Full text of Monthly Labor Review : August 1959, Vol. 82, No. 8
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Labor
Review
AUGUST
1959
VOL.
^ k - i
82
-L
NO.
Military Manpower Requirements and Supply
Involuntary Retirement Provisions of Pension Plans
Prices and Bargained Wage Increases
Cost Inflation and Remedial Measures
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
James P. Mitchell, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E w an
Clague,
J.
R obert
H enry
J.
Commissioner
M yer s,
Deputy Commissioner
F it z g e r a l d ,
B.
Assistant Commissioner
B yer,
Assistant Commissioner
W . D ua n e E vans,
Assistant Commissioner
H erm an
P h il ip A r n o w ,
Assistant Commissioner
Arnold E. Chase, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
H. M. D outy, Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
J oseph P. G oldberg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
H arold G oldstein, Acting Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
L eon Greenberg , Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
R ichard F. J ones, Chief, Office of Management
W alter G. K eim , Chief, Office of Field Service
P aul R. K erschbaum, Chief, Office of Program Planning
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Office of Publications
H vman L. L ewis , Chief, Office of Labor Economics
F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards
H. E. R iley , Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
A be R othman, Chief, Office of Statistical Standards
M orris W eisz, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
Regional Offices and Directors
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Monthly Labor Review
U N ITED STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
L a w r e n c e R. K l e in , Editor-in-Chief
M ary S. BeDELL, Executive Editor
CONTENTS
Special Articles
855 Involuntary Retirement Provisions
861 Military Manpower Requirements and Supply, 1959-63
868 Wages, Prices, and Productivity
868
The Influence of Bargained Wage Increases on Prices
872
Structural Determinants of Cost Inflation and Remedial Measures
Summaries of Studies and Reports
876
882
887
894
899
Long-Term Factors in Labor Mobility and Unemployment
Resources and Health Status of OASI Beneficiaries
Earnings in Selected Wholesale Trade Industries, June 1958
In-Plant Feeding Practices in Factories
Wage Chronology No. 14: Ford Motor Co.—Supplement No. 3—1955-59
Departments
hi
860
905
910
912
919
925
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The Labor Month in Review
Union Conventions, September 16 to October 15, 1959
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics
August 1959 • Voi. 82 • No. 8
How American Buying Habits Change
A New Publication on
City W orker Family Expenditures
Since 1875
in living standards of American workers
since the end of the 19th century.
• Traces revolutionary changes
findings of studies which the Labor
Department has made over the years on expenditures of city
workers—what foods they bought, what clothes they wore, what
kinds of dwellings they lived in, what they spent on recreation
and transportation.
• Brings together, for the first time,
but contains tables and charts
that make it a valuable work of reference for businessmen, union
members, editors, teachers, students, and others.
• Written for popular consumption,
For copies of How American Buying Habits Change, send check or money order (do not send
cash) payable to the Superintendent of Documents. M a il your order to the Superintendent of
Documents, Washington 25, D .C ., or to any of the following Bureau of Labor Statistics Regional
Offices:
630 Sansone St.
18 Oliver St.
105 West Adam s St.
San Francisco 11, Calif. Boston 10, Mass. Chicago 3, III.
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341 9th A ve.
1371 Peachtree St. NE.
New York 1, N .Y . Atlanta 9, G a .
Price, $1 a copy
(25 percent discount on orders of 100 copies or more)
The Labor Month
in Review
s t e e l s t r i k e entered its fourth week still
far from settlement, but a chiding by Secretary
of Labor James P. Mitchell had stimulated the
parties into holding regular negotiating sessions.
His August 1 statement, following disheartening
mediation reports and expressions of intransigent
positions by company and union spokesmen, said
in part: “Management has said to the Govern
ment: ‘Do not interfere.’ The union has said to
the Government: ‘Get involved.’ But at the same
time both parties have done very little to measure
up to their own responsibilities . . .”
Earlier, the Secretary had announced he was
conducting two types of factfinding related to the
strike. One was an immediate, day-to-day collec
tion of information on the effect of the strike on
the economy, to keep the President “advised peri
odically as to the facts.” The other was a longrange “exhaustive study in depth of collective
bargaining in the steel industry . . . to determine
the underlying causes” of the frequent recurrence
of steel strikes.
Certain other bargaining situations, tradition
ally resolved in the wake of steel settlements, were
at a standstill. Notable among these were the
United Steelworkers and other unions and the
major aluminum producers, who agreed to extend
existing contracts 30 days beyond a steel agree
ment (or until November 1), with any contract
improvements made retroactive to August 1.
Temporary delay of a strike call until August
20 was ordered for most western copper mines and
refineries by the Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers
(Ind.), but Kennecott Copper was struck by that
union on August 10. Work continued at eight
Atlantic coast shipyards of the Bethlehem Steel
Co., where nearly 17,000 are employed, although
the agreement with the marine and shipbuilding
workers expired at the end of July.
West coast dockworkers, represented by the
nonaffiliated Longshoremen’s and Warehouse
men’s Union, on July 28 secured agreement by the
T he
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Pacific Maritime Association to provide a $1.5
million fund during the first year of a new 3-year
contract as the employees’ share of savings to be
realized from new automatic equipment. Dis
tribution of the fund will be determined later.
Other features included wage increases and im
proved vacations.
On the east coast, the International Longshore
men’s Association (Ind.) announced the demands
it would present to shipping firms on August 10 :
reduction of the workday from 8 hours to 6 and a
flat hourly rate increase of 50 cents. Neither
union nor employer expressed interest in the spe
cial fund provision of the west coast contract,
which presumes cuts in manpower requirements.
Atlantic and gulf coast agreements expire
September 30.
Union rivalry on the Great Lakes led to a con
fusing situation. The Steelworkers Union, which
has organized some of the ore carrier crews on
July 31 charged the Seafarers International
Union, another AFL-CIO union, with a “blatant
attack on the morale and unity of the strikers”
by its request for a National Labor Relations
Board election on its claim of 3,000 shifts in af
filiation. Steelworker crews have participated in
the steel strike. The Seafarers early in July had
concluded negotiations with several carriers.
Later in the month, the National Maritime Union
signed with 8 freight-shipping companies employ
ing 7,000 lakes seamen for improved paid holiday
provisions and longer vacations. On August 6,
after AFL-CIO intervention, the SIU agreed to
withdraw its election petition. All three unions
were to discuss Great Lakes jurisdictional matters
later in the month.
Two railroad developments during July were
significant for their bearing on negotiations in
the industry. Contracts expire November 1. A
West Indies insurance company has developed a
strike insurance plan which would pay benefits
equal to a struck line’s daily fixed charges, pro
vided that not more than half the lines are af
fected. Another proviso is that the strike not
result from a carrier’s demand in conflict with a
Railway Labor Act emergency board recommen
dation. Railroad unions denounced the proposal
as part of a campaign by the industry to force
changes in work rules. The second item was a
mid- July report by a Canadian conciliation board
hi
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1959
IT
that rear-end brakemen on all-diesel, highly auto
mated ore trains are not necessary. Displaced
brakemen, as in a previous Canadian recommen
dation regarding firemen on certain freight-haul
ing diesels, would be given other jobs, but no re
placements would be hired.
Joint collective bargaining in 1960 for aircraft,
missile, and related electronic workers was an
nounced by the United Auto Workers and the
Machinists on August 9. I t stresses severance
and relocation pay, job inequities, and union
security.
S t e r n w a r n i n g by the Senate Select Committee
on Improper Activities in the Labor or Manage
ment Field that if Teamster President James R.
Holla “remains unchecked he will successfully
destroy the decent labor movement in the United
States” capped a long list of recent unflattering
commentaries on Teamster activities.
On August 4, Associate Justice Felix Frank
furter of the Supreme Court denied a Teamster
petition to stay a ruling by a Federal court of
appeals upholding authority of court-appointed
monitors over the union. The monitors them
selves have indicated their intention to seek court
removal of Holla from office.
In Cincinnati, on July 30, elected officials of a
Teamster local were forced to obtain a court order
to restrain a dissident Holla faction from seizing
the union headquarters. In Jersey City, a day
earlier, Anthony Provenzano, president of the
Teamster Joint Council of New Jersey, was indi
cated on two counts of accepting bribes from truck
owners. In Asheville, N.C., in mid-July, a Fed
eral judge fined a Teamster local $50,000 and sen
tenced its secretary-treasurer to 18 months’ im
prisonment for violation of an injunction. An
NLRB ruling ordered a St. Louis local to cease
charging a $250 initiation fee. Teamster moni
tors were given court authority to hire outside
legal help in their cleanup efforts. A unanimous
resolution of the International Longshoremen’s
convention rejected a plea by Hoff a for collabora
tion with him and Harry Bridges, president of the
west coast longshore organization. The resolu
tion, while expressing hope for continued coopera
tion with the Teamsters, condemned association
with unions (meaning the Bridges organization)
“controlled or under the influence of totalitarian
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Communism.” The ILA is anxious to gain ad
mission to the AFL-CIO.
T h r e e l a b o r u n i o n c o n t r o l b i l l s , representing
varying degrees of restrictions and reporting re
quirements, were before the House of Representa
tives as of mid-August. The Senate had earlier
passed a bill which formed the basis for the meas
ure reported out by the House Labor Committee.
A second House bill contained stricter regulatory
provisions, including those respecting secondary
boycotts and organizational picketing. I t re
ceived the endorsement of President Eisenhower
in a nationwide radio and television address on
August 6. A third bill, the least stringent, had
AFL-CIO sponsorship.
Efforts of the Textile Workers Union of Amer
ica in connection with the Harriet-Henderson
Cotton Mills strike at Henderson, N.C., received
a triple blow in late July. The Senate Select
Committee reported that it would not conduct an
investigation of the case; the NLRB dismissed
charges that the company had refused to bargain
in good faith; and eight union members (includ
ing a regional director and an international vice
president) received sentences ranging up to 10
years for conspiring to dynamite facilities of the
struck plant.
e x c h a n g e o f l e t t e r s between President E i
senhower and AFL-CIO President George
Meany affirmed American labor’s support of the
United States position on Berlin. The President
expressed gratitude for the reassurance, which
“should convince every one . . . the efforts . . .
to divide America are bound to fail when the
basic beliefs and the vital interests of this Nation
are at stake.” A Russian claim that American
workers did not support the Government’s posi
tion had evoked the Meany letter.
In Great Britain, a strike of printers which
had halted operations of 1,000 provincial news
papers and most of the country’s magazines ended
on July 31 after 7 weeks. The settlement called
for a reduction in the workweek to 42 hours
(from 44) and a 4i/f> percent wage increase. The
unions had asked for 10 percent. A strike against
ink manufacturers, which had compounded the
difficulties caused by the strike, ended the
following day.
An
Involuntary Retirement Provisions
A Study of Compulsory and Autom atic Retirem ent
Provisions in 300 Selected Pension Plans U nder
Collective B argaining, Effective in Late 1958
H a r r y L. L e v i n *
to workers covered by
private pension plans, depending upon plan pro
visions, include the ages at which they may
qualify for vesting, for early retirement, and for
normal retirement; the age at which they may be
retired, at the discretion of the employer; and
the age which the plan established as the maxi'
mum limit to employment in the company. This
article, which is part of a study of 300 selected
pension plans under collective bargaining, con
ducted by the U.S. Department of Labor’s
Bureau of Labor Statistics, analyzes provisions
affecting the status of workers at the normal re
tirement age 1 who do not seek retirement—their
prospects for involuntary retirement and accumu
lation of additional pension credits.
Involuntary retirement, as the term is used in
this article, is retirement, with an annuity, im
posed upon the worker against his volition, under
the provisions of a pension plan. Its connotation
of compulsion applies to the workers affected, not
necessarily to the general purpose of the em
ployer, nor necessarily that of the union party to
the plan. The involuntary aspect bears most heav
ily upon the worker who is fully capable and will
ing to work, wdio is not psychologically ready for
retirement, or who needs his w^age income. On
the other hand, such provisions may be conceived
by the employer as an equitable device for dealing
with the problem of superannuated workers and
for orderly replacement of older workers by
younger workers. Involuntary retirement, as de
fined in this study, applies only to workers eligible
for pension benefits, and is not intended to cover
discharge for reason of age. Several of the plans
studied expressly waived involuntary retirement
I
m portant
m il e p o s t s
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
provisions for workers who were not qualified to
receive pension benefits. I t is possible that other
companies whose pension plans did not specifically
exempt such workers from involuntary retire
ment nevertheless followed such practice.
Two types of involuntary retirement provisions,
compulsory and automatic, were analyzed in this
study. A compulsory retirement provision is one
which requires retirement, subject, however, to the
consent or approval of the employer or a desig
nated body2 for the continued employment of
workers unwilling to retire. The compulsory re
tirement age is that age at which the worker loses
the privilege of deciding whether he should
retire, which he has the right to do, or continue
to work. At the discretion of the employer, the
worker may continue in his job, subject to his
meeting job requirements, health requirements, or
such other standards as may be imposed. For
example, one plan provided th a t:
. . . an employee shall be retired on the la st day of the
month in which he attain s age 70, provided th a t the ad
m inistrative body may defer any such required retire
ment for such period or periods as it determines to be
reasonable and appropriate, upon finding th a t such em
ployee is able to perform properly his regular work
assignment . . .
•O f the Bureau’s D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations.
1 The normal retirem ent age, a feature of virtually all private
pension plans, may be defined as the earliest age (usually 65
years) at which a worker having qualified for benefits, may retire
at h is own volition and receive the fu ll amount of benefits to
which his length of service or amount of earnings, or both,
entitles him under the normal retirem ent formula of the plan.
That this age is the “right” age at which to retire, the “average”
age, or sim ilar generalities, should not be inferred from the term
“normal.”
2
In some cases, a joint management-union board makes the
decision.
855
856
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1959
Under an automatic retirement provision, the
door is closed to expectations of continuing em
ployment. Eetirement is mandatory at the maxi
mum age fixed by the plan, as in the following
example:
. . . An employee who attains or has attained age 67
w ill not be permitted to remain in the service of the
company beyond the first day of the calendar month
coinciding with or next following his birthday. . . . This
date shall be his “automatic retirement date.”
In a plan which combines compulsory and auto
matic retirement provisions, the worker must re
tire upon reaching the specified compulsory retire
ment age, unless the employer consents to his
continuing on the job; however, a later automatic
retirement age places a limit on employment
extension. The following clause illustrates a com
bined compulsory and automatic retirement
provision:
T a ble 1.
P r o v isio n s
for
. . . Only on a specific year-to-year approval of the
company will an employee he continued in active service
after age 65, and in no case beyond age 70.
For the study from which this article was
adapted,3 300 selected pension plans under collec
tive bargaining, in effect in late 1958, each cover
ing 1,000 or more workers, were analyzed. The
plans covered approximately 4.9 million workers
under collective bargaining, or more than half of
the estimated coverage of all pension plans under
collective bargaining.
An earlier Bureau study of 300 pension plans
in effect in 19524 permitted a limited review of
3 Pension P lan s Under Collective Bargaining. I. V esting Pro
visions and Requirements for Early R etirem en t; II. Involuntary
Retirem ent Provisions, Late 1958, BLS Bull. 1259 (1959). For
the details of the scope and coverage of the 300 plans studied,
see this bulletin and V esting Provisions in Pension Plans (in
Monthly Labor Review, July 1959, pp. 744-745)i.
4 Pension P lans Under Collective Bargaining, BLS Bull. 1147
(1953).
I n v o lu n ta r y R e t ir e m e n t in S elec ted P e n sio n P la n s U n d e r C ollective B a r g a in in g ,
b y I n d u st r y G r o u p , L a te 1958
Involuntary retirement provisions
All plans
Plans with invol
untary retirement Compulsory only
provisions
Industry group
Automatic only
Compulsory and
automatic at
different ages
No involuntary
retirement
Nuni- Workers Plans Workers Plans Workers Plans Workers Plans Workers Plans W orkers
ber (thousands)
(thousands)
(thousands)
(thousands)
(thousands)
(thousands)
All industries_______________________
300
4, 909.8
179
2,743. 5
109
1,823. 7
52
815.6
18
104.2
121
2,166.3
Manufacturing_________________
229
3,393. 8
143
2,073. 5
90
1, 593. 8
40
391.8
13
87.9
86
1, 320. 3
Food and kindred products___________
Tobacco manufactures_______________
Textile mill products.___ ____________
Apparel and other finished textile prod
ucts_____________________________
Lumber and wood products (except fur
niture)_____ _____________________
Furniture and fixtures_____________ . . .
Paper and allied products_____ _______
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries_____________ ____ ___________
Chemicals and allied products..................
Products of petroleum and coal________
Rubber products____________________
Leather and leather products__________
Stone, clay, and glass products________
Primary metal industries_____________
Fabricated metal industries___________
Machinery (except electrical)__________
Electrical machinery_________________
Transportation equipment____________
Instruments and related products______
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
17
3
134.8
27.5
17.7
3
1 0 .8
6
113.7
3
2
5
2 1 .0
60.1
1
10.3
6.5
1.3
2
2 2 .6
1
9.3
1
Nonmanufacturing_____________
Mining, crude petroleum and natural
gas production____________________
Construction_______________________
Transportation i____________________
Communication_____________________
Utilities: Electric and gas_____________
Retail and wholesale trade____________
Hotels and restaurants______ _________
Services____________________________
Miscellaneous nonmanufaeturing indus
tries____ _________________________
1
Excludes railroads and airlines.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8
194.9
27.5
40.3
9
431.7
3
4
9
25.3
39.0
50.3
5
13
9
33
13
28
16
24
4
9
15.2
131.1
83.9
107.7
40.8
73.8
592.7
115.3
187.5
319.3
862.3
20.3
34.9
71
1, 516.0
6
12
4
231.6
416.8
470.8
171.6
62.0
56.7
43.9
33.6
4
29.0
8
4
10
17
4
14
8
2
12
3
6
4
14.4
1
1
2 .0
9
2
1
8
14.3
33.0
45.8
19
3
5
3.9
131.1
83.9
107.7
3.5
73.8
38.4
23.7
166.9
299.0
843.8
7.9
16.8
36
670.0
1
13
9
8
1
10
5
4
22
11
3
18.3
4
14
387.1
171.6
62.0
2
1 0 .0
11
1
5.0
5
37.1
1
3.9
96.4
27.7
37.5
3.5
2
6 8 .1
1
1
9
5
3
1
7
4
3
14
9
14
1
33.4
2 0 .2
131.2
281.9
784.4
2 .0
3
3
5
1
1
8
1
5
33.0
8.7
14.7
25.4
70.2
1.4
5.0
3.5
35.7
16.0
59.4
4
15.3
1
1
19
229.9
12
423.8
4
345.0
38.3
16.5
9.0
2
14.7
6
2
40.6
133.3
35.3
8
2
4
1
1 .6
3
1
1
2 0 .0
2
30.8
2
4.3
11.3
3
37.3
28
9
2 1 .0
1
6 .0
1
3
6
4.3
fi
20.3
18
12.4
18.1
5
16.3
35
846.0
1
3.6
3
1
1.5
6
83.7
6
46.7
43 9
1
1 .1
1
1.5
15.0
91
5
5
i
4
6
2
1 0 .2
1
1 .0
4
2
4
4
— -
...................
2
20
213
3
8 .0
857
INVOLUNTARY RETIREMENT PROVISIONS
T a b l e 2.
P r o v isio n s
for
by
I n v o lu n ta r y R etir e m e n t in S elec ted P e n sio n P la n s U n d e r C ollective B a r g a in in g ,
M etho d of F in a n c in g a n d T y pe of B a r g a in in g U n it , L ate 1958
All Plans
Provision
Number
All plans______ _____— ........................................
I n v o lu n ta r y rp tire m e n t
______ ______________
Compulsory only_________ ______ - _____
___
Automatic only
Compulsory and automatic at different ages—
N n in v o lu n ta ry re tire m e n t
_ _
__________
300
179
Noncontributory
Single employer
Multiemployer
Workers
Plans
Workers
Plans
Workers
Plans
Workers
Workers Plans
(thousands)
(thousands)
(thousands)
(thousands)
(thousands)
4, 909.8
2,743.5
249
133
4,122.7
2,284.1
51
787.1
231
3,048. 9
69
1,860.9
46
459.4
169
2,251.0
10
492.5
108
45
16
1,817.2
333.9
99.9
1
7
2
6.5
481.7
4.3
62
797.9
59
1,368.4
109
52
18
1,823. 7
815.6
104.2
79
43
11
1,463. 5
760.8
59.8
30
9
7
360.2
54.8
44.4
121
2,166.3
116
1,838.6
5
327.7
trends over a 6-year interval; of these plans, 219
were also included in the present study.
Prevalence of Provisions
Involuntary retirement was provided for in 179
plans, or about 3 out of 5 plans studied (table 1).
Among the selected plans, wide variations in in
dustry practices were found. For example, none
of the apparel and construction industry plans
contained involuntary retirement provisions; but
all of the plans in the chemical, petroleum prod
ucts, rubber, and stone, clay, and glass products
industries, and in electric and gas utilities, had
such provisions. Only 5 relatively small plans
among the 33 in the primary metal industries
provided for involuntary retirement; on the other
hand, in the transportation equipment industry,
only 5 small plans of the 24 studied did not con
tain such provisions.
Of the 179 plans with involuntary retirement
provisions, 109 provided for compulsory retire
ment, with no automatic feature; 52 for automatic
retirement, with no earlier requirement for com
pulsory retirement; and 18 plans for a combina
tion of both at different ages.5 Almost threefourths (169) of the 231 single employer plans
studied contained involuntary retirement pro
visions, compared with only 10 out of 69 multiemployer plans (table 2). Only 1 of the 10
multiemployer plans with involuntary retirement
provisions had no provision for automatic retire5
Three of the 127 plans w ith compulsory retirem ent features
required joint employer and union approval for working beyond
the compulsory; retirem ent age, w ith a later age stipulated that
required only employer consent for workers to remain employed.
Another plan required the consent of a bipartite board for further
employment. The remainder of the plans (123) required only the
employer’s consent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Contributory
ment. All but 5 of the 51 contributory plans, and
slightly more than half of the 249 noncontribu
tory plans, provided for involuntary retirement.
In the 1952 study, 175 plans had involuntary
retirement provisions. Although the 1952 and
1958 samples of 300 plans were not identical, it
would appear that no significant change in the
prevalence of involuntary retirement provisions
has occurred over the 6-year interval.
Compulsory and Automatic Retirement Ages
In 82 plans, or almost two-thirds of the 127
plans stipulating a compulsory retirement age
(including 18 plans which also provided for auto
matic retirement at a later age), the designated
age was 65 (table 3). Thirty-five plans set age
68 as the compulsory retirement age; 8 of the re
maining 10 plans specified age 70.
Significantly, in all but 6 of the 82 plans which
designated 65 as the compulsory retirement age,
65 was also the normal retirement age. In the 6
exceptions, a normal retirement age of 60 was
specified. All of the 35 plans with compulsory
retirement at age 68 provided for normal retire
ment at age 65. In the remaining 10 plans, the
compulsory retirement age was 4 or more years
later than the normal retirement age.
Among the 70 plans containing automatic re
tirement provisions (including 18 plans which
specified an earlier compulsory age), 24 stipulated
age 65; 17, age 68; and 22, age 70. Six of the
remaining 7 automatic retirement ages fell be
tween 65 and 68. In the 24 plans which specified
age 65 for automatic retirement, all but 1 also set
65 as the normal retirement age. All plans with
automatic retirement at age 68, and 19 of the 22
with automatic age at 70, also designated 65 as the
normal retirement age.
858
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1959
T a b l e 3.
N ormal , C o m pulso ry , a n d A utom atic R e
t ir e m e n t A ges I n S elec ted P e n sio n P la n s U n de r
C ollective B a r g a in in g , L ate 1958
Age 1
Normal
retirement
Compulsory
retirement
Automatic
retirement
Workers
Workers
Workers
Plans (thousands) Plans (thousands) Plans (thousands)
All plans_______
300
4,909.8
127
1,927. 9
70
919.8
55 years..........
60 years_____
65 years..........
66 years_____
67 years..........
68 years_____
69 years..........
70 years..........
74 years_____
75 years_____
Other 2 _____
1
15
282
3.0
579.6
4, 289.2
82
1,006. 9
7.8
888.1
1.0
28.0
170.0
19.7
21.8
169.9
1
35
1
8
24
2
4
17
1
3.9
22
1
453.4
85.0
1
30.2
1An earlier normal, compulsory, or automatic retirement age for women
was provided in some plans. See text tabulation below.
5 Normal retirement benefit provided when age plus years of service equal
In the 18 plans providing for a compulsory age
with a later stipulated automatic age, 18 provided
for compulsory retirement at age 65 and automatic
retirement at age TO. In 2 plans, the respective
ages were 68 and 70. The remaining 3 plans pro
vided for compulsory retirement at 65 and auto
matic retirement at 66 or 67.
Of the 300 plans studied, 21 provided a lower
normal retirement age for women than for men.
Ten compulsory and four automatic retirement
provisions also stipulated a lower age for women.
The ages thus specified in these plans are shown
as fo llo w s :
Normal Compulsory Automatic
retirement retirement retirement
All plans______________
Men, age 60; women, age 55_
Men, age 65; women, age 55_
Men, age 65; women, age 60_
Men, age 65; women, age 62_
Men, age 68; women, age 58Men, age 68; women, age 65Men, age 70; women, age 65 _
21
3
3
12
3
10
4
_____
5
1
_____
1
2
2
2
1
The prospects for involuntary retirement facing
a male worker on his 65th birthday can be com
puted by considering the compulsory retirement
ages, or automatic retirement ages if no prior
compulsory retirement age was stipulated, in the
300 plans studied. Based on the plans, the num
ber of years of work which lie ahead of the 65year-old male worker (if he chooses to work)
before he faces the possibility that a company
decision can force him to retire are as follows:
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Plans
Number
All plans studied
None (involuntary retirem ent a t age
65)______________________________
At least 1 y e a r __
__ _ __
___
At least 2 years _ _ _____
At least 3 years
__ __
___
At least 4 years
_ _ __
_______
At least 5 years _ _______ ___
At least 6 years __
___
____
At least 10 y e a r s _____ ______ __
No lim it (no involuntary retirem ent)__
Percent
300
100. 0
106
194
193
191
139
138
123
122
121
35.
64.
64.
63.
46.
46.
41.
40.
40.
3
7
3
7
3
0
0
7
3
Based on the 300 plans studied, the number of
years before automatic retirem ent would occur
for a 65-year-old male worker can be sim ilarly
illustrated as follow s:
Plans
All plans studied ____
None (autom atic retirem ent a t age 65) _
At least 1 year___
_____
A t least 2 years. _________
At least 3 years__ _____ __________ __
At least 4 years ______
_ _____ __
At least 6 years ______ __
_
__
No lim it (no autom atic retirem ent)___
Number
Percent
300
24
276
274
270
253
231
230
100.
8.
92.
91.
90.
84.
77.
76.
0
0
0
3
0
3
0
7
Service Credit After Normal Retirement Age
An important consideration for the worker cov
ered by a plan permitting extension of employ
ment beyond the normal retirement age is
whether or not such employment can be counted to
build up credits for pension benefits. Some work
ers may be able to qualify for a pension only by
working additional years of credited service be
yond the normal retirement age stipulated in the
plan. For example, a plan may require the
worker to have at least 15 years of credited serv
ice in order to qualify for benefits; hence, work
ers reaching age 65 (normal retirement age) with
less than 15 years of service would never be able
to qualify for a benefit if no service after age 65
is credited.
Furthermore, the worker who meets minimum
service requirements for benefits at the normal
retirement age may materially raise his future
pension level if he is allowed to accrue credited
service beyond the normal retirement age. This
is of less concern under plans which provide max
imum benefits for a specified number of years of
service (e.g., 25 or 30 years). Workers who have
fulfilled these requirements prior to attaining
859
INVOLUNTARY RETIREM ENT PROVISIONS
following examples are taken from plans with
such provisions:
normal retirement age would have no need for
additional service credits.
The three principal methods of dealing with
service after normal retirement age are: (1) No
service is credited; (2) all service is credited; or
(3) service is credited up to a specified age. Fol
lowing are examples of each type:
. . . An employee shall retire a t the end of the month
in which he attain s 65 years of age . . . credited service
shall not include service w ith the employer a fte r the em
ployee attain s 65 years of age . . .
*
*
*
. . . An employee who [continues to work after age
65] . . . shall be credited w ith his continuous service
. . . for the purpose of calculating any subsequent bene
fits to which he may become entitled.
*
*
*
*
Whereas the previous clauses pertained to plans
without involuntary retirement provisions, the
N ormal
*
*
. . . An employee who attain s the age of 65 or more, and
who is physically and m entally able . . . may continue
in employment up to age 68. Subject to consent of the
company, an employee who has attained the age of 68
may continue in employment but not beyond age 70. No
service beyond age 68 shall be credited in determining
the am ount of an employee’s pension.
. . . The norm al retirem ent age under this plan shall be
the 65th birthday of an employee. . . . No service shall
be credited a fte r an employee’s 70th birthday . . .
T a b l e 4.
*
. . . A member may continue in active service beyond the
normal retirem ent age [65] w ith the consent of the em
ployer. . . . F or computing benefits w ith respect to serv
ice, a member’s to tal [continuous] years of service after
attaining age 65 and completing 2 years of service . . .
will be credited.
. . . In no event shall a member receive credit for service
afte r the year in which he reaches age 65.
*
*
and I n v o lu n ta r y R etir e m e n t A g es , by S e r vic e
in S elec ted P e n sio n P la n s U n d e r C ollective
C r ed it e d A ft e r N ormal R e t ir e m e n t A ge ,
B a r g a in in g , L ate 1958
Service credited after normal retirement age
All plans
To age 65
None
To age 68
To age 70
To age 72
All
Other 3
Specified retirement age 1
Work
Work
Work
Work
Work
Work
Work
Work
Num
ers
Plans ers Plans ers Plans ers Plans ers Plans ers Plans ers Plans ers
(thou
(thou
(thou
(thou
(thou
(thou
(thou
(thou
ber
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
Normal
Compulsory
Automatic
55..
....................
60________
60________
60________
60..
.................... ....................
60________
65________
65_______
65________
65________
65_______
65________
65_______
65___ ____
68 .
65_______
65........ .
65_______
65_______
65...............
65_______
65_______
75.
65_______
70_______
70.
Other 11__
All plans studied...-------- ----------
1
7
5
1
1
3.0
230.7
194.3
4
1
1
8.1
1.5
1 145.0
112 , 924. 8
61
712.7
161.9
23
1 4.7
18.3
2
75.4
12
1
15.0
3.5
2
33 883.8
169.9
17
2
4.3
11
49
62.4
533.4
10
70.1
1
5
1
1.5
50.4
9.0
28.0
197.0
85.0
3.9
7.8
30.2
1
2
3.0
6.9
300 4, 909. 8
105
1
8
5
1
1
1
1
1.0
916.9
33
?1
6
1 An earlier normal, compulsory, or automatic retirement age for women
was provided in some plans. See text tabulation on p. 858, first column.
2 Includes 4 plans under which service is credited to the automatic retire
ment age, and 1 plan with compulsory retirement under which service is
credited until the earlier of age 69 or date eligible for a benefit.
3 Includes 2 plans in which service is credited until the later of age 68 or
date eligible for a benefit.
<Includes 1 plan in which service is credited until the later of age 70 or
date eligible for a benefit.
s Service credited until the later of age 72 or date eligible for a benefit.
« Includes 1 plan in which all service is credited after normal age until
eligible for a benefit.
5 1 4 4 3 0 — 59— —2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
173.3
8.1
1.5
182.9
31. 5
1.2
9 20
io 16
2
792. 5
160.9
4.3
2
5.9
44
996.3
1
43
1
145. 0
51.2
1.8
82
5.3
«2
3
3
3
56.0
5.4
13.1
190.1
1
3.9
1
30.2
15
440.6
5
61.4
1
4.7
i
1
15.0
2.0
1
1.0
1
85.0
5
107.7
1
7
1
3.0
230.7
21.0
«93
10
1, 723.7
176.3
5
35.5
2
6.0
1
7.8
120
2,204.0
3 Service credited until the earlier of age 68 or attainment of 25 years of
service.
8 Includes 1 plan in which service is credited until the earlier of age 70 or
attainment of 25 years of service.
«Includes 1 plan in which service is credited until the earlier of age 68 or
attainment of 25 years of service.
io Includes 1 plan In which service is credited until the earlier of age 68 or
date eligible for a benefit,
.
a Normal retirement provided when age plus service equals 80.
860
P reva len ce
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
of
S e rv ic e
C re d itin g
P ro visio n s.
Slightly less than two-thirds (195) of the 300
plans studied allowed the worker to continue to
accumulate credit for all or part of his employ
ment after normal retirement age (table 4). Of
the plans that permitted further crediting of serv
ice, approximately 3 out of 5 (120) counted all
employment after normal retirement age. The
remaining 75 plans credited service to a specified
age, most commonly age 68.
Plans without involuntary retirement provi
sions were more likely to count service after
normal retirement age for pension benefit pur
poses. Of the 121 plans with no involuntary re
tirement provisions, more than 4 out of 5 (102)
permitted all service beyond the normal retire
ment age to be credited. Only 11 plans did not
allow additional service credit. The remaining
8 plans credited service to a stipulated age of 68,
70, or 72.
On the other hand, only 18 of the 179 plans with
involuntary retirement provisions allowed un
limited service credit for employment after the
normal retirement age. About half of the plans
(94) with involuntary retirement provisions (in
cluding 23 plans in which retirement at the
normal age was automatic) did not permit any
further crediting of service. The remaining 67
plans, including 28 plans with automatic retire
ment provisions, allowed service credit up to a
certain age; of the others, most allowed service
crediting up to the compulsory retirement age.
Age 68 was the most common age when service
crediting stopped.
In the 300 plans studied, the number of years
a plan will allow a 65-year-old male worker to
continue to accumulate credited service is as
follows :
Plans
Number
All plans studied
None ____ __
At least 1 year
At least 2 years.
At least 3 years _ _
At least 4 years
At least 5 years
At least 6 years
At least 8 years
No lim it. _ _____
300
111
189
187
186
142
141
126
121
120
September 17_ _
O rg a n iza tio n
American Federation of Labor and Congress of
Industrial Organizations.
September 21__ International Woodworkers of America_________
September 21__ United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of
America (Ind.).
September 27_ _ National League of Postmasters of the United
States.
September 27__ National Association of Broadcast Employees and
Technicians.
October 3-------- Machine Printers Beneficial Association of the
U.S. (Ind.).
October 5-------- Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International
Union.
October 9-------- International Union, United Automobile, Aircraft
& Agricultural Implement Workers of America.
October 12------ International Union, Allied Industrial Workers of
America.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
100.
37.
63.
62.
62.
47.
47.
42.
40.
40.
0
0
0
3
0
3
0
0
3
0
Of the 111 plans which permitted no further
service credit accumulation to the 65-year-old
worker, about 90 percent contained involuntary
retirement provisions. Conversely, of the 120
plans which permitted unlimited service credit
ing, about 90 percent had no involuntary retire
ment provisions.
Union Conventions, September 16 to October 15, 1959
D a te
Percent
Place
San Francisco,
Calif.
Minneapolis, Minn.
Chicago, 111.
Memphis, Tenn.
Chicago, 111.
Washington, D.C.
Cleveland, Ohio
Atlantic City, N.J.
Milwaukee, Wis.
Military Manpower
Requirements and
Supply, 1959-63
S tuart H. Garfinkle *
E ditor’s Note.—T h is a rticle is based on a s tu d y
u n d erta k en to p ro v id e backgrou n d in fo rm a
tio n p e r tin e n t to a con sideration o f the ex
ten sion o f the a u th o r ity to in d u c t m en u n der
p ro visio n s o f the U n iversa l M ilita r y T ra in
in g an d S e rv ic e A c t. T h is a u th o r ity , w h ich
w a s due to ex p ire on Ju n e 30, 1959, w a s re
c e n tly ex ten d ed b y the U .S. C ongress u n til
Ju n e 3 0 ,1 9 6 3 .
Between 1959 and 1963, military manpower sup
ply will be more than adequate and no fathers
will be inducted, but qualified young men attain
ing age 26 in that period must count on service.
Most young men graduating from high school in
1960 will have 4 or 5 years for college or busi
ness before they are drafted. A recent study by
the U.S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor
Statistics1 discloses these and other facts of prime
interest to the public, employers, personnel di
rectors, and government agencies.
Basic Considerations
The method of obtaining men for military serv
ice has been a matter of continuing concern to the
Armed Forces, to civilian agencies of Government,
and to the Congress. Traditionally, except in
times of war, dependence upon voluntary enlist
ment has prevailed. When compulsory service
became necessary, the governing principle of
equity—e q u ality of obligation—administered
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
through the Selective Service System and its local
boards of responsible citizens in each community,
made compulsory military service acceptable to
the public. There are, however, three major ex
ceptions to this general principle, among which
a feasible balance must be achieved at any given
time.
Personal or family hardships have been ac
cepted as valid reasons for excuse from military
service or for a delay in commencing service.
The degree of hardship recognized changes from
time to time, depending on the need for and avail
ability of manpower.
The second exception to the principle of equity
has arisen because manpower needs of the civilian
economy must be balanced against those of the
military. During World War II, the large Armed
Forces and the enormous defense production pro
gram strained manpower resources. During the
Korean conflict, the need for an adequate flow of
highly trained workers, both to meet the increas
ingly technical requirements of the Armed Forces
and the needs of the industrial economy, gave
rise to a student deferment program. More re
cently, special provision has been made for brief
periods of active service for members of “critical
occupations,” to be followed by membership in
the reserves. Occupation was also considered in
calling up reservists and in screening individuals
from the Ready to the Standby Reserve. For
these and other purposes, the U.S. Department
of Labor prepared an official List of Critical Oc
cupations.
The third exception to the equity principle has
arisen because of the varying standards for accept
ability for military service. The degree of physi
cal and mental fitness required of men for service
has depended upon the nature of warfare as well as
the availability of manpower. In recent years, the
increasingly technical character of warfare has ac*Of the D ivision of Manpower and Em ployment S tatistics,
Bureau of Labor S tatistics.
1
The Bureau of Labor S tatistics has made several studies of
this nature. Of the earlier ones, the m ost recent was M ilitary
Manpower Requirements and Supply, 1955-59, supplementing
M ilitary Manpower Requirements and Supply, 1954—60, BLS
Bull. 1161 (1955). See also M onthly Labor Review, July 1955,
pp. 782-784.
The findings in the present study, undertaken a t the request
of the Office of Civil and D efense Mobilization, were based on data
from the U.S. Bureau of the Census and the U.S. Department
of Defense. E stim ating procedures are described in M ilitary
Manpower Requirements and Supply, 1959-63, forthcom ing BLS
Bull. 1262.
861
862
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
centuated the training needs of the Armed Forces
and raised the mental demands. This has been ac
companied by a rise in the mental standards for
service, eliminating a large proportion of the
young men.2
Thus, against this general principle of equality
of obligation for service have been set three excep
tions—one providing excuse or deferment on the
basis of family responsibilities; the second limit
ing the availability of higher skilled men in the
interest of the civilian economy; the third reject
ing the less capable men in the population. In
developing military manpower policies, it has been
essential to know the probable effect of various
alternatives upon our ability to meet our military
manpower needs, particularly when a major
change in policy is being considered. The present
study was made early in 1959, primarily to ap
praise the probable effects of extending the induc
tion authority of the Selective Service System,
which was scheduled to expire on June 30, 1959.3
The study examined the military manpower sit
uation as of June 30,1958, and the size and char
acteristics of the “military manpower pool” (the
number of draft-liable men who would be eligible
for induction at any given time under existing
Selective Service rules and regulations). The
study also examined the prospects of the military
manpower pool. Estimates of the future pool
were based on the assumptions that current mili
tary manpower policies would remain unchanged
until at least 1963, and that the size of the Armed
Forces would decline from 2.6 million on June
30, 1958, to 2.5 million on June 30, 1959, and re
main at that level until June 30, 1963. These
2 Q ualifying requirements were raised under provisions of P.L.
85-564, approved July 28, 1958, and Executive Order 10776 of
the same date.
An extended discussion of problems resulting from the accept
ance of men in the lower m ental groups can be found in a study
by E li Ginzberg and others, The Lost D ivisions (New York,
Columbia U niversity Press, 1959).
3 The authority w as extended by P.L. 86-4, approved March
23, 1959.
Estimated M ilitary Service Status of Men Aged 19-26, June 30 of 1958 and 1963
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M ILITARY MANPOWER
assumptions, while essential for such a study, are
subject to modification as policies and circum
stances change; indeed, the results of such a study
as this may point to needed policy changes.4
Current Situation
Before considering the current size of the mili
tary manpower pool, it is necessary to review the
present military manpower situation. At the
present time, men are obtained for the Armed
Forces both through voluntary enlistment and by
induction.5 During the year ending June 30,
1958, 311,000 men voluntarily entered the Armed
Forces for the first time, whereas only 127,000
were inducted. Many of those who enlisted were
motivated no doubt by the knowledge that if they
did not volunteer they would become subject to
the draft. Although volunteers have a longer
term of service, they have a choice of services and
better opportunities for training.
Most young men who do not volunteer for
active duty are classified by the Selective Service
System as I-A. They remain in this class until
they are drafted, unless they are able to establish
a basis for reclassification into a deferred or ex
empt category. Selective Service regulations in
effect on June 30, 1958, call for the following
order of induction: Draft delinquents, volunteers
for induction, nonfathers aged 19 to 26 (with the
oldest being taken first), fathers aged 19 to 26,
men over 26 years with draft liability extended,
and men under 19 years. At the present time
(mid-1959), most inductees are about 22 or 23
years old and have been eligible for the draft
since age 18y2. All of the men who are called for
* In the U.S. Department of Labor’s report, M ilitary Manpower
Requirements and Supply, 1955-59, it was anticipated that the
pool would increase to 1.8 m illion in 1959. Since then, major
changes in circum stances and policies have greatly affected the
size of the pool. F irst, the strength of the Armed Forces was
reduced from 3.0 million to 2.6 m illion during the period 1955-58.
T his reduction, of course, tended to increase the size of the pool.
Three other changes, however, more than offset the effects of
the lower Armed Forces level: (1) The modification of Selective
Service regulations in February 1956 required that all nonfathers
be inducted before any father could be taken and provided an
effective deferral for fath ers; (2) minor adm inistrative changes
and the revision of the standards of m ental acceptability have
had the effect of raising the overall rejection rate from 22 to
33 percent of the population; and (3) the proportions of young
men attending school have risen continuously.
»The term “volunteers” as used in th is report refers to all
men who enter active duty in the Armed Forces for the first time,
except those inducted by the Selective Service System. Men who
volunteer for induction are considered as inductees in this study.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
863
induction receive a physical and mental exami
nation which determines their acceptability for
active duty. It is estimated that about one-third
of the entire male population would, if examined,
be rejected by the Armed Forces. Because only
those men who have not volunteered are subject
to induction, the physical and mental rejection
rate for men examined for induction is consider
ably higher than that of the whole male popula
tion; currently, about half are rejected as not
qualified.
In addition to the rejectees, others of the men
who have not volunteered do not see service be
cause they become fathers by the time they are
reached for induction. About 35-40 percent of
all civilian men have become fathers by age 22 or
23—the age groups of men curently being in
ducted. While fatherhood as such is not a reason
for deferment, the current order of induction
provides that they can be called only after all
nonfathers are taken. Because the supply of non
fathers is more than adequate to meet current
needs, there is almost no chance that fathers will
be inducted unless military manpower require
ments increase substantially.
As has been indicated, most of our military
manpower comes from volunteers. Virtually all
of the manpower used by the Air Force and Navy
are volunteers. In the Army, on the other hand,
about two out of three enlisted (nonofficer) per
sonnel entering for the first time in the year
ending June 30, 1958, were inductees. However,
as a result of the longer term of duty of volun
teers as compared with inductees and the higher
reenlistment rates among volunteers, only about
30 percent of the enlisted Army personnel on
active duty in June 1958 were inductees. The
Armed Forces find volunteers more desirable re
cruits than inductees, because the longer term of
enlistment provides more adequate time for their
training and their use in military assignments.
An important factor which must be considered
in appraising our present military manpower
situation is the number of men who reenlist for
duty after completing one or more enlistment
terms. Reenlistment further reduces the ratio of
training time to service time, and helps provide
a skilled and ready Armed Force. About onefourth of the volunteers reenlist when their first
term expires. This compares with a reenlistment
864
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
rate of less than 1 in 20 for inductees. Reenlist
ment rates are highest among career-regulars—
men who have completed more than one tour of
duty. Almost 9 out of 10 such men reenlist.
There were about 9 million men 19 to 26 years
of age in mid-1958. About 4.5 million had al
ready entered military service; about 2.4 million
were or will be found unfit for service; 1 million
were students (many of whom will enter the mil
itary manpower pool when they discontinue their
education); and about 700,000 were in the non
father military manpower pool. Fewer than 30,000 men in the manpower pool were over 23 years
of age.
The projection of the military manpower pool
during the next 4 years was made by balancing
the number of men reaching military age in the
years ahead against the future needs of the
Armed Forces. Estimates of the annual addi
tions to the military manpower pool are based
upon the number of men reaching age 18%, less
an allowance for the unfit and for the able-bodied
students, virtually all of whom are deferrable
(table 2). In addition to the 18%-year-olds, a
number of students become available each year as
they discontinue their education. The total addi
tions to the pool will increase significantly in the
next few years as the population reaching age
18% increases sharply.
The estimates of military manpower require
ments between June 30, 1958, and June 30, 1963,
are based on a number of assumptions regarding
Military Manpower Pool, 1958-63
The military manpower supply and demand
situation depends not only on the number of in
ductions, volunteers, and reenlistments, but also
on the number of men becoming available for
military service. This study of the present and
future size of the military manpower pool takes
all of these factors into account in estimating the
number of men who were available and eligible
for induction in July 1958 and the number of
men who will be so in July of each year from
1959 to 1963.
The estimates of the size of the military man
power pool in 1958, 1959, and subsequent years
are based on the number of men in the Selective
Service age group after allowing for those al
ready in service, and those who would be rejected,
deferred, or exempt if reached for induction.
Table 1 and the chart show the age distribution
and military service status of men in the primary
military ages on June 30, 1958, and on June 30,
1963.
T a b l e 1.
E stim ated M ilita r y S er v ic e S t a t u s
of
M e n A ged 1 9 -2 6 Y e a r s , J u n e 30
of
1958
and
1963
[In thousands]
Age nearest birthday
Date and status
J une
Total,
19-26
years
19
years
20
years
21
years
22
years
23
years
24
years
25
years
26
years
30, 1958
Male population____________________ . . .
9,060
1,200
1,190
1,150
1,130
1,120
1,090
1,080
1,100
Entered service 1_________ __________
Not qualified______________ ____ ____
Deferrable 2. _______ ________________
Fathers 3_______________ ______ ____
Nonfather pool____________________
4,450
2, 390
1,050
490
670
270
390
320
30
190
400
370
230
40
150
460
340
170
60
120
500
310
120
90
110
590
260
90
100
80
700
240
50
80
20
760
240
40
40
770
240
30
50
10,390
1,430
1,480
1,430
1,290
1,220
1,200
1,190
1,150
3,540
3.360
1, 300
840
1,350
240
470
430
20
270
310
490
310
50
320
350
470
220
90
300
400
430
130
120
210
450
400
80
130
160
550
390
50
150
60
610
370
40
140
30
630
340
40
140
J une
(9
(9
30, 1963
Male population........................................ .
Entered service 1_____________ ______
Not qualified_____________________
Deferrable6________________________
Fathers 3_______________ _____ _____
Nonfather pool___ _______ _________
1 Includes prior or present active or reserve service.
2 Includes a small number in exempt groups.
3 Includes dependency deferments.
4 Less than 5,000.
5 Includes a small number in exempt groups. Excludes student fathers
and certain categories of students in military reserve status.
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(9
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of the individual items may not equal
totals.
Source: Prepared from data of the U. S. Bureau of the Census and the
U.S. Department of Defense.
865
MILITARY MANPOWER
strength of the Armed Forces, reenlistment rates,
and other factors. At the time this report was
prepared, in early 1959, the Department of De
fense assumed that the Armed Forces would de
cline from 2.6 million in June 1958 to 2.5 million
in June 1959 and remain at that level through
June 30, 1963. Reenlistment rates—the propor
tions of men who reenlist upon completion of their
tours of duty—were taken into account in esti
mating military manpower requirements. These
rates were computed in detail, separately for each
service based on recent experience, taking into ac
count variables such as the effects of recently en
acted pay legislation.
On the basis of these data, it was estimated that
about 500,000 men will be needed annually from
the military manpower pool (table 3). Of these,
100.000 men will be needed to meet the require
ments of the reserve forces, and about 300,000 of
the Armed Forces annual requirements will come
from volunteers. This leaves about 100,000 to be
inducted through the Selective Service System.
Characteristics of Men in the Manpower Pool
Most of the volunteers entering military service
between 1958 and 1963 will be young men in their
teens, while the inductees will be mainly 23 or 24
years old. Almost 8 out of 10 of the volunteers
entering the Armed Forces will be under 21.6
Since the number of able-bodied men reaching
military age will be larger than the Armed Forces’
requirements, the manpower pool will increase
from about 1 million in 1959 to about 1% million
by 1963 (table 3). Even if only nonfathers are
considered, the pool will increase from about a
half million in July 1958 to 1% million by June
1963.
Despite the sharp increase in the military man
power pool, the number of available men in the
upper age groups will increase only slightly. In
1963, about 60,000 nonfathers aged 24, 30,000 aged
25, and less than 5,000 aged 26 will be in the pool,
compared with 20,000 aged 24 years and less than
5.000 25- and 26-year-olds in 1958. This situation
is expected to occur because the oldest inductees
in the age range 19-26 are taken first. Further,
the number of draft-liable nonfathers, acceptable
« The minimum age for enlistm ent is 17.
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T a b l e 2. E s t i m a t e d A n n u a l I n f l o w s t o M i l i t a r y
M a n p o w e r P o o l , M e n A g e d 18^-25, F i s c a l Y e a r s
1959-63
[In thousands]
Fiscal year
Inflows and outflows
Male population reaching age
1 8 A 1_____________________
Less:
Not qualified for service.
Able-bodied students and
other deferred groups..
1963
1959
1960
1961
1962
1,220
1,290
1,430
1,480
1,430
400
430
470
490
470
350
390
440
510
560
520
480
400
Net inflows from 1 8 A years old...
Plus: Inflows from student deferments expiring 2__________
470
470
230
260
300
350
390
Total inflows to pool__________
700
730
820
830
790
1 Includes men who have volunteered before reaching age 1 8 A 2 Excludes ROTC graduates.
Source: Prepared from data of the U.S. Bureau of the Census and the
U.S. Department of Defense.
for service, who are expected to reach these ages
without having been in service is very small.
There are three main reasons for this: First, a
substantial number of men will have already en
listed in the Armed Forces well before they reach
their 24th birthday. Second, almost half of the
men who have not entered the Armed Forces will
have become fathers by the time they reach their
24th birthday. Third, about half of the non
fathers who have not entered service are expected
to be found not qualified for military service when
they are reached for induction.
Most of the increase in the size of the military
manpower pool will be in the younger ages, as a
result of the increases in the number of men who
will be reaching age 19 and an assumed drop in
the number and proportion of volunteers among
young men between 1958 and 1963. For example,
only 310,000 or about 20 percent of the 20-yearolds in 1963 will have volunteered for active duty,
compared with 400,000 or about 33 percent of
those men who were 20 years old in 1958. Simi
larly, the assumed numbers of 21- and 22-year-olds
who will have volunteered by 1963 are 350,000 and
400,000 (25 and 33 percent of the respective age
groups), compared with 460,000 and 500,000 (40
and 44 percent, respectively) for the correspond
ing age groups in 1958.
A comparison at selected ages of men of mili
tary age in 1958 and in 1963 illustrates the effects
of these changes. The most obvious change among
the 19-year-olds in the two periods is the increase
in the size of the population from about 1,200,000
866
T a b le 3.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
P rojected M ilita r y M a n p o w e r P ool, M en
A ged 1 8 ^ -2 5 , F iscal Y ea r s 1 959-63
[In thousands]
Fiscal year
Pool
1959
Pool, beginning of year............... 1 1,010
1960
1961
1962
1963
1,610
1,100
1,220
1,420
710
740
830
840
800
700
10
620
730
10
620
820
10
630
830
10
650
790
10
670
520
120
310
90
100
500
80
330
90
120
500
100
310
100
130
500
90
310
100
150
500
90
310
100
170
Pool, end of year.............. ...........
1,100
1,220
1,420
1,610
1,740
Nonfathers, aged 19-25_____
Fathers, aged 19-25....... ........
Under age 19_____________
Ages 26 and over__________
630
300
110
60
740
300
110
70
920
300
120
80
1,100
300
120
90
‘ 1,240
300
100
100
Plus annual inflows to pool.........
Ages 18^-25 and volunteers
aged 17-18^ 2___________
Ages 26 and over_________
Less outflows from pool_______
Men entering active or reserve service..___ ______
Inductees.........................
Volunteers........... ...........
Reserves.. ...................
Reclassified to III-A 2______
1 Estimated pool as of June 30,1958. Includes 300,000 fathers and 50,000 men
aged 26 and over.
2 Men volunteering before reaching age 18H are counted as in the military
manpower pool.
2 Assumes that the number of fathers in the military manpower pool will
not exceed 300,000 because of reclassification into class III-A—dependency
deferments.
4 The nonfather pool in this table is smaller than that shown in table 1
because men aged 18MH9 are excluded from this figure.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
Source: Prepared from data of the U.S. Bureau of the Census and the
U.S. Department of Defense.
to about 1,430,000. None of this increase is re
flected in the number of men in the Armed Forces
and there is therefore a substantial increase in the
manpower pool and in the number of deferred
men.
An even sharper rise from 1,150,000 to 1,430,000
occurs among 21-year-old men between 1958 and
1963. A relatively sharp drop from 460,000 to
350,000 in the number of 21-year-old men who
will be or will have been in service is expected to
occur. This drop is expected from assumptions
regarding age of enlistment and the number of
men expected to enlist in the years ahead. As a
result of this decline as well as the increase in the
size of the age group, the number of 21-year-old
men not in service will increase by almost 400,000
between 1958 and 1963.
The size of the 23-year-old group is also ex
pected to increase, but by only 100,000 during this
period. The number of men in service in this age
is expected to decline from 590,000 to 450,000. As
a result, the number of men not in service will
increase by about 240,000. The larger number of
men in this and younger age groups not in service
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in 1963 will mean that more of them will probably
become fathers before being reached for induction.
Comparison of the 26-year-olds in 1958 and 1963
indicates that virtually no men are left in the pool
in either year, but the number of deferred men
(most of whom are fathers) is about 90,000 higher
in 1963 and the number not qualified is 100,000
higher. Most of the increase in the number not
qualified will result from the higher mental and
physical standards now in effect. The increase
between 1958 and 1963 in the draft-liable men
who are expected to become fathers before being
reached for induction is due to the larger number
of men in the 26-year-old group in 1963 who will
have had more years to become fathers.
Conclusions
The conclusions reached from the findings of
this study of military manpower requirements
and supply are:
1. There will be a more than adequate supply
of men for military service in the next few years
if it is assumed that the Armed Forces will re
main at a level of about 21/£ million.
2. Unless military manpower needs increase
much more than is assumed here, virtually no
fathers will be inducted in the years ahead.
3. As of now, a young man must count on serv
ing if he meets the mental and physical standards,
and does not become a father. Virtually no phys
ically and mentally fit nonfathers who reached age
26 in 1958 escaped service. Similarly, among
young men who will be 26 in 1963 (who were 21
years old in 1958), no physically and mentally fit
nonfathers will escape service.
4. This study has particular significance for the
young men who were 17 in 1959—most of whom
will finish high school in 1960. There are a great
many ways in which young men can satisfy their
military obligation.7 Some will volunteer for
active duty in one of the military services for
terms of 3, 4, or more years. Others will volun
teer for from 3- to 6-month periods of active duty
for training and fulfill the remainder of their
military obligation by participating in reserve
programs. Those who do not choose to volunteer
7
These alternatives are described in detail in It’s Your Choice
(U.S. Department of Defense rev., 1958).
MILITARY MANPOWER
will wait until they are reached for induction.
By 1963, when these men will be 21 years old,
350,000 are expected to have voluntarily entered
the Armed Forces. Those who have not volun
teered by 1963 will probably not be inducted until
after 1963, and perhaps not until 1965 when they
will be 23 years old—and then only if the induc
tion authority is again extended. As a result, the
non volunteers will have at least 4 or 5 years after
completing high school during which they could
complete a 4-year college education without being
affected by the draft. For those who do not go to
college, a similar time lapse would occur during
which they may choose to begin a work career.
Of course, men who do not volunteer may marry
and become fathers during the time lag before
they are reached for induction. Because the num
ber of men who have not entered service by the
time they are 21 years old is expected to increase
sharply between 1958 and 1963, the number of
draft eligibles in this age group who will become
fathers before being reached for induction will
probably increase significantly.
5. Another inference which can be drawn from
this study is that it will become increasingly more
difficult for young men to volunteer in the service
of their choice in the years ahead. According to
the assumption made by the Department of De
fense regarding the number and age distribution
of volunteers, there will be a significant drop be
tween 1959 and 1963 in the number and propor
tion of men in each age who will have volunteered
for active service. Since both the Air Force and
Navy, who obtain nearly all of their manpower
by voluntary enlistment, occasionally find them
selves unable, even now, to accept all the men who
volunteer in a given month, it is reasonable to
expect that they will be more selective in the fu
ture in regard to volunteers. In the years ahead,
as it becomes more difficult to enlist in the Air
Force and Navy, it is possible that the Army
(which is the only military branch to use in
ductees) may obtain enough volunteers so that it
will not need as many inductees as has been indi
cated in this article.
6. Other considerations may change the ex
pected number of inductees that will be needed in
the years ahead. As the larger number of young
men now in their early teens approach military
age, they may find the competition for entry jobs
keener for inexperienced workers and may volun
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867
tarily enter the Armed Forces in greater numbers
than currently anticipated. On the other hand,
as these young men become more aware that their
chances of seeing service are getting smaller be
cause their numbers are larger, some of these who
volunteer only because they expect to be inducted
anyway may decide to delay vounteering. Of
course, these phenomena may offset each other.
7. While the official Department of Defense
figures on military manpower requirements do not
go beyond 1963 and the extension of the draft
beyond that year will depend on the circumstances
of that time, it is interesting to estimate what
would happen thereafter, with the increase in
population of military age, if there were no
changes in military manpower policy. If it is
assumed that the draft authority will again be
extended, that current Selective Service rules and
regulations will remain in effect, and that the
Armed Forces strength will be continued at about
2.5 million (and it is dubious that all of these
assumptions will hold true), the proportion of
men who would not have been in service by the
time they reach age 26 would continue to increase.
The size of the population groups reaching age
26 will continue to get larger for several years
after 1963, and as a result of the increase in the
number of men not in service in each age group,
a greater proportion would undoubtedly become
fathers before being reached for induction than
will be true in the 1958—
63 period. It is even pos
sible that some nonfathers could reach age 26
without having been in service.
8. It should be kept in mind that the estimates
presented in this study are subject to a consider
able margin of error. The projections were based
on assumptions as to the behavior of individuals
and economic conditions. These assumptions,
based on past experience, appeared reasonable at
the date of the study, but events may work out
differently. For example, enlistment and reenlist
ment rates are strongly affected by the level of
prosperity and by attitudes toward military serv
ice; fatherhood rates also may be affected by
economic conditions as well as by the operation of
the d ra ft; the age of induction depends to a large
extent on variable factors. It seems clear that an
appraisal of the military manpower pool should
be repeated at regular intervals in order to take
into account changes in these relationships which
may occur.
Wages, Prices, and Productivity
E
N o t e .— T h e articles w h ich fo llo w are r e la tiv e ly b rief ex cerp ts fro m
p a p ers p rese n ted b y the authors a t the 15th A m erica n A sse m b ly a t A r d e n
H o u se, N .Y ., la st M ay. C om plete te x t o f the p a p e rs, along w ith those o f
oth er p a rtic ip a n ts in the p ro g ra m , has been p u b lish ed in booh fo rm u n der the
title , W ages, P rices, P ro fits, an d P r o d u c tiv ity . C opies m a y be ord ered fro m
the A sse m b ly offices, C olum bia U n iv e rsity , N ew Y o r k 19, N .Y ., a t $2 each.
d it o r ’s
The Influence of
Bargained Wage
Increases on Prices
Sum ner
H.
S l ic h t e r *
h e influence of unions [on inflation] is con
siderably different from the role attributed to
trade unions [by conventional economic theory].
A realistic view leads to changes in conceptions of
the economic theory of unions and important mod
ifications in the theory of wages and of employ
ment.
The traditional view of economic theory has
been that the success of a group of employees in
enforcing a higher supply price for their labor
in the absence of changes in the demand for their
services simply means a redistribution of incomes
to the advantage of those members of the wageincreasing group who succeed in keeping their
jobs. What these persons gain, others lose either
in the form of less employment, lower profits, or
lower wages. The traditional analysis overlooks
the fact that bargained wage increases which oc
cur in the absence of increases in demand, fre
quently, though not always, raise the total volume
of spending in the economy sufficiently to main
tain or even increase the total volume of produc
tion and employment. Hence, bargained wage in
creases often generate gains in money incomes and
production.
T
Effects of Bargained Wage Increases
T y p e One. Selling prices are raised by the firm,
but demand for the commodity is elastic. In this
868
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case, expenditures by the firm’s customers for its
products drop, and some of the money not spent
for the products goes into liquid reserves of the
customers. The payroll of the wage-increasing
firm drops, too, except in a few freak cases in
which the demand for labor in the short run is
quite independent of changes both of output and
of wage rates. As a general rule, the drop in
employment associated with a drop in sales would
produce some drop in payrolls despite the wage
increase, and in addition, the drop in the total in
come of the firm would produce some drop in the
nonpayroll expenditures of the firm. Thus the
effect of wage increases when the demand for the
product of the firm is elastic is deflationary.
T y p e T w o. Selling prices are raised by the firm,
but demand for the product is inelastic. Under
these conditions, the wage increase is inflationary.
It leads to offsetting increases in prices [which]
will increase the total amount spent for goods of
all kinds—[for] the product of the firm raising
wages and the products of other firms as well—•
since the higher price will ordinarily cause some
shift in the use of money from speculative uses to
transaction uses. The increase in spending re
sulting from higher prices charged the wage-in
creasing firm will not, of course, be sufficient to
maintain the previous physical volume of pro
duction.
The demand for labor in the short run is almost
invariably inelastic. Hence, the wage increase
will raise the firm’s payrolls. Its nonpayroll ex
penditures will shrink. Ordinarily, however, the
shrinkage in the nonpayroll expenditures will be
less than the expansion of payroll expenditures.
The enterprise must be expected to use its re
sources so that for every use the ratio of marginal
*Professor of Economics, Harvard University.
WAGES, PRICES, AND PRODUCTIVITY
cost to marginal advantage is the same as the ratio
for every other use.
Hence, when outside in
fluences (the union) force the firm to increase its
payrolls, the enterprise will meet the cost, not
solely by cutting other expenditures, but partly
by drawing on liquid resources and partly by
greater use of credit.
The increase in the outlays of the wage-increas
ing firm has the same effect on the rest of the
economy as any autonomous increase in spending.
The increase is financed by a draft on liquid re
sources or greater use of bank credit for working
capital. The effect of the autonomous increase
in spending falls into two parts—the effect on
consumption and the effect on investment spending
by nonwage-increasing firms. The effect on con
sumption is determined by the marginal propen
sity to consume in accordance with the familiar
Keynesian multiplier. The effect upon invest
ment depends upon the shift in the investment
function in the rest of the economy. This func
tion is the result partly of the state of liquidity
of business concerns and partly of the appraisals
of the business outlook that are constantly being
made.
The combined increase in spending by cus
tomers of the wage-increasing firm and by the
firm and its employees may be expected to increase
the total amount of spending in the economy more
than sufficiently to sustain or increase production
at the new higher price level.
T y p e T h ree. The selling price is not raised by
the firm. If one or a minority of several com
petitors is organized, the firm may find itself
compelled to grant a wage increase that its rivals
are not granting. Thus the management must
choose between raising prices, with the prospect
that the demand will be found highly elastic be
cause rival firms do not raise their prices, or of
holding the line on prices in spite of the wage in
crease. If the first course is selected, the case
becomes one of the [first] type.
If the second course is selected, expenditures of
the firm’s customers are not changed, but there is
usually some increase in the outlays of the firm
and its employees. The demand for labor in
nearly all cases is inelastic. Hence, payroll ex
penditures rise. Nonpayroll expenditures drop,
but not sufficiently to offset the rise in payroll ex
penditures. The reason is that cuts in nonpayroll
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869
expenditures can be made only by accepting in
creasing disadvantages. Hence, the enterprise
has an incentive to take various steps to avoid
cuts in its nonpayroll expenditures. These steps
may include drawing on the firm’s liquid resources
or relying to a greater extent upon bank loans
for working capital. Thus, there is an increase
in spending similar to the increase in Type Two
situations. Both consumption and investment
throughout the economy are stimulated. But the
effect on expenditures is less than in Type Two
situations.
Whether
or not trade unions on balance are instruments of
deflation or instruments of inflation depends upon
the relative importance of the several types of
case.
Type One cases, in which the demand for the
product of the firm is elastic, are found when the
firm is exposed to special cost influences that do
not affect rival firms. An example might be a
firm compelled to bargain with a union under
conditions that caused the wage settlements to
have little effect upon the wages paid by rival
firms. Merely to describe the situation shows how
unusual it is. Most firms are exposed to pretty
much the same cost influences as their rivals.
Hence, all are more or less affected alike by
changes in costs. This means that all rivals make
more or less the same adjustments of prices to
changes in costs. If that is so, the elasticity that
counts is the elasticity of demand for the product
of the industry rather than for the brands of the
several enterprises. The elasticity of demand for
the product is much less than the elasticity of de
mand for the several brands and is much more
likely to be less than minus one. Hence, one
concludes that Type One cases are not particularly
frequent. There are, however, a few industries
in which new firms are so easily started that the
elasticity of the demand for the product is high.
It follows that cases of Types Two and Three—
the situations in which unions are generators of
income—predominate. I do not think that the
Type Three sort of case is particularly numerous.
The most common case is the Type Two situation
in which all competitors negotiate wage settle
ments more or less simultaneously and make price
adjustments more or less in unison. In these situ
ations, expenditures for the product are governed
R e la tiv e Im p o rta n ce o f T y p e s o f Case.
870
by the elasticity of demand for the output of the
industry rather than for the output of individual
firms. The elasticity is likely to be less than minus
one and the wage increases are inflationary.
The conclusion is that trade unions as a rule
do more than transfer income from some parts
of the economy to others. They affect the size
of the total flows of income as well as the relative
size of its components. [At times, union settle
ments] are deflationary—reduce the size of total
income flows. More often the effect is inflation
ary—to increase the size of total income flows.
As trade unions become stronger and more per
vasive, the greater becomes the tendency of their
wage settlements to affect the prices charged by
all firms in the industry. Consequently, an im
portant difference between a large, well-estab
lished and strong trade union movement and a
weak, poorly established movement is that the
[former] can bargain on the basis of the industry
elasticity of demand, whereas the weak movement
must bargain on the basis of the firm elasticity of
demand.
All of this is a way of saying that as the trade
union movement gains strength, its economic sig
nificance changes. At present, the trade union
movement in the United States is sufficiently ex
tensive and powerful so that most of its bargains
are of the Type Two sort. Our trade union move
ment has become a powerful income-generating
instrument—a built-in source of demand for goods
and of inflation.
Unions as Generators of Income
If trade unions are in most instances income
generating organizations, the economy is stronger
than we have supposed it to be. The influences
making for expansion are stronger than we had
supposed them to be. Likewise, the influences
tending to sustain personal incomes and personal
consumption expenditures in times of recession
are stronger than we had realized. What evi
dence is there that trade unions on balance have
become generators of income ?
One bit of evidence is the behavior of wages in
the face of stationary or slightly declining cor
porate profits in the last 10 or 11 years. The
profits of all nonfinancial corporations as a per
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 195^
centage of sales have fallen substantially during'
the 10-year period. With profit margins narrow
ing, one would not expect wages to be bid up
faster than the rise in output per man-hour, and
yet in the 10 years from 1948 to 1958, inclusive,,
[the rise in] hourly compensation of employees
exceeded the gain in real product per man-hour
in all of private industry in 8 years, and for the
entire period, was nearly twice as large as the
gain in real output—63.3 percent against a gain
of 33.3 percent in real output per man-hour.
[Secondly,] in every one of the last 11 years,
average hourly compensation of all employees in
private industry rose more than the Consumer
Price Index, and in 9 of the last 10 years, hourly
earnings rose more than the wholesale prices of
finished goods and nonfarm wholesale prices. A
third bit of evidence is the tendency of wages to
continue rising in the face of falling demand for
labor, as happened in 1949, 1954, and 1958. A
fourth bit of evidence is the success of unions in
pushing up wages in various industries regardless
of market conditions.
The success of unions in raising wages far faster
than the increase in productivity has created a
difficult problem of explanation for trade unions.
Union spokesmen argue that prices have risen for
reasons independent of wage increases and that
unions have simply made offsetting increases in
wages. Union spokesmen argue that wage in
creases in conjunction with gains in productivity
have raised labor costs only about the amount of
price increases. Hence, wage increases have been
the result of price increases, not their cause. This
theory meets certain difficulties. The rise in value
of product per man-hour between 1948 and 1958
is almost exactly the same as the rise in labor costs
per unit of product. Does this fact mean that
unions knew the coming changes in output per
man-hour and in prices? Otherwise, the union
negotiators would not know how much of a wage
increase to bargain for. Since [in the last 11
years] output per man-hour rose by various
amounts and the year-to-year change in the Con
sumer Price Index varied widely, there is no rea
son to believe that unions can predict these
changes.
A simpler explanation attributes the rise in
prices to the rise in labor costs, and the rough
WAGES, PRICES, AND PRODUCTIVITY
correspondence between changes in labor costs and
changes in the price level to the fact that in a
consolidated income statement of the American
economy, compensation of employees represents
two-thirds of all costs—in other words, is twice as
important as all other costs combined.
Inflation Checks
What should be done about the tendency of
unions to generate incomes? This is not the sole
cause for inflation, though in the last few years it
has probably been the most important single
cause. It has been a useful influence in important
respects—especially in contributing substantially
to sustaining incomes during periods of recession
[and] in accelerating recovery in times like the
present. Finally, the income-generating capacity
of trade unions tends to stimulate the growth of
the economy by accentuating the tendency for de
mand to outrun productive capacity.
[However,] an effort should be made to limit
wage increases as a general rule to increases in out
put per man-hour. Relying upon wage increases
to produce autonomous increases in spending cre
ates too many special gains for groups in strong
bargaining positions. I t is better for the econ
omy to get its autonomous increases in spending
in ways that benefit all groups—through tax cuts
or planned budget deficits.
There is no known and proved way of limiting
the generation of income by trade unions suffi
ciently to prevent them from raising the price
level. It has been suggested that unions be de
prived of some of their present extraordinary
privileges, such as their use of coercive picketing
or the conscription of neutrals in labor disputes.
These changes in the law are overdue, but they
would have little effect upon the outcome of most
bargains. It has been suggested that the unions
be broken up so that there would be several in
each industry. Unions would lose some of their
present ability to support strikes by some mem
bers while other members work and pay dues and
special assessments. But there would be rivalries
among the new unions and each would feel a
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871
strong urge to make a better settlement than any
of the others. Hence, there is little reason to ex
pect that breaking up unions would as a general
rule diminish their upward pressure on wages.
A series of somewhat unrelated steps might add
up to a significant restraint on upward pressure
on wages. A great expansion in the use of indus
trial engineers producing capital-saving inven
tions would be useful. A larger proportion of
capital-saving inventions wmuld weaken the tend
ency of technological change to increase the de
mand for labor. Laborsaving inventions are in
flationary because they increase the demand for
labor.
The aims of unions can be broadened and made
more constructive by the adoption of the Scanlon
Plan or variants of it—it marks an important
step forward in the art of management and it
increases the influence of trade unions for good.
I like John Dunlop’s suggestion of an annual
stocktaking of the economic outlook by represent
atives of labor and management in a governmentsponsored conference. Unions are not sensitive
to public opinion, but they are not immune to the
climate of opinion.
Finally, in the event that the country becomes
seriously interested in halting the slow rise in
prices, duties and quotas may be gradually re
moved. This step would have the advantage of
retarding the rise in prices and at the same time
of stimulating growth and [plant] efficiency.
Would the several steps suggested check the
tendency for unions to push up wages faster than
the rise in output per man-hour ? I do not know.
Other influences are growing in importance
and combine with the trade unions to produce
rising prices. For example, science is likely [to
discover] investment opportunities far faster
than the community generates investment-seeking
funds. Furthermore, science will create large
profits in various parts of the economy, and these
profits will stimulate stiff wage demands by work
ers throughout industry. The most profitable
firms will choose to concede much of what the
unions ask. Hence, wages will continue to outrun
output per man-hour.
872
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
Structural Determinants
of Cost Inflation and
Remedial Measures
L loyd G. R eynolds *
T he f a c t that wage-push inflation is a hypotheti
cal possibility need not mean that it will actually
occur. What determines the susceptibility of an
economy to wage inflation ? The structural
characteristics [discussed below] appear to be
particularly important.
Labor Mobility and Labor Markets
The important considerations here are the will
ingness and ability of workers to shift freely
among employers, industries, and geographical
areas in response to economic inducements ; and
the existence of clearinghouse arrangements to
facilitate the transfer and placement of labor.
[These conditions] make for a flexible labor force.
This is important in two respects. First, the
greater the flexibility of the labor force, the
higher is the level of employment attainable before
the economy encounters a general shortage of
labor and enters an inflationary phase. Second,
a demand inflation may occur because an economy,
while still operating below capacity in most sec
tors, encounters production bottlenecks in a few
key industries. The impediment to production
may be a shortage of labor in particular industries
and localities, even though labor supply is gener
ally adequate. This may induce substantial wage
increases at the bottleneck points, which are then
transmitted through market and institutional
channels to other types of employment. The
greater the flexibility of the labor force, the less
likely it is that such labor bottlenecks will occur;
and where they do occur, it will not require such
large wage increases to overcome them as would
be necessary otherwise.
In both respects, then, a flexible labor force
raises the production ceiling of the economy. It
permits rising demand to carry production and
employment to a higher level before demand be
comes excessive and inflation sets in.
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Competitive and Pricing Arrangements
The customary argument here is that monopoly,
“cooperative” oligopoly, and cartel arrangements
are favorable to cost inflation, while competitive
pricing acts as a restraining force. This hypothe
sis may well be correct, though not for the reason
most commonly offered. There is little indication
that monopolistic sellers are directly responsible
for cost inflation by seeking to expand profit mar
gins more rapidly than other factor costs. On the
contrary, profit markups seem to be governed by
conventional rules which remain stable for long
periods of time.
It may be, however, that employers in an ad
ministered price industry concede wage increases
more readily than they would under free market
pricing. The administrative ease of converting
higher costs into higher prices may lower em
ployer resistance to wage increases, whereas un
certainty about the product market would have led
employers to put up a harder fight. The argu
ment is not that administered price industries
raise wages faster than other (competitive) in
dustries in the same economy over a given period
[but] that administered price industries raise
wages more rapidly than those same industries
would have done if organized on a competitive
basis. If these industries happen also to be those
in which productivity is advancing most rapidly,
they may generate a rate of wage increase which
is inappropriate for the economy as a whole and
yet which the entire economy must follow. If the
hypothesis is correct, one could say that admin
istered pricing arrangements contribute indirectly
to cost inflation by providing a more permissive
atmosphere for wage increases.
Worker Expectations
It clearly makes a difference whether workers
expect substantial wage increases to occur every
year, or whether they expect wage increases to be
moderate and intermittent. If wages have been
advancing rapidly for a number of years, it is
natural for workers to project this trend into the
future; and if living costs have also advanced
considerably, they will be all the more insistent
»Professor of Economics, Yale U niversity.
WAGES, PRICES, AND PRODUCTIVITY
on substantial wage gains. One of the most diffi
cult features of the present situation in many
countries is the history of unbroken wage and
price increases over the past 20 years. There will
soon be few workers living who can remember a
wage cut or even a year in which wages did not
rise. This has generated a momentum in money
wage movements which is much harder to check
today than it would have been a decade ago.
A related matter is worker expectations about
union objectives and accomplishments. At one
extreme, workers may regard their union dues as
a business investment and judge the union’s effec
tiveness by the monetary gains which it wins. At
the other pole, workers may regard unionism as
a political and social movement, and may attach
primary importance to worker participation in
management, nationalization of industry, or re
distribution of income through government.
Wage bargaining is never unimportant, but it
plays a more central role in some union movements
than in others. In the years since World War
II, for example, it has been less significant in
Germany than in Britain, and less significant in
Britain than in the United States.
The Structure of Unionism and Bargaining
Unionism is not a prerequisite for the appear
ance of wage inflation, nor does the presence of
unionism guarantee that wage inflation will fol
low. Unionism does make a difference, however,
and the characteristics of collective bargaining in
a particular country can be of substantial im
portance. Most significant are probably the
following :
1. T h e incidence o f u nion o rgan ization . It
makes a difference whether unionism is strongest
in the sectors where conditions are most favorable
to money wage increases, or whether the contrary
is true. In the United States, strong textile union
ism and weak automobile unionism would produce
a rather different wage atmosphere than exists at
present.
2. T h e locus o f con trol o ver u nion 'policy. Ag
gressive membership participation in union gov
ernment and insecurity of tenure among union
leaders may be applauded on democratic grounds,
but it probably also makes for larger wage de
mands than would occur otherwise. Top union
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873
officials have better economic information, a
longer range outlook, and greater concern with
employment and other side effects of wage in
creases than do union members. To the extent
that the leaders can proceed without direct
membership control, they are likely to be more
moderate and realistic in wage demands and wage
settlements.
— 3. In teru n io n relation s an d the scope o f collec
tive agreem ents. There has been considerable
discussion of the relation between centralization
of collective bargaining and the aggressiveness of
union wage policies. Perhaps the commonest
hypothesis is that greater centralization is
likely to produce more moderate wage demands,
demands which are adjusted to national economic
necessities and are held within the bounds per
mitted by productivity increases. The rationale
for this is that leaders of the top union federation
are strongly insulated against grassroots opinion
and pressure, that they have comprehensive
economic information and a broad outlook on the
national economy, and that they are in a position
to check what might otherwise become a com
petitive scramble for wage advantage among in
dividual unions.
This is an interesting and persuasive hypothesis,
but one cannot say that it has yet been verified
by experience. Individual instances can be cited.
During the late forties, the labor movements in
Britain, Norway, Sweden, and Holland cooperated
with their national governments in a policy of
wage restraint, amounting at times to a virtual
prohibition of negotiated wage increases. Money
wages rose very little in these countries from
1947 to 1950, and real wages scarcely at all. One
must remember, however, that the circumstances
of this period were very unusual. The countries
concerned were recovering from the physical de
struction and economic dislocation of a 6-year
war, and were struggling to rebuild their produc
tive capacity and restore their export markets.
It was thus easier than it normally would be to
enlist cooperation of all economic groups in a
national effort.
After the peak of the Korean crisis, restraints
on wages and other money incomes were loosened
in most countries; price controls and subsidies
were increasingly abandoned, and the economies
moved toward normal peacetime operation.
874
From this point on, it is difficult to make a case
that centralized collective bargaining had a brak
ing effect on the rate of wage increase. From
1952 to 1957, money wages rose somewhat more
in Britain, Holland, and Scandinavia [countries
with centralized bargaining systems] than in
Canada and the United States with their de
centralized bargaining systems. This may have
been partly a catching-up from the previous
period of wage restraint, and partly also a reflec
tion of unusually high levels of demand and em
ployment, which might well account for faster in
creases in the wage-price level. In any event, col
lective bargaining procedures and union policies
in these countries do not seem to have had any
clear-cut effect in producing a different behavior
of the money wage level than that found in Can
ada or the United States.
If.. C o n tra ct ren ew als an d w a g e reopenin gs. In
the United States, we tend to take it for granted
that collective agreements must expire and a new
w’age bargain be negotiated every 12 months, but
this is in no way inevitable. British union agree
ments are of indefinite duration, though annual
wage demands have become more common during
the 1950’s than [formerly]. Moreover, a lag of
a year between initial demand and final settlement
is not uncommon. This slower tempo of wage
movements lengthens the wage lag during a de
mand inflation and probably also reduces the like
lihood of cost-push inflation.
Remedial Measures
Before discussing remedial measures it should
be reemphasized that we are not sure that there is
a serious problem of secular inflation, or at any
rate that the problem is more serious today than
in earlier decades. If there is a problem of secular
inflation, and if this arises in some measure from
cost pressure of the wage-push variety, what
remedial measures might be taken ? To he extent
that the problem exists, it is clearly not amenable
to a single once-for-all solution, any more than
one could hope to “solve” cyclical instability or
any other deep-rooted structural problem by a
single reform. I t is sounder strategy to think of
“weathering down” or encircling the problem by
a variety of flanking maneuvers.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
The one-shot remedies most frequently proposed
for wage inflation do not stand up very well under
close examination. Some of the commonest pro
posals are:
1. W eakenin g the p o w er o f unionism b y en
fo rced decen tra liza tio n —for example, by confin
ing collective bargaining to a single company and
representatives of that company’s employees only.
This would be a radical departure from our past
policies in labor relations, since it would mean
dismemberment of national unions. In order to
eliminate a possible (and in my judgment not
really serious) adverse effect on the behavior of
the money wage level, we would have sacrificed
the numerous positive benefits of strong union or
ganization. My judgment is that an evaluation
[of all the effects of unionism] yields a positive
score for national unionism.
2. C en tra lizin g collective bargain in g in ord er to
“ ra tio n a lize ” w a g e decisions. This proposal is
impracticable in the sense that a democratic gov
ernment can do little to bring about greater cen
tralization of wage decisions. Moreover, too tight
a control on wages from [top federation leaders]
would threaten the very structure of the union
movement by drying up local initiative and mem
bership support. A large measure of wage nego
tiation at the industry and company levels per
sists beneath the forms of centralization, and these
supplementary bargains always work upward
from the national norms established at the center.
3. G overn m en t in te rven tio n in specific price
an d w age decisions. Proposals of this type appear
to be either ineffective or harmful. “Coaxing”
[of parties in negotiation to accept a modest wage
increase and no price increase] can scarcely have
much effect unless accompanied by some type of
sanction. Government review and alteration of
wage and price decisions runs counter to the ra
tionale of a private economy and could clearly
hamper efficient use of economic resources. An
nouncement of a “target” figure for wage increases
in a particular year implies that all wages can or
should advance at the same pace over time, which
is not the case in a dynamic economy.
A C on trollin g w age in flation th rou gh m o n eta ry
p o licy. I t is held that price increases resulting
from a wage-push simply demonstrate that the
monetary authorities are not doing their job and
WAGES, PRICES, AND PRODUCTIVITY
that increases can be avoided by a tougher line of
policy. If an effort is made to push up wages
faster than the warranted rate, the monetary au
thorities should withhold the additional working
capital needed to cover the wage increases. This
will compel a reduction of output and employ
ment, stiffen employer resistance to wage in
creases, and bring the inflationary process to an
end. After this has been done several times, the
unions may “get wise” and refrain from demand
ing excessive increases in the future.
Space does not permit a thorough evaluation
of this line of argument, but there are obvious
technical difficulties: first, of ascertaining that a
cost-push is in process and judging its approxi
mate size; and second, of adjusting money supply
to just the right extent in face of the notorious
instability of velocity noted earlier in this paper.
More serious, the policy involves a break in the
growth trend of the economy and loss of output
over a considerable period. It is quite possible
that the depressing effect of a recession on output
growth may be greater than the depressing effect
on money wage increases, in which case the tight
money policy would turn out to have been infla
tionary rather than the reverse.
The dampening effect on money wage increases,
moreover, is by no means certain. Unemploy
ment per se cannot be counted on as very effective
in an economy of bargained wage rates. The
reduction of sales and profits during a recession,
with the consequent increase in employers’ incen
tive to resist wage demands, is a more powerful
force. But it might require a substantial cut in
output extending over a considerable period to
really break the momentum of an upward wage
movement.
What, then, are some of the other approaches
which one might take to the problem ? The most
hopeful lines of approach fall under three
headings:
875
annual wage increase as a datum, and asked how
we might be able to raise the rate of output growth
to this level. The rate of increase in output is
certainly not invariant.
Putting the problem in these terms leads to an
emphasis on a high growth rate for the economy,
a high level of investment, and continuous ca
pacity operation. It leads, in short, toward a
positive monetary policy oriented toward econo
mic expansion rather than a restrictive policy
designed to punish excessive wage demands
through periodic unemployment. This positive
policy should not mean open courting of inflation,
and it admittedly contains some danger of en
couraging excessive wage increases. One must
hope, however, to achieve an acceleration of pro
ductivity growth which will more than offset any
intensification of wage demands. Nor will wage
demands necessarily be intensified if some of the
other measures suggested below are taken.
3.
In creasin g p u b lic u n d ersta n d in g o f econom ic
affairs. Informed self-discipline by economic
groups is the alternative to state compulsion, and
better economic data and economic analysis are
an essential basis for this. Education in the eco
nomics of wages cannot come in any great measure
from the parties at interest, whose motives are
suspect and whose “informational” material
typically reflects self-interested pleading. The
lead must be taken by disinterested economists in
universities and research agencies, who until now
have failed to make any marked impact on the
general public.
3. In stitu tio n a l reform . Over a period of dec
ades, economic institutions do change and the
rate of change can often be accelerated by con
scious forethought. Desirable directions of move
ment in the United States at this time would
include (a) improvement of labor markets and
rationalizing of labor mobility both within lo
calities and between localities; (b) strengthening
1.
R a isin g the ra te o f g ro w th in n a tio n a l o u tpu t. of competitive forces in product markets and dis
It is curious that economists tend to take this as
couragement of open or tacit price agreement; (c)
a datum and to regard the money wage level as
strengthening employer solidarity in collective
the variable which must be adjusted. Suppose
bargaining; and (d) building lags into wage
that one turned the problem around, took the
adjustments.
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Summaries of Studies and Reports
Long-Term Factors in Labor
Mobility and Unemployment
E
N o t e .— T he fo llo w in g a rticle is taken
fr o m a p a p e r p re p a re d b y S ta n le y L e b e rg o tt
fo r p rese n ta tio n to the J o in t E con om ic C om
m itte e o f the U .S . C ongress on A p r il 27,1959.
T h e a u th o r is a R o ck efeller P u b lic S ervice
A w a r d w in n er on leave fr o m the B u reau o f
the B u d g e t, an d the co m m ittee p r in t o f his
p a p e r em ph asizes th a t his v ie w p o in ts are his
alone. I n the ex cerp ts here u sed— v ir tu a lly
the co m p lete p a p e r— source referen ces have
been o m itted .
d i t o r ’s
A f e w y e a r s a g o , a book on English history ap
peared in which the writers rambled through the
decades, labeling the events that were “a good
thing” and those that were not. I t is clear that
current discussions generally treat labor mobility
as “a good thing”—not to be confused with labor
turnover, which is “a bad thing.” Without at
tempting to draw the delicate boundary lines that
separate those two, I shall simply define labor
mobility as the movement of persons into and out
of jobs. Such changes commonly involve a shift
from one employer to another, but they may only
take the form of entrances into the labor force or
exits from it.
Factors Limiting Mobility
What can we say about the American historical
record ? Essentially this—that the main currents
of American life have tended, with some vital ex
ceptions, to reduce labor mobility over the past
century. Of course, we may single out one of
these forces and make a plausible case, say, for
seniority systems, or pension plans, or social se
curity being the major cause. But if we look to
the broad pattern of our national growth, we will
find, I think, a great many causes powerfully
working to reduce labor mobility. Let us review
876
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some of the main ones, not as opponents or sup
porters of any of them, including even the first,
which is :
1. T he A m erica n home. At the beginning of
this century, about 36 percent of our nonfarm
families owned their homes. Today, the ratio is
half again as great. Higher real incomes and im
proved construction techniques have played a
part. And a significant factor was agreement by
the Congress and the Executive in that long line
of actions from the mortgage moratorium of the
early 1930’s, the Federal Housing Administration
insurance program of the late 1930’s, to the Vet
erans’ Administration loan program of the late
1940’s.
However, converting a tenant into a homeowner
inevitably reduces his mobility. A man who has
sown his crop of crabgrass wants to be around
next year to see how it made out. . . .
2. A second fa c to r is m oth erh ood. Women in
the childbearing years today have borne 37 per
cent more children than women of the same age
group in 1941. From data in the 1950 census, we
may make a crude estimate of migration rates
among families with children, an estimate which
indicates that the rate for this group is less than
half that for families in comparable age groups
without children.1 A moment’s reflection indi1
From the 1950 census report, Population Mobility, Charac
teristics of Migrants, we can estim ate m igration rates of 7 per
cent for the youngest children, and lower rates, down to 4
percent, for those aged 14 to 19. I f w e compute the percentage
for married m ales aged 20—24 it runs to 13 percent, w ith 10
percent for those aged 25-29, 7 percent for those 30-34, and 5
percent for age 35-44. From U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current
Population Reports, Series P -2 0 , No. 83, Social and Economic
Characteristics of H ouseholds and Fam ilies, March 1957, table 4 ,
we can estim ate 2.5 children per fam ily in the 20-^4 age interval.
Assuming 2.5 children under 18 to fam ilies w ith children, attribut
ing the m igration rates for the children to fam ilies with children,
and subtracting them from the figures for all married m ales, we
derive figures for married m ales w ithout children. The resultant
m igration rate is enormously greater than th at implied above for
fam ilies w ith children. Because of the lack of direct measures,
however, the only conclusion drawn here is th at the rate for those
w ithout children m ust be at least double th at for those with
children. It m ust be realized th at the above data are in no way
standardized out for color, rural, urban, etc., differences, and
doing so would presumably affect the influence on m obility of
children per se.
LABOR MOBILITY AND UNEMPLOYMENT
877
cates how the links that children and family de
A now widespread personnel practice when em
velop with their school, neighbors, and even the
ployment has to be cut is to spread the work.
Parent-Teachers Association tend to reduce geo
During the great depression, a survey of many
graphic mobility. . . .
thousand manufacturing firms found that 64 per
3.
A th ir d fo rc e is th a t o f education. The pro cent of their employees were on part-time work.
portion of our children (aged 5-14) attending
And anyone who watched the figures [from the
public school a century ago was 55 percent. To
Monthly Report on the Labor Force] during the
day, it is nearer 85 percent. No less important
recessions of 1949 and 1958 could discern how in
has been the rise in school guidance work—local
dustry sought first to reduce hours—to spread the
school systems providing counselors, and Depart
work—rather than initially adjusting by outright
ment of Labor materials helping to tell the coun
firings. The commonsense of holding on to a
selors how the outlook for different occupations
trained labor force and the growing feeling for
shapes up. What do these factors imply for mo
human values have tended to reduce the outright
bility ? Well, they suggest that young men and
firings that in an earlier day would have meant
high mobility.
women enter today’s labor market better trained,
with a better idea of both their own abilities and
6. T h e fa m ily fa r m pro g ra m . The Govern
the prospects in different occupations than did
ment’s farm program in the 19th century took the
their grandparents. If so, does it not follow that
form of land sales at low prices. . . . Its entire
these youngsters are less likely to wander from
purpose led to the encouragement of labor mo
unskilled job to unskilled job before they find
bility. Representative Allison of Pennsylvania
their way? And more likely to begin closer to
called one homestead bill “a seductive lure which
their occupational limit without as many prelimi
is well calculated to induce many laborers and
nary jobs? As a result, mobility has decreased
mechanics, who are now doing well at their home
among the very group that traditionally has
in the old States, to leave them and engage in
shown the highest mobility.
agriculture.”
J±. E n d in g o f large-scale im m ig ra tio n . In Jef
The Federal farm program in the 20th century
ferson’s day, about half our labor force was com
has been designed to achieve quite other purposes
posed of immigrants. By President Harding’s
than getting men to move westward and acquire
time, the ratio had fallen to 20 percent and today
farms. It seeks to assure prices, and thereby in
it stands at about 8 percent. The very name we
comes, to farmers. By doing so, it makes it possi
use for this group—immigrant—emphasizes its
ble for farmers to remain on the farms on which
high mobility. When the typical immigrant
they are already located. So far as it affects mo
landed, he would first find temporary work where
bility, therefore, it tends to reduce it—just as our
the ship docked—Philadelphia, New York, New
19th-century policies tended to encourage it.
Orleans. He would then move across the land
7. T he defense p ro g ra m . Although the con
from job to job. . . . Each move, and each ad
gressional record in the days of Presidents
vance up the occupational ladder, added to mo
Adams and Jackson was filled with bitter debate
bility. Hence the declining share of our labor
on the amount of Government spending, the total
force in this category in turn brought a reduction
amount spent could hardly have had a sizable im
in labor mobility.
pact on the economy. Even as late as 1940 the
5.
P erson n el w o rk . Personnel men early dis Federal Government’s spending in the hard goods
covered the high cost to industry of hiring and
industries only ran to $1 for every $27 spent by
training new workers, only to have them quit or
consumers and businessmen. By 1953, however,
prove unsatisfactory. What was more natural
Federal spending matched private spending in
than for them to try to reduce labor turnover (and
this area dollar for dollar, the ratio declining
thereby mobility) by entrance and exit interviews,
mildly since then. . . .
by changes in working conditions ?
Now the basic cause of labor quits, an important
component of total labor mobility, is the desire for
2
A variety of other factors, under the head of working condi
higher wages.2 But with the tremendous impact
tions, are usually m entioned in studies of labor m obility. But it
is interesting how often field surveys that report other causes
of the spending noted above, it was to be expected
show that on their new jobs workers report higher wages than
on their old.
that those who sell their labor just as those who
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878
sell raw materials, components, or entrepreneurial
ability, could get higher rates in this sector with
out moving to other markets.
Economic theory has not yet, I believe, described
the phenomenon of the weak monopsonist. But
both the Congress and the Executive have long
since recognized that neither the Government, nor
the enterprises who operate as its relay men
in the defense race, drive the tightest of pos
sible bargains in the swift procurement of
immense quantities of goods, particularly where
these are new and undeveloped. Such recogni
tion has led to setting up procedures for defense
contract renegotiation. Should it surprise us,
therefore, that in the purchase of factor inputs,
whether raw materials, finished components, or
labor, a similar flexibility should develop ? And
if it has, how should it not diminish the mobility
of all factors, by diminishing one of the key
forces that make men and capital move on in
search of higher rewards ?
8.
The la st fa c to r I shall mention is an en
compassing one, probably best termed 11The
S earch fo r S e c u r ity .” Boiler-coaster changes in
economic activity have been a traditional source
of profits, bankruptcies, ulcers—and heavy labor
mobility. Like flash floods, the panics of the 19th
century threw hundreds of thousands of men onto
the labor market, and firings in the 20th century’s
major depression threw millions out of work.
Mobility was also high when prosperity returned,
turnover among new employees normally being
high in the process of shaking down to a mutually
suited employer-employee relationship.
Today, most groups in the economy are more
insistent upon security than were their predeces
sors in the 19th century. . . . Every step taken
toward such goals reduces hirings, firings—and
mobility. It is unnecessary to labor the major
point that seniority systems, pension plans, and
other measures that preceded the massive growth
of union membership in recent decades have, in
general, been warmly supported and pressed for
by the labor unions.
Towering above all this has been the endeavor
of many groups to have the Federal Government
help to create greater economic stability. In the
19th century, the tariff program was the only one
of consequence (and then not great by today’s
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
standards) that tended to immobilize capital and
labor. In our day, we have seen an enormous
battery of programs that work to that end, what
ever their primary purposes. I refer to the
programs for farm parity, resale price main
tenance, minimum wages, unemployment in
surance, deposit insurance, on through to the broad
principle of stability adopted in the Employment
Act of 1946. We need pass judgment on the merits
of none of these widely supported programs to
note that one by one they have tended to slow down
the mobility of labor, whether self-employed or
employee.
9.
S u m m a ry. . . . First, big numbers are not
better than small ones, even those measuring labor
mobility. Second, the main currents of American
economic development in the past century, power
fully aided by an impressive number of Federal
programs, have worked to reduce labor mobility
because other goals, such as economic stability, an
educated labor force, and more homeowners, were
felt to be worthy of national support.
Factors Affecting Unemployment
1. S eason al u n em p lo ym en t gets relatively little
attention in our day, but in the last century, it
was a major factor, the Nation’s dependence on
nature then being so much greater. The declin
ing role of farming alone (farmers occupied 83
percent of the gainful workers in 1800 but only
a little more than 10 percent today) would tend to
a marked moderation in seasonal employment.
When iron was becoming a major industry in the
1830’s, it was common for iron works to shut down
for 2 months of frost and snow. . . .
2. T echn ological em p lo ym en t is, of course,
no novelty in human history. The engineers and
master mechanics of the 19th century had their
own brilliant accomplishments. When the reaper
came into prominence in President Buchanan’s
day, it did the work of four to five men cutting
grain with hand cradles. This is much better, for
example, than the 2%-fold advantage offered by
the mechanical cornpicker in our own time. And
pallet loading of ships raises smaller problems
than those brought by the invention of the steam
boat. For while broadhorn arks such as Lincoln
navigated downriver were picturesque, they dis-
879
LABOR MOBILITY AND UNEMPLOYMENT
appeared within a few brief years, given the com
petition of steamboats that could carry 10 times
the load in a fifth of the time.
But for every 1,000 men displaced by technical
advance does more and longer unemployment re
sult today than in the 19th century? . . . [Some]
factors . . . suggest [that] the resultant unem
ployment may, in proportion, have been shorter
in the 19th century. For one thing, a continent
is settled only once. The proportion of job op
portunities to disemployment then must have been
quite high . . . For another, the proportion of
the labor force at risk of technological displace
ment was so much smaller. In 1800, about 10 per
cent of the labor force were employees; in 1860,
about 40 percent were; while today, about 90 per
cent . . . wrork for others. . . . Since technologi
cal displacement affects employees more promptly
than the self-employed, and those in nonfarm pur
suits more substantially than those in farming,
such changing proportions would imply an in
crease in the amount of unemployment produced
by technical advance. Thirdly, and most specu
latively, the proportion of skilled workers with
links to particular plants and industries may be
greater today than then. A 19th-century canal
grubber, cotton mill hand, or farm laborer who
lost his job could find work requiring roughly
equal ability without great difficulty—in years of
normal production. But when the Window Glass
[Workers] union dissolved in 1927, when carpetweavers, machinists, and semiskilled workers lost
their jobs during the 1930’s, they may well have
found it more difficult to find work of equal pay
and status than the average displaced worker in
the past century. . . .
3.
C yclica l sw in g s are, of course, no nov
elty. . . . The first peacetime economic crisis of
this Nation is that of 1819. A fraternal order of
the time described it in passionate terms: “A deep
shadow has passed over our land: a commercial
and individual gloom has created a universal
stillness. In our remotest villages the hammer is
not heard.” Can we convert such comments into
prosaic statistics? Not at this distance. But de
tailed contemporary figures for what were then
our major manufacturing centers—Philadelphia,
Pittsburgh, the State of Rhode Island—may help
us make a usable guess. For the number one in-
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T a b l e 1. P e r c e n t C h a n g e s i n S e l e c t e d E c o n o m ic
I n d ic a t o r s D u r in g B u s i n e s s D e c l i n e s , 1837 -1 9 1 5
[Ranked by relief load change]
Rate of relief—
Period of decline
1872 to 1876_______
1837 to 1838_______
1860 to 1861_______
1849 to 1850_______
1892 to 1894_______
1913 to 1914_______
1856 to 1857_______
1843 to 1844_______
1903 to 1904_______
1907 to 1908_______
1896 to 1898_______
1840 to 1841_______
Massa
chusetts
+143
-96
+52
+47
+30
+14
+13
+9
New
York
+102
+60
+15
-6
Pig iron
Produc Im
ports
tion
-2 4
-6
-2 2
-1
-6
-2
+12
-14
-2 9
-16
+188
+122
Wholesale prices
Textiles Metals
-22
-6
+1
+5
-1 6
-5
+7
+10
0
-1 4
+4
-4
-3 9
-1 0
+2
-5
-21
-11
-1
+4
-11
-2 2
-7
0
dustry, cotton textiles, they lead to an estimate of
a 75-percent employment decline. (To put this
alongside a standard of our own time, we may
note that auto manufacturing employment fell
about 25 percent from 1929 to 1930, and about 37
percent from 1937 to 1938.) What of other con
temporary industries? Bricklaying employment
in Philadelphia, then our biggest city, fell by 50
percent. Brewery employment in Pittsburgh
(and presumably elsewhere) fell by only a
third . . . I estimate that manufacturing em
ployment for the Nation as a whole might have
fallen by nearly two-thirds. The 20th century
cannot match this record, fortunately. But we
also cannot match the fact that manufacturing
then accounted for less than 5 percent of the labor
force. And by reckoning in declines for other
industries, based on contemporary reports, we
come up with an estimate for this crisis year of
not more than 4-percent unemployment of the
free labor force.
The crisis of 1857 was one of the worst in the
19th century. For the 1857-61 period, according
to a speech to the Congress made in 1869 by Rep
resentative William Kelley, “not one out of five
skilled workmen of the country was steadily em
ployed.” Furthermore, he added as symptomatic,
that when a Philadelphia contractor advertised
for 250 hands at 60 cents a day “more than 5,000
offered, a majority of whom were skilled arti
sans.” (A 60-cent rate was about half that paid
in Pennsylvania just before the crisis.) Some
figures we have for employment trends in the im
portant manufacturing State of Rhode Island in
880
1857 indicate cotton textile employment falling by
68 percent in a year, jewelry by 78 percent, iron
works employment by 43 percent. All in all, a
decline of two-thirds in jobs in this key State
seems a possible estimate. However, the relief
figures for Massachusetts, the leading manufac
turing State, rose only a third, and pig iron out
put, the key product of our third major factory
State in that period, fell by only a tenth. In
1857, only about 10 percent of our labor force was
in factory work—while farming, ocean shipping,
and construction were responding to different
demands.3 Hence an unemployment rate greater
than say 5 percent or 6 percent would have been
most unlikely.
And finally the major extended depression of
the last century, that of the 1880’s. For 1886,
we have a contemporary estimate by the Com
missioner of Labor of 7 y 2 percent of gainful
workers unemployed.
Other crises appeared in other years. Linger
ing depression in the 1840’s; 1861—a grim pre
cursor of the priorities unemployment of 1941; a
long labored period of depression through the
middle 1870’s, and shorter runs following 1893,
etc. To give an indication of these ups and
downs, table 1 shows year-to-year percent changes
in relief loads, in manufacturing production, and
in key price series.
What of our 20th-century record? Table 2
shows the trend . . .
Inferences From the Past . . .
Can we summarize this mass of lives into con
clusions relevant to the committee’s concern? I
believe so, and would suggest three.
1. No decade has passed without severe unem
ployment (over 7 percent of the labor force)
occurring at least once. And none, except for
that of the 1930’s, has passed without seeing at
least 1 year of what we may call minimum unem
ployment (3 percent or less).
2. More than 1 year in every 4, [an unemploy
ment] rate of 3 percent (or less) was achieved,
[and] a rate of 5 percent or less was achieved more
than half the time. . . .
3. Perhaps the most important inference, how
ever, appears when we consider both the 19thcentury indications and the 20th-century figures,
for they suggest a paradox: The proportion of
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
T a ble 2. P e r c e n t C h a n g e s in S elec ted E conomic
I ndicato rs D u r in g B u s in e s s D e c l in e s , 1 900-1954
[Ranked by unemployment rise]
Period of decline
1929 to 1932_______
1920 to 1921
1907 to 1908 -1913 to 1914_____
1937 to 1938____
1953 to 1954_______
1903 to 1904_______
1948 to 1949 _______
1945 to 1946___ ____
Rate of civil Output of Gross Wholesale prices
naian labor force finished
unemployed commodi tional
product Textiles Metals
ties
+20.3
+9.6
+7.7
+5.3
+4.7
+2.5
+2.2
+2.1
+2.0
-6
-11
-5
-2
-28
-5
-2
-10
-37
-43
-14
-5
-13
-2
0
-6
+16
-2 0
-21
-2 2
-11
0
+1
-11
-4
+10
the labor force that is exposed to unemployment
has risen notably since 1800, but the proportion
actually [unemployed] has shown no trend
whatever.
[That] the proportion exposed to unemploy
ment has gained can be established without much
difficulty. For we know that little unemployment
appears in farming [and] among the self-em
ployed, and it is these groups that have dwindled.
. . . At the same time, the share of factory employ
ment was rising enormously, from less than 2 per
cent of our labor force in 1800 to 26 percent today.
But factory employment and its associated con
struction and transport employment compose the
most unemployment sensitive portion of the labor
force. . . .
That the Marxist conclusion did not follow is
obvious—perhaps even to those across the air
space. Unemployment over the 19th century ran
from a minimum of say 1 percent to such peaks
as the 4 percent we have surmised for 1819 and
1857, and the 7% percent estimated by the Com
missioner of Labor for 1886. We may infer a
close similarity between the average prevailing in
the 19th century and that prevailing in the 20th
century—excepting the years of the great depres
sion. By close similarity, I mean that the aver3
The total for free, gainfully occupied, aged 16 and over, in
1860 appears in the 1860 census, Population, p. 680. From this
total, the number of students (p. 6,77) was deducted. The num
ber of gainfully occupied slaves was added, estim ated for each
State as the same proportion of m ales plus females, aged 10 and
over, as were shown in the separate State data for 1850, for
w hite males 15 and over. A nalysis of the 1840 census data indi
cates that virtually all slaves aged 10 and over worked and this
procedure was not unreasonable. Minor adjustm ents were made
for certain States. For w hite and free colored children 10 to 15,
it was assumed th at the labor force participation rates from the
1900 census for native w hites would apply, w ith adjustm ent for
the 10—15, 10—14 age differences. The total for factory employ
m ent is that reported in the Manufactures Census of that year,
reprinted in the 1870 census, Industry and W ealth, p. 393.
LABOR MOBILITY AND UNEMPLOYMENT
ages differed by less than did the rates for 1923
and 1924, or 1926 and 1927, or 1953 and 1954.
Our conclusion is supported for the years since
1869 by the findings in the massive study by Wil
liam Shaw on production trends.
What produced this happy result? No higher
law of economic stability, we may be sure. The
major factors are embedded in the causes of our
own economic growth—the settling of the con
tinent, the waves of migration, the steady rise in
factor productivity, and the competitive influences
that poured so much of the gains from productiv
ity back into the Nation’s stream of investment
and expenditure. (And as an aside, quite irrele
vant unless we wish to project the trend of that
growth, it is interesting how much study is being
given today to economic development in every
country in the world but the one with perhaps the
most spectacular combination of real increase and
free labor markets—namely, our own.)
But beyond the basic forces of growth, we may
note two that worked only in the labor markets,
helping counteract any rise in unemployment over
the decades. One is the increasing role of women
in the labor force. In 1830, 1 in every 12 white
women was gainfully occupied, the proportion
rising to 2 in 12 by 1890. And for the period from
1900 to today, we find that the proportion of our
labor force that consists of women rose from 18
to 33 percent. But a characteristic aspect of fe
male employment in today’s market is that it
generally tends to supplement family income,
rather than provide the very means of existence.
Women’s lower seniority, often lower skills, makes
them disproportionately present among those
disemployed. But instead of entering the ranks
of the unemployed, they tend to move directly out
of the labor force, hardly affecting the unemploy
ment totals. From December 1948 to 1949, for
example, millions of men and women were disem
ployed. While half the men became unemployed,
only 18 percent of the women did. This distinc
tion is a major element in explaining our experi
ence after World War II, when for the first time
4
Present definitions of unemployment do not class the receipt
of unemployment insurance as evidence of unemployment. Al
though the w riter has opposed this position— jn Review of Eco
nomics and S tatistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.,
November 1954—<it is clear that in this particular period some
women receiving unemployment compensation were not looking
for work w ith the in tensity equal say to that characterizing male
unemployed in m ost years.
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881
in our history a massive decline in employment
occurred without an almost equally massive rise
in unemployment.4
A second force has been the increasing role of
Government in insuring stability of production
and thereby of employment. While George
Washington’s unprecedented policies on tariffs
and land bounties were steps in that direction,
certainly something new and potent was added
in the 1930’s [and by] the Employment Act of
1946.
. . . and Their Portents for the Future
Where do we go from here? The long-term
trend has shown major forces that tend to reduce
labor mobility. But, of course, we have no need
for mobility as such: we desire it to reach one or
more of our conflicting goals for technological ad
vance, price stability, neighborhood property
values, and so on. The economist can say little
on the values, but the time is overdue for research
on the amount of mobility that may be expected
under differing policies that are recommended to
the citizen and Government policymaker for their
adoption.
What about unemployment? Despite the ap
palling roughness of the data, the record to date
suggests no tendency to an increase in the unem
ployment rate. And despite the unwisdom of
forecasts, it hardly looks as though we need an
ticipate anything like the worst years of the 1930’s.
Even a thoroughgoing pessimist must admit the
enormity of the advance, within the lifetime of a
man, from almost total Government inaction to the
immediate concern and swift action in the 1948-49
and 1953-54 recessions. The Nation has switched
to what one may call the visible hand policy.
But in a dynamic economy, the best is not good
enough for long. We will continue to spill men
out of jobs in consequence. And, in Schumpeter’s
words, “technological unemployment . . . linking
up as it does with innovation, is cyclical by na
ture.” How much such unemployment we will
put up with turns on many conflicting goals—•
for unemployment, real wages, price stability, in
come redistribution, defense expenditure. Besolving these imponderables is one of the jobs
ahead for American citizens and their Govern
ment. . . .
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
882
Resources and Health Status
of OASI Beneficiaries
OASI b e n e f i c i a r i e s had a median net worth
of $4,920 and half the aged beneficiary couples had
less than $2,190 in total money income during
1957.1 In fact, OASI benefits provided practically
all the independent money retirement income for
more than half of all the aged beneficiaries. These
were among the facts reported in the second na
tional survey, conducted by the Bureau of Old-Age
and Survivors Insurance, of the resources, health
insurance protection, and hospital utilization of
aged beneficiaries.2 Per 1,000 aged beneficiaries,
430 owned health insurance and 111 had received
care in general hospitals during the survey year;
the average stay in such hospitals was 21.2 days.
whole, for the greater part of the net worth of
these homeowning beneficiaries.”
Seven of every ten beneficiary couples and half
the single retired workers and aged widows
carried some life insurance.
A ged
Assets and Net Worth
Net worth 3 exceeded approximately $4,920 in
the case of half the aged beneficiary groups and
more than $13,700 for a fourth (table 1). The
median net worth was about $8,785 for married
couples, $4,385 for aged widows, and $1,270 for
single retired workers (women, $2,080 and men,
$805). Almost a fourth of the aged beneficiaries
showed zero or minus net worth.
Liquid assets accounted for only a small part of
the net worth of the aged beneficiary groups.
The median value of such assets approximated
$1,580 for beneficiary couples (wife entitled to
benefits all year), $220 for single retired workers,
and $455 for aged widows. One in every four
beneficiary couples and two in every five single
retired workers and aged widows had no liquid
assets. On the other hand, 1 in 10 of all the aged
beneficiary groups had liquid assets of $10,000
or more.
About half the aged beneficiary groups owned
the homes in which they lived. The percentages
owning homes (nonfarm or farm) were as follows:
married couples, 70 percent; beneficiary couples,
72; single retired workers, 32; and aged widows,
46. For all aged beneficiaries owning nonfarm
homes, the median equity in such homes was
$7,640. It was thought likely that a substantial
majority of the homes were mortgage-free 4 and
that equity in their homes “accounted, on the
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Income
In the survey year, the median total money
income 5 of the beneficiary couples was less than
$2,190 (about $183 a month). (See table 2.)
For single retired workers, the dollar income was
about half this amount and for aged widows, still
less ($882).
OASI benefits provided practically all the money
income of about one-fourth of the aged bene
ficiaries. One in every five beneficiary couples,
more than one in every four single retired workers,
1 This account is based on a national sample survey in the fall of 1957, by
the Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors Insurance, of the resources and health
insurance status of its aged beneficiaries. The sample, drawn from 70 areas,
represented “ different races, cultures, and types of communities in the
United States.” The survey, conducted by means of interviews during the
12 months ending in September, October, or November 1957, covered a crosssection of the major types of beneficiaries on the rolls in December 1956—98
percent of all aged beneficiaries in current payment status at that time. The
beneficiaries interviewed were those who became entitled to benefits from 1940
through September 1956 and who had received at least 1 benefit payment
before October 1956.
Results of the survey abridged here are published in the Social Security
Bulletin: Income of Oli-Age and Survivors Insurance Beneficiaries: High
lights from Preliminary Data, 1957 Survey (August 1958, pp. 17-23); Aged
Beneficiaries of Old-Age and Survivors Insurance: Highlights on Health
Insurance and Hospitalization Utilization, 1957 Survey (December 1958,
pp. 3-7 and 32); and Assets and Net Worth of Old-Age and Survivors Insur
ance Beneficiaries: Highlights from Preliminary Data, 1957 Survey (January
1959, pp. 3-6).
2 The survey included 4 types of beneficiaries, termed “ beneficiary
groups”: single retired workers, married couples, aged widows, and widowed
mothers with minor children entitled to OASI benefits. The married couples
included were those (a) where the husband was the retired worker beneficiary
and the wife either a beneficiary or a nonbeneficiary; and (b) where the wife
was the retired worker beneficiary and the husband a nonbeneficiary. The
term “ beneficiary couple” refers to a husband who is the retired worker with
a wife entitled to benefits all year. The term “ aged beneficiary” as used in
the analysis does not encompass widowed mothers. Data on widowed
mothers are included in tables 1-3, but because of space limitations, their
analysis has not been summarized in this text.
For single retired workers and aged widows, the beneficiary group is made
up of 1 person; for married couples, 2 persons (whether or not the spouse was
entitled to benefits); and for widowed mothers with entitled children (who
numbered 1 to 6 or more), 2 or more persons.
The final tabulations excluded beneficiaries who were not living at the
end of the survey year. Women aged 62-64 (who became eligible for the
first time during the survey year) were excluded, except for the small number
of newly eligible wives of beneficiaries already on the rolls. The income
tabulations did not include those beneficiary groups in which the beneficiary
status of the spouse changed during the survey year because of death or sepa
ration or in which one member of a beneficiary couple was hospitalized for
the full year.
« For definitions of assets and net worth, see footnotes 1 and 7, table 1.
* According to a similar survey in 1951, 46 percent of the aged beneficiaries
studied were homeowners at the time and over four-fifths of the homes were
mortgage-free.
t For detailed definitions of total money income and independent money
retirement income, see footnotes 5-8, table 2.
RESOURCES A N D HEALTH STATUS OF OASI BENEFICIARIES
T able
1.
N e t W o r th a n d S p e c if ie d A s s e t s 1 o f S e l e c t e d
883
OASI B e n e f i c i a r y
G r o u p s ,2 E n d o f
1957 S u r v e y
Y ear 3
[Preliminary data]
Item
All aged
beneficiary
groups 4
Total:
Number___________ ________ ____
Percent______________ ________
4,082
100.0
Married couples
Total
Single retired workers 3
Beneficiary
couples 3
1,840
100.0
1,088
100.0
Total
Men
1,613
100.0
824
100.0
Women
789
100.0
Aged
widows3
629
100.0
Widowed
mothers with
entitled
children
889
100.0
Percent of group with or without assets and net worth
Net worth:3
Positive________________________
None (including negative and zero
net worth)____________________
Not ascertained___ ______________
Liquid assets:2
Some............... ........................ ..........
None._________________________
Value not ascertained____________
Equity in nonfarm homes:7
Nonfarm home owned____________
No nonfarm home owned_________
Not ascertained___ ______________
Life insurance:
Some__________________________
None__________________________
76.8
88.2
89.6
66.8
62.7
71.0
72.8
68.2
22.6
.6
11.8
.5
10.4
.6
33.2
.6
37.2
.1
29.1
1.1
27.2
.5
31.8
.4
63.2
35.9
.9
72.4
27.6
1.0
75.6
24.4
1.0
56.1
43.9
.8
51.1
48.9
.5
61.3
38.7
1.1
60.3
39.7
.5
48.9
51.1
.4
48.8
51.2
65.2
34.8
66.7
33.3
31.7
68.3
.1
30.7
69.3
32.7
67.3
3
44.8
55.2
49.2
50.8
70.7
29.3
70.0
30.1
49.8
50.2
47.6
52.4
52.2
47.8
49.8
50.2
78.7
21.3
(»)
Median value
Net worth:2
All groups......... - .................................
Groups with positive net worth........
Liquid assets:2
All groups__________________ ___
Groups with liquid assets_________
E quity of groups owning nonfarm homes7.
Life insurance:
All groups______________________
Groups with life insurance________
$4, 918
$8,786
10,466
$9, 616
11, 206
$1,270
5,102
$803
4,742
$2, 077
5,516
$4,385
8,726
$2,644
6,691
606
1,271
2,808
8,100
1,578
2, 983
8,362
219
1,950
6,104
37
1,955
5,458
371
1,944
6, 650
457
2,600
8,090
0
1,149
7,039
1,236
1,848
1,209
1,808
0
927
0
1,254
81
792
0
744
1,946
2; 501
" 7,640"
i
Net worth was obtained by subtracting liabilities from assets. Liabili
ties were balances owed on installment purchases; bills past due on open
accounts for rent, taxes, interest on mortgages, medical care, and so forth; and
secured and unsecured borrowings. Liquid assets were reserve money at
home, bank checking and savings accounts, postal savings, shares in savings
and loan associations and credit unions, mortgages and other money on loan,
and all types of stocks and bonds. Nonliquid assets included equity in an
owner-occu bed home and other real estate, including farms; farm' stock,
produce, and equipment; equity in a nonfarm unincorporated business or
privately held corporation; and the market value of a professional practice,
patents, copyrights, and other marketable rights. In computing net worth,
the cash surrender values of life insurance policies were not included as
assets, because of the problems involved in determining such values.
2 See text footnote 2 for information regarding beneficiary groups.
3 The survey year was the period of 12 consecutive calendar months ending
in September, October, or November 1957.
4 Total married couples, single workers, and aged widows.
3 Husband the retired worker, with wife entitled all year.
e Divorced, separated, or widowed beneficiaries were classified as single
persons, except that women entitled to widow’s benefits are shown sepa
rately. Widows entitled to benefits on their own employment record are
included with other single women.
7 The owner’s estimate of current value of home, less any mortgage or other
debt on the home.
3 Less than 0.1 percent.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
and more than one out of three aged widows had
no additional money income or had less than $75
in such additional income. The additional in-
More than half
the aged couples had less than $75 a month per
person in total independent retirement income
(table 2). A fourth of the couples had less than
$100 a month; almost one-fourth had more than
$200. The single beneficiaries had about half as
much as the couples.
OASI benefits provided practically all the in
dependent retirement income for over half of the
aged beneficiaries. Forty-four percent of the bene
ficiary couples and 60 percent of the single retired
workers and aged widows had no independent re
tirement income in addition to OASI benefits,
or had less than $75 in such extra income for the
entire year.
Twenty-three percent of the men (one in four
of the married and one in five of the single men)
come for three principal beneficiary groups was
as follows:
Benefi
ciary
couples
Single
retired
workers
Lowest fourth had none or less than_ $230
Half had more and half had less
than
_____
_________
900
Top fourth had more t h a n ___ __ 1, 840
$60
$3
470
1, 040
270
800
Aged
widows
For about a fourth of the beneficiary couples
and aged widows and a third of the single retired
workers, the additional money income was derived
entirely from sources such as earnings, contribu
tions, or public assistance.
5 1 4 4 3 0 — 59 ------------ 3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Independent Retirem ent Income.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1959
884
Relatively few beneficiaries received veterans
compensation or pensions. But veterans’ pay
ments substantially increased the recipients’ per
manent income. Seventy percent of the men re
tired workers with such payments from this source
received between $900 and $1,200 during the year;
most of the women with such payments, between
$600 and $900.
Two-thirds of the beneficiary groups had little
or no income from assets (interest, dividends, and
rents).
and 12 percent of the women (married or single)
retired workers had pensions from employers or
unions (table 2). Widows seldom received sur
vivors’ benefits from pension plans; 2 percent of
the aged widows received employer or union pen
sions and the pensions received by some of them
were based on the widow’s own employment. The
amounts received as employer or union pensions
ranged from a few dollars to $10,000 or more.
The median approximated $800 for beneficiary
couples and $700 for single men retired workers.
T a ble 2.
S ource
and
M e d ia n A m o unt
of
M o n e y I ncome R e c e iv e d
1957 S u r v e y Y ea r 2
by
S elec ted O A SI B e n e f ic ia r y G r o u ps ,1
[Preliminary data]
Single retired workers 4
Married couples
Item
Beneficiary
couples 3
Total
Women
Men
Total
Aged
widows 4
Widowed
mothers with
entitled
children
Total:
]Vumber
____________ ___ ______________
Percent_____________________________________
1,840
100. 0
1,088
100.0
1,613
100.0
824
100.0
789
100.0
629
100.0
889
100.0
Total money incnme,® median- ___ ___________
Total independent money retirement income,8 median.
$2,249
1,580
$2,186
1,697
$1,140
828
$1,170
898
$1,106
753
$882
722
$2,831
1,729
8.9
91.1
$1,105
1,237
11.7
88.3
$898
1,082
17.9
82.1
$469
639
21.4
78.6
$427
652
14.2
85.8
$505
629
24.6
75.4
$271
525
9.0
91.1
$1,299
1,490
31.5
68.5
$158
595
30.3
69.7
$176
561
44.3
55.7
$28
335
47.7
52.3
$15
463
40.8
59.2
$36
223
43.2
56.8
$30
303
49.3
50.7
$5
528
74.7
25.3
$835
74.3
25.7
$803
84.9
15.1
$657
81.2
18.8
$696
88.8
11.2
38$590
97.6
2.4
38$638
96.8
3.1
38$899
94.0
6.0
96.3
3.7
94.4
5.6
92.7
7.3
96.2
3.8
94.1
5.9
84.9
15.1
$1,074
38$1,128
38$995
38$1,039
38$825
38$794
38$963
41.1
58.9
$180
37.6
62.4
$199
54.9
45.1
$102
62.1
37.9
$96
47.3
52.7
$106
47.9
52.1
$149
62.0
38.0
$96
60.9
39.1
.8
$989
61.9
38.1
.8
$1,032
67.2
32.8
1.2
$594
71.0
29.0
1.9
$588
63.2
36.8
.5
$596
85.4
14.6
.3
$406
36.2
63.8
.7
$1,296
92.7
7.3
$670
94.2
5.8
w $730
86.3
13.7
$487
85.8
14.2
$427
86.8
13.2
$566
88.2
11.8
38 $465
93.9
6.1
38$776
95.2
4.8
io $299
94.7
5.3
38 $299
91.7
8.3
38 $213
95.4
4.6
38 $120
38$252
88.6
11.4
92.6
7.4
38 $234
Money income other than OASI:7
Percent* No other in mm a
______________
Other in mm a
________________________________
_____________________
Median * All groups
Groups with income
______
Independent money retirement income other than
OASI: *
Percent* No other income.
___________
Other income _
______________
Median* All groups
___________________
Groups with income.
____
I ncome
source (non -OASI)
Employer and union pensions:8
Percent* No pension income
______
Pension income - ___________
Median for groups with pension income..
Veterans’ compensation and pensions:11
Percent* No V A payments ____________________
V A payments
___________________
Median payment for groups with VA compensation and pensions
____________________
Asset income:18
_________
Percent’ No asset income ,
Asset- income
____________________
Median for groups with asset income Earnings:13
Percent* Not employed
_________________ Employed _________________________
LOSS or zero earnings
__________
Median earr,ings for employed beneficiaries_ ___
Public assistance:14
Percent* No public assistance _________________
Public assistance
__________________
Median for groups with public assistance income..Contributions from persons outside household:15
Percent’ No contributions ___________________
Contributions _____________________
Median for groups with contributions._____ ___
i See text footnote 2 for information regarding beneficiary groups.
i See footnote 3, table 1.
3 Husband the retired worker, with wife entitled all year.
* See footnote 6, table 1.
. . .
* Cash receipts from all sources except sale of property, tax refunds, large
cash gifts, lump-sum inheritances and insurance payments, cash contribu
tions by relatives within the household, and where the amount was known,
the value of bills (except medical bills) paid by relatives outside the household.
« 12 months’ OASI benefits and income from employer, union, and veterans’ pensions; rents, interest, dividends, and annuities; and income from trust
funds and from other reasonably permanent independent sources.
r Cash receipts from all sources except OASI benefits and sale of property,
tax refunds, large cash gifts, lump-sum inheritances and insurance payments,
cash contributions by relatives within the household, and where amount
was known, the value of bills (except medical bills) paid by relatives outside
the household.
s Money income from employer, union, and veterans pensions; rents,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
87.8
12.2
38$314
interest, dividends, and annuities; and income from trust funds and from
other reasonably permanent sources.
9 Retirement pay from public or private employee-benefit plans, railroad
benefits, and union pensions financed entirely by members.
10 Computed on small base and therefore subject to large sampling variation.
u Nonservice-connected pensions or service-connected compensation
received by veterans or their survivors.
13Interest, dividends, and rental income.
13 Wages and salaries of $1 or more, net income from farm and nonfarm
self-employment, and income from boarders or lodgers.
11 Old-age assistance, aid to the blind, aid to the permanently and totally
disabled, and general assistance.
is Cash contributions by persons outside the household and where the
amount was known, the value of bills (except medical bills) paid by persons
outside the household.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
RESOURCES AND HEALTH STATUS OF OASI BENEFICIARIES
T a b l e 3.
885
A ged B e n e f i c i a r i e s 1 W ith H ea lth I n su r a n c e 2 b y A ge , S e x , M a rita l S t a t u s , 3
I n s u r a n c e , 1957 S u r v e y Y e a r 4
and
T y pe
of
H ea lth
[Preliminary data]
Beneficiaries (rate per 1,000)
Age of beneficiary and type of health insurance
Male
Total
Total
Single
Female
Married
Total
Single
Married
Widowed
Number in sample aged 65 and over *.
5, 365
2,679
856
1,823
2,686
789
1,268
629
All ages................................................
Hospitalization and surgery____
Hospitalization o n ly ....................
430
285
145
410
284
126
303
192
460
327
133
451
286
165
498
300
198
454
313
141
385
213
172
65-69..................................... .................
Hospitalization and surgery____
Hospitalization only............
70-74.__________
;
Hospitalization and surgery____
Hospitalization only________ .
7 5-79............ .................. .....................
Hospitalization and surgery____
Hospitalization only___________
80 and over...........................................
Hospitalization and surgery____
Hospitalization only.................. I.
495
338
157
447
293
153
372
243
129
265
156
109
483
350
133
412
281
131
392
266
126
247
157
90
328
207
536
399
137
445
312
134
424
285
139
326
229
97
504
328
176
481
306
176
348
214
134
290
155
135
579
378
493
331
163
460
326
133
363
257
106
298
431
247
184
445
248
197
313
167
147
264
138
126
111
121
332
206
126
332
230
101
174
90
84
201
537
317
219
363
210
153
317
127
190
211
88
1
Includes all persons aged 65 or over who were in the beneficiary groups
studied, with the exception of (a) those who did not survive the survey year,
and (b) widowed mothers with entitled children, although a few of these
mothers were aged 65 or over.
Thus the data refer to individuals, in contrast to data in previous tables
referring to designated beneficiary groups. In the case of single retired
workers and aged widows, the beneficiary group was made up of 1 person;
for married couples, 2 persons, whether or not the spouse was entitled to
benefits.
8
Excludes insurance applicable only to accidents or loss of income. The
hospitalization and surgical insurance may in some Instances have provided
benefits applicable to physicians’ nonsurgical attendance on in-patients and
out-patients. In addition, because “ comprehensive major medical expense
insurance” has been available only a comparatively short time and has been
most widely sold to employed groups, few persons in the survey sample would
be expected to have this particular coverage and the extent of understatement
was believed negligible.
3 See footnote 6, table 1.
4 See footnote 3, table 1.
6
Includes data for 4 persons of unknown age (3 married men, 1 married
woman) and a small number of spouses not on the beneficiary rolls.
Thirty-five percent of the benefi
ciaries had earnings; 12 percent earned $1,200 or
more during the year. For beneficiary groups
with income from employment, the median
amount of earnings was around $1,030 for the
beneficiary couples, $590 for the single men, $600
for the single women retired workers, and $410
for the aged widows. Forty percent of the
married men workers had earnings, as compared
with 29 percent of the single men; 15 percent of
the aged widows reported earnings. Single women
made up the fourth largest proportion with earn
ings—37 percent.
One in ten aged b e n e f i c i a r y groups received
public assistance during the survey year. (In ad
dition, some groups received no cash payment, but
had medical bills paid directly by public assist
ance.) Fewer than 10 percent of the beneficiaries
were helped by cash contributions from relatives
outside the household.
E arnings.
®The data cover 5,365 beneficiaries, including 2,679 men (single, 856, and
married, 1,823) and 2,686 women (single, 789; married, 1,268; and widowed,
629). The median age for the men was 72.8 and for the women, 71.7—com
pared with 71.9 and 72.4, respectively, in the total aged population. The
beneficiary population included a markedly smaller proportion of men aged
65-69 than did the total population, and the proportion of women aged 80 and
over was less than half that in the total population.
1
Women beneficiaries, on the whole, were younger, so that relatively more
of them were closer to the age when health insurance could have been obtained
without age constituting a barrier. The underrepresentation of very old
women—unlikely to have health insurance—also improved the statistical
picture. The fact that more than a third of the men beneficiaries were
aged 75 and over held down the proportions insured in the groups as a
whole, as the proportion insured declined with age.
In recent years, male workers started drawing benefits well above age 65
(68 and 69 years of age), but to be included in the survey, they had to have
received at least one payment before October 1956. Also, many of the oldest
women never had an opportunity to become beneficiaries (as not workers
themselves and already widowed when the insurance system began, or wives
of men already out of the labor force or if employed, not covered by the
Social Security Act).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Health Insurance and Hospital Utilization
The survey yielded data on health insurance
ownership (hospitalization or hospital-surgical in
surance) and use of general hospitals.6
Among all beneficiaries aged 65
and over, 430 per 1,000 had some health insurance
protection; 285 had hospitalization combined with
surgical insurance, and 145 had policies limited to
hospitalization (table 3). Insurance ownership
declined with age.
Aged women beneficiaries were somewhat more
frequently insured than aged men beneficiaries—
451 out of every 1,000 women, compared with 410
out of every 1,000 men.7 About the same propor
tion of men as of women had hospitalizationH ealth Insurance.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1959
886
T a ble 4. A vera g e N u m ber of D a ys in G e n e r a l
H o spitals per H o spitalized A ged OASI B e n e f ic ia r y ,
b y S e x , M arita l S t a t u s , A ge a n d O w n e r s h ip of
H ea lth I n su r a n c e , 1957 S u r v e y Y ea r 1
[Pieliminary data]
Beneficiaries
Age and health insur
ance status
Female
Male
Total
Total Single Mar Total Single Mar Wid
ried owed
ried
65 and over, total— . 21.2
Insured_________ 17.4
Not insured_____ 25.7
21.9
16.6
27.3
21.9
18.2
23.7
21.9
16.1
31.1
20.5
18.3
23.4
19.8
19.5
20.2
21.3
10.3
23.8
19.2
14.1
25.8
65-69______________ 21.7
Insured_________ 13.4
N ot insured_____ 31.9
27.1
12.7
42.4
30.1
6.8
36.2
25.9
13.4
47.5
17.5
14 0
21.9
11.7
12.5
8.5
20.3
15.2
26.0
15.8
12.3
18.4
17.7
19.1
15.6
15.9
18.7
12.8
17.2
22.5
13.7
15.0
17.0
12.0
19.5
19.6
19.4
20.5
22.7
14.6
23.8
22.3
26.2
10.7
9.4
13.1
75-79______________ 23.0
Insured--- ------- 20.8
Not insured........ - 25.7
22.3
19.2
26.6
29.3
20.7
34.7
19.2
18.9
19.7
24.2
23.4
24.9
20.9
21.4
20.4
21.0
25.7
15.7
36.3
21.8
61.0
80-<and over----- --------- 21.7
Insured--- ---- -- 16.4
Not insured_____ 24.9
15.8
10.2
18.5
11.8
8. 5
12.8
21.4
11.3
29.9
28.7
22.1
33.1
36.8
29.2
41.9
18.3
10.5
20.8
28.8
21.0
38.6
70-74______________
Insured__ - . . .
N ot insured_____
i See footnotes 3 and 6, table 1, and footnotes 1 and 5, table 3.
surgical insurance; relatively fewer men had
policies restricted to hospitalization. Among men,
married beneficiaries were more likely than single
beneficiaries to be insured.
The extent of insurance protection achieved by
single female retired workers (498 per 1,000) was
decidedly greater than that of any of the other
groups analyzed. In the analysis of the data, it
was pointed out that single female retired workers
are younger on the average than other nonmarried
beneficiaries and that the types of employment
through which these women obtained OASI cover
age probably provided more opportunity for ob
taining health insurance, which they maintained
after retirement, than would have been available
to single male workers; also, that their opportuni
ties for getting health insurance would have been
better than those of aged widows. In comparison,
the married women, would, in general, have de
rived their health insurance protection as de
pendents of their husbands, but until 5 or 6 years
ago, the wives were not included in the husbands’
health insurance policies. Thus, many of the
husbands, two-thirds of whom were over age 69
and nearly 30 percent over age 75, would have re
tired without having a health insurance policy
covering their wives.
Those without health insurance usually gave
one of two reasons for not having it: 39 percent
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
said they could not afford it—these represented 21
percent of all beneficiaries (most of them retired
before 1955)—and about 37 percent said they had
never had an opportunity to purchase it, had not
thought much about it, or made a similar com
ment. The remaining 23 percent were not in
sured because the policy had been canceled, and
so on.
Health insurance coverage of beneficiaries-—men
and women—increased during the 6-year period
elapsing since the BOASI’s survey in 1951, from
227 per 1,000 to 430 per 1,000. The gain was
greater for women than for men—100 percent in
contrast to 80 percent—partly because of the
expansion in family policies and the growing num
ber of employed women.
During the survey year, 111
per 1,000 aged beneficiaries were hospitalized in
general hospitals.8 The aged men and aged
women had similar hospitalization rates. Among
all women with hospital insurance, the rates of
hospitalization in the survey year rose with age.
There was a higher utilization rate for insured
persons compared with noninsured persons—142
per 1,000 as compared with 88 per 1,000. This
higher utilization rate for insured persons was
characteristic of each subgroup. Exceptions to
this included single male retired workers and
widows, both in the age category 65-69.
In general, fewer married male beneficiaries per
1,000 than single men were hospitalized in the
survey year. In each age group, the uninsured
single beneficiaries had greater proportions hos
pitalized than the uninsured married ones; the
presence of a wife may have served to reduce the
hospital utilization of men beneficiaries when they
had no hospital insurance protection. A similar
pattern did not appear among the women—which
suggests that the husbands were not so readily
able to care for their ill wives. Also, need for
hospital care may have been less for single women
and widows (a relatively high proportion of whom
lived with children or other persons) than for
H ospital U tilization.
8 These data are limited to the use of general hospitals, including short-term
special hospitals providing an equivalent type of care. The data do not
reflect hospitalization preceding terminal illnesses, as beneficiaries who died
before the survey month were not studied.
Only 23.1 out of every 1,000 aged beneficiaries were in long-stay institutions;
the average stay was 194 days. A little over a fourth of the beneficiaries in
receipt of long-term care had some form of health insurance.
EARNINGS IN WHOLESALE TRADE
elderly couples, with husbands and wives more
dependent on each other.
There were 1.2 admissions9 per hospitalized
person in the beneficiary group as a whole, with
similar rates for insured and uninsured groups.
The admission rates followed the same general
patterns with respect to age, sex, health insurance
ownership, and marital status as the rates of
persons hospitalized.
The number of days in a year spent in general
hospitals by hospitalized beneficiaries averaged
21.2; it varied to some extent among the different
age-sex groups. In general, the insured persons
were hospitalized for a shorter time—17.4 days—
than the uninsured—25.7 days (table 4). For
each 1,000 beneficiaries aged 65 and over, both
sexes combined, 2,355 days of general hospital care
were used in the survey year. There was no con
sistent increase in the number of hospital days with
advancing age and no association between in
surance ownership and the rate of utilization of
days of hospital care.10
Among male beneficiaries, neither age, marital
status, nor health insurance ownership appeared
to control the level of hospital utilization, and
the marked variations in admissions were ap
parently not related to age. Among the women,
the relation of insurance to higher utilization
rates seemed more evident than the relationship
of the other factors. Age in itself did not appear
to be a controlling factor.
Com parison of 1951 and 1957 D ata. Six more bene
ficiaries per 1,000 were hospitalized in 1957 than
in 1951. The hospitalization rate for insured
beneficiaries was 142 per 1,000 in 1957, compared
with 131 in the earlier year. The reverse was
true of the uninsured—88 per 1,000 in 1957 as
compared with 97 per 1,000 in 1951. Although
uninsured beneficiaries were hospitalized less often
in 1957 than in 1951, once in the hospital they
remained on the average longer than in 1951, so
their number of days’ hospital care per 1,000 rose
by 252.
9 The admission rate (136 per 1,000 aged beneficiaries) exceeds the rate
of hospital utilization, because some patients entered the hospital more than
once during the year.
10 Differential death rates of the age groups, exclusion of beneficiaries who
died during the survey year, and resistance of persons of advanced age to
hospital utilization are also factors to be considered. Further, a high admis
sion rate for a given group, coupled with a short average stay, may produce
a rate of days per 1,000 no greater than a low admission rate and a long aver
age stay for another group.
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887
Earnings in Selected Wholesale
Trade Industries, June 1958
A v e r a g e e a r n i n g s on a nationwide basis were
$1.74 an hour at straight-time rates in June 1958
for almost 1.5 million nonsupervisory workers
(excluding outside salesmen) in three major seg
ments of wholesale trade—merchant wholesalers,
agents and brokers, and assemblers of farm prod
ucts. According to a survey by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics,1 office and inside sales em
ployees,2 who accounted for more than two-fifths
of the workers in wholesaling, averaged $1.86 an
hour, 20 cents above the level for other nonsuper
visory employees. On a regional basis, average
earnings for nonsupervisory workers ranged from
$1.43 an hour in the South to $1.98 in the West.
The differences in earnings between the office and
nonoffice occupational groups ranged from 6 cents
in the North Central States to 26 cents in the
Northeast.
About four-fifths of the workers were employed
in the metropolitan areas of the country where
average earnings of $1.83 an hour exceeded those
in nonmetropolitan areas by 39 cents. Approxi
mately 200,000 wholesale trade workers earned
less than $1.05 an hour, and a like number were
paid $2.40 or more. Almost three of every four
workers receiving less than $1.05 an hour were
nonoffice employees, and more than half were
found in the South.
Among the three segments of wholesale trade
studied, agents and brokers paid the highest av
erage earnings ($1.81 an hour), followed by mer
chant wholesalers ($1.76), and assemblers of farm
products ($1.43). Average earnings for office and
inside sales workers ranged from $1.60 an hour for
those employed by assemblers of farm products to
$2.07 for those employed by agents and brokers,
compared with an earnings range from $1.38 to
$1.70 for other nonsupervisory workers employed
by assemblers of farm products and merchant
wholesalers, respectively.
1 A more comprehensive report on this survey is presented in
the forthcom ing BLS Bull. 1253, Earnings in W holesale Trade,
June 1958.
2 Included in this group are all nonsupervisory employees en
gaged in clerical and related office functions, such as billing,
filing, bookkeeping, stenography, and typing, and employees en
gaged in selling commodities to customers calling in person or by
telephone.
888
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1959
Scope and Method of Study
accounted for approximately three-fourths of the
employment in the wholesale trade industry.
The earnings data on which this article is based
were obtained largely by mail questionnaire for
a representative payroll period ending nearest
June 15, 1958, and cover all nonsupervisory work
ers except outside salesmen. The data relate to
straight-time earnings, excluding premium pay
for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts. Cost-of-living and production
bonuses were included as part of the workers’
regular pay, but nonproduction payments, such
as Christmas or yearend bonuses, were excluded.
Average earnings were computed by dividing
total straight-time hourly earnings by the number
of workers represented in that total.
Primarily, wholesalers are engaged in selling
merchandise to retailers, to industrial, commer
cial, institutional, or professional users, or to other
wholesalers; or acting as agents in buying mer
chandise for or selling merchandise to such per
sons or companies. Other activities include main
taining inventory of goods; extending credit;
physically assembling, sorting, and grading goods
in large lots; breaking bulk and redistribution in
smaller lots; delivery; refrigeration; and various
types of promotion such as advertising and label
designing.
The June 1958 survey of employee earnings in
wholesale trade relates to all establishments in the
48 States and the District of Columbia primarily
engaged in three major types of wholesale activ
ity: Merchant wholesalers, agents and brokers,
and assemblers of farm products.3 Together, they
8 As defined in Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1949
ed., Vol. II— Nonm anufacturing Industries (U.S. Bureau of the
Budget).
T a ble 1. P er cen ta g e D ist r ib u t io n of N o n su p e r v iso r y E m ployees (E x cept O u t sid e S a l e sm e n )
T r a d e ,1 b y A verage S traight - T ime H ourly E a r n in g s ,2 O ccu pa tion al G r o u ps , U n it e d S ta tes
J u n e i9 5 8
United States
North Central
South
Northeast
in
W ho lesa le
R e g io n s ,3
and
West
All
nonsupervisory
Office
and
inside
sales
Other
nonsupervisory
All
nonsupervisory
Office
and
inside
sales
Other
nonsupervisory
All
nonsupervisory
Office
and
inside
sales
Other
nonsupervisory
All
nonsupervisory
Office
and
inside
sales
Other
nonsupervisory
All
nonsupervisory
Office
and
inside
sales
1.5
12.3
2.0
3.8
1.9
2.5
5.7
2.8
3.5
2.9
1.9
7.5
5.8
5.9
5.6
3.2
5.7
4.4
4.0
3.1
2.2
3.1
1.2
1.2
.9
.5
5.0
1.4
7.1
1.6
3.0
1.7
2.4
5.4
2.9
3.7
3.0
2.3
8.3
6.6
6.9
6.2
3.0
6.6
4.0
3.4
2.7
1.8
3.8
1.2
1.4
1.3
.5
7.7
1.6
16.3
2.4
4.4
2.0
2.6
6.0
2.7
3.3
2.8
1.5
6.8
5.2
5.2
5.2
3.4
5.0
4.6
4.4
3.3
2.4
2.5
1.3
1.1
.5
.4
3.0
1.0
6.1
1.3
3.0
1.5
2.1
5.4
2.6
3.2
2.8
1.8
8.1
7.1
6.3
6.0
3.7
6.9
5.1
4.9
3.7
3.3
3.4
1.4
1.6
1.0
.5
6.0
0.7
3.6
1.0
2.0
.9
1.9
4.7
2.5
3.3
2.6
2.1
7.8
6.9
6.8
7.1
3.1
7.8
5.1
4.5
2.4
3.2
4.8
1.3
2.3
1.2
.5
9.7
1.3
8.3
1.6
3.9
2.1
2.2
5.9
2.6
3.2
2.9
1.6
8.4
7.2
5.8
5.1
4.1
6.1
5.1
5.3
4.8
3.5
2.2
1.5
1.0
.8
.6
2.9
3.0
25.8
3.5
7.1
2.8
4.5
6.9
3.5
4.6
3.2
1.9
6.0
4.3
4.5
3.3
1.9
2.4
2.0
1.2
.9
.5
1.9
.6
.4
.4
.1
2.8
2.3
14.2
3.3
5.3
2.9
4.2
7.4
4.3
4.7
4.3
2.4
7.6
5.6
6.0
4.7
2.6
3.6
2.1
1.8
1.0
.6
2.7
1.1
.4
.8
.1
4.1
3.5
33.8
3.6
8.3
2.8
4.7
6.6
2.9
4.5
2.4
1.6
4.9
3.4
3.4
2.3
1.4
1.6
1.9
.8
.8
.5
1.4
.2
.4
.1
.1
1.9
1.4
10.9
1.3
2.9
2.0
2.1
6.0
2.9
3.6
3.2
2.0
8.1
6.1
5.9
6.8
3.5
5.8
4.7
4.7
3.2
1.9
3.1
1.0
1.1
.7
.4
4.7
2.0
7.7
1.6
2.9
2.1
2.4
5.9
2.8
4.3
2.8
2.5
10.5
7.7
7.1
5.9
2.8
5.7
3.4
2.8
2.4
1.4
3.4
.8
1.0
1.0
.4
6.9
1.0
13.1
1.2
2.9
1.9
2.0
6.1
3.0
3.1
3.4
1.6
6.5
5.0
5.0
7.4
4.0
5.8
5.6
6.1
3.7
2.2
2.8
1.2
1.1
.5
.3
3.2
0.3
5.4
2.5
1.8
.7
1.0
3.9
1.6
2.0
2.1
1.6
7.3
5.0
7.7
6.4
4.0
8.3
6.0
5.1
5.1
3.2
4.3
2.4
2.2
1.7
1.1
7.2
0.5
2.4
.2
1.7
.9
.8
2.5
1.5
2.3
2.4
2.2
6.6
5.5
8.4
7.4
3.7
10.2
5.6
4.4
6.4
1.8
4.4
1.9
1.8
2.7
1.6
10.4
0.2
7.7
4.3
1.9
.5
1.1
4.9
1.7
1.8
2.0
1.1
7.8
4.6
7.3
5.6
4.3
6.8
6.4
5.7
4.1
4.3
4.2
2.8
2.4
.9
.8
4.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of workers (thousands)________________ 1,482.7
Average hourly earnings 3... $1.74
639.9
$1.86
842.9
$1.66
447.0
$1.87
206.1
$2.01
240.9
$1.75
369.7
$1. 43
152.2
$1.58
217.5
$1.33
438.4
$1.75
182.5
$1.79
255.8
$1.73
227.7
$1.98
98.9
$2.10
128.8
$1.89
Average hourly earnings 3
Under $1.00______________
$1.00 and under $1.05______
$1.05 and under $1.10______
$1.10 and under $1.15— ___
$1.15 and under $1.20______
$1.20 and under $1.25______
$1.25 and under $1.30______
$1.30 and under $1.35______
$1.35 and under $1.40______
$1.40 and under $1.45______
$1.45 and under $1.50______
$1.50 and under $1.60______
$1.60 and under $1.70______
$1.70 and under $1.80______
$1.80 and under $1.90______
$1.90 and under $2.00______
$2.00 and under $2.10............
$2.10 and under $2.20...........
$2.20 and under $2.30______
$2.30 and under $2.40______
$2.40 and under $2.50______
$2.50 and under $2.60______
$2.60 and under $2.70______
$2.70 and under $2.80______
$2.80 and under $2.90______
$2.90 and under $3.00........
$3.00 and over........................
Total..........................
1
Limited to 3 major branches of wholesale trade: Merchant wholesalers,
agents and brokers, and assemblers of farm products. Excluded from the
survey were manufacturers’ sales branches and petroleum bulk stations.
3
Excludes premium pay for overtime, and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
* The regions used in this study include: N o r t h e a s t — Connecticut, Maine,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania,
Rhode Island, and Vermont; S o u t h —Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Dis
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Other
nonsupervisory
trict of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mis sissippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas,
Virginia, and West Virginia; N o r t h C e n t r a l —Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas,
Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South
Dakota, and Wisconsin; and W e s t — Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho,
Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.
889
EARNINGS IN WHOLESALE TRADE
The sample was derived from two sources.
State unemployment insurance agencies furnished
lists of reporting units with four or more em
ployees classified under wholesale trade and the
U.S. Bureau of the Census were used to collect
data from the numerically important group of
establishments with fewer than four employees.
The samples drawn from these sources were strati
fied according to such factors as type of opera
tion, location, and establishment employment size.
Data from approximately 2,400 reporting units
were used in the tabulations.
In the estimating procedure, each establish
ment was given its apporpriate weight relative to
the type of operation, location, and size group
from which it was selected. All estimated totals
derived from such weighting processes were
further adusted to the industry employment for
June 1958 as reported by the Bureau in its
monthly employment series. Adjustments in these
totals were made for outside salesmen and work
ers employed in separately incorporated sales sub
sidiaries of manufacturing and mining firms who
were excluded from the survey.
Wholesale Trade
Straight-time earnings for the Nation’s 1,482,700 nonsupervisory workers (excluding outside
salesmen) in wholesale trade within the scope of
the June 1958 survey averaged $1.74 an hour.
About 43 percent of the workers included in the
survey were employed as office and inside sales
personnel. They averaged $1.86 an hour, 20 cents
more than other nonsupervisory workers.
Earnings ranged from $1.25 to $2.10 an hour4
for the middle half of the country’s wholesale
trade workers. The largest single concentration
of workers at any one 5-cent wage interval was
at $1 to $1.05 where 12 percent of the workers
were found. Of the 205,000 workers earning less
than $1.05 an hour, nearly three-fourths were
nonoffice workers. On the other hand, two-thirds
of the 75,000 workers earning $3 or more an hour
were office and inside sales workers. Except for
* F o r e a s e o f r e a d in g , in t h is a n d s u b s e q u e n t d is c u s s io n s o f
t a b u la t io n s , th e lim it s o f th e c la s s in t e r v a ls a r e d e s ig n a te d $1
t o $ 1 .0 5 , $ 1 .2 5 to $ 1 .5 0 , e tc ., in s t e a d o f u s in g th e m o r e p r e c is e
te r m in o lo g y o f $1 a n d u n d e r $ 1 .0 5 , $ 1 .2 5 a n d u n d e r $ 1 .5 0 , e tc .
* F o r th e S t a t e s in e a c h r e g io n , s e e f o o t n o t e 3 , ta b le 1.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
the $1 to $1.05 and the $3 or more wage intervals,
the proportions of workers in both occupational
groups were approximately the same at most of
the other wage intervals. (See table 1.)
Among the regions, employment in wholesale
trade was distributed as follows: 447,000 workers
in the Northeast, 438,400 in the North Central
States, 369,700 in the South, and 227,700 in the
West.5 Average straight-time earnings ranged
from $1.43 in the South to $1.98 in the West.
Workers averaged $1.87 in the Northeast and
$1.75 in the North Central States. Almost threetenths of the workers in the South earned under
$1.05. These 106,300 workers accounted for
more than half of the wholesale trade workers in
the Nation at that wage level. In the other re
gions, the proportion of workers receiving less
than $1.05 an hour did not exceed 12 percent.
Earnings of $2 an hour or more were paid to
13 percent of the workers in the South, compared
with 31 to 47 percent in the other regions.
Average earnings for office and inside sales
workers exceeded those for other nonsupervisory
workers by 6 cents an hour in the North Central
region, 21 cents in the West, 25 cents in the South,
and 26 cents in the Northeast. The lower earn
ings for nonoffice workers is particularly apparent
at the lower pay levels in the wage distributions.
For example, 67 to 78 percent of all the workers
paid less than $1.05 an hour in each of the regions
were other than office and inside sales employees.
Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Areas
Population concentration appears to be one of
the factors that influences wages in wholesale
trade. At the time of the survey, nearly four of
every five wholesale trade workers were employed
in metropolitan areas, where average earnings of
$1.83 an hour were 39 cents higher than in non
metropolitan areas. (See table 2.)
Although fewer than a tenth of the workers
in metropolitan areas earned less than $1.05 an
hour, compared with almost three-tenths in non
metropolitan areas, about 22,000 more workers
in large city areas were at that wage level. More
than two-fifths of the workers in nonmetropoli
tan areas earned less than $1.25 an hour, compared
with less than a fifth in metropolitan areas. On
the other hand, three-eighths of the workers in
890
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1959
T a b l e 2.
P e r c e n t a g e D is t r ib u t io n o f N o n s u p e r v is o r y E m p l o y e e s ( E x c e p t O u t s id e S a l e s m e n ) in W h o l e s a l e
T r a d e 1 b y A v e r a g e S t r a i g h t - T i m e H o u r l y E a r n i n g s ,2 f o r M e t r o p o l i t a n a n d N o n m e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a s ,*
U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d R e g i o n s ,4 J u n e 1958
Metropolitan areas
Average hourly earnings 2
United
States
Under $1.00__________ ____ _
___
$1.00 and under $1.05________________
$1.05 and under $1.10. .
______ _____
$1.10 and under $1.15______ _________
..
$1.15 and under $1.20____________
$1.20 and under $1.25_________________
$1.25 and under $1.30____________ _____
$1.30 and under $1.35_________________
$1.35 and under $1.40_________________
$1.40 and under $1.45_________________
$1.45 and under $1.50______ _ ________
$1.50 and under $1.60.. ____________
$1.60 and under $1.70. . . ___________
$1.70 and under $1.80. ______________
$1.80 and under $1.90_________ _ . . . ..
$1.90 and under $2.00 . _ __________ ..
$2.00 and under $2.10________ _ ______
$2.10 and under $2.20________________
$2.20 and under $2.30 _
.
__ ___
$2.30 and under $2.40. _______________
$2.40 and under $2.50 _ _______
$2.50 and under $2.60 . . ___
__
$2.60 and under $2.70____ _____ ____
$2.70 and under $2.80___ ___ ___. . .
$2.80 and under $2.90. . ______ ____
$2.90 and under $3.00________ ________
$3.00 and over____ __________________
Total_______________ ____ _____
Number of workers (thousands)________
Average hourly earnings2_____ _______
0.8
9.0
1.5
3.4
1.8
2.3
5.3
2.5
3.5
2.9
1.9
7.1
6.3
6.1
6.2
3.5
6.5
5.0
4. 7
3.5
2.5
3.4
1.4
1.3
1.0
.6
5.8
North
east
0.7
5.2
1.2
2.9
1.5
2.0
5.2
2.3
3.3
2.7
1.9
7.5
7.1
6.2
6.2
3.8
7.2
5.4
5.2
3.9
3.5
3.6
1.5
1.7
1.0
.6
6.5
South
Nonmetropolitan areas
North
Central
1.3
20.5
3.5
6.9
3.1
4.4
8.1
4.0
5.2
3.9
2.1
6.1
5.1
4.8
3.8
2.0
2.8
2.3
1.4
.9
.4
2.2
.6
.5
.5
.2
3.3
West
0.8
7.4
1.0
2.1
1.8
1.7
4.4
2.1
3.1
3.0
2.0
7.7
6.5
6.7
7.5
3.9
6.9
5.6
6.0
3.8
2.4
3.7
1.3
1.2
.8
.5
5.9
0.3
3.0
.3
1.7
.5
.9
3.2
1.1
2.0
1.7
1.4
6.4
5.7
6.5
7.1
4.1
9.8
7.4
6.2
6.0
3.7
4.5
2.9
2.1
2.1
1.3
8.1
United
States
N orth
east
South
North
Central
West
4.1
24.5
3.9
5.3
2.1
3.3
7.1
3.8
3.5
2.8
1.7
8.7
4.0
5.4
3.7
2.3
2.6
2.0
1.4
1.4
.9
1.6
.5
.8
.3
.2
2.0
1.4
16.9
3.2
4.7
1.8
2.5
7.5
5.5
3.1
3.1
1.2
15.1
6.4
6.8
3.7
1.8
3.0
2. 5
2.1
1. 4
1.0
1.0
.1
.4
.4
.1
.4
7.0
38.3
3.4
7.4
2.3
4.7
4.3
2.4
3.0
1.4
1.4
5.7
2.5
3.8
2.1
1. 6
1.5
1.3
.8
.8
.7
1.3
.4
.3
.1
(«)
1.5
3.2
21.0
2.2
5.2
2.7
3.5
10.6
5.3
5.0
3. 8
1.9
9.3
4.9
3.4
4. 7
2.3
2.4
2.0
1.2
1.2
.3
1.1
.4
.5
.3
(5)
1.5
O.S
11.4
7.9
2.2
1.1
1.2
5. 6
2.9
2.0
3.2
1.9
9.4
3.3
10.9
4.6
3.9
4.4
2.7
2.5
2.8
2.0
3.6
1.1
2.3
.7
.8
4.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1,161.4
$1.83
411.2
$1.91
261.0
$1.49
327.2
$1.87
162.1
$2.08
321.3
$1.44
35.8
$1.45
108.7
$1.29
111.2
$1.42
6Â6
$1.73
1 See footnote 1, table 1.
2 See footnote 2, table I.
2
The term “metropolitan area” used in this article refers to the Standard
Metropolitan areas established under the sponsorship of the Bureau of the
Budget. There were, as of the period covered, 168 such areas in the country
meeting certain criteria as to population, degree of urbanization, contiguity,
and population density. These areas include all major cities and their eon-
tiguous suburban areas. They include all areas containing at least 1 central
city of 50,000 or more, and certain areas around such cities if they meet estab
lished criteria of being metropolitan in character and economically integrated
with the central city.
4 See footnote 3, table 1.
* Less than 0.05 percent.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.
the latter group received at least $2 an hour, about
2y 2 times the proportion in the former group.
Metropolitan area averages for both office and
inside sales workers and other nonsupervisory
workers were higher than those in nonmetropoli
tan areas, and the difference in earnings levels
between office and nonoffice workers was greater
in metropolitan areas. Office and inside sales
workers averaged $1.93 an hour in metropolitan
areas and $1.51 in nonmetropolitan areas, com
pared with $1.74 and $1.41, respectively, for non
office workers. These relationships can also be
observed in the wage distributions. About 13 per
cent of the office and inside sales workers and 24
percent of the other nonsupervisory workers in
metropolitan areas earned less than $1.25 an hour,
compared with 40 and 45 percent, respectively,
in nonmetropolitan areas.
On a regional basis, the lowest hourly averages
in both metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas
were recorded in the South ($1.49 and $1.29, re
spectively), and the highest in the West ($2.08
and $1.73, respectively). Pay levels were higher
in metropolitan areas by 20 cents an hour in the
South, 35 cents in the West, 45 cents in the North
Central region, and 46 cents in the Northeast.
About 113,800 workers in metropolitan areas and
91,900 in nonmetropolitan areas of the Nation
earned less than $1.05 an hour, and approxi
mately half of these workers in each of the areas
were employed in the South. The North Cen
tral region ranked second in numbers of workers
in that pay category, followed by the Northeast
and West.
Pay advantages held by office and inside sales
workers in metropolitan communities over the
office workers in nonmetropolitan communities
ranged from 23 cents an hour in the West to 53
cents in the Northeast, while for nonoffice workers,
the differences ranged from 12 cents in the South
to 45 cents in the North Central States. Within
the regions, pay differentials varied widely in
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
891
EARNINGS IN WHOLESALE TRADE
both metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas.
For example, office workers averaged 2 cents an
hour more than nonoffice workers in the metro
politan areas of the North Central region, com
pared with 29 cents in the metropolitan areas of
the South. In nonmetropolitan areas, the differ
ences were 4 cents in the North Central region
and 11 cents in the South.
M a jo r S egm ents of W holesale T ra d e
Of the three segments of
wholesale trade studied separately, merchant
wholesalers were numerically the most important,
employing 86 percent of the 1.5 million nonsupervisory workers surveyed in June 1958. Conse
quently, their earnings exerted great influence on
the overall wage structure in wholesale trade.
Hourly earnings for all nonsupervisory workers
in merchant wholesaling averaged $1.76 an hour;
office and inside sales workers averaged $1.84, 14
cents an hour above the level for other nonsuper
M erch a n t W h olesalers.
visory workers. (See table 3.) Although aver
age earnings were higher by 2 cents in merchant
wholesaling than in wholesale trade as a group,
and the pay differential between office and non
office workers was 6 cents less than the overall
difference in wholesale trade, the proportions of
workers at the various wage intervals were not
significantly different from the overall wage
distributional pattern.
Regional averages in merchant wholesaling
varied by no more than 8 cents from those indi
cated for wholesale trade as a whole. Earnings
were lowest in the South and highest in the West.
Almost 46 percent of the workers in the South
earned less than $1.25 an hour, compared with
less than 18 percent in the other regions. Earn
ings of $2.50 or more were paid to 6 percent of
the workers in the South and from 11 to 21 per
cent in the other regions.
Office and inside sales workers earned 24 cents
an hour more on the average than other nonsuper
visory workers in the South, 22 cents more in the
T a b l e 3. P er cen ta g e D ist r ib u t io n of A ll N o n su p e r v iso r y E m ployees (E x c e pt O u t sid e S a lesm e n ) of M er c h a n t
W ho lesa ler s , A gen ts and B r o k er s , and A sse m bl e r s of F arm P r oducts , by A vera g e S tr aigh t -T ime H ourly
E a r n in g s ,1 U n ited S tates a nd R eg io n s ,2 J u n e 1958
United North South
States
east
North
Central
Assemblers of farm products
Agents and brokers
Merchant wholesalers
Average hourly earnings 1
West
United North South
States 3 east
North United North South
east
Central States
North
Central
9.2
35.2
4. 5
6. 5
2.7
1.8
5.9
2.3
1.9
1.3
1.7
4. 5
2.9
4.7
4.2
.6
1.7
3.0
.9
.4
.5
1.4
.1
.3
.2
1.2
28.3
4.2
3.5
1.3
4.9
3.8
2.8
2.6
4.6
1.7
8.8
6.8
7.5
6.0
1.0
3.0
1.2
2.3
1.0
.3
1.0
.5
.4
7.3
4.3
21.7
8.0
4.8
2.6
3.0
7.9
3.1
3.1
4.2
1.9
6.4
4.3
5.1
3.7
1.8
2.5
3.1
1.8
1.8
.8
1.2
.2
.3
.6
.1
1.6
1.8
4.7
23.1
3.1
5. 8
4.2
4.8
7.8
3.9
4. 4
4.9
2.8
4. 4
4. 6
3.4
3.2
1. 7
2. 5
2.7
1.8
1. 3
1. 0
1.1
.3
.3
.3
.1
1.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
95.8
43
6.9
$ 1.43
26. 5
$ 1.32
32. 6
$ 1.42
$ 1.
2.0
30.7
0.9
5.9
1.3
3.2
1.7
2.0
5.5
2.7
3.4
2.8
1.9
8.6
7.2
6.1
6.1
3.7
6.6
5.0
5.0
4.0
3.2
3.2
1.4
1.5
1.0
.5
5.4
2.6
24.8
3.4
7.4
3.0
4.6
7.0
3.6
4.4
3.3
2.1
6.3
4.3
4.5
3.4
2.0
2.5
1.8
1.2
.9
.5
1.9
.6
.5
.4
.1
2.8
1.1
8.1
1.3
2.8
1.9
2.0
5.7
2.8
3.7
3.2
2.1
8.7
6.5
6.3
7.4
3.7
6.2
4.9
5.1
3.4
2.0
3.1
1.1
1.1
.7
.4
4.8
0.4
3.4
.3
1.8
.6
.9
2.8
1.5
2.1
1.6
1.6
6.0
5.4
8.3
7.3
4.4
8.9
6.7
5.9
5.1
3.6
4.9
2.9
2.3
1.8
1. 4
8.1
1.8
21.1
1.2
1.7
.4
2.4
5.7
2.2
3.3
2.1
.9
5.9
4.1
5.1
3.2
2.6
7.1
4.8
3.4
2.4
2.4
4.0
.9
1.8
.8
.3
8.5
2.9
3.8
1.1
1.0
.1
1.9
4.0
1.0
1.0
2.4
1.0
2.4
5.3
7.9
5.6
3.1
11.4
7.5
5.4
.8
5.1
5.6
1.2
2.8
1.1
.8
13.8
1.0
28.1
3.5
3.5
.8
6.8
6.9
3.6
10.0
4.1
.6
4.4
5.6
4.1
.9
1.6
2.8
3.5
.8
1.1
.1
2.2
.1
------------------------
1.3
10.9
1.7
3.9
1.9
2.5
5.6
2.8
3.5
2.9
1.9
7.7
6.0
6.1
6.0
3.4
5.8
4.4
4.2
3.2
2.3
3.1
1.3
1.3
.9
.5
5.0
Total_________________
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of workers (in thousan d s)__ - __
____ 1, 280.0
Average hourly earnings1 --------- $ 1.76
405.7
$ 1.85
317.4
$ 1. 44
373.9
$ 1.79
183.0
106.9
$ 1.81
34.4
25.8
31.8
$ 2.06
$ 2.15
$ 1.47
$ 1.70
Under $ 1.00_______________________
$ 1.00 and under $ 1.05------------------$ 1.05 and under $ 1.10--------$ 1.10 and under $ 1.15 ------------------$ 1.15 and under $ 1.20 _____ - - - $ 1.20 and under $ 1.25-------- --------$ 1.25 and under $ 1.30------------$ 1.30 and under $ 1.35 —
-------$ 1.35 and under $ 1.40-----------------------$ 1.40 and under $ 1.45 -------$ 1.45 and under $ 1.50_____ _______
$ 1.50 and under $ 1. 60 . _ .
$ 1.60 and under $ 1.70------------------$ 1.70 and under $ 1.80---------- $ 1.80 and under $ 1.90 ---------- --- - $ 1.90 and under $ 2.00 ..............
$ 2.00 and under $ 2.10 ________
$ 2.10 and under $ 2.20 _____________
$ 2.20 and under $ 2.30 ____
- --$ 2.30 and under $ 2.40 ____
$ 2.40 and under $ 2.50 ------------------$ 2.50 and under $ 2.60 ---------$ 2.60 and under $ 2.70 -------------- $ 2.70 and under $ 2 . 80 . . --------------$ 2.80 and under $ 2.90 ---------- -------$ 3.00
and over. . .
1 See footnote 2, table 1.
2 See footnote 3, table 1.
* Includes data for the West in addition to regions shown separately.
5 1 4 4 3 0 — 59-
-Jl
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.3
3.8
West
(4)
1.7
.4
.5
7.5
3.4
2.0
.9
.5
5.5
3.3
3.8
3.5
3.2
4.3
4.3
4.1
2.4
1.5
4.6
1.2
.9
.6
(4)
$ 1.
(4)
1.0
(4)
0.1
6. 5
17. 4
2.6
1.2
1.8
10. 7
2.9
2. 8
6.0
1.2
9.7
4. V
6.9
3.4
3.0
3.1
4.0
2. 3
3. 7
1.0
1.3
.2
.2
1.4
. 1
1.5
29.8
55
4 Less than 0.05 percent.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.
892
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1959
Northeast, and 7 cents in the West. Average
earnings were identical for both occupational
groups in the North Central area. The contrast
in pay relationships between the two occupational
groups among the regions can be illustrated by
examining the proportion of workers paid less
than $1.25 an hour. In the South, for example,
earnings for 32 percent of the office and inside sales
workers and 56 percent of the other nonsupervisory workers fell below the $1.25 level, whereas
17 percent of both occupational groups in the
North Central region earned less than $1.25 an
hour.
Wage data tabulated separately for nine whole
sale merchandise lines showed average earnings
ranging from $1.60 an hour in motor vehicles to
$1.92 in dry goods and apparel (table 4). Almost
two of every five workers employed by merchant
wholesalers were in miscellaneous wholesaling.
Their average earnings of $1.76 an hour were the
same as for merchant wholesalers as a group.
Averages for three other wholesale lines fell be
low and three others were above that wage level.
Although average earnings were lowest in motor
vehicles, only 13 percent of these workers received
less than $1.05 an hour, compared with 25 percent
of those employed by handlers of edible farm
products and 17 percent in groceries. The pro
portions of workers at that wage level in the other
merchandise lines ranged from 5 to 12 percent.
At the other end of the pay scale, 29 to 38 percent
of the workers earned $2 or more in each of the
wholesale lines except motor vehicles.
An estimated 106,900 nonsupervisory workers employed by agents and
brokers averaged $1.81 an hour at straight-time
A g e n ts an d B rokers.
rates in June 1958. Although the average for
these workers exceeded those in the other two seg
ments by as much as 38 cents an hour, 23 percent
were paid less than $1.05 an hour. Earnings for
the middle half of the workers were spread some
what evenly between $1.15 and $2.20 an hour. Al
most 9 percent of the workers earned at least $3
an hour.
Average earnings of $2.07 an hour for office and
inside sales workers exceeded those for other nonsupervisory workers by 60 cents an hour. The
latter group constituted about four-fifths of the
workers earning less than $1.05 an hour. More
than two-fifths of the nonoffice workers and fewer
than a tenth of the office and inside sales workers
were paid at this level. On the other hand, fewer
than a fifth of the nonoffice workers compared
with half of the office and inside sales workers
earned $2 an hour or more. Data were tabulated
as follows:
O f f ic e a n d
in s id e
s a le s w o r k e r s
N um ber of workers
Average hourly earnings 1___ .
Percent of workers earning—Under $1.05_____________
Under $1.10
__
Under $1.15__
Under $1.25_________ __
Under $1.50
Under $2.00.
O th e r n o n
s u p e r v is o r y
w orkers
60, 200
46, 700
$1. 47
$ 2 .0 7
8 .7
9 .3
11.3
13.4
25. 1
49.5
41.
43.
44.
48.
65.
82.
2
2
5
1
7
1
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
Regional averages for employees of agents and
brokers varied from $1.47 an hour in the South
to $2.15 in the Northeast. Although the average
in the North Central region was 23 cents above
the level in the South, about a third of the workers
T a ble 4. P e r c en t of N o n su p e r v iso r y E m ployees (E x c e pt O u t sid e S a l e sm e n ) E a r n in g L e s s T h an S pe c ifie d
A m o unts 1 for S elec ted M e r c h a n d ise L in e s in M er c h a n t W h o le sa l in g , U n it e d S t a t e s , J u n e 1958
Merchandise line
Motor vehicles and automotive equipment____
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products _
Dry goods and apparel_____
Groceries and food specialties_______
Farm products goods for immediate consumption__
Electrical goods_______ _____
Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment supplies-..
Machinery equipment and supplies____
Miscellaneous merchant wholesales___
* See footnote 2, table 1.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Number of
workers
93,200
49, 500
63, 500
173, 300
95,500
72,900
72,300
156, 700
503,000
Average
hourly
earnings1
$1. 60
1.75
1.92
1.72
1.66
1. 86
1.80
1.85
1.76
Percent of workers earning less than—
$1.05
13.3
8.8
9.2
16. 7
24.9
6.1
5.4
6.3
12.3
$1.10
16.1
10.7
12.0
18.7
26.8
7.6
7.3
7.6
13.6
$1.15
20. 6
13.7
18.7
22.2
33.4
10.2
10.4
10.3
17.5
$1.25
28.1
19.1
23.6
26. 5
38.7
14.2
14.9
13.3
21.6
$1.50
48. 8
39.0
37. 6
42. 3
50.3
32. 5
33.6
28. 5
38.8
$2.00
80.9
71.3
61. 6
65. 5
68.9
65.2
67.1
62. 9
69.0
EARNINGS IN WHOLESALE TRADE
in that region earned less than $1.05 an hour, com
pared with fewer than three-tenths in the South.
Median earnings, however, were at the $1.50 level
in the North Central States and $1.30 in the South.
Fewer than 7 percent of the workers in the North
east were paid less than $1.05, while more than
half received at least $2 an hour.
Although the number of office workers employed
by agents and brokers exceeded the number of non
office workers in this segment as a whole, the office
workers represented a majority of the workers
only in the Northeast where 80 percent were office
and inside sales workers. In that region, these
workers averaged $2.23 an hour, 19 cents more
than in the North Central region and 64 cents
more than in the South. Averages for other nonsupervisory workers in the latter two regions fell
40 and 46 cents an hour, respectively, below the
$1.86 an hour average in the Northeast.
Wage differences between the office and inside
sales and other nonsupervisory workers ranged
from 21 cents an hour in the South to 60 cents
in the North Central States. Reflecting the lower
earnings for the nonoffice workers in each of the
regions, concentrations of these workers were
found at the lower wage intervals—60 to 90 per
cent of all workers earning less than $1.05 in each
of the regions were nonoffice workers.
A ssem b lers o f F a rm P ro d u cts. Average straighttime earnings were $1.43 an hour for the 95,800
nonsupervisory workers employed by assemblers
of farm products. More than a fourth of the
workers were narrowly concentrated below the
$1.05 wage level and another fourth were widely
dispersed above the $1.70 level.
About three of every four workers employed by
assemblers of farm products were in nonoffice
jobs. Their average earnings of $1.38 an hour
were 22 cents under those for office and inside
sales workers. The major difference in the earn
ings distributions between the two occupational
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
893
groups occurred at the $1.10 wage level as shown
in the following tabulation:
Office and
inside
sales workers
N umber of workers _
___ _
Average hourly earnings 1
Percent of workers earning—
Under $1.05 _ _ __
Under $1.10
_
Under $1.15
_ .
Under $ 1 .2 5 __
Under $1.50 __
Under $2.00
Other non
supervisory
workers
23,600
$1.60
72, 200
$1. 38
21.2
23.2
27.3
31.8
51.5
80. 2
27.
37.
42.
48.
68.
87.
5
4
5
5
9
9
1 E xcludes prem ium p a y for overtim e and for w ork on w eek en ds, holid ays,
and late shifts.
On a regional basis, hourly earnings ranged
from $1.32 in the South to $1.55 in the West.
Earnings of less than $1.05 an hour were paid to
7 percent of the workers in the West, 30 percent
in the North Central region and Northeast, and
44 percent in the South. Variations in the pro
portions of workers at the other end of the pay
scale were less pronounced—about 10 to 20 per
cent of the workers in each of the regions earned
$2 an hour or more.
Average hourly earnings for office and inside
sales workers exceeded those for other nonsuper
visory workers by 5 cents in the North Central
States, 30 cents in the Northeast, 32 cents in the
South, and 44 cents in the West. In the North
Central region, relatively little difference existed
between the proportions of office and nonoffice
workers earning less than $1.05 an hour, 26 and
32 percent respectively; the proportions earning
less than $1.25 were nearly identical. In the
other regions, on the other hand, the differences
at the lower wage intervals were sharp between
the two occupational groups. In the South, for
example, about half of the other nonsupervisory
workers earned less than $1.05 an hour, compared
with a fifth of the office and inside sales workers.
— H
er ber t
S
c h a ffe r
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
894
In-Plant Feeding
Practices in Factories
About h a l f of the manufacturing plants in the
United States have facilities for serving hot food
to employees and approximately 9 out of 10 plants
have at least one kind of vending machine dispens
ing food or beverage.1 Management found that
provision of the cafeterias, food carts, and other
regular facilities,2 to supplement food brought
from home or purchased outside the plant, bol
stered the employees’ health and morale, saved
them money, reduced lost time, and improved pro
duction. Labor-management relations and re
cruiting also benefited. Likewise, provision of the
vending machines aided morale and also employee
productivity through keeping workers near their
jobs. In recent years, more and more of the new
plants have installed food facilities at the outset,
and vending of food and beverages has expanded.
These and other findings were reported by the
U.S. Department of Agriculture from a survey
undertaken in late 1955 and early 1956 in a
sample of manufacturing plants having 250 or
more employees.
Plant Comparisons
The larger the plant, the more likely it was to
offer regular, on-premise eating facilities. The
survey found that plants with food services
tended to be larger than nonserving plants and to
operate around the clock; also that such plants
were more likely to offer steady rather than
seasonal employment. Further, in the case of
plants with food services, there were often no
nearby eating places or such places could not ac
commodate more than about a fourth of the
workers. In both the food serving and nonserv
ing plants studied, the length of the workweek
and the degree of physical activity required of the
employed were about the same, and men were in
the majority.
The large plants were about twice as likely as
tho small plants to have food facilities. Seven
out of 10 large plants, 6 out of 10 medium plants,
and 4 out of 10 small plants had them.3 Plants
in the North Central and Southern regions were
more likely than those in the other regions to pro
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
vide them. In the North Central States, they
had most often been installed by large plants; in
the Northeast and South, by medium-size plants;
and in the West, by small plants. These data re
flect, in part, the size-of-plant distribution in the
regions.
Nearly three-fourths (72 percent) of the food
facilities had been installed since 1935. Plants
serving food were, on the average, younger plants
and this was particularly true of small- and me
dium-size plants with food facilities. The newer
the plant, the more likely it was to have provided
food services from the outset.
Description of the Facilities
T y p e an d S ervice. Cafeterias greatly outnum
bered other types of food facilities (table 2)
and served, relatively, the largest number of em
ployees. Mobile carts were the next most common
type. Restaurants with table service were avail
able in fewer than 10 percent of the plants.
1 T h is s u m m a r y i s b a s e d o n d a t a c o n t a in e d in t w o U .S . D e p a r t
m e n t o f A g r ic u lt u r e r e p o r t s ( M a r k e tin g R e s e a r c h R e p o r ts 3 2 5 a n d
3 2 6 ) , is s u e d in J u n e 1 9 5 9 .
F r o m o v e r 2 8 ,0 0 0 p la n t s h a v in g 1 0 0 o r m o r e e m p lo y e e s o n t h e
p a y r o ll in e a r ly 1 9 5 3 ( a s s h o w n by r e c o r d s o f th e B u r e a u o f O ld A g e a n d S u r v iv o r s I n s u r a n c e ) , a “ m a j o r ” s a m p le w a s d r a w n o f
p la n t s h a v in g 2 5 0 o r m o r e e m p lo y e e s . F r o m t h is g r o u p , 8 2 5
p la n t s w e r e c la s s ifie d b y s iz e a s f o ll o w s : 2 8 0 s m a ll p la n t s ( 2 5 0 —
4 9 9 e m p lo y e e s ) ; 2 2 0 m e d iu m -s iz e p la n t s ( 5 0 0 - 9 9 9 ) ; a n d 3 2 5
la r g e p la n t s ( 1 ,0 0 0 o r m o r e ) .
T h e s u r v e y a ls o o b t a in e d d a t a
fr o m a g r o u p o f 1 8 2 “ s m a lle r p la n t s ” ( 1 0 0 - 2 4 9 e m p lo y e e s ) . T h e
d a t a w e r e w e ig h t e d to r e f le c t th e s iz e a n d r e g io n a l d is t r ib u t io n
o f t h e u n iv e r s e .
T e le p h o n e in t e r v ie w s w e r e fir s t c o n d u c t e d w it h e x e c u t iv e s in
t h e 8 2 5 p la n t s to d e te r m in e t h e in c id e n c e o f e m p lo y e e fo o d f a c i l i
t i e s a n d v e n d in g m a c h in e s in t h e ir p la n t s . F o l lo w in g t h is p re
lim in a r y s c r e e n in g , p e r s o n a l in t e r v ie w s w e r e h e ld w it h p la n t
m a n a g e r s in 3 9 1 p la n t s , fo o d f a c i l i t y m a n a g e r s in 3 7 8 o f th e s a m e
p la n t s , e x e c u t iv e s in 7 7 p la n t s w h ic h d id n o t h a v e f o o d f a c ilit ie s ,
a n d e x e c u t iv e s in th e “ s m a lle r p la n t s .” T h e s e e x t e n s iv e in t e r
v ie w s w e r e c o n d u c t e d o n ly in p la n t s w h ic h h a d 2 5 0 o r m o r e
e m p lo y e e s in b o th 1 9 5 3 a n d 1 9 5 6 . T h e y w e r e h e ld b e tw e e n la t e
D e c e m b e r 1 9 5 5 a n d m id -A p r il 1 9 5 6 ( m o s t w e r e c o m p le te d b e fo r e
th e e n d o f F e b r u a r y ) . E s t im a t e d t o t a l e x p e n d it u r e s f o r fo o d b y
3 5 2 p la n t s w e r e in f la t e d to p r o v id e a n a t io n a l e s t im a t e ( in c lu d
in g a n a n n u a l a g g r e g a t e o f a b o u t $ 2 6 0 m illio n ) f o r 6 ,0 0 0 p la n t s —
a b o u t h a l f th e t o t a l n u m b e r o f p la n t s in t h e U n it e d S t a t e s w it h
2 5 0 o r m o r e e m p lo y e e s.
2 P l a n t s w e r e c o n s id e r e d t o h a v e f o o d f a c i l i t i e s i f t h e r e w a s
so m e t y p e o f r e g u la r , o n -p r e m ise s e r v ic e w h ic h o ffer e d a t le a s t
1 h o t d is h o th e r t h a n h o t b e v e r a g e s .
3 I t s h o u ld n o t be in f e r r e d t h a t m o s t o f th e p la n t s w it h fo o d
f a c i l i t i e s w e r e la r g e p la n t s . I n 1 9 5 3 a n d 1 9 5 6 , s m a ll p la n t s o u t
n u m b e r ed m e d iu m a n d la r g e p la n t s c o m b in ed , in th e u n iv e r s e o f
a ll m a n u f a c t u r in g e s t a b lis h m e n t s w it h 2 5 0 o r m o r e e m p lo y e e s.
B e t w e e n th o s e y e a r s , b o th in c r e a s e s a n d d e c r e a s e s o c cu rr e d in
p la n t s iz e , w it h th e n e t r e s u lt t h a t th e w e ig h t e d s a m p le o f p la n t s
r e p o r t in g f o o d s e r v ic e s in c lu d e d a b o u t e q u a l p r o p o r tio n s o f s m a ll,
m e d iu m , a n d la r g e p la n t s .
I n t h e s a m p le o f a ll p la n t s , w it h or
w it h o u t f o o d s e r v ic e s , t h e N o r t h C e n tr a l S t a t e s h a d th e la r g e s t
p r o p o r tio n o f la r g e p la n t s a n d t h e W e s t h a d t h e l a r g e s t p r o p o r
t io n o f s m a ll p la n t s .
895
FOOD FACILITIES IN MANUFACTURING PLANTS
The greater number of the facilities—37 per
cent—served at one meal period; 28 percent, at
two meal periods; and 35 percent, at three or more
(table 3). A few were open around the clock.
Practically all facilities served a noon meal, nearly
half served breakfast, and 4 out of 10, dinner. A
few more than 1 out of 10 served during the night
shift.
In about half the facilities, employees could
buy a la carte foods and special platters or
“budget meals” ; in most of the others, only a la
carte dishes. Southern plants made greater use,
relatively, of a la carte menus only; western
plants, of special “plates” only. The smaller
services used a la carte menus to a greater extent;
the larger, more often offered both special plates
and a la carte items.
Estimates by the food
managers as to how many employees ate meals
at the inplant f acilities on an average day, during
regularly scheduled meal periods, varied from
less than a fifth to nine-tenths or more. For all
378 plants where food managers were interviewed,
the median estimate was 52 percent. This did not
include going in for snacks, dessert, or beverage.
The median was 62 percent for 126 company-op
erated facilities, compared with 45 percent for
252 contractor-operated. In this connection, how
ever, the survey report pointed out that cafeterias
comprised a larger share of company-operated
than of contractor-operated facilities. The me
E m p lo y e e P a tro n a g e.
T a b l e 1.
dian estimates of the percentages of employees
eating meals at the food services were as follows:
of
Median
percent
378
52
91
110
177
47
55
53
108
141
81
48
48
50
58
44
N u m ber
plants
Total, United States
_
____
Employee size group:
250-499______________ ____
500-999______________ ____
1,000 or m ore__
_ .____
Region:
N o rth east________ _ . ____
N orth Central
____
South _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ ____
W est_____ __________ ____
In 7 percent of the facilities, some foods—usu
ally beverages (coffee, milk, and other)—were
furnished free. In 1 percent, all foods provided
were free. A few plants (chiefly western) pro
vided' free meals for overtime workers. Other
wise, the report did not cover the subject of prices
charged to employees.
The trend was toward con
tractor operation. Nearly two-thirds of the inplant food services were operated by contractors
utilizing canteens, food carts, and lunch counters.
The remainder of the inplant facilities were com
pany operated. A few plants had both companyoperated facilities and arrangements with outside
contractors. Employee groups, including unions,
were the operators in a small number of plants.
Company-operated service, in general, was sub
sidized, either through a direct money contribu-
F o rm o f O peration .
P e r c e n t o f M a n u f a c t u r i n g P l a n t s (250 o r M o r e E m p l o y e e s ) H a v i n g F o o d F a c i l i t i e s 1 a n d V e n d i n g
M a c h i n e s , b y E m p l o y e e S iz e G r o u p a n d R e g i o n 2
Percent having—
Plant characteristics
Total, United States________ ________
Employee size group:
250-499________________ ____ _____
500-999 _________________________
1,000 or more
_________ - -Region:2
Northeast- ________ _______ ____
North Central. _ - ______________
South _ _
_ ________ _____
West___________ ______________
Number of
plants
Food facilities
Vending ma
chines
Both food facili
ties and vend
ing machines
Food facilities
only
Vending ma
chines only
825
52
88
48
4
40
8
280
220
325
37
59
72
98
88
86
35
53
65
2
6
7
53
35
21
10
6
7
275
270
163
117
44
57
62
38
85
91
89
77
39
54
57
32
5
3
5
6
46
37
32
45
10
6
6
17
1 Include cafeterias, restaurants, executive dining rooms, mobile food
carts, lunch counters, snack bars, and canteens if at least 1 hot food other
than hot beverages was served; exclude vending machines even though hot
foods and beverages were dispensed by such machines.
2 The States were grouped by Census regions, as follows: N o r t h e a s t —
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New
York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; N o r t h C e n t r a l —Illinois,
Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North
Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; S o u t h —Alabama, Arkansas,
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Neither food
facilities nor
vending machines
Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana»
Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Ten
nessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; and W e s t —Arizona, California,
Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Wash
ington, and Wyoming.
Source: Based on data from preliminary screening of 825 plants, through
telephone interviews with plant executives. See also text footnote 1.
896
T
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1959
able
M
2.
ore
E
P
ercent
of
m plo y ees)
F
a c il it ie s ,1 b y
F
orm
of
F
E
a c il it y
H
M
P
a n u f a c t u r in g
a v in g
D
e s ig n a t e d
m ployee
S
iz e
O
G
roup,
lants
T
(250
ypes of
R
e g io n
F
,2
or
ood
and
p e r a t io n
Percent having—
Plant and food facility
characteristics
Total, United States.........
Employee size group:
250-499_____________
500-999_____________
1,000 or more________
Region: 3
Northeast. ________
North Central.............
South. ____________
West____ _________
Food facility operation:
Company operated3. . .
Contractor operated
Num
ber of
plants
Restau
rants
with
table
service
Cafe
terias
Mobile
food
carts
Canteens,
candy
stands,
lunch
counters
378
78
20
16
8
91
110
177
65
78
90
21
14
24
21
11
16
7
7
11
108
141
81
48
81
77
72
94
20
22
15
23
14
18
17
7
9
8
8
6
126
252
92
71
7
27
5
21
9
8
1 See footnote 1, table 1.
! See footnote 2, table 1.
s Management of food facilities was controlled by the firm, with all food
service personnel, including the manager, considered regular employees of
the plant. Payroll and other expenses were handled the same as those of
other departments of the company.
4 Management of food facilities was delegated to concessionaires, industrial
caterers, food service management contractors, or other outside firms, under
various contractual arrangements or by direct lease of space. Includes a few
food services managed by unions or other employee organizations.
N ote : Percentages add to more than 100 because some plants had more
than 1 type of food facility.
Source: Based on personal interviews with food facility managers. See
also text footnote 1.
tion or indirect support in the form of free rent,
utilities, or other overhead. Executives in 64 per
cent of the plants with contractor-operated facili
ties said that it was stated policy for the facilities
to operate on a subsidy ; 34 percent said the facili
ties were expected to break even; and 2 percent,
that they were expected to show a profit. How
ever, among those in the two latter groups, 8 per
cent were not charged any expenses ; charges were
made for utilities in 18 percent of the remaining
plants ; for maintenance and labor, in 15 percent ;
rent, 12 percent; supplies and equipment depre
ciation, 8 percent; and other expenses, 7 percent.
In plants where food facilities were contracted
out, it had been arranged that the facilities would
be operated as follows :
Percent of plant*
At a profit________________________________
On a guaranteed m inim um --------------------------On a cost plus fixed fee basis________________
On a subsidy______________________________
On some other plan------------------------------------No indication---------------------------------------------
69
15
9
4
1
2
Seventy-eight percent of the plants did not charge
the contractor for on-premise incidental expenses.
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Among the 22 percent charging expenses, 13 per
cent charged for rent, 8 percent for utilities, 3
percent for maintenance and repair, and 2 per
cent for a franchise. Small companies were more
likely than others to expect the contractor to oper
ate independently, without financial contribu
tion from the company although there was little
difference by size group in the proportion charg
ing expenses to the contractor.
The survey of
food stocks and purchases during 4 weeks in January-February 1956 showed that the food dollar
was spent in this manner : 4
F ood P u rch ased b y the F a cilities.
Centt
D airy products (excluding b u tte r)______________
M eat and m eat products (about half beef, a
th ird p o rk )________________________________
Bakery products, flour, and cereals-------------------Beverages (excluding m ilk)____________________
F ruits and vegetables (including juices)_________
F ats and oils (including b u tte r)________________
Sugar and other sweets-----------------------------------Poultry and poultry products__________________
Fish and seafood_____________________________
Eggs------------------------------------------------------------All other foods_______________________________
22
21
16
12
12
3
3
2
2
2
5
The data on types of meals and the food ex
penditures of the inplant food services indicate
in only a very general way the food items served.
During the January-Februarv survey period,
soup was important among the items prepared offpremises and brought in by food cart. Potato
chips, potato salad, and cole slaw sometimes repre
sented the extent of the choice of vegetables pro
vided by the canteen, lunch counter, or food cart
service; some menus from these facilities offered
fruit only in fruit pies. The small plant facilities
customarily offered a quantity of sweet rolls,
doughnuts, and fruit pies. Purchases of toma
toes, lettuce, mature onions, cabbage, and celery
accounted for three fourths of the total expendi
tures for fresh vegetables (other than potatoes).
Purchases of frozen and canned products repre
sented a larger share of expenditures for fruit
4
T h is d iv is io n d id n o t v a r y m u c h a m o n g t h e r e g io n s o r p la n t
s iz e g r o u p s .
F a c i l i t i e s i n t h e N o r t h e a s t s p e n t a l i t t l e le s s o f
t h e f o o d d o lla r f o r m e a t t h a n t h o s e o f t h e W e s t . S o u th e r n p la n t
f a c i l i t i e s s p e n t le s s f o r d a ir y a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s b u t m o r e fo r
b e v e r a g e s , p a r t ic u la r ly s o f t d r in k s , t h a n t h o s e in t h e o t h e r re
g io n s .
T h e c h ie f d iffe r e n c e w a s t h a t la r g e o p e r a to r s s p e n t a
l i t t l e la r g e r s h a r e fo r d a ir y p r o d u c t s a n d le s s f o r b a k ed g o o d s ,
t h a n d id o th e r o p e r a to r s .
FOOD FACILITIES IN MANUFACTURING PLANTS
897
than was the case for vegetables. Of meat pur
chases, fresh meat came first; cured meat was a
poor second. Of total expenditures for beverages,
71 percent was for coffee, 24 percent for bottled
soft drinks, and 4 percent for tea.
Management’s Appraisal of the Facilities
Practically all plants having food facilities
would inaugurate the services if the decision were
to be made again. Of the 44 percent which would
now make some changes if starting anew, 21 per
cent would relocate the facility or alter its layout
and 15 percent would expand it.
The great majority of the executives, when
questioned specifically, considered the employee
food services beneficial to employee morale, la
bor-management relations, employee health, and
employee productivity; about half thought them
helpful in recruiting. These proportions re
garded the services as having a “good effect,” a
“bad effect,” or “no effect at all” :
G ood
effe c t
Employee morale _
_____
Employee productivity__ __ __
Employee recruiting _ _ __
Employee h e a l t h - ___ ______
Labor-m anagem ent relations___
N o effe c t
a t a ll
92
63
8
36
52
30
21
48
70
77
B a d effec t
0)
1
0)
0)
2
« Less than 0.5 percent.
When stating the reasons for establishing the
facilities, and the advantages of having them,
three out of four executives said such facilities
raise morale and benefit employees. Specifically,
29 percent said the food services provided more
healthful meals than the employees would other
wise have had; 19 percent, that the meals were
less expensive; and 4 percent, that they offered
opportunity for socialization. Production gains
were widely mentioned. Fifty-six percent said
the services permitted a shorter lunch period,
thereby saving production time; 19 percent men
tioned “improved production;” and 6 percent in
dicated that the facilties helped to cut down time
lost through illness. About half said the facilities
were provided, among other reasons, because of
inadequate public facilities or to supplement other
eating arrangements. Thirty-seven percent cited
better labor-management relations and 12 percent
mentioned assistance in recruiting, as virtues of
food services. Other responses mentioned1 im
proved plant sanitation. Cost was the principal
drawback. Other important ones were the
amount of management time required, employee
complaints, employees’ tendency to linger over
food, and lack of space. All in all, favorable con
siderations appeared to counterbalance the un
favorable ones.
Evidently, the advantages of company opera
tion (e.g., more control and interest in employee
welfare) were not adjudged sufficient to compen
sate for the higher cost and dtain on management
time when compared with advantages of contrac
tor operation. Plants which had altered the ini-
T a b l e 3.
P er c e n t of M a n u f a c t u r in g P la nts (250 or M ore E m ployees )
n a t e d T y pes of M e a ls , a n d S e r v in g at S pec ifie d H ours a n d M e a l
gion ,2 a n d F orm of F a cility O per a tio n
W ith F ood F a c il it ie s 1 O f f e r in g D e sig
P e r io d s , b y E m ployee S ize G r o u p , R e
Percent where facility serves—
Num
Plant and food facility characteristics ber of Noon meal
plants (10 a.m.2 p.m.)
Total, United States______________
Employee size group:
250-499.............................................
500-999______________________
1,000 or more_________________
Region:2
Northeast
____________ __
North Central________________
South.. .
_________ - _
West. _______ _________ Food facility operation:
Company operated 3__________
Contractor operated * __________
i See footnote 1, table 1.
3 See footnote 2, table 1.
8 See footnote 3, table 2.
1 See footnote 4, table 2.
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Morning Evening meal Afternoon Early morn
meal (6 a.m.(6 p.m.meal (2 p.m.- ing meal
(2 a.m.10 a.m.)
10 p.m.)
6 p.m.)
6 a.m.)
Midnight
meal
(10 p.m.2 a.m.)
At 1 At 2 At 3 or
meal meal
more
pe periods meal
riod
periods
378
98
46
40
17
14
12
37
28
35
91
110
177
96
99
98
33
47
59
21
44
54
9
19
22
7
14
22
7
12
15
58
32
22
27
34
22
15
34
56
108
141
81
48
99
98
97
97
42
42
58
48
29
40
51
47
13
14
26
14
8
13
26
13
10
6
23
11
50
37
23
32
20
33
29
29
30
30
48
39
126
252
98
97
37
51
32
44
15
18
10
17
9
13
43
34
25
29
32
37
N ote : Percentages in columns 2-7 add to more than 100 because the various
types of facilities taken together served more than 1 type of meal.
Source: Based on personal interviews with food facility managers. See
also text footnote 1.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
898
tial arrangements (25 percent) had shifted to
contractor operation in the ratio of three to one.
P la n ts W ith o u t F o o d F a cilities. Among the 354
plants without food facilities and employing at
least 250 workers, around 3 out of 4 had never
had them. Only 5 percent had definite plans to
establish them in the following year or two.
Where no facilities had formerly existed, the ex
ecutives said that a food service was unnecessary
because public facilities were adequate, employees
brought their lunch, demand among employees
was insufficient, and there were too few plant em
ployees. Some executives believed provision of
food service would be impractical. These indi
cated there was no space for it; such facilities
cost too much; problems arose in meal scheduling,
housekeeping, and maintenance; and management
would have to devote too much time to the
facilities.
Vending Machines
Nine out of 10 plants had' vending machines,
usually more than one type of machine. Soft
drinks and such items as candy, peanuts, or gum
were the most widely vended. In plants having
vending machines, beverage machines were uni
formly installed; and in a fourth of the plants,
vending equipment provided for food and milk,
as well as other beverages. In the South and
West, most plants provided1 only beverages by
this medium; more of the North Central and
Northeastern plants had machines dispensing
food and milk. Vending machines appeared1to
be more important in nonfood serving plants than
in foodserving plants, although the former were
less likely to have such machines, yet tended to
use more extensive installations. Such plants re
lied on the vending machines for milk, coffee,
baked goods, ice cream, fruit juices, sandwiches,
soup, and similar items.
No particular decreases in vending machines
were planned. About 9 of 10 plant executives
mentioned a number of advantages of the vending
machines. Chiefly, in plants with both food serv
ices and vending, the executives said that having
the machines benefited employee morale (espe
cially in the small plants) ; saved production time,
by keeping employees near the job; and supple
mented other food services. The morale factor
was especially important to plants without food
facilities. On the other hand, about 8 of 10 plant
executives cited disadvantages. The three most
frequent criticisms of the vending machines, in
plants with both food services and vending, were :
“housekeeping” problems, lost time at machines,
and unreliable servicing.
Smaller Plant Sample
Compared with the plants forming the major
sample, a much smaller proportion of plants in
the 100-249 employee size group—one out of
five—had food services, exclusive of vending ma
chines. Here, mobile food carts, providing lunch
only, were the more common. The ratio of con
tractor to company-operation, almost two to one,
approximated the ratio in larger plants ; and man
agement assessed the pros and cons of inplant food
facilities in much the same way. By and large,
practically all the plant managers would set up
such services if they wTere making the choice
again. The proportion of these smaller plants
with vending machines was about the same as in
the larger firms, 8 in 10, but the equipment was
more limited.
Few of the smaller plants without food facil
ities for employees at the time of the survey
anticipated opening any in the near future; 1 in
25 had discontinued those previously operating.
The principal reasons given for not providing
inplant food services were about the same as those
cited by plant executives in the major sample.
Erratum
In Supplement No. 5 to Wage Chronology No. 4 for Bituminous Coal
Mines, which appeared in the July 1959 issue of the Review (pp. 772-773),
the following substitutions in the stub of table 3 should be made: “Drillers
and shooters” for “Drillers and shearers” ; and “Mobile loading machine op
erators” for “Mobile loading machine operations.”
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WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 14: FORD MOTOR CO.
Wage Chronology No. 14:
Ford Motor Co.
Supplement No. 3—1955-59
N e g o t i a t i o n s between the Ford Motor Co. and
the International Union, United Automobile,
Aircraft & Agricultural Implement Workers of
America (UAW) to replace the 3-year agreement
expiring June 1, 1958, began on March 31, 1958,
against a background of substantially reduced em
ployment in the industry, reflecting, in part, the
low level of automobile sales during the recession.
The union’s contractual demands on the Ford
Motor Co. and other automotive manufacturers
were adopted in January 1958 at a special conven
tion, although preliminary bargaining goals had
been stated at its regular convention in April
1957.1 The UAW’s bargaining program consisted
of “minimum basic” and supplementary economic
demands. Among the latter was a profit-sharing
plan, which received much initial publicity. The
proposal called for the major automobile com
panies, after meeting “the minimum costs of doing
business” (i.e., paying basic wage and salary costs
and retaining for dividends profits amounting, be
fore taxes, to 10 percent of net capital), to divide
the remaining profits as follows: one-half to stock
holders and executives and one-fourth each to other
employees and consumers, the latter in the form
of year-end rebates. The basic demands included
a wage increase related to productivity in the total
private economy; a liberalized cost-of-living es
calator clause together with incorporation of ex
isting cost-of-living allowances into basic rates;
elimination of wage inequities; protection of work
ers against the impact of automation and other
technological improvements through severance
pay, transfer rights, relocation allowances, and
area wide seniority rights; expanded supplemen
tal unemployment benefits; and improvements in
pensions, and hospitalization and medical benefits.
At the end of April, the UAW proposed that
the terms of the existing Ford contract, including
cost-of-living escalation and fringe benefit pro
visions, be extended to September, and that sup
plemental unemployment benefits be extended on
a temporary basis to employees who had exhausted
their SUB credit units. The union also suggested
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
899
that, in order to reduce the industry’s large inven
tory, the companies make “significant and mean
ingful” price cuts in 1958 models, and that the
company and the union jointly petition the Fed
eral Government for (a) a retroactive moratorium
on the 10-percent excise tax for the remainder of
the 1958 model run, and (b) an extension of the
duration of unemployment compensation. In
turn, the union stated that it would forego “the
improvement-factor wage increase that would be
payable as of June 1, 1958, if a new contract were
negotiated without an extension of the present
contract.”
The company rejected these proposals and coun
tered with an offer to extend the existing contract,
including the annual-improvement factor and costof-living escalator, for 2 years. It offered to es
tablish an individual account type plan in States
where supplementation of State unemployment
compensation was not permitted and provided that
the proposal would be automatically withdrawn if
the UAW did not accept it by June 1. As the
June 1 contract expiration date approached, the
company, together with the General Motors Corp.
and Chrysler Corp., announced pay increases
for their nonunion hourly and salaried workers
based on previous cost-of-living and annual-im
provement-factor programs.
When it became apparent that agreement could
not be reached before June 1, the UAW-Ford
Council adopted the executive board recommenda
tions to continue work without a contract, and
workers continued on the job after the agreements
expired. The companies meantime stated that the
union was trying to delay a strike threat until
early fall when model changeovers were scheduled.
Toward midsummer, about 95 percent of the
Ford members voted to authorize a strike but a
strike deadline was not set. On September 10,
the union announced that a strike would start at
Ford on September 17 if no agreement was
reached by that date. About 6 hours after the
strike deadline, agreement was reached on a 3-year
contract. The contract, covering 100,000 to
125,000 workers, renewed the improvement-factor
and cost-of-living escalator provisions of the pre
vious contract; incorporated 15 cents of the cost-of1 S e e T h e 1 9 5 8 B a r g a in in g P r o g r a m s f o r t h e A u to m o b ile
W o r k e r s ( i n M o n th ly L a b o r K e v ie w , M a rc h 1 9 5 8 , p p . 2 7 0 - 2 .7 4 ) .
900
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1959
living allowance into base rates; provided extra
increases for skilled workers; liberalized supple
mental unemployment benefits, medical, surgical,
and other insurance benefits, and pensions; and
provided separation benefits for those permanently
laid off.
The first improvement-factor increase was made
retroactive to July 1, 1958, a 2-cent increase in
cost-of-living allowances to July 7, and an addi
tional 1-cent increase in the allowance to Septem
ber 1. Subsequent improvement-factor increases
were scheduled to go into effect August 1, 1959,
and September 1,1960.
Supplemental unemployment benefits were in
creased and the maximum period for such SUB
benefits was also extended. Benefits were ex
tended to employees on short workweeks, even
though they were ineligible for State unemploy
ment compensation benefits. Company contri
butions to the SUB fund were continued without
change. Furthermore, lump-sum separation pay
ments were to be financed from the existing SUB
fund for workers permanently laid off on or after
September 1, 1958, except at two plants where the
date was June 1 of that year.
Pension benefits, including benefits for those al
ready retired, were increased. Higher benefits
were provided for employees aged 60 but less than
65 retiring on a mutually satisfactory basis or at
the company’s option. The union agreed that in
future negotiations it would not ask for further
change in benefits for those on pensions at the
time of negotiations.
Premium pay for work on the midnight shift
was increased, jury pay was added, and pay for
Saturday work was liberalized. The contract is
to be in force from September 1, 1958, to Sep
tember 1961 without provision for reopening.
The following tables bring the Ford Chronology2
up through August 1959.
2
F o r t h e b a s ic c h r o n o lo g y a n d s u p p le m e n ts , s e e M o n th ly L a b o r
R e v ie w , A p r il 1 9 5 1 (p p . 4 0 0 - 4 0 4 ) , J a n u a r y 1 9 5 4 (p p . 5 6 - 5 7 ) ,
a n d O c to b e r 1 9 5 5 (p p . 1 1 5 2 —1 1 5 6 ) , o r W a g e C h r o n o lo g y S e r ie s 4,
N o. 14.
A—General Wage Changes, 1955-59
Effective date
Provision
Dec. 5, 1955______
___
No change
_ _ ____ __________ ____
Mar. 5, 1 9 5 6 ... _________ 1 cent an hour d e c r e a s e __
June 1, 1956 (agreement
dated June 8, 1955).
6 cents an hour or 2Yi percent of base rate,
whichever was greater, (Estim ated average of 6.1 cents.1)
June 4, 1956 _ _ _ ____ __ 1 cent an hour increase
Sept. 3, 1956_____________
Dec. 3, 1956______
____
Mar. 4, 1957______________
June 1, 1957 (agreement
dated June 8, 1955).
June 3, 1957___________
4
2
1
6
cents an hour increase __ __
cents an hour increase
cent an hour increase
cents an hour or 2% percent of base rate,
whichever was greater. (Estim ated average of 6.1 cents.)
. 2 cents an hour increase. ___ ________
Sept. 2, 1957_____________ 3 cents an hour increase__ _________
Dec. 2,' 1957______________ No change__ ________ ________ __
Mar. 3, 1958______________ 3 cents an hour increase__
__ __
Ju ly 1, 1958 (agreement
dated Sept. 20, 1958).
Ju ly 7, 1958 (agreement
dated Sept. 20, 1958, and
in accordance with sched
ule of agreement dated
June 8, 1955).
S e e fo o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6 cents an hour increase or 2 percent of
base rate whichever was greater.2 (Estim ated average of 6.1 cents.)
Applications, exceptions, and other related
m atters
Q uarterly review of cost-of-living allowance.
Q uarterly adjustm ent of cost-of-living allow
ance.
Annual-im provement-factor adj ustm ent.
Q uarterly adjustm ent of cost-of-living allow
ance.
Do.
Do
Do
A nnual-im provement-factor adjustm ent.
Q uarterly adjustm ent of cost-of-living allow
ance.
Do.
Q uarterly review of cost-of-living allowance.
Q uarterly adjustm ent of cost-of-living allow
ance.
Agreement m aintained th e im provement
factor of th e previous agreement and
provided similar adjustm ents to be effective Aug. 1, 1959, and Sept. 1, 1960.
2 cents an hour increase___ ___________ __ Q uarterly adjustm ent of cost-of-living allowance.
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 14: FORD MOTOR CO.
901
A—General Wage Changes, 1955-59—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
m atters
Sept. 1, 1958 (skilled trades
supplem ental agreement
dated Sept. 20, 1958).
Sept. 1, 1958 (agreement
dated Sept. 20, 1958).
1 cent an hour increase________
Dec. 1, 1958______________
Mar. 2, 1959______________
June 1, 1959
Aug. Ì, 1959 (agreement
dated Sept. 20, 1958).
No change __
________
No change__ ___ _____
No change ________
__________
6 cents an hour increase or
percent of
base rate whichever was greater.2 (Esti
m ated average of 6.3 cents.)
1 This and other averages in this table estimated by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
2Improvement-factor and cost-of-living increases were payable to incentive
workers but not included in their base rates used in incentive pay calculations.
2These amounted to an estimated increase of 1.4 cents averaged over all
employees of the company represented by the union.
4Effective September 1,1958, new apprentices to be paid an hourly rate plus
a percentage of the maximum journeyman’s rate, depending on number of
hours worked in the shop.
5Except base rates used in incentive pay calculations.
8The new agreement provided that future cost-of-living adjustments be
determined in accordance with the following table:
Consumer Price Index
Cost-of-living Allowance
119.1 or less
119.2 to 119.6
119.7 to 120.1
120.2to 120.6
None
1cent an hour.
2cents an hour.
3 cents an hour.
_
___
Additional increases * o f: 8 cents an hour to
employees in all skilled classifications in
th e Tool and Die, Maintenance, Con
struction, and Power House Groups.
Smaller increases to apprentices in training
prior to Sept. 1, 1958,4 depending on
num ber of shop hours worked while in
training.
Q uarterly adjustm ent of cost-of-living allow
ance.
The new agreement incorporated 15 of the 24cent cost-of-living allowance in effect on
Aug. 31, 1958, into base hourly ra te s 5
and continued the cost-of-living escalator
formula of the previous agreement.0
Q uarterly review of cost-of-living allowance.
Do.
Do.
Im provem ent-factor adjustm ent.
Consumer Price Index
Cost-of-living Allowance
120.7 to 121.1
4 cents an hour.
121.2to 121.6
5 cents an hour.
121.7 to 122.1
6cents an hour.
122.2to 122.6
7 cents an your.
122.7 to 123.1
8cents an hour.
123.2 to 123.6
9 cents an hour.
123.7 to 124.1
10cents an hour.
124.2 to 124.6
11cents an hour.
124.7 to 125.1
12cents an hour.
125.2 to 125.6
13 cents an hour.
125.7 to 126.1
14 cents an hour.
126.2 to 126.6
15 cents an hour.
and so forth, with a 1-cent adjustment for each 0.5-point change in the
index.
As in the previous agreements, the cost-of-living adjustments were to be
based on the BLS Consumer Price Index for the months of January, April,
July, and October.
B—Hiring and Minimum Job Rates (Detroit Plants)1
Effective date
March 5, 1956 __
June 1, 1956 __
June 4, 1956
September 3, 1956 _____________
December 3, 1956 M arch 4, 1957__________________
June 1, 1957____________________
1Applicable to lowest paid classification.
2Includes cost-of-living allowance.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Hiring and minimum
job rate 2
$1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
765
825
835
875
895
905
965
Effective date
June 3, 1957- _____
September 2, 1957
March 3, 1958
July 1, 1958--_
July 7' 1958-_September 1, 1958
August 1, 1959 __
Hiring and minimum
job rate 2
$1
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
985
015
045
105
125
135
195
902
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
C—Related Wage Practices
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
m atters
S h ift P r e m iu m P a y
Sept. 1, 1958 (agreement
dated Sept. 20, 1958).
Increased to: 10 percent of earnings, inincluding overtime premium pay, for
work on m idnight shift.
Employees working under incentive plans
continued to receive
percent.
P r e m iu m P a y f o r S a tu r d a y a n d S u n d a y W o rk
Sept. 1, 1958 (agreement
dated Sept. 20, 1958).
Changed to: Time and one-half for S atur
day work as such.
N ot applicable to employees on 7-day con
tinuous operations; in the Steel Division;
or regularly scheduled to work on Satur
day—their normal fifth day.
J u r y -D u ty P a y
Sept. 1, 1958 (agreement
dated Sept. 20, 1958).
Employees w ith 1 or more years’ seniority
to receive $5 for each day of jury duty
on which they otherwise would have been
scheduled to work.
Paym ent lim ited to 14 days in any calendar
year. Employee to present satisfactory
evidence of jury service.
I n s u r a n c e B e n e fits
Sept. 1, 1958 (agreement
dated Sept. 20, 1958).
Jan. 1, 1959 (agreement
dated Sept. 20, 1958).
G r o u p in s u r a n c e — Plan
revised: Life insur
ance, accidental death and dismember
ment, and weekly sickness and accident
benefits increased for employees with
base hourly rates of $3.45 and over.1
H o s p i t a l a n d S u r g ic a l I n s u r a n c e —
Changed: Full paym ent of surgical service,
under Michigan Blue Shield plan for
employees w ith annual incomes of
$7,500 or less (was $6,000 annual family
income for m arried employees and
$4,500 for single employees).
Provision for in-hospital medical expense
benefits transferred to Blue Shield or
similar plans when such benefits become
available under these plans.
In areas where level of benefits was lower
th an provided by Michigan standard,
company to try to increase benefits to
standard.
Company to pay one-half
hospital and surgical insurance benefit
costs even though this exceeded Michigan
contribution levels.
Added: In-hospital medical benefit insur
ance available to retired employees a t
group rates a t retirees’ expense.
R e tir e m e n t B e n e fits
Sept. 1, 1958 (agreement
dated Sept. 20, 1958).
Increased: Normal retirem ent benefits for
employees aged 65 or older w ith 10 or
more years’ credited service to — (1)
$2.40 for each year of credited service
prior to Jan. 1, 1958; (2) plus $2.43
for 1958; (3) plus $2.50 for each subse
quent year of credited service.
Benefits to be in addition to Federal social
security benefits.
Added: Early retirem ent option— Employ
ees retiring at age 60 b ut less th an 65
w ith 10 or more years’ credited service at
company option or under m utually satis
factory conditions to receive twice the
normal retirem ent benefits described
above.
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Pension benefits for employees retired prior
to Sept. 1, 1958, increased to $2.35 a
m onth for each year of credited service—•
in addition to Federal social security bene
fits.2
Creditable service requirem ents for period
after Dec. 31, 1958, reduced from 1 year
for 1,800 or more hours’ pay to 1 year
for 1,700 or more hours’ pay, w ith pro
portional credit for fewrer hours of em
ployment.
At age 65, or when employee became eligible
for social security benefits (whichever is
earlier), benefits to be reduced to normal
retirem ent am ounts.
N ot applicable to employees discharged for
cause.
903
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 14: FORD MOTOR CO.
C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
m atters
R e tir e m e n t B e n e fits — Continued
Sept. 1, 1958 (agreement T otal and perm anent disability benefits to
be twice normal retirem ent benefits.
dated Sept. 20, 1958) —
Continued.
Changed: V e s te d r ig h ts — Deferred monthly
benefits same as new normal retirem ent
benefits.
Reduced to normal retirem ent benefits for
any m onth in which employee is eligible
for social security benefits.
Benefits for employees retired for disability
prior to Sept. 1, 1958, $4.70 for each year
of credited service; reduced to $2.35 for
any m onth in which employee is eligible
for social security benefits.
Increase not applicable to employees leaving
company prior to Sept. 1, 1958.
S u p p l e m e n t a l U n e m p lo y m e n t B e n e fit P l a n
Dec. 22, 1958 (agreement
dated Sept. 20, 1958).
Sept. 1, 1958 (agreement
dated Sept. 20, 1958).
Company contributions of 5 cents per man
hour compensated continued depending
on maximum funding. Assets of De
fense Fund merged into General Fund.
M onthly maximum funding continued a t
$393 per employee.4
S i z e o f B e n e fits — Changed to : An am ount,
which when added to State unemploy
m ent compensation, will equal 65 per
cent of the employee’s weekly straighttime wages after taxes, or $30, whichever
is smaller.
E l i g i b i l i t y — Changed: From requirem ent of
a t least % credit unit to a fraction of a
unit.
Added: Benefits to be paid to employees
receiving less th an 65 percent of weekly
after tax straight-tim e wage where earn
ings were too high to qualify for State
benefits or “waiting week” credit.
A c c r u a l o f c r e d it u n its — Changed: Em
ployees to accumulate M credit unit for
each workweek in which they receive
any pay from company.
Changed: Maximum num ber of credit units
increased to m atch increase in num ber of
weeks of State unem ployment compensa
tion benefits beyond 26, up to 39.
Added: Tem porary emergency benefits ex
tending credits for SUB to employees
laid off on or after Sept. 1, 1958, b u t prior
to Apr. 1, 1959. Maximum of 13 addi
tional units for each eligible employee.
Apr. 1, 1959 (supplement
agreement of Apr. 8,
1959).
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Extended: Credits for SUB under tem po
rary emergency benefits continued for
employees laid off prior to July 1, 1959,
bu t subsequent to Aug. 31, 1958. No
change in to ta l num ber of additional
credit units allowed.
3
An employee w ith fewer th an the num ber of
credit units required for the full weekly
benefit to be paid at lesst $2. (Formerly,
employee was ineligible for benefit if less
th an $2.)
N ot applicable to States th a t extended bene
fit period tem porarily through acceptance
of the Federal loan act (Temporary Un
employment Compensation Act of 1958)
or otherwise; eligible employees in these
States covered by tem porary emergency
benefit provisions.
Applicable to otherwise eligible employees
who had exhausted credit units or who had
insufficient credits to qualify for full bene
fit and who worked in States tem porarily
extending State benefits beyond 26 weeks
under the Federal loan act or other action.
Applicable to eligible employees who had
received tem porary emergency benefits
prior to Apr. 1, 1959 and who were
eligible for benefits under State programs,
tem porarily extending through June 30,
1959.
904
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1959
C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
m atters
S e p a r a tio n P a y
Sept. 1, 1958 (agreement
dated Sept. 20, 1958).
Separation paym ent plan established to be
financed from SUB fund and providing
lump-sum paym ents ranging from 40
hours’ pajr to employees with 2 years’
seniority to 1,200 hours’ pay for those
w ith 30 or more years’ seniority.5 Bene
fits to be proportionately reduced when
SUB tru st fund position falls below 100
percent and by any SUB or tem porary
emergency benefits received while on
layoff.
1Plan provided:
Benefits
Basic hourly rate
Life
insur
ance
Up to but less than $2.25.. $4, 000
$2.25 but less than $2.45...
4,400
$2.45 but less than $2.65__ 4,800
$2.65 but less than $2.85__ 5, 200
$2.85 but less than $3.05__ 5, 600
$3.05 but less than $3.25__ 6, 000
$3.25 but less than $3.45__ 6, 400
$3.45 but less than $3.65__ 6, 800
$3.65 but less than $3.85__ 7, 200
$3.85 and over_____ _____ 7,600
Acci Weeklydental acci Month Month
death
dent ly total ly cost
and
and and per to em
dissick manent ployees
memdis
ness
berdis ability *
ment ability
$2, 000
2,200
2,400
2,600
2. 800
3,000
3, 200
3, 400
3,600
3, 800
$48.00
52.80
57. 60
62. 40
67.20
72.00
76.80
81.60
86.40
91.20
$80
88
96
104
112
120
128
136
144
152
$3.44
3.79
4.13
4. 47
4.80
5.15
5.50
5. 85
6.20
6. 55
‘ Before age 60 and payable 50 months for those employees eligible for
such benefits.
1In a letter dated Sept. 20, 1958, from the company, and accepted by the
union, it was agreed that “ for all time” there would be no other increases or
changes in the retirement benefits for those retired or for others retiring prior
to any further changes in the pension plan.
5 Alternate benefit plan established (by agreement of Sept. 20, 1958, and
in accordance with previous contract agreement with respect to States in
which concurrent supplementation is not permitted) for Indiana employees
laid off on or after Sept. 1, 1958. Weekly benefits to apply to employees
otherwise eligible for regular supplemental benefits and for those alternate
weeks in which an employee was eligible for State unemployment com
pensation but did not apply for it. Benefits ranged from $41 to $63 depending
on employee’s base hourly rate (including cost-of-living allowance) and the
number of withholding exemptions less any pay received by employee or
pay that would have been due for work made available but not performed.
Credit units surrendered at twice the rate for regular benefits. If the
Indiana plan resulted in a reduction of State unemployment compensation
to employees, the company and union were to work out a mutually agreeable
plan.
Indiana plan to be amended to include employees in Ohio in the event the
State’s ‘ ‘court of last resort” did not permit supplementation. The com
pany was to apply for an administrative ruling from a competent authority
in the State of Virginia as to the applicability of the Indiana plan.
Alternate plan became inoperative when supplementation was permitted
in Indiana, effective Mar. 16, 1959, and in Ohio, effective May 10, 1959.
After a favorable ruling was received from the Virginia Unemployment
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Applicable to employees below age 60 per
m anently laid off on or after Sept. 1,
1958,5 who a t the end of 26 weeks would
not be eligible for disability retirem ent
benefit and those age 60 or over w ith 2
years’ seniority b u t less th an 10 yearsy
creditable service.
Laid-off employees m ust apply for benefits
no earlier th an 1 year 7 b ut no later than
18 months after beginning of separation
period.
Employee reemployed after accepting separa
tion paym ent not to repay benefits nor to
receive seniority credit for period covered
by such paym ent, i.e., such canceled
seniority not to be reinstated.
Compensation Commissioner, the alternate benefit plan for Virginia
employees, with benefits ranging from $43.50 to $58, became effective June
1, 1959.
By mid-July 1959, the company and the union had reached verbal agree
ment on extending the alternate benefit program to workers in North Car
olina.
4Provision continued for reducing maximum funding in any year following
a year in which average benefits were below $20 a week. Since benefit levels
during the preceding year averaged slightly less than $15 a week, maximum
funding was adjusted to 60 percent for the period Sept.l, 1958-Aug. 31, 1959.
1Payments are to be made in accordance with the following schedule:
Years of seniority
Number
of hours*
pay*
2 but less than 3________________________________________
40
3 but less than 4________________________________________
60
4 but less than 5_________________________________
80
5 but less than 6_________
100
6 but less than 7____
125
150
7 but less than 8__________________
8 but less than 9_____________________
175
9 but less than 1 0 ..._______
200
10 but less than 11______
230
11 but less than 12_________________________
260
12 but less than 13______
290
13 but less than 14________________
325
14 but less than 15___________
360
15 but less than 16______________________________________
400
16 but less than 17______________________________________
440
17 but less than 18____________________________
480
18 b ut less than 19____________________
525
19 but less than 20______________________________________
570
20 but less than 21____
620
670
21 but less than 22______________________________________
22 but less than 23-----720
23 but less than 24________________
775
24 but less than 25______________________________________
830
25 but less than 26______________________________________
890
26 but less than 27--------950
27 but less than 28_____________________ _____ ___________1, 010
28 but less than 29_____ ________________________________ 1, 070
29 but less than 30___ __________________________________ 1,130
30 and o v e r...-------- ---------------- ---------------------------------- - 1,200
‘ Base hourly rate plus cost-of-living allowance in effect on last day
worked.
6Not applicable to layoffs because of discipline, strike by UAW members
at the company, picketing, war, sabotage, or act of God. Separation pay
plan to apply to employees laid off in connection with the closing of the com
pany’s Memphis, Tenn., plant in June 1958, or from the company’s Chicago
aircraft plant on or after June 1,1958.
7Company could permit earlier application if it believed prospects of
reemployment did not warrant waiting.
Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*
Labor Relations
E m p lo y e e C o m m ittees as L a b o r O rgan ization s.
The U.S. Supreme Court held1 that “employee
committees” established and supported by man
agement, and meeting with management to handle
grievances and to consider problems pertaining
to conditions of employment are labor organiza
tions within the definition in section 2(5) of the
amended National Labor Relations Act.
The employer in this case operated a number
of plants at which he established employee com
mittees in 1943, pursuant to a suggestion of the
War Production Board. A majority of the em
ployees at each of the plants and the employer
adopted bylaws stating that the purposes of the
committees were to establish a procedure for con
sidering problems of mutual interest and to handle
grievances at nonunion plants. The employers
paid all of the expenses of these committees which,
it was subsequently ascertained, customarily con
sidered and discussed with the employer not only
matters pertaining to conditions of employment
but also aspects of the employee relationship not
covered in the bylaws. An unfair labor practice
charge was filed with the National Labor Relations
Board by a union, alleging that the employer was
violating section 8(a)(2) of the NLRA which
provides that it shall be unlawful for an employer
to dominate or interfere with the formation or ad
ministration of any labor organization or con
tribute financial or other support to it, except that,
subject to rules of the Board, an employer may
permit employees to confer with him during work
ing hours.
The NLRB found that the employee committees
were labor organizations within section 2(5) of
the act which defines a labor organization as any
organization, or agency, or employee representa
tion committee or plan in which employees par
ticipate and which exists for the purpose of “deal
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ing with” employers concerning grievances, labor
disputes, and conditions of employment, and held
that the employer dominated, interferred with,
and supported the organizations in violation of
section 8(a) (2). A Federal court of appeals, in
reversing this decision, held that although the com
mittees were dominated and supported by the em
ployer, they were not labor organizations within
the meaning of section 2(5), stating that the term
“dealing with” as used in that section means “bar
gaining with” and that these committees did not
engage in collective bargaining within the usual
concept of that term. In addition, the court of
appeals held that employee committees were ex
cluded from the definition of labor organization
by the 1947 amendment to section 9(a) which
provides, in part, that an employee or group of
employees shall have the right to present griev
ances to their employer without the intervention
of a bargaining representative, since groups with
which an employer may discuss grievances are
necessarily excluded from the definition of labor
organizations with which an employer may not
interfere under section 8(a) (2).
In reversing, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected
the arguments of the lower court and held that
employee committees are labor organizations
within the meaning of the act. With regard
to section 2(5), the Court pointed out that
when the provision was originally considered
by the U.S. Senate, an amendment was pro
posed which would have substituted the term
“bargaining collectively” for the term “deal
ing.” This proposal was not adopted. There
fore, the Court stated, it is clear that the U.S.
Congress, having rejected the more limited term
“bargaining collectively” and adopted the term
“dealing,” did not intend that it should be limited
to and mean only “bargaining with” as found by
the lower court. Moreover, with regard to sec
tion 9(a), the Court found that the legislative
history does not show an intent of the Congress
» P r e p a r e d in t h e U .S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r, O ffice o f t h e
S o lic it o r . T h e c a s e s c o v e r e d in t h is a r t ic le r e p r e s e n t a s e le c t io n
o f t h e s ig n if ic a n t d e c is io n s b e lie v e d t o be o f s p e c ia l in t e r e s t . N o
a t t e m p t h a s b een m a d e to r e f le c t a ll r e c e n t j u d ic ia l a n d a d m in
is t r a t i v e d e v e lo p m e n t s in t h e fie ld o f la b o r la w o r to I n d ic a te t h e
e ffe c t o f p a r t ic u la r d e c is io n s in j u r is d ic t io n s in w h ic h c o n t r a r y
r e s u lt s m a y be r e a c h e d b a s e d u p o n lo c a l s t a t u t o r y p r o v is io n s , th e
e x is t e n c e o f lo c a l p r e c e d e n t s , o r a d if fe r e n t a p p r o a c h b y t h e c o u r ts
to th e is s u e p r e se n te d .
1 N L R B v. C a b o t C a r b o n C o. (U .S . S u p . C t., J u n e 8, 1 9 5 9 ) .
905
906
to eliminate employee committees from the defi
nition of labor organization. The 1947 amend
ment to section 9(a), which provides that an
employee or employee groups may present griev
ances personally, does not have the effect of a
proposal that was rejected which wmuld have per
mitted an employer to form a committee of em
ployees, in certain instances, to discuss matters of
mutual interest without having such activities
constitute evidence of an unfair labor practice.
The
U.S. Supreme Court held2 that the NLRB is not
precluded from dealing with unfair labor prac
tices which are “related to those alleged in the
charge and which grow out of them while the
proceeding is pending before the Board.”
After the employer and the certified bargaining
representative in this case had negotiated for al
most a year without reaching an agreement, the
union filed a charge with the NLRB, alleging that
the employer was violating section 8(a)(5) of
the NLRA by refusing to bargain collectively.
Several months later, during which there was no
progress in negotiations, the employer unilaterally
put into effect a general wage increase without
prior notice to the union. The regional director
of the NLRB, who had originally refused to
issue a complaint on the ground that there was
insufficient evidence of a violation, then recon
sidered the circumstances and issued the com
plaint. The NLRB found that the employer had
refused to bargain collectively and expressly held
that the unilateral wage increase, although oc
curring subsequent to the original charge and not
the subject of an amended charge, was properly
included as a subject of the complaint. More
over, the Board’s finding of a violation was largely
influenced by this specific conduct of the em
ployer. A Federal court of appeals subsequently
refused the Board’s petition for enforcement of
its order to the company to cease and desist from
refusing to bargain collectively.
Reversing the court of appeals, the U.S. Su
preme Court upheld the NLRB’s unfair labor
practice finding which was based, in part, on con
duct which occurred after the complaint was filed.
The Court stated that a charge filed with the
NLRB is not to be measured by the standards
applicable to a pleading in a private lawsuit in
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
asmuch as its purpose is merely to set in motion
the machinery of an inquiry. To confine the
Board in its inquiry and in framing the com
plaint to the specific matters alleged in the charge
would reduce the statutory machinery to a vehicle
for the vindication of private rights. This would
be alien to the basic purpose of the act, the Court
stated, since the NLRB was created not to adjudi
cate private controversies but to advance the pub
lic interest in eliminating obstructions to interstate
commerce.
C on du ct S u bsequ en t to F ilin g o f C harge.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The NLRB held 3
that a union which picketed a gate customarily
reserved by the employer for the exclusive use of
independent contractors and their employees was
engaging in an unlawful secondary boycott.
The employer in this case, who regularly had
various independent contractors perform ren
ovating and maintenance work at his plant, had
for several years reserved one of the five entrances
for the contractors and their employees. A sign
at the gate indicated the restriction on its use, and
the rule was strictly enforced. When a strike
occurred at the plant, all five gates wTere picketed.
The pickets carried signs proclaiming that the
employer was unfair and orally requested the
employees of the independent contractors to re
spect the picket line at the restricted gate.
In ruling on the ensuing unfair labor practice
charge brought by the employer, the NLRB
found that the union’s object in picketing the re
served gate was “to enmesh these employees of
the neutral employers in its dispute with the com
pany,” and to induce the employees of the con
tractors to engage in a concerted refusal to work
for the purpose of forcing the independent con
tractors to cease doing business with the em
ployer in violation of section 8(b) (4) (A) of the
act. On the other hand, in the opinion of a con
curring member of the Board, the reason that
the activity constituted an illegal secondary boy
cott was that the picketing was not reasonably
close to the “situs” of the labor dispute within
the rules established by the Board.4
P ic k e tin g a t a N e u tra l G ate.
2 N L R B v. F a n t M illin g C o. ( U .S . S u p . C t„ J u n e 1 5 , 1 9 5 9 ) .
3
L o c a l 7 6 1 , I n t e r n a t i o n a l E l e c t r i c a l W o r k e r s a n d G e n e r a l E le c
t r i c C o ., 1 2 3 N L R B N o . 1 8 0 ( J u n e 8, 1 9 5 9 ) .
* S e e S a il o r s ’ U n io n o f t h e P a c if ic ( M o o re D r y d o c k ) , 9 2 N L R B
547 (1 9 5 0 ).
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
I n d iv id u a l as L a b o r O rg a n iza tio n . The NLRB
held5 that when an individual is designated by a
group of employees as their collective bargaining
agent and petitions the Board for certification as
an exclusive bargaining representative, he be
comes a labor organization within the meaning
of the NLRA and is entitled to the same rights and
subject to the same duties under the act as a tradi
tional labor organization, including compliance
with filing requirements.
In this case, an individual received a majority
of votes in a representation election and was cer
tified by the Board as the bargaining representa
tive of a group of employees although he had not
complied with the filing requirements of the
amended NLRA. Subsequently, he and the em
ployer entered into a collective bargaining con
tract which included a union security clause. Em
ployees aggrieved by the inclusion of this clause
in the contract filed unfair labor practice charges
alleging that the union security clause violated
section 8(a) (1) and (3) of the act.
The issue before the Board was whether a union
security agreement between an individual certified
as bargaining representative and an employer
was authorized by section 8 (a) (3) of the act. This
provision makes it unlawful for an employer to
encourage or discourage membership in a labor
organization by discrimination in regard to hire
or tenure of employment, except that an employer
is not prohibited from making an agreement with
a labor organization requiring membership therein
as a condition of employment within a prescribed
time after the beginning of the employment, if the
labor organization is the certified representative
of the employees and has complied with the filing
requirements of the act. Reasoning that only
labor organizations are authorized to enter into
security agreements under this section, the Board
considered whether an individual representative
is a labor organization within the meaning of sec5
G r a n d U n io n Co. a n d S c h u l t z , 1 2 3 N L R B N o . 1 9 1 (J u n e 1 2 ,
1 9 5 9 ).
8 T h e B o a r d n o te d t h a t t h is d e c is io n is n o t in a c c o r d w it h
B o n n a z H a n d E m b r o i d e r e r s v . N L R B , 2 3 0 F . 2 d 4 7 ( 1 9 5 6 ) , in
w h ic h t h e F e d e r a l C o u r t o f A p p e a ls fo r t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o lu m b ia
h e ld t h a t a n in d iv id u a l r e p r e s e n ta tiv e w a s n o t a la b o r o r g a n iz a
t io n w h e n c o n s tr u in g a d iffe r e n t p r o v is io n o f s e c tio n 8.
7
S i x C a r r ie r M u tu a l A i d P a c t , C iv il A e r o n a u tic s B o a r d , N o .
9977, M ay 20, 1959.
« 4 5 U .S .C . § 1 5 1 e t seq . ( 1 9 5 2 ) .
» 7 2 S ta t. 731 (1 9 5 8 ).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
907
tion 2(5) which defines labor organizations to in
clude any agency or employee representation com
mittee or plan in which employees participate and
which exists for the purpose of collective bargain
ing. Finding that the broad definition was in
tended to guarantee independence of employee ac
tion, the Board held that when a group of em
ployees initiate a plan for bargaining by author
izing an individual to represent them, they cre
ate a labor organization which is entitled to the
same considerations as a traditional organization.6
Furthermore, they stated, inasmuch as an indi
vidual representative is a labor organization au
thorized to enter into a security agreement, he is
also subject to the filing requirements prescribed
for labor organizations under the act, and must
comply with the requirements before certification.
The Board held that since the individual repre
sentative in this instance had not complied with
the requirements, the union security provision
was in violation of the act and ordered that en
forcement of the provision cease unless the indi
vidual representative complied with the filing re
quirements within 30 days.
One member of the Board, concurring in part
and dissenting in part, agreed with the majority
except as to the allowance of a grace period dur
ing which the individual representative could
achieve compliance. In the opinion of this mem
ber, compliance is a prerequisite to certification,
and the certification of a representative prior to
compliance is a nullity.
In a concurring opinion, another member of
the Board reasoned that an individual representa
tive is not a labor organization and, therefore,
not entitled to enter into a security agreement.
Thus, he asserted, the execution and enforcement
of the agreement is a violation of the act.
A p p r o v a l o f M u tu al A id S tr ik e P a ct. The Civil
Aeronautics Board approved,7 subject to certain
conditions, an agreement between six airlines re
lating to mutual assistance in the event of strikes,
holding that the agreement is not adverse to the
public interest or in violation of either the Rail
way Labor A ct8 or the Federal Aviation Act.9
This is the first decision by a Federal Govern
ment agency on the legality of such employer
mutual aid.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
908
Six certified air carriers entered into an agree
ment, effective October 1958, providing for mu
tual assistance in the event any party’s flight
operations are shut down by reason of a strike
(1) to enforce demands in excess of, or opposed
to, the recommendations of a Presidential emer
gency board, (2) called before the striking em
ployees have exhausted the procedures of the Rail
way Labor Act, or (3) which is “otherwise
unlawful.” Under the agreement, each party is
to pay to the strike-bound carrier the amount of
its increased revenues attributable to the strike,
less applicable direct expenses. In addition, the
strike-bound carrier is to direct to the other air
lines signatory to the agreement as much of the
traffic normally carried by the struck carrier as
possible. The carriers sought approval of this
agreement under section 412 of the Federal Avia
tion Act, which provides that contracts affecting
air transportation shall be filed with the CAB
which shall approve any agreement which it finds
is not adverse to the public interest or in viola
tion of the act.
Inasmuch as the Federal Aviation Act provides
that air carriers and their employees must com
ply with the applicable provisions of the Railway
Labor Act, the CAB, in considering the agree
ment, had to determine whether it violated pro
visions of that act. Strikes, the Board pointed
out, will continue under the pact to cause signifi
cant losses of revenue which will serve as a genu
ine carrier incentive to avoid work stoppages by
bargaining in good1faith. Therefore, the Board
held that the agreement, “although increasing
management’s abilities to withstand the economic
impact of strikes in the same manner that union
strike benefits cushion the economic effect on em
ployees,” does not change the carriers’ duties un
der the Railway Labor Act to bargain in earnest.
Nor are the duties of air carriers violated by
bringing carriers not parties thereto into the
dispute, inasmuch as the strike-bound carrier may
bargain without reference to the policies of the
other parties to the agreement, being entitled to
financial aid without regard to the popularity
of its bargaining position. In addition, the Board
held that if the agreement is, in part, a private
effort to compel acceptance by unions of the rec
ommendations of emergency boards, nothing in
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
the legislative history indicates that the U.S.
Congress intended to preclude a mutual aid pact
among employers for that purpose.
Holding that the agreement will not destroy
workable labor relations in the air carrier in
dustry, the Board concluded that the contract is
not adverse to the public interest within the scope
of the Federal Aviation Act. However, the
Board recognized that approval of the agreement
would grant immunity from the antitrust laws.
Thus, it conditioned approval upon deletion of
the clause relating to diversion of traffic by the
struck carrier which the Board found repugnant
to established antitrust principles, but approved
the modified agreement, reasoning that it is based
on business requirements rather than an attempt
to monopolize and that its operation would not
seriously affect competition. Two other condi
tions imposed were that approval should not af
fect the rights and obligations of the parties
under the Railway Labor Act, nor be deemed a
determination of the reasonableness of the finan
cial provisions of the agreement for future ratemaking or other regulatory purposes under the
Federal Aviation Act.
The dissenting member of the Board pointed
out that the Railway Labor Act is an employeeprotection statute as well as an overall plan for
labor peace, and that it was designed to further
these objectives through good-faith collective
bargaining. This mutual aid agreement, he as
serted, will destroy the practice while retaining
the procedure of collective bargaining, as it im
poses compulsory multiemployer bargaining with
out employee consent, and substitutes reliance on
economic force for the good-faith bargaining re
quired by the Railway Labor Act.
Veterans’ Reemployment Rights
A
Federal district court ruled 10 against the claim of
a reinstated veteran for an adjustment of senior
ity in a position to which he was promoted after
military service on passing the last public exam
inations required for qualification, when before
E ffect o f T e st F ailu res on S en iority' Change.
10 E l l i o t v . C o n tin e n ta l A i r L i n e s , I n c .
1 , 1 9 5 9 ).
(U .S .D .C . C o lo ., M a y
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
induction he had repeatedly failed one of the tests
and, thereafter, had not attempted the examination
again.
When the veteran entered military service, he
held a seniority date as a junior mechanic. He
left for service in January 1951, and was honor
ably discharged on January 15,1955; after apply
ing for statutory rights, he was reemployed as a
junior mechanic on January 24, 1955. On April
20, 1955, he met current qualifications for the
position of mechanic and was promoted to that
position in November 1955. He brought an ac
tion to compel the employer to adjust his seniority
to the date when he claimed he would have been
promoted as of right after qualifying, but for
military service.
The collective bargaining agreement in effect
when the veteran left for service contained the
following requirements for promotion from junior
mechanic to mechanic: (1) an “E ” license must
be obtained from the Civil Aeronautics Admin
istration which issues the license after an appli
cant has passed five written examinations and an
oral examination; (2) standard written trade
tests, jointly established by the employer and the
union, must be passed; and (3) the employee must
be senior among “qualified” bidders for a me
chanic vacancy. The date of promotion fixed
seniority as mechanic.
In the spring of 1950, the veteran had passed
the first four examinations for the CAA “E ”
license and had three times taken and failed to
pass the fifth. For almost 6 months thereafter
and before induction, the veteran made no further
attempt at this examination. He had not applied
for or taken the trade test. Neither the CAA nor
the contract set a time limit for successfully
passing the examinations.
After July 1, 1954, the CAA required appli
cants for an “E ” license who had not fully quali
fied by that date to take a sixth written examina
tion. From April 11, 1955, to April 30, 1956, as
a result of a merger of airlines, the trade tests were
waived for promotion purposes. In 1955, by a
further change in the bargaining agreement, an
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
909
employee with 4 years’ seniority as a junior me
chanic who qualified for promotion to mechanic
was placed on a “mechanics’ accrual list” and, on
promotion to mechanic, his seniority date in the
mechanic position was established as the date of
entry on the accrual list.
After military service, in which the veteran
achieved the rank of crew chief over aircraft me
chanics, the veteran passed the fifth and sixth
written examinations of CAA and, on April 20,
1955, the oral examination; he received an “E ”
license as of the same date.
At that time, no vacancies for mechanics ex
isted. However, the employer, recognizing the
veteran’s military service as completing the 4 years
needed before entry on the mechanics’ accrual list,
placed him on that list. He was promoted to a
vacancy in November 1955, and was assigned a
mechanic’s seniority date of April 20, 1955.
The veteran had qualified as a mechanic within
3 months after his return from service; much more
than 3 months had passed after his entering the
service before a junior mechanic, with less senior
ity than he, qualified and was promoted. The vet
eran claimed an adjustment of seniority to give
him a date ahead of the junior mechanic.
The court concluded that promotion to mechanic
here was not based on seniority alone or on any
other form of automatic progression but depended
also on attainment of the specified qualifications
for the job. The veteran, said the court, was not so
qualified on induction or, in fact, until April 20,
1955. The court noted the veteran’s failure to re
take the fifth examination for as long as 6 months
before military service and the absence of a limi
tation on the time for passing all the examinations
after application for them. In these circum
stances, the court said that it could not find as a
fact that the veteran would have obtained an “E ”
license and passed the trade tests if he had not
entered the Air Force. “Such a finding, if made,
would necessarily be based on conjecture and
speculation, both as to whether plaintiff would
have met the qualifying conditions, and, if so,
when the same would have occurred.”
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
gan who had been idled by a 1953 strike in the company’s
plants in Ohio were not disqualified for employment com
pensation under the Michigan Employment Security Act,
since the plants in the two States were not one establish
ment w ithin the meaning of the act. The Supreme Court
said th a t no Federal question w as involved.
June 9
June 1, 1959
held th a t the mere
existence of illegal closed-shop or exclusive hiring-hall
provisions in a contract calls for application of the BrownOlds remedy (refund of dues and other moneys collected
from employees under such arrangem ents) w hether or not
actual exaction of paym ents is established, thus extend
ing its previous rulings on the issue. The Board fu rth e r
ruled th a t when such violations involve a union and one
or more employers under a multiemployer contract, the
union’s responsibility for refunds extends to all employees
covered by the contract, while the employers are respon
sible—jointly and severally w ith the union—only for the
sums collected from their own employees. The case was
T h e N a t i o n a l L a b o r R e l a t i o n s B oa r d
L o c a l 188, I n te r n a tio n a l
and
U n io n o f O p e r a t i n g
E n g in e e r s
N a s s a u a n d S u ffo lk C o n tr a c to r s ’ A s s o c ia tio n .
S u p r e m e C o u r t denied review in U n i t e d M in e
v. M e a d o w C r e e k C o a l C o ., thus, in effect, up
holding a lower court decision aw arding an employer com
pensatory and punitive damages for the results of the use
by the union’s agents of violence and th reats of violence
as a means of organizing mineworkers. The union’s con
duct, which injured the employer’s business, was a viola
tion of the employer’s rights under the common law of
Tennessee.
By the end of the month, 15 sim ilar suits had been filed
in Federal Courts against the UMW by Kentucky and
Tennessee coal companies asking for a total of more th an
$15 million in damages allegedly caused by the union’s
organizational strike in southern coal mines (see Chron.
item for Apr. 24, 1959, MLR, June 1959).
T
h e
U.S.
W orkers
June 8
U.S. S u p r e m e C o u r t ruled, in N L R B v . C a b o t C a r b o n
th a t employee committees which were established and
supported by the employer w ith the approval of a ma
jority of the employees and which dealt w ith management
concerning grievances and conditions of work but never
attem pted to conclude collective bargaining contracts
were “labor organizations” w ithin the meaning of the
Labor Management Relations Act. ( See also p. 905 of this
issue.)
T
h e
C o .,
O n t h e s a m e d a y , the U.S. Supreme Court denied review
of the Michigan Supreme Court decision in P a r k v. A p
p e a l B o a r d o f M ic h ig a n E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity C o m m is s io n
a n d F o r d M o t o r C o . (see Chron. item for Jan. 12, 1959,
MLR, Mar. 1959) th a t employees of Ford plants in Michi
910
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B. F. G o o d r ic h Co. and the United Rubber Worker»
settled a 54-day strike of 14,000 workers a t plants in
eight cities by signing a 2-year m aster contract covering
working conditions and supplemental unemployment
benefits, and a 5-year w elfare agreement on pensions,
severance pay, and insurance. Wages were not an issue.
On June 12, agreem ent w ith the Firestone Tire and
Rubber Co. ended a 58-day strike of 18,000 workers in
eight cities. The settlement, the la st to be reached by
industry’s Big Four this year, w as basically sim ilar to
th a t of the Goodrich Co. (See also p. 913 of this issue.)
June 10
T h e U.S. C o u r t o f A p p e a l s for the D istrict of Columbia
unanimously upheld most of the m ajor points of a d istrict
court order directing Team ster officials to carry out the
demands of the court-appointed board of monitors to
rid the union of corruption. (See Chron. item for Feb.
9, 1959, MLR, Apr. 1959, and also p. 917 of this issue.)
The appellate court ruled, however, th a t the monitors
have only advisory powers and their recommendations
m ust have court approval before they become m andatory
orders to the union. The court also ruled th a t Godfrey
P. Schmidt, whose removal as monitor the Team sters
requested, w as in a potential conflict-of-interest position
as a board member since he had represented employers
in negotiations w ith Team ster locals.
On June 26, Mr. Schmidt resigned as monitor, plead
ing inability to serve because of the Team sters’ “re
taliations and reprisals” against him, and—in addition—
citing the court’s finding as one of the reasons fo r his
action.
June 12
T h e NLRB r u l e d , in G r a n d U n io n C o . and S c h u l t z , th a t
under the Labor Management Relations Act employees
have the right to authorize an individual to represent
them for bargaining purposes and, thus, to create a
“labor organization . . . entitled to the same consid
erations . . . as is a traditional labor organization” and
subject to the same responsibilities under the act. (See
also p. 907 of this issue.)
June 14
of the Oil, Chemical and Atomic W orkers ra ti
fied a 2-year agreement w ith E. R. Squibb & Sons, end
ing a 40-day strike of 2,300 production and m aintenance
employees a t plants in Brooklyn, N.Y., and New Bruns
wick, N.J. The pact called fo r wage increases of 5.5
percent the first year and 3.5 percent the last year, and
for improved health, welfare, and severance pay benefits.
M em bers
911
CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS
June 15
U.S. S u p r e m e C o u r t ruled, in N L R B v. F a n t M i l l i n g
th a t an employer’s unilateral wage raise 4 months
a fte r a union had filed a refusal-to-bargain charge was
a proper subject for consideration by the Board in
deciding th a t the employer had violated the T aft-H artley
Act by refusing to bargain. ( See also p. 906 of this issue.)
T he
C o .,
June 17
p r e s i d e n t s of two large trucking concerns, Roy
F ruehauf of the F ruehauf T railer Co. and Burge M.
Seymour of the Associated Transport, Inc., as well as
th eir firms and the Brown Equipment & M anufacturing
Co., a subsidiary of Associated Transport, were indicted
by a Federal grand ju ry in New York City on charges
of violating the T aft-H artley Act by loaning $200,000 in
1954 to the then Team ster president, Dave Beck, who
also was indicted for accepting the loan. (See Chron.
item for Feb. 19, 1959, MLR, Apr. 1959.)
T he
June 18
I n t e r n a t i o n a l P a p e r C o . and three unions—the
United Paperm akers and Paperworkers, the Pulp, Sul
phite and Paper Mill Workers, and the Brotherhood of
Electrical W orkers—signed a 2-year agreement for about
13.000 workers a t 10 plants of the company’s Southern
K ra ft Division. The term s included wage increases of
3 percent in the first contract year and 4 percent in the
second year.
E arlier, the Paperm akers and the Pulp and Sulphite
W orkers had reached a settlem ent w ith the Pacific Coast
Association of Pulp and Paper M anufacturers for about
20.000 workers in W ashington, Oregon, and California
and, in negotiations w ith the Firem en and Oilers, had
concluded an agreement w ith the International Paper
Co. (N orthern Division) for about 4,400 employees of
six plants in Maine, New York, and Pennsylvania. (See
also p. 912 of this issue.)
T he
June 19
T h e I n d i a n a C o u r t of A p p e a l s upheld a lower court
decision th a t an agency-shop clause in a collective bar
gaining contract does not violate the S tate’s “right-tow ork” law. The court held th a t the law contains no
prohibition against the requirem ent of the paym ent of
fees or charges to a union but merely prohibits conduct
or contract requirem ents which condition employment
on union membership. The case was M e a d e E l e c t r i c C o .
v. H a g h e r g , o f l o c a l 6 9 7 , I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d o f
E l e c t r i c a l W o r k e r s (see Chron. item for May 19, 1958,
MLR, July 1958).
June 22
N o n p r o f e s s i o n a l hospital workers, members of Local
1199 of the Retail, Wholesale and D epartm ent Store
Union, voted overwhelmingly to accept a “statem ent of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
policy” by the G reater New York H ospital Association,
representing 81 institutions, as a settlem ent of their 46day strike for recognition a t seven private nonprofit
hospitals in New York City. The policy statem ent pro
vided for grievance machinery and stated th a t an “ag
grieved employee may be represented by anyone he may
designate.” (See also p. 914 of this issue.)
Three days later, 37 proprietary hospitals granted
recognition to Local 144 of the Hotel and Allied
Services Employees in New York City and agreed
on a 3-year contract for about 3,500 nonprofessional
workers, to be effective July 1 if ratified by union
members. The agreement set a minimum wage of
$150 a month. (See also p. 914 of this issue.)
June 23
A F e d e r a l G r a n d J u r y in New York City indicted 11
men, including 6 officials and form er officials of the inde
pendent Newspaper and Mail Deliveries Union (see Chron.
item for Dec. 28, 1958, MLR, Feb. 1959), and a Long
Island magazine distributing firm—the Bi-County News
Corp.—on charges of extorting money from wholesale
distributors of newspapers and periodicals through the
use of strikes and th rea t of strikes and conspiring to
restrain trade in violation of the Sherman A nti-Trust Act.
Among the defendants were Stanley J. Lehman and H arry
W altzer, the union’s present secretary-treasurer and busi
ness agent, respectively, and Irving Bitz, the corporation’s
president.
ending a 40-day strike of 5,400 employees
of the Public Service Electric and Gas Co. in the N ew arkJersey City, N.J., area was ratified by members of the
Brotherhood of Electrical W orkers. The provisions of
the pact included a package pay increase of over 5 per
cent and improvements in fringe benefits.
A n agreem ent
T h e A p p e l l a t e D i v i s i o n of the New York Supreme Court
reversed the convictions and ja il sentences of labor racke
teer John Dioguardi (Johnny Dio) and a New York City
Team ster official, John J. McNamara, who had been serv
ing prison term s for allegedly extorting money from
employers for “labor peace.” (See Chron. item for Jan.
8, 1958, MLR, Mar. 1958.)
The following day Dio w as released from prison, but
w as immediately arraigned on a Federal charge of tax
evasion. He was released on bail pending fu rth er proceedings in the Federal d istrict court in New York City.
June 30
T h e S eafarers’ International Union announced a jobsecurity agreement w ith 14 m ajor G reat Lakes ship
operators, containing various seniority provisions and a
guarantee of no discharge w ithout “good cause” fo r about
3,000 seamen. The seniority term s include preference in
hiring for men having seniority w ith the employing
company, leave of absence up to one full sailing season
w ithout loss of seniority, and companywide seniority in
the event only p a rt of a company’s fleet operates.
Developments in
Industrial Relations*
Wages and Collective Bargaining
Key contracts signed in June
in the pulp and' paper industry were expected to
set the pattern for agreements for most other
workers in the industry. In Washington, Oregon,
and California, a 3-percent pay increase, averag
ing about 8 cents an hour, was negotiated for
about 20,000 workers by the Pacific Coast Asso
ciation of Pulp and Paper Manufacturers and
two unions—the United Papermakers and Paperworkers Union and the International Brother
hood of Pulp, Sulphite and Paper Mill Workers.
The settlement was negotiated under a reopening
clause of a contract expiring May 31, 1960.
On the East Coast, pay raises totaling about
7.5 percent over a 2-year period were included in
a settlement by the International Paper Co.
(Northern Division) with the same two unions
and the International Brotherhood of Firemen
and Oilers, the latter representing maintenance
workers. A 3.5-percent wage increase, effective
June 1, 1959, covered' about 4,400 workers in six
plants in Maine, New York, and Pennsylvania;
a 4-percent raise will go into effect in the second
contract year.
In the South, a minimum 15-cent increase over
a 2-year period was agreed to on June 18 by the
Southern K raft Division of the International
Paper Co. and three unions—the Papermakers,
the Pulp and Sulphite Workers and the Inter
national Brotherhood of Electrical Workers.
This contract affected about 13,000 workers at 10
plants and called for a 3-percent general wage
increase (minimum of 7 cents an hour) effective
in the first contract year and a 4-percent advance
(minimum of 8 cents) during the second year.
All three settlements included a seventh paid’
holiday and liberalized welfare benefits. During
1958, West Coast negotiations had resulted in a
2.5-percent raise for men, 5 cents an hour for
women, and additional increases for maintenance
P u lp a n d P a p er.
912
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
workers; the 1958 wage increases at both the
Northern and Southern Divisions of International
Paper Co. had amounted to about 5 cents an hour.
A series of 2-year contracts covering
over 70,000 workers employed in the PacificNorthwest lumber industry were negotiated dur
ing June by two unions, the Carpenters and Join
ers of America (Lumber and Sawmill branch)
and the International Woodworkers of America.
Both settlements were valued at 20.5 cents an
hour; the CJA settlements placed emphasis on
liberalizing fringe benefits while the IWA con
tracts emphasized wage-rate increases, thus nar
rowing differences between existing contracts ne
gotiated in past years by the two unions. In
general, CJA contracts had' provided higher wage
rates but less liberal fringe benefits than IWA
agreements.1 The majority of the latest CJA
agreements called for an average of about 2 cents
an hour for wages (in the form of classification
adjustments), but set aside 8.5 cents for employer
contributions to health and welfare; effective in
1960, the contracts will provide six paid holidays
and improved' vacations. The IWA agreements
increased wages by 7.5 cents an hour and pro
vided an additional 2.5-cent increase for classifi
cation adjustments; a 3.5-percent raise, as well
as improved vacations, is scheduled for 1960.
L u m ber.
A package increase totaling 8 percent
for northern California cannery workers repre
sented by the International Brotherhood of Team
sters and employed by Libby, McNeill & Libby, the
California Packing Corp., and members of the
California Processors and Growers, Inc., was in
cluded in a settlement reached in mid-June. Pay
increases ranged from 8 to 34 cents an hour, with
new minimums of $1.67 for women and $1.83 for
men. The 1-year contract also improved fringe
benefits, including sick leave, holiday, and vacation
clauses. The settlement affected about 11,000 yearround workers and over 60,000 workers at the peak
of the season.
In Chicago, 2-year contracts providing wage in
creases and improved fringe benefits were negotiF ood.
* P r e p a r e d in t h e D iv is io n o f W a g e s a n d I n d u s t r ia l R e la t io n s ,
B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s , o n th e b a s is o f c u r r e n t ly a v a ila b le
p u b lis h e d m a t e r ia l.
1 S e e T h e L u m b er I n d u s t r y ( i n M o n t h ly L a b o r R e v ie w , M a y
1 9 5 9 , pp. 5 5 8 - 5 6 3 ) .
913
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
ated on June 16 by two locals of the independent
Teamsters union representing about 7,500 em
ployees of companies affiliated with the Associated
Milk Dealers, Inc. The settlement—which ended
a 24-hour strike by about 2,300 inside employees—
was based on a $4.50-a-week pay increase for driv
ers, a $5-a-week pay advance for inside employees,
both retroactive to May 1,1959, and additional in
creases for certain classifications. Deferred wage
increases of $3 and $4 for drivers and inside em
ployees, respectively, are scheduled for May 1960.
Both contracts also increased employer contribu
tions to pension and health and welfare funds
and liberalized vacation benefits.
R u bber. Strikes in effect since April 16 were
ended by agreements reached in June by the
United Rubber Workers with the B. F. Goodrich
and Firestone Tire and Rubber Cos. Both settle
ments, subject to ratification, raised pension bene
fits to a level similar to that negotiated earlier at
Goodyear.2
A key agreement in the cement industry
reached in mid-June between the Cement, Lime
and Gypsum Workers Union and the Ideal Ce
ment Co., covering 1,900 workers in 16 plants,
called for wage increases, establishment of a sup
plemental unemployment benefit plan, and in
creased vacation and insurance benefits. In late
June and early July, similar contracts were negoti
ated with the Lone Star Cement Corp., PennDixie Cement Corp., Lehigh Portland Cement Co.,
and North American Cement Corp.
The Ideal Cement Co. contract—the first 2-year
pact to be negotiated since 1953—called for a 10cent-an-hour wage increase retroactive to May 1,
1959 (when the previous contract expired) and an
additional 10 cents a year later. The SUB fund
will be financed by employer contributions of 3
cents an hour, supplemented by an additional 2
cents an hour for a contingent liability reserve.
Premium pay for Sunday work was increased to
time and one-fourth and, beginning May 1, 1960,
will be raised to time and one-third. Other
C em ent.
2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
changes included 3 weeks’ vacation after 12 in
stead of 15 years’ service, effective January 1,
1960, and after 10 years’ service a year later; a
$10 increase—to $50—in weekly sickness and acci
dent benefits beginning in May 1960; and a more
liberal provision for medical expenses.
Pay increases for about 13,500
employees of the Radio Corporation of America,
represented by the International Union of Elec
trical Workers, were ratified by union members in
early June. The 2-year settlements—covering
workers at six plants in southern New Jersey,
Cincinnati, and Los Angeles—called for immedi
ate wage increases ranging from 7 to 14 cents an
hour and additional increases of from 7 to 11 cents,
effective May 1960.
Similar length agreements between the same
company and the International Brotherhood of
Electrical Workers, covering workers at nine
plants in Indiana, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Ohio, and California, were also negotiated in late
May and included pay increases amounting to 6.5
and 7.5 cents an hour. Additional inequity adjust
ments were provided at the local level. De
ferred wage increases of 7 and 8 cents an hour are
scheduled for 1960; according to the union, be
tween 14,000 and 20,000 workers are covered.
Both the IU E and the IBEW agreements pro
vided improved fringe benefits, including more lib
eral vacations, increased hospitalization room
allowance, and company assumption of the em
ployees’ payment for major medical coverage and
a reduction in their premium for family coverage.
A 3-cent-an-hour company contribution, retro
active to January 1959, for the establishment of
a supplemental unemployment benefit plan in lieu
of a wage increase, was a feature of a new con
tract ratified in June by United Automobile
Workers employed at the Scovill Manufacturing
Co. in Waterbury, Conn. A 3-percent pay in
crease is scheduled for January 1960 and an addi
tional 21/2 percent for January 1961. Pension
improvements were also made. A modified es
calator clause limited cost-of-living increases to
2 cents an hour for the year ending July 1959 and
to 4 cents during the second contract year. The
M eta lw o rk in g .
914
SUB plan (the first to be negotiated in the Con
necticut brass fabricating industry) called for a
fund to be built up to approximately $200 for each
of the 3,200 affected employees, with maximum
benefits of 65 percent of weekly take-home pay,
including State unemployment compensation.
Two settlements follow
ing the pattern reached in late May with manufac
turers of shirts, pajamas, and other cotton gar
ments 3 were concluded in additional branches of
the men’s clothing industry by the Amalgamated
Clothing Workers of America. The latest settle
ments, expected to affect about 40,000 workers in
the single pants and men’s outerwear industries,
provided pay increases of 7.5 cents an hour,
an additional paid holiday, and increased em
ployer contributions to welfare and insurance
funds.
A 10- to 14-cent-an-hour pay increase retro
active to June 1 for about 8,000 employees of the
American Viscose Corp. was provided in a 3-year
contract ratified in mid-June by members of the
Textile Workers Union of America. In addition,
across-the-board wage increases of 5 cents an hour
were scheduled for June 1, of both 1960 and 1961.
A fourth week of vacation for 25-year service em
ployees was also added.
O th er M a n u fa ctu rin g .
U tilitie s. The American Telephone and Tele
graph Co. Long Lines Department and the Com
munications Workers agreed on June 10 to a
tentative 15-month contract calling for weekly
pay increases from $1 to $5 for about 22,000
workers. Additional increases were provided for
some workers through inequity adjustments and
upgrading of 20 towns. Like other Bell System
settlements this year, the agreement provided a
fourth week of vacation after 30 years; pensions
had been liberalized earlier.
On J une 22, an agreement was reached between
the Public Service Electric and Gas Co. of New
Jersey and the International Brotherhood of
Electrical Workers, ending a strike in effect since
mid-May. Terms of the settlement, ratified the
following day and affecting 5,400 workers, re3 S e e M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , J u ly 1 9 5 9 , p . 7 9 7 .
4 S e e M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , J u n e 1 9 5 9 , p p . 6 7 7 - 6 7 8 .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
portedly included a wage increase in excess of
5 percent and fringe benefit improvements.
The Tennessee Valley Authority, in negotia
tions with five unions representing 5,800 profes
sional and other white-collar employees, agreed
to pay raises averaging 4.6 percent, effective June
28. An average 5.3-percent raise (ranging from
$165 to $600 annually) was provided in their 1958
agreement.
A strike that had
been in effect at six New York City voluntary
hospitals since May 8, 1959,4 and since early June
at a seventh, was brought to an end on June 22 by
a “statement of policy” by the Greater New York
Hospital Association. The strike, involving more
than 3,000 nonprofessional employees, was over
recognition of a local of the Retail, Wholesale and
Department Store Union. Arranged by Mayor
Robert F. Wagner, the settlement set up machin
ery for grievances; employees involved in griev
ances may designate representatives who may or
may not be union members. In the event a
grievance is unresolved at the final step, the mat
ter may be submitted to mediation and arbitration.
Union recognition as such was not included. A
$l-an-hour minimum wage was put into effect,
with a wage increase of at least $2 a week for
every employee. Wage levels, job grades, rate
ranges, fringe benefits, seniority rules, and
personnel policies are to be reviewed annually by
a 12-man permanent committee consisting of 6
hospital trustees and 6 public figures; any in
terested person, “including representatives of any
union,” has the right to appear before the com
mittee to present his views. Beginning July 1,
1959, time and one-half was to be paid for work
in excess of 40 hours a week. Terms of the
settlement were expected to be approved by a ma
jority of the remaining 74 member hospitals of the
Greater New York Hospital Association.
Negotiations also took place during June be
tween 37 proprietary hospitals in New York City
and Local 144 of the Hotel and Allied Service Em
ployees (an affiliate of the Building Service Em
ployees International Union), representing about
3,500 nonprofessional employees. Unlike the
voluntary hospitals, the proprietary hospitals, as
profit-making institutions, are obligated under
S ervices an d G overnm ent.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
Federal and State laws to bargain with their em
ployees. On June 25, a 3-year “master” contract
was negotiated, subject to ratification by the em
ployees and the individual hospitals; it provided
a minimum wage of $150 a month for a 40-hour
week, effective July 1, 1959. The minimum was
to rise to $160 after 6 months, $173 after 1 year,
and $182 for the last year of the contract. Other
provisions included time and one-half pay after
8 hours a day or 40 hours a week, seven paid holi
days, employer contributions for a jointly admin
istered welfare plan, and vacations of 1 week after
6 months’ service and 2 weeks after 1 year.
On July 1, 1959, 11,000 Washington State em
ployees received pay increases averaging $15 to
$20 a month under a salary increase program an
nounced by the Governor on May 13. A similar
increase was scheduled for September 1, 1960.
The 1959 increases ranged from 4.4 to 8.8 percent,
with the higher increases applied to those rates
which were farthest behind those in private in
dustry. Increases were to apply to all but about
9 percent of the State’s jobs which were reportedly
in line with those paid for similar positions out
side government.
A 4-percent pay increase, with a minimum of
10 cents an hour, plus a special 2-cent-an-hour
cost-of-living increase was scheduled for about
23,000 city employees of Detroit, Mich. Also pro
vided was an eighth paid “personal” holiday and
a special pay adjustment for police and fire
sergeants and lieutenants.
The Prudential Insurance Co. announced, on
June 15, immediate pay increases up to $5 weekly
for about 20,000 officeworkers. The increases,
the first general raises announced since April
1957, apply to employees earning less than $192
a week. Contract negotiations between the com
pany and the Insurance Workers International
Union (the newly merged union consisting of the
two major insurance unions5) were still unre
solved at the end of the month.
C on stru ction , Agreement was announced in late
May on a 22-cent-an-hour pay increase for 6,300
members of the Plumbers and Pipe Fitters Union;
three construction trade associations in Chicago
had negotiated jointly on the pact. Journeymen
scales under the new contract became $3.95 an
6
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5 1 4 4 3 0 — 5 9 --------5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
915
hour. In return, the union agreed to remove
restrictions on the use of power tools and to
permit cutting, welding, and threading of pipes
on the job site. This work had been done pre
viously in the shop. Union and management
spokesmen both expressed belief that the result
ing savings would “more than offset” the wage
increase.
In the Chicago area, a 1-year contract provid
ing a 20-cent-an-hour pay increase for about 5,000
sheet-metal workers was signed in early June by
three other construction trade associations and the
Sheet Metal Workers’ International Association.
According to a union spokesman, the settlement
brought the journeyman scale to $3.95 an hour.
In Arizona, about 15,000 workers represented
by the Carpenters, Laborers, Cement Masons, and
Teamsters unions received pay increases on June
1 ranging from 18 to 25 cents an hour under new
contract terms with five employer associations.
Laborers and teamsters received 18-cent increases;
carpenters, 21.5 cents; and cement masons, 25-cent
pay increases. New hourly scales for laborers and
teamsters are now $2.54 and $2.62, respectively.
An additional 20 cents is scheduled for all four
crafts effective in June of both 1960 and 1961.
A 2-week truce extending contracts
in the basic steel industry through July 14 averted
a work stoppage involving about 500,000 members
of the United Steelworkers. A proposal to ex
tend contract terms indefinitely, subject to com
pany cancellation by 10 days’ written notice, was
first made by a spokesman for the steel companies
on June 24. The union counterproposal to ex
tend agreements for 2 weeks, providing that “the
economic terms of any agreement . . . be effective
as of July 1, 1959,” was rejected by the steel pro
ducers. On June 25, USW President David J.
McDonald wrote to President Eisenhower request
ing establishment of an impartial factfinding
board. The President said he believed this sug
gestion would not be in line with the Government’s
policy on nonintervention and suggested that the
parties continue talking “without interruption
of production until all of the terms and conditions
of a new contract are agreed upon.” The union
proposed and the industry agreed to a 2-week ex
tension—without any commitment on retroactiv
ity. Formal agreements extending the contracts
N ego tia tio n s.
916
were signed by the union and the 12 major com
panies on June 28.
Union Developments
C onventions. Several conventions held in June
by unions whose membership consists primarily of
workers in nonmanufacturing industries or whitecollar jobs reflected their concern over organizing
problems. Thus, while delegates to the June 1959
convention of the Retail Clerks International As
sociation heard a report of a 30-percent member
ship gain since their 1955 convention, they ap
proved a program calling for a $2 million orga
nizing campaign in order to keep up with mergers
and industry expansion. In support, minimum
local dues were raised from $3 to $4 monthly and
per capita payments were increased to $1.10 (from
85 cents), with additional advances of 5 cents a
year for the next 3 years.
Approval of a 50-cent-a-month increase in the
per capita tax to finance expanding organizing
campaigns, services, public relations, and other
commitments was voted by delegates attending the
21st annual convention of the Communications
Workers of America. The new per capita pay
ments are $2 a month (plus continuation of 50
cents earmarked for the international’s defense
fund). The international has been operating at
a deficit for some time. Executive officers of the
union were all reelected, although President
Joseph A. Beirne faced opposition from Edward
J. Ward of St. Louis, Mo., who lost by a vote of
230,227 to 13,281. Mr. Ward and other members
of his local executive board had earlier been re
fused delegate seats by convention vote following
charges that they had supported an unaffiliated
rival union. An amendment to the union’s consti
tution whereby members charged with dual union
ism will be tried on an international instead of a
local level, was subsequently approved. It had
been stated that, in the past, some locals had failed
to bring charges where they were justified and
some local trials in effect “white washed” those
charged. In the future, charges are to be heard
by a 3-man board, selected by the international
executive board from a trial panel consisting of
one rank-and-file member elected in each of the
union’s 10 geographical districts. This board
may or may not, at the option of the international,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
have a representative from the home district in
which charges initiated.
A report by President Beirne pointed out that,
in 1958, total Bell System employment had
dropped 8.5 percent, but that the number of tele
phones had increased 2.5 million, local calls had
risen 4.4 percent, and long-distance conversations
had increased 5.4 percent. A resolution called
upon Congress to establish within the Depart
ment of Labor a “bureau of automation” to study
the problem and make recommendations to the
President and the Congress.
Dissatisfaction over conflicting jurisdictional
claims led delegates to the eighth convention of
the Office Employes’ International Union to ap
prove a resolution authorizing its executive board
to call a special convention to consider with
drawal from the AFL-CIO and the Canadian
Labor Congress “if that step becomes necessary
to sustain our rights.” In other actions reflecting
the union’s intensified organizing program, dele
gates voted a 5-cent increase in the per capita tax
(but rejected a proposal for a mandatory $3-amonth dues level), urged the AFL-CIO and the
CLC “to merge all organized officeworkers in
the United States and Canada under the banner
of the OEIU,” and recommended that local
unions consider negotiations with independent
unions in their area, looking toward eventual affil
iation with the OEIU. Union President Howard
Coughlin and Secretary-treasurer J. Howard
Hicks were reelected to their respective posts.
A charge of “massive retaliation” against strik
ing newspaper unions by newspaper publishers
underscored the address delivered by the retiring
president of the American Newspaper Guild—
Joseph F. Collis—at the 26th annual convention
of the union. In answer to this alleged threat,
delegates approved a twofold increase in the pro
portion of dues allocated for their strike fund
and an increase in the monthly per capita pay
ment from $1.50 to $1.80. Mr. Collis, president
since 1953, relinquished his nonpaying post in
favor of Arthur Rosenstock who was elected by
unanimous vote. The former president became
vice president at large.
In Seattle, Wash., delegates to the 62d annual
convention of the American Federation of Musi
cians urged the repeal of the 20-percent cabaret
tax in a resolution claiming that the tax was a
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
“job-destroying” device affecting employment op
portunities. In another move designed to im
prove employment prospects, the convention
called upon the Federal Communications Com
mission to deny license renewals to broadcasters
who refuse to use “live” talent. Other actions
reversed decisions made in 1958.6 One raised offi
cers’ salaries (President Plerman D. Ivenin’s,
from $20,000 to $35,000 a year; the secretary’s,
from $12,500 to $25,000; and the treasurer’s, from
$12,500 to $22,500) and' another restored conven
tions to an annual basis—as opposed to the bi
ennial basis approved in 1958.
A greater political role for labor was stressed
at the 10th convention of the United Hatters,
Cap and Millinery Workers International Union,
held in New York City, June 1-6. AFL-CIO
President George Meany, speaking before the con
vention, declared that in order to defend itself
against repressive labor legislation, labor might
have to “look for further gains in the political
arena” and that perhaps “we didn’t do as well as
we thought” in the 1958 elections. Commenting
on labor reform measures before Congress, Alex
Pose, president of the Hatters, agreed that demo
cratic procedures must be safeguarded for union
members as well as for the Nation as a whole.
To this end, he advocated making “voting in na
tional elections compulsory for every citizen . . .”
and “a certain tax exemption to every citizen who
fulfills his basic obligation by voting . . .” While
much of the convention’s business concerned the
problem of legislation and what was referred to
as “hostile antiunion forces,” delegates approved
constitutional revisions authorizing the general
executive board to make such investments in pri
vate enterprises as would prevent the closing of
plants in the hat industry. Mr. Rose disclosed
that in the past 3 years the union had’ spent $6
million in aid to the industry, including the pur
chase of the controlling stock interest in the Merrimac Hat Co.,7 loans to other corporations, in
vestments and mortgages in buildings, and cam
paigns to help promote the sales of hats and caps.
Delegates unanimously reelected Alex Rose and
Marx Lewis as president and secretary-treasurer,
respectively, enlarged the general executive board
8 S e e M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , A u g u s t 1 9 5 8 , p . 9 0 2 .
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8 S e e M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , M a rch 1 9 5 8 , p. 3 0 0 , a n d F e b r u a r y
1 9 5 9 , p. 1 8 4 .
9 S e e M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , A p r il 1 9 5 9 , p . 4 2 8 .
5 1 4 4 3 0 — 5 9 ------- 6
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
917
from 17 to 19 members, and abolished the post of
label secretary because of the ill health of the
incumbent.
T eam sters. Efforts by the court-appointed board
of monitors assigned to the International Brother
hood of Teamsters under a court order in January
1958 to obtain enforcement powers, succeeded on
June 10 when the Federal Court of Appeals for
Washington, D.C., upheld a lower court’s order
directing the union’s leadership to carry out most
of the reform demands of the board.8 The appel
late court ordered the Teamster officers to heed
past directives of the monitors, including post
ponement of their next convention pending suf
ficient preparation for a democratic election,
disciplinary action against Teamster leaders al
legedly involved in misuse of union funds, and
recommendation by the international of local
adoption of model bylaws drafted by the mon
itors. The Teamsters had contested the lower
court ruling on the grounds that the court suit,
which had resulted in the establishment of the
board of monitors, gave the board powers of rec
ommendation only and not of enforcement. The
appellate court held that the monitors’ orders per
se were not directly enforceable. However, if
they are not followed, the monitors may request
Federal District Court Judge F. Dickinson Letts
(who had presided over the original court suit and
has retained jurisdiction over the case) to issue
similar orders to the union. Failure to comply
could put the union in contempt of court. The
court recognized the Teamsters’ complaint that
monitor Godfrey P. Schmidt had at least a po
tential conflict of interest inasmuch as he repre
sented the rebel Teamsters who brought suit chal
lenging the election of Teamster President James
R. Hoffa and also several employers who deal with
the union. Later in June, Mr. Schmidt an
nounced his resignation from the board.
In other developments involving the Teamsters,
Mr. Hoffa said that a committee would be chosen
to study previously announced plans for organiz
ing the air freight industry,9 and that the union
would focus an organizing drive in central Flor
ida aimed at “all private industry . . . retailing,
trucking, warehousing, and so forth.”
Former Teamster President Dave Beck and
two trucking company officials were indicted on
June 17 by a Federal grand jury in New York
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
918
City on charges of violating Taft-Hartley Act
provisions which forbid an employer to pay any
thing of value to representatives of his employees.
The financial dealings involved an alleged
$200,000 payment made in 1954 to Mr. Beck by
the Fruehauf Trailer Co. through a subsidiary of
the Associated Transport, Inc. Mr. Beck was
currently out of jail on bail, pending appeal of
two earlier convictions on charges of misuse of
union funds and income tax evasion.
Beginning in mid-June, the U.S. Senate Select
Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor
or Management Field once more turned its atten
tion to the Teamsters union. In addition to mak
ing new charges (including some relating
to bribes to maintain labor peace), the committee
recalled Teamster members who had previously
appeared before it. The committee’s efforts wTere
aimed primarily at seeing what cleanup steps had
been taken since the union first came under its
scrutiny and at stimulating congressional action
on labor reform legislation. The gist of Presi
dent Hoffa’s replies to committee questions was
that since Teamster locals were autonomous units,
they had the right to elect anyone they pleased
and to spend dues money, if they wished, for the
defense of officers accused of crimes.
O th er A ctio n s. Overtures by Harry Bridges,
president of the independent West Coast Inter
national Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s
Union, to the East Coast International Long
shoremen’s Association (also independent) on the
subject of joint contract negotiations were dis
closed by ILA President Captain William Y.
Bradley with the announcement that he had re
jected such proposals in a meeting with the ILWU
chief held in the Washington, D.C., office of
Teamster President Hoffa. Captain Bradley
said that he attended the meeting only to “make
it crystal clear to Bridges that we wanted nothing
to do with him” and to “clear the decks” of past
rumors of “secret deals” with Bridges in prepara
tion for forthcoming negotiations with employers
on contracts expiring September 30, 1959. Cap
tain Bradley also said he would run for reelec
tion at the ILA ’s convention in July “regardless of
what happens”. (Bradley has been mentioned
in a waterfront case involving irregular financial
transactions; earlier he had reportedly announced
that he would not be a candidate for reelection
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
if he were indicted.) Anthony Anastasia, ILA
vice president and leader of the powerful 10,000member Brooklyn Local 1814, stated, contrary to
earlier indications, that he would run against
Bradley for the top post. The Bridges-Bradley
meeting was given as one reason for his decision.
“This meeting with Bridges,” he said, “. . . made
me wonder if [Bradley’s] next mistake might not
mean that we wake up one morning and find
Hoffa’s men running the waterfront.”
Representatives of nine postal worker unions
agreed in mid-June to draft a constitution for a
federation and set up plans for eventual merger.
A nine-man committee, headed by President Paul
Nagle of the National Postal Transport Associa
tion (AFL-CIO), was established to draw up
the proposed constitution. Other unions taking
part in the merger talks consisted of six inde
pendent unions—the National Star Route Mail
Carriers, the Post Office Custodial Employees, the
United Postal Workers, the Post Office Crafts
men, the National Postal Clerks Union, and the
National Alliance of Postal Employees—and two
other AFL-CIO affiliates—the Letter Carriers
and the Mail Handlers, Watchmen and Messen
gers. The only large group of postal workers
not included was the National Federation ox
Postal Clerks.
A proposal by the International Typographical
Union to raise $1 million by a $l-a-week assess
ment for 13 weeks, to set up union-owned news
papers in Westchester County, N.Y., was defeated
by a mail referendum of the ITU membership
in late May. The papers would have competed
with the Macy chain newspapers in Westchester
County against which ITU printers have been
striking for 18 months.
The National Labor Relations Board on June
1 ordered Long Island, N.Y., local 138 of the In
ternational Union of Operating Engineers to
refund dues collected under illegal closed shop
contracts. In addition, the Board ordered the
local to reimburse those members who suffered pay
losses as a result of the local’s denial of equal
access to available jobs because they associated
with a reform group. The local union was cur
rently assigned a monitor named by the inter
national union, after local officials had been
charged by the Senate select committee with pay
roll padding and undemocratic procedures.10
10
S e e M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , M a rc h 1 9 5 8 , p. 3 0 1 .
Book Reviews
and Notes
E
N o t e .— L is tin g o f a p u b lic a tio n in this
section is f o r reco rd an d referen ce o n ly and
does n o t co n stitu te an en dorsem en t o f p o in t
o f v ie w or a d vo ca cy o f use.
d it o r ’s
Special Reviews
P a tte rn s o f In d u s tr ia l D isp u te S e ttle m e n t in F ive
C anadian In d u stries.
Edited by H. D.
Woods. Montreal, McGill University, In
dustrial Relations Center, 1958. 397 pp. $5.
C o m p u lso ry C o n cilia tio n an d C o llective B a rg a in
in g : T h e N e w B ru n sw ic k E xperien ce. By W.
B. Cunningham. Montreal, McGill Univer
sity, Industrial Relations Center, 1958. 123
pp., bibliography.
Canada’s unique legislative approach to the
settlement of labor-management disputes, which
has relied heavily on government-sponsored con
ciliation for more than half a century, has be
come the subject of vigorous scholastic investiga
tion and interpretation in recent years. The two
publications reviewed here provide a stimulating
cross section of analysis and discussion of this
area of Canadian labor-management relations.
The books are in a sense complementary—the one
by professor Cunningham gives a general ap
praisal of the compulsory conciliation approach
in one province, the other, edited by Professor
Woods, examines closely in a series of five studies
the ways in which labor-management disputes
have been resolved within specific industrial and
legislative contexts.
Broadly speaking, the Canadian system pro
vides for government-sponsored intervention in
two stages aimed at renewing bargaining in dead
lock situations through conciliation. The first
stage involves a professional conciliation officer
and the second stage a three-man conciliation
board comprised of the nominees of the two parties
and an independent chairman. The parties are
legally prohibited by law from resorting to strikes
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
or lockouts during or prior to the conciliation
process. If the parties fail to agree with the
assistance of an officer, a board is usually ap
pointed. If it too completes its work and no
settlement is reached, the report of the board
usually contains nonbinding recommendations for
settlement.
The familiar Canadian pattern of compulsory
conciliation was first established as a result of a
prolonged strike in the Alberta coal industry. It
has been modified and its area of application ex
tended over the years so that the two-stage com
pulsory conciliation process is now applied within
Federal jurisdiction and in most provinces of
Canada.
The study of the Alberta coal industry, to
gether with the four companion studies in the
Woods’ volume, strives to isolate the forces that
lead to settlements in particular industries.
There is an emphasis on the role of intervention
by the State in the processes of settlement. This
influence is rated by the editor of the studies as
having limited importance in the character of the
final settlement. Editor Woods concludes that
the variety and strength of other pressures on the
two parties are such as to restrict the role of the
government conciliator—unless the parties desire
such assistance, and even then conditions for
bargaining must be essentially favorable. When
these conditions do not exist the third party is
regarded in many cases as a delaying influence
in reaching a settlement.
Dr. Cunningham has attempted a study de
signed to give a more precise evaluation of con
ciliation procedures in the settlement of industrial
disputes. He feels that the conciliation officer
technique has generally made a valuable contribu
tion. It has the advantage of speed and brings
experience into bargaining situations. He does
stress, however, that much of its effectiveness is
limited by the realization by the parties that a
further stage of intervention is highly probable
in the form of a conciliation board. By implicacatión, the author suggests that much more can be
accomplished if the conciliation officer technique
was more strongly supported by the Government
through a refusal to necessarily follow them with
boards.
These two books have raised a number of in
triguing issues about the working of the concili
ation process in Canada. They question the pres919
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
920
ence of government-appointed personnel at the
first sign of trouble in a particular bargaining
situation. A question can be raised, however, as
to whether the authors have jointly explored all
sides of the compulsory conciliation question as it
exists in Canada today. In addition to the many
examples cited by the authors of third-party in
tervention actually holding up bargaining or
making very little impression on the type of set
tlement that eventually was forthcoming, there
are numerous disputes that can be cited in which
the presence of the officer or board has been of ma
terial assistance in encouraging bargaining and
promoting settlements.
Statistical data available in Canada on the num
ber of disputes and settlements in which concilia
tion officers or conciliation boards have partici
pated, are discarded by Editor Woods as an
expression of self-esteem by labor departments.
He has studiously avoided the significance of the
figures as a measure of workload—a significance
clear to administrators of labor legislation. All
would agree that there is not necessarily any
causal relationship between the presence of the
third party and the evolution of a settlement. But
the administrator sees, on the one hand, the evi
dence of widespread participation by conciliation
officers and boards in a functioning labor rela
tions system; on the other hand, he encounters
little or no evidence of a concerted effort by the
parties themselves to challenge the philosophy of
compulsory conciliation. Criticisms have been
made by individuals from both labor and manage
ment, but no fundamental body of opinion has
taken shape which would suggest a fundamental
change in the compulsory conciliation system.
—W
il l ia m
D ymond
Director, Economics and Research Branch
Canadian D epartm ent of Labor
T h o rste in V eb len : A C ritic a l A p p r a is a l .
Edited
by Douglas F. Dowd. Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell
University Press, 1958. 328 pp., bibliog
raphy. $5.
All but three of the chapters in this volume
were first presented in 1957 at Cornell University
in a series of lectures commemorating the
hundredth anniversary of Veblen’s birth; the
others were delivered during the 1957 annual
meetings of the American Economic Association.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In general, the rationale of the collection, accord
ing to the editor, is “to stimulate interest in Veb
len” by clarifying the “virtues” and “defects” of
his work in relation to those of “contemporary
social science.”
As would be expected in view of Veblen’s own
far-ranging interests, the authors include at least
one sociologist, a physicist, a Marxian scholar, and
economists—many of whom have additional quali
fications in anthropology, law, or philosophy.
Also to be expected is the diversity of subjects
which reflect the authors’ awareness of the
broad questions Veblen raised in the fields of
economic theory, history, Marxism, economic
growth, comparative economic systems and soci
ology, business organization and finance, educa
tion, and social psychology.
The novelty of the book, as well as the source
of its strength and usefulness, lies in the sympathy
and perception which the authors bring to Veb
len’s often controversial stand on these problems.
Indeed one paper concludes that “many of his most
serious shortcomings can be remedied without giv
ing up anything more weighty than his con
fusions.” Though many of the writers similarly
concur in the iconoclasm with which Veblen ap
proached and described the institutions of modern
capitalism, many do not. However, even the
latter demonstrate willingness to consider the in
dividual arguments in context and on grounds
of merit. In this volume, there is a minimum
of psychological analysis which confuses the
soundness of an argument with the motives
for its advancement—an error all too common in
evaluations of Veblen which emphasize his capaci
ties as a social satirist.
When taken as a whole, these papers provide an
excellent introduction to Veblen’s theoretical pos
tulates and contributions (a value which is re
inforced by the appended bibliography of his
published writings and the numerous footnote
citations to other literature). Illustrative of
this character of the book are: (1) The dis
cussion of Veblen’s concept of instincts by Ayres
and by Hill who describes it as “less akin to that
of William McDougall than to that of William
James or John Dewey” ; (2) the remarks on Veb
len’s theory of value by Habers and Zinke which
show its instrumentalist or pragmatic orientation;
(3) the statements by Dorfman, Copeland, and
Dowd which document Veblen’s role in the move-
BOOK REVIEW S AND NOTES
ment toward statistical and other empirical
methods of macroeconomics; (4) Brockie’s com
parisons of the cycle theories of Veblen and
Keynes which indicate an essential though com
plementary role for Veblen’s stagnationist ap
proach; and (5) the many thoughtful contrasts
between Veblen and Marx pointed out by Hill and
Sweezy which should end the identification of
these thinkers by economists who think conserv
atively but indiscriminately in matters concern
ing their less orthodox colleagues.
The only major shortcoming of the book is its
failure fully to develop these fundamental points.
In many respects, the characterization of Veblen
as “something more than an economist” is convinc
ing, but the nature of his most basic contribution
to general social theory is never made fully ex
plicit. One wishes that the functionalism mani
fest in, for instance, The Theory of the Leisure
Class, could also be described here so as to show
in detail Veblen’s ability to see the subtle threads
which permeate and determine an entire social
structure. It is interesting to remember that
Veblen’s application of this method antedated by
many years that of the great modern pioneer of
social anthropology, Radcliffe-Brown. Also of
interest is to note the possibility that in social
analysis of this type which comprehends tech
nological elements, Veblen as yet has no equal.
—J oseph A. Brackett
Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
Bureau of Labor Statistics
W o rk in g U n ion-M anagem ent R e la tio n s: The
S o c io lo g y o f In d u s tr ia l R ela tio n s. By Robert
Dubin. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., PrenticeHall, Inc., 1958. 291 pp., bibliography.
$5.95.
To the growing list of books on industrial re
lations, Professor Dubin has added a study writ
ten from a sociological standpoint, designed to
give a fresh interpretation to existing facts. It
is the second of twm volumes dealing with the
issues and problems confronting a highly indus
trialized society, the first volume being The World
of Work (reviewed in the January 1959 issue
of this periodical).
Although the book’s title might indicate that
it is limited to union-management relations, it
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
921
actually encompasses a far broader field. The
author first explores various aspects of business
management, then discusses labor unions, their
functions, goals, and tactics, and it is not until
the last two sections of the book that he comes to
grips with collective bargaining and related issues,
notably industrial disputes and social policy.
Throughout the book, the bases of union and man
agement decisionmaking are singled out for
special analysis.
The reviewer is confronted with the problem
of having to guess which audience this study is
meant to attract. Such sentences as “Every siza
ble organization has a directing group called man
agement which functions to establish its goals
and policies, and is responsible for their effective
achievements” or “Labor unionism is a central
feature of industrial United States” and the gen
erous use of pictures lead one to believe that the
book is intended for the general reader or the
student. On the other hand, what is the nonspe
cialist to do with “. . . the union elite has not
yet achieved a Well-defined and clearly delineated
status in the society of other elites in the social
structure” or similar sociological formulations ?
Time and again it is pointed out that the unions
have significantly modified management decision
making, hardly on original insight. Far more
novel is the explanation offered for second- and
third-shift differentials: Nightworkers are re
moved from the activities of normal society and,
therefore, “from the normal opportunities for
community living and upward mobility in the
class structure.”
The sociological approach, as exemplified by
this book, apparently disdains the use of statistics.
Thus, 25 pages are devoted to strikes without a
single indication as to their general frequency or
duration. Figures on union membership, skimp
ily cited, are woefully out of date.
Among the book’s assets one would have to list
the discussion on bargaining behavior, particu
larly the section on expressed versus real de
mands. Of help to the student interested in
further research are extensive references ap
pended to each chapter and a comprehensive bibli
ography at the end of the book.
— H arry P . C o iia n y
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
Bureau of Labor Statistics
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
922
Arbitration and Conciliation
By Archibald Cox.
H arvard Law Review, Cambridge, Mass., June
1959, pp. 1482-1518. $1.50.)
R e fle c tio n s U p o n L a b o r A r b itr a tio n .
(In
( I n A rbitration
Journal, New York, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1959, pp. 1-2,
26-29. $1.50.)
C o n t r o l li n g C o s t s i n L a b o r A r b i t r a t i o n .
By F ran k T. de Vyver.
Labor Law Journal, Chicago, May 1959, pp. 317329. $1.)
A u s tr a lia n B o a r d s o f R e fe re n c e .
(In
P r a c tic e o f C o lle c tiv e B a r g a in in g .
By Edwin F.
Beal and E dw ard D. Wickersham. Homewood, 111.,
R ichard D. Irw in, Inc., 1959. 738 pp. $8.70.
By Jam es J. Barnbrick and M arie P. Dorbandt. New York, N ational
Industrial Conference Board, Inc., 1959. 160 pp.
(Studies in Personnel Policy, 172.)
P r e p a r in g f o r C o lle c tiv e B a r g a in in g .
C o lle c tiv e B a r g a in in g
as
B e n e fits .
By F rancis M. W istert. New York,
Reinhold Publishing Corp., 1959. 155 pp. $3.75.
F r in g e
P a y in M a n u fa c tu r in g .
By H arland Fox.
M anagement Record, National In d u strial Con
ference Board, Inc., New York, May 1959, pp. 154157.)
S everan ce
(In
Health and Welfare
H e a lth P r o te c tio n : T r e n d s in P r o g r a m s a n d E x p e n d itu r e s .
Collective Bargaining
The
ington, U.S. D epartm ent of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1959. 25 pp. (Bull. 1248.) 25 cents, Su
perintendent of Documents, Washington.
V ie w e d
by
U n o r g a n iz e d E n g i
By John W. Riegal. Ann Arbor,
U niversity of Michigan, Bureau of In d ustrial Rela
tions, 1959. 105 pp. (Report 10.) $4.
n e e r s a n d S c ie n tis ts .
T h e N a tio n a l L a b o r R e la tio n s A c t a n d
C o lle c tiv e B a r
By N athan P. Feinsinger. ( I n Michigan
Law Review, Ann Arbor, April 1959, pp. 807-834.
$1.50.)
g a in in g .
By Michael T. Wermel. Pasadena, California In
stitu te of Technology, In d u strial Relations Section,
Benefits and Insurance Research Center, 1959. 53
pp. (Publication 10.) $1.
T h e A m e r ic a n P u b lic H e a lth A s s o c ia tio n C o n fe re n c e R e
Summary of papers presented a t the 86th
annual meeting of the Association. ( I n Public
H ealth Reports, U.S. D epartm ent of Health, Educa
tion, and Welfare, Public H ealth Service, W ashing
ton, March 1959, pp. 214-260. 55 cents.)
p o r t.
H e a lth E d u c a tio n in th e I n d u s tr ia l S e ttin g : A R e p o r t o f
By Mary
Hazen, Beryl J. Roberts, M arjorie A. C.
[Boston], H arv ard School of Public Health,
ment of Public H ealth Practice, 1958.
bibliography.
a L o n g -T e r m C o m m u n ity P r o je c t.
Denaro
Young.
D epart
68 pp.,
A llo w a n c e s f o r th e P e r m a n e n tly a n d T o ta lly D is a b le d —
M e d ic a l S t a tis tic s , A p r il 1, 1 9 5 6 to M a r c h 81, 1 9 5 1 ;
Employment and Unemployment
W ash
ington, U.S. D epartm ent of Commerce, Bureau of the
Census, 1959. 18 pp. (G-GE58-NO. 1.) 25 cents.
S ta te D is tr ib u tio n o f P u b lic E m p lo y m e n t in 1958.
W ashington, U.S. D epartm ent
of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1959. 22 pp.
(C-GE58-NO. 2.) 25 cents.
to M a r c h 1 9 5 8 . Ottawa, Canadian De
partm ent of N ational H ealth and W elfare, Research
and Statistics Division, 1958. 77 and 21 pp.,
respectively.
A p r il 1951
Labor Law and Legislation
C i t y E m p l o y m e n t in 1 9 5 8 .
TFor7c
E x p e r ie n c e o f th e N e w
By F rederic Meyers. New
York, Fund for the Republic, 1959. 46 pp. Single
copies free.
“R ig h t to W o r k ” in P r a c tic e .
Y o r k S t a t e P o p u la tio n in
New York, Interdepartm ental Committee on
Low Incomes, 1959. 32 pp. (Bull. 4.) Free.
1956.
P e n d in g : A
W ashington, U.S. D epart
m ent of Labor, May 1959. 39 pp.
T h e E v o lu tio n
N a t i o n a l L a b o r P o l i c y . By John E. Cos
grove. ( I n Notre Dame Lawyer, N otre Dame, Ind.,
M arch 1959, pp. 165-180. $1.50.)
T h e U n e m p lo y e d , S p r in g 1959.
By Clyde E.
Dankert. ( I n Labor Law Journal, Chicago, June
1959, pp. 393-404. $1.)
T e c h n o lo g i c a l C h a n g e a n d U n e m p l o y m e n t .
Fringe Benefits
o f L a b o r L e g is la tio n a n d A d m in is tr a tio n
In tern atio n al Labor Review, Geneva,
March 1959, pp. 273-295. 60 cents. D istributed in
United States by W ashington Branch of ILO.)
in I r a n .
(In
Labor-Management Relations
By A rthur J.
Goldberg. ( I n Labor Law Journal, Chicago, June
1959, pp. 379-384. $1.)
L a b o r-M a n a g e m e n t R e la tio n s , 1 9 5 8 -1 9 5 9 .
P a i d H o l i d a y P r o v i s i o n s i n M a j o r U n io n C o n t r a c t s , 1 9 5 8 .
By Dena G. Weiss and H enry S. Rosenbloom. W ash
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BOOK REVIEW S AND NOTES
923
L a b o r-M a n a g e m e n t R e la tio n s : B o th
a n d A s s o c ia tio n P ic tu r e fr o m
By Clarence E. Bonnett.
Press, 1959. 956 pp. $10.
S i d e s o f th e U n io n
th e P u b lic V ie w p o in t.
New York, Exposition
By J. K. Louden and J. W ayne Deegan.
New York, John Wiley & Sons., Inc., 1959. 227 pp.,
bibliography. 2d ed. $7.
W a g e I n c e n tiv e s.
By Mary Cushing Niles.
New York, H arper & B rothers, 1958. 398 pp., bibli
ography. $6.
T h e E s s e n c e o f M a n a g e m e n t.
S e c o n d a r y B o y c o tts a n d P ic k e tin g U n d e r th e T a f t- H a r tle y
A c t.
Princeton, N.J., Princeton University, Indus
tria l Relations Section, May 1959. 4 pp. (Selected
References, 87.) 30 cents.
R e v is e d B ib lio g r a p h y
o f M e d ia tio n u n d O th e r S e le c te d
S u b j e c t s . W ashington, Federal
M ediation and Conciliation Service, M arch 1959.
8 pp.
By Edw in L aird Cady.
Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1958. xiii,
204 pp. $4.95.
D e v e lo p in g E x e c u tiv e C a p a c ity .
L a b o r-M a n a g em en t
U n io n -M a n a g e m e n t C o o p e r a tio n in
th e B r itis h
C l o th in g
By Roy B. Helfgott. { I n Labor Law
Journal, Chicago, May 1959, pp. 309-315. $1.)
O r g a n i z a t i o n a n d M a n a g e m e n t . By Elmore
Petersen and E. Grosvenor Plowman. Homewood,
111., R ichard D. Irw in, Inc., 1958. 678 pp., bibli
ography. 4th ed. $8.40.
B u s in e s s
I n d u s tr y .
Labor Organizations
By
George Albert Smith, Jr. Boston, H arvard Univer
sity, G raduate School of Business A dm inistration,
Division of Research, 1958. 185 pp. $3.50.
M a n a g in g G e o g r a p h i c a l l y D e c e n t r a l i z e d C o m p a n ie s .
).
Washington, U.S. D epartm ent of Labor, Office of
In ternational Labor Affairs, 1959. ix, 85 pp. 45
cents, Superintendent of Documents, W ashington.
I n c o m e o f O ld - A g e a n d S u r v i v o r s I n s u r a n c e B e n e f i c i a r i e s :
P o w e r U n l i m i t e d : T h e C o r r u p t i o n o f U n io n L e a d e r s h i p .
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D i r e c t o r y o f W o r l d F e d e r a t i o n o f T r a d e U n io n s { W F T U
Social Security
H ig h lig h ts
By Sylvester Petro.
1959. 323 pp. $5.
New York, Ronald Press Co.,
By Léon Watillon.
T ranslated by Frederic Meyers. Los Angeles, Uni
versity of California, In stitu te of Industrial Rela
tions, 1959. 35 pp. (Monograph Series, 3.) $1.50.
A n a to m y
of
B r itis h
T ra d e
U n io n s — A
S p e c ia l
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Current Labor Statistics
CONTENTS
A.—Employment
927 Table A -l.
928 Table A-2.
932 Table A-3.
Table A-4.
Table A-5.
936 Table A-6.
937 Table A-7.
Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establish
ments, by industry
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by State 1
Employees in manufacturing, by State 1
Insured unemployment under State programs and the program of
unemployment compensation for Federal employees, by geographic
division and State
Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, selected
operations
Labor Turnover
Table B -l.
Table B-2.
Labor turnover rates in manufacturing3
Labor turnover rates, by industry2
C.—Earnings and Hours
938 Table C -l.
953 Table C-2.
954 Table C-3.
954 Table CM.
955 Table C-5.
956 Table C-6.
Table C-7.
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers
by industry
Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours in industrial and construc
tion activities
Indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls in industrial and construction
activities
Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of production
workers in manufacturing, by major industry group
Gross average weekly hours and average overtime hours of production
workers in manufacturing, by major industry group
Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing, by
State and selected areas 1
1 This table Is Included In the March, June, September, and December Issues of the Review.
* The labor turnover tables (B-l and B-2) have been dropped from the Review pending a general revision of the Current Labor Statistics section because,
beginning with January 1959 data, the categories for which labor turnover rates are published differ from those previously published. Current data are avail
able monthly in Employment and Earnings or may be obtained upon request.
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925
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
926
CONTENTS—Continued
D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
957 Table D -l. Consumer Price Index—United States city average: All items and
major groups of items
958 Table D-2. Consumer Price Index—United States city average: Food, housing,
apparel, transportation, and their subgroups
958 Table D-3. Consumer Price Index—United States city average: Special groups
of items
959 Table D-4. Consumer Price Index—United States city average: Retail prices
and indexes of selected foods
960 Table D-5. Consumer Price Index—All items indexes, by city
961 Table D-6. Consumer Price Index—Food and its subgroups, by city
962 Table D-7. Indexes of wholesale prices, by major groups
963 Table D-8. Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
964 Table D-9. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
965 Table D-10. Indexes of wholesale prices, bjr stage of processing
965 Table D -ll. Indexes of wholesale prices, by durability of product
E. —Work Stoppages
966 Table E -l.
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
F. —Building and Construction3
G*—Work Injuries
Table G -l. Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries4
s Responsibility for the collection and compilation of all statistics on housing and construction activity was shifted from the Bureau of Labor Statistics to
the Bureau of the Census of the U.S. Department of Commerce on July 1, 1959. Future issues of the Review will no longer include the building and construc
tion tables (F-l through F-6). These series are being continued by the Bureau of the Census and current data may be obtained from that agency.
4 This table is included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review.
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927
A.—EMPLOYMENT
A.—Employment
T able A -l.
Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked, and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1
Annual average
1958
1959
Employment status
July
June
1958
19573
Total labor force........................... ........ 73, 862 71,955 71,210 70,768 70,062 70,027 70, 701 71,112 71,743 71,375 72,703 73,104
Civilian labor force________________ 71, 324 69, 405 68, 639 68,189 67, 471 67,430 68, 081 68, 485 69, 111 68,740 70,067 70,473
Unemployment__________________ 3,982 3,389 3,627 4, 362 4,749 4,724 4,108 3,833 3,805 4,111 4,699 5,294
Unemployed 4 weeks or less------ 2,274 1,405 1,382 1,365 1,600 1,861 1, 706 1,632 1,522 1,569 1, 716 2, 069
844
667
933 1,198
695
565
771
601
823 1,176 1,044
530
Unemployed 5-10 weeks. _____
357
436
399
272
225
444
283
629
509
328
250
263
Unemployed 11-14 weeks -------798
573
499
581
678
675
557
520
515
767
727
387
Unemployed 15-26 weeks -------872
888
972
735
811
782
723
777
818
540
605
737
Unemployed over 26 weeks . . . .
Employment____________________ 67, 342 66, 016 65,012 63. 828 62, 722 62,706 63, 973 64,653 65,306 64,629 65, 367 65,179
Nonagricultural... ------------------ 60, 111 59, 608 59,163 58, 625 58, 030 58,013 59,102 58,958 58, 902 58, 438 58, 746 58, 461
Worked 35 hours or more---- 47, 627 47,935 47, 287 46, 292 44,968 46,044 47, 076 44,114 46, 522 46, 719 44, 440 42,289
Worked 15-34 hours----------- 6,257 6,431 6, 615 6, 915 7, 745 6,880 6, 960 9,915 7,221 6,381 6,099 6,336
Worked 1-14 hours------------- 2,945 3,349 3, 420 3, 496 3,424 3,288 3,313 3,146 3,062 2, 751 2,522 2, 749
With a job but not at work 3 3,283 1,891 1,839 1,920 1, 894 1,801 1, 753 1,783 2, 094 2.588 5,684 7,087
Agricultural ________________ 7,231 6,408 5,848 5,203 4, 692 4,693 4, 871 5,695 6,404 6,191 6.621 6,718
Worked 35 hours or more___ 4,923 4,489 3, 858 3, 226 2, 677 2,772 2,845 3,750 4,690 4,263 4,668 4, 442
Worked 15-34 hours_______ 1, 700 1, 455 1,387 1, 273 1, 217 1,132 1, 266 1,369 1, 212 1,348 1,339 1,564
485
430
376
405
522
390
504
425
523
479
455
348
Worked 1-14 hours________
228
126
144
209
285
187
238
152
179
181
318
With a job but not at work 4.
117
73,049
71,284
70,746
70,418
5,437
2,569
875
372
931
689
64, 981
58,081
45,352
6,668
2,863
3,198
6,900
4,861
1,533
399
107
68, 647
4,681
1,833
959
438
785
667
63,966
58,122
44,873
7,324
3,047
2, 876
5, 844
3,827
1,361
457
199
67,946
2, 936
1, 485
650
240
321
239
65,011
58, 789
46,238
6,953
2, 777
2, 821
6,222
4,197
1, 413
416
196
50, 385 48, 945 48, 653 48, 360 48,073 47,981 48,190 48,418 48, 756 48, 759 50,017 50, 359 50,005
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.3 Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
Total, both sexes
Males
48,802
48,649
47,406
3,521
43,884
38, 588
32,141
3,418
1,246
1, 782
5,296
4,214
733
261
89
46,197
3,155
43, 042
38,240
31,390
3, 736
1,329
1, 784
4,802
3,413
857
¿53
179
45, 882
1, 893
43, 989
38, 952
32, 546
3,461
1,197
1, 748
5,037
3, 710
842
309
171
Total labor force.............. ............. ......... 23, 477 23,010 22, 557 22. 408 21, 989 22,046 22, 510 22,695 22,987 22,617 22, 686 22,745 23,043
Civilian labor force.____ __________ 23,445 22,978 22, 525 22,376 21, 957 22,013 22, 479 22,663 22, 956 22,586 22, 655 22, 714 23,012
Unemployment--------------------------- 1,579 1,304 1,310 1. 391 1,391 1,442 1,206 1,329 1,351 1,496 1, 619 1,781 1, 915
Employment______________ ____ _ 21, 866 21,674 21, 214 20,985 20, 566 20, 571 21, 273 21,334 21, 605 21.090 21,036 20, 933 21,096
Nonagricultural---------------------- 20,170 20,317 20, 265 20, 287 20, 039 20,032 20, 638 20, 343 20, 209 19, 815 19, 706 19,560 19, 493
Worked 35 hours or more. .. 13, 622 14,305 14. 239 13,985 13, 534 14,039 14, 653 13,147 13, 975 14.006 12. 833 12,211 13, 210
Worked 15-34 hours_______ 3,347 3,478 3,458 3,586 3, 863 3, 446 3, 542 4, 755 3,717 3,263 3,035 2,974 3, 250
Worked 1-14 hours_______ 1, 654 1,809 1,869 1, 992 1,968 1,889 1, 900 1,852 1,801 1,629 1,368 1, 437 1,617
918 2. 471 2,939 1, 416
716
544
589
658
699
725
673
With a job but not at work L 1,548
723
991 1,396 1,275 1,330 1,373 1, 603
539
635
949
698
527
Agricultural ... _____________ 1,696 1,358
647
536
729
572
610
190
201
388
314
225
168
668
Worked 35 hours or more___
556
801
652
552
561
597
503
278
333
519
367
290
Worked 15-34 hours_____ ..
842
696
138
156
95
123
98
56
82
54
80
92
95
Worked 1-14 hours________
84
160
18
29
21
18
25
21
19
15
10
15
With a Job but not at work L
29
25
22
22, 482
22,097
22, 451
1, 526
20,924
19,882
13, 483
3, 589
1, 718
1,093
1, 042
414
504
104
20
22,064
1, 043
21,021
19, 837
13, 692
3, 491
1, 580
1,073
1,184
482
571
107
25
Total labor force-------------- -----------
Civilian labor force _ _______________ 47,879
Unemployment______ ___________ 2, 403
Employment _______ ___________ 45, 476
Nonagricultural............... ............. 39, 942
Worked 35 hours or more . . . 34, 003
Worked 15-34 hours_______ 2,912
Worked 1-14 hours _______ 1,292
With a job but not at work *_ 1, 735
Agricultural . ______________ 5, 535
Worked 35 hours or more. .. 4,255
Worked 15-34 hours_______
860
296
Worked 1-14 hours. ______
124
With a job but not at work *.
46, 427
2,085
44,342
39, 291
33, 630
2,953
1, 540
1, 167
5,051
3,933
760
264
95
46,114
2,317
43, 798
38, 898
33, 049
3,157
1,551
1, 139
4,900
3, 545
868
333
155
45, 813
2, 971
42, 842
38, 338
32,307
3, 330
1, 504
1,194
4, 505
3,001
906
428
172
45, 514
3,359
42,156
37, 991
31, 433
3,882
1, 456
1,220
4,165
2,509
928
425
303
45,417
3,282
42,135
37, 981
32,005
3, 434
1,399
1,143
4,154
2,582
854
448
270
45, 601
2, 902
42, 699
38, 464
32, 423
3,418
1,414
1,210
4,235
2, 644
933
443
216
45,822
2,504
43,318
38,614
30,966
5,160
1,294
1,195
4, 704
3,362
866
308
168
46,155
2, 454
43, 701
38, 693
32, 547
3, 505
1, 261
1,378
5,008
3, 961
660
281
106
46,155
2, 615
13, 539
38,623
32,714
3,119
1,122
1,669
4,916
3,691
787
313
126
47, 412
3, 081
44,331
39,040
31, 608
3, 065
1,154
3, 214
5, 291
4,058
742
307
184
47,759
3,513
44,247
38,901
30,078
3,362
1,312
4,149
5,346
3,906
912
330
198
Females
i Estimates are based on information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total Includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in
family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual Items do not necessarily equal
totals.
* Beginning with January 1957, two groups numbering between 200,000 and
300,000 which were formerly classified as employed (under “with a job but
not at work") were assigned to different classifications, mostly to the unem
ployed. For a full explanation, see Monthly Report on the Labor Force,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
February 1957 (Current Population Reports, Labor Force, Series P-57,
No. 176).
3 Survey week contained legal holiday.
* Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite
instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had
new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. Most of
the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as unem
ployed
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
928
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
T able A-2.
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
1959
1958
Annual
average
Industry
June 3 May
Total employees.........................—........... .
M ining___________________ ___________ _
Metal______________________________
Iron_____________________________
Copper___________________________
Lead and zinc_____________________
Anthracite_________________________
Bituminous coal_____________________
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1958
1957
52, 516 51, 983 51,430 50, 878 50,315 50,310 51,935 51, 432 51,136 51,237 50, 576 50,178 50, 413 50, 543 52, 162
705
98.1
174.3
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas productlon. _______________________
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services)__________
Nonmetalllo mining and quarrying_____
113.7
Contract construction___________________
2,971
Non building construction_____________
Highway and street construction_____
Other nonbullding construction______
Building construction________________
General contractors________________
Special-trade contractors____________
Plumbing and heating____________
Painting and decorating___________
Electrical work.
______________
Other special-trade contractors_____
2
701
96.9
35. 3
30. 7!
12.3
694
95.7
33 9
30. 5
12.3
93.5
32. 5
29.3
12.5
693
93.5
31.1
30.5
12.5
701
93.6
30. 9
30.2
12. 7
713
93.4
30 3
30 2
12 7
712
93.7
31 2
29 6
1
11 1
711
90.7
31 8
28 4
11 4
14.9
175.5
15.3
176.2
16.4
179.6
18.1
188.2
19. 5
192.4
19 6
192.2
19 5
190.5
19 3
189.1
18 5
187! 2
18 1
184! 5
19, 4
179.6
19 2
190.1
195 2
90 3
!
230 0
301.3
297.0
293.9
292.2
296.3
300.7
296.7
296.6
301.5
304.7
302.9
303. 2 302.6
326.2
179.4
179.8
179.7
180.2
181. 1
182 7
182 Q 184 0
187 8
190 4
190. 8
190 4
188 0
193
112.5
109.6
104.3
101.4
102.6
107.3
111.2
113.0
111.6
1 1 2 .4
1 1 1 .8
109.3
113.3
688
12
708
90.6
31 9
27 5
112.4
708
8 8 .8
29 9
27 7
11 5
705
90.3
30 4
27.1
1 2 .1
717
92.9
30 4
28 2
13 3
721
93.1
30 8
28 6
12 9
809
.
38 Q
39 6
16 7
111 2
28 4
!
8
2,838 2,662 2,417 2,256 2. 343 2,486 2,784 2,887 2, 927 2,955 2, 882 2,806 2,648 2,808
654
472
419
571
437
652
656
605
506
672
569
308.4 254.9 194.0 164.3 175. 7 217.0 286.7 317.3 328.4 326. 1 318.1 311. 1 256.0 250.1
345.7 315.8 277.6 254. 6 261. 6 289 0 318 1 335 1 343 5 343 6 337 7 335 8 313 2 335 6
2,184 2,091 1,945 1.837 1,906 1,980 2 179 2,235 2 255 2 285 2 226 2 150 9 079 2 *>>9
778.4 742.2 '671.8 623. 5 650. 8 677 8 769 0 789 2 ’ 802 1 825 0 1811 0
’ 750 6 86Q 3
1,405. 5 1,348. 5 1,273.2 1,213.2 1,255. 3 1,302 5 1, 410 3 1, 445 3 1 453 0 1 459 5 1 414 9
1 398 6 1 359 7
306.8 301.6 292.6 287.6 295.8 308 6 315 3 323 7 321 9 ’ 318 7 ’ 311 6 ’ 299 6 303 6 391 7
198. 2 174.4 154.0 141.5 147. 8 163 8 181 6 189 4 193 5 200 7 197 4 180 4 169 6 164 9
170. 5 161.6 100.4 165.6 170. 9 177 4 179 3 183 9 187 1 182 2 173 9
173 2 1fc8 Q
730.0 710. 9 666.2 618.5 640. 8 652 7 734 1 748 3 750 5 757 Q 732 0 72? 9 682 2 677 9
16,413 16,179 16,034 15,969 15,771 15,674 15,749 15,795 15,536 15,755 15,462 15,161 15,206 15.4G8 16.782
Durable goods___________________ 9, 553 9,434 9,314 9, 217 9,060 8, 990 8,989 8,982 8, 663 8,814 8, 571 8,496 8,564 8, 743 9,821
Nondurable goods________________ 6,860 6,745 6,720 6, 752 6, 711 6,684 6,760 6,813 6,873 6,941 0,891 6,665 6,642 6,725 6,961
Manufacturing __________________ ____
D u r a b le g o o d s
Ordnance and accessories_____________
140.5
138.9
137.7
138.1
137.2
137.3
136.1
133.9
129.2
130.4
128.5
127.2
125.4
126.7
696.6
664.9
99. 3
323.0
634.5
83 6
313.7
617.5
81. 8
304.8
601.8
75.1
300.1
612.4 630.3
81. 4 89 4
302. 7 309.8
645. 2
96 2
317.2
659. 3
100 3
324 5
655.1
99 0
324.4
645. 7
94 7
323! 7
637.0
99 8
320.0
643. 3
621.7
654.6
318.4
33l! 6
140.9
45.1
56. 6
136.1
44. 4
56. 7
131.5
44. 0
55. 4
128.5
43.8
54.3
130. 2
44.3
53. 8
132 8
44 8
53 5
133 4
44 9
53 5
135 1
45 7
53 7
133 6
45 2
52 9
131 4
43 6
52 3
128 0
44 6
51 6
19.7 0
31l! 0
197 1
Furniture and fixtures_______________
384.2
Household furniture.. _____________
Office, public-building, and professional furniture_________. . . . . .
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fixtures___________________________
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures_____________ —
380.0
276.3
379.0
276.4
377.9
276.0
376.7
275.3
374.4
272. 4
369.8
267. 5
373.5
271.1
374.3
271.7
369.9
266.4
360.2
258.4
3 4 5 .5
248.6
346.4 357.9
246. 5 257.1
375. 6
265. 9
44.7
44.9
44. 9
44.4
44.6
44. 8
45.0
44.8
45.6
44.5
41.2
42.3
43.8
48 0
34.3
33.6
33.1
33.7
34. 1
34 2
34.2
34 5
35.0
34.8
33.7
34.3
34.5
37.9
24.7
24.1
23.9
23.3
23.3
23.3
23.2
23.3
22.9
22.5
22.0
23.3
22.5
23.8
Stone, clay, and glass products......... ........
Flat glass. _______________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown..
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic_________________
Structuralclay products________ ____
Pottery and related products________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prodnets____________________________
Cut-stone and stone products_____ _
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products________________________
553.0
33. 2
100.8
17.2
42. 6
75.8
47. 2
543.6
33. 6
98.9
17.8
42.0
74.7
46.0
531.2
33. 6
97.1
18.2
40. 6
71.2
45. 8
509.7 507. 2
24 1 23. 5
95.2
93. 7
17.4
17.6
38. 5 39.4
68.9
70.1
45. 2 44. 6
519.0
23 3
96.0
17.3
41 7
74.2
45.1
522.1
22 4
96 4
17.3
42 3
75.1
45 3
519.4
16 4
97 6
17.3
42 8
76.0
44.7
535.0
31 9
98 9
16.7
43 1
75.9
43.9
526.3
30 3
96 9
16.0
42 6
76. 1
42.6
519.4
28 3
97 3
15.6
42 6
513. 4
514.5
552. 5
95 9
15.4
43 2
95 5
16.3
42 0
7 5 .2
7 3 .0
7 3 .1
4 3 .9
98 3
17.9
42 0
80.4
49.8
118. 9
18.2
115 2
17.8
110 2
17. 8
107. 8
17.8
107. 1
17.9
110 1
18 3
112 6
18.5
114 1
19 0
116 3
19.0
115 4
18.3
112 9
18.7
18! 4
18.3
19.0
99.1
97. 6
96. 7
94.6
93. 5
93 0
92 2
91 5
89 3
88 1
86 7
87 1
89
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)..............................................
Logging camps and contractors______
Sawmills and planing mills...... ........ ...
Mlllwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products__________
Wooden containers ___ ___________
Miscellaneous wood products________
565.5
42 1
41.9
129.3
3
Primary metal Industries_____________ 1,290. 6 1, 272.3 1, 256.0 1,231.4 1,194.9 1,165. 5 1,155.4 1,139. 7 1.107. 7 1,103.3 1,073.2 1, 060. 9 1,070. 5 1,104.4 1,309. 7
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills______________ ___________
643.4 633.5 618. 4 591.7 569. 3 564. 2 557 9 554 5 540 7 525 4 516 5 523 9 536 7 642 7
Iron and steel foundries______
226.4 225.3 220.0 215.0 210.8 208.2 203.5 188.3 194.1 185.8 189.0 189.6 1 9 7 ! 4 233.8
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous m etals___ _______________
54. 9 54.1
54. 7 54.9
54.9
54 3 53 5 53.4
55.1
53.8
53.7
53.9
56.2
68.1
Secondary smelting and refining of
nonferrous metals__________ ______
12. 2 12.1
12.3
12.0
11. 9
11. 8
11 8 11 5 11.4
11.1
11.3
10.9
11.5
13.2
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous m etals___________________
117. 6 115. 2 112. 6 110.2 110. 2 110 0 108 7 106 8 105 6 104 9 103 6 102 Q 105 5 115 3
Nonferrous foundries______________
62.9
62.4
64.1
62.1
64.3
63.6
58. 7 58 9 56.0
53.2
61.5
5 4 .5
’ 5 7 !7
71.4
Miscellaneous primary metal Industries........ ...............................................
153.4 151.6 150.0 148.2 146.0 144.0 142.0 134.4 139.2 136.0 133.8 134.8 139.4 165.2
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able A-2.
929
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1959
1958
Annual
average
Industry
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1958
1957
Manufacturing—Continued
D u r a b le
pood.»—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transporta
tion equipment)............ .................... 1,099. 5 1,085 1,074.1 1,063.3 1,049.2 1,052.8 1,057.6 1 , 061. 2 1,028. 2 1,056. 5 1 , 0 2 2 .3 998.1 1.004. 4 1, 029. 9 1 132 3
57.2
60.4
59.0
56.8
Tin cans and other tinware_________
55.3
55.6
58 3
59.3
62.3
63.2
61.2
59.9
*Q 1
58 2
135.7 134.5 135.6 135.2 136.1 136.2 134. 4 115.6 131.5 124.5 121.4 124.8 128.3 14L9
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware____
Heating apparatus (except electric)
117.0 116.0 115.6 113.1 109.0 109.2 112.5 113.9 112.5 1 1 0 . 1 106.3 107.0 109.3
and plumbers' supplies ____ _____
0
295.7 291.5 285.8 283.2 288.0 294.8 298.5 304.8 308.8 307.1 303.8 301.6 303.0 3lift
Fabricated structural metal products
2 5 .2
Metal stamping, coating, and engrav
229.2
228.7
231.4
224.1 227. 1 226.4 223.3 207.8 217.1 2 0 2 . 2 199.0 2 0 2 . 0 210.7 94* 3
ing....................................................... .
48. 5 48.0
49.0
48.9
48.2
Lighting fixtures._________________
43.8
48.0
48.0
46.0
43.3
41.7
42.5
44 7
*1 4
57.3
57.5
57.3
56.7
Fabricated wire products...... ........ .......
55.8
55.2
56.8
56.0
51.4
53.0
50.0
60.1
52.4
5 9 .0
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod
139.4
137.5
134.6
132.1 132.2 131.7 130.2 127.8 125.3 120.5 114.7 116.6 123.3 137.4
ucts________ __________________
Machinery (except electrical)_________ 1,626. 5 1,615.4 1, 593. 2 1, 576. 7 1,550. 4 1, 513. 8 1,493. 9 1. 474. 7 1,461.6 1, 466. 4 1,436.9 1 , 449. 8 1, 471.9 1, 501.2 1 737 Q
101.7 100.4 100.4
99.2
Engines and turbines........... ................
91.2
97. 2 96.4
95.9
92.3
90.2
89.2
90 0 93.1
Qfi 4
168.6 161.3 158. 8 153.2 132. 7 123.9 123. 1 139.5 138.2 134.7 130.1 136.0 136.9 143 4
Agricultural machinery and tractors..
132.4 129.7 128.0 125.6 123.7 1 2 0 . 2 114. 1 115. 7 116.9 118.5 119.0 118.7 1 2 2 . 0 1*3 1
Construction and mining machinery..
230.0
233.6
236.0
Metalworking machinery.....................
224.5 220.5 218.5 215.1 209.2 2 1 0 . 8 205.6 2 1 1 . 6 218.1 223.7 287.6
Special-industry machinery (except
163.0 161.7 160.8 158.9 157.3 156.1 155.4 154. 8 155. 4 155.1 154.3 156.8 159.6 131 0
metalworking machinery)_________
220.9 218.1 214.9 213.4 213.8 213. 0 2 1 2 . 2 2 1 1 . 0 2 1 2 . 6 2 1 1 . 6 212.5 217.8 2 2 0 . 1 2*4 3
General industrial machinery_______
131.6 131.4 130.3 129.5 129.0 130 6 130.3 129.1 127.2 124.1 123.6 124.2 124.9 1 3 7 ! 7
Office and store machines and devices.
Service-industry and household ma
184.5 184.3 181.7 177.7 173.6 171.2 165. 9 165. 2 158,5 163.8 165.7 168.9 13Q Q
185.
chines.................................................
275.3 272.5 269.2 264.4 261.9 261.6 257.4 245.2 247.8 238.6 239.7 244.6 252.0 289! 0
Miscellaneous machinery parts______
Electrical machinery_______ _______ 1, 224.8 1, 204.0 1,189. 6 1,183. 7 1,177. 9 1,170.1 1,166. 2 1,164. 9 1,119.5 1,133.1 1,104.6 1, 078. 5 1,079. 9 1,118.8 1,223.3
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa
394.6 390.1 386.1 383.4 384.9 381.9 377.2 361.1 367.9 363. 7 360.2 362 4 373.5 420 2
ratus........ ........... ..............................
36. 3 35.4
36.6
37.3
Electrical appliances_____ _________
35.4
35.9
37.0
35.3
34.6
33.1
31.9
31.8
34.6
40 ft
28.1
27.9
27.
28.0
Insulated wire and cable___________
28.2
28.0
26.9
26.2
27.6
24.6
23.2
24.4
25.4
27 9
70.1
69.7
70.5
70.2
Electrical equipment for vehicles........
65.7
65.2
67. 8 50. 5 63.8
58.4
57.8
58.1
61.8
7* 2
26.2
26.6
26.
26. 1 26.1
Electric lamps........................... .............
26.0
25.6
24.6
25.8
25.2
25.1
25. 5 26.4
30 2
600.0 590.2 589.6 586.8 583.0 582.5 582.6 576.0 569.4 554. 6 536. 6 532.3 551.4 fi7ft 3
Communication equipment_________
47.5
47.5
48.0
47.6
Miscellaneous electrical products_____
46.8
46.7
44.1
46.9
45. 1 44.2
46.0
45.4
45.7
4 9 .8
Transportation equipment------------------ 1, 706. 2 1, 711.3 1, 705. 9 1, 702.1 1, 679. 4 1, 688. 7 1, 681. 4 1, 670.4 1.461.8 1, 572. 2 1, 500. 3 1, 528. 6 1, 547.8 1, 592.8 lrR73 1
747.4 744.6 721.3 732. 1 716.8 702.7 506.4 613 0 548.9 579.2 692.9 630.8 730 3
752.
Motor vehicles and equipment...____
743.6 748.1 753.0 757. 2 756.8 767.4 767.3 763.1 763. 7 755.2 751.2 751 2 757.6 301 7
Aircraft and parts_________________
444.1 448.4 452.0 455.8 456.7 462. 0 462.6 459. 7 460.9 458.9 455. 9 454.2 457.2 *22 3
Aircraft ............................... ................
146.4 146.9 147. 9 148.8 148.4 152. 0 152. 1 152. 6 153.9 150.9 151.3 151.7 152. 6 17Q 1
Aircraft engines and parts_________
15.2
14.8
14.4
15. 1 15. 1 15.8
Aircraft propellers and parts............
16.2
17.2
15.7
17.0
18.0
18.8
18.3
20 *
Other aircraft parts and equipment.
138.7 138.0 137.9 137.5 136.6 137. 6 136.9 134.6 131 9 128.2 126.0 126.5 129.5 13ft 3
Ship and boat building and repairing.
150.6 149.2 146.3 143. 3 144.8 142.3 146.0 142.2 140.9 141. 1 142. 1 146.9 144.5 143’ 3
126.3 125.5 124.4 122. 1 124.7 122. 4 127.1 124. 7 124.6 125.3 124. 7 127.6 125.3 12ft ft
Shipbuilding and repairing _______
21.9
Boatbuilding and repairing________
21.2
23.7
24.3
20. 1 19.9
18.9
17.5
17.4
16.3
15.8
19.3
19.2
21 ft
Railroad equipment ...........................
51.3
48.5
54.1
48.3
45.8
46.3
44. 5 39.9
44.5
45.3
47.3
47.8
50.9
71 ft
9.7
9.9
Other transportation equipment_____
10.1
9.3
8.7
9.1
10.2
9.9
10. 1
9.8
8.8
9.0
9.0
9 .7
Instruments and related products______ 336.0 332.4 329.6 328.7 325.2 320.7 320.2 318.8 316.9 313.0 309.1 306.8 308.6 315.2 3 3 7 . 9
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
59.5
62.1
61.2
60.4
Instruments________________ _
63.0
58.7
57.9
58.2
57.8
57.5
57.5
56.9
58.1
65.1
Mechanical measuring and controlling
89.6
90.3
86.0
Instruments__________________
88.5
90.5
85.6
84.7
83.6
85.5
81. 1 81.4
82.2 83.9
90
9
15.0
15.3
Optical instruments and lenses______
15.3
15.1
15.1
15.0
14.6
14.4
15.0
13.6
13.8
13.7
14.0
13.9
Surgical, medical, and dental instru
42.3
42.4
ments________________________
42.9
42.7
42.3
42 1 41.4
41.3
41 2 41.0
41.1
41.3
41. 5 42 0
24.3
25.2
24.9
24.6
Ophthalmic goods _______ ________
25.5
24.0
23.6
22.0
23.0
23.8
23.1
23.6
23.7
2* 2
64. 1 64.9
64.2
63.9
64.4
63.8
Photographic apparatus....................... .
64.9
64.8
65.1
64.9
64.8
64.8
65.6
70 0
29. 5 29.9
30.7
30.5
Watches and clocks.............................. .
31.0
30.5
29.9
29.2
27.8
25.3
29.8
26.1
28.4
30.8
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
482.7 476.0 471.0 466.2 457. 8 447.0 459.3 478.0 484.6 478.6 463.7 444.0 452.8 459.9 400 0
44.6
45.0
45.0
45.0
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware—
45.0
45.8
46. 1 45.3
46.3
42.8
43.1
43.1
44.4
4ft 3
17.7
17.6
17.3
Musical instruments and parts...____
17.6
17.7
17.3
17. 1 16.7
17.4
15.9
14. 7 15.7
16.4
18 2
74.4
65.0
Toys stud sporting goods............ ...........
82.7
79.0
70.8
71 6 85.2
92.9
92.9
84.2
89.7
84.9
81.7
90 6
30.4
30.4
30.0
29. 1 29.0
Pens, pencils, other office supplies____
29. 4 29.9
29. 9 29.6
29.8
28. 7 31 5 30.7
32 0
60.0
59.8
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions___
58.0
59.7
58.1
59.0
60.9
61.8
61.0
59.6
54.6
56 0 58.2
61 4
88.2
86.6
Fabricated plastics products ....... ......
91.0
89.8
91.3
87.9
87.4
85.9
87.1
82.8
80.6
80.0
84.0
91 5
Other manufacturing Industries.........
150.9 150.3 149.6 147.1 144.3 148.3 151.2 149.4 147.2 142.8 138.6 141.6 144.5 150.0
Nondurable goodt
Food and kindred products____ ______ 1,461.6 1,417.0 1,399. 9 1,383.3 1,377.5 1,384. 5 1,438.6 1, 488. 5 1, 555.4 1, 623. 2 1,621.4 1, 529. 7 1,484.3 1,476. 4 1, 509.8
Meat products................... ...................
296.5 300.2 300.7 304.3 312 2 313.4 313.1 312.7 310.0 307.2 306.8 307.0 326.2
Dairy products............................. ........
92. 1 91.6
95.7
99.7
93.3
93. 5 93.9
96 8 101.3 105.7 107.4 107.2
99.8 104.9
Canning and preserving........ ...............
180.3 181.2 166.3 161. 7 161.3 181. 1 211.6 271.7 347.0 342.0 254.5 210.1 220.4 220.8
Grain-mill products_______________
111.7 113.3 113.3 113.3 112.2 113.3 115 7 117.0 117.0 116.0 115.3 113.8 114.3
281.4 280.8 280.5 280.3 282 3 283.9 285.9 285. 4 286.0 287.3 287. 4 284.3 287.2
Bakery products........................... .........
Sugar___________________________
26 6 30. 5 41.0
25.7
25.7
46. C 42.5
28 6 26.8
27.1
26 7 31.4
31.3
Confectionery and related products...
73.0
68.4
70.4
74.3
69.7
79.0
82. C 81.9
80. 3
75.5
68.6
71.3
75.4
77.5
Beverages________________________
208.3 202.6 199.6 196. 1 196.2 202. 5 208.5 209.5 211. C 216.6 220.2 216.8 207.0 209.9
Miscellaneous food products________
135.4 133.7 133.5 1.327 134.8 135.9 138.3 139.6! 141.8 141.4 142.7 137.3 137.7
See footnotes at end. of table-
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
930
T able A-2.
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1959
Industry
June2 M ay2 Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan,
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1958
1957
M a n u fa c tu rin g —Continued
N o n d u r a b le
pood*—Continued
Tobacco manufactures---------------Cigarettes---------------- ----------- Cigars______________________
Tobacco and snuflL...-------- -----Tobacco stemming and redrying.
Textile-mill products________ ______
Scouring and combing plants---------Yarn and thread mills------- ----------Broad-woven fabric mills--------------Narrow fabrics and small wares-----Knitting mills___________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles---------Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings.
Hats (except cloth and millinery)---Miscellaneous textile goods----------- -
80.2
975.0
93.3
37.0
28.7
6. 5
946.1
5.4
108.6
398.2
28.7
205.6
953 1
5.5
109.8
399. 8
28.8
87.7
48.0
950.7
5.3
108.2
398.0
29.1
209. 3
86.9
47.5
10.0
1 0.2
10.0
56.7
56.2
56.9
9.0
10.
965.5
5.6
110.5
397.9
29.7
220.4
88.4
46.5
960.3
5.5
109.8
397.1
29.6
216.0
56.5
88.9
37.1
27.3
6.4
18.1
6.6
79.9
37.1
27.2
1 0.0
86.4
37.3
27.4
6.4
15.3
82.0
37.4
27.2
6. 5
79.3
37.1
27.1
6.7
8.4
88.2
47.3
9.8
57.0
957.7
5.3
109.2
398.7
29.3
212.8
86.0
46.7
21.1
210. 1
86.4
46.3
9. 9
56.5
96.3
36 9
28. 6
6. 5
24.3
79.4
36 3
27.7
6.4
9.0
80.1
36. 5
28. 7
6.5
8. 4
90.4
36.4
29.1
6.5
18.4
94.1
34 6
32.6
95.5
37.2
29.1
6.5
22.7
104.1
36.6
29.1
6.5
31.9
106.8
36.9
28.7
6.5
34.7
958.4
5.3
954.7
5.3
109.3
399.0
28.4
217.1
85.3
45.3
9.8
55.2
941.5 l, 004. 8
951.4 946 4 920.4 930
5.2
5. 4
5.5
5.5
5.6
5.3
109.0 108 3 104 4 106.9 108.2 116.0
399. 2 398 1 392 9 394 3 399.
423.7
27 6 26 8 26 9 27. 5 29.1
28.2
216.2 515 3 204. 6 208. 7 207.0 214.5
84.
83
84 9 82.9
88.4
84.8
44.8
42.2
43 3 41.7
51. 5
44.6
10 4
10. 4 10.1
9.9
10.6
9.9
53.9
52.0
51.7
54. 2 52.9
60. 5
110. 1
400.2
28.5
215. 6
86.2
45.9
1 0.2
56.4
6. 6
20.3
Apparel and other finished textile prod
3 1,198.6
ucts__________ ___________ _____ 1,193. 0 1,183. 9 1,183. 7 1,214.2 1,207.3 1,180.4 1,183. 8 1,183. 2 1,181.2 1,184. 3 1,172.1 1,120. 7 , 122. 5 1,156.
109.7 109.1 109.0 106.2 106. 4 109.7 107. 2 103.1 107. 4 107.3 117.6
110. 6 109.2 110.
Men’s and boys' suits and coats-------Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work
311.3 316.5
333. 0 328.9 327.5 322.3 315.3 316.4 315.9 317.4 317.7 314. 5 307.3 310
clothing...............................................
346.7 346.8 345.2 339.9 343. 5 348.9 328. 1 319 2 339.7 352.1
336.6 338.2 359.4 359
Women’s outerwear________________
112
6
106. 5 109 9 114.1 119.6
115. 1
115.9 117.7 118.1 117.2 115.1 116.8 118.7 117
Women’s, children’s undergarments.~.
13 8 17.9
20 4 16.7
18.7
21. 1
19.9
18. 5 16.8
20.6
23.5
22.8
17.0
14.1
Millinery________________________
75. 4 73.6
75
76.0
74.8
74.0
73.4
73.5
74.8
77.
76.1
71. 2 75.1
73.9
Children’s outerwear_______ ______
10.7
11
. 1
10
7
11.9
11.2
10.4
9.4
12.0
12.0
10.
5
8.7
9.0
8.7
9.5
Fur goods__ _____________________
55 6 56. 7
58.3
59.5
53.1
59.2
60.3
59.9
58.1
56.1
58.0
58.7
58. 5 58.5
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories..
125.0
123.5
119.7
130.5
119.3
131.0
134.2
133.0
135.1
132.0
130.5
133.0
134.3
131.8
Other fabricated textile products------556.3 553.1 550.6 549.6 548.8 551.0 553. 7 553.8 554.5 550.2 537 8 542. 0 547.1 566.3
Paper and allied products-------------269.4 277.4
272.6 270.9 269.3 270.1 270.2 270.2 271.4 270.7 271.7 272.3 265. 3 267
Pulp, paper and paperboard mills.
151.2 150.4 150.1 149.7 150.2 152.5 154.3 154. 1 153. 2 149 9 146.0 147. 2 149.6 155.3
Paperboard containers and boxes..
128
126
9
128.0
126.5
133.6
132.5 131.8 131.2 129.8 128.4 128.3 128.0 129.0 129.6
Other paper and allied products...
859.2
320.5
61.0
57.0
Printing, publishing and allied industries.
Newspapers______________________
Periodicals____________ _______ ___
Books__________ ____ —------ ----------Commercial printing---------- ------ ----Lithographing------------ ------- ----------Greeting cards____________________
Bookbinding and related Industries...
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services________ ____ _____ ______
220. 0
66.3
20.3
46.1
847.1
Products of petroleum and coal----Petroleum refining-----------------Coke, ot her petroleum and coat
products___________________
238.3
Rubber products---------Tires and inner tubes..
Rubber footwear_____
Other rubber products.
262.0
Leather and leather products-------------Leather: tanned, curried, and finished
Industrial leather belting and packing
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings...
Footwear (except rubber)-------- ------Luggage.................................................
Handbags and small leather goods---Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods
See footnotes at end of table.
374.6
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
66.1
18.9
46.0
857.8
317.9
62.0
56.7
222.5
65.9
19.0
45.3
853.2
317.1
61.8
56.4
220.3
65.3
19.7
44.6
851.3 857.4
316.4 318.1
61.7
61.9
56.1
56.2
220. 5 221.7
66.8
65.1
20.5
19.6
44.4
44.2
856.8
318.8
62.6
55.6
219.9
66
21.9
44.0
858.3 854.8
318.2 316.1
62.4
63.0
55.4
55.3
221. 5 220.7
65.6
66.2
21.7
22.4
45.4
44.2
847.8 844 2
315.7 315.8
60.0
59 5
54 8 54.3
218. 1 218.0
65. 2 65 0
21.1
20. 5
45.4
44.2
847.2 852.2
316.4
316
60 1 61
54 0 55.0
220.7
219
65.7
65
20. 5 20.0
44.5
44.
857.9
315.0
61.7
55.5
223 9
66 7
19.5
46.1
68.4
69.5
809.0 820.9
101. 7 102.2
305. 8 310.6
102.9 102.9
844.8
108.2
323.6
49.3
73.0
7.8
35 6
38.5
50.0
75.4
8.5
35.8
40.5
67.9
68.5
68.0
67.4
68.1
67.6
67.5
67.5
66.9
846.4
101.6 101.4
322. 5 319.
103.6
102.1
837.7
827.
100.7
314.9
103.
823.5
100.5
313.6
103.4
823.7
99.9
312.8
103.0
823.7
100.5
312.2
102.7
825.1 821.4
100.0 100. 7
311.3 311.1
102. 7 103. 2
816.0
805 9
310.4
103.9
305 9
103.7
50.6
75.7
7.7
45.4
37.5
103.8
50.7
74.8
7.6
46.4
38.
103.2
50.4
74.1
7.6
41.
39.2
101.7
50.3
73.7
7.5
36.7
39.9
50.3
73.7
7.6
33.2
41
101.5
50.5
73.7
7.6
32.0
42.8
101.7
50.9
73.8
7.8
34.1
42.8
101.7
51.1
74.0
7.8
32.9
38.9
101.7
50.0
74.4
7.8
30.9
36.0
100.6
50.2
73.5
7.5
35.2
40.5
99.1
101.6
49.2
73.4
7.
30.2
35 3
99.5
48. 5
72.3
7. 7
33. 7
36.1
100.3
101.0
102.8
236. 5
188.7
236.6
188.
236.4
189.0
227.2
181.5
232.3
186.6
233.6
187.5
235.1
188.5
233.1
186.0
238.7
191.5
239.2
192.9
239.7
193.5
239.1
192.6
238.2
192.1
249.5
199.1
47.8
47.7
47.4
45.7
45.7
46.1
46.6
47.1
47.2
46.3
46.2
46.5
234.8 237.0
93.1
77.4
22. 5 17. 2
126.7
134.
260.8
104.4
21.4
135.0
258.4
102.7
21.3
134.4
258.8
103.8
257.2
103.4
253.7
252.8
21.2
21.2
21.2
133.8
132.6
130.4
21.4
130.4
245.3
99.7
365.2
37.2
5.0
19.2
245.8
15.3
27.6
15.1
371.5
37.7
4.7
19.4
249.1
14.8
31.5
14.3
373.1
38.1
4.7
19.4
250.7
14.8
31.8
13.6
369.3
38.3
4.6
19.7
249.0
14.5
30.8
12.4
368.3 363.9
38.2
38.4
4.4
4.5
18.6
19.5
245.2 238.6
16.0
15.3
31.9
33.5
13. 5 14.6
354.2
37.
4.3
17.8
230.0
16.0
33.2
15.0
68.0
Chemicals and allied products------ ------Industrial Inorganic chemicals----------Industrial organic chemicals------------Drugs and medicines-------------------- Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara
tions------------- ------- ------------------Paints, pigments, and fillers------------Gum and wood chemicals---------------Fertilizers...... ........................... - ........ —
Vegetable and animal oils and fats---Miscellaneous chemicals_____ _____
858.6
319.0
61.5
57.5
221.7
846.
364.5
37.4
4.8
19.0
244.6
15.3
28.
14.6
101.1
317.7
104.0
102.1
67.5
101.0
101.0
100 8
66.
46.1
50.4
265.2
357.2
37.9
4.1
18.2
238.1
15.0
29.9
14.0
369.9
40.7
4.6
18.9
243.8
15.6
30.1
16.2
20 6
120.2
116.3
233.5 244 6
100
96.
20. 5 20.9
116.2 122.9
360.3 362
37.3
37.8
3.9
4. 1
18.4
17.6
237.1 240.6
15.8
15.8
31.4
32.7
15.1
15.2
354.5
36.3
3.7
18.1
238.8
14.7
28.0
14.9
353.3
37.8
3.6
18.1
237.2
14.8
27.3
14.5
21.1
124.5
238.9 233.0
98. 1 96.6
20.1
100.0
110.0
21.9
133.3
931
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able A-2.
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1959
Annual
average
1958
Industry
June2 M ay2 Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1958
1957
Transportation and public utilities_______ 3,935 3,915 3,879 3,865 3,835 3,836 3,881 3,885 3,897 3,886 3,897 3,907 3,904 3,903 4,151
Transportation_____________ . _____ 2,595 2,576 2,542 2, 531 2,499 2, 498 2,538 2. 536 2, 546 2, 523 2, 520 2, 526 2, 527 2, 531 2,741
957.6 942.9 936.4 930.9 928.5 952.0 951.0 961.0 959.8 957.9 957.9 957. 1 963.6 1,123.4
Interstate railroads __ - ________
859.8 824.9 817.3 811.8 810.7 824.0 831.1 841. 5 839.9 844.4 837.5 836. 5 840.8 984.8
Class I railroads ___ _____________
96.4 103.6
92. 2 92.6
95.4
92.2
93.3
95.9
93.0
94. 1 94. 7 95.1
94.2
94.0
Local railways and buslines__________
841.0 828.2 823.4 810.2 802. 5 830.0 822.6 811.2 781.3 787.0 790.7 790. 4 792. 5 812. 3
Trucking and warehousing___________
685. 6 679.0 678.9 664.2 673.9 662.4 668.3 679.9 686. 9 672.4 681.8 683.4 678. 5 701.8
Other transportation and services_____
41.7
38.6
38.9
43.2
42.8
42.9
40.5
39.5
43.2
40.3
40.3
41. 3 42.5
39.9
Buslines, except local-__ ____
143.2 142.8 141.7 140.1 140.6 124.6 134.6 141.1 141.3 142.0 142.7 143.3 140.3 144.6
Air transportation (common carrier) .
Pipe-line transportation (except nat25.8
25.0
24.9
25.0
24.9
26.7
26.5
26. 4
25.0
25.2
25.1
25. 4 25. 8 26.4
ural gas) ____
771
742
769
772
742
742
743
744
764
810
742
747
751
757
Communication. __________________
752
704.4 704.3 704.0 705. 0 706.0 709. 1 712.6 713. 7 718.8 725.6 730.3 732.7 732.4 768.2
Telephone_______________________
37.0
38.3
38 5 38.3
41. 4
37.3
36.9
36.9
37. 2 37.3
37. 4 37. 5 37. 7 37.8
T elegraph.. _ . . . . __ __
592
612
605
601
597
593
594
596
613
600
595
606
598
Other public utilities___ _____________ 598
599
573.4 571.8 568.9 570.6 571.5 573. 8 575.2 576. 5 582.7 589.1 588.8 581.9 578.5 577.2
Gas and electric utilities. _______ .
254.9 254.3 252.5 254.1 254.3 254.9 255.8 256.6 259. 4 261.9 262.0 260.0 258.3 258. 7
Electric light and power utilities___
152.0 151.5 150.8 150.5 150.8 151. 5 151. 5 151. 8 153.4 155.6 155.1 152.3 151. 5 149.0
Gas utilities.. __ ..
__ __
Electric light and gas utilities com166.5 166.0 165. 6 166.0 166.4 167.4 167.9 168. 1 169. 9 171.6 171.7 169.6 168.7 169.5
bined. ___
Local utilities, not elsewhere class!23.5
22.9
22.4
23.2
23.2
22.8
22.5
23.1
22.7
23. 1 23.5
23.0
22.5
fled ...
22.9
Wholesale and retail trade..... ................
Wholesale trade______ _____________
Wholesalers, full-service and limited
function______________________
____________
Automotive_____
Groceries, food specialties, beer, wines,
and liquors_____ _______ . . .
Electrical goods, machinery, hardware,
and plumbing equipment
Other full-service and limited-function
wholesalers______________ _____
Wholesale distributors, other_______
Retail trade______________ _________
General merchandise stores_________
Department stores and general mailorder houses________ _____ _____
Other general merchandise stores__
Food and liquor stores...
___ _
Grocery, meat, and vegetable markets.
Dairy product stores and dealers__
Other food and liquor stores_____
Automotive and accessories dealers___
Apparel and accessories stores............
Other retail trade... _____ ________
Furniture and appliance s to re s ..__
Drug stores____ ________________
11,317 11,231 11,136 11,083 10,990 11,052 11,976 11,382 11,225 11,151 11,011 10,984 11,035 11,141 11,302
3,058 3,026 3,024 3,019 3,025 3,028 3, 065 3,052 3, 039 3, 016 2, 994 2,989 2, 980 3,013 3.065
1, 791. 5 1,784.0 1, 777. 5 1,775.7 1, 775. 2 1,801.0 1,791.2 1, 776. 6 1, 762. 7 1,744.6 1, 737.1 1, 730. 2 1, 752.0 1,772.1
133.2 131.5 130.8 130.1 129. 5 129.1 128.8 127.9 127.8 127.6 127.4 126.3 126.5 123.3
304.3
305.6
306.3
308.3
307.4
312.6
311.9
307.7
306. 1 299.0
300.8
297.4
303.1
303.4
442.8
442.0
439.8
438.8
438.9
440.5
439.7
438.2
437.4
437.0
436.1
435.9
439.2
457.1
911.2 904.9 900.6 898. 5 899.4 918.8 910.8 902.8 891.4 881.0 872.8 870. 6 883.2 888.3
1, 234.8 1, 240.1 1,241.3 1, 249.0 1, 252. 6 1,264. 4 1,261.0 1, 262. 8 1, 253. 2 1,249 7 1,252.2 1, 249. 8 1,261.4 1.293. 1
8, 259 8,205 8,112 8,064 7, 965 8,024 8,911 8, 330 8,186 8,135 8, 017 7,995 8, 055 8,128 8,237
1, 412. 9 1, 414. 5 1,388.4 1,388. 3 1, 348. 9 1, 397. 2 1, 942. 6 1, 575. 3 1,473.8 1, 420. 8 1, 350. 9 1,336.7 1, 361.0 1,433.8 l, 457.1
902. 5 893.0 890. C 870. C 908.9 1,260.1 1, 022. 7 946.1 908. 1 870 8 863.5 876.7 925.1 944. 4
512.0 495.4 498.3 478.9 488.3 682. 5 552. 6 527. 7 512.7 480.1 473. 2 484.3 508.7 512. 7
1,612.7 1, 608.8 1,604. 5 1,599.0 1, 597. 9 1, 582. 5 1, 629. 6 1,610.8 1, 597. 3 1, 595. 5 1,582.1 1, 590. 7 1, 594. 1 1, 598.8 1, 573. 9
1,170. 4 1,167.9 1,165.1 1,162.0 1,152. 0 1,179. 7 1, 168.6 1,156. 4 1,146. 7 1.130. 6 1,139.1 1, 140.1 1,149.4 1.106.9
223.8 222.6 219.1 218.5 218. 8 220.0 221.0 222. 4 230.2 234.3 234.0 233. 2 227.4 234.3
214. 6 214.0 214.8 217. 4 211. 7 229. 9 221.2 218. 5 218. 6 217.2 217.6 220.8 222.0 232. 7
790.3 788.6 782.0 771.7 768.1 766.3 781.2 763. 0 754.5 755. 0 756.6 755. 2 755. 7 764. 5 804. 2
596.9 597.1 584.5 597. C 564.2 582. C 717.2 619.3 602. 5 590. 4 546.7 552.4 591.8 592.1 604.6
3,846. 5 3, 795.9 3, 752. 3 3, 707. 8 3, 686. C3,696. 2 3, 840.1 3,761.7 3, 757. 5 3, 773. 6 3, 780. 9 3, 759. 6 3, 752. 0 3, 738.4 3. 796. 8
387.9 386.3 387. 7 389. C 390.8 410. 7 397.2 392. 4 388.5 385.1 384.5 385.6 390.2 394.8
369.5 364.1 359.4 359.6 357.9 393. 7 360.1 356.6 355.2 353.2 352.9 351.9 355.8 354.7
Finance, insurance, and real estate_____
Banks and trust companies_____ _____
Security dealers and exchanges________
Insurance carriers and agents _ _____
Other finance agencies and real estate...
2,445
2,414
629.3
94.0
896.0
794.9
2,403
628.2
92.9
896.3
785.1
2,386
626.1
91.4
896.2
772.4
2,371
622.4
89.9
893.2
765.0
2,363
618.9
87.1
891.0
765.8
2,373
618. 6
86.8
892.3
775.3
2,374
616.5
85.9
892.3
778.9
2,380
615.5
85.2
894.2
785.0
2,392
616. 4
84.8
900.3
790.8
2,413
621. 9
85.6
906.1
799.2
2,410
621.6
85.2
903.7
799.6
2, 391
615. 0
83.8
895.6
796.3
2,374
615.3
84.6
895.0
779.5
2,348
602. 8
83. 8
869. 6
792.0
Service and miscellaneous .................... ...
Hotels and lodging places__________ .
Personal services:
Laundries__ __ ___ . ....................
Cleaning and dyeing plants____ ____
Motion pictures ___________ ______
6,618
6,583
502.1
6,511
494.1
6,377
469.3
6,333
466. 5
6,314
460.9
6,384
467.6
6,426
473.6
6,463
478.6
6,472
526.6
6, 452
608.3
6,465
607.0
6, 488
538.1
6,395
511.3
€, 336
531.0
311.8
175.6
190.1
307.9 305.3
170. 5 166.8
189.2 180.9
304.3
164. 6
177.9
306.5
165. 9
176.9
307.3
166.9
179.2
309.0
168. 3
183.1
311.0
169.8
191.3
311.6
166.5
195.3
314. 3
163.1
195.6
317.7
167. 1
193. 9
318. 1 312.7
173 4 167.4
192.6 189.8
326.3
169.8
204.1
Government. ________________________ 8,112 8,122 8,111 8,093 8,066 8,024 8,373 8,074 8,040 7,943 7,678 7,664 7,866 7,893 7,626
Federal3______________ ____________ 2,169 2,159 2,162 2,157 2,155 2,157 2,487 2,172 2,173 2,174 2,192 2,192 2,184 2,191 2.217
Executive_______ . . _____________
2,131.3 2,134. 4 2,129.4 2,127.5 2,129. 6 2,460. 4 2,145. 5 2,145. 6 2,146. 8 2,164. 6 2,164. 7 2, 156.8 2,164.2 2, 190. 2
Department of Defense____ _____
943.3 945.1 946.2 948.9 954. 2 958. 5 961.6 963.0 962.5 967.6 968.8 966. 5 960.3 1,007.3
Post Office D epartm ent______ .
542. 7 541. 5 540.6 539.3 540. 0 861.0 542.7 538. 8 539.0 541.6 538.9 535.9 562.8 551. 4
Other agencies___________________
645.3 647.8 642.6 639.3 635.4 640.9 641.2 643.8 645.3 655.4 657.0 654.4 641.1 631. 5
22.2
22.2
22.3
22.1
22.2
22.1
22.1
22.1
22.3
22.0
Legislative________________________
22.4
22. 5 22. 4 22.3
4.7
4.8
4.8
4.7
4.7
4.8
4.7
4.8
4.6
4.8
4.8
Judicial. . _________ ____________
4.8
4.8
4.8
State and local * ___________________ 5,943 5, 963 5,949 5,936 5,911 5. 867 5,886 5, 902 5, 867 5, 769 5, 486 5,472 5,682 5,702 5, 409
1,476.3
1,443.9
1.443.7
1,
466.
7
1,
525.
5
1,517.6
1,517.
1
1,470.8
1,382.
9
1,516.2
1,
517.
4
State______ _____________ _______ _
1. 538. 6 1, 535. 2 1, 531.7
Local_____ _____ _______ ________
4, 424.6 4,414.2 4, 404.6 4,385. 7 4, 350. 6 4. 368.1 4, 384.1 4, 349. 7 4, 292. 7 4.041.9 4, 027. 9 4. 215.0 4, 231.1 4,025. 7
2,
223.
2
2,
716.
7
2,
573.
9
2,
230.
2
2.
483.
2
2,
771.
4
2,
742.
6
2,
563.
7
2,
401.
8
2,
742.
5
2,
735.
5
Education_______________________
2, 773.0 2, 774.8 2,774.2
Other___ _______________________
3,190.2 3,174.6 3,162.1 3,139.8 3,131. 3 3,143.0 3,159.1 3,1,50.1 3,195.1 3, 255. 6 3,248. 4 3.198. 5 3,138. 2 3, 006. 8
1 Beginning with the August 1958 issue, figures for 1956-58 differ from those
previously published because of the adjustment of the employment estimates
to 1st quarter 1957 benchmark levels indicated by data from government
social insurance programs. Statistics from 1957 forward are subject to revi
sion when new benchmarks become available.
These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all full- and
part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked during,
or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the
month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than one establishment
during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are ex
cluded,
s Preliminary.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 Data for Federal establishments refer to continental United States; they
relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for, the last day
of the month.
* State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U.8. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the
U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which Is
prepared by the U.8. Interstate Commerce Commission.
932
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
T able A-3.
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
1959
Annual
average
1958
Industry
June2 M ay2 Apr.
Min in# __ _ _ ._ ..... .....
...........
Metal__________________ ___ _______
Iron ____ ______ ______ _______
Copper
_________ ____________
Lead and zinc___ ___ ___________ —
Anthracite----- ------ ------------ -------------Bituminous coal_______ _____________
Orude-petroleum and natural-gas production _______________________
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services)______ -__
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying.......... ___
Contract construction.. ...______________
Nonbuilding construction_____________
Highway and street construction_____
Other nonbuilding construction______
Building construction_______________
General contractors. ______________
Special-trade contractors_________ ..
‘Plumbing and heating....................
Painting and decorating___________
Electrical work. ______ _________
Other special-trade contractors_____
Manufacturing ... ----------- ------------------- 12,499
Durable goods.................... —............. 7,240
Nondurable goods________________ 5, 259
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
555
80.6
30.6
25.3
10.0
13.2
156.2
547
79.4
29.3
25.1
9.9
13.5
156.6
542
77.2
27.9
24.0
10.1
14.6
160.4
547
77.4
26.6
25.2
10.2
16.2
167.9
557
77.6
26.4
25.1
10.3
566
76. 9
25. 8
25.0
10.2
17.6
171.4
210.6
205.9
203.1
201.1
104.9
105.0
91.8
105.4
84.2
1,889
347
140.6
206.8
1,542
535.0
1. 006.6
230.7
124.6
130.5
520.8
11,937
6, 794
5,143
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1958
1957
17.8
171.4
563
77.0
26.7
24.4
9.7
17.7
169.5
560
73.8
27.3
22.5
8.6
17.5
168.3
564
74.3
27.3
23. 2
9.2
16.7
166.2
559
72. 1
25.3
22.4
9.3
16.2
163.3
556
73.5
25.7
22.0
9.7
17.5
158.0
569
76. 4
25.8
22.9
10.8
17.4
169.2
572
76.5
26.1
23.4
10.5
18.5
173. 8
26.4
208.4
205.6
209.7
205.8
205.7
210.8
213.3
21T .8
211.4
211.1
238.0
106.3
85.1
108.1
93.4
109.3
112.9
95.5
2,407
532
201. 8
269.8
1.875
680.6
1. 194. 2
257. 6
164.4
143. 8
628.4
11,981
6, 742
5,239
2,508
580
292.3
287. 5
1,928
698.5
1, 229.9
265.8
172.2
148.4
643.5
11,721
6,421
5,300
2,544
598
303.4
294.7
1,946
709.1
1, 236. 9
263.6
176.3
151. 6
645.4
11,940
6, 579
5,361
114.8 112.9
94.8
91.9
2,503 2,432 2,278
581
573
497
293.0 285.6 231.8
288.4 287. 4 265 1
1,922 1,859 1,781
717.0 695. 5 658.1
1, 204. 5 1, 163. 9 1, 122.6
253. 7 243.3 247.0
180. 2 163. 5 153.3
138.9 132. 5 138.2
631.7 624.6 584.1
11,353 11,415 11,658
6 , 270 6 , 350 6, 507
5,083 5,065 5,151
122.6
94.8
115.2
93.9
2,570
596
301.0
294.8
1,974
730.1
1, 244.0
260.3
183.9
146. 5
653.3
11.645
6, 339
5,306
115.6
95.1
1,975
366
151.8
214.0
1, 609
562. 3
1. 046. 5
238.7
130.9
135.4
541. 5
11,855
6, 739
5,116
108.0
89.7
2,115
434
192. 9
241.1
1,681
589.0
1, 092.0
250.9
146.9
141.4
552.8
11,930
6,740
5,190
664
94.4
33.9
27.3
14.1
94.7
2,444
574
281.0
292.5
1,870
681.1
1, 188.4
249.7
179.0
134.8
624.9
12,299
7.136
5,163
2,275
493
228.6
264.0
1,782
647.9
1, 134.5
244.3
155.8
127.3
607.1
12,167
7,025
5,142
105.1
87.1
2,043
398
169.8
228.4
1, 645
582.5
1, 062. 5
235.5
136.0
126.0
565.0
12,117
6 , 937
5,180
74.3
73.5
73.4
73.0
72.0
72.9
72.8
71.4
66.6
68.4
66.8
67.0
68.3
68.4
76.9
632.5
598.9
93.5
294.7
568.1
77.2
285.4
551.5
76.0
276.8
536.7
69.5
272.6
547.0
75.3
274.9
564.7
83.3
282.0
579.4
90.0
289.6
594.4
94.2
297.5
590. J
93. 1
297.3
580.6
88.4
296.8
572.0
86.5
292.9
578.3
93.8
290.9
556.8
80.1
283.6
588.3
80.1
303.5
119.8
41.2
49.7
317.5
237.8
115.2
40.6
49.7
316.5
237.7
110.1
40.2
48.4
109.5
40.4
46.9
112.2
40.9
46.7
312.3
233. 6
114.0
41.8
46.9
313.2
234.4
112.4
41.2
46.1
309.8
229.6
300. 5
221.9
107.3
40. 5
44.8
285.5
211.7
106.9
41.3
45.4
312.6
234.6
111.9
40.8
46.7
308.6
230.0
110.5
39.5
45.4
315.8
237.6
107.4
39.8
47.4
315.1
237.4
106. 5
40.6
46.0
297.3
220.1
108.3
45.5
50.9
314.2
228. »
34.6
34.8
34.9
34.6
34.6
34.9
35.2
35.0
36.0
35.1
32.0
32.9
34.2
38.2
25 6
25.1
24.6
25.0
25.3
25.7
25.6
25.8
26.5
26.2
24.8
25.2
25.6
28.4
18.1
412.9
20.5
80.3
14.6
31.5
59.0
38.8
85.8
15.3
18. 1
411.3
19. 9
79.0
14.4
32.3
60.4
38.3
85.2
15.4
18.0
421.9
19. 7
81.3
14.3
34. 4
64.4
38.7
87.8
15.8
17.9
426.2
18.8
82.1
14.3
35.0
65. 5
38.9
90.3
16.6
18.0
422.3
12.1
83.2
14.2
35.4
66.2
38.4
91.7
16.4
17.7
438.1
28.0
83.9
13.7
35.7
66. 1
37.7
94.0
16.5
17.3
17.0
422.0
24.4
82.2
12.7
35.2
65.4
35.8
90.3
16.1
18.3
416.5
23.9
80 8
12.5
35.7
63.3
35. 7
88.4
15.9
17.4
429.7
26. 4
82.2
13.1
35.3
66.3
36.6
93.0
15.6
417.8
23.5
80.5
13.3
34.6
63.4
37.6
86.9
15.7
18.7
456.0
30.9
83.4
15.0
35.0
70.3
43.3
90.6
16.5
67.1
979.3
66.4
65.5
943.4
65.3
929.8
64.7
898.6
62.5
61.2
952.3
896.5
863.8
59.9
851.9
859.3
62.3
71.0
891.0 1, 081.6
489.4
184.4
468.6
180.5
464.4
178.2
459.3
174.2
457.1
158.5
444.9
164.8
428.0
155.9
419.1
159.2
424.6
159.8
436.8
167.4
537.0
201.6
42.5
42.5
42.8
41.9
41.1
40.8
41.1
40.8
41.0
43.2
53.5
8.9
8.9
8.7
8.7
8.4
8.2
8.1
7.9
7.7
8.2
9.8
84.8
51.6
117.7
84.9
51.2
115.7
84.8
50.8
113.7
83.6
50.3
111.8
81.9
47.6
104.0
81.0
47.7
109.1
80.3
44.9
105.5
79.1
42.3
103.5
78.3
43.6
104.3
80.6
46.4
108.4
89.2
58.6
131.9
816.7
49.3
107.6
819.6
48.2
108.6
824.3
47.8
109.0
827.1
50.6
107.0
791.2
51.7
87.6
821.6
54.4
103.6
788.3
55.3
96.6
764.9
53.4
93.4
772.6
52.3
96.7
795.8
50.6
100.1
892.5
51.4
115.5
86.7
203.0
182.4
37. i
45.4
82.5
206.1
186.1
37.4
45.8
82.4
211.7
186.5
37.6
44.9
86.1
214.7
183.1
37.5
45.1
87.8
219.9
166.2
32.8
44.4
86.5
224.8
175.6
35.9
42.3
84.1
223.8
160.9
33.2
40.7
80.4
220.5
158.1
31.6
39.2
81. 4
218.9
161. 4
32.2
39.7
83.3
220.0
169.4
34.2
41.7
83.9
241.8
201.3
40.8
47.9
104.9
104.9
104.4
103.0 , 100.8
98.5
93.7
88.3
90.0
96.5
109.9
96.3
2,442
515
226.8
288.5
1,927
772.6
1. 154.1
265.9
150.1
151.7
586.4
12,911
7,523
5, 388
D u r a b le good»
Ordnance and accessories_____________
Lumber and wood products (except fur
niture)______ ________ __________
Logging camps and contractors______
Sawmills and planing mills______ ___
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products__________
Wooden containers__ ______________
Miscellaneous wood products________
Furniture and fixtures_______________
Household furniture_______________
Office, public-building, and professional
furniture...............................................
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fix-
321.0
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous fur
18.7
18.9
niture and fixtures_______________
19.5
464.3 453.1 444.3 432.5
Stone, clay, and glass products________
29.8
29. 5
29. 8
Flat glass _______________________
82.2
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown _
85.8
83.8
15.2
14.2
Glass products made of purchased glass.
14.8
35.3
34.7
33.3
Cement, hydraulic_________________
Structural clay products____________
61. 2
65.9
64.6
Pottery and related products________
39.3
40.1
39.6
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
95.8
92.4
87.5
Out-stone arid stone products________
15. 7
15. 2
15. 4
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products_______________________
68.6
70. 8
69 4
Primary metal industries_____________ 1, 070.4 1, 052. 5 1, 037.4 1, 014.7
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
m ills__________________________
537. 5 529. 2 515. 2
Iron and steel foundries_____________
196.0 194.3 189. 6
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals__________ ________
42 7
42 1
42. 5
Secondary smelting and refining of non9.0
ferrous metals___________________
9.3
9.1
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals___________________
86.7
91.6
89.1
Nonferrous foundries... ____________
52 8
52.3
53.0
Miscellaneous primary metal Industries.
122.4 120.8 119.4
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transporta
tion equipment). . ......... ............ — 862.9 851.0 839.5 829.2
52.8
51.4
49.6
Tin cans and other tinware - ______
107.7 106.8 108.1
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware------ ___
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
88.6
88.8
90.0
plumbers' supplies
214.7 210.9 204.5
Fabricated structural metal products..
189.6 187.1 187.0
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving.
38.4
37. S
38. Í
Lighting fixtures___________________
46.3
46.4
46.6
Fabricated wire products..................... ___
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod
111.4 109.6 107.2
ucts____________________________
See footnotes at end of table,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
286.8
210.4
60.3
933
A.—EMPLOYMENT
Table A-3.
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, byindustry ^Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1958
1959
Industry
June2 May2 Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1958
1957
Manufacturing—Continued
D u r a b l e g o o d s —Continued
Machinery (except electrical)------ --------- 1,149.7 1,145.6 1,126. 2 1,112.9 1,089.7 1,057 3 1,038. 2 1, 020.1 1,004.5 1,007.0
58.6
64.4
61. 1 56.9
62.3
61.5
65.0
64.2
63.5
Engines and turbines_______________
84.0
95.3
83. 1 96.9
123.9 117.1 115.3 110.5
91.7
Agricultural machinery and tractors__
88 8 86 6 84.9 81.9 76 2 77.3 78. 4
92.5
90.1
Construction and mining machinery...
Metalworking machinery___________ ........... 173.9 171.7 168.6 163.6 159.9 157.8 155.0 149.1 150.5
Special-industry machinery (except
113.0 112.0 111.1 109.5' 107.7 107.0 106.2 105.0 105.3
metalworking machinery)_________
140.6 138.4 135.4 134 3 134.4 133.7 132.9 131.7 132.0
General Industrial machinery................
89.5
88.7
89.1
88.0 87.8 88.4 88.5 87.7 86.3
Office and store machines and devices.Service-industry and household ma140.3 138.7 138.5 136.1 132.7 129.0 125.7 121.4 120. 1
chines
_______________________
206.9 204.9 202.1 197.6 195.9 194.9 190.9 178.5 180.5
Miscellaneous machinery parts......... —
827.1
Electrical machinery-------------------------Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial apparatus _________________________
Electrical appliances
.. .
Insulated wire and cable_________ - _
Electrical equipment ior vehicles...___
Electric lamps __________________
Clnmmnnication equipment
M iscellaneous electrical products_____
990.2 1.014.1 1,039. 3 1,255.7
56.5
58.1
60.7
68.3
94. 5 94.7 105.7
94 0
79 8 79.8
82.4 109.4
151.7 157.6 162.1 218.2
104 5
130 3
82.7
103.7
131.0
82.1
105.8
136.2
83.1
108.5
138.1
84.0
125.9
166.3
99.2
113.3
172.3
118. 5
172.9
1:20.7
178.3
123.2
185.6
141.2
221.5
734.0
802.5
798.4
795.5
791.3
788.9
788.2
711.6
716.4
750.1
857.7
269.0 265.1
27.8
27.2
21.5
21.7
54.3
55.6
23.2
22.9
380. 5 375. 2
34.8
34.8
261.4
27.0
21.5
55.4
22.5
375.9
34.7
259.4
26.2
21 6
55 3
22.4
375.2
35.4
261.9
26.2
21.9
51.3
22.4
373.4
34.2
258.3
26.8
21.7
50.8
22.3
375.1
33.9
253.9 237.7 244.2 238.6 235.1
25. 5 24 1 23.0
27 9 26.3
20.2 18.6 17.3
21 3 20.9
49. 2 44 3 43.3
53 1 35.9
22. 1 21.8 21.4 21 3 20 8
375 7 372.0 368.4 354 9 340 6
34.2
32.2
31.4
33.3
31.5
237.7
247.8
25.4
19.3
47.0
22.5
355 4
32.7
288.4
31.2
20.9
59.3
26.1
395.8
36.0
811.1
Transportation equipment------------------ 1,233.1 1,236. 9 1, 229. 0 1,225. 6 1,203. 3 1, 215. 6 1. 207. 6 1,199. 0
599.2 594. 3 591. 1 567. 8 580. 5 566.8 554 1
M otor vehicles and equipment_______
462.4 463. 5 469.0 473.2 474 5 482.9 483 7
Aircraft and parts__________________
276.7 279.8 283.9 287.6 288.2 292.4 293.3
Aircraft ______________ ________
88.4
90.6
90.5
87.0
87. 5 88.1 88.7
Aircraft engines and p a rts.________
9.4
9.8
9.6
10.2 10 1
9.4
9.6
Aircraft propellers and parts_______
89 8
86. 8 87.2
87 3 88.3
89.3
89.7
Other aircraft parts and equipment..
126.9 125. 5 122 7 120 1 121.2 118.6 122 4
Ship and boat building and repairing__
105.6 104.7 103.8 101 7 103.9 101.6 106 4
Shipbuilding and repairing________
21.3
20.8 18.9 18.4 17.3 17.0 16.0
Boatbuilding and repairing________
34.8
32. 5 32.1
37.6
34.7
30.7
40.1
Railroad equipment___ ____________
8.3
8.1 8.0 7.5 6.9 7.2 8.1
Other transportation equipment_____
746.0
762.2
976.8
56.8
91 8
79 5
145.6
22.8
18.5
43. 5
21.6
339.7
32.6
991. 5 1,100.1 1,033. 6 1,062. 9 1,083. 8 1,124.0 l, 383. 6
357 8 462. 9 402. 2 432.7 443.5 480.0 630. 1
480.8 480.4 474 1 471.3 476.2 479.3 563.6
291.0 291.7 291.4 289.1 291.6 291.5 340.9
87 7 87.9
90.9
88.7
89.9 111.3
90.3
12.8 12.2 13.9
10. 4 11.0 11. 1 11 9
83.9
82 4 83.1
89.1
86.8
85.7
97.5
118.4 118.0 118.1 119 2 123.9 121.4 127.2
103 7 104.4 105.0 104. 5 107.5 105.1 108.5
13. 1 14.7
16.4
13.6
16.3
18.7
14.7
31.2
30.5
36.1
26.1
33.0
54.7
32.7
8.0 7.0 7.2 7.2 8.0
8.4
8.3
218.5
215.9
215.9
212.6
209.1
209.6
209.0
207.2
204.9
199.2
195.9
199.1
205.3
34.7
34.1
33.5
32.9
32.5
32.1
32.0
31.7
31.6
30.8
30.6
31.2
31.8
36.6
60.5
10.2
59.8
10.4
60.9
10.3
59.3
67.2
57.2
57. 5
56.8
9.6
56.0
9.5
53.4
9.1
53.4
8.9
54.1
9.2
55.8
9.4
62.1
10.3
28.8
28.4
19.7
38. 5
25.0
28.1
19.5
38.4
25.2
27.9
19.2
38 3
24.8
19.0
38 7
24.0
18.8
39.6
24.2
18.5
39.8
24.2
27.0
18.2
39.6
24.3
27.0
17.9
39.2
23.7
26.6
17 9
38 9
22.5
27.0
17.6
38.5
19.9
27.2
18.2
38.3
20.9
27.3
18.4
39.7
22.9
28.9
19.6
43.7
25.0
377.8
35.3
14.6
69.4
22.4
46.9
71.8
117.4
372.4 367.7 360.0 349.7 360.4 379 4 385.8 380.0 365.6 346.2 354.5 361.0
33. 5 32.8
35.6
33.4
34. 9 35.0
35.1
35.9
36.3
36.2
34.5
35.3
13.0
11.8 12.9 13.6
14. 8
14.8
14 4 14.2
13.7
14.6
14 3
14.3
71.4
75.5
70.1
61.0
57.6
79.0
70.7
67.5
65.6
57.6
52.0
78.8
22.4
22.1 21. 5 21.2 21.6 22. 1 22.2 21.6 21.6 20 6 22.8 22.3
47.9
43.1
44.5
46. 4
48. 4 47.4
49 2 49. 9 49.1
46 7 48.1
48.6
71. 4 70. 6 69.0
67.6
68 4 68.3 66.7 64.0 61.6 61.0 64.8
68.7
116.6 116.1 113.6 110.9 114.9 117.6 116.2 114.3 110.1 106.2 109.2 111.9
390.6
36.3
15.3
75.6
24.0
49.2
71.6
118.6
Food and kindred products.............. ........ 1,014.3
Meat, product.«
.......... .
"Dairy products
. . .....
Canning and preserving____________
Grain-mill products_______________
Bakery products___________________
Sugar____________________________
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages
_____________________
Misoeilanpons food products. ,
973.1
241. 5
68.2
146.6
77.8
159.9
19. 4
54.3
111. 7
93.7
958.3 945.4
235.3 239.2
64. 5 62 3
147.8 133.9
78.2
76.6
158.6 158. 4
20.0 20.3
55.8
56.5
107.2 104.9
92. 5 91.7
70.2
69.1
31.9
25.4
5.6
6.2
Instruments and related products--------Laboratory, scientific and engineering
instruments-------------------------------Mechanical measur ing and controlling
instruments . __ ______________
Optical instruments and lenses---------Surgical, medical, and dental instruments. _______________________
Ophthalmic goods _________________
Photographic apparatus------------------Watches and plnpks
__
220.9
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware...
Musical instruments and parts_______
Toys and sporting goods____________
Pens, pencils, other office supplies____
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions___
Fabricated plastics p rod u cts..______
Other manufacturing industries---------
383.4
20.0
38.8
25. 5
—
10.2 10.1 10.0 10.0
27.6
27.0
27.7
226.2
N o n d u r a b le go o d s
Tobacco manufactures_______________
Cigarettes________________________
Clears
Tobacco and snuff'.. ______________
Tobacco stemming and redrying_____
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
—
69.7
31.8
25. 5
5.5
6.9
72.0
32.2
25.6
5.4
8.8
942.6 949.6 1,001.0 1, 050.1 1,115.2 1,178. 4 1,172.0 1,080. 6 1.038.7 1,035. 3 1,065.7
239 0 242. 5 250.2 250.9 250. 5 249.0 246.0 243. 8 243 1 243.5 259.2
71 5 73.0
62.2
64. 4 67.9
73.0
66.7
69.6
60.8
62.2
61.3
129.2 128.7 148.2 178 1 237.1 311.8 306.9 220.2 176.8 186.6 187. 7
82. 5 82.4
81.4
81.0
79.5
79.5
78. 3 77.0
78. 4 81.0
78.6
159.0 159. 4 162.0 164.0 166. 1 165.8 166.3 167.1 167.5 164.9 169 9
21.4
23.4
21.6 21.4 25.9 26.1
40.4
25.3
35.5
36.8
21.3
63.5
61.6
59. 5 60.7
64.5
67.6
68.1 66.5 61. 5 54.6 58.0 112.4
120.9 119.5
116.1
102.6 102.8 108.7 114.8 115.4 115.2 117.7
98.3
98.4
94.1
96.3
98.0
94.2
92.1
91.1
92.7
93. 7 95.8
76 4
32.2
25. 7
5.4
13.1
78.8
32.0
25.6
5.4
15.8
83.0
32.1
27.0
5.4
18.5
85.0
32.2
27.3
5. 4
20.1
93.6
31.7
27.4
5.5
29.0
96.1
32.0
27.0
5. 5
31.6
85. 5
32 0
26.9
5.4
21.2
69.5
31.3
26. 1
5.4
67
70.2
31.5
27.1
5.4
6.2
80.1
31.5
27.4
5.4
15.8
84.4
30.2
30.9
5.5
17.8
934
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
Table A S .
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1959
Industry
M ay2 Apr.
Annual
average
1958
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1958
1957
850.8
4.7
99.7
372.4
23.9
186.8
73.7
36.7
9.0
43.9
912.9
5.0
107.2
401.5
25.4
194.3
77.1
42.5
9.4
50.6
M annfac taring—C ontinued
Nondurable ¡foods— C ontinued
T extile-m ill produ cts___________________
Scouring and com bing p la n ts_________
Yarn and thread m ills________________
Broad-w oven fabric m ills_____________
Narrow fabrics and sm all w ares________
K n ittin g m i l l s . . . ..........................................
D y ein g and finishing textiles__________
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings........
H ats (except cloth and m illin ery)_____
M iscellaneous textile goods____________
883.4
874.2
5.1
102.0
370.6
26.1
199.9
76.6
38.7
8.8
46.4
869.2
4.9
101.5
369.5
25.9
196.0
76.4
39.4
8.7
46.8
866.4
4.7
100.8
371.0
25.7
192.6
76.1
40.1
8.9
46.5
860.0
4.7
99.8
370.3
25.5
189.3
75.4
39.9
9.0
46.1
855.5
4.9
100.0
370.7
25.2
185.9
74.5
39.0
8.8
46.5
862.2
4.9
101.5
371.8
25.2
190.2
74.7
38.6
8.7
46.6
867.0
4.8
101.7
372.1
24.8
195.3
74.6
38.2
8.9
46.6
863.3 859.9
4.8
4.8
100 8 100.6
370.9 371.1
24 7 24.5
197.0 196.0
73.4
73.8
37.5
36.7
8.6
8.6
45.2
44.2
855.2
5.1
99.9
370.1
23.9
195.0
73.8
35.3
9.0
43.1
Apparel and other finished textile prod
u cts................................................................. 1,059.5 1,053.8 1,054. 5 1,084.8 1,078.3 1,051.0 1,055.6 1,053.3 1,051. 2 1,055.3 1,044.3
99.0
97.0
97.3
96.5
96.4
M en ’s and b oys’ su its and coats.............
98.3
93.9
97.4
93.8
95.0
M en ’s and b oys’ furnishings and work
clothing............................ ............. ...............
303.6 299.8 298.8 293.5 286.6 288.1 287.6 289.1 289,6 287.0
W om en's outerw ear___________________
300.5 302.8 323.2 323.4 310.2 311.1 308.2 303.1 306.7 312.2
W om en’s, children’s undergarm ents___
103.3 105.1 105.6 105.1 102.9 104.7 106.9 105.6 103.3 100.9
11.8
14.8
21.0
M illin ery _____________________________
20.2
18.3
16.3
14.5
17.6
18.4
18.7
65.7
C hild ren’s outerw ear__________________
62.9
66.6
69.8
68.0
65.5
65.0
67.4
66.3
66.3
7.4
6.4
6.4
8.1
Fur goods_____________________________
6.8
6.9
9.4
9.4
8.2
9.3
52.6
52.8
52.4
M iscellaneous apparel and accessories..
53.2
50.7
52.5
54.1
54.6
53.8
52.7
Other fabricated textile products______
109.9 112.9 112.1 109.4 110.9 112.9 113.7 111.8 110.1 102.5
830.2
5.0
98.0
365.3
23.2
184.2
71.7
33.8
9.0
42.0
839.7
4.9
98.5
366.7
23.3
188.5
72.4
34.1
9.3
42.0
992.0
90.8
993.6 1,027.0 1,064.5
95.1
95.0 105.3
279.9
291.4
94.5
14.7
66.5
8.6
47.4
98.2
283.2
282.5
97.6
11.8
66 8
8.5
49.3
98.8
283.9
302.7
101.9
15.7
65.1
8.2
50.9
103.6
288.9
312.0
106.8
16.3
65.7
7.8
53.2
108.5
452.6
445.9
222.4
120.8
102.7
443.1
221.1
120.0
102.0
440.8
219.2
120.0
101.6
440.1
220.1
119.4
100.6
440.2
220.8
120.1
99.3
442.7
220.8
122.5
99.4
445.9
222.5
124.3
99.1
446.5
222.2
124.2
100.1
447.0
222. 5
124.0
100.5
441.7
222.7
120.0
99.0
429.0
215.4
116.1
97.5
433.4
218.8
117.1
97.5
439.3
220.7
119.6
99.0
458.8
229.1
125.2
104.5
557.2
553.6
161.5
26.3
35.3
176.5
50.0
15.1
36.3
553.2
160.5
27.0
35.1
178.2
49.8
13.9
36.2
550.9
158.6
26.9
34.6
179.1
49.6
13.6
35.6
545.0
157.3
26.3
34.6
176.9
49.1
13.7
34.9
543.5
156.3
26.2
34.3
177.9
48.7
13.6
34.7
549.7
159.4
25.3
33.7
178.9
50.5
14.6
34.8
648.0
159.7
25.7
33.2
176 8
50.2
15.7
34.9
550.6
159.4
26.3
33.3
178.6
50.1
16.2
34.9
547.6
157.1
26.1
33.8
177. 5
49.6
15.8
35.9
541.7
156.3
24.7
33.3
175.1
49.4
15.4
35.7
637.2
155.7
24.1
32.9
174.6
49.1
14.7
34.7
641.0
157.5
24.6
33.1
176.0
49.3
14.7
34.8
545.4
157.2
25.5
33.7
177.5
49.7
14.2
35.0
553.2
156.1
25.6
35.2
181.3
50.7
13.8
37.0
52.6
52.5
52.9
52.2
51.8
52.5
51.8
61.8
51.8
51.8
51.4
51.0
52.6
53.5
C hem icals and allied products__________
Industrial inorganic chem icals________
Industrial organic chem icals__________
D rugs and m edicin es_________________
Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara
tio n s................—................... - ____ _____
Paints, pigm ents, and fillers__________
G um and wood chem icals_____________
Fertilizers................................................. .......
V egetable and anim al oils and fats____
M iscellaneous chem icals______________
530.2
533.9
67.8
203.1
55.6
534.7
67.5
200.1
57.3
527.1
67.2
198.7
57.6
518.3
66.7
196.8
57.3
514.8
66.4
195.9
57.4
514.3
66.2
194.7
57.2
514.0
66.5
194.0
66.9
516.5
66.2
193.1
56.7
510.9
66.0
191.4
57.2
504.1
66.0
190.0
57.5
495.5
65.6
186.4
57.5
800.1
66.9
186.8
57.4
512.2
67.3
191.8
57.6
545.1
73.0
210.3
57.9
30.2
46.0
6.3
34.5
24.8
65.6
30.4
45.1
6.2
36.6
26.4
65.1
30.1
44.6
6.2
32.2
26.9
63.7
30.1
44.2
6.2
26.9
27.3
62.8
30.1
44.0
6.2
25.6
27.7
61.5
30.3
44.3
6.2
23.6
28.6
63.2
30.7
44.2
6.2
22.5
29.6
63.4
31.3
44.4
6.4
24.6
30.1
63.7
31.5
44.6
6.4
23.4
26. 5
63.9
30.4
45.0
6.4
21.4
23.9
63.5
29.7
44.0
6.5
20.9
23.1
61.8
29.5
43.4
6.3
24.1
23.4
62.3
30.1
43.7
6.4
26.1
26.1
63.1
30.7
45.9
7.2
26.7
28.1
65.3
Products of petroleum and coal_________
Petroleum refinin g.......................................
Coke, other petroleum and coal prod
u c ts________________________________
161.2
159.6
121.9
159.3
121.8
159.6
122.3
150.3
114.7
154.4
118.7
154.6
118.5
155.9
119.5
153.3
116.4
157.5
120.4
157.4
121.3
157.4
121.5
157.9
121.7
157.0
121.2
168.0
128.1
37.7
37.5
37.3
35.6
35.7
36.1
36.4
36.9
37.1
36.1
35.9
36.2
35.8
39.9
R ubber products_______________________
T ires and inner tu b es___________ _____
R ubber footwear______________________
Other rubber products................................
195.9
174.3
50.5
18.4
105.4
176.0
66.0
12.9
97.1
201.5
77.9
17.4
106.2
198.8
76.2
17.1
105.5
199.1
76.9
17. 1
105.1
198.2
77.1
17. 1
104.0
195.3
76.2
17.2
101.9
194.5
75.3
17.1
102.1
187.5
74.1
16.8
96.6
181.2
72.5
16.4
92.3
175.1
71.0
15.9
88.2
176.8
71.2
16.3
88.3
186.0
74.7
16.7
94.6
205.9
83.3
17.6
105.0
Leather and leather produ cts___________
Leather: tanned, curried, and fin ish ed .
Industrial leather belting and p ack in g.
B oot and shoe cu t stock and fin d in gs...
Footw ear (except r u b b e r ).......................
Luggage............................................................
H andbags and sm all leather goods.........
G loves and miscellaneous leather goods.
334.2
325.4 324.2
32.9
33.1
3. S
3.7
17.3
17.1
221.0 219.6
13.1
13.0
23.9
24.9
13.3
12.8
331.2
33.5
3.6
17.5
223.9
12.6
27.5
12.6
332.8
33.9
3.6
17.4
225.6
12.4
28.0
11.9
329.3
34.1
3.6
17.8
224.1
12.1
26.9
10.7
328.7
34.2
3.5
17.6
220.7
12.8
28.1
11.8
324.3
34.0
3.4
16.6
214.2
13.6
29.7
12.8
315.0
83.7
3.3
15.9
205.9
13.6
29.4
13.2
321.0
33.6
3.2
15.7
212.9
13.2
29.0
13.4
323.2
33.1
2.9
16.5
216.8
13.1
27.5
13.3
316.7
32.2
2.7
16.2
215.4
12 2
24.8
13.2
314.3
33.6
2.7
16.2
213.0
12.4
23.6
12.8
317.7
33.7
3.1
16.2
213.8
12.5
26.1
12.3
329 2
36.4
35
16.8
219 1
13.1
26.1
14.2
Paper and allied produ cts_______________
P u lp , paper, and paperboard m ills____
Paperboard containers and boxes______
O ther paper and allied products_______
Prin ting, publishing, and allied in d u s
tries________________________________
N ew sp ap ers__________________________
Periodicals____________________________
B ook s------------ ------------------------------ ------C ommercial p rinting__________________
Lithographing________________________
Greeting cards________________________
B ookbinding and related industries___
M iscellaneous publishing and printing
services_____________________________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able A-3.
935
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, byindustry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1
!
1959
1958
Annual
average
Industry
June2 May 2 Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1958
1957
Transportation and public utilities:
532
529
Other public utilities_______________________
527
526
528
530
532
533
547
540
548
541
537
540
Gas and electric utilities___________________ 511.6 508. C 505.4 507.1 507.9 510. 0 511. 1 512.9 519.7 525.8 526.9 520.4 516.4 519.0
Electric light and power utilities.................... 222.3 219. 5 217.7 219. 3 219.5 219.7 220.5 221.0 223.9 226.3 226.6 224.9 223.2 226.0
Gas utilities........ ............................................ . 136.8 136.5 136.0 135.9 135.6 136.6 136.4 137.1 139.0 141.1 141.4 138.9 137.5 136.4
Electric light and gas utilities com152.5 152.0 151.7 151.9 152.8 153. 7 154.5 154.8 156.8 158.4 158.9 156. 6 155.7 156.6
bined.
20.6
20.6
19.8
20.4
Local utilities, not elsewhere classified...............
19.9
19.9
20.2
20.3
20.6
21.0
21.1
20.7
20.4
20.7
Wholesale and retail trade:
Wholesale trade___ ___ ____________________ 2,611 2,614 2,611 2,618 2,621 2,666 2,656 2,646 2,625 2,601 2,597 2, 693 2,622 2,695
Wholesalers, full-service and limitedfunction______________________ ____ _ 1, 565.1 1, 558. 9 1, 553. 6 1,551.0 1, 549.7 1,582. 4 1, 574. 0 1,560.3 1, 546. 3 1,526.3 1, 520. 6 1, 514. 7 1, 536. 7 1, 572.2
115.8 114.3 113.4 112.5 112.2 112.3 112.2 111.3 111.3 111.0 110.7 109.6 110.0 108.4
Automotive___________________________
Groceries, food specialties, beer,
wines, and liquors____________________
271.7 273.2 274.2 276.0 275.1 281.0 280.4 276.3 275.5 268.2 269.8 267.1 272.2 273.4
Electrical goods, machinery, hard
ware, and plumbing equipment_____ ____ 382.6 382.4 380.5 380.0 380.5 383.2 382.5 381.6 380.1 379.8 379.0 378.4 382.1 402.7
Other full-service and limited-func
tion wholesalers______________________
795.0 789.0 785.5 782.5 781.9 805.9 798.9 791.1 779.4 767.3 761.1 759.6 772.4 787.7
Wholesale distributors, other_______________ 1,045. 9 1,054. 9 1,057.5 1,066. 9 1, 071.6 1,083.4 1,082. 4 1,085. 6 1,078.3 1,074.4 1,076.6 1,077.9 1,084.9 1,122.6
Retail trade:
General merchandise stores________________ 1,318.3 1,289.1 1,286.1 1,249.2 1,296.8 1,840. 7 1, 474. 3 1,372.2 1,322. 9 1,252.8 1,238.6 1,263. 6 1,334.7 1,356.5
Department stores and general mail
order houses_________________________
833.9 822.4 819.7 799.5 839.8 1,188.3 953.2 875.1 840.0 802.0 795.3 808.3 855.9 875.9
Other general merchandise stores__________ 484.4 466.7 466.4 449.7 457.0 652.4 521.1 497.1 482.9 450.8 443. 3 455.3 478.8 480.6
Food and liquor stores_________________ _ 1,482. 9 1,477. 3 1, 469.3 1,471.3 1, 455.6 1, 507.1 1, 488. 3 1, 475.6 1,479. 8 1, 468. 2 1,478.0 1,481.1 1, 483.2 1, 465. 5
Grocery, meat, and vegetable mar
kets_________________ ______ ____ ___ 1,099. 0 1,095. 5 1,090.6 1,089. 9 1, 078.3 1.108. 9 1, 097. 3 1,084. 7 1,076.8 1,060. 5 1,069. 6 1,070.5 1,078.7 1,038.4
Dairy-product stores and dealers__________
192.3 190.1 185.6 184.8 185.9 187.7 188.9 190.8 202.1 207.1 207.3 206.1 198.5 206.7
Other food and liquor stores______________
191.6 191.7 193.1 196.6 191.4 210.5 202.1 200.1 200.9 200.6 201.1 204.5 206.0 220.4
Automotive and accessories dealers__________ 697.6 691.5 681.9 680.1 678.6 693.5 676.3 667.5 667.2 670.1 668.6 668.9 677.2 719.3
Apparel and accessories stores______________
545.7 535.2 546.6 513.9 531.6 665.5 568.1 551.8 540.7 496.8 503.0 541.9 542.0 556.6
Other retail trade (except eating and
drinking places)............................................. 2,059. 5 2,040. 7 2,027.8 2,023. 8 2, 035. 5 2,155.7 2, 072. 5 2, 062. 5 2,070. 5 2,065.4 2,058.3 2,049. 6 2,056.7 2,094.6
Furniture and appliance stores___________
351.0 348.8 350.4 351.3 353.3 373.8 360.6 355.5 352.0 349.3 349.1 350.5 354.3 361.2
Drug stores_____________________ ______ 349.5 343.7 340.0 340. 5| 338.9 374.0 840.7 338.0 337.0 334.5 334.2 332.5 337.0 337.7
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August
1958 and coverage of the series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper
visory workers (including leadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating, proc
essing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing, ware
housing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, watchman services,
5 1 4 4 3 0 — 59•7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use (e.g., powerplant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated with the
aforementioned production operations.
2 Preliminary.
S o u r c e : U .S . Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
936
T able
A-6.
Insured unemployment under State programs and the program of unemployment com
pensation for Federal employees,1 by geographic division and State
[In thousands]
Annual average
1958
1959
Geographic division and State
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Nov.
Dec.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1958
Continental United States---------------- 1,486.0 1,792.9 2,105.5 2,395.5 2, 517.9 2,110.8 1, 781.2 1,722. 4 1, 905.8 2,202.7 2,510.9 2,667.3 2, 984.0 2, 537.4
195.5
118.8 153.7 173.2 182.8 200.0 173.4 132.4 128.7 137.6 153.6 190.3 204.8 238.6
New England_________ ___________
25.1
19.0
16 4
14.1
18.7
13.4
19.4
13.4
11.1
18.4
17.6
20.4
18.6
14.0
Maine . _____________________
9.6
9.2
12.5
10.1
7.8
5.9
7.7
8.3
5.8
8.0
7.7
7.5
5.9
7.9
New Hampshire-----------------------4. 4
4. 6
33
3.7
2.8
3.0
4.1
2.9
2.6
4.5
4.7
2.2
3.5
4.7
Vermont.. __________________
106.6
90.8
62.4
66.8
85.0
91.2
96.6
64.2
85.4
90.0
87.6
59.3
72.4
57.0
M assachusetts_________________
19.6
19.2
20.0
23.5
14.5
11.4
19.8
11.0
12.0
16.7
17.8
16.1
11.6
14.7
Rhode Island__________________
66.2
52.0
47.4
61.0
57.1
34.5
51.2
39.3
40.4
36.9
40.1
44.2
28.1
34.9
Connecticut___________________
1957
1,465.8
121.9
11.0
6.0
2. 8
61.4
16.5
24.2
Middle Atlantic___________ ______
New York______ _______ ______
New Jersey--------------------- -------Pennsylvania............................... —
505.1
247.3
77.2
180.6
587.1
281.3
92.7
213.1
655. 9
308.8
99.6
247.5
714.8
327.9
111.0
275.9
783.9
355.4
126.8
301.7
668.4
319.6
100.9
248.0
559.2
250.0
85.1
224.1
542.2
233.5
83.6
225.1
572.1
245.4
87.1
239.6
636. 1 735.2
269.7 334.4
95.8 110.2
270.5 290.6
780.2
358. 2
118.9
303.1
831.6
374.6
136.3
320 7
724.6
322. 4
116.9
285.2
427.0
189.3
80.5
157.9
East North Central______ _________
Ohio . __________ _________
Indiana.____ __________ . ___
Illinois________________________
Michigan____________________
Wisconsin_____________________
220.8
51.4
24.1
74.8
57.0
13.6
288.4
66.1
31.0
89.2
80.1
22.1
365. 5
86.2
39.1
110.9
96.8
32.5
445.8
107.1
48.5
130.4
122.2
37.5
451.6
117.1
52.2
130. 7
110.5
41.0
403.5
106.6
43.7
109.2
106.2
37.9
350.9
88.0
33.7
93.8
105.0
30.4
369.2
90.6
33.9
95. 5
120.0
29.3
444.7
108.5
39.9
109.1
155.7
31.6
570.8 638.3
138.0 166.1
53. 1 61.4
133.3 148.2
208.7 223.6
38.9
37.7
692.5
186.5
68.5
156. S
241. 7
38.9
771.0
211.3
80.7
160 8
265 5
43 7
603.0
157. 9
62.9
140.5
200.2
41.5
283.8
65.6
33.5
68.2
93.2
23.2
West North Central__________ _____
Minnesota. . . _______________
_____________________
Iowa
Missouri________________ ____
North Dakota_________________
South Dakota__________________
Nebraska_____________________
Kansas_______________________
64.1
22.9
5.5
25.0
1.1
.6
2.6
6.5
92.9
35.6
8.4
31.5
3.3
1.3
4.3
8.6
124.4
44.4
13.3
37.3
6.7
3.1
8.1
11.7
145.0
46.5
15.1
45.3
7.7
4.0
10.2
16.2
145.5
45.7
14.6
49.9
6.7
3.8
9.3
15.5
105.2
33.4
9.3
37.8
5.0
2.4
6.1
11.2
77.7
22.3
6.1
33.6
1.9
1.0
3.8
8.9
71.1
18.8
5.1
34.9
.6
.5
2.8
8.4
78.7
20.4
5.6
40.0
.5
.5
3.0
8.6
85.8
24.8
7.3
38.0
.7
.6
3.6
10.8
96.6
27.8
8.8
43. 5
1.0
.7
4.2
10.5
104.6
31.4
9.4
47.4
1.2
.8
4.2
10.1
127.3
40.0
11 7
54.9
1.9
12
6. 3
12 3
120.4
36.3
11.8
47.9
3.3
1. 9
6.3
13.0
80 0
22. 6
8.9
30.3
2. 4
1. 7
5. 4
8.6
South Atlantic________________ ____
Delaware___________________ ..
Maryland____ _ ______________
District of Columbia____________
Virginia______________________
West Virginia______ __________
North Carolina________________
South Carolina________________
Georgia_______________ _______
Florida___________________ ____
180.0
2.9
29.7
5.1
16.2
28.3
34.9
12.1
26.9
23.9
200.8
3.8
35.0
6.0
19.2
31.3
40.3
13.7
27.4
24.0
224.2
4. 9
40.5
7.0
24.7
33.2
41.3
14.9
30.6
27.0
247.6
7.5
45.8
8.4
27.2
35.5
45.8
16.5
32.2
28.7
270.5
6.5
47.0
8.3
27.2
37.3
51.7
20.4
40.1
32.2
213.1
5.1
37.3
6.7
18.3
29.6
42.3
14.9
31.4
27.5
184.0 186.7 207.1
3.5
3.5
4.0
30.9
30.1
28.7
6.0
6.0
5.8
16.2
15.0
13.8
26.4
27. 5 32.1
34.4
32.2
34.3
14.7
13 5 13.6
31.6
27.5
28.1
37.4
27.7
33.5
240.9
5.7
35.0
6.8
20.6
38.4
41.7
16.4
36.4
39.9
281.7
5.8
38.6
7.2
26.1
43.8
54.9
20.9
44.9
39.5
285.0
5.3
39.7
7.2
27 3
47.6
55.9
20.0
46.3
35.7
310 8
62
42. 9
7. 8
29.3
52.7
63.5
22.5
50. 5
35 2
261 3
5.3
38. 8
7. 6
24. 4
39.9
52. 0
19. 4
40. 7
33.2
154.7
3.1
17. 7
5. 3
13.7
14.1
39. 3
15.2
27.5
18.7
East South Central_______________
Kentucky_____________________
Tennessee________ ______ ____
Alabama______________________
Mississippi------------------------- -----
94.4
25.8
29.8
25.3
13.4
106.5
29.5
34.0
27.6
15.5
116.4
32.8
38.0
28.8
16.8
133.8
36.8
44.5
32.4
20.1
137.6
36.2
48.6
33.4
19.5
112.8
29.1
38.6
30.5
14.7
100.6
25.9
34.6
28.8
11.4
111.0
33.8
35.9
29.0
12.2
131.7
41.6
42. 2
33. 1
14.8
155.9
49 8
50 6
38.4
17.2
165.0
54. 1
52.7
37.9
20 3
188.1
61 3
59. 6
44 2
23.0
152.8
46.2
50. 7
37. 4
18.5
110.9
33.1
40.2
22.6
15.0
West South Central_______________
Arkansas____________ _____ . . .
Louisiana_______________ _____
Oklahoma___ _____ ______ _____
Texas_________________________
97.8
12. A
24.7
13.9
46.7
113.6
16.3
29.1
15.9
52.4
125.4 146.5
18.2
23.3
32. C 36.5
18. C 21.7
57.2
64.9
147.2 115.5
23.6
18.0
36. C 26.8
23. C 18.2
64.6
52.5
102.3
14.3
23.7
15.7
48.7
101.4 110.1
12.9
12.6
24.4
25.9
14. 1 15.2
56.1
50.3
120.7
15.5
26.2
17.4
61.6
129 9
17.9
27.3
19.0
65.6
133. 6
18.8
26.8
20.0
68.0
153 8
24.2
29.5
23.9
76.1
130.2
20.1
26.7
20. 5
63.0
72.1
14.8
13.2
12. 7
31.4
Mountain________________________
Montana_____________________
Idaho..___ __________________
Wyoming_________ ___________
Colorado______________________
New Mexico_____ _______ _____
Arizona__________ _________...
Utah____ _____ ______________
Nevada_______________________
30.1
5.Í
3.0
1.7
4.8
3. 4
5.7
3.8
2.5
43.8
8.5
5.2
2.8
7.4
4.2
7.0
5.4
3.3
61.0
12.8
8. C
4.0
10.1
4.Í
9.2
4.6
72.2
14.7
10. (
4.6
12.6
5.7
9.7
9.1
5.6
Pacific__________ ______ _________
Washington___ _______ ______ _
Oregon________ ____ __________
California____________________
174.8
23.4
11.2
140.2
206.0
31.0
17.6
157.4
259.5
42.2
26.1
191.3
306.9
54.1
33.;
219.5
7 .4
66.7
13. (
10.2
4.0
10.9
5.2
9.0
8.Í
5.5
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4.5
4.1
30.2
4. C
2.7
11
5.4
3.4
7.2
3.4
3.0
32.3
3.8
2.8
1.1
6.7
3.4
7.9
4. C
2.7
36.0
4.1
3.4
1.4
6. 1
4.3
9.1
4.9
2.8
38.7
5.0
3.3
1.6
5.9
4.6
9.6
5.6
3.2
41.1
5.9
3.0
2.0
6.8
4.8
9. 1
6.0
3.6
51.7
7.8
4. 1
2.6
9.4
5.7
10.2
7.4
4.5
53.6
8.9
6.2
2.5
9.3
5.2
9. 7
7.2
4. C
34.5
6.3
5.2
1.7
5.1
3.5
5. 5
4. 5
2.8
234.9
46.6
24.2
164.1
195.8
36.9
16.7
142.3
212.3
35.9
16.9
159.5
227.1
37.9
17.8
171.3
244. 4
32.4
16.8
195.1
260.5
25.3
15.3
220.0
311.0
35.1
20.
255.2
295.9
46.0
26.9
222.9
180.3
33.3
22.9
124.1
51.0
9.1
8.1
2.6
8.4
4.]
7.8
6.2
4.8
39.1
6. (
4.Í
1.6
7.0
3.6
314.8 267. 8
55.9
60.7
36.2
30.8
217. S 181.0
i Average of weekly data adjusted for split weeks In the month. Figures
may not add to totals because of rounding.
99.1
28.1
32.4
27.7
10.8
7 .4
Soukce: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security,
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able
A-7.
937
Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, selected operations 1
[All items except average benefits amounts are in theusandsj
1959
Item
May
Employment service:
New applications for work_____
Nonfarm placements__________
Apr.
711
555
1958
Mar.
736
520
Feb.
742
445
Jan.
806
378
896
398
Dec.
737
406
Nov.
740
413
Oct.
775
514
Sept.
776
545
1957
Aug.
725
489
July
812
459
June
979
456
May
May
740
534
866
439
State unemployment insurance pro
grams: *
Initial claims
___ _________
1,099
890
1,136
1,277
1, 790
1,924
1,258
1,259
1,251
1,186
1,001
1, 659
1,513
1,538
Insured unemployment * (aver
age weekly volume) ________
1,486
1,793
2,106
2, 396 2, 518
2,111
1,781
1,722
2,203
1,906
2, 511
1,350
2,667
2,984
Rate of insured unemployment!
3.6
4.4
5.0
5.7
6.0
5.1
4.3
4.1
5.2
4.5
3.3
8.0
6.3
7.1
Weeks of unemployment com
pensated. ___ ___ _______
5,838
7, 516
8, 660
8,628
9, 532
7,997
5,939
7,157
7, 776
8,583 10,277 10,879 12,020
5, 517
Average weekly benefit amount
for total unemployment_____
$29.45 $30.02 $30.38 $30.52 $30. 50 $30. 41 $30. 46 $30. 45 $30. 66 $30. 50 $30.62 $30.80 $30. 80 $27.47
Total benefits paid___________ $165,932 $218,438 $255,640 $255, 671 $279, 461 $234,683 $174,470 $210,300 $231,141 $255,432 $305,638 $325,039 $363,550 $145, 657
Unemployment compensation for
veterans: 8
Initial claims > .
. ______
Insured unemployment ‘ (aver
___
age weekly volume)__
Weeks of unemployment com
pensated___ . . . _________
Total benefits paid r__________
4
5
7
9
13
14
12
13
14
19
30
38
24
16
10
16
22
28
31
28
26
27
39
53
78
78
74
31
47
$1,250
76
$2,019
102
$2, 688
113
$2, 993
131
$3, 486
125
$3,311
102
$2,693
129
$3,391
193
$5,047
248
384
$6,553 $10,151
333
$8,853
334
$8, ®22
156
$4,222
Railroad unemployment insurance:
Applications *____ .
___
Insured unemployment (average
weekly volume). ______ _
Number of payments *________
Average amount of benefit pay
ment 8
..... ..........................
Total benefits paid 11__ _ . ..
$62.36
$8, 641
All programs:11
Insured unemployment'______
1, 586
4
5
6
8
17
22
20
17
20
21
117
80
17
16
39
96
58
148
76
199
94
217
122
311
125
287
121
229
113
272
118
260
119
286
128
250
101
352
128
307
42
109
$62.72 $65.47 $65.57 $65. 68 $69. 31 $70.15 $69. 91 $70.35 $69. 60 $59. 44 $66.85 $67.27
$9,099 $12,477 $13,752 $20, 345 $19, 755 $16,030 $19, 076 $18,144 $19, 861 $14, 735 $16,651 $20,574
$57. 68
$6,211
1,927
2,273
2, 584
2,729
1 Average weekly Insured unemployment excludes Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto
Rico, and the Virgin Islands; other items include them.
8 Data include activities under the program of Unemployment Compensa
tion for Federal Employees (UCFE), which became effective on January 1,
1958.
* An initial claim Is a, notice filed by a worker at the beginning of a period
of unemployment which establishes the starting date for any insured un
employment which may result if he is unemployed for 1 week or longer.
4 Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem
ployment.
1 The rate of Insured unemployment is the number of insured unemployed
expressed as a percent of the average covered employment in a 12-month
period.
8 Based on claims filed under the Veterans’ Readjustment Assistance Act
of 1952. Excludes claims filed by veterans to supplement State, UCFE, or
railroad unemployment insurance benefits.
' Federal portion only of benefits paid jointly with other programs. Weekly
benefit amount for total unemployment is set by law 8t $26.
2,307
1,957
1,863
2,062
2,374
2,717
2,847
3,186
1,424
I An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning of
,his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is required
for subsequent periods in the same year.
* Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods; the aver
age amount is an average for all compensable periods. Not adjusted for
recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments.
10 Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments.
II Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State, UCFE, and Veterans’ Programs, and that covered by the Railroad
Unemployment Insurance Act. Beginning with November 1958, includes
data for ex-servicemen under the program of Unemployment Compensation
for Ex-servicemen, effective October 27, 1958.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security
for all items except railroad unemployment insurance, which are prepared
by the U.S. Railroad Retirement Board.
The labor turnover tables (B -l and B-2) have been dropped from the Review pending a general revision of the
C urrent Labor Statistics section because, beginning with January 1959 data, the categories for which labor tu rn
over rates are published differ from those previously published. C urrent d ata are available monthly in Em ploy
m ent and Earnings or may be obtained upon request.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
938
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
C.—-Earnings and Honrs
T able
C -l.
Year and month
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly,
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Mining
Metal
Total: Mining
Total: Metal
Average_____
Average-.........
May..............June_______
July-— ......... .
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1959 : January_____
February____
March........ —
April...............
May______
1 957 :
1 958 :
$ 102.21
1 0 0 .1 0
9 6 . 01
1 0 1 .8 9
9 9 .9 6
1 0 1 .2 4
1 0 2 .1 4
1 0 2 .4 0
103 . 60
105 . 56
1 0 5 .8 6
1 0 6 .0 0
1 0 6 .1 3
106 . 27
1 0 8 .9 4
4 0 .4
3 9 .1
3 8 .1
3 9 .8
3 9 .2
3 9 .7
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
4 0 .6
4 0 .1
3 9 .7
3 9 .9
4 0 .1
4 0 .8
$ 2 . 53
2 . 56
2 .5 2
2 .5 6
2 .5 5
2 . 55
2 . 56
2 . 56
2 .5 9
2 .6 0
2 .6 4
2 .6 7
2 .6 6
2 . 65
2 .6 7
$ 9 8 .7 4
9 6 . 22
9 1 . 10
9 2 .3 4
9 6 .1 3
9 5 .6 3
9 8 .0 4
9 8 .3 0
100 . 84
101 . 24
1 0 3 .9 4
1 0 4 .4 5
1 0 4 .2 3
1 0 2 .9 4
1 0 8 .0 5
40. 8 ;
3 8 .8
3 7 .8
3 8 .0
3 8 .3
3 7 .8
3 8 .6
3 8 .7
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .4
3 9 .9
4 1 .4
Coal
Iron
$ 2 . 42 $ 103 . 49
2 .4 8 1 0 0 .2 7
2 . 41
9 4 . 23
2 .4 3
9 8 .2 8
2 . 51 104 . 43
2 . 53 1 0 5 .2 8
2 . 54 104 . 80
2 . 54 101 . 03
2 .5 4 102 . 60
2 . 55 101 . 82
2 .5 6 1 0 6 .5 9
2 . 56 1 0 7 .4 5
2 .5 8 1 0 6 .1 1
2 . 58 1 0 4 .6 0
2 .6 1 114 . 57
39. 5
3 6 .2
3 4 .9
36. 4
3 6 .9
3 7 .2
3 6 .9
3 5 .7
3 6 .0
3 5 .6
3 7 .4
3 7 .7
3 7 .1
3 6 .7
4 0 .2
Copper
$ 2.
2.
2.
2.
62
77
70
70
2 .8 3
2 .8 3
2 . 84
2 .8 3
2 . 85
2 .8 6
2 .8 5
2 .8 5
2 .8 6
2 . 85
2 . 85
$ 97 . 7 5 !
9 4 . 62
88 22
8 5 .5 6
8 9 . 78
8 7 .7 1
9 4 .6 7
9 9 .7 9
1 0 5 .7 5
103 . 42
1 0 6 .8 2
1 0 8 .8 6
110 . 56
108 . 79
109 . 73
4 0 .9
39. 1
3 7 .7
3 6 .1
3 7 .1
3 5 .8
3 8 .8
4 0 .4
4 2 .3
4 1 .7
4 2 .9
4 3 .2
4 3 .7
4 3 .0
4 3 .2
Lead and zinc
$ 2 . 39
$ S8 . 9 7 !
8 5 . 93
8 3 . 89
2 .4 2
2 . 34
2 .3 7
2 .4 2
2 .4 5
2 . 44
2 . 47
2 .5 0
2 . 48
2 .4 9
2 . 52
2 .5 3
2 . 53
2 .5 4
8 6 .0 3
8 6 . 55
8 3 .1 6
8 3 .1 6
8 7 .4 2
8 9 .0 2
9 2 . 29
9 1 .4 3
9 0 .1 7
8 7 . 64
8 6 .0 8
8 7 .5 3
M ining—Continued
Coal—Continued
Bituminous
Average....... „
Average..........
May...............
June,..............
July.................
August—.........
September___
October_____
November---December___
1959 : January-------February____
March______
April___ _
M ay________
1 957 :
1958:
$ 110 . 53
1 0 2 .3 8
9 3 .3 0
1 0 6 .3 0
9 7 .8 5
1 0 5 .9 0
106 . 55
107 . 76
1 0 7 .3 1
115 . 82
1 1 4 .7 1
1 1 2 .8 5
1 1 2 .2 9
114 . 75
1 2 0 .6 6
3 6 .6
3 3 .9
3 1 .1
3 5 .2
3 2 .4
3 5 .3
3 5 .4
3 5 .8
3 5 .3
38. 1
3 6 .3
3 5 .6
3 5 .2
3 5 .2
3 6 .9
Petroleum and nat
ural-gas produc
tion (except con
tract services)
$ 3 .0 2 $ 1 0 6 .7 5
3 .0 2 109 . 75
3 .0 0
3 .0 2
3 .0 2
3 .0 0
3 . 01
3 .0 1
3 .0 4
3 . 04
3 .1 6
3 .1 7
3 .1 9
3 . 26
3 . 27
1 0 7 .0 6
1 1 0 .5 7
1 1 0 .8 3
1 0 6 .6 7
110 . 02
1 0 7 .6 0
1 1 2 .0 6
108 . 54
111 . 92
1 1 6 .3 3
1 1 5 .3 6
113 . 00
112 . 84
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 0 .4
4 0 .8
4 1 .2
4 0 .1
4 0 .9
4 0 .3
4 1 .2
40 . 5
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 1 .2
4 0 .5
4 0 .3
Average_____
Average_____
May..............
June_______
July------------August-.........September___
October_____
November___
December.......
1959 : January...........
February____
March______
April___ ____
May------------
1957:
1958:
$ 1 1 0 .1 5
1 1 4 .2 6
115 . 26
114 . 57
114 . 51
1 1 6 .8 7
12 0 .0 7
120 . 66
113 . 59
114 . 55
1 1 4 .5 5
1 0 9 .8 2
1 1 5 .8 4
1 1 6 .6 1
1 1 7 .4 9
3 9 .2
3 9 .4
4 0 .3
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
3 8 .9
3 8 .7
3 8 .7
3 7 .1
3 9 .4
3 9 .8
4 0 .1
$ 81 . 79
2 .1 7
2 . 14
2 .1 4
2 . 18
2 .1 6
2 .2 0
2 .1 8
2 . 22
2 . 24
2 .2 3
2 .2 1
2 .2 3
2 . 23
2 . 25
7 6 .0 1
6 7 .6 0
8 0 .9 6
79 . 77
74 . 59
8 0 .0 8
7 7 . 52
7 8 . 04
9 3 .1 9
9 1 .2 4
7 4 . 79
76 . 45
8 8 . 55
8 5 .1 8
Nonmetalllc mining
and quarrying
$ 2 .6 1
$ 8 7 .8 0
2 .6 9
2 . 65
2 .7 1
2 .6 9
2 .6 6
2 .6 9
2 . 67
2 . 72
2 .6 8
2 .7 1
2 .8 1
2 .8 0
2 .7 9
2 .8 0
8 9 .6 3
8 9 . 59
9 1 .4 9
9 1 .9 4
9 3 . 39
9 5 .3 4
9 5 . 37
9 2 . 84
8 9 . 67
8 7 .9 8
8 8 .8 2
9 0 .3 1
9 4 .8 0
9 5 .0 3
4 3 .9
4 3 .3
4 3 .7
4 4 .2
4 4 .2
4 4 .9
45. 4
4 5 .2
4 4 .0
4 2 .1
4 1 .5
4 1 .7
4 2 .4
4 4 .3
4 4 .2
$ 2 .0 0 $ 1 0 6 .6 4
2 .0 7
2 . 05
2 .0 7
2 .0 8
2 .0 8
2 .1 0
2 .1 1
2 .1 1
2 .1 3
2 .1 2
2 .1 3
2 .1 3
2 .1 4
2 .1 5
1 1 0 .4 7
1 1 1 .0 8
n o . n
1 1 1 .9 0
113 . 70
1 1 4 .9 1
1 1 5 .8 2
1 1 0 .6 6
109 . 43
1 1 1 .0 3
1 0 6 .6 4
110 . 57
113 . 59
115 . 13
3 6 .9
3 6 .7
3 7 .4
3 7 .2
3 7 .3
3 7 .9
3 7 .8
3 8 .1
3 6 .4
3 5 .3
3 5 .7
3 4 .4
3 5 .9
3 7 .0
3 7 .5
Total: Building
construction
3 9 .2
Average_____ $ 1 3 2 .1 0
3 8 .3
Average......... - 1 3 5 .9 7
3 8 .5
May________ 135 . 52
136 . 68
3 8 .5
June______
3 8 .3
July................. 137 . I t
3 8 .2
August______ 136 . 76
38. 7
September___ 140 . 09
3 8 .6
October_____ 1 4 0 .1 2
3 7 .2
November---- 134 . 66
3 8 .7
December....... 140 . 48
3 8 .3
1 9 5 9 : January_____ 1 3 9 .4 1
3 7 .9
February____ 137 . 58
3 8 .3
March..... ........ 1 3 8 .6 5
3 8 .7
April_______ 1 4 1 .6 4
3 8 .7
May________ 1 4 1 .6 4
Sec footnotes at end of table.
1 1 0 .6 7
1 1 1 .0 8
1 1 0 .7 7
1 1 2 .1 7
1 1 3 .4 0
114 . 25
1 1 5 .1 8
111 . 16
1 1 0 .3 7
1 1 1 .6 5
1 0 8 .1 2
n o . 95
114 . 44
115 . 71
3 6 .1
3 5 .7
3 6 .3
3 6 .2
3 6 .3
3 6 .7
3 6 .5
3 6 .8
3 5 .4
3 4 .6
3 5 .0
3 4 .0
3 5 .0
3 6 .1
3 6 .5
$ 2 .9 6
3 .1 0
3 .0 6
3 .0 6
3 .0 9
3 .0 9
3 .1 3
3 .1 3
3 .1 4
3 .1 9
3 .1 9
3. IS
3 .1 7
3 .1 7
3 .1 7
Total: Nonbuilding
construction
$ 2 .8 9 $ 1 0 5 .0 7
3 . 01 109 . 47
2 . 97 1 1 0 .5 6
2 .9 6
3 .0 0
3 .0 0
3 .0 4
3 .0 4
3 .0 4
3 .1 0
3 .1 1
3 .1 0
3 .0 8
3 .0 7
3 .0 7
1 0 8 .6 7
n o . 57
1 1 4 .6 6
117 . 32
118 71
108 . 11
105 . 36
105 . 88
1 0 0 .1 9
1 0 8 .2 3
110 . 28
112 . 61
3 9 .8
4 0 .1
41. 1
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
4 2 .0
4 2 .2
4 2 .7
3 9 .6
3 7 .9
3 8 .5
3 6 .3
3 9 .5
4 0 .1
4 0 .8
$ 2 .6 4
2 . 73
2 .6 9
2 . 67
2 .7 1
2 . 73
2 .7 8
2 . 78
2 . 73
2 . 78
2 .7 5
2 . 76
2 . 74
2 . 75
2 . 76
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Highway and street
construction
$ 9 8 .6 6
1 0 4 .1 4
1 0 5 .8 4
10 3 .2 5
106 . 50
112 . 31
114 . 23
1 1 7 .0 4
102 . 62
93 . 98
9 3 .5 9
8 5 . 40
9 8 .2 1
103 . 28
1 0 7 .0 7
4 0 .6
4 1 .0
4 2 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
4 3 .7
4 3 .6
4 4 .5
4 0 .4
3 7 .0
3 8 .2
3 5 .0
3 9 .6
4 0 .5
4 1 .5
$ 2 . 43
2 . 54
2 .5 2
2 .5 0
2 . 56
2 . 57
2 .6 2
2 .6 3
2 .5 4
2 .5 4
2 .4 5
2 . 44
2 .4 8
2 . 55
2 . 58
$ 98 . 89
102 . 53
1 0 5 .1 2
103 . 46
104 . 54
1 0 6 .4 8
105 . 56
107 . 01
1 0 3 .3 7
9 9 .1 2
1 0 3 .0 1
1 0 0 .2 5
1 0 3 .1 9
1 0 6 .0 7
1 0 7 .0 2
3 5 .7
3 5 .6
3 6 .5
3 6 .3
3 6 .3
3 7 .1
3 6 .4
3 6 .9
3 5 .4
3 3 .6
3 4 .8
3 4 .1
3 5 .1
3 6 .2
3 6 .4
Total: Specialtrade contractors
$ 2 . 77 $ 1 1 2 .1 7
2 .8 8
2 . 88
2 .8 5
2 . 88
2 .8 7
2 . 90
2 . 90
2 . 92
2 .9 5
2 .9 6
2 .9 4
2 .9 4
2 .9 3
2 .9 4
1 1 5 .2 8
1 1 5 .1 2
1 1 5 .1 6
116 89
1 1 7 .9 0
118 . 99
119 . 64
1 1 5 .7 3
116 . 51
1 1 6 .8 6
1 1 2 .2 0
1 1 5 .1 5
1 1 9 .1 3
1 2 1 .1 5
3 6 .3
3 5 .8
36. 2
3 6 .1
3 6 .3
3 6 .5
3 6 .5
3 6 .7
3 5 .5
3 5 .2
3 5 .2
3 4 .0
3 5 .0
3 6 .1
3 6 .6
Plumbing and
heating
$ 3 .0 9 $ 1 1 8 .8 7
3 .2 2
3 .1 8
3 .1 9
3 .2 2
3 . 23
3 .2 6
3 .2 6
3 .2 6
3 .3 1
3 .3 2
3 .3 0
3 .2 9
3 .3 0
3 . 31
1 2 3 .2 3
1 2 1 .6 6
122 . 47
1 2 4 .6 4
1 2 4 .9 7
126 . 39
126 . 39
1 2 1 .7 7
127 . 59
1 2 7 .6 4
1 2 3 .2 8
1 2 5 .3 3
127 . 72
129 . 50
3 8 .1
3 7 .8
3 7 .9
3 7 .8
3 8 .0
3 8 .1
3 8 .3
3 8 .3
3 6 .9
3 8 .2
3 8 .1
3 6 .8
3 7 .3
3 7 .9
3 8 .2
1 1 0 .0 9
10 9 .5 1
1 1 1 .5 1
112 . 46
113 . 53
1 1 4 .1 2
n o . 60
107 . 24
1 0 8 .5 4
102 . 72
1 0 6 .8 8
112 . 70
1 1 4 .9 5
3 5 .2
3 4 .7
35. 4
3 5 .1
3 5 .4
35. 7
3 5 .7
3 6 .0
3 4 .8
33. 2
3 3 .5
3 2 .0
3 3 .4
3 5 .0
3 5 .7
Painting and
decorating
$ 3 .1 2 $ 103 . 75
3 .2 6
3 . 21
3 .2 4
3 .2 8
3 . 28
3 . 30
3 . 30
3 .3 0
3 .3 4
3 .3 5
3 .3 5
3 . 36
3 .3 7
3 . 39
1 0 7 .9 5
106 . 79
1 0 7 .7 1
1 0 8 .4 2
110 . 76
110 . 25
1 1 0 .9 2
1 0 8 .7 3
1 0 9 .1 0
107 . 52
104 . 63
1 0 9 .0 7
1 1 1 .9 7
113 . 92
3 4 .7
3 4 .6
3 4 .9
3 5 .2
3 5 .2
3 5 .5
3 5 .0
3 5 .1
3 4 .3
3 4 .2
3 3 .6
3 2 .8
3 4 .3
3 5 .1
3 5 .6
$ 2 .9 9
3 .1 2
3 .0 6
3 .0 6
3 .0 8
3 .1 2
3 .1 5
3 .1 6
3 .1 7
3 .1 9
3 .2 0
3 .1 9
3 .1 8
3 .1 9
3 .2 0
Manufacturing
Other specialtrade contractors
$ 3 .3 7 $ 1 0 6 .3 0
3 . 55 1 0 9 .3 1
3 .5 2
3 .5 5
3 . 5S
3 .5 8
3 .6 2
3 . 63
3 . 62
3 .6 3
3 .6 4
3 .6 3
3 .6 2
3 . 66
3 . 66
2 .6 3
2 . 62
2 .6 2
2 . 59
2 .5 9
2 .6 0
2 .6 1
2 .6 1
2 .6 4
2 .6 6
2 .7 7
2 . 77
2 . 75
2 .7 3
Special-trade contractors
General contractors
Building construction—Continued
1957:
1958:
$ 2 . 63
Nonbuilding construction
Total: Contract
construction
Special-trade contractors—Continued
Electrical work
3 1 .1
2 8 .9
2 5 .8
3 0 .9
3 0 .8
2 8 .8
3 0 .8
2 9 .7
2 9 .9
3 5 .3
3 4 .3
2 7 .0
2 7 .6
3 2 .2
3 1 .2
Building construction
$ 2 .8 1 $ 1 0 6 .8 6
2 .9 0
2 .8 6
2 .8 5
2 .8 7
2 .9 0
2 .9 5
2 .9 5
2 .9 2
2 .9 6
2 .9 6
2 .9 6
2 .9 4
2 . 93
2 .9 3
$ 2 .1 7
Contract construction
Nonbuilding
construction—Con.
Other nonbuilding
construction
4 1 .0
3 9 .6
3 9 .2
4 0 .2
3 9 .7
3 8 .5
3 7 .8
4 0 .1
4 0 .1
4 1 .2
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
3 9 .3
3 8 .6
3 8 .9
Anthracite '
Durable goods
Total: Manufacturing
$ 3 .0 2
$ 8 2 .3 9
3 .1 5
3 . 1Í
3 .1 2
3 .1 5
3 .1 5
3 .1 8
3 .1 7
3 .1 8
3 .2 3
3 .2 4
3 .2 1
3 .2 0
3 . 22
3 . 22
8 3 .5 0
8 2 . 04
8 3 .1 0
83 50
8 4 . 35
8 5 .3 9
8 5 .1 7
8 6 .5 8
8 8 . 04
8 7 .3 8
8 8 .0 0
8 9 .2 4
8 9 .8 7
9 0 . 32
3 9 .8
3 9 .2
3 8 .7
3 9 .2
3 9 .2
3 9 .6
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .5
$ 2 .0 7
2 .1 3
2 .1 2
2 .1 2
2 .1 3
2 . 13
2 .1 4
2 . 14
2 .1 7
2 .1 9
2 .1 9
2 .2 0
2 . 22
2 .2 3
2 . 23
Durable goods
$ 8 8 .6 6
9 0 . 06
8 8 .3 7
8 9 .8 9
8 9 .8 3
9 1 .1 4
9 2 .4 6
9 1 .8 3
9 4 . 30
9 6 .2 9
9 4 .9 4
9 5 .1 1
9 7 .1 0
9 7 . 75
9 8 .2 3
4 0 .3
3 9 .5
3 9 .1
3 9 .6
3 9 .4
3 9 .8
4 0 .2
4 0 .1
4 0 .3
4 0 .8
4 0 .4
4 0 .3
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
41. 1
Nondurable goods
$ 2 .2 0
$ 73 . 51
2 .2 8
2 .2 6
2 . 27
2 .2 8
2 . 29
2 .3 0
2 .2 9
2 .3 4
2 .3 6
2 .3 5
2 .3 6
2 . 38
2 . 39
2 . 39
7 5 .2 7
7 3 . 91
7 5 .0 8
7 5 .6 6
7 6 .0 4
7 7 .0 3
76 . 83
7 7 .2 2
78 . 01
7 7 .8 1
7 8 .0 1
7 9 .0 0
7 9 .0 0
7 9 .2 0
3 9 .1
3 8 .8
38. 1
3 8 .7
3 9 .0
3 9 .4
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
3 9 .4
3 9 .6
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
3 9 .5
3 9 .5
3 9 .6
$ 1 .8 8
1 .9 4
1 .9 4
1 .9 4
1 94
1 .9 3
1 .9 5
1 .9 5
1 .9 6
1 .9 7
1 .9 8
1 .9 8
2 .0 0
2 .0 0
2 .0 0
Total: Ordnance
and accessories
$ 95 . 47
101 . 43
9 9 .8 8
1 0 0 .9 4
100 . 94
100 . 69
103 . 00
103 . 00
1 0 3 .1 6
106 . 43
1 0 5 .0 0
103 . 57
104 . 08
103 . 32
106 . 08
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
40. 7
4 0 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .1
4 1 .9
4 1 .5
4 1 .1
4 1 .3
4 1 .0
41. 6
$ 2 .3 4
2 .4 8
2 .4 6
2 .4 8
2 .4 8
2 . 48
2 . 50
2 .5 0
2 . 51
2 .5 4
2 .5 3
2 .5 2
2 .5 2
2 .5 2
2 . 55
0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C -l.
939
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
h o urs
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
h ours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg,
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
A vg.
h rly . w k ly .
ea r n
earn
in g s
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
h o urs
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
Y ea r an d m o n th
D u r a b le g o o d s— C o n tin u e d
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts (e x c e p t fu rn itu re)
T o ta l: L u m b e r and
w o o d p r o d u c ts (ex
c e p t fu rn itu re)
1957: A v e r a g e _______
1958: A v e r a g e _______
M a y __________
J u n e __________
J u l y ------ ---------A u g u s t . . ............
S e p te m b e r ____
O c tob e r _____
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____
1959: J a n u a r y —..........
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h .......... ..
A p r il__________
M a y __________
$72.04
75.41
74. 45
76. 14
74.28
77. 74
80.12
80. 15
77. 59
77.38
74.84
74.26
77.74
78. 96
80.36
39 .8
3 9 .9
39 6
40 .5
39. 3
40. 7
41.3
41. 1
40.2
4 0 .3
3 9 .6
39 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
U n ite d S ta te s
$1.81 $70. 92
1. 89
73. 23
1.88
73. 05
1. 88
74. 52
73.66
1 .8 9
1.91
76. 70
1.94
77. 68
1.95
77. 30
1.93
75. 39
1.92
75. 17
1.89
72.31
1.88
72.86
75. 85
1.91
1.94
76. 30
1.96
78. 85
39.4
3 9 .8
39. 7
4 0 .5
39 6
40.8
41. 1
40. 9
40. 1
40 .2
3 9 .3
3 9 .6
41 .0
40. S
4 1 .5
M illw o r k , p ly w o o d ,
a n d p refa b rica ted
s tr u c tu r a l
w ood
p roducts*
S aw m ills and planing m ills, general
S a w m ills a n d p la n in g
m ills >
$1.80 $71.53
1.84
73.84
1.84
74 03
1.84
75. 52
1.86
74.64
1. 88 77.52
1.89
78.50
1. 89 78.12
1.88
76.19
1.87
75. 79
1.84
72. 73
1.84
73.28
1.85
76.48
76.92
1.87
1.90
79.68
39 .3
3 9 .7
3 9 .8
4 0 .6
39.7
40 .8
41.1
40 .9
40.1
40. 1
3 9 .1
39 .4
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
4 1 .5
S o u th
$1.82 $49.29
1.86
50.43
1.86
49. 94
1.86
51.00
1.88
50. 43
52. 33
1 90
1.91
52.15
1.91
52. 58
1 .9 0
52.20
1.89
51.25
1 .8 6
51.25
1 .8 6
51. 25
1. 87
52.92
1 .8 9
53.30
1.92
54. 56
W est
$1.22
1.2 3
1.2 3
1.22
1.2 3
1.24
1.23
1.24
1.24
1.2 5
1.25
1.25
1.26
1.26
1.2 6
40. 4
4 1 .0
40 6
41 .8
41 .0
4 2 .2
42 .4
42.4
42.1
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 2 .0
4 2 .3
4 3 .3
$88 62
90 .9 5
91. 26
91.96
91. 42
94. 33
96 .1 6
96.16
93.12
93. 69
87.93
89. 44
94. 56
94.64
97. 77
38 .2
3 8 .7
3 9 .0
3 9 .3
3 8 .9
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
39 9
3 8 .8
39 .2
37.1
3 7 .9
3 9 .9
3 9 .6
4 0 .4
$2.32 $75.60
2. 35
79.38
2. 34
78. 20
2. 34
79.58
79. 18
2. 35
2. 37 82. 57
2.41
83.18
83. 42
2. 41
2. 40
83. 21
2. 39
81.00
81.41
2 .3 7
2. 36 81.81
2. 37 83.43
2. 39 85. 08
2. 42
85.9 0
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p ro d u c ts (ex ce p t fu r n itu r e )— C o n tin u e d
M iü w ork
1957: A v e r a g e .—. - . .
1958: A v e r a g e _______
M a y .................
J u n e ...............—
J u l v ___________
A u g u s t ________
S e p te m b e r ____
O c to b e r ---------N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____
1959: J a n u a r y ---------F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h ________
A p r il_________
M a y __________
$75. 55
78. 55
77. 57
79.13
79. 73
82. 74
82.91
82. 54
80. 95
80.16
79. 79
78.40
79. 19
80.98
82. 78
40.4
4 0 .7
40. 4
4 1 .0
41. 1
4 2 .0
4 2 .3
4 1 .9
41 .3
40 .9
40 .5
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .9
4 1 .6
Plyw ood
$1. 87 $76.00
1. 93 80.9 9
1 .9 2
79.60
1.93
81.1 8
1.94
78. 41
1.97
83. 16
1. 96
84. 85
1.97
85. 49
1.96
85.90
1.96
84.05
1.97
85.49
1.9 6
88.40
1.9 7
90.31
1.9 8
91.59
1.99
92. 67
H o u s e h o ld fu r n itu r e *
1957: A v e r a g e _______
1958: A v e r a g e ..............
M a y .................
J u n e __________
J u ly ___________
A u g u s t ........... ....
S e p te m b e r ____
O c to b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ..........
1959: J a n u a r y ..............
F e b r u a r y ...........
M a r c h ________
A p r i l ..............
M a y __________
$66.63
66.76
63 00
65.23
65.57
68.61
70.45
70. 79
70.28
71. 14
69.26
69. 43
69.83
69.20
68.80
3 9 .9
3 9 .5
37. 5
38 .6
3 8 .8
4 0 .6
4 1 .2
41 .4
41.1
41 .6
4 0 .5
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
40 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .2
41 .0
39 .8
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
41.7
4 1 .9
4 1 .0
4 1 .7
4 2 .5
4 2 .8
4 2 .8
43. 1
W o o d e n c o n ta in e r s 3
$1.9 0 $56.23
1.99
56. 88
56. 34
1.98
58.03
1.98
1. 97 58.15
59. 60
1.9 8
2.03
59.68
59.09
2 .0 5
2. 05
57.31
2.0 5
57.38
2 .0 5
57.02
2.0 8
57.52
2.11
59.09
2.1 4
59.09
2 .1 5
60.44
Wood household f u r
niture (except u p
holstered.)
$1.67 $59. 79
1.69
59. 85
56. 77
1.68
1.69
58.05
1.69
58.2 0
1.69
61.20
1.71
63. 08
1.71
63.69
1.71
63.38
1.71
63.54
1. 71 62.21
1.71
62. 47
1.72
63. 45
1.73
63.24
1.72
63. 40
40 .4
3 9 .9
38.1
3 8 .7
3 8 .8
40 .8
41 .5
41.9
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
4 1 .2
41.1
4 1 .2
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
3 9 .6
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
4 0 .3
40. 1
41.1
4 0 .6
4 0 .2
39 .$
39 .3
3 9 .6
39.4
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 1 .4
Wood household fu r
niture, upholstered
$1.48 $72.50
72 37
1.50
1. 49 65.6 8
1.50
68.63
1.50
69. 01
1.50
74. 21
1 .5 2
76.11
1.52
78.06
1.52
77. 68
1.52
80.41
1. 51 73. 51
1. 52 74.61
1.54
75. 58
72. 57
1.55
72.00
1.55
3 9 .4
3 8 .7
35.5
36 .9
3 7 .3
3 9 .9
40 .7
41 .3
41.1
42.1
39.1
3 9 .9
4 0 .2
3 8 .6
3 8 .3
39 .8
39 .5
39 .5
40 .6
40 .7
41.4
41.1
40 0
3 9 .6
3 9 .4
3 9 .4
3 9 .6
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
4 1 .7
39.1
3 9 .3
3 8 .5
4 0 .6
41.4
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
40.7
39.1
4 0 .0
4 0 .9
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
3 9 .2
3 9 .9
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu re s— C o n tin u e d
M etal office furniture
1957: A v e r a g e _______
1958: A v e r a g e ..............
M a y ....................
J u n e __________
J u l y . — ..............
A u g u s t . . . ..........
S e p te m b e r ____
O c to b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____
1959: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h _______
A p r il__________
M a y __________
$85.28
84. 29
79.28
82. 51
82. 06
85. 50
90. 35
88.30
86.94
87.48
88.01
89.08
89. 93
91.94
93.20
Se« footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 9 .3
3 7 .8
36. 2
3 7 .0
3 6 .8
3 8 .0
3 9 .8
3 8 .9
3 8 .3
3 8 .2
3 8 .6
3 8 .9
39. 1
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
P a r titio n s , s h e lv in g ,
lo c k e rs, a n d fix tu res
$2.17 $85.22
2. 23
85. 97
2. 19 84 .1 0
2 .2 3
86.85
2 .2 3
86. 14
2. 25
88.48
2.27
87.98
2.27
86.80
2. 27
86.08
2. 29 88. 65
2 .2 8
87.4 6
2 .2 9
87. 53
2.3 0
88.03
2.31
90. 63
2. 33
90.94
4 0 .2
3 8 .9
3 8 .4
3 9 .3
3 8 .8
39 .5
39.1
39.1
3 8 .6
39.4
3 8 .7
3 8 .9
3 9 .3
40.1
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
3 9 .5
4 0 .1
3 9 .6
4 0 .5
4 0 .8
41 .3
40 .8
4 1 .0
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
4 1 .3
4 1 .1
41 .1
$1.5 2 $70.00
1. 58
70.31
1.5 6
66. 91
1.58
69.0 6
1.59
68. 85
1. 59
72.09
1.5 9
73.80
1.60
73. 39
1.60
73.03
1.60
74.16
1.61
72.54
72. 32
1.60
73.12
1. 60
72.40
1.61
1 .6 2
72.76
O ffice, p u b lic -b u ild
in g , a n d p rofes
s io n a l f u r n it u r e 8
$1.89 $78. 99
1.95
79.79
1.94
76. 42
1 .9 7
78. 59
1.95
77. 81
1. 97
82.22
83.84
1.97
1.97
81.80
1.94
81.00
1.92
82.62
2 .0 4
82.21
82. 21
2 .0 0
2. 02 82.61
1.99
83.2 2
2 .0 0
83.6 3
40 .3
3 9 .5
38. 4
39 .1
39 .1
4 0 .5
41 .1
40.1
3 9 .9
4 0 .3
40.1
4 0 .3
4 0 .1
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
T o ta l: F u r n itu r e a n d
fix tu re s
4 0 .0
3 9 .5
3 7 .8
3 8 .8
3 8 .9
4 0 .5
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
4 1 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
$1.76
1. 78
1. 77
1.78
1.77
1.78
1.80
1 .7 9
1.79
1.80
1 .8 0
1 .7 9
1.81
1.81
1.81
Wood office furniture
$1.96 $64.71
2. 02
63. 28
1.99
60. 64
2.01
63.9 2
1.99
63 11
2 .0 3
64.94
2. 04
66.41
65.31
2 04
2. 03
63. 49
2 .0 5
67. 47
2 .0 5
68.26
2. 04
67. 78
2. 06
67.84
2. 06
67.3 0
2 .0 7
67.0 4
4 0 .7
3 9 .8
3 7 .9
3 9 .7
4 0 .2
41 .1
4 2 .3
41 .6
40 .7
4 2 .7
4 2 .4
42 .1
4 2 .4
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
$1.59
1. 59
1 .6 0
1.61
1.5 7
1.58
1.57
1.57
1 .5 6
1 .5 8
1.61
1.61
1 .6 0
1 .6 1
1. 60
S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts
S creen s, b lin d s , a n d
m isc e lla n e o u s fu r
n itu r e a n d fix tu re s
$2.12 $68.40
2.21
71.56
2. 19 70.49
2.21
71. 15
2 .2 2
70.45
2.24
72.22
2.25
72.45
2 .2 2
71 69
2. 23
73.98
2 .2 5
74.98
2 .2 6
74.66
2. 25 72.58
2.2 4
73. 53
2. 26
73.12
2. 24
76. 22
M is c e lla n e o u s w o o d
p ro d u c ts
$1. 42 $61.56
1.43
63. 52
1. 43 6 1 .6 2
1.44
63. 36
1. 47 62.9 6
1.45
64 .4 0
64. 87
1 .4 6
1.44
66. 08
65.28
1.40
1.43
65.60
1. 41
65.37
64.80
1.43
1.44
66.08
1.44
66 .1 7
1.4 4
66. 58
M attresses and
bedsprings
$1.84 $73. 90
1. 87
76.64
1.86
74 .6 9
1.86
79. 98
1.85
80. 73
1.86
82. 15
1.87
82.35
1. 89
80. 18
1. 89
75.85
1.91
76.80
1.88
83.4 4
1 .8 7
80. 40
1.88
80.6 0
1.88
78. Cl
1.8 8
79.80
$1.8 9
1.96
1.95
1 .9 6
1.96
1 .9 8
1.99
2.01
2.01
2. 00
2. 01
2 .0 1
2 .0 3
2 .0 5
2. 06
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu res
Wooden boxes, other
than cigar
$1.4 2 $56. 52
1.44
56.49
1. 43 56. 49
1.44
58. 46
1.45
59. 83
1.45
60.03
1.47
60.01
1.47
57.60
1.44
55. 44
1.46
56.34
1.44
55. 55
1.46
56.63
1.47
58.03
1.47
58.03
1.46
60.05
40 .0
4 0 .5
40.1
4 0 .6
4 0 .4
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
41.5
41.4
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
4 0 .7
41.1
41 .5
4 1 .7
40.0
4 0 .2
39 .6
4 0 .2
3 9 .8
4 0 .8
40.7
40.5
41.1
4 1 .2
4 0 .8
40.1
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 1 .2
T o ta l: S to n e , c la y ,
a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts
$1.71 $83.03
1. 78 84. 80
1. 78 82. 97
1. 77 84.6 3
1. 77 84. 40
86.90
1.77
1.78
88.7 8
1.77
86. 51
1.80
87.53
1.82
87.2 6
1.83
86.8 3
1.81
87. 67
1.82
90.2 0
1.81
91.2 7
1.85
91.94
4 0 .5
4 0 .0
39. 7
40 .3
4 0 .0
40 .8
41 .1
41 .0
4 0 .9
40.4
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
F la t g la ss
$2.05 $114. 62
2.1 2 113.10
2. 09 105.09
2 .1 0 103.32
2.11 108. 29
2.13 122.18
2.1 6 128.94
2.11
78.12
2 .1 4 123. 51
2 .1 6 133.35
2 .1 6 136. 75
2 .1 7 135.20
2 .2 0 132. 70
2.21 131.97
2.21 130.92
4 0 .5
3 8 .6
37. 4
3 6 .9
37 .6
4 1 .0
4 2 .0
28.1
40.1
4 2 .2
4 2 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
G la ss a n d g la ssw a r e,
p ressed or b l o w n 3
$2.8 3 $83.58
2. 93 85. 75
2. 81 84. 71
2 .8 0
86. 40
2 .8 8
84.2 8
2.98
85. 97
85. 97
3 .0 7
2. 78
87. 67
3 .0 8
87.16
3. 16 87.16
3.21 86.11
3. 25 8 7 .8 2
3. 19 89.2 4
3. 18 88. 80
3. 17 88.8 0
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
3 9 .4
40 .0
3 9 .2
3 9 .8
3 9 .8
4 0 .4
3 9 .8
3 9 .8
3 9 .5
40.1
4 0 .2
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
$ 2 .1 0
2 .1 6
2. 15
2 .1 6
2 .1 5
2 .1 6
2 .1 6
2.1 7
2 .1 9
2 .1 9
2.18
2 .1 9
2. 22
2. 22
2. 22
940
T able C - l.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Durable goods—Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
G la s s c o n ta in e r s
1957: Average_____ $85.01
1958: Average-------- 87. 05
May________ 87 67
June________ 88. 75
86. 37
July________
August______ 88.07
September___ 86. 58
88. 73
October_____
November___ 87. 23
86. 98
December___
1959: January_____
86. 98
February____ 87. 60
March______ 89.47
April_______
89.82
May------------ 90. 72
40.1 $2.12 $S1. 56
40.3
2.16 83.42
40 4 2 17 80 14
40 9 2.17 81.79
39 8 2. 17 80. 77
40. 4 2.18 82.04
39.9
2. 17 85. 14
40.7
2.18 86.40
40.2
2 17 87. 25
39.9
2.18 87.12
39.9
2.18 84.80
40.0
2.19 88. 44
40.3
2. 22 88.40
40.1
2.24 87. 56
40.5
2.24 86. 29
F lo o r a n d w a l l t i le
1957: Average-------- $75. 81
1958: Average_____ 76. 82
May---- ------- 76. 44
June________ 77.39
July...... ...... . 77. 18
August ____
78. 59
September___ 79. 37
October_____
78.99
November___ 78.00
December___
78. 60
1959: January_____
78. 99
February____ 78.01
77. 42
March______
April............ .
80.00
May------------ 78.20
P r e s s e d o r b lo w n g la s s
39.4 $2.07 $70. 67
38.8
2.15 71. 55
37. 8 2 12 68. 99
38. 4 2.13 69.72
38. 1 2.12 70. 25
38.7
2.12 72.68
39.6
2.15 75. 70
2.16 75. 07
40.0
39.3
2.22 76. 45
39. 6 2. 20 77. 64
38.9
2.18 72.89
40.2
2.20 71.74
40.0
2. 21 72.10
2.20 74.34
39.8
39.4
2.19 74.07
S ew er p ip e
39.9 $1.90 $73.26
39.6
1.94 73.15
39. 4 1.94 73. 34
40.1
1.93 76.82
40. 2 1. 92 76. 63
1.95 77.81
40.3
40.7
1.95 79. 59
40.3
1 96 79.60
1.95 76. 44
40.0
40 1 1.96 71.76
1.96 71.80
40.3
39.6
1.97 73.34
1.97 76. 83
39.3
1.99 78. 39
40.2
1.96 81.40
39.9
Class products made
of purchased glass
39.6
37.9
38 0
39. 6
39. 5
39.7
40.4
40.2
39.0
36.8
37.2
38.0
39.2
39.0
39.9
C la y
$1.85 $S3. 81
1.93 85.01
1.93 80 19
1.94 83.25
1.94 86. 07
1.96 87. 66
1.97 91. 72
1.98 91.10
1.96 91. 15
1.95 89. 35
1.93 90.92
1.93 95. 68
1.90 96. 71
2.01 95.35
2. 04 95. 76
Cement, hydaullc
Structural clay
products 3
39.7
39.1
37.7
38.1
38.6
39.5
40.7
40.8
41.1
41.3
39.4
39.2
39.4
40.4
40.7
$1.78 $87.91
40.7 $2.16 $74 61
39 9 $1.87 $69.60
40.7 $1.71
1.83 92.92
40.4
2. 30 75. 25 39.4
1.91 70.99
40.8
1.74
1. 83 90 94
40 6 2 2+ 74 28 39 3
1.89 70 82 40. 7 1 74
1. 83 92. 11
40.4
2.28 76. 17 40.3
1.89 72. 80 41.6
1.75
2.34 76. 19 40. 1 1.90 72 63
1.82 95.24
40.7
41.5
1. 75
1.84 95.58
40.5
2. 36 77. 95
1.92 73. 85 42.2
40.6
1. 75
1.86 97. 82
41. 1 2. 3« 79. 35
40.9
1.94 73. 33 41.9
1.75
1.84 96. 70
40.8
2. 37 79. 15 40.8
1.94 74.03
42.3
1.75
1.86 97.41
41.1
2.37 78.18
40.3
1.94 73. 39 41.7
1.76
1.88 95.18
40.5
2.35 75.85
39. 1 1.94 68. 51 39.6
1.73
1.85 92. 98 39.4
2. 36 75. 66 39.2
1.93 68. 40 40.0
1.71
1.83 93. 53 39.8
2. 35 77.03
39.5
1.95 68.34
40.2
1.70
1.83 95. 51 40.3
2. 37 78. 79 40.2
1.96 71. 10 41. 1 1.73
1.84 96. 87 40.7
2.38 SO. 39 40.6
1.98 74.94
42. 1 1. 73
1.82 97. 82 41.1
2. 38 81.58
41.2
1.98 76. 50 42.5
1.80
Pottery
and
related
Concrete,
gypsum,
and
r e f r a c t o r ie s
C o n c re te p r o d u c ts
products
plaster products 3
38.8
36.8
35. 8
37.0
37.1
37.3
38.7
38.6
38.3
37.7
38.2
39.7
39.8
39.4
39.9
$2.16 $73. 48
2.31 73. 24
2.24 70.85
2.25 71. 40
2. 32 70. 38
2. 35 71. 71
2. 37 74.30
2.36 75. 52
2.38 77. 29
2. 37 76.43
2.38 77.17
2.41 78. 87
2.43 79. 25
2. 42 78.17
2. 40 79.00
37.3 $1.97 $82. 75
35.9
2.04 86. 43
34. 9 2 03 85. 77
35.0
2.04 88.20
2. 04 89. 49
34.5
35. 5 2.02 90 50
36.6
2.03 90. 37
37.2
2.03 91.80
2. 05 88.91
37.7
2.06 86. 51
37.1
37.1
2. 08 85. 67
2. 07 85.48
38.1
38.1
2.08 88. 99
37.4
2. 09 91.91
2.09 93. 63
37.8
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Cut-stone and stone
products
1967: Average-------- $70. 98
1958: Average_____ 73. 31
May________ 74.98
June________ 74.26
July________
72 94
August--------- 73. 21
September___ 75. 21
October_____
75.26
November___ 72. 58
December___
72.07
1959: January_____
71.31
February____ 72.04
March______
72. 98
April..... ...... .
75.81
May________ 76. 96
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products 3
40.1 $1.77 $86. 67
40. 5 1.81 87.96
41. 2 1.82 84.58
1.82 87. 74
40.8
40.3
1.81 85. 75
1.79 89. 42
40.9
41. 1 1.83 91.35
40.9
1.84 91.62
40. 1 1.81 91.80
39.6
1.82 93.94
39.4
1.81 94.16
39.8
1.81 95.04
40.1
1.82 95. 72
41.2
1.84 97.44
41. 6
1.85 97.86
Blast furnaces, steel
works, and rolling
mills 3
B la s t fu r n a c e s , s te e l
w o r k s , a n d r o llin g
m ills , e x c e p t e le c tr o
m e ta llu r g ic a l p r o d
u c ts
1957: Average_____ $104. 79 39.1 $2.68 $105.18
1958: Average_____ 108. 00 37.5
2.88 108. 09
May________ 101.66
2. 77 101. 75
36.7
June________ 106. 60
37.8
2. 82 106. 97
July........ ........ 111.72 38. 0 2.94 112.10
August______ 112.18
2. 96 112. 56
37.9
September___ 115. 71 38.7
2. 99 116. 10
October_____ 114. 52 38.3
2. 99 114.90
November___ 115. 50 38.5
3.00 115. 89
December___ 116. 40 38.8
3.00 116. 79
1959: Januarv_____ 120. 08 39.5
3.04 120. 48
February____ 122. 00
40.0
3.05 122. 40
March,.
125. 36 40.7
3.08 125. 76
April_______ 127.10
41.0
3.10 127. 51
May------------ 127.10
41.0
3.10 127. 51
Sae footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A b r a s iv e p r o d u c ts
40.5 $2.14 $90.74
2.21 90.40
39.8
2. 18 86. 95
38.8
39. 7 2.21 87.89
2. 21 86.86
38.8
40.1
2.23 87. 78
2. 25 92. 50
40.6
2. 24 95.18
40.9
2.25 95. 58
40.8
41.2
2.28 98.88
41.3
2. 28 98. 09
41.5
2.29 100. 04
41.8
2. 29 98. 74
42.0
2. 32 100. 91
42.0
2. 33 102. 58
j
A s b e s to s p r o d u c ts
39.8 $2.28 $89.87
2. 33 89.73
38.8
2.35 86. 80
37.0
37.4
2. 35 90.42
37.6
2.31 88. 75
2. 31 95. 49
38.0
2. 33 94.39
39.7
2. 35 94.21
40.5
40. 5 2.36 92.21
41.2
2. 40 94. 66
40. 7 2.41 95.99
41.0
2.44 96.25
2. 42 98.64
40.8
2. 42 99. 41
41.7
41.7
2. 46 103.29
E le c tr o m e ta llu r g ic a l
p r o d u c ts
39.1 $2. 69 $93.26
37.4
2. 89 99.79
36.6
2. 78 97. 91
37.8
2.83 98.60
38.0
2. 95 100. 65
37.9
2.97 99. 65
38. 7 3.00 101. 45
38.3
3. on 100. 75
38.5
3.01 103.12
38.8
3.01 102. 72
39.5
3. 05 103. 07
40.0
3.06 103.22
40. 7 3.09 104.14
41.0
3.11 103. 79
41.0
3.11 104.04
B r ic k a n d h o llo w t i le
41.8
40.6
40. 0
41.1
39.8
41. 7
41.4
41. 5
40.8
41.7
42.1
42.4
42.7
42.3
43.4
$2.15
2. 21
2.17
2.20
2. 23
2.29
2. 28
2.27
2.26
2. 27
2. 28
2. 27
2.31
2. 35
2. 38
Iron and steel found
ries 3
40.2 $2. 32 $87. 64
40.4
2.47 85. 93
2. 46 82. 67
39.8
39.6
2. 49 85.10
40.1
2. 51 86. 16
39.7
2. 51 86. 25
40. 1 2. 53 88. 77
40.3
2. 50 87. 93
40.6
2.54 91.87
40.6
2. .53 94.17
2. 52 94. 80
40.9
40.8
2.53 95. 28
2. 54 97. 53
41.0
2. 55 98. 42
40.7
40.8
2. 55 100. 94
4¿. 1 $1.92 $80. 04
43. 5 $1.84
43. 1 1.94
43.0
2.01 83. 61
43 1 1.09 84 58 43.6
1. 94
44. 1 2.00 85. 94
1.94
44.3
44 3 2.02 86 78
44. 5 1.95
2.02 87. 75 45.0
1.95
44.8
44. 3 2.04 87. 47 44.4
1.97
1.96
45. 0 2. 04 88. 40
45.1
43.8
2.03 84. 39 43. 5 1.94
42.2
41.2
1.95
2. 05 80. 34
42.2
2. 03 80. 51
41.5
1.94
41.9
1.94
2.04 79. 54
41.0
2.06 84. 74 42.8
43.2
1.98
1.99
44.4
2. 07 88. 56 44.5
44.8
2. 09 90. 70 44.9
2. 02
Primary metal
Industries
N o n c l a y r e f r a c to r ie s
$90.20
90. 28
83. 78
87. 97
89. 67
92.13
99. 18
95. 63
97.64
107. 01
99. 43
104.14
107. 01
111.34
106.34
37.9 $2.38 $98. 75
36.7
2.46 100. 97
35. 2 2. 3s 96. 23
36. 5 2. 41 99. 96
36. 9 2. 43 102. 91
37.0
2. 49 103. 95
39. 2 2 53 106. 74
38. 1 2.51 106. 59
38.9
2. 51 108. 08
41.0
2.61 109.45
39.3
2.53 110. 80
2. 61 112. 72
39.9
41.0
2.61 115.34
41.7
2. 67 116. 60
40.9
2.60 117. 58
G r a y -ir o n fo u n d r ie s
39.3 $2.23 $84.15
37.2
2.31 83. 76
36 1 2. 29 80. 86
2. 30 83.03
37.0
2. 31 84. 22
37.3
2. 30 84. 15
37.5
38. 1 2. 33 87. 25
37.9
2.32 85.88
38.6
2.38 90.48
39 4 2.39 92.28
39.5
2. 40 93.14
2. 40 93. 38
39.7
2.42 95. 36
40.3
2. 43 96.96
40.5
41. 2 2. 45 99. 95
Total: Primary metal
Industries
39.5
38.1
37.3
38.3
38.4
38.5
39.1
38.9
39.3
39.8
40.0
40.4
40.9
41.2
41.4
$2. SO
2.65
2. 58
2. 61
2 6«
2.70
2. 73
2.74
2.75
2. 75
2. 77
2.79
2.82
2. 83
2.84
M a lle a b le -ir o n f o u n d
rie s
38.6 $2.18 $84.63
36.9
2. 27 85. 73
36. 1 2. 24 81. 45
36.9
2.25 86. 41
37. 1 2. 27 84. 83
37.4
2.25 86.03
38.1
2 29 88.94
38.0
2. 26 85. 33
38. 5 2. 35 91. 03
39.1
2.36 96. 87
2. 37 92. 75
39.3
39.4
2. 37 93. 77
2. 39 94. 87
39.9
2. 40 95. 99
40.4
41.3
2.42 97. 34
39.0 $2.17
2.28
37.6
36. 2 2. 25
37.9
2.28
2. 25
37.7
37.9
2. 27
38.5
2.31
37.1
2. 30
38.9
2. 34
40.7
2.38
39.3
2. 36
39.9
2.35
40.2
2. 36
40.5
2.37
40.9
2. 38
941
C —EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C - l.
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
Ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn- hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn- hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnIngs
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags
Avg.
brly.
earnings
M anufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Year and month
Primary metal Industries—-Continued
S te e l fo u n d r ie t
1957: Average....... $95.65
91.37
1958: Average___ May ______ 87.06
88.81
June ______
91.5«
J u ly _______
A ugust_____ 91.74
92. 61
September
October_____ 94.35
November___ 95. 73
D ecem her
98 60
1959. January_____ 100.00
February____ 101.81
March______ 104. 24
103. 63
April ____
May____ - 105. 22
40.7 $2. 35 $95.82
37.6
2. 43 99.05
35. 1 2. 41 96 96
2. 42 96.96
36.7
37. 5 2. 44 98. 55
2.44 99. 54
37.6
2. 45 101. 05
37.8
38 2 2. 47 102. 36
38.6
2. 48 104.04
39. « 2. 49 105 06
40.0
2. 50 105.16
40.4
2. 52 105.06
2.53 103. 89
41.2
2. 54 104. 55
40.8
2.56 105. 47
41.1
F o ilin g , d r a w in g ,
a n d a llo y in g
of copper
$94. 54
98. 25
91.54
98. 17
99.88
101.52
102. 59
104.42
107. 95
108.89
Jan u ary
107. 19
109. 74
February..
March______ 112.84
April.. ___ 112. 67
May________ 110. 94
1957: Average____
1958: Average_____
M a y .......... .
June____ __
July
August . - . ..
September _
October_____
November. ..
December___
1959-
Primary smelting
and refining of
nonferrous metals *
Primary metal in
dustries—Continued
W e ld e d a n d h e a v y r iv e te d p i p e
1957: Average_____
1958: A.verage_____
M ay_______
June________
J u l y ..._____
August__ ...
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1959: January_____
February.. . .
March.. _ .
A pril____ _
May_______
$99. 05
103. 22
97. 66
102.83
107. 74
112. 34
105.18
110. 00
108. 78
107. 56
110. 28
109.81
115. 92
119.99
120. 69
40.1
39.1
38.0
39.4
40. 2
41.3
39.1
40.0
39.7
39. 4
40.1
39.5
41.4
42.1
42.2
H ardw are
1957: Average_____
1958: Average____
May ............ .
$89.13
89. 42
85.80
July. _______ 86.80
August.. . . __ 90.98
88. 40
September__
90. 93
October_____
November. .. 97.98
December___ 103.13
95. 87
1959: January____
February. __ 94. 99
March____ . 94.99
April........ ...... 94.12
May________ 94.99
40. 5
39.7
39.2
39.6
39 5
38.8
39. 4
39.8
40.9
41. 2
41.7
41.0
40.8
41.0
41.1
$2. 22 $103.68
2. 27 111.91
2. 23 110. 43
2. 25 108. 80
2. 29 108 78
2. 30 115. 20
2.31 117.38
2 30 118 90
2.32 117. 74
2. 33 118. 49
2. 32 117. 05
2.31 117.45
2. 32 118.73
2. 32 119. 43
2.33 120. 01
Nonferrous foundries
40 0 $2. 40 $91.20
40.4
2.61 93. 08
2. 46 9Ô. 87
40. 5
41. 1 2.58 93.60
2. 57 91 96
39.4
2. 68 93. 60
40.0
40. 1 2. 70 95. 18
41. 1 2. 70 94.87
41.4
2. 71 96. 63
2. 70 98 95
40.8
40.2
2. 70 98. 16
2. 73 97. 44
41.5
41.9
2. 74 97. 51
2. 77 98.88
42.1
2. 78 99. 95
42.9
P r i m a r y r e f in in g o f
a lu m in u m
40.5
40.4
40.6
40.0
39 7
40.0
40.9
41.0
40.6
41.0
40.5
40.5
40. 8
40.9
41.1
$2. 56 $87. 53
2. 77 88. 84
2. 72 85. 72
2. 72 86. 37
2. 74 88. 44
2. 88 89. 73
2. 87 90. 72
2. 90 93. 15
2.90 93. 34
2. 89 93.30
2. 89 92. 43
2. 90 92. 03
2.91 93. 98
2.92 94. 02
2. 92 94.02
Miscellaneous primary metal
industries *
40 0 $2. 28 $100 85
2. 35 102.31
39.6
2. 33 97 02
39 0
2. 34 101. 14
40.0
39.3
2. 34 102. 83
2. 34 104. 15
40.0
2. 35 106.13
40.5
40.2
2. 36 106. 93
2.38 109. 48
40.6
41. 4 2. 39 111. 38
2. 40 111.38
40.9
40. 6 2. 40 112. 89
40.8
2. 39 115. 09
41.2
2. 40 116. 76
2. 42 118. 72
41.3
Secondary smelting
and refining of
nonferrous metals
40.9 $2.14 $95. 51
40.2
2.21 100. 90
2. 17 96. 43
39.5
2.17 101.09
39.8
2.20 99. 75
40.2
2.21 103. 02
40.6
40. 5 2. 24 104. 60
41.4
2.25 106. 30
2.26 108. 52
41.3
41. 1 2. 27 108. 94
40.9
2. 26 106.97
40.9
2. 25 110. 56
41 4 2.27 112. 20
2. 26 113.42
41.6
2. 26 114.11
41.6
I r o n a n d s te e l fo r g in g s
40. 5 $2. 49 $105. 97
2.61 103. 03
39.2
37 9 2. 56 98 58
39.2
2.58 101.46
39. 4 2.61 103.60
39.6
2.63 101.57
2. 66 101 34
39 9
39.9
2.68 104. 83
40.4
2.71 108. 42
41. 1 2. 71 113. 12
41.1
2.71 112. 56
41.2
2. 74 114.21
2. 76 113. 65
41.7
2. 78 115.30
42.0
42.4
2.80 117. 55
Rolling, drawing, and
alloying of nonferrous
metáis
40. 3
40.2
39.2
40.6
39.9
40.4
40.7
41.2
41.9
41.9
41.3
42.2
42.5
42.8
42.9
$2. 37
2.51
2. 4«
2. 49
2.50
2.55
2. 57
2. 58
2. 59
2.60
2.59
2.62
2 64
2. 65
2.66
W ir e d r a w in g
40 6 $2. 61 $96. 63
2.69 100.15
38.3
2. 65 64. 33
37.2
2. 67 99. 45
38.0
2. 67 99. 25
38.8
2. 68 102. 72
37.9
2. 71 105.88
38.5
38.4
2. 73 105. 52
39 0 2.78 107. 90
40.4
2.80 110. 40
2.80 107. 74
40.2
40. 5 2. 82 108. 99
40.3
2. 82 112.63
2.84 112. 78
40.6
2.86 114. 54
41.1
40.6 $2.38
39.9
2.51
2. 45
38.5
40.1
2.48
39. 7 2. 50
40.6
2. §3
41.2
2. 57
40.9
2.58
41. 5 2.60
42.3
2. 61
41.6
2. 59
41.6
2.62
2. 65
42.5
42.4
2.66
42.9
2.67
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)
Total: Fabricated
metal products
$2. 47 $88. 94
2. 64 90. 80
2.57 88. 65
2.61 90.80
2. 68 91. 20
2. 72 92 52
2.69 93.89
2. 75 93.02
2. 74 94. 66
2. 73 96. 00
2. 75 93. 96
2. 78 94.13
2. 80 95. 88
2.85 96. 59
2.86 98.36
40.8
40.0
39. 4
40.0
40. 0
40.4
41.0
40.8
40.8
41. 2
40.5
40.4
40.8
41.1
41.5
$2.18
2. 27
2. 25
2. 27
2. 28
2. 29
2. 29
2.28
2.32
2. 33
2. 32
2. 33
2. 35
2.35
2.37
Heating apparatus
(except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies *
40.7 $2.19 $83.95
40.1
2.23 87. 91
39.0
2.20 84. 75
2. 24 87.07
39.7
39. 1 2.22 86.19
2.23 88. 58
40.8
40 0 2. 21 92. 03
43 3 2.10 92.70
42.6
2. 30 90. 50
43 7 2. 36 90.90
41.5
2. 31 89. 60
2. 30 91. 66
41.3
41.3
2. 30 91.43
2. 29 90. 97
41.1
2. 30 92. 52
41.3
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40.6 $2. 36 $89. 91
40. 1 2.47 90. 12
39 9 2. 43 87.42
39.9
2.43 89. 10
2. 47 90.46
39.9
2. 52 89. 24
39.5
4«. 1 2.52 91.01
2.54 91. 54
40.3
2. 55 94.89
40.8
41.2
2. 55 96. 00
41.4
2. 54 96. 74
41.2
2.55 94. 71
2.54 94.66
40.9
2. 55 95.12
41.0
41.2
2. 56 95. 76
R o llin g , d r a w in g ,
a n d a llo y in g
o f a lu m in u m
40 4 $2. 34 $96.00
40. 1 2.45 105. 44
2. 39 103 68
38.3
2. 43 106.04
40.4
40. 6 2. 46 101. 26
41. 1 2.47 107. 20
41 2 2. 49 108. 27
41.6
2.51 110.97
42. 5 2. 51 112. 19
42 7 2. 55 110.16
2. 54 108. 54
42.2
42.7
2. 57 113. 30
43.4
2.60 114.81
2. 59 116. 62
43.5
2. 58 119. 26
43.0
P r im a r y s m e ltin g a n d
r e f in in g o f c o p p e r ,
le a d , a n d z in c
Tin cans and other
tinware
$96.88
104.42
102.59
106.68
107. 68
110. 16
107. 78
106. 55
108. 52
106. 45
106. 86
107.27
106. 86
108. 99
113. 42
41.4 $2. 34 $85.65
41.6
2.51 86.15
2. 49 83. 21
41.2
42. 5 2.51 85. 67
2.51 84.46
42.9
2.55 86. 80
43.2
2. 53 86. 18
42.6
41.3
2. 58 87. 99
2. 59 92. 77
41.9
2. 59 96. 02
41.1
41.1
2. 60 91.62
41. 1 2.61 91.21
41. 1 2. 60 91. 62
2. 62 90. 98
41.6
2.65 91.84
42.8
S a n ita r y w a re a n d
p lu m b e r s ’ s u p p lie s
39.6 $2.12 $86. 41
39.6
2. 22 90. 55
2.19 86.79
38.7
39. 4 2. 21 91. 48
39. 0 2. 21 88. 85
2.22 90.62
39.9
2. 25 94. 24
40.9
2. 25 92 97
41.2
40.4
2.24 94. 30
2. 25 95. 94
40.4
2. 24 93. 90
40.0
2. 28 96. 72
40.2
40. 1 2. 28 97. 68
2. 28 96. 48
39.9
2.29 98.33
40.4
Cutlery, handtools,
and hardware 1
39.1 $2. 21
39.2
2.31
37.9
2.29
2. 31
39.6
2.29
38.8
39. 4 2.30
40. 1 2. 35
2. 33
39.9
2.34
40.3
2. 34
41.0
2. 33
40.3
2. 40
40.3
2. 40
40.7
40.2
2. 40
2.41
40.8
40 4 $2.12 $74.77
39.7
2.17 76.24
38.7
2. 15 75.85
2. 18 75. 46
39.3
39. 1 2. 16 75. 83
40.0
2. 17 75.05
39.9
2.16 76.78
41. 7 2.11 78 78
41. 6 2. 23 79. 77
2. 27 78. 98
42 3
40.9
2. 24 77. 79
40.9
2. 23 79. 58
40.9
2. 24 78.60
40.8
2.23 79.19
2.24 79.60
41.0
O i l b u r n e r s , n o n e le c tr ie h e a tin g a n d coo k in g a p p a r a t u s , n o t
e ls e w h e r e c la s s ifie d
$82. 58
86. 37
83. 85
84. 89
84. 85
87.42
91.27
92. 80
88. 88
88. 84
88.18
89.02
88. 75
88.75
89. 65
C u tle r y a n d e d g e to o ls
40.2
39.5
39.1
39.1
39.7
39.5
40.2
40.4
40.7
40.5
40.1
40.6
39.9
40.2
40.2
$1.86 $83 37
1.93 85.19
1. 94 81.38
1.93 83.71
1. 91 83.76
1.90 84.70
1.91 87. 25
1. 95 88 31
1.96 89. 38
1.95 89. 20
1.94 89.82
1.96 90. 45
1.97 91.94
1.97 91.13
1.98 91.98
Fabricated structural
metal products *
39.7 $2.08 $92. 99
2.17 93.43
39.8
2.15 91.54
39.0
2.16 93. 56
39.3
39. 1 2.17 94. 94
4«. 1 2.18 96. 52
2.21 96. 46
41.3
41 8 2. 22 95 11
40. 4 2.20 94.80
40.2
2. 21 95.04
39.9
2.21 92.98
2. 22 93. 62
40.1
2. 23 94.72
39.8
39.8
2.23 96.32
40.2
2.23 97. 68
H a n d to o ls
41.7 $2. 23
40. 1 2.33
2. 30
39.8
2. 31
40.5
40. 4 2. 35
40.9
2. 36
2. 37
40.7
40.3
2. 36
2. 37
40.0
2. 37
40.1
39.4
2. 36
2. 37
39.5
2. 38
39.8
2. 39
40.3
40.7
2.40
39. 7
38.9
37. 5
38.4
38.6
38.5
39.3
39.6
39.9
40.0
40.1
40.2
40.5
40.5
40.7
$2, 10
2. 19
2.17
2.18
2.17
2.20
2.22
2. 23
2.24
2. 23
2.24
2. 25
2. 27
2. 25
2. 26
S tr u c tu r a l s te e l a n d
o r n a m e n ta l m e ta lw o r k
$94. 73
93. 67
93.09
94.02
95. 88
97.23
96. 05
94. 56
93. 46
92. 59
91.03
92. 51
93.22
94. 33
96.08
42.1 $2. 25
40. 2 2. 33
2 31
40.3
40.7
2.31
2. 35
40.8
41.2
2,36
40. 7 2. 36
39 9 2. 37
39. 6 2. 36
39. 4 2. 35
38.9
2.34
2.36
39.2
39. 5 2.36
39.8
2.37
40. 2 2. 39
942
T able C -l.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn
ings
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Year and month
Durable goods—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—Continued
M e ta l d o ors, sa sh ,
f r a m e s , m o ld iv g
a n d tr im
1057: Average_____ $89. 79
1958: Average.........- 89.15
M ay________ 87.52
June________ 88.75
July................. 90. 68
August______ 91.30
September___ 91.71
October_____ 91.13
November....... 92.11
December___
92.11
1959: January........... 86.24
February____ 87.01
M arch______
89.60
A p r i l . .____
92.75
M ay.......... .
93.02
41.0
39.8
39.6
39.8
40.3
40.4
40.4
40.5
40.4
40.4
38.5
38.5
39.3
40.5
40.8
$2.19 $92. 77
2.24 94.80
2. 21 90.17
2.23 94. 71
2.25 94.96
2.26 95.92
2.27 97.04
2.25 97.53
2.28 97. 44
2.28 98. 58
2.24 97.69
2.26 96.47
2. 28 97. 76
2.29 98.25
2.28 99.38
Lighting fixtures
1957: Average_____ $79.80
1958: Average........... 80.17
M ay__ . . - 78.13
June_____ . 80.57
July........ ........ 81.97
August______ 81.81
September___ 83. 84
81.40
October_____
November___ 85. 48
December___
85.48
1959: January.......... 85.03
February____ 84.21
March............. 84. 42
April________ 87. 54
M ay........ .. 88. 58
39.7
39.3
38.3
39.3
39.6
40.3
40.7
40.7
40.9
40.9
40.3
40.1
40.2
41.1
41.2
B o ile r -s h o p p r o d u c ts
41.6
40.0
38.7
40.3
39.9
39.8
40.1
40.3
40.1
40.4
40.2
39.7
39.9
40.1
40.4
$2.23
2.37
2.33
2.35
2.38
2.41
2.42
2.42
2.43
2. 44
2.43
2.43
2.45
2. 45
2. 46
Fabricated wire
products
$2.01 $82.21
2.04 83.74
2.04 81.30
2. 05 82.92
2. 07 82.89
2.03 82.92
2. 06 87.10
2.00 86. 48
2.09 86. 58
2.09 90.25
2.11 88.75
2.10 87. 67
2.10 89. 54
2.13 91.08
2.15 93.02
$93. 56
96.46
95.24
97. 47
96. 32
101. 70
101.22
99.12
96. 48
99.87
98.42
98. 90
100.04
102.09
104.16
41.4
40.7
40.7
41.3
40.3
42.2
42.0
41.3
40.2
41.1
40.5
40.7
41.0
41.5
42.0
1957: Average-------- $87. 99
1958: Average_____ 84.74
M ay_______
79.76
June________ 82.01
July............... . 84.10
August______ 86.43
September___ 88. 34
October_____ 89.82
November___ 90. 03
December___ 91.56
1959: January_____ 91.78
February____ 92.40
M arch______
93. 94
A p ril......... .
92. 86
M ay........ ._ 93. 72
40.1 $2.05 $89.01
39.5
2.12 88.53
38.9
2.09 83.22
2.11 85.97
39.3
39. 1 2.12 87. 86
39.3
2.11 90. 68
2.14 93.98
40.7
2.13 93.71
40.6
39.9
2.17 94. 62
41.4
2.18 95.30
40.9
2.17 94.85
40. 4 2.17 96. 56
40.7
2. 20 98. 37
41.4
2.20 98.60
41.9
2.22 100. 85
41. 4
39.7
38.0
38.9
39.4
40.3
41.4
41.1
41.5
41.8
41.6
41.8
42.4
42.5
43.1
1957: Average_____
1958: Average......... .
M a y ...............
June________
July___ ____
August_____
September___
October. . . ..
November___
December___
1959: Jan u ary .........
February____
M arch______
April............
M ay________
$93.22
97.89
102.97
100. 44
103. 53
98.36
96. 75
98. 89
90 21
99.33
105.82
109.06
112.17
109. 75
110.00
39.5
39.0
40.7
39.7
40.6
39.5
38.7
39.4
35.1
38.8
40.7
41.0
41.7
40.8
41.2
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.36
2. 51
2.53
2.53
2. 55
2.49
2. 50
2.61
2. 57
2. 56
2.60
2.66
2.69
2.69
2. 67
$2. 15
2.23
2.19
2. 21
2.23
2. 25
2. 27
2.28
2. 28
2.28
2.28
2.31
2.32
2. 32
2. 34
$90.13
92.63
92.40
93. 03
93.26
92.10
95.40
91.25
96.70
100. 50
97.51
97.36
100. 77
101. 99
103.07
40.6
40.1
40.0
40.1
40.2
39.7
41.3
40.2
40.8
41.7
40.8
40.4
41.3
41.8
41.9
V itr e o u s - e n a m e le d
p r o d u c ts
$2.22 $70. 49
2.31 74.82
2.31 72.00
2. 32 74. 66
2. 32 79. 76
2. 32 73. 49
2.31 81.06
2.27 82.03
2.37 82. 75
2.41 80.03
2.39 75.48
2.41 80. 54
2. 44 84. 22
2.44 84.23
2.46 87. 47
Metal shipping
barrels, drums, kegs,
and pails
$98. 64
102.31
101.59
104. 66
107. 61
110.25
115.02
99. 84
103.17
101.63
102. 80
106. 52
111.78
116. 24
124. 47
41.1
40.6
40.8
42.2
42.2
42.9
43.9
39.0
40.3
39.7
40.0
40.5
42. 5
43.7
46.1
$2.40
2. 52
2. 49
2. 48
2.55
2.57
2. 62
2. 56
2. 56
2. 56
2. 57
2.63
2. 63
2. 66
2. 70
39.6
39.8
38.5
39.5
42.2
39.3
42.0
42.5
43.1
41.9
40.8
43.3
44.8
44.1
44.4
$1. 78
1.88
1.87
1.89
1.89
1.87
1.93
1. 93
1.92
1.91
1.85
1.86
1.88
1.91
1.97
40.6
38.3
36. 9
38.4
38. 2
38.3
38.7
39 7
40.1
40.5
39.9
40.1
41.3
40.7
43.3
$93.84
97.04
97.69
97.93
97.69
96.07
99.60
94. 09
101.09
107.10
102. 41
102.11
106.40
107. 68
108. 78
40.8 $2.30
40.1
2.42
40.2
2. 43
2. 43
40.3
40. 2 2. 43
39.7
2. 42
41.5
2.40
39.7
2.37
40.6
2.49
42.0
2. 55
40.8
2.51
40.2
2. 54
41.4
2.57
2. 57
41.9
42.0
2. 59
Bolts, nuts,
washers, and
rivets
Steel springs
$95. 41
91.54
86.72
91.01
91.30
91. 54
92. 49
96. 47
97. 04
100.04
98.95
99. 85
105. 73
102. 97
111.71
S ta m p e d a n d
p r e s s e d m e ta l
p r o d u c ts
$2.35
2. 39
2. 35
2. 37
2. 39
2. 39
2. 39
2. 43
2. 42
2. 47
2. 48
2. 49
2.56
2.53
2.58
$91. 08
89. 77
81.54
84.98
86. 79
91.64
97. 76
97.94
99.30
100.01
99.78
102.00
103. 63
105.03
104. 98
41.4
39.2
36.4
37.6
37.9
39.5
41.6
41. 5
41.9
42.2
42.1
42.5
43.0
43.4
43.2
$2 20
2. 29
2. 24
2.26
2. 29
2.32
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.37
2.37
2. 40
2.41
2.42
2.43
Machinery (except electrical)
Total: Machinery
(except electrical)
41. 7 $2.11 $94. 30
39.6
2.14 94.25
37.8
2.11 93.38
38.5
2.13 94. 25
39.3
2.14 93. 77
40.2
2.15 93. 77
40.9
2.16 95.60
41.2
2.18 94. 41
41.3
2.18 96. 96
42.0
2.18 99.06
42.1
2.18 99.31
42.0
2.20 100. 61
42.7
2.20 102.42
42.4
2.19 103.09
42.6
2.20 103. 58
Tractors
$2. 26
2.37
2. 34
2. 36
2. 39
2.41
2.41
2. 40
2.40
2.43
2.43
2. 43
2. 44
2. 46
2.48
Miscellaneous fab
ricated metal
products 8
Fabricated metal
products (except
ordnance, machin
ery & transportation
equipment)—Con.
Screw-machine
products
Metal stamping,
coating, and en
graving 8
S h e e t-m e ta l w o r k
41.0
39.6
39.4
39.6
39.4
39.4
40.0
39.5
39.9
40.6
40.7
40.9
41.3
41.4
41.6
$2.30
2.38
2. 37
2.38
2. 38
2. 38
2. 39
2.39
2. 43
2. 44
2.44
2. 46
2.48
2. 49
2.49
Steam engines, tur
bines, and water
wheels
Engines and
turbines 8
$99. 55
102. 26
99. 75
102. 26
99.57
101.12
104. 49
105.82
103. 36
105. 97
107. 53
107. 98
111.41
111.83
112.41
40.8
40.1
39.9
40.1
39.2
39.5
40. 5
40.7
39.6
40.6
41.2
40.9
42.2
42.2
42.1
$2.44 $113.05
2. 55 109. 07
2. 50 106. 93
2.55 109. 21
2. 54 108.13
2.56 111.93
2. 58 114.65
2. 60 116.31
2.61 113.24
2.61 110. 37
2.61 109.69
2. 64 109. 81
2. 64 109. 93
2. 65 111.60
2. 67 111. 88
42.5
40.1
39.9
40.3
39.9
40.7
40.8
41.1
40.3
39.7
39.6
39.5
39.4
40.0
40.1
$2.66
2.72
2.68
2.71
2. 71
2. 75
2.81
2. 83
2. 81
2. 78
2.77
2. 78
2.79
2. 79
2. 79
A g ric u ltu r a l m a
chinery (except trac
tors)
Construction and min
Construction and
machinery, except
mining machinery 8 ingoilfield
machinery
$89.20
92.97
93.50
94.60
92. 27
91.87
94.24
93.83
87. 79
95.00
93.30
100. 94
102.90
102. 24
101. 68
$92.84
91.89
89. 94
90.09
91. 80
93. 22
94. 25
94. 09
96.00
97. 53
97. 77
99. 55
102.41
102. 01
104. 73
40.0
39.9
40.3
40.6
39.6
39.0
40.1
40.1
37.2
40.6
39.7
41.2
42.0
41.9
41.5
$2.23
2.33
2.32
2. 33
2. 33
2. 32
2. 35
2. 34
2. 36
2. 34
2. 35
2. 45
2. 45
2. 44
2.45
40.9
39.1
38.6
38.5
38.9
39.5
39.6
39. 7
40.0
40.3
40.4
40.8
41.8
41.3
42.4
$2. 27
2.35
2 33
2. 34
2. 36
2. 36
2. 38
2.37
2. 40
2. 42
2.42
2. 44
2. 45
2. 47
2. 47
$92.39
91. 65
90 40
90. 79
93.14
92. 98
94 41
92. 90
94.88
96. 32
96.80
98.98
101 35
102. 42
103.17
40.7
39.0
38.8
38.8
39.3
39.4
39.5
39. 2
39.7
39.8
40.0
40.4
41.2
41.3
41.6
$2.27
2. 35
2.33
2.34
2. 37
2.36
2. 39
2. 37
2. 39
2. 42
2.42
2. 45
2.16
2. 48
2. 48
Diesel and other in
ternal-combustion Agricultural machin
engines, not else
ery and tractors 8
where classified
$95.51
99. 85
97.36
99.60
96. 72
97.36
101. 40
102. 31
100. 47
104. 70
107.17
107. 53
111. 71
111.87
112. 63
40.3 $2. 37 $91.31
40. 1 2.49 95. 59
39.9
2. 44 98.01
2. 49 97.28
40.0
2. 48 97. 84
39.0
39.1
2.49 95.04
40.4
2. 51 95.74
40.6
2.52 96. 47
39.4
2. 55 88.69
40.9
2.56 97.27
2. 57 100. 35
41.7
41.2
2. 61 105. 22
2.61 107.84
42.8
2.62 106.14
42.7
42.5
2. 65 106.14
Oilfield machinery
and tools
$93. 75
92. 75
88. 92
88. 69
89. 30
93. 06
94. 40
96. 70
98. 33
100.43
99.77
100. 50
104. 98
101.43
109. 03
41 3
39.3
38.0
37.9
38.0
39.6
40.0
40.8
40. 8
41.5
41.4
41.7
43.2
41.4
44.5
39.7
39.5
40.5
40.2
40.1
39.6
39.4
39.7
36.2
39.7
40.3
41.1
41.8
41.3
41.3
$2 30
2.42
2.42
2. 42
2. 44
2. 40
2. 43
2. 43
2. 45
2.45
2.49
2. 56
2.58
2.57
2.57
Metalworking
machinery f
$2. 27 $106. 57
2.36 101.38
2. 34 103.10
2. 34 102.05
2. 35 99. 58
2. 35 97.41
2.36 99.31
2. 37 99. 31
2.41 102.17
2.42 105.15
2. 41 108. 90
2.41 110.39
2. 43 112.56
2. 45 114. 75
2. 45 115. 45
42.8
39 6
39.5
39.4
38.9
38.5
39.1
39.1
39.6
40.6
40.8
41.5
42.0
42. 5
42.6
$2 49
2. 56
2. 61
2. 59
2.56
2. 53
2. 54
2. 54
2.58
2. 59
2.62
2. 66
2.68
2.70
2. 71
943
O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l.
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
Avg.
Avg
wkly. wkly
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg
Avg. Avg. Avg
hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly
earn earn hours earn earn hours
ings
ings
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hriy. wkly. wkly. hrly.
earn earn hours earn
ings
ings
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Year and month
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
M a c h in e to o ls
42 2 $239 $99 42
38.0
2.39 97.64
37. 1 2.39 93. 61
37.4
2.40 95.23
37 0 2 39 97. 52
2. 38 99. 58
37.3
38.1
2.39 98 04
2.41 99. 71
38.1
38.7
2. 41 101.12
39. 6 2. 42 102. 91
39.2
2. 43 102.94
39.7
2. 44 104. 64
40.0
2.47 106. 34
40.9
2.50 107. 27
41.0
2. 51 108.42!
Averaee........ $100. 861
Average_____ 90.82
88.67
May _____
June________ 89. 76
J u lv ..______ 88. 43
August______ 88. 77
September___ 91.06
91.82
October_____
November___ 93. 27
95. 83
December___
January_____ 95.26
February____ 96. 87
98.80
M arch______
102. 25
April.. _
102. 91
May_______
P a p e r - in d u s tr ie s
m a c h in e ry
44 6
40.0
40 0
39 6
39 5
39.6
39. 7
39. 8
40.9
41. 6
41.5
41.7
42.0
41.0
41.7
1957: Average_____ $96 78
Average-------- 89.60
May ________ ho. 20
June________ 88.31
88 88
J u ly ..._____
89.10
August........ .
89. 72
September__
October_____ 91. 14
November___ 94.07
December___ 96. 51
January___ _ 95.87
96. 74
February___
97.86
March______
94. 71
April...
97.58
May_______
$2 17
2.24
2 23
2. 23
2. 25
2. 25
2. 26
2. 29
2.30
2. 32
2.31
2. 32
2.33
2.31
2.34
I n d u s tr ia l tr u c k s ,
t r a c t o r s , e tc .
Average..........
Average_____
M a y ... . . ____
June________
Julv_______
August . . __
September___
October_____
November___
December.......
January___ _
February____
M arch______
April. ______
May___ . .
Service-industry and
household machines »
5 1 4 4 3 0 — 5 9 ------- R
D o m e s tic la u n d r y
e q u ip m e n t
39.0
40.2
38 4
39.6
39.9
41.8
45.0
41.9
40.3
40.2
39.9
40.4
39.6
39.2
39.0
41 1
39. 6
39.2
39. 7
39 3
39.5
39.8
39 8
40. 1
40.6
40.5
40.6
41. 1
41.3
41.3!
1
$2.27 $83. 84
2.38 84. 77
2.38 79.59
2.38 86.22
2.41 81 37
2.35 86.33
2. 48 84. 89
2.42 87. 95
2. 43 90.52
2 43 92 66
2.43 89.46
2.44 90. 52
2. 44 90.31
2. 44 90.92
2. 44 87.10
41.3 $2.03
39.8
2.13
37.9
2.10
2. 15
40.1
38. 2 2. 31
39.6
2.18
39.3
2.16
41. 1 2.14
2.14
42.3
2.17
42.7
2.12
42.2
42.3
2.14
42.2
2.14
41.9
2.17
40.7
2.14
40.1
39.7
39.3
39.9
40 0
39.6
40.4
40.2
40.4
40. 2
40.1
39.9
40.1
40.0
40.1
$2.25
2. 35
2. 32
2. 34
2. 34
2. 36
2. 36
2.37
2. 39
2.40
2.41
2. 42
2. 42
2.44
2. 45
40.0
39.3
37.9
38.6
38.5
38.7
38.9
38.8
39.5
40.3
39.6
39.6
38.6
40.7
41.1
41 0
40.5
40.2
40.6
40.9
41.2
40.9
40.8
40 4
40.7
41.1
40.8
41.1
41.0
41.8
40.5
40.5
40.0
40.4
41.0
40.4
40.6
40. 5
40.7
40. 6
40.5
40.5
40.5
40.7
41.0
$2.23 $87. 64
2. 26 90. 85
2. 27 90. 74
2.26 91.20
2.26 91. 77
2. 27 91.64
2.24 93. 32
2. 24 82. 40
2. 27 96. 39
2. 29 98.88
2. 30 97.27
2.30 95.91
2.31 96.39
2.32 97. 75
2. 41 97.51
39.3
39.5
39.8
40.0
39.9
39.5
40.4
36.3
40.5
41. 2
40.7
40.3
40.5
40.9
40.8
$2.23
2.30
2.28
2.28
2. 30
2.32
2.31
2.27
2.38
2. 40
2.39
2. 38
2.38
2. 39
2. 39
405 $2.16
40.0
2.24
3ii. 3
2. 24
40. 5 2.22
40. 3 2.23
40 3 2.25
2. 28
40.6
2. 29
40.6
2. 29
40.5
40. 6 2. 28
40.5
2.26
40.4
2.27
39.9
2. 26
40.2
2. 27
40.5
2.28
T y p e w rite r s
$2. 42 $76 64
2. 55 77.20
2. 50 74.84
2.53 79.60
2. 54 77. 42
2.56 77. 40
2.57 81.41
2. 59 82. 01
2. 62 83.63
2. 64 81.39
2.64 81.37
2. 65 80. 16
2.64 81.97
2. 67 80. 91
2. 66 80.85
R e fr ig e r a to r s a n d a ir •
c o n d itio n in g u n its
40.6 $1. 91
39.1
1.95
37 6
1.94
37.9
1.96
38 0
1 96
39 0
1.97
40 0
1.97
40.1
1.97
40 3
1.98
41. 1 2. 01
41.6
1.99
41.5
1.99
2.02
41.6
41.4
2.01
2.02
41.8
B lo w e r s , e x h a u s t a n d
v e n tila tin g fa n s
41.6 $2. 37 $87. 48
2.42 89.60
38.7
2. K) 88. 08
38.8
39. 4 2. 41 89.91
2. 42 89. 87
38.3
2. 44 90. 68
38.5
38. 5 2. 44 92. 57
38.2
2. 44 92. 97
2.45 92. 75
38.6
389
2. 46 92. 57
39.4
2. 46 91.53
2. 48 91.71
39.9
41.0
2.50 90.17
2. 50 91.25
41.6
2. 54 92.34
41.6
C o m p u tin g m a c h in e s
a n d c a sh re g is te r s
$98. 01
103.28
100.00
102.21
104. 14
103.42
104. 34
104. 90
106.63
107.18
106.92
107.33
106.92
108. 67
109. 06
T e x tile m a c h in e ry
$2.22 $77. 55
2.30 76. 25
2. 27 72. 94
2. 30 74.28
2. 31 74.48
2. 33 76.83
2. 32 78. 80
2.33 79.00
2. 33 79. 79
2.33 82. 61
2. 36 82. 78
2. 37 82. 59
2. 39 84. 03
2. 38 83.21
2.41 84.44
C on veyors a n d con veyin g e q u ip m e n t
41.0 $2.20 $98. 59
39.4
2. 28 93.65
39. 4 2.25 93. 12
2.28 94. 95
40.0
39. 1 2.29 92.69
39. 4 2. 29 93. 94
39. 7 2.30 93. 94
2. 32 93.21
39.6
2. 33 94. 57
39.8
2.34 95. 69
40.4
2.33 96.92
40.3
2. 35 98. 95
40.9
41.1
2.35 102. 50
41.2
2. 34 104.00
2. 35 105. 66
41.3
S e w in g m a c h in e s
$89. 20
88.82
86.03
87.24
87. 01
87.85
87.14
86. 91
89.67
92.29
91.08
91.08
89.17
94.42
99.05
F o o d -p r o d u c ts m a c h in
ery
$2.17 $91.02
2. 25 93.15
2. 23 91.25
2.24 93.38
2. 25 94.48
2. 26 96.00
2.27 94.89
2. 27 95. 06
2.29 94.13
2. 30 94. 83
2.30 97. 00
2.31 96. 70
2. 32 98.23
2.32 97.58
2. 33 100. 74
Office and store machines and devices 2
41 3 $2 28 $90.23
39.7
2. 32 93.30
38.3
2.31 91. 18
38. 9 2.34 93.37
39.6
2. 32 93.60
38. 9 2. 34 93. 46
40. 7 2. 33 95. 34
40.5
2. 33 95. 27
40. 1 2. 32 96. 56
2. 34 96. 48
42.0
2. 32 96. 64
40.3
2. 32 96.56
41.7
40.9
2. 33 97.04
2. 32 97.60
40.5
40.9
2.33 98.25
C o m m e r c ia l la u n d r y ,
d r y - d e a n in g
and
p r e s s in g m a c h in e s
41. 5
39.8
39.3
39. 4
39 4
39.7
40 2
40.2
40. 5
41. 1
41.3
41.4
41.3
41.3
41.8
P u m p s , a ir a n d g a s
com pressors
$2 26 $90. 20
2. 35 89. 83
2. 32 88. 65
2. 34 91.20
2. 34 89. 54
2. 36 90. 23
2.37 91 31
2. 39 91.87
2.40 92. 73
2. 41 94. 54
2.40 93.90
2.41 96.12
2. 42 96. 59
2. 42 96.41
2.43 97.06
M e c h a n ic a l
s to k e r s
a n d in d u s tr ia l fu r n a ces a n d ovens
41. 1 $2 30 $94 16
39.3
2.37 92.10
38. 7 2.33 88 47
38.8
2. 35 91.03
38 9 2 34 91 87
2. 36 91.03
38.9
39.2
2 38 94.83
2. 41 94.37
40.0
2. 44 93.03
40.7
41.3
2. 45 98.28
2.44 93.50
40.8
2. 44 96. 74
40.9
41.6
2.46 95. 30
41.8
2. 46 93. 96
42.0
2. 47 95.30
Special-industry ma
chinery
(except
metalworking ma
chinery) 1
43.5 $2.59 $90. 06
2.67 89. 55
40.6
2 75 87 64
41.3
40. 7 2.72 88.26
40 0 2. 65 88. 65
39.0
2.60 89. 72
2.61 91.25
39.8
39.7
2.60 91.25
40. 1 2. 66 92. 75
41.2
2.68 94. 53
2.72 94.99
41.8
2. 78 95.63
42.6
43.3
2.80 95. S2
43.7
2. 82 95. 82
2.83 97.39
43.7
General industrial
machinery *
41 8 $2 39 $92. 89
2. 44 93.06
40.3
40 2 2. 43 90. 94
40. 2 2. 43 92.90
39 6 2.44 91 96
2. 45 93. 22
38.8
2. 47 94. 33
40.3
39 8 2.45 95. 12
40. 7 2. 48 96.24
41. 5 2. 48 97. 85
2.52 97.20
41.8
42. 1 2.54 97. 85
42.2
2. 55 99. 46
42.3
2. 56 99. 95
42.6
2. 57 100. 36
M e c h a n ic a l
pow ertr a n s m is s io n e q u ip m en t
39. 5 $2 21 $88. 53
39.6
2.29 95. 68
39.3
2.27 91.39
39.8
2.28 94. 25
2. 30 96.16
39.7
39.7
2.30 98.23
2.32 111.60
40.9
38.1
2.29 101.40
2. 36 97.93
40.4
2. 37 97.69
41.0
2.36 96.96
40.6
2.36 98.58
40.4
40.3
2.36 96.62
40.6
2. 37 95.65
40.6
2.37 95.16
See footnotes at end of table
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$99.90
98.33
97 69
97. 69
96. 62
95. 06
99. 54
97. 51
100. 94
102, 92
105.34
106. 93
107.61
108. 29
109. 48
M a c h in e -to o l a c c e sso
rie s
41 6 $2.39 $112.67
38.9
2. 51 108. 40
2 47 113. 58
37.9
38.4
2. 48 110. 70
2. 52 106 00
38.7
2. 56 101. 40
38.9
2. 54 103. 88
38.6
39. 1 2. 55 103. 22
2. 56 106. 67
39.5
40 2 2. 56 110. 42
2.58 113. 70
39.9
40.4
2.59 118. 43
40.9
2.60 121.24
41.1
2.61 123. 23
41. 7 2.60 123. 67
P r in tin g -tr a d e s
m ac h in e r y a n d e q u ip m ent
39 9 $2 25 $94. 53
39.6
2. 36 93.14
39. 2 2. 33 90.17
2.33 91.18
39.3
39 5 2. 37 91. 03
40. 9 2. 39 91. 80
41. 1 2.44 93. 30
2. 41 96. 40
39.3
39.5
2. 42 99. 31
39.9
2. 44 101. 19
2.44 99. 55
39.6
39.4
2. 46 99.80
2. 47 102.34
40.0
41.6
2. 51 102.83
42.1
2.52 103. 74
$89 78
93. 46
91.34
91. 57
93. 62
97.75
100. 28
94. 71
95. 59
97. 36
96.62
96. 92
98. 80
104. 42
106.09
Average.......... $87. 30
Average_____ 90.68
89. 21
Mav. ______
June________ 90. 74
July________
91. 31
August______ 91. 31
September___ 94. 89
87.25
October_____
November___ 95. 34
December___ 97 17
January... ... 95.82
February........ 95. 34
March. I . ___ 95.11
96. 22
April___
May___ _____ 96.22
M e ta lw o r k in g
m a
c h i n e r y (e x c e p t m a
c h in e to o ls )
39 3
38.6
37.8
39.6
39.1
38.7
40.5
40.2
40.4
39.7
39.5
39.1
39.6
38.9
38.5
3
$1.95
2.00
1 98
2.01
1.98
2.00
2.01
2.04
2.07
2. 05
2.06
2.05
2.07
2.08
2.10
Miscellaneous machinery parts1
$91.62
92. 73
91.01
92.34
91.64
92.73
94.47
92. 51
98.16
98. 81
98. 40
98.16
100.85
101. 99
102. 90
40.9
39.8
39.4
39.8
39.5
39.8
40.2
39.2
40.9
41.0
41.0
40.9
41. 5
41.8
42. 0
$2.24
2.33
2.31
2.32
2. 32
2.33
2. 35
2.36
2. 40
2. 41
2. 40
2. 40
2. 43
2.44
2.45
944
T able C -l.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry *•—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly, wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn horns
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Durable goods—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
F a b r ic a te d p i p e , f i t
t i n g s , a n d v a lv e s
1957: Average_____ $91.13
1958: Average........... 92. 43
May................ 89. 63
June________ 90. 39
July................. 91. 87
August______ 92 04
September___ 93. 30
October_____ 94.33
November___ 95. 68
December___ 96. 72
1959: January_____ 95.12
February____ 95.12
March........... . 97.04
April____ . . .
98. 49
May___ _____ 98.74
40.5
39.5
38.8
39.3
39.6
39.5
39. 7
39.8
40.2
40.3
39.8
39.8
40.1
40.7
40.8
$2. 25
2.34
2. 31
2. 30
2.32
2.33
2. 35
2. 37
2.38
2. 40
2.39
2.39
2.42
2. 42
2. 42
C a r b o n a n d g r a p h ite
p r o d u c ts ( e le c tr ic a l)
1957: Average_____ $84. 80
1958: Average_____ 85.24
May________ 84. 20
June________ 85.63
July.............
85. 41
August______ 86. 29
September___ 86. 11
October........
88. 40
November___ 89.06
December___ 90. 72
959: January........... 91.35
February____ 93. 56
M arch______
93. 25
April.. ____
93.94
May________
94. 99
40.0
39.1
38.8
39.1
39.0
39. 4
39.5
40.0
40.3
40.5
40.6
41.4
40.9
41.2
41.3
Electrical
appliances
1957: Average_____ $83.10
1958: Average........... 85.36
May________ 82. 28
June__ _____
82. 40
July___ _____ 83.00
August.......... . 84. 37
September___ 87. 12
October_____
88. 22
November___ 92.06
December....... 87.74
1959: January_____ 89. 55
February
87. 30
March______
88.82
April________ 88.43
May____ __
87. 53
39.8
39.1
38.1
38.8
37. 7
38.2
39. 7
37.5
42.2
41.4
41.2
41.0
41.5
42.0
42.4
$2. 24
2.33
2. 30
2. 30
2. 29
2.31
2. 34
2 31
2. 48
2. 47
2. 44
2. 44
2.48
2. 47
2. 49
E le c tr ic a l in d ic a tin g ,
m e a s u r in g , a n d re
c o r d in g in s t r u m e n t s
$2.12 $81. 61
2.18 84. 77
2. 17 83.28
2 19 85. 57
2. 19 85. 75
2.19 83.13
2.18 87. 08
2.21 85. 57
2. 21 88. 75
2. 24 90. 27
2 25 86.46
2.26 85.81
2.28 86.43
2.28 87.48
2.30 85.39
M a c h i n e s h o p s (J o b
a n d r e p a ir )
$92. 96
93.90
92.86
94. 54
93 03
94. 54
95.65
93. 38
97.10
98.71
99.42
99.19
102.12
102. 55
103. 88
T e le p h o n e , te le g r a p h ,
a n d re la te d e q u ip
m en t
40.6
39.9
39.5
39.7
39. 7
40.0
40.4
40. 4
40.9
40.9
40.3
40.2
40.7
40.5
40.7
39.2
38.9
37.3
39. 0
38.6
38.7
40.6
34.6
41.3
42.8
42.0
41.6
41.6
40.6
40.6
41 4 $2.28 $31. 61
39.8
2. 35 85.03
39. 5 2. 36 82. 56
39.6
2. 35 83. 20
38 8
2 34 84. 19
40. 2 2.36 83.18
40.2
2. 36 85. 89
40.5
2 3r 84.86
40.2
2.37 89.86
40.6
2.38 94. 57
40.6
2. 38 89.82
40.4
2.39 87.08
40.2
2.40 86. 65
40.4
2.39 85. 39
40.6
2.38 87. 08
40 4
40.3
39.5
40.0
39.9
39.8
40.9
4U. 8
41.6
42.6
41.2
40.5
40.3
39.9
40.5
$2.02
2.11
2.09
2.08
2. 11
2.09
2.10
2.08
2.16
2. 22
2.18
2.15
2.15
2.14
2.15
40.6
39.7
39.8
39. 7
39.8
39.5
40.3
39.8
39.8
39.9
40.0
39.5
40.0
40.1
40.5
$88. 70
89. 72
88. 43
89. 27
89.04
89. 33
90.63
90.80
92. 52
93.61
92.06
92.29
92. 92
93.15
94. 02
40.4
40.6
39.0
40.0
39. 9
40.2
41.6
41.3
43.2
46.4
43.0
40.8
39.5
39.3
40.5
40. 5
39.7
39.3
39.5
39.4
39.7
40.1
40.0
40.4
40.7
40.2
40.3
40.4
40.5
40.7
41.2
39.8
39.4
39. 8
39. 6
39.7
40.0
■10.0
40.3
40.6
40.2
40.4
40.5
40.4
41.0
$2.26
2.33
2 32
2. 33
2. 33
2.32
2. 33
2.36
2. 36
2.37
2.36
2.39
2. 39
2.40
2. 41
Communication
equipment1
39.8
39.6
39.3
39.8
39.2
39.9
40. 5
40. 1
40.3
39.9
40.1
39.8
40.0
39.9
40.2
)
40.0
40.1
39. 7
40.1
40.2
39.9
40.8
41.3
41.2
40.7
41.1
40.5
40.8
39.8
40.3
39.6
39.2
39.0
38.7
38.6
39.2
39 4
39.8
39.7
40.4
40.0
40.2
39.9
40.2
40.2
$1.94
2.02
2.00
2.02
2.03
2.02
2.02
2.06
2.04
2.04
2.05
2.04
2.05
2.04
2.05
E le c tr ic a l w e ld in g
a p p a r a tu s
$96 28
88. 55
88. 39
89 47
88.62
90.63
92. 11
90 29
88.08
90.91
94.30
99.87
104. 23
108.13
113.34
41. 5 $2.32
38.5
2.30
38. 1 2. 32
38 4 2.33
38. 2 2.32
40. 1 2. 26
40. 4 2.28
39.6
2.28
38.8
2.27
2. 29
39.7
2.34
40.3
2. 43
41.1
42.2
2. 47
43.6
2.48
44.8
2.53
R a d io s , p h o n o g r a p h s ,
te le v isio n
s e ts , a n a
e q u ip m e n t
$1.97 $75. 83
2.07 81.19
2.06 79.98
2. 07 81. 60
2. 06 80. 39
2. 07 81.40
2.08 83. 64
2.08 82.01
2.09 83. 03
2. 12 83. 39
2.13 85.05
2.13 83. 79
2.13 84.82
2.13 84. 61
2.13 85.24
P r i m a r y b a tte r ie s
(d ry a n d w e t
$2.23 $68.00
2. 34 70.98
2.31 70. 67
2.31 70. 98
2.31 73.16
2. 32 70. 22
2. 35 72. 22
2. 36 73. 10
2. 43 74. 57
2. 56 73. 26
2. 45 73.98
2.38 73.31
2.39 73.85
2.37 71.24
2. 39 72.14
W i r i n g d e v ic e s
a n d s u p p lie s
$2.19 $76 82
2.26 79.18
2. 25 78. 00
2. 26 78. 17
2.26 78. 36
2. 25 79.18
2. 26 79. 59
2.27 81.99
2. 29 80.99
2.30 82. 42
2.29 82.00
2.29 82. 01
2. 30 81.80
2.30 82.01
2.31 82.41
S w itc h g e a r ,
s w itc h
b o a rd , a n d in d u s
t r i a l c o n t r o ls
39.7 $1.93 $78. 41
39.3
2. 05 81.97
38. 7 2.01 80.96
2.04 82. 39
38.6
38. 7 2.05 80. 75
39.1
2. 05 82. 59
39.3
2.07 84.24
40. 1 2 12 83. 41
41.0
2.14 84.23
41.1
2.14 84. 59
40.6
2.13 85.41
40.6
2.13 84.77
40.4
2.13 85.20
40.8
2.14 84. 99
41.1
2.15 85.63
S to r a g e b a t t e r i e s
$90.09
95.00
90.09
92. 40
92. 17
93. 26
97. 76
94.99
104.98
118. 78
105.35
97.10
94.41
93.14
96.80
Electrical generat
ing, transmission,
distribution, and
industrial appara
tus *
$2. 30 $93.11
2.33 92. 73
2.33 91.41
2.33 92. 73
2.31 92. 27
2.32 92. 10
2. 35 93. 20
2.35 94.40
2. 36 95.11
2.36 96. 22
2.36 94.87
2.37 96. 56
2. 38 96.80
2. 38 96. 96
2.40 98. 81
Electric lamps
$2.19 $76. 62
2.30 80. 57
2. 27 77. 79
2. 29 78. 74
2.31 79. 34
2.29 80.16
2. 32 81.35
2. 22 85.01
2. 40 87. 74
2. 40 87. 95
2. 39 86. 48
2. 40 86.48
2. 42 86.05
2. 38 87. 31
2.38 88. 37
Miscellaneous
electrical
products J
40.1 $2.07
39.6
2.15
39. 1 2. 14
39.6
2. 15
39 3
2. 15
2.14
39.7
40. 4 2. 16
39.9
2. 15
40.6
2. 19
2.20
40.6
40.4
2.20
40.2
2.21
40.3
2.21
40.2
2. 21
40.4
2. 21
P o w e r a n d d is tr ib u
tio n tr a n s fo rm e r s
$2. 31 $93 38
2.40 92. 50
2. 38 92. 73
2.39 92. 50
2. 40 91.94
2.40 91.64
2.42 94. 71
2.4! 93. 53
2. 47 93. 93
2.47 94.16
2. 45 94. 40
2.45 93. 62
2. 46 95.20
2. 44 95. 44
2. 46 97.20
Electrical equipment
for vehicles
41. 5 $2. 05 $85. 85
41.4
2.08 89. 47
40. 1 2.04 84. 67
41. 8 2. 09 89.31
42.6
2. 07 89. 17
40 5 2.08 88. 62
42.0
2. 10 94. 19
1?. 2 2.10 76. 81
42.2
2.11 99. 12
43.4
2. 12 102. 72
42.6
2.09 100. 38
42.1
2.09 99.84
41.6
2.10 100. 67
42.2
2. 08 96.63
42.2
2. 09 96.63
Total: Electrical
machinery
41.5 $2. 24 $83. 01
40.3
2. 33 85.14
40.2
2.31 83.67
40.4
2. 34 85.14
40. 1 2. 32 84.50
40. 4 2. 34 84.96
2. 35 87. 26
40.7
39.4
2. 37 85. 79
40.8
2.38 88.91
2. 39 89. 32
41.3
41.6
2.39 88.88
41.5
2.39 88.84
42.2
2. 42 89.06
42.2
2.43 88.84
42.4
2. 45 89.28
M o to r s ,
g e n e r a to r s ,
and
m o to r-g e n e r a
to r s e t s
40.2 $2.03 $93 79
39.8
2.13 95.76
39. 1 2.13 94.01
39.8
2. 15 94. 88
39.7
2. 16 95. 28
39.4
2. 11 96.00
40.5
2. 15 97. 77
39.8
2. 15 97. 36
40.9
2. 17 101.02
41.6
2. 17 101.02
40.4
2.14 98.74
40.1
2.14 98.49
40.2
2.15 100.12
40.5
2.16 98.82
39.9
2.14 100.12
Insulated wire and
cable
38.8 $1.81 $94 39
38.9
1.91 93. 53
1.88 93 22
38.8
1.90 93. 06
39. 4
38. 1
1. 91 90 79
38 9
1.91 94 87
39.8
1.93 94. 87
39 6
1 94 95. 58
39.7
1.96 95. 27
1.96 96. 63
39.3
38.3
1.97 96.63
39.0
1.97 96. 56
39.1
1.97 96.48
39.0
1.96 96.56
39.4
1.96 96.63
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$89.15
91.10
87.63
89. 24
86. 33
88. 24
92.90
86 63
104.66
102. 26
100.53
100.04
102.92
103. 74
105. 58
39.2 $2.12 $85. 08
38.8
2.20 86.11
37.4
2.20 81.80
37 8 2. 18 87.36
37.9
2. 19 88.18
38. 7 2. 18 84. 24
39.6
2. 20 88.20
40. 1 2. 20 88. 62
41. 1 2.24 89. 04
39.7
2. 21 92 01
39.8
2.25 89.03
38.8
2. 25 87. 99
39.3
2. 26 87. 36
39.3
2.25 87.78
38.9
2. 25 88. 20
R a d io tu b e s
1957: Average_____ $70 23
1958: Average_____ 74.30
May................ 72 94
June_____
74.86
J u ly...............
72. 77
August............ 74.30
September___ 76. 81
76. 82
October. __
November___ 77.81
December___
77.03
1959: January_____ 75. 45
76.83
February
M arch______
77.03
April.. . . . .
76. 44
May___ _____ 77.22
B a l l a n d r o l le r
b e a r in g s
Electrical machinery
39.7
39.8
39. 4
40.0
39. 6
40. 1
40.8
40.2
40.5
39.9
40.5
39.9
40.2
40.1
40.4
$1.91
2.04
2.03
2. 04
2. 03
2.03
2. 05
2.04
2.05
2.09
2.10
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.11
X - r a y a n d n o n r a d io
e le c tr o n ic tu b e s
$1.70 $89. 47
1.77 93.20
1.78 92.40
1. 77 93. 32
1.82 94. 47
1. 76 93. 26
1. 77 94. 47
1.77 93. 93
1.81 95. 51
1.80 96.63
1.80 95.27
1.81 96.15
1.81 98.16
1.79 97. 68
1.79 97. 92
40 3
40.0
40.0
40.4
40.2
40.2
40.2
39. 3
40 3
40.6
40.2
40.4
40.9
40.7
40.8
$2.22
2.33
2.31
2. 31
2. 35
2. 32
2. 35
2.39
2 37
2. 38
2.37
2.38
2.40
2.40
2.40
945
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C - l.
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly.
earn earn hours earn
ings
ings
ings
Manafaet uring—Con tinued
Year and month
Durable goods—Continued
Transportation equipment
Total: Transporta
tion equipment
1957: Average_____
1958: Average-------May________
June________
July------------August...........
September___
October. . . . .
November___
December___
1959: January_____
February____
March______
April. ______
May_______
$97.3fi
100. 69
98.85
99.5C
100.19
102.00
100. 98
102.00
106. 78
110.92
106.63
105.59
107. 04
107.83
107. 98
40.4
39.8
39. 7
39.8
39.6
40.0
39.6
40.0
40.6
41.7
40.7
40.3
40.7
41.0
40.9
$2 41
2. 53
2. 49
2.50
2. 53
2.55
2. 55
2.55
2.63
2. 66
2.62
2.62
2.63.
2.63
2. 64
$-J5. 65
101.40
(01.09
102.06
102. 91
104.34
103. 57
104 49
103.97
104. 12
104.90
105.04
104. 38
104. 78
103. 75
40. 7
40.4
40.6
40.5
40. 2
40.6
40.3
40.5
40. 3
40. 2
40.5
40.4
40.3
40.3
39.6
$98.40
99.96
97.64
98.14
97.39
99.82
98.43
100.04
110. 70
117. 82
109.06
106.93
109.47
111.34
111.76
40.0
39.2
38.9
39.1
38.8
39.3
38.6
39.7
41.0
43.0
41.0
40.2
41.0
41.7
41.7
$2.46
2. 55
2. 51
2.61
2. 51
2. 54
2. 55
2 52
2.70
2. 74
2.66
2.66
2.67
2. 67
2.68
A ir c r a f t e n g in e s
a n d p a r ts
A ir c r a ft
1957: Average..........
1958: Average_____
M ay________
June...............July.................
August. ____
September___
October____
November. . . .
December___
1959: January.........February____
March______
April. ___
May______
Motor vehicles and
equipment2
$2.35
2.51
2 49
2.52
2. 56
2. 57
2.57
2 58
2.58
2. 59
2.59
2. 60
2.59
2. 60
2. 62
$98.23
102.62
UK). 55
103.38
103. 79
102.47
105. 83
100.35
106. 04
106. 86
107.53
107.94
107. 30
107.94
109. 56
M o t o r v e h i c le s , b o d i e s ,
p a r ts , a n d a c c e sso rie s
$99. 85
101. 66
98.94
99. 20
98. 82
101.66
99. 58
101.01
113.03
120. 81
110.97
109. 21
111.79
113.15
114.11
40.1
39.1
38.8
38.9
38.6
39.1
38.3
39.5
41. 1
43.3
41.1
40.3
41.1
41.6
41.8
$2. 49
2.6C
2. 55
2. 55
2. 56
2.60
2.60
2.58
2. 75
2. 79
2.70
2.71
2. 72
2.72
2. 73
A ir c r a ft p r o p e lle r s
a n d p a r ts
41. 1 $2. 39 $97. 76
40.4
2. 54 96.46
39.9
2. 52 94.71
40.7
2.54 95.11
40. 7 2. 55 93. 77
40.5
2. 53 92.83
41 5 2. 55 96. 46
39.2
2.56 95.68
41. 1 2.58 98. 57
41. 1 2.60 99 87
41.2
2.61 100.12
41.2
2.62 99. 80
2. 63 98. 98
40.8
41.2
2.62 98.66
2. 64 98.74
41.5
41.6
40.7
40.3
40. 3
39.9
39 5
40. 7
40.2
40.9
41.1
41.2
40.9
40.4
40.6
40.8
$2.35
2.37
2.35
2.36
2.35
2. 35
2 37
2.38
2.41
2. 43
2. 43
2. 44
2. 45
2. 43
2.42
T ru ck an d bus
b o d ie s
$84. 56
87.74
S6. 91
87.20
87. 60
89. 20
88.03
84.92
92. 46
93. 73
92.00
04.19
95.47
101.15
99. 30
39.7
39.7
39. 7
40.0
40.0
40. 0
39.3
38. 6
40.2
40.4
40.0
40.6
40.8
42.5
41.9
$2.13
2.21
2. 19
2. 18
2. 19
2.23
2. 24
2.20
2 30
2. 32
2.30
2. 32
2.34
2. 38
2. 37
O th e r a ir c r a f t p a r t s
a n d e q u ip m e n t
$99. 78
103. 58
100.28
102. 59
103. 16
105. 8-1
105. 75
107.10
104. 83
108. 54
105. 75
105.50
105. 75
106. 43
107. 26
T r a ile r s (tr u c k a n d
a u to m o b ile )
$81.35
83.79
83. 79
87. 13
85. 47
85. 28
87. 57
88. 83
84. 65
86. 92
86.07
82.08
87.29
87.14
87. 94
39.3
39.9
39.9
41. 1
40. 7
11 0
41.7
41.9
40. 5
41.0
40.6
38.9
40.6
41.3
40.9
$2.07
2.10
2. 10
2.12
2. 10
2. 08
2. 10
2. 12
2. 09
2.12
2. 12
2.11
2.15
2.11
2.15
Ship and boat buildlug and repairing2
42.1 $2. 37 $44.88
41.6
2. 49 98.00
41. 1 2. 44 97.51
41.2
2.49 96. 78
41.1
2. 51 99. 65
42 0
2. 52 100. 98
2. 53 100. 35
41.8
2. 55 102. 68
42.0
41. 6 2 52 99. 72
42.9
2.53 101.53
41.8
2.53 102.44
41.7
2.53 99.971
41.8
2.53 102.18
41.9
2. 54 101.77
41.9
2. 56 101. 91
39. 7
39.2
39.8
39. 5
39.7
39.6
39.2
39.8
38. 8
39.2
39.4
38.6
39.3
39.6
39.5
$2. 39
2. 50
2. 45
2. 45
2. 51
2. 55
2. m
2. 58
2 57
2.59
2.60
2.59
2.60
2. 57
2.58
Transportation equipment—Continued
B o a tb u ild in g a n d
r e p a ir in g
1957: Average-------- $77. 78
1958: Average-------- 78.21
May................ 80. 56
June________ 78. 98
76. 43
July________
77. 79
August_____
September___ 79.60
79. 20
Octobci. ...
November___ 78. 80
78.41
December___
1959: January_____ 78.60
February____ 77.81
78. 59
March______
82.37
April... . . .
82. 94
May_______
40.3 $1.93 $100.80
39.7
1.97 100. 70
41. 1 1.96 99.64
40.5
1.95 98. 21
38.6
1.98 98. 05
38.7
2.01 97. 94
2. 00 97. 99
39.8
39 6 2.00 96. 75
39.6
1.99 104. 18
1.98 106. 74
39.6
39.9
1.97 103.09
1.96 104. 22
39.7
40.3
1.95 107.17
41.6
1.98 109. 30
42.1
1.97 107. 68
laboratory, seientide, and engineering
instruments
1957: Average_____
1958: Average_____
May________
June________
Ju lv________
August_____
September___
October.
November . . .
December___
1959: January_____
February____
March______
April.. . . . .
May-------------
$97 17
103. 07
100.35
103.48
101. 40
104. 70
107. 74
105. 73
108. (X)
109. 13
109.04
109. 62
110. 04
110. 30
108. 42
41.0
40.9
40. 3
40.9
40.4
40.9
41.6
41.3
41.7
42.3
42.1
42.0
42.0
42.1
41.7
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Railroad equipment2
40.0 $2. 52 $102. 41
38.0
2.65 103. 62
37.6
2. 65 101. 53
37.2
2. 64 104.41
37.0
2. 65 107.07
37. 1 2 64 102. 97
36.7
2.67 104. 28
35.7
2.71 102. 27
38.3
2. 72 107.05
39. 1 2. 73 108. 53
37.9
2. 72 108.41
38.6
2.70 110.16
39.4
2.72 113. 02
39.6
2. 76 113.30
39.3
2. 74 110.16
Mechanical measurIng and controlling
Instruments
$2. 37 $86. 27
2. 52 86. 72
2. 49 84.80
2. 53 86.51
2. 51 86. 24
2. 56 86. 90
2. 59 88. 18
2.56 87.96
2.59 89. 87
2.58 91.80
2. 59 91.58
2.61 90. 27
2. 62 91.53
2.62 92. 66
2.60 93. 52
L o c o m o tiv e s a n d
p a r ts
40.8
39.4
38.9
39.7
40. 1
39.3
39. 5
37.6
39.5
39.9
40.3
40.5
41.4
41.5
40.8
$2. 51
2.63
2.61
2.63
2.67
2.62
2.64
2. 72
2. 71
2.72
2.69
2. 72
2.73
2. 73
2.70
Optical Instruments
and lenses
40. 5 $2.13 $85.22
39.6
2.19 88.51
38.9
2.18 84.02
39.5
2. 19 85. 85
39 2 2. 20 91. 43
39. 5 2.20 91. 24
2.21 93. 50
39.9
39. S 2.21 93. 95
40.3
2.23 94.82
2. 25 92. 64
40.8
2.25 88.70
40.7
40.3
2.24 89.76
2.26 88. 48
40.5
41.0
2.26 88. 29
41.2
2. 27 90. 35
Other transportation
equipment
39.6 $2. 52 $79. 59
37.4
2.66 82. 74
37. 1 2. 67 81. 48
35.9
2.64 82.39
35.6
2.64 78.83
36.0
2. 65 83. 35
35.2
2. 69 85. 03
35. 1 2 71 85, 24
37.6
2. 73 79. 38
38.7
2. 73 85. 32
36.8
2.73 87.23
37.7
2.69 88.99
38.4
2. 71 89. 64
38.7
2. 77 89. 23
38.6
2. 76 90.47
Surgical, medical,
and dental instruments
40.2 $2.12 $74. 37
40.6
2.18 78.00
38.9
2. 16 75.4«
39.2
2.19 78. 78
41.0
2.23 78.00
41. 1 2. 22 79. 39
42.5
2. 20 80.99
42.9
2. 19 81.20
43.1
2.20 80.80
42.3
2.19 81.81
40.5
2.19 81.61
40.8
2.20 81.00
40.4
2.19 81.00
40.5
2.18 81. 61
40.7
2.22 81.41
$96. 76
101.91
100. 44
102. 16
102.62
104.04
164. 04
104 09
104 19
105. 52
105.52
105. 67
105.01
105. 67
105.44
41.0 $2.36
40 6 2.51
40. 5 2. 48
40.7
2.51
40. 4 2. 54
2.55
40.8
40. 8 2.55
40. 5 2. 57
40.7
2. 56
40.9
2. 58
40.9
2.58
40.8
2 59
40. 7Ì 2. 58
40.8
2.59
40.4
2. 61
S h ip b u ild in g
r e p a ir in g
$97 81
100.88
l(X). 19
99. 43
102. 68
104. 01
102. 83
106, 13
102 94
105. 45
106.11
103. 68
106. 35
105.84
105. 69
and
39.6 $2. 47
39.1
2.58
39. 6 2. 53
39.3
2. 53
2. 58
39.8
39.7
2.62
39. 1 2 63
39. 9 2.66
38 7 2.6«
39. 2 2.69
39.3
2.70
38.4
2.70
39.1
2. 72
39.2
2. 70
39.0
2. 71
Instrnments and
related products
R a ilr o a d a n d s tr e e t
cars
$99. 79
99.48
99.06
94. 78
93. 98
95. 40
94.69
95. 12
102. 65
105. 65
100.46
101.41
104.06
107. 20
106. 54
Aircraft and parts2
40 2
40.0
39. 3
40.4
40.0
40.3
40. 7
40.6
40. 4
40. 7
40.6
40.3
40.1
40.2
40.3
39 4
39.4
38.8
39. 8
37 9
39.5
40. 3
10. 4
37.8
39. 5
40.2
41.2
41.5
41.5
41.5
$2.02 $85 03
2. 10 87.38
2. 10 85. 46
2. 07 87.16
2.08 87. 34
2. 11 87. 96
2. 11 89. 47
2 11 80. 28
2.10 90. 76
2.16 91.62
2.17 91.17
2.16 91.13
2.16 91.53
2.15 92. 21
2.18 92.21
Ophthalmic goods4
$1.85 $67.26
1.95 71.41
1.92 70. 47
1.95 70. 86
1.95 70. 68
1.97 69. 55
1. 99 73. 30
2.6(1 73. 84
2.00 74. 80
2.01 74. 24
2.01 74.82
2.01 76.19
2.02 76.00
2. 03 76.95
2. 02 77.16
Total Instruments
and related products
40 3 $2.11
39.9
2.19
39 2 2. 18
39. 8 2.19
39. 7 2.20
39.8
2.21
40.3
2.22
40.4
2.21
40. 7 2. 23
40.9
2.24
40.7
2. 24
2. 25
40.5
40.5
2.26
40.8
2. 26
2. 26
40.8
Photographic anparatus
39.8 $1.69 $94.60
38.6
1.85 97. 53
1.84 96. 40
38. 3
1.8.5 97.36
38.3
1.86 98. 17
38. 0
1.84 97. 20
37.8
39. 2
1. 87 97. 44
1.86 98. .58
30.7
40.0
1.87 99. 80
39.7
1.87 100.37
39.8
1.88 100.37
1.90 102. 47
40.1
40.0
1.90 101.96
40.5
1.90 102. 47
1.91 103.38
40.4
40.6 $2. 33
2. 42
40.3
40 0 2.41
2.41
40.4
40 4 2. 43
40.0
2. 43
40. 1 2. 43
2. 44
40.4
40.9
2. 44
2.46
40.8
40.8
2.46
40.5
2. 53
40.3
2.53
2. 53
40.5
40.7
2.54
946
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
C -l.
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
brly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly
earn earn hours earn earn wkly.
ings
ings
ings hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Durable goods—Continued
Instruments and
related products—
Continued
Watches and clocks
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
Total: Miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries
Jewelry, silverware,
and plated ware 2
J e w e lr y a n d
fin d in g s
S ilv e r w a r e a n d
p la te d w a re
1957: Average_____ $72.15
39.0 $1.85 $72. 22
39. 9 $1.81 $74.07
40.7 $1.82 $70. 07
40 5 $1.73 $84.05
41.2 $2.04
1958: Average_____ 73.71
39.0
1.89 73.26
39.6
1.85 75.70
40.7
1.86 72. 62 40.8
1.78 84. 65 40.5
2.09
May________ 71.63
38. 1 1 88 71 94 39 1 1 84 74. 26 39. 5 1.88 70. 71
39. 5
1.79 8.1.95 39 4 2.08
June................ 71.82
38.2
1.88 73. 08
39.5
1. 85 74. 74
40.4
1. 85 72. 22 40.8
1. 77 81. 16 39. 4 2.06
July________
74. 47 39.4
1. 89 72. 13 39.2
1.84 72.83
39.8
1. 83 70. 00
40.0
1.75 80. 57
39.3
2. 05
August.......... . 73. 52 38.9
1.89 72.68
39.5
1.84 74. 34
40 4 1.84 71. 28 40.5
1.76 83. 79
39.9
2.10
September___ 75. 24 39.6
1.90 74. 19 40. 1 1.85 76.67
41.0
1.87 72. 04
40.7
1. 77 88.82
41.7
2. 13
October_____
76. 38
1 9(! 74. 56 40.3
40. 2
1. 85 80. 33
42.5
1.89 76. 08 42.5
1.79 91.81
42.7
2. 15
November
75. 81 39.9
i. 90 75.14
40.4
1.86 82.70
43.3
1.91 78 01
43. 1 1.81 95. 27 43. 7 2. 18
December___ 75.83
39.7
1.91 75. 95
1.88 81.98
40.4
1.92 78. 51
42.7
42.9
1.83 90. 52
42.1
2.15
1959: January_____ 76.61
39.9
1.92 75. 79 40.1
1.89 76.89
40.9
1.88 73.39
41.0
1.79
F eb ru ary
76.02
39.8
1.91 75.39
4Ö. Î
1.88 77.27
41.1
1.88 73.16
41.1
1.78 87. 53
40.9
2. 14
March. J____
75.65
39.4
1.92 75. 60 40.0
1.89 77. 33 40.7
1.90 73. 67 40.7
1.81 87.31
2. 14
40.8
April.. ___
76.22
39.7
1.92 76. 57 40.3
1.90 78.09
41.1
1.90 73. 98 41.1
41.1
1.80 89.19
2.17
May_______
75. 64 39.6
1.91 76.76
40.4
1.90 78. 66 41.4
1.90 74.88
41.6
1.80 87.72
40.8
2.15
Toys and sporting
G a m e s , to y s , d o lls,
S p o r t i n g a n d a t h l e ti c
Pens, pencils other
Costume jewelry,
goods 2 3
a n d c h i l d r e n ’s v e h ic le s
goods >
office supplies
buttons, notions
1957: Average_____ $65. 69 39.1 $1.68 $63. 80
1958: Average....... .
66.91
1.72 64.80
38.9
Mav________ 66. 13 38.9
1.70 64. 74
June________ 66. 86 39. 1 1. 71 64. 74
July________
66. 35 38.8
1. 71 64. 24
August.......... 66. 52 38.9
1.71 63.86
September___ 67. 37 39.4
1.71 64.68
October_____
68.40
1. 71 66. 97
40.0
November___ 68.16
39. 4 1.73 66.30
December___ 67.55
38.6
1.75 64.01
1959: January_____ 69.56
39 3
1.77 66.52
F e b ru ary
67. 55 38.6
1.75 64. 09
March______ 68. 64 39.0
1.76 65.53
April________ 68. 95 39.4
1.75 66. 30
May________ 68. 38 39.3
1.74 65. 91
Durable goods—
Continued
38.9
38.8
39.0
39.0
38. 7
38.7
39.2
40.1
39. 7
38.1
38.9
37.7
38.1
39.0
39.0
$1.64 $69. 70
1.67 71.16
1.66 69. 45
1.66 70.95
1.66 71. 55
1.65 72. 68
1.65 73. 60
1.67 71. 80
1.67 71.39
1.68 72. 31
1.71 73 05
1.70 73.02
1. 72 73. 75
1.70 73. 20
1. 69 73.02
39.6
39.1
38.8
39.2
39. 1
39.5
40.0
39.7
38.8
39.3
39.7
39. 9
40.3
40.0
39.9
$1.76 $67 30
1.82 67. 72
1.79 69. 65
1. 81 68. 73
1.83 64. 39
1.84 66. 42
1. 84 67. 43
1.81 67. 15
1.84 68.28
1.84 69. 20
1.84 68 68
1.83 69. 65
1.83 70.00
1.83 70. 05
1.83 70.22
1957: Average... .. $74. 64
1958: Average
76.04
M ay.I______ 75.27
June________ 75. 85
July. _____
75.46
August............ 75. 46
September___ 76. 24
October_____ 76.22
November___ 76. 42
December___ 77.41
1959: January........ . 78.80
February____ 78.01
March______
78.41
April__ _ . . . 79.20
May________ 79.20
39.7
39.4
39.0
39.3
39.1
39.1
39.5
39.7
39.8
39.9
40.0
39.8
39.8
40.0
40.0
1957: Average_____ $79. 00
1958: Average_____ 81.99
May________ 81. 76
June............
84. 58
July________
85. 02
August______ 83.00
September___ 84. 45
October_____
81.61
November___ 82. 01
December___ 82.62
1959: January_____ 84.05
February........ 84. 26
March..'____
85.70
April________ 84. 86
May_______
84.45
42.7
41.2
41.5
42. 5
42.3
41.5
41.6
40.6
40.4
40.7
41.2
41.1
41.2
40.8
40.6
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
39.2
38.8
38. 4
38.9
38.3
38.7
39.4
39.2
39.3
39.4
38.8
39.5
39.3
39.9
40.4
40.5 $2.05
39.9
2.10
38.4
2.08
38. 5 2.09
2. 10
38.8
40.4
2.12
2 13
41.0
41.5
2. 14
41. 2 2.15
42.8
2.17
87.94
40.9
2.15
2.16
88. 78 41.1
87. 51
40.7
2.15
86. 67
2.14
40.5
Fabricated plastics
products
$1.66 $78. 31
1.68 79.17
1. 68 76.81
1.68 79. 37
1.69 78. 98
1.68 79. 77
1.68 82. 74
1.69 81. 76
1. 73 81. 54
1. 66 82. 76
1.69 83.20
1.70 82. 35
1.71 81.36
1.74 81.97
1.75 83.20
41.0
40.6
39.8
40.7
40. 5
40.7
42.0
41. 5
41.6
41.8
41.6
41.8
41.3
41.4
41.6
$1.91
1.95
1.93
1. 95
1. 95
1.96
1.97
1.97
1. 96
1.98
2.00
1.97
1.97
1.98
2.00
Food and kindred products
Total: Food and
kindred products
$1.88 $78.17
1.93 81.81
1.93 80.80
1.93 81.81
1.93 81. 99
1.93 81. 56
1.93 82. 78
1.92 81.80
1.92 83.64
1.94 84. 46
1.97 84.65
1.96 83. 60
1.97 84.42
1.98 84. 42
1.98 85.88
C o n d en sed a n d
e v a p o r a te d m ilk
$1.67 $65.07
1.71 65.18
1.75 64. 51
1.74 65. 35
1.69 64. 73
1.69 65. 02
1.69 66. 19
1. 70 GO. 25
1. 72 67. 99
1.73 65. 40
1.73 65. 57
1.75 67.15
1. 75 67. 20
1.76 69.43
1.76 70.70
$83 03
83. 79
79. 87
80. 47
81. 48
85. 65
87 33
88. 81
88. 58
92. 88
Nondurable goods
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—
Continued
Other manufacturing
industries
40.3
39.6
39.8
39.5
38. 1
39.3
39.9
39. 5
39.7
40.0
39.7
39.8
40.0
39.8
39.9
Musical Instruments
and parts
40.5
40.7
40.2
40.7
41.2
41. 4
41.6
40.9
41.0
41.0
40.5
40.0
40.2
40.2
40.7
Ice c r e a m a n d
$1.85 $81.90
1.99 86.73
1.97 84.84
1.99 86. 48
2.01 89. 86
2.00 89. 03
2.03 89. 89
2.01 87. 99
2.03 87. 97
2.03 88. 40
2.04 88.17
2. 05 88.60
2.08 89.24
2. 08 89.89
2. 08 92. 66
42.0
42.1
42.0
42.6
43.2
42.6
42.4
41.9
41.3
41.5
41.2
41.4
41.7
42.2
42.9
Meat products8
$1.93 $87.08
40.5 $2.15
2.01 91.08
40.3
2.26
2.01 88.36
39. 8 2.22
2.01 90. 54
40.6
2.23
1. 99 91.58
40. 7 2.25
1.97 89.87
40.3
2.23
1.99 93.94
41.2
2.28
2. 00 93.25
40.9
2.28
2.04 97. 44 42.0
2.32
2.06 95.63
41.4
2.31
2.09 95.65
40.7
2.35
2.09 91.73
39.2
2.34
2.10 93. 77 39.9
2. 35
2.10 93. 37 39.9
2. 34
2.11 94. 54
40.4
2.34
Canning
and
ic e s
preserving 8
$1. 95 $63. 5?
2.06 66.13
2.02 65.62
2.03 63. 58
2.08 64. 31
2. 09 69.47
2.12 71.06
2.10 66. 73
2.13 62. 16
2.13 64.98
2.14 66. 85
2.14 67. 55
2.14 68. 32
2.13 69.38
2.16 66. 74
39.0
39.6
38.6
38.3
40. 7
42.1
42. 3
40.2
37.9
38.0
38.2
38.6
38.6
39.2
38.8
M e a tp a c k in g , w h o le s a le
$96.41
101. 43
97.93
100. 45
101. 68
100.28
106 08
105.32
111. 11
107.94
108. 62
104.09
106.04
104. 60
105. 93
41.2
40.9
40.3
41.0
41.0
40.6
41.6
41.3
42.9
42.0
42.1
40.5
41.1
40.7
40.9
S e a fo o d ,
can n ed
cu red
$1.63 $51. 88
1.67 56.16
1.70 55.94
1.66 51.10
1.58 58.27
1.65 59.47
1.68 55.17
1.66 58. 33
1.64 53. 21
1.71 60.48
1.75 61.80
1.75 60. 76
1. 77 62. 66
1.77 63.83
1.72 54. 72
30.7
31.2
30.4
29.2
35.1
33.6
29.5
31.7
29.4
32.0
32.7
31.0
32.3
32.9
28.8
S a u s a g e s a n d c a s in g s
$2.34
2. 48 94.25
2. 43 93.25
2. 45 94. 58
2. 48 97.00
2. 47 94. 81
2.55 95.88
2. 55 94.64
2. 59 97. 70
2. 57 98.18
2. 58 96. 70
2. 57 94. 56
2.58 96. 32
2. 57 98. 74
2. 59 100.26
and
$2.18 $77. 83
2.31 81.90
2.28 80.64
2. 29 83.03
2. 30 84. 71
2. 29 83. 73
2. 35 84.18
2. 36 82. 76
2. 36 82. 59
2. 36 83. 40
2.37 84.44
2.37 83.43
2.39 84.86
2. 42 84. 25
2. 41 86.11
C a n n e d f r u its , vege
ta b le s , a n d s o u p s
$1.69 $66. 83
1.80 69. 29
1.84 69.34
1. 75
1.77
1.87
1. 84
1.81
1.89
1.89
1.96
1.94
1.94
1.90
40.6
40.8
40.9
41.3
42.2
41.4
40.8
40.1
41.4
41.6
40.8
39.9
40.3
40.8
41.6
72. 67
75. 82
69.64
64.06
67.08
69. 27
69. 95
70. 95
71.34
70. 58
40.5
41.0
39.4
38.5
42.8
43.0
44.6
41.7
39.3
39.0
38.7
39.3
39.2
39.2
40.1
Dairy products *
$1.65
1. 69
1. 76
1. 72
1. 57
1.69
1. 70
1. 67
1.63
1. 72
1.79
1.78
1.81
1.82
1.76
42.3
42.0
42.0
42.8
43. 0
42.5
42.3
41.8
41.5
41.7
41.8
41.3
41.6
41.5
41.8
$1.84
1.95
1.92
1.94
1.97
1.97
1.99
1.98
1.99
2.00
2.02
2.02
2.04
2.03
2.06
Grain-mill products8
$35. 50
89. 79
86. 88
89.73
90. 98
90. 37
92. 53
91. 94
91. 57
92.63
92.84
90. 09
90.94
88.20
90.09
43. 4 $1.97
2.05
43.8
42.8
2.93
44. 2 2. 03
44 6 2. 04
44.3
2.04
44. 7 z. 07
44. 2 2.08
43. 4 2. 11
2.11
43.9
2.11
44.0
42.9
2.10
2.11
43.1
42.2
2.09
42.9
2.10
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C - l.
947
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly wkly,
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly, wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Year and month
Avg
Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
M anufacturlng—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Flour and other grainmill products
1R57- Average_____ $88. 88
1958: Average_____ 93. 66
M ay_______
88 56
June________ 92.98
J u ly ............... 94 26
August....... — 93. 87
September__
98. 93
October_____
97 61
November___ 97 43
December___
97 63
1959: January_____ 96. 32
February........ 92.43
M arch______ 94. 37
April_______
89. 04
M ay________ 93.30
44 0 $2. 02
44.6
2.10
43 2 2. 05
44.7
2.08
45. 1 2.09
44.7
2.10
45.8
2. 16
2. 15
45.4
44.9
2. 17
45. 2 2.16
44.8
2.15
43.6
2.12
44.1
2. 14
42.4
2.10
43.6
2.14
Cane-sugar refining
1957: Average_____
1958: Average____
M ay................
June________
Ju ly .............August______
September__
October_____
November___
December___
1959: January_____
February........
M arch______
April____ _
M ay................
$92 60
98.75
91 54
97.90
104. 31
104. 48
105. 56
101. 15
102. 00
102. 72
99.66
95. 60
101. 22
102.90
118. 40
Prepared feeds
$80. 59
83.98
81 46
83 40
86. 56
83. 51
84.52
84. 36
85. 61
86. 39
86. 72
84.00
84. 44
84. 63
83.90
43.8 $'.84 $75. 76
44 2
1.90 79.00
43. 1 1.89 78. 99
44. 6
1.87 79. 98
45.8
1.89 80. 78
44 9
1.86 79. 79
45.2
1.87 79.80
44.4
1.90 80.00
43.9
1.95 79.80
44.3
1.95 81. 20
44.7
1.94 80.19
43.3
1.94 81.80
43.3
1.95 81.40
43.4
1.95 80.99
43.7
1.92 83.64
43 1 $1.87 $64. 48
44.3
1.94 66.30
40.2
2.01 65. 18
41. 2 2. 06 66.86
2.06 65. 79
40.0
39.1
2.09 68. 45
39.7
2.07 69. 55
46. 1 1. 79 66. 80
49.8
1.89 66. 30
1.87 67. 43
48.5
43.4
1.97 67.89
42.0
2.05 67.20
2. 26 66.61
38.0
2.18 67.86
37.3
39.3
2.19 68.99
!
Bread and other
bakery products
40.3 $1.88 $77. 76
40.1
1.97 81.00
40.3
1.96 81.00
40.6
1. 97 81.81
40. 8 1.98 82. 42
40.3
1.98 81.61
40. 1 1.99 82. 01
40.2
1.99 82. 22
39.9
2. 00 82.01
40.2
2.02 82. 82
39.7
2.02 82. 19
40.1
2.04 84.03
40.1
2.03 83.21
39.7
2.04 83. 62
40.6
2.06 85. 26
Confectionery and
related products J
Beet sugar
41 9 $2 21 $80. 60
42.2
2. 34 85.94
39.8
2.30 80.80
42.2
2. 32 84. 87
44.2
2. 36 82. 40
43.9
2.38 81. 72
43.8
2. 41 82.18
42. 5 2.38 82. 52
42.5
2. 40 94. 12
42.8
2.40 90.70
41.7
2.39 85. 50
40.0
2. 39 86.10
42.0
2.41 85.88
42.0
2. 45 81.31
46.8
2. 53 86.07
Bakery products
40. 5 $1 92 $68. 51
40.3
2.01 72.29
40. 5 2. 00 72 25
40.7
2.01 73. 16
40 8 2 02 73 89
40 4 2. 02 72. 83
40.4
2.03 72. 52
40.5
2.03 71.97
40.2
2.04 72. 17
40.4
2. 05 74.07
39.9
2.06 73.32
40.4
2.08 73. 51
40.2
2.07 74. 84
40.2
2.08 70.88
40.6
2.10 77.16
Confectioner y
39 8 $1.62 $62.17
39.7
1.67 64.39
38 8 1.68 62 76
39.8
1.68 64. 55
38.7
1.70 63.03
40.5
1.69 66. 33
41. 4
1.68 67. 57
40.0
1.67 64. 48
39. 7 1.67 63.83
39.9
1.69 65. 27
39.7
1.71 65. 57
39.3
1.71 64. 91
38.5
1.73 64.18
1.74 65.40
39.0
39.2
1.76 66. 52
Biseuits, crackers,
and pretzels
39 6 $1 73 $14 44
39.5
1.83 89. 73
39. 7
. 82
84 59
40.2
1.82 90. 07
40 6
1. 82 92 65
39.8
1.83 93.04
39.2
1.85 92.60
38.9
1.85 87.02
38 8
1.86 93. 84
39. 4 1.88 91.68
1.88 89.89
39.0
39.1
1.88 87.74
39.6
1.89 91.69
37.7
1.88 91.39
40.4
1.91 103. 81
1
Beverages *
39 6 $1. 57 $88 98
39.5
1.63 92. 23
38 5 1.63 92. 69
1.63 95. 35
39.6
38. 2 1.65 96. 00
40.2
1.65 94.07
41.2
1.64 93. 03
39.8
1.62 92.40
39 4
. 62
92. 97
39 8
1. 64 94.71
39.5
1.66 92.10
39.1
1.66 92. 66
38.2
1. 68 93. 93
38.7
1.69 95. 75
38.9
1.71 97. 58
1
1957: Average........
1958: Average_____
M ay..............
June________
July----------August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1959: January__ _
February____
M arch______
April____ _ .
M ay................
$ !07. 44
112.07
114. 62
118.08
117. 62
113. 83
113.08
109. 62
112. 22
113. 94
110.87
110. 78
112.71
115. 92
118.08
Distilled, rectified, and
blended liquors
39.5 $2.72 $84. 42
2. 83 88.01
39.6
40. 5 2.83 84 90
41.0
2.88 84.36
40. 7 2. 89 88 03
39.8
2.86 88.53
39.4
2.87 87. 40
38.6
2. 84 94 37
39. 1 2. 87 92. 97
39. 7 2. 87 91.96
38.9
2.85 90. 01
38.6
2. 87 91.73
39.0
2. 89 89.86
39.7
2. 92 90. 71
40.3
2. 93 92.98
38.2
38.6
37.9
38.0
39.3
39.0
38.0
40.5
39.9
39.3
38.3
39.2
38.4
38.6
39.4
Miscellaneous food
products !
$2. 21 $76. 86
2.28 80.95
2.24 79. 32
2. 22 79. 32
2. 24 80.12
2.27 81.16
2. 30 82.78
2.33 82. 19
2. 33 84. 42
2. 34 83.40
2.35 82.60
2. 34 83.62
2. 34 83.01
2. 35 82.61
2. 36 83.62
Manufactured ice
41 2 $2 21 $73 43
42. 1 2. 33 75.31
40.9
2.31 74. 90
2. 31 74. 09
42.3
41. 7 2. 28 76 56
2.32 77. 74
40.6
2.37 76. 78
41.8
2.41 74. 29
42.8
44.4
2. 44 76 29
2 38 74. 73
43.9
42.1
2. 40 75.60
42.2
2. 42 75. 16
42.4
2. 43 79.23
42.5
2.40 84. 37
44.0
2.42 83.19
Tobacco manufactures—Continued
Cigarettes
1957: Average_____ $73. 60
1958: Average_____ 77.55
M ay_______
77. 97
June________ 80.64
July..... ........... 79. 87
August______ 79.87
September___ 75. 98
October_____
76. 57
November___ 80. 73
December___
85. 17
1959: January_____ 79.95
February____ 77.41
M arch____ _
77.22
April_______
77. 42
M ay................ 81. 41
40.0 $1. 84 $49 63
40.6
1.91 51.79
40. 4
1. 93 50. 73
1.92 51. 51
42.0
1.92 51. 92
41.6
41.6
1.92 52.88
40.2
1.89 54. 77
40. 3
1.90 54. 49
41 4
1.95 55 30
42.8
1.99 53 34
41.0
1.95 51.80
39.9
1.94 51.80
39.4
1.96 51.66
39.3
1. 97 51.18
40.5
2.01 51.89
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cigars
Tobacco and snuff
37.6 $1.3? $50. 75
1.37 62. 79
37.8
1.36 62. 87
37 3
37.6
1.37 63. 13
37. 9
1. 37 63.00
1.37 64 73
38.6
39. 4 1.39 61.92
39.2
1.39 62.66
39. 5 1.40 63. 75
38.1
1.40 66. 35
37.0
1.40 65.32
37.0
1.40 65.19
36.9
1.40 64. 84
1.41 65.08
36.3
1.41 67. 41
36.8
41. 4 $1 63
41.7
1.65
41 6 1 65
43 1 1.65
43 1 1.67
43 7 1.66
42.3
1.64
41.2
1.64
41. 1 1. 65
41.8
1.67
41.8
1.64
41.3
1.66
1.67
41.6
42.5
1.67
43.4
1.69
Tobacco manufactures
Corn sirup, sugar,
oil, and starch
41 1 $1. 87 $91.05
41.3
1.96 98.09
41. 1 1 93 94 48
41.1
1.93 97 71
1.94 95. 08
41.3
1.97 94 19
41.2
41.6
1.99 99. 07
1.99 103 15
41.3
42.0
2. 01 108 34
41.7
2.00 104. 48
41.3
2.00 101 04
41.6
2.01 102. 12
41.3
2.01 103. 03
41.1
2.01 102. 00
41.6
2.01 106. 48
43 3 $1. 95
44.2
2.03
39 9 2 12
41 7 2. 16
42 5 2. 18
42. 1 2. 21
41.9
2. 21
44.4
1.96
51.0
1. 84
50. 1 1.83
42.6
2.11
41.0
2.14
41.3
2.22
40.8
2.24
2. 37
43.8
Bottled soft drinks
39 9 $1 23 $67. 48
40.1
2. 30 68.81
40.3
2 30 68 64
41. 1 2. 32 71 12
41 2 2. 33 71 98
40.9
2. 30 72. 54
40. 1 2. 32 69.37
2. 31 67. 57
40.0
39.9
2. 33 67 82
2. 35 69 81
40.3
39.7
2.32 68. 55
39.6
2.34 68. 56
2. 36 69. 47
39.8
40.4
2. 37 70.98
41.0
2.38 73.35
Food and kindred produots—Continued
M alt liquors
Sugar *
Total: Tobacco
manufactures
44.5 $1.6' $53 67
44.3
1.70 62. 56
43.8
1. 71 64 24
44. 1 1. 68 66.30
1. 69 65. 74
45.3
45.2
1.72 62.96
44.9
1. 71 60. 15
43.7
1.70 60. 19
44 1 1. 73 62. 72
43. 7 1. 71 66. 17
43. 7 1.73 63.63
1. 72 63. 53
43.7
1.73 64.39
45.8
47.4
1. 78 65. 02
47.0
1. 77 67.90
38 6 $1 52
39.1
1.60
38. 7
1 66
39. 7 1.67
39.6
1 66
39 6 1.59
40. 1 1.50
39.6
1. 52
39. 2
1.60
40. 1 1.65
38.8
1.64
38.5
1.65
38. 1 1.69
37.8
1.72
38.8
1.75
Textile-mill products
Tobacco stemming
and redrying
37. 5 $1.62 $48.13
37.6
1.67 49.92
37.2
1. 69 56 78
37.8
1. 67 57.98
37.5
1.68 57. 45
38.3
1.69 49. 28
37.3
1.66 48. 62
37.3
1.68 47. 36
37.5
1 70 44 14
38.8
1.71 52. 77
38.2
1.71 50.14
37.9
1.72 51.30
37.7
1.72 54.02
37.4
1.74 58. 46
38.3
1.76 62. 95
Total: Textile-mill
products
38. 2 $1. 26 $58. 35
38.7
1.29 58. 29
37 6
1.51 55 95
38. 4 1. 51 57. 98
1. 50 57 90
38 3
1.29 59 19
38.2
41.2
. 18
59. 95
1. 19 60. 95
39.8
1.24 61. 26
35. 6
38.8
1. 36 61. 10
37.7
1.33 60. 89
1.35 61.66
38.0
1.46 63. 43
37.0
1.58 63. 27
37.0
39.1
1.61 63. 99
1
38 9 $1. 50
1.51
38.6
37 3
1. 5(1
38 4 1. 51
38 6
1.50
39.2
1.51
39 7 1.51
40. 1 1. 52
1. 52
403
40. 2
1.52
1.53
39.8
40.3
1.53
40.4
1.57
40.3
1.57
40. 5 1. 58
Scouring and comb
ing plants
$64 32
64.96
63 20
67. 68
68 10
67 42
65. 99
64.88
65. 45
66 62
70. 52
68. 30
70. 29
73. 65
73. 70
40 2 $1 60
40.6
1.60
40 0
1. 58
42.3
1 60
42 3 1.61
42. 4 1.59
1. 59
41.5
1.61
40 3
40 4
1.62
41 9
1 59
43.0
1.64
41.9
1.63
42.6
1.65
44.1
1.67
43.1
1.71
948
T able C -l.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Nondurable goods—Continued
Textile-mill products—Continued
Yarn and thread
mills 1
1957: Average.......... $52. 72
52. 36
1958: Average____
May________ 49.21
June________ 51.66
July----- ------ - 51. 94
August............ 53. 76
September___ 54. 46
55. 13
October_____
November___ 56. 12
December___
56.26
1959: January_____ 55. 70
February____ 56. 52
March______ 58. 25
April__ _ 59.20
May------------ 59.60
38.2 $1.38 $53.10
37.4
1. 40 52. 08
1. 39 48.93
35. 4
36.9
1. 40 51.38
37. 1 1. 40 51. Gi
38.4
1. 40 54.00
38.9
1. 40 54.71
39. 1 1. 41 54. 85
39. 8
1. 41 56 37
1. 41 56. 37
39.9
1.41 55. 55
39.5
1.42 56. 66
39.8
39.9
1.46 58. 95
40.0
1.48 59. 75
40.0
1.49 60.00
Cotton »ilk, synthetic
fiber--Continued
Broad-woven fabric
mills 3
Thread mills
Yarn mills
38.2 $t.3fi $55 13
37.2
1.40 53. 25
35.2
1.39 49, 21
36. 7
1.40 51 26
36. 9
1.40 50. 69
38.3
1. 41 52.97
1.41 54. 24
38.8
1.41 54. 72
38.9
39. 7 1. 42 56. 16
39. 7 1.42 57.86
39.4
1. 41 57. 71
39.9
1.42 57. 13
40.1
1. 47 56. 98
1.49 58.90
40.1
40.0
1.50 61.05
Woolen and worsted
39. 1 $1.41 $56. 70
37.5
1.42 56.26
34 9
1. 41 53.86
1.42 55.68
36.1
35.7
1.42 56.41
1.42 57. 38
37.3
38.2
1.42 57. 96
38.0
1. 44 58. 98
39. 0
1. 44 59.42
39. 9
1. 45 59.54
39.8
1.45 59.09
39. 4 1.45 59.98
38.5
1.48 62.17
39.8
1.48 62. 42
39.9
1.53 63. 71
Narrow fabrics and
39.1 $t. 45 $55. 63
1.45 55.06
38.8
37.4
1. 44 52 40
38.4
1.45 54.20
38.9
1. 45 54. 53
39 3
1.46 55. 77
1. 46 56. 74
39. 7
40. 4 1. 40. 57. 89
1.46 59. 02
40. 7
40.5
1.47 58. 58
40.2
1.47 57.60
40.8
1.47 58. 73
1.52 61. 31
40.9
1.53 61.41
40.8
41.1
1.55 61.86
United States
$!. 41 $ '.5, 21
1.42 65.12
1. *0 61 9»
37.8
1.41 67. 30
38. 3
1. 41 67.30
39.0
1.42 66. 40
39.4
1.42 66.56
40.3
1. 43 66. 72
408
1. 43 65.60
40.4
1.43 65. 60
1.43 66.98
40.0
40. 5 1.44 68.43
40.7
1.50 69.86
40. 5 1. 51 71.28
40.8
1.51 73. 08
38.9
33.5
40 8
40.7
40 6
41.8
41.8
41.5
41.6
41.7
41.0
41.0
41.6
42. 5
42.6
43.2
43.5
$1 60 $10 80
1.60 60.37
1 60
1.61 60. 76
1.61 60. 45
1.60 60. 45
1.60 61. 69
1.60 61.31
1.60 62. 49
1.60 63. 34
1.01 63.27
1.61 64.21
1.64 64.31
1.65 66. 65
1.68 66. 65
Full-fashioned
hosiery—Continued
South
1957: Average_____ $56. 73
1958: Average_____ 57.08
55. 87
May........... .
June________ 54. 51
July................. 53. 85
55.88
August........
September___ 57.08
58. 89
October_____
November___ 60.10
59. 65
December___
1959: January_____ 57.46
February____ 58. 52
59. 13
March _ _
57.08
April_______
55.87
May_____ _
1957: Average_____ $66.99
1958: Average___ - 66. 83
May________ 65.04
June...... ......... 69.39
July................ 65.60
August______ 66. 58
September___ 67. 32
October___ _ 69. 64
November___ 69. 06
69.39
December___
1959: January_____ 67.98
February........ 70. 31
72.50
March______
71.99
April_______
May________ 72. 66
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
United States
36.5
36.4
34.8
36.0
37.5
37.8
38.0
38.3
38. 7
37.6
37.2
37.9
37.8
37.5
37.9
$1.52 $54.09
1.54 54.75
1 53
1.55 54. 75
1. 55 54. 67
1.55 56. 12
1. 55 57.18
1. 56 57. 48
1.57 58. 16
1. 56 56. 74
1.57 55.94
1.57 56. 68
1.58 57. 22
1.61 57.37
1.61 57. 66
North
$1.33 $51.14
1.36 52. 64
1.35 50. 87
1.35 51. 29
1.35 52.22
1.34 52,68
1.35 55. 13
1. 37 54. 88
1.39 54. 53
1.38 53. 44
1.39 52.34
1.38 51.71
1.39 53.30
1.40 52. 33
1.38 53. 06
Dyeing and finishing
textiles (except wool)
40.6 $1.65 $56. 58
40.5
1.65 66.58
39 9
1.63 65. 04
41.8
1.66 68.81
40 0
1. 64 64. 87
40.6
1.64 66. 34
40.8
1.65 67.08
41.7
1.67 69. 39
41.6
1. 66 69. 55
41.8
1.66 69.31
41.2
1.65 68.15
42. 1 1.67 69. 72
42.4
1.71 72.5C
42.1
1. 71 71.99
42.0
1.73 72.07
See footnotes at end of table.
40.0
39.2
38 f
39.2
39. 0
39.0
39.8
39.3
39.8
40.6
40.3
40.9
40.7
41.4
41.4
37.3
37.5
37.5
37. 7
38. 7
38.9
39.1
39.3
38.6
37.8
38.3
38.4
38.5
38.7
38 5
38.7
37.8
38. 2
39.0
38.8
39.4
39.7
39.9
49.5
40.2
40.4
40.0
39.9
40.3
$1 52
1.53
1. 53
1.53
1.52
1. 53
1.54
1.54
1. 55
1.55
1.54
1. 55
1.55
1. 55
1. 63
North
$1.45 $57. 51
1.46 57.99
fi7 07
1.46 55. 94
1. 45 55. 27
1.45 57. 38
1.47 58. 45
1.47 59.98
1. 48 60. 74
1.47 60. 44
1.48 57.68
1.48 58.45
1.49 59.06
1.49 57. 99
1.49 57.07
37 1
37.9
37 3
36.8
36.6
38.0
38.2
39.2
39. 7
39.5
37.7
38.2
38.6
37.9
37.3
$1.55
1.53
$1.33 $57. 31
1.35 57.68
1. 34 57 3s
1.34 59.13
1.34 58. 22
1.33 60.13
1.34 59.67
1.36 59. 91
1.38 60. 06
1.38 57.99
1.38 57.13
1.38 57. 60
1.39 58.59
1.40 59. 75
1.38 60. 61
37. 7
37.7
37 5
38.9
38.3
39.3
39.0
38.9
39.0
37.9
37.1
37.4
37.8
38.8
39.1
$1.52 $50. 69
1.53 52.13
1. 53 48. 99
1.52 50. 78
1. 52 51. 24
1.53 53.93
1. 53 56. 12
1.54 55. 98
1.54 56. 12
1.53 54. 60
1.54 55.91
1.54 54. 57
1.55 54.43
1. 54 56.30
1. 55 55. 66
1 fix
1.52
1. 51
1. 51
1. 53
1.53
1. 53
1.53
1.53
1. 53
1.53
1. 53
1.53
$59. 68
59.21
fio ‘2 H
59 29
58. 83
60. 37
61.39
62.88
62. 17
61.46
57.97
58.13
59.50
59. 97
59.66
38. 5
38.2
$1.55
1.55
38.5
38.2
39.2
39. 1
39.8
39 6
39.4
37.4
37.5
37.9
38.2
38.0
1. 54
1. 54
1.54
1. 57
1.58
1. 57
1.56
1. 55
1.55
1.57
1.57
1.57
37.0
37.5
35. 5
36.8
37. 4
38.8
39.8
39.7
39. 8
39.0
39.1
38.7
38.6
39.1
39.2
$1.37
1.39
1. 38
1 38
1.37
1. 39
1. 41
1.41
1.41
1.40
1.43
1.41
1.41
1.44
1.42
Seamless hosiery
36.6 $1.55 $48.55
1.51 49.50
37.8
37.0
1.51 46. 98
36. 1 1 51 48.60
35.9
1. 50 50.63
37.5
1.49 50. 65
37.8
1.51 51.30
39.0
1.51 52. 47
39.8
1.51 53. 79
39. 5 1.51 51.89
37.8
1.52 51.71
38.5
1.52 52. 30
38.9
1.52 52. 54
37.8
1. 51 52. 50
37.0
1.51 52. 30
Dyeing and finishing
textiles 1
North
389 $1. 43 $58. 52
38.5
1.43 59. 21
36 9
1. 42 57 83
37.9
1.43 58. 45
38.4
1. 42 59.28
39.0
1.43 59.36
1.44 60. 68
39. 4
40.2
1. 44 61. 14
40. 7 1.45 61.85
40.4
1. 45 62.78
1.44 61.91
40.0
1.45 62. 62
40.5
40.6
1.51 62. 00
40.4
1.52 61.85
1.52 65. 69
40.7
Full-fashioned hosiery
Knitting mills 3
South
1967: Average____
$54.85
1958: Average_____ 54.67
May________ 51 52
June......... ...... 53. 30
July-----------54.00
August--------- 55. 38
September___ 55. 95
October_____
57.63
November___ 58. 34
57. 77
December___
1959: January-------- 57.20
February____ 58. 32
March______ 61.05
April_______
61.16
May______
61.61
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber
United States
37.6
37.6
36.6
36.9
37.3
37.9
39.1
39.2
38.4
37.9
36.6
37.2
37.8
38.2
39.3
South
$1.36 $18.28
1.40 48. 87
1.39 46. 23
1.39 48 11
1.40 50. 25
1.39 50. 27
1.41 50. 65
1.40 51.95
1.42 53.41
1.41 61. 89
1.43 51.47
1.39 52.44
1.41 52. 54
1.37 52. 36
1.35 52.03
Carpets, rugs other
floor coverings 3
40.6 $1.64 $74. 70
1.64 77. 3C
40.6
39.9
1. 63 73.88
41. 7 1.65 75. 24
39.8
1.63 77. 52
40.7
1.63 77.90
40.9
1.64 80.41
41.8
1. 66 81. 51
41.9
1.66 81.37
41.8
1.66 81.79
41.2
1.65 82.41
42.0
1.66 82. 99
42.4
1.71 83. 03
42.1
1. 71 81. 51
41.9
1.72 81.71
36.3
36.2
34. 5
35. 9
37. 5
37.8
37.8
38.2
38. 7
37.6
37.3
38.0
37.8
37.4
37.7
Wool carpets, rugs.
and carpet yarn
40.6 $1.84 $72. 25
40.9
1.89 73. 45
39.3
1.88 69.16
39.6
1.90 69.18
1. 90 69. 55
40.8
41.0
1.9C 72. 86
42. 1 1.91 77. 79
42.9
1.90 78.12
42. 6
1.91 78. 54
42.6
1.92 78.91
42. 7 1.93 80.89
43. C 1.93 81.84
1.94 80. 33
42.8
41.8
1.95 79. 23
41.9
1.95 79. 76
39.7
39.7
38.0
37.6
37.8
39.6
41.6
42. C
42.0
42.2
42.8
43.3
42.5
41.7
42.2
Hats (except cloth
and millinery)
$1.82 $59.04
1.85 58. 74
1.82 57. 19
1.84 60. 42
1. 84 60. 39
1.84 59. 67
1.87 58. 98
1.86 55.28
1. 87 59.16
1.87 61. 88
1.89 63. 75
1.8S 64. 81
1. 8 S 61.18
1.90 60.86
1.89 63.21
36.0
35.6
35.3
36.4
36.6
35.1
34.9
33.3
34.8
36.4
37.5
37.9
36.2
35.8
37.4
Miscellaneous textile
goods 3
$1.64 $69. 03
1.65 68. 95
1. 62 66. 43
1.66 69. 65
1. 65 68.60
1.70 68.95
1.69 72.92
1.66 71.28
1.70 71. 56
1.70 73.03
1.70 71.20
1.71 72. 54
1. 69 73. 44
1.70 72. 72
1.69 73.71
39.9
39.4
38. 4
39.8
39.2
39.4
41.2
40. 5
40.2
40.8
40.0
40.3
40.8
40. 4
40.5
$1.73
1.75
1. 73
1. 75
1. 75
1. 75
1.77
1.76
1.78
1.79
1.78
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.82
949
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l.
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Year and month
Textile-mill products—Continued
F e lt g o o d s (e x c e p t
w o v e n fe lts a n d h a ts )
1957: Average_____ $73.28
1958: Average_____ 74.88
May________ 73. 15
75. 27
June...... .........
75.66
Julv________
77.01
August... __
September___ 78. 53
October-------- 77. 39
November___ 79. 95
79. 54
December___
75. 64
1959: January____
February____ 76.82
March______
78.98
81.19
April___
May________ 83.18
P a d d in g s a n d u p h o ls te r y fillin g
L ace goods
39 4 $1.86 $67.32
39.0
1.92 66.04
1.93 64. 05
37 9
1.95 68. 71
38.6
39.2
1. 93 65. 69
39.9
1.93 61.59
40.9
1.92 70. 43
40. 1 1.93 66. 55
1.95 65.88
41.0
1. 94 65.14
41.0
1.91 66.04
39.6
1.94 66.98
39.6
1.95 67.53
40.5
1.99 70.13
40.8
1.99 69.75
41.8
37.4
37.1
3b 6
38.6
36.7
34.6
38.7
37.6
36.2
36.8
37.1
36.8
36.7
37.5
37.7
$1.80 $71. 46
1. 78 71.46
1. 75 68. 56
1.78 72. 22
1. 79 71.34
1.78 72. 45
1.82 76. 68
1.77 75. 72
1.82 76.08
1.77 77. 70
1.78 73.85
1.82 73. 93
1. 84 74.98
1.87 74. 52
1.85 74. 96
P r o c e s s e d w a s te a n d
rec o vere d fib e r s
40.6 $1. 76 $57. 40
39.7
1.80 59. 28
1. 79 57. 86
38.3
39 9
1.81 58. 87
39.2
1. 82 57. 23
40. 7 1.78 57.82
42. 6
1.80 62. 13
1.79 62. 82
42.3
1.82 61.95
41.8
1.85 62. 82
42.0
40.8
1.81 62.87
40.4
1.83 64. 84
41.2
1.82 66.57
1.84 63.91
40.5
40.3
1.86 64.48
41.0
40.6
39.9
40.6
39.2
39.6
41.7
41.6
41.3
41.6
40.3
41.3
42.4
41. 5
41.6
A r ti f i c ia l le a th e r , o ilc lo th , a n d o th e r c o a t e d
fa b r ic s
$1. 40 $92. 66
1.46 91.79
1.45 86. 27
1.45 92.23
1.46 91. 58
1.46 91.58
1.49 98. 57
1.51 92 01
1.50 94. 55
1. 51 98. 06
1.56 93.02
1.57 97. 22
1.57 93. 86
1.54 93. 24
1. 55 96. 98
43. 5
42.3
40. 5
42.5
42. 4
42.4
44. 4
42 4
42.4
43. 2
41.9
43.4
41.9
42.0
43.1
$2.13
2.17
2. 13
2.17
2. 16
2.16
2.22
2.17
2. 23
2. 27
2.22
2. 24
2. 24
2.22
2. 25
C o rd a g e a n d tw in e
$58. 44
59.44
57. 99
59. 67
60.04
61.05
62. 06
60.83
60. 21
62.00
61.23
62.33
63. 90
61.00
60. 45
38. 7
38.6
37. 9
39.0
39.5
39.9
40.3
39.5
39.1
40.0
39.5
39.7
40.7
39.1
38.5
$1.51
1.54
1. 53
1. 53
1. 52
1.53
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.55
1.55
1.57
1.57
1.56
1.57
Apparel and other finished textile products
Total: Apparel and
other finished textile
products
1957: Average_____ $53. 64
1958: Average_____ 53.45
May...... .......... 62.20
June................ 52. 50
July..... ........... 63. 40
August.. . ... 55. 33
September___ 55. 23
October_____
55. 08
November___ 54. 42
54.87
December___
1959: January_____ 55.08
February------ 56. 15
March______ 55.85
April_____
55. 63
May________ 55.48
36.0 $1. 49 $63. 01
35.4
1.51 60.37
1. 50 60.19
34.8
35.0
1. 60 61. 59
35.6
1. 50 60. 55
1.52 62. 30
36.4
1.53 63.01
36.1
1.53 61.41
36.0
1.52 61.60
35.8
1.52 62. 65
36.1
1.53 63.36
36.0
36. 7 1.53 63. 88
36.5
1.53 63.18
36.6
1.52 64.06
1.52 65. 671
36.5
Women's outerwears
1957- Average_____ $58.10
1958: Average_____ 57.63
May________ 57. 45
June________ 55. 44
July —............ 58. 13
August _____ 60.90
September___ 57. 96
October_____
58. 30
November___ 57. 29
December___
58. 65
1959: January_____ 59.86
i
February____ 61.94
&A March.. ____ 61. 07
April________ 61.05
May________ 59. 84
Men’s and boys’
suits and coats
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$16. 23
46.08
44. 42
44. 70
46.34
47.62
48. 38
47.60
47.21
47.47
47.09
47. 62
48. 38
48.25
48. 63
36. 4
36.0
34 7
35.2
36.2
37.2
37.5
36.9
36.6
36.8
36.5
37.2
37.5
37.4
37.7
36.9 $1.37
36.4
1.38
36.2
1.35
36.7
1.38
37.1
1.39
36. 5 1.39
36.1
1.40
37.2
1.39
1.36
36.8
35 7 1.38
36.7
1.40
37.5
1. 4C
35.8
1.38
35.6
1.38
36.6
1.39
36.5
36.2
34.8
35.5
35.6
36.8
37.4
37.9
37.7
36.6
36.0
36.9
36.9
36.5
36.2
37.8
37.4
37.3
37.2
37.1
38.3
38.4
38.1
38.1
37.8
37.6
38.1
38.2
38.6
37.8
36.3
36.2
34 7
36.0
34.1
38.4
38.5
36.6
36.4
36.6
37.6
37.6
38.2
38.6
38.8
$1.17
1.17
1. 17
1.16
1.17
1.16
1.17
1.17
1.18
1.18
1.19
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.17
U n d e r w e a r a n d n ig h t w e a r , e x c e p t c o r s e ts
$1.34 $17. 47
1.37 47.82
1.37 45 33
1.36 46. 05
1.35 46.70
1.35 48. 38
1. 36 49. 65
1. 38 51. 21
1.39 51.57
1.37 48. 44
1.38 48.28
1.38 49. 74
1.40 50. 49
1.39 48. 91
1.40 48. 37
Other fabricated
textile products 1
35.9 $1.39 $56.70
36.0
1.41 56. 85
1.41 58.32
34.8
35.6
1.41 56. 92
1.42 56. 39
36.1
1.39 57 45
36.5
1.42 59.14
37.2
37.4
1. 43 57.91
37.3
1. 42 59. 06
1.42 58. 59
37. 6
37.4
1.41 59.03
37.2
1.41 59.06
1.42 59.97
36.6
1.42 60. 60
36.8
36.5
1. 42 58. 97
W o r k s h ir ts
36.2 $1.30 $12. 47
35.9
1.31 42. 35
34.7
1. 30 40. 60
35 1 1.30 41. 76
38. 1 1.29 39.90
36.6
1.31 44. 54
36.0
1.31 45. 05
1.30 42 82
35.7
35.1
1.29 42. 95
1. 30 43.19
36.5
36.3
1.31 44.74
3s. 3
1 31 44. 37
38 8
1.31 45. 08
38.5
1.31 45. 55
38.2
1.31 45.40
Women’s and children's undergarments1
33.6 $2. 04 $18.91
33.5
2.04 49.59
32. 1
1.90 47.68
32.8
1.97 48.28
35.2
2.05 48. 06
36.0
2. 09 49.68
33.8
2. 09 50.86
33.7
2. 11 52. 30
2. 04 52. 40
32.7
34.4
2. 04 50. 14
2.07 49.68
35.1
35.5
2.09 50.92
33.4
2. 07 51.66
32.1
1.93 50. 74
31.4
1.95 50.68
Miscellaneous
apparel and
accessories
$49. 90
50.76
49.07
50.20
51.26
50. 74
52.82
53. 48
52. 97
53. 39
52.73
52. 45
51.97
52.26
51.83
S e p a r a te tro u se rs
36.3 $1. 28 $17.06
36.2
1.28 47.03
1.28 45. 11
34.7
34.7
1. 27 45.63
36. 1 1.28 46. 57
37.1
1.28 47. 95
1.29 47.16
37.9
37.6
1.29 46. 41
37.9
1.29 45. 28
36.7
1.30 47. 45
1.29 47. 55
36.0
36.7
1.28 50.17
37.1
1.29 50. 83
1.29 50. 44
37.0
37.2
1.29 50.04
W o m e n ’s s u i t s , c o a t s ,
a n d s k ir ts
36.0 $1.29 $68. 54
35.6
1.32 68.34
1.33 60. 99
35. 5
35.1
1.32 64.62
34. 9
1.3! 72. 16
36. 1 1.31 75. 24
35.4
1.33 70. 64
35.5
1.34 71 11
36.2
1.34 66. 71
36.7
1.31 70. 18
1.34 72.66
34.6
35.5
1.35 74. 20
1.35 69.14
36.0
36.4
1.36 61.95
36.8
1.37 61.23
Children’s
outerwear
35.9 $1.73 $50. 55
35.0
1. 83 50.23
1.72 48. 87
28.8
1.79 50. 65
32.8
34. 5 1.82 51. 57
36.5
1.88 50. 74
36.4
1.91 50. 54
36.3
1.88 51. 71
32.7
1. 74 50.05
1.77 49. 27
35.5
36.2
1.81 51.38
37.3
1.87 52. 5C
36.5
1.7S 49.4C
32.5
1.81 49.13
29.6
1.76 50.87
S h ir ts , c o lla r s , a n d
n ig h tw e a r
$1.27 $16. 46
1. 28 46.34
1.28 44. 42
1.27 44.07
1.28 46.21
1.28 47. 49
1.29 48. 89
1. 29 48. 50
1.29 48.89
1.29 47. 71
1.29 46.44
1.28 46. 98
1.29 47.86
1.29 47. 73
1.29 47. 99
H o u s e h o ld a p p a r e l
34.8 $1.61 $46. 44
1.69 46. 99
33.3
34 3
1. 74 47.22
32.1
1.67 46. 33
33. 4 1.64 45.72
34.2
1.71 47. 29
32 1 1. 72 47.08
32. 5 1. 72 47. 57
32.4
1.71 48. 51
33.4
1. 71 48. 08
33.8
1.71 46.36
34.6
1.73 47. 93
1.74 48. 60
35.1
36.1
1.77 49.50
35.5
1.76 50.42
Millinery
1957: Average_____ $52. 63 35.8 $1. 47 $82.11
35.4
1.50 64.05
1958: Average_____ 53.10
May________ 62. 65 35. 1 1. 50 49. 54
1.51 58.71
June.... ........... 53. 00 35.1
34.3
1.49 62. 79
July------------- 51.11
1.51 68. 62
A ugust_____ 52. 85 35.0
36.1
1. 50 69. 52
September___ 54.15
1. 51 68. 24
f October_____ 54. 81 36 a
1.50 56.90
November___ 54. 75 36. 5
54. 75 36.5
1. 50 62. 84
r ' December___
65. 52
35.3
1.51
1959:'January___ _ 53.30
35.7
1.52 69. 75
. , February____ 54.26
1.52 65.34
. March__ ____ 54.11 1 35.6
1.52 58.83
April...
55.48
36.5
36.5
1.53 52.10
p May------------ ! 55.85
See footnotes at end of table.
$1.77
1.76
1. 76
1. 78
1.74
1.77
1.77
1.78
1.77
1.75
1.76
1.75
1.76
1.76
1. 77
W o m e n ’s d r e s s e s
35.0 $1.66 $56.03
34.1
1.69 56. 28
34. 4
1.67 59. 68
33.4
1.66 53.61
34.6
1.68 54. 78
1.73 58. 48
35.2
33. 5 1. 73 55. 21
1.73 55. 90
33.7
33. 5 1. 71 55. 40
34. 5 1.70 57. 11
1.72 57.80
34.8
1.74 59. 86
35.6
35.3
1.73 61.07
35.7
1.71 63. 90
35.2
1.70 62.48
C o r s e ts a n d a llie d
g a r m e n ts
35.6
34.3
34. 2
34 6
34.8
35.2
35.6
34.5
34.8
35.8
36.0
36.5
35.9
36.4
37.1
Men’s and boys’ furnishlngs and work
clothing 3
36.8
36.5
34.6
35.7
36.2
37.5
37.9
38.5
38.2
36.7
36.3
37.4
37.4
36.5
36.1
$1.29
1.31
1.31
1. 29
1.29
1.29
1. 31
1.33
1.35
1. 32
1.33
1.33
1.35
1.34
1.34
C u r ta in s , d r a p e r ie s ,
a n d o th e r h o u s e fu r n is h in g s
$1. 50 $19. 37
1.52 50.36
1.51 49.41
1. 53 50. 05
1.52 49.28
1.50 51 46
1.54 51.71
1.52 52. 36
1. 55 52 61
1.55 51.95
1.57 49.50
1. 55 52.16
1.57 52.54
1.57 51.75
1. 56 50. 87
37.4 $1.32
37.3
1.35
36 6
1. 35
1.36
36.8
1.35
38. 5
38. 4 1.34
38.3
1.35
38.5
1.36
38.4
1.37
38.2
1. 36
36.4
1.36
37.8
1.38
1.39
37.8
37.5: 1.38
1.39
36.6
950
T able C -l.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry ‘—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg,
hrly wkly. wkly
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. I Avg. Avg. i Avg.
hrly wkly. wkly, hrly.
earn earn hours earn
ings
ings
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Nondurable goods—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products—
Continued
T e x tile b a g s
1957: Average_____ $59. 40
1958: Average........... 60.52
59. 06
May----------June................ 59 14
July------------- 60.68
August______ 61.38
September___ 63. 55
October_____
60. 98
November___ 60.83
December___
61.07
1959: January.......... 62.16
February____ 59. 21
March______
60.61
April ___. . .
61.62
May____ _
60.83
39.6 $1. 50
39.3
1.54
1.53
38.6
38.4
1.54
39 4
1.54
39.6
1.55
1.55
41.0
39.6
1. 54
39.5
1. 54
39.
1. 55
40. 1 1.55
38.7
1.53
39. 1 1. 55
39.5
1. 56
38.5
1.58
C a n v a s p r o d u c ts
$57 33
61.00
63. 80
63. 09
62. 40
59.15
63. 11
60.05
60.20
60. 90
60. 34
61.29
64.27
63. 34
63.80
39.0
40.4
41.7
40. 7
41 6
39. 7
40 2
40.3
40. 4
40.6
39. 7
39.8
41.2
41.4
41.7
Paper and allied products
Total: Paper and
allied products
$1. 47 $86. 29
1.51 88.83
1.53 86. 10
1. 55 88. 20
1. 50 88. 83
1. 49 90. 53
1.57 91 38
1. 49 91.38
1.49 90. 95
1.50 91.16
1.52 91. 58
1.54 92.01
1.56 92. 66
1.53 92. 87
1. 53 93.30
42.3
41.9
41 0
41.8
41. 9
42.5
42.7
42.7
42. 5
42.4
42.4
42. 4
42.7
42.6
42.8
$2. 04
2.12
2 10
2. 11
2. 12
2. 13
2. 14
2.14
2. 14
2.15
2. 16
2.17
2.17
2.18
2.18
Paper and allied products—Continued
F ib e r c a n s , t u b e s , a n d
dru m s
1957: Average_____ $83. 01
1958: Average........... 87.85
84.63
May---------June________ 84 89
88.29
July-----------August--------- 89. 60
September___ 89 98
October-------- 92. 51
November___ 97. 16
88.62
December___
1959: January-------- 87. 81
February____ 91.53
March______ 91.98
April----------- 90.40
May______
95.11
.*Y;
Other paper and
allied products
40 1 $2. 07 $76. 07
40.3
2.18 78. 96
39.0
2. 17 76.61
39.3
2. 16 77.97
40.5
2. 18 78. 55
41. 1 2.18 79. 95
40.9
2 20 80. 75
2. 24 80. 95
41.3
42.8
2. 27 80. 75
40. 1 2.21 81. 16
39.2
2. 24 81. 77
40. 5 2. 26 82.78
40.7
2.26 82.78
40.0
2. 26 83.60
41.9
2. 27 83.20
40.0
40.7
39.9
40.4
40.7
41.0
41.2
41.3
41.2
41.2
41.3
41.6
41.6
41.8
41.6
$1.86
1.94
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.95
1.96
1.96
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99
1.99
2. 00
2. 00
Pulp, paper, and
paperboard mills
$94. 18
96.10
93 24
95. 87
96. 73
98 31
99. 20
98. 75
98. 72
99. 39
99.62
99. 39
100.07
100. 74
101. 64
43
$2. 17
2.24
2. 22
2.24
2. 26
2.26
2. 27
2. 27
2.28
2. 29
2.29
2. 29
2.29
2. 30
2.31
4 2 .0
42.0
42.8
42.8
43.5
43. 7
43. 5
43.3
43. 4
43.5
43.4
43.7
43.8
44.0
Paperboard con
tainers and boies 1
$79.90
82.41
80 40
83.02
83.02
85.68
86.09
86. 50
86.09
85. 07
85. 08
85.28
86.74
86.11
87.15
41.
$1. 93 $79. 27
2.01 81.79
2 00 79 79
41.
2.02 82.60
41 1
2. 02 82. 40
42.0
2. 04 85. 04
42.
2. 04 85. 65
4 2 .4
2.04 85. 85
4 2 .2
2.04 84.62
41.7
2. 04 84. 64
41.1
2.07 84.87
41.2
2. 07 84. 67
41.7
2.08 86.11
41.2
2.09 85. 70
41.7
2. 09 86.32
4 1 .0
40.
1957: Average_____
1958: Average...........
May____ _
June________
July----------August ____
September___
October....... .
November___
December___
1959: January..........
February____
March______
April__
May________
$95. 76
97.22
94.82
96.22
97. 11
97. 75
100. 19
99.04
98. 39
100. 19
99.94
99. 57
102.68
101.39
100. 61
39 0 $2. 40 $96. 53
39.2
2.48 98.81
38. 7 2. 45 97. 54
2.48 98. 81
38.8
39 0 2. 49 100.23
39. 1 2.50 100.61
2. 53 101. 39
39.6
2. 52 100. 10
39.3
39.2
2. 51 100. 61
2.
53 101.26
39.6
2.53 101.53
39.5
39.2
2. 54 103. 88
2.58 105.34
39.8
39.3
2. 58 103. 75
39.3
2. 56 104. 54
Industrial inorganic
chemicals 2
1957: Average..........
1958: Average_____
May. _____
June................
July----------August--------September___
October_____
November___
December___
1959: January_____
February____
March______
April. ____
M ay... .
$100.04
104. 70
103 38
104. 96
104.60
105.41
107 42
105. 97
107.01
109. 25
108.09
108. 36
108.24
109.18
110.27
$96. 25
97.90
97. 01
97.38
97.38
98.54
99. 56
99. 68
99. 30
101.76
99. 94
100. 44
102.64
102.11
102.11
Newspapers
38. 5 $2. 50 $102.03
37.8
2. 59 103. 43
37 6 2 58 103. 72
37.6
2. 59 103. 72
37 6
2. 59 102. 55
37.9
2.60 103. 14
38. C 2. 62 104. 49
37.9
2.63 105.19
2. 62 105. 44
37.9
38.4
2. 65 109 56
2.63 103.95
38.0
2. 65 104.90
37.9
38.3
2.68 105. 60
38.1
2.68 107. 87
38.1
2. 68 108. 22
Greeting cards
39 4 $2 45 $44.18
38.9
2. 54 67.03
38. 4 2. 54 68. 53
38.9
2. 54 66.39
39. 0 2. 57 63.58
39 3 2.56 64. 09
39.3
2. 58 66.09
39. 1 2. 56 65. 77
39.3
2. 56 68.60
39. 4 2. 57 68. 68
38.9
2.61 71.55
2. 65 70. 25
39.2
2. 66 71.21
39.6
2. 64 70.10
39.3
2.66 69.09
39.3
A l k a l i e s a n d c h l o r in e
41.0 $2. 44 $97.68
40.9
2. 56 102. 72
40.7
2. 54 99 70
2.56 101 66
41.0
40 7 2. 57 103. 53
2.59 102. 17
40.7
2.62 105. 01
41.0
40.6
2.61 105. 30
41.0
2.61 106. 08
41 7 2.62 106. 97
41. 1 2.63 105. 67
41.2
2. 63 108. 21
2.64 106.23
41.0
41.2
2.65 107.16
41.3
2. 67 108. 36
See footnotes at end o table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Lithographing
41.
$! 91
1.99
1 98
41.3
2.00
41
2.00
42
2.02
42.
2.02
42.
2.02
4 2.
2.01
4 1 .0
2 02
41. 4 2.05
41.3
2.05
41.8
2.06
41.4
2.07
41.7
2.07
4 1 .1
40 3
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Total: Printing, pub
lishing, and allied
industries
Periodicals
35 8 $2. 85 $101.05
35.3
2.93 102.97
35 4 2. 93 98.81
35. 4 2. 93 100.23
35.0
2.93 103 62
35.2
2. 93 108. 68
35 3 2. 96 107. 86
35.3
2. 98 105. 73
35.5
2. 97 102. 70
36.4
3. 01 104. 15
35.0
2.97 104.15
35.2
2. 98 106.00
35.2
3.00 111.50
35.6
3.03 108. 63
35.6
3.04 106. 77
Books
40 1 $2 52 $84. 35
39.3
2. 62 85.80
38.3
2. 58 85. 58
39.0
2. 57 85. 75
39 4 2 63 85. 19
40. 4 2.69 88. 26
39 8 2. 71 88. 53
39.6
2. 67 87.42
2. 64 86. 46
38.9
39.3
2. 65 87. 58
39.3
2. 65 88.88
39.7
2. 67 87. 98
40.4
2.76 90. 52
39.5
2. 75 90. 06
39.4
2. 71 90.23
Industrial organic
chemicals 2
40.7 $2. 44' $96. 93
2. 53 100.04
40.6
40. 2 2. 48 98. 98
2. 51 100. 12
40.5
2. 55 100. 69
40.6
2.58 100. 85
39.6
40. 7 2. 58 102. 25
40. 5 2. 60 101 91
2.60 103. 07
40.8
2. 59 103. 57
41.3
2. 59 103. 73
40.8
2.62 103. 57
41.3
2.61 103. 73
40.7
2. 62 103. 98
40.9
2.63 106.08
41.2
Bookbinding and
related industries
38.2 $1.68 $73 71
38.3
1.75 74.86
38. 5 1. 78 73. 53
38.6
1.72 74.07
37. 4 1.70 72. 91
37.7
1. 70 76. 43
38.2
1.73 75. 42
1.74 76. 40
37.8
39. 2 1.75 77.93
1. 77 78. 95
38.8
39. 1 1.83 79. 13
1.82 78.13
38.6
38.7
1.84 78. 52
38.1
1.84 79.10
1.79 79.28
38.6
39.0
38.0
37 9
37.6
37 2
38.6
37 9
38 2
38.2
38. 7
38 6
38.3
38.3
38.4
38.3
$2 13
2.20
2 20
2. 21
2. 19
2. 24
2. 23
2.23
2. 24
2. 24
2. 25
2. 25
2. 28
2.28
2.29
Miscellaneous pub Total: Chemicals and
lishing and print
allied products
ing services
$1.89 $110. 78
1.97 110.75
1.94 110. 96
1.97 111.22
1.96 111. 30
1.98 112. 86
1.99 110. 70
2.00 112. 42
2. 04 113 78
2.04 113.62
2.05 113. 45
2. 04 116. 19
2. 05 117.09
2.06 115.12
2. 07 116. 31
P la s tic s , e x c e p t s y n
t h e t ic r u b i e r
40. 9 $2 37 $99. 90
40.5
2. 47 103. 25
40. 4 2. 45 102. 18
40. 7 2. 46 102. 75
40.6
2. 48 102 31
40.5
2. 49 104.08
40.9
2. 50 105. 75
40.6
2. 51 105. 66
40.9
2. 52 107. 70
41. 1 2. 52 106. 68
41.0
2. 53 107.10
41.1
2. 52 108. 38
41.0
2. 53 108.03
41.1
2. 53 108. 29
41.6
2. 55 110.33
39.6
39.0
38. 9
38.8
38 9
39 4
39 7
39.2
38.6
39. 1
39.5
39.1
39.7
39.5
39.4
Chemicals and allied
products
Printing, publishing, and allied industries—Continued
Commercial printing
P a p e r b o a r d boxes
38.6
37.8
38.0
37. 7
37.6
38.0
37 4
37.6
37 8
38.0
38.2
38.6
38.9
38.5
38.9
$2. 87 $91 46
2. 93 94.48
2. 92 93 43
2. 95 94. 94
2.96 95.06
2.97 95. 24
2 96 95. 94
2. 99 95. 94
3.01 96. 82
2. 99 97 70
2 97 97.00
3. 01 97. 64
3.01 97.88
2. 99 98.18
2. 99 99.42
S y n th e tic ru b b er
41.8 $2. 39 $107. 98
41.3
2. 50 113. 30
41.2
2. 48 110.03
41. 1 2. 50 112. 61
40.6
2. 52 111 52
41.3
2.52 112. 75
41.8
2. 53 113 98
41.6
2. 54 114.67
42. 4 2.54 117.88
42.0
2. 54 120. 56
42 0 2. 55 121.26
2. 55 118. 53
42.5
42.2
2. 56 118.08
42.3
2. 56 118. 53
42.6
2. 59 122. 67
41 2 $2. 22
40.9
2.31
40. 6 2 29
41. 1 2. 31
40.8
2.33
40. 7 2. 34
41.0
2. 34
41.0
2. 34
41.2
2. 35
41.4
2. 36
41.1
2.36
41.2
2. 37
41.3
2.37
41.6
2. 36
41.6
2.39
S y n th e tic fib e r s
40.9 $2. 64 $82. 21
41.2
2.75 84. 59
40.6
2. 71 83. 79
41. 1 2. 74 85. 44
40.7
2. 74 86. 07
41.0
2. 75 87.08
41. 0 2. 78 86.46
2. 79 84. 96
41.1
41.8
2.82 85.60
2. 85 86. 43
42.3
42.4
2.86 84.99
41.3
2.87 85. 63
41.0
2.88 86.88
41.3
2. 87 87. 51
42.3
2.90 88. 75
40.3
39.9
39.0
40.3
40.6
40.5
40. 4
39.7
40.0
40. 2
39.9
40.2
40.6
40.7
40.9
$? 04
2.12
2. 10
2. 12
2. 12
2.15
2. 14
2. 14
2. 14
2. 15
2.13
2. 13
2.14
2.15
2.17
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l.
951
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg
Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Nondurable goods—Continued
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Soap, cleaning and
Drugs and medicines polishing
preparations1
E x p lo s iv e s
1057: Average_____ $93. 30
1958: Average........... 95. 51
M a y ....... ...... 92 75
June________ 95.65
July .............. 95 36
August______ 98 16
September___ 99 29
October __
99 53
November___ 99 46
December___ 98. 40
1959: January........._ 97. .53
February____ 97.53
M arch______
98. 74
April____ __
98. 25
May________ 100.19
41.1
40.3
39 3
40. 7
39 9
40 9
41. 2
41 3
41. 1
41.0
40.3
40.3
40.8
40.6
41.4
$2.27 $82. 82
2.37 85.88
2.36 84.85
2. 35 86.11
2.39 86. 71
2.40 85. 41
2. 41 85.63
2.41 86. 24
2.42 87.29
2. 40 88. 54
2. 42 88. 54
2. 42 88. 73
2. 42 88.94
2. 42 88.70
2. 42 89. 51
Gum and w,ood
chemica s
1957: Average-......... $78. 20
1958: Average......... . 80.45
M ay„............. 80- 03
June-- _____
79 93
J u ly ............... 81. 45
August______ 80 26
September___ 80. 64
October.
79 90
November___ 80 77
December___ 81. 71
1959: January_____ 81.54
February____ 80.16
March. . .
80. 56
April _____ 83.36
May______ _ 84.12
42 5
41.9
41 9
41 2
42. 2
41 8
42 0
41. 4
41.0
41 9
41.6
40. 9
41.1
42.1
42.7
40.8
40.7
40.6
41.2
40.9
40.1
40. 2
40.3
40.6
40.8
40.8
40.7
40.8
40.5
40.5
$2.03
2.11
2. 09
2.09
2. 12
2.13
2. 13
2. 14
2. 15
2.17
2. 17
2. 18
2.18
2.19
2. 21
42 5
42.3
44 3
41.2
40 8
41.2
42. 2
42 5
42 3
41.8
43.3
43.3
43.7
47.3
44.8
$1.69 $78. 67
1.75 82.21
1 77 81 08
1. 76 84.29
1.80 84.24
1.77 83.18
1. 79 81.91
1 77 83 44
1. 78 83.08
1.81 82.70
1. 77 83. 28
1. 77 82. 40
1.72 82. 80
1.72 83.42
1.82 85. 37
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
E s s e n tia l o ils, p e r fu m e s ,
c o s m e tic s
1957: Average___
$68. 85
1958: Average_____ 72.73
May________ 72 73
72. 15
June........... .
71 04
July___ ____
August______ 71 81
September___ 73. 12
75. 0!
October____
November___ 74.64
Decern her___
75.05
1959: January_____ 71. 63
February____ 70. 87
March______
75.84
April_______
76. 21
May_______
76.82
C o m p r e s s e d a n d liq u e
fie d g a ses
38 9 $1.77 $95 91
39.1
1.86 100.02
39 1 1. 86 98 71
39 0
1.85 100. 74
38 4
1. 85 98. 57
38.4
1. 87 101. 09
39. 1 1 87 100. 60
39.9
1 88 100. 86
39 7 1.88 103 91
39. 5 1.90 102. 51
37.9
1. 89 104. 08
37.3
1.90 104. 83
39.5
1.92 104. 50
39.9
1.91 103.82
39.6
1. 94 108.12
41.7
41.5
41 3
41 8
40 9
41.6
41. 4
41.0
41 9
41. 5
41.8
41.6
41.8
41.2
42.4
41.1
41.0
40. 7
40.9
40.9
42.0
42.0
41.2
41.0
42.1
40.6
41.4
41.4
40.9
40.8
$2 34 $104. 65
2.46 110. 27
2. 44 108, 12
2. 45 109. 06
2. 45 109 47
2. 48 113. 21
2 50 114. 90
2. 48 111. 10
2. 49 110. 70
2. 51 115. 45
2.50 110.30
2. 53 114.68
2.53 114. 54
2.52 111.79
2. 54 112. 33
Vegetable and animal
oils and fats 3
Fertilizers
$1.84 $71.83
1.92 74.03
1 91 78 41
1.94 72. 51
1.93 73 44
1. 92 72. 92
1.92 75.54
1 93 75 23
1.97 75. 29
1.95 75. 66
1.96 76. 64
1.96 76. 64
1.96 75.16
1.98 81. 36
1.97 81.54
$06.17
100.86
99. 31
100 21
100. 21
104.16
105. 00
102. 18
102. 09
105. 67
101.50
104.74
104. 74
103. 07
103. 63
S o a p a n d g ly c e r in
41 2
41.3
40.8
41.0
41 0
42. 4
42 4
41.3
41.0
42.6
40.7
41. 7
41.5
40.8
40.7
44.7
44.6
42 9
43.4
42 7
42. 7
43 4
47 9
47 0
45.2
44.9
44. 4
43.4
43.2
42.4
Total: Products of
petroleum and coal
$2. 30 $108 39
2.41 110.97
2 39 110. 16
2 41 111.93
2 41 113. 16
2. 43 110 29
2. 43 112 33
2. 46 110 '5
2. 48 112. 46
2. 47 111.35
2. 49 113. 70
2.52 114. 86
2. 50 118.24
2.52 118.20
2. 55 117. 67
1957: Average.......
1958: Average_____
May ...........
June----------Julv_______
August_____
September___
October. . . .
November___
Decent ber___
1959: January_____
February____
March____ _
April ______
Mav________
$106. 52
106.04
99 48
103. 63
106. 59
113. 96
113. 40
113. 24
115. 75
121. 40
117. 55
118. 98
122.96
123.98
128. 77
40.5 $2. 63 $73 47
38.7
2. 74 76.62
37 4 2 66 75. 86
38. 1 2. 72 77.20
38.9
2. 74 75 25
40.7
2.80 77.18
40. 5 2.80 76. 62
40. 3 2 81 77 01
40 9
2 83 77 22
42.3
2. 87 78.01
41. 1 2. 86 78 20
41.6
2. 86 80. 59
42.4
2. 90 79.79
42.9
2. 89 73. 05
2. 94 79. 98
43.8
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Rubber footwear
39.5
39.7
39 3
40.0
39.4
40.2
39. 7
39.9
39 6
39.8
39.9
40.7
40.3
39.7
40.6
41.0 $2. 18 $87. 33
40.9
2.28 90.80
40. 7 2 25 89 76
42. 1 2. 27 93.91
41 7 2 30 93 63
2. 29 91. 88
41.3
41. 2 2.30 92 29
40 7 2. 31 91 58
41. 1 2 33 92. 43
4L 5 2. 34 94.62
40.8
2.34 92.80
40.8
2.34 93.02
41.2
2.36 94. 76
42.1
2. 37 97.48
42.2
2. 37 97.48
A n i m a l o ils a n d f a ts
$1.60 $88. 75
1.73 89. 82
1.80 86 43
1.85 89. 24
1 88 88. 27
1.84 88. 71
1. 74 90. 82
1.66 89 87
1. 64 93.93
1. 70 91.98
1.73 92.02
1.74 91. 16
1.78 91.15
1.80 92.02
1.86 93. 96
P a i n t s , v a r n is h e s , la c
q u e rs, a n d e n a m e ls
44.6
43.6
43 0
44. 4
43 7
43.7
44 3
43 0
44 1
43.8
43.2
42.4
42.2
42.8
43.5
41.0
40.9
40.8
42 3
4L 8
41.2
41.2
40 7
40.9
41.5
40.7
40.8
41.2
42.2
42.2
$2.13
2.22
2. 20
2. 22
2 24
2. 23
2. 24
2 25
2. 26
2. 28
2. 28
2.28
2.30
2.31
2.31
Miscellaneous chemi
cals 3
$1.99 $34. 03
2.06 87.02
2.01 86 40
2.01 87. 45
2 02 85 54
2. 03 86 98
2.05 86. 98
2.09 87.64
2. 13 89. 10
2.10 89. 06
2. 13 88.62
2. 15 89.42
2.16 90.98
2. 15 91.21
2.16 91.80
Products of petroleum and coal
40.4
40.1
40 0
40.3
39.6
39.9
39.9
40.2
40.5
40.3
40.1
40 1
40.8
40.9
40.8
$?. 08
2.17
2 16
2. 17
2. 16
2.18
2. 18
2. 18
2 20
2. 21
2. 21
2. 23
2 23
2.23
2. 25
Rubber products
other petroleum Total: Rubber prod
Petroleum refining Coke,
and coal products
ucts
40.9 $2. 66 $112. 88
40.5
2. 74 114. 90
40. 5 2 72 113 65
41.0
2. 73 115. 75
41 0 2. 76 117 26
40. 4 2. 73 113.08
40 7 2. 76 116 00
40 2 2 ”1 113(48
40.6
2. 77 116. 28
40.2
2. 77 114. 86
40. 9 2. 78 117.55
40.3
2. 85 119. 77
41.2
2.87 121.18
40.9
2. 89 122.29
41.0
2.87 121.18
40.9 $2. 76 $16.00
40.6
2.83 97.28
40.3
2 82 98. 23
40.9
2.83 98.71
41 0 2 86 99 46
40. 1 2. 82 100. 85
40. 7 2. 85 101. 02
40 1 2. 83 98 98
40.8
2. 85 99.60
40.3
2. 85 99. 60
41. 1 2. 86 101.71
40.6
2.95 99.04
2. 97 108.46
40.8
40.9
2. 99 104.30
40.8
2. 97 105. 41
Rubber products—Continued
Tires and Inner tubes
$2 64 $89.38
2.67 93. 25
2, 65 91 58
2.66 95. 57
2. 67 95 91
2.67 94. 58
2. 71 94. 76
2. 69 94 02
2.70 95. 76
2.71 97. 11
2. 71 95. 47
2. 75 95. 47
2.76 97. 23
2. 74 99.78
2. 76 100.01
V e g e ta b le o ils
44.7 $1.76 $71.52
44.2
1.86 77.16
42. 9
1. 89 77 22
43.9
1.92 80. 29
43 2
1.95 SO 28
43. 1 1.93 78. 57
43 8
1.87 75. 52
46 1 1.81 79 51
45.9
1.81 77.08
44. 7 1. 85 76. 84
1.88 77. 68
44.3
1.89 77. 26
43.6
42.9
1.93 77.25
1.94 77. 76
43.0
1.99 78.86
42.9
Paints, pigments, and
fillers 3
41.2 $2. 33 $91.53
40.2
2.42 92.59
4L 1 2 39 87. 86
2.39 91.10
41.3
4L 1 2 42 91 89
4L 5 2. 43 96. 80
2. 47 97. 51
40.9
40 4 2. 45 97. 27
2. 49 98.09
40.0
2. 49 102.66
40.0
2. 53 100. 28
40.2
39.3
2.52 101. 09
2. 54 103. 74
42.7
40.9
2. 55 101.57
2.54 101. 52
41.5
40.5 $2.26
39.4
2. 35
38 2 2. 30
39.1
2. 33
39.1
2 35
40.5
2. 39
40.8
2 39
40 7 2. 39
40. 7 2. 41
41.9
2. 45
4L 1 2. 44
41.6
2. 43
42.0
2. 47
41.8
2.43
42.3
2. 40
Leather and leather products
Leather and Leather: tanned,cur Industrial leather
Other ru bber products Total:
leather products
ried, and finished
belting and packing
$1.86 $82. 62
1.93 84.59
1.93 80 29
1.93 83. 77
1 91 82 92
1.92 86. 24
1.93 89. 21
1. 93 88. 78
1. 95 88. 54
1. 96 92. 60
1. 96 91.27
1.98 91.96
1.98 93.02
1.84 90. 03
1.97 92.60
40.7 $2 03
39.9
2.12
38 6 2.08
39. 7 2. 11
39. 3 2 11
40 3 2. 14
41 3 2. 16
41. 1 2. 16
40.8
2. 17
41. 9 2. 21
41.3
2.21
41.8
2.20
41.9
2. 22
41.3
2. 18
41.9
2. 21
$57. 60
57.78
55. 42
57. 46
57 97
58. 19
57.99
58 46
59 63
61.22
62. 56
62. 08
60.80
59. 57
60. 54
37 4
36.8
35 3
36.6
37. 4
37 3
36. 7
37.0
37. 5
38.5
39 1
38.8
38.0
37.0
37.6
$1.54 $76. 64
1.57 78. 39
1. 57 75. 82
1. 57 78. 98
1 55 76 40
1.56 78. 19
1.58 79. 79
1.58 79 58
1. 59 81. 19
1.59 83. 03
1.60 81.39
1.60 80. 58
1.60 80. 77
1.61 81.58
1. 61 81.56
39 3 $1.95
39.0
2.01
38. 1 1. 99
39. 1 2.02
38 2 2.00
2. 01
38.9
39.5
2. 02
39.2
2 0.3
39.8
2.04
40.5
2. 05
39. 7 2. 05
39.5
2.04
39.4
2.05
39.6
2. 06
39.4
2.07
$77 27
76.62
70. 87
73. 73
74 31
76. 82
78. 21
80. 54
80. 16
79.65
78. 69
76. 76
82.99
82. 80
82. 94
4L 1 $1.88
39.7
1.93
37. 3
1. 90
38.2
1.93
38 5 1.93
39.6
1. 94
39.5
1.98
41 3
1 95
40.9
1.96
4L 7 1.91
41.2
1.91
40.4
1. 90
43.0
1.93
42.9
1.93
42.1
1.97
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
952
T able
C -l.
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly, Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg. hrly.
earn
earn earn wkly.
hours
ings
ings
ings
M anufact urlng—Continued
Transportation and
public utilities
Nondurable goods—Continued
Transportation
Leather and leather products—Continued
1957: Average___
1958: Average__
M a y . .........
June_____
July............
August___
September.
October___
November..
December..
1959: January__
February . .
M a r c h ____
April_____
May_____
Class I railroads1
Handbags and small Gloves and miscellaBoot and shoe cut
Footwear (except
Luggage
neous leather goods
leather goods
stock and findings
rubber)
36 2 $1.37 $94. 24
41 7 $2. 26
37 8 $1.42 $19 59
38.3 $1.63 $53 68
$55. 42 37. 7 $1.47 $55. 1?
37, C $1.49 $62 4?
2.44
36.1
1.40 101. 50 41.6
38.3
1.45 50. 4(
1.67 55. 54
38.0
1.52 63. 46
56. 02 37.1
1.51 54. 87
36.1
1?
41.2
2. 43
36
1
1
40
1. 44 49 98
35 '
1(H).
1. 51 51. 94
34 4
1. 51 63 21
38. 1 1.66 52. 18
54. 96 36.4
2. 45
1.45 50.04
36. P 1.39 101. 19 41.3
1.66 53. 36
36.8
1.51 63. 9)
38.5
57. 15 38. 1 1.50 54. 36 36.(i
2. 43
1. 40 103. 28
42.6
35. 9
37 1 1. 44 50 2(
1. 50 55. 8(
1.50 66. 08
39. 1 1.69 53 42
56. 85
37. 9
37. 2
1.40 100. 94
2. 45
36. (
41.2
38 4
1.44 50. 4i
36.8
1. 50 55. 57
39.8
1.66 55 30
36.9
1.51 66. 07
55. 35
2.45
35. 7
42.2
37.9
1. 45 49. 62
1.39 103. 39
1.50 54. 93
54. 45 36.3
35.9
1. 53 66. 57
40. 1 1.66 54. 96
36 6
42.6
2. 43
1.45 50. 87
1.39 103 52
40 4
1.50 55. 08
39 4
1. 65 58 58
36.0
1. 53 65.01
55. 05 36. 7
36 7
1.39 104 19 40. 7 2.56
1.46 51.01
40.7
1.68 59. 42
1. 53 56. 21
36.5
1. 54 66. 19 39 4
57. 22 37.4
42.6
2.52
1.41 107. 35
37.2
39. 1 1.44 51. 71
39. 1 1.51 58. 67 38. 1 1.54 66. 08 39. 1 1.69 56.30
59. 04
2. 54
1.41 105. 66 41.6
1. 44 61.89
36.8
1.70 56. 02 38.9
1.52 60. 76 39.2
1.55 63. 58 37.4
58.98
38.8
42.4
2.58
1.40 109. 39
1.46 51. 10 36.5
1.70 58. 25 39.9
1.56 63. 92 37.6
58. 52 38. 5 1.52 60. 37 38.7
41. 5 2.53
1. 45 51. 85
37.3
1.39 105. 00
66. 47 37.4
1. 51 58.81
37. 7
1. 56 64. 18 38. 2 1. 68 56. 26 38.8
42. 1 2. 52
37.0
1. 39 106. 09
1.45 51.43
36.4
38.7
1.69 54. 52 37.6
1.51 56.78
1.56 65.40
55. 87 37.0
—
36.9
1.46 51.29
1.39 —
1.68 53. 87 36.9
—
1.52 58.03
37.2
1.56 65.02
38.7
38.1
57. 91
Transportation and public utilities—Continued
1957: Average_____
1958: Average_____
May________
June________
July____ ___
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1959: January_____
February___
March______
April_______
May...............
Other public utilities
Communication
Transportation—Con.
Total: Gas and elec
L i n e c o n s tr u c tio n
S w itc h b o a r d o p e r a t
Local railways and
Telegraph 8
Telephone
tric utilities
e m p lo y e e s t
in g e m p lo y e e s 6
buslines
40.9 $2.33
$37.
36
41.
8
$95
3(i
$1.69
$2.
40
$2.
09
$76.
05
$102.
48
42
7
39
0
$1.95
$62.
70
37
1
43
2
$2.
05
$88. 56
2. 46
41. 5 2. 17 100 37 40.8
1. 76 105.00
41. 5 2. 53 90.06
2. 05 64. 24
36. 5
2. 12 78. 72 38.4
90. 52 42.7
42.
0
40.5
2. 43
2.
60
89
04
2
12
98
42
40.
7
63.
01
1.
77
101
75
2.
10
37
8
2.
04
35
6
43.
0
77
1
1
90. 30
41.9
2. 54 91.34
2. 18 (00. 12
40. 7 2.46
36. 2
1. 75 104.90
41.3
38.2
2. 12 78.31
2.05 63.35
91. 16 43.0
41 9 2 19 100. 12 40. 7 2. 46
2. 56 91. 76
1.75 107. 01
41.8
2.06 63.88
42. 9 2. 13 79 31
38.5
36. 5
91 38
40.9
1.76 106.9!
2. 57 91.78
42. 1 2. 18 101.02
2.47
41.6
2.07 64. 77 36.8
42.0
2. 12 79. 90 38.6
90. 95
2.24 101 84
40.9
2. 49
2.
58
93.63
41.9
41.8
39.0
37.4
1.
77
108.10
81.
12
2.08
66.
20
42.4
2.14
90. 74
41. 7 2.24 102. 66
40.9
2.51
41.8
2. 58 93. 41
39.0
37.6
1. 79 107.81
2.09 67 30
42. 5 2. 13 81 51
90. 53
41. 1 2.82
42.2
2. 59 92. 51
41.3
2. 24 103. 57
2.14 82. 97
39.7
2. 09 69. 38 39. 2 1.77 109.30
42 6
91. 16
2.60 93.18
41.6
41. 1 2. 52
42.2
2. 24 103. 57
38.6
1.78 109. 72
2. 16 81.06
2.10 64. 79 30.4
92. 66
42.9
41.4
41.0
2.52
2. 60 93. 98
2. 27 103. 32
38.3
1. 78 107. 38 41.3
42.6
2. 17 80.8!
2. 11 63. 90 35.9
92. 44
41.4
2. 54
2. 27 103. 89 40.9
2. 62 93.98
1.80 109. 52 41.8
2.18 82. 47 38.9
2.12 66. 96 37.2
92. 65 42.5
40.8
2. 63 93. 98 41.4
2. 27 104. 04
2.55
38.4
2.13 65. 88 36.4
1.81 108. 88 41.4
2. 18 81.79
92. 87 42.6
2. 55
41.3
2. 66 94. 62 41.5
2.28 103. 79 40.7
1.82 109. 86
42.9
2.15 66.07
36.3
2.19 82. 56 38.4
93. 95
2. 55
2.70 97. 33
42.5
2. 29 103. 79 40.7
41.8
2.19 84.20
37.1
1.86 112.88
38.8
2.17 69. 01
94. 83
43.3
Wholesale and retail trade
Transportation and public utilities-—Continued
Retail trade
Other public utilities—Continued
Electric light and
power utilities
$97. 06
101.43
May________ 99. 72
June________ 101. 68
101. 68
July.............
August_____ 102. 59
September___ 102. 66
October_____ 103. 22
November__ 103. 73
December___ 103. 89
1959: January_____ 103. 63
February___ 104. 70
March______ 104. 86
A p ril......... . 105. 37
May_______ 104. 34
1957: Average_____
1958: Average_____
41.3 $2. 35 $90. 13
40.9
2.48 94. 83
40. 7 2. 45 92. 23
2. 48 93. 67
41.0
2. 48 93. 90
41.0
2.49 94.60
41.2
40.9
2.51 96.12
2.53 97.41
40.8
2.53 98.71
41.0
2. 54 98. 06
40.9
2. 54 98. 06
40.8
40.9
2. 56 97. 27
2.57 96. 80
40.8
41.0
2. 57 95. 84
40.6
2. 57 97. 44
gemmai manorder houses
anu
1957: Average_____ $50.26
52.60
1958: Average_____
52. 15
May_______
June________ 53.61
July............... . 53. 91
53. 25
August_____
September.... 52. 65
52. 50
October_____
November___ 51.41
55.13
December___
1959: January_____ 54.01
52. 70
February___
53. 15
March______
April_______
53. 55
53.90
:May_______
34, 9
35.3
35 0
35.5
35.7
35.5
35.1
35.0
34.5
37.5
35.3
34.9
35.2
35.0
35.0
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Electric light and
gas utilities combined
Gas utilities
40.6 $2.22 $97.10
2.33 103. 63
40.7
40. 1 2 30 102. 97
2. 33 103. 63
40.2
2. 33 103. 38
40.3
40.6
2. 33 103. 94
2. 35 105. 93
40.9
41. 1 2. 37 106. 49
2. 39 107.01
41.3
41.2
2. 38 108. 47
41.2
2. 38 107. 83
40. 7 2. 39 108. 50
40. 5 2.39 108. 92
40. 1 2. 39 108.12
40.6
2. 40 108. 79
ooa ana liquor
stores
$1.44 $65. 50
1. 4S 67. 52
1.49 66. 42
1.51 68. 08
1.51 69. 56
1. 50 09. 38
1.50 68. 44
1.50 68. 42
1.49 68. 97
1. 47 68. 24
1.53 68. 43
1.51 69. 52
1.51 68. 97
1.53 68.78
1. 54 69. 50
36.8
36.3
35.9
36.6
37. 4
37.3
36.6
36. 2
36.3
36.3
36.4
36.4
36.3
36.2
36.2
40.8 $2. 38 $84. 42
2. 54 87. 02
40.8
40. 7 2.53 86 40
2. 54 87. 42
40.8
40. 7 2. 54 88. 26
40. 6
2. 56 87. 64
2. 59 88. 66
40.9
40.8
2. 61 87. 85
2.61 88. 22
41.0
41.4
2. 62 88. 48
41.0
2. 63 88. 44
41.1
2.64 88.00
41. 1 2. 65 89.24
40.8
2. 65 89.42
40.9
2. 66 89. 87
Automotive ana accessories dealers
$1. 78 $83.22
1.86 83. 22
1.85 83.66
1.86 84. 10
1. 86 84. 53
1.86 84. 73
1. 87 83. 47
1.89 83. 22
1.90 83. 90
1. 88 85. 36
1.88 87. 07
1.91 86. 04
1.90 86. 72
1.90 88.44
1.92 89.12
Wholesale trade
43.8
43.8
43. 8
43.8
43.8
43.9
43.7
43.8
43.7
44.0
44.2
43.9
43.8
44.0
43.9
40.2
40.1
40.0
40.1
40. 3
40.2
40.3
40.3
40.1
40.4
40.2
40.0
40.2
40.1
40.3
$2. 10
2. 17
2. 16
2.18
2. 19
2.18
2. 20
2. 18
2. 20
2.19
2. 20
2. 20
2. 22
2.23
2. 23
A p p a r e i a n a aeces-
sortes stores
$1.90 $49. 13
1. 90 50. 81
1. 91 50. 72
1.92 51.01
1.93 51. 25
1.93 50. 69
1.91 50.86
1.90 50.91
1.92 50. 76
1. 94 52. 98
1.97 52. 40
1.96 51.41
1.98 49. 88
2. 01 51.26
2. 03 51.4Q
34.6
34.8
34.6
34.7
35.1
35.2
34.6
34.4
34.3
35.8
34.7
34.5
33.7
34.4
34.1
Retail trade (except General merchandise
eating and drinking
stores
places)
34 5 $1.30
$62 48
38 1 $1 64 $14 85
1.35
64. 77 38. 1 1. 70 46. 85 34.7
1.69 46. 31
34.3
1.35
63. 88
37.8
64.94
38.2
34.8
1.37
1.70 47.68
35. 2
1.37
66. 18 38. 7
1.71 48. 22
35.2
1.35
1. 71 47.52
66. 18 38.7
38.0
1.36
64. 98
1. 71 46. 92 34.5
64. 81
37.9
1. 71 46.65
34.3
1.36
1.35
64. 47 37. 7
1. 71 45.90
34.0
1.33
36.6
38.5
1.68 48.68
64.68
34.7
1.39
66. 29 38. 1 1.74 48. 23
34.4
1.74 47.13
1.37
65. 95 37.9
1 37
1. 74 47.40
34.6
65. 95 37.9
37.9
1.38
66.33
1.75 47. 47 34.4
1.39
66.53
37.8
1. 76 47. 54 34.2
Other retail trade
Furniture and appli- Lumber and hardware supply stores
ance stores
42.2 $1.77
$1. 42 $71. 23
41. 9 $1, 70 $74 69
42. 1 1.83
1.46 72.31
41.8
1. 73 77. 04
1.84
42.0
1. 69 77. 83
42.3
1.47 70. 98
1. 72 77.35
42.5
1.82
41.9
1.47 72.07
1. 83
1. 46 72.41
42. 1 1. 72 77. 96
42.6
42.9
1.84
1.44 73. 57
41.8
1.76 78. 94
1.85
1.47 72. 98
41.7
1. 75 79.18
42.8
1.86
1.77 79.24
42.6
1.48 73. 81
41.7
1.85
41.6
1. 78 77. 70
42.0
1.48 74.05
1.83
42.2
1.81 76. 49
41.8
1. 48 76.38
1.79 76. 78
1.85
1.51 73. 75 41.2
41.5
41.3
1.85
1.49 72. 92
41.2
1.77 76.41
41.2
1. 76 78.12
42.0
1. 86
1.48 72. 51
42.4
1.49 73. 51
41.3
1.78 79. 71
1.88
41.4
1.81 80. 51
42.fi *• 1.89
1. 51 74. 93
953
C —EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l.
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
Avg,
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Finance, insurance, and
real estate 9
Year and month
Banks
and
trust
com
panies
$64. 21
65. 88
65. 72
65. 56
65. 93
65. 80
65. 98
66. 24
66. 54
66. 48
66. 71
66. 97
67. 37
67.29
67.26
1957: A verage....—
1958: Average____
May_______
June_______
July...............
August. .......
September---October ___
November__
December___
1959: January____
February___
March.........
April.. . . . . .
May_______
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Service and miscellaneous
Security
dealers
and ex
changes
Insur
ance
carriers
$98. 77
106.88
103 60
105. 42
106. 21
107. 55
108.04
115. 41
121.46
123.49
122. 71
124. 46
124.67
131.40
124.04
$80. 73
82.97
82. 59
82. 86
83.00
83. 49
83.19
82. 97
83.45
84. 36
84. 59
84. 95
85.37
85. 33
85. 06
Motion
picture
produc
tion and
distri
bution
Personal services
Hotels, year-round 19
Laundries
$43. 52
45. 20
44. 80
45.31
45.60
41. 91
45.09
45.65
45. 49
46. 40
45. 66
46.28
46. 12
46. 52
47.32
40.3
40.0
40.0
40. 1
40.0
40. 1
39.9
40. 4
39.9
40.0
39.7
39.9
40. 1
40.1
40.1
$1.08
1.13
1 12
1.13
1.14
1.12
1.13
1.13
1. 14
1. 18
1.15
1.16
1.15
1.16
1.18
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August
1958 and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A 2.
In addition, hours and earnings data for anthracite mining have been
revised from January 1953 and are not comparable with those published in
issues prior to August 1958.
For mining, manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants
data, refer to production and related workers; for contract construction, to
construction workers; and for the remaining industries, unless otherwise
noted, to nonsupervisory workers and working supervisors.
Data for the latest month are preliminary.
2 Italicized titles which follow are components of this industry.
>Averages shown for 1956 are not strictly comparable with those for later
years.
1 Data beginning with January 1958 are not strictly comparable with those
shown for earlier years,
8 Figures for Class I railroads (excluding switching and terminal com
panies) are based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by
the Interstate Commerce Commission and relate to all employees who
received pay during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assist
ants (ICC Group I),
T able C-2.
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
$43. 27
44.30
44. 75
45. 37
45.26
44. 80
44.80
44.92
44. 23
44. 69
45. 20
44. 85
45. 70
46.28
47.39
Cleaning and dyeing plants
$1.09
1.13
1.13
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.14
1. 14
1.14
1.15
1.15
1.16
1.16
1.17
39.7
39.2
39.6
39.8
39. 7
39. 3
39.3
39. 4
38.8
39.2
39.3
39.0
39.4
39.9
40.5
$.50. 57
50.82
52.40
53. 47
51.07
49.48
51.34
52. 80
51.86
51.32
51.98
50.49
51.82
53. 72
56.16
38.9
38.5
39 7
39. Ö
38 4
37.2
38.6
39.4
38.7
38.3
38.5
37.4
38. 1
39. 5
40.4
$1.30
1.32
1 32
1.34
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.35
1.35
1.36
1.36
1.39
$99.48
98. 65
96.26
96. 55
97. 10
97. 67
100. 62
102. 32
101. 44
104. 29
101.29
103. 23
105.12
1C5.02
104. 60
8 Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as switchboard operators, service assistants, operating-room instructors, and
pay-station attendants. In 1957, such employees made up 39 percent of
the total number of nonsupervisory employees in establishments reporting
hours and earnings data.
’ Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as central office craftsmen; installation and exchange repair craftsmen; line,
cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers. In 1957, such employees made
up 29 percent of the total number of nonsupervisory employees in establish
ments reporting hours and earnings data.
s Data relate to domestic nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
9 Average weekly hours and average hourly earnings data are not available.
10 Money payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips not included.
N ote; For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing
Major BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for Class I railroads (see footnote 5).
Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production workers in manufacturing
industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars 1
1959
Item
May 2 Apr.
Annual
average
1958
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct
Sept.
Aug.
J uly
June
May
$89.87
72.53
$89.24
72.14
$88.00
71.14
$87. 38
70. 58
$88.04
71.17
$86.58
69.88
$85.17
68.85
$85.39
69.03
$84.35
68.19
$83. 50
67.39
$83.10
67.18
$82.04 $83.50 $82. 39
66.38 67.61 68. 54
73. 49
59. 27
73.14
59.03
72. 65
58.73
71.69
57.95
71. 20
57. 51
72.10
58. 29
70.93
57.25
69.80
56. 43
69.97
56.56
69.14
55.89
68. 46
55. 25
68.14
55.08
67.29
54.44
68.46
55.43
67. 57
56.21
81.03
65.35
80. 68
65.12
80.18
64.82
79.19
64.02
78.70
63. 57
79. 60
64.35
78.41
63. 28
77. 25
62. 45
77. 43
62. 59
76.58
61.91
75. 88
61.25
75. 55
61.08
74.68
60.42
75.88
61.44
74. 97
62. 37
1958
1957
M a n u fa c tu r in g
Gross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars_____ .... . $90.32
72.84
1947-49 dollars____ ______
Net spendable average weekly
earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
Current dollars_________
1947-49 dollars__________
Worker with 3 dependents:
Current dollars_______ _
1947-49 dollars_________
>For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August
1958, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Net spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, Federal social security and income taxes for
which the worker is liable. The amount of tax liability depends, of course,
on the number of dependents supported by the worker as well as on the level
of his gross income. Net spendable earnings have been computed for 2 types
of income receivers: (1) a worker with no dependents; (2) a worker with 3
dependents. The primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring
relative changes in disposable earnings for 2 types of income receivers.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The computations of net spendable earnings for both the worker with no
dependents and the worker with 3 dependents are based upon the gross aver
age weekly earnings for a l l production workers in manufacturing without
direct regard to marital status, family composition, or other sources of
income.
Gross and net spendable average weekly earnings expressed in 1947-49
dollars indicate changes in the level of average weekly earnings after adjust
ment for changes in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Con
sumer Price Index.
5 Preliminary.
Source; U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
954
T able C-3.
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours in industrial and construction activities 1
[1947-49=100]
Annual
average
June2 j M ay2 Apr.
Total________________________________
M ining_______________________ - ........Contract construction_________________
Manufacturing_______________________
Durable goods _____________________
Ordnance and accessories...... ............. .
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)___ _________________
Furniture and fixtures............................
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries_____ _____
Fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and trans
portation equipment)___________
Machinery (except electrical)________
Electrical machinery..............................
Transportation equipment....... - ...........
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing IndusNondurable goods.______ ___________
Food and kindred products...................
Tobacco manufactures______________
Textile-mill products..........................
Apparel and other finished textile
products______________________
Paper aDd allied products___________
Printing, publishing, and allied Indus»
tries.____ _____ _______________
Chemicals and allied products_______
Products of petroleum and c o a l....___
Rubber products__________________
Leather and leather products.......... .
Mar.
Feb.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
93.8
94.3
93.9
66.1
67.9
68.7
132. 1 128 1 118 2
90.2
90 6 92.6
92.0
93 7 95. 9
295.1 300.9 303.0
June
1958
1957
105.2
70.7
138.7
102.7
111.2
334.5
102.5
68.8
129.6
100.9
109.3
331.0
99.9
66.5
119.0
99.4
107.1
325.6
97.5
94.4
65.6
66.0
103 7 92.0
98. 7 96.6
105.3 102.1
326.3 320.2
94.8
96.7
67. 7 69.8
99.7 105.7
95.9
97.3
101.4 102. 3
327.4 330.1
98.5
68.4
123.8
96. 9
101. 2
317.6
97.8
68.0
135.3
94.5
96.0
297.0
99.6
68.3
136.1
96.5
08.6
305.0
97.3
67.4
137 9
93.5
94.0
293.5
85.1
107.7
109.3
109.4
80.5
105.5
106.6
107.3
75.7
104.9
103.8
105.3
73.6
105. 7
100.3
102.3
69.3
105.4
94.5
97.4
70.9
104. 2
93.6
93.9
74.5
105.3
96.4
92.4
76.3
105.3
98.6
90.0
80.0
106. 4
97.9
86.2
79.8
105. 1
101.9
86.3
77.4
100.7
99.3
81.9
73.6
91.9
95.6
80.6
76.7
92 1
94.9
81.1
72.7
97.2
94.7
83.7
76.6
103.9
104.5
105.4
114.3
103.8
131.5
125.6
116.3
112.2
102.9
127.9
126.4
114.8
109.7
100.7
125.9
126.0
113.4
107.6
99.3
125. 5
124.5
112.5
104.9
96.1
124.6
121.0
111.0
105.5
92.9
124.6
123.6
109.7
107.9 107.2
91. 1 87.9
124.9 124.7
125.7 121.5
110.3 109.6
102 5
85.6
116. 1
99. 1
107.9
107.0
86.9
120.0
108.7
106. 5
101.3
83.2
113.6
103.2
102.0
97.3
84 3
109 0
105 0
100.2
98.3
86.7
110.6
107.7
101.9
101.1
88.9
115 9
111.6
105.4
115.9
111.0
134.0
139.6
117.6
100.9
92.5
82.8
67.2
75.9
98.9
90.9
79.2
66.6
74.5
97.2
90.1
77.1
65. 5
73.8
95.5
90.8
76.0
68.1
73.7
93.7
90.0
75.5
73.0
72.9
91.0
89.4
76.9
76.0
71.7
94.4
91.2
82.2
82.7
73.0
99.3
91.7
86.2
82.7
73.7
100.9
92.6
91.4
92.1
72.9
98.9
94.0
98. 1
95.8
71.8
93.6
92.8
97.0
84.1
70.6
88.0
88.0
89 2
68.3
67.5
90.9
87.0
84.7
69.1
68.0
92 7
88. 7
84 2
77.7
69. 2
101.2
93.7
86.4
80.8
74.7
102.9
114.2
102.5
112.2
102.8
111.0
105.4
110.5
105.3
109.6
100.8
109.5
101.3
110.3
100.3
111.4
100.7
112.0
101.2
112.2
101.1
110.3
94 1
105.6
92.4
106.4
96.8
108.0
102.0
113.9
111.9
104. 5
86.9
92.9
94.9
111. 5
105. 2
86.6
92. 7
90.1
111.3
105. 3
86.3
92.4
88.5
111.4
103.0
87.2
106.2
92.8
109.3
101.0
80.2
104.0
95.1
109.0
100. 3
83.7
102.8
94.9
111.5
100.7
82.4
104.3
93.3
109.7
100. 3
83.9
100.0
89.5
110. 2
100.3
81.6
99. 4
85.9
110.0
99.2
85.0
96. 2
86.8
108.5 106.6
95. 7
97.2
84.3
85.5
92. 1 86.1
88.8
87.2
107.6
97.2
85.8
86.3
84.8
109.0
99 2
84 2
92 0
86.0
112.4
106. 2
91. 1
104.8
90.8
105 6
81 4
127 3
104.1
112 9
339.4
2 Preliminary.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
i For comparability of data with those published In Issues prior to August
1958, see footnote 1, table A-2.
P'or mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related
workers; for contract construction, to construction workers.
T able C-4.
Jan.
Indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls in industrial and construction activities 1
[1947-49=100]
Annual
1958
1959
average
Activity
June2 M ay2 Apr.
Mining
.............
Contract construction
Manufacturing
_ .. .. . . . .
____ ___ __ .
i See footnote 1, table 0-3.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
172.8
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1958
1957
110.7
106.5
105.3
106.2
108.0
109.4
106.8
105.0
105.5
103.6
101.8
106.2
104.9
124.3
224.1
205.8
179.9
160.5
174. 7
184.4
212.2
231.4
232.9
232.8
223.1
213.3
200.5
207.1
169.6
167.0
165.1
160.4
158.2
160.4
158.4
152.5
155.7
150. 0
144.8
144.9
148.7
162.7
2 P r elim in ary.
S o u r c e : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
955
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C-5.
Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of production workers in manu
facturing, by major industry group 1
Ex
Ex
Ex
Ex
Ex
Ex
Ex
Gross cluding Gross cluding Gross cluding Gross cluding Gross cluding Gross cluding Gross cluding Gross
over
over
over
over
over
over
over
time 3
time *
time 1
time *
time *
time *
time *
Durable goods
Year and month
Total: Manufactoring
1957: Average_____
1958: Average____
May_______
June________
July................
August_____
September__
October........ .
November__
December___
1959: January,........
February___
March______
A pril,.......... .
May 3----------
$2. 07
2.13
2. 12
2. 12
2 13
2. 13
2. 14
2. 14
2.17
2.19
2.19
2. 20
2. 22
2.23
2.23
$2.01
2.08
2. 07
2.07
2. 08
2.07
2.08
2. OS
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.13
2.15
2.16
2.16
Total: Durable
goods
$2.20
2. 28
2. 26
2.27
2. 28
2. 29
2.30
2. 29
2. 34
2.36
2.35
2. 36
2. 38
2.39
2. 39
$2.14
2. 23
2. 21
2. 22
2. 23
2. 23
2. 24
2. 23
2. 26
2.28
2. 29
2. 29
2.31
2.31
2. 32
Ordnance and
accessories
$2 34
2.48
2 46
2. 48
2. 48
2. 48
2 50
2.50
2. 51
2. 54
2. 53
2. 52
2.52
2. 52
2. 55
$2. 28
2.42
2.41
2. 43
2. 42
2. 42
2. 43
2. 44
2. 44
2.48
2. 47
2. 47
2. 46
2. 46
2. 49
Lumber and
wood products
(except fumiture)
$1.81
1.89
1.88
1. 88
1.89
1.91
1 94
1.95
1.93
1.92
1.89
1.88
1.91
1.94
1.96
$1.75
1.82
1.82
1.81
1.83
1.83
1.86
1.87
1.85
1.86
1.83
1.81
1.84
1.87
1.88
Furniture and Stone, clay, and Primary metal
glass products
industries
fixtures
$1.75
1.78
1. 77
1.78
1. 77
1.78
1.80
1.79
1.79
1.80
1.80
1.79
1.81
1.81
1.81
$1.70
1.73
1.74
1.74
1 73
1.73
1. 73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.74
1.74
1.75
1.76
1.76
$2.05
2.12
2. 09
2. 10
2. 11
2. 13
2.16
2. 11
2. 14
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.20
2. 21
2. 21
$1.98
2.04
2.02
2. 03
2. 04
2. 05
2. 07
2. 03
2.06
2.08
2. 09
2.10
2. 12
2.12
2.12
Machinery
(except electrical)
$2.30
2.38
2. 37
2.38
2. 38
2.38
2. 39
2. 39
2. 43
2.44
2.44
2. 46
2.48
2. 49
2.49
$2.23
2.33
2.33
2. 33
2. 33
2.33
2. 34
2. 34
2. 36
2. 37
2. 38
2. 39
2.40
2.40
2. 41
Electrical
machinery
$2.07
2.15
2. 14
2.15
2. 15
2. 14
2.16
2. 15
2.19
2.20
2. 20
2.21
2.21
2. 21
2. 21
$2.02
2.11
2. 12
2. 12
2.12
2. 10
2.10
2.10
2.13
2.14
2. 15
2. 15
2.16
2.16
2.16
Transportation
equipment
$2.41
2.53
2. 49
2. 50
2. 53
2. 55
2. 55
2. 55
2.63
2.66
2. 62
2.62
2.63
2.63
2.64
$2.35
2. 47
2.45
2. 46
2. 48
2. 48
2. 49
2.48
2.53
2.54
2. 55
2. 55
2.55
2.55
2. 56
Instruments
and related
products
$2.11
2.19
2. 18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
2.21
2. 23
2. 24
2. 24
2. 25
2. 26
2. 26
2.26
$2. 50
2. 65
2. 58
2.61
2. 68
2. 70
2 73
2. 74
2. 75
2. 75
2. 77
2. 79
2. 82
2. 83
2. 84
$2.44
2. 61
2. 55
2. 57
2. 64
2. 65
2. 67
2.68
2. 69
2.68
2.70
2.71
2. 73
2.74
2.74
Fabricated
metal products
$2.18
2. 27
2 25
2. 27
2 28
2. 29
2. 29
2.28
2. 32
2.33
2. 32
2. 33
2. 35
2.35
2.37
$2.11
2.21
2 21
2.21
2. 22
2. 22
2 22
2.21
2. 24
2.20
2.26
2.27
2. 28
2.28
2.29
Nondurable goods
Durable goods -Continued
1957: Average.........
1958: Average____
May_______
June_______
Ju ly..............
August-------September ...
October_____
November__
December___
1959: January_____
February___
March______
April____ _
May 3______
Ex
cluding
over
time *
$2.06
2. 15
2. 15
2 16
2. 17
2.17
2. 17
2. 17
2. 17
2.18
2. 19
2. 20
2.21
2. 21
2. 21
Miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries
$1.81
1.85
1. 84
1.85
1.84
1.84
1.85
1.85
1. 86
1.88
1.89
1.88
1.89
1.90
1.90
$t 76
1.80
1.81
1.80
1. 80
1.80
1. 79
1. 79
1. 81
1.82
1.84
1.83
1.84
1.84
1.84
Total: Nondurable goods
$1.88
1.94
1. 94
1 94
1 94
1.93
1.95
1. 95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.98
2. 00
2.00
2. 00
$1.83
1.89
1.89
1. 89
1.89
1.88
1 89
1.89
1.90
1.91
1.92
1.92
1. 93
1.94
1.94
Food and kindred products
$!. 93
2.01
2. 01
2.01
1 99
1.97
1 99
2.00
2. 04
2.06
2. 09
2. 09
2. 10
2.10
2.11
$1. 86
1. 94
1. 95
1 94
1. 92
1.89
1.91
1.93
1.96
1.98
2.02
2.02
2.03
2.03
2.03
Tobacco manufactures
$1. 52
1.60
1. 66
1.67
1 66
1.59
1.50
1.52
1.60
1.65
1.64
1.65
1.69
1.72
1.75
$1.50
1. 57
1. 63
1.63
1.63
1.55
1.48
1.50
1. 58
1.62
1.62
1.63
1. 67
1.70
1.72
Nondurable goods—Continued
Textile-mill
products
1057: Average
1958: Average
May_______
June_______
July
August_____
September__
October_____
November.. December___
1959: January
February _
March______
A p ril____
May 3______
$1. 50
1. 51
1.50
1.51
1. 50
1.51
1.51
1. 52
1.52
1.52
1. 53
1. 53
1. 57
1. 57
1.58
$1. 46
1.47
1. 47
1.47
1. 47
1.46
1.47
1. 47
1.47
1. 47
1. 48
1. 48
1.51
1.52
1.52
Paper and
Printing, pub- Chemicals and
Apparel and
other finished allied products lishtng, and al- allied products
lied industries *
textile products
$1. 49
1. 51
1. 50
1. 50
1. 50
1.52
1.53
1.53
1. 52
1.52
1. 53
1. 53
1. 53
1. 52
1. 52
$1. 47
1.49
1. 48
1.48
1. 48
1. 49
1. 50
1.50
1. 49
1.49
1. 51
1. 50
1. 50
1.49
1.49
$2.04
2. 12
2. 10
2. 11
2. 12
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.17
2.18
2.18
$1.94
2.02
2.01
2. 02
2. 03
2. 03
2.03
2.03
2.04
2.05
2. 06
2.06
2. 06
2.07
2.07
$2.50
2. 59
2 58
2. 59
2. 59
2. 60
2. 62
2.63
2.62
2.65
2. 63
2. 65
2.68
2.68
2.68
i For comparability of data with those published in Issues prior to August
1958, see footnote 1, table A-2.
J Derived by assuming that the overtime hours shown In table C-6 are paid
for at the rate of time and cne-half.
* Preliminary.
* Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, are not available separately
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$2. 22
2.31
2.29
2.31
2. 33
2.34
2. 34
2. 34
2 35
2. 36
2.36
2. 37
2.37
2. 36
2.39
$2.16
2. 26
2. 24
2. 26
2.28
2.28
2. 28
2.27
2. 29
2. 30
2. 30
2.30
2.30
2.29
2. 32
Products of
petroleum and
coal
$2.65
2. 74
2.72
2. 73
2. 76
2. 73
2. 76
2. 74
2. 77
2. 77
2. 78
2.85
2. 87
2. 89
2. 87
$2. 59
2. 69
2. 67
2.68
2.70
2. 67
2. 70
2.69
2. 72
2. 72
2. 73
2.81
2. 80
2. 82
2. 81
Rubber products
Leather and
leather products
$2. 26
2. 35
2.30
2. 33
2. 35
2. 39
2. 39
2. 39
2. 41
2.45
2. 44
2. 43
2.47
2. 43
2.40
$1.54
1. 57
1.57
1.57
1.55
1.56
1.58
1.58
1. 59
1.59
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.61
1.61
$2. 18
2. 28
2. 25
2 26
2.28
2.30
2 31
2.31
2. 33
2. 34
2. 35
2. 33
2.35
2.33
2.30
$1 52
1.55
1.55
1.55
1. 53
1.54
1. 56
1. 55
1. 56
1. 56
1.56
1.57
1.57
1.58
1. 58
for the printing, publishing, and allied industries group, as graduated over
time rates are found to an extent likely to make average overtime pay signif
icantly above time and one-half. Inclusion of data for the industry in the
nondurable-goods total has little effect.
S otjbce : U .S . D epartm ent of L abor, B ureau of Labor Statistics.
956
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1959
C-6.
Gross average
Qross
Year and month
Over
time 3
hours and average overtime hours of production workers in manu
facturing, by major industry group 1
w ee k ly
Oross
Over
time 3
Over
time 3
Oross
Over
time 3
Qross
Over
time 3
Qross
Over
time 3
39.8
39.2
38 7
39.2
39.2
39. 6
39.9
39 8
39 9
40.2
39.9
40.0
40. 2
40.3
40.5
2.4
2.0
1.7
1.9
1.9
2.3
2. 4
2.4
2.6
2.6
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.6
2.7
40.3
39.5
39.1
39.6
39. 4
39.8
40.2
40. 1
40.3
40.8
40.4
40.3
40. 8
40.9
41.1
2.4
1.9
1.5
1.7
1.8
2. 1
2.3
2.4
26
2. 7
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.6
2.8
Ordnance and
accessories
40.8
40.9
40. 6
40.7
40 7
40.6
41.2
41 2
41 1
41.9
41. 5
41.1
41.3
41.0
41.6
2.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
19
2.1
2. 4
2.2
23
2.2
2. 1
1.8
2.0
1.9
2.1
Lumber and
wood products
(except furniture)
39.8
39.9
39.6
40. 5
39.3
40. 7
41.3
41. 1
40 2
40 3
39.6
39. 5
40 7
40.7
41.0
2.8
2.9
26
2.9
2. 7
3.5
3 7
36
3 4
3.0
2.9
3.0
3. 3
3.3
3.6
Furniture and
fixtures
40.0
39.5
37 8
38.8
38.9
40. 5
41 0
41.0
40 8
41.2
40.3
40. 4
40. 4
40.0
40.2
2.3
21
13
1.7
19
2.6
3.0
3.0
2.7
3.1
2.6
2.5
26
2.3
2.2
8tone, clay, and
glass products
40. 5
40 0
39. 7
40.3
40 0
40. 8
41 1
41.0
40 9
40 4
40.2
40. 4
41.0
41.3
41.6
3 1
2.8
2. 6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
33
33
3.0
2.8
2.9
3. 2
3.5
3.7
Durable goods—Continued
Machinery
(except electrieal)
1957: Average.........
1958: Average____
May_______
June ______
J u ly ..............
August_____
September__
October_____
November__
December___
1959: January.........
February___
March______
April_______
May *______
Qross
Over
time 3
Gross
Over
time3
Durable goods
Total manufacturing
Total: Durable
goods
1957: Average____
1958: Average.........
May...............
June_______
Ju ly ...............
August_____
September__
October.........
November__
December___
1959: January____
February___
March______
A p ril............
M ay*.. __ .
Qross
41.0
39.6
39.4
39 6
39.4
39. 4
40.0
39. 5
39. 9
40.6
40.7
40.3
41.3
41.4
41.6
2.6
1.7
1. 6
1.6
1. 5
1. 5
1.8
1.8
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.7
2.9
2.9
Electrical
machinery
♦0 1
39.6
39. 1
39.6
39.3
39.7
40.4
39.9
40.6
40.6
40. 4
40.2
40.3
40.2
40.4
1.9
1.5
1. 0
1.2
1.6
2.2
2.0
2.2
2.3
2.0
2.1
2.0
1.8
2.1
1.3
Transportation
equipment
40.4
39.8
39. 7
39 8
39.6
40.0
39 6
40 0
40.6
41. 7
40.7
40.3
40. 7
41.0
40.9
2. 4
1.9
1. 4
1. 5
1. 5
2. 1
2.0
2.5
3.3
3.8
2.2
2.3
2. 5
2.6
2.5
39.5
38.1
37.3
38.3
38. 4
38.5
39.1
38.9
39 3
39.8
40.0
40. 4
40 9
41.2
41.4
2.0
1.3
9
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.7
16
1.8
2.0
21
2. 3
2.5
2.7
2.9
Fabricated
metal products
38.9
40 0
39 4
40.0
40.0
40.4
41.0
40.8
40.8
41.2
40. 5
40.4
40. 8
41. 1
41.5
2.8
2.1
1.7
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.8
2.2
2.3
2.5
2.7
2.9
Nondurable goods
Instruments
and related
products
40.3
39.9
39.2
39.8
39. 7
39 8
40.3
40.4
40. 7
40.9
40. 7
40. 5
405
40.8
40.8
Primary metal
Industries
2. 0
1.5
1.1
1.4
1.3
1. 5
18
1.8
20
2.1
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.0
M iscellaneous
manufacturing
industries
39.9
39.0
39.1
39. 5
39 2
39. 5
40. 1
40 3
40 4
40. 4
40. 1
40. 1
40 0
40.3
40.4
2.3
2. 1
17
1.9
17
2. 1
24
2.6
2.6
2.7
2. 4
2.3
24
2.5
2.5
Total Nondurable goods
39 1
38.8
38 1
38. 7
39 0
39 4
39. 5
39.4
39.4
39.6
39.3
39 4
39. 5
39.5
39.6
24
2.2
1.9
21
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.4
26
2.5
2.6
Food and kindred products
40 5
40. 7
40 2
40 7
41.2
41. 4
41. 6
40.9
41 0
41.0
“iO. 5
40.0
40 2
40.2
40.7
3. 1
3.0
2.8
3. 1
32
3.2
3.5
3.2
34
3.2
3.0
2.9
28
2.8
3.2
Tobacco manofactures
38 6
39. 1
38. 7
39.7
39. 6
39.6
40 1
39. 6
39.2
40 1
38.8
38.5
38. 1
37.8
38. 8
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.8
1.7
1.0
1.3
1.6
1.3
1.9
.9
.7
.9
.7
1.2
Nondurable goods—Continued
Textile-mill
products
1957: Average____
1958: A verage____
May.......... .
June_______
July________
August...........
September__
October____
November__
December___
1959: January.........
February.......
March__ _
April. ______
May 3___ ..
38.9
38.6
37. 3
38. 4
38 6
39. 2
39.7
40 1
40 3
40 2
39.8
40.3
40 4
40.3
40.5
2.2
2. 1
1.5
1.9
2.0
2.3
2. 5
2.8
3.0
2.9
2.6
2.9
30
3.0
3.0
Apparel and
Printing, pubother finished Paper and allied fishing, and altextile products
products
lied industries
36.0
35. 4
34. 8
35.0
35.6
36. 4
36. 1
36. 0
35.8
36.1
36.0
36. 7
36. 5
36.6
36.5
t 1
1.1
.8
.8
10
1.3
13
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
42.3
41.9
41.0
41.8
41 9
42. 5
42 7
42. 7
42. 5
42. 4
42. 4
42.4
42 7
42.6
42.8
4.3
3.9
34
3. 8
3. 9
4. 4
4. 5
4. 5
4. 4
4.3
4.2
4.4
4.5
4.4
4.6
38.5
37.8
37.6
37.6
37. 6
37. 9
38.0
37.9
37.9
38.4
38.0
37.9
38.3
38.1
38.1
1For comparability of data with those published In issues prior to August
1858, see footnote 1, table A-2.
1Covers premium overtime hours of production and related workers during
the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Overtime hours are
those for which premiums were paid because the hours were in excess of the
number of hours of either the straight-time workday or workweek. Weekend
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3.0
2.5
2.2
2. 2
2.2
2.6
2. 7
2. 7
2.5
2.9
2. 4
2.4
2.9
2.8
2.7
Chemicals and
allied products
41.2
40.9
40 8
41 1
40. 8
40. 7
41.0
41.0
41. 2
41. 4
41. 1
41.2
41.3
41.6
41.6
2.2
2.0
1.9
2.0
2.0
2. 1
2.2
2.2
2. 1
2.2
2. 1
2.2
2.3
2.7
2.6
Products of
petroleum and
coal
40 9
40. 5
40 5
41 0
41.0
40. 4
40. 7
40. 2
40.6
40.2
40. 9
40. 3
41. 2
40.9
41.0
1.9
1.5
16
16
19
1. 7
18
1. 5
15
1.4
1.7
1.3
1.9
1.8
1.5
Rubber product.s
40 5
39 4
38 2
39 1
39. 1
40.5
40 8
40. 7
40.7
41.9
41. 1
41.6
42 0
41.8
42.3
2.8
2.3
15
2. 4
22
30
30
2. 8
28
3.8
3.2
37
40
3.7
4.0
Leather and
leather products
37 4
36. 8
35 3
36 6
37. 4
37.3
36 7
37.0
37.5
38.5
39. 1
38.8
38 0
37.0
37.6
1.3
1.1
.8
.9
1.8
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.6
2.0
1.8
1.5
1.1
1.2
and holiday hours are included only if premium wage rates were paid. Hours
for which only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of
premiums were paid are excluded. These data are not available prior to 1956.
* Preliminary.
Souece: U.8. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
WHOLESALE PRICES
jr and Wholesale Prices
isumer Price Index 1—United States city average: All items and ma
{1947-49= 100]
terns
Food
Housing
113.5
114.4
114.8
114. 5
116.2
120.2
123. 5
95.9
104. 1
100.0
101.2
112 6
114.6
112.8
112. 6
110.9
111.7
115.4
120 3
95.0
101. 7
103. 3
106. 1
112.4
114.6
117. 7
119. 1
120. 0
121.7
125. 6
127. 7
97 1
103. 5
99.4
98. 1
106.9
105.8
104.8
104.3
103. 7
105. 5
106.9
107. 0
90 6
100 9
108. 5
111.3
118.4
126. 2
129.7
128.0
126.4
128 7
136. 0
140 5
94.9
100 9
104. 1
106.0
111. 1
117.2
121. 3
125.2
128.0
132.6
138.0
144 6
97.6
101.3
101.1
101.1
110. 5
111.8
112.8
113. 4
115.3
120.0
124.4
128.6
111 3
114.3
114.3
111.2
114.2
114. 4
114. 7
114. 5
114.9
114 9
115.0
114. 7
110.6
110.8
110.8
111.2
111. 1
111.3
112. 1
111.2
111. 6
110.8
109.8
109.5
119. 6
119.6
119. 6
119. 5
119. 4
119. 7
119.9
120.0
120. 4
120.8
120. 9
120.8
103.3
103.4
103 2
103. 1
103.3
103. 2
103 2
103 4
104.6
104. 6
104. 7
104.7
127.6
127. 4
127.3
125.3
125. 5
125. 8
125.4
125. 4
125. 3
126.6
128. 5
127.3
126. 6
126. 8
127.0
127.3
127. 5
127.6
127. 9
128.0
128 2
128.7
129.8
130.2
113.7
113. 5
113.5
113. 7
113. 9
114. 7
115. 5
115.8
116.6
117.0
117.5
117.9
114.6
114.6
114.7
114.9
115.4
116.2
117.0
116.8
117. 1
117.7
117.8
118.0
109.2
108.8
109 0
109.6
113.2
114. 8
113. 1
113. 1
113. 1
112.9
112.9
120.6
120. 7
120. 7
120.8
120.9
121. 4
121.8
122.2
122. 5
122.8
123. 0
123.5
104. 1
104.6
104. 8
104.8
104.8
104. 8
105. 3
105. 5
106. 5
106. 8
107 0
107.0
126.8
126.9
126. 7
126.4
127. 1
126.8
127. 7
128. 5
128.6
132. 6
133. 2
133. 1
130.7
130 9
131 4
131 6
131.9
132 0
1327
133 3
134.0
134.1
134.5
134.7
118. 5
118.9
119.2
119. 5
119. 6
119.9
120.1
120.3
120.5
120.8
121. 4
121.8
123.
123.
123.
118.2
118. 7
118 9
119.3
119.6
120.2
120.8
121.0
121.1
121. 1
121.6
121.6
112.8
113.6
113.2
113.8
114.6
116.2
117. 4
117.9
117.0
116. 4
116.0
116.1
123.8
124. 5
124. 9
125. 2
125.3
125. 5
125. 5
125. 7
126.3
126.6
126. 8
127.0
106.4
106 1
106. 8
106. 5
106. 5
106. 6
106. 5
106. 6
107.3
107. 7
107.9
107.6
133.6
134. 4
135. 1
135. 5
135.3
135. 3
135.8
135. 9
135.9
135.8
140.0
138.9
135.3
135.5
136 4
136 9
137 3
137 9
138. 4
138.6
139.0
139. 7
140. 3
140.8
122.1
122.6
122.9
123.3
123.4
124.2
124. 7
124.9
125. 1
126.2
126.7
127.0
123.
124.
124.
124.
124.
124.
126.
126.
126.
126.
126.
126.
122.3
122.5
123. 3
123.5
123.6
123. 7
123 9
123 7
123 7
123.7
123.9
123 7
118.2
118. 7
120 8
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.7
120 7
120 3
119.7
119.4
118.7
127.1
127. 3
127. 5
127. 7
127. 8
127.8
127 7
127 9
127 9
127.9
128.0
128.2
106.9
106.8
106. 8
106. 7
106 7
106 7
106.7
106.6
107. 1
107.3
107.7
107.5
138.7
138. 5
138. 7
138 3
138.7
138.9
140 3
141.0
141. 3
142.7
144. 5
144. 3
141.7
141.9
142.3
142. 7
143.7
144.2
145.0
145. 3
146. 5
147. 1
147.4
147.6
127.8
128.0
128.3
128.5
128. 5
128.6
128 9
128.9
128.7
128.8
129. 1
129 0
127.
127.
127.
127.
127.
127.
127.
127.
127.
127.
127.
127.
123. 8
123.7
123. 7
123.9
124.0
124.5
119.0
118.2
117. 7
117.6
117.7
118.9
128.2
128.5
128.7
128. 7
128.. 8
128.9
106.7
106. 7
107.0
107.0
107.3
107.3
144. 1
144.3
144.9
145. 3
145. 4
145.7
148.0
149.0
149.2
149.6
150. 2
150.6
129.4
129.8
129.7
130.0
130. 7
131.1
127.
95.5
102.8
101.8
102.8
111.0
111.0
lex measures the average change In prices of goods
urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families,
size, and small cities are combined for the United
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Transporta Medical care Personal care
tion
Apparel
N ote: For a description of this series, see Te
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau
103.
105.
109.
115.
118.
120.
120.
122.
125.
127.
119.
119.
119.
119.
119.
119.
120.
120.
120.
120.
120.
120.
120.
120.
121.
121.
121.
121.
122.
122.
122.
127.
127.
128.
128.
129.
958
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1959
T able
D-2.
Consumer Price Index —United States city average: Food, housing, apparel, transpor
tation, and their subgroups
[1947-49=100)
1959
1958
Annual
average
Group
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1958
1957
Food 8______________ ________________
Food at home____________ ________
Cereals and bakery products_____
Meats, poultry, and fish________
Dairy product*________________
Fruits and vegetables________ ....
Other foods at home 8___________
118.9
116.6
134.2
111.6
112.3
134.5
102.3
117.7
115.2
134.5
111.6
112.6
125. 6
102.8
117.6
115. 3
134. 1
111.5
112.9
123.6
104.7
117.7
115.5
134.1
111.3
113.8
120.7
107.3
118.2
116.1
133.8
112.6
114.0
121. 2
108.1
119.0
117.1
133.9
113.8
114.1
121.7
109.9
118.7
116.8
134.0
113.0
114.3
120.1
110.7
119.4
117.6
134.0
113.5
114.5
121.1
112.6
119.7
118.0
133.9
114.6
114.5
121.0
113.2
120.3
118.7
133. 5
115.8
114. 1
120.7
115.2
120.7
119.2
132.9
117 7
113 0
124.9
112.8
121.7
120.5
132.9
119.2
112.4
131.9
111.8
121.6
120.4
132.9
118.3
111.7
134.3
110.9
120.3
118 8
133.1
115.1
113.5
127.1
112.4
115.4
113.8
130 5
105.2
111.8
118.6
112.9
Housing 4------------------ ---------------------Rent_______ - ----------------------------Gas and electricity_________________
Solid fuels and fuel oil______________
Housefurnishings__________________
Household operation________ ______
128.9
139.5
119.3
133.9
104.1
133.9
128.8
139.3
118.7
135. 3
103.7
133.8
128.7
139.3
118.2
138.7
103.8
133.8
128.7
139.1
118.5
140.3
103.8
133.7
128. 5
139.0
118. 5
140.0
103.8
133.1
128.2
138.8
118.2
138.9
103.2
133.1
128.2
138.7
118.2
137.0
103.6
132.8
128.0
138.4
118.1
135. 8
103.5
132.6
127.9
138.3
118. 1
135.6
103.4
132.4
127.9
138.2
118.0
135 2
103.6
132. 2
127.9
138. 1
117. 5
133 6
103.3
132. 1
127.7
137.8
117 0
132.3
104.0
131.2
127.8
137.7
116. 9
131.7
104.1
131.1
127.7
137. 7
117.0
134.9
103.9
131.4
125.6
135.2
113.0
137.4
104.6
127.5
Apparel______ -- . . . _______________
Men’s and boys’_____________ ____
Women’s and girls’________________
Footwear________________________
Other apparel8. ....................................
107.3
108.1
98.8
134.5
91.8
107.3
108.2
99.0
133. 5
92.1
107.0
108.0
98.9
132.4
91.9
107.0
107.8
99.0
132.0
91.8
106.7
107.8
98.8
131.3
91.7
106.7
108.0
98.7
130.8
91.7
107.5
108.4
100.2
130.4
92.3
107.7
108.5
100.6
130.3
92.3
107.3
107.9
100.2
130. 1
91.8
107.1
108.3
99.6
130. 1
92.0
100.6
108.3
98.5
130.0
91.9
106.7
108. 5
98.6
129.7
92.0
106.7
108.8
98.5
129.8
91.9
107.0
108.6
99.1
129.8
92.0
106.9
109.0
99.2
127.9
92.1
Transportation . . __________________
Private.. ______________________ _
Public................ ................. — ............
145.7
134.8
192.7
145.4
134.5
192.7
145.3
134.4
192.6
144.9
134.0
192.0
144.3
133.3
191.8
144.1
133.1
191.8
144.3
133.3
191.8
144.5
133.6
191.1
142.7
131.8
190.4
141.3
130. 4
189.8
141.0
130.1
189.5
140.3
129.3
189.5
138.9
128.0
187.7
140.5
129.7
188.0
136.0
125.8
178.8
1 See footnote 1, table D-l.
* In addition to subgroup« shown here, total food includes restaurant meals
and other food bought and eaten away from home.
»Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic),
and other miscellaneous foods.
T able D-3.
4 In addition to subgroups shown here, total housing includes the purchase
price of homes and other homeowner costs.
8 Includes yard goods, diapers, and miscellaneous items.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistic«.
Consumer Price Index ^ U n ite d States city average: Special groups of items
[1947-49=100]
Year and month
Nondura
ble com
modities
less food 8
95. 7
102. 9
101.5
101.3
108.9
109.8
110.0
108.6
107.5
108.9
112.3
113.4
94 9
101.8
103.3
104.4
112. 4
11.3. 8
112.6
108.3
105.1
105. 1
108.8
110.5
95.7
103.1
101. 1
100. 9
108.5
109.1
110.1
110.6
110. 6
113. 0
116.1
116.9
94.5
100.4
105.1
108.5
114.1
119.3
124. 2
127.5
129.8
132.6
137. 7
142.4
94.7
100.1
105.2
108.1
114.6
120.1
124.6
127.7
130 1
133.0
138.6
143.8
116.6
116.8
116.4
116. 4
116.4
116.6
116.3
112.9
113. 1
11.3.2
113. 5
113.9
114.5
114.4
109.6
109 8
109.9
110.3
111.2
112. 8
112.9
116.7
116.9
116.9
117 2
117.2
117. 1
117.0
142.3
142.6
143.0
143.0
143 1
143 4
143.5
143.8
144.1
144. 4
144.4
144.5
144.8
145.0
116.2
116.0
115.9
115.9
115. 9
116.6
114.0
114.2
114.4
114.5
114. 5
114.7
112.4
112.2
112. 5
112.6
112. 7
112.8
116.7
117.1
117.4
117.5
117. 5
117.8
143.9
144.2
144. 4
144.8
145.2
145.4
145.4
145.7
145.9
146.4
146.9
147.1
All items
less shelter
Average. ___________________ _____ ________
Average_________________ __________ _______
Average________________________________ . . .
Average____________________________________
Average. _____________________ _______ _____
Average. _____________________ ________ _ ..
Average. __________________________________
Average____________________________________
Average. _______________________________ ..
Average __________________________________
Average. ____ _____________ _____ ______ ___
Average.......................................................................
95.1
101.9
103.0
104.2
110.8
113.5
115.7
116.4
116.7
118.8
122.8
125.5
95.6
103.1
101.3
102.0
110. 5
112.7
113.1
113.0
112.4
114.0
117.8
121.2
96.3
103.2
100.6
101.2
110.3
111.7
111.3
110.2
109 0
110.1
113.6
116.3
1958: June_________ _____________________________
July----------- ------------------------- ----------------------August____________________________________
September_________________ _____ ___________
October... . ________________________________
November__________________________________
December__________________________________
125.2
125. 4
125.6
125.8
126.0
126. 5
126.5
121.4
121.6
121.4
121. 5
121.5
121.7
121. 5
1959: January_________________________ _______ ..
February......... ................... ................ ........... ..........
March__________________________ _________
April................ ............................................................
May________________ ______________________
June__________________ ____ _____ _ . . . . . .
126.4
126.7
126.9
127. 1
127. 3
127.5
121.5
121.4
121.4
121.5
121.6
122.2
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
1957:
1958:
i 8ee footnote 1 and Note, table D-l.
1 Includes household aprliances, furniture and bedding, floor coverings,
dlnnerware, automobiles, tires, radio and television sets, durable toys, sport
ing goods, and from 1953 forward, water heaters, kitchen sinks, sink faucets,
and porch flooring.
' Includes solid fuels, fuel oil, textile housefurnishings, household paper,
electric light bulbs, laundry soap and detergents, apparel (except shoe re
pairs), gasoline, motor oil, prescriptions and drugs, toilet goods, nondurable
toys, newspapers, cigarettes, cigars, beer, whiskey, and from 1953 forward,
house paint and paint brush.
4 Includes rent, gas, electricity, dry cleaning, laundry service, domestic
service, telephone, water, postage, shoe repairs, auto repairs, auto insurance,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
All com
modities
less food
Durable
commodi
ties 8
All items
less food
All com
modities
All
All services
services 4 less rent '
auto registration, transit fares, railroad fares, professional medical services,
hospital services, group hospitalization, barber and beauty shop services,
television repairs, motion picture admissions, and from 1953 forward, home
purchase, real estate taxes, mortgage interest, property insurance, repainting
garage, repainting rooms, reshingling roof, and refinlshing floors.
1 Formerly all services less shelter for 1953 and later years; for definition of
services, see footnote 4.
N ote : Indexes from 1953 forward have been revised to reflect the distribu
tion of shelter items, formerly included in "all services and shelter” now en
titled “all services,” among the appropriate commodity and service classi
fications.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics.
959
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able D-4.
Consumer Price Index 1—United States city average: Retail prices and indexes of selected
foods
Commodity
Cereals and bakery products: U n i t C e n t s
Flour, wheat____________ 6 !b_. 54.4
Biscuit mix 4___________ 20 oz.. 26.9
Corn meal__ ____ _________ lb .. 13.0
Rice---------- ------ --------------- lb ..
(5)
Rolled oats____________ 18 oz.. 20.4
Corn flakes_____ _______ 12 oz.. 28.5
Bread--------- ------ --------------lb .. 19.7
Soda crackers *____________ lb .. 29.1
Vanilla cookies------- ---------7 oz.. 24.5
Meats, poultry, and fish:
M eats _____ _______________
Beef and veal_______________
Round steak__________ lb__ 108.1
Chuck roast...................... lb .. 64.5
Rib roast------------------- lb.
82.9
Hamburger___________ lb .. 55. 3
Veal cutlets......................lb._ 143.3
Pork---- ------- --------------------Pork chops, center c u t ...lb .. 87.4
Bacon, sliced__________ lb .. 68.6
Ham, whole...................... lb .. 63.1
Lamb, le g ..........................-lb.. 77.4
Other meats:
Frankfurters *_________ lb .. 63.9
Luncheon meat4 12-oz can.. 51.2
Poultry, frying chickens_______
Ready-to-cook___ _______ lb .. 41.4
Fish, fresh or frozen______ ___
Ocean perch fillet, frozen— lb ..
Haddock, fillet, frozen____ lb ..
Salmon, p in k..___ 16-oz. can..
Tuna fish, chunk 4
6-616-oz. can..
Dairy products:
Milk, fresh, grocery----------------Homogenized, with vitamin D
added . .. ___________ qt._
Milk, fresh, delivered------- ------ Homogenized, with vitamin D
added_______________ qt__
Ice cream 4------------------------pt._
Butter------- --------------------- lb ..
Cheese, American process___lb__
Milk evaporated... 14>6-oz. can..
All fruits and vegetables:
Frozen fruits and vegetables 4----Strawberries 4......... ....... 10 oz..
Orange Juice concentrate4 6oz__
Peas, green 4 _________ 10 oz..
Beans, green 4 _________ 9 oz..
Fresh fruits and vegetables__ ..
Apples................................. lb ..
Bananas........ ........ .............. lb ..
Oranges _________ ____doz_.
Lemons 8 ....... ...................lb..
Grapefruit1811_________each..
Peaches 10 13--------- ------- ..lb ..
Strawberries 1013 ...............pt._
Grapes, seedless 1013______ lb ..
Watermelons 1 0 ...........-lb..
Potatoes______ ___ ____10 lb..
Sweet potatoes__________ lb ..
Onions_________________ lb.
Carrots--------- ---------------lb_.
Lettuce______________ head.
Celery 11________________lb..
Cabbage_______________ lb.
Tomatoes 4_..........................lb..
Beans, green.----------------- lb.
Canned fruits and vegetables. ...
Orange juice 4_____ 46-oz can..
Peaches... ________#2H can..
Pineapple-------- ------- #2 can..
Fruit cocktail 4. _ ___#303 can..
Corn, cream style___#303 can..
Peas, green________ #303 can..
Tomatoes_________ #303 can..
Baby foods 4_______ 4V6~5 oz..
Dried fruits and vegetables.. __
Prunes____________ ____lb ..
Dried beans____ ________ lb__
8ee footnote« at end of table
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Indexes (1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified)
Aver
age
price,3
June
1959
1959
Annua)
average
1958
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
112.8
96.4
115.5
98.1
138.2
151.5
148.0
113.3
126.5
113.8
96.1
115.2
98.3
138.4
151.3
148.0
113.6
126.7
113. 8
96.0
115.1
98.2
138.4
151.1
147.6
113.8
126.1
113.8
95.9
115.1
98.1
138.4
151.1
147.4
113.9
126.4
113.8
95.8
115.1
98.1
138.4
151.1
146.8
113.4
126.3
118.0
123.9
130.9
116.4
124.3
113.6
154.2
104.3
120.2
93.8
96.5
112.1
117. 7
124.2
130.4
118.4
124.6
113.6
153.9
103. 3
117.5
94.1
95.9
111.0
117.3
123.6
130. 5
116.8
124.3
113.1
152.3
102.6
115.4
93.6
96.5
109.2
116.7
123.5
129.8
117.6
123.2
113.5
151.3
101.4
112.2
92.3
97.4
107.1
105.1
105.9
69.6
105.4
106.1
70.8
106.5
106.4
71.7
Dec.3 Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1958
1957
114.0 113.9
96.0
96.0
114.9 115.2
98.2
98.1
138.2 138.4
151. 1 151.0
147.0 147.1
113.7 113.8
126.2 126.3
113.6
95.9
116.1
97.7
138.4
150.9
147.2
113.8
126.6
113.4
95.9
116.6
97.7
138.3
150.5
147.1
113.8
126.6
113.6
95.9
116.6
98.0
138.0
150. 2
146.1
114.0
126.6
114.0
95.7
116.3
98.1
138.0
150.0
144. 0
113.6
126.5
114.6
95. 8
115.7
97.6
138.0
149.7
144.5
113.8
126. 5
114.9
95.8
115.6
97.5
138. 0
149. 7
144.4
113.6
126. 5
114.4
95.9
115. 6
97.1
137.9
149.4
145.0
113.7
126.9
113. 4
95.8
113.3
93.5
134.9
136.1
141.0
112. 4
127. 3
118.3
124.0
129.8
118.0
123.5
114.5
153.3
104.4
116.5
95.0
99.3
107.4
120. 2
123.0
129.3
116.0
123.8
114.3
149.7
108.7
121.9
98.6
103.3
109.6
119.9
121.0
127.0
114. 4
121.8
112.5
146.9
109.4
122.5
99 6
103.6
112.3
120.0
120.5
126.9
113.1
121.6
112.0
146.2
110.2
124.8
101.2
101.6
112.6
121.4
120.2
126.4
112.9
121.3
111.7
146.0
113.7
126.9
107.9
102.0
112.4
122. 5
119.5
125.4
112.6
122. 2
110. 8
145.9
116. 8
128.6
113.7
102.8
111.9
124, 3
119.8
125.8
113.0
122.4
110.9
145.1
120.3
130.1
118. 2
106.7
111.6
125 4
122. 3
128.5
117.4
124. 3
112.6
144.7
120. 7
132.2
116.5
107.1
113.1
124 2
122.6
128.8
118.2
124.5
112.3
145.3
118.3
131. 8
112.4
106. 1
112.6
191 n
119.6
126.3
114.1
122.4
108.8
143.9
114.4
126.2
108. 7
104.2
112.3
113.7
95.0
111.0
86.6
127.9
107.3
119.1
101.5
97.4
103.5
106.7
107.1
73.2
107.2
107.6
73.1
107.9
109.5
72.1
107.9
109.7
71. 7
108. 4
108.7
71 6
108. 7
106.7
74.1
110.1
105.1
77.6
109.6
104.2
81.5
108.6
103.4
81. 9
106.3
103. 6
77.5
93.1
93.1
78.4
119.6
123.1
110 0
118 2
117 8
117 fi
122.0
1211
1 2 0 .1
1 1 9 '9
117 1
119 4
120l0
107.6
130.1
108 7
1 0 2 .8
47.7
58.8
61.4
119.6
124.8
119. 7
125.0
120. 8
126.8
120. 5
126.3
120.9
126.9
121 0
126.3
108.4
110.2
69.0
11Q Q
123! 9
127.7
127.3
127.2
126.7
126.8
127.8
128.0
128.4
129.0
Ì29.8
131.7
131.5
131.3
130. 4
33.3
96.0
95.9
96.5
96.6
96.7
97.5
97.9
98.2
98.0
96.6
96.2
95.9
95.3
96.1
93.3
118.1
118.6
119.1
120.7
120.9
120.8
121.3
121.7
121.2
120.7
119.1
118.2
117.0
119.8
117.6
122.0
122.4
122. 8
124.3
124.6
125.1
125. 7
126.1
126.0
125.4
123.9
122.6
121. 6
124.4
122.1
98.4
93.8
109. 3
111.6
98.3
93.8
109.3
111.5
98.5
94.1
109.3
111.6
98.5
94.1
109.3
111.6
98.3
94.3
109.5
111.5
97.9
94.5
109.6
111.4
98.2
94.1
109.3
111.3
98.3
94.2
109.2
111.1
98.4
94.6
109.3
111.3
98.4
94.4
109.1
111.2
98.4
93.0
109.2
111.1
98.0
93.0
109.4
111.2
98.3
93.0
109. 5
111.1
98.3
93.9
109.5
111.0
97.4
94.0
109.3
107.2
113.9
80.5
138.1
101.3
103.6
141.1
146.7
104.3
150. 8
97.9
136.7
(10)
86.9
(10)
116.7
168.8
133.0
129.2
113.9
110.2
112.6
80.2
134.5
101.8
103. 8
127.2
135.8
105.4
141.1
99.2
122.2
(i°)
85.8
(10)
(10)
118.8
126.6
167.5
111.0
101.8
90.4
132.0
122.3
132.2
117.5
156.4
116.1
116.8
107.5
115.5
98. 1
107.9
103.5
125. 4
165.4
91.3
113.4
81.3
135.1
102.6
104.4
124.1
131.1
101.1
134.3
101.3
117.3
(10)
99.8
(.0)
(.0)
105.0
125.4
199.2
111.4
108.5
84.7
129.8
115.0
140.6
116. 9
153.0
116.2
116.7
107.6
114.6
98.8
107.7
103.5
125.2
165. 0
91.2
113.6
81.2
135.9
102.4
104.4
119. 7
122.0
104.8
132.2
101.8
115.1
(10)
(10)
(10)
(10)
99.5
126.5
185.1
112.9
116.8
88.9
136. 3
114.2
127.3
116.4
151.3
115.5
116.4
107.4
113.3
98.5
108.8
103.3
124. 7
104.2
91.0
114.6 119 1
81.6
82.2
138.3 149.1
102.1 102.7
104.7 105. 0
120.6 121.1
116.6 113.3
106.0 100.9
132. 7 139.2
103.1 105. 1
117.0 122 7
(10)
(!0)
(10)
(10)
(!0)
(10)
(10)
(10)
102.6 102.3
125.0 123. 7
137.9 126. 6
113.7 116. 2
136.4 116. 4
94.9 103.8
143.3 148. 9
114.7 125. 6
146.3 141. 1
116. 0 115. 6
150.6 149.0
114.8 113.8
116.0 115. 5
106.9 106.5
111.8 110. 1
98 6 99.4
108.9 110. 1
103.3 103.2
124.0 123. 5
162.6 161.0
90.7
91.0
122.4
82.3
157.5
102.4
105.3
118 5
109.3
110.8
151.6
101.8
125. 4
(10)
(10)
(10)
(10)
97.5
118.5
111. 1
122.6
81.9
157.9
102.2
105.7
120 3
103.2
114.2
179.2
100. 5
138.0
(10)
(10)
(10)
(10)
95.3
114.0
107.4
108.4
114.2
98.6
99.5
99.8
104.3
122.4
81.3
157.7
101.3
106. 6
120. 5
127. 1
106.1
189.3
97.6
(10)
92.6
(10)
79 9
(10)
98. 7
122.7
100. 4
114. 8
110.9
96. 5
101.3
1 0 1 .8
76. 4 65.2
90.9
104.2
114 1 113. 2
144.3 139.8
109.2
1 1 0 .2
113. 1 112.9
103. 5 102. 3
106. 8 105. 6
100. 1
100 2
113 3 115.0
102. 9 102. 9
121. 5 121. 4
144.5 138.6
97.9 101.3
119. 8 117.9
82.4
81.9
152.2 147.3
99.8 100. 7
106. 4 105. 5
144 0 139 fi
193.3 1 128. 6
104.2 107.4
165. 4 165.0
98.9 100. 4
(10) 12128 . 6
(10) >4 95. 4
76.7 >®86. 0
(10) U 93. 6
101.6 >4 75. 4
128. 7 118.3
159. 5 140.8
1Z3.0 117.7
113. 9 115. 7
106. 4 121. 1
127. 1 110.7
126.3 129.8
iOl 7
114.2
93 9 110. 5
97.8
82.1
99. 4
100.9
99.2
23.5
24.7
29.7
74.0
58.1
15.2
25.8
25. 3
19.8
22.6
16.6
16.8
69.6
18.1
13.8
(10)
30.2
(10)
7.2
89.6
14.9
11.0
14.4
15.8
14. 5
8.5
30.1
19.2
50.3
36.5
36.1
27.9
19.6
20.5
15.5
10.1
40.1
17.3
1 0 0 .0
123.9
107.2
90.5
118.0
160.5
116.5
116.9
107.6
116.2
97.2
106.0
103. 4
125. 9
165.9
91.6
1 1 1 .0
126. 6
103.1
11 2 .0
109.0
105.3
115 0
147.4
112 .0
114.7
105. 7
109.0
99.9
1 1 0 .8
103. 1
123 2
157.6
92.7
114 . 6
146.0
111.4
114. 1
104.7
108. 1
100. 1
1 1 1 .2
102.9
121 9
151.9
04.1
122.2
81. 1
157.5
101.9
105.6
120 5
108.2
113.3
189.5
99 3
(10)
(.0)
(!0)
94. 9
(10)
93 3
111.5
105. 5
110 1
126. 8
90 2
121.8 121.0
81.9
82.0
156. 8 155.2
100.6 100.2
106. 4 106,3
127 7 1 3 9 a
(6)
(e)
118. 3 103. 2
174. 2 173.8
96.6
97. 1
(10)
(10)
89 5 104. 1
(10)
(10)
88. 5 110.9
.54. 9 69. 6
111.7 127.4
166.6 165. 2
111.2 119,9
119. 7 118.0
103.2 111 . 6
97.3 116 4
101 3 1 1 1 .0
69.3
94.2
80.2
94.3
112 4 111 5
132.8 125.5
108.2 108.0
112.4 112.3
101. 4 101 . 2
104.8 104. 1
99.6
1 0 0 .2
119.8 123.7
102.5
1 0 2 .8
120 4 119 fi
137. 8 137.5
100.3
99.3
no 6
121.1
107.6
112 1
100 9
103. 7
99. 5
124.2
102 . 2
118 5
137.0
97.9
110 8
126.8
109.2
112.4
101.9
105.1
100 . 1
115. 3
102. 4
118 2
140 6
95.3
s 140. 8
107 7
128.2
103 0
>2111.3
><109.9
>880. 7
>8 90.6
>< 87. 5
107.9
131.0
111.9
117.1
121.9
104.1
125.9
105.1
117.7
10fi 3
113.2
>10 4
110 2
100.3
102 . 2
102.1
103.4
1 0 2 .6
111 5
140.3
85.2
960
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 1959
T able D -4.
Consumer Price Index 1—United States city average: Retail prices and indexes of selected
foods—Continued
Indexes (1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified)
Average
price,2
June
1959
Commodity
Other foods at home:
Partially prepared foods:
U n it
Soup, tomato 8___ 11-oz. can..
Beans with pork 4 . 16-oz. can..
Condiments and sauces:
Pickles, sliced 4________15 oz..
Catsup, tomato 8______ 14 oz..
Beverages_____________ ______
Coffee____________ ____ _____
Tea bags 8_____ package of 16..
Coladrink 8____ carton, 36oz..
Fats and oils.
. _
_______
Shortening, hydrogenated
3-lb. can..
Margarine, c o lo r e d ...___ lb..
Lard ___
_ .......... ........ lb..
Salad dressing__________ pt_.
Peanut butter 8.... .............lb ..
Sugar and sweets_____ . . . ____
Sugar____ ___________ 5 lbs..
Corn syrup 8__________24 oz..
Grape jelly 8 ............... .12 oz..
Chocolate bar 8__............ .1 oz..
Eggs, grade A, large______ doz..
Miscellaneous foods:
Gelatin, flavored 8____ 3-4 oz..
1959
1958
AnnuaJ
average
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec 3 Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1958
1957
12.5
15.0
100.3
105.7
100.3
106.9
100.5
100.7
100.0
106.9
99.7
106.8
99.5
106. 8
99.2
106.9
99.1
107.1
99 3
107.3
99.3
106.7
99.9
106. 5
100.5
106. 5
100.3
106. 4
99.8
106.5
99.0
108.9
26.6
22.4
99.8
98.8
160.6
136.5
124.9
129.9
81.7
09.5
99.7
161. 5
137.6
125.2
130.2
81.8
99.7
99.9
164. 4
141.7
124.9
130.1
82.3
99.5
99.7
165.4
143.6
125.0
128.9
82.8
99.6
99. 7
165.0
145.0
125.0
125. 1
83.7
100. 2
99.4
168. 9
150.2
125. 0
125. 4
84.9
99.8
99.3
171.4
153.9
124.9
125. 2
85.4
99.5
98.8
173.8
157.8
124.4
124. 4
85.4
99. 5
98.7
174. 1
158.4
124. 7
123.8
85. 5
99.6
97.9
174. 7
159. 2
124. 5
123. 8
85.6
99.9
97. 2
178. 2
164. 4
124.4
123. 1
85.8
99.8
96.9
179.9
167. 3
124.5
121. 9
85.8
99. 9
96. 4
180. 9
168.9
124 3
121 7
85.9
100.0
97.5
179. 1
166. 2
124.3
122.2
85.8
100.0
99 2
192.7
187.4
122.9
118. 1
86. S
56.9
26.4
28.1
5.1
44.2
83.8
72.9
73.5
100.6
113.8
120.2
118.4
112.7
117.6
113.9
63.3
83.6
73.1
74.0
100.8
113.9
119.9
117.8
112.6
117.7
113.9
64.5
84.4
73.5
75.3
100.9
114.0
120. 1
118.1
112.7
118. 1
114.0
68.9
84.9
74.4
76.3
100.8
114.0
120.2
118.5
112.6
117.4
114.2
77.5
85.6
75. 7
786
100. 6
114.4
120. 1
118.4
112.5
117 4
114. 2
80.0
87.8
76. 0
81 7
100.6
114. 6
120.1
118 4
112. 2
117. 4
114 1
83.3
88.4
82.2
76.2
76.0
83 4 84.3
100. 9 100. 8
115. 4 115.7
120.0 120.0
118.4 118.3
112 1 111.9
116.6 116.4
114.3 114.2
84. 4 89.9
88. 1
76. 1
84.7
100. 8
115.7
120.0
118. 4
111. 5
116.8
114. 4
91.4
88.2
76.3
85. 2
100. 7
115. 9
119.9
118. 3
111.3
116.4
114.3
98.5
89.2
76. 2
84. 4
100. 9
115. 4
119.8
118.4
110.9
116. 3
114.2
87. 2
89.9
76. 5
83 3
100. 7
113. 7
119.6
118. 1
110. 7
116. 2
114. 2
82.5
89.9
77. 3
83. 1
100. 8
112.5
119. 2
117.6
110. 5
115. 9
113 8
78.9
89.7
77. 0
83.4
100. 8
113. 2
117 9
117.2
110.2
116. 1
110.3
86.5
93. 1
7a «
88.8
99.2
109.8
112 8
114. S
106.0
114. 5
100. 4
82.2
9.3
108.3
107.8
107.4
107.3
106. 9
106.4
105.7
104.3
104.4
104.4
104.4
104.6
104.4
103.0
C e n ts
(20)
24.1
29.4
88.2
27.7
19.9
37.8
55.7
1 See footnote 1 and Note, table D -l.
2 Based on prices in the 46 cities used in compiling the Consumer Price
Index. Average prices for each of the 20 large cities listed In table D-5 are
available upon request.
3 Prices collected 1 week earlier than the usual week containing the 15th.
4 December ¡952 = 100
8Price of short-grain rice, 18.9 cents (27 cities); price of long-grain rice, 20.9
cents (19 cities).
8 Not available.
110 months’ average.
811 months’ average.
• May 1953= 100.
10 Priced only in season.
11 January 1953=100.
T able D -5.
104.7
12 7 months’ average.
13 July 1953=100.
14 3 months’ average.
48 April 1953=100.
18 2 months' average.
17 4 months’ average.
13 5 months’ average,
i» June 1953=100.
29 Price of 1-lb. can, 76.9 cents. Price of 1-lb. bag, 57.1 cents (priced only in
chain stores and large supermarkets).
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Consumer Price Index 1—All items indexes, by city
[1947-49=1001
1959
City
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
United States city average 2.
124.5
124.0
123. 9
123.7
123.7
Atlanta, Ga____________
Baltimore, M d__________
Boston, Mass____________
Chicago, 111..- __________
Cincinnati, Ohio_________
Cleveland, Ohio_________
Detroit, Mich____________
Houston, Tex _____ ____
Kansas City, Mo_________
Los Angeles, Calif________
Minneapolis, M inn_______
New York, N.Y__________
Philadelphia, P a_________
Pittsburgh, P a___________
Portland, Öreg......................
St. Louis, Mo____ ____
San Francisco, Calif______
Scranton, P a_____________
Seattle, Wash....... ................
Washington, D.O_________
125.5
126.6
0
127.7
123.1
0
123.4
0
0
127.0
0
122.5
124.0
(3)
(3)
126.3
129. 4
(3)
(3)
(3)
0
0
125. 1
127.4
0
0
123.5
0
125.5
126.6
125. 1
122.0
123. 6
124.5
125.3
0
0
0
0
0
124.3
126.4
0
127. 2
122.2
0
123.2
0
0
126.6
0
121 7
123.4
0
0
126.0
129.0
0
0
0
(3)
(3)
(3)
127.4
0
125.3
123.4
124.1
(3)
126. S
0
122.1
123.2
0
0
0
0
120.0
127.9
121.8
0
0
0
127.1
0
124.8
123.3
124.1
0
126.7
0
121. 7
123.3
0
0
0
0
120.3
126. 9
121.3
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1958
1957
123.8
123. 7
123. 9
123.7
123.7
123.7
123.9
123. 7
123.5
120.2
0
0
125. 4
127.1
0
0
123.3
0
124.5
126.5
125.3
121.8
123.4
124.4
124.2
0
0
0
0
0
124.4
125. 5
0
127. 0
122. 4
0
123 3
0
0
126. 5
0
121.3
123.5
0
0
125. 7
127. 9
0
0
0
0
0
0
127. 4
0
124.5
123.4
124. 2
0
126. 5
0
121.7
123.5
0
0
0
0
120.7
126.0
121.5
0
0
125. 4
127.3
0
0
123.3
0
124. 9
125. 9
124. 5
121. 5
123.3
124. 5
124.5
0
0
0
0
0
124.6
124.8
0
127. 4
122. 5
0
123.8
0
0
126.0
0
121.4
123.4
0
0
125.3
128.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
126.9
0
125.1
123. 7
124.0
0
125.5
0
121. 1
123.4
0
0
0
0
120.4
126.3
121.2
0
0
125. 4
127. 6
0
0
124.3
0
124.8
125.7
124.9
121.1
123.3
124.7
124.7
0
0
0
0
0
124.9
124. 8
0
127.5
122.7
0
124.2
0
0
125. 5
0
121.0
123. 0
0
0
124. 5
128.0
0
0
0
124.5
124. 5
124. 8
127.0
122.3
124. 8
123. 9
123. 6
124.1
125.4
124.3
121. 1
123.1
124.0
124.4
124. 7
127. 5
120.2
125. 8
121.1
121.4
121. 0
121. 2
123.3
119.6
122.1
122.2
121. 5
121. 1
121. 2
121. 1
117.6
120.8
120.2
121. 7
121 2
123. 1
116.9
123. 1
118.3
1 See footnote 1 and Note, table D -l. Indexes measure time-to-time
changes in prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and
clerical-worker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live
In'one city than in another.
2 Average of 46 cities.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Annua! average
19r8
3 Indexes are computed monthly for 5 cities and once every 3 months on a
rotating cycle for 15 other cities.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
961
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able D -6.
Consumer Price Index
Food and its subgroups, by city
[1947-49 = 100]
Food at home
Total foodJ
Cereals and bakery products
Total food at home
City
June
1959
May
1959
June
1958
June
1959
May
1959
June
1958
June
1959
M ay
1959
Meats, poultry, and fish
June
1958
June
1959
May
1959
June
1958
United States city average
118.9
117. 7
121.6
116.6
115.2
120.4
134.2
134.5
132.9
111.6
111.6
118.3
Atlanta, Oa_____ __________
Baltimore, Md.........................
Boston, Mass.... ............. ..........
Chicago, 111_______________
Cincinnati, Ohio..___ _____
117.1
118.6
118.4
116. 4
119.3
115. 6
117. 0
117. 5
115. 2
117. 7
119.2
122.4
120.3
118.8
124.1
115.4
115.3
115.2
113.8
116.7
113.8
113.6
114.2
112.5
114.8
118.8
120.1
118.6
116.7
123.3
125.4
128.5
132.0
129.8
132.8
126.0
128. 8
132 2
130.1
133.3
126.9
128.6
131.5
124.1
132.0
114.0
111.5
112.7
104.9
111.3
113.8
110.3
112 9
104.6
110.6
120.3
117.0
116.6
111.6
120.9
Cleveland, Ohio-.....................
Detroit, Mich.................... ......
Houston, Tex_________ ____
Kansas City, M o__________
Los Angeles, Calif................ .
114.6
118.7
114.4
113.1
123.6
114. 1
116. 9
114. 6
111. 5
122. 9
118.4
123.1
117.1
115. 7
123.8
112.1
116.3
112.2
110.5
118.9
111.6
114.3
112.2
108.6
118.2
116.6
121.8
115.5
114.2
120.4
129.2
124.4
125. 7
127.3
146.2
128.9
124.6
125.5
127.4
146.2
129.5
125.6
126. 3
127.6
141.1
105.3
107.7
106.4
105. 5
112.0
105.7
108 0
106 9
106.3
112.1
113.3
115. 6
111.9
114.7
117. 5
Minneapolis, Minn_________
New York, N .Y ................... _
Philadelphia, Pa____ _____
Pittsburgh, Pa..........................
Portland, Oreg_____ _____ __
118.8
120.0
121.3
120.8
121.8
117. 5
119. 2
119. 3
119. 4
120. 0
119.5
121.6
123.9
123.8
122.1
115.9
117.4
118.4
119.2
118.3
114.3
116.4
116.2
117. 6
117.7
118.5
119.8
122.0
122.9
121.0
134.3
142.1
137.5
132.1
140.1
134.6
142.5
138.2
132.6
140.4
134.4
137.8
134.3
131.1
135.4
107.5
113.5
113.2
111.0
114.4
107.6
114.4
111.8
110.9
114. 7
111.4
118.4
118.9
117.0
120.9
St. Louis, Mo...........................
San Francisco, Calif................
Scranton, Pa.................. ..........
Seattle, Wash..................... .
Washington, D.C............ ........
119.7
123.0
116.6
121.6
119.5
118. 7
122. 3
114. 8
120. 7
118. 5
122.2
124.5
120.9
121.9
122.8
115.1
121.0
115.7
119.8
116.9
113.9
120.0
113.9
118.8
115.8
118.4
123.4
121.0
121.5
121.5
125.0
147.0
135. 5
146.5
131.1
124.7
147.0
135.9
146.8
132.1
125.7
145.4
134.6
142.1
131.3
106.7
117.4
111. 1
115. 5
109.7
105.8
116. 8
115.1
120.7
120.2
119.3
117.8
111.0
114. 2
110.5
Food at home—Continued
Ju n e
1959
M a y
1959
O th e r fo o d s a t h o m e 4
F r u i t s a n d v e g e ta b le s
D a iry p ro d u c ts
C ity
Ju n e
1958
Ju n e
1959
M a y
1959
M a y
1959
Ju n e
1959
Ju n e
1958
Ju n e
1958
S u ite d S ta te s c ity a v e ra g e !________________
1 1 2 .3
1 1 2 .6
1 1 1 .7
1 3 4 .5
1 2 5 .6
1 3 4 .3
1 0 2 .3
1 0 2 .8
1 1 0 .9
A
B
B
C
C
tla n ta , G a - _ . . . _______ ____ _______________
a l t i m o r e , M d ...... .......... ........ ............... _ _ .. ..........
o s t o n , Mass ________ _______ ________
h ic a g o . Ill
. . _________________ ________
in c in n a ti, O h io - .- ________________________
1
1
1
1
1
1 3 .8
1 7 .1
0 8 .6
1 3 .2
1 2 .0
1 1 3 .8
117. 1
1 0 9 .5
1 1 3 .3
1 1 2 .0
1 1 3 .9
117. 5
108. 1
111. 1
116. 0
1 3 8 .9
1 2 7 .7
1 3 2 .2
1 3 0 .7
1 3 6 .2
127. 7
120. 2
1 2 2 .8
122 2
1 2 5 .6
1 3 5 .0
1 3 1 .7
1 3 5 .2
129. 7
1 3 9 .5
9 7 .3
1 0 1 .4
9 7 .9
1 0 6 .5
1 0 4 .3
9 7 .9
1 0 1 .1
9 9 .6
107. 5
1 0 4 .8
1 0 4 .7
1 1 1 .3
105. 7
115. 3
1 1 4 .8
C
D
H
K
L
le v e la n d , O h io ________ _____________________
e t r o i t , Mich____ ____________________
o u s to n , T e x _________________________ _______
a n s a s C i t y . Mo______________________
o s Angeles, Calif_____________________
1 0 6 .7
107. 7
1 1 3 .2
1 0 7 .8
1 1 0 .9
1 1 0 .2
107. 6
1 1 3 .2
1 0 7 .9
111. 1
1 0 7 .9
1 0 9 .4
1 1 2 .4
101. 6
1 1 0 .1
1 2 5 .9
1 4 6 .6
1 2 6 .0
1 2 7 .2
1 3 6 .0
1 1 8 .7
134. 3
124. 1
1 1 5 .1
1 3 1 .1
1 2 3 .9
1 4 7 .8
1 2 4 .3
1 2 4 .6
1 3 1 .1
1 0 4 .2
1 0 2 .7
1 0 1 .0
9 5 .9
1 0 4 .7
1 0 4 .8
102. 7
1 0 1 .6
9 5 .9
1 0 5 .5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
3
2
8
5
0
.4
.9
.7
.3
.8
Minneapolis, Minn__- - _______ _______
e w York, N.Y_______________________
h i l a d e l p h i a , Pa____ . . . . . . .................
i t t s b u r g h , Pa______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . . .
1 0 4 .6
1 1 4 .0
116. 2
1 1 4 .5
1 1 9 .9
1 0 4 .7
1 1 4 .0
116. 2
114. 4
117. 2
1 0 4 .0
1 1 2 .0
115. 5
1 1 4 .0
1 1 7 .0
141. 5
1 2 8 .3
1 3 5 .7
1 3 9 .5
1 2 5 .6
1 2 9 .6
1 2 0 .9
1 2 4 ,3
1 2 9 .3
123. 4
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
3
3
2
7
9
6
8
5
.2
.0
.9
.5
.6
10
10
10
11
10
.8
.3
.6
.0
.6
1 0 9 .0
1 0 2 .5
100. 8
1 1 1 .4
1 0 6 .1
11
11
10
12
11
7
0
9
1
3
.9
.0
.9
.3
.6
1 0 5 .9
1 1 .5 . 5
1 1 0 .3
117. 1
1 1 7 .2
1 0 5 .7
115. 4
1 1 0 .4
1 1 7 .3
1 1 7 .5
1 0 1 .3
1 1 4 .0
1 1 0 .6
1 1 5 .4
1 1 7 .8
1 4 0 .3
137. 9
1 3 4 .9
1 3 4 .3
1 3 3 .1
133. 8
133. 4
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
5
9
5
2
2
.6
.8
.9
.2
.4
1 0 9 .3
103. 5
9 8 .6
1 0 2 .4
1 0 4 .0
1 1 0 .2
1 0 3 .6
99 0
102. 5
1 0 4 .6
1 1 8 .4
1 0 9 .7
1 0 8 .7
1 0 8 .6
1 1 2 .7
N
P
P
P
o rtla n d , O re g
St.
S a
S c
S e
W
_
Mo_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Francisco, C a l i f
n t o n , P a ____
___________________
L o u is ,
n
ra
a ttle , W a s h _____
________________________
a s h i n g t o n , D O________
___________
* See footnote 1, table D -l
* See footnote 2, table D 2.
Average of 45 cities.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
121.3
130. 2
1 2 3 .3
7
2
0
1
5
4 See footnotes, table D-2.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
962
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , AUGUST 195»
T able D -7.
Indexes of wholesale prices, by m ajor groups 1
All commodities
other than farm
and foods
Textile products
and apparel
I H id e s , s k in s ,
le a th e r , an d
leather products
Fuel, power, and
lighting mate
rials
Chemicals and
allied products
Rubber and rub
ber products
L u m b er and
wood products
Pulp, paper, and
allied products
Metals and metal
products
Machinery and
motive products
F u r n itu r e and
o th e r h o u s e
hold durables
Nonmetallic min
e r a ls —s t r u c
tural
Tobacco manu
factures and
bottled bever
ages
100.0
107.3
92.8
97.5
113.4
107.0
97.0
95.6
89.6
88.4
90. 9
94.9
98.2
106.1
95.7
99.8
111.4
108.8
104 6
105. 3
101.7
101.7
105.6
110.9
95.3
103.4
101.3
105.0
115.9
113.2
114.0
114.5
117.0
122.2
125. 6
126.0
100.1
104.4
95.5
99. 2
110.6
99.8
97 3
95.2
95.3
95. 3
95.4
93.5
101.0
102.1
96.9
104.6
120.3
97.2
98.5
94.2
93.8
99.3
99 4
100.6
90.9
107.1
101.9
103.0
106. 7
106.6
109.5
108. 1
107.9
111.2
117 2
112.7
101.4
103.8
94. 8
96.3
110.0
104. 5
105.7
107.0
106.6
107.2
109.5
110.4
99.0
102.1
98.9
120.5
148.0
134.0
125.0
126.9
143.8
145. 8
145. 2
145.0
93.7
107.2
99.2
113.9
123. 0
120.3
120.2
118. 0
123.6
125.4
119 0
117.7
98.6
102.9
98.5
100.9
119.6
116.5
116.1
116. 3
119.3
127.2
129 6
131.0
91.3
103.9
104.8
110.3
122.8
123.0
126.9
128.0
136. 6
148.4
151. 2
150. 4
92.5
100.9
106.6
108.6
119.0
121.5
123.0
124.6
128.4
137. 8
146 1
149.8
95.6
101.4
103.1
105. 3
114. 1
112.0
114.2
115.4
115.9
119. 1
122.2
123.2
93.9
101.7
104.4
106.9
113. 6
113. 6
118.2
120.9
124. 2
129.6
134.6
136.0
97.2
100.6
102.3
103. 5
109.4
111.8
115.7
120.6
121.6
122.3
126 1
128.2
100.8
103.1
96.1
96.6
104.9
108.3
97.8
102.5
92.0
01.0
89.6
94. 2
110.1
110.4
110.0
110.5
109.9
110.3
110.9
111.7
lil. 6
111.2
111.3
92.5
93. 1
92.1
94.2
91.2
91.8
89.5
88.1
89.3
86.8
84.1
82.9
103.8
103. 2
101.6
102. 5
102. 1
103.9
103.1
101.9
101.5
100.2
98.8
98.2
115.2
115.7
115.6
115.7
115.5
115.6
116.5
117.5
118. 5
119.0
119. 4
119.8
95.2
95.2
95.3
95.0
95.0
95.2
95.3
95.3
95.4
95.4
95.6
95.6
91.9
92.3
92.2
93.2
92.9
92.9
93.7
93.8
94.0
95.3
96.4
96.7
108.5
108.7
108.5
107.4
107.0
106.8
106. 4
107.2
108.0
108.0
108.6
109.3
107.1
107.1
106.8
107.1
106.8
106.8
106.0
105.9
106.0
106.5
106.6
106.6
136.8
140.6
138.0
138.3
138.0
140 3
143.4
148.7
151.7
147.8
150.6
151.0
120.3
121.2
121.4
122.4
123. 5
123. 7
124.1
125. 1
125.7
125.4
125.0
125.1
116.3
116. Ö
116.8
117.4
117.7
118.3
119.0
119. 7
120. 5
122.8
123.2
123.6
130.1
131. 5
131.9
132.9
132.5
132.6
136.7
139.5
141.9
142.4
142.0
143.9
125.8
126.1
126.1
126.3
126.7
127.1
127.5
128.5
130.0
131.4
132.5
133.0
115.5
115.4
116.1
115.1
115.1
115.2
115. 5
116.0
116, 4
116.9
117.2
117. 3
122.0
121.8
121. 9
122. 3
123.2
123.7
125.3
126.1
126.4
126.8
125.2
125.4
121. 4
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.7
07. 1
95.6
94.0
91.3
89.1
90.8
89.8
90.3
91.5
88.088.8
1956:
January__
February..
March___
April____
M a y ____
June_____
Ju ly .........
August___
September.
Oetober__
November.
December.
111.9
112.4
112.8
113.6
114.4
114. 2
114.0
114 7
115. 5
115.6
115.9
116.3
84.1
86.0
86.6
88.0
90.9
91 2
90 0
89.1
90.1
88.4
87.9
88.9
98.3
99.0
99.2
100.4
102.4
102. 3
102.2
102 6
104.0
103.6
103.6
103.1
120.4
120.6
121.0
121.6
121.7
121.5
121.4
122. 5
123.1
123.6
124.2
124.7
95.7
96.0
95.9
95.1
94.9
94.9
94.9
94.8
94.8
95.3
95.4
95.6
96.7
97.1
97.7
100.6
100.0
100.2
100.1
100.0
100.2
99.7
99.8
99.2
111.0
111.2
110.9
111.7
111.2
114.0
106.3
100.4
106.5
106.9
106.9
107. 1
107.3
107.3
107.1
107.7
108.2
108.3
148. 4
147.1
146.2
145.0
143. 5
142.8
143. 3
146.9
145.7
145.8
146.9
147.9
126. 3
126.7
128.0
128.5
128.0
127.3
126.6
125.2
123.6
122.0
121.5
121.0
124.8
125.4
126.8
127.4
127.3
127.4
127.7
127.9
127.9
128.1
127.8
128.0
145,1
145.1
146. 5
147.7
146. 8
145.8
144.0
150.2
151.9
152.2
152.1
152.3
133.3
133.9
134. 7
135. 7
136.5
136. 8
136.9
137. 7
139.7
141.1
143.4
143.6
118.0
118.2
118.1
118.0
118.0
118.1
118.3
119.1
119.7
121.0
121.1
121.2
127.0
127.1
127.9
128.6
1,28. 6
128.9
130, 6
130.8
131.1
131.5
131. 2
131. 3
121.7
121. 7
121. 7
121.7
121.6
121.6
121.7
122.5
122.8
123.1
123.5
123.6
89.688.7
88.2
92.1
96.1
92.9
91.3
91.1
89.9
89.2
91.2
91.7
1957:
January__
February..
March___
April____
M ay_____
June........
July -----August___
September
October
November.
December.
116.9
117.0
116.9
117.2
117.1
117. 4
118 2
118.4
118.0
117.8
118.1
118.5
89.3
88.8
88.8
90.6
89.5
90.9
92.8
93.0
91.0
91.5
91.9
92.6
104.3
103 9
103 7
104.3
104.9
106.1
107.2
106.8
106. 5
105. 5
106. 5
107.4
125.2
125. 6
125.4
125.4
125 2
125.2
125.7
126.0
126.0
125.8
125.9
126.1
95.8
95.7
95,4
95.3
95.4
95. 5
95,4
95.4
95.4
95.1
95.0
94.9
98.4
98.0
98.4
98.6
98.9
99.8
100.6
100.3
100.0
100.1
100.0
09.5
116.3
119.6
119.2
119.5
118.5
117.2
116.4
116.3
116.1
115. 8
115. 7
116.2
108.7
108.8
108.8
109.1
109.1
109.3
109.6
109.8
110.2
110. 4
110.3
110.6
145.0
143.9
144.3
144.5
144.7
145. 1
144.9
146.9
146.5
146.2
144.7
145.7
121.3
120.7
120.1
120.2
119.7
119. 7
119.3
118.6
117.8
117.3
116.9
116.3
128.6
128.5
128.7
128.6
128 9
128.9
129 5
129.9
130 1
130.9
130.9
131.0
152.2
151.4
151.0
150.1
150.0
150.6
152.4
153. 2
152.2
150.8
150.4
150.5
143.9
144.5
144.8
145.0
145.1
145 2
145.8
146, 2
146.9
147. 7
149.2
149.4
121.9
121.9
121.9
121.5
121.6
121. 7
122.2
122. 4
122.3
122.6
122.7
123.5
132.0
132.7
133. 2
134.6
135.0
135 1
135.2
135.3
135. 2
135. 3
135.4
135. 7
124.0
124.1
124.1
124.5
124.5
124.7
127.7
127.7
127.7
127.7
127.8
128.0
93.2
92.4
92.0
91.4
89.4
87.3
88.8
90.1
89.4
87.7
86.8
87.2
1958:
Ja n u ary ...
February..
M arch___
A pril... ..
M ay_____
June_____
July...........
August ....
September
October.._
November.
December.
118.9
119.0
119.7
119.3
119. 5
119. 2
119. 2
119. 1
119. 1
119.0
119.2
119.2
93.7
96.1
100.5
97.7
98.5
95.6
95.0
93.2
93.1
92.3
92. 1
90.6
109.5
109.9
110.7
111.5
112.9
113.5
112.7
111.3
111. !
110.0
109. 5
108.8
126.1
125.7
125.7
125. 5
125.3
125 3
125.6
126.1
126.2
126.4
126.8
127.2
94.6
94. 1
94.0
93.7
93 5
93.3
03.3
93.3
93.3
93.2
93.1
93.3
99.6
99.6
99.5
99.7
99.9
100. 3
100. 3
100.5
100.2
101.4
102.3
103.6
116.1
113.6
112.4
110.8
110.6
110.7
110.3
110.7
111.9
113.7
114.1
113.0
112.6
112.9
110.8
110.7
110. 4
145.1
144.6
144.6
144. 5
143.8
144.2
144.7
144.4
145. 2
146.1
146.6
146.3
116.3
115.8
115.5
115.7
115.9
116. 4
116.8
118.6
120.4
120.8
120.0
119.8
130.8
130.8
130 5
130. 5
130 5
130. 5
131.0
131. 0
131.7
131.9
131.9
131. 3
150.0
150.1
149.8
148.6
148.6
148.8
148.8
150. 8
151. 3
152.2
153.0
153.0
149.4
149.3
149.2
149.4
149.4
149.5
149. 5
149. 5
149.4
149.9
151. 2
151.5
123. 8
123. 6
123.5
123, 4
123.2
123. 0
123. 2
123.0
123.0
123.0
122.7
122.8
136.4
136.5
135.3
135.4
135. 4
135.2
135.3
135.2
136.7
136.7
136.7
136.9
128.1
128.1
128.0
128.0
128.0
1,28.0
128.0
128.0
128.0
128.8
128.7
128.6
88.3
89.3
94.3
97.8
96.2
93.7
97.2
95. 6
92.5
91.2
93.2
100.9
1959:
January__ 119.5
February.. 119.5
March___
119. 6
April____
120.0
M ay_____ 3 119.9
June 2____ 119. 6
91.5
91.1
90.8
92.4
90.8
89.9
104.1
93.3
105.4
93.7
93.9
108.5
94.1
117.8
3 94. 5 3118.5
94.9
118.9
113.9
114.8
115.0
114.0
113.4
111. 2
110.2
109.9
109.8
152.9
151.8
131.5
1.53.4
152. 0
131.7
152.2
153.6
132.0
152.1
132.2
152. 8
132.0 3 153.0 3 152.5
153.4
152.8
132.3
123.3
123.3
123. 5
123.4
123.5
123.6
137.2
137.5
137.7
138 3
138.4
137.6
128.6
128.9
132.1
132.2
132.2
132.2
100.8
98.5
97.0
98.8
95.2
91.0
1947Average.
1948:Average_
1949Average.
1950Average.
1951 Average.
1952. Average.
1953:Average_
1954:Average.
1955Average.
1956:Average.
1957Average.
1958:Average.
1955:
January__
February..
March___
April.........
M ay_____
June_____
July_____
August___
September.
October__
November.
December.
n o .5
108.7
127.5
107.6
127.8
107.2
128.1
107.2
128.3
107. 7 3 128. 4
108.1
128.1
n o . 6
110.8
110.5
110.7
110.9
111.1
111.0
111.0
n o .o
109. 9
n o . 2
110.2
110.0
146.0
120.5
146.1
122.5
124.2
146.7
n o .o
147. 5 126.3
110.0 3 148.8 3128.2
109.9
128.7
147.3
1 As of January 1958, new weight factors reflecting 1954 values were intro
duced into the index. Technical details furnished upon request to the
Bureau.
Preliminary.
3 Revised
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M iscellaneous
products
Processed foods
96.4
104.4
99. 2
103.1
114.8
111.6
110.1
110.3
110.7
114.3
117.6
119.2
Year and
month
All commodities
Farm products
[1947-49=100]
9 7 .0
N ote: For a description of this series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
963
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able D -8.
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities 1
[1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified]
Annual
average
1958
1959
Commodity group
June 2 May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1958
1957
119.6 3119.9
120.0
119.6
119. 5
119.5
119.2
119.2
119.0
119.1
119.1
119.2
119.2
119.2
117.6
92.4
89.9
90.8
F«rm products
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables___ 100.9 107.0 114.2
78.6
78.2
79. 7
G rain s____ ____________ _________
91.9
Livestock and live noultry____________ 89.6 3 90.6
101.9
101.0
Plant and animal fibers_____________ . 101.6
91.9
90.0 3 90.2
Flnlri milk
54. 5
56.5
51.1
Eggs ____________________________
80.3
78.3
79.5
Flay, hayseeds, and oil seeds__________
133.5
133.5
Other farm products_________________ 132.8
Processed foods
___________________ 108.1 107.7 107.2
Cereal and bakery p ro d u cts______ ___ 119.2 119. 5 118.9
Meats, poultry, and fish_________ ____ 101.9 101.4 100.8
Dairy products and ice cream_________ 111.9 111.7 112.0
Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables... 110.9 110.4 110.6
Sugar and confectionery. ___________ 115.6 114.4 112.1
Packaged beverage materials__________ 145.2 145.2 145.2
57.9
54.5 3 56.9
Animal fats and oils.. ______________
57.7
59.0
54.6
Crude vegetable oils_________________
61.9
61.9
59.3
Refined vegetable o ils _______________
3
74.4
74.4
74.7
Vegetable oil end p ro d u cts___________
95.4
95.8
95.3
Other processed foods________________
90.8
93.6
77.7
91.1
99.5
93. 5
70.5
78.4
133.8
91.1
105.9
77.0
88.4
99.1
95.5
69.3
78.0
134.8
91. 5
102. 5
76.1
90.3
99.4
95.7
72.5
76.4
134.5
90.6
99.2
76.1
87.6
99.6
96.2
77.7
75.0
136.4
92.1
92.3
98.1 101.5
75.3
76.8
90. 1 88.4
100.6 100.7
96.6
96.2
91. 1
86.5
74.0
73.3
137.7 138.8
93.2
93.1
97.9
97.2
76.1
77.3
91.5
94.0
101. 1 101. 8
95. 8 93.5
81.5
98.6
72.2
75. 9
137.3 139. 5
95.0
106.3
79.8
96.7
101.8
92.0
76.1
76.2
139.9
95.6
102.0
81.3
98.8
101.9
90.2
74.9
79.3
141.4
94.9
112.0
79.5
92.9
101.5
94. 6
81.7
76.9
140.4
90.9
103.6
84.1
80.2
104.0
96.0
77.2
82.0
144.6
107.2
119.0
99.6
113.0
111.2
112.9
148.0
57.0
53.7
59.3
74.4
95.7
107.6
117. 7
100.9
113.0
110.6
113.8
149.7
57.1
53.6
59.3
75.0
97.2
108.7
117.5
103.3
113.0
110.8
115.3
154.0
57.9
53.9
59.8
76.8
96.2
108.8
117.4
101.4
113.5
113.0
117.0
157.9
60.7
54.1
63.8
76.8
96.8
109.5
118.0
102.5
113.4
112.9
116. 3
161.2
68.2
57.5
63.8
79.4
97.4
110.0
118.2
103.5
113.5
112.1
116.7
161.2
75. 4
56.1
63.4
80.4
97.0
111.1 111.3
117.8 116.9
107.1 108.2
113.7 112.2
111.4 111.8
116. 5 116.0
161.2 161.2
80.4
74.7
56. 6
55.3
64. 5 67.5
81.3
81.6
96. 7 96.5
112.7
117.5
112.1
111.4
111.3
116.4
165.2
74.1
57.0
67.5
82.6
97.1
113. 5
118.5
114. 1
110.9
110.3
116.4
168.4
73.4
58.8
70.0
83.2
96.9
110.9
117.9
106. 7
112. 7
109. 7
115.6
165. 7
72.0
60.1
67.9
82.8
96.6
105.6
116.9
91 9
111.7
103.9
113.4
183.1
75.6
65. 7
70.1
86.1
95.5
All commodities____________ ____ _____
All commodities other than farm and foods
128.1 3128.4
128.3
128.1
127.8
127.5
127.2
126.8
126.4
126.2
126.1
125.6
125.3
126. 0
125.6
All commodities except farm products____
124.6
124.7
124.6
124.4
124.2
124.2
124.0
123.7
123. 5
123.5
123.4
123.3
123.1
123.3
122.1
Textile products and apparel. __________ 94.9 3 94.5
90.8
Cotton products . __________________ 91.6
_________ ______ 101.9 3100.9
Wool products
81.0
81.5
Manmade fiber textile pro d u cts_______
Silk products
______________ -___ - 114.2 114.0
Apparel
__________________ _ 99.6 »99.6
75.7
Other textile products. _ _____________ 75.6
94.1
90.3
99.5
80.6
113.6
99.3
75.7
93.9
90.2
97.8
80.1
112.1
99.3
76.1
93.7
89.6
97.7
79.8
109. 3
99.3
78.0
93.3
88.7
97.4
79.3
104.7
99.3
76.7
93.3
88.6
97.5
79.4
105.1
99.3
75.9
93.1
88.0
97.9
79.3
106.0
99.2
76.6
93.2
87.8
98.4
79.7
107.1
99.3
76.3
93.3
87.9
99.6
79.7
115.8
99.3
75.3
93.3
87.7
100.4
80.0
116.3
99.3
75.9
93.3
87.4
100.5
80.1
116.2
99.3
74.8
93.3
93. 5
87.6
88.4
101.3 100. 8
80.4
80.2
109.9 113. 5
99. 1 99.3
73.6
75.2
95.4
90.7
109.5
82.0
122.1
99.0
76.4
Hides, skins, leather, and leather products.
Hides and skins.— __________________
Leather____________________________
Footwear___________________________
Other leather products_______________
118. 9 3118.5
106.7
98.6
120.1 124.5
130.2 3129. 5
112.3 3112.4
117.8
108.5
120.4
128.2
110.1
108.5
87.7
103.6
123.6
103.4
105.4
73.0
101.0
123.3
100.8
104.1
68.7
99.3
123.2
99.2
103.6
66.6
99.2
123.1
98.2
102.3
65.1
94.7
122.9
97.4
101.4
62.0
92.8
122.8
97.2
100.2
59.0
91.3
121. 9
96.7
100.5
60.4
91.5
121.8
96.8
100.3
58.1
91.5
121.8
97.1
100.3
57.0
91.8
121.8
97.3
100.6
57. 5
92.3
122.1
97.5
99.4
55.2
90.2
121.1
98.0
Fuel, power, and lighting materials______
Coal_________ ___________________
Coke . . __________________________
Gas fuels 4___ ____________________ ..
Electric power 4.. ___________________
Petroleum and products______________
111.2 113.4
119.6 118.9
170.4 170.4
106.8 109.9
100.8 3100.9
115.0 118.3
114.0
119.3
170.4
108.6
100.8
119.4
115.0
124.6
170.4
113.1
100.9
119.9
114.8
126.2
170.4
112.0
100.8
119.5
113.9
125.3
163.1
112.7
100.7
118.2
112.9
123.7
161.9
107.8
100.7
117.2
112.6
123.8
161.9
106.0
100.8
116.9
113.0
123.8
161.9
106.3
100.9
117.5
114.1
122.7
161.9
104.1
100.8
119.7
113.7
121.9
161.9
102.0
100.8
119.2
111.9
121.1
161.9
97.9
100.1
117.1
110.7
120.3
161.9
97.4
100.1
115.3
112. 7
122.9
161.9
101.7
100.4
117.7
117.2
124.4
161.7
(')
(5)
127.0
Chemicals and allied products__________
Industrial chemicals_________________
Prepared paint. _ ___________________
Paint materials_____________________
Drugs and pharmaceuticals___________
Fats and oils, Inedible _ _____________
Mixed fertilizer. ____________________
Fertilizer materials. _______________
Other chemicals and allied products____
109.9 110.0
123.8 123.8
128.3 128.3
101.4 101.4
93.4 3 93.1
58.5 3 60.4
108 9 108.9
107.6 107.5
106.4 106.4
110.0
123.9
128.3
101.4
92.9
60.4
109.6
107.5
106.3
109.8
123.6
128.4
101.3
92.8
60.3
110.0
107.5
106.1
109.9
123.7
128.4
101.4
93.0
58.9
109.8
107.5
100.5
110.2
124.0
128.2
102.5
93.0
59.9
110.2
107.6
106.7
110.0
123.7
128.2
102.8
93.2
61.5
109.4
105. 3
106.2
no 2
123.6
128.2
102.7
93.2
64.7
109.8
105. 2
106.6
110.2
123.6
128.2
102.8
93.9
62.6
109.5
106.3
106.6
109.9
122.7
128.2
102.9
94.4
61.7
109.7
104.3
106.8
110.0
122.8
128.2
103.3
94.4
62.5
110.8
104.4
106.4
110.4
123.1
128.2
103.4
94.4
62.5
111. 1
108.0
107.0
110.7
123.5
128.2
103.4
94.5
61.9
111.2
110.3
107.4
110.4
i ¿ó- 5
128.3
103. 6
94. 0
62. 6
110. 7
108.0
106.8
109.5
123.5
126.3
100. 5
93.3
61.4
110.0
106.8
105.7
Rubber and rubber products____________
Crude rubber _____________________
Tires and tubes_____________________
Other rubber products_______________
147.3 3148.8
148.7 152.9
150.0 151.9
144.0 143.9
147.5
146.9
151.9
143.4
146.7
142.4
151.9
143.6
146.1
139.4
151.9
143.6
146.0
138.9
151.9
143.4
146.3
137.8
152.8
143.5
146. 6
142.6
152.8
142.3
146.1
140.1
152.8
142.4
145. 2
135.7
152.8
141.8
144.4
134.3
152.8
140.9
144.7
133.0
152.1
142.7
144.2
129.4
152.1
143.0
145.0
134.0
152.4
142. 7
145.2
141.3
150.9
140.9
Lumber and wood products____________ 128.7 3128.2
J, umber ___________________________ 130.0 3128.9
Millwork__________________________ 137.3 3137.5
P lyw ood
............................ 105.2 106.6
126.3
126.8
135.4
106.6
124.2
125.5
130.2
104.0
122.5
123.1
130.2
103.6
120.5
121.0
130.2
99.7
119.8
120.1
130. 5
99.1
120.0
120.2
130.5
100.1
120.8
120.8
130.5
102.7
120.4
121.0
127.6
102.0
118.6
119.0
126.8
100.2
116.8
116.7
127.3
98.3
116.4
116.8
127.1
94.9
117.7
118.0
128.2
97.1
119.0
119.7
128.3
96.4
Pulp, paper, and allied products
132.3
Woodpulp_________________________ 121.2
Wastepaper________________________ 115.9
FJaner_____________________________ 143.3
Paperboard ________________________ 136.2
Converted paper and paperboard products
__________________________ 127.6
Building paper and board____________ 146.7
132.0
121.2
110.5
143.3
136.2
132.2
121.2
115.7
143.3
136.2
132.0
121.2
115.7
142.1
136.2
131.7
121. 2
107.1
142.1
136.2
131.5
121.2
101.0
142.1
136.2
131.3
121.2
95.8
142.1
136.2
131.9
121.2
111.3
142.1
136.2
131.9
121.2
111.3
142.0
136.2
131.7
121.2
106.4
141.8
136.5
131.0
121.2
87.0
141.8
136.0
131.0
121.2
86.1
141.8
136.0
130.5
121.2
71.8
141.8
136.0
131.0
121.2
88.3
142.3
136.2
129.6
118.8
77.2
141.9
136.3
127.3
146.7
127.5
145.0
127.6
144.2
127.6
144.2
127.7
143.9
127.8
143.7
127.9
143.4
127.9
143.4
127.9
143.4
127.8
143.4
127.9
143.4
127.9
144.1
127.6
143.2
126.1
141.5
153.4
171.3
136.4
152.9
173.0
130.9
121.7
132.9
146.1
3153.0
170.4
3136.2
152.9
3173.0
130.9
121.7
132.9
3146.1
152.8
170.8
134.7
152.9
173.0
129.8
121.7
132.9
146.0
153.6
171.9
136.1
156.3
173.0
129.2
121.9
132.9
145.9
153.4
172.5
134.1
156.3
172.9
126.0
122.0
134.0
145.8
152.9
172.0
133.2
156.3
172.8
124.9
121.8
134.0
145.3
153.0
171.7
133.2
159.8
172.6
124.8
121.8
133.9
145.0
153.0
172.0
133. 7
156. 5
172.5
124.6
121.4
133.8
145.0
152.2
171.4
130.8
156.5
172.0
124.6
121.4
133.6
145.7
151.3
171.8
127.3
156.1
172.0
123.7
121.5
133.1
145. 4
150.8
171.3
126.1
155.7
172.0
119.9
121.2
133.3
145.4
148.8
167.0
124.9
155.7
171.7
119.9
121.2
133.1
145.0
148.8
166.7
124.8
155.7
171.7
122.8
121.0
133.7
145.0
150.4
168.8
127.7
155.7
170.8
123.7
121.2
133.9
145. 7
151.2
166.2
137.4
151.2
164.9
130.2
122. 1
133.8
144.8
Metals and metal products.. __________
iron and s te e l______________________
Non ferrous metals___________________
Metal containers____________________
FTardware.. _______________________
Plumbing equipment________________
Heating equipment. _______________ _
Fabricated structural metal products___
Fabricated nonstructural metal products.
See footnotes at end of table;
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 195»
964
T able D-8.
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities1—Continued
[1947-49=109, unless otherwise specified]
1958
1959
A nnual
a verage
C o m m o d it y gro u p
June2
M ay
A p r.
M ar.
Feb
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M a c h in e r y a n d m o tiv e p r o d u c ts ___________
A g r ic u ltu r a l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t s .
C o n str u c tio n m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t.
M e ta lw o r k in g m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t.
G en eral p u r p o se m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip
m e n t ____ ________ _______________________
M is c e lla n e o u s m a c h in e r y __________ ______
E le c tr ic a l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t ___
M o to r v e h ic le s ___________________________
152. 8
143. 3
172.1
173.5
3152. 5
3143.3
171.9
173.1
152.1
143.0
172.0
172.5
152.2
143.1
171.9
172.1
152.0
143.0
171.4
171.0
151.8
142.9
170. 9
170.8
151. 5
142. 9
170.3
170.6
151.2
141.8
168.0
170. 2
149.9
139.2
166.8
170.0
149.4
138.9
166.0
169.3
149.5
137.7
165.6
169.3
149.5
138. 4
165.6
169.7
149.5
149.8
138.3 3139.1
165.5
166.3
169.4
170.1
146.1
133.6
160.®
167.8
165.8
149.3
153.7
143.2
162.8
149.2
21 5 4 .1
143.2
162.8
149.2
153. 0
143.2
163.3
149.2
153.1
143.2
163.9
149.0
152.5
143.2
163.0
148.6
152.6
143.1
162.3
148.4
152.4
143.1
161. 6
147.9
152.4
142.8
160.2
147.6
152. 7
139.7
159. 3
147.4
152.7
139.0
158.8
147.6
152.8
139.0
159. 7
147.5
152.6
139.0
160.0
147.7
152.6
139.0
160.0
148. 1
152. 2
139.7
157.6
145. 2
149. 8
135.4
F u r n itu r e a n d o th e r h o u s e h o ld d u r a b l e s .. .
H o u s e h o ld f u r n itu r e ______________________
C o m m e rc ia l fu r n itu r e ____________________
F loor c o v e r in g ____________________________
H o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s ___________________
T e le v is io n , radio re ce iv e r s, a n d p h o n o
g r a p h s . _______ __________________________
O th e r h o u s e h o ld d u r a b le g o o d s .....................
123. 6
124.0
155.1
128.0
104.9
123.5
3123. 7
155.0
127.8
105.0
123.4
123.4
155.0
127.8
105.1
123.5
124.1
155. 0
127.2
105.0
123.3
124. 1
155.0
126. 3
104.8
123.3
124.1
155. 0
126. 1
105.0
122.8
123.9
155.0
126. 1
103.8
122.7
123.7
155.0
126. 1
103.8
123.0
123.0
155. 0
126.1
104.2
123.0
122.8
155.0
126.2
104.0
123.0
122.6
155.0
126. 7
1017
123. 2
122.6
155.0
126.7
1018
123.0
123.2
122. 5 123.0
154. 2 154. 6
127.9 3127. 8
104.9
104.7
1 22.2
122.6
150. 4
133 4
105.5
93 .4
156.7
93 .4
156.5
9 3 .4
156.2
93 .4
156.0
9 3 .2
156.0
93 .2
155.5
92. 5
155.5
9 2 .7
155.0
9 4 .9
155.0
9 4 .9
154.9
919
1517
95 0
155.1
9 3 .7
155.2
9 4 .4
155.1
94 .4
148.3
N o n m e t a llic m in e r a ls —s tr u c t u r a l__________
F la t g la s s _________________________________
C o n cr e te In g r e d ie n ts ______________________
C o n cr e te p r o d u c ts ________________________
S tr u c tu r a l c la y p r o d u c ts __________________
G y p s u m p r o d u c ts ________________________
P r e p a r e d a s p h a lt r o o fin g _________________
O th er n o n m e ta llic m in e r a ls ______________
137.6
135.2
140.2
129. 7
160.2
133.1
115.6
132.5
138.4
135.2
140.2
129.7
160.1
133.1
126.4
132.5
138.3
135.2
140. 2
129.4
160.0
133.1
126. 4
132.7
137.7
135.2
140.2
129.3
159.9
133.1
119.4
132.7
137.5
135.2
140.2
129.0
159.6
133.1
119. 8
131.7
137.2
135.2
140.2
128.6
159.3
133.1
118.5
131.4
136.9
135.2
139.2
128.4
158.8
133.1
118.5
131.4
136. 7
135. 0
139.1
128.1
1.58.4
133. 1
118.5
131.2
136.7
135.0
139.1
128.1
158.2
133.1
118.5
131.2
136.7
135.0
139.1
127.9
158.2
133.1
118.5
131.2
135.2
135.3
139.1
128. 1
155.6
133.1
103.3
131. 2
135.3
135.7
139.0
128. 4
155.6
133.1
103.3
131.2
135.2
135. 7
138.9
128.3
155.6
133. 1
103.3
131.2
136.0
135.4
139.0
128.1
156.5
132.1
112. 8
131.2
134.6
135.7
136.0
126.4
154.6
127.1
122.3
1 28.»
T o b a c c o m a n u fa ctu r e s a n d b o ttle d b e v
e r a g e s ____ _______ _________ ______ _______
C ig a r e tte s _________________________________
C ig a r s ________ _____ _____ __________________
O th er to b a c co m a n u fa c tu r e s ........ ...................
A lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s .. ___________ _____ _
N o n a lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s ___________________
132.2
1-34. 8
106.6
152.8
121.7
132.2
134.8
106.6
152.8
121. 7
171.1
132.1
134.8
106.6
150.9
121.7
171.1
128.9
134.8
106.6
148.3
121. 7
148.9
128.6
134.8
106.6
139.7
121.7
148.9
128.6
134.8
106. 6
139.7
121.7
148.9
128.7
134.8
106.6
139.7
121. 7
149.3
128.8
134. 8
106.6
139.7
121.7
149.3
128.0
134.8
106.6
139.7
171.1
132.2
134.8
106.6
152.8
121. 7
171.1
128.0
1318
106.6
139.7
120. 1
149.3
128.0
134.8
106. 6
L39.7
120.1
149.3
128. 0
134.8
108.6
139. 7
120.1
149.3
128.2
134.8
106.6
140.5
120. 5
149.3
126.1
129.4
105.0
136.8
119.5
149.2
9 1 .0
95 .2
98 .8
97 .0
9 8 .5
100.8
100.9
9 3 .2
91. 2
92.5
95 .6
97 .2
93 .7
9 4 .2
89.6
117.0
6 9 .0
97 .5
117.0
7 6 .6
9 7 .5
116.9
8 2 .9
97 .5
117.2
79.6
9 7 .5
117.9
8 2 .2
97 .5
117.8
86 .2
97 .5
118. 6
86 .4
97 .5
118.6
72.6
97. 5
118.6
6 9 .0
97. 5
118.6
71.4
97 .5
119.3
76.8
97 .5
119.1
79.7
9 7 .5
119.1
73 .3
9 7 .5
119.0
74 .4
9 7 .5
117.7
67 .3
97.3
108.1
132.0
108.1
132.3
108.2
108.2
132.6
108.1
1 3 2.4
108.1
132.6
107.9
132.4
107.9
107.8
132. 2
107.7
132.4
107.7
132.4
107.8
132. 3
107.8
132.6
107.6
132.2
107.5
128.4
M isc e lla n e o u s p r o d u c ts ________ __________
T o y s , sp o r tin g go o d s, sm a ll a rm s, a n d
a m m u n it io n _____________________________
M a n u fa c tu r e d a n im a l f e e d s ______________
N o t io n s a n d a c c e sso r ie s___________________
J e w e lry , w a tc h e s , and
p h o to g r a p h ic
e q u ip m e n t. _______________ _____ _______
O th er m is c e lla n e o u s p r o d u c ts ____________
132.6
149.3
1957
8Not available.
1See Note and footnote 1, table D-7.
2Preliminary.
»Revised.
8January 1958—100.
T able D-9.
132.2
120 1
1958
S o u r c e : U.S. Department ef Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1
[1947-49= 100]
1959
1958
Annual
average
Commodity group
June2 May Apr. Mar. Feb.
All foods_______ ____________ ______________________
All fish___ ________ ___ ___________________________
Special metals and metal products__ _________________
Metalworking machinery____ _______ _______________
Machinery and equipment___ ______ ________________
Agricultural machinery (including tractors)____________
Total tractors_____________________________________
Steel-mill products..___ ____________________________
Construction materials8____________________________
Soaps____ ___________ __________ _________________
Synthetic detergents________________________________
Refined petroleum products___ ____ _________________
East Coast petroleum___ ______ ________________
Mid-continent petroleum________________________
Gulf Coast petroleum___ _________ ______________
Pacific Coast petroleum.________________________
Pulp, paper and products, excl. bldg, paper____________
Bituminous coal, domestic sizes._____ ________________
Lumber and wood products, excl. millwork____ ______
1See Note and footnote 1, table D-7.
2Preliminary. 2 Revised.
8This index was formerly Building materials.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
104.8
123.5
150.7
181.6
158.1
144.7
153.2
188.1
135. 8
108.8
104.7
121.7
3150. 5
181.1
3157. 7
3144. 7
153.0
188.1
3135.8
108.8
105.0
122.7
150.3
180. 4
157.1
144.5
152.9
188.2
134. 7
108.8
101.2 101.2 101.3
112.2 116.1 117.5
107.3 108.8 110.0
115.2 120.8 121.4
113.7 119.6 121.0
108.6 105.5 109.5
132.0 131. 6 131.9
120.7 118.8 119.2
127.7 3127.1 125.3
104.1
128.2
150.9
180.1
157.2
144. 5
152.9
188. 2
133.8
108.8
101.3
118.1
111.3
105.4
133.7
150. 7
178. 7
156.9
144. 5
152. 9
188.4
133.3
109.2
101.3
117. 6
111.3
121.3
108. 1
131.6
125. 3
123.7
121.3
112.4
131.3
128.9
121.7
122.6 120.1
Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June
106.3
135.4
150. 4
178. 6
156.6
144.4
152. 6
188.4
132.4
110. 5
101. 3
115.8
110.0
117.7
120.3
109.4
131.2
128.9
119.2
106.3
134.8
150.4
178. 2
156.3
144 2
152.8
188.3
132.0
108.6
101. 3
114.3
109. 3
116.6
117.6
107. 5
130.0
126. 3
118.3
107.4
128.3
150. 4
177. 8
155.9
142.8
150.6
188.3
132.0
108. 5
101.3
113.9
108. 0
116.1
116.6
108.3
129.6
148.8
177. 4
155.4
139.9
148.2
187. 6
132.1
108. 5
101.3
114.6
108.0
118.1
116. 3
109.3
130. 1
147.9
178.0
155.1
139.5
147.0
188. 1
132.0
109.8
101.3
117.2
109.2
117. 5
108. 5
129.9
147. 5
178. 1
155.0
138. 4
146. 1
187.8
130.6
107.7
101. 3
116.6
108.4
116.4
120.6 120.6
110.6 110.6 121.3
131.6 131. 6 131.4
126. 1 125. 6 124.2
118, 6 119. 6 119. 6
1958
1957
110. 2 110.6 109.5
131.2
146.2
178. 0
155.2
138.9
147.0
183.0
129.6
107.7
101.3
114.1
107.7
131.5
146.3
178.0
155.2
138.7
146.8
183.0
129.5
107.7
101.3
111.9
108.6
104.0
119.4
146.9
176.1
151. 9
133.7
141.3
178.9
130.6
104.5
101.2 99.0
114.8 125.8
128.5
147. 6
178.0
155.2
139.7
147.9
185.1
130.5
108.1
110.2 122.0
112.0 112.0 114. 5 124.3
119.7 114. 3 117. 7 128.8
118.3 112.2 117.3 132.3
130.6 130. 1 130.7 129.3
120. 8 118.8
123.0 121.5
114.9 116. 2
121.3
130.7
123. 0
117.6 115. 4
S o u r c e : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistic».
117.7
D.— CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able D-10.
965
Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing 1
11947-49=100}
1959
1958
Annual
average
Commodity group
June2 May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan.
All commodities____________________________ .
119.6 3119. 9
120.0
Dec. Nov. Oct.
Sept. Aug. July June
1958
1957
Crude materials for further processing........................... .
Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs______________
Crude nonfood materials except fuel_______________
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for manufacturing .............. ..................... ...... ...........
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for construction________ _____________ _____
Crude fuel _________ ___________________
Crude fuel for manufacturing_________________
Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing industry
98.5
88.8 89.7
113.2 112.3
99.6
91.1
112.6
111.8 110.9 111.2
119.6 119.5 119. 5 119. 2 119.2 119.0 119.1 119.1 119.2 119.2 119.2 117.6
98.9 98.0 98.1 97.0 98.4 98.0 98.4 99. 1 100.0 100 7 99 4 97 2
89.8 89.0 89. 7 88.4 89.9 89.3 90.7 92.1 94 3 95 7 92 8 87 7
112.7 111.3 110.5 no. l 111. 2 111.1 109.6 109.3 107.7 107.0 108.4 112.5
111.3 109.8 109.0 108.6 109.8 109.7 108.1 107.8 106.0 105. 2 106.8 111.5
140.2 140.2
120.1 120.3
119.7 119.9
120.7 121.0
140.2
120.3
119.9
120.9
140.2
125.4
124. S
126.3
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components..........
Intermediate materials and components for manufacturing______________________________
Intermediate materials for food manufacturing__
Intermediate materials for nondurable manufacturing_______ _________________
Intermediate materials for durable manufacturing
Components for manufacturing......... ............. .......
Materials and components for construction................
Processed fuels and lubricants_____________
Processed fuels and lubricants for manufacturing...
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanufacturlng industry_____________ _____________
Containers, nonreturnable___________________ ____
Supplies____________________________ __ ____
Supplies for manufacturing____________ ______
Supplies for nonmanufaeturing industry________
Manufactured animal feeds...............................
Other supplies____ __________ ________
Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods and
fuels!__ ______ _____ ______ _______ _____
Consumer finished goods ..... .......................
Consumer foods _____________ ... .
Consumer crude foods___________________
Consumer processed foods___________ ____
Consumer other nondurable goods_____________
Consumer durable goods________________ ____
Producer finished goods_________________
Producer goods for manufacturing industries
Producer goods for nonmanufacturing industries..
127.1 3127.4 127.2 126.7 126.5 126.3 126.3 125. 7 125.4 125.4 125.3
129.5 3129.3 128. 6 128.2 128.0 127.7 127 8 127.8 127.6 127.3 127 2
99.5 99.0 97.4 97.7 98.5 99.2 100 4 101.2 101.4 101. 5 101.8
106.8 106.8 106.4 105.2 104.8 104. 5 104. 5 104.3 104.2 104. 1 104. 2
158.4 158.1 157.7 157.6 157.1 156.6 156.6 156.6 156. 2 155.4 155. 0
152.1 3151. 9 150. 9 151. 1 151.0 150.8 150.7 150. 7 150. 2 149. 8 149. 5
137.4 3137.2 136.5 135.7 135.3 134. 5 134. 2 134.1 134.2 133.7 132. 7
105.2 107. 0 107.3 107.4 106.8 105.9 105. 6 105.4 105. 6 107. 7 107 6
104.8 106.2 106.4 106.6 106.2 105.3 105.0 104.8 104.9 106.6 106.5
106.0 108.3 108.8 108.7 108.0 106. 9 106.6 106.5 106. 9 109. 6 109. 5
136.6 136. 6 136.7 137.8 138.0 137.8 138. 7 138.0 137.9 137.7 137.7
114. 5 116.7 118.3 117.2 117.6 118.7 118.6 114.9 113.5 113.7 114. 8
142.2 3142.2 141.8 141. 6 141.3 140. 6 140. 5 140.3 140. 5 139.3 138 2
101.8 104.7 107.0
105.6 106.2 107.9 107.9 103.0 101.0 101.8 103 5
68.1 76.0
78.7 80.9 85.2 85.6 72.4 66.9 69. 5 74.0
121.6 121.5 182.0
21.6 121.3 121.1 121.1 120.9
120.9 121.0 120.7 120. 9
120.4 3120. 6 120.8 120.6 120.7 120.8 120. 5 120.6 120.6 120. 9 120. 6
112.4 3112.6 112.9 112.7 112.9 113. 1 112.8 113.0 113.3 113.7 113.3
105.6 105.5 106.2 105.6 106.8 107.8 107.6 108. 5 109.6 110.8 n o o
86.6 87.5 92.1 89.4 95.3 95. 1 95. 5 97.8 100.6 100. 6 94. 1
109.6 109.3 109.2 109.0 109.3 110.5 110.2 110.9 111. 5 113.0 113. 3
112.83113.5 113.6 113.7 113.1 112.7 112.2 112.0 112.2 112.2 112.0
126.7 126.6 126.5 126. 5 126.4 126.4 126. 1 126.0 125.0 124.6 124. 7
153.3 3153.2 152.9 152.8 152.4 152.2 152. 0 151. 6 150. 3 150.1 150 0
158.1 158.0 157.8 157.6 157.2 157.1 156.7 156.3 155.0 154.8 154. 6
149.3 3149.3 148.7 148.7 148.4 148. 2 148.0 147.5 146.3 146.1 146.2
98.2
1 See footnote 1, table D-7.
* Preliminary.
3 Revised.
140.2
126.4
125.9
127.2
140.2
126. 1
125.7
126.7
139. 2 139. 1
123. 5 123.0
123. 1 122.6
124.1 123.6
139.1 139. 1 139.1
123.1 121. 8 120.6
122.7 121.4 120 3
123.7 122.3 121.1
139.0
118. 8
118. 5
119.2
138.9 139.0 136.0
118 2 121 2 119 7
117 9 120 9 119 4
118. 5 121.8 120.1
125.0 124.7 125.3 125.1
126. 7 126 9 127 2 126 9
99.9
102.6 103.4 102.2
104 3
152.9
149. 6
132 1
106 0
105.1
104 5
152 9
149 4
132 1
105 0
104 5
104.7
154.3
149 5
132 9
106 5
105.8
105 7
153 2
148.3
132. 9
113 0
107.6
137.5
116.1
139 1
105.0
77. 7
106.0
137.4
114 6
139 4
102 9
71. 7
107.7
137.4
115 1
139 9
103 4
73 0
116.0
134.3
112. 5
137 6
101 1
67. 6
120.7
124. 7
150 0
154 6
146. 0
124 7
150 0
154 7
146.0
125.0
150 3
155 0
146.4
123 3
146 7
151 2
142.9
111.2
121.0 121.2 121.2
120. 8 120. 7 120. 8 118.1
113.7 113. 6 113.5 111.1
111. 5 111. R n o . 5 104. 5
95. 7 93 2 101.0 95J)
114. 8 115 5 112 6 106 4
111 4 111.0 111.7 112 4
N o t e : For a description of these series, see New B L S Economic Sector
Indexes of Wholesale Prices, Monthly Labor Review, December 1955 (n.
1448).
^
S o u k c e : U .S . Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
T able D--11.
Indexes of wholesale prices, by durability of product
fl 947-49= 1001
1959
1958
Annual
average
Commodity group
A ll commodities__________ ___________
Total durable goods _______________
Total nondurable goods___ _____ _
Total manufactures__________________
Durable manufactures______________
Nondurable manufactures _________
Total raw or slightly processed goods___
Durable raw or slightly processed goods.
Nondurable raw or slightly processed
goods.................. ..................................
1Preliminary.
Revised.
1
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June1 May
Apr.
119.6 2119. 9
146.0 2145.8
105.2 105.8
125.7 125.9
147.2 2147.0
108.7 109.2
99.1
99.5
111.0 108.4
120.0
98.4
99.0
Mar.
119. 6
145. 4 145.4
106. 2 105.6
125. 8 125.5
146.6 146.4
109.4 108.8
100. 6 100.1
109.7 116.2
100.1
99.2
Feb.
119.5
145.1
105. 5
125.3
146.2
108.7
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1958
119.2
142.1
106.8
124 6
143 3
109.8
101.3
106.8
119. 2
142 1
106. 8
124. 5
143 3
109. 7
101 4
106.1
119. 2
142 8
106 4
124 5
144 n
109 2
101 6
m 3
119.2
144. 5
105.4
125.1
145.6
108.8
99.5
111.7
119.2
144.4
105.5
124.8
145.4
108.4
119.0
143.7
105.6
124.5
144.7
108.5
119.1
143.2
106.1
124.6
144.3
109.1
115.5
119. 5
144. 7
105.7
125.2
145.8
108.9
100.3
113.4
114.4
113.7
111.5
119.1
142.8
106. 2
124.6
143. 9
109.4
100. 6
111.7
99.3
99.6
98.8
99.8
100.0
100.4
100.0 101.0 101.2 101.2
100.2
100.6 100.8 101.0
1957
117 6
141 4
104 7
123 2
142 n
108 4
08 0
122.3
97.7
N ote: For a description of these series and data beginning with 1947, see
Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1957, BLS Bull. 1235 (1958).
Sottkce: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1959
966
E.—Work Stoppages
T able E - l.
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
Workers involved in stoppages
Number of stoppages
Month and year
1Q4*
1Q4fi
1Q47
1048
1Q4Q
1pso
~
_ ___________________
...................... ........ .............
_________ ______ ____
_ _______ ____- _____ _______
___________________
__________________
_ ______________ __________
......................................................
_ __ .............................................
_ ......... ....................................... _ _ ____________________
____________________
__ __ ________________
_________________
10*1
119*3
0*2
10*4
19**
19*fi
10*7
1953
Beginning in
month or year
In efleet dur
ing month
1958: June __ - ___________________________________
July________________________________________
August________ ___
_____ -- _____ - - - --September___________________________________
October_____________________________________
November_____________________ _____________
December____________________________________
1959: January 8------- --------------------------- ------------------February 8_______________ __________________
March 8__________________________________ —
April2______________________________________
M ay2 ___ _____ ____ ___
______________
June 2_____________________ _________________
225
200
150
200
250
350
400
450
<The data include all known work stoppages involving six or more workers
and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved and
man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as one shift in establish
ments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or
secondary effects on other establishments or industries whose employees are
made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
In effect dur
ing month
1,130,000
2,380, 000
3, 470, 000
4, 600,000
2,170, 000
1,960,000
3, 030,000
2, 410, 000
2, 220,000
3, 540,000
2, 400, 000
1, 530, 000
2, 650, 000
1, 900, 000
1,390, 000
2,060, 000
2,862
573
4, 750
4, 985
3,693
3, 419
3| 606
4, 843
4, 737
5; 117
5,091
3, 468
4.320
3,825
3; 673
3, 694
350
350
300
400
300
Beginning in
month or year
Man-days idle during month
or year
Number
Percent of esti
mated work
ing time
16,900,000
39, 700,000
38, 000,000
116,000, 000
34, 600, 000
34,100.000
50, 500,000
38, 800, 000
22,900,000
59,100, 000
28,300, 000
22, 600, 000
28,200, 000
33,100, 000
18, 500. 000
23, 900,000
0.27
.46
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
.28
.26
.29
. 14
.22
500
525
475
575
525
400
300
160,000
160,000
140, 000
400, 000
450, 000
225,000
60, 000
250,000
240,000
250,000
600, 000
525, 000
300,000
180, 000
1,650,000
1, 700,000
2,000,000
2, 500, 000
5, 250,000
2, 500,000
2,000,000
.18
.18
325
300
350
475
550
700
75,000
75, 000
90, 000
175, 000
175, 000
185,000
150,000
140,000
150,000
250,000
300, 000
325,000
2,000,000
1, 500,000
.23
.18
1, 000 , 000
.1 1
2, 500,000
2. 750, 000
2, 750,000
.22
.28
.53
.30
.21
.26
.30
.28
8 Preliminary.
N ote: For a description of this series, sec Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BL8 Bull. 1168 (1954).
S o u k c e : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Responsibility for the collection and compilation of all statistics on housing and con
struction activity was shifted from the Bureau of Labor Statistics to the Bureau of the
Census of the U.S. Department of Commerce on July 1, 1959 Future issues of the
Review will no longer include the building and construction tables (F -l through F-6).
These series are being continued by the Bureau of the Census and current data may be
obtained from that agency.
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BLS Bull. 1240-15: Occupational Wage Survey, Los Angeles-Long Beach,
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BLS Bull. 1242: Population and Labor Force Projections for the United
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BLS Bull. 1243: Trends in Building Permit Activity. 123 pp.
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BLS Bull. 1245: Union Wages and Hours: Building Trades, July 1, 1958,
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BLS Report No. 145: Work Injuries and Injury Rates in the Manufacture
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Union Conventions, 1959, National and International Unions, State Organiza
tions. 9 pp.
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