 5
99.3
10S. 1 108 0 108.6
95. 6
90.3
91.8
106.9 107.1 108.0
104.5
132. 1
81.1
79.0
83.3
84.4
87.0
101.5
100.9
100.6
100.3
99.7
100. 6
93.8
147.5
101.9
117.4
103.4
133.6
80.9
77.2
4 84.2
85.8
87.0
4101. 8
100.7
100.5
4100. 2
99.7
‘ 100.6
93.8
144.4
‘ 101.6
118.2
102.9
113.9
80.9
79. 1
83.3
84.1
87.2
101.4
100.2
100. 4
100.1
100. 1
100.8
93.8
150.9
101.3
116.3
104.4
85.8
102.5
108.2
104.2
100.9
94.8
103.6
120.0
102.2
(4
99.9
96.3
95. 1
103.0
91. 1
95.2
80.4
103.6
100.8
98.6
93.1
92.5
89.1
97.5
98.2
99.0
102.8
92.6
99.3
91.3
90.8
102.2
94.1
104.8 104. 5
87.4
85.0
103.2 102.8
108.2 108 2
4104.4 104.5
100.4 100 3
‘ 94.2
95 0
103.6 103.6
4120.1 124. 1
4102. 2 102.4
(6)
(’)
98.2
99.1
4 96. 4 4 96. 3
‘ 95.0 4 95. 0
103.0 103.7
91.7
91. 5
95.2
95.1
‘ 78.6
77.7
103.6 103. 7
102.3 102 3
98.6
98.6
93.2
94. 1
92.6
92.8
89.1
89.0
99.8
97.5
97.5
97 0
98.4
97.6
102.4 102.4
90.9
91.0
99.1
99 0
91.3
91.3
92. 5
89.8
102.2 102.2
94.1
94.1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
100.1
99.9
97.4 ‘ 95.2
99.7
95.5
101.3
106.1
79 1
80.0
83 8
90.0
90. 5
101. 5
100. 4
100.6
100.2
100.2
100.8
93.8
160.9
101 4
114.9
99.8
105. 1
79. 1
86.0
82. 5
89. 2
91.9
101 5
100 6
100 6
100 3
100 5
100. 7
93. 7
151 1
101 4
118.2
105.1 105. 1
85. 9
88.4
103.7 104. 7
108.3 108. 3
104.7 104.8
100.8 100.3
98 1 98 4
103 6 103 6
127.8 127. 8
102.4 102.5
(j)
(8)
97.1
98.2
96 7
96.8
95. 2
95.4
103. 7 103.8
93.0
93.0
95.2
95.1
74.5
72 7
103 6 103 6
102.3 102.3
99.5
99.5
94.1
94.2
93. 7
92.7
89.0
89.0
99 7
99.8
96 1
96.5
96.2
96.6
102.5 102 3
90. 5
91.2
99.0
99. 1
89.4
89.4
96. 1
96.6
102.2 102. 2
94.1
94.1
99.7
94.1
99.9
95.5
1961
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1962«
100.6
101.2
100 5 100.4
100.0
100 6
100.3
100 3
102.1
99.8
97.7
99.6
98.6
99.3
96. 4
99. 5
98.3
97.6
102 1
112 4
106 9
90. 1
101.3
107 7
100 1
108.0
98. 7
97. 5
98.5
98.8
97 5
102 5
103 1
103 1
89. 7
101 5
107.8
100 0
107.7
100.6
94 9
98 6
104 4
97 4
101 6
110 7
99 8
90 8
103 3
107.6
106 8
106.0
97.6
90 9
98. 1
98. 5
98 4
100 8
98 0
105. 2
89.9
101. 5
107 8
101 0
106.1
96 5 95. 3
92 2 98 7
99 1 99 9
95 8 91 6
99 3 99 6
99 8 97. 0
86 2 80 0
105 3 106.3
92 5 92 5
100 8 99 8
107 9 107 6
99 0 95 7
105.7 105.0
97.7
97. 7
98 8
96. 2
98.4
101.2
95.2
105.4
91.8
101.2
107.6
99. 1
106.9
96 0
93.7
95 6
92 5
94 8
103 9
99 0
107 2
93 2
100 7
105 1
95 4
107.5
100.0 95 7
105.0 102 8
79. 1 79. 1
85 2
82.8
78.9
81.0
90.0
88.4
91.8
91.9
100.2 100 4
100 7 100 8
100.7 100.7
100.4 100.6
100.6 100. 8
100.7 100.2
93.7
93.7
149.8 143. 3
101.3 101.7
123.3 127.9
96 3
102 5
79. 1
92.2
79.8
88.7
91 8
101 2
100.8
100. 7
100 5
100 7
100. 1
93.6
130 3
101.7
127.8
96. 4
103 0
79. 1
95. 2
80 9
86. 2
90 9
104.6
100 8
100. 7
100 5
101.0
99 6
93.6
129 5
101 7
121.6
96 6 97 1
102 1 102 7
82. 4 82.0
91. 4 89.5
76.7
77 9
84.6
85.2
92 6 92.9
102.8 101. 1
101. 2 100 8
100.8 100 6
100. 6 100 8
101.3 101 7
99 4 99 3
94.0
94 3
125. 2 132.4
101 6 101 8
122.1 119.4
98.7
102 2
82 6
85 8
78. 2
85.2
94 5
101 0
100 8
100 8
100 9
101 9
99 3
94 7
130 2
101 8
121.6
99 1
102 4
82.0
85.7
80 8
88.8
100 1
101 8
100 0
100 7
100 8
102 0
99 1
94 0
130 7
101 5
123.9
98.0
102.2
81 9
88.4
84 5
93. 1
97.3
101.8
100 9
100 8
100 6
101. 7
99.1
93.9
125. 9
101 5
122.4
101 7
101 3
S3 7
94 4
102 6
108 3
102 7
105. 8
100 8
100 8
99 7
100 4
97 1
93 4
113 2
101 0
123.3
106.0
95.2
10,5. 2
108.3
104.9
100.4
98.3
103.6
120. 8
102.5
(8)
98.2
96.9
96.0
103.8
93.0
95.2
71.7
103.0
100.8
99.6
94.3
94.1
89.0
99.7
95.9
95.9
102.3
90.5
99.0
89. 4
94.7
102.2
94.1
106.9
101.6
106.1
108.5
105. 5
100.8
98.3
103.6
123. 1
102. 7
98. 1
98.6
96.8
95.9
103.8
92.9
94.8
72.8
102.8
99.6
99.5
94. 4
94.7
89.0
99. 7
95.8
95.8
102. 1
90. 4
99.0
89. 4
94.6
102. 2
94.1
107 3
107. 1
106.8
108. 4
105. 0
100.8
97. 7
103. 6
122. 3
102.7
98. 1
98.9
97.0
95.9
103 8
93.9
95. 1
7.5.9
103. 1
99. 2
99. 5
93. 7
92.8
88.0
99.7
96.3
96 3
102.3
91. 5
99. 1
89. 4
96. 0
102.2
94.1
107.4
108.8
106. 5
108. 4
104.8
100.8
97 2
103 6
122 7
102.7
98 1
98.9
97.1
96.1
103 8
93.9
95.1
76.7
103.4
99.0
99. 5
93.1
92.7
86. 4
100.0
96.6
96.7
102. 3
91 9
99 3
91 3
96. 1
102 3
94.0
107.5
110.8
106.6
108 8
104 0
100.8
96.6
103 6
120 1
102.8
98. 2
99 2
96.9
95.9
103.8
94. 5
95.0
72 3
103 9
98.6
99. 5
92. 8
92.0
86.4
99.4
97.0
97.2
102 3
92.2
99.5
93.6
96. 4
102. 4
94.0
107 0
105. 1
106 9
108. 8
103 9
99. 5
95 0
103 6
117 8
102.8
98.2
97. 2
97.0
95 9
103 8
95 3
95 0
73 0
103.9
08.4
99 4
92.7
92 3
86, 4
99. 1
97.4
97.7
102.7
92. 1
99.7
93.6
95. 1
102. 6
94.0
107.5
104 2
108 4
108 8
105 0
100 0
95 3
103 6
119 7
102.8
98. 2
98 0
97 2
96 1
103 8
96.0
95. 1
73.5
103.9
101 0
99 4
92.7
92.4
86. 4
99 1
97. 5
98.0
102 3
92 4
100 0
93 6
96 8
102 6
94.0
108 0 107.4
108 5 106.2
110 0 108. 5
108. 7 108.7
104.9 104.3
99 6 100.2
94 6
96.8
103 6 103. 6
113 8 119 2
102.8 102.8
98.2
98.1
98 1 98.2
97 6
97. 5
96 2 96 3
103 8 103. 8
96. 2 95.6
97 0
96.0
73 4
76.3
103 9 103.8
103 0 101.9
99 4 99.4
93 0
93.3
93.5
93.6
86. 4 87.1
99 4 99. 4
96. 5
97 3
97. 6
96. 5
101.9 101.8
92.4
92.9
100. 5 100 0
93 2
93.0
96 4 97.5
103. 1 102.6
93.1
93.8
106 2
107 9
106 0
107 4
103 2
100 7
97.7
1.03 0
118.7
102.4
98 0
99.3
99.1
93.4
103 6
99.8
98.3
87.5
102.8
104.3
99.2
96. 1
96.3
92.4
100 0
95 9
94 7
101.9
95 7
98 8
95.0
80 5
102 2
92.5
99.6
95.6
99.6
96.2
99.7
96.6
100.0
96.3
100.0
97.1
100.4
97.1
101.0
96.3
101.6
95.5
99. 5
100.8
98.9
101.0
97.2
1011
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able
D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1by group and subgroup of commodities Continued
[1957-69*«100, unless otherwise specified]1
Annual
Average
1962
1963
Commodity group
Ju n e 3 M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
19623
1961
99.9
100.0
99.3
99.0
98.7
98.7
104.9 104.6
104.0 103.9
100 .6 100.8
93.5 <93.0
98.3 4 98.2
99.4
98.5
98.2
104. 5
103. 9
100.8
92.9
97.6
99.4
98.4
98. 1
104.5
10.3. 9
101.3
92.6
97.8
99.4
98 6
98.0
104. 5
104.0
101 1
92.4
98.0
99.5
98.8
98 0
104 5
103. 8
97.5
92.5
98.1
99.3
98.7
97.7
103 7
103 8
97.5
93.3
98.1
99.3
98 4
98. 3
103.7
103. 8
97.5
92.8
98.1
99.4
98.7
97 9
103. 7
103.7
97.2
92.7
98.2
99.7
99.0
98 9
103 7
103 7
96.8
92 6
98.2
99. 8
99 1
99 0
103.7
103.7
96.8
92 9
98.3
99.7
98. 9
99.0
103.7
103. 7
97. 1
92.9
98.3
99.8
98.9
99 3
103.7
104 2
98 5
92 9
98.3
100.0
99 3
99.2
103.7
104 0
100 1
93.2
98.2
100.7
100.7
100 4
102 0
103 8
103 1
94 6
99.0
104.9 104.0
101.9 4102.0
111.0 110.9
103.8
101.9
110.9
103.7
102.0
111.0
103.7
102 2
110.8
103.7
102.3
110.8
103.8
102 3
110.5
103 9
102.2
110.2
103.8
102. 2
109.6
103.9
102. 3
109.4
103 9
102.3
109 4
103 9
102 3
109.5
103.9
102. 4
109.5
103. 9
102.3
109.5
103.1
102.3
107.4
109.2
108.8
108.8
108.5
108.3
108.3
108.2
108.0
107.7
107.7
107.6
107.7
107.8
107.5
109.3
109.3
109.5
109.6
109.7
109.3
107.0
103. 7
103.3
103.6
103.2
103.3
103. £
102.9
103.4
103.1
103.2
103. 3
103.4
102 8
102.8
98.4
100.9
101.8
101.9
98.4
100.5
100.4
100.0
100.7
10O.5
98.8
103. 8
102.3
97.0
94.0
100.2
99 5
102 8
101 8
99 3
95.2
95.3
102. 5
101.8
96.8
102 8
102.5
103 2
103 8
98.6
102 2
103 2
102 0
100 6
112 8
103.9
All commodities except farm and foods—
Continued
Metals and metal products-----------------Iron and steel_____________________
Nonferrous metals_________________
Metal containers___________________
Hardware--------- ---------------------------Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings—
Heating equipment.................................
Fabricated structural metal products-.
Fabricated nonstructural metal prod
ucts------ ------------------------ ----------Machinery and motive products---------Agricultural machinery and equipment.
Construction machinery and equlp-
109.5
Metalworking machinery and equipm e n t.---------------------------- ---------- 109.6
General purpose machinery and equlp103.5
Miscellaneous machinery----------------- 103.3
Special Industry machinery and equip
ment 10-------------------------------------- 103.9
Electrical machinery and equipm ent... 97.7
Motor vehicles...------------ --------------- 98.9
Transportation equipment, railroad
rolling stock 10----------------------------- 100.5
Furniture and other household durables. 98.1
Household furniture_______________ 104.4
Commercial fu rn itu re....----------------- 102.4
Floor coverings........... .......................... 95.9
91.9
Household appliances______________
Television, radio receivers, and phono
88.5
graphs_________________________
Other household durable goods---------- 103.4
101.1
Nonmetalllc mineral products-------------Flat glass_________________________ 96.6
Concrete ingredients_______________ 102.9
Concrete products------- ------------------- 101.9
Structural clay products------------------- 104.0
Gypsum products_________________ 105.0
88.8
Prepared asphalt roofing-----------------Other nonmetalllc minerals--------------- 101.3
Tobacco products and bottled beverages. 105.6
Tobacco products__________________ 105.7
Alcoholic beverages------------------------- 101.0
Nonalcoholic beverages-------------------- 117.4
Miscellaneous products----------------------- 108.1
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, am
m u n itio n ....................... ...................... 100.7
Manufactured animal feeds--------------- 112.1
Notions and accessories— ---------------- 98.7
Jewelry, watches, and photographic
equipment............................. ............... 103.8
Other miscellaneous products------------ 101.3
109.4
109.4
109.1
109.1
109.3
109.3
103.7
103.3
4103.4
103.3
103.4
103.4
103.4
103.7
103.6
103.4
103.9
103. 4
103.8
103.4
103.9
97.7
4 99.4
103.9
97.0
99.8
103.1
97.1
100.3
103.1
97.8
100.4
102.9
98.0
100.4
102.8 102.5 102.2 102.0
98. 1 93. 1 98. 4 98.4
100.4 100.4 100.4 100.9
102.0
98.0
100.9
102.0
98.1
100.9
100.5
98.0
104.4
102.3
95.7
92.0
100. 5
98.1
104.4
102.3
95.9
92.1
100. 5
98. 2
104.6
102.3
96.0
92.3
100.5
98.2
104.5
102.3
95.9
92.3
100.5
98.3
104.5
102.3
96.2
92.3
100. 5
98.4
104.2
102.3
96.4
93.0
100. 5 100.5
98 5 98.6
104.0 103.9
102. 5 102. 5
96.7
96.8
93.2
93.0
100 5
98.7
104.0
102. 5
96.7
93.6
100. 5
98.8
104 1
102.4
96.7
93.9
100 5
98 9
103 9
88.9
103.1
101.3
96.6
103.0
101.9
4104.0
105.0
4 92.7
101.4
105.2
104.5
4101.0
117.4
107.6
89.4
103.0
101. 5
96.6
103.0
102.2
103.8
105.0
94.1
101.4
104.4
102.3
101. 1
117.4
108.0
89 4
102.8
101.5
96.6
103.0
102.2
103.6
105.0
94.1
101. 5
104.3
102.2
101.1
117.4
110.8
90.1
102.8
101.5
96.6
103.0
102.2
103.6
105.0
94.1
101 5
104.3
102.2
101.1
117.4
111.5
90.1
102.8
101.4
96.6
102.7
102.5
103.7
105.0
89.4
102 2
104 3
102. 2
101 1
117.4
111. 6
90.4
102.8
101.5
96.6
103.2
102. 5
103. 5
105. 0
89.4
102 4
104.3
102.2
90.8
90.8
102.9 103 0
101
6
101.6
98.0
96.6
103
3
103. 3
102. 6 102.7
103 6 103. 6
105 0 105.0
89 4
89.4
101 7 101. 7
104. 2 104 0
102.0 102 0
101. 1 101.1 100. 7
117. 1 117.1 116.7
109.1 107.2 107.6
90 9
103 2
101 9
98 0
103.2
102. 5
103 6
105 0
95 3
116.7
105.4
91.1
103 1
101.8
97.0
103.2
102.6
103. 5
105. 0
94. 8
102.2
104.1
102. 1
101.0
116.9
107.3
100.7
111 .2
98.7
100.7
111.9
98.7
100.5
117. !
,98.7
101.1
118. 2
98.7
101.3
118.3
98.7
100.7
107.2
98.7
100. 8
110. 6
98.7
100.9
104 6
98.9
103.9
101.4
103. 8
101.4
103.9
101.7
104.0
101.7
104.0
101.8
104.2
104.2
103.5
101. 2
t As of January 1961, new weights reflecting 1958 values were introduced
Into the index. See “Weight Revisions in the Wholesale Price Index 18901960,” Monthly Labor Review, February 1962, pp. 175-182.
8 4s of January 1962, the indexes were converted from the former base or
1947-49=100 to the new base of 1957-59 = 100. Technical details and earlier
data on the 1957-59 base furnished upon request to the Bureau.
• Preliminary.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
109.2
100. 5
98.6
104.1
102.5
96.8
93.1
90.4
102 9
101 6
96. 6
103.3
102.8
103 4
105 0
89.4
102. 4
104. 5
102.2
101. 1 101. 5
117.4 117.4
110.2 109.8
90.7
102 9
101.6
96. 6
103 3
102.7
103.4
105 0
89 4
102. 2
104. 5
102. 2
101.5
117.4
108.7
90.7
103.1
101 5
96 6
103. 3
102.6
103 6
105. 0
89. 4
101 5
104. 2
102.0
101.3
115.7
98.7
101.2
114.9
98.7
101.2
112.8
98.7
101.1
113.7
98.7
101.0
110. 2
98.7
101.0
104.4
101.6
104.4
101.7
104 4
101.6
104.4
101. 2
104 4
104 3
101.0
101 0
‘ Revised.
,
i Formerly titled “other processed foods.”
» Formerly titled “other textile products.”
i January 1958=100.
8 Discontinued.
* Formerly titled “other rubber products.”
50 January 1961 =100.
111.0
98.7
102 2
96.9
94.3
102 0
104 1
102.0
101 1
100.9 | 101.3
1012
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
T able D-4. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]*
1963
Commodity group
All foods....................................
All fish.........................
All commodities except farm products_____
Textile products, excluding hard fiber products...........
Bituminous coal—domestic sizes__________
Refined petroleum products..................
East Coast markets_______
Midcontinent markets_______
Gulf Coast, markets......... ......................
Pacific Coast markets...................................
Midwest m arkets6______________
Soaps........ .........................
Synthetic detergents__________________
Pharmaceutical preparations..______ __________
Ethical preparations 5_______________ . . .
Anti-infectives5_______________
A nti-arthritics5................................................
Sedatives and hypnotics5..................................
Ataractics 5............................... .
Anti-spasmodics and anti-cholinergics5. _.
Cardiovasculare and anti-hypertensives !____
Diabetics8_______________________
Hormones 8____________ _ _
D iuretics8_____________ .
Dermatologicals1_______ __________
Herm atinics5.......................................
Analgesics 8______________
Anti-obesity preparations8_______ ______ _
Cough and cold preparations 8..........................
Vitamins 8. ......... ............
Proprietary preparations8________________ ____
Vitam ins8________________ .
Cough and cold preparations 8__________
Laxatives and elimination aids 8________
Internal analgesics 8____________ _____
Tonics and alteratives8____ _____
External analgesics8....................................
Antiseptics8...................................................
Antacids4. ____ ___________
Lumber and wood products (excluding millwork)
Softwood lumber_______
Pulp, paper, and allied products (excluding building
paper and board)____________
Special metals and metal products 8________________
Steel mill products_____ _______ _______
Machinery and equipm ent............. .. .
Agricultural machinery (including tractors)... .
Metalworking machinery....................................
All tractors_______
Industrial valves__ __ .
Industrial fittings________
Antifriction bearings and components......... ..........
Abrasive grinding wheels__
Construction m aterials... . . .
1 See footnote 1, table D-3.
* See footnote 2, table D-3.
* Preliminary.
‘ Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1962
Annual average
Ju n e3 May Apr. Mar. Feb.
Jan.
Dec. Nov. Oct.
Sept. Aug. July June
100.9 4100. 7
114.4 115.9
100.9 100.7
98.0 98.0
94.1 4 92.9
99.9 99.1
96.2 96.2
105.4 102.6
99.7 99.7
89.7 90.7
95.8 93.3
103. 5 103. 5
99.6 99.6
96.8 96.9
95 6 95.7
88.3 88.5
100.6 100.6
113.2 113.2
100.0 100.0
100. 0 100. 0
101.3 101.3
103.8 103.8
100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0
100.8 100. 8
108.8 108.8
101.8 101.8
100.0 100.0
100.4 100.7
88.1 88.1
101. 5 101. 6
100.3 100.3
100.1 100.1
103.8 103.8
101.9 101.9
100.0 100.0
102.3 102.3
102.9 102.9
98 9 loa i
97.6 96.7
98.2 97.5
98.7
113.6
100.2
98.2
95. 5
98.2
98.9
99.7
97.7
90.7
94.5
103.5
99.6
96.8
95. 7
88.5
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.7
103.8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.8
101.8
100.0
100.7
88.1
101.6
100.3
100.1
103.8
101.9
100.0
102.3
102.9
100 1
96.1
96.5
99.0
117.3
100.4
98.3
100. 6
98.2
98.9
08.6
97.7
90.7
95.5
103.5
99.6
96.8
95 7
88.5
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.7
103.8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.8
101.8
100.0
100.7
88.1
101.6
100.3
100.1
103.8
101.9
100.0
102.3
102.9
ion i
9?. 4
95.6
100.1
118.4
100.6
98.4
101.5
97.1
98.9
88.6
97.9
90.7
98.0
103. 5
99.6
96.6
95. 7
88.5
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.7
103.8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.8
101.8
100.0
100.7
88.1
101.0
100.3
100.1
101.7
101.3
100.0
102.3
102.9
10ft 1
94.9
95.3
101.1
121.9
100.7
98.4
101.5
98.2
98.9
94.4
97.9
91.7
97.6
103. 5
09.6
96.6
95.7
88.5
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.7
103.8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.8
101.8
100.0
100.7
88.1
100.9
100.3
99.5
101.7
101.3
100.0
102.3
101.7
1f>0 1
94.6
95.0
98.9
120.9
100.8
98.5
101.5
98.6
100.1
97.5
97.4
91.7
97.7
103.5
99.6
96.1
95.0
86.6
100.6
112. .5
100.0
100.0
98.7
103.8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.5
101.8
100.0
100.6
88.1
100.7
100.3
100.1
101.6
101.3
100.0
101.3
100.9
08 0
94! 6
95.0
101.3
118.3
100. S
98.3
100.4
98.6
98. £
101.4
95.6
91.7
98.3
103.5
09.6
96.4
95.4
87.6
100. 6
112.5
100.0
100.0
101.6
103.8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.5
101.8
100.0
100.6
88.1
100.7
100.3
100.1
101.6
101.3
100.0
101.3
100.9
101.2
119.0
100.8
98.4
99.1
98.9
97.8
101.4
97.9
91.4
97.2
103.5
99.8
96.3
95.4
87.6
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.9
103.8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.5
101.8
100.0
100.6
88.1
100.5
99.6
100.1
101.6
101.3
100.0
100.8
100.1
Q8 ft
95.2 95.6
95.6 96.1
102.9
119.8
101.2
98.7
98.1
99.2
97.8
101.4
99.2
91.4
97.2
103.5
99.8
96.3
95.4
87.7
100.6
112. 5
100.0
100.0
100.9
103.8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.5
101.8
100.0
100.6
88.1
100.5
100.3
100.1
101.6
101.1
100.0
100.7
100.1
100.5
121.6
100.8
99.0
95.9
97.2
97.8
101.4
99.2
91.4
87.0
102.2
99.8
96.3
05. 4
87.7
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
103.8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.5
101.8
100.0
100.6
88.1
100.5
100.3
100.1
101.6
101.1
100.0
100.7
100.1
99,6
119.0
100.8
99.2
95.0
98.0
97.8
101.4
99.2
91.4
90.8
102.2
99.8
96.4
95. 5
87.9
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.9
104.2
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.5
101.8
100.0
100.6
88.1
100.5
100.3
100.0
101.5
101.1
100.0
100.7
100.0
98.9
118.3
100.6
99.2
94.0
98.1
97.8
101.4
97.2
92.9
93.4
102.2
99.8
98.5
98 4
98.7
WO. 6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.9
104.2
99.6
100.0
100. 8
108.5
101.8
100.0
100.6
88.1
100.7
100.3
100.0
102.0
101.1
100.0
101.2
100.0
96.1
96.8
96.4
97.3
96.8
07.6
96^6
97.1
99.4 99.2
100.2 4100.2
102.1 102.0
103.1 103.0
112.3 112.2
109.1 4108.9
111.3 111.1
107.4 107.4
91.7 91.1
90.8 90.8
96.3 96.4
98.3 98.1
99.2
100.0
101.2
102.7
112.1
108.8
110.7
107.4
90.9
90.8
96.4
97.8
99.2
100.1
101.1
102.6
112.0
108.4
110.6
107.4
90.9
90.8
97.7
97.7
99.3
100.2
101.3
102.9
111.9
108. 5
100. 5
107.4
94.6
90.8
97.7
97.6
99.1
100.2
101.3
103.0
111.8
108.6
110.4
107.8
94.6
90.8
97.7
97.7
99.1
100.1
101.3
103.0
111.4
108.7
110. 2
108.0
94.6
90.8
97.7
97.7
99.2
100.1
101.3
102.8
111.3
108.7
110.0
108.0
94.6
90.8
97.7
97.9
99.4
100.1
101.4
4103.0
110.7
108.8
109.5
108.0
94.6
90.8
97.7
98.0
99.6
100.4
101.3
102.8
110.5
108.7
109.2
107.7
93.9
90.8
97.7
98.1
99.9
100.5
101.3
102.8
110.4
109.0
109.1
107.3
93.9
90.8
97.7
98.3
100.2
100.5
101.4
102.9
110.5
109.1
109.3
104.6
93.9
90.8
97.7
98.4
100.7
100.5
101.5
103.0
110.5
109.2
109.4
106.6
92.7
90. 8
97. 7
98.5
1962»
1961
100 6
119 2
100 ft
98 8
98 8
98 2
9ft 4
98 2
98 fi
9ft ft
94 2
102 fi
99 7
97 8
100.0
107,9
100.8
97 7
99.9
99.3
100 9
99.6
101.2
89 9
93.6
101 4
100 8
98.9
93.1
mo fi
112. 5
ino o
10ft o
100. 5
104.0
99.6
mo n
100 7
108. 5
101 8
100 ft
10o! 0
88 1
100 5
100.1
100 ft
101 1
101
100 ft
100. 8
100.2
99.6
95 6
95 Q
99.3
100.3
102.6
100.0
100 n
100. 5
101.9
100.0
100.0
100 2
106.1
100.9
ion o
99.4
95 0
100! 1
100.0
lftft 0
99 8
lftft 4
100 ft
loo! o
loo. o
100.0
Q4 7
93 5
100 1
100. 5
98 7
101 0
lf t l 4
ifti 7
102 Q
lift' 5
108.8
109.4
107. 4
9 3 ft
9ft 8
98 5
98.3
102 Q
108 3
iftfi fi
108 ft
108 7
88 2
5
96 2
98! 6
1 New series. January 1961=100.
>Metals and metal products, agricultural machinery and equipment and
motor vehicles.
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
1013
T able D-5. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product
[1957-59=100] s
1963
Commodity group
June May Apr. Mar.
All commodities............................................. .................
Annual
average
1962
Feb.
Jan.
Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June
100.3 ‘ 100.0
99.7
99.9 100.2 100.5 100.4 100.7 100.6 101.2 100. 5 100.4 100.0
94.2
92.8
96.6
95.0
93.9
96.5
94.5
92.8
96.7
90.0
95.9
96,2
95.8
95.2
95.1
95.3
95.3
95.7
96.0
103.0 103.0
4100.5 102.3
100.5 102.3
4100.7 102.5
103.1
105.4
105.3
105.8
103.0
105.6
105.5
106.0
102.7
103.3
103.2
103. 5
103.2
104.0
103.9
104.3
103.3
103.4
103. 4
103.7
103.3
103.2
103.2
103.5
103.3
102.0
102.0
102.2
103.3
100.6
100.6
100.8
1962»
1961
100.6
100.3
97.1
96.8
97.4
96.1
94.9
97.9
Stage of processing
Crude materials for further processing...........................
Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs.............................
Crude nonfood materials except fuel____________
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for
m an u factu rin g -____ _________________
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for construction______________ _____ _________
Crude fuel..................... ............................................
Crude fuel for manufacturing______________
Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing___________
94.8
93.7
96.4
95.8
103.0
100.8
100.8
101.0
100.6 100.5
95.6
94.7
96.4
96.8
97.1
95.8
96.8
97.1
95.8
97.6
98.2
95.9
97.4 99.2
97.9 100.6
96.0 96.3
97.2
97.4
96.6
96.5
96.0
97.0
95.2
94.0
97.3
96.5
96.8
96.9
97.4
103.3 103.2
101.0 98.7
101.0 98.8
101.2 98.8
103.2
101.8
101.8
102.0
102.8
102.3
102.2
102.4
99.9 100.0 100.1 100.2 100.1 100.1 100.1 100.2 100.1 100.3 100.2
100.2
100.3
99.2
100.5
99.8
102.6
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components___
Intermediate materials and components for manufacturing-------------------- ------ ---------------------Intermediate materials for food manufacturing.
Intermediate materials for nondurable manufacturing__ _________ ______________
Intermediate materials for durable manufacturing_______________ ____ _______
Components for manufacturing____________
Materials and components for construction........
Processed fuels and lubricants______ __________
Processed fuels and lubricants for manufacturing____ _____ ______________________
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanufacturing_____ ________ ________________
Containers, nonreturnable......................................
Supplies. _______________________ __________
Supplies for manufacturing_______________
Supplies for nonmanufaeturing_________ . . .
Manufactured animal feeds____________
Other supplies__________________ _____
100.3 99.7
101.3 4101.2
104.9 104.7
105.1 4105.2
104.3 4104.0
105.6 104.8
101.6 101.6
98.6
100.9
105.1
105.9
104.2
105.4
101.6
98.4
101. ]
106.4
105.7
100.1
110.5
101.5
97.6
101.4
106.7
105.8
106. 5
111.4
101.5
98.4
101.6
106.6
105.7
106.4
111.5
101.3
99.4
101.5
105.9
105.9
105.3
109.1
101.1
100.0
101.6
105.6
105.9
104. 9
108.3
101.0
100.4
101.4
105.0
106.1
104.0
106.2
100.9
100.6
101. 4
105.2
108.0
104.3
107.0
100.8
99.0
101.6
104.3
105.8
103.2
103.7
101.1
99.6
102.1
104.7
105.9
103.7
104.5
101.3
99.7
102.6
103.8
105.9
102.4
100.8
101.6
Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods
and fuels)......... ........... ........... .......................................
Consumer finished goods.........................................
Consumer foods_________________________
Consumer crude foods________________
Consumer processed foods_______ _____
Consumer other nondurable goods_________
Consumer durable goods__________________
Producer finished goods_____________________
Producer finished goods for manufacturing___
Producer finished goods for nonmanufacturing.
101. 3 4101. 1
100.7 100.4
99.9 499.4
92.4 93.2
101.1 4100.3
102.1 4101.8
99.1 499.4
102.9 4102.9
104.7 4104.7
101.1 4101. 1
100.8
99.9
98.2
94.2
98.9
101.6
99.5
102.9
104.7
101.2
1101.1
100.3
99.0
99.5
98.9
101.8
99.7
102.9
104.5
101.4
101.5
100.9
100.4
98.9
100.7
101.7
99.8
103.0
104.6
101.4
101.8
101.2
101.4
103.4
101.1
101.7
99.8
103.0
104.7
101.5
101.6
101.0
100.7
95.9
101.4
101.8
99.9
103.0
104.7
101.4
102.0
101. 5
102.1
102.8
101.9
101.7
100.0
102.9
104.6
101.3
101. 9
101.5
101.9
100.9
102.0
101.8
09.9
102.8
104.5
101.3
102.6
102.3
103.9
101. 5
104.3
101.7
100.1
102.9
104.5
101.3
101. 7
101.1
101.3
96.3
102.1
101.4
100.1
103.0
104.5
101.5
101. 5
100.8
100.3
.93.4
101.4
101.5
100.2
103.0
104.6
101.5
99.7 99.7 98.8 98.6 98.7 98.8
109.5 4110.2 103.5 101.2 101.2 101.0
97.0
97.1
97.1
97.1
97.2
97.3
98.7 98.8 98.9 99.0
99.9 100.2 100.8 100.4
97.4
97.7
99.2
99.4
99.3
99.5
97.8
98.1
98.3
98.0
98.6
100.4 100.1 99.6 99.7 99.8 100.0 99.9 100.1 100.1 100. 4 100. 5 100.6 100.6
98.7 98.6 98.2 98.2 98.5 98.6 98.8 98.6 98.6 98.7 98.7 98.7 98.9
99.4 99.2 99.0 98.9 98.9 98.8 98.9 99.0 99.1 99.2 99.3 99.3 99.5
101.8 101.4 100.8 100.8 100.3 100.6 101.4 101.7 102.0 102.1 100.8 101.4 101.2
100.4
98.8
99.3
101.2
100.5
99.6
99.7
101.6
102.6 4102.4 102.0 102. 2 101.9 101.9 102.6 102.7 102.9 102.9 100.9 102.4 102.1
102.3
102.5
99.4
102.2
104. 5
105.7
103.5
104.1
101.3
100.1
100.9
102.3
105.2
100.6
97.5
100.5
101.1
100.4
99.3
93.7
100.2
101.4
100.0
102.8
104.4
101.3
101.7
101.2
101.3
98.6
101.7
101.6
100.0
102.9
104.4
101.4
101.4
100.9
100.4
97.6
100.8
101.5
100.6
102.6
103.8
101.2
101.0 101.0
99.8 99.3
100.8 100.6
101. 4 101.4
100.1 99.8
98.4 97.3
86.8 86.7
99.0 97.9
101.0
100.1
100.8
101.3
101. S
99.6
100.7
101.4
99.5
89.2
98.3
95.2
98.5
97.3
97.6
99.1
99.8
Durability of product
Total durable goods______ _________ _________ 100.8 4100.8 100.6 100.6 100.7 100.7
Total nondurable goods_________________________
99.7 499.4 99.0 99.2 99.7 100.2
Total m anufactures..___ ___________ __________ 100.7 100.4 100.0 100.2 100.4 100.6
Durable manufactures_______________________ 101.2 4101.1 100.9 100.9 101.0 101.1
Nondurable manufactures_____ ______________ 100.1 99.5 99.0 99.3 99.7 100.0
Total raw or slightly processed goods___ ___________ 98.1 98.4 98.4 98.3 99.1 100.2
Durable raw or slightly processed goods................. 89.1 89.9 S9.4 88.7 88.6 87.9
Nondurable raw of slightly processed goods_____
98.6 98.9 98.9 98.9 99.7 100.9
1 See footnote 1, table D-3.
s See footnote 2, table D-3.
• Preliminary.
* Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
100.7 100.7 100.7 100.9 101.0
100.0 100.5 100.4 101.2 100.0
100.6 100.7 100.7 101.1 100.7
101.1 101.1 101.1 101.3 101.3
100.0 100.2 100.2 100.9 100.0
99.4 100.5 100.2 101.1 99.2
86.4 85.4 86.3 87.8 88.3
100.1 101.4 101.0 101.9 99.9
100.1 100.0
100.1
N ote: For description of the series by stage of processing, see “ New BLS
Economic Sector Indexes of Wholesale Prices,” Monthly Labor Review,
December 1955, pp. 1448-1453; and by durability of product and data be
ginning with 1947, see Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1957, BLS Bul
letin 1235 (1958)
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1963
1014
E.—Work Stoppages
T able E -l. Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
Workers Involved In stoppages
Number of stoppages
M onth and year
Beginning in
mouth or year
In effect dur
ing month
Beginning In
month or year
In effect dur
ing month
1,130,000
2. 380.000
3. 470. 000
4. 600. 000
2, 170.000
1.960,000
3.030,000
2.410.000
2.220. 000
3. 540, 000
2. 400. 000
1,530. 000
2.650, 000
1.900.000
1.390. 000
2. 060. 000
1 , 880. 000
1.320,000
1. 450.000
1,230,000
Man-days idle during month
or year
Percent of
estimated
working time
Number
16,900. ono
39. 700. 000
38, 000. 000
116. 000. 000
34, 600. 000
34. 100.000
50. 500. 000
38. 800. 000
22. 900. 000
59. 100. 000
28. 300. 000
22, 600.000
28. 200.000
33, 100.000
16. 500,000
23, 900. 000
69. 000 000
19. 100.000
16. 300, 000
18,600,000
0.27
.46
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
.26
.21
.26
.29
.14
.22
.61
.17
.14
.16
3.020. 000
2,020,000
1, 940, 000
1,590,000
1, 350. 000
.31
.21
.18
.18
____________________ - _____
2, 862
3, 573
4. 750
4. 985
3. 693
3.419
3.606
4. 843
4 737
5. 117
5.091
3. 468
4. 320
3. 825
3 673
3, 694
3. 708
3. 3 3 3
3. 367
3,614
1962' J n n o
___________________________________________________
July
____________ __________- - - - - ______________
August,
_ ____________ ______________________________
gppt.omher
_______________ - - - - - - - - _______ - ______
October
____________________ - __ - _________________________
N’nvpm hpr__ __ __________---------- --------------------------December. ________________________ - __________________________
436
355
352
297
261
230
133
695
621
617
541
506
442
331
151,000
98,100
129. 000
91,700
98.800
81,000
45,200
311,000
195, 000
196.000
181,000
155, 000
171,000
1 4 6 . COO
1,330,000
1963' January *
February *
]\Jftrrh 2
iAprll *
]V|nv i
Ju n e 2
230
200
225
350
425
450
360
75. 000
60, 000
45.000
185, 000
2.340.000
1 2 0 ,0 0 0
9 0 .0 0 0
1 ,1 0 0 ,0 0 0
1, 110. 00 0
1 .0 5 0 . on o
1o.i *
lO/irt
10/17
1ÛAQ
10/10
io*n
10*1
10*0
10*^1
10*/4
1o**
10*R
_________ ________
___________________ _____
________________
______ __________- __
__________ ------__
_ _______________ ________
. _________--------__ _
___________----------__ ___________ - - - - - - ______
_ _ ________- ----__
_____________ -----
1 0 *7
_______________ - _____
1 0 *0
1 ORfl
____________________ - - - - - - ____
I Q f il
____________________________________________
________________________ - ______ - _____
2 q @2
_____________________________________________________
________________________________________
___________________________ ___________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________ _________________
________________________________
• The data Include ah known strikes or lockouts Involving (I or more
workers and lasting a full day or shift or longer Figures on workers Involved
and man-days Idle cover all workers made Idle for as long as 1 shift In estab
lishments directly Involved In a stoppage. They do not measure the Indirect
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
320
350
475
600
675
1 0 0 .0 0 0
125. 000
135. 000
130.000
165. 000
190, 000
9 8 1.
ono
1.750. 000
1, 740. 000
.1 3
. 10
. 14
.2 3
. 12
. 12
. 10
.1 7
.1 8
or secondary effect on other establishments or industries whose employees
are made 'die as a result of mater.al or service shortages.
• Preliminary.
B .S . GOVERNMENT PRINTING 0 F F IC E :1 » « 3
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
New Publications Available
For Sale
Order sale publications from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C. 20402. Send check or money order, payable to the Superintendent of Documents.
Currency sent at sender’s risk. Copies may also be purchased from any of the Bureau’s regional
offices. (See inside front cover for the addresses of these offices.)
Occupational Wage Surveys:
BLS Bulletins—
1345-40: Pittsburgh, Pa., January 1963. 32 pp. 25 cents.
1345-47: Detroit, Mich., January 1963. 32 pp. 25 cents.
1345-48: Louisville, Ky.-Ind., February 1963. 28 pp. 25 cents.
1345-49: Waterbury, Conn., March 1963. 20 pp. 20 cents.
1345-50: Burlington, Vt., March 1963. 24 pp. 25 cents.
1345-51: Toledo, Ohio, February 1963. 28 pp. 25 cents.
1345-52: South Bend, Ind., March 1963. 20 pp. 20 cents.
1345-53: Albany-Schenectady-Troy, N.Y., March 1963. 20 pp. 20 cents.
1345-54: Cincinnati, Ohio-Ky., March 1963. 20 pp. 20 cents.
1345-55: Rockford, 111., April 1963. 20 pp. 20 cents.
1345-56: Birmingham, Ala., April 1963. 20 pp. 20 cents.
1345-57: Phoenix, Ariz., March 1963. 20 pp. 20 cents.
1345-58: Charlotte, N.C., April 1963. 20 pp. 20 cents.
1345-60: Savannah, Ga., May 1963. 18 pp. 20 cents.
BLS Bulletin 1355: Union Wages and Hours: Building Trades, July 1, 1962, and
Trend 1907-62. 43 pp. 30 cents.
BLS Bulletin 1356: Union Wages and Hours: Motortruck Drivers and Helpers,
July 1, 1962 and Trend 1936-62. 30 pp. 25 cents.
BLS Bulletin 1359: Private Pension Plans and Manpower Policy. 37 pp. 25 cents.
BLS Bulletin 1361: Industry Wage Survey, Southern Sawmills and Planing Mills,
June 1962. 38 pp. 30 cents.
BLS Bulletin 1370: Employment and Earnings Statistics for States and Areas, 1939-62.
Issued 1963. 633 pp. $3.50.
For Limited Free Distribution
Single copies of the reports listed below are furnished without cost as long as supplies permit.
Write to Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C., 20210, or to any of
the Bureau’s regional offices. (See inside front cover for the addresses of these offices.)
Survey of Consumer Expenditures, 1960-61:
Consumer Income and Expenditures, 1960:
BLS Report—
237-21: Cleveland, Ohio. 12 pp.
237-22: Los Angeles, Calif. 12 pp.
237-23: Champaign-Urbana, 111. 12 pp.
237-24: Small cities in the Northeastern Region (Burlington, Vt., Kingston,
N.Y., Lewistown, Pa.). 8 pp.
Supplement 1 to BLS Report—
237-8: Philadelphia, Pa. 5 pp.
237-9: Seattle, Wash. 5 pp.
237-10: Indianapolis, Ind. 5 pp.
237-15: St. Louis, Mo. 5 pp.
Union Conventions, 1963.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
237-16:
237-21:
237-22:
237-23:
Baltimore, Md. 5 pp.
Cleveland, Ohio. 6 pp.
Los Angeles, Calif. 5 pp.
Champaign-Urbana, 111. 5 pp.
(National and International State Organizations) 9 pp.
U n it e d S ta te s
G o v e r n m e n t P r in t in g O f f i c e
penalty for private use to avoid
D IV ISION O F P U B L IC D O C U M E N T S
PAYM ENT OF P O S T A G E , $ 3 0 0
(GPO )
W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. 2 0 4 0 2
OFFICIAL BUSINESS
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
@FedFRASER