Full text of Monthly Labor Review : August 1958, Vol. 81, No. 8

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Monthly
Review


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

AUGUST

1958

VOL.

81

NO.

Characteristics o f Pension Plans
Evolution in the W orker’s H ousing Since 1900
R ights of Union Members Under State Law

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

James P. Mitchell, Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E w an C lague,
H enry

J.

H erm an

W.

Commissioner

F it z g e r a l d ,

B.

B yer,

D u a n e E v ans,

P h il ip A r n o w ,

Assistant Commissioner

Assistant Commissioner
Assistant Commissioner

Assistant Commissioner

Arnold E. C hase, Chief, Division of Construction Statistics
H. M, D outy, Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
J oseph P. G oldberg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
L eon G reenberg , Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
R ichard F. J ones, Chief, Office of Management
W alter G. K eim , Chief, Office of Field Service
P aul R. K erschbaum, Chief, Office of Program Planning
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Office of Publications
F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards
H. E . R iley , Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
Abe R othman, Acting Chief, Office of Statistical Standards
Oscar W eigert , Special Assistant to the Commissioner
M orris W eisz, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
F aith M. W illiams, Chief, Office of Labor Economics
Seymour L. W olfbein , Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics

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Monthly Labor Review
U N IT E D STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR

•

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Lawrence R. Klein, Editor-in-Chief
Mary S. Bedell, Executive Editor

CONTENTS

Special Articles
845
854

Characteristics of Pension Plans
Evolution in the Worker’s Housing Since 1900

Summaries of Studies and Reports
862
866
866
868
871
877
879
882
886
888

The Role of Government in Manpower Policy
The Interstate Conference on Labor Statistics
Arbitration and Industrial Jurisprudence
A Survey of Training Needs for Skilled Metal Trades Workers
State Laws on Rights of Members in Internal Union Affairs
Free Labor and the European Economic Community
Labor-Management Relations Under the Railway Labor Act, 1934-57
Wage Chronology No. 6: Armour and Co.—Supplement No. 5—1956-58
Wage Chronology No. 20: Massachusetts Shoe Manufacturing—Supplement
No. 2-1954-58
Wholesale Price Movements in Three Recessions

Departments
hi

891
891
892
896
899
898
906
914

TH E FEDERAL CIVIL SERVICE


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The Labor Month in Review
Union Conventions, September 16 to October 15, 1958
Conferences and Institutes, September 16 to October 15, 1958
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Erratum
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics

August 1958 • Voi. 81 • No. 8

Digest of One Hundred Selected Pension Plans
Under Collective Bargaining, Winter 1957-58

This bu lletin (No. 1232) presents th e p rin cip al features
of one h u n d red pension p la n s in effect during the w inter
1957-58.
These features, w hich a re sum m arized in a
form su itab le for quick reference, include:
★

Participation requirements

i?

Normal, early, and disability retirement

★

Benefit amounts

★

Compulsory and automatic retirement

ic

Vesting

★

Survivor options and death benefits

ic

Plan administration

★

Financing

A n article entitled "C haracteristics of P ension P lan s"
a n a ly z in g th e p rin cip al provisions of these p la n s a p p e a rs
on p a g e 8 4 5 of this issue of the M onthly L abor Review.
Send order (accompanied by check or money order) to the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C ,
or to any of the following Bureau of Labor Statistics regional offices:
341 9th A ve.
New York 1, N. Y .


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Boston 10, Mass.

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Price, 45 cents a copy

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The Labor Month
in Review
T h e August 18 to 22 meeting of the AFL-CIO
Executive Council faced internal problems which
affected a sizable cross section of the trade union
movement. Generally, they were traceable to
various types of working alliances in effect or in
prospect between affiliates of the Federation and
the expelled Teamsters union. George Meany,
president of the AFL-CIO, on August 1 laid
down the principles which in his opinion should
govern relations with the Teamsters.
In a communication to William A. Lee, presi­
dent f the Chicago Federation of Labor, in
rebuttal to an editorial the Chicago organization
printed in its newspaper suggesting that the
Teamsters be readmitted to the AFL-CIO, Mr.
Meanv pointed out that the same corrupt influ­
ences which brought about the Teamster’s
expulsi rn were still dominant in that union. The
editorial had maintained that the interests of
many unions required the reaffiliation of the
Teamsters. Self-interest, the Meany letter said,
“is a compelling force, but it cannot justify an
alliance which, in effect, dignifies and promotes
the maintenance of a union leadership marked
by a betrayal of union trust,” and encourages
restrictive legislation.
Another problem confronting the Executive
Council was the refusal of Maurice Hutcheson,
the Carpenters union president, to answer certain
questions put to him by the Senate Rackets
Committee, a refusal which infringed on the
AFL-CIO Ethical Practices Code, and which
prompted the committee to vote a contempt
citation for him.
Mortimer Brandenburg early in August was
chosen as president of the Distillery Workers to
succeed Joseph O’Neill, who resigned. The
union’s probationary status as an AFL-CIO
affiliate was to be reviewed by the Executive
Council at the August meeting. Anthony Cilento
had previously resigned as secretary-treasurer of
the 32,000-member union and ultimately pleaded


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guilty to receiving kickbacks from union members’
insurance premiums.
R. H o ffa also was in trouble with the com­
mittee, following his reappearance before it be­
ginning August 5. He faced possible perjury
charges as a result of testimony contradicting a
contention of Hoffa’s during his session with the
committee a year ago. At that time, he swore
that Embrel Davidson, a prize fighter sponsored
by Hoffa and his Teamster-official associate Owen
Brennan, was not paid from union funds. David­
son, at the current hearings, said that he had
drawn more than $8,000 in wages from the Mich­
igan Teamsters’ Health and Welfare Fund,
although he performed no services for the organ­
ization. Upon interrogation, Hoffa said the
money would be restored, but pleaded ignorance
of the situation.
Other revelations ranged from Hoffa’s phe­
nomenal luck at the race tracks (more than
$60,000 net in 7 years), to payoffs by Detroit
laundry owners to avoid strikes, to the continued
presence of convicted criminals on Teamster pay­
rolls. Chairman John L. McClellan of the com­
mittee was moved to a public characterization of
Hoffa reminiscent in tone and style of the com­
ments of the Brobdingnagian king after Gulliver’s
description of 18th century England.
“I am saddened by the impact of the testimony
of this witness,” Senator McClellan said. “The
conclusion is inescapable that under the character
of the leadership now being given the largest
union in the country, the prospects of restoring
integrity are getting dimmer . . .
“. . . you have created the impression . . .
that the reason you don’t act is that you are in
the same category as the people you fail to take
action against.”

J a m es

t h e opposite pole of labor events, the news
was brighter. William L. McFetridge, president
of the Building Service Employees Union and an
AFL- CIO vice president, on August 7 received the
Fraternal Order of Eagles Green-Murray award
for 1958. The citation referred to his work in
civic affairs, the labor movement, and endeavors
to end job discrimination because of age.
George M. Harrison, president of the Railway
Clerks and also an AFL-CIO vice president, was
named by President Eisenhower to the United

At

in

IV

States delegation to the 13th session of the United
Nations General Assembly, scheduled to convene
September 16.
Practically all former AFL and CIO State
organizations had completed merger by midAugust. The large Wisconsin groups united on
July 24, and Kentucky became the 40th in line on
August 8. Massachusetts agreed to merge by
late fall. By November, merger will also have
been achieved (if present schedules hold) in
Rhode Island, Illinois, Pennsylvania, California,
and Idaho, leaving only New York and New
Jersey with dual State federations.
Two chemical unions—the Oil, Chemical and
Atomic Workers and the International Chemical
Workers, both AFL-CIO affiliates—on August 11
began talks which, according to the expressed
hopes of each, would lead to amalgamation.
Another proposal would write the Brotherhood of
Railroad Trainmen with the Railway Conductors
and Brakemen.
in J uly , a brief strike of 8,000 cap makers
in several States accomplished its purpose of a
wage increase (5 percent) and an agreement for
a joint labor-management promotional effort to
stimulate sales and drive out sweatshop compe­
tition. The walkout and its objectives in many
respects resembled that of eastern dressmakers
earlier in the year.
At mid-August, with a new model year fast
approaching, there were no apparent signs of a
settlement between the United Automobile Work­
ers and the managements of Ford, General Motors,
and Chrysler. The union had completed a strike
vote among its members in all three firms and
the union negotiating teams had asked the UAW
executive board for permission to strike. Sporadic
wildcat strikes and company charges of sabotage
of products were prevalent throughout July. On
July 30, the union filed unfair labor practices
charges against the Chrysler Corp., complaining
of unilateral actions without prior bargaining.
Union members have been working without con­
tracts in Big Three plants since June. Pending
the outcome of the auto negotiations, existing
contracts of the UAW with John Deere and Co.,
Caterpillar Tractor Co., and Electric Auto Lite
Corp., have been extended past fheir expiration
dates.
The 5-year contract (which has 2 years to run)

L ate


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

between the General Electric Co. and the Inter­
national Union of Electrical Workers can be
reopened this year on employment security issues,
and the IUE has declared its intention to seek
supplemental unemployment benefits, threatening
a strike as the price of refusal. The company
indicated that if such were the case it would let
the strike “run its course.” Negotiations were to
begin September 2.
An emergency board appointed under the Rail­
way Labor Act in the bitterly contested Eastern
Airlines case recommended that the third man in
the flight crew manning jet airliners should be a
qualified pilot. However, it also recommended
that present flight engineers be given preferred
opportunities to qualify. The makeup of the
crew had prompted a jurisdictional dispute be­
tween the Air Line Pilots Association and the
Flight Engineers. The latter union rejected the
finding, as did American Airlines, although the
board’s report applied directly only to Eastern.
The Pilots’ organization expressed approval. In
the Eastern case, the board also recommended
salary and pension increases for crew members.
On July 30, Trans World Airlines and the Flight
Engineers concluded a 2-year contract calling for
salary increases based on the recommendations of
a different factfinding board. Pilot qualifications
were not required.
Stimulated by a Congressional appropriation of
$1.5 million for the purpose, the National Labor
Relations Board late in July announced that on
September 1 it would effectuate new standards to
govern its jurisdiction over cases. The general
result will be to assert jurisdiction over a large
number of the cases which the States cannot ac­
cept and which the NLRB currently elects not to
handle—about 20 percent of the present caseload.
In Amsterdam, late in July, the 25th Congress
of the International Transport Workers Federa­
tion called for a boycott of ships flying “flags of
convenience.” These are vessels owned in one
country but registered in another to avoid taxes
and high labor standards and wages. Earlier in
the month, the Finnish Seamen’s Union took
similar action.
An African Labor College, located in Uganda,
will be established by the International Confeder­
ation of Free Trade Unions to develop and train
leaders for unions in African countries.

Characteristics of Pension Plans
An Analysis of the Principal Provisions
of 100 Selected Pension Plans under
Collective Bargaining, Winter 1957-58
W alter W . K olodrubetz*

T he primary purpose of a pension plan is to
provide an income for life to workers who retire.
Despite this common basic purpose, pension
plans—still a relatively new development insofar
as many wage earners are concerned—differ
widely in their rules, requirements, and benefits.
They are subject to modification as conditions
change, particularly if they come within the area
of collective bargaining. Although pension plans
may not change as frequently as health and insur­
ance plans, which are essentially short-term com­
mitments, or other provisions of collective bar­
gaining agreements, bargaining experience of
recent years, and changes in the Social Security
Act which stimulate adjustments in private plans,
have demonstrated that pension plans, too, must
be considered as fluid rather than static programs.

Scope of Plans

This article describes the principal features of
pension plans under collective bargaining as of
late 1957 and early 1958. It is based upon a
digest of 100 selected plans recently completed by
the U. S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor
Statistics.1 The plans were selected because they
covered large numbers of workers in major indus­
tries, or illustrated different approaches to pension
planning, or because of widespread public interest
as manifested in inquiries received by the Bureau.
Though the plans were not selected as typical or
model plans or as a representative sample of all
plans under collective bargaining, their provisions
illustrate the scope, substance, and variety of
pension plans currently in effect.

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The 100 pension plans studied included plans
established for the first time as the result of col­
lective bargaining and plans established originally
by either the employer or the union but since
brought within the scope of the agreement, at
least to the extent that the agreement established
employer responsibility to continue or provide
certain benefits. The number of workers covered
by each plan ranged from about a thousand to
several hundred thousand. In total, about 3.3
million workers under collective bargaining2 were
covered, or roughly a third of the estimated
number of workers covered by all pension plans
under collective bargaining. Sixty-six of the plans
were in effect in manufacturing industries (cover­
ing approximately 2.1 million workers) and 34 in
nonmanufacturing industries (covering approxi­
mately 1.2 million workers). Sixty-one plans
were restricted to single companies and covered
slightly over 1.7 million workers. Multiemployer
programs accounted for the remaining 39 plans
but covered almost as many workers. Eighty-six
plans, covering almost 2.9 million workers, were
financed solely by the employer (noncontributory
plans) .3 Fourteen were financed by both the
employer and employee (contributory plans).
*Of the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
1 Digest of One Hundred Selected Pension Plans Under Collective Bar­
gaining, Winter 1957-58, BLS Bull. 1232.
2 Many plans were extended uniformly to cover workers outside the scope
of the collective bargaining agreement. However, the coverage figures used
represent only the number of workers under collective bargaining agreements
covered by the plans.
2
Three such plans gave the workers an option to contribute to a supple­
mentary plan to build up additional benefits. Two other plans provided
the workers an option to contribute to another plan which was in lieu of
the basic noncontributory pension. In these cases, only the basic noncon­
tributory plans were analyzed.

845

846
Participation Requirements

Participation in a pension plan is not necessarily
automatic for the newly hired worker. In order
to participate in a pension plan, that is, build up
credits toward retirement, the employee may be
required to complete a specified period of employ­
ment, reach a certain age, or both. Over onefourth of the 100 plans studied contained such
provisions (almost all of the contributory plans
and about a sixth of the noncontributory plans).
The minimum service and age requirements found
generally ranged from less than 1 year to 5 years
of service and from 25 to 35 years of age. In the
absence of such requirements, the worker is
eligible to join the plan upon employment or
shortly thereafter.
In addition to minimum participation require­
ments, a plan may specify an age beyond which the
worker cannot join the plan, e. g., age 45. Such
a requirement is not common. However, older
workers may also be excluded by requiring that
the worker must have a certain number of years
of service in order to receive benefits and by
providing that service cannot be counted for
retirement purposes beyond a specified age, e. g.,
age 68. To illustrate: A plan which required that
a worker have 10 years of credited service to
qualify for a benefit also specified that service
beyond age 68 could not be counted for retirement
purposes. As a result, newly hired workers age 58
and over could not join the plan and still qualify
for a benefit.
Types of Benefits

Three types of retirement benefits were provided
by the plans studied, although not by each plan:
Normal, early, and disability retirement. Under
a normal retirement provision, the worker becomes
entitled to a benefit, having otherwise qualified,
upon reaching the normal retirement age specified
in the plan. In general, this is the earliest age at
which the qualified worker may choose to retire
and receive the full benefit his length of service,
amount of earnings, or both, entitles him to under
the normal retirement provision of the plan. All
plans made provision for normal retirement.
All but 8 specified 65 as the normal retirement
age. Seven specified 60, and the other one, age 70.
Seven plans provided a lower normal retirement

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

age for women. Specific service requirements had
to be met in slightly over three-fourths of the
plans. Ten and 15 years of credited service were
the most common requirements found. In over
two-thirds of the 100 plans, the worker must have
been employed for 10 or more years to meet
minimum qualifications for normal benefits.
Under early retirement provisions (71 plans),
a worker may retire prior to the specified normal
retirement age and receive an immediate, but
usually reduced, benefit. In contrast to normal
retirement, under which retirement is at the option
of the worker, early retirement in slightly more
than a fourth of these plans was contingent upon
the consent of the employer. Age and service
requirements for early retirement varied con­
siderably. Age 55 or 60 was the most common
minimum age requirement found. In addition,
a majority of the plans required the worker to
complete 10 or 15 years of credited service in
order to qualify.
The purpose of a disability retirement provision
(70 plans) is to permit workers who become totally
and permanently disabled, and who do not qualify
for benefits under the normal or early retirement
provisions, to retire on an immediate benefit.4
In comparison to early retirement, less emphasis
was placed on age requirements in qualifying for
disability benefits. About three-fourths of the
plans providing disability retirement did not con­
tain age requirements. However, in comparison,
minimum service requirements tended to be higher
under disability than under early retirement pro­
visions. In over three-fourths of the plans pro­
viding disability retirement, 15 or more years of
service were needed.
Normal Retirement Benefits

The amount of monthly pension to which the
worker is entitled at normal retirement date is
determined by the benefit formula provided in
the plan. This formula usually takes into account
the worker’s earnings, his credited service, or both.
A feature which has received considerable emphasis
under negotiated pension plans is provision for
guaranteed minimum or alternative benefit for4
Plans generally provided that the worker must have been totally disabled
for a specified period of time, usually 6 months, before he is eligible to receive
a disability retirement benefit. Most plans were very specific with respect
to the qualifications and the procedures for determining the worker’s original
and continued eligibility.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PENSION PLANS

mulas. “Social security offset” provisions in the
benefit formula 5 also affect the amount of retire­
ment income the worker will receive from the plan.
Types of Formulas. Many variations in benefit
formulas used to compute normal retirement
benefits were found among the 100 plans studied.
Most plans fell into 1 of 3 major categories: (1)
The benefit varied by earnings and length of
credited service in a variety of combinations; (2)
the benefit varied by length of credited service
alone; or (3) a flat amount was provided to all
workers who complete a specified period of service.
About a third of the plans in which the benefit
formula was based on earnings and length of
credited service used average earnings of the final
(or high) 10 (or 5) years of service in computing
benefits, while two-thirds used career earnings.
Basic steel plans,6for example, provided a monthly
retirement benefit equal to 1 percent of average
monthly earnings during the 120 months im­
mediately preceding retirement multiplied by
years of continuous service; the amount was then
reduced by a flat $85 for the primary social
security benefit under Federal old-age and sur­
vivors insurance. The type of benefit formula in which the amount
of benefit varied by length of credited service
alone was illustrated by major programs in the
automobile industry. These plans provided for a
normal pension computed by multiplying a flat
sum, e. g., $2.25, by the number of years of
credited service. The resulting amount was ex­
clusive of any primary social security benefit the
worker received. Some plans of this type speci­
fied a maximum number of years of credited service
to compute the benefit, e. g., $2.25 times years of
credited service to a maximum of 30 years.
Another variation was a formula under which a
flat amount (e. g., $140 monthly, including pri­
mary social security benefits) was provided to
the worker who completed a specified period of
« The benefit formula specifically includes all or part of the primary benefit
received by the worker under Federal old-age and survivors insurance.
6 For minimum benefit provided in these steel plans, see following sec­
tion of this article.
7 Under current provisions of the Social Security Act, primary benefits are
payable to qualified workers at age 65. Women may elect to receive a per­
m anently reduced primary benefit to begin at age 62. Since July 1, 1957,
qualified workers have been entitled to a disability benefit from age 50 to 65,
if they become disabled as defined in the Social Security Act. When the
worker receiving a disability benefit attains age 65, the disability benefit
reverts to a primary benefit.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

847
credited service (25 or 30 years), with the benefit
reduced proportionately for the worker with less
service to a specified minimum, e. g.. $110 monthly
for 15 years of service.
The third type in which a uniform amount was
provided to all workers who completed a specified
period of service upon reaching normal retirement
age was found in several multiemployer programs.
These included plans negotiated by the Interna­
tional Ladies’ Garment Workers, the Amal­
gamated Clothing Workers, and the United Mine
Workers (Ind.). Usually, the benefit was exclu­
sive of any primary social security benefit to which
the worker would be entitled.
Minimum and Alternative Benefit Formulas. Many
collectively bargained pension plans guarantee
minimum pensions to all workers upon completion
of a specified period of service at normal retirement
age. Among the plans studied, most minimum
benefits were provided through a different formula
than that which determined basic normal retire­
ment benefits. In some plans, the minimum
formula provided a higher benefit to lower earnings
groups, while the basic normal retirement formula
was effective only for the higher earnings groups.
Among plans which provided a minimum bene­
fit were those in which the basic formula was
based on earnings and service, while the minimum
was based on length of service alone. Many plans
in the basic steel industry, for example, provided,
in addition to the basic normal retirement
formula previously cited, a minimum guarantee
of $2.50 times years of service after October 31,
1957, and $2.40 prior to that date, up to a maxi­
mum of 30 years, with no social security benefit
offset. A variation in this type of minimum was
found in those plans in which the basic formula
was based on earnings and service, but the mini­
mum benefit was a flat amount which did not
vary with either length of service or earnings.
In other plans, the minimum was sometimes
inherent in the basic formula as, for example, in
a uniform benefit type of formula or in a benefit
formula which took account of service alone and
stipulated the minimum service for which a
pension would be granted.
Adjustment to Social Security Benefits. Private
pension plans are generally considered as supple­
ments to Federal old-age and survivors insurance.7

848
However, the normal benefit formulas of many
private pension plans take into account the pay­
ments to be received by the retired worker
under the Federal program, by the use of a
“social security offset.”
Slightly less than a third of the 100 plans studied
contained offsetting provisions (all, half, or a
stipulated amount) applying to either the basic or
minimum formula or both. This feature has an
impact on the amount of benefit paid by the plans
if changes in Federal primary social security
benefits are later enacted. If total benefit levels
are fixed under such plans, any increase in social
security payments results in a decrease in the
amount of money paid from the private plan. To
illustrate: A plan provides $140 monthly, includ­
ing primary social security benefits, at age 65 with
30 or more years of service. If the worker's
primary social security benefit amounts to $108.50
(the present maximum), the plan will pay $31.50.
It is obvious that any increase in primary social
security benefits would decrease the amount paid
by the private plan. Under plans in which only
half of the social security benefits were offset in
the benefit formula, the worker will benefit, to
some extent at least, by any future increase in
social security benefit levels. Another approach
was to freeze the social security deduction on the
basis of the law in effect at the time the plan was
established or negotiated. In this manner, all
future increases in social security benefits will
accrue to the worker.
Without such a direct offset, the benefit formula
may be designed to take into account differences
in the amount of social security benefits that
workers at different earnings levels may expect to
receive. This was accomplished in the normal
benefit formula of some plans by application of a
smaller percentage (e. g., 1 percent) to the first
$3,000, $3,600, or $4,200 of annual earnings, and
a larger percentage (e. g., 2 percent) to earnings
above such amounts, for each year of credited
service. The usual reason for this approach is to
counteract the relative advantage of lower paid
workers under the social security benefit formula
in terms of the proportion of preretirement income
received after retirement. In some cases, benefit
formulas of this type did not keep pace with
changes in the maximum taxable wage base under
the Social Security Act. On the other hand, some
plans were amended to allow automatic adjust­

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

ment of the benefit formula in case of any future
changes in the maximum taxable wage base. For
example, one plan provided “a monthly contribu­
tory annuity equal to 1 percent of [the worker's]
basic monthly salary in excess of the amount sub­
ject to social security tax. . . .''
Variable Annuity and Cost-of-Living Plans. New
types of plans receiving increasing attention in the
pension planning field include variable or equity
annuity plans and escalator plans which adjust
annuities to changes in the Bureau's Consumer
Price Index. One plan of each type was included
in this study.
The variable or equity annuity plan consists
basically of two parts—the benefit formula, which
follows the usual pattern and provides a fixed
benefit, and a variable benefit formula which
adjusts the amount of benefit in accordance with
the investment experience of the fund allocated
to this portion of the plan.
In the cost-of-living-type plan, the normal bene­
fit formula is geared to the Consumer Price Index.
In the plan studied, the annuity resulting from
application of the basic benefit formula was
adjusted at retirement, and periodically, there­
after, to reflect changes in the Consumer Price
Index. In a broader form (not covered in this
study), a cost-of-living plan may adjust benefits
as they are accrued to reflect changes in the price
index as well as adjust retirement income after
retirement, as just described.
Amount of Normal Retirement Benefits. In order
to evaluate and compare pension plans, it is
necessary to compute the amount of benefits that
the plans are expected to yield, assuming uniform
conditions and certain arbitrary standards so that
plan benefits are on a comparable basis. For this
study, the following conditions and standards were
adopted:
1. The worker retires at age 65.
2. The assumed service periods are in terms of
future service (e. g., a worker retiring 25 years
from now). Pension plan yields were projected
into the future because past service credits may
vary among workers covered by the same plan
and because the procedure of dealing with past
service varies so widely among plans.
3. In order to provide illustrative amounts,
benefits were computed on the basis of arbitrarily

849

CHARACTERISTICS OF PENSION PLANS

selected average animal earnings levels (assumed
to be constant throughout the period of service)
and specific periods of credited future service.
Selected for this purpose were average annual
earnings levels of $3,600, $4,200, and $5,000, and
future service periods of 25, 30, and 35 years.
Current maximum primary social security benefits
for the selected average annual earnings levels
($98.50 for average annual earnings of $3,600, and
$108.50 for $4,200 and $5,000) were included to
provide the combined private-Government level
of retirement benefits.
4.
Although some benefit formulas were inde­
pendent of primary social security benefits, the
private plan benefit was combined with maximum
p rim ary social security benefits in all cases, so that
all plans would be on a comparable basis.8
Of the 100 plans covered (which include 14
contributory plans), more than half will provide
the $3,600-a-year man with 25 years of service
with a total retirement income (including the
primary social security benefit) equal to at least
half of his pay prior to retirement. (See accom­
panying table.) At the $5,000 level, with the
8
Subtracting $98.50 and $108.50 from the illustrative amounts shown in the
accompanying table will not necessarily provide the benefit amount paid by
the plan itself to an individual worker. Under plans which provide a benefit
level including primary social security benefits, workers who do not receive
maximum primary benefits may receive more from the private plans than such
subtraction would indicate.

same service, about a fourth of the plans assure
the retiree of half or more of his pay. At 30 and
35 years, a similar disparity in proportion of
income received by lower and higher income work­
ers prevails in general. The relatively favorable
treatment of the lower paid workers under the
social security benefit formula accounts, in part,
for this difference. Other factors include the
influence of uniform benefit plans and plans
relating benefits to service alone.
Early Retirement Benefits

In almost all of the 71 plans which contained
early retirement provisions, the normal benefit
formula was used in the computation of the
benefit amount. In most cases, the figure deter­
mined by the use of this formula was then reduced
to reflect the longer period of benefit payment
which would result from early retirement and the
shorter period of fund accumulation for the
worker involved. This reduction was either an
actuarial reduction (i. e., computed from actuarial
tables) or a mathematical reduction. A mathe­
matical reduction may reflect a true actuarial
reduction, or it may be determined through
collective bargaining on other grounds. For
example, a plan provided a normal retirement
benefit equal to $2.25 multiplied by years of

Distribution of 100 selected pension plans under collective bargaining by amount of normal retirement benefit at age 65, including
maximum primary social security benefit, for selected earnings levels and years of credited future service, winter lu o / ha
Number of plans providing monthly retirement benefits to workers with average annual earnings of—

All plans studied----------Under $1302 .

— ........-

$130 a n d n n d f tr $140

$140 and under $150. _____

$150 a n d
$100 a rid
$170 a n d
$180 a n d
$100 a n d
$200 a n d
$225 a n d
$250 a n d

n n d f tr
n n d p .r
n n d f tr
n n d f tr
n n d f tr
n n d f tr

$100

$170
$180
$100
$200
$225

With
30 years’
service

With
25 years’
service

__
_ _

under $250_____
lir ,dft.r $275

100
6
211
24
15
16
5
6
9
7

1

With
30 years’
service

With
25 years’
service

With
35 years’
service

With
35 years’
service

With
25 years’
service

With
35 years’
service

With
30 years’
service

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

5
36
16
15
17
14
5
8
8
6

5
35
10
17
10

3
2
311
23
16
13
4
8
11
7
2

2
2
36
16
14
17
11
5
13
6
7
1

2
2
36
11
6
17
21
4
12
8
4
6
1

2
2
39
20
19
12
*5
4
13
3
9
2

1

1
2
»5
11
5
9
18

20

6
9
7
7
4

i Benefit amounts are based on future service formulas, assuming a constant
level of earnings and monthly primary social security benefit of $98.50 for
workers earning $3,600 per year, and $108.50 for workers earning $4,200 and
$5,000 per year.
.
,
...
3 Includes some plans in which no pension from the plan was provided
because more than 25 or 30 years of service were required to qualify for bene­
fits, or because the only payment under the plan at the selected earnings and
serviee’classifications was a primary social security benefit.
2
4 7 3 1 3 2 -5 8 -


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$5,000 per year

$4,200 per year

$3,600 per year
Amount of monthly
benefit

35
13
26
9
44
12
5
3
5
1

*22
7
2
8

a One plan provides for retirement at age 70.
* Includes one plan with a variable annuity based on fund investment
experience. In this case, a benefit computed from the basic benefit was
used. The actual benefit would fluctuate with the earnings experience of
the fund.

850
credited service, exclusive of primary social
security benefits. For a worker who retired prior
to age 65, this benefit was reduced 0.6 percent for
each month his age was under 65. Under this
plan, a worker who retired at age 60 with 25 years
of service received $67.50 reduced by 36 percent,
or $43.20 a month.
When the normal retirement formula included
primary social security benefits, the provisions of
some plans provided that the estimated social
security payment to which the worker would be
entitled upon reaching age 65 would be deducted
from the computed normal benefit level, subject
to the type of reduction for early retirement
previously described. Although early retirement
benefits were payable immediately in all plans, a
significant number of plans allowed the worker to
postpone receiving retirement benefits until he
reached the normal retirement age stipulated in
the plan, at which point the normal benefit
formula would apply, with service credits calculated
up to the date of actual retirement.
The early retirement provisions of 20 plans
contained a level retirement income option (i. e.,
a social security adjustment option). The pur­
pose of this optional method of computing the
benefit is to provide a level income throughout
retirement, although primary social security bene­
fits are not available until age 65 (age 62 for
women). A larger plan benefit than is actually
due under the regular formula is granted until the
primary social security benefit is received, so that
monthly payments received prior to that time are
equal to those received under the reduced plan
benefit together with the primary social security
benefit.

Disability Retirement Benefits

In the 70 plans providing disability retirement
benefits, there were many variations in the
formulas used to determine these benefits. Simi­
lar to early retirement provisions, some plans
based the benefit on the normal benefit formula,
either in full or in reduced amount. Most plans
in this study, however, adopted other approaches.
Some plans provided uniform monthly benefits;
others multiplied a uniform amount by years of
credited service. In addition, many plans pro­
vided for minimum monthly benefits. Generally,

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

the disability benefit formulas were more liberal
than those under early retirement provisions,
presumably because the disabled worker is forced
to retire for reasons beyond his control.
The amendment to the Social Security Act in
1956 providing disability benefits for the first
time to qualified workers from age 50 to 65 had a
definite influence on the disability formulas of
many private pension plans. Some plans in this
study reduced plan disability benefits by all or a
part of any social security disability benefit the
worker would receive. For example, plans in the
basic steel industry provided that the worker
receive the greater of three separate calculations:
(1) $90 including the social security disability
benefit; (2) 1 percent of average monthly earnings
during the 120 months immediately preceding
disability multiplied by years of continuous
service, less the smaller of $85 for the social
security disability benefit or the actual social
security benefit in a workmen’s compensation
case, or (3) $2.50 times years of service after
October 31, 1957, $2.40 prior to such date (years
not to exceed 30), exclusive of the social security
disability benefit. At age 65, under the plans,
the benefit is recomputed on the normal retire­
ment basis.
When a disability pensioner reaches age 65, the
benefit received is to be recomputed on the basis
of the normal benefit formula in more than a third
of the plans. However, subsequent to the 1956
amendment to the Social Security Act providing
disability benefits to qualified workers, some plans
were amended to provide for recomputation at the
time the worker receives a social security disability
benefit. For example, plans in the automobile
industry provided a disability benefit from the
plan of $4.50 times years of credited service; but
the disability benefit is to be recomputed when
the worker receives social security disability bene­
fits or at age 65, on the basis of the normal benefit
formula of $2.25 times years of credited service,
exclusive of any social security benefit.
Vesting

In addition to the retirement provisions previ­
ously described, 54 of the 100 plans contained
provisions for vesting. Vesting may be defined
as a guarantee to the worker of a right or equity

851

CHARACTERISTICS OF PENSION PLANS

in a pension plan based on all or part of the
employer’s contributi snomade in his behalf
should his employment be terminated before he
becomes eligible for regular retirement benefits.9
This equity, of course, would not be as large
as if he had worked until normal retirement age.
The predominant type of vesting found in this
study was deferred full vesting (45 plans). Under
this provision, the worker retains a right to all
accrued benefits after he attains a certain age
and/or completes a specified period of employ­
ment or participation in the plan. A deferred
graded vesting provision (9 plans) gives the
worker a right to a certain percentage of accrued
benefits after he fulfills specified requirements.
This percentage increases as additional require­
ments are fulfilled, until the worker is entitled
to the full benefit. For example, a plan required
10 years of participation for the worker to acquire
vested rights to 50 percent of the employer’s
contributions; an additional 10 percent was
vested for each year of participation thereafter,
until full vesting was attained after 15 years
of participation. None of the plans contained
provisions for immediate full vesting of benefit
rights upon participation in the plan.
Vesting usually took the form of assurance of a
retirement benefit commencing at normal retire­
ment age. A number of plans offered the option
to receive such benefit at an earlier age (usually
the early retirement age) in reduced amount.
For example, one plan provided that the worker
shall:
receive a deferred pension commencing at age 65 and equal
to the normal pension to which he would have been en­
titled on the basis of his credited service and contributions
to the date he ceased to be a member, or a pension of the
same actuarial value, commencing at such earlier date
as the member may designate, provided such date be not
prior to his 55th birthday and not less than 1 year after
the date on which such designation is made.

However, a few plans offered the terminated
worker the choice of receiving deferred retire­
ment benefits or an immediate cash payment.
Two plans granted only cash benefits upon ful­
filling the requirements for vesting.
« Under all the contributory plans In this study, the worker was permitted
to withdraw his own contributions, with or without interest, when termi­
nated. However, in all of these plans, withdrawal of contributions meant
loss of benefits purchased by employer contributions. Also, in some of the
contributory plans the terminated non vested worker could elect to leave his
own contributions in the plan and receive a benefit purchased by his own
contributions.


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The requirements for vesting varied greatly
among the plans. All of the programs specified
certain service requirements before the worker
was vested. Most of the plans required 10 or
more years of service, with 10 years being the
predominant standard. Sometimes the worker
was limited to actual years of participation in the
plan, which required, in some plans with pre­
participation requirements, an additional 1 to 5
years of employment before vesting was attained.
Over half of the vested plans required attainment
of a certain age in addition to meeting the mini­
mum service requirements.
♦In addition to age and service requirements, the
nature of the termination or separation was an
important factor in determining eligibility for
vesting. Most of the plans permitted vesting in
case of termination for any reason. However,
some programs permitted vesting, the worker
having otherwise qualified, only under certain
circumstances. For example:
any employee who shall be laid off and not recalled within
2 years, or whose employment shall be terminated as a
result of a permanent shutdown of a plant, department, or
subdivision thereof, and who at the end of such 2 years
or the date of his termination shall have reached his 40th
birthday and at such time shall have 15 or more years of
continuous service, shall be eligible, upon making appli­
cation therefor as specified herein, to receive a deferred
vested retirement pension.

Optional Forms of Benefit Payment

Benefit payments normally cease when the
pensioner dies, unless provisions for continued
benefits to a surviving beneficiary are provided
under the plan. Increasingly, pension plans are
providing optional methods of benefit payments,
wherein the worker elects to receive a reduced
benefit during his lifetime in order to provide for
the continuation of some benefit to a beneficiary
after his death. The worker must generally
choose the option a prescribed time prior to retire­
ment—usually 5 years.
Of the 100 plans studied, 43 contained joint-andsurvivor option provisions. Under this type of
provision, the worker receives a reduced benefit
with a guarantee that if he dies while his bene­
ficiary is living, payments at a predetermined rate
will continue to the beneficiary for life. The
actual provisions under which this option operated
varied considerably among plans. For example.

852
in some plans the beneficiary to be designated
was limited to the spouse. Also, the benefit to
be continued may be the same, one-half, or, in
some cases, any selected percentage of the amount
of benefit the retired worker received. For
example:
(a) At any time prior to the payment of benefits here­
under, an employee may by a writing filed with the com­
pany designate a beneficiary for the purpose of either of
the following options: (1) To take a reduced pension
payable to the employee for life and to the beneficiary for
life, if the beneficiary survives him; or (2) to take a reduced
pension payable to the employee for life with one-half of
such reduced amount payable for life to the beneficiary,
if the beneficiary survives him.
*

Under a period certain option, provided by 5
plans, the pensioner receives a reduced benefit for
life, but if he dies before receiving a specified num­
ber of payments (e. g., 120 monthly payments),
the balance is continued to his beneficiary. For
example:
An employee may elect . . . a 120-payment certain pen­
sion providing for a reduced pension payable during his
life but if he should die before 120 monthly payments shall
have been made, the balance of the 120 payments [shall]
be paid to his designated beneficiary . , .

Other optional forms found among the plans
studied were the cash refund (1 plan) and the
modified cash refund options (1 plan). The cash
refund option provides that if total benefits re­
ceived by the pensioner are less than the cost of
purchasing the benefit at retirement, the balance
is paid to a designated beneficiary. The modified
cash refund option, on the other hand, provides
that if total benefits received by the pensioner are
less than the worker’s contribution (with or
without interest), the balance is paid to a desig­
nated beneficiary.
Death Benefits

Most workers covered by a pension plan under
collective bargaining are also covered by a group
life insurance policy under a separate health and
insurance program. Under an increasing number
of health and insurance plans, retired workers re­
tain their life insurance coverage.10 However, a
pension plan may also provide death benefits as a
sort of protection to the equity of the worker in
the plan. Thus, this study of pension plans


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

covered provisions in the plans which would as­
sure some payments to a worker’s beneficiary in
the event of death before or after retirement, but
it must be emphasized that such provisions do
not account for all the protection available to the
worker before or after retirement.
Few noncontributory plans studied made pro­
vision for the payment of benefits to a beneficiary
in the event of death before retirement. In all but
one contributory plan, under these same circum­
stances, at least the worker’s accumulated con­
tributions (with or without interest) were assured
to his beneficiary in the form of a death benefit.
Provisions for death benefits after retirement
were provided by about one-sixth of the noncon­
tributory plans. In some plans, the payment of
death benefits depended on the type of annuity
provided by the pension plan. Some plans, for
example, guarantee retirement benefits for a pe­
riod of 60 months. If the retiree dies within that
period, the benefits are continued to his beneficiary
until the guarantee is fulfilled. This type of pay­
ment was an automatic feature of the plan and
not to be selected by the worker. In the multi­
employer plans which provided death benefits, the
usual approach was to provide a small lump sum
death benefit, or a benefit based in some way on
contributions made to the plan on the worker’s
behalf. In contributory plans, beneficiaries in­
variably were assured the difference between the
worker’s accumulated contributions (with or with­
out interest) and retirement benefits received up
to the time of death. Some contributory plans
also provided an additional death benefit.
Involuntary Retirement

One of the more controversial aspects of pension
planning is providing for involuntary retirement
based on age alone. Two types of involuntary
retirement based on age alone are practiced:
(1) Compulsory retirement, in which the choice
as to whether the worker may continue on the
job instead of retiring becomes the prerogative of
the employer (and possibly the employer and the
union) rather than the worker; and (2) automatic
retirement, which irrevocably bans employment
beyond a specified age. The following clause, for
10
See Analysis of Health and Insurance Plans Under Collective Bargain­
ing, Late 1955, BLS Bull. 1221.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PENSION PLANS

example, specifies a compulsory retirement age
(65) and an automatic retirement age (70) : “Only
on a specific year-by-year approval of the company
will an employee be continued in active service
after age 65, and in no case beyond age 70.”
Of the 100 plans studied, slightly over half in­
cluded compulsory retirement provisions. About
a third of these plans also contained automatic
retirement provisions. Age 65 was the most com­
mon compulsory retirement age, followed by age
68. In plans with automatic retirement provi­
sions, the ages ranged from 65 to 70. Most multi­
employer plans had no involuntary retirement
provisions.
Administration of Plans

Administration of a pension plan can be broadly
divided into two major areas of responsibility:
(1) administration of the plan and (2) adminis­
tration of funding (financial control). Adminis­
tration of the plan concerns day-to-day operations,
such as determination of eligibility, service credit­
ing, interpretation of the plan, and application
processing. Administration of funding generally
deals with selection of medium of funding, adop­
tion of funding methods, selection of actuary,
investment policy, etc.
Of the 100 plans studied, 49 were entirely em­
ployer administered, that is, the employer has
responsibility for all the functions necessary to
carry out the provisions of the plan, including
financial control and operation of the plan. The
day-to-day operations of the plan may be assigned
to the company’s industrial relations department,
treasurer’s office, or personnel office. In some
cases, a special pension committee may be estab­
lished to operate the plan. Financial control can
similarly be delegated to an insurance company,
bank, or individual trustee.
Under joint administration (39 plans), the pen­
sion plan is administered by a management-union
board of trustees. Most of these plans also pro­
vide for a neutral trustee (tripartite board of ad­
ministration), or for selection of neutral persons
who vote in case of deadlock. In such plans, the
trustees typically decide the type and amount of
benefits and have full responsibilit}^ for the ad­
ministration of the plan. A full-time administra­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

853
tor may be appointed to handle the day-to-day
operations of the plan.
A combination of employer and joint adminis­
tration was found in 12 plans. In these plans, a
bipartite committee carries out administrative
functions, usually as specified in the collective
bargaining agreement. The employer generally
retains responsibility for functions not allocated
to the bipartite committee, such as financial
control.
Medium of Funding

Medium of funding refers to the organization
or type of organization through which plan bene­
fits are underwritten or provided. Medium of
funding is to be distinguished from the method
of funding which refers to the technique by which
the money required to provide benefits is accu­
mulated or budgeted.
Under a majority of the plans (69), contribu­
tions were made to a trust fund. These funds
were administered by a corporate trustee (bank
or trust company) or by a board of trustees (or
single trustee) appointed by the sponsoring party.
Fourteen of the 100 plans were insured, that is,
an insurance company was selected by the spon­
soring party to underwrite the benefits of the plan.
In a group-annuity insured plan (9 plans), contri­
butions (in the form of premiums) are made to
the insurance company and paidup units are pur­
chased each year for each worker. The amount
of retirement income for each worker at retire­
ment is the sum of these paidup units. Under a
deposit administration insured plan (5 plans), the
contributions (in the form of premiums) are held
as a fund by the insurance company. There is
no allocation to the account of the individual
worker, but accumulated funds are used to pur­
chase the benefit for each worker at retirement in
accordance with the provisions of the plan.
Eleven plans used various combinations of the
previously described funding media to provide
benefits. For example, benefits payable under
normal and early retirement provisions of a plan
were insured while disability benefits were funded
through a trust fund.
Six of the 100 plans were unfunded; i. e., bene­
fits were paid out of current income.

Evolution in the
Worker’s Housing
Since 1900
H. E. R iley *

E ditor’s N ote.— The following article reproduces

the major portion of 1 of the 10 chapters of
Workers as Consumers, to be published by
the Department of Labor in the early fall.
That book is concerned with changes in the
role of the city worker and his family as con­
sumers. In fashioning a profile of improving
standards of living among America’s workers
since the beginning of the 20th century, the
authors of the various chapters have relied
largely on the Department’s several studies of
the living and working conditions of industrial
workers. This chapter is entitled “From the
Slums to Suburbia.”
the significant achievements of the
United States economy in the 20th century are the
improvements in housing and the growth in home
ownership. For wage earners, as well as other
members of our society, the home has come to
embody a multitude of new goods and services
which lighten the burden of housekeeping, make it
better suited as a center of family life, and symbol­
ize economic and cultural advantages available in
the United States.
The story of workers’ housing since 1900 is com­
pounded of growth in purchasing power, the
development of a mass-production housing in­
dustry and low-cost amortized financing, and
changing social attitudes. Perhaps the key to
this changing pattern is the fact that the approach
to the housing problem is no longer primarily that
of “workers’ housing,” as in early years of the
century.

A mong

854


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Housing at the End of the 19th Century

In every country at some period in its history,
the worker’s need for shelter has been related to
the requirements of his occupation or the location
of his job. Before the industrial revolution, the
home was often also the place of employment.
With the development of the factory system,
industrial workers sought housing near the factory
and the factory town grew up.
Early industrial development in America fol­
lowed the same course. The typical pattern of
crowded urban housing had been established before
the end of the 19th century. Descriptions of
housing conditions of the time revealed the effects
of rapid and planless city growth. Even in the
comparatively small mill towns of New England
and the South and in mining villages and logging
camps, workers and their families often lived under
conditions little to be preferred to those of the
more congested parts of Manhattan Island.
There were several general causes, economic,
social, and technological, for the crowded, un­
sanitary, and uncomfortable housing in most of
the factory areas at the turn of the century. Low
wages provided income for little more than sub­
sistence for workers’ families. By today’s stand­
ards, the wage earner had to spend a dispropor­
tionately large share of his income for food, and
consequently had insufficient funds for other
purposes, such as good housing. Other factors
tended to force him into crowded quarters near
his job. One of these was the long workday.
In 1900, 6 days of 9 or 10 hours each were still
considered a normal working week in the United
States. After spending so long at his job, the
workman could not face the prospect of a long
ride home.
Not only time but also transportation problems
prevented the workers from spreading out into
the suburban areas. Transportation was a factor
also in limiting decentralization of industry. Not
until the development of the motortruck and a
paved highway system was it possible to cut the
ties between the factory and the railroad and to
move both the plant and the workers’ homes out
of the central city.
*Of the Division of Prices and Cost of Living, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

THE WORKER’S HOUSING SINCE 1900

In other respects, also, the easing of city crowd­
ing waited for technological advances. Early in
the century, the height of apartment houses was
limited by both the materials used in the struc­
tural framework and the tenants’ stair-climbing
ability—6 or 7 stories was the upper limit.
Long before the turn of the century, land had
become scarce in the big cities and the New Eng­
land factory towns. As the working population
increased, additional buildings were crowded onto
lots formerly considered no more than adequate
for a single-family house. In a study of Chicago
slum conditions in 1900, 23 percent of the 3,117
structures surveyed were found to be located on
the rear of lots occupied by other structures. The
added buildings were usually “walkup” apartment
houses, containing as many living units as could
be crowded into 5 or 6 stories.
Immigration, of course, created many urban
problems in the early years of the century. The
incoming jobseekers, mostly unskilled and unable
to speak English, tended to cluster together.
With limited resources and earning power, thrown
into a strange social environment, the newcomers
sought housing near members of their own ethnic
group. These foreign communities crowded in
upon already overcrowded slum areas.
Home Ownership and Housing Expenditures. The
census report on home ownership in 1890 showed
that 37 percent of the families in the United States
owned their homes. The data did not relate home
ownership to occupation or income, but the geo­
graphical variations suggest that the incidence of
owner-occupancy among factory workers was very
low. A 1901 survey of income and expenditures
by the Commissioner of Labor found that, among
a sample of 25,440 worker families in “principal
industrial centers,” only 19 percent owned their
homes.1
Limited income was the chief but by no means
the only deterrent to home ownership at the begin­
ning of the 20th century. Lack of job security
was also responsible. The 1901 survey showed that
nearly half of the heads of families were idle at
some time during the year—9 weeks, on the aver­
age. Furthermore, the difficulty of borrowing
118th Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor.
Home Finance and Taxation, Reports of President’s Conference on Home
Building and Home Ownership (1932), Vol. II, pp. 52-71.
2


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855
money and the high cost of financing presented
an almost insuperable obstacle to most workers.
The long-term amortized mortgage loan was rarely
used. The maximum loan offered was typically
about half of the appraised value, on a 1- to 5-year
note, payable in full at maturity, and bearing in­
terest at from 6 to over 10 percent.2 Renewal of
the note involved heavy refinancing charges. The
result was that only the relative^ well-off could
own their homes.
That limited income also prevented many
renters from meeting their housing standards is
apparent from an examination of the importance
of rents in the expenditures of families at different
income levels. The 1901 survey showed that rent
expenditures, as a percent of total spending, did
not decline significantly as family income rose: they
represented 16.6 percent among families with in­
comes of $1,100-$1,200, compared with 18.7 per­
cent among the $300-$400 group. Thus, even the
higher income families apparently had not satisfied
their housing wants to an extent that permitted
them to devote a substantially larger share of
their expenditures to other less necessary items.
Condition oj the Workers’ Houses. Not only did
financial considerations prevent most urban wage
earners from obtaining better homes, but also
much of the workers’ housing was badly designed
and built and poorly maintained. It provided
few of the comforts which we take for granted
today.
In the densely crowded slum areas of the cities,
much of the housing was provided by subdividing
old family residences and converting them into
apartments and lodging houses. Many families,
already badly overcrowded in small makeshift
apartments, supplemented their meager incomes
by taking in lodgers.
In New York, each floor of the tenements typi­
cally contained 4 apartments with 2 centrally
located bathroom facilities. Small windows open­
ing on an air shaft provided the only direct light
and air for 3 of the 4 rooms in the apartment.
Often the bottom of the shaft became covered with
a nauseous collection of garbage and debris.
Early studies of public health problems called
attention to the hazards of overcrowding in the
city slums. The Seventh Special Report of the
Commissioner of Labor revealed that in 1893 the

856

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

slum dwellings of New York housed an average of
1.9 persons per room. The average was 1.5 in
Philadelphia, 1.4 in Chicago, and 1.2 in Baltimore.
And the floor space in a typical tenement bedroom
often measured no more than 6 feet by 7 feet!
The same report indicates the following situation
with respect to sanitary facilities:

Baltimore__________
Chicago____________
New York__________
Philadelphia________

Percentage of families having
________ access to—___________
Water
Outside
closet
privy
Bathroom
only
only
7
5
88
3
24
73
2
45
53
17
13
70

Each bathroom in the New York slums was used
by an average of 8.1 persons, each watercloset or
privy, by 10.5. The averages for Philadelphia
were 7.4 and 6.9, respectively.
Most of the southern cotton mills were located
in small towns or even rural areas. The workers’
houses generally were 4-room detached buildings
of light frame construction, with no provision in
the structure for water, lighting, or sanitary facil­
ities. Two of the rooms might have fireplaces,
and a cook stove was provided for the kitchen, but
the fourth room was unheated.
The rigorous climate of the North required more
substantial construction than was characteristic
of the southern mill towns, although the structures
were equally devoid of such amenities as plumb­
ing and central heating. Most of the structures
contained more than one dwelling unit.
The heating arrangements in workers’ housing
were, in 1900, rudimentary by today’s standards,
or even virtually nonexistent. Bituminous coal
was the most widely available fuel in the cities,
although cord wood was used extensively in the
smaller cities and towns, especially in the South
and West. Central heating systems were practi­
cally unknown, even in the largest and most
“modern” tenement buildings.3
World War I Housing

The First World War introduced a new phase
in the development of workers’ housing. Private
building was virtually suspended during 1917 and
1918 as a result of Government restrictions, high
building costs, and the transfer of capital to
other activities. At the same time, serious hous­


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ing shortages developed in the war-production
and shipbuilding centers. For the first time,
the Federal Government went into housing con­
struction on a large scale. In this enterprise,
the Department of Labor played a major role,
through its administration of the United States
Housing Corporation. The Housing Division of
the Shipping Board also was responsible for a
large volume of housing built for shipyard workers.
Both agencies have been credited with setting
improved standards for small house design and
community development through these programs.
Government housing notwithstanding, the re­
striction on normal building activity in the war
years inevitably brought about conditions which
led to doubling up of families, occupancy of
makeshift quarters and dwellings unfit for habi­
tation, and relaxation of housing code enforce­
ment by city authorities. Although their earn­
ings from wartime employment were high, workers
found it difficult to improve their housing condi­
tions.
It is difficult, looking back 40 years, to assess
the status of workers’ housing in the period of
the First World War. The only comprehensive
data available come from the family expenditure
survey of 1917-19,4 which provided some infor­
mation on the economic status of wage earners
and salaried workers in 92 shipbuilding and
industrial centers. That study, however, was
made in the midst of wartime conditions, when
prices were rising rapidly, and it excluded slum
families.
The families included in the 1917-19 survey
allocated about 19 percent of their annual ex­
penditures of $1,352 for housing, fuel, and light,
compared with 24 percent for the families in the
1901 survey. (See table.) The reduction was
due in large measure to an increase of about
one-fourth in their income, in dollars of equivalent
purchasing power. Home ownership by wage
earners had increased substantially since the
beginning of the century—27 percent of the city
workers owned their homes in 1917-19, compared
with 19 percent in 1901.
Electricity had become widely available, and
it was used for lighting even in some of the older
tenements. Gas was still, however, the most
s E. R. L. Gould, The Housing of Working People, Eighth Special Report
of the Commissioner of Labor (Washington, 1895), p. 179.
4 Cost of Living in the United States, BLS Bull. 357, 1924.

857

THE WORKER’S HOUSING SINCE 1900
Average incomes and expenditures for shelter of urban wage and clerical families, 1901, 1917-19, 1934-36, and 1950
Item

1901 survey

Number of families_________ . _________ _______ _
Average family size (persons)________________ _____
Total average income after personal taxes:
In current dollars_______________________ ______
In 1950 dollars.................. .......................... ..................

111,156
4.0

1917-19 survey

1934-36 survey

1950 survey

12, 096
4.9

a 14,469
3.6

< 7,007
3.4

$1,505
2,408

$1, 518
6 2, 659

$3,923
3,923

2

$651
1,914

Average expenditures in current dollars
Amount

Percent of
total

Amount

Percent of
total

Amount

Percent of
total

Amount

Percent of
total

Shelter (current expense)........................................ ............
Fuel, light, refrigeration, and water..................................

6 $112
735

18.1
5.7

$187
74

13.8
5.5

$259
108

17.7
7.4

$415
163

10.6
4.2

Total............................... ........... .................................

$147

23.8

$261

19.3

$367

25.1

$578

14.8

1 “Normal” families (i. e., comprising a husband at work, a wife, not more
than 5 children aged 14 or less, and having no dependent hoarder, lodger, or
servant) in “principal industrial centers” in 33 States.
2 Families with at least 1 child in 92 shipbuilding and industrial centers,
s Families of employed workers in cities with a population of 50,000 and over.
* Families in cities with a population of 2,500 and over.
* Does not include “other money receipts.”

common illuminant in the urban workers’ homes.
Forty-five percent of the families used gas for
lighting, whereas 41 percent used electricity.
Because of the high cost of manufactured gas,
gas was rarely employed for heating except in
areas near gas fields. Twenty percent of the
families included in the 1917-19 study used gas
for heating, but it should be noted that a sub­
stantial number of the 92 cities surveyed were in
areas where natural gas was available in quantity.
In any event, only half of the rooms in rented
quarters were equipped for heating.
The dwellings in which these families lived
typically consisted of 5 rooms, or about 1 room per
person, virtually the same as in 1901. In this
connection, it should be noted that the effect
of excluding slum dwellings from the 1917-19 survey
may have been partially offset by wartime housing
shortages. And among the nearly three-fourths of
the families who were renters, more than 7 in
every 10 lived in a dwelling which had an inside
water closet, and somewhat over half had a full
bathroom.
Between the Two World Wars

By 1921, private homebuilding was beginning
to recover from the effects of war restrictions.
This recovery continued until 1925, when 937,000
6
Faith M. Williams and Alice O. Hanson, Money Disbursement of Wage
Earners and Clerical Workers, 1934-36, Summary Volume, BLS Bull. 638,
1941.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

« Rent only.
i Fuel and light only.
Source: 1901 data, 18th Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor;
1917-19 and 1934-36 data, Bureau of Labor Statistics; 1950 data, Study of
Consumer Expenditures, Statistical Tables, Urban U. S., University of
Pennsylvania, 1956.

nonfarm dwelling units were started—a record
which was to stand for nearly a quarter-century.
The volume of apartment house construction in
the early 1920’s has never been equaled. Row
houses, 2- and 3-story walkup apartment buildings,
and single-family bungalows were built in sufficient
quantities to provide new housing for higher paid
industrial workers. Perhaps the mass of low-wage
factory workers could not afford these new homes,
but it has been argued that they benefited by
having access to the old housing vacated by the
higher income families.
Not until after the stock market crash of 1929
did the public realize that homebuilding had been
showing a continuous decline since 1925, and was
then more than 45 percent below the record high.
In 1933, only 93,000 new nonfarm dwelling units
were placed under construction.
Workers’ Housing Expenditures in the 1930’s. The
1934-36 survey of expenditures by wage-earner
and clerical-worker families by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics provides another check-point on
progress in workers’ housing.5 The study did not
include detailed data for families on relief and
included no cities with populations of less than
50,000. Nevertheless, the information on housing
casts a revealing light on the progress achieved
during the 1920’s. Among the families surveyed,
30 percent were homeowners, as compared with
27 percent of those surveyed in 1917-19, when
small cities were included in the study. In many

858
of the qualities of the housing available to workers,
the gains were more impressive than in home
ownership.
Of the total expenditures of the families surveyed
in 1934-36, over 25 percent were devoted to
housing, fuel, light, and refrigeration, a significantly
higher proportion than was found in the 1917-19
survey. Since the incomes of the 1934-36 families,
in constant dollars, averaged about 10 percent
higher, while rents were at about the same level,
the increase in the proportion spent for housing
may be due in part to the rise in home ownership.
Other factors which probably exerted influence
included improvement in the quality of housing,
higher fuel bills resulting from central heating, and
increased utilization of electricity not only for
light but for operating electrical appliances. The
fact that the percentage going for housing declined
from about 31 percent in the lowest income group
to 18 in the highest also suggests that substantial
numbers of families had attained a sufficiently
satisfactory level of housing so that they preferred
to devote increases in income to procuring other
goods and services.
Housing Characteristics in the Depression Years.
“The home of the typical wage-earner or clerical
family with an income above $500 had,” according
to the 1934-36 study, “a bathroom with inside
flush toilet and hot running water. It had
electric lights and gas or electricity for cooking.”
Among all of the tenant families interviewed in
42 large cities, 98 percent were living in dwellings
supplied with running water, 90 percent had
bathrooms, and 96 percent had inside flush
toilets. Owner-occupied housing was even better
equipped with these basic essentials. Home
owners also had larger dwellings—an average of
6.4 rooms, compared with about 4 rooms for
rented houses and about 4^ in apartments.
The omission from the 1934-36 study of relief
families and of families with incomes below $500
leaves unanswered the question as to how many
seriously substandard dwelling units may have
been occupied by families not within the scope
of the survey. Certainly, the plight of the
unemployed workers and families on relief was
in many instances desperate. Nevertheless, most
workers had been able to achieve far better
housing than had been possible in the early years
of the century, or even during World War I.

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

Federal Housing Legislation. The depression crisis
of the early 1930’s brought demands for Federal
action to rescue the lending institutions, prevent
widespread foreclosures of home mortgages, and
provide a stimulant to the economy. The first
move occurred in 1932 with the passage of the
Federal Home Loan Bank Act, which established
a nationwide system patterned after the Federal
Reserve System, to provide a credit reserve for
savings and loan associations. In 1933, the Home
Owners’ Loan Corporation was established to
finance long-term loans at low interest rates for
distressed homeowners who were unable to
refinance their delinquent loans through normal
channels.
Further legislation in 1934 completed a basic
system of home financing which set the stage for
a new era in homebuilding, bringing home owner­
ship within reach of a vastly larger proportion of
wage earners throughout the country. The Na­
tional Housing Act of June 1934 created the
Federal Housing Administration “to encourage
improvement in housing standards and conditions,
and to provide a system of mutual mortgage
insurance.” The new agency was authorized to
insure housing loans, upon application by the
lender, provided the structure, the amount and
conditions of the loan, and the borrower’s financial
status met its standards. Modern standards for
construction, lot size, services, and facilities were
also required. Insurance on each dwelling was
extended only on a single, long-term mortgage,
not exceeding a stipulated maximum and repay­
able in monthly installments. The law initially
limited interest to not more than 5 percent on
the loan balance. The agency set the rate at 4%
percent, plus a ^-percent mortgage insurance fee,
and required that taxes and fire insurance pre­
miums be included in the monthly payment.
Such was the power of Federal assistance in the
uncertain financial situation of that time that
residential loan practices were substantially
changed almost overnight. Under the new pro­
gram, a first mortgage monthly amortization loan
for upwards of 80 percent of the purchase price of
a low-cost home could be obtained. The long­
term amortized loan quickly became almost uni­
versal for both insured and noninsured housing
loans. Thus, the National Housing Act stimulated
the construction of medium-priced housing indi­
rectly as well as directly, although a majority of

859

THE WORKER’S HOUSING SINCE 1900

the new nonfarm housing units built in most
years since its inception have not been covered by
FHA-insured mortgage loans.
The act was not, however, intended as a device
for attacking the problem of housing the lowest
income families or for eliminating slums. The
United States Housing Act of 1937 authorized
Federal financial assistance to local communities
“to remedy the unsafe and insanitary housing
conditions and the acute shortage of decent, safe,
and sanitary dwellings for families of low income.”
To this end, local authorities sponsoring low-rent
housing projects were to receive Federal construc­
tion loans as well as annual cash contributions to
help meet operating deficits. Occupancy of the
public housing units is limited to families adjudged
eligible by the local housing authority. One of the
major criteria for tenancy is income—the family’s
net income may not exceed limits set by the local
authority. In addition, preference is given to
families living in substandard housing and those
being displaced by slum clearance programs.
In quantity terms, publicly owned housing is a
minor factor in the housing supply.6 The real
significance of public housing lies in its influence
on housing design and community development,
especially in the very large cities. With the con­
struction of the “First Houses” in New York City
in 1937, the skyline began to change. Those public
housing buildings were relatively small—four
stories in height—but they were surrounded by
open spaces. Structures in later developments
grew higher, to accommodate more low-income
families, but each project represented an inte­
grated community, with parks, playgrounds, and
community services. These developments have
replaced some of the worst slums and decayed
industrial properties, not only in the largest cities

6
From 1934, when the first public housing projects were built under the
Public Works Administration program, through 1956, about 650,000 new
permanent nonfarm dwelling units have been constructed for government
ownership. Private builders, using private funds, have built, for all groups,
over 15 million units in the same period.
Labor organizations have sponsored a few notable housing projects financed
by private lenders or with union funds (particularly, in recent years, pension
and welfare funds). The first major development of this type, the Amalga­
mated Clothing Workers’ project, built in 1927 in New York City under pro­
visions of the New York Limited Dividend Housing Companies Act, now
provides housing for 2,486 families. Others include the Carl Mackley homes
in Philadelphia, built by the American Federation of Hosiery Workers in
1934; a Flushing, L. I., development for 2,200 families sponsored by Local 3
of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers in 1950-54; and the
ILGW U Cooperative Village, consisting of four 20- or 21-story apartment
buildings, which opened in New York City in 1955.


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but in a number of smaller communities through­
out the country.
Housing Developments Since 1940

Stimulated by general economic recovery and
the support of the Government loan insurance
programs, the housing industry began to recover
rapidly after the depression. In 1941, the volume
of new nonfarm dwelling units put under con­
struction reached 706,100. With the onset of
World War II, new housing starts fell far below
the volume needed to keep pace with population
increases. Again, the critical need for workers’
housing in the rapidly growing war production
centers led to the adoption of a variety of expedi­
ents. Rent controls were established to protect
the workers and to help prevent inflation. Thou­
sands of temporary and demountable dwelling
units were erected. For the first time, the house
trailer became an important factor in worker
housing, gaining a degree of acceptance which it
has apparently retained. Spokesmen for the
trailer manufacturers claim that upwards of 1
million house trailers are now in use, with over
60 percent owned by workers.
After the war, with the return to private life of
millions of young men, the housing crisis became
acute and there were insistent demands for Gov­
ernment action. The most effective action taken,
and one which made it possible for hundreds of
thousands of wage earners to buy homes, was the
Veterans Readjustment Act of 1944, which pro­
vided, among other things, for Government
guarantee of loans to veterans for home purchase.
By the end of 1957, over 5 million “GI” home
loans had been made—almost 3 million of these
for new homes. The veterans’ loan guaranty
program has emphasized low interest rates, low
downpayments or none at all, and repayment
periods extending to 30 years. On this basis,
almost any employed veteran could qualify for a
modest home.
The cumulative effect of the veterans’ guaranty
program, FIIA insurance, and constantly increas­
ing housing demand generated by population
growth and higher incomes brought an unprece­
dented volume of new housing activity. Huge
suburban developments have been created to
meet the housing demand supported by the GI
loan and the FHA insurance programs. The

860
Importance of Housing, Fuel, and Light in the Spend­
ing of City Workers’ Families, by Income Level,
1901 and 1950

annual number of new nonfarm dwelling units
placed under construction exceeded 1 million for
the first time in 1949 and remained above that
level though 1957. Despite increasing costs of
land and construction, a large share of these new
houses have been bought by wage earners and
salaried workers.
Home Ownership at Mid-Century. The main
trends in housing since the turn of the century
suggest the extent to which the American worker
has shared in housing improvements. Although
home owning is still beyond the reach of many
wage earners and salaried employees, our social
and economic system has succeeded in providing
the ways and means by which a majority of the
workers can obtain homes of their own if they wish.
In 1950, 53 percent of the occupied nonfarm
dwelling units were owned by their occupants, and
indications are that the proportion has continued
to rise. The proportion of ownership by urban
workers was almost as high—nearly 51 percent,
or more than 2% times the percentage in 1901.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

Home ownership among worker families was lowest
in the North, 47 percent, and highest in the West,
58 percent; in the South, it was 54 percent.
Whether they owned or rented their homes, city
workers’ families in 1950, with more than twice
the income, in dollars of equivalent purchasing
power, of their 1901 counterpart, were able to
devote a substantially smaller share of their
expenditures to housing, fuel, and light—15 instead
of 24 percent. Moreover, in 1950 the relative
importance of expenditures for shelter declined
more rapidly as family income rose. (See chart.)
The proportion of total expenditures going for
housing, heat, and light also varied with the
occupation of the chief earner and the climate in
which the family lived. Clerical and sales workers
spent the most and unskilled workers the least in
all regions—in terms of actual amounts expended.
And for all groups of workers—white-collar,
skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled—expenditures
for housing were highest in the North and lowest
in the South. Skilled workers, for example,
reported average expenditures for housing, fuel,
light, and refrigeration of $628 in the North, as
against $558 in the South and $561 in the West.
These figures represent the annual cost of
housing, whether owned or rented. The relative
cost of ownership and renting was the subject of
a study of buyers and renters of new housing in
nine large metropolitan areas, made in 1949 and
1950 by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.7 In the
market situation of that time, in most of the areas
it was cheaper to buy than to rent new quarters
providing approximately equivalent living space.
Characteristics of New Houses. For workers who
chose to buy a new house, some clues to its
description and cost are found in a Bureau of
Labor Statistics study of representative new non­
farm 1-family houses on which construction was
started in 1956.8 Half of the houses were designed
to sell for $14,500 or less, including land; 4 per­
cent had a selling price of less than $7,000, 10
percent, of $7,000-$9,999, and 13 percent, $10,000$11,999. (The average factory worker earned $80
7 M. Mead Smith, M onthly Cost of Owning and Renting New Housing,
1949-50 (in M onthly Labor Review, August and September 1954, pp. 851-858
and 977-982, respectively).
8 See Kathryn R. M urphy, Characteristics of New 1-Family Houses,
1954-56 (in M onthly Labor Review, May 1957, pp. 572-575).

THE WORKER’S HOUSING SINCE 1900

a week in 1956, so most lending institutions would
consider him a sound loan risk on houses in these
price ranges.)
The average floor area of the new houses was
1,230 square feet, with 5 percent of the units
having less than 800 square feet, 17 percent from
800 to 999, and 31 percent from 1,000 to 1,199.
Only 1 percent were 1-bedroom houses; 20 percent
had 2 and 70 percent had 3 bedrooms. For the
family of average size, a 3-bedroom house would
provide at least 1% rooms per person. This is a
vivid contrast to the ratio of about 1% persons per
room which prevailed in the city slums in 1893
and a marked improvement over the average of
1.04 persons per room observed in the broader
1901 survey of city workers.
Most of the houses were supplied with electric­
ity, running water, and bathrooms and had water
heaters and some type of central heating system.
The few exceptions occurred in the southern States
and in the small, low-priced structures. In over
one-third of the houses, the sales price included
the cost of a kitchen range. One-third also in­
cluded an electric garbage disposal unit; 11 per­
cent had dishwashers; and 55 percent were
equipped with kitchen exhaust fans. All of these
items were included in the selling price, and the
buyer could spread his cost over a long period at
a low interest rate.
The New Suburbs. Most of the houses built in
1956, as in other postwar years, were in suburbs.
Approximately 70 percent of the new housing in


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861
metropolitan areas has been built outside the
central cities of those areas in recent years.
The typical suburban residential community
contains single-family detached homes together
with shops, schools, churches, recreation centers,
and service establishments. Hundreds of such
communities have sprung up around large cities,
all connected to the central core by the daily ebb
and flow of commuter traffic. As these communi­
ties grow, they frequently have difficulty in ob­
taining sufficient government revenue to meet the
cost of schools and community facilities. This
leads to efforts to attract industries and business
establishments as a means of broadening the prop­
erty tax base, with the result that the suburbs
begin to take on the characteristics of integrated
satellite cities. In some instances, such satellite
towns have been planned and developed with most
of the attributes of self-contained communities
including local industry.
Factory workers, retail clerks, building crafts­
men, and other wage and salary earners can afford
to buy houses in the new suburbs. The second
and succeeding generations of the immigrants who
flooded the Nation’s cities early in this century
move out and merge with descendants of the im­
migrants of the 18th and 19th centuries. Sharing
common but diversified experiences in military
service, in schools and colleges and trade schools,
in churches, in labor organizations and other as­
sociations, and in their jobs, they take their places
in the remarkable social experiments of the new
suburbias.

Summaries of Studies and Reports

The Hole of Government
in Manpower Policy
E ditor ’s N ote.—The following article was adapted

from, an address by Dr. Eli Ginzberg, Director,
Conservation of Human Resources Project,
Columbia University, at a meeting of the senior
staff of the Department of Labor in Washington
on June 25, 1958.
A first proposition relating to the historic role of
the Federal Government in manpower policy is
that basically it is a negative role. When the
country was younger, the notion was that only
the individual should be concerned with job choice
and preparation. To the extent that government
had a responsibility, it was largely local and,
secondarily, State government. But it is inter­
esting to recall that even before we had a Consti­
tution there was a Northwest Ordinance which put
aside Federal lands for the support of education.
Before the 18th century was over, the Federal
Government became involved in a public health
service for merchant seamen and, shortly after
the turn of the century, in a military academy to
supply a kind of personnel essential to national
expansion and defense that the civilian economy
could not supply.
By way of further reference to our past, the
Civil War brought additional involvement of the
Federal Government. There were the draft, the
Emancipation Proclamation, the establishment of
the Department of Agriculture, and the land grant
acts with substantial Federal grants for the de­
velopment of State colleges and for the training
of people in agricultural and scientific fields.
And in the latter part of the 19th century, there
were the beginnings of an immigration policy and
the self-conscious leadership role of the Govern­
ment as employer. There was more reliance then
on Government as an important manpower in­
862


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

telligence agency with expansion of the Census
and the forebears of a Department of Labor.
And yet when all this is said, and the story is
carried to the end of the 19th century, it is still
true that the part played by the Federal Govern­
ment was peripheral.
Alteration of Historic Policy

What are the new factors which have altered the
historical role of the Federal Government in man­
power policy?
First and most obvious is war and cold war.
Most people have not fully realized the effect of
what the last war or what current defense activities
are having on manpower problems. In terms of
the Federal Government’s payroll, there are
2% million people in uniform, plus 1 million
civilians, all connected with the Department of
Defense, apart from the Veterans Administration
activities. It is not merely a question of man­
power in terms of numbers, but also in terms of
manpower quality suitable to develop, operate,
and maintain a complicated, scientific weapons
system.
The second major factor is the importance of
Government support of scientific development.
Neither the private economy nor private philan­
thropy can be expected to carry much of the
fabulous costs involved in scientific research and
development. No one in the private economy is
going to fit out oceanographic ships for special
studies over the seven seas; no university is in a
position to purchase with its own funds the types
of computers and reactors that are currently
needed for research and instruction in the natural
and physical sciences.
Congress, in recent years, has on its own
repeatedly raised the budgetary requests for the
National Institutes of Health, reflecting the public
conviction that money is a potent instrument for
finding, through research, more of the kinds of
answers to basic health questions. As a result,

GOVERNMENT AND MANPOWER POLICY

the Federal Government is annually putting in
almost a quarter of a billion dollars in medical
research. For practical purposes, this also means
that increasingly the Federal Government is
becoming a major financial supporter of medical
schools.
The third major new factor in the situation is
the world position of the United States as it seeks
to fill the power vacuums in the international field.
Turkey had its democratic political revolution 35
years ago. It still has a very long way to go
before it comes into possession of the range of
skills that it needs to operate a modern society.
Consider Morocco where, after the French left,
the country was practically bereft of anybody
who had gone beyond the elementary grades. If
we are to perform our mission in relation to under­
developed and undeveloped countries, our Govern­
ment itself must have skilled career manpower of
its own to recognize such problems as well as other
skilled manpower to go abroad to help solve
urgent problems on the scene.
Another factor is the urbanization of the United
States. There are, of course, inevitable limita­
tions to the use of local and State governmental
structures to solve certain kinds of common
problems. That is, New Jersey smoke comes
over to New York, and it is not the easiest thing
in the world to rely upon local or State controls.
But the Federal Government has a particular
responsibility as the conscience of the Nation. It
is not accidental that the first genuine disappear­
ance of segregation in American life occurred in
the armed services.
Finally, it is fair to say that slowly, haltingly,
nevertheless certainly, there is recognition that the
characteristics and qualities of human resources
constitute a field of knowledge and can be pursued
systematically, in the same way, perhaps, as
physics.
New Policy issues

There are three new policy issues that come to
the fore from these historical developments.
The first is: How does the Government make
sure that it has the human resources available to
fulfill essential missions with which it is specifically
charged and which it must discharge effectively?
The creation of West Point was cited earlier.
A recent counterpart is the National Science

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863
Foundation’s interest in upgrading science teach­
ers. The Federal Government has recognized
that bad science teaching represents a jeopardy
to the defense position and the future welfare of
the United States. When private individuals do
not pursue essential kinds of work, some agency
of society must see whether something can be
done to offer incentives.
The second kind of policy issue is: What
happens when the Government becomes as big a
spender for defense as it now is, putting in, for
example, just under half a billion dollars a year
into selected universities for research and develop­
ment? Such action has an impact upon the
teaching and upon the future development of
science which has more important implications
than the initial objective of getting some particular
kind of a technological improvement for, say, the
Army or the Navy. When the Government
becomes as big a spender as it now is, the second­
ary as well as the direct implications of that
spending must be evaluated.
The third is that a new structure in American
life—compulsory military service—has been with
us for nearly two decades. What does this
mean to such established institutions as the
educational system and industry? If we are
ever going to be able to work for a reasonable
number of years before we die, we can’t prolong
the educational and preparation system forever;
and if we must also subtract 4 years in the armed
services from a man’s working life, we ought to
try to shorten the time required for his educa­
tion. In this connection, some consideration
should be given to the considerable contribution
the Federal Government makes to the work
skills of the Nation by putting a large number of
people through technical training in the Armed
Forces. Industry might be reminded that all of
the taxes it pays are not “net waste.”
One of the most subtle problems that hasn’t
been thought about much is: What happens to
trained people when there aren’t jobs for them?
For whom do meteorologists work? If there
really are some scientists interested in ocean­
ographic pursuits, where do they get a job?
What happens to all the language specialists and
Russian specialists that the universities have been
turning out in recent years? It is obvious that
unless training is related to employment and
career opportunities, the kinds of top specialists

864
needed in difficult and esoteric areas will never
be developed. The universities can train most of
them, but they cannot absorb the entire output.
Where do we get career opportunities for experts
on India or Indonesia or Africa?
The new responsibility of the Federal Govern­
ment with respect to the human resources is most
spectacularly illustrated by the Employment Act
of 1946 and the actions called for under it, which
in an earlier period of American history would
have been inconceivable.
Areas for Research

There has been an inevitable alteration of the
historic negative policy under the pressure of
conditions. How do we learn how to act? One
answer is to make use of research as an instrument
of policy formulation.
For example, we know remarkably little about
the abilities of the population relative to the re­
quirements of the economy. But what is it that
we really need to do in this respect? Twenty-five
years ago it was said that nobody could foretell
the technological potential of our society until a
labor force that could handle algebra was trained.
Technology has had to be scaled to the limitations
of the labor force. What happens if you start to
see how far human resources can be improved
and then make the adjustments technologically
to a much higher developed potential?
Another area for research is the prolongation
of schooling and what that means from the point
of view of the individual and the society. The
last increase in school-leaving age took place not
because Americans necessarily thought that pro­
longed schooling was good; rather, certain people
concerned with the state of the labor market in
the 1930’s were very worried about competition
from the young. It may be that a disservice was
thus done to the American populace; that more
problems were created than solved, in many
instances, by forcing disinterested children to
stay at school desks, without motivation and some­
times without proper instruction.
The third area for research has to do with our
ramified training system in a world of technological
change. Consider a doctor who was graduated in
1920 and what kind of a doctor he would be if he
hadn’t been periodically retrained since. We have
not faced up to the broadfchallenge of training a

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

modern work force. It is only in occasional areas
that we have come to recognize that recurrent
training is a major need and have sought to assess
the respective training responsibilities as between
industry and Government.
The next research field suggested has to do with
occupational choice and guidance. What does it
really mean to provide guidance in a world which
has today’s forces loose in it? What do you guide
for, considering that this is largely a noncareer
society in which the real strength of the labor
market is that people keep moving around? How
do you guide in a world in which careers are
minimized and jobs are emphasized? In which
an advancing technology is causing obsolescence
of skills all the time?
One final research topic. It is important to
recall the continental extension of the United
States and to make some adjustment for regional
variations in educational levels and skills. We
have our own underdeveloped areas right at home,
and quite a lot could be learned about how to deal
with underdeveloped areas elsewhere if a little bit
more practice were obtained at home.
On the utilization front, it can be argued that
very little is known about work histories of people.
How do people get into the new fields—nuclear
energy, for example? Where do the engineers
and workmen come from? How do they get there?
The fact that agriculture is becoming increas­
ingly a part-time activity in many parts of the
country, with a family taking care of a farm and
one or more members also working outside of
agriculture, is worthy of study. What does this
mean from the point of view of living standards,
labor supply, etc.?
Not nearly enough is known about variability
within the labor force. It is necessary and
essential, especially in governmental work, to deal
with single figures, but one figure isn’t enough,
when we have everything from fractional workers
to multiple workers. Approximately 1 out of
every 4 persons is working less than a full-time
week, or working at 2 jobs.
Work is not an end but a means to an end and
there are impressive transformations taking place
on the work front. The major changes in life and
work patterns and what they mean to the indi­
vidual and the community warrant careful study.
The Canadians have just completed a study on
why women come into the labor market. There is

GOVERNMENT AND MANPOWER POLICY

a suggestion that income needs were there first
because the women wish to get the mortgage paid
off or start the husband in business, and that after
certain consumption levels have been achieved,
they may or may not withdraw from the labor
market, depending upon what happens to the
family’s consumption habits.
So, who works how much and how long, or what
determines when he stops working in relation to
the kind of an economy we have is a nice set of
questions.
Limits of Government Action

The ultimate Government policy question is, as
always: What are the limits of governmental
action? Recognizing that Government has to
play a much more prominent role in manpower
policy, what are the limits?
The first limitation is the inherent managerial
limitation imposed by sheer numbers. During
World War II, the Army once found it had 700,000
more people on its rolls than it knew about. The
big moral of this was: If you can’t count them, you
had better not try to manage them.
The second limitation is money. In dealing with
trained manpower, the more limited, from many
points of view, is the potency of money alone to
accomplish change. If, say, $10 million were made


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865
available with the injunction, “Train better econ­
omists in the United States,” one would be hard
pressed. It is a very subtle matter because the
kinds of people who would have the potentialities
to become good economists could also probably
make a success in other fields. They could not be
affected very much through the use of money.
On occasion, additional money may delay progress;
money is power and it does give prestige, but
money badly handled can make you go backwards.
The third limitation on governmental action
rests on the point that we are not working on
problems controllable by fact-gathering alone.
Our concern is with some of the most fundamental
attitudes and behavior determinants of human
action—attitudes of young people toward study,
attitudes of adults toward work, attitudes of soci­
ety toward money. Fortunately, these are not
subject to easy manipulation. Therefore, the
notion that the Government can exert leverage
and get a lot of things done quickly is unrealistic.
What it can do, if it understands its problems,
is plan a program and, over time, use its influence
in the right directions. In order to do that, it
must correctly identify and study the major prob­
lems and then it must communicate its findings to
the public as clearly and as sharply as possible.
For a democratic government can act only to the
extent that the public understands and approves.

866

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

The Interstate Conference
on Labor Statistics
E ditor’s N ote.-—The two articles which follow

were excerpted from speeches delivered at the
16th Interstate Conference on Labor Statistics,
held in Harrisburg, Pa., June 2f-27, 1958.
In the interest of readability, neither the points
at which material has been omitted nor minor
changes in wording have been indicated.

Arbitration and
Industrial Jurisprudence
As recently as 25 years ago, there was very
little labor arbitration. What arbitration there
was in labor disputes was confined for the most
part to a small handful of industries—-the garment
trades, the printing trades, local transportation,
and the railroads. Even in those industries,
arbitration was frequently used to write collective
bargaining agreements rather than to settle dis­
putes under an agreement already in effect. At
the present time, on the other hand, one of the
commonest characteristics of labor-management
relations is the use of arbitration as a means of
settling disputes.
A quarter of a century ago, very few individ­
uals could be described as full-time arbitrators.
Even the permanent umpires, or impartial chair­
men, in the needle trades weren’t for the most part
really arbitrators as we understand the term today.
With the development of union contracts since
1935, the volume of arbitration of labor disputes
has grown very great and arbitration has developed
into a new profession.
We find, for example, that American enterprise
has gone into the field of publishing arbitrators’
decisions and there are so many of them that the
publishers can’t afford to print all of them. There
has developed a profession of the full-time or the
nearly full-time arbitrator. The National Acad­
emy of Arbitrators spends its time considering the


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standards of conduct by arbitrators and the prin­
ciples involved in the settlement of disputes. In­
creasing numbers of companies and unions have
so much business that they hire a full-time umpire.
The very complicated processes which have char­
acterized the developments of the past 25 years
have tended to convert what is and always has
been a very simple, useful way of settling a dispute
into a characteristic way of life.
What is the case to be made for arbitration?
Suppose there is a dispute about a man who has
been fired. We can call an arbitrator to make a
decision on the double. We don’t have to go
through -Elaborate procedures, we don’t have to
have lawyers, and we don’t have to have the for­
mal arrangements of court work. So it is cheap,
it is fast, and it is knowledgeable, mainly because
we can get arbitrators who know our problems,
who can consider them, and who can apply a large
amount of study to settle a dispute. All these
arguments are very real.
Legalism in Arbitration

But arbitration is useful only insofar as these
advantages can be accomplished. They have in
the past been demonstrated, but it is becoming
more and more difficult to do so because as the
volume of business grows, as more and more cases
are submitted to arbitration, criticisms applied to
courts of law are duplicated For example, cases
tend to take months now where they used to take
weeks. Also, a party feels virtually naked coming
into an arbitration unless he is accompanied by
counsel, and lawyers cost money. And with the
lawyers come all the trappings of legal proceed­
ings, including a stenographic transcript.
We have attempted, sometimes I think un­
reasonably, to borrow certain things from our
legal experts and bring them over into the area
of labor relations. The argument goes something
like this. Every labor agreement is a contract
and a contract is something which is covered by
the law of contracts, so all you need to do to
settle labor disputes is to apply to labor agree­
ments the law as to contracts generally.
There are circumstances, no doubt, in which it
is perfectly appropriate to borrow concepts from
commercial law, from contract law, and to apply
them in labor relations. But in too many cases

ARBITRATION AND INDUSTRIAL JURISPRUDENCE

there is frequently a failure to recognize the
unique character of the relationship which exists
between labor and management, and the effort to
apply to this relationship concepts which are alto­
gether appropriate in industry and business must
therefore lead to some odd results. In the familiar
case of a contract between two parties for the
purchase and sale of goods, if the parties disagree
they can take the dispute to the court (or to an
arbitrator) and let the court decide whether they
have or have not lived up to their contract.
However the case turns out, the parties need
never again have any business relationship with
each other. But in a labor-management relation­
ship, the law says that if a union is the repre­
sentative of the majority of the employees in the
appropriate bargaining unit, the employer cannot
choose not to deal with it, whether he likes it or not.
A frustrating kind of legalism has crept into
labor relations because the arbitrator has come to
function like a judge and the parties have come
to treat arbitration like litigation, with all the
canons of construction familiar to the law of
contracts.
Reasons for Growth of Arbitration

American industry is much too dynamic, it
changes much too rapidly, to permit any collective
bargaining agreement to be, in all its aspects,
meaningful for even a limited period of time.
Take a problem which faces companies today. A
company has a seniority clause in a collective
bargaining agreement. May it, instead of laying
off people, reduce the length of the working week,
or must the company operate 40 hours a week
and lay off 20 percent of its work force? This is
only one of innumerable situations which the


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867
parties may not anticipate when they write col­
lective bargaining agreements.
Moreover, some parties have a tendency not to
negotiate an agreement until the so-called eleventh
hour. If the contract expires the Tuesday after
Labor Day, the parties will really get down to
work at 5 o’clock on the preceding Friday and
then they work around the clock. Maybe by
midnight of Labor Day they have reached agree­
ment on the “pork chop” items, the rates of pay
and so on, but there remain 200 other questions.
But they are all tired by this time, so the remaining
items get short shrift indeed.
When lack of knowledge as to what the parties
meant causes litigation occasionally, not much
damage is done, but when it happens all the time,
we are plagued incessantly by legalistic questions.
The parties no longer decide that they are going
to settle their own affairs. They find it so much
easier to go to an arbitrator because the arbitrator
makes it possible to avoid dealing with hot issues.
If things go badly, it is the arbitrator’s fault.
There is reason to believe that some parties sys­
tematically use the arbitration process as a means
of avoiding troublesome questions.
What has happened is that a device almost
ideally suited for the resolution of a handful of
troublesome questions has been blown up into a
gigantic kind of business which the parties have
tended to make a central feature of industrial
relations.
We are running headlong into a system of mul­
tiplying arbitration cases, multiplying their costs,
making it all the more difficult for parties to do
the kind of collective bargaining which I think
our national labor policy envisages.
— E m a n u e l S t e in
D epartment of Economics, New York University

868

A Survey of Training Needs for
Skilled M etal Trades Workers
T he N ew Y ork D epartment op L abor made a
study of skilled workers in the metal trades in
March 1957, when the scarcity of skilled craftsmen
in the metal trades was a real and pressing
problem.1 In the last 6 months, however, em­
ployment in the metal trades has declined very
sharply. If the survey were to be repeated today,
we would find that supply and demand were more
nearly in balance. In some areas we would find
skilled men looking for jobs. But this is a
temporary phenomenon. With the recovery of
the national economy, we can expect the shortages
of a year ago to return.

Scope and Purpose of the Survey

The questions that the 1957 survey was designed
to answer can be stated simply. First, how
extensive are the manpower needs in these
skilled metalworking occupations? Second, how
great are they likely to be 5 to 10 years from now?
And third, the related question—how great are
the training needs now and what will they be 5
to 10 years from now?
We obtained information on the present number
of craftsmen, on their ages, on present shortages,
on existing training programs, and on retirement
practices. Because maintenance machinists and
some other skilled metal workers are found in
virtually every industry, the survey sample
included not only the metalworking industries
but also firms in other manufacturing and non­
manufacturing industries. Questionnaires were
sent to about 5,000 firms throughout the State of
New York, and some return was received from
nearly all of them. The survey was not limited
to occupations that require all-round skills, such
as machinist and tool and die maker, but included
first-class machine hands, who in many cases do
the same kind of work as machinists but usually
limit their work to one type of machine.2 The
definitions used were so worded as to separate
these specialists from the fully skilled people.
The result of using these strict definitions was
to classify as “machinist” or “toolmaker” only


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

about half as many people in New York State as
did the 1950 Census. This indicates that the
Census substantially overstates the number of
skilled craftsmen in the metal trades.
Industrial and Occupational Distribution

We estimated from the data supplied by the
reporting firms that there were 82,200 craftsmen
in the skilled metal trades covered by our survey.
This is about 1.4 percent of all workers in nonfarm
employment in the State. In manufacturing as
a whole, craftsmen were 4.1 percent of all em­
ployees. In the durable-goods industries, which
are predominantly metalworking industries, the
proportion averaged 8.2 percent and was 20
percent in plants making nonelectrical machinery.
Among the metal trades craftsmen, there were
11,700 bench machinists, machine erectors, and
mechanical instrument makers; 23,900 all-round
and maintenance machinists; and 15,300 tool and
die makers. There were also 31,300 first-class
metalworking machine hands.
Of all the craftsmen in the State in the occupa­
tions selected, 86 percent were employed in the
metals and machinery industries. If these indus­
tries are considered separately, machinists and
toolmakers constituted a larger proportion of the
work force in small plants than in large ones. To
illustrate. Plants with fewer than 50 workers
employed more machinists than first-class machine
hands. Above the 50-worker level, however, it
apparently became more practical for a firm to
use specialists on single machines. And the really
large plants, with 5,000 or more workers, employed
the smallest number of craftsmen relative to
their total employment; they were in a better
position to use the services of second-class machine
operators.
Current Replacement Needs

Workers in the crafts selected for study were
older on the average than other workers. The
1
The final report on the study will he published in four sections, the first
of which is to be available in September from the Division of Research and
Statistics, New York State Department of Labor, 80 Centre St., New York,
N . Y.
8 No machine hands were included in this “ first class” category unless they
were able to set up completely their machines, read blueprints, and work to
very close tolerances.

TRAINING NEEDS FOR SKILLED METAL TRADES WORKERS

median age for machinists and tool and die makers
was 43 years and for first-class machine hands,
41 years. This compares with an average age of
about 40 for all male workers in New York State
in March 1957.
Workers over 65 years of age represented 4.2
percent of all machinists and toolmakers and 2.3
percent of the first-class machine hands. These
workers will presumably have to be replaced in
the near future.
Information was requested, in the 1957 survey,
as to the specific ages at which workers had retired
in these occupations during the previous 5 years.
The replies indicate that the average craftsman
retires at age 66—toolmakers, at 67 and first-class
machine hands, at 65. Significantly, the age dis­
tribution of the retirees shows that about 1 out of
4 did not retire until he was 70 or older, and 1 out
of 20 did not retire until he was 75 or older.
More than 700 of the craftsmen at work at the
time of the survey—about 1 percent of the total—
were already 70 or more years old.
Employers’ replies indicated that, in March
1957, about 4,800 additional craftsmen were being
actively sought in New York State—1 for every
17 already on the payroll. Tool and die makers
were in greatest demand—1 being sought for every
10 employed. With respect to the other occupa­
tions, employers were seeking 6 percent more all­
round and maintenance machinists, 5 percent
more first-class machine hands, and 3 percent
more bench machinists, machine erectors, and
mechanical instrument makers.
In consequence, metalworking craftsmen in
manufacturing were working longer hours than
their fellow-employees—an average of 43.0 hours
per week, compared with 40.7 hours for all the
production workers in the same firms. The pro­
duction-worker average in all New York State
factories at that time was 39.6 hours. The longer
craftsmen hours were found in each of the major
industries. If the craftsmen had worked only
the same hours as other employees—2.3 hours a
week less—their employers would have needed
almost 6 percent more of them.
s For discussion of these projections, see M onthly Labor Review, December
1957 and March 1958, pp. 1443-1450 and 287-288, respectively.
« This estimate disregards the effects of migration, since there is no basis
for assuming either a net gain or loss of craftsmen in these occupations because
of movements into and out of the State.


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869

The data suggest that firms that needed addi­
tional craftsmen were getting along in part at least
by scheduling longer hours. For example, ma­
chinists in firms that were seeking craftsmen
averaged 43.7 hours per week, 2 hours more than
machinists in firms not seeking craftsmen. For
toolmakers, the difference was also 2 hours (44.7
against 42.8). A similar situation was found in
other occupations and in all industries.
Future Manpower Needs

The second question to which an answer was
sought was, “What will be the future need for
skilled people in these craft jobs?” Rough
preliminary estimates indicate that about 24,000
additional craftsmen will be needed in the 8-year
period from 1957 to 1965. This is a net increase
each year equivalent to 3.6 percent of the number
employed in March 1957.
About 14,000, or nearly 60 percent, of the addi­
tional craftsmen will be required simply to replace
those who die or retire. This estimate of replace­
ment need is based on the age and retirement
distributions obtained through the study, which
suggest that 8,000 actively employed craftsmen
will die and 6,000 will retire by 1965.
But there is another important factor. It is
believed that New York industries will continue
to expand, and so will need to add still more skilled
workers. To estimate how many more, it was
assumed that the 1947—56 rate of expansion
would prevail, but would be modified in line with
projections of the national economy made by the
U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.3 These projec­
tions indicate an accelerated expansion in some
industries, especially in the electronic, chemical,
and machinery industries. On the further assump­
tion that the need for craftsmen would expand in
the same proportion in the various industries as
the need for employees generally in those indus­
tries, it was estimated on a preliminary and highly
tentative basis, that by 1965 about 92,000 crafts­
men in the occupations studied will be needed by
New York State employers.4 This number repre­
sents an expansion of 12 percent in 8 years.
The need caused by industry expansion is about
two-thirds as great as the replacement demand
resulting from deaths and retirements. In addi-

870
tion, New York State employers indicated in
1957 that they were then seeking to increase the
number of craftsmen they used by 4,800, or 6
percent, as previously indicated.
These needs account for the bulk of the new
craftsmen who must qualify in the selected trades,
in one manner or another, by 1965. But there
are also other factors—not so easily measurable—
that will add to the number. The most important
of these is the loss of craftsmen who leave the trade
for other jobs—either occupations completely un­
related to the metal trades or supervisory or semiprofessional positions related to their old jobs.
The study indicates that about 12,000 former
craftsmen, equivalent to about 15 percent of the
working craftsmen, had been promoted to foremen,
technicians, and tool designers. The future needs
for craftsmen will include the filling of vacancies
caused by workers moving to these jobs, as well as
others.
Meeting Manpower Needs

The third question to which the survey sought
an answer related to training, namely, “How great
are the training needs of New York State employ­
ers if they are to meet their manpower require­
ments?”
Most people would agree that the most efficient
method of expanding the number of skilled workers
is systematic training. In March 1957, about
5,600 persons were being trained for the crafts
studied. About 27 percent (nearly 1,500) of these
were in registered programs approved by the
State Apprenticeship Council. Another 30 per­
cent (about 1,700) were being trained in firms
where the period of training was defined but the
program was not registered. The remaining 43
percent (about 2,400) of the trainees were being
trained under informal programs. These do not
usually set a definite work training period or in­
clude formal schooling, but do involve an oral
agreement between the trainee and the employer
that he will be trained in the skills required
of a journeyman in the craft.
The industries surveyed in 1957 were training
1 tool and die maker for every 9 who were then
qualified and working at the trade and 1 machinist
for every 12 qualified machinists. The ratio was
smaller in other occupations. Taking bench ma­


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

chinists, machine erectors, and mechanical instru­
ment makers together, the number of trainees was
I to every 23. Among first-class metalworldng
machine hands, it was 1 to every 25.
Training was confined to a relatively small
number of firms. Only 8 percent of all firms em­
ploying bench machinists, machine erectors, or
mechanical instrument makers were training such
workers. For the other jobs, the percentages were
somewhat larger: 10 percent for machine hands,
II for machinists, and 19 for tool and die makers.
The prevalence of training varied among firms of
different sizes, as well as by occupation. For
example, among metals and machinery firms em­
ploying machinists, only 1 out of 9 small firms—
with less than 100 workers—had a program
for training machinists. But among somewhat
larger firms—those with 100 to 500 workers—the
proportion with training programs was 1 out of 7.
Among firms with 500 to 1,000 workers it was 1
out of 4, and among firms of 1,000 or more it was
1 out of 3.
Those firms that were doing some training were
training 1 machinist and 1 tool and die maker for
every 4 they employed. They were training
1 first-class machine hand for every 3 employed,
and 1 bench machinist, machine erector, or me­
chanical instrument maker for every 6 on their
payrolls.
These figures suggest that any sizable increase
in the number of trainees must come by increasing
the number of firms that do some training, rather
than by increasing the trainee ratio in plants that
already have training programs.
What are the implications of these findings
and how great will the deficit be, on the basis
of the present volume of training? In March
1957, there were about 4,300 people in training
for tool and die maker, all-round, maintenance,
and bench machinist, machine erector, and
mechanical instrument maker. But this could
mean only 1,100 new journeymen a year, since
it takes about 4 years to train one. Similarly,
there were about 1,250 people training to be firstclass machine hands. Since these needed about
2 years to train, it appears that about 600 skilled
machine hands were being turned out per year.
But these figures do not take account ol the
fact that some trainees drop out and do not be­
come craftsmen. For example, available records

RIGHTS OF MEMBERS IN INTERNAL UNION AFFAIRS

suggest that about half of those training to be
machinists or tool and die makers dropped out
before they completed their training. Even
assuming that only a third drop out, no more
than 1,100 new craftsmen will be turned out per
year when training is carried on at the 1957 rate.
This must be compared with an estimated 3,000
craftsmen who will be needed annually for re­
placement and expansion, with the immediate
shortage of 4,800 that existed in March 1957,
and with the additional replacements needed
for those craftsmen who leave their trades for one
reason or another.
There is also reason to believe that the esti­
mated requirement of 3,000 craftsmen a year was
conservative. It seems likely that the new auto­
matic machinery will replace semiskilled workers,
and some skilled machine hands too, but will
create additional demands for all-round skilled
craftsmen to make and service it. Even though
some skilled jobs can be broken down into com­
ponent parts and handled as a series of semi­
skilled operations, it is probable that the possi­
bilities of this sort of job dilution have already
been fairly well exploited.
Semiskilled workers will of course continue to
develop into craftsmen by assimilating skill on
the job and through catch-as-catch-can training.
But it would be doubtful wisdom to rely largely
on these processes.
It is likely that the plant of the future will
more and more demand formal training of its
skilled workers. The complex nature of future
machines will call for theoretical knowledge in
the fields of metallurgy, electronics, mathematics,
and machine design. Apprentice-type training
is more efficient than informal methods in pro­
ducing skilled workers with the necessary compe­
tence and versatility. Moreover, since its training
is more concentrated, it produces skilled workers
more quickly. The situation during the next
decade puts a premium on speed, since we are
going to be filling our skilled jobs with younger
people to a much larger extent than in the past.
— C harles A. P earce
and A braham J. B erman
New York State Department of Labor


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871

State Laws on Rights of Members
in Internal Union Affairs
E ditor’s N ote.'—The following article is a repro­

duction of Chapter IV: State Legislation, of a
Report on Government Regulation of Internal
Union Affairs Affecting the Rights of Members,
issued May 1,1958. It was prepared by Sar A.
Levitan of the Legislative Reference Service of the
Library of Congress, assisted by Mary R. Heslet.
Minor changes in words and style have been
made without notation.
M ore than half of the States have enacted
legislation regulating some aspects of internal
union affairs. These laws have dealt with enforc­
ing union democracy through the regulation of
elections and by requiring reporting of union con­
stitutions; regulation of union finances by setting
standards of recordkeeping and financial reporting
and by setting limits upon dues and other sources
of union income; prohibition of political contribu­
tions by unions; restriction on exclusionary prac­
tices by unions through the passage of fair employ­
ment acts; and provision for approval of strikes by
vote of the workers involved. The growth of union
health and welfare programs in recent years has
started a trend toward State regulation of these
funds.
State regulation of internal union affairs has
been limited by Federal preemption in the area of
industrial relations and collective bargaining in
industries affecting interstate commerce by the
passage of the Railway Labor Act, the Wagner
Act, and the Taft-Hartley Act.1 For example, an
attempt by the State of Florida to regulate certain
internal union activities by enjoining unions from
functioning, as a penalty for failure to comply with
the law, was held unconstitutional by the U. S.
Supreme Court because the State provision con­
flicted with the Taft-Hartley Act by restricting
the rights of unions bargaining in interstate
commerce.2
1 The Jurisdictional Standards of the National Labor Relations Board,
U. S. Senate Report (85th Cong., 1st sess., Committee Print), March 19,1957,
pp. 27-31.
2 Hill v. Florida, 325 IT. S. 538 (1945); see Monthly Labor Review, July 1945,
p. 98.

872
The comprehensiveness and extent of stringency
of State legislation regulating internal union affairs
varies widely. Some State laws provide only for
control in one area, while other States have passed
laws regulating a variety of fields related to inter­
nal union administration. Geographically, the
States having these types of laws are concentrated
in the southern and central parts of the country
where agricultural interests predominate. Massa­
chusetts, a highly industrialized State, is the out­
standing exception to this generalization; it has on
its books one of the more comprehensive laws
regulating internal union affairs. On the other
hand, laws prohibiting exclusionary practices of
unions based on race, color, or creed are most
common in the predominantly industrial States
in the East.
Registration and Reporting by Unions

Six States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico require
unions to register or file copies of their constitu­
tions. In view of the Federal preemption doc­
trine, failure to comply with this requirement
does not prevent a union from exercising collective
bargaining functions, but apparently it may be
subject to a reasonable fine under the police powers
of the State.3
Alabama requires every local union with 25 or
more members to file a copy of its own constitution
and bylaws as well as the constitution of the inter­
national or national organization with which it is
affiliated. Any changes in these documents must
be filed with the State Department of Labor within
30 days after their adoption. The unions must
also report annually the names of the principal
officers and their remuneration, and the total
number of members in each local.4 The Florida
law merely requires unions to report the location
of their offices and names of the chief officers and
business agents.5 The law also requires a fee of
$1 for filing the annual reports. As stated earlier,
the U. S. Supreme Court ruled that the filing fee
does not, in and of itself, conflict with the Federal
act. Massachusetts requires the filing of a state­
ment from unions setting forth the names of the
officers, the objects of the organizations, the scale
of initiation fees and dues charged, and the salaries
of the officers.6 Other States requiring registra­
tion and annual reporting by unions are Texas 7
and Utah.8 The Hawaii law provides for the

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

maintenance of a list of labor organizations; to be
included in such a list, a union must file a state­
ment with the Territorial Employment Relations
Board.9 Puerto Rican unions must file with the
Island board copies of collective bargaining agree­
ments and the names of their officers. The board
may refuse to hear complaints by any labor
organization that fails to comply with these pro­
visions.10 The Michigan law applies only to
unions under control of a foreign government.11
In addition to the Florida law, which was held
unconstitutional insofar as it applied to interstate
commerce because it conflicted with the TaftHartley Act, the Idaho law requiring union regis­
tration was held invalid by the State supreme
court on a technicality.12 A Colorado law pro­
viding for compulsory incorporation of unions was
held unconstitutional by the State supreme court;
it was considered a restraint upon freedom of
speech, press, and assembly in violation of the
due process clause of the 14th Amendment to the
Constitution.13
Licensing Officials

In addition to the registration requirements,
some States require licensing of union officials.
Such laws have been declared unconstitutional in
Idaho by the State court and in Florida and Texas
by Federal courts as far as they applied to inter­
state commerce. The U. S. Supreme Court sug­
gested that licensing requirements would be
permissible if applied to the collection of funds
but not to freedom of discussion.14 Accordingly,
a Federal district court held the Kansas law
requiring a licensing fee unconstitutional. The
court reasoned that the State restriction upon
soliciting members may be subject to licensing as
3 Ibid.
3
Code (1953 Supp.), Title 26, Ch. 8, Sec. 382. Bureau of National Affairs,
Labor Relations Reporter: State Labor Laws, 10:267. All subsequent refer­
ences to this comprehensive compilation by the Bureau of National Affairs
are cited as State Labor Laws.
8 Statutes Annotated (1954), Sec. 447.06. State Labor Laws, 19:276.
6 Laws 1946, Ch. 618, Sec. 1. State Labor Laws, 31:292.
7 Vernon’s Civil Statutes 1948, Art. 5154a, Sec. 3. State Labor Laws,
54:266.
8 Code Annotated 1953, Arts. 34-13.1, 34-13.2. State Labor Laws, 55:271.
» Revised Laws, Ch. 72A, Sec. 4150.14. State Labor Laws, 21:223.
Laws Annotated 1955, Title 29, Sec. 67. State Labor Laws, 49:218.
•i Statutes Annotated 1950, Sec. 18.58(3). State Labor Laws, 32:287.
12 American Federation of Labor v. Langley, 66 Idaho 763, 168 Pac. 2d 831.
13American Federation of Labor v. Reilly, 113 Colo. 90, 155 Pac. 2d 145
(1945); see Monthly Labor Review, March 1945, p. 599.
w Thomas v. Collins, 323 U. S. 516 (1945); see Monthly Labor Review,
February 1945, pp. 332-335.

RIGHTS OF MEMBERS IN INTERNAL UNION AFFAIRS

long as it does not infringe upon constitutional
safeguards dealing with freedom of speech.15
A trend toward licensing union officials has
appeared in a number of State political subdivi­
sions. These local ordinances are normally puni­
tive in nature and aim at discouraging or effec­
tively eliminating union activities in the localities
passing these laws. Typical of these ordinances
is that passed in Baxley, Ga., which required a
$2,000 yearly license for soliciting members for
any organization—including trade unions—and a
fee of $500 for each member obtained. In passing
upon applications, the mayor and city council
were authorized to consider the character of the
applicant, the nature of the business of the organ­
ization for which members were to be solicited,
and the effect upon the general welfare of citizens
of the city of Baxley.
An organizer for the International Ladies’
Garment Workers was convicted for violation of
the city ordinance by soliciting members and
was sentenced to imprisonment for 30 days or
to pay a fine of $300. The Georgia court up­
held the conviction and the case was appealed
to the U. S. Supreme Court.16 A majority of the
court held the local ordinance unconstitutional on
the grounds that it abridged freedom of speech by
imposing a restraint upon the enjoyment of the
First Amendment. The court ruled that the
ordinance lacked definite standards or other con­
trolling guides to govern the action of city au­
thorities and therefore made “the peaceful enjoy­
ment of freedom which the Constitution guaran­
tees contingent upon the uncontrolled will of
an official . . .”
Two justices dissented from the decision on the
ground that the Georgia court had disposed of the
15
Stapleton v. Mitchell, 60 P. Supp. 51 (1945); see Monthly Labor Review,
M ay 1945, pp. 1051-1052.
is Staub v. City of Baxley (U. S. Sup. Ct., Jan. 13,1958); see Monthly Labor
Review, March 1958, p. 291.
n Code (1953 Supp.), Title 26, Ch. 8, Sec. 382. State Labor Laws, 10:267.
is Laws 1957, Public Act 628, Sec. 2.
1» Annotated Laws 1946, Ch. 618; amended Laws 1949, Ch. 394. State
Labor Laws, 31:292.
2° Statutes Annotated (1954), Sec. 447.07. State Labor Laws, 19:277.
2i Revised Statutes 1953, Sec. 661.040. State Labor Laws, 47:276.
23 General Statutes Annotated, 1953 Supp., Sec. 44-807. State Labor Laws,
26:217.
23 Statutes Annotated (1953 Supp.), Sec. 179.21. State Labor Laws, 33:286.
2i Statutes Annotated 1957 (West), Sec. 111.08. State Labor Laws, 60:235.
25 Revised Laws, Ch. 72A, Sec. 4150.10. State Labor Laws, 21:223.
28 Code, 1952 Supp., Sec. 17.1105. State Labor Laws, 52:265.
2? Statutes Annotated 1950, Sec. 18.58(3). State Labor Laws, 32:287.
28 American Federation of Labor v. Reilly, 113 Colo. 90, 155 Pac. 2d 145
(1945).
473132-

58 -

3


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873
case on valid procedural rules and the Federal
courts should therefore not intercede. The mi­
nority argued that the case “concerns the essence
of our federalism—due regard for the constitu­
tional distribution of power as between the
Nation and the States . . . ”
Financial Accounting and Fund Raising

Closely related to registration of unions are the
State laws requiring financial accounting of the
funds handled by the unions and that these
accounts be made available to the members and
the public. Ten States and Hawaii have regula­
tions dealing with the subject.
Alabama requires unions with 25 or more
members to file annually a complete financial
statement of all union receipts, together with an
itemized list of all disbursements including names
of recipients of the funds and purposes for which
the payments were made. The unions must
furnish copies of these reports to the members.17
Connecticut unions can satisfy the requirements
for financial disclosure by presenting copies of the
reports to individual members at a union meeting,
or by making the data available in the union office
throughout the year.18 In Massachusetts, filing
with the State Commissioner of Labor and Indus­
tries a duplicate of the report sent to the U. S.
Department of Labor in compliance with the
Taft-Hartley Act suffices.19 Florida 20 and Ore­
gon 21 require the keeping of accurate books of
account which must be made available for inspec­
tion by union members. Financial statements of
unions may be made available to interested parties
by the Secretary of State in Kansas.22 In Minne­
sota,23 Wisconsin,24 and Hawaii,25 union officials
must supply members with financial statements,
but no copy has to be made available to the State.
The South Dakota law, on the other hand, requires
that financial statements be filed with the State,
but makes no provision for the disclosure of the
information.26 Only unions serving a foreign
power must file financial reports in Michigan.27
Financial reporting requirements in Colorado
were voided when the section of the law relating
to compulsory incorporation of unions was held
unconstitutional. The financial reporting pro­
visions were part of the affected section.28 Simi­
larly, the Idaho law pertaining to financial filing
by unions became inoperative when other sections

874
of the same act were held unconstitutional.29 The
Texas requirement to file financial reports was
also held invalid,30 but another provision calling
for an annual report of union assets remains in
effect.31
The growth of union welfare funds during the
past and the disclosure of irregularities in their
administration has led five States to pass compre­
hensive legislation providing for filing reports and
for State supervision of these funds. Washington
was the first to pass this type of legislation in
1955,32 followed by New York in 1956 and 1957 33
and California,34 Connecticut,35 and Wisconsin 36
in 1957.
In addition to requiring financial disclosure or
maintenance of financial accounts, five States
attempt to impose restrictions upon union collec­
tion of dues and of other income derived through
assessments, fines, or other fees.
Texas has passed a comprehensive, though
somewhat vague, law. It limits the amount of
union funds collected to a level needed to carry
out its lawful purpose or activities, and prohibits
the charging of initiation fees, dues, or other
assessments which will create “an undue hardship
on the applicant for initiation to the union or
upon the union members.” The law also prohibits
the charging of fees for work permits.37 These
provisions were upheld in the Texas courts, when
the unions tested the constitutionality of prohibit­
ing charges for work permits. The unions justified
the charge for a work permit as payment for
obtaining and maintaining union conditions on
the job. The court upheld the State law, holding
such charges to be contrary to the public policy
expressed in the law stating that “the right to
work is the right to live . . .” 38
The Oregon law uses the same approach as that
of Texas by limiting union dues and other charges
to the extent needed for “legitimate requirements, ”
but makes no other provisions.39 Colorado simply
prohibits excessive or arbitrary dues, fines, or
other assessments by unions,^0while Massachusetts
prohibits unions from collecting dues and other
assessments not permitted by the union’s constitu­
tion or bylaws.41 Only Florida imposes a definite
ceiling in connection with initiation fees, which are
limited to $15, unless the union charged a higher
fee in 1940, 3 years before the passage of the act.42
Several other States require reporting of dues,

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

initiation fees, and other assessments, but impose
no statutory restrictions in this area of union
activity. Alabama prohibits fees for work per­
mits, but imposes no other restrictions upon
union collection of initiation fees or dues.43
Political Contributions

A special application of the laws restricting
union disposition of funds relates to expenditures
for political purposes. Five States prohibit the
expenditure of union funds for political purposes.
The extent of coverage of these laws varies in the
five States. The Texas statute prohibits union
contributions to any political party or persons
running for political office or to campaign expendi­
tures of political candidates.44 Pennsylvania’s
law is similar.45 These laws impose no restrictions
upon unions with respect to forming independent
or auxiliary organizations for political purposes.
The laws of the other three States are broader in
coverage and restrict indirect as well as direct
political contributions. The Indiana law pro­
hibits labor unions “either directly or indirectly
to aid, promote, or influence the success or defeat
of any political party or principle or any measure
or proposition submitted to a vote at a public
election . . . or to aid, promote, or influence in
any manner the election or defeat of a candidate.” 46
The Wisconsin47 and New Hampshire48 laws
are equally restrictive.
28 American Federation of Labor v. Langley, 66 Idaho 763,168 Pac. 2d 831.
38 American Federation of Labor v. Mann, 188 S. W. 2d 276 (1945); see M onth­
ly Labor Review, June 1945, p. 1267.
31 Vernon’s Civil Statutes 1948, Art. 5154a, Sec. 3. State Labor Laws,
54:266.
33 Revised Code 1955, Secs. 48.52.010.-48.52.080. State Labor Laws, 58:285.
33 McKinney’s Consolidated Laws: Insurance Law, Art. III-A ; Banking
Law, Art. II-A, amended and added by Laws 1957, Ch. 808 and Laws 1958,
Ch. 857. State Labor Laws, 42:298a-k.
34 Laws 1957, Ch. 2167. State Labor Laws, 14:294.
35 Laws 1957, Public Act 594. State Labor Laws, 16:294.
33 Laws 1957, Ch. 552. State Labor Laws, 60:287.
33 Vernon’s Civil Statutes 1948, Art. 5154a, Secs. 7, 8, 8a. State Labor
Laws, 54:268.
38 American Federation of Labor v. Mann, 188 S. W. 2d 276 (1945).
38 Revised Statutes 1953, Sec. 661.040. State Labor Laws, 47:275.
« Statutes Annotated 1953, Ch. 97, Sec. 94 (1). State Labor Laws, 15:232.
41 Annotated Laws 1946, Ch. 149, Sec. 150B. State Labor Laws, 31:294.
42 Statutes Annotated (1944), Sec. 447.05. State Labor Laws, 19:276.
43 Code (1953 Supp.), Title 26, Ch. 8, Sec. 390. State Labor Laws, 10:270.
44 Vernon’s Civil Statutes 1948, Art. 5154a, Sec. 4b. State Labor Laws,
54:267.
43 Purdon’s Statutes Annotated, Title 25, Sec. 3543. State Labor Laws,
48:284.
43 Burns Annotated Statutes, Secs. 29-5712, 29-5965. State Labor Laws,
24:186.
43 Statutes Annotated 1957 (West), Sec. 346.12. State Labor Laws, 60:286.
48 Laws 1955, Ch. 273, Sec. 2 III. State Labor Laws, 39:209.

RIGHTS OF MEMBERS IN INTERNAL UNION AFFAIRS

Of the above five statutes, only the Texas law
has been tested in the State courts. The Texas
court upheld the law, commenting on its limited
coverage :
Clearly the language . . . of the act cannot be reasonably
construed as applying to, or limiting the rights of the
members of unions as individual citizens; nor the rights
of the union to educate or inform its members as to the
merits or demerits of any candidate, or of any political
party. It applies only to financial contributions. . . . 49

Three years after the Texas court handed down
the above decision, the U. S. Supreme Court held
that the Taft-Hartley Act prohibitions on political
contributions did not apply to endorsement of
candidates in union newspapers.60 Possibly with
a view to this decision, the Wisconsin statute
specifically states that the banning of union
political expenditures does not apply to union
periodicals “advising their members of dangers
and advantages to their interests of election to
office of men espousing certain measures.”
Admission

While the regulations dealing with union
finances and registration requirements are largely
concentrated in States with a predominantly
agricultural base, regulations on admission to
unions and discriminatory practices when based
on race, color, or religion have been enacted
primarily in the more industrialized States.
49 American Federation of Labor v. Mann, 188 S. W. 2d 276 (1945).
80 United States v. CIO, 335 U. S. 106 (1948); see M onthly Labor Review,
August 1948, p. 167.
si Bums Annotated Statutes, Secs. 40-2301—40-2306 amended by Laws
1953, Ch. 217. State Labor Laws, 24:115.
82 General Statutes Annotated 1953 Supp., Ch. 44, Art. 10, Secs. 44-1001—
44-1008. State Labor Laws, 26: 201.
83 McKinney’s Consolidated Laws, Art. 15, Executive Law, Sec. 296 (1)
(b). State Labor Laws, 42: 203.
84 Alaska: Laws 1953, Ch. 18, amended by Laws 1957, Ch. 114. State Labor
Laws, 11: 201. Colorado: Laws 1957, S. B. 126. State Labor Laws, 15: 201.
Connecticut: General Statutes (1953 Supp.), Secs. 7400-7407. State Labor
Laws, 16: 201. Massachusetts: Annotated Laws 1946, Ch. 151B, Secs. 1-10,
amended by Laws 1950, Ch. 697. State Labor Laws, 31:201. Michigan:
Laws 1955, Act 251. State Labor Laws, 32: 201. Minnesota: Laws 1955,
Ch. 516. State Labor Laws, 33:201. New Jersey: Revised Statutes, Secs.
18: 25-1—18: 25-28, amended by Laws 1949, Ch. 11, Laws 1951, Ch. 64. State
Labor Laws, 40: 201. New Mexico: Laws 1949, Ch. 161. State Labor Laws,
41:201. Oregon: Revised Statutes 1953, Secs. 659.010-659.140, and 659.990,
amended by Laws 1955, Ch. 534. State Labor Laws, 47: 201. Pennsylvania:
Laws 1955, H. 229, amended by Laws 1956, S. B. 813. State Labor Laws.
48:201. Rhode Island: Laws 1949, Ch. 2181. State Labor Laws, 50:201,
Washington: Revised Code 1955, Secs. 49.60.010-49.60.320. State Labor Laws,
58:201. Wisconsin: Statutes Annotated 1957 (West), Secs. 111.31-111.36,
amended by Laws 1957, Ch. 227. State Labor Laws, 60: 201-202.
88 Ross v. Ebert, 82 N. W. 2d 315 (1957); see Monthly Labor Review, July
1957, pp. 850-851.
88 Electrical Workers v. Civil Rights Comm., 140 Conn. 537, 102 A 2d 366
(1954).


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Sixteen States have passed laws condemning
racial or religious discrimination in employment
by employers, unions, and others. Two of these
States—Indiana 61 and Kansas 52—merely express
disapproval of such practices, but 14 States
expressly prohibit unions to exclude qualified
applicants or to expel or otherwise discriminate
against members on account of race, color, or
creed.
Typical of these State laws as applied to unions
is that of New York, which was the first of the
State fair employment acts to be enacted. This
law makes it an unlawful practice “for a labor
organization, because of the race, creed, color, or
national origin of any individual, to exclude or
to expel from its membership such individual or
to discriminate in any way against any of its
members or against any individual employed by
the employer.” 63
The New York law also provides for the estab­
lishment of an administrative agency to enforce
this and other provisions of the act either through
education activity or mediation, or by issuing
cease and desist orders, which may be enforced
by further court action. Other States that have
similar legislation are Alaska, Colorado, Connecti­
cut, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New
Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode
Island, Washington, and Wisconsin.64
A number of communities have passed local
ordinances with provisions similar to those of the
State antidiscrimination laws. While in most
instances the city ordinances duplicate or supple­
ment the State statutes, some cities, of which
Chicago and Cleveland are the most populous,
have acted in the absence of legislation in their
respective States.
The application of the fair employment statutes
have been tested in State courts. The voluntary
type law, limited to a suggestion that racial segre­
gation is contrary to public policy, was proven
ineffective in the Wisconsin courts as far as pre­
venting unions from exercising arbitrary discrim­
ination in admitting new members.66
The compulsory laws, however, invariably have
been enforced in the respective State courts. The
Connecticut Supreme Court held a union in con­
tempt when the union refused to admit Negro
applicants to membership after the State Civil
Rights Commission found that the rejection by
the union was based on prejudice against Negroes.66

876
Similarly, the Cleveland Community Relations
Board ordered an electrical workers’ local to
admit a qualified Negro applicant.57
But most of the cases handled under the fanemployment laws never reach the courts and are
disposed of by informal settlements, eliminating
the necessity of issuing cease and desist orders.
The New York State Commission Against Dis­
crimination, for example, has publicized concilia­
tion settlements made with the Seafarers’ Union
of North America, and four locals of the Brewery
Workers.58
The U. S. Supreme Court has upheld the con­
stitutionality of State laws designed to prevent
unions from excluding applicants on the basis of
race, color, or creed. The Court gave the green
light to such laws in 1945, in upholding the
validity of the section of the New York State
civil rights law prohibiting unions to deny mem­
bership to applicants by reason of race, color,
creed, or national origin.59 A union of postal
clerks argued that the law violated the due process
clause of the 14th Amendment by interfering with
its right to select members and consequently con­
stituted an abridgement of the union’s property
rights and liberty of contract. The Court asserted
that judicial intervention with State legislation
designed to eliminate discrimination based on race
or color “would be a distortion of the policy mani­
fested in the amendment.” It saw no constitu­
tional basis for the union’s contention that a State
cannot protect workers from arbitrary exclusion
by a union which claims to protect the economic
interests of employees. The Court reasoned that
minority groups are not likely to be able to form
their own stable and effective organizations, and
the denial of membership by the majority would
deprive the discriminated group of a voice in the
determination of labor policies which the union
would apply to all the employees.60
Union Democracy and Elections

Four States have attempted to guarantee the
democratic rights of union members vis-a-vis their
officers. Minnesota has passed detailed provisions
governing the election of union officers. The law
requires that officers be elected, for a period not
exceeding 4 years, by secret ballot and by a


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

plurality of the eligible voters. Union members
must receive reasonable notice of the election.61
A Colorado law provides for the use of a secret
ballot in an election,62 while Florida simply pro­
hibits the prevention of elections of union officers.63
The provision of the Texas law, similar to that of
Minnesota, was held unconstitutional.64
Seven States and Hawaii require that a majority
of the workers affected must approve a strike
before the walkout becomes effective.65 These
laws are apparently based upon the assumption
that union leaders may call a strike contrary to
the wishes of the workers involved. The strike
vote permits the union members to override the
wishes of their union leaders. The Michigan 66
and Minnesota 67 statutes were held invalid when
applied to industries in interstate commerce.
Five other States passed laws requiring an
employee vote prior to a strike. Delaware and
Missouri repealed their laws,68 and the laws in
the three other States 69were held unconstitutional
by their respective State courts.
Role of State Governments in Labor Relations (in Labor Relations
Reference Manual, Vol. 38, Washington, Bureau of National Affairs, Inc.,
1956, p. 129).
58 Labor Relations Expediter, Washington, Bureau of National Affairs,
Inc., p. 400.
s8 McKinney’s Consolidated Laws, Civil Rights Law, Ch. 9, Sec. 43.
State Labor Laws, 42: 217.
60 Bailway Mail Association v. Corsi, 326 U. S. 89 (1945); see Monthly Labor
Review, August 1945, p. 289.
61 Statutes Annotated 1945, Secs. 179.19,179.20. State Labor Laws, 33: 286.
62 Statutes Annotated 1953, Ch. 97, Sec. 94 (1). State Labor Laws, 15: 232.
63 Statutes Annotated (1954), Sec. 447.09 (2). State Labor Laws, 19:277.
64 Vernon’s Civil Statutes, Art. 5154a, Sec. 4. State Labor Laws, 54: 267.
Held unconstitutional in American Federation of Labor v. Mann, 188 S. W.
2d 276 (1945).
65 Kansas: General Statutes, 1953 Supp., Sec. 44-809 (3), amended by
Laws 1955, Ch. 252. State Labor Laws, 26: 217. Michigan: Statutes Anno­
tated 1950, Sec. 17.454 (10). State Labor Laws, 32: 247. Minnesota: Statutes
Annotated 1953, Sec. 179.11 (h). State Labor Laws, 33: 226. North Dakota:
Revised Code, Sec. 34-0901. State Labor Laws, 44: 202. Texas: Vernon’s
Civil Statutes, Art. 5154g, Sec. 2. State Labor Laws, 54: 211. Utah: Code
Annotated 1953, Sec. 34-1-8 (2) (c). State Labor Laws, 55: 211. Wisconsin:
Statutes Annotated 1957 (West), See. 111.06 (2) (e). State Labor Laws,
60: 231. Hawaii: Revised Laws, Ch. 72A, Sec. 4150.08 (2) (e). State Labor
Laws, 21: 220.
66 Automobile Workers Union v. O'Brien, 339 U. S. 454 (1950); see Monthly
Labor Review, July 1950, p. 135.
61 Automobile Workers Union v. Finklenburg, 53 N. W. 2d 128 (1952).
68 Delaware: Laws 1947 Ch. 496 repealed by Laws 1949 Ch. 301. State
Labor Laws, 17: 151. Missouri: Laws 1947 S. B. 79 repealed by Laws 1949
H. B. 20. State Labor Laws, 35: 231.
6» Alabama: Code (1955 Supp.), Title 26, Sec. 388. State Labor Laws
10: 269. Held unconstitutional in Alabama Slate Federation of Labor v.
McAdory, 246 Ala. 1,18 So. 2d 810 (1944); see M onthly Labor Review, August
1944, pp. 376-377. Colorado: Statutes Annotated 1953, Ch. 97, Secs. 94 (6)
(2) e, 94 (20) (4) (b). State Labor Laws, 15: 237, 246. Held unconstitutional
in American Federation of Labor v. Reilly, 113 Colo. 90,155 Pac. 2d 145 (1945).
Florida: Statutes Annotated (1954), Sec. 447.09 (3). State Labor Laws,
19: 277. Held unconstitutional in Boca Raton Club, Inc. v. Hotel Employees
Union, Local 255 (1945).

FREE LABOR AND THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY

Impact of State Legislation

The effectiveness of State legislation regulating
internal affairs of unions is subject to serious
limitations and restrictions. Many State laws,
as indicated, have been found to infringe upon
Federal law and were therefore held void.
Recent Supreme Court decisions have indicated
the pervasiveness of Federal preemption in the field
of industrial relations.70 Indeed, 15 years ago a
circuit court of appeals declared that as far as the
jurisdiction of the National Labor Relations Board
was concerned, any distinction between what con­
stitutes interstate and what constitutes local
activities of commerce seems to have disappeared.
Perhaps the cackle of the farmer’s hen as she announces
completion of her daily chore, or the squeal of the pig in
its struggle to become a porker, are not beyond the bound­
ary line, but in this we give no assurance^71

As long as the present Federal law is in effect
it would appear that State regulation of union
affairs is restricted. Recent history of court de­
cisions indicates that a State law interfering with
collective bargaining by imposing restrictions upon
union activity in interstate commerce would not
stand up in Federal courts.
The changing structure of unions and the greater
trend to centralization of power of trade unions in
the hands of national officers further motivates the
step toward weakening State regulation of internal
union affairs. For example, while a New Jersey
court has held that the State can regulate activities
of a national union when it establishes locals in
a State, the effectiveness of such regulation is
extremely limited.72
It is difficult to appraise the impact of State
legislation upon the internal administration of
unions. Are union finances in better shape in
States which require disclosure of union funds?
Are unions more democratic in the States which
require secret ballots and periodic election of
officers? In the absence of an empirical study,
there is insufficient eAudence to offer a satisfactory
reply to these questions.
70 Cuss v. Utah Labor Relations Board; Meat Cutters v. Fairlawn Meats,
Inc.; Building Trades Council v. Carman (U. S. Sup. Ct., Mar. 25, 1957);
see M onthly Labor Review, M ay 1957, pp. 603-604.
71 Polish National Alliance v. N L R B 136 F. 2d 175 (1943), affirmed by 322
IT. S. 643; see Monthly Labor Review, July 1944, p. 123, and August 1943,
pp. 309-310.
72 Moran v. Theatrical Stage Employees, 52 Atl. 2d 531 (1947).


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877

Free Labor and the
European Economic Community
T he T reaty of R ome, creating the European
Economic Community, came into force in January
1958,1and free unions of the participating countries
noAV face the task of safeguarding workers’ inter­
ests under the common-market setup. The prob­
lems lying ahead are being assessed and plans for
action developed by the free labor organizations of
the six member countries—Belgium, France, Italy,
Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Ger­
many. Five years of representing labor interests
within the European Coal and Steel Community
provided the unions with valuable experience.
But the new challenge is greater since it involves
workers in many more economic sectors.
The free unions view the problems now facing
them in the light of their contention that the
larger international alliance can succeed only if
the workers share fully in any economic benefits
that will result from the operation of the common
market. This stand is in line with article 117 of
the treaty, which reads, in part, that the member
nations are agreed “upon the necessity to promote
improvement of the living and working conditions
of labor so as to permit the equalization of such
conditions in an upward direction.” In the view
of the unions, if this end is to be attained, it is of
primary importance to avoid two possible develop­
ments: First, free trade between the six countries
must not be allowed to produce a competitive
situation that would endanger wage levels or any
benefits already more favorable to labor in one
country of the community than in others; second,
there must be safeguards against the danger of
unemployment in the transitional period ahead.
1 The treaty, signed March 25, 1957, aims at removing customs and other
barriers to the free movement of persons, goods, services, and capital between
the participant countries; establishing a common tariff and commercial policy
toward nonmember countries; and inaugurating common agricultural and
transport policies.
Operation of the common market is expected to begin early in 1959. How­
ever, the recent change of government in France made implementation of the
treaty by that country uncertain. Premier Charles de Gaulle has reportedly
promised to respect the international commitments of previous French gov­
ernments, but the press reports circulated on the eve of his investiture were
to the effect that, because of financial difficulties, France had informed its
European partners that it may not be able to implement th e Treaty of
Rome. (See Washington Post and Times Herald, M ay 31, 1958.)

878
For Equal Labor Standards

Regarding the first of these points, the treaty
and related documents envisage a gradual raising
of labor standards, which, at the end of a 4-year
period, will bring practices relating to overtime
pay and equal pay for equal work into conformity
with the most liberal practices existing in any
member country at the present time. In addition,
there is the possibility that organized labor,
through negotiations with management, may
obtain agreements on certain other minimum
standards to be introduced in each of the member
countries. For the most part, however, the unions
are agreed that intercountry differences in labor
practices reflect the workers’ preference in each
country in respect to work benefits and as such
are desirable and justified; that the ‘‘equalization”
of labor conditions, referred to in the treaty, is not
to be interpreted as uniformity or standardization;
and that many present differences in labor prac­
tices will, therefore, continue. Labor leaders be­
lieve, moreover, that in many instances, this
diversity in labor practices is less responsible for
differences in industrial costs than is relative pro­
ductivity, and that, as differences in productivity
levels diminish, there will be an overall inter­
country adjustment, or “harmonization,” of labor
practices.
Some of this reasoning is in line with the follow­
ing conclusion reached by experts of the Interna­
tional Labor Office in a recent study of labor costs
in certain European countries:
“Many observers see in such cost differences an
argument for increased ‘harmonization’ of social
programs and of methods of financing such pro­
grams. There is considerable agreement among
economists, however, that differences in the gen­
eral level of labor cost among countries need not
constitute a serious problem in international trade
for the high-wage countries. Even where such
differences are not offset by differences in other
costs or in productivity, cost differences between
economies can be modified through exchange rate
adjustments.” 2

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

within each of the six countries of the community
and, in at least some instances, marginal enter­
prises will be forced to reconvert or cease opera­
tions; second, there is the possibility that the free
movement of manpower foreseen by the treaty
may develop into massive migration of labor to
countries offering the greatest employment oppor­
tunities, with resulting “imported unemployment”
in those countries.
The first of these contingencies is accepted as
inevitable since, as stated by one free union spokes­
man,3 in this situation, “progress is not possible
without change.” The second poses less immediate
problems. Not only are measures designed to lib­
erate manpower movements to be introduced grad­
ually over a transitional 12- to 15-year period, but
migratory movements are likely to prove limited,
judging from the past experience of the Scandina­
vian countries, the Benelux Customs Union, the
European Coal and Steel Community, and other
international alliances which have sought to pro­
mote labor mobility. Most of the situations which
have inhibited migration in the past are likely to
continue for some time. Among these are housing
shortages; the reluctance of the potential emigrant
and his family to uproot themselves from their
native environment; and the opposition of workers
in the country of in-migration, based on fear lest
foreign workers bring down their wage levels or
eventually endanger their job security and on dis­
trust arising out of differences in national customs.
The free unions are relying mainly on two insti­
tutions being set up within the community to re­
duce the hazard of unemployment in the member
countries during the period of economic adjust­
ment. The European Social Fund, established by
the treaty “in order to improve the possibilities
of employment for workers and to contribute to
the raising of their standard of living,” is assigned
the task of promoting the geographical and occupa­
tional mobility of workers within the community.
It will be used to help defray costs associated with
relocating workers forced to find employment in
their trades elsewhere, establishing vocational
courses to retrain workers in other trades, or sup­
plementing the income of workers whose employ-

Labor Migration and Employment

Problems relative to the maintenance of employ*
ment levels stem from two main possibilities:
First, changes in economic structure are inevitable

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3
Wages and Related Elements of Labor Cost in European Industry, 1955:
A Preliminary Report (in International Labor Review, Geneva, December
1957, p. 586). See also Monthly Labor Review, M ay 1958, p. 517.
3
Gaston Tessier, president of the International Federation of Christian
Trade Unions, The Common M arket and Its Problems (in Revue d’Economie Politique, special issue, Paris, January-February 1958, p. 245).

OPERATIONS UNDER THE RAILWAY LABOR ACT

879

ment is cut back or temporarily suspended due to
plant reconversions. The European Investment
Bank, whose responsibility it is to “facilitate the
economic expansion of the community through the
creation of new resources/’ will provide assistance
in modernizing and reconverting enterprises and
creating new activities, thus stimulating economic
development in areas of surplus manpower.

Labor-Management Relations Under
the Railway Labor Act, 1934-57

Labor’s Interest

Some months ago the Dutch daily, Het Parool
(independent-labor), characterized the community
as a “highly desirable but undoubtedly adven­
turous enterprise,” and the free unions, in apprais­
ing the new organization’s social implications, have
taken much the same position.4 Their determina­
tion to make it work, in the interest of labor, is the
greater because opposition repeatedly expressed by
some Western European Communist labor leaders
within the World Federation of Trade Unions
leaves little doubt that the Communists will
exploit any difficulties which may arise in connec­
tion with the development of the common market.
The free unions do not minimize the possibility
that difficulties may arise, particularly during the
first years of the operation of the common market,
and they question how effectively some problems
can be resolved by community agencies as now
constituted. They realize, moreover, that just as
the treaty opens the way to vast new possibilities,
so will partisan interests of all kinds seek to
influence the course of the community’s action.
For their part, they are seeking to insure that the
treaty is applied in conformity with labor’s
legitimate interests. To this end, they emphasize
the importance of labor representation on the
supranational bodies being set up to coordinate
national economic and social policies within the
community, and are forming their own regional
organizations to coordinate the programs of the
national trade union centers of the six countries.5
— J a n e H. P a l m e r
D ivision of Foreign Labor Conditions

A r e c o r d of relatively peaceful labor-management
relations in the railroad and commercial air trans­
port industries has been maintained from June 21,
1934, when the National Mediation Board was
created by amendments to the Railway Labor
Act of 1926, through June 30, 1957, according to
a recent report1 of the Board. During that pe­
riod, the Board has disposed of over 8,500 cases
involving “major disputes.” The report, in ad­
dition to presenting “a recapitulation of the opera­
tions of the National Mediation Board,” contains
general information respecting the Railway Labor
Act and the organization and function of, and pro­
cedure before, the Board.
Railway Labor Act

The present-day administration of the Railway
Labor Act of 1926, as amended, is the culmination
of experience with Federal legislation in railroad
and airline labor-management relations beginning
in 1888. To carry out its first purpose—“to avoid
any interruption to commerce or to the operation
of any carrier engaged therein”—the act created
the National Mediation Board. The Board’s
principal duty is to assist in the creation and main­
tenance of sound mutual understanding between
carriers and their employees and, in so doing, to
promote and maintain peace and order in labor
relations.
Under the act, carriers and their employees are
required “to exert every reasonable effort to make
and maintain agreements concerning rates of pay,
rules, and working conditions.” These agreements
must be filed with the National Mediation Board
and parties to them must give at least 30 days’
written notice of intended changes.2 The act im­
poses on all interstate carriers and their employees
the duty of considering and, if possible, deciding
all disputes “in conference” between their repre­
sentatives. Disputes that are not settled in con­
ference are under the jurisdiction of the National

* Among the free unions elsewhere in Western Europe, there is general
agreement with this view, mixed with apprehension regarding the possible
effects of the common market on the economies of countries outside the
community and a heightened interest in extending a broader free trade
area to 17 western European countries.
5
For detail on the organization set up by the International Confederation
1 Administration of the Railway Labor Act by the National Mediation
of Free Trade Unions in January 1958, see M onthly Labor Review, April
Board, 1934-57.
2 As of June 30, 1957, a total of 5,196 agreements were on file with the Board.
1958, p. 411. The International Federation of Christian Trade Unions is
Of these, almost 5,000 were agreements between railroad carriers and their
scheduled to act at its congress in the summer of 1958 on bylaws being drafted
employees and 280 were labor-management contracts in the airline industry.
for a regional organization of the same type.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

880
Mediation Board when changes in agreements or
representation are involved, and under the juris­
diction of the National Railroad Adjustment Board
(also established by the act) when they involve
grievances and interpretation of agreements. At
the request of either party or on its own motion
in cases of emergency, the National Mediation
Board is required to “use its best efforts, by medi­
ation” to settle disputes involving representation
or changes in rates of pay, rules, or working con­
ditions. If such mediation efforts prove unsuc­
cessful, the Board must attempt to induce the
parties to submit the controversy to arbitration.
The act also provides for ultimate referral of dis­
putes to Presidential emergency boards, when
disputes remain unresolved after mediation and
arbitration efforts and threaten to become critical
to the economy of any section of the country.
National Mediation Board

Cases subject to the jurisdiction of the National
Mediation Board are of three general types: (1)
mediation cases; (2) representation cases; and (3)
cases involving interpretation of “mediation”
agreements.
Mediation Cases. The Railway Labor Act places
prime emphasis on direct conferences between
parties to an agreement as the first and most
important step leading to the accomplishment of
the purposes of the act. The Board’s mediatory
services on wages, rules, and working conditions
are “only in order and forthcoming where direct
negotiation between the parties, diligently and
conscientiously conducted, have exhausted all
possibility of effecting agreement between them.”
Subsequent mediation by the Board “thus operates
to continue the negotiations already started by
the parties themselves.” According to the report,
mediation is the Board’s most important task.
Representation Cases. Under the Railway Labor
Act, the National Mediation Board is charged with
the duty (upon request of one of the parties) of
investigating disputes among employees over the
representative desired by a majority of the em­
ployees in the craft or class involved. Perplexing
problems in representation cases, such as what
constitutes a majority of employees in a craft or
class, and what particular occupations should be

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

included in a craft or class for the purpose of
determining which employees may vote in elec­
tions, have arisen over the years and some have
been settled in the courts.
Over the years, the Board has developed a rather
extensive body of precedents for settlement of
issues involving craft or class determinations
without the need for public hearings. As a result,
such issues that do require Board hearing usually
involve determinations on whether borderline
employees are all in one class or craft or separate
distinct crafts. Based on its experience, the
Board now is inclined not to further subdivide
crafts or classes, but to maintain the customary
groupings of employees as they have been estab­
lished by accepted practice.
The only substantive rules issued by the Na­
tional Mediation Board are those governing the
procedure of determining employee representation.
Under these rules, the Board will authorize a
representation election after a showing of proved
authorizations from at least a majority of the craft
or class when these employees are already repre­
sented and from at least 35 percent of the em­
ployees in a craft or class when they are unrepre­
sented. The Board’s regulations also set a time
limit of 2 years from the date of its certification of
a representative before an application for investi­
gation of a representation dispute can be accepted,
except in unusual or extraordinary circumstances.
Dismissed employees, whose requests for rein­
statement because of wrongful dismissal are
pending, are permitted under the rules to partici­
pate in representation elections.
Interpretation Cases. The Railway Labor Act
gives jurisdiction to the National Railroad Adjust­
ment Board 3for the interpretation of the terms of
agreements negotiated by the carriers’ and em­
ployees’ representatives in the event questions
should arise regarding their meaning or applica­
tion. The act specifically states that the services
of the National Mediation Board may be invoked
by either party only in controversies arising over
the meaning or application of mediation agree­
ments i. e., labor agreements negotiated with the
assistance of the Board.
3
The act also provided for the discretionary establishment of a similar
board in the air transport industry but, up to June 30, 1957, the National
Mediation Board has not considered this necessary.

OPERATIONS UNDER THE RAILWAY LABOR ACT

Record of Cases

Between June 21, 1934, and June 30, 1957, the
National Mediation Board docketed 8,731 new
labor disputes,4 involving carriers and their em­
ployees. As of mid-1957, settlements had been
effected in 8,572 of these cases; the balance were
pending settlement. The number of new mediation
cases docketed each year has run consistently
ahead of representation cases, totaling 5,498 com­
pared with 3,169. In the 23 years, only 64 inter­
pretation cases had been received by the Board.
Representation Cases. Of the 3,164 representation
disputes disposed of, 1,954 (or 62 percent) were
settled by secret elections, many of which were
conducted exclusively by mail because eligible
voters were too widely scattered to make a
personal ballot-box election practicable. A total
of 619 cases (20 percent) were settled by checks of
employees’ authorizations, a procedure often used
in cases where only 1 organization seeks to repre­
sent a group of employees.5 “Of the remaining
591 representation cases disposed of during the
23-year period, 94 were withdrawn prior to a
mediator’s investigation of the dispute and 264
were withdrawn after such an investigation.
Withdrawals are usually made when the investiga­
tion shows an insufficient number of employee
authorizations to warrant an election under
applicable rules and regulations.” In 63 cases,
the carriers voluntarily gave the requested recog­
nition without Board certification, and in 132
cases, the applications for representation were
dismissed.
Collective bargaining was established for nearly
850,000 employees who were eligible to vote, for
about 44,000 employees who were involved in
checks of authorizations, and for 26,000 employees
for whom representation was voluntarily recog­
nized by employers. A high rate of employee
participation in elections has been maintained
over the years—91 percent of those eligible to vote.
Mediation Cases. A total of 5,356 mediation cases
have been disposed of by the National Mediation
Board between 1934 and 1957. Of the total,
3,014 or approximately 56 percent were settled by
mediation agreements, and only 176 (3 percent)
were resolved by arbitration agreements. The
small number of arbitration cases, according to
4 7 3 1 3 2 — 58 ------------ 4


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

881
the report, indicates a tendency for more and more
disputes to progress to such a point that eventually
they come before an emergency board; the Board
recommends greater use of the arbitration procedure
to dispose of issues which cannot be settled by
mediation. Of the remaining 41 percent of the
mediation cases, more than half were withdrawn
either before or after mediation efforts, and the
balance was closed after refusal of one or both
parties to arbitrate the issues in dispute or was
dismissed by the Board. Approximately 81 per­
cent of the total cases were settled through 1 of
3 methods: mediation agreements, arbitration
agreements, or withdrawals.
Interpretation Cases. In its 23-year history, the
Board has received only 64 cases which involved
the interpretation of specific terms of mediation
agreements. Fifty-two have been disposed of.
Forty-one, almost two-thirds of these cases, were
received in fiscal years 1955, 1956, and 1957.
Operations, Fiscal 1957. Of 383 cases disposed of
by the Board in fiscal 1957, 111 were representation
cases, 263 were mediation cases, and 9 were inter­
pretation cases. Broken down as to types of
carriers, 288 cases were railroad and 95 were
airline; of these 205 and 58, respectively, were
mediation cases. The 2 major issues in mediation
involved practically equal numbers of cases: rates
of pay, 115 cases; and rules, 119 cases. In the
railroad industry, train, engine, and yard service
(commonly termed “operating transportation”)
accounted for 148 cases or 51 percent of all railroad
cases. In the airline industry, mechanics ac­
counted for 22 cases or 23 percent.
Eighteen percent of the 10,500 employees in­
volved in representation disputes in fiscal 1957
acquired representation for the first time. In the
railroad industry, 654 employees acquired such
representation while in the airline industry, 793
acquired it. Representation was changed for 43
percent of the employees involved in elections,
whereas representation remained unchanged in
elections involving 38 percent of the employees;
all the elections where representation was un­
changed took place in the railroad industry.
* An additional 96 pending suits inherited from its predecessor board in­
creased the total to 8,827 cases requiring the services of the present Board.
5
In such cases, employee authorizations were verified by checking the
signatures on authorization cards against those on carriers’ records such as
the Internal Revenue Service’s Withholding Exemption Certificate for
income tax purposes.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

882

Wage Chronology No. 6:
Armour and Co.
Supplement No. 5— 1956-58
O n September 25,1956, Armour and Co. concluded
collective bargaining talks on terms of separate
3-year agreements with the United Packinghouse
Workers (UPWA) and the Amalgamated Meat
Cutters (MCBW), representing a total of 35,000
workers in 37 plants. The contracts provided for
a base-rate increase of 10 cents an hour effective
October 1, 1956, with additional increases—up to
12% cents an hour for the highest paid workers—
resulting from an 0.5-cent widening of the differ­
ential between wage-rate classes. Differentials
between women’s and men’s wage rates were to be
progressively eliminated, and 7%-cent-an-hour

across-the-board increases were scheduled for
September 1 of 1957 and 1958. Night-shift pay
was increased, with another rise due in 1957. The
separation pay plan was extended to employees
displaced by technological advance. Other terms
included a semiannual cost-of-living escalator
clause, improvements in vacation, sick leave, life
insurance, and medical and pension plans, and
liberalization of premium pay for weekend work on
continuous operations. The new agreements, to
be in force from October 1, 1956, until August 31,
1959, made no provision for reopenings.
The following tables bring the wage changes
of the Armour and Co. chronology 1 through Sep­
tember 1958 and take into account the revisions
in supplementary benefits and other changes pro­
vided in the 1956 agreements.
1
See M onthly Labor Review, June 1949 (pp. 650-655), October 1950 (pp.
474-476), January 1952 (pp. 56-57), August 1953 (pp. 839-842), November 1955
(pp. 1256-1258), or Wage Chronology Series 4, No. 6.

A—General Wage Changes
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

Effective date

Provision

Oct. 1, 1956 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated
Oct. 1, 1956).

10 cents an hour general increase; previous
spread of 3.5 cents in job rates increased
to 4 cents with resulting increases ranging
up to an additional 12.5 cents an hour for
the top job classification.

Oct. 1, 1956 (UPWA sup­
plemental agreement
dated Oct. 24, 1956).
Jan. 1, 1957______________

Additional increase for women’s job classifi­
cations of 1 cent effective both Oct. 1, 1956,
and Sept. 1, 1957, and 1.5 cents effective
Sept. 1, 1958, to eliminate sex wage differ­
ential; no rates for women’s jobs to increase
to more than rate for equivalent jobs for
men.
Further adjustment of interplant job rate
inequities.
Deferred wage-rate increases of 7.5 cents an
hour effective Sept. 1, 1957, and Sept. 1,
1958.
The new agreements provided for semiannual
cost-of-living adjustments in wage rates of
1 cent an hour for each 0.5-point change
in the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Consum­
er Price Index above a level of 116.8
(1947-49=100). No reductions in the
cost-of-living allowance unless the index
declined 0.5 point below the level that the
index was required to reach in order to
earn the last previous increase in allow­
ance.1
0.5 cent increase in rates at Tifton, Ga.,
plant.

2 cents an hour increase.

July 1, 1957

3 cents an hour increase.

Sept. 1, 1957 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated
Oct. 1, 1956).
Jan. 1, 1958______________

7.5 cents an hour general increase

July 1, 1958

4 cents an hour increase.

Semiannual adjustment of cost-of-living
allowance.
Semiannual adjustment of cost-of-living
allowance.
Additional 1 cent increase for women’s job
classifications, reducing sex wage differen­
tial from 2.5 to 1.5 cents per hour.
Semiannual adjustment of cost-of-living
allowance.
Semiannual adjustment of cost-of-living
allowance.

See footnotes at end of table.

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4 cents an hour increase.

WAGE CHRONOLOGY: ARMOUR AND CO.

883

A—General Wage Changes—Continued
Effective date

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

Provision

Sept. 1, 1958 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated
Oct. 1, 1956).

7.5 cents an hour general increase______

1 The new agreements provided that semiannual cost-of-living adjustments
effective in January and July be based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics’
Consumer Price Index for the index months of November and M ay as follows:
Consumer Price Index
Cost-of-living
(1947- 49= 100)
allowance
117.2 or less________________________________ ______ None.
117.3 to 117.7_____________________________________ 1 cent.
117.8 to 118.2______________________________________ 2 cents.
118.3 to 118.7-------------------------------- ------ ------------------- 3 cents.
118.8 to 119.2________________________ _______ _____ 4 cents.
and so forth, with a 1-cent adjustment for each 0.5-point increase in the
index.

Additional 1.5 cent increase for women’s job
classifications, thus eliminating sex wage
differential.

A decrease in the allowance was to occur only when the index fell at least
0.5 point below the level that the index was required to reach in order to earnthe last previous increase in the allowance. Examples of actual cost-of-living
allowances in the event of reductions in the C P I are shown in the following
tabulation:
Index
Allowance
116.8______ _______________ ______________________ None.
117.3—___ _________ _____ ______________________ 1 cent.
117.7----- ------------------------------------- ------------------------ 1 cent.
117.8— ---------------------------------------------------------- -----2 cents.
117.5— ----------------- ------ ------------------------ -------------__ 2 cents.
117.1------ ---------------------------------------- ------- -----..____1 cent.

B—Male Unskilled (Common Labor) Hourly Wage Rates, 1955-58
Effective date
Plant location

Baltimore, M d_______
Chicago, 111__________
Columbus, Ohio______
Denver, Colo________
East St. Louis, B1___
Eau Claire, Wis______
Jersey City, N. J _____
Kansas City, Kans___
Mason City, Iowa____
Milwaukee, Wis__ ___
New York, N. Y _____
North Bergen, N. J ___
North Platte, Nebr.3__
Omaha, N ebr________
Peoria, 111____ _ . _
Pittsburgh, P a_______
Reading, P a_________
Sioux City, Iowa._ .
South St. Joseph, M o ..
South St. Paul, M in n ..

Union

MCBW
UPWA
MCBW
UPWA
UPWA
UPWA
UPWA
UPWA
UPWA
UPWA
UPWA
UPWA
UPWA
UPWA
MCBW
MCBW
MCBW
UPWA
UPWA
UPWA

Effective date

Aug. 1,
1955

Oct. 1,
1956

Sept. 1,
1957 «

Sept. 1,
1958 1

$1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69

$1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1. 79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79

(2)
$1.865
1.865
1.865
1.865
1.865
(2)
1.865
1.865
1.865
(2)
(2)
1.865
1.865
1.865
1.865
1.865
1.865
1.865
1.865

(2)
$1.94
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.94
(2)
1.94
1.94
1.94
(2)
(2)
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.94

1 Does not include cost-of-living allowance.
2 P lant permanently closed prior to this date.

Plant location

Union

Los Angeles, Calif
Pnrtlfl/nrl, Drug
South San Francisco,
C alif..
Spokane, Wash— -

UPWA
MCBW

$1. 79
1.74

$1 89
1.84

(2)
$1.915

(2)
$1.99

MCBW
MCBW

1. 83
1. 74

1. 93
1.84

2.005
1.915

2 08
1.99

Grand Forks, N. D ak ..
Green Bay, Wis __
Huron, S. Dak
West Fargo, N. D ak- .

UPWA
MCBW
MCBW
UPWA

1.69
1. 69
1. 69
1.69

1.79
1. 79
1. 79
1. 79

1.865
1. 865
1.865
1.865

(2)
1. 94
1.94
1.94

Fort Worth, Tex_____
Oklahoma City, O kla..

UPWA
UPWA

1.69
1.69

1.79
1.79

1.865
1.865

1.94
1.94

Atlanta, Ga
nirminghfl.Tnr Ala
Memphis, Tenn.
Lexington, K y____
Tifton, Ga___________

UPWA
UPWA
MCBW
MCBW
UPWA

1.69
1.69
1.67
1.67
1.635

1.79
1. 79
1. 77
1.77
1.74

1.865
1.865
1. 845
1.845
1.815

1.94
1.94
1.92
1.92
1.89

Aug. 1,
1955

Oct. 1,
1956

Sept. 1,
1957 1

Sept. 1,
1958 «

3 Plant covered for first time by 1954 agreement (UPWA).

C—Related Wage Practices
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other re­
lated matters

Guaranteed Time
Oct. 1, 1956 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated Oct.
1, 1956).

See footnotes at end of table.

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Revised to: Guarantee applied to work
on Monday through Friday. Regular
full-time hourly employee eligible if
not laid off by end of last scheduled
work day of preceding week.
For employees on shift operations or on
6-or 7-day schedule, guarantee ap­
plied to first 5 scheduled workdays
during the week.

884

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other re­
lated matters

Shift Premium Pay
Oct. 1, 1956 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated Oct.
1, 1956).
Sept. 1, 1957 (above agree­
ments) .

Increased to: 9.5 cents an hour.
Increased to: 10 cents an hour.

Premium Pay for Saturday and Sunday Work
Oct. 1, 1956 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated Oct.
1, 1956).

Added: 5 and 10 percent premiums for
Saturday and Sunday work, respectively,
on continuous operations.

Applicable only when time and onehalf or double time did not apply.
Eliminated, in case of workers not on con­
tinuous operations, requirement that
absences be excused to preserve
eligibility for time and one-half pay
for work on Saturday as such.
Doubletime for Sunday work extended
to those not on continuous operations
but regularly working on Sunday.

Sept. 1, 1957 (above agreements). Increased to: 10 percent for Saturday work
and 20 percent for Sunday work on con­
tinuous operations.
Sept. 1, 1958 (above agreements). Increased to: 15 percent for Saturday work
and 30 percent for Sunday work on con­
tinuous operations.
Holiday Pay
Oct. 1, 1956 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated Oct.
1, 1956).

Eligibility for probationary employees
changed to 15 days worked out of 30
consecutive calendar days immedi­
ately preceding holiday.1
Paid Vacations

Oct. 1, 1956 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated Oct.
1, 1956).

Length of service requirement for 2 week
vacation reduced to 3 years.

Paid Sick Leave
Oct. 1, 1956 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated Oct.
1, 1956).

Increased to: 55 percent of employee’s
weekly pay for second compensable week
of disability, 60 percent for third and
fourth week, and 65 percent for fifth and
subsequent weeks.
Maximum yearly
benefit payment increased to 13 weeks for
employees with less than 7 years’ service.
Separation Allowance

Oct. 1, 1956 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated Oct.
1, 1956).
See footnotes at end of table.


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Benefits extended to employees permanently
separated because of technological
changes.

No change in maximum 8 weeks’ bene­
fits in case of normal pregnancy.

WAGE CHRONOLOGY: ARMOUR AND CO.

885

C—-Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other re­
lated matters

Meals and Meal Time
Oct. 1, 1956 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated Oct.
1, 1956).

Company given option of furnishing meal
valued at $1.25, or a meal ticket equiva­
lent to $1.25 for each 5 hours worked be­
yond first meal period.
Jury-Duty Pay

Oct. 1, 1956 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated Oct.
1, 1956).

Eliminated: 15-day limit on supple­
mental jury-duty pay.

Insurance Plan
Oct. 1, 1956 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated Oct.
1, 1956).

Life insurance—Increased
women.

to

$2,200

for

Dec. 1, 1956 (above agreements). Hospitalization benefits— Maximum pay­
ment for anesthesia when not available as
regular hospital service increased to 20
percent of surgical indemnity or $20,
whichever was greater.

Increase not applicable to insured wom­
en employees not actively at work
on Oct. 1, 1956, but applied when
they return to work.
Employees allowed to carry coverage
at own expense for 12 additional
months (total 24) after termination of
company liability. During second 12month period, hospitalization benefit
reduced by $2.50 a day and maxi­
mum benefit for maternity cases re­
duced to $50 for hospitalization and
$50 for obstetrical procedures.
Hospitalization benefits extended to
cover nervous and mental disorders
for maximum of 30 days.

Pension Plan
Jan. 1, 1957 (by interim agree­
ment dated Sept. 26, 1956,
and agreement of Dec. 21,
1956, MCBW and UPWA).

Changed to: Normal retirement benefits in­
creased to $1.50 a month for each year of
service up to 30, supplemented by Fed­
eral social security benefits.
Added: Early retirement at age 60 after 10
years’ service.
Changed to: Total and permanent dis­
ability benefits—$3 a month for each
year of credited service up to 30 (mini­
mum $50 a month) less any statutory
benefits, for employees of any age prior to
65 with at least 15 years’ service and not
eligible for social security disability
benefits;2 upon becoming eligible for
social security disability benefits, to re­
ceive normal benefits.
Added: Deferred vesting rights— Employee
separated from employment (who is other­
wise eligible for separation allowance) at
or after age 55 with at least 25 years’
credited service given opiton to choose,
in lieu of separation allowance, deferred
monthly benefits at age 65 of $1.50 for
each year of service up to 30.

1 Agreements of August 1950 had extended eligibility for holiday pay to
probationary employees with 30 out of 60 days’ service in the case of the
UPW A and 15 out of 30 days’ service in the case of the MCBW. The MCBW
agreement of September 1954 had changed this provision to 30 out of 60 days.


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New benefits applicable to employees
retired prior to Jan. 1, 1957, who met
previous age requirement.
Benefits reduced by 0.6 percent for each
calendar month by which employee
was under age 65.

Employee could elect to receive early
retirement benefits at age 60 or over,
as described above.

2 Under the August 1952 agreement, workers at age 55 with 25 years’ service
were eligible for total and permanent disability benefits of $50 a month less
any statutory benefits.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

886

Wage Chronology No. 20:
Massachusetts Shoe Manufacturing
Supplement No. 2— 1954-581
agreements negotiated in 1954 and
1955 by the United Shoe Workers of America and
manufacturers of women’s cement process shoes
in northeastern Massachusetts left rates of pay
unchanged, although the 1954 agreement liberal­
ized paid vacation benefits for workers in plants
that closed or were sold as well as group insurance
benefits in all plants. The 1955 agreement made
no major changes in contract provisions, although
it incorporated a provision designed to liberalize
vacation payments for employees of firms that
went into bankruptcy.
A 2-year agreement negotiated on December 31,
1955, and effective on January 1, 1956, provided

On e - year

for a 2-step increase in pay totaling 8 percent and
liberalized paid holiday provisions. Two years
later, a 1-year contract increased earnings by
5 cents an hour. Wage increases were applied to
gross weekly earnings and no changes were made
in existing piece rates. The agreement, which
covers about 12,000 employees 2 of 50 shoe com­
panies in the Lynn-Haverhill-Boston area, is to
remain in effect until December 31, 1958.
The following tables bring the changes in wages
and related practices for the Massachusetts Shoe
Manufacturing chronology up through December
1958.
i For earlier information, see M onthly Labor Review, February 1952
(pp. 169-172), and July 1953 (pp. 751-752), or Series 4, Wage Chronology
No. 20.
1 Since 1953, when the previous supplement to the chronology was issued,
several plants in Lawrence and Newburyport have come under the master
agreement summarized in this chronology; however, other plants have been
shut down and relocated, and the number of workers affected by the agree­
ment has not changed materially.

A—General Wage Changes
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

Jan. 1, 1956 (agreement of
Dec. 31, 1955).

5 percent increase, averaging approximately
8 cents an hour.

Jan. 1, 1957 (by above
agreement).
Jan. 1, 1958 (agreement of
Dec. 31, 1957).

2.86 percent increase, averaging approxi­
mately 5 cents an hour.
5 cents an hour increase___ ______________

Percent increase applied to gross weekly
earnings. Consequently, piece-rate sched­
ules were not revised.
5 percent increase in gross weekly earnings
raised to 8 percent.
Added to total earnings. Piece-rate sched­
ules were not revised.

B—Minimum Plant Wage Rates
Minimum hourly rate

Effective date
Jan. 1, 1953
Jan. 1, 1956 _ _
Apr. 1, 1956-_
Jan. 1, 1958-_ _


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_____

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

Did not apply to learners, defined as workers with less
than 6 months’ employment in the plant.
$1.00_______________________ Also applied to learners.
$1.05_______________________ $1 minimum for learners, defined as those with less than
3 months’ employment in the plant.
$1.13_______________________ $1 minimum for learners, defined as those without 3 cal­
endar months’ employment in a shoe factory.
$0.945_____________________

887

WAGE CHRONOLOGY: MASSACHUSETTS SHOE MANUFACTURING

C—Related Wage Practices
Provision

Effective date

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

Holiday Pay
Jan. 1, 1954__
Jan. 1, 1956 __

_ __ Changed: November 11 from unpaid holi­
day to holiday at one-half pay (total 6Mi
days).
Changed: November 11 made a full paid
holiday (total 7 days).

Minimum pay for November 11, $2.50.
Minimum pay for November 11, $5.00.

Paid Vacations
Added: 5 days’ pay at average straight-time
hourly earnings to employees with 5 years’
or more service in lieu of vacation benefits
in event of sale, liquidation, failure, bank­
ruptcy, or removal of the business prior to
June 1 of contract year.
In event of bankruptcy, employees to receive
full vacation pay to which they would have
been entitled by June of contract year.
Previous reductions in vacation pay con­
tinued to apply in event of sale, liquida­
tion, or removal.
2-week plant shutdown for vacation specified
in contract.1

Jan. 1, 1954

Jan. 1, 1955
•
Jan. 1, 1958

Group Insurance Benefits
Jan. 1, 1954______________

Increased to:
Sickness and accident benefits— $15 a week.
Surgical benefits—maximum of $150.
Daily hospital benefits—$8.
Special hospital benefits—$50.
Added:
Medical care— $3 a day, up to $51______

i Formerly many plants followed a practice of closing for 1 week.


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No payment for physicians’ visits after 17th
day of hospital confinement.

888

Wholesale Price Movements
in Three Recessions
behavior of wholesale prices in the 11
months after the onset of the current recession in
July 1957 more closely resembles price patterns
during the comparable period of the relatively brief
and mild 1953-54 business contraction than de­
velopments during the deeper slump of 1948-49.1
The overall movement of wholesale prices in the
current recession has been slight, with the May
1958 average 1.1 percent above the level in July
1957, when the economy as a whole reached its
peak. This stability is similar to that observed
in 1953-54, when average wholesale prices showed
no change, but contrasts with the decline in 194849, when they fell 6.1 percent. (See chart.) In
all three recessions, wholesale prices exhibited a
pattern of greatest movement in the first few
months and a subsequent leveling off.
Sharp rises in farm products and processed
foods, 6 percent and 5.3 percent, respectively,
were the major factors in the wholesale price rise
of the current recession. More significantly,
when these two groups are excluded from the over­
all index, the resulting index for all other com­
modities actually declined beginning in February
1958, and by May 1958 was 0.3 percent lower
than in July 1957. In 1953-54, a similar drop
occurred but in 1948-49, the nonfarm and non­
food commodities fell 5.2 percent in the compa­
rable 11-month period. The sharp and partly
counter-seasonal increase in farm product and
food prices in the current recession is generally
attributed to a convergence of abnormal crop and
weather conditions and the low levels of the pro­
duction cycle for cattle.
For purposes of this analysis, therefore, the
farm and foods groups have been excluded from
the approximately 1,900 commodities of the
Bureau of Labor Statistics Wholesale Price Index.
The remaining commodities have been grouped
according to level of fabrication—crude materials,
intermediate materials, and finished goods2—
with the latter subdivided into producer or con­
sumer goods. Percentage changes in the average
prices of these groupings from the cyclical down­
turn in each of the three postwar recessions to the

T he


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

11th month thereafter are shown in the accom­
panying table.
In 1957-58, the movements of these groupings
differed from the two earlier recessions in magni­
tude and, in some cases, direction. Crude mate­
rials fell in all three recessions—most sharply in
1948-49 and least in 1953-54. Intermediate
materials fell only fractionally in both the current
and the 1953-54 recession, in contrast to their
noticeable drop in 1948-49. Producer finished
goods, on the other hand, were 2.4 percent higher
in May 1958 than at the downturn, in comparison
with a much smaller increase in 1953-54 and a
small decline in 1948-49. Similarly, prices for
consumer finished durable goods have risen
somewhat more in the current recession than in
1953-54 (1.5 percent, compared with 0.6 percent),
whereas they had fallen 1.5 percent in 1948-49.
Consumer nondurable goods, in contrast, fell in
all three recessions, 1.2 percent in the current
period, 0.1 percent in 1953-54, and 5.9 percent in
1948-49.
It is apparent that the degree of price change
for goods at the several stages of fabrication has,
in all three recessions, been inversely related to
stage of fabrication. The lower crude materials
prices in both the current and the 1953-54 reces­
sion had little influence on prices of commodities
at higher stages of fabrication. Even in 1948-49,
when the prices of crude materials declined most
sharply, price decreases in the more highly fabri­
cated goods, both intermediate and finished, were
much smaller than those for crude materials.
Analysis of the prices for individual commodi­
ties of the crude materials group indicates that
the declines since July 1957 have been fairly
general and similar to earlier recessions. Thus,
the decrease in the group index was not due to
drastic price cuts for a few commodities and
substantial increases for others. There were
1 The months in which the downturn began (July 1957, July 1953, and
November 1948) are those established by the National Bureau of Economic
Research. The turning point in each case was determined by an exhaustive
analysis of many economic time series. For description of the method used,
see W. C. Mitchell and A. F. Bums, Measuring Business Cycles (New
York, N B E R Studies in Business Cycles No. 2, 1946).
The analysis is limited to the first 11 months of each period because the
most recent data available at the time of writing related to May 1958.
2 These respective categories are roughly equivalent to raw materials (e. g.,
iron ore, natural rubber), semimanufactured goods requiring further process­
ing (e. g., steel, tires and tubes), and manufactured goods (e. g., automobiles).

WHOLESALE PRICES IN THREE RECESSIONS

889

Cyclical Behavior of Wholesale Prices in Three Recession Periods

sizable price cuts in bides and skins, coal, natural
rubber, iron ore, and scrap—more than enough
to offset higher prices of such crude commodities
as concrete ingredients, waste paper, and inorganic
chemicals.
In contrast, intermediate materials fell only
slightly over the period. Consistent with the
behavior of finished goods prices, those inter­
mediate materials used for the manufacture of
durable commodities went down only 0.6 percent,
in contrast to 1.1 percent for those used in the
production of nondurable manufactures. A simi­
lar pattern had characterized the earlier recessions:
Nondurable intermediate materials went down 2.2
percent in 1953-54 and 9.5 percent in 1948-49,
compared with declines for durables of 0.6 and 5.0
percent, respectively. Intermediate materials as
a whole would have gone up in the 1957-58 reces­
sion were it not for petroleum. The same thing
was true in 1953-54, but in 1948-49 all components
of the group went down—many of them quite
drastically.
The recent price increase in the producer fin­
ished goods category had occurred by December
3
“Hidden” price concessions have been reported in the press, but such
reductions are not unique to this recession and are not, in any event, meas­
urable. Even if they could be measured, they probably would have little
effect on the overall price level for producer goods. See A. D. H. Kaplan,
Joel B. Dirlam, and Robert F. Lanzillotti, Pricing in Big Business (Washing­
ton, The Brookings Institution, 1958), pp. 260 if.


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1957. Thereafter, the index held steady and
dropped fractionally in May. The continuing
high level of these prices, after 11 months of
worsening recession and in face of the large cut­
backs in plant and equipment expenditures, has
evoked a number of explanations. In addition to
the fact that the prices of these goods are gen­
erally inflexible in the downward direction, there
is the general opinion that cuts in list prices fail
to result in substantial increases in the volume of
sales.3 It has also been suggested that long-run
expectations, based upon growth projections, re­
main optimistic. Fixed costs are high and there
is no indication of any declines in unit costs
(including labor and other operating costs) except
in the case of crude materials, where price declines,
although quite general, were by no means uniform.
It can be concluded that little relief was available
on the cost side.
Price increases for producer finished goods in
the 1957-58 recession were general, with virtually
no declines. Even farm machinery, which had
declined in the two earlier recessions, advanced
more than the average for the group, probably
because farm revenues exhibited strength relative
to other sectors of the economy. Construction
machinery likewise showed increases well above
the average, in contrast to the earlier periods. In
general, the 1953-54 recession was also character-

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

890
Percent changes in major categories of wholesale prices, first
11 months of 1948-49, 1958-54, and 1957-58 recessions
Percent change from—
Commodity group

All commodities_____________ _____
Farm products and processed foods...
All commodities less farm and food...
Crude m aterials.. ____________
Intermediate materials............. ....
Finished goods.------- ------- ------Producer goods____________
Consumer goods:
Nondurable___________
D u rab le...........................

July 1957
to
May 1958

Nov. 1948
to
Sept. 1949

July 1953
to
M ay 1954

-6 .1
-7 .7
-5 .2
-12.7
-6 .3
-3 .2
-0 .2

0
+1.6
-0 .3
-7 .0
-0 .9
+0.3
+0.7

+1.1
+6.8
-0 .3
- 9 .6
-0 .8
+0.6
+2.4

-5 .9
- 1 .5

-0 .1
+0.6

- 1 .2
+ 1.5

ized by widespread increases in producer goods
prices. In 1948-49, on the other hand, small price
declines were much more apparent.
With respect to consumer durable goods, the
price increases (which averaged 1.5 percent be­
tween July 1957 and May 1958) were widespread;
only a few commodities in the group declined.
Prices of passenger cars, which represent nearly
half of the group’s relative importance in the
index, went up, as did the average for the second
largest component, household appliances. The
pattern of generally small price rises, with a few
greater than average increases, resembled that of
the 1953-54 recession, when the average rose 0.6

percent, but contrasted with the experience in
1948-49, when price decreases spread throughout
the consumer durable goods group and lowered
the average 1.5 percent.
The price declines of consumer nondurables
were greater in this recession than in 1953-54
(1.2 percent against 0.1 percent) but considerably
less than the 5.9 percent decline in 1948-49. The
declines during the current recession were con­
centrated in textiles (including apparel) and fuels.
The prices of most other components rose. This
is similar to the 1953-54 experience but unlike
1948-49, when the prices of practically all com­
modities in the consumer nondurables group fell.
In view of the overall price situation at the time
of this writing, there is little prospect of any sig­
nificant weakening of wholesale prices in the
immediate future. Prices of crude industrial
materials, which are commonly regarded as a
sensitive indicator of business conditions, may be
on the upturn. And, up to the 11th month of the
recession, manufacturers of finished goods, par­
ticularly durable commodities, had received little
relief on the intermediate materials cost side and
no substantial relief appeared likely among the
other cost components.
— H arold W olozin
Division of Prices and Cost of Living

Conferences and Institutes, September 16 to October 15,1958
E ditor ’s N ote.—As a service to its readers, the Monthly Labor Review
;publishes a list of forthcoming conferences and institutes devoted to the broad
field of industrial relations. Institutes and organizations are invited to submit
schedules of such meetings for listing. To be timely enough for ‘publication,
announcements must be received 90 days prior to the date of a conference.
D ate
Sept. 28-Oct. 2_____
Oct. 14-15_________


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Conference and sponsor

Place

International Conference on Public Personnel Administration. Chicago, 111.
Sponsor: Public Personnel Association.
Annual Conference. Sponsor: Council of Profit Sharing Toronto,
Industries.
Ontario

891

UNION CONVENTIONS

Union Conventions, September 16 to October 15, 1958
D ate

Union

Place

September 21.
September 21 _

National Postal Transport Association___________
United Rubber, Cork, Linoleum and Plastic Workers
of America.
International Union of Electrical, Radio and Ma­
chine Workers.
Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International
Union.
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers. _
National Independent Union Council____________
National League of Postmasters of the United States
(Ind.).
International Chemical Workers Union__________
Railway Patrolmen’s International Union________
United Stone and Allied Products Workers of
America.
International Union of Life Insurance Agents (Ind.)_
Bricklayers, Masons and Plasterers International
Union of America.
Air Line Dispatchers Association________________
Industrial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding
Workers of America.
American Federation of Grain Millers____________
United Cement, Lime and Gypsum Workers Inter­
national Union.

Kansas City, Mo.
Miami Beach, Fla.

September 21 _
September 22.
September 29.
September 29.
October 5____
October 6____
October 6____
October 6____
October 9____
October 13___
October 13___
October 13___
October 13___
October 15___

Philadelphia, Pa.
Long Beach, Calif.
Cleveland, Ohio
New York, N. Y.
Miami, Fla.
Washington, D. C.
Chicago, 111.
New York, N. Y.
Minneapolis, Minn.
Atlantic City, N. J.
SanFrancisco, Calif.
Cincinnati, Ohio
Minneapolis, Minn.
Seattle, Wash.

S ta te federation
September 21.
October 6 ____
October 6 .. __
October 13___


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Minnesota AFL-CIO Federation of Labor.
Illinois State Federation of Labor________
Texas State AFL-CIO--------------------------Nebraska State AFL-CIO----------------------

Minneapolis
Peoria
Galveston
Scottsbluff

Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*

Labor Relations

Evidence of Employee Inducement. In three cases
joined for opinion,1 the Supreme Court of the
United States held that the existence of a “hot
cargo” clause in the collective bargaining agree­
ment did not permit the union to induce employees
of the employer to strike or refuse to handle the
“hot” goods and such inducement was a violation
of the secondary boycott provisions—section 8(b)
(4) (A)—of the National Labor Relations Act.
One of the cases arose under a contract between
general contractors and the Carpenters’ union,
providing that “workmen shall not be required
to handle nonunion material.” When nonunion
doors purchased from a distributor were delivered
to a construction site, the business agent of the
Carpenters’ union notified the contractors’ fore­
man that the doors were nonunion and could
not be hung. The foreman ordered the employees
to cease handling doors. Resulting negotiations
between the distributor and the union failed to
produce an agreement that would permit the
doors to be installed.
On charges brought by the distributor, the
National Labor Relations Board found 2 that the
union’s activities violated the act because, not­
withstanding the hot-cargo provision, any direct
appeal to the employees by the union was for­
bidden whether or not the employer acquiesced
in the boycott. A court of appeals enforced the
order.3
The other two cases resulted from a strike called
by the Machinists’ union. Because the Ma­
chinists’ picket line prevented pickups and de­
liveries, a struck employer hauled freight in his
own trucks to loading platforms of five common
carriers. The Machinists followed the trucks
and picketed them at the platforms without
making it clear that their dispute was only with
the employer. They also requested some of the
892

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carriers’ employees not to handle the employer’s
freight. The Teamsters’ union, bargaining repre­
sentative for the carriers’ employees, instructed
its members to cease handling the freight. The
employees then refused to move the freight,
despite the fact that all carriers except one ex­
pressly ordered the freight to be moved. The
contract between the carriers and the Teamsters
provided that “members of the union shall not be
allowed to handle or haul freight to or from an
unfair company, provided this is not a violation
of the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947.”
The employer filed unfair labor practice charges
with the NLRB which found 4 that both the
Machinists and Teamsters had violated the
secondary boycott provisions of the act through
direct inducement of employees. The Board
further held that where the secondary employer
is a common carrier subject to the Interstate
Commerce Act, a hot-cargo clause is invalid at
its inception and has no force or effect. The
court of appeals 5 set aside the Board’s order as
to the Teamsters but enforced the order against
the Machinists.
The Supreme Court initially noted that the
act did not outlaw all secondary boycotts, but
that an unfair labor practice could only exist
under section 8 (b) (4) (A) when three conditions
occurred: “Employees must be induced; they
must be induced to engage in a strike or a con­
certed refusal; an object must be to force or require
their employer or another person to cease doing
business with a third person.” Consequently, the
Court stated that a secondary employer may
voluntarily engage in a boycott against another
employer and a union is free to approach an
employer to persuade him to engage in a boycott
so long as it refrains from the specifically pro*Prepared in the IT. S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The
cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions
believed to be of special interest. No attem pt has been made to reflect all
recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law or
to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the existence of
local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue presented.
1 Local 1976, United. Brotherhood of Carpenters v. N L R B ; N L R B y . General
Drivers, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers Union, Local 886; Local 850,
International Association of Machinists, v. N L R B (U. S. Sup. Ct., Ju n e 16,
1958).
2 Local 1976, United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners and Sand Door
and Plywood Co., 113 NLRB 1212 (1955); see M onthly Labor Review, No­
vember 1955, pp. 1277-1288.
2 241 F. 2d 147 (1957).
4 Local 850, International Association of Machinists and American Iron and
Machine Works Co., 115 NLRB 800 (1956).
5 247 F. 2d 71 (1957); see Monthly Labor Review, July 1957, pp. 849-850.

DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES

hibited means of coercion, i. e., inducement of
employees.
The Court accordingly held that the mere
execution of a “hot cargo” clause is not evidence
of inducement of employees and indicated that a
union may have other legal remedies against an
employer who will not voluntarily comply with
a hot-cargo provision in a contract. However,
it held that such a provision is no defense for a
union that induces employees to refuse to handle
goods of a secondary employer in a manner that
would be an unfair labor practice if no hot-cargo
provision existed.
The Court further held that a common carrier
entering into a bargaining agreement containing
a “hot cargo” clause or its voluntary observance
of the provision does not constitute a violation
of the act. According to the Court, “the Board is
not concerned with whether the carrier has per­
formed its obligations to the shipper [under the
Interstate Commerce Act] but whether the union
has performed its obligation not to induce em­
ployees in the manner proscribed by section
8 (b) (4) (A)” of the NLRA.
Enforcement of No-Solicitation Rule. The United
States Supreme Court held, 6 in two companion
cases, that an employer who engages in antiunion
solicitation and at the same time enforces a valid
no-solicitation rule against his employees does
not interfere with their right to organize under
section 8 (a) (1) of the NLRA.
In one case, supervisory personnel of the
emploj^er had interrogated employees and solicited
reports concerning organizational activities of
other employees during an organizational cam­
paign of the Steelworkers’ union. Later, several
union employees were discharged. The em­
ployer then distributed literature which, although
not coercive, was antiunion. Meanwhile, the
employer announced that he would enforce the
no-solicitation rule against all employees who
posted signs, distributed literature on company
property, or solicited for union membership on
company time. After an NLRB representation
6
N L R B v. United Steelworkers of America and Nutone, Inc.; N L R B v.
Avondale Mills (U. S. Sup. Ct., June 30, 1958).
i
Nutone, Inc. v. United Steelworkers, 112 NLRB 1153 (1955); see Monthly
Labor Review, August 1955, p. 922.
8 243 F. 2d 593 (D. C. C. A. 1957); see M onthly Labor Review, February
1957, pp. 201-202.
• Avondale Mills and Textile Workers Union, 115 NLRB 840 (1956).
W242 F. 2d 669 (1957).


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893
election, which was lost by the union, the employer
recognized as bargaining representative of the
employees an organization which he assisted in
forming.
In a proceeding brought before the NLRB,7 it
was found that unfair labor practices had been
committed; accordingly, the Board ordered the
reinstatement of the discriminatorily discharged
employees and withdrawal of recognition from
the labor organization which had been employer
assisted. However, it dismissed the allegation
that the employer had discriminatorily enforced
its no-solicitation rule. A court of appeals,8how­
ever, held that it was an unfair labor practice for
the employer to prohibit distribution of union
literature under the same circumstances as he
distributed antiunion literature; it modified and
enforced the Board’s order as modified.
The other case arose from an organization cam­
paign of the Textile Workers Union. Concur­
rently, employees were called before supervisory
personnel on the grounds that they had been
soliciting for union membership and were informed
of an oral rule, previously applied, against such
solicitation. Later three employees, informed of
the rule, were discharged for its violation. The
employer involved also was found by the Board 9to
have committed unfair labor practices through
interrogating employees on their organizational
views and soliciting employees to withdraw
membership cards from the union accompanied
by threats to close the mill or witndraw employee
benefits upon unionization.
In this case, the Board concluded that the
employer had committed unfair labor practices
by discriminatorily invoking the no-solicitation
rule and bjT discharging employees for its viola­
tion. A court of appeals 10 did not find sufficient
evidence of employer discrimination in the appli­
cation of the rule.
In upholding the appellate court in the Textile
Workers’ case and reversing the decision of the
court of appeals in the Steelworkers’ case insofar
as it modified the original Board order, the
Supreme Court pointed out that the enforcement
of the rules was valid in itself and the employers
had a right to engage in noncoercive antiunion
solicitation under the “employer free speech”
provision of section 8 (c) of the National Labor
Relations Act. The High Court held that if the
union’s “opportunities for effectively reaching

894
the employees with a prounion message, in spite
of a no-solicitation rule, is at least as great as the
employer’s ability to promote the legally author­
ized expression of his antiunion views, there is no
basis for invalidating these ‘otherwise valid’ rules.”
As the parties before the Board had made no
attempt to show that the employers’ application
of their rules truly lessened the ability of the
unions to carry their message to employees, the
Court concluded that the existence of an employer
unfair labor practice could not be found.
Immunity Against Self-Incrimination. The U. S.
Supreme Court held 11 that the Fifth Amendment
to the United States Constitution does not permit
a witness who has been granted immunity from
prosecution under State law to refuse to answer
questions on the grounds that they might incrimi­
nate him under section 302 of the Labor Manage­
ment Relations Act of 1947.
In this case, an employer was summoned as a
witness to answer questions before a New York
grand jury conducting an inquiry into possible
violations of State criminal law relating to bribery
of labor representatives, conspiracy, and extortion.
On the employer’s refusal to answer on the grounds
of State incrimination, he was granted immunity
from any possible State prosecution relative to
the inquiry. The employer continued to refuse to
answer the questions as to payments to union
officials claiming that his answers would tend to
incriminate him under section 302 of the LMRA
which prohibits certain payments to representa­
tives of an employer’s employees. He also con­
tended that his privilege was strengthened in that
the United States Attorney for the district in
question had publicly announced his intent to
cooperate with the State in the prosecution of
criminal cases in the field under investigation by
the grand jury.
The employer was convicted of contempt12 and
the appellate court of the State affirmed.13 Al­
though the employer also contended that the TaftHartley Act preempted the field with respect to
payments between employers and union represen­
tatives in interstate commerce, the Supreme Court
granted certiorari to consider only the question of
self-incrimination.14
Holding that the Fifth Amendment placed
restrictions only on the Federal Government, the


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

Court rejected the employer’s contention that the
Fifth Amendment gave him a privilege against
self-incrimination of Federal crime which he could
assert against either State or national Government
by refusing to give incriminating testimony.
According to the Court, to deprive a State of the
power “to ferret out, and thereby guard against
. . . corruption . . . by restrictions . . . would
reverse our whole constitutional history. To
achieve these essential ends of State Government,
the States may find it necessary, as did New York,
to require full disclosure in exchange for immunity
from prosecution. This cannot be denied on the
claim that such . . . immunity may expose the
potential witness to prosecution under Federal
law.”
Refusal to Bargain. A Federal court of appeals
refused 15 to enforce an NLRB order against a
local and an international union for striking in­
stead of settling a labor dispute through grievance
machinery provided in their collective bargaining
agreement.
In this case, a dispute arose between the local
union and the employer over the application of
seniority rights to certain jobs performed with
new machinery. When the employer hired new
employees for the machines instead of applying
customary seniority practices of upgrading present
employees and calling back laid-off employees,
the union employees refused to work and went
home. The employer requested the union to order
the men’s return and to process the case under
the settlement of disputes clause of a joint wage
agreement. In that clause, the union and em­
ployer agreed to “exercise their best efforts
through available disciplinary measures to prevent
stoppages of work by strike or lockout pending
adjustment or adjudication of disputes and griev­
ances in the manner provided in this agreement.”
Several weeks after the walkout, a grievance
procedure between the parties was initiated and
later, work was resumed after it was agreed to
apply customary seniority practices regarding the
operations of new machines in the future.
11 Knapp v. Schweitzer (U. S. Sup. Ct., June 30, 1958).
People v. Knapp, 157 N. Y. S. 2d 820 (1956).
is Knapp v. Schweitzer, 157 N. Y. S. 2d 158 (1956); 2 N. Y. 2d 975,142 N. E.
2d 649 (1957).
1* 355 U. S. 804 (1957).
11 United Mine Workers v. N L R B (C. A., D. C., June 12, 1958).
12

895

DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES

On application of the employer, the Board
found 16 that the union had refused to bargain
collectively in violation of section 8 (b) (3) of the
act. The Board reasoned that the strike was in
derogation of the contract as the settlement of
disputes clause excluded the right to strike over
any dispute capable of being settled by the griev­
ance machinery. As the strike was therefore
unprotected by the act and as such, occurring in
a “bargaining context,” it was an unlawful refusal
to engage in collective bargaining with the
employer.
In rejecting the Board’s theory, the court of
appeals cast doubt on the Board’s authority to
make a breach of contract an unfair labor practice.
While agreeing that the strike was an unprotected
labor activity, the court refused to consider it
unlawful. The promise of the union in the settle­
ment of disputes provision was not equivalent to
a promise not to strike, particularly in view of the
fact that a specific no-strike provision, once in
existence in past contracts had been removed
by the union. The present provision, according
to the court, was merely a gentlemen’s agreement
in which the union assumed moral obligations but
had no binding legal effect upon the unions’ right
to strike.
Enjoinment of Minority Picketing. The National
Labor Relations Board held 17 that picketing for
recognition purposes by a union which does not
represent a majority of the employees constitutes
an unfair labor practice under the National Labor
Relations Act despite the union’s claim that it
did not seek to represent the employees.
At a trial examiner’s hearing on the employer’s
petition for a representation election, the union
advised that it did not represent or claim to
represent the employer’s employees and that the
union picket line was not to be construed as a
claim for recognition. The Board found the
union’s statements inconsistent with its actions,
and conducted an election in which the union lost
6-0. Thereafter, the union resumed picketing
with signs reading “Attention John Q. Public.
The nonunion employees in this store are a threat
to union working conditions. Please patronize
union employees. . .
The employer then filed
charges of unfair labor practice against the union.
Pointing out that the union had failed to resort
to such traditional organizational methods as the

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distribution of circulars, personal solicitation of
employees, or the use of picket signs addressed to
the employees, the Board found that the picketing
was not organizational picketing. It also held
that where a union expends time and money in an
organizing campaign and picketing and, after
losing an election by such an absolute margin
continues picketing ostensibly not for recognition,
there is a strong, if not conclusive, presumption
that the announced object of the picketing is
pretext and “the real intent is to obtain recognition
despite the lack of majority status.”
Veterans’ Reemployment

Compensation in Lieu of Reemployment. A Federal
district court held 18 that, because of unreasonable
delay, a veteran no longer had statutory re­
employment rights, but awarded damages to
compensate for the employer’s original refusal of
reinstatement.
The veteran in this case was a wholesale clothing
salesman before military service. Plis compensa­
tion had been commissions on sales, adjusted for
actual advances for travel expenses and on drawing
account. On completion of his military service,
he made a timely application for reemployment,
but then, and thereafter, the employer refused
reinstatement. Instead, 6 months later, the em­
ployer offered in lieu of reemployment a sum equal
to one-half of the veteran’s total earnings for the
2 years preceding his military service, as reported
for income tax purposes. If this offer was not
satisfactory, the employer had invited suit to
determine the veteran’s rights.
The veteran refused the offer, but did not begin
suit until 3 years after his original request for
reemployment. Referring to the invitation to
sue, the court found that the veteran had delayed
unreasonably in bringing action, and that the
employer was not responsible for this delay.
Taking into account certain earnings of the
veteran, the court awarded him $5,000 for lost
earnings for 1 year from the first wrongful refusal
of reinstatement, but because of the delay of more
than 3 years between that time and the trial,
considered it inequitable to require reinstatement.
16 District 17, United Mine Workers and Boone County Coal Corp., 117
N LRB 1095 (1957)
17 Local 1565, Retail Clerks International and Store No. S09, J. C. Penney
Co., 120 NLRB No. 189 (June 18, 1958).
18 Gray v. Fashion Park, Inc. (U. S. D. C., W. D. N. Y., Nov. 14, 1957).

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events

June 1, 1958
A g e n e r a l w a g e i n c r e a s e of 5 cents, negotiated jointly
by the Pulp Workers, the Papermakers, and Firemen and
Oilers with the International Paper Co., Northern Division,
became effective. The 1-year agreement covered 5,500
employees of 6 mills in 3 States.
During the month, the Pulp Workers, Papermakers, and
Brotherhood of Electrical Workers reached an agreement
with the company’s Southern Kraft Division, covering
about 12,000 workers in 9 plants and calling for hourly
wage increases ranging from 4 to 8 cents plus 1.25 cents for
classification adjustment and fringe benefits. The pact
may set a pattern for other southern paper mills.
A ir L i n e P i l o t s A s s o c i a t i o n ended a strike against
Western Airlines that had begun on February 21, under an
agreement providing for continued contract negotiations
and submission of any unsettled issues to arbitration.
T he

June 3
U n i t e d A u t o m o b i l e W o r k e r s and the American
Motors Corp. agreed to extend their existing contract,
which has a June 15 expiration date, until it is replaced
by a new or modified agreement. The agreement may be
canceled by either party on 10 days’ notice.
T he

18 years as president of the American Federation of
Musicians, James C. Petrillo announced his retirement at
the union’s convention in Philadelphia, Pa. He will con­
tinue as president of the union’s Chicago local, but will
resign as a vice president of the AFL-CIO. (See also
p. 902 of this issue.)
A fter

June 4
P r e s i d e n t E i s e n h o w e r signed a bill giving States the
option of obtaining Federal loans to finance a temporary
extension of unemployment compensation for unemployed
workers who have exhausted their benefits, for a period
equal to 50 percent of that to which they were entitled
under State laws.

June 6
S e t t l e m e n t of the strike since February 1 by 13,500
Hawaiian sugar plantation workers was announced by the
Hawaiian Sugar Plantation Association and the Interna­
tional Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union (Ind.).
896


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Immediate and deferred wage increases and liberalization
by 1960 of overtime pay provisions during the peak season
were among the terms of the 3-year contract. (See also
p. 902 of this issue.)
New York City Realty Advisory Board on Labor
Relations, Inc., and the Building Service Employees con­
cluded a 3-year agreement for about 15,000 Manhattan
apartment-building service employees. A company-paid
pension plan was established and a 10th paid holiday
was provided for under the terms of the contract. (See
also p. 899 of this issue.)
T he

June 7
M e m b e r s of the Machinists ratified a 28-month contract
with the McDonnell Aircraft Corp., providing for hourly
wage increases ranging from 11 to 20 cents, retroactive to
May 5, plus an additional 3}£ percent in May 1959, for
about 15,000 workers in St. Louis, Mo.

June 11
T h e T e a m s t e r s announced ratification of a 5-year agree­
ment, negotiated jointly by them and the Retail Clerks
with Montgomery Ward & Co., which outlined minimum
terms to be included in contracts subsequently negotiated
by the locals with the company. The provisions, effective
June 1, contained an across-the-board 17)4-cent minimum
hourly wage increase, a guaranteed workweek of 40 hours
for employees with 5 years’ service and of 37 hours with
2 to 5 years, a requirement that new workers must join
the union after a 30-day trial period, straight seniority,
and a cost-of-living adjustment clause. The company also
agreed to sign contracts with Teamster locals which would
meet local Teamster wages and conditions.
T h e Indiana employment review board ruled that the
supplemental unemployment benefit plan negotiated by
the United Automobile Workers and the Allis-Chalmers
Manufacturing Co. at Terre Haute, Ind., violated a State
law which, it held, entitled the State to recover lump sum
SUB payments received by laid-off workers after expiration
of their eligibility for State benefits.

June 14
T h e U t i l i t y W o r k e r s and the Detroit Edison Co. agreed
on terms of a 2-year contract, calling for a 2^-percent
(minimum 6 cents an hour) “improvement factor” increase,
a wage reopening in 1959, and other improvements for
about 4,000 workers. (See also p. 901 of this issue.)

June 16
T h e New England Telephone and Telegraph Co. an­
nounced 1-year contracts with 3 independent telephone
unions, affecting 20,000 union and nonunion employees.
The pacts provide for a $1 weekly wage increase, effective
June 8, and an additional $1 increase for certain Bostonarea switchboard operators who had reached their top
in-grade salary rates.

897

CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS
I n t h r e e c o m p a n i o n c a s e s , the U. S. Supreme Court
ruled that, while a “hot cargo” clause in a collective
bargaining contract was not in itself illegal, a union attempt
to enforce such a clause without the employer’s voluntary
consent violated the secondary boycott provisions of the
Taft-Hartley Act. The cases were Local 1976, United
Brotherhood of Carpenters v. N LRB; N L R B v. General
Drivers, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers Union,
Local 886; and Local 860, International Association o
Machinists v. N LRB. (See Chron. items for Feb. 12,
May 9, Nov. 8, and Dec. 16, 1957, MLR, Apr. and July,
1957, and Jan. and Feb. 1958, respectively; see also p. 892
of this issue.)
A t l a n t i c a n d G u l f C o a s t o p e r a t o r s of tankers and
passenger and dry-cargo ship lines reached 3-year agree­
ments with the National Maritime Union for unlicensed
seamen and with the American Radio Association. No
wage increases were negotiated but vacation, pension, and
welfare benefits were liberalized.
Within the next few days, the Marine Engineers reached
settlements with passenger and dry-cargo ship operators
of both East and West Coasts on terms which included
parity in all benefits for both coasts. On June 23, the
Radio Association renegotiated its agreement to bring it
in line with the vacation, pension, and welfare benefit
provisions obtained by the Marine Engineers. (See also
p. 901 of this issue.)

June 18

On June 25, the President also approved a bill increasing
by 10 percent the pensions of Federal employees, who
retired prior to October 1, 1956, or their survivors,
beginning August 1.
T h e Atlantic and Gulf District of the Seafarers’ Inter­
national Union won an NLRB-directed representation
election among the predominantly Cuban crew of a liner
which had transferred from American to Liberian flag
registry 3 years ago but which was still American owned
and operating regularly from an American port. In a
preelection ruling, the Board found that the employer’s
operations have direct and substantial effect upon the
foreign commerce of the United States, that organization
of the ship’s crew, with a view toward improving their
working conditions, was a matter of concern to American
seamen, and that the fact that a majority of the crew were
nonresident aliens did not exclude them from coverage
under the National Labor Relations Act.
T h e F e d e r a l court of appeals for the District of Columbia
ruled that a union did not violate the Taft-Hartley Act’s
requirement for a waiting period prior to a strike for con­
tract modification when it struck after an arbitrator had
rejected a grievance on shift seniority, an issue not ex­
plicitly covered in the union’s contract. In this case,
Local Union No. 9785, United Mine Workers of America v.
NLRB, the court held that the strike was called to protest
the arbitrator’s decision rather than to modify the con­
tract, since a master contract left shift seniority to local
agreement and no such agreement had been reached.

C o m p l e m e n t i n g its previous decision that a noncomplying
union shall be listed on the ballot in a representation
election requested by an employer (see Chron. item for
Apr. 11, 1958, MLR, June 1958), the NLRB ruled that it
would henceforth apply the same procedure where a
noncomplying union intervenes in an election requested
by a complying union. However, if the noncomplying
union wins, the Board would certify only the arithmetical
results of the election. (See Chron. item for May 27, 1958,
MLR, July 1958.) The case was Concrete Joists &
Products Co., Inc., and United Steelworkers of America.

U. S. Supreme Court ruled, in McKinney v. MissouriKansas-Texas Railroad Co., that a veteran’s reemployment
rights under the Universal Military Training and Service
Act do not entitle him to a higher position than he held
before he entered service when promotions depend, under
a collective bargaining contract, partly on the employer’s
exercise of discretion as to the appointee’s ability, and not
exclusively on seniority.

June 19

On r e t r i a l ,

P r e s i d e n t E i s e n h o w e r created an emergency board
under the Railway Labor Act to study a contract dispute
between American Airlines, Inc., and the Air Line Pilots
Association.
T h e T e n n e s s e e V a l l e y A u t h o r i t y announced salary
increases ranging from $165 to $600 a year for about 6,000
“white collar” workers. (See also p. 899 of this issue.)

June 20
P r e s i d e n t E i s e n h o w e r signed a bill providing for a 10percent salary increase for classified and other white-collar
Federal Government employees, retroactive to the first
full pay period this year.


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June 23
T he

a Federal jury in New York City acquitted
Teamster President James R. Hoffa and two others—
Owen Brennan, president of Detroit Teamster Local 337,
and Bernard Spindel, a “professional wiretapper,” of
charges that they had tapped the telephones of union
subordinates in Detroit. (See Chron. item for Dec. 19,
1957, MLR, Feb. 1958.)

June 24
T h e A c t i n g S e c r e t a r y o f L a b o r , under the WalshHealey Act, set $1.50 as the prevailing minimum hourly
wage rate in the paint, varnish, and related products
industry, to be applicable to public contracts in excess of
$10,000, beginning July 24. This nationwide determina­
tion replaces regional rates of $1 and $1.05.

898

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

P r o d u c t i o n s , I n c ., signed a 5-year contract,
effective July 1, with the American Federation of Musicians
to use musicians in recording scores for television films
instead of using “canned” music. At the same time, a
new basis for computing royalty payments to the union’s
television trust fund, which is used to provide employment
for musicians, will reduce such payments. The contract
also provides for a 10-percent wage increase after 3 years.
D e s il u

June 26
A “ g e n t l e m e n ’s a g r e e m e n t ” for a truce on the New
York waterfront was announced by the International
Longshoremen’s Association (Ind.) and the Atlantic and
Gulf District of the Seafarers’ International Union, which
had backed the AFL-CIO International Brotherhood of
Longshoremen in three bids to oust the ILA as the bargain­
ing representative of New York longshoremen. (See
Chron. item for Oct. 17, 1956, MLR, Dec. 1956; see also
p. 903 of this issue.)

June 30
T h e U. S. Supreme Court ruled, in two companion cases,
that enforcement of a valid company rule forbidding distri­
bution of literature and membership solicitation by a union
on company property is not necessarily an unfair labor
practice under the Taft-Hartley Act, even though the
employer himself may have engaged in antiunion solici­
tation which was coercive or accompanied by other unfair
labor practices. Whether the act has been violated, the

Court said, depends on the circumstances in which
controversy arose, and whether the union had other
facilities for communication with the employees. The
cases were N LRB V. United Steelworkers and Nutone, Inc.
(see Chron. item for Nov. 23, 1956, MLR, Jan. 1957); and
NLRB v. Avondale Mills. (See also p. 893 of this issue.)
T h e F e d e r a l court of appeals in New Orleans ruled that
a Federal court has jurisdiction in an action to compel
arbitration of a dispute, under an arbitration agreement,
even though the dispute may involve an unfair labor
practice— an issue exclusively within the NLRB jurisdic­
tion. The court held that mandatory Board adjudication
of an unfair labor practice is different from the enforcement
of an agreement to arbitrate. Involved was a dispute
over discharges of employees for misconduct during a
strike. The case was Lodge 12, Dist. 37, International
Association of Machinists v. Cameron Iron Works, Inc.

A 2- y e a r c o n t r a c t between the Boilermakers and the
New York Shipbuilding Corp. became effective. It called
for a 2-step, 27-cent-an-hour wage increase and other
improvements for about 6,100 employees of the company’s
Camden, N. J., yard. (See also p. 900 of this issue.)
C l a r e n c e T. L u n d q u i s t , of Illinois, was confirmed by the
U. S. Senate as administrator of the Department of Labor’s
Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divisions. He
succeeds Newell Brown, who was named Assistant Secre­
tary of Labor in October 1957 (see Chron. item for Oct. 8,
1957, MLR, Dec. 1957).

Erratum
In the June 1958 issue (Developments in Industrial Relations, p. 649), it
was reported that the Department of Labor “had revised its criteria for
determining who may be excluded as an executive from coverage of the
hours provision of the Fair Labor Standards Act.” This was in error: as of
mid-August, the proposal to make the change had not been acted upon.


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Developments in
Industrial Relations*

Wages and Collective Bargaining

Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Consumer Price
Index for May 1958 resulted in cost-of-living wage
adjustments for about 850,000 workers. About
750,000 of these—employees in basic steel and re­
lated industries, aluminum, can manufacture, and
meatpackings—were to receive a 4-cent-an-hour
increase under semiannual adjustment provisions.
For workers in the basic steel and related indus­
tries, such adjustments went into effect in July,
coupled with the final round of deferred wage in­
creases (averaging about 9 cents an hour, includ­
ing the effect on incentive earnings) and improved
fringe benefits under 3-year agreements signed in
the summer of 1956.1 Other contractual items
that were changed included increased pay for
work on late shifts and on Sundays and holidays.
Bargaining talks between the United Automo­
bile Workers and the automobile companies con­
tinued during June.2 A flurry of minor work
stoppages affected a few plants; most of these
stoppages were over local grievances and were not
directly related to national bargaining issues.
Later in the month, UAW leaders announced that
the union had begun to take strike authorization
votes at plants of the Big Three. Union officials
said that 92 percent of the members whose votes
had been counted at that time were in favor of
striking, if necessary, to back up the union’s
demands.
T he

Government. On June 20, President Eisenhower
signed into law a bill providing a pay raise approx­
imating 10 percent for more than a million Fed­
eral Government employees in the classified serv­
ice and other “white collar” jobs. The increase—
the first general pay raise for these workers in
about 3 years—was retroactive for most workers
to the first full pay period in January. Other
provisions in the bill included liberalized entrance
salary rates for certain college graduates.

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A week later, the President signed a bill grant­
ing higher pension benefits to over a quarter of a
million retired Federal employees and their sur­
vivors, effective August 1. Covering employees
who retired prior to October 1, 1956, the increases
generally amounted to 10 percent, with a maxi­
mum yearly increase of $500.
Salary increases for about 6,000 white-collar
employees of the Tennessee Valley Authority went
into effect June 29.3 The increases averaged from
$165 to $600 annually and affected all employees
but those in the top 3 salary grades, who received
a 10-percent boost in pay, in line with the increase
granted to Federal classified employees.
Services. In New York City, a 3-year contract
was reached on June 6 by the Realty Advisory
Board on Labor Relations, Inc., and the Building
Service Employees Union. Affecting about 15,000
service employees in Manhattan apartment build­
ings, the settlement provided a $2-a-week raise
retroactive to April 21 and a further increase of
$2.50 in October 1959. The contract also estab­
lished a company-paid pension plan, and provided
improved vacation and severance pay plans and a
10th paid holiday (the employee’s birthday).
On the West Coast, the Seattle Hospital
Council and the American Nurses Association
announced on June 17 terms of a 2-year contract.
The settlement, affecting about 600 nurses, pro­
vided increases of $10 a month on July 1 of 1958
and 1959, bringing the minimum starting salary
to $310 on July 1, 1958. The president of the
council said that pay increases of 4 to 5 cents an
hour would be put into effect on July 1 for nonpro­
fessional workers.
Metalworking. Wage increases ranging from 16
to 20 cents an hour, retroactive to May 22, were
agreed to in late June by the International Associ­
ation of Machinists and the Boeing Airplane Co.,
covering about 37,000 hourly paid production and
maintenance workers in the Seattle area. The
new 2-year contract included provision for a
3-percent wage increase next May and a reopening
♦Prepared in the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, on the basis of currently available published material.
1 See M onthly Labor Review, September 19S6, pp. 1070-1071.
s See M onthly Labor Review, July 1958, p. 779.
3
In mid-December 1957, the TVA had negotiated a wage increase of almost
5 percent with unions representing about 9,000 construction and maintenance
workers.

899

900
on base wage rates in March 1959. It also estab­
lished two joint committees—a wage determina­
tion committee to work on job rate inequities, and
a performance analysis committee, which is
expected to develop a new system of employee
evaluation. Earlier, on June 12, the firm had
announced a 6-percent pay raise for 13,000
nonunion salaried employees in the Seattle area,
retroactive to May 11.
Members of the International Brotherhood of
Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders, Blacksmiths,
Forgers and Helpers ratified a 2-year contract
with the New York Shipbuilding Corp. on June 30.
Covering about 6,100 workers at the firm’s
Camden, N. J., yard, the settlement provided an
immediate 17-cent hourly wage increase, a 10-cent
raise in 1959, and improvements in fringe benefits.
Many other shipbuilding workers employed by
other firms on the East Coast are covered under
previously negotiated long-term agreements that
call for deferred wage-rate increases in 1958.
Wage increases totaling 35 cents an hour over
3 years were negotiated in mid-June by the
Machinists and 11 major tool and die companies
in the Chicago area. Effective June 1, rates went
up by 15 cents an hour, and in both 1959 and 1960,
they are scheduled to rise by 10 cents more.
Union officials said that fringe benefits were also
improved. The settlement was expected to set
the pattern for about 5,000 workers employed by
more than 350 firms in the area.
A 2-year agreement on a 12^-percent pay cut
was reached between Douglas and Lomason Co.,
an auto stamping plant of Detroit, Mich., and
two unions—the Allied Industrial Workers and
the Metal Polishers, Buffers, Platers, and Helpers
Union. According to a union official, the reduc­
tions were to range between 30 and 45 cents an
hour for the firm’s 342 workers. The firm in
January 1954 employed over 1,000 workers.
Other M a n u fa ctu rin g . The Southern Kraft Divi­
sion of the International Paper Co. reached
agreement in June with the United Papermakers,
the Pulp, Sulphite and Paper Mill Workers, and
the International Brotherhood of Electrical Work­
ers, providing general wage increases ranging from
4 to 8 cents an hour (averaging about 5 cents) for
approximately 12,000 workers in 6 southern States.
The settlement also included additional increases
for classification adjustments, 3 weeks’ vacation

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

after 10 instead of 15 years’ service, and an
increase in the minimum monthly pension allow­
ance from $40 to $50. The agreement was
expected to set the pattern for other southern
paper mills.
In Chicago, the executive committee of the
Central States Petroleum Union (Ind.) authorized
its locals, representing approximately 10,000
workers, to accept 1-percent pay boosts offered
by the Standard Oil Co. of Indiana. It reported,
however, that it would resume negotiations in
mid-July on demands for a further 4-percent costof-living increase and a 3^-percent ‘'improvement
factor” increase.
Meanwhile, negotiations between the Independ­
ent Union of Petroleum Workers and the same
firm were concluded as the parties agreed upon a
2-percent “inequity” wage increase. The agree­
ment, negotiated under a wage reopening pro­
vision of a contract expiring in March 1959,
affected about 5,000 workers at the firm’s Whiting,
Ind., plant. The pact also provided for one more
wage reopening on 30 days’ notice.4
Most of the major cement negotiations appeared
to have been peacefully concluded in mid-June as
the Cement, Lime and Gypsum Workers Union
announced it had signed agreements with 52
manufacturers. In general, these settlements in­
cluded wage advances averaging 10 cents an
hour, increases in premium pay for Sunday work,
and improvements in pension benefits. The union
reported that about 17,000 of its 20,000 members
in the industry were affected by the new contracts.
In New York City, the Amalgamated Lithogra­
phers of America signed a 2-year contract with
the Metropolitan Lithographers Association of
New York, providing for no immediate change in
basic wage scales. According to a letter sent
to President Eisenhower by the president of the
local, the union’s purpose in signing the contract
was “to do our part in stabilizing the national
economy and to help management at a time when
a wage increase could only be passed on in higher
prices to the consumer.” The agreement, how­
ever, provided a $5-a-week raise for journeymen
and $4 for miscellaneous classifications on May 1,
1959; a cost-of-living escalator clause that will
4
In 1957, the Central States Petroleum Union and the company had agreed
to a 5-percent raise, while a 4-percent increase had been negotiated by the
Independent Union of Petroleum Workers. Many other workers in the
petroleum industry received 6-percent wage-rate increases during that year.
(See Monthly Labor Review, May 1957, p. 617, and August 1957, p. 986.)

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

increase earnings if the Consumer Price Index for
New York City rises 3 points within a year; and
extension of hospitalization, surgical, and medical
insurance benefits to dependents, retirees, and
temporarily laid-off employees, effective in the
first contract year—costing the employers an
additional $1 per man a week. The settlement
affected about 7,000 workers, whose weekly wages
reportedly range from $125 to $175 per week and
are claimed to be 20 percent higher than in the
rest of the industry.
Transportation. In mid-June, new 3-year con­
tracts providing for no wage change but for 2 wage
reopenings and changes in fringe benefits were
negotiated for about 40,000 East and Gulf Coast
unlicensed seamen represented by the National
Maritime Union and employed by 43 passenger and
dry-cargo ship operators and 32 tanker companies.
In the area of fringe benefits, the agreements
included 30 days of vacation a year instead of
2 weeks for employees with 1 year’s service in the
industry, and additional vacation for longer
service with one company. At the same time, the
trustees of the health and welfare and pension
funds raised monthly pension benefits to $100
(formerly $65); increased the weekly in-hospital
allowance; and provided for a $10 weekly increase
in the employment security benefits for eligible
non working seamen.
A 5-day work stoppage by the Marine Engineers
Beneficial Association against the same group of
employers was ended on June 20 as the parties
agreed to 3-year contracts that also provided for
no wage change but called for one wage review
after June 14, 1960. These agreements provided
48 days’ vacation after 1 year’s continuous service
with one company and a further increase to 60
days in June 1959, and stipulated that a severance
pay plan for engineers who lose their jobs through
ship transfer to a foreign flag would be developed
by August 1958. Improved pension, hospitaliza­
tion, and other welfare benefits were also an­
nounced. A generally similar agreement had been
reached a few days earlier on the West Coast with
the Pacific Maritime Association.
A third maritime union—the American Radio
Association—on June 23 accepted a pact generally
similar to that of the Engineers. About 3,500
engineers and radiomen were affected by the
agreements.

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901
Utilities. Detroit Edison Co. and the Utility
Workers Union reached agreement on June 14 on
terms of a 2-year contract for almost 4,000 workers.
Retroactive to June 2, the agreement provided a
2^-percent (mininum 6 cents an hour) “improve­
ment factor” increase and a wage reopening in
1959. The settlement also incorporated 15 cents
of the accumulated cost-of-living bonus into the
basic rate structure and continued the cost-ofliving escalator clause. Other contract changes
included 3 weeks’ vacation after 10 instead of 15
years’ service and liberalized insurance benefits.
About 20,000 telephone workers in the traffic,
accounting, and directory departments of the New
England Telephone and Telegraph Co. in Maine,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island,
and Vermont were affected by new contracts with
3 independent unions. The 1-year agreements
provided a $1 weekly general wage increase
effective June 8. An additional $l-a-week raise
was granted to about 5,200 switchboard operators
in the Boston area who had at least 6 years’
service and had reached their maximum in-grade
salary rates.
In upstate New York, about 7,500 workers
represented by the International Brotherhood of
Electrical Workers received a 5-percent boost in
pay, effective June 1, as the union negotiated a
2-year contract with the Niagara Mohawk Power
Corp. In addition to another 5-percent wage
hike in 1959, the settlement also called for 3
weeks’ vacation after 10 instead of 15 years of
service and improved retirement and medical
plans.
Construction. A number of major settlements
were concluded during the month in the construc­
tion industry, including wage agreements for about
30,000 carpenters, bricklayers, and painters in the
Detroit area. The Carpenters’ 2-year agreement—
covering about 20,000 workers—called for 15-cent
wage advances in both 1958 and 1959, while the
Bricklayers settlement included 14- and 13-cent
hourly wage advances in 1958 and 1959, respec­
tively. The Painters District Council agreement
was for 1 year and provided a 12%-cent hourly
wage increase, as well as additional 7X-cent-anhour employer contributions to a vacation fund.
A controversial issue concerning the utilization of
laborsaving devices on painting jobs was partially
resolved when the parties agreed to eliminate

902
premium pay for using rollers. The latter 2
settlements each affected about 5,000 workers.
In Cincinnati, the Carpenters and Hod Carriers
came to terms with the Associated General Con­
tractors on a 12%-cent wage advance. The 1-year
agreements covered about 5,400 workers.
In Cleveland, a work stoppage that began in
early May and idled about 30,000 workers was
ended on June 17 as various building crafts reached
3-year agreements with 3 employer associations.
The settlement provided a 9-cent hourly wage
boost effective immediately, 6 cents more next
January, and 10- and 12-cent advances in May of
1959 and 1960, respectively.
Sugar Industry. Agreement ending a 126-day
strike was reached on June 6 between repre­
sentatives of the International Longshoremen’s
and Warehousemen’s Union (Ind.) and the
Hawaiian Sugar Plantation Association. Affecting
about 13,500 workers employed by 26 plantations,
the 3-year agreement called for an immediate 16cent wage hike, 7 cents more in July 1960, and
additional classification adjustments in both
contract years. In addition, by 1960, overtime
must be paid after 40 hours for all workweeks,
including those during the harvest period; at
present, overtime applies only after 48 hours,
work during the harvest period. The parties also
agreed to extend for the duration of the contract
the pension and separation pay plans that were
originally due to expire in 1958 and 1959, respec­
tively.
Union Developments

Conventions. After almost two decades as inter­
national president of the American Federation of
Musicians, the colorful James C. Petrillo stepped
down from his post. Mr. Petrillo persuaded dele­
gates to the union’s 61st annual convention to set
aside a resolution continuing his $20,000 salary
and to make it payable only when he is no longer
a paid officer of the union’s Chicago Local 10.
His post as president of the local pays him a net
salary of $26,000 a year, with the local taking
care of taxes. In one of his last actions as inter­
national president, he also succeeded in having
future conventions changed from an annual to a
biennial basis, after the 1959 convention, so as to
cut expenses. In other actions, the convention

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

delegates rescinded a constitutional proviso em­
powering the president to annul any section of
the constitution or bylaws and to substitute rules
of his own.
Herman D. Kenin, a member of the interna­
tional executive board and former president of a
Portland, Oreg., local, was sworn in as the new
president. Mr. Kenin said he would strive to
settle differences between the international and a
local in Los Angeles that was recently set up to
challenge the AFM as bargaining agent in the mo­
tion picture industry.5 The new president ob­
jected to a proposal to increase the presidential
salary from $20,000 to $35,000 a year, and the
motion was defeated.
In an attempt to guarantee work for musicians,
as well as to alleviate the differences between the
international and the Los Angeles local, the union,
under Mr. Kenin’s leadership, signed an agree­
ment during early June with Revue Productions,
Inc. (a major producer of filmed television shows),
under which the firm will substitute “live” music
for “canned recordings.” To expedite this pro­
gram, the union agreed to a reduction in the em­
ployer’s contribution to the highly controversial
Music Performance Trust Fund 6 from 5 to 1
percent of the gross proceeds of a film. In the
past, the 5-percent levy—which was required of
film producers using “live” musicians—had caused
producers to substitute “canned” soundtrack,
much of it imported from abroad. Under the ar­
rangement, Mr. Kenin said the firm would apply
$1 million, which would otherwise have been com­
mitted to the trust fund, and an additional $1
million for the employment of “live” musicians
over the 5 years of the contract. The settlement
also included a 10-percent pay raise spread over
the last 2 years of the agreement.
At the 33d convention of the Brotherhood of
Maintenance of Way Employes, the union’s presi­
dent, T. C. Carroll, announced he would not be a
candidate for reelection. Two vice presidents and
three executive board members joined Carroll in
announcing their retirement. H. C. Crotty,
former assistant to Carroll, was chosen to head the
organization; secretary-treasurer Frank L. Noakes
and other incumbents were reelected. Much of
the discussion at the convention was occupied
8 See M onthly Labor Review, M ay 1958, p. 541.
8 The trust fund agreement was set up by contracts signed in January 1954
(see M onthly Labor Review, March 1954, p. 306).

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

with the problem of railroad unemployment—
attributable, according to Carroll, to both in­
creased mechanization and undermaintenance by
the railroads.7
At another railway union convention, R. O.
Hughes, president of the Order of Railway Con­
ductors and Brakemen (Ind.) for the past 8 years,
announced he would not seek the office again.
James A. Paddock, vice president of the union since
1954, was named to the top post.
In Miami Beach, delegates to the 20th anni­
versary convention of the Communications Work­
ers of America wound up a 5-day session by approv­
ing salary boosts for top officers and district
directors. The salary of the president, Joseph A.
Beirne, was increased to $22,500 and those of the
secretary-treasurer and 3 vice presidents were
raised to $18,000 and $16,000, respectively. A
proposed 50-cent-a-month increase in the per
capita tax paid by the locals to the international
was, however, defeated. In other actions, a
constitutional amendment was adopted granting
the union's executive board authority to approve
affiliation with the international by labor unions
outside the continental United States, and “top
priority" was voted to a program designed to step
up organizing activities.
In Chicago, the Retail, Wholesale and Depart­
ment Store Union’s convention defeated a pro­
posed raise from $2 to $3 in the minimum monthly
membership dues. In related financial actions,
however, delegates approved a proposal to raise
from 75 to 85 cents a month the per capita tax,
and the union’s president, Max Greenberg, was
voted a raise in salary from $15,000 to $20,000 a
year. All officers of the international were re­
elected without opposition.
Officers of the American Flint Glass Workers’
Union were reelected at the union’s annual con­
vention. The convention adopted a program
calling for a 20-cent wage increase and improved
holiday, vacation, pension, and insurance benefits,
as demands for forthcoming negotiations with 65
employers whose contracts expire in 1958.
7 For a discussion of the problem, see Maintenance of Way Employment
(In Monthly Labor Review, October and November 1957, pp. 1177-1182 and
1315-1320, respectively).
8 See Monthly Labor Review, July 1958, p. 781.
8 See M onthly Labor Review, March 1958, p. 300.
1° Mr. O’Donoghue was appointed to the chairmanship in May 1958 by
Federal District Court Judge F. Dickinson Letts after Judge N athan Cayton
announced his resignation.


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903
Union Cooperation. The International Brother­
hood of Teamsters was involved in a series of
meetings during June, aimed at closer cooperation
between it and other unaffiliated unions on the one
hand and AFL-CIO affiliates on the other. The
union announced during the month that it had
met with the AFL-CIO Brewery Workers, a tradi­
tional rival, “to see if we can solve . . . the ageold conflicts between our two organizations.’’ In
May, the truckdrivers union had worked jointly
with the Retail Clerks (AFL-CIO) in reaching
contracts with Montgomery Ward and Co.,8 and
its offer of assistance in organizing activities had
been accepted by the Office Employes’ Interna­
tional Union, also a Federation affiliate.
In other meetings held during June, the basis
for ending a 6-year waterfront feud was reached
in a verbal agreement on June 26 by the Seafarers’
International Union (AFL-CIO) and the Inter­
national Longshoremen’s Association (Ind.). Ac­
cording to Captain William V. Bradley, president
of the ILA, the agreement would “mean no more
raiding, no strikes unless everyone agrees, no
phony picket lines put up to embarrass each other.
We all gave our word and [the agreement] should
last.’’ The meeting between the two groups was
reportedly the result of Teamster President Hoffa’s
efforts.
The Teamsters and the International Longshore­
men’s and Warehousemen’s Union (Ind.) agreed
upon a no-raiding pact affecting West Coast ware­
housemen. A joint release on June 17 revealed
that the unions now see “eye to eye on all mat­
ters.’’ The agreement was reported to include
provisions for simultaneous strikes by both unions,
and for coordinated bargaining strategy.
Other Union Developments. In June, the board of
monitors appointed by a Federal district court to
oversee activities of the Teamsters 9 took steps to
investigate complaints of undemocratic practices
and other abuses. The newly appointed chair­
man, Martin F. O’Donoghue,10announced appoint­
ment of two full-time staff investigators; one ini­
tially assigned to inquire into election arrange­
ments of a local in Springfield, Mo., and the other
to begin background work for a model code of
local bylaws. Later, the board revealed that it
had set aside indefinitely plans for an election in
the Springfield local (in order to insure guarantees
of democratic procedures), and that the Senate

904
Select Committee on Improper Activities in the
Labor or Management Field was preparing to
supply the monitors with a list of all Teamster
officials with criminal records.
The monitors also announced that they had
ordered the president and the secretary-treasurer
of the union’s Philadelphia Local 107 to post bond,
as guaranty of their financial responsibility, or face
ouster from their jobs. This action supplemented
President Hoffa’s approval of a special board to
consider charges of racketeering against the local
deriving from testimony before the McClellan
Committee last April.11
On June 23, Hoffa and two codefendants (Owen
B. Brennan and Bernard Spindel) were acquitted
by a Federal jury in New York City of charges of
conspiring illegally to tap telephones in the De­
troit Teamsters offices. A previous trial of the
three men on the same charges had ended in a
jury deadlock in December 1957.12
Repercussions of the Senate committee’s disclo­
sures were also felt in the Meat Cutters union as
Max Block, president of New York Locals 342 and
640, resigned from office. The international also
accepted Block’s resignation as head of its New
York-New Jersey District Council and as an inter­
national vice president. He had been accused in
May by the Senate committee of “gross misuse”
of union funds after committee investigators delved
into the locals’ dealings with a chain food store in
the New York City area.13 Joseph M. Jacobs, a
counsel for the international union, said that the
two locals were being put into receivership.
On June 15, Elmer Brown became president­
elect of the International Typographical Union,
to replace retiring president Woodruff Randolph.14
Mr. Brown, formerly assistant to President Ran­
dolph, said he would continue the policies of the
union’s Progressive Party, which sponsored his
candidacy. He defeated—by a 10,000 mail vote
plurality—Floward C. Murray who was nominated
by the more conservative Independent Party.
Other candidates elected to office also ran on the
Progressive Party ticket.
Other Developments

In the millinery industry, a joint national plan­
ning board, composed of representatives of milli­
nery manufacturers associations and of the United
Hatters, Cap and Millinery Workers Union, agreed

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

on June 7 to spend $30,000 on 100 scholarships for
training in vocational schools or through on-thejob instruction. The program is aimed at ameli­
orating the industry’s acute shortage of skilled
craftsmen. The board was established iu January
1958 after a nationwide work stoppage 15 to study,
among other things, economic trends in the indus­
try and recruitment and training of skilled labor.
Money for the program will come from a fund
set up in February 1955, to promote the sale of
hats.16
As a means of safeguarding jobs in the New
York area, Marx Lewis, secretary-treasurer of the
Hatters, announced on June 12 that the trustees
of the union’s welfare and pension fund had voted
to invest $3 million of the fund’s reserves in 2 loft
buildings in the New York City millinery center.
A major factor in the decision, according to Mr.
Lewis, was the danger that the buildings might
be converted to other uses, thus forcing millinery
manufacturers to shift their operations to other
areas.
After considerable debate, the U. S. Senate
passed the Ivennedy-Ives labor reform bill by 88 to
1 on June 17 and sent it to the House of Represent­
atives. The bill—the most comprehensive labor
measure considered by Congress since the Labor
Management Relations Act of 1947-—included
provisions for: (1) public disclosure of internal
union processes and financial operations; (2)
criminal penalties against union officials for
failure to make reports or for making false reports;
(3) reports and disclosures of any arrangements
for antiunion activities by an employer with
another person; (4) a general 18-month limitation
on the length of trusteeships imposed by an inter­
national union on its locals; (5) election, by secret
ballot, of international union officers at least
every 4 years, and of local union officers every 3
years; (6) prohibition on use of union funds to
promote candidates for union office; (7) establish­
ment of a Government advisory committee on
ethical practices; (8) filing by employers of nonCommunist oaths with the National Labor Rela­
tions Board; (9) voting in a representation election
by strikers for whom the employer has hired
11 See M onthly
12 See Monthly
is See Monthly
ii See Monthly
is See Monthly
1» See Monthly

Labor
Labor
Labor
Labor
Labor
Labor

Review, June 1958, pp. 652-653.
Review, February 1958, p. 190.
Review, July 1958, p. 785.
Review, October 1957, p. 1253.
Review, March 1958, p. 298.
Review, April 1955, p. 461.

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

replacements in the course of a work stoppage
over economic issues; (10) a $1,500 limitation on
loans by a union to an officer; and (11) a directive
that the NLRB fully exercise its jurisdiction in
all cases except those arising in States to which it
may have formally ceded jurisdiction.
Organized labor was generally critical of the
bill. George Meany, president of the AFL-CIO,
declared that the proposed legislation contained
“provisions which . . . will prove unworkable,
. . . unwise, . . . unfair, and unduly repres­
sive. ” Mr. Meany called upon the House to
“improve” the bill by “retaining the anticorrup­
tion sections and eliminating some of the unwork­
able and unnecessary language inserted on the
Senate floor.”
The Federal plan to provide loans to States
seeking additional unemployment compensation
monies 17 gained momentum; by the end of June,
24 States and territories, as well as the District of
Columbia signed up on at least a limited basis.18
The U. S. Department of Labor estimated that
approximately two-thirds of the unemployed
workers in these States, who had exhausted their
State insurance benefits since July 1957, would
now be eligible for additional unemployment
pay—in most instances, for 13 weeks.
Continuing and extensive layoffs in June caused
the United States Steel Corp. and the Aluminum
Company of America to join the ranks of firms in
several key industries that have reduced supple­
mentary unemployment benefit payments to
laid-off workers below normal levels. When the
financial position of SUB funds declines below a
specified level, the payments are reduced accord­
ingly. In the cases of both U. S. Steel and Alcoa,
supplemental unemployment benefits were reduced
to 75 percent of the full scale.
In June, the Senate select committee continued
its probings into labor “swindles,” turning its
attention to the financial dealings of Maxwell C.
Raddock, New York publisher of the Trade Union

4 7 3 1 3 2 — 51

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905
Courier. The committee was particularly inter­
ested in his dealings with the Carpenters’ union
from which he reportedly collected $310,000 for
writing and publishing a book about its late
president, William Hutcheson. One witness said
the job could have been done for $125,000, with a
substantial profit. Other allegations charged Rad­
dock with hiring a detective to search for deroga­
tory information about George Meany and other
top AFL-CIO officials. The New York publisher
said he wanted information on Meany “in the
hope that . . . [it] . . . might cause him [Meany]
to ‘stiffen his back’ in dealings with Reuther.”
Raddock denied that this statement was “another
way of stating you were going to blackmail him,”
as charged by Robert F. Kennedy, committee
counsel.
Toward the end of the month, the committee
traced movements and telephone calls of Teamster
President Hoffa, Raddock, and Carpenter Presi­
dent Maurice Hutcheson, alleging connection with
Indiana right-of-way land scandals.19
The U. S. Supreme Court, on June 16, issued a
6-to-3 ruling 20 on the controversial “hot cargo”
issue in labor contracts, holding that employees
and labor unions could lawfully negotiate such a
clause. The Court declared that a clause per­
mitting union members to refuse to handle goods
from a concern that the union considered “unfair”
was per se lawful but that union attempts to
enforce the clause against the will of the employer
would violate the Taft-Hartley Act’s ban on
secondary boycotts.
h See Monthly Labor Review, July 1958, p. 785. The President signed the
bill on June 4.
is Seven of these States entered the program on a restricted basis, covering
only unemployed Federal workers and Korean veterans, and 4 only for vet­
erans. An additional 3 States, which did not accept the Federal loan, had
extended benefits by amending their laws.
i®In September 1957, the grand jury had refused to indict Hutcheson and
other Carpenter officials on charges of conspiring to commit bribery and
bribing a State official in the scandal. See Monthly Labor Review, August
1957, p. 992, and November 1957, p. 1383.
See p. 892 of this issue.

Book Reviews
and Notes
o t e .—Listing of a publication in this
section is for record and reference only and does
not constitute an endorsement of point of view
or advocacy of use.

E d it o r ’s N

Special Reviews

The Skills of the Economist. By Kenneth E.
Boulding. Cleveland, Ohio, Howard Allen,
Inc., 1958. 193 pp. $3.50.
Economists do have something. In a modest,
urbane, and quietly erudite essay, Professor
Boulding tries to define and illustrate what this
something is. He argues, in essence, that the
skills of the economist are derived from the sys­
tematic study of economic phenomena, which
permits reduction of the immense complexity of
the real world to manageable abstractions (models,
index numbers) that contribute to understanding.
The role of the economist outside the classroom
has been growing with dramatic rapidity in recent
years. This is conspicuously true with respect
to government, where the economist functions
principally as an adviser on public policy and in
the related area of economic statistics and re­
search. His role in business firms of major size
is less marked, owing in part to a “persistent
inability of economists and business to commun­
icate.” Professor Boulding points to a variety
of ways in which the economist, with his penchant
for marginal analysis, may contribute to decision­
making within the firm.
In a chapter entitled “Trade—Not Aid for the
Sciences,” Boulding presents the case for greater
interaction but not for merger among the social
sciences, with emphasis upon the contributions
that economics might make. A most interesting
final chapter contains an analysis, couched in
terms of broad opportunity and preference
functions, of the forces making for life and death
in civilizations. It is also a personal confession
of faith. Something of its flavor may be gained
from the following quotation: “The bankers and
906

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the businessmen, the politicans and the generals,
the sophisticated elite, enjoy an illusion of im­
portance. There is a feeling that the world was
made for them and they are really determining
the course of events. But in reality they are
determined; they are the passive instruments of
the great iron laws of society, the processes of
supply and demand, of ecological equilibrium and
succession. These make them or break them,
give them meaning for a time, and then cast them
aside. But the poet, the artist, and the prophet
are different. They are the disturbing elements,
the destroyers of equilibrium, and the ultimate
entrepreneurs who unleash the forces of growth
within society.”
—H. M. D outy
Bureau of Labor Statistics

Rehabilitation: A Community Challenge. By W.
Scott Allan. New York, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., 1958. 247 pp., bibliography. $5.75.
The subject of rehabilitation of the handicapped
calls for a reappraisal of needs and facilities. To
too many persons the subject is one which is only
casually observed and poorly understood.
The author has exceptional qualifications in
his field. From a wealth of research and broad
working experience, he has produced a book,
comprehensive in detail, well documented, and
highly practical in its approach. He calls atten­
tion to the growing regard for people and their
welfare. Society, he feels, has developed growing
concern translated into substantial assistance on
many fronts for those with physical handicaps, and
there is demand for greater comprehension and
action, not only by professional workers and
specialists, but by the great body of our people.
He offers convincing proof that concerted action
is not only humanitarian but also is economical.
Each of the many and varied factors and
techniques of rehabilitation is surveyed and
appraised. Importantly, the necessity for a wellrounded and continuous program with proper
placement of operational facilities and functions
is placed in proper perspective.
The author sedulously explores his main theme
of community action. Effort on a local level,
with adequate community participation, he holds
vital for achievement of optimum goals, stressing
the existence of untapped resources to be utilized
by local effort.
—H a r r y A. N e l so n
Attorney at Law, Madison, Wis.

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

The Worker Views His Union. By Joel Seidman,
Jack London, Bernard Karsh, Daisy L.
Tagliacozzo. Chicago, University of Chicago
Press, 1958. 300 pp. $5.75.
The basic thesis of this timely and readable book
is that understanding of the labor movement can
come only through an understanding of the rankand-file union member and his attitudes toward
his union and its leadership.
The authors selected six local unions in the
Chicago area for study. Each one was “as differ­
ent as possible from the other cases, yet . . . rep­
resentative of a broad tradition within the
American labor movement. . . .” Unionism as
a tradition was represented by a local of coal
miners; craft unionism by plumbers; militant
unionism by steelworkers; factionalism and conflict
by metal workers; the impact of an organizing
strike by knitting mill workers; and white-collar
unionism by telephone workers.
Interviews with union members and leaders
were supplemented by personal observation of
union meetings and grievance procedures. The
authors found union membership taken for granted
by most miners and plumbers, who could hardly
conceive of life without the union. In contrast,
men and women had joined the newer unions, for
the most part, because of their conviction that
only the union could meet the employer on an
equal basis. In every union, however, a fringe of
members had joined because others had joined or
it seemed the thing to do, or the union gave them
status in the community, or because of informal
group pressures. Most felt that the disappearance
of the union would be disastrous. Only the tele­
phone workers in any significant number were able
to think of the disappearance of their union with­
out profound alarm, and this, in part, the authors
believe, was due to the high regard in which these
workers held their employer.
The authors consider the essential factor of
union democracy to be “the ability of the rankand-file members to affect decisions, to replace
leaders, and to change policies.” In this respect,
the six unions studied were found to be highly
democratic. Although the great majority of rankand-file members did not attend meetings or take
an active part in union activities, their vote (in
most unions) determined the kind of collective
bargaining contract under which they would work,
whether they would strike or not, and which union

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907
would represent them and who the officers would
be.
To the average union member, leaders in the
local unions are very important. Even when
contracts are negotiated nationally, as in coal,
good local leadership is necessary if the contract
is to be adapted to local conditions and enforced.
In some cases, union members were motivated to
become local leaders by the fact that jobs are well
paid and carry much power, or because no one
else would take the job, or it “is nice to help
people.” Whatever his reason, the leader was
found to be very responsive to the desires of the
union members.
One interesting suggestion the authors make
concerns the structure of leadership and a réévalu­
ation of union meetings in this age of mass union­
ism. They conceive of a local union having not
1 but 2 distinct governments—one based on mass
membership, concerned with relations within the
union with its executive board having key respon­
sibility; and the other concerned with relations
with the employer, its functions being carried out
by the stewards or the grievance committees. In
the second case, the mass meeting would give way
to meetings of small and homogeneous units such
as departments, with the local taking action only
through a body of representatives, each chosen
by a constituency of fellow workers.
The authors conclude that “Job security, pro­
tection from unfair treatment, respect for human
dignity, and effective grievance procedure, all of
which exist where unionism does its job well, are
enough for workers to feel that the union is a
desirable institution.”
— M a r jo r ie C. E g lo ff
Bureau of Labor Statistics

Labor and the Law. By Charles O. Gregory.
New York, W. W. Norton & Co., Inc., 1958.
580 pp. 2d rev. ed. $6.50.
Those persons whose work and professional
interests make it important for them to keep
abreast of developments in the law of labor rela­
tions will find it valuable to read and have avail­
able for ready reference, the latest revised edition
of Mr. Gregory’s book, Labor and the Law.
In his original edition, Mr. Gregory stated hispurpose to be “to acquaint the responsible citizen
with the manifold problems involved in the
development of labor relations laws . . . pre-

908
sented . . . for the nonprofessional and pro­
fessional reader alike . . . to afford them an
opportunity of acquiring a moderately critical
understanding of this field so that they may under­
take a real part in helping as citizens to make the
labor laws of the future.” His latest edition is
designed to bring the book up to date by reporting
“the sweeping changes over the past decade”
in the law of labor relations.
Mr. Gregory only partially achieves these
objectives. His exposition in chapters XI through
XIY of the development of labor relations law
in the past 10 years will give those with particular
problems excellent summaries of the current
thinking of the National Labor Relations Board,
lower Federal courts, some State courts, and the
U. S. Supreme Court on many of them. The first
eight chapters and chapter X which present
earlier developments in the law remain unchanged
from the first edition.
Of particular interest is Mr. Gregory’s presen­
tation of the peaceful picketing versus free speech
developments (the Thornhill doctrine), of pro­
tected and unprotected union activity, of the
enforceability of collective bargaining agreements,
and of grievance arbitration. He arrives at what
appears to be a valid conclusion, that the Supreme
Court has finally decided that peaceful picketing
is more than speech and that it can therefore be
prohibited by law if the legislature determines it
is aimed at achieving an objective which it
considers illegal or contrary to public policy.
The book does not, however, in this reviewer’s
opinion, adequately achieve its objective of
providing a sufficiently critical understanding of
the field to enable the reader to make informed
judgments as to what our labor laws should be.
It is here that a real contribution could and needs
to be made in this field. Insofar as Mr. Gregory
purports to be making the attempt, he does not
wholly succeed. His presentation of the pros and
cons with respect to particular issues from various
viewpoints—labor’s, management’s, and the pub­
lic’s—does not necessarily assist anyone in arriving
a t an informed judgment. The whole is weakened
by the frequently violent personal predilections of
Mr. Gregory, set forth in a more sensational than
rational manner.
The book’s last chapter, A Glance Backward,
deals with this issue of a labor legislation program.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

It contains an exposition of a number of the
weaknesses which Mr. Gregory feels are present
in our current labor law, as well as of various
union practices he feels should be checked. He
takes the position, sound in this reviewer’s judg­
ment, that whatever further activities of unions
are controlled, can and should be controlled in the
context of labor legislation rather than the anti­
trust laws. Union activity of any kind, good as
well as bad, he argues, is inherently inconsistent
with the philosophy of the antitrust laws, and
thus such laws are not appropriate for dealing
with it.
But when it comes to deciding just what union
activities should be controlled, or in what manner,
Mr. Gregory himself frequently does not appear
able to make the choice clearly on many of the
issues he raises. His discussion of featherbedding
is an example of his frequent contradictory
positions. He states that “the only truly accurate
criterion” of the number of men needed to perform
a particular job is the employer’s own personal
judgment. But he then goes on to say that “this
formula . . . seems wanting in some respects.
For it makes the guilt of the unionists depend
entirely on the employer’s personal opinion . . .
the trouble with it is that the issue . . . [is one]
in which both sides are interested.” He admits
that the employer’s personal judgment is indeed
a tenuous standard. Faced with this problem, he
apparently decides in favor of the tenuous stand­
ard, without any real demonstration as to whether
there is an overriding need for thus ignoring the
very real interests of the employees in this decision.
He appears, certainly, to give far too much
weight to this problem when he states that “On
the answer to this [what can be done to stop
featherbedding] may depend the only real protec­
tion for consumers to offset rising labor costs
through increased productivity.” Nowhere does
he demonstrate to what extent featherbedding
actually affects consumer costs. An interesting
study on this matter which contains evidence to
the effect that there may be many misconceptions
in this area, can be found in Haber and Levinson’s
1956 book Labor Relations and Productivity in
the Building Trades.
There is no doubt that the issues raised by the
interplay of the forces of collective bargaining—
of the power of management and of organized

909

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

labor—are complex. In attempting to arrive at
answers we should be aware of the fact, however,
that in most industries, certainly in those that
largely influence overall wage trends, it is improve­
ments in wages and working conditions which
usually increase labor costs, rather than some
restrictive union practice. If these improvements
are arrived at through normal processes of collec­
tive bargaining, it is hard to see how labor costs
can be controlled through legislation without
largely destroying effective collective bargaining.
It is this dilemma that is faced by those like
Mr. Gregory who advocate that “something must
be done” about the “power of the labor unions.”
— E d it h N. C ook
Office of the Solicitor
U. S. Department of Labor

Human Relations in Industrial Research Manage­
ment Including Papers from the Sixth and
Seventh Annual Conferences on Industrial Re­
search, Columbia University, 1955 and 1956.
Edited by Robert Teviot Livingston and
Stanley H. Milberg. New York, Columbia
University Press, 1957. 418 pp., bibliogra­
phy. $8.50.
Making Management Human: Tested Methods of
Applying the Findings of Psychology to Every­
day Problems of People Working Together. By
Alfred J. Marrow. New York, McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., 1957. 241 pp. $5.
Human Relations and Power: Socio-Political
Analysis and Synthesis. By Albert MuellerDeham. New York, Philosophical Library,
1957. xxi, 410 pp. $3.75.
The areas of human relations studied in these
books range from a specific type of organization to
the whole concept of social power.
Scientists and those persons engaged in the
management of industrial research would be welladvised to read Human Relations in Industrial
Research Management. The volume is derived
from papers presented by noted scientists, busi­
nessmen, and managerial personnel at Columbia
University’s 6th and 7th industrial research con­
ferences. It is intended to give the reader “a
sound framework for locating human relations
within the total managerial problem of designing


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and operating the modern industrial research
organization.” The book is divided into five
parts: The Expectations and Jobs of Research,
The Individual and the Research Job, Research
Organization and the Management Jobs, Some
Aspects of Human Relations, and Managerial
Technologies. The editors hope this volume
“will stimulate more rapid advancement in the
special procedural needs of research management.”
Making Management Human has a wider
horizon than the Columbia University volume.
In it, Alfred Marrow—industrial psychologist,
successful businessman, and college lecturer-—
covers the whole spectrum of human relations in
industrial relations, aiming to show how, “in
certain enterprises, psychology has become a
partner in industry.” Liberally spotting the book
with case studies and humorous cartoons to prove
his points, the author touches on such subjects as
The Dynamics of Togetherness, The Training of
Leaders, and New Approaches to Group Dis­
cussion and Decision Making.
He gives the reader pragmatic advice as well as
a general background and a review of the literature
on each subject discussed. Marrow succinctly
points up the importance of human relations in
respect to the economy by appealing to the leaders
of industry: “If responsible leaders of industry
learn how mental health relates to industrial
stability and productivity, and the arts of the
psychologist are applied to its upkeep and restora­
tion where it fails, then industry could be an
influence of immense good in strengthening our
society. By enlisting the service of scientific
psychology to this end, they would not only insure
the economy against gigantic unnecessary losses,
but would add to its power of keeping our economy
an ever-growing one of abundance.”
In Human Relations and Power—the book with
the most intriguing title of the three—the author,
a sociologist, writes about the subjective and theo­
retical aspects of human relations and its appli­
cability to power in the social sphere. The book
will be of interest to the more sociologically prone
student of industrial relations who is curious about
the affinity of various types of power to the broad
general area of human relations.
—L . B.

W a l l e r s t e in
Bureau of Labor Statistics

910
Benefits and Benefit Plans
Severance Pay in Industry. By Edmund Ayoub. (In
IUD Digest, American Federation of Labor and
Congress of Industrial Organizations, Washington,
Spring 1958, pp. 133-140.)
Growth in Employee-Benefit Plans. By Alfred M. Skolnik
and Joseph Zisman. (In Social Security Bulletin,
U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Social Security Administration, Washington, March
1958, pp. 4-12. 25 cents. Superintendent of Docu­
ments, Washington.)
Independent Plans Providing Medical Care and Hospital
Insurance: 1957 Survey. By Agnes W. Brewster.
(In Social Security Bulletin, U. S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security Ad­
ministration, Washington, April 1958, pp. 3-10. 25
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
Problems and Solutions of Health and Welfare Programs:
Parts B and C, Service Benefits— and How to Compare
Service vs. Indemnity Benefits. New York, Founda­
tion on Employee Health, Medical Care and Welfare,
Inc., 1958. 80 pp. (Study 1.) $1.
Corporate Pension Funds, 1957. Washington, U. S.
Securities and Exchange Commission, 1958. 5 pp.
(Statistical Series Release 1533.)

Collective Bargaining
Understanding Collective Bargaining— The Executive's Guide.
Edited by Elizabeth Marting. New York, American
Management Association, 1958. 415 pp., bibliog­
raphy. $7.50; $5 to AM A members.
The Duty to Bargain in Good Faith. By Archibald Cox.
(In Harvard Law Review, Cambridge, Mass., June
1958, pp. 1401-1442. $1.25.)
Selected Provisions of 181 Large Manufacturing Union
Agreements. (In California Industrial Relations Re­
ports, Department of Industrial Relations, Division
of Labor Statistics, San Francisco, April 1958, pp.
4-18.)

Consumer Expenditures
Study of Consumer Expenditures, Incomes, and Savings—
Statistical Tables, Urban U. S., 1950 and 1950-51:
Volume X I, Details of Family Accounts for Incomes,
Savings, Insurance, and Gifts and Contributions; Vol­
ume X I I -X V I , Detailed Family Expenditures for Food,
Beverages, and Tobacco; Housing, Household Opera­
tions, and Housefurnishings and Equipment; Clothing
for Women and Girls, and for Children under 2 years;
Clothing for Men and Boys, Clothing Materials, and
Clothing Services; Medical Care, Personal Care, Rec­
reation, Transportation, and Miscellaneous Services;


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958
Volume X V II, Ownership of Consumer Durables;
Volume X V III, Summary of Family Incomes, Expend­
itures, and Savings— All Urban Areas Combined.
Tabulated by Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. D e­
partment of Labor for Wharton School of Finance
and Commerce, University of Pennsylvania. Phila­
delphia, University of Pennsylvania, 1957. Various
pagings.
Rural Household Expenditure Survey [Jamaica], 1956.
[Kingston], Department of Statistics, 1957. 60 pp.
2s. 6d.

Discrimination
Railroad Employment in New York and New Jersey. New
York, State Commission Against Discrimination and
the New Jersey Department of Education, Division
Against Discrimination, May 1958. v, 45 pp.
Employment in the Hotel Industry. New York, State Com­
mission Against Discrimination, March 1958. vii,
52 pp., bibliography.

Education and Training
The Manpower Problem in Health Work— Ten Years of
WHO [World Health Organization] Training Acitvities.
By M. G. Candau. (In American Journal of Public
Health and the Nation’s Health, New York, May
1958, pp, 555-560. $1.25.)
Staff Training for Personnel in Institutions for Juvenile
Delinquents—Report of a Workshop. By Elliot Studt
and Bernard Russell. Washington, U. S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security
Administration, Children’s Bureau, 1958. 56 pp.
(Children’s Bureau Publication 364.)
25 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Engineering Enrollment and Faculty Requirements, 1957—
1967. By William H. Miernyk and Morris A.
Horowitz. Prepared for the Committee on Develop­
ment of Engineering Faculties. Urbana, University
of Illinois, American Society for Engineering Educa­
tion, 1958. xii, 59 pp. 25 cents.
Training for Skill: Recruitment and Training of Young
Workers in Industry. London, Ministry of Labor and
National Service, 1958. 36 pp. 2s. 6d., H. M.
Stationery Office, London.
Workers’ Education in Belgium. By Jean Nihon. (In
International Labor Review, Geneva, March 1958,
pp. 220-238. 60 cents. Distributed in United
States by Washington Branch of ILO.)

Employment and Unemployment
Long-Term Regional Trends in Manufacturing Growth:
1899-1955. By Murray D. Dessel. Washington,
U. S. Department of Commerce, Office of Area Devel-

911

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
opment, 1958. 12 pp. (Area Trend Series, 2.) 10
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Employment Trends in Illinois, 1989-1957. (In Illinois
Labor Bulletin, State Department of Labor, Chicago,
pp. 4-7, 15.)
College Women Go to Work: Report on Women Graduates,
Class of 1956. By Jean A. Wells. Washington, U. S.
Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau, in coopera­
tion with National Vocational Guidance Association,
Women’s Section, 1958. 41 pp. (Women’s Bureau
Bull. 264.) 25 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
Revolution in Industrial Employment. By Richard A.
Lester. (In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, June 1958,
pp. 439-446. $1.)
Nonwhite Unemployment in the United States, 1947-1958—■
An Analysis of Trends. New York, State Commis­
sion Against Discrimination, Division of Research,
1958. 12 pp. (Division of Research Trend Reports 2.)

Handicapped
Reports on Employment of the Handicapped. Washington,
President’s Committee on Employment of the
Physically Handicapped, 1958. 37 pp.
Service to the Handicapped, 1957. By H. T. McNamee and
Ruby P. Jeffrey. Phoenix, Employment Security
Commission of Arizona, State Employment Service,
1958. 38 pp.
Remploy [Disabled Persons Employment Corporation]: An
Experiment in Sheltered Employment for the Severely
Disabled in Great Britain. By J. L. Edwards. (In
International Labor Review, Geneva, February 1958,
pp. 147-159. 60 cents. Distributed in United States
by Washington Branch of ILO.)

Labor Legislation
Government Regulation of Internal Union Affairs Affecting
the Rights of Members. By Sar A. Levitan. Wash­
ington, Library of Congress, Legislative Reference
Service, 1958. 50 pp. (HD 7801 US.)
Labor Law in Malaya. By Charles Gamba. Singapore,
Donald Moore, 1957. 51 pp., bibliography. 2d. ed.
$1.75.
Regulation of Employment and Industrial Conciliation in
South Africa. By M. Schaeffer. Cape Town,
Juta & Co., Ltd., 1957. xviii, 536 pp. 4th ed.

Labor-Management Relations
The Next Twenty Years in Industrial Relations— [A
Symposium]. Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Industrial Relations Section, [1958].
99 pp.
Investigation of Improper Activities in the Labor or Manage­
ment Field. Hearings before the Select Committee
on Improper Activities in the Labor or Management
Field, United States Senate, 85th Congress, 1st and
2d sessions, pursuant to S. Res. 74 and 221. Wash­
ington, 1957 and 1958. Parts 18-26, various pagings.
(Hearings December 1957-April 1958.) Various
prices. Available from Superintendent of Docu­
ments, Washington.
Administration of the Railway Labor Act, 1934-1957.
Washington, U. S. National Mediation Board, 1958.
viii, 103 pp. 35 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
Twenty-second Annual Report of the National Labor Rela­
tions Board for the Fiscal Year Ended June 80, 1957.
Washington, National Labor Relations Board, 1958.
xii, 187 pp. 55 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.

Health and Safety
Special Health Examinations for Executives: A Sampling of
Current Practices. New York, Industrial Relations
Counselors, Inc., 1958. 45 pp. (Industrial Relations
Memos, 135.)
Incidence and Duration of Illness Among Railroad Employ­
ees, 1956-57. (In Monthly Review, U. S. Railroad
Retirement Board, Chicago, June 1958, pp. 13-18.)
Index of Occupational Health and Safety Laws, Codes, Rules
and Regulations, by State and by Subject. By Lloyd W.
Larson. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Standards, 1958. 59 pp. Rev.
Safety and Health in Dock Work. Geneva, International
Labor Office, 1958. 125 pp. (ILO Codes of Prac­
tice.) $1. Distributed in United States by Washing­
ton Branch of ILO.


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Labor Organizations
Directory of Labor Organizations— Africa. Washington,
U. S. Department of Labor, Office of International
Labor Affairs, 1958. xi, 345 pp. $2.50, Superin­
tendent of Documents, Washington.
Directory of Labor Organizations— Asia and Australasia.
Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Office of
International Labor Affairs, 1958. xi, 602 pp.
$3.25, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
The Growth of Union Membership in the South, 1939-1953.
By Leo Troy. (In Southern Economic Journal,
Chapel Hill, N. C., April 1958, pp. 407-420. $1.50.)
A Bibliography of American Labor Union History. By
Maurice F. Neufeld. Ithaca, N. Y., Cornell Uni­
versity, New York State School of Industrial and

912

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958
Labor Relations, May 1958. 64 pp. (Bibliography
Series, 2.) 45 cents; free to residents of New York
State.

Profit Sharing in Unionized Companies. By Harland Fox
and James J. Bambrick, Jr. (In Management
Record, National Industrial Conference Board, Inc.,
New York, May 1958, pp. 171-174.)

Manpower
Social Security
Small City Job Markets: The Labor Market Behavior of
Firms and Workers. By Richard C. Wilcock and
Irvin Sobel. Urbana, University of Illinois, Institute
of Labor and Industrial Relations, 1958. 170 pp.
$3.50.

Retirement Policies under Social Security. By Wilbur J.
Cohen. Berkeley, University of California, Institute
of Industrial Relations, 1957. 105 pp. $3, Univer­
sity of California Press, Berkeley.

Youth and the Nation’s Jobs— [A Symposium]. (In Employ­
ment Security Review, U. S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Employment Security, U. S. Employment
Service, Washington, April 1958, pp. 5-28. 20 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)

The Cost of Social Security, 1949-1954. Geneva, Inter­
national Labor Office, 1958. 201 pp. (In English,
French, Spanish.) $3. Distributed in United States
by Washington Branch of ILO.

Annual Farm Labor Report [State of Nevada], 1957. Carson
City, State Employment Security Department, Farm
Placement Service, 1958. 21 pp.

Economic Stability and Social Security. (In International
Labor Review, Geneva, May 1958, pp. 434-454.
60 cents. Distributed in United States by Washing­
ton Branch of ILO.)

Report of Utah’s Technical Manpower Survey for Training
Requirements. Salt Lake City, Industrial Commission
of Utah, Department of Employment Security, 1958.
41 pp.
Skills for the Future. [Hartford], Conn., State Department
of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, [1958].
46 pp.
Job Opportunity Survey [of the Virgin Islands]. [Charlotte
Amalie, St. Thomas], Virgin Islands Employment
Service, 1958. 80 pp.

Personnel Management and Practices
Cases on Human Relations in Management. By Richard
P. Calhoon, E. William Noland, Arthur M. Whitehill,
Jr. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1958.
444 pp. $6.
Management Principles and Practices. By Dalton E.
McFarland. New York, Macmillan Co., 1958. 612
pp. $9.25.
J ob Design: Meeting the Manpower Challenge. By George
H. Hieronymus. Washington, Society for Personnel
Administration, 1958. 42 pp., bibliography. (Pam­
phlet 15.) $1.
Blueprint for Better Managerial Performance. By Louis
A. Allen. (In Personnel, American Management
Association, New York, May-June 1958, pp. 8-15,
$1.75; $1.25 to AMA members.)

Unemployment Insurance
Cost Estimation Methods in Unemployment Insurance,
1909-1957. By Harry Malisoff. New York, State
Department of Labor, Bureau of Research and
Statistics, Division of Employment, 1958. 167 pp.
Summary Tables for Evaluation of State Unemployment
Insurance Coverage and Benefit Provisions. Wash­
ington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Employment Security, Unemployment Insurance
Service, 1958. 22 pp. (BES U-175.)
A Study of Workers Who Do Not File for Benefits. By
Dale L. Plank. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Em­
ployment Security Commission, Research and Plan­
ning Division, 1957. 36 pp.

Vocational Guidance
Careers in: The Food Industry (Monograph 49, 25 pp.) J
The Legal Profession (Monograph 47, 23 pp.); Modeling
(Monograph 55, 18 pp.). By Juvenal L. Angel.
New York, World Trade Academy Press, Inc., 1958.
$1 each.
Vocational and Professional Monographs: Agriculture. By
E. V. Walton and Jarrell D. Gray (No. 11, 32 pp.,
bibliography); Physical Education. By George K.
Makechnie (No. 68, 32 pp., bibliography); Poultry
Industry. By A. William Jasper (No. 95, 36 pp.,
bibliography). Cambridge, Mass., Bellman Publish­
ing Co., 1958. $1 each.

Profit Sharing
Wages Salaries and Hours
Profit Sharing: 1, Service Business; 2, Manufacturing Busi­
ness; 3, Its Administration. Chicago, Council of
Profit Sharing Industries, 1958. 39, 40, 38 pp.,
respectively. $2 each.


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Occupational Wage Survey: Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn.,
January 1958 (Bull. 1224-10, 27 pp., 25 cents); New
Orleans, La., February 1958 (Bull. 1224-11, 27 pp.,

913

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
20 cents); Newark-Jersey City, N. J ., December 1957
(Bull. 1224-12, 28 pp., 25 cents). Washington, U. S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1958. Available from Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
Studies of the Effects of the $1 Minimum Wage— Wage
Structure: Fertilizer Manufacturing, South, April 1957.
By Herbert Schaffer. Washington, U. S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1958. 44 pp.
(BLS Report 132.) Free.
Studies of the Effects of the $1 Minimum Wage, February
and April 1956 and April 1957: Dalton, Ga. (Report
127-4, 22 PP-), Dothan, Ala. (Report 127-5, 22 pp.).
Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1957. Free.
Compensation and Service of Railroad Employees—Statis­
tical Tables, 1956. Chicago, U. S. Railroad Retire­
ment Board, 1958, 202 pp.
Economic Status of Teachers in 1957—58. Washington,
National Education Association of the United States,
1958. 29 pp. (Special Memo.) 50 cents.
Forces Widening Occupational Wage Differentials. By
Richard Perlman. (In Review of Economics and
Statistics, Cambridge, Mass., May 1958, pp. 107-115.
$ 2 .)

Investing in Economic Knowledge: Thirty-eighth Annual
Report of the National Bureau of Economic Research,
Inc., and a Record for 1957 and Plans for 1958. New
York, 1958. 108 pp.
Research Organizations and Research Workers. Princeton,
N. J., Princeton University, Industrial Relations
Section, 1958. 4 pp. (Selected References 82.)
30 cents.
Labor Economics and Industrial Relations. By Robert D.
Leiter. New York, Barnes & Noble, Inc., 1958.
320 pp., bibliography. 2d ed. (College Outline
Series, 81.) $1.95.
Outstanding Books in Industrial Relations, 1957. Prince­
ton, N. J., Princeton University, Industrial Relations
Section, March 1958. 4 pp. (Selected References,
80.) 30 cents.
Controlling Labor Costs: 1, Controlling Wage and Salary
Cost Factors; 2, Controlling Fringe Benefit Costs.
(In Management Record, National Industrial Con­
ference Board, Inc., New York, June 1958, pp.

201- 222.)
The Dynamics of Planned Change: A Comparative Study of
Principles and Techniques.
By Ronald Lippitt,
Jeanne Watson, Bruce Westley. New York, Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1958. 312 pp., bibliography.
$ 6.

Union Wages and Hours: Printing Industry, July 1, 1957
and Trend 1907-57. By John F. Laciskey. Wash­
ington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1958. 50 pp. (Bull. 1228.) 40 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.

Miscellaneous

[Philippine Republic] 1956 Survey of Manufactures—
General Statistics for Large Establishments. Manila,
Republic of the Philippines, National Economic
Council and Bureau of the Census and Statistics,
1958. 71 pp. (Vol. I, Series 1.)

The “Recession”—-Cause and Cure, in Perspective of Our
Long-Range Problems. Washington, Conference on
Economic Progress, 1958. 54 pp. 50 cents.

Nationalization, Union Structures, and Wages Policy in the
British Coal Mining Industry. By Frederic Meyers.
(In Southern Economic Journal, Chapel Hill, N. C.,
April 1958, pp. 421-433. $1.50.)

Anti-Recession Policy for the Federal Government in 1958.
New York, Committee for Economic Development,
1958. 30 pp.

The New India— Progress Through Democracy. New Delhi,
Government of India, Planning Commission, 1958.
412 pp. $5, cloth; $2.50, paper.

473132 — 5 !

6


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Current Labor Statistics
CONTENTS
A.—Employment and Payrolls
916

Table A -l.

927
921

Table A-2.
Table A-3.

925

Table A-4.
Table A-5.
Table A-6.

926

Table A-7.

Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establish­
ments, by industry.
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by State 1
Employees in manufacturing, by State 1
Insured unemployment under State programs and the program of
unemployment compensation for Federal employees, by geographic
division and State
Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, selected
operations

B.—Labor Turnover
927
928

Table B - l.
Table B-2.

Labor turnover rates in manufacturing
Labor turnover rates, by industry

C.—Earnings and Hours
930

Table 0 -1 .

945

Table C-2.

946

Table C-3.

946

Table C-4.

947

Table C-5.

948

Table C-6.

Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers,
by industry
Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours in industrial and construc­
tion activities
Indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls in industrial and construction
activities
Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of production
workers in manufacturing, by major industry group
Gross average weekly hours and average overtime hours of production
workers in manufacturing, by major industry group

1 This table is included in the March, June, September, and December issues of the Review.

914


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915

CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS

CONTENTS—Continued
D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
949

Table D - l . Consumer Price Index—United States city average: All items and

950

Table D -2. Consumer Price Index—United States city average: Food, housing,

950

Table D -3. Consumer Price Index—United States city average: Special groups

951

Table D -4. Consumer Price Index—United States city average: Retail prices

952
953
954
955
956
957
957

Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table

major groups of items
apparel, transportation, and their subgroups
of items

D -5.
D -6.
D -7.
D -8.
D -9.
D -10.
D -ll.

and indexes of selected foods
Consumer Price Index—All items indexes, by city
Consumer Price Index—Food and its subgroups, by city
Indexes of wholesale prices, by major groups
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing
Indexes of wholesale prices, by durability of product

E.—Work Stoppages
958

Table E - l.

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes

F.—Building and Construction
959
960

Table F - l.
Table F-2.

961

Table F-3.

961

Table F-4.

962

Table F-5.

963

Table F-6.

Expenditures for new construction
Contract awards: Public construction, by ownership and type of
construction
Building-permit activity: Valuation, by private-public ownership,
class of construction, and type of building
Building-permit activity: Valuation, by class of construction and
geographic region
Building-permit activity: Valuation, by metropolitan-nonmetropolitan
location and State
Number of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by owner­
ship and location, and construction cost

G.—Work Injuries
Table G -l.

Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries 2

* This table is included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

916

A.—Employment and Payrolls
T a b l e A - l.

Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked, and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over

Employment status

1958
June

May

Apr.

1

1957 a

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov . 3

Oct.

Sept.

Annual average
Aug.

July

June

1957 *

1956

Total, both sexes
Total labor force............................. ........ 73,049 71,603 70,681 70,158 69,804 69,379 70,458 70, 790 71,299 71,044 71,833 73,051 72,661

70, 746

70,387

70,228 69,842
3,007 3,337
1,582 2,028
731
620
182
201
234
261
260
247
67,221 6 6 , 504
59,449 58,970
44,272 46. 988
5,969 6,241
2,345 2,498
6,863 3,243
7,772 7,534
5,742 5,402
1, 514 1,622
366
396
115
150

67, 946
2, 936
1, 485
650
240
321
239
65, Oil
58, 789
46,238
6,953
2,777
2,821

67,530
2,551
1,214
594

4,197
1,413
416
196

301
232
64,979
58,394
46.062
6,715
2,648
2,969
6,585
4,577
1,399
416
192

Total labor force________________

50,005 48,858 48,396 48,126 47,944 47,801 48,096 48,286 48,503 48,620 49,745 50,307 50,160

48,649

48, 579

Civilian labor force______________
Unemployment_______________
Employment_________________
N onagricultural____________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours_____
Worked 1-14 hours______
With a job but not at work *.
Agricultural_______________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours..........
Worked 1-14 hours______
With a job but not at work 4.

47,406
3,521
43,884
38,588
32,141
3,418
1,246
1,782
5,296
4,214
733
261

45, 882
1,893
43,989
38,952
32, 546
3,461
1,197
1,748
5,037
3, 716
842
309
171

45, 756
1 , 608
44,148
38,870
32, 536
3,388
1,135
1,810
5,278
3,993
806
308
171

Civilian labor force................................
Unemployment....................................
Unemployed 4 weeks or less____
Unemployed 5-10 weeks. _____
Unemployed 11-14 weeks. ____
Unemployed 15-26 weeks _____
Unemployed over 26 weeks_____
Em ploym ent.......................................
N onagricultural______________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours-----------Worked 1-14 horns------------W ith a job but not at work 4.
Agricultural _______________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours________
W ith a job but not at work 4.

70,418
5,437
2,569
875
372
931
689
64,981
58,081
45,352
6 ,6 6 8

2,863
3,198
6,900
4,861
1,533
399
107

68,965
4,904
1, 778
930
444
1,146
605
64,061
57. 789
45, 619
7,147
3,224
1,799
6,272
4,452
1,370
348
103

68,027
5,120
1,725
933
577
1,301
585
62.907
57,349
44,166
7,840
3,190
2,153
5,558
3, 561
1,390
444
162

67,510
5,198
1, 753
1,153
845
1,045
401
62,311
57,239
44,206
7,789
3,346
1,899
5,072
2,945
1,373
503
251

67,160
5,173
1,946
1, 517
562
795
353
61,988
57,158
43,213
8,218
3,252
2,476
4,830
2, 551
1,265
667
346

66,732
4,494
2,007
1.187
435
556
309
62,238
57,240
44,764
7,317
3,147
2,007
4,998
2,896
1,303
510
289

67, 770
3,374
1,593
857
297
380
246
64,396
59,012
46, 579
7,343
3,188
1,901
5,385
3,266
1,301
557
260

68,061
3,188
1,724
699
240
280
243
64,873
59,057
42,170
11. 558
3,090
2,239
5,817
3, 586
1.427
548
256

68,513
2,508
1,272
538
175
268
255
66,005
59,168
47,051
6,784
2.934
2,399
6,837
4,893
1,383
390
172

68,225
2,552
1,438
448
210

,994
2.609
1,386
506
247
238
232
66,385
59, 562
45,992
5,637

68

263
193
65, 674
59,156
47.652
6,207
2,664 2 , 1 1 0
2,632 5,823
6,518 6,823
4,318 4,918
1,633 1,364
421
317
224
146

6 ,2 2 2

211

Males

46,252
3,266
42, 986
37,962
31,862
3, 555
1,395
1,151
5,024
3,930
753
247
93

45, 774
3,492
42.282
37, 578
30,867
4,027
1,395
1,289
4,704
3, 281
947
329
147

45,332
3,632
41,700
37,429
29,833
4,326
1,494
1,776
4,271
2,393
971
1,000
420
586
321
230

45,510
3,743
41, 767
37,340
30, 552
4,087
1,427
1,273
4, 427
2,777

45,186
3,141
42,045
37,646
31,093
3,788
1,437
1,325
4,399
2,740
976
411
271

,45,440
2,392
43,047
38,413
32,096
3,680
1,375
1,262
4,634
3,075
876
444
239

45, 589
2,041
43, 548
38,713
29, 402
6,471
1,381
1,458
4,834
3,264
952
393
226

45, 751
1,594
44,156
38,865
32,773
3,317
1,240
1,534
5,292
4,111
758
270
153

45,835
1,565
44,270
39,155
33,371
2,992
1,162
1,630
5,115
3,779
925
282
128

46,940
1,596
45,344
39,953
32,992
2,711
950
3,299
5,391
4,221
741
231
198

47, 517
1,803
45,713
39, 738
31,823
2,891
1,010

4,015
5,975
4,862
754
238
121

47,375
2,054
45,321
39, 647
33, 713
2,984
1,096
1,854
5, 674
4,499
820
260
96

Females
Total labor force.
Civilian labor force___
Unemployment........
Employment........... .
N onagriculturaL

23,043 22, 745 22,286 22,032 21,861 21, 578 22,362 22. 506 22, 796 22,424 22,088 22, 745 22, 500

23,012
1,915
21,096
19,493
13,210
Worked 15-34 hours.
3,250
Worked 1-14 hours..
1, 617
1,416
Agricultural.
1,603
647
Worked 15-34 hours...
801
Worked 1-14 hours__
138
W ith a job but not at work 4.
18

22,713
1,638
21,075
19,826
13,757
3,592
1,829
648
1,249
522
617
100
10

22,254
1.629
20,625
19, 770
13.299
3,813
1,795
864
855
280
444
115
15

2 2 ,0 0 0

1, 456
20, 544
19,899
13,654
3,701
1,919
625
645
169
373
83
20

21.829
1, 541
20,288
19, 729
13,380
3,892
1,759
700
559
159
294
81
25

1
Estimates are based on information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in
family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.
a Beginning with January 1957, two groups numbering between 200,000 and
300,000 which were formerly classified as employed (under “with a job but
not at work”) were assigned to different classifications, mostly to the unem­
ployed. For a full explanation, see M onthly Report on the Labor Force,


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21,546
1,353
20,193
19, 594
13,672
3,530
1.711
681
599
156
327
99
18

22,330
981
21,349
20, 598
14,483
3,663
1,813
639
751
191
425
113
22

22,473
1,147
21,326
20,343
12,768
5,086
1,709
780
982
322
476
155
30

22, 763 22,390 22,054 22, 711 22,467
914
986 1,013 1,203 1,283
21,849 21,404 21,041 21, 508 21,183
20,303 2 0 , 0 0 1 19,609 19, 711 19,323
14,278 14,281 12,999 12, 449 13,275
3,467 3,215 2,926 3,078 3,257
1,694 1,502 1,159 1,335 1,402
864 1 , 0 0 2 2,524 2,849 1,389
1. 546 1,403 1,433 1,797 1,860
782
697
879
902
539
625
708
802
623
760
139
120
86
129
137
19
17
29
19
26

22,097

21,808

22,064
1,043

21, 774
943
20,831
19, 524
13, 526
3,327
1, 513
1,158
1,307
585
594
108

2 1 ,0 2 1

19, 837
13,692
3,491
1,580
1,073
1,184
482
571
107
25

21

February 1957 (Current Population Reports, Labor Force, Series P-57,
No. 176).
3 Survey week contained legal holiday.
4 Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also Included were persons on layoff with definite
instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had
new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. Most of
the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as unem­
ployed.
S ource: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

A.—EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T a b l e A-2.

917

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
1958

Annual
average

1957

Industry
June 2 M a y 2 Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1957

1956

Total em ployees........................ ........ .......... 50,389 49, 947 49, 726 49,690 49, 777 50,477 52,610 52,316 52,570 52, 692 52,477 52,229 52, 517 52,162 51,766
Mining__________________ ____ _______
Metal______________________________
Iron____________________ ________
Copper___________________________
Lead and zinc___ _________________
Anthracite
Bituminous-coal.................. ............. ..........

719
93. C

189.8

Crude-petroleum and natural-gas production_________________ _______
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services).................... ...........
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying_____ 112.8
Contract construction________ ______ _
Nonbuilding construction................ ........
Highway and street construction_____
Other nonbuilding construction______
Building construction....... .......................
General contractors.................................
Special-trade contractors____________
Plumbing and heating____________
Painting and decorating......................
Electrical work_________________
Other special-trade contractors_____

2,835

___

711
90.9
28.2
28.0
13.8

716
91.2
27.6
28.1
13.9

733
95. £
31.3
28.9
14.1

747
97.8
32.0
29.3
14. 4

766
101.2
33 9
29.9
14.8

788
104. £
37 1
30.4
15.0

793
106.4
38 6
30 6
14. 6

802
107.6
39 9
30 6
14.8

818
111.9
41 4
32 2
1¿ 3

828
114.1
41 9
33.0
15 8

824
115.1
41 0
33. 5
16.7

827
114.2
40 6
33. 5
17. 5

809
111.2
38 9
32 6
16. 7

807
108.8
35 1
33 3
17 4

20.1
193.4

19 6
199.0

22.8
206.3

24.1
212.4

23 3
210 8

26 0
224.2

24 0
225.7

27 2
227.8

28 2
227.9

27 1
229.1

223

30 8
!1

30 4
233.7

28 4
230.0

29 3
228. 6

297.5

298.8

302.6

309. 5

315.8

321.3

322.6

323.9

333.1

340.0

3 3 9 .4

333.2

326.2

324.8

187.6

188.7

189.3

190.2

191.1

191.9

190.9

192.5

198.6

202.7

2 0 2 .8

197.8

193.8

192.3

109.5

107.6

105.0

103.2

106.1

111.3

114.3

115.8

117.0

117.3

115.5

115.2

113.3

115.2

2,680 2,493 2,316 2,173 2,387 2,612 2,805 2,956 3,018 3,057 3,046 3,015 2,808 2,929
611
453
589
647
665
586
593
520
439
400
519
677
678
669
282.7 214.7 162.6 142.8 166.8 202.2 248.7 289.6 301.9 307.9 304.7 301.1 250.1 257.9
328.2 305.2 276.2 257.5 286.4 316.6 340.6 357.3 363.5 368.9 372.8 367.9 335.6 335.3
2,069 1,973 1, 877 1 773 1 934 2 093 2 216 2 309 2 353 2 380 2,368 2 346 2 222 2 336
765.4 720.9 688.4 648.8 721.1 782.7 838.7 878.1 904.3 9 3 5 . 7 952.5 921.1 869.3 970.0
1,304.0 1,252. C1,188. 6 1,124.3 1,212.9 1,309. 8 1,377.5 1,431.3 1, 448. 5 1, 443. £ 1,415.9 1,424. 5 1,352. 7 1,366.0
286.1 282.3 284.7 288. C 302.6 314.6 321.3 332.5 334.3 327.0 316. C 325.6 321.7 328.7
168.7 152.5 139. C 128. £ 136.4 153.3 167.6 178.8 188.2 194.0 194. £ 176.6 164.2 170.9
163.5 160 8 163 2 168 2 173 4 180 4 186 ? 191 1 195 6 199 4 198 2 194 9 188 9 186 2
685.7 656.4 601.7 539.2 600.5 661. 5 7 0 2 ! 3 728' 9 730 4 723.5 706.8 727.4 677.9 680 2

Manufacturing_______________________ 15,181 15,025 15,104 15,355 15,593 15,865 16,302 16,561 16,783 16,903 16,949 16,702 16,839 16,782 16,903
Durable goods.................................. . 8,535 8,485 8, 564 8,742 8,906 9,138 9,429 9,608 9, 718 9,734 9,821 9, 775 9, 930 9, 821 9,835
Nondurable goods............................... 6,646 6,540 6,540 6,613 6,687 6,727 6,873 6,953 7,065 7,169 7,128 6,927 6,909 6,961 7,068
Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories_____________
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)................................ ........... .
Logging camps and contractors______
Sawmills and planing mills____ ____ _
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products__________
Wooden containers_________________
Miscellaneous wood products________

120.6

123.0

122.8

121.9

640.4

609.9
84.9
306.6

585.1
71. 6
296.7

579.9 581.5
69. G 69.6
295.3 294.9

121.2
45.4
51.8

120.4
44.1
52.3

118.7
44.2
52. 7

343.5
245.1

343.9
245.9

351.1
251. 0

Furniture and fixtures______ ______ _
Household furniture ______________
Office, public-building, and professional furniture___ _____ _________
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fixtures_____________ _____________
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures_____________

349.2

Stone, clay, and glass products.................
Flat glass_________________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown..
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic__ ______________
Structural clay products_______ _____
Pottery and related products________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products________ __________ ________
Cut-stone and stone products________
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products________________________

513.0

121.1 120.0

120.4

121.3

123.4

127.3

130.2

130.0

130.5

129.3

131.9

592.1
71.0
299.6

614.2
76.3
311.8

635.4
82 2
322.2

657.1
89 8
329.7

664.5
86 9
336.8

678.5
93.1
3 4 4 .6

679.4
99. 7
341.7

695.1
108. 8
346.2

654.6
87.1
331.6

735.6
108 0
378.6

121.2
43.2
52.6

122.4
45. 6
53.5

124.8
46. 5
54. 8

127.8
47. 5
55. 7

132.3
48 7
56 6

133.9
49 4
57. 5

134.6
48. 6
57. 6

131. S
48.8
57. 4

130.9
51.1
58.1

128.7
49. 7
57. 5

135.7
54. 5
58. 8

356.7
254. 5

360.4
258.1

370.6
265.1

376.2
269.2

380.7
270.7

382.1
270.5

380.4
269.0

372.0
261.6

263. 6

3 7 4 .3

3 7 5 .6

265.9

380.1
267.2

42.0

43.1

43.7

44.1

44.3

45.0

46.1

47.4

48.5

48.9

48.2

48 6

48.0

48.4

33.9

33.9

34. 5

35.8

35.7

36.7

36.7

38.1

38.9

38.6

38.6

38. 5

37.9

37.9

22.5

21.0

21.9

22.3

22.3

23.8

24 2

501.6
26.2
93.7
14.9
42. 7
71.1
42.1

498.5
27.3
92.8
15.3
41 2
70.0
44.0

499.1
28.2
93.8
15.7
40 1
69.0
44.9

504.3
31. 7
93.5
16.4
40.3
69.9
45.2

515.5
33 8
93.5
16.9
41^2
72.4
45.5

536.4
35 7
96. 9
17.7
42 9
77.4
47.2

550.0
35 6
100 5
17.9
43 5
80.0
48.2

5 5 7 .2

107.3
18.4

103.5
18.3

101.2
17.8

99.8
17.5

101 2
17.9

104 7
18.5

109 1
18.6

85.2

86.1

88.4

90.0

93 1

95. 4

96 6

24 5

24 2

23. 9

23. 6

23. 6

23 8

26 6

562.8
34 3

560.4
34.0

560.4
33.3
100. 8
17.7
42.3
82.3
49. 5

552.5
34 7
98. 8
17.9
42 0
80.4
49.8

563.3
35 1
9 5 ]9
17.8
43 6
86 6
54.1

18.0
44 0
82.7
48.9

18.0
42 5
82.8
48.2

542.6
33. 5
96.8
17.6
30 3
82.6
47.7

112 4
19.3

114 7
19.2

114 9
19.2

115. 7
19.2

116. 7
18.9

112.0
19.0

116 2
19.5

97 6

98 9

99 4

99 2

98. 9

97.9

94. 5

35 3
101 0
18.4
43 5
8L4
48.3

102.1

1 0 1 .4

Primary metal industries_____________ 1,064.7 1, 055.8 1,065.6 1,104.0 1,134. 6 1,183. 8 1,233.6 1,258. 4 1,280.1 1,292. 7 1,310.1 1,306. 5 1,323.1 1,309. 7 1,312. 6
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills_____________________ ______
509.2 509.8 528.9 543.9 567.2 598.8 615.3 628. 5 640 5 647.1 647. 7 650.8 642. 7 630.2
Iron and steel foundries_____________
190.4 193.9 200.4 208.4 217.6 223.3 224.0 228.5 224.3 231.4 230.2 235.1 233.8 243.0
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals_______________ ____
60. 9 64.0
55.8
67.1
59.0
65.0
65 5 65.5
66 8 67.8 67.9 68. 7 68.1 67.8
Secondary smelting and refining of
nonferrous metals________________
14.0
10.9
11.3
11.5
11.7
12.3
12. 7 12.8 13.0
12. 9
13.1
13.1
13.2
13.1
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals_________ _________
101.1 103.6 104.4 105.3 109. 5 112.4 114. 4 112 8 114.0 116.2 114. 5 116.9 115.3 118.2
Nonferrous foundries_______________
54.0
55.1
57.7
69. 8 68.9
70. 7 71. 4 77.6
58. 7 61.7
65.0
69.8
69.4
67.3
Miscellaneous primary metal Industries_________ __________________
134.4 134.8 142.1 145.7 151.5 156.4 159.1 162.0 164.6 164.9 164.2 167.8 165.2 161.8

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

918
T a b l e A-2.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1957

1958

Annual
average

Industry
Ju n e 1 M a y 2 Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1957

1956

Manufacturing—Continued
D u r a b l e g o o d s— Continued

Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportstion equipment)...... ........ ........ -..........
Tin cans and other tinware.................. Cutlery handt.nnls, and hardware____
Heating’ apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies------------------

998.3

Metal stamping, coating, and engravInsr
________________ —

1 2 1 .6

998.9 1,021.3 1,042.9 1,080.7 1,116.5 1,134.9 1,137.2 1,125. 7 1,125. 5 1,115.3 1,132.9 1,132.3 1,119.0
54.6
54.1
56.0
58.6
63.9
55.9
55.5
62.1
63.0
56.3
61.3
59.1
58. £
123.2 130.2 134.7 141.5 147.4 148.1 146.1 141.2 138.9 136.9 141.3 144.9 149.2

105.5
297.3

108.4
298.0

108.9
300.9

107.7
305.3

108.3
315.8

108.7
324.1

110.3
327.0

109.3
331.6

109.2
332.7

330.9

108.8
328.2

110.3
330.5

325.2

121.C
302 >

198.8
41.3
49.4

201.3
42.6
49.7

207.0
44.5
51.4

215.6
46.0
52.4

228.4
48.1
54.4

240.5
51.0
56.0

246. 5
53.1
56.9

243.6
53.1
56.9

233.0
52.1
57.3

234.3
50.6
57.8

236.7
49.6
57.7

243.0
49.9
58.7

245.3
51.4
59.0

238.7
50. £
61. £

987.3
57.6

1 1 2 .1

Miscellaneous fabricated metal prodUCt*S _____________ - __________

1 1 0 .0

115.8 119.4 122.5 125.7 130.1 134.2 137.0 138.0 138.1 137.0 134.4 137.9 137.4 137.2
Machinery (except electrical)..........-........ 1,463.2 1,486. 5 1, 523.4 1, 558.9 1, 579. 7 1,609.3 1, 635. 7 1,657.4 1,684.8 1,704.8 1, 705.2 1, 732.0 1,760.2 1,737.9 1,730.
95. 5 95.3
94.2
96.0
94.2
95.1
95.0
94.0
92.0
93.2
94.3
97.0
96.4
84.;
Engines and turbines_______________
136.2 143.9 145.5 143.9 141.2 140.1 140.3 145.1 145.0 144.7 145.4 148.6 148.4 150
Agricultural machinerv and tractors__
119.8 124.6 129.0 132.3 135.4 138.3 142.3 147.5 151.8 153.1 154.8 155.7 153.1 153
rinrxqrnrt.irvn and mining machinery__
Metalworking m achinery..-.................. ........ 226.0 231.0 239.8 245.2 254.7 262.3 268.1 275.4 282.9 284.8 290.9 296.3 287.6 284.f
Special-industry machinery (except
158.4 162.0 164.9 169.0 172.1 174.3 176.1 178.4 178.4 176.7 180.2 183.8 181.0 187.8
metalworking machinery)-------------- _____
219.5 223.4 231.0 235.1 240.9 244.9 245.8 249.4 252.4 251.7 256.9 257.0 254.8 256.
119.9 124.4 128.3 132.4 135.4 138.0 138.4 137.2 140.7 137.7 126.]
1 2 2 .2
1 2 2 .2
1 2 1 .8
Office fvn^ storft machines and devices..
Service-industry and household ma167.1 171.1 173.7 175.1 174.8 174.9 176.0 175.4 177.0 174.6 184.9 190.3 189.9 209. £
Miscellaneous machinery p a rts............ ........... 245.3 252.4 257.8 263.2 270.3 277.3 282.2 284.0 285.3 286.1 287.4 290.8 289.0 278.8
Electrical machinery-------------------------- 1,089.0 1,078.8 1,092.3 1,114.4 1,132.4 1,161.5 1,193.9 1 , 2 2 1 . 8 1,238.9 1,250.7 1,232.5 1,217.7 1,219.8 1,223.3 1 , 2 0 2 .
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa365.2 372.0 381.6 389.1 399.3 407.9 411.4 413.5 418.7 414.3 416.2 419.7 420.2 416.
36.8
38.4
40.1
40.6
33.5
34.9
35.6
40.2
38.8
39.4
34.8
39.1
40.9
49.
Electrical appliances_______________
25.9
26.3
26.9
27.3
24.9
25.3
27.4
27.2
23.6
24.3
27.1
27.1
Insulated wire and c a b le .___ _____
27.2
26.
71.3
74.6
75.3
66.4
74.8
74.6
72.5
72.4
58.1
60.7
64.0
73.5
Dlp.ctrieal equipment for vehicles_____
75.2
73.
29.9
28.7
29.3
30.0
26.2
30.1
30.2
30.0
26.8
27.8
30.1
30.1
30.2
Electric lamps
________- __ ______
28.
527.3 528.3 535.3 541.0 552.0 568.6 587.7 602.4 608.1 598.5 582.5 580.0 579.8 557.8
Communication equipment-------------- _____
4 6 .3
4 6 .9
4 8 .2
5 0 .4
44.9
45.9
5 0 .2
5 1 .2
5 1 .5
45.4
5 0 .0
5 0 .3
4 9 .8
49.6
Miscellaneous electrical products.......... ...............
Transportation equipment........................
Motor vehicles and equipment— .......
Ai reraft and parts___ -_______ ______

1, 5 3 5 .6 1, 5 4 1 .7 1, 5 7 0 .0 1 , 6 2 0 .2 1, 6 7 6 .0 1, 7 3 6 .8 1, 8 0 4 .1 1, 8 1 7 .0 1, 8 0 9 .0 1, 7 7 0 .0 1, 8 5 6 .7 1, 8 7 1 .7 1, 9 0 5 .9 1, 8 7 8 .1 1, 823.
__ 5 9 4 .2 6 0 5 .5 6 4 8 .8 7 0 2 .0 7 5 6 .4 8 0 6 .0 7 9 2 .7 7 4 3 .2 6 8 0 .2 7 5 8 .7 7 5 1 .1 7 7 8 .8 7 8 6 .3 8 0 9 .
7 7 3 .9
7 6 2 .4
8 3 3 .5
8 5 3 .9
7 4 0 .7
7 5 6 .6
7 5 6 .8
7 9 3 .7
8 7 0 .4
7 5 4 .2
8 8 6 .0
8 8 9 .2
8 6 1 .7
809.
4 5 7 .5
4 6 3 .9
5 1 5 .9
4 5 5 .3
4 7 7 .0
5 0 3 .7
5 2 8 .1
522 3
4 4 2 .5
4 5 6 .6
4 5 7 .8
5 3 9 .1
494
541 0
1 7 4 .9
1
5
6
.6
1
6
0
.2
1
6
3
.2
1
7
0
.6
1 5 2 .8
1 5 2 .3
1 5 2 .4
1 5 4 .0
1 7 8 .2
1 8 2 .1
Aimraft, engines and Darts_________
1 8 4 .0
1 7 9 .1
167.
2 0 .4
1 8 .9
2 0 .3
2 0 .6
2 0 .8
2 0 .2
2 0 .7
2 0 .6
2 0 .5
1 9 .8
2 1 .0
2 0 .7
2 0 .5
Aircraft propellers and parts----------16.
1 2 6 .9
1 2 7 .5
1 2 9 .4
1 3 3 .3
1 3 8 .5
1 2 6 .5
1 4 2 .5
1 4 3 .6
1 2 5 .5
1 2 6 .1
Other aircraft, parts and equipm ent..
1 4 3 .8
143. 5
1 3 9 .8
130.
1 4 9 .6
1 4 6 .4
1 4 5 .9
1 4 7 .1
1 4 6 .1
1 5 1 .2
1 4 9 .6
1 5 0 .6
1 4 9 .7
Ship and hnat, buildine and repairing. _
1 4 4 .8
1 5 0 .1
1 5 2 .5
1 4 8 .8
130.
1 2 5 .3
1 2 8 .7
1 3 0 .5
1 2 5 .3
1 2 5 .8
1 2 9 .7
1 3 1 .1
1 3 0 .2
1 2 5 .4
1 2 9 .3
Shipbuilding and repairing-----------1 2 3 .7
1 2 9 .3
1 2 6 .9
109.
2 0 .9
1 9 .9
2 0 .5
2 1 .3
2 0 .8
2 0 .7
1 9 .5
1 9 .5
■Rnat.hnilding and repairing________
2 1 .1
2 0 .8
2 1 .1
20
2 3 .2
2 1 .9
6
9
.5
6
1
.8
6
4
.2
6
6
.0
7
2
.0
7
4
.5
6
7
.3
6
0
.2
7 4 .8
5
2
.1
5
7
.1
7 5 .4
Railroad equipment__ _____- ______
7 1 .6
64.
9 .9
7 .7
8 .6
8 .3
8 .3
1 0 .7
1 0 .8
1 0 .6
8 .4
8 .7
9 .7
Other transportation equipment...........
1 0 .0
9 .7
9.

Instrum ents and related products--------Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instruments
_______________
Mechanical measuring and controlling
in strum ents__________________
Opt.ie.al instruments and lenses_______
Surgical, medical, and dental instruments__- _____________________
Ophthalmic goods __. . . ________ . . .
Photographic apparatus.......... ......... —
Watches and clocks_____ ___________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware__
Musical instruments and parts_______
Toys and sporting goods.- _
____
Pens, pencils, other office supplies____
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions___
Fabricated plastics products_________
Other manufacturing industries______

3 0 9 .2

__
4 5 2 .2

3 0 9 .7

3 1 3 .7

3 1 7 .4

3 2 0 .9

3 2 5 .7

3 3 1 .4

3 3 4 .9

3 3 6 .7

3 3 8 .2

3 3 9 .8

3 3 4 .2

3 3 7 .3

8 3 7 .9

5 7 .1

5 8 .1

5 8 .3

5 9 .3

6 0 .2

6 0 .8

6 1 .6

63. C

6 4 .5

6 6 .6

6 6 .8

6 6 .5

6 5 .1

64.

8 2 .3
1 3 .5

8 3 .5
1 3 .4

8 4 .7
1 3 .3

8 5 .5
1 3 .4

8 6 .2
1 3 .7

8 8 .1
1 4 .0

8 9 .4
1 3 .9

9 0 .6
1 3 .7

9 0 .7
1 3 .6

9 0 .8
1 3 .6

9 0 .6
1 3 .8

91 .3
1 3 .8

90. £
1 3 .9

87.
13.

4 1 .4
2 3 .6
6 5 .0
2 6 .8

4 1 .4
2 3 .9
6 5 .7
2 7 .7

4 1 .7
2 4 .3
6 6 .5
2 8 .6

41. £
2 4 .4
6 7 .2
2 9 .2

4 2 .5
2 4 .9
6 8 .1
30.]

4 2 .3
2 5 .2
6 9 .1
31. £

4 2 .5
2 6 .0
6 9 .7
3 1 .8

41. £
2 5 .9
6 9 .5
32.]

4 1 .8
2 5 .4
7 0 .4
3 1 .8

4 1 .5
2 5 .1
7 1 .0
3 1 .2

4 1 .6
2 4 .5
7 0 .7
2 6 .2

42.
2 4 .9
7 0 .3
28.]

4 2 .0
2 5 .2
7 0 .0
3 0.8

41.
25.
68.
34.

4 4 7 .1
4 2 .5
1 5 .8
8 1 .9
3 1 .9
5 4 .0
7 9 .2
1 4 1 .8

4 4 9 .5
4 3 .2
1 6 .1
7 9 .3
3 2 .1
5 5 .0
80. S
1 4 2 .9

4 5 3 .6
44.]
1 6 .2
7 5 .8
3 1 .9
5 8 .3
8 3 .8
143.

4 5 5 .6
44. £
1 6 .9
7 3 .6
3 1 .6
5 9 .5
8 5 .4
1 4 3 .7

4 5 2 .2
45. (
1 7 .4
6 9 .3
3 1 .8
5 8 .8
8 6 .7
1 4 3 .2

4 7 2 .1
4 6 .5
1 8 .1
7 7 .9
3 2 .2
6 0 .6
8 8 .6
1 4 8 .2

5 0 0 .9
4 7.4
1 8 .6
9 4 .9
3 2 .8
6 1 .6
9 1 .6
1 5 4 .0

5 1 2 .5
48. (
1 8 .5
1 0 2 .2
32. S
6 2 .6
92.f i
1 5 5 .4

5 1 4 .7
4 7 .7
1 8 .4
1 0 3 .5
3 3 .0
6 4 .6
9 3 .5
1 5 4 .0

5 0 1 .3
45. £
1 7 .7
1 0 0 .0
3 3 .0
6 3 .7
9 1 .5
1 4 9 .5

4 7 3 .6
43. ‘
1 7 .3
8 8 .4
3 1 .9
5 8 .5
88.f i
1 4 5 .2

4 9 0 .4
4 4 .6
1 7 .6
9 3 .6
3 2 .3
6 0 .6
9 1 .8
149. f i

4 9 0 .0
46.3
1 8 .2
9 0 .6
3 2 .0
6 1 .4
9 1 .5
1 5 0 .0

501.
49.
18.
94.
31.
64.
87.
154.

335.

N o n d u r a b le g o o d s

fo o d and kindred products___________
Meat products____________________
Dairy products
______________
Canning and preserving........................
Drain-mill products
____________
Bakery products__________________
Sugar _________________________
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages I. ___________________
Miscellaneous food products..................
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1, 4 7 5 .6 1, 4 1 3 .3 1, 3 8 5 .3 1, 3 7 9 .2 1 , 3 8 6 . 1, 4 0 6 . 1, 467. 1,
3 2 4 .4
3 0 2 .7
31 2 .8
2 9 4 . ] ' 297.
' 301.
99 .1
95.
96.
97. £
97. £
10 3 .7
162.8
181. £
157. '
161. £
169.
171.3
111.8
111. '
111. "
111. '
i n .:
112. ‘
286 .3
282. '
283. £
282.
281.
28 3 .2
42.'
25 .1
26.
3 2.8
25. '
2 7 .4
76.
8 2.8
74. C
75.
71.
70.
206. £
196. £
198.
198.
200.
204.
133.
133. £
132.
134.5
134.01
138J

___

5 0 8 .4 1, 584. 1, 6 6 9 .2 1, 6 4 9 . 1, 5 7 2 .3 1, 502 .2 1, 5 0 9 .8 1, 548.
329. £
3 2 9 .2
3 2 5 .8
3 2 7 .7 ' 3 2 4 .
330. S
' 3 2 6 .2 ' 3 3 7 .
10 1 .4
1 0 6 .0
11 2 .1
9 8 .8
1 1 4 .2
112 .8
104.f i
108.
2 0 0 .2
2 7 0 .3
3 5 8 .8
337.
2 6 1 .8
2 0 2 .7
2 2 0 .8
233.
112.:
115. £
1 1 6 .6
113. £
117.
114. ;
112. C
118.
2 8 9 .1
2 8 9 .4
2 8 7 .8
290."
290. C
2 8 7 .8
2 8 7 .2
288.
42. £
2 9 .4
4 7 .4
2 8 .3
27. £
2 6 .8
3 1 .3
31.
84. C
83. '
8 1 .8
77 .1
69. £
7 2 .3
77. £
78.
2 0 9 .3
21 2 .8
2 1 7 .4
220. £
225. £
2 2 0 .6
209.f i
213.
139.6
141.1
1 4 0 .6
141. £
13 7 .3
142 .7
13 7 .7
139.

919

A.—EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T a b l e A-2.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry

Continued

[In thousands]
Annual
average

1957

1958
Industry
Ju n e 2 M a y 2 Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1957

1956

Manu fac turing—C ontinued
N o n d u r a b le

goods—Continued

Tobacco manufactures_________ _____
Cigarettes
_ _ ____________ - Cigars - ___________ -__________
Tobacco and snuff
____________
Tohanno stemming and radrying_____

79.4

Textile-mill products............... ..................
Scouring and combing plants________
Yam and thread mills_____________
Broad-woven fabric mills................ ......
Narrow fabrics and small wares---------Knitting mills
_____ ___________
Dyeing and finishing textiles________
Carpets, rugs, other floor (»nvp.rings
Hats (exeapt eloth and millinery) _
Miscellaneous textile goods__________

931.7

79.0
35.8
28.6
6.4
8 .2

922.8
5.0
106.4
393.9
26.4
203.3
83.8
42.5
1 0 .2

51.3

80.0
35.8
28.7
6.4
9.1

84.3
35.6
29.8
6.5
12.4

89.6
35.8
30.6
6.4
16.8

928.0
5.0
106.9
398.8
26.7
199.9
84.9
44.5
9.7
51.6

935.9
5.0
107.7
404.5
27.2
197.7
84.6
46.1

945.8
5.1
109.4
408.5
27.3
198.0
85.8
46.7
10.5
54.5

1 0 .1

53.0

93.9
35.7
30.6
6.4
2 1 .2

951.4
4.8
1 1 0 .6

411.4
27.5
196.6
85.6
47.8
10.5
56.6

98.5
35.7
32.0
6.4
24.4

97.8
35.8
32.6
6.5
22.9

976.3
4.8
113.1
418.2
28.1
206.8
87.1
48.8
10.7
58.7

987.0
4.6
113.1
418.1
28.5
214.8
8 8 .2

49.1
10.5
60.1

106.7
35.2
32.8
6.5
32.2

111.7
35.8
32.3

1 0 2 .6

35.7
32.0

6 .6

6 .6

37.0

28.3

999.5 1,004.6 1,003.6
5.8
5.1
5.5
114.6 115.8 113.9
423.2 425.5 426.6
29.1
29.1
29.0
218.4 219.3 219.8
8 8 .6
8 8 .1
88.7
50.4
50.6
50.1
1110.3
9.9
1 0 .1
60.2
59.8 ■¿60.2

81.1
34.2
30.1
6.3
10.5

83.4
34.3
32.6

94.1
34.6
32.6

6 .6

0 .6

9.9

20.3

98.1
34.2
34.5
7.0
22.4

987.4 1,005.2 1,004.8 1,057.6
5.6
6 .1
5.5
6 .6
113.1 116.1 116.0 122.7
422.1 427.4 428.7 456.9
28.9
28.4
29.1
29.8
213.5 218.2 214.5 2 2 1 . 1
8 6 .2
8 8 .2
88.4
91.7
49.3
49.7
51.5
54.3
10.3
1 0 .6
10.7
12.3
58.9
59.9
60.5
62.2

R
Apparel and other finished textile products--------------------------------------------- 1,124.0 1,114.5 1,115.5 1,148.2 1,181.4 1,168.0 1,188.0 1,199.8 1, 206.1 1,215.9 1,217.4 1,155.7 1,177.5 1,198.6 1 , 2 1 1 . 2
Man's and boys' suits and coats______
105.6 101.5 109.8 1 1 1 . 2 110.9 113.0 111.5 115.3 117.9 118.1 113.8 119.2 117.6 123.1
Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work
304.4 302.7 311.1 311.9 306.8 312.6 318.1 322.3 324.5 321.1 312.0 317.3 316.5 317.4
clothing
_ _ _________________
330.4 332.8 333.8 357.1 351.6 354.9 351.7 345.1 353.9 359.1 329.8 336.0 352.1 354.2
Women’s outerwear _ ____________
Women's, children's undergarments__
1 1 0 .0
114.0 115.5 116.0 115.9 118.2 1 2 1 . 0 121.4 121.3 119.3 113.4 116.8 119.6 120.9
20.3
20.3
16.5
14.4
20.4
16.9
15.8
19.2
21.9
18.0
18.7
1 2 .2
14.9
18.9
Millinery . _ ___________________
76.3
75.3
75.1
74.4
75.8
75.8
74.0
69.6
67.9
71.8
75.2
74.1
72.2
73.8
Children’s outerwear------ ---------------11.5
10.5
11.5
10.9
11.3
10.3
9.9
11.3
10.4
9.7
1
0
.
2
10.7
8 .8
11.3
Fur goods_______ - ______________
60.5
60.4
60.0
57.8
58.7
53.9
55.9
56.3
60.8
59.2
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories. _
53.9
55.7
58.7
62.7
118.1 119.0 120.4 122.3 124.2 130.8 135.6 135.2 130.2 132.7 126.4 128.0 130.5 128.9
Other fabricated textile p ro d u cts___
Paper and allied products....... .................. 1544. 8
Pulp, paper and paperboard mills____
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Other paper and allied products______

539.3
266.9
146.1
126.3

541.7
268.1
145.8
127.8

543.6
268.0
147.2
128.4

545.7
268.8
147.9
129.0

552.1
272.1
150.8
129.2

562.0
274.6
156.0
131.4

565.8
275.2
158.8
131.8

567.9
275.1
158.6
134.2

568.9
276.1
158.4
134.4

565.3
277.0
154.8
133.5

559.8
274.9
152.3
132.6

569.5
280.6
154.9
134.0

566.3
277.4
155.3
133.6

567.7
278.0
155.7
134.0

Printing, publishing and allied industries.
Newspapers______________________
Periodicals ______ - __ - ___________
Books __ __ __________ ___ __ ____ __

845.2
316.1
60.7
54.4
219.3
65.3
18.9
43.7

850.9 854.2
314.9 315.5
61. 5 61.8
54.7
55.2
221.5 2 2 2 . 8
65.4
65.7
18.3
17.8
44.4
44.8

853.2
315.0
62.1
55.2

855.8
315.2
62.6
55.4
223.9
65.4
18.0
44.8

864.1
318.4
62.7
55.2
226.7
67.4
18.9
45.2

866.7
318.3
63.1
55.2
225.2
67.7

866.5
316.9
62.5
55.4
225.7
67.8
21.5
47.1

860.9
315.7
61.6
55.4
223.8
67.2
20.5
47.4

850.9
312.1
59.6
55.1
223.7
66.7
19.6
46.0

851.7
314.1
59.8
55.3
223.0
66.4
19.4
45.6

853.6
315.9
59.2
54.9
222.5
66.7
19.9
46.3

857.9
315.0
61.7
55.5
223.9
66.7
19.5
46.1

850.5
311.9
64.4
53.6

Commercial printing... _ ______ ___
Lithographing___ . . . __________ __
Greeting c ard s__ _ . ___________
Bookbinding and related industries.. .
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services__________________ - ____

850.1

6 6 .8

Chemicals and allied products________ 811.1 817.0
101.9
Industrial inorganic chemicals..............
Industrial organic chemicals________
306.4
Drugs and medicines---------------------102.6
Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara47.9
tions___________ _____________
Paints, pigments, and fillers________
71.5
Gum and wood chemicals__________
8.0
Fertilizers_____ _ - - ______
42.5
Vegetable and animal oils and fats......
35.7
Miscellaneous chemicals___________ ......... 100.5
Products of petroleum and coal..,........... 240.4 238.6
Petroleum refining . _______ ___...
193.0
Coke, other petroleum and coal
products . __________ ______
45.6
Rubber products______ ___ ________ 235.1 230.4
96.4
Tires and inner tubes______________
Rubber footwear. . _ _____________
20.6
Other rubber products_____________ ................... 113.4
Leather and leather products.................
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished.
Industrial leather belting and packing.
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings...
Footwear (except rubber)__________
Luggage__ _____ . _____ ______
Handbags and small leather goods. ..
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods.
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2 2 2 .1

65. 5
18.1
44.6

2 1 .6

45.7

2 2 1 .2

64.3
19.6
46.0

70.6

70.6

70.5

69.6

69.9

69.6

69.3

6 8 .1

6 8 .1

6 8 .2

69.5

69.5

826.6
103.7

825.4
104.4

824.5
104.9

831.2

837.7

106.1
320.1
103.0

842.6

106.7
320.8
103.0

846.2

847.2

844.8

108.7 109.1
323.8 325.2
101.5 101.4

840.7

109.0
325.6
100.5

842.7

844.8

833.2

47.8
71.6
7.9
46.3
36.5
100.9

48.2
72.3
7.9
41.1
37.4
100.9

48.3 48.5
72.6 73.1
7.9
8.0
35. 5 34.5
38.4 40.3
101.1 101.0

49.0
73.6
8.0
32.6
42.5
102.8

49.9
73.9
7.9
32.8
43.8
103.8

50.5
74.9
8.5
34.1
43.7
104.7

50.8
76.0
8.7
33.5
40.6
103.6

50.6
76.7
8.8
31.2
37.8
104.0

50.0
77.1
8.7
30.6
36.9
102.3

50.1
76.1
8.5
33.6
37.8
103.6

50.0
75.4
8.5
35.8
40.5
102.8

50.1
75. 6
8.4
36.0
40.9
98.8

237.9
193.3

238.4
194.2

241.4
195.2

244.8 247.7
196.3 197.3

249.2
197.7

252.7
200.9

252.9
201.5

251.8
200.5

251.2
199.8

249.5
199.1

252.1
200.8

44.6 44 2 46.2 47.1 48. 5 50.4
234.7 243.6 251.4 260.9 267.9 269.7
98.4 102. 5 105.6 109.2 111.3 111.4
20.7 20.9 21.3 21.6 21. 9 22.1
115.6 120.2 124.5 130.1 134.7 136.2

51.5
270.2
111.6
21.9
136.7

51.8 51.4
267.2 264.9
111.6 111.3
22.0 21.9
133.6 131.7

51.3
259.9
110.6
21.5
127.8

51.4 50.4
255.8 265.2
104.5 110.0
21. 7 21.9
129.6 133.3

51.3
269.2
111.5
24.1
133.6

70.2

309.0 310. 5 313.7
102.9 102.7 102.1

105.9
317.6
102.3

243.8
196.7

107.7
320.3
101.8

109.1 108.2
325.0 323.6
98.9 100.0

108.6
318.1
96.7

353.7 339.7 339.4 360.4 366.7 363.0 366.4 367.4 368.2 370.9 376.0 366.4 368.0 369.9 379.8
37.2 37.3 38.4 38.9 39.5 39.9 40.4 40.4 40.6 41.0 40.3 41.0 40.7 42.7
4.5
4.5
4.4
4.5
4.6
3.9
4.3
4.7
4.6
3.7
4.6
4.7
4.8
5.0
17.3
17.1 17.8 18.8 18.9 18.8 18.4 18.3 18.2 18.8 18.9 18.9 18.9 19.8
229.3 226.9 241.8 246.2 245.6 243.7 240.0 240.4 243.3 247.4 243.7 243.9 243.8 246.3
14. 5 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.2 14.9 15.4 15.8 15.8 16.1 15.6 15.8 15.6 16.3
23.9 26.5 30.6 31.2 28.2 30.6 31.7 31.8 31.1 30.9 26.8 27.3 30.1 32.8
—
13.8 13.5 13.2 12.6 11.9 13.7 16.8 16.9 17.4 17.3 16.7 16.6 16.2 16.9

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

920
T a b l e A-2.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1957

1958

Annual
average

Industry
June 2 M a y 2 Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1957

1956

3,889 3,872 3,883 3,910 3,944 3,985 4,094 4,114 4,152 4,201 4,210 4,194 4,176 4,151 4,161
Transportation and public utilities---------Transportation--- -------------------- --------- 2,507 2,497 2, 503 2,524 2,552 2,587 2,688 2, 706 2, 743 2,781 2, 773 2, 758 2, 759 2,741 2,773
946.2 951.9 965.8 989. 5 1,013.5 1,062. 8 1,076. 9 1.112.4 1,134. 5 1,146. 6 1,138.6 1,141.9 1,123.4 1,190. 5
Interstate railroads__________________
825.5 828.8 840.3 861.9 884.1 918.9 939.6 974.5 994.8 1,006. 5 1,007. 9 1,010.1 984.8 1,042.6
Class I railroads ____ _ _________
97.3 101.6 100.9 101.1 101.0 103.0 103.3 103. 5 103.6 104.0 103.6 109.5
96.8
97.0
Local railways and bus.lines______ ____
773.8 770.4 779.8 782.6 790.0 824.7 832.2 832.3 831.5 816.0 811.3 807.2 812.3 803.6
Trucking and warehousing-----------------Other transportation and services_____
680.6 683.6 680.7 678.6 682.9 699.6 695.7 695.0 711.2 707.2 704.8 706.0 701. 8 669.1
42.4
40.9
42.0
42.9
43.2
44.5
44.4
42.1
41.4
41.0
44.9
43.8
42.9
42.0
Buslines, except local— ----------------141.1 141.0 142.0 144.7 145.0 144.8 144.6 141.5 147.6 147.6 147.0 146.1 144.6 130.5
Air transportation (common carrier). . .
Pipe-line transportation (except nat25.8
25.9
25.5
25.8
26.1
26.2
27.1
27.5
25.8
25.7
27.5
27.1
26.4
25.9
ural gas)
__ __________________
789
795
800
808
809
814
824
824
783
806
813
777
810
795
Communication------- ------------------------ 777
737.5 743.5 749.3 755. 5 759.7 765.0 766.7 766.8 771.8 782.0 781.6 770.0 768. 2 751.2
Telephone________________________
39.9
39.1
40.3
40.3
41.0
41.3
41.9
38.5
39.0
41.5
41.9
41.4
38.5
42.6
Telegraph _________________ _____
597
598
600
600
597
597
600
606
613
612
604
598
600
593
Other public utilities. ------------ ---------- 605
575.4 574.4 574.3 574.5 575.2 576.9 577.1 577.4 583.3 589.1 588.8 580.9 577.2 569.1
Gas and electric utilities____ _______
258.0 257.6 257.6 258.1 258.3 258.9 259.0 259.0 262.2 264.8 264.4 260.7 258.7 250.2
Electric light and power u tilitie s___
149.7 149.3 149.1 148.9 149.2 149.7 149.8 149.6 150.7 151.8 151.8 150.1 149.0 145.3
Gas utilities__
____
_ ______
Electric light and gas utilities com167.7 167.5 167.6 167.5 167.7 168.3 168.3 168.8 170.4 172.5 172.6 170.1 169.5 173.6
bined
___
_ _ _
Local utilities, not elsewhere classi22.4
22.4
22.9
22.8
22.6
22.7
23.1
23.6
23.3
23.0
23.0
23.6
23.0
23.6
_________ ________
fled.
Wholesale and retail tr a d e --------------- -- 11,042 10,954 10,940 10,939 10,948 11,140 12,076 11,557 11,387 11,349 11,236 11,229 11,255 11,302 11,221
Wholesale tr a d e ____ . . . . . ---- ---- 2,969 2,960 2,982 3, 010 3,023 3,051 3,104 3,103 3,097 3,081 3, 084 3,074 3,052 3,065 3,008
Wholesaler, full-service and limitedfunc1,713.5 1,722. 5 1,737. 8 1,744. 8 1,762. 2 1,796.9 1, 795. 9 1, 788. 1,783.3 1,778. 8 1, 774. 8 1,759. 1,772.1 1, 754.0
tion
___ ___ ______ ___ _
123.9 124.3 124.4 125.1 125.2 125.7 125.3 125.7 125.9 125.5 124.9 123.5 123.3 ' 118. 8
Automotive
___ ______ ___
Groceries, food specialties, beer, wines,
293.4 297.8 302.8 303.0 304.2 308.7 308.8 305.2 305.4 302.0 302.9 301.4 303.4 305.0
and liquors. _ ________ - ___
Electrical goods, machinery, hardware,
and plumbing equipment. ____
434.6 436.5 441.2 444.4 449.3 454.1 456.3 457.4 457.6 459.7 459.1 457.7 457.1 455.2
Other full-service arid limited-function
861.6 863.9 869.4 872.3 883.5 908.4 905.5 900.1 894.4 891.6 887.9 876.9 888.3 875.0
wholesalers. _____ _________
Wholesale distributors, other________
1,246.3 1,259. 4 1, 271. 8 1,277.9 1,288. 6 1,307. 2 1,307. 5 1,308.7 1,297. 7 1,304. 7 1,299. 0 1,292. 5 1,293.1 1, 254. 3
8,073
7,994
7,958 7,929 7,925 8,089 8,972 8, 454 8,290 8, 268 8,152 8,155 8,203 8, 237 8', 213
Retail trade------------ -----------------------General merchandise stores. -------- - 1,366.1 1,359. 4 1,351.5 1,331. 7 1, 316. 4 1,386.4 1, 938. 7 1, 582.1 1,470.6 1,440. 7 1,371.1 1,365.4 1,397. 3 1,457.1 1,455. 7
Department stores and general mailorder houses___ .
_ ______
875.1 864.5 856.9 854.0 905.7 1,258.6 1,038.6 954.1 929.3 892.4 888.6 905. 2 944.4 943.8
Other general merchandise stores
484.3 487.0 474.8 462.4 480.7 680.1 543.5 516.5 511. 4 478.7 476. 8 492.1 512.7 511.9
Food and liquor stores----------------- . 1,600.9 1, 589.1 1, 591. 7 1,598.3 1,602.2 1,599.1 1,625.5 1,611.6 1,585.0 1,576. 9 1, 563. 5 1, 569. 5 1,570. 4 1,573. 9 1,542. 4
Grocery, meat, and vegetable markets.
1,135. £ 1,139.3 1,150. 0 1,151.1 1,149.9 1,157. 7 1,149.1 1,124. 9 1,108. 8 1,090.1 1.095.5 1, 096.6 1,106. 9 1,076. 9
229.8 227.6 225.7 224. £ 226.3 227.8 228.7 230.2 237.6 244.4 245.4 241.9 234.3 231. 9
Dairy product stores and dealers___
Other food and liquor stores _____
223.4 224.8 222.6 226.2 222.9 240.0 233.8 229.9 230. 5 229.0 228.6 231.9 232. 7 233.6
Automotive and accessories dealers----- 756.8 756.6 757.2 768.0 778.4 792.6 823.5 811.0 803.0 802.7 806.9 808.5 805.8 804.2 809.6
Apparel and accessories stores----------- 587.7 586.5 583.7 576.2 554.8 583.3 719.3 626.3 608.6 597. 9 555.7 564.8 602.5 604.6 610.3
------------ 3,761.3 3, 702. 7 3,673. S 3,654. 3 3,673. 2 3, 727. 5 3, 865.1 3, 822. 5 3,822. 7 3, 849. 6 3,854.8 3,846.9 3,827.1 3,796. 8 3, 795. 4
Other retail trad e... .
Furniture and appliance stores_____
384.6 385.4 387.3 390. C 390.3 410. 4 399.1 394.8 390.2 390.5 391.1 391. 6 394. 8 395. 8
Drug stores___ ____ ___
______
348.9 347.7 345.7 345.8 357.5 385.0 361.3 361.1 355.2 356.4 359.2 355. 8 354.7 341.2
Finance, insurance, and real estate---------"Ranlrs and trust companies. _ _______
Security dealers and exchanges________
Insurance carriers and agents _ ____
Other finance agencies and real estate. _

2,390

2,369
610.1
83.3
892.3
783.4

2,356
612.2
83.2
893.8
766.8

2,348 2,343
612. 4 612. 1
83.8
84.0
892.7 889.6
759.1 756.9

2,344
610.5
83.7
887.6
762.0

2,353
610.7
83.9
886.8
771.6

2,360
610.4
83.9
884.6
780.8

2,361
608.3
83.8
880.3
788.3

2,366 2,394
607.2 615.5
84. 2 85.6
879.9 885.1
794.9 807.7

2,396 2,365
612. 7 602. C
85.3
83. 8
881.6 868.9
816. 2 810.2

2,348 2,308
602. f 578. 7
83. 8 82. 4
869.6 825.9
792.0 821.1

Service and miscellaneous. ......................
Hotels and lodging places____________
Personal services:
Laundries. _ _________ ___________
Cleaning and dyeing plants_________
Motion pictures_____________________

6,490

6,461
513.3

6,384
499.9

6,267
476.4

6,240
476.7

6,241
473.2

6,318
487.0

6,367
495.8

6,406
505.2

6,412
547.3

6,404
627.0

6,427
627.1

6,442
560.3

6,336
531.0

6,160
515. 4

314.1
172.1
193.5

310.6
168.9
192.9

310.8
164.6
185.9

311.3
162.7
186.1

316.2
165.9
186.8

319. C 321.2
168.0 170.7
190.9 197.7

323.8
172.6
205.0

325. 7
169.1
210.1

329.3
164.2
208.3

334. C 332. 6
170.8 175.7
207.2 207.1

326. c
169.8
204.1

332.3
165.8
223. 4

Government----------------- -------------------- 7,843 7,875 7,850 7,822 7,789 7,749 8,067 7,759 7,723 7,625 7,399 7,411 7,598 7,626 7,277
Federal 3_ . ---- ------------------------------ 2,161 2,151 2,150 2,141 2,140 2,137 2,470 2,148 2,156 2,179 2,212 2, 219 2,211 2,217 2,209
2,123. 8 2,123. 5 2,114. 7 2,113. c 2, 110. 5 2,443. 4 2,120.9 2,128. 9 2,152. 7 2,184. 7 2,192.0 2,184.4 2,190. 2 2.183.1
Executive____ _ _______________
958.3 956.9 953.8 953.6 952.3 954. 5 961.2 971. 5 995.3 1,018. 1,023. 4 1,023. 0 1,007.3 1.034.1
Department of Defense_______ ___
528.2 530. 5 531.1 532.8 532.9 864.6 533.8 526.6 523.7 521.9 521. 4 518. 7 551.4 535.3
Post Office Departm ent___________
637.3 636.1 629.8 626.9 625.3 624.3 625.9 630.8 633.7 644.7 647.2 642.7 631.5 613.7
Other agencies_________ ________
21.9
21.9
22.1
22.1
21.9
22.1
22.0
22.1
Legislative___ _______ - - - - - - 22.0
22.3
22.3
22.1
21.9
22.3
4.6
4.6
4. 7
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.3
Judicial
___________ ______
4.6
4.6
State and local4------------- ------ ------ -- 5,682 5,724 5,700 5,681 5,649 5,612 5,597 5,611 5,567 5,446 5,187 5,192 5,387 5,409 5,068
1,480. 5 1,462.9 1,453. 6 1,443. 2 1, 435. 2 1,418.5 1,417. S 1,408. 6 1,375. 8 1,341.2 1,346. 0 1,392. 4 1,382. 9 1,300. 6
State________
______ _________
4, 243. 6 4,237.1 4,227. 0 4, 205. 5 4,176. 9 4,178. 7 4,194.1 4,157. 9 4,070.1 3,845.3 3, 846. 3 3,994. 2 4,025. 7 3,767. 8
Local _- ___________ ____ ___
2, 612.9 2,617. 6 2,628. 5 2,614. 2 2, 584. 0 2, 586.1 2,600.1 2,552. 0 2,392. 2 2, 079.3 2,085. 3 2,322. 5 2, 401. 8 2,219. 7
Education
__
_____ .
3,111.2 3,082.4 3,052.1 3 034. 5 3,028.1 3, Oil. 1 3,011.3 3,014. 5 3,053. 7 3,107. 2 3,107. 0 3,064.1 3i 006. 8 2,848. 7
Other---- ---------------------------------i Beginning with the August 1958 issue, figures for 1956-58 differ from those
previously published because of the adjustment of the employment estimates
to 1st quarter 1957 benchmark levels indicated by data from government
social insurance programs. Statistics from 1957 forward are subject to revi­
sion when new benchmarks become available.
These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all full- and
part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked during,
or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the
month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than one establishment
during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are ex­
cluded.
1 Preliminary,


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3 Data for Federal establishments refer to continental United States; they
relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for, the last day
of the month.
4 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the
U. S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is
prepared by the U. S. Interstate Commerce Commission.

A.—EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

T able A -3.

921

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
1958

Annual
average

1957

Industry
Ju n e 2 M ay2 Apr.
M ining______________________________
M etal______________________________
Iron
_ _________________________
Copper________ - _______ - __ ______
Lead and zinc_____________________
A n th racite_______________ - _- _____
Bituminous-coal __________________ __
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas production _______________________
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services)........ ...........
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying_____

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1957

1956

564
74.5
23.5
22.8
11.3
18.2
172.3

567
74.4
22.9
22.8
11.4
17.9
177.3

583
79.2
26.4
23.7
11. 6
21.1
184.2

597
81.0
27.2
24.1
11.9
22.3
190.3

616
84.3
29.0
24.7
12.3
21.7
196.9

638
88.2
32.1
25.3
32.5
24.2
202.4

643
89.2
33.5
25.3
12.1
22.3
203.2

653
90.4
34.8
25.1
12.2
25.3
205.9

667
94.2
36.0
26. 7
12.7
26.3
206.0

676
96.1
36.5
27.4
13.2
25.1
206.9

674
97.4
35.8
27.8
14.1
28.8
201.2

680
97.0
35.6
28.1
14.8
28.2
211.5

664
94.4
33.9
27.3
14.1
26. 4
208.4

673
92.9
30.4
28.3
14.9
26.8
208. 8

206.3

206.7

210.4

217.3

223.6

229.0

231.6

232.5

241.4

248.1

247.8

245.1

238.0

245.4

112.4 113.1 113.9 115.0 116.2 117.0 117.2 118.5 124.1 128.3 128.6 127.2 122.6 128.0
92.6
86.0
89.0
90.6
87.9
94.3
97.1
98.6
99.4
99.9
98.3
98.6
97.9
96.3
Contract construction___________________
2,313 2,132 1,961 1,817 2,025 2,249 2,440 2,587 2,651 2,683 2,671 2,643 2,442 2,559
382
538
448
370
331
447
575
595
607
606
Nonbuilding construction_____________
520
517
599
515
Highway and street construction___ _
257.8 191.1 140.0 120.5 144.1 178.9 224.9 265.9 278.7 284.5 280.6 276. 7 226.8 234.8
Other nonbuilding construction.____
280.2 257.3 229.8 210.4 237.7 268.5 291.6 309.4 316.2 322.8 325.8 321.9 288.5 284.8
Building construction________________
1, 775 1,684 1,591 1,486 1,643 1,802 1,923 2,012 2,056 2,076 2,065 2,044 1,927 2,039
671.3 627.9 ' 596.9 ' 556.0 ' 626.7 690.4 744.7 782.4 807.6 ' 835. 5 851.6 822.6 ' 772. 6 868.6
General contractors________________
1,103.8 1,056. 5 993.6 930.3 1,015. 8 1,111.9 1,177.9 1, 229.8 1,248.7 1,240.3 1,213.1 1, 221.0 1,154.1 1,170.0
Special-trade contractors____________
Plumbing and heating____________
230.6 227.8 230.0 233.6 247.2 259.9 266.1 276.9 279.1 270.1 259.8 269.9 265.9 271.9
Painting and decorating____ ______
152.8 137.1 124.1 113. 9 122.0 138.6 153.0 164.3 173.7 179.3 179.7 162.1 150.1 157.4
Electrical work__________________
129.3 127.1 128.7 133.1 137.4 143.9 149.2 153.8 157.5 160.7 160.1 156.9 151.7 149.7
591.1 564.5 510.8 449.7 509.2 569.5 609.6 634.8 638.4 630.2 613.5 632.1 586.4 591.0
Other special-trade contractors_____
Manufacturing___________________
— 11,405 11,256 11,310 11,542 11,767 12,024 12,449 12,694 12,896 12,993 13,020 12,784 12,946 12,911 13,195
Durable goods________________ . . 6,335 6,279 6,337 6,502 6,653 6,869 7,153 7,322 7, 413 7,414 7,489 7,445 7, 615 7,523 7, 667
Nondurable goods________________ 5, 070 4,977 4, 973 5,040 5,114 5,155 5,296 5,372 5,483 5,579 5,531 5,339 5,331 5,388 5,528
Durable goods

Ordnance and accessories_____________
Lumber and wood products (except fur­
niture)_________________________
Logging camps and contractors______
Sawmills and planing mills__________
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products....................
Wooden containers_____ _________
Miscellaneous wood products________
Furniture and fixtures........... ................ —
Household furniture _______________
Office, public-building, and professional
furniture. _____________________
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fixtures _________________________
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous fur­
niture and fixtures________________
Stone, clay, and glass products________
Flat galss _______________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown..
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic__________ ______
Structural clay products____________
Pottery and related products________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Cut-stone and stone products________
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
p ro d u cts_______________________
Prim ary metal industries________ _____
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
m ills _________________________ .
Iron and steel foundries_____________
Prim ary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals__________ ________
Secondary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals___________________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals
________________
Nonferrous foundries_______________
Miscellaneous primary metal industries.
Fabricated metal products (except ord­
nance, machinery, and transporta­
tion equipm ent__________________
Tin cans and other tinware__________
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware___
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies-- _____________
Fabricated structural metal products
M etal stamping, coating, and engraving.
Lighting fixtures___________________
Fabricated wire products___________
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod­
ucts..... ..................................................
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

66.4

68.4

69.0

67.7

67.0

67.6

69.2

70.3

71.6

74.9

77.2

76.2

78.0

76.9

83.8

578.7

546.1
79.0
279.3

520.3
65.5
269.1

515.0
62.9
267.5

516.5
63.5
267.5

526.4
64.8
272.1

548.8
70.1
284.0

569.5
75.9
294.2

590.4
83.3
301.6

598.6
80.2
309.0

612.1
86.6
316.6

612.9
93.0
313.7

626.8
101.2
317.0

588.3
80.1
303.5

666.7
100.3
349.2

101.3
41.2
45.3
283.9
208.9

100.1
39.9
45.7
283.2
208.9

98.5
40.0
46.1
290.1
213.9

100.6
39.0
45.9
295.3
217.5

101.6
41.3
46.6
298.5
220.6

104.2
42.3
48.2
308. 7
227.7

107.2
43.2
49.0
313.7
231.3

111.2
44.4
49.9
318.9
233.5

113.4
45.1
50.9
320.8
233.7

113.7
44.2
51.0
318.6
231.9

110.8
44.5
50.9
310.3
224.9

110.3
46.8
51.5
313.2
227.2

108.3
45.5
50.9
314.2
228.9

114.7
50.2
52.3
319.2
230.9

32.7

33.5

33.9

34.2

34.5

35.2

36.1

37.5

38.7

39.0

38.1

38.7

38.2

39.1

24.7

24.8

25.4

26.4

26.3

27.2

27.3

28.6

29.3

29.1

28.9

28.8

28.4

28.6

17.6
405.2
22.4
78.5
12.0
35.3
61.5
35.6
85.2
15.8

16.0
402.2
23.5
77.4
12.3
33.8
60.4
37.5
82.1
15.7

16.9
402.7
24.3
78.6
12.6
32.8
59.2
38.4
80.1
15.2

17.2
408.0
27.8
78.2
13.5
33.0
59.8
38.8
78.8
15.0

17.1
418.5
30.1
77.7
13.9
33.9
62.4
38.9
80.3
15.3

18.6
439.6
31.9
81.1
14.8
35.8
67.5
40.6
83.8
15.9

19.0
453.0
31.8
84.9
14.8
36.4
69.7
41.9
88.0
16.1

19.3
459.8
31.4
85.4
15.4
36.4
71.2
41.9
91.2
16.7

19.1
465.1
30.3
86.8
15.1
36.9
72.7
42.5
93.0
16.6

18.6
462.7
29.8
86.1
15.1
35.5
72.8
41.9
93.5
16. 6

18.4
445.8
29.5
81.8
14.8
23.5
72.5
41.3
94.4
16.6

18.5
463.0
29.4
85.3
14.9
35.2
72.3
42.9
94.7
16.4

18.7
456.0
30.9
83.4
15.0
35.0
70.3
43.3
90.6
16.5

20.6
470.7
31.4
81.0
15.1
36.7
76.8
47.6
95.1
17.0

58.9
843.5

59.5
848.5

61.5
885.1

63.1
912.5

66.0
68.2
69.4
70.2
71.4
71.4 .71.9
71.2
71.0
70.0
958.4 1,005. 6 1,029. 8 1,050. 7 1,062. 7 1,079. 5 1,077. 7 1,095.2 1,081. 6 1,097.4

409.8
160.7

407.3
163.5

426.8
169.6

440.0
177.4

462.0
186.3

492.0
191.6

508.3
192.3

522.3
195.8

533.2
192.5

539.7
199.3

541.5
198.4

545.6
203.1

537.0
201.6

532.6
211.7

42.7

43.8

45.3

47.0

49.6

50.7

51.2

51.1

52.3

53.1

52.9

53.8

53.5

54.5

7.8

7.9

8.1

8.2

8.7

9.0

9.1

9.6

9.7

9.6

9.7

9.8

9.8

10.5

76.4
42.8
103.3

78.7
43.9
103.4

79.3
46.0
110.0

79.9
46.9
113.1

83.5
49.5
118.8

86.4
52.6
123.3

88.2
54.9
125.8

86.5
57.2
128.2

87.7
56.6
130.7

90.0
56.9
130.9

88.4
56.3
130.5

90.8
57.9
134.2

89.2
58.6
131.9

93.6
64.2
130.3

757.0 765.8
50. C 48.9
93.6
94.8

786.6
48.3
101.1

805.8
47.9
105.5

840.0
46. 4
112.1

875.4
46.8
117. £

894.6
48.3
118. 4

896.5
50.9
116. 4

884.0
54.3
111.8

884.6
55.9
109.4

874.7
55.1
107.5

892.5
53.5
111.7

892.5
115.5

51.4

890.5
51.2
120.4

82.6
80.2
215.8 216.0
158.3 159.5
31. 1 32.2
39.0
38.9

83.0
219.0
165.0
33. £
40.7

81.9
222.6
172.8
35. Í
41.4

82.4
82.9
232.0 240.1
184.1 196.4
37. 1 40.4
43.5
45.0

84.8
243.3
202.9
42.2
45.9

83.4
247.5
200.0
42.3
45.8

83.6
248.4
188.3

86.2
83.0
246.4 244.5
191.0 192.5
39. S 38.8
46.7
46.7

84.4
246.5
199.3
39. £
47.5

83.9
241.8
201.3
40. f
47.9

93.8
225.5
197.4
40.4
50.8

92.8

95.3

98.4

102.4

108.8

110.2

110.2

109.2

110.3

109.9

111.0

289.4

417.3

854.4

767.4

89.1

105.9

4i.:

46.2

106.6

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

922
T a b l e A-3.

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1958

1957

Annual
average

Industry
Ju n e 2 M a y 2 Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1957

1956

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)__________ 1,010.2 1,030.2 1,060.8 1,090.2 1,108.6 1,134.0 1,159.1 1,179. 4 1,204.4 1,223.0 1,215.7 1,242. 5 1,274.3 1,255. 7 1,278.7
60.9
64.2
65.7
65.9
66.4
62.3
66.5
66.0
66.0
65.8
68.8
66.0
68.3
61.2
Engines and turbines........... ..................
A£rif>nlt;nr»l mnehinerv and tractors. .
94.6 101.0 101.5 100.5
98.3
97.5
97.5 102.4 102.1 101.6 103.0 105.7 105.7 108.4
104.1
rinpHtmnt.inn arid mining m achinery_
80.3
84.3
87.6
90.7
93.3
95.8
99.3
108.1 108.7 110.3 111.7 109.4 111.8
164.4 168.7 175.9 180.5 188.8 194.7 199.5 206.0 213.1 213.6 219.6 226.0 218.2 218.7
Metalworking m achinery.............. ......
Special-industry machinery (except
107.5 110.1 112.3 115.8 118.3 120.3 121.8 123.5 123.6 121.4 124.8 128.2 125.9 133.3
metalworking machinery)-------------137.8 140.7 146.8 149.4 154.7 157.6 158.9 161.7 163.8 162.4 166.0 167.7 166.3 172.7
General industrial machinery-----------81.8
81.0
Offlao and store machines and devices..
81.7
83.9
89.5
93.3
96.7
98.1
97.1
81.3
97.3 101.4
99.2
95.2
Service-industry and household ma121.7 125.8 127.8 128.3 128.1 127.7 129.0 128.3 129.4 126.6 135.6 141.1 141.2 160.1
rhinos
____ ________________
Miscellaneous machinery parts_______
181.3 186.6 192.3 196.7 202.7 209.5 214.1 215.7 219.0 217.9 219.9 223. 7 221. 5 217.3
Electrical m achinery................................
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial apparatns
____________________
Electrical appliances_______________
Tnsiilfited wiro and c a b le ___________
Elo.etrio.fil equipment. for vehicles_____
Electric lamps __________________
Communication equipment...................
Miscellaneous electrical products__ _

726.0

___

717.0

729.2

749.3

766.6

793.3

824. 5

851.2

868.1

877.5

860.2

845.6

852.3

857.7

870.3

239.9
24.4
17.7
43.4
22.3
337.1
32.2

245.9
25.6
18.3
45.6
22.8
338.7
32.3

253.5
25.5
18.8
48.7
23.8
346.3
32.7

259.9
26.1
19.1
51.0
24.6
353.1
32.8

268.1
27.2
19.7
55.5
25.2
364.1
33.5

275.9
28.8
20.1
58.7
25.7
380.8
34.5

278.9
30.5
20.7
59.1
25.7
399.7
36.6

280.7
30.9
21.0
58.7
25.9
414.4
36.5

285.5
30.4
21.0
58.0
26.0
419.1
37.5

281.1
29.0
20.8
56.2
25.8
410.2
37.1

282.0
29.6
20.7
56.4
26.0
394.8
36.1

287.5
29.4
20.6
57.5
26.0
394.9
36.4

288.4
31.2
20.9
59.3
26.1
395.8
36.0

297.2
39.6
20.9
59.0
25.1
392.0
36. 5

1.071.2 1,077. 4 1,103.0 1,152.7 1,206.9 1,266.7 1,329.6 1,337.2 1,316.2 1,268.6 1,352.1 1,364.0 1, 403.9 1, 383. 6 1, 354.1
__. . . . 445.0 453.5 495.7 546.0 599.1 648.7 637.1 586.1 523.4 602.8 596.3 623.2 630.1 648.5
465.7 479.3 482.6 483.8 489.9 497.6 510.9 539.3 550.7 563.1 574.2 582.9 563.6 537.4
279.7 292.7 294.4 293.2 295.6 299.7 307.6 326.4 332.2 342.2 348.2 353.3 340.9 326.8
98.4 103.4 106.0 107.6 112.2 115.6 111.3 105.3
89.5
89.5
89.6
90.9
93.3
95.8
_____
14.1
13.9
14.1
13.9
12.9
13.8
13.9
14.3
13.8
14.4
14.0
14.3
13.9
11.3
88.2
91.1
95.4
98. 5 99.4
99.4
83.6
84.7
85.6
86.7
83.3
99.7
97. 5 94.0
123.2 121.8 123.0 124.6 123.9 127.0 128.3 127.1 128.2 127.3 128.0 131.1 127.2 111.4
_ 105.2 103.8 105.5 106.2 105.7 108.9 110.8 110.3 112.0 111.1 110.5 111.2 108.5 93.9
_____
18.4
18.2
17.5
18.1
17.5
16.8
16.2
16.2
17.5
18.0
18.0
19.9
18.7
17.5
49.4
41.8
44.5
46.0
47.9
52.7
54.8
57.2
50.0
58.4
37.0
57.6
54. 7 48.6
6.9
6.5
5.9
6.9
8.2
8.9
9.1
8.9
6.5
6.6
7.9
8.3
8.2
8.0
...........
Instruments and related products--------- 200.6 200.7 204.1 207.8 210.9 214.9 220.3 222.8 224.3 225.9 226.0 221.1 224.6 226.2 230.3
Laboratory, scientific and engineering
31.4
34.1
32.2
32.8
33.9
35.2
36.2
37.4
instruments _ ________________
31.8
33.3
34.7
37.1
36.6
37.7
Mechanical measuring and controlling
___________
54.5
56.6
57.6
59.1
60.2
61.2
61.9
61.9
Instruments
55.6
57.0
61.8
62.4
62.1
61.1
Optical instruments and lenses______
9.1
9.4
9.1
9.1
9.8
10.3
10.2
10.2
10.2
10.2
10.1
10. 2
10.3
10.6
Surgical, medical, and dental instru27.2
27.8
28.2
28.4
ments
__________________
27.2
27.5
28.8
29.0
28.6
28.2
28.5
29.1
28.9
28.5
18.4
20.4
Ophthalmic goods
____________
18.2
18.8
18.8
19.3
19.6
20.3
19.4
19.8
19.6
19.0
19.6
20.3
40.4
41.4
Photographic ap p aratu s____________
38.8
42.2
42. 5 42.8
42.7
44.2
39.8
44.0
44.0
44.0
43. 7 44.1
21.5
23.2
23.7
24.5
26.1
26.4
22.2
26.1
26.6
25.8
20.5
22.1
25.0
28.0
Watches and clocks________________

Transportation equipment-----------------Motor vehicles and equipment..............
Aircraft, and parts________ ____ ____
Aircraft ______________________
Aircraft engines and parts. ________
Aircraft propellers and parts----------Other aircraft parts and equipm ent..
Ship and boat building and repairing__
Shipbuilding and repairing................
Boatbuilding and repairing................
■Railroad equipment.
__________
Other transportation equipment--------

349.4
32.8
13.0
67.9
23.2
42.5
60.1
109.9

350.6
33.4
13.3
64.7
23.3
43.2
61.8
110.9

354.4
34.3
13.4
61.2
23.1
46.4
64.5
111.5

355.0
34.8
14.2
59.1
22.6
47.4
65.5
111.4

351.1
34.9
14.7
54.8
22.9
46.5
66.6
110.7

Food and kindred products----------------- 1,029.8
Meat products
_________________
Dairy products . . ________________
Canning and preserving------------------Grain-mill products.................... ...........
Bakery products__-________________
Sugar
________________________
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages______________ -________
Miscellaneous food products_________

973.4
238.2
70.5
137.5
79.0
163.4
22.0
56.7
111.4
94.7

948.5
230.8
65.8
136.7
77.7
162.8
20.4
57.2
105.6
91.5

941.7
233.4
64.3
124.4
78.2
163.2
19.7
60.3
107.8
90.4

951.0
238.5
62.6
128.3
78.3
164.5
21.1
61.8
105.2
90.7

969.0 1,027.3 1,067.9 1,140. 4 1,218.9 1,194.2 1,118.2 1,052. 5 1,065. 7 1,104.0
247.9 258.8 264.8 263.4 262.0 258.3 260.2 257.1 259.2 268.8
62.9
63.8
64.9
67.1
70.3
75.6
77.5
76.4
69.6
72.1
129.9 149.1 167.4 236.4 323.1 301.4 227.8 168.9 187.7 201.5
77.9
78.7
81.3
78.0
82.3
82.0
78.3
76.8
79.5
83.5
164.9 168.4 170.3 171.5 171.7 172.4 172.8 171.3 169.9 172.0
41.9
22.4
27.6
37.3
37.1
24.2
23.2
26.4
21.7
26.1
62.2
68.2
67.7
56.2
69.7
69.6
63.0
58.5
63. 5 64.3
105.9 112.6 116.1 118.1 120.8 121.3 125.9 123.4 116.1 119.7
94.1
91.1
95.9
96.8
98.4
94.1
89.8
97.0
97.1
95.7

69.3
Tobacco manufactures...............................
Cigarettes
_ ____________ - _____
Cigars ______ __________________
Tobacco and snnff
____________
Tobacco stemming and redrying-------- _____
See footnotes at end of table.

69.0
30.8
27.0
5.3
5.9

70.1
30.9
27.0
5.4
6.8

74.2
30.7
28.0
5.4
10.1

79.2
31.0
28.8
5.3
14.1

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. 353.5
Jewelry silverware, and plated ware__
Musical inst.mnip.nts and parts______
Toys and sporting goods--------- --------- ___
Pens, pencils, other office supplies____
Oo.st.nme jewelry, buttons, notions___
Fabricated plastics p ro d u cts________
Other manufacturing industries--------- ...........

372.0
36.4
15.4
63.3
23.9
48.0
68.8
116.2

400.0
37.4
16.0
80.4
24.4
49.0
71.3
121.5

411.7
37.9
15.9
87.3
24.8
49.9
72.6
123.3

413.3
37.5
15.8
88.2
25.0
52.0
72.9
121.9

400.4
35.9
15.2
84.4
25.0
51.5
70.6
117.8

373.8
33.6
14.3
7.36
23.9
46.6
68.0
113.8

391.0
34.7
14.6
78.6
24.3
48.6
71 6
118.6

390.6
36 3
15. 3
75.6
24 0
49.2
71 6
118.6

405.1
39 9
15.7
79.6
23 8
52.3
70 2
123.6

Nondurable goods


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

83.9
31.2
28.9
5.4
18.4

88.6
31.2
30.3
5.4
21.7

87.7
31.2
30.9
5.4
20.2

96.6
30.6
31.1
5.5
29.4

101.5
31.2
30.6
5.5
34.2

92.7
31.1
30.3
5.5
25.8

71.5
29.6
28.4
5.3
8.2

73.9
29.8
30.9
5.6
7.6

84.4
30.2
30.9
5.5
17.8

89.5
30.7
32.8
5.9
20.1

923

A.—EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

T able A -3.

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]

June 2 M a y 2 Apr.

Annual
average

1957

1958

Industry

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1957

1956

912.9
5.0
107.2
401.5
25.4
194.3
77.1
42.5
9.4
50.5

965.9
6.1
113.7
429.7
26.2
201.2
80.1
45.7
10.8
52.4

Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods— Continued

Apparel and other finished textile products____________________________
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats............
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing ______________________
Women's outerw ear__ ____________
Women’s, children’s undergarments.—.
Millinery ________________________
Children’s outerwear.. .........................
Fur goods_________________________
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories..
Other fabricated textile p ro d u c ts..___
Paper and allied products....... ..................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Other paper and allied products______
Printing, publishing, and allied industries____________________________
Newspapers_______________________
Periodicals________________________
Books . _________________________
Commercial printing_______________
Lithographing ____________ ______
Greeting cards ____________________
Bookbinding and related industries___
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services_________________________

860.9
4.3
101.9
384.4
23.9
176.5
74.8
39.1
9.5
46.5

884.8
4.2
104.5
390.9
24.6
186.2
76.0
40.1
9.6
48.7

894.8
4.0
104.6
390.6
24.8
194.3
77.0
40.2
9.4
49.9

907.2
4.5
106.0
395.7
25.4
197.9
77.4
41.5
9.1
49.7

913.1
5.0
107.1
398.1
25.6
199.1
77.6
41.6
8.7
50.3

912.2
5.2
105.3
399.4
25.3
199.5
77.1
41.3
9.0
50.1

895.9
5.1
104.2
395.1
24.7
193.1
75.3
40.6
9.1
48.7

914.0
5.5
107.3
400.5
25.4
198.8
76.8
40.4
9.5
49.8

837.2
4.4
98.3
371.6
23.2
179.8
73.6
36.1
8.6
41.6

986.5
93.5

986.7 1,017. 7 1,050.6 1,036.8 1,054. 6 1,065.7 1,071.1 1,081.0 1,081.6 1,022. 8 1,042.3 1,064.5 1,079.8
89.3
98.5 100.4
99.3 102.7 105.6 105.5 101.6 106.8 105.3 110.9
97.2
98.7

277.6
293.9
97.8
10.2
61.3
7.9
47.7
96.6

275.6
296.4
101.3
12.7
59.4
6.5
48.0
97.5

284.3
295.7
103.3
18.0
63.3
7.2
49.9
98.8

285.7
318.7
103.7
19.3
66.6
7.5
50.1
100.3

279.6
313.4
103.6
15.7
65.7
7.6
50.5
102.2

285.3
315.1
105.7
14.6
64.0
8.2
53.1
108.2

290.4
312.2
108.3
13.7
65.9
8.7
54.5
112.7

294.2
305.1
108.7
16.7
66.7
8.9
54.9
113.2

296.7
313.3
108.6
17.8
67.3
8.9
54.7
108.1

293.7
318.7
106.4
17.8
67.9
8.0
54.1
109.5

284.8
290.4
100.4
14.2
66.8
8.3
51.8
104.5

289.4
295.7
103.9
12.2
67.3
8.5
52.5
106.0

288.9
312.0
106.8
16.3
65.7
7.8
53.2
108.5

291.5
314.0
108.4
16.5
66.0
8.4
56.3
107.8

436.5

431.8
218.4
116.1
97.3

434.2
220.1
115.6
98.5

435.7
220.0
116.7
99.0

438.4
221.0
117.7
99.7

444.8
223.6
120.8
100.4

454.8
226.5
126.0
102.3

458.1
227.3
128.4
102.4

460.5
227.0
128.4
105.1

459.6
227.2
127.2
105.2

456.6
228.0
124.5
104.1

451.1
225.7
122.1
103.3

461.5
232.1
124.8
104.6

458.8
229.1
125.2
104.5

463.4
230.4
127.2
105.8

544.7

540.5
157.4
25.7
33.6
175.9
49.5
13.3
34.1

544.7
155.9
25.8
33.7
178.1
49.6
12.8
34.8

547.0
156.2
25.9
34.3
178.9
49.8
12.3
35.2

545.8
155.9
25.8
34.6
178.5
49.5
12.4
34.8

549.2
156.4
26.0
34.7
180.7
49.4
12.3
35.3

556.6
158.9
25.7
34.8
183.9
51.3
13.1
35.7

559.1
158.5
25.9
34.9
182.6
51.6
15.7
36.2

560.6
157.5
26.1
35.0
183.5
51.8
15.7
37.7

557.0
156.9
25.6
35.1
182.4
51.1
14.9
38.0

547.1
153.5
24.4
34.6
180.7
50.6
14.1
36.8

546.4
154.2
24.4
34.8
180.4
50.2
13.9
36.4

550.3
156.4
24.5
35.1
180.2
50.6
14.1
37.2

553.2
156.1
25.6
35.2
181.3
50.7
13.8
37.0

549.6
155.1
27.8
33.4
179.6
48.5
14.1
37.2

51. C

54.0

54.4

54.3

54.4

53.2

53.7

53.3

53.0

52.4

52.1

52.2

53.5

53.9

536.9
72.8
209.6
57.7

542.3
73.7
211.8
57.1

545.1
73.0
210.3
57.9

553.3
75.0
217.0
57.2

993.9

844.2
4.4
99.1
376.9
23.7
177.2
73.4
37.6
9.1
42.8

854.7
4.5
100.8
381.1
23.8
177.8
74.7
38.2
9.5
44.3

832.2
4.4
97.7
367.0
22.9
183.3
72.3
34.1
9.1
41.4

Textile-mill products.................... ............ 841.2
Scouring and combing plants------------Yarn and thread mills______________
Broad-woven fabric mills _________
Narrow fabrics and smallwares_______
Knitting mills
________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles— ______
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings
Hats (except cloth and millinery)____
Miscellaneous textile goods__________ ...........

Chemicals and allied products_________ 503.9
Industrial inorganic chemicals. _____
Industrial organic chemicals. _______
Drugs and medicines_______________ ...........
Soap, cleaning and polishing preparatio n s ___________________________
Paints, pigmpnts, and fillers
Gum and wood chemicals___________
Fertilizers _______________________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats____
Miscellaneous chemicals____________ ...........

512.4
67.3
189.5
57.6

519.3
68.5
190.1
58.1

519.0
69.2
192.3
58.3

518.5
69.5
195.7
58.0

525.3
70.5
199.7
58.6

532.8
71.0
202.8
59.7

537.3
71.5
203.9
59.6

542.0
72.7
203.9
58.8

541.8
72.8
207.1
58.2

537.8
73.0
207.2
58.0

29.1
42.6
6.6
33.0
23.6
63.1

29.1
42.5
6.5
36.7
24.6
63.2

29.6
43.0
6.5
31.5
25.5
63.1

29.7
43.1
6.5
26.1
26.4
63.5

29.8
43.7
6.6
25.0
28.1
63.3

30.1
44.1
6.6
23.5
29.9
65.1

30.8
44.2
6.6
23.7
31.1
65.9

31.2
45.3
7.2
25.1
31.2
66.6

31.5
46.3
7.3
24.4
28.4
65.8

31.2
46.8
7.5
22.3
25.8
66.0

30.7
47.3
7.4
21.7
24.8
64.9

30.4
46.6
7.2
24.5
25.3
65.7

30.7
45.9
7.2
26.7
28.1
65.3

30.3
47.0
7.1
27.3
28.6
63.8

Products of petroleum and coal________
Petroleum" refining............................. .
Coke, other petroleum and coal products __________________________

160.2

158.1
122.7

156.7
122.4

156.4
122.7

158.7
123.3

161.0
124.7

163.1
125.4

165.6
125.9

167.2
126.6

169.3
128.2

169.5
128.9

169.4
128.7

170.0
129.1

168.0
128.1

172.2
131.0

35.4

34.3

33.7

35.4

Rubber products........................................
Tires and inner tubes_______________
Rubber footwear___________________
Other rubber products______________

177.0

172.5
70.7
16. £
85.5

176.0
72.1
16.5
87.4

Heather and leather products...............
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished.
Industrial leather belting and packing.
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings..
Footwear (except rubber)..................—
Luggage ______________________
Handbags and small leather goods____
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods.
See footnotes at end of table.

313.3

300.4
30. (
2.7
15. i.
204.9
12. (
20.3
12.1

299.9 320.0
33. C 34.2
3.2
3. C
15.1
15.8
202.4 217.1
11. i
11.7
26.6
22.8
11.4
11.8


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36.3

37.7

39.7

40.6

41.1

40.6

40.7

40.9

39.9

41.2

184.0 191.3 200.9
81.6
76. C 78.5
16.7
17. C 17.5
95.8 101.8
91.3

207.7
83.6
17.8
106.3

209.2
84.0
17.8
107.4

209.8
84.4
17.6
107.8

206.7
84.4
17.5
104.8

204.4
84.2
17.1
103.1

200.0
83.9
16.8
99. £

196.8
78.2
17.3
101.3

205.9
83.3
17.6
105.0

211.1
85.2
19.8
106.1

326.2
34. f
3.5
16. f
221.3
11.8
27.0
11.0

325.6
35.6
3.7
16.7
218.8
12. £
26.7
11.8

326.6
35.9
3.7
16. £
215.3
12. Í
27.8
14.7

327.4
36.0
3.5
16. £
215.9
13.2
27.7
14.8

330.2
36.3
3.5
16.2
218.5
13.2
27.2
15.3

335.2
36.8
3.4
16.8
222.4
13.6
27.0
15.2

326.5
36.0
3.4
16.8
219.3
13.]
23.1
14.8

327.4
36.7
3.4
16.8
219.3
13. £
23.2
14.7

329.2
36.4
3.5
16.8
219.1
13.1
26.1
14.2

339.0
38.4
3.8
17.7
221.5
13.9
28.9
14.8

322.8
35.2
3.6
16. Í
220.8
11.8
24.3
10.2 1

924

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958
T a b l e A-3.

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1958

1957

Annual
average

Industry
Ju n e 2 M a y 2 Apr.
Transportation and public utilities:
Other public utilities_________________
Gas and electric utilities____________
Electric light and power utilities___
Gas utilities........ ................................
Electric light and gas utilities combined_________________________
Local utilities, not elsewhere classified..
Wholesale and retail trade:
Wholesale trade_____________________
Wholesalers, full-service and limitedf u n c t i o n ___________ _____________
Automotive_____________________
Groceries, food specialties, beer,
wines, and liquors...... .................. .
Electrical goods, machinery, hardware, and plumbing equipment___
Other full-service and limited-function wholesalers________________
Wholesale distributors, other________
Retail trade:
General merchandise stores__________
Department stores and general mailorder houses___________________
Other general merchandise stores___
Food and liquor stores____ ________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable marDairy-product stores and dealers____
Other food and liquor stores________
Automotive and accessories dealers____
Apparel and accessories stores.................
Other retail trade (except eating and
drinking places)________________
Furniture and appliance stores_____
Drug stores___.'.1........... ................ .

Mar.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1957

1956

534
513.8
222.6
136.2

534
513.4
222.5
136.0

534
513.7
222.8
135.7

534
514.1
223.5
135.7

535
515.0
224.0
136.2

538
517.4
225.5
136.7

539
518.3
225.9
136.9

538
517.9
225.6
136.6

545
524.2
229.4
137.7

551
530.0
231. 7
139.1

551
529.9
231.4
139.2

544
522.7
228.1
137.3

540
519.0
226.0
136.4

535
513.8
219.6
133.4

155.0
20.5

154.9
20.4

155.2
20.3

154.9
20.0

154.8
20.0

155.2
20.2

155.5
20.4

155.7
20.5

157.1
20.8

159.2
21.2

159.3
21.2

157.3
20.9

156.6
20.7

160.8
21.2

2,574

2,592

2,617

2,633

2,662

2,721

2,722

2,718

2,705

2,710

2,703

2,685

2,695

2,661

1,499.2 1, 509. 5 1, 523.8 1,532.4 1, 551.4 1, 590. 8 1, 591.1 1,584. 7 1,581.9 1,577.6 1, 575.1 1, 561. 4 1, 572.2 1, 562.6
107.6 ' 107.9 108.0 109.1 ' 109.3 ' 110.4 ' 110.4 ' 110.4 110.6 110.4 110.0 108.5 108.4 104.3
263.8

267.2

272.2

272.4

273.5

277.9

278.2

274.4

274.9

271.5

272.9

271.5

273.4

275.1

377.7

379.8

383.8

387.1

392.7

398.2

400.6

402.1

403.2

405.5

405.4

404.2

402.7

402.0

750.1 754.6 759.8 763.8 775. 9 804.3 801. 9 797.8 793.2 790.2 786.8 777.2 787.7 781.2
1,074.5 1,082.4 1,093. 6 1,100.3 1,111.0 1,130.2 1,130.5 1,133.2 1,123.1 1,131.9 1,127.6 1,124.0 1,122. 6 1,098.1
1,260.2 1,251.8 1,232.4 1,218. 5 1,288.7 1,833. 6 1,479. 5 1,371.9 1,340.7 1,270.3 1,265.8 1,297.9 1,356. 5 1,355.3
805.9 794.5 787.5 785.7 837.8 1,186.9 968.0 887.4 861. 5 823.7 821.0 837.3 875.9 876.4
454.3 457.3 444.9 432.8 450.9 ' 646. 7 511.5 484.5 479.2 446.6 444.8 460.6 480.6 478.9
1,475.1 1,477.5 1,484.0 1,490.3 1,488.6 1,516.6 1,500. 7 1,474.9 1,465.2 1,452.4 1,461.9 1,461.9 1,465.5 1,440.9
1,064.3 1,067.5 1,078.7 1,079.8 1,080.9 1,088.3 1,077. 8 1,054.0 1,036.7 1,019.3 1,027.6 1,028. 6 1,038.4 1,014. 5
201.3 ' 198.7 196.8 197.2 197.7 ' 200.3 201.0 203.0 209. 5 215.8 216.9 213.9 206.7 205.1
209.5 211.3 208.5 213.3 210.0 228.0 221.9 217.9 219.0 217.3 217.4 219.4 220.4 221.3
670.2 670.0 680.4 690.3 704.8 736.4 724.4 718.3 718.8 722. 5 723.4 720. 5 719.3 727.1
536.7 533.8 526.1 505.2 534.4 670.1 578.4 560.3 549.2 508.2 517.2 555.3 556.6 565.5
2,024.8 2,020.2 2,014. 5 2,025.2 2,061.3 2,174.4 2,116.6 2,110.3 2,119.3 2,119.1 2,117. 7 2,096.4 2,094.6 2,104.5
' 350.0 349.9 351.7 354. 5 ' 354.7 376.0 ' 364.4 ' 360.9 356. 6 356. 5 ' 357.4 358.3 361.2 363.8
329.7 328.9 327.3 327.2 339.7 367.7 343.2 343.7 338.2 339.3 341.9 339.1 337.7 327.5

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August
1958 and coverage of the series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper­
visory workers (including leadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating, proc­
essing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing, ware­
housing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, watchman services,


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Jan.

Feb.

product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use (e. g., power
plant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated with the
aforementioned production operations,
* Preliminary.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

925

A.—EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T a b l e A-6.

Insured unemployment under State programs and the program of unemployment com­
pensation for Federal employees,1 by geographic division and State
[In thousands]
Annual average

1967

1958
Geographic division and State

1957

1956

Continental United States__________ 2,984.0 3,302.3 3,275.5 3,163.1 2,877.0 2, 111. 7 1,513.1 1,236.9 1,166.7 1,150. 7 1,284. 6 1,251.2 1,349.7
98.3 113.7
98.2 110.1
95.0
New England________ ____ _________ 238.6 263.3 251.9 240.2 235.7 182.8 128.7 104.6
7.6
11.0
7.8
8.8
7.7
14.1
18.5
10.3
21.8
22.2
24.7
25.1
30.0
Maine _______________________
5.3
6.6
5.4
4.9
5.1
8.2
5.7
4.9
10.6
12.5
10.5
12.5
15.3
New Hampshire___ ____________
2.3
2.1
2.0
1.9
2.1
5.4
3.6
2.6
6.9
6.5
4.6
5.9
6.8
Vermont..*........................................
50.2
57.2
53.4
45.9
47.6
63.0
50.9
92.0
106.6 121.7 119.7 113.9 112.1
M assachusetts_________________
17.2
14.3
17.2
13.8
11.0
20.4
14.5
27.0
12.2
23.5
26.9
27.2
27.0
Rhode Island__________________
18.8
19.5
24.2
20.4
24.0
38.4
27.9
23.7
61.1
57.2
63.5
60.0
66.2
Connecticut______ ____________
Middle Atlantic_____ _____________ 831.6 885.1 865.8 831.8 794.3 605.4 423.7 358.9 326.7 343.7 405.2 390.3 411.6
New Y o rk ....................................... 374.6 391.4 381.2 364.5 348.2 272.2 184.2 147.8 132.4 140.7 183.1 183.8 190.5
71.2
77.2
66.7
77.1
63.0
75.6
69.4
New Jersey____________________ 136.3 150.3 149.4 145.5 141.8 107.3
Pennsylvania............................. ...... 320.7 343.5 335.2 321.8 304.3 225.9 163.9 141.8 131.2 136.3 145.1 135.3 143.9

1,465.8
121.9
11.0
6.0
2.8
61.4
16.5
24.2

1,225.2
86.7
8.2
6.4
1.8
41.7
12.0
16.5

427.6
189.3
80.5
157.9

370.8
165.4
67.6
137.8

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

East North Central ............ .................
Ohio__________ _______ _______
Indiana_______________________
Illinois_________________ ______
Michigan_____________________
Wisconsin_____________________

771.0
211.3
80.7
169.8
265.5
43.7

838.3
223.1
89.8
176.8
296.4
52.1

800.7
212.3
88.3
176.3
267.2
56.5

742.4
202.0
87.9
168.0
231.3
53.2

631.6
166.4
76.4
151.7
188.7
48.4

419.0
118.1
47.3
81.8
133.9
38.0

295.0
79.6
33.9
61.5
94.2
25.8

256.9
57.3
26.5
53.8
101.5
17.9

277.8
52.3
26.9
52.7
129.8
16.2

234.4
50.7
26.5
61.1
79.2
16.9

248.7
52.6
28.0
63.1
87.1
17.8

252.3
54.0
28.7
70.5
81.2
17.8

254.8
55.3
31.8
67.0
81.4
19.3

283.8
65.6
33. 5
68.2
93.2
23.2

257.5
47.5
31.3
59.6
100.0
19.0

West North Central________________
Minnesota_____________________
Iowa _________ _____________
M issouri_____________________
North Dakota_________ _______
South Dakota............ .......................
Nebraska________ ____________
Kansas______________ ______ _

127.3
40.0
11.7
54.9
1.9
1.2
5.3
12.3

167.2
53.6
15.9
64.4
4.6
2.6
8.5
17.6

188.2
58.1
20.9
63.7
7.5
4.3
12.4
21.2

185.2
56.0
22.8
61.2
7.9
4.5
12.4
20.3

162.1
50.1
18.8
56.2
6.7
3.8
10.1
16.6

111.7
34.0
12.0
41.3
4.2
2.4
6.5
11.3

71.7
18.9
7.1
30.6
1.8
1.1
3.9
8.2

55.0
12.4
5.2
27.7
.5
.5
2.6
6.1

46.5
9.8
5.0
22.9
.3
.4
2.4
5.6

45.2
11.3
5.8
19.8
.4
.5
2.6
4.9

51.1
12.1
6.2
23.1
.4
.5
3.0
ö. 8

58.8
13. 5
6.3
28.3
.5
.5
3.1
6.6

69.6
18.7
7.2
29.9
1.0
.8
4.3
7.6

80.0
22.6
8.9
30.3
2.4
1.7
5.4
8.6

71.9
19.8
7.8
27.9
2.2
1.6
5.1
7.6

South Atlantic____________________
Delaware_____________ ________
M aryland_____________________
District of Columbia................... .
Virginia______ _______________
West Virginia__________________
North Carolina_____ __________
South Carolina_______________ .
Georgia_______________________
Florida_______________________

310.8
6.2
42.9
7.8
29.3
52.7
63.5
22.5
50.5
35.2

326.2
6.9
46.5
8.9
31.6
52.1
68.5
23.8
52.5
35.4

313.7
6.5
47.3
10.0
33.2
47.8
66.5
22.5
47.9
32.1

306.1
6.4
47.2
10.3
33.8
44.6
66.7
23.0
46.0
27.9

283.5
5.4
41.9
8.6
28.1
36.8
64.3
26.2
45.8
26.4

196.8
3.8
29.1
6.5
17.4
23.7
44.6
18.1
33.8
19.7

147.1
2.7
19.4
5.2
11.9
16.2
33.4
14.4
25.8
18.0

136.7
2.7
16.1
4.6
10.1
12.0
28.3
14.0
26.0
22.9

139.8
2.9
16.6
4.5
11.4
11.3
28.8
13.4
24.8
26.0

145.6
2.5
16.7
4.8
14.2
11.9
30.5
13.8
24.9
26.3

166.1
2.8
17.1
4.8
16.9
13.1
40.9
16.7
29.8
24.1

148.8
2.4
15.5
4.4
15.9
12.1
40.7
14.8
26.8
16.3

148.3
2.5
16.9
4. 4
12.3
12.2
44. 5
14. 6
26.8
14.0

154.7
3.1
17.7
5. 3
13.7
14.1
39.3
15.2
27.5
18.7

123.3
2.1
12.2
4.4
11.3
11.0
31.3
13.0
21.9
16.0

East South Central.......................... .....
Kentuckv___ _______________
Tennessee_____________________
Alabama____________________ .
Mississippi____________________

188.1
61.3
59.6
44.2
23.0

200.5
66.1
64.0
46.1
24.2

196.3
60. 6
65.1
45.9
24.7

200.1
57.4
68.8
47.3
26.6

177.0
47.5
65.5
40.9
23.1

134.3
37.1
46.1
32.5
18.6

107.6
29.3
37.2
27.1
13.9

91.8
27.2
31. 6
22.5
10.5

87.6
26.1
31.9
19.8
9.9

90.6
28.9
32.7
17.7
11.2

102.7
30.8
38.6
19.7
13.7

101.8
31.9
37.3
18.9
13.7

109.2
34.5
38. 6
20.5
15.5

110.9
33.1
40.2
22.6
15.0

98.5
30.1
36. l
20.8
11. 5

West South Central________________
Arkansas______________________
Louisiana_____________________
Oklahoma_____________________
Texas_________________________

153.8
24.2
29.5
23.9
76.1

165.0
27.5
29.8
27.6
80.1

158.8
26.4
28.4
28.2
75.9

147.1
27.8
27.5
25.8
66.0

126.6
25.5
23.8
21.0
56.2

94.1
18.6
15.5
15.5
44.6

73.0
13.2
11.8
12.9
35.1

54.7
8.7
8.7
9.6
27.7

50.3
8.5
8.6
9.0
24.1

53.4
9.8
9.4
9.7
24.5

58.5
11.0
11.8
9.8
25.9

62.5
11.4
12.3
11.4
27.4

72.6
14.3
14.2
13.1
31.0

72.1
14.8
13.2
12.7
31.4

57.9
11.6
12.4
10.5
23. ö

M ountain________________________
M ontana________________ ____ _
Idaho. ________ _____________
Wyoming__ ________________
Colorado... . ________________
New Mexico_________ _________
Arizona_____ _________________
U tah__
__________ _____
Nevada_______________________

51.7
7.8
4.1
2.6
9.4
5.7
10.2
7.4
4.5

72.5
12.0
6.9
3.9
13.5
7.3
12.7
10.2
6.0

86.5
16.6
10.1
4.4
15.8
7.6
13.4
11.7
6.8

90.2
17.9
12.6
4.3
16.0
7.3
12.4
12.4
7.3

77.1
15.0
12.4
3.7
11.7
6.1
10.5
10.9
6.8

55.7
10.4
9.6
2.4
8.2
4.7
8.4
6.9
5.2

38.1
6.8
6.0
1.4
5.6
3.6
6.4
4.3
4.0

23.1
4.0
2.7
.7
3.2
2.4
5.1
2.2
2.7

18.3
2.9
1.9
.4
2.8
2.0
4.5
1.9
1.9

19.4
2.7
2.2
.5
3.2
2.4
4.5
2.2
1.6

19.8
2.7
2.1
.6
3.5
2.7
4.2
2.5
1.5

20.4
2.9
1.9
.9
3.7
2.7
4.0
2.8
1.5

26.8
4.5
3.3
1.3
4. 5
3.2
4. 6
3.6
1.8

34.5
6.3
5.2
1. 7
5.1
3.5
5. 5
4.5
2.8

26.5
3.7
3.9
1.4
3.6
2.7
4.5
3.9
2.8

Pacific..
________________ ___
Washington___________________
Oregon ... _________________ .
California__ ________________ .

311.0
35.1
20.7
255.2

384.1
47.6
31.1
305.4

413.7
59.2
39.8
314.6

420.0
68.1
45.2
306.6

389.1
72.1
48.7
268.2

311.9
61.8
40.7
209.4

228.1
46.1
29.3
152.7

155.2
31.2
20.8
103.2

124.7
23.9
15.6
85.3

120.1
20.0
11.9
88.2

122.3
16.4
11.3
94.7

118.0
13.3
9.1
95.7

143.1
18.3
13.1
111.7

180.3
33.3
22.9
124.1

132.2
28.1
16.2
87.8

i Average of weekly data adjusted for split weeks in the month. Figures
may not add to exact column totals because of rounding.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security,

926

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

T a b l e A -7.

Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, selected operations 1
[All Items except average benefit amounts are In thousands]

May
Employment service:
New applications for work_____
Nonfarm placements___ ____

1957

1958

Item

866
439

Apr.

954
404

Mar.

951
332

Feb.

999
312

Jan.

Dec.

1,101
355

810
360

Nov.

819
406

Oct.

Sept.

813
540

713
561

1956

Aug.

672
536

July

738
533

June

832
528

May

740
534

May

732
567

State unemployment insurance pro­
grams: 8
1,032
842
Initial claims 3...............................
1,795
2,285
2,024
1,346
1,193
1,538
1,983
1,815
1,267
881
1,001
993
Insured unem ploym ent4 (aver­
age weekly volume)_________
2,984
2,112
1,167
3, 302 3, 276 3,163
2,877
1,513
1,237
1,151
1,285
1, 251
1,350
1,255
Rate of insured unem ploym ents.
7.6
6.9
5.1
3.6
3.0
7.1
7.9
7.9
2.8
2.8
3.1
3.0
3.3
3.3
Weeks of unemployment com­
pensated______ ________ . . . 12,020 13,055 12,457 10,793 10,780
7, 211
4,814
4,693
4,095
4, 497
4,883
4, 686 5,517
4,896
Average weekly benefit amount
for total unemployment_____
$30.80 $30.88 $30. 53 $30.48 $30.09 $29.75 $29. 44 $29. 20 $28.64 $27.87 $27.59 $27.44 $27. 47 $26. 70
Total benefits paid___________ $363,550 $403,845 $370,248 $320,181 $313,012 $207,110 $136,627 $131, 832 $113,325 $121, 333 $130,130 $123,540 $145,657 $125,786
Unemployment compensation for
veterans:6
Initial claims 3__________ ___
Insured unemployment 4 (aver­
age weekly volume)__ _
Weeks of unemployment com­
pensated______ _______ _ _
Total benefits paid 3__________

24

27

30

31

37

28

21

18

16

21

20

24

16

20

74

80

81

72

58

41

30

24

29

35

34

33

31

35

334
$8,922

368
$9,833

345
$9, 285

279
$7,546

258
$6,924

170
$4,574

115
$3,104

112
$3,013

142
$3,793

165
$4,406

165
$4,539

138
$3,710

156
$4, 222

175
$4, 694

Railroad unemployment insurance:
43
Applications 8__ . . . . .
___
17
20
24
27
36
Insured unemployment (average
weekly volume)_____ _____
128
146
149
135
106
140
Number of payments 8________
307
284
309
338
319
227
Average amount of benefit pay­
ment 8_________ ___ . . . . $67. 27 $68.59 $67.86 $67.52 $65.07 $64.22
Total benefits paid 10__________ $20,574 $23,153 $21,626 $19,093 $20,127 $14,498
All programs:11
Insured unem ploym ent4.... ........

3,186

3,527

3,505

3,375

3,065

1 Average weekly insured unemployment excludes territories; other items
include them.
1Data include activities under the program of Unemployment Compensa­
tion for Federal Employees (UCFE), which became effective on January 1,
1955.
3 An intial claim is a notice filed by a worker at the beginning of a period
of unemployment which establishes the starting date for any insured un­
employment which may result if he is unemployed for 1 week or longer.
4 Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem­
ployment.
* The rate of insured unemployment is the number of insured unemployed
expressed as a percent of the average covered employment in a 12-month
period.
6 Based on claims filed under the Veterans’ Readjustment Assistance Act
of 1952. Excludes claims filed by veterans to supplement State, U CFE, or
railroad unemployment insurance benefits.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2,256

34

22

16

18

54

33

16

5

83
142

56
119

47
92

46
113

52
94

36
86

42
109

25
69

$62.59
$8,852

$62.20
$7,332

$62.01
$5, 689

$58.62
$6,660

$53.50
$4,960

$60.86
$5,109

$57.68
$6,211

$53.03
$3,604

1,623

1,314

1,240

1,228

1,368

1,319

1,424

1,316

i Federal portion only of benefits paid jointly with other programs. Weekly
benefit amount for total unemployment is set by law at $26.
8 An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning of
his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is required
for subsequent periods in the same year.
8 Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods; the aver­
age amount is an average for all compensable periods. Not adjusted for
recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments.
10 Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments.
11 Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State, U CFE, and veterans’ programs, and that covered by the Railroad
Unemployment Insurance Act.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security
for all items except railroad unemployment insurance, which are prepared
by the U. S. Railroad Retirement Board.

B.—LABOR TURNOVER

927

B.—Labor Turnover
T a b l e B - l.

Labor turnover rates in manufacturing 1
[Per 100 employees]

Year

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Annual
average

Dec.

Total accessions
1949.
1950.
1951.
1952.
1953.
1954.
1955.
1956.
1957.
1958.

3.2
3.6
5.2
4.4
4.4
2.8
3.3
3.3
3.2
2.5

2.9
3.2
4.5
3.9
4.2
2.5
3.2
3.1
2.8
2.2

3.0
3.6
4.6
3.9
4.4
2.8
3.6
3.1
2.8
2.4

2.9
3.5
4.5
3.7
4.3
2.4
3.5
3.3
2.8
2.5

3.5
4.4
4.5
3.9
4.1
2.7
3.8
3.4
3.0
2 2. 9

1949.
1950.
1951.
1952.
1953.
1954.
1955.
1956.
1957.
1958.

4.6
3.1
4.1
4.0
3.8
4.3
2.9
3.6
3.3
5.0

4.1
3.0
3.8
3.9
3.6
3.5
2.5
3.6
3.0
3.9

4.8
2.9
4.1
3.7
4.1
3.7
3.0
3.5
3.3
4.2

4.8
2.8
4.6
4.1
4.3
3.8
3.1
3.4
3.3
4.1

5.2
3.1
4.8
3.9
4.4
3.3
3.2
3.7
3.4
2 3. 5

4.3
3.0
4.3
3.9
4.2
3.1
3.2
3.4
3.0

1949.
1950.
1951.
1952.
1953.
1954.
1955.
1956.
1957.
1958.

1.7
1.1
2.1
1.9
2.1

1.6
1.2
2.5
2.0
2.5
1.0
1.3
1.4
1.3
.7

1.7
1.3
2.7
2.2
2.7

1.6
1.6
2.8
2.2
2.7
1.0
1.5
1.6
1.4
2.8

1.5
1.7
2.5
2.2
2.6

1.0
1.4
1.3
.8

1.4
1.0
2.1
1.9
2.2
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.2
.7

1 5 4 9 ___________________________
1 9 5 0 ____________________________
1 951 ____________________________
1 9 5 2 _______________________
1 953 ____________________________
1 9 5 4 ____________________________
1 9 5 5 ___ _____ __________________
1 9 5 6 ____________________________
1 9 5 7 ______________ _____________
1 9 5 8 ____________________________

0 .3
.2
.3
.3

0 .3
.2
.3
.3

0 .3
.2
.3

0 .2
.2
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3

0 .2
.3
.4

0 .2
.3
.4

4.4
4.8
4.9
4.9
5.1
3.5
4.3
4.2
3.9

3.5
4.7
4.2
4.4
4.1
2.9
3.4
3.3
3.2

4.4
6.6
4.5
5.9
4.3
3.3
4.5
3.8
3.2

4.1
5.7
4.3
5.6
4.0
3.4
4.4
4.1
3.3

3.7
5.2
4.4
5.2
3.3
3.6
4.1
4.2
2.9

3.3
4.0
3.9
4.0
2.7
3.3
3.3
3.0
2.2

3.2
3.0
3.0
3.3
2.1
2.5
2.5
2.3
1.7

3.5
4.4
4.4
4.4
3.9
3.0
3.7
3.4
2.9

4.0
4.2
5.3
4.6
4.8
3.5
4.0
3.9
4.0

4.2
4.9
5.1
4.9
5.2
3.9
4.4
4.4
4.4

4.1
4.3
4.7
4.2
4.5
3.3
3.5
3.5
4.0

4.0
3.8
4.3
3.5
4.2
3.0
3.1
3.3
4.0

3.2
3.6
3.5
3.4
4.0
3.0
3.0
2.8
3.8

4.3
3.5
4.4
4.1
4.3
3.5
3.3
3.5
3.6

1.8
2.9
3.1
3.0
2.9
1.4
2.2
2.2
1.9

2.1
3.4
3.1
3.5
3.1
1.8
2.8
2.6
2.2

1.5
2.7
2.5
2.8
2.1
1.2
1.8
1.7
1.3

1.2
2.1
1.9
2.1
1.5
1.0
1.4
1.3
.9

0.9
1.7
1.4
1.7
1.1
.9
1.1
1.0
.7

1.5
1.9
2.4
2.3
2.3

0 .3
^_4
^4
.3

0 .2

0 .2
4
4

0 .2
3
3
.4

0 .2

0 .2

2

9

Total separations 3
3.8
2.9
4.4
5.0
4.3
3.1
3.4
3.2
3.1
Quits

1.1

1. 1

1.5
1.5
1.3
.7

1.4
1.8
2.4
2.2
2.5

1.1

1.1

1.5
1.6
1.3

1.6
1.5
1.4

1.1

1.6
1.6
1.4

Discharges

.3

.4
.2

.2
.2

.2

.3
.2
.2

.3
.2
.2

1949 ______________________ ________
1950 _______________________________
1951 _______________________________
1952 _____________ ____________ _
1953 _______________________________
1954 _______________________________
1955 ________________________ ______
1956 _______________________________
1957 ________ _________ ______ ______
1958 _______________________________

2.5
1.7
1.0
1.4
.9
2.8
1.5
1.7
1.5
3.8

2.3
1.7
.8
1.3

1949________________________
1950________________________
1951________________________
1952________________________
1953________________________
1954________________________
1955________________________
1956________________________
1957________________________
1958________________________

0.1
.1
.7
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.3
.3

.3
.4
.2
.2
.3
.2

.2

.3

.4
.2
.3
.3

.3

.2

.3

.2

2. 2

2.8
1.2
1.0
1.3

3.3
1.1
1.2
1. 1
1.0
1.9
1.1
1.6

.3
.4

.

0 .2
3

3

.3
4

2

J2

3
3
2

J*

^4

4

_4

_4

^4
-2

^ .

4

JS
^3
-2

-2

*3

j}

’3

3
_4
2

’2

-3
-3
-2

J2

2.0
1.3
1.5
1.0
2.5
1.7
1.4
1.4
2.7

2.4
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.3
1. 9
1.2
1.5

0.1
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2

0.1
.2

.3
_2

Layoffs
2.8
1.4

.8

2 .9

1.1
.8
2.3
1.3
1.6
1.4
3.2

2 .4
1.2
1.4
1.5
3 .0

0.1
.1
.6
.4
.4
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2

0. 1
.1
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2

0.1
.1
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2

.8

2.2
1.1
1.8

1.4

.9

1.5
2 2. 4

2.5
.9
1.0
1.1
.9
1.7
1.2
1.3

1.1

2. 1
.6
1.3
2.2
1.1
1 .6
1.3
1.2
1.3

1 .8

1 .8

1.4
1.0
1.3
1.7
1.3
1.2
1. 6

1.3

2.3
.8
1.4

1.5
1.7
1.1
1.4
1.8

1.8
1.6
1.2
1.3
2.3

2.5
1.1
1. 7
.7
2.3
1.6
1.2
1.5
2.7

0.1
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2

0.1
.3
.4
.3
.3
.1
.2
.2
.2

.6

.7
.7

.7

1.7

Miscellaneous separations, including military

1 Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing indus­
tries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not comparable with the changes
shown by the Bureau’s employment series for the following reasons:
(1) The labor turnover series measure changes during the calendar month,
while the employment series measure changes from midmonth to midmonth;
(2) Industry coverage is not identical, as the printing and publishing
industry and some seasonal industries are excluded from turnover;
(3) Turnover rates tend to be understated because small firms are not as
prominent in th e turnover sample as in the employment sample; and


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

0.1
.1
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.3
2. 2

0.1
.1
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2

0. 1
.2
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2

0.1
.3
.4
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.3

0.1
.4
.4
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2

0

.2

.5

.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2

(4) Reports from plants affected by work stoppages are excluded from the
turnover series, but the employment series reflect the influence of such
stoppages.
2 Preliminary.
3 Beginning with data for October 1952, components may not add to total
separation rates because of rounding.
N ote : For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

928
T a b l e B-2.

Labor turnover rates, by industry 1
[Per 100 employees]
Separations

Industry

Total accessions
May
1958

Apr.
1958

May
1958

Apr.
1958

May
1958

Apr.
1958

May
1958

Miscellaneous,
including military

Layoffs

Discharges

Quits

Total

Apr.
1958

M ay
1958

Apr.
1958

Apr.
1958

May
1958

Manufacturing

All manufacturing.........................................................
Durable goods_____ _______________________
Nondurable goods 2................................................
Durable Ooods
Ordnance and accessories........... ............................ .
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)_____
Logging camps and contractors...........................
Sawmills and planing mills ...............................
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated structural
wood products.....................................................
Furniture and fixtures.................................................
Household furniture...... ........................................
Other furniture and fixtures__________ _____ _
Stone, clay, and glass products
Glass and glass products______ _____________
Cement, hydraulic________________________
Structural clay products
Pottery and related products________________
Prim ary metal industries______________________
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills. .
Iron and steel foundries.........................................
Gray-iron foundries. ___________________
Malleable-iron foundries
Steel foundries. _________________ _____
Prim ary smelting and refining of nonferrous
metals:
Prim ary smelting and refining of copper,
lead, and zinc________________________
Bolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous
metals:
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of copper___
Nonferrous foundries_______ _______________
Other primary metal industries:
Iron and steel forgings
_______________
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment). . . . . . .
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware___________
Cutlery and edge tools__________________
H andtools__________ __________. . . ____
Hardware___________ _____ ______ ____
Heating apparatus (except electric) and plumb­
ers’ supplies. __________________________
Sanitary ware and plumbers’ supplies____
Oil burners, nonelectric heating and cooking
apparatus, not elsewhere classified______
Fabricated structural metal products _______
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving. ...........
Machinery (except electrical)............. ................... .
Engines and turbines.................. . ...................
Agricultural machinery and tractors...... .............
Construction and mining machinery_________
Metalworking machinery................ ......................
Machine tools_______ ______ __________
Metalworking machinery (except machine
tools)_________________ ____________
Machine-tool accessories________________
Special-industry machinery (except metalworking machinery)___________ ____ __________
General industrial machinery_______________
Office and store machines and devices___ _____
Service-industry and household machines_____
Miscellaneous machinery parts______________
Electrical machinery___ ______________ ________
Electrical generating, transmission, distribution, and industrial apparatus_____________
Communication equipment . . . _____________
Radios, phonographs, television sets, and
equipment. _________________________
Telephone, telegraph, and related equipment _______________________ _____
Electrical appliances, lamps, and miscellaneous
products_______________________________
Transportation eq u ip m ent____ ________________
Motor vehicles and equipment______________
Aircraft and parts_______________ ________
Aircraft______________________________
Aircraft engines and parts_______________
A ireraft. p r o p e lle r s anrl p a r t s
....... ...
Other aircraft parts and equipment_______
See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.9
2.9
2.8

2.5
2.7
2.3

3.5
3.8
2.8

4.1
4.5
3.4

0.8
.7
.9

0.7
.6
.8

0.2
.1
.2

0.2
.1
.2

2.4
2.8
1.6

3.0
3.4
2.2

0.2
.2
.2

0.2
.3
.2

1.8
4.5
6.8
4.9

2.9
4.5
10.0
4.0

2.7
3.5
4.6
3.5

3.9
4.4
10.3
3.4

0.6
1.6
3.0
1.6

0.7
1.3
2.1
1.2

0.2
.3
.1
.3

0.1
.2
.1
.2

1.8
1.5
1.4
1. 5

3.0
2.7
7.8
1.8

0.1
.1
.1
.1

0.2
.2
.3
.1

2.2
3.2
3.3
3.2
3.1
4.1
2.2
3.7
1.6
2.7
3.6
1.8
2.0
1.3
1.7

2.5
3.3
3.3
3.4
3.4
4.5
3.1
5.7
1.5
2.0
2.2
1.6
1.6
2.7
1.1

2.9
4.1
4.5
3.1
4.6
7.4
.9
3.2
5.0
3.3
3.0
4.0
3.5
2.9
5.0

3.6
4.2
4.7
3.2
4.2
5.1
1.2
4.9
4.5
4.4
4.3
5.0
3.9
5.5
6.1

1.1
.9
1.0
.6
.5
.6
.4
.7
.8
.3
.2
.4
.5
.3
.3

1.0
.9
1.1
.6
.5
.4
.4
.6
.5
.3
.2
.4
.4
.7
.3

.3
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1

.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1

1.4
2.9
3.1
2.2
3.7
6.6
.1
2.2
3.9
2.7
2.4
3.3
2.7
2.3
4.4

2.1
2.9
3.2
2.2
3.4
4.1
.5
3.9
3.7
3.8
3.8
4.2
3.2
4.4
5.4

.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.1

.3
.2
.2
.2
.3
.4
.3
.2
.1
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.3

1.4

.9

4.0

1.8

.4

.4

.1

3.3

1.1

.2

.2

.8
2.3

.8
3.3

2.2
4.0

2.9
5.9

.2
.5

.2
.4

.2

1.6
3.2

2.4
5.2

.3
.2

.3
.2

2.7

2.2

4.4

4.6

.2

.2

.1

.1

3.8

4.1

.3

.2

2.9
2.4
3.2
2.3
2.2

2.8
1.7
2.5
2.1
1.2

3.9
2.7
2.7
2.5
2.8

4.8
3.4
1.7
2.2
4.5

.6
.7
.9
.7
.6

.6
.6
.5
.4
.7

.2
.2
.2
.2
.2

.2
.2
.2
.1
.3

2.8
1. 5
1.3
1.4
1.6

3.8
2.4
1.0
1.4
3.3

.2
.3
.4
.1
.4

.2
.2
.1
.2
.2

2.1
1.0

2.5
1.9

4.6
7.0

4.9
6.7

.7
.5

.6
.6

.3
.4

.4
,7

3.5
5.9

3.7
5.2

.1
.2

.1
.1

2.8
2.7
3.8
2.0
1.2
2.9
3.1
1.5
1.3

2.9
2.6
3.7
1.8
2.8
2.6
1.6
1.4
1.3

3.0
2.7
5.9
4.5
6.3
10.0
4.7
4.2
3.8

3.8
3.1
7.7
4.3
3.5
3.5
5.7
4.7
4.6

.8
.6
.6
.5
.5
.7
.6
.4
.4

.7
.6
.6
.5
.5
.9
.5
.4
.3

.3
.1
.3
.1

.3
.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1

1.9
1.8
4.7
3.6
5.6
9.0
3.7
3.4
3.0

2.8
2.1
6.6
3.4
2.6
2.2
4.8
3.9
3.9

.1
.1
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3

.1
.2
.4
.3
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3

.9
2.3

.7
2.1

3.4
5.8

4.7
4.9

.3
.4

.4
.4

.1
.1

.1
.2

2.7
5.1

4.0
4.0

.2
.2

.3
.3

1.7
1.4
3.4
2.0
1.6
2.4

1.3
1.4
1.9
2.5
1.7
2.0

3.0
3.7
1.9
5.1
3.5
3.4

4.7
3.6
2.4
5.9
4.3
3.6

.6
.6
.6
.5
.4
.7

.4
.5
.5
.6
.4
.7

.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

2.1
2.7
1.0
4.2
2.7
2.4

3.9
2.8
1.6
4.9
3.4
2.6

.2
.3
.2
.3
.3
.2

.3
.2
.1
.3
.4
.2

1.3
2.9

1.4
2.4

3.3
3.0

3.5
3.0

.6
.7

.6
.8

.1
.2

.1
.2

2.3
1.9

2.6
1.9

.2
.1

.2
.2

4.2

3.4

3.3

3.1

.8

.9

.2

.2

.1

.1

0
3.3
3.4
3.9
2.1
1.9
2.3
.6
4.3

.7
2.2
3.2
2.8
2.1
2.0
2.5
.6
3.4

0
6.1
3.8
4.0
2.5
2.3
3.0
3.2
3.6

2.9
4.9
5.6
8.2
2.8
2.5
3.2
1.8
4.9

.4

0
.6
.7
.5
.8
.8
.6
.7
1.0

.7
.7
.4
.7
.8
.5
.6
.8

0

.1
.1
.1
.1

0

.1
0

0

.2

.1
.2
.1
.1

0

0

.2

0
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3

.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
.2

2.2
0
5.2
2.8
3.1
1.5
1.3
2.2
2.1
2.1

1.9
2.1
3.7
4.4
7.0
1.8
1.5
2.4
.8
3.7

.3

0
.2
.2
.3
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1

.2
.4
.7
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2

929

B.—LABOR TURNOVER
T a b l e B-2.

Labor turnover rates, by industry1—Continued
[P e r 100 e m p lo y e e s ]

Separations
Total accessions

Total

Industry
May
1958

Apr.
1958

May
1958

Apr.
1958

May
1958

Apr.
1958

May
1958

Miscellaneous,
including military

Layoffs

Discharges

Quits

Apr.
1958

Apr.
1958

May
1958

0.4
.2
.3
.2

(4)
8.9
(4)
13.8
1.5

6.2
7.4
2.8
10.0
2.0

May
1958

Apr.
1958

Manufacturing—Continued
D u r a b l e G o o d s — Continued

Transportation equipment—Continued:
Ship and boat building and repairing_________
Railroad equipment
____________________
TiOCOTPctivcs and parts
Railroad and street c a r s .._______________
Other transportation equipment

«
4.1
«
5.4
4.5

10.3
2.8
2.1
3.2
4.2

14.5
2.7

8.4
8.5
3.9
11.0
3.3

Instruments and related products_______________
Photographic apparatus__ _________________
Watches and clocks_______________________
Professional and seientifie instruments ,

2.7
(4)
2.2
2.6

1.2
.5
1.5
1.3

3.3
(4)
6.3
3.6

2.6
1.4
5.7
2.4

.7
(4)
.5
.8

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w a r e .________

3.8
1.6

3.6
1.3

3.8
2.1

4.5
2.5

4.5
4.6
3.1
3.2

3.7
3.1
2.7
2.7

3.0
3.2
2.9
2.3

3.4
3.3
3.8
2.4

(4)
9.9
( 4)

(4)

0.4
(4)
.2
.7

1.5
.4
.6
.4

(4)
(3)
( 4)

(3)

.8

0.1
.3

.6
.3
.6
.6

.1
(4)
.1
.2

.1
.1
.1
.1

2.3
(4)
5.5
2.5

1.7
.7
4.8
1.5

.8

.9

.7

.8

.2
.2

.2
.3

2.6
1.0

.9
.5
.6
1.2

.7
.4
.4
1.0

.2
.1
.1
.3

.2
.1
.2
.3

1.8
2.2
2.0
.7

0.2
.4
.5
.4
.3

(4)

0.5
(4>
.4
.3
.2
.2
.2

.2
.2
.2
.2

3.3
1.2

.2
.2

.2
.2

2.3
2.6
3.0
.9

.2
.4
.1
.2

.2
.2
.2
.2

(4)

N o n d u r a b le G o o d s

Food and kindred products_____________________
Meat products ___________________________
Grain-mill products _______ _____________
Bakery products _________________________
Beverages:
M alt liquors _________________________
Tobacco manufactures _______________________
Cigarettes
____________________________
Cigars
________________________________
Tobacco and snuff ________________________
Textile-mill products
___
Yarn and thread mills . __________________
Broad-woven fabric mills___________________
Hot ton, silk, synthetic fiber
Woolen and worsted____________________
Knitting mills _ _________________________
Full-fashioned hosiery
Seamless hosiery_______________________
K nit underwear . ___________________ Dyeing and finishing textiles__ _____________
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings___________
Apparel and other finished textile products___ ____
* *M en’s and boys’ suits and coats__ ___________
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work clothing..
Paper and allied products ____________________
* Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___________
Paperboard containers and boxes____________
Chemicals and allied products . _______________
Industrial inorganic chemicals ______________
Industrial organic chemicals
- Synthetic fibers ______________________
Drugs and medicines
____________________
Paints, pigments, and fillers ____________ _
Products of petroleum and coal_________________
Petroleum refin in g ._______________________
Rubber products
________—_____________
Tires and inner tubes _____________________
Rubber footwear
_____________________
Other rubber products
________________
Leather and leather products
___ ___________
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished________
Footwear (except rubber) __________________

(*)

1.1
1.0
1.3
1.6
2.5
2.3
2.1
1.7
4.9
3.7
1.7
4.1
2.8
1.0
(4)

3.8
6.9
3.3
1.8
1.4
2.3
1.3
.6
1.2
1.9
1.8
1.5
.9
.4
2.4
1.2
3.0
3.3
3.1
2.2
3.2

Noxunanufacturing

Metal mining . . _ _________________________
Iron mining ____________________________
Copper mining
_________________________
Lead and zinc mining ____ _________________
Anthracite mining __________________________
Bituminous-coal mining ______________________
Communication:
Telephone ______________________________
Telegraph 5 ____________________________

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

.7
(4)
(4)

6.4
1.6
.9

2.7
1.0
2.6
2.7
2.3
1.8
6.0
3.2
2.1
3.2
2.6
1.9
1.5
2.8
2.2
3.0
1.8
1.1
2.0
1.0
.7
.8
1.2
1.1
1.0
.9
.4
1.5
.9
2.1
1.9
2.2
1.7
2.3
2.6
2.7
3.2
1.4
.9
1.1
.5
.9

(4)

1.5
1.0
2.2
.8

3.0
3.0
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.9
2.0
3.1
2.1
2.0
(4)

4.4
4.8
4.0
2.4
1.9
2.5
1.9
2.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.1
.8

.6
2.3
1.0
3.3
3.2
2.8
2.9
2.8
( 4)
( 4)
( 4)
(4)
( 4)

3.1
(4)
(4)

1 S ee fo o tn o te 1 a n d N o t e ,f t a b l e I B - l . D a t a for t h e c u r r e n t m o n th are
p r e lim in a r y .
2 E x c lu d e s t h e p r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d in d u s tr ie s g ro u p , a n d th e
fo llo w in g in d u str ie s : c a n n in g a n d p reserv in g ; w o m e n ’s, m is s e s ’, a n d c h il­
d r e n 's ou terw ea r; a n d fertiliz er.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.0
2.3
1.1
4.1
1.2
4.0
3.1
4.1
3.9
6.0
3.2
2.1
4.3
2.4
2.1
8.1
4.7
7.4
3.8
2.3
1.6
2.6
1.7
2.1
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.4
.9
.7
4.3
3.5
2.6
5.4
5.4
4.3
5 .5

4.8
8.0
2.3
3.2
18.9
2.5
1.2
1.5
2
*

2

(4)

.8

.6
1.0
.4
1.0
1.3
1.1
1.1
.9
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
.6
(4)

1.6
1.0
1.7
.5
.4
.7
.5
.4
.3
.4
.8
.6
.2
.2
.5

.3
1.7
.5
1.3
.5

1.4
( 4)
( 4)
( 4)
( 4)
( 4)
.3
( 4)
( 4)

.5
.7
.4
1.0
.3
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.1
.8

1.1
1.2
1.1
.9
.6
.5
1.6
1.0
1.7
.6
.4
.7
.4
.3
.2
.2
.6
.5
.2
.2
.4
.3
1.3
.4
1.2
.5

1.3
1.3
.1
1.0
1.1
.5
.2
.8

.6

(4)

.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
(3)
.2
(4)

.2
.1
.2
.2
.1
.3
.1
.1
.1

.1
.2
.3
.2
.1
.2
.2
.3
.2
.4
.3
.4
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1

(3)

(3)
(3)

(3)

(3)
(3)
(3)

.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
.1
.3

.1

.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.1

(4)

.5
.1
1.0
(3)

1.6
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.6
1.4
.5
1.6
.9
1.0
(4)
2.5
3.5
2.1
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.2
2.3
1.4
1.4
.8
.3
.2
.1
1.5
.4
1.4
2.4
1.2
2.0
1.0

(3)

( 4)
( 4)
( 4)
( 4)

(4)

( 3)

( 4)

(3)

( 3)

(4)
( 4)
(4)
( 4)

(4)
(4)

(3)

.1

2.5
.1

(3)

(4)
(4)

2.3
1.3
.3
2.8
.5
2.6
1.7
2.7
2.4
4.6
1.8
.4
3.0
1.3
1.2
6.8
2.9
6.2
1.8
1.4
.9
1.5
1.0
1.4
1.1
.8
.5
.7
.4
.1
3.6
2.9
1.0
4.6
3.9
3.4
3.9

(4)

3.2

( 4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

7. 7

.8
1.9
18.4
2.1
.2

.6

0

(3)

.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2

(4)
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
.3
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.1

(3)

.1
.2
.4
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.1
.1
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
.3
.2
.1
.2
.1
.3
.3

.3

.4
.3
.1
.2

( 4)
(4)

.1
.3

(4)

L e ss t h a n 0.05.
N o t a v a ila b le .
D a t a r e la te to d o m e s tic e m p lo y e e s e x c e p t m essen g ers.

Source:

.2
.1
.1
.1
.4
.2
.1
.2
.1
.3
.1
.1

.1
•2

U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r, B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s .

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

930

C.—Earnings and Hours
T able

C -l.

Y e a r a n d m o n th

H o u rs a n d gross ea rn in g s o f p ro d u c tio n or n o n su p e rv iso ry w ork ers, b y in d u str y 1
A vg.
A vg.
w k ly .
w k ly .
ea r n ­
hours
in g s

A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
ear n ­
in g s

M in in g

Ir o n

T o ta l: M e ta l
1956: A v e r a g e .............. $98.81
102.21
1957: A v e r a g e
M a y . ! ________ 100.90
■Tune__________ 104. 81
J u ly ___________ 104.19
A u g u s t . ______ 103.79
S e p te m b e r ____ 106.19
O c to b e r _______ 102.91
99.84
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____ 102.03
99. 72
1958: J a n u a r y ..............
98. 81
F e b r u a r y _____
97.02
M a r c h .J ______
94.62
A p r il....................
96.39
M a y __________

4 1 .0
4 0 .4
4 0 .2
41.1
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 0 .2
3 9 .0
3 9 .7
3 8 .8
3 8 .3
3 7 .9
3 7 .4
3 8 .1

$2.41
2 .5 3
2. 51
2. 55
2. 56
2. 55
2. 59
2. 56
2 .5 6
2. 57
2. 57
2 .5 8
2. 56
2 .5 3
2 .5 3

C oal

M e ta l

T o ta l: M i n i n s

$96.83
98.7 4
97.5 8
98. 81
100.28
101.35
102.84
98 .7 0
96 .9 2
97 .2 7
97 .2 7
96. 78
95.4 0
92.93
90.64

42 .1
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 0 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
3 9 .8
3 9 .4
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
3 9 .5
39.1
3 8 .4
3 7 .3

$ 2 .3 0
2 .4 2
2 .3 8
2. 41
2 .4 7
2 .4 6
2 .4 9
2 .4 8
2 .4 6
2 .4 5
2 .4 5
2 .4 5
2 .4 4
2. 42
2 .4 3

$96. 71
103. 49
99 .5 8
103.06
109.61
111.76
114. 78
106.23
100.34
97.4 6
98.1 9
99.63
96.93
93. 96
94.11

3 9 .8
3 9 .5
3 8 .9
4 0 .1
4 0 .9
41 .7
4 2 .2
3 9 .2
3 7 .3
3 6 .5
3 6 .5
3 6 .9
3 5 .9
3 4 .8
3 4 .6

L e a d a n d z in c

C o p p er
$2.43 $100.28
2 .6 2
97 .7 5
2 .5 6
99 .1 7
98 .8 8
2 .5 7
2 .6 8
98.00
2 .6 8
97 .2 0
2. 72
93. 60
2. 71
92.20
2 .6 9
96.3 2
98.6 6
2.6 7
2 .6 9
98. 25
95. 52
2 .7 0
2. 70 94.9 6
2 .7 0
93.3 0
2 .7 2
87. 75

4 3 .6
4 0 .9
4 2 .2
4 1 .2
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
3 9 .0
38 .1
3 9 .8
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
3 9 .2
3 7 .5

$2.3 0 $89.24
2 .3 9
88. 97
2 .3 5
90.0 3
89.6 0
2 .4 0
2 .4 5
87.8 5
2. 43
88. 75
2. 40
89.6 0
2 .4 2
88.1 0
87.0 8
2 .4 2
2. 43
91.52
2. 42
86.24
84.50
2.40
2 .3 8
85.1 0
2 .3 8
84.7 4
2 .3 4
82.8 2

B itu m in o u s
1956: A v e r a g e _______ $106. 22
1957: A v e r a g e _______ 110. 53
M a y __________ 107. 76
J u n e __________ 114.68
J u l y ___________ 112.17
A u g u s t ________ 110.96
S e p te m b e r ____ 112.91
O c to b e r _______ 110. 66
N o v e m b e r ____ 102.18
D e c e m b e r ____ 107.92
1958: J a n u a r y _______ 103.36
F e b r u a r y _____ 100. 62
M a r c h ________
96.37
A p r il__________
90.60
94.20

May............

3 7 .8
3 6 .6
3 5 .8
3 7 .6
3 6 .3
3 6 .5
3 6 .9
3 6 .4
3 3 .5
3 5 .5
3 4 .0
33 .1
3 1 .7
3 0 .0
3 1 .4

$2.81
3 .0 2
3 .0 1
3 .0 5
3 .0 9
3. 04
3 .0 6
3.0 4
3 .0 5
3 .0 4
3. 04
3 .0 4
3 .0 4
3 .0 2
3 .0 0

P e tr o le u m a n d n a t ­
u ra l-g a s
p rod uc­
t io n (e x c e p t co n tr a c t s erv ices)
$101. 68
106. 75
104.23
109.18
110.00
106. 52
113.28
106. 92
109.34
111.64
110. 56
110. 83
110. 97
108.81
107. 06

4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 0 .4
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 0 .5
4 1 .8
4 0 .5
4 0 .8
4 1 .5
4 1 .1
4 1 .2
4 1 .1
4 0 .6
4 0 .4

N o n m e ta llio m in in g
a n d q u a r r y in g

$ 2 .4 8 $85.63
2.6 1
87.80
2 .5 8
87.71
2 .6 5
90.45
2 .6 7
90. 70
92. 57
2 .6 3
92.2 5
2.71
91.19
2 .6 4
2. 68 86.90
2 .6 9
86. 31
2. 69 84. 25
2 .6 9
81 .0 0
2. 70 83 .2 2
85.45
2 .6 8
2. 65 88.97

4 4 .6
43.9
4 4 .3
4 5 .0
4 4 .9
4 5 .6
4 5 .0
4 4 .7
4 2 .6
42.1
4 1 .5
3 9 .9
4 1 .2
4 2 .3
4 3 .4

1956: A v e r a g e ______ $104. 94
110.15
1957: A v e r a g e ......... ..
109. 93
M a y _________
J u n e __________ 111.32
114.05
J u l y _____ ____
115.30
A u g u s t ........... ..
S e p te m b e r ____ 115.89
O c t o b e r ............ 114.23
N o v e m b e r ____ 106. 56
D e c e m b e r ____ 110.11
1958: J a n u a r y _______ 110. 59
F e b r u a r y _____ 102. 96
M a r c h ................. 110. 30
A p r il_________
110.01
M a y __________ 115. 89

3 9 .9
3 9 .2
3 9 .4
3 9 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .6
40.1
3 9 .8
3 7 .0
3 8 .5
3 8 .4
3 6 .0
3 8 .3
3 8 .6
4 0 .1

3 7 .3
36. S
3 7 .1
3 7 .8
3 7 .9
3 8 .3
3 7 .7
3 7 .4
3 4 .8
3 5 .5
3 5 .7
3 3 .4
3 5 .6
3 6 .2
3 7 .5

T o ta l: N o n b u ild in g
c o n s tr u c tio n

$2. 73
2.89
2. 86
2 .8 6
2 .8 8
2 .9 0
2. 94
2. 94
2. 96
2 .9 7
3 .0 0
3 .0 1
2 .9 9
2 .9 8
2. 97

$101. 59
105.07
103. 62
106.63
110.77
112.41
110.16
109.21
98.8 2
102. 60
103.79
96. 21
101. 90
103.45
111.65

4 0 .8
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
4 0 .7
4 1 .8
4 2 .1
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
3 6 .6
3 8 .0
3 8 .3
3 5 .5
3 7 .6
3 8 .6
4 1 .2

T o ta l: B u ild in g
c o n s tr u c tio n

3 6 .4
36 .1
3 6 .4
3 6 .9
3 6 .8
3 7 .2
3 6 .8
3 6 .5
3 4 .4
3 4 .9
3 5 .2
3 3 .0
3 5 .2
3 5 .5
3 6 .4

S p e cia l-tra d e co n tra cto r s
G e n e ra l co n tra cto r s

$2.8 0 $95.04
98.89
2. 96
2 .9 3
99.00
2 .9 4 100. 65
2. 95 102.03
2 .9 7 103. 79
3 .0 2 102.65
3 .0 2 102.65
3 .0 3
95.37
3 .0 5
97. 76
3 .0 7 100.39
3 .0 8
91.58
3 .0 6 100. 04
3 .0 6 101. 60
3 .0 5 104.18

3 6 .0
3 5 .7
3 6 .0
3 6 .6
3 6 .7
3 7 .2
3 6 .4
3 6 .4
3 3 .7
3 4 .3
3 5 .1
3 1 .8
35.1
3 5 .4
3 6 .3

T o ta l: S p e cia ltr a d e co n tra cto r s

$2.6 4 $107.16
2. 77 112.17
2. 75 112.30
2. 75 113.90
2. 78 112. 98
2 .7 9 115.32
2 .8 2 116.18
2 .8 2 115. 29
2 .8 3 109. 62
2. 85 111.58
2. 86 112.29
2 .8 8 107.18
2. 85 112.29
2.87 113.21
2 .8 7 115.02

3 6 .7
3 6 .3
3 6 .7
37 .1
3 6 .8
3 7 .2
3 7 .0
3 6 .6
3 4 .8
3 5 .2
3 5 .2
3 3 .6
3 5 .2
3 5 .6
3 6 .4

C o n tr a c t c o n s tr u c tio n — C o n tin u e d

3 9 .5
3 9 .2
3 9 .3
3 9 .9
3 9 .3
3 9 .2
3 9 .5
3 9 .5
3 7 .5
3 9 .4
3 8 .7
3 7 .5
3 8 .2
3 8 .2
3 8 .5

S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$3.1 7
3. 37
3 .3 5
3 .3 6
3 .3 8
3 .3 8
3 .4 0
3 .4 3
3 .4 2
3 .4 2
3 .4 2
3. 42
3 .4 6
3 .4 9
3 .5 0

$2. 33
2 .4 3
2.41
2 .4 3
2 .4 6
2 .4 9
2 .5 0
2 .4 9
2 .4 7
2 .4 5
2 .4 4
2. 45
2.41
2 .4 5
2 .5 2

4 1 .9
4 0 .6
40 .1
4 1 .7
4 3 .5
4 3 .8
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
3 6 .2
3 7 .2
38.1
3 4 .8
3 6 .6
3 8 .6
4 2 .4

B u ild in g c o n s tr u c tio n

$2.63 $101.92
2.81 106. 86
2. 79 106.65
2. 79 108.49
2 .8 3 108. 56
2 .8 4 110.48
2 .8 9 111.14
2. 87 110. 23
2 .8 8 104.23
2 .8 6 106. 45
2 .8 8 108. 06
2 .8 6 101.64
2. 88 107.71
2 .8 5 108.63
2 .8 9 111.02

E le c tr ic a l w o rk

$ 2 .40
2 .6 3
2 .6 1
2 .6 5
2 .5 3
2 .6 6
2 .6 5
2 .6 3
2 .6 5
2. 66
2 .6 8
2 .6 8
2 .6 5
2 .6 3
2.61

H ig h w a y a n d s tr e e t
c o n s tr u c tio n

$2.4 9 $97. 63
2 .6 4
98.66
2.6 1
96.64
2 .6 2 101.33
2 .6 5 107. 01
2 .6 7 109. 06
2. 70 104.00
2 .6 9 103.34
89.41
2 .7 0
2. 70
91.14
92. 96
2.7 1
2.7 1
85. 26
2. 71 88.21
2 .6 8
94.5 7
2. 71 106.85

P lu m b in g a n d
h e a tin g

$ 2 .9 2 $112.31
3. 09 118.87
3 .0 6 117. 73
3 .0 7 119.42
3 .0 7 116.80
3 .1 0 120. 74
3 .1 4 123. 77
3 .1 5 122.11
3 .1 5 116.44
3 .1 7 121.86
3 .1 9 122.36
3 .1 9 117.85
3 .1 9 120.80
3 .1 8 121.77
3 .1 6 121.92

3 8 .2
3 8 .1
38.1
3 8 .4
3 7 .8
3 8 .7
3 8 .8
3 8 .4
3 6 .5
3 8 .2
3 8 .0
3 6 .6
3 7 .4
3 7 .7
3 8 .1

no. oo
104.13
102. 92
104. 54
97.34
105.43
106. 64
110.64

3 5 .8
3 5 .2
3 5 .8
3 6 .4
3 6 .2
3 6 .5
36 .0
3 5 .6
3 3 .7
3 3 .2
3 3 .4
3 1 .3
3 3 .9
3 4 .4
3 5 .7

3 4 .9
3 4 .7
3 5 .3
3 5 .3
3 5 .2
3 5 .8
3 5 .5
3 4 .8
3 3 .4
3 3 .3
3 3 .1
3 2 .3
3 3 .7
3 4 .6
3 4 .9

$2. 86
2. 99
2. 95
2 .9 9
3.01
3.01
3 .0 3
3 .0 4
3 .0 6
3 .0 7
3 .1 1
3 .1 2
3 .0 8
3 .0 9
3 .0 5

M a n u fa c tu r in g

O th er sp e cia ltr a d e co n tra cto r s
$102.39
106.30
107.04
108. 84
108.60
110.60
110.88

P a in t in g a n d
d e c o r a tin g

$2.94 $99. 81
3 .1 2 103. 75
3. 09 104.14
3.11 105. 55
3. 09 105. 95
3 .1 2 107. 76
3 .1 9 107. 57
3 .1 8 105. 79
3 .1 9 102.20
3 .1 9 102.23
3. 22 102. 94
3 .2 2 100. 78
3 .2 3 103.80
3 .2 3 106. 91
3 .2 0 106. 45

S p e c ia l-tr a d e co n tra cto r s—-C o n tin u e d

1956: A v e r a g e _______ $125.22
1957: A v e r a g e _______ 132.10
M a y __________ 131.66
J u n e __________ 134.06
132.83
J u l y _________
A u g u s t _______ 132. 50
S e p te m b e r ____ 134. 30
O c to b e r_______ 135.49
N o v e m b e r ____ 128.25
D e c e m b e r ____ 134. 75
1958: J a n u a r y _____
132. 35
F e b r u a r y _____ 128.25
M a r c h _______
132.17
A p r il.......... ........ 133.32
M a y ..................
134. 75

3 2 .9
31.1
2 9 .8
3 3 .3
3 2 .3
30 .1
3 4 .8
3 0 .9
2 9 .0
2 6 .6
3 0 .5
2 7 .5
2 5 .0
2 2 .3
2 6 .0

N o n b u ild in g c o n s tr u c tio n

T o ta l: C o n tr a c t
c o n s tr u c tio n

$1 .9 2 $101. 83
2.00 106. 64
1.98 106.11
2.0 1 108.11
2 .0 2 109.15
2 .0 3 111. 07
2 .0 5 110.84
2 .0 4 109.96
2 .0 4 103.01
2 .0 5 105.44
2 .0 3 107.10
2 .0 3 100. 53
2 .0 2 106.44
2 .0 2 107. 88
2 .0 5 111.38

N o n b u ild in g
c o n str u c tio n — C o n .
O th er n o n b u ild in g
c o n s tr u c tio n

$ 2 .1 4 $78.96
2 .1 7
81.79
2 .1 8
77. 78
88.2 5
2 .1 8
81.7 2
2 .1 8
2 .1 7
80.0 7
2 .1 8
92.2 2
2 .1 7
81.2 7
2 .1 5
76.8 5
2 .2 0
70. 76
81.7 4
2 .1 4
2 .1 5
73.70
2 .1 6
66.2 5
2 .1 4
58. 65
2 .1 4
67.8 6

C o n tr a c t c o n s tr u c tio n

M in in g — C o n tin u e d
C o a l — C o n tin u e d

41 .7
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
41 .1
4 0 .3
4 0 .9
41 .1
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
4 1 .6
4 0 .3
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
3 9 .6
3 8 .7

A n t h r a c it e 1

D u r a b le g o o d s
T o ta l: M a n u fa c tu r in g

$2.8 6 $79.99
82.39
3 .0 2
81.78
2. 99
82.80
2. 99
82 .3 9
3 .0 0
3 .0 3
82.80
3 .0 8
82. 99
82.56
3 .0 9
82.92
3 .0 9
82. 74
3 .1 0
3.1 3
81.6 6
80.64
3.1 1
81.4 5
3.1 1
3 .1 0
80. 81
81.83
3 .1 0

4 0 .4
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
4 0 .0
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
3 9 .5
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
3 8 .7
3 8 .4
3 8 .6
3 8 .3
3 8 .6

D u r a b le g o o d s

$1.9 8 $86.31
2 .0 7
88.6 6
2 .0 6
87.8 5
2 .0 7
88.7 0
2 .0 7
88.0 0
2 .0 7
89 .0 6
2 .0 8
89 .2 4
2 .0 9
88. 75
2 .1 1
88 .9 3
88. 93
2.1 0
2.11
87.14
86.46
2 .1 0
2.1 1
87.7 5
2.11
87.3 0
2 .1 2
87.98

41 .1
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
4 0 .5
4 0 .0
4 0 .3
4 0 .2
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
3 8 .9
3 8 .6
3 9 .0
3 8 .8
39 .1

N o n d u r a b le g o o d s

$2.1 0 $71.10
2 .2 0
73. 51
2 .1 8
73.13
2 .1 9
74. 09
2 .2 0
74.47
2.2 1
74.26
2 .2 2
75.24
2 .2 3
74.10
2 .2 4
74.11
2 .2 4
74.88
2 .2 4
73 .5 4
2 .2 4
7 3 .1 5
2 .2 5
73. 53
2 .2 5
73.14
2 .2 5
73. 91

3 9 .5
39 .1
3 8 .9
3 9 .2
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
3 9 .6
3 9 .0
3 8 .8
3 9 .0
3 8 .3
38 .1
38 .1
3 7 .7
38 .1

T o ta l: O r d n a n ce
a n d a ccesso ries

$ 1 .8 0 $91. 54
1. 88 95. 47
1 .8 8
94.02
1. 89
94.83
1.8 9
93. 60
1.8 8
93 .8 3
95 .0 4
1.9 0
94. 96
1. 90
1.91
96.00
1.92
98.74
1.9 2 100.77
1.9 2
99.0 6
1. 93 99. 72
1.94 100.12
1 .9 4 100.28

4 1 .8
4 0 .8
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
40 .1
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .8
4 1 .3
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .6

$2.19
2 .3 4
2.31
2 .3 3
2 .3 4
2 .3 4
2. 37
2 .3 8
2 .4 0
2 .4 2
2 .4 4
2 .4 4
2 .4 5
2 .4 6
2 .4 7

931

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a b l e C -l.

Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
A vg.
h r ly . w k ly .
ea r n ­ ea r n ­
in g s
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
D u r a b le g o o d s— C o n tin u e d

Y e a r a n d m o n th

L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts (ex ce p t fu r n itu r e )
T o ta l: L u m b e r a n d
w o o d p r o d u c ts (ex­
c e p t fu r n itu r e )
1956: A v e r a g e _______
1957: A v e r a g e ..............
M a y .....................
J u n e ......................
J u ly ......................
A u g u s t ................
S e p te m b e r ____
O c to b e r ..............
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ..........
1958: J a n u a r y ..............
F e b r u a r y ...........
M a r c h .................
A p r il....................
M a y . ...................

$70.93
72.04
73.16
74.89
71.89
75.62
71.58
73.97
71.94
71.37
69.69
70.43
70.80
71.39
74.05

4 0 .3
3 9 .8
4 0 .2
4 0 .7
3 9 .5
41 .1
3 8 .9
4 0 .2
3 9 .1
3 9 .0
3 8 .5
3 8 .7
3 8 .9
3 8 .8
3 9 .6

$ 1 .7 6
1.81
1 .8 2
1 .8 4
1 .8 2
1 .8 4
1.84
1 .8 4
1 .8 4
1.83
1.81
1.8 2
1.8 2
1.8 4
1.87

S o u th

U n it e d S ta te s
4 0 .4
3 9 .4
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
3 8 .8
4 0 .5
3 9 .2
3 9 .8
3 8 .8
3 8 .4
3 7 .9
38 .1
3 8 .6
3 8 .5
3 9 .6

$71. 51
70.92
72.0 0
73.4 2
70.2 3
74.1 2
72.13
72.4 4
71.00
69.50
67.0 8
67.8 2
69.09
68.92
72.07

M illw o r k , p ly w o o d ,
a n d p refa b rica ted
str u c tu r a l
w ood
p r o d u c ts 2

S a w m ills a n d p la n in g m ills , g en e ra l

S a w m ills a n d p la n in g
m ills 2
$1.7 7 $72.14
71.53
1.80
73.20
1.80
74.40
1.84
70.82
1.81
74.93
1 .8 3
72.73
1 .8 4
73.23
1 .8 2
1.83
71.78
1. 81 70.27
67.66
1.77
68.58
1.78
69.87
1.7 9
69.69
1.7 9
1.82
73.05

4 0 .3
3 9 .3
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
3 8 .7
4 0 .5
39 .1
3 9 .8
3 8 .8
3 8 .4
3 7 .8
3 8 .1
3 8 .6
3 8 .5
3 9 .7

$1.7 9 $49.09
1.82
49.2 9
1.83
50.26
1.8 6
49.2 5
1.83
49.13
1.85
50. 87
1.86
50.31
1.84
50.55
1.85
48.19
1.83
48.2 2
1. 79 48.4 6
1.80
48.0 9
48. 83
1.81
1.81
48.83
1.84
49.53

4 1 .6
4 0 .4
4 1 .2
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
4 1 .7
4 0 .9
41.1
3 9 .5
3 9 .2
3 9 .4
39.1
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
4 0 .6

W est
$ 1 .1 8 $90.87
1.22
88.6 2
1.22
90.2 5
1.21
91.8 9
85.7 4
1.21
1 .2 2
92.3 6
88.64
1.23
89.47
1.23
89.62
1.22
1.23
87.8 4
1.23
82.5 7
1.23
86.1 0
86.71
1.23
86.0 2
1.23
1.2 2
91.2 6

3 9 .0
3 8 .2
3 8 .9
3 9 .1
3 6 .8
3 9 .3
3 7 .4
3 8 .4
3 8 .3
3 7 .7
3 5 .9
3 7 .6
3 7 .7
3 7 .4
3 9 .0

$2 .3 3 $74.48
2 .3 2
75.60
2 .3 2
76. 55
77.52
2 .3 5
76.19
2 .3 3
77.93
2 .3 5
77.7 6
2 .3 7
76.7 8
2 .3 3
74.49
2 .3 4
76.42
2 .3 3
74.88
2. 30
75.4 6
2 .2 9
75.65
2 .3 0
76.04
2 .3 0
78.18
2 .3 4

P lv w o o d

M illw o r k

1956: A v e r a g e .............. $72. 90
1957: A v e r a g e ..............
75. 55
M a y .......... ..........
75.33
J u n e ......................
77.46
J u l y ......................
77.64
A u g u s t ................
77.46
S e p te m b e r ____
78.47
O c to b e r ..............
77.11
N o v e m b e r ____
75.03
D e c e m b e r ..........
75.22
1958: J a n u a r y _______
74.29
F e b r u a r y ...........
74.28
M a r c h ________
74.09
A p r il....... .............
74. 28
M a y __________
77. 57

4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 0 .5
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 0 .8
3 9 .7
3 9 .8
39.1
3 9 .3
3 9 .2
3 9 .3
4 0 .4

$1.8 0 $76.22
76.00
1.87
1.86
78.31
78.34
1.88
1.8 8
72. 95
1.8 8
77. 76
76.03
1.90
76.02
1.8 9
74.88
1.89
1.89
77.6 0
76.04
1.90
1.8 9
78.39
1.89
78.39
1.89
78.20
1.92
79.98

H o u s e h o ld f u r n it u r e 2

1956: A v e r a g e _____
1957: A v e r a g e _______
M a y ............ ........
J u n e .......... ...........
J u ly ......................
A u g u s t ________
S e p te m b e r ____
O c to b e r_______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____
1958: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h ________
A p r il__________
M a y .......... ..........

$65.77
66.63
64. 02
65. 74
65.07
67. 97
68.71
69.12
66.86
67.83
63. 96
64.34
64. 68
63.34
63.00

4 0 .6
3 9 .9
3 8 .8
3 9 .6
3 9 .2
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .9
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
3 8 .3
3 8 .3
3 8 .5
3 7 .7
3 7 .5

4 1 .2
4 0 .0
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
3 8 .6
4 0 .5
3 9 .6
3 9 .8
3 9 .0
4 0 .0
3 9 .4
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
4 0 .6

$1.8 5 $56. 71
56.23
1.90
57.08
1. 91
1.92
57. 08
1.89
57.60
1. 92
57.60
1.92
56.59
56. 74
1.91
54.91
1.92
1.94
54.95
1.93
53.30
1.95
53.39
54.67
1.95
55.10
1.96
56.34
1.97

W o o d h o u s e h o ld f u r n i tu r e ( e x c e p t u p h o ls te r e d )

$1.6 2 $59.20
59.79
1.67
58.61
1.65
1.66
59.20
58.21
1.6 6
61.39
1.67
1. 68 61.69
62.40
1.69
1 .6 8
60.49
1 .7 0
60.45
1 .6 7
57.87
1.68
56.68
1 .6 8
57.96
1.68
56. 77
1.68
56.77

4 1 .4
4 0 .4
3 9 .6
4 0 .0
3 9 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .4
4 1 .6
4 0 .6
4 0 .3
39 .1
3 8 .3
3 8 .9
38 .1
38 .1

$1.4 3
1.4 8
1.48
1.48
1.47
1.4 9
1.49
1.50
1.49
1.50
1.48
1.48
1.49
1.49
1.49

4 0 .8
3 9 .6
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
3 8 .4
38 .7
3 7 .8
3 7 .6
3 8 .5
3 8 .8
3 9 .4

$1.3 9
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.43
1.42
1.41
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.43

W o o d h o u s e h o ld f u r n i tu r e , u p h o ls te r e d

$71.82
72.50
67. 51
71.00
68.22
72.80
75. 52
75. 52
74. 03
76.95
67. 71
70.30
70.12
67.90
65. 86

3 9 .9
3 9 .4
3 7 .3
3 8 .8
3 7 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
3 9 .8
4 0 .5
3 6 .6
3 8 .0
3 7 .9
3 6 .7
3 5 .6

$1.80
1.84
1.81
1.83
1.80
1.82
1.86
1.86
1 .8 6
1.90
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85

W o o d e n boxes oth e r
th a n c ig a r

$56. 58
56.52
56. 96
57.49
58. 58
58.15
56. 59
57.20
54.00
53. 76
52.40
52.13
54.04
54.85
56.49

4 1 .0
3 9 .8
4 0 .4
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
40.1
3 9 .3
40 .0
3 8 .3
3 8 .4
37 .7
3 7 .5
3 8 .6
3 8 .9
3 9 .5

3 9 .4
39 .1
3 8 .7
4 0 .3
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 0 .5
3 9 .2
3 7 .1
3 8 .3
3 7 .5
3 7 .5
3 6 .4
36 .7
3 8 .6

M e t a l office f u r n i t u r e

1956: A v e r a g e _______ $87.15
85.28
1957: A v e r a g e _______
84.07
M a y __________
80.63
J u n e __________
J u ly ___________
86.33
88.84
A u g u s t ..............
88. 88
S e p te m b e r ____
83.66
O c to b e r _______
85. 97
N o v e m b e r ____
83.88
D e c e m b e r ..........
1958: J a n u a r y _______
83.44
82.28
F e b r u a r y ...........
82.43
M a r c h ________
81.40
A p r il......... ...........
79.28
M a y .......... ...........

41 .7
3 9 .3
39 .1
3 7 .5
3 9 .6
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
3 8 .2
3 8 .9
3 8 .3
3 8 .1
3 7 .4
3 7 .3
3 7 .0
3 6 .2

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.09
2.1 7
2 .1 5
2 .1 5
2 .1 8
2.2 1
2 .2 0
2 .1 9
2.21
2 .1 9
2 .1 9
2 .2 0
2.2 1
2 .2 0
2 .1 9

$84.05
85.2 2
85.24
86.05
84. 96
86 .8 6
86.80
87 .7 0
83 .8 5
83.64
83. 38
83 .4 4
84. 97
82. 84
83.93

4 1 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
3 9 .7
4 0 .4
4 0 .0
4 0 .6
3 9 .0
3 8 .9
3 8 .6
3 8 .1
3 8 .8
3 8 .0
3 8 .5

$2.05
2 .1 2
2.1 1
2 .1 3
2 .1 4
2 .1 5
2 .1 7
2 .1 6
2 .1 5
2 .1 5
2 .1 6
2 .1 9
2 .1 9
2 .1 8
2 .1 8

S cre en s, b lin d s , a n d
m is c e lla n e o u s furn itu r e a n d fix tu re s
$66. 09
68. 40
67.26
68.00
68.63
69.49
71. 75
70.12
68. 73
71.63
70.27
69.17
69.52
70.05
70. 49

4 1 .1
4 0 .5
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .3
3 9 .5
3 9 .9
3 9 .5
3 9 .2
3 9 .9
39 .8
39 .2

$1 .4 6 $68. 95
1 .5 2
70.00
68. 21
1 .5 2
69. 48
1.54
68. 38
1 .5 4
71.6 3
1 .5 3
72.3 9
1.54
72.0 4
1.54
69.87
1.55
70.62
1.5 5
1.55
67. 76
67.97
1.55
68.32
1.55
67.26
1.55
66.91
1.56

O ffice p u b lic -b u ild m g , a n d profess io n a l f u r n itu r e 1

$1.8 2
1.89
1.87
1.91
1.9 0
1.91
1.9 2
1.9 2
1.91
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.92
1.93
1.93

$79.61
78.99
78.4 0
77.42
78.01
81.77
82.80
78.80
79.20
79.40
78. 61
77.40
78. 38
77. 99
76.80

4 1 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .0
3 9 .5
3 9 .8
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
3 9 .8
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
3 9 .5
38 .7
3 8 .8
3 8 .8
3 8 .4

T o ta l: F u r n itu r e a n d
fix tu re s
4 0 .8
4 0 .0
3 9 .2
3 9 .7
3 9 .3
40 .7
40. 9
4 0 .7
3 9 .7
3 9 .9
38. 5
3 8 .4
3 8 .6
3 8 .0
37. 8

$1 .6 9
1 .7 5
1 .7 4
1 .7 5
1 .7 4
1. 76
1 .7 7
1 .7 7
1 .7 6
1 .7 7
1 .7 6
1 .7 7
1 .7 7
1.77
1 .7 7

W o o d office f u r n i t u r e

$1 .9 0 $71.05
64.71
1.9 6
63.04
1.96
64.94
1.96
63.18
1.9 6
66.98
1.9 8
67. 55
2 .0 0
65.67
1.9 8
1.9 9
63.60
66.01
1.9 9
63. 76
1.9 9
61.82
2 .0 0
2 .0 2
60.10
60.38
2. 01
61.02
2 .0 0

4 2 .8
40. 7
39. 9
41.1
40. 5
41. 6
4 1 .7
41. 3
39. 5
41. 0
3 9 .6
38. 4
37 .1
3 7 .5
3 7 .9

$ 1 .6 6
1. 59
1. 58
1. 58
1. 56
1.61
1. 62
1. 59
1. 61
1.61
1. 61
1.61
1. 62
1. 61
1. 61

S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts

F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu re s— C o n tin u e d
P a r titio n s , s h e lv in g ,
lo c k e rs, a n d fix tu re s

M isc e lla n e o u s w o o d
p r o d u c ts

$1 .3 8 $60.01
1.42
61. 56
1.41
61.8 6
63.1 4
1.43
61.91
1.45
62.27
1.45
1.44
62.37
62.06
1.43
1.41
61.23
61.85
1.40
1.39
61.23
1.39
60. 76
61.85
1.40
61.69
1.41
61.15
1.43

M a ttr e s s e s a n d
b e d s p r in g s

$71.71
73.90
72.37
76. 97
76.95
77.16
77.76
75.26
70. 86
74. 30
72. 75
72. 75
69. 89
70.83
74.50

$1.8 3
1.8 9
1 .8 9
1.9 0
1 .9 0
1.91
1.9 2
1.91
1.91
1 .9 2
1 .9 2
1 .9 2
1 .9 2
1. 93
1 .9 4

F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu re s

L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts (ex ce p t fu r n itu r e )— C o n tin u e d
W o o d e n c o n t a in e r s 2

4 0 .7
4 0 .0
40. 5
4 0 .8
40.1
4 0 .8
40. 5
4 0 .2
3 9 .0
3 9 .8
3 9 .0
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
3 9 .4
4 0 .3

4 0 .3
4 0 .0
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
4 0 .4
4 1 .0
4 0 .3
3 9 .5
4 0 .7
3 9 .7
3 9 .3
3 9 .5
3 9 .8
3 9 .6

T o ta l: S to n e , c la y ,
a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts

$1.6 4 $80. 56
83.03
1. 71
82.62
1.69
83. 23
1.70
1.72
82. 82
84.0 5
1.72
84. 66
1.75
84. 65
1.74
1.74
84.61
83. 58
1.76
82.
32
1.77
1.7 6
80. 67
81.7
2
1.76
81.51
1.76
82.97
1.78

41 .1
4 0 .5
4 0 .8
4 0 .8
4 0 .4
4 0 .8
40 .7
4 0 .5
40 .1
3 9 .8
3 9 .2
3 8 .6
39. 1
3 9 .0
3 9 .7

F la t g la ss

$1.9 6 $113.30
2 .0 5 114. 62
2 .0 3 110. 95
2 .0 4 108. 90
2. 05 112.28
2. 06 109.02
2. 08 113. 52
2. 09 116.76
2 .1 1 126. 95
2 .1 0 118. 99
2 .1 0 117.09
2. 09 109. 63
2. 09 108.02
2. 09 104. 80
2 .0 9 105.09

4 1 .2
40. 5
4 0 .2
3 9 .6
40.1
3 9 .5
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 2 .6
4 0 .2
40 .1
3 8 .2
3 7 .9
3 6 .9
3 7 .4

G la ss a n d g la ssw a r e,
p r e sse d or b l o w n 2

$2.7 5 $79.40
S3. öS
2 .8 3
2. 76 84.2 3
84.02
2. 75
84.8 2
2 .8 0
84.00
2 .7 6
S3. 95
2 .8 1
83.7 4
2. 89
85.1 0
2 .9 8
2. 96 84. 56
84. 77
2. 92
84. 56
2.8 7
86.0 0
2 .8 5
2. 84
83. 85
2.81
84.71

3 9 .7
39. 8
4 0 .3
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .0
3 9 .6
39. 5
3 9 .4
39. 7
39. 8
39. 7
4 0 .0
3 9 .0
3 9 .4

$ 2 .0 0
2 .1 0
2 .0 9
2 .0 9
2 .1 1
2 .1 0
2 .1 2
2 .1 2
2 .1 6
2 .1 3
2 .1 3
2 .1 3
2. 15
2 .1 5
2 .1 5

932
T a b l e C - l.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry *•—Con.
A vg.
w k ly .
ear n ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o rn s

A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o urs

A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
ear n ­
in g s

M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
Y e a r an d m o n th

D u r a b le g o o d s— C o n tin u e d
S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts — C o n tin u e d
O la s s c o n ta in e r s

1956: A v e r a g e
$80.59
1957: A v e r a g e _______
85.01
M a y __________
86.09
J u n e __________
85 .6 5
J u l y . ....................
86.46
A u g u s t ..............
85.6 3
S e p te m b e r ____
84. 74
O c to b e r ..............
84.7 4
N o v e m b e r ____
86.6 7
D e c e m b e r ____
85.20
1958: J a n u a r y ______
8 5 .8 6
F e b r u a r y _____
86.69
M a r c h ________
87.29
A p r il......... ..........
86.5 8
M a y __________
87.6 7

3 9 .7
40.1
4 0 .8
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 0 .2
3 9 .6
3 9 .6
4 0 .5
4 0 .0
4 0 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
3 9 .9
4 0 .4

$2.03 $77.81
2 .1 2
81. 56
2 .1 1
81.3 9
2 .1 2
81.4 0
2 .1 4
81.5 9
2 .1 3
80.7 8
2 .1 4
82.5 8
2 .1 4
82.7 4
2 .1 4
82 .8 4
2 .1 3
83 .5 3
2 .1 2
8 3 .4 2
2 .1 3
81.58
2 .1 5
8 3 .6 7
2 .1 7
79.92
2 .1 7
80.3 5

F lo o r a n d w a l l tile

1956: A v e r a g e _______ $73. 57
1957: A v e r a g e _______
75.81
M a y .....................
75.81
J u n e __________
76.80
J u l y ......... .............
76.80
A u g u s t _______
77.36
S e p te m b e r ____
78.34
O c to b e r _______
76.99
N o v e m b e r ____
76.61
D e c e m b e r ..........
75.46
1958: J a n u a r y _______
73.92
F e b r u a r y _____
73. 54
M a r c h ________
74.30
A p r il.. . _
74.11
M a y .....................
76.05

4 0 .2
3 9 .9
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
4 0 .5
4 0 .8
4 0 .1
3 9 .9
3 9 .3
3 8 .5
3 8 .5
3 8 .9
3 8 .6
3 9 .2

P r e s s e d o r b lo w n g la s s

3 9 .7
3 9 .4
3 9 .7
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
3 9 .6
3 9 .7
3 9 .4
3 8 .0
3 9 .4
3 8 .8
3 8 .3
3 9 .1
3 7 .7
3 7 .9

$1.9 6 $69.12
2 .0 7
70.67
2 .0 5
67.5 5
2 .0 4
69.4 2
2 .0 5
68.78
2 .0 4
69.78
2 .0 8
72.72
74.44
2 .1 0
2 .1 8
72.40
2 .1 2
72 .0 7
2 .1 5
68.92
2 .1 3
67.30
2 .1 4
68.20
2 .1 2
67 .8 8
2 .1 2
68.81

S e w e r p ip e

$1.83 $72.76
1.90
73.26
1.90
74.64
1.9 2
73. 51
1.92
76.33
74.37
1.91
75.74
1 .9 2
1 .9 2
76. 55
1 .9 2
71.98
1.92
70.31
1.9 2
65.29
1.91
65.45
1.91
65 .6 6
1.92
67 .6 9
1.9 4
74.30

4 0 .2
3 9 .6
3 9 .7
3 9 .1
4 0 .6
4 0 .2
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
3 8 .7
3 7 .6
3 5 .1
3 5 .0
3 5 .3
3 6 .2
3 8 .3

G la ss p r o d u c ts m a d e
o f p u r c h a se d g la ss
4 0 .9
3 9 .7
3 8 .6
3 9 .0
3 9 .3
3 9 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .9
4 0 .0
3 9 .6
3 8 .5
3 7 .6
38 .1
3 7 .5
3 7 .6

$ 1 .6 9 $83.84
1 .7 8
87.91
1 .7 5
84.6 6
1 .7 8
86. 51
1 .7 5
8 3 .1 6
1.7 8
91.3 9
1.80
93.3 0
1.82
90.5 0
1.81
91.3 5
1 .8 2
90.09
1 .7 9
89.6 0
1.79
87.4 7
1 .7 9
87.1 9
1.81
89. 82
1.8 3
90 .7 2

C la y r e fr a c to r ie s

$1.81 $80.36
83.81
1 .8 5
8 3 .0 7
1 .8 8
83.2 8
1 .8 8
85.0 2
1.88
85. 58
1 .8 5
8 2 .6 5
1.8 7
1.8 9
84.8 0
82.4 3
1.8 6
1.8 7
83.9 2
80.91
1 .8 6
78.08
1 .8 7
77.95
1 .8 6
1.8 7
78.40
1.9 4
81.2 3

3 9 .2
3 8 .8
3 9 .0
39 .1
3 9 .0
3 8 .9
3 7 .4
3 8 .2
37 .3
3 7 .8
3 5 .8
3 4 .7
3 4 .8
3 5 .0
3 6 .1

C e m e n t, h y d a u lic

4 1 .3
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
3 7 .8
4 0 .8
41.1
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .0
3 9 .4
3 9 .1
4 0 .1
4 0 .5

2 .0 3
2 .1 6
2 .0 8
2 .1 1
2 .2 0
2 .2 4
2 .2 7
2 .2 4
2 .2 5
2 .2 3
2 .2 4
2 .2 2
2 .2 3
2 .2 4
2 .2 4

P o t t e r y a n d r e la te d
p r o d u c ts

$2.0 5 $72.20
2 .1 6
73.48
2 .1 3
73.11
71.71
2 .1 3
2 .1 8
71.8 7
2 .2 0
73.7 0
2.2 1
74.8 4
2 .2 2
74.63
2.2 1
75.78
2 .2 2
74.10
71.8 6
2 .2 6
2 .2 5
73.0 8
73.24
2 .2 4
2 .2 4
71.60
2 .2 5
71 .6 6

3 7 .8
3 7 .3
3 7 .3
3 6 .4
3 6 .3
3 7 .6
3 7 .8
3 7 .5
3 7 .7
3 6 .5
3 5 .4
3 6 .0
3 5 .9
35 .1
3 5 .3

S tr u c tu r a l c la y
p r o d u c ts 2
$73.44
74.61
74. 77
75.74
76.33
76.52
76.38
76.19
74.09
73.91
71.06
69.9 3
71 .2 5
72.38
74. 47

4 0 .8
3 9 .9
4 0 .2
4 0 .5
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
4 0 .2
40 .1
3 9 .2
3 8 .9
3 7 .6
3 7 .0
3 7 .9
3 8 .5
3 9 .4

$1.8 0
1 .8 7
1.8 6
1.87
1.8 8
1.8 8
1.9 0
1.90
1.89
1.90
1 .8 9
1 .8 9
1.88
1.8 8
1.8 9

C o n c r e te , g y p su m , and
p la s te r p r o d u c ts 2

$1.91 $81.88
1.97
82. 75
83 .2 8
1.9 6
1. 97 85. 55
84 .3 9
1.9 8
8 7 .0 2
1.9 6
1.9 8
86.2 9
1 .9 9
85.0 6
2 .0 1
82.2 9
81.51
2 .0 3
81.5 4
2 .0 3
2 .0 3
78.80
2 .0 4
80.1 6
2 .0 4
8 1 .7 6
2 .0 3
86.2 0

4 4 .5
4 3 .1
4 3 .6
4 4 .1
4 3 .5
4 4 .4
4 3 .8
4 3 .4
4 2 .2
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
3 9 .8
4 0 .9
4 1 .5
43 .1

1956: A v e r a g e
$69.87
1957: A v e r a g e _______
70.98
M a y __________
72.62
J u n e __________
72.22
J u l y . . . ................
71.56
72.67
A u g u s t ...............
73.21
S e p te m b e r ____
O c to b e r ............
72.62
N o v e m b e r ____
70. 27
70.67
D e c e m b e r ____
69.74
1958: J a n u a r y .............
69.38
F e b r u a r y ..........
71.96
M a r c h .................
73.21
A p r il................. ..
M a y __________
75.35

41 .1
40 .1
4 0 .8
40 .8
4 0 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
3 9 .4
3 9 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .9
4 1 .4

$1.70 $83.23
1.7 7
86.6 7
1.7 8
86. 71
1.7 7
87.7 4
1.7 8
85. 57
1.79
87.2 6
1.79
87.6 7
1 .7 8
87.6 4
1 .7 7
85.2 8
1.78
85.9 3
84.41
1.7 7
1.7 7
83.81
1.7 9
85. 67
1.79
83.9 8
84 .3 2
1.82

B la s t fu rn a ces, s te e l
w o r k s, a n d ro llin g
m ills 2

1956: A v e r a g e _______ $102.06
1957: A v e r a g e _______ 104. 79
M a y __________ 102.31
J u n e __________ 104.67
J u ly — ................. 107.17
A u g u s t _______ 105.65
S e p te m b e r ____ 107.09
O c to b e r _______ 103. 74
N o v e m b e r ____ 102. 54
D e c e m b e r ____ 101.18
1958: J a n u a r y _______ 100. 4f
98.18
F e b r u a r y -------M a r c h ________ 100. 46
A p r il__________ 100. 91
M a y ..................... 101.84

4 0 .5
39 .1
3 9 .2
3 9 .8
3 9 .4
3 8 .7
3 8 .8
38 .0
37 .7
37 .2
36.4
35.7
36.4
36.3
36.9

S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d of ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M is c e lla n e o u s n o n m e ta llic m in e r a l
p r o d u c ts2

$2.52
2 .6 8
2.6 1
2 .6 3
2 .7 2
2. 73
2 .7 6
2 .7 3
2. 72
2 .7 2
2. 76
2. 75
2.76
2.78
2 .7 6

4 0 .8
4 0 .5
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
3 9 .8
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 0 .2
3 9 .3
3 9 .6
3 8 .9
3 8 .8
3 9 .3
3 8 .7
3 8 .5

$2.04 $88.62
2 .1 4
90. 74
2 .1 2
91.30
2 .1 4
91.71
2 .1 5
88.9 8
2 .1 6
88. 53
2 .1 7
88. 55
2 .1 8
90.9 4
2 .1 7
87.9 3
2 .1 7
92.97
2 .1 7
89.0 9
2 .1 6
87.1 7
2 .1 8
89.01
2 .1 7
87.09
2 .1 9
86.7 4

B l a s t fu r n a c e s , s te e l
w o r k s , a n d r o llin g
m i l l s , e x c e p t e le c tr o ­
m e ta llu r g ic a l p r o d ­
u c ts

$102.47
105.18
102. 70
105.07
107. 56
106.04
107.48
103.85
102.65
101.28
100. 55
98.26
100. 55
101.00
101.94

4 0 .5
39.1
3 9 .2
3 9 .8
3 9 .4
3 8 .7
3 8 .8
3 7 .9
3 7 .6
3 7 .1
3 6 .3
35.6
36.3
36.2
36.8

A b r a s iv e p r o d u c ts

4 0 .1
3 9 .8
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
3 9 .2
3 9 .0
3 8 .5
3 9 .2
3 7 .9
3 9 .9
3 8 .4
3 7 .9
3 8 .7
3 7 .7
3 6 .6

E le c tr o m e ta llu r g ic a l
p r o d u c ts

$2.5 3 $88.22
2 .6 9
93.2 6
2 .6 2
90.5 2
2 .6 4
92.0 0
2 .7 3
92.28
2 .7 4
95.34
2. 77 96.39
2.7 4
95.76
96.24
2.7 3
2.7 3
96.00
2. 77 98.81
2.76
98.23
2. 77
96.00
2. 79
99. 55
2. 77
98.31

40 .1
4 0 .2
3 9 .7
4 0 .0
39 .1
4 0 .4
4 0 .5
3 9 .9
40.1
4 0 .0
41 .0
41.1
40.0
40.8
39.8

4 1 .7
4 1 .8
4 2 .9
4 2 .8
4 1 .4
4 1 .9
4 1 .9
4 1 .5
4 0 .5
4 0 .6
3 9 .5
3 9 .7
3 9 .3
3 9 .1
3 9 .9

4 1 .2
3 9 .3
3 9 .3
3 9 .7
3 9 .6
3 9 .2
3 9 .4
3 8 .0
3 7 .7
3 7 .9
36 .1
3 6 .3
3 6 .2
35 .6
3 6 .1

N o n c l a y r e fr a c to r ie s

$2.0 3 $89.38
2 .1 5
90.20
2 .1 5
8 6 .3 0
88.83
2 .1 7
85.7 9
2 .1 7
92.5 4
2 .2 0
2 .1 9
89.8 6
87.1 2
2 .2 0
86.87
2 .1 7
83. 54
2 .1 6
78. 57
2 .1 4
81.74
2 .1 5
2 .1 5
83.63
82.6 9
2 .1 5
82.95
2 .1 5

Ir o n a n d s te e l fo u n d ­
ries 2

$2.20 $87. 34
2 .3 2
87. 64
2 .2 8
86. 85
88. 53
2 .3 0
2 .3 6
88.31
2 .3 6
87.81
2 .3 8
89.0 4
2 .4 0
86.6 4
85.5 8
2 .4 0
86. 41
2 .4 0
2.41
82.31
2 .3 9
82.76
82. 54
2 .4 0
2.4 4
81.52
2.4 7
82. 67

4 1 .9
4 0 .7
41.1
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .7
4 1 .3
4 0 .9
3 9 .9
3 9 .5
3 8 .8
3 7 .9
3 9 .4
4 0 .2
4 0 .8

$1.67
1.71
1.70
1.72
1 .7 2
1.72
1.75
1.75
1.74
1.74
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.74
1.74

C o n c r e te p r o d u c ts

4 5 .0
4 3 .5
4 4 .3
4 4 .7
4 3 .8
4 4 .8
4 4 .0
44.1
4 2 .3
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
3 9 .0
4 1 .2
4 2 .0
4 3 .6

$1.75
1.84
1.83
1.87
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89
1.87
1.87
1.89
1.91
1.91
1.92
1.95

P r im a r y m e ta l
in d u str ie s

^4s6esios p r o d u c t s

$2.21 $84.65
2 .2 8
8 9 .8 7
92.24
2 .2 6
2 .2 7
92.88
89 .8 4
2 .2 7
92 .1 8
2 .2 7
2 .3 0
91.7 6
2 .3 2
91.30
2 .3 2
87.8 9
2 .3 3
87.70
2 .3 2
84.5 3
2 .3 0
85.3 6
2 .3 0
84.5 0
84.07
2 .3 1
85.7 9
2 .3 7

$69.97
69.6 0
6 9 .8 7
71. 55
71. 55
71.72
72.28
71.58
69.43
68. 73
66.35
64.81
67.3 7
69.95
70.99

$1.8 4 $78. 75
80.0 4
1.9 2
81.0 7
1.91
83.5 9
1.9 4
81.4 7
1.9 4
83.7 8
1.9 6
82 .7 2
1 .9 7
83 .3 5
1.9 6
79.10
1.9 5
78.17
1.9 5
78.81
1 .9 6
74.49
1 .9 8
78.69
1.96
1.9 7
80.6 4
85.0 2
2 .0 0

S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts — C o n tin u e d

C u t-s to n e a n d s to n e
p r o d u c ts

B r i c k a n d h o llo w tile

3 9 .2
3 7 .9
3 7 .2
3 7 .8
3 6 .2
3 8 .4
3 7 .6
3 6 .3
3 6 .5
3 5 .1
3 2 .6
3 4 .2
3 4 .7
3 4 .6
3 5 .0

$2.28 $96. 52
98. 75
2 .3 8
9 7 .4 2
2 .3 2
99.2 9
2 .3 5
2 .3 7 100.44
2. 41 99.8 2
2 .3 9 101.26
98.1 8
2 .4 0
97.03
2 .3 8
97.1 6
2 .3 8
95.2 3
2.4 1
2. 39 94.21
95 .3 5
2.4 1
2 .3 9
95.2 0
96 .4 9
2 .3 7

G r a y -ir o n fo u n d r ie s

$2.12 $83.84
84.1 5
2 .2 3
2.2 1
82.9 4
2 .2 3
85.2 4
2 .2 3
85.6 3
2 .2 4
84.97
2 .2 6
85.80
2 .2 8
83.8 5
2 .2 7
83.1 8
2 .2 8
83. 55
2.2 8
78.72
78.94
2 .2 8
2 .2 8
79.39
2 .2 9
78.62
2 .2 9
80.8 6

4 0 .7
3 8 .6
3 8 .4
39 .1
39 .1
3 8 .8
3 9 .0
3 7 .6
3 7 .3
3 7 .3
3 5 .3
3 5 .4
3 5 .6
3 5 .1
36 .1

T o ta l: P r im a r y m e ta l
in d u str ie s
4 0 .9
3 9 .5
3 9 .6
4 0 .2
3 9 .7
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
3 8 .5
3 8 .2
3 8 .1
3 7 .2
3 6 .8
37 .1
3 6 .9
3 7 .4

$2.36
2 .5 0
2 .4 6
2 .4 7
2 .5 3
2. 54
2. 57
2. 55
2 .5 4
2. 55
2 .5 6
2 .5 6
2. 57
2 .5 8
2 .5 8

M a lle a b le -ir o n f o u n d ­
r ie s

$2.06 $83.84
2 .1 8
84.63
84.10
2 .1 6
84. 89
2 .1 8
2 .1 9
83 .8 5
2 .1 9
83 .3 3
87. 47
2 .2 0
84.29
2 .2 3
2 .2 3
85. 57
2 .2 4
86.2 4
2 .2 3
81.09
84. 45
2 .2 3
83.1 7
2 .2 3
2 .2 4
80.33
2 .2 4 1 82.04

4 0 .5
3 9 .0
3 9 .3
3 9 .3
3 9 .0
3 8 .4
3 9 .4
3 7 .8
3 8 .2
3 8 .5
3 6 .2
3 7 .7
3 6 .8
3 5 .7
36 .3

$2.07
2 .1 7
2 .1 4
2 .1 6
2 .1 5
2 .1 7
2 .2 2
2 .2 3
2 .2 4
2 .2 4
2 .2 4
2. 24
2 .2 6
2 .2 5
2 .2 6

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a b l e C -l.

933

Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
A vg.
w k ly .
earn*
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n ­
in g s

M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
Y e a r a n d m o n th

D u r a b le g o o d s— C o n tin u e d
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u str ie s — C o n tin u e d

S te e l fo u n d r ie s

1956: A v e r a g e _______
1957: A v e r a g e _______
M a y __________
J u n e __________
J u ly ___________
A u g u s t — ___
S e p te m b e r ____
O c to b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r .........
1958: J a n u a r y _____
F e b r u a r y ...........
M a r c h . . . ..........
A p r il__________
M a y __________

$95.63
95.65
95.58
96.41
9 5 .24
95. 27
9 6 .32
93.21
91.63
93. 21
91.20
90.38
89.28
8 8 .0 8
87.60

4 2 .5
4 0 .7
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 0 .7
4 0 .2
40 .3
3 9 .0
3 8 .5
3 9 .0
3 8 .0
3 7 .5
3 7 .2
3 6 .7
3 6 .2

$2.25 $91.46
2 .3 5
95.8 2
2 .3 2
94.8 9
2 .3 4
95.94
2 .3 4
95.5 8
2 .3 7
97.3 6
2 .3 9
97.28
2. 39 97.44
2. 38 96. 64
2.3 9
97.53
2 .4 0
97.0 4
2.41
98.09
2 .4 0
97.69
2 .4 0
97. 04
2 .4 2
97.20

R o llin g , d r a w in g ,
a n d a l lo y i n g
o f copper

1956: A v e r a g e ..............
1957: A v e r a g e ..............
M a y .....................
J u n e __________
J u l y ___________
A u g u s t ...............
S e p te m b e r ____
O c t o b e r ............
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____
1958: J a n u a r y ............
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h ________
A p r il__________
M a y __________

$95.18
94. 54
93.96
97.11
95.18
9 3 .13
95.99
97.03
96.24
96.64
90.34
91.44
92.16
90.82
92.25

4 2 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .5
4 1 .5
4 0 .5
3 9 .8
4 0 .5
4 0 .6
40.1
40.1
3 7 .8
38.1
3 8 .4
3 8 .0
3 8 .6

P r im a r y s m e ltin g
a n d r e fin in g of
n o n fe rro u s m e ta ls 2

$2.25
2 .3 4
2 .3 2
2 .3 4
2 .3 5
2. 34
2.3 7
2 .3 9
2 .4 0
2.41
2 .3 9
2 .4 0
2 .4 0
2 .3 9
2 .3 9

1956: A v e r a g e ..............
1957: A v e r a g e ..............
M a y . . . ..........—
J u n e __________
J u ly ......................
A u g u s t _______
S e p te m b e r ____
O c to b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____
1958: J a n u a r y ..............
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h ________
A p r il....................
M a y .....................

$94.48
99.05
96.47
104. 58
104.67
102.91
102.87
97.27
97.02
96.89
97.66
9 6.90
95.74
9 9.96
97. 66

4 0 .9
4 0 .1
3 9 .7
4 2 .0
4 1 .7
4 1 .0
4 0 .5
3 8 .6
3 8 .5
3 8 .6
3 8 .6
3 8 .0
3 7 .4
3 9 .2
3 8 .0

H a rd w a re

1956: A v e r a g e ..............
1957: A v e r a g e ..............
M a y .....................
J u n e __________
J u ly ......................
A u g u s t ................
S e p te m b e r ____
O c to b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____
1958: J a n u a r y ..............
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h .................
A p r il....................
M a y __________

$83.44
8 9 .13
87.91
88.10
88.48
89.35
95.85
94.02
93.98
85.02
85.31
85.31
8 5 .03
82. 56
8 6 .0 2

4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .8
4 2 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .4
3 9 .0
3 8 .6
3 8 .6
3 8 .3
3 7 .7
3 9 .1

:See fo o tn o te« at e n d of ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.31
2 .4 7
2 .4 3
2 .4 9
2.51
2. 51
2 .5 4
2 .5 2
2 .5 2
2.51
2 .5 3
2 .5 5
2 .5 6
2 .5 5
2. 57

$2.22
2 .3 6
2 .3 2
2 .3 4
2 .3 6
2.41
2 .4 2
2 .4 3
2.41
2.4 2
2.4 2
2.4 4
2.4 3
2 .4 2
2.4 3

R o llin g , d r a w in g ,
a n d a l lo y i n g
o f a lu m in u m

$90. 90
96.00
95. 27
94.40
93. 69
97.5 7
100.75
98.46
97.0 7
98.0 6
97.3 2
100.80
102.62
102.47
104.09

P r im a r y m e ta l in ­
d u s tr ie s — C o n tin u e d
W e ld e d a n d h e a v y r iv e te d p i p e

4 1 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
40 .5
4 0 .4
4 0 .2
40.1
40.1
4 0 .3
40 .1
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
40 .1
4 0 .0

4 0 .4
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .0
3 9 .7
3 9 .5
4 0 .3
3 9 .7
3 9 .3
3 9 .7
3 9 .4
4 0 .0
4 0 .4
4 0 .5
4 0 .5

$2.25
2 .4 0
2.3 7
2 .3 6
2 .3 6
2 .4 7
2 .5 0
2 .4 8
2 .4 7
2 .4 7
2 .4 7
2. 52
2 .5 4
2 .5 3
2. 57

P r im a r y sm e ltin g a n d
r e fin in g o f c o p p e r,
le a d , a n d z i n c

$88.81
89.91
90.20
90.83
91.13
90.45
91.94
89.50
89.15
90.05
88.70
89.15
88.98
88.31
88.03

4 1 .5
4 0 .5
4 1 .0
41.1
40 .5
40 .2
40 .5
3 9 .6
3 9 .8
4 0 .2
3 9 .6
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
3 9 .6
3 9 .3

$2.14
2.2 2
2. 20
2.21
2 .2 5
2 .2 5
2.27
2 .2 6
2.2 4
2 .2 4
2 .2 4
2 .2 4
2 .2 3
2 .2 3
2. 24

N o n fe r r o u s fo u n d ries
$88.94
91.20
90.6 3
91.88
91.77
92.06
93.2 6
91.64
90.94
90.48
90.25
89.24
89.71
88.86
90.87

4 0 .8
4 0 .0
40.1
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
3 9 .5
3 9 .2
3 9 .0
3 8 .9
3 8 .3
3 8 .5
3 8 .3
3 9 .0

P r im a r y r e fin in g o f
a lu m in u m

$95.34
103.68
102.16
102.82
101.66
106.93
106.13
107. 59
105.20
106.13
106. 52
109. 35
109. 89
109.62
110.43

4 0 .4
4 0 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
40 .6

$2.3 6
2 .5 6
2.5 1
2 .5 2
2.51
2 .6 6
2. 66
2 .6 5
2 .6 3
2 .6 4
2 .6 3
2 .7 0
2.7 0
2.7 0
2. 72

M isc e lla n e o u s p ri­
m a r y m e ta l
in d u str ie s 2

$2.18 $100.14
2 .2 8 100.85
2 .2 6
9 9 .6 3
2 .2 8 102.01
2 .3 0 100. 69
2 .2 9 101.66
2 .3 2 101.45
2 .3 2
99.4 3
2 .3 2
98.42
2 .3 2
99.31
2 .3 2
98.3 0
2 .3 3
96.77
2 .3 3
96.9 0
2 .3 2
96.1 4
2. 33 97.02

4 1 .9
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
4 1 .3
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
40.1
3 9 .3
3 8 .9
39 .1
3 8 .7
38 .1
3 8 .0
3 7 .7
3 7 .9

$2.39
2 .4 9
2 .4 6
2 .4 7
2 .4 8
2. 51
2. 53
2. 53
2. 53
2.5 4
2.5 4
2 .5 4
2.5 5
2.5 5
2 .5 6

S e c o n d a r y s m e ltin g
a n d r e fin in g of
n o n ferro u s m e ta ls

R o llin g , d r a w in g , a n d
a llo y in g o f n o nferro u s
m e ta ls 2

$85.04
8 7 .5 3
86.0 9
86. 71
85.44
90.9 4
89.8 6
87.67
89.76
89.5 7
86.4 0
85.24
85.2 4
87.60
85.3 2

$93.38
95.51
94.5 4
95.88
94.2 4
95.5 2
98.42
97.28
96.32
96.9 6
93. 65
95.8 0
96.6 8
95. 80
97. 07

42 .1
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .3
42 .1
4 1 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .0
39.1
39 .1
40 .0
3 9 .5

$2.02
2 .1 4
2.11
2 .1 2
2 .1 2
2 .1 6
2 .1 6
2 .1 7
2 .2 0
2 .1 9
2.1 6
2.1 8
2 .1 8
2 .1 9
2.1 6

I r o n a n d s te e l f o r g in g s

$105.42
105.97
105.52
107. 90
105. 52
104.52
103.89
102.43
99.6 8
101.52
100.47
98.8 9
99.5 3
97.94
98. 85

4 2 .0
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
4 1 .5
4 0 .9
4 0 .2
3 9 .5
3 8 .8
3 7 .9
3 8 .6
3 8 .2
3 7 .6
3 7 .7
37.1
3 7 .3

4 1 .5
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .8
40 .1
3 9 .8
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
38 .7
39.1
3 9 .3
39.1
3 9 .3

$2.2 5
2 .3 7
2 .3 4
2 .3 5
2 .3 5
2 .4 0
2 .4 3
2 .4 2
2 .4 2
2 .4 3
2 .4 2
2 .4 5
2 .4 6
2 .4 5
2 .4 7

W r e d r a w in g

$2. 51 $96.83
2. 61
96.6 3
2 .5 8
95.1 8
2 .6 0
97. 23
2 .5 8
9 4 .5 6
2 .6 0
98.09
2 .6 3
97.36
2 .6 4
9 6 .5 6
2 .6 3
95.68
2 .6 3
97.7 6
2 .6 3
96.0 4
2 .6 3
94. 82
2. 64 93.84
2. 64 91.2 6
2 .6 5
93.84

42.1
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
4 1 .2
3 9 .9
4 0 .7
4 0 .4
3 9 .9
3 9 .7
3 9 .9
3 9 .2
3 8 .7
3 8 .3
3 7 .4
3 8 .3

$ 2 .3 0
2 .3 8
2 .3 5
2 .3 6
2 .3 7
2.4 1
2.4 1
2 .4 2
2.4 1
2 .4 5
2 .4 5
2 .4 5
2 .4 5
2 .4 4
2 .4 5

F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts (e x c e p t o rd n a n c e, m a c h in e r y , a n d tr a n s p o r ta tio n ec lu ip m e n t)

T o ta l: F a b r ic a te d
m e ta l p r o d u c ts
$85.28
88 .9 4
88 .3 4
89 .6 0
89 .1 3
89.98
91.91
90.35
90.3 2
89.24
87.2 5
8 6 .3 6
8 7 .4 2
87.1 4
88.4 3

4 1 .2
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
41.1
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 1 .4
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
3 9 .3
3 8 .9
3 9 .2
3 8 .9
3 9 .3

$2.0 7 $92.20
2 .1 8
96 .8 8
94. 07
2 .1 6
97.90
2 .1 8
2 .1 9 101.76
2 .2 0
99.64
2 .2 2
97.3 4
2 .2 2
96.0 0
2 .2 3
98.17
2 .2 2 101.19
2 .2 2
9 6 .2 3
2.2 2
98.4 2
2 .2 3 100.36
2 .2 4
98.7 4
2 .2 5 101.93

H e a tin g a p p a r a tu s
(e x c e p t ele c tr ic ) a n d
p lu m b e r s ’ s u p p l i e s 2

$2.0 5 $79.99
2 .1 9
83.9 5
2 .1 6
82.11
2 .1 7
83.7 7
2 .1 9
81.9 0
2 .1 9
84.5 6
2 .2 5
86.2 4
2. 26 8 6 .0 3
2 .2 7
85.0 6
2 .1 8
86.5 5
2.21
86.0 7
2.21
84.9 7
2 .2 2
85.41
2 .1 9
85.1 4
8 4 .3 2
2 .2 0

3 9 .6
3 9 .6
3 9 .1
3 9 .7
3 9 .0
39.74 0 .3
4 0 .2
3 9 .2
3 9 .7
3 9 .3
3 8 .8
3 9 .0
3 8 .7
3 8 .5

T in ca n s a n d o th er
tin w a r e
42 .1
4 1 .4
4 0 .9
4 2 .2
4 3 .3
4 2 .4
4 1 .6
4 0 .0
4 0 .4
4 1 .3
3 9 .6
4 0 .5
4 1 .3
4 0 .3
4 1 .1

$2.19
2 .3 4
2 .3 0
2 .3 2
2 .3 5
2 .3 5
2 .3 4
2 .4 0
2 .4 3
2.4 5
2 .4 3
2 .4 3
2 .4 3
2 .4 5
2 .4 8

S a n ita r y w a r e a n d
p lu m b e r s ’ s u p p lie s

$2.02 $82.68
2 .1 2
86.41
2 .1 0
84.5 3
2.11
85.9 7
2 .1 0
85.5 3
2 .1 3
88.3 6
2 .1 4
88.5 8
2 .1 4
8 7 .6 9
2 .1 7
90.0 6
2 .1 8
9 0 .0 6
2 .1 9
90.3 9
89.24
2 .1 9
87.9 4
2 .1 9
86.94
2 .2 0
8 6 .5 6
2 .1 9

3 9 .0
3 9 .1
3 8 .6
3 8 .9
3 8 .7
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
3 9 .5
3 9 .5
3 9 .5
3 9 .3
3 8 .8
3 8 .4
3 7 .8
3 7 .8

C u tle r y , h a n d to o ls,
a n d hard w are 2

C u tl e r y a n d e d g e to o ls

$81.60
85.65
84.84
85.0 3
84.1 9
85.6 5
90.2 7
89.3 8
89. 57
83. 92
82.9 9
82.5 6
8 2 .9 4
81.5 3
83.21

$72.62
74.77
74 .4 0
74. 77
73 .4 2
73 .8 2
75 .3 9
76.17
76 .3 8
76.00
73. 53
72 .5 8
74.11
75.26
75. 85

4 0 .8
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
4 0 .4
4 1 .6
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
3 9 .4
3 8 .6
3 8 .4
3 8 .4
38.1
3 8 .7

$2.0 0
2 .1 2
2 .1 0
2.11
2.11
2 .1 2
2 .1 7
2 .1 8
2 .1 9
2 .1 3
2 .1 5
2 .1 5
2 .1 6
2 .1 4
2 .1 5

O il b u r n e r s , n o n e le c ­
tr ic h e a tin g a n d c o o k ­
in g a p p a r a tu s , n o t
e ls e w h e r e c la s s ifie d

$2.12 $79.00
2.2 1
8 2 .5 8
2 .1 9
80.96
2.2 1
82.80
2.21
80.5 5
2 .2 2
82.9 7
2 .2 2
85.4 6
2 .2 2
85.4 6
2 .2 8
82.6 8
84.7 7
2 .2 8
2 .3 0
84.1 0
2 .3 0
82.6 4
2 .2 9
84.10
2 .3 0
84.07
2 .2 9
83.6 4

3 9 .9
3 9 .7
3 9 .3
4 0 .0
39 .1
3 9 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
3 9 .0
3 9 .8
3 9 .3
3 8 .8
3 9 .3
39 .1
3 8 .9

$1.98
2 .0 8
2 .0 6
2.0 7
2 .0 6
2 .0 9
2.11
2.11
2 .1 2
2 .1 3
2 .1 4
2 .1 3
2 .1 4
2 .1 5
2 .1 5

4 0 .8
4 0 .2
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
3 9 .9
40.1
4 0 .3
4 0 .2
4 0 .0
3 8 .7
3 8 .0
3 8 .6
3 9 .2
39.1

$1.7 8 $82.82
1 .8 6
83.3 7
1 .8 6
8 2 .9 9
82 .9 7
1.8 6
1.8 4
80 .4 7
1.8 5
84 .1 9
1.8 8
8 5 .6 0
1.8 9
84. 96
1.9 0
85. 39
1.9 0
85.81
1 .9 0
82 .8 2
1. 91
82. 51
1 .9 2
82. 99
1.92
82.94
1. 94
81.38

F a b r ic a te d s tr u c tu r a l
m e ta l p r o d u c ts 2

$87. 57
92. 99
93.0 4
9 3 .6 8
9 3 .6 3
94. 89
95.9 9
94. 39
93.0 2
93.71
91.71
89 .8 3
91 .0 8
9 0 .4 6
91.5 4

4 1 .5
4 1 .7
42.1
4 2 .2
4 1 .8
4 1 .8
42.1
4 1 .4
4 0 .8
41.1
4 0 .4
3 9 .4
3 9 .6
3 9 .5
3 9 .8

H a n d to o l s

4 1 .0
3 9 .7
3 9 .9
3 9 .7
3 8 .5
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
3 9 .7
3 9 .9
40.1
3 8 .7
3 8 .2
3 8 .6
38 .4
37 .5

$2 .0 2
2 .1 0
2 .0 8
2 .0 9
2 .0 9
2.1 1
2 .1 4
2 .1 4
2 .1 4
2 .1 4
2 .1 4
2 .1 6
2 .1 5
2 .1 6
2 .1 7

S tr u c t u r a l s te ü a n d
o r n a m e n ta l m e a lw o rk

$2.11 $87. 57
2. 23
94. 73
2.21
94. 57
2 .2 2
95. 67
2 .2 4
95.37
2 .2 7
97.10
97 .9 8
2 .2 8
2 .2 8
96 .3 7
93. 89
2 .2 8
2 .2 8
94. 35
92.11
2 .2 7
2 .2 8
89 .3 8
2 .3 0
91.31
90. 91
2 .2 9
2 .3 0
93.0 9

4 1 .5
42.1
4 2 .6
4 2 .9
4 2 .2
4 2 .4
4 2 .6
4 1 .9
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
40 .4
3 9 .2
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
4 0 .3

$2.11
2 .2 5
2 .2 2
2 .2 3
2 .2 6
2 .2 9
2 .3 0
2 .3 0
2. 29
2 .2 9
2 .2 8
2 .2 8
2 .3 0
2 .2 9
2 .3 1

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

934
T a b l e C -l.

Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry

Con.

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly.
hrly. wkly.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours earn­ earn­ hours earn­ earn­ hours earn­ earn­ hours earn­
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings ings
ings ings
ings
ings ings
ings ings hours ings ings
ings
M anufacturing—Continued
Year and month

Durable goods—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—Continued
M e ta l d oors, sa sh ,
f r a m e s , m o ld i n g
a n d tr im

Average..........
Average..........
May...............
June...........—
July—............
August-------September---October_____
November---December.......
January..........
February........
March______
April----------May_______

1956:
1957:

1958:

$84.85
89.7 9
89.4 2
90.2 5
90.6 7
92. 51
94.0 2
89.8 2
90.98
91.0 2
87.38
86.58
86 .3 6
84 .8 6
87 .5 2

4 0 .6
4 1 .0
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
40 .1
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
3 9 .9
3 9 .0
3 8 .9
3 8 .4
3 9 .6

$2 .0 9 $87.98
92. 77
2 .1 9
92.4 0
2 .1 6
91.10
2 .1 8
92.3 5
2 .1 9
93.1 5
2 .2 4
9 4 .9 5
2 .2 6
94.8 5
2 .2 4
92.80
2 .2 3
93.2 5
2 .2 2
93.4 3
2 .1 9
9 1 .9 4
2 .2 2
92 .9 7
2 .2 2
92. 73
2 .2 1
9 0 .1 7
2 .2 1

Lighting fixtures
Average..........
Average..........
May_______
June_______
July-----------August.—.......
September---October_____
November---December----January........February........
March............
April----------May...............

1956:
1957:

1958:

$76. 40
79.80
78.80
78.80
80.1 9
80.0 0
82.6 2
82.1 9
82.80
78.16
76.94
75.75
74. 77
75. 75
77.93

4 0 .0
3 9 .7
3 9 .6
3 9 .4
3 9 .7
4 0 .0
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
3 8 .5
3 7 .9
3 7 .5
3 7 .2
3 7 .5
3 8 .2

B o i le r - s h o p p r o d u c ts

4 1 .5
4 1 .6
42 .0
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .4
4 2 .2
4 1 .6
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
3 8 .7

$2.12 $90. 52
9 3 .5 6
2 .2 3
93.1 8
2 .2 0
94.9 2
2 .1 9
94.8 5
2 .2 2
94.6 2
2 .2 5
2 .2 5
95.4 0
94.1 2
2 .2 8
92.9 7
2 .2 8
2 .2 8
95.7 6
9 3 .9 6
2 .2 9
92.80
2 .3 1
91 .6 4
2 .3 3
92 .4 3
2 .3 3
94 .3 0
2 .3 3

Fabricated wire
products

$1.91 $80. 75
82.21
2.0 1
80.4 0
1.99
2 .0 0
82.42
81.1 8
2 .0 2
82.40
2 .0 0
84.0 3
2 .0 5
82.1 6
2 .0 6
82.39
2 .0 7
82.59
2 .0 3
81.3 3
2 .0 3
79.90
2 .0 2
80.2 9
2.0 1
80.2 6
2 .0 2
81.9 0
2 .0 4

4 1 .2
40 .1
3 9 .8
4 0 .4
3 9 .6
4 0 .0
4 0 .4
3 9 .5
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
39 .1
3 8 .6
3 8 .6
3 8 .4
3 9 .0

$1.9 6
2 .0 5
2 .0 2
2 .0 4
2 .0 5
2 .0 6
2 .0 8
2 .0 8
2 .0 7
2 .0 7
2 .0 8
2 .0 7
2 .0 8
2 .0 9
2 .1 0

4 2 .3
41 .4
4 1 .6
4 2 .0
41 .6
4 1 .5
41 .3
41.1
4 0 .6
41 .1
4 0 .5
4 0 .0
3 9 .5
3 9 .5
40 .3

$2 .1 4 $87.76
2 .2 6
90.13
2 .2 4
89.32
9 1 .6 2
2 .2 6
2 .2 8
89.2 0
89.91
2 .2 8
2 .3 1
92.7 0
2 .2 9
90.7 2
2 .2 9
9 3 .0 2
2 .3 3
89.3 3
2 .3 2
87.0 8
2 .3 2
87.4 6
2 .3 2
89.8 9
90.6 8
2 .3 4
91 .9 4
2 .3 4

Miscellaneous fab­
ricated metal
products 2
$86.09
89.01
88.1 8
89.0 2
89.01
88.9 9
89.4 0
89.7 9
88. 51
87.4 5
85.2 8
84.41
83. 71
81 .7 5
83.0 0

42 .2
41 .4
41 .4
4 1 .6
4 1 .4
41 .2
4 1 .2
41 .0
4 0 .6
4 0 .3
3 9 .3
3 8 .9
3 8 .4
3 7 .5
3 7 .9

$2.0 4
2 .1 5
2 .1 3
2 .1 4
2 .1 5
2 .1 6
2 .1 7
2 .1 9
2 .1 8
2 .1 7
2 .1 7
2 .1 7
2 .1 8
2 .1 8
2 .1 9

Fabricated
metal
products
(except
ordinance, machin­
ery & transportation
equipment)—Con.
S c r e w - m a c h in e
:p r o d u c ts

1956:
1957:

1958:

Average..........
Average..........
May...............
June...........—
July-...............
August-..........
September---October_____
November---December----January------February.......
March______
April----------May_______

$85.63
87.99
87. 57
87.3 6
86.5 2
86. 51
87 .3 4
87 .5 3
86.46
86.69
82.6 8
81.2 4
80. 98
79.76
79. 55

4 2 .6
4 1 .7
4 1 .9
4 1 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
39 .0
3 8 .5
3 8 .2
3 7 .8
3 7 .7
T r a c to r s

1956:
1957:

1958:

Average..........
Average..........
M ay...............
June...............
July................
August-------September___
October_____
November---December----January..........
February-----March______
April----------May..............

$90.27
93.22
91.48
92.04
91.57
88.92
9 4 .9£
95. 5S
9 3 .9C
96.14
96. 53
9 2 .2£
94.24
98. 21
102.9'

40 .3
39 .5
39.6
39.5
39.3
38.0
39.4
39.5
38.8
39.4
39.4
37.5
38.
39.
40.

S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d of ta b le


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Metal stamping,
coating, and en­
graving 2

S h e e t-m e ta l w o r k

4 1 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .5
4 1 .2
4 0 .5
4 0 .8
3 9 .7
3 8 .7
3 8 .7
3 9 .6
3 9 .6
3 9 .8

$2.1 3
2 .2 2
2 .2 0
2 .2 4
2 .2 3
2 .2 2
2 .2 5
2 .2 4
2 .2 8
2 .2 5
2 .2 5
2 .2 6
2 .2 7
2 .2 9
2 .3 1

V itr e o u s - e n a m e le d
p r o d u c ts

$66. 64
70.49
6 5 .1 4
68.8 5
72.8 6
74.34
75.12
76.31
69.3 6
70 .0 7
66.60
68 .2 6
74.34
66 .6 0
72.00

M e ta l s h ip p in g
b a r r e ls , d r u m s , k eg s,
a n d p a ils

$97.36
98.6 4
96.7 0
103. 53
103. 58
102. 55
99.2 3
95.01
95.9 9
9 1 .8 5
93.8 4
98.0 6
95.4 5
99.5 4
102.50

4 2 .7
41.1
4 1 .5
4 3 .5
4 2 .8
4 2 .2
4 0 .5
39.1
3 9 .5
37 .8
3 8 .3
3 9 .7
3 8 .8
4 0 .3
4 1 .0

3 9 .2
3 9 .6
3 6 .8
3 8 .9
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 1 .7
3 7 .9
3 8 .5
3 6 .0
3 7 .1
4 0 .4
3 6 .0
3 8 .5

$1.7 0 $91.94
1.7 8
93.8 4
1.7 7
93.2 5
1.7 7
96.0 0
1.76
92.8 6
1.80
93.3 8
1.81
97.11
1.83
94.4 2
97.6 4
1.83
93.1 3
1 .8 2
89. 71
1.85
90.71
1.8 4
93 .8 5
1.8 4
1.8 5
96 .0 0
1.8 7
97.20

4 1 .0
4 0 .6
4 0 .4
4 1 .5
4 0 .3
4 1 .0
4 0 .6
3 9 .6
3 9 .3
3 8 .7
3 8 .2
3 8 .0
37 .1
3 7 .7
3 7 .2

4 1 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 1 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .6
4 1 .5
4 0 .7
4 1 .2
3 9 .8
3 8 .5
3 8 .6
3 9 .6
40 .0
4 0 .0

$2.21
2 .3 0
2 .2 8
2 .3 3
2 .3 1
2 .3 0
2 .3 4
2 .3 2
2 .3 7
2 .3 4
2 .3 3
2 .3 5
2 .3 7
2 .4 0
2 .4 3

B o lts , n u ts ,
w ash ers, an d
r iv e ts

S te e l s p r in g s

$2.2 8 $90.61
2 .4 0
95.41
2 .3 3
93.3 2
97.9 4
2 .3 8
94.71
2 .4 2
9 6 .7 6
2 .4 3
2 .4 5
95.8 2
93.8 5
2 .4 3
2 .4 3
92.7 5
91.7 2
2 .4 3
2 .4 5
90.1 5
89.68
2 .4 7
2 .4 6
87.9 3
2. 47 88.6 0
87 .0 5
2 .5 0

S ta m p e d a n d
p r e ss e d m e ta l
p r o d u c ts

$2.21
2 .3 5
2 .3 1
2 .3 6
2 .3 5
2 .3 6
2 .3 6
2 .3 7
2 .3 6
2 .3 7
2 .3 6
2 .3 6
2 .3 7
2 .3 5
2 .3 4

$88. 41
91.0 8
89.6 2
89.8 2
90.4 5
90.3 9
91.8 8
92.70
92.48
8 9 .4 7
87.91
84. 64
83.2 5
78.59
8 1 .5 4

42 .3
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 0 .9
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
41 .1
4 0 .3
3 9 .6
3 8 .3
3 7 .5
3 5 .4
3 6 .4

$ 2 .0 9
2 .2 0
2 .1 7
2 .1 8
2 .1 9
2 .2 1
2 .2 3
2 .2 5
2 .2 5
2 .2 2
2 .2 2
2 .2 1
2 .2 2
2 .2 2
2 .2 4

Machinery (except electrical)

Total: Machinery
(except electrical)

$2.01 $93.26
94.3 0
2 .1 1
93.71
2 .0 9
94.5 3
2 .1 0
93.61
2 .1 0
93.1 5
2.1 1
94.4 2
2 .1 2
93. 67
2 .1 4
92 .5 0
2 .1 4
94 .3 0
2 .1 3
92. 90
2 .1 2
92.1 2
2.11
93.2 2
2 .1 2
92. 75
2.11
93.3 8
2.1 1

4 2 .2
4 1 .0
41.1
41.1
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .2
3 9 .7
40 .3
3 9 .7
3 9 .2
3 9 .5
3 9 .3
3 9 .4

$2.21 $95.45
99. 55
2 .3 0
99.2 2
2 .2 8
100.
53
2 .3 0
98.9 8
2 .3 0
9
8
.2
5
2 .3 0
2 .3 2 100.60
2 .3 3 100.40
2 .3 3 102.31
2 .3 4 103.32
2 .3 4 100. 50
2 .3 5 100. 50
2 .3 6 102.16
2 .3 6 100.00
99.2 5
2 .3 7

A g r ic u ltu r a l
m a­
c h in e r y (e x c e p t tr a c ­
to r s )

$2.24 $82.37
89.20
2.36
90. 58
2 .3 1
90.72
2 .3 3
89.47
2.33
88.98
2.34
91.71
2.41
89.44
2.42
89.60
2.42
92.92
2. 44
92.63
2.45
2. 4C 93.03
2.48
95. 47
93.26
2. 48
2.51 ' 93. 5C

3 9 .6
40 .0
40.8
40.5
40.3
39.9
40.4
39.4
39.3
40.4
40.1
40.1
40.8
40.
40.

$2.08
2.2 3
2.22
2.24
2.22
2.23
2.27
2.27
2.28
2 . 3C
2.31
2.32
2.34
2.32
2.32 <

S t e a m e n g in e s , t u r ­
b in e s , a n d w a t e r
w h e e ls

Engines and
turbines 2
4 1 .5
4 0 .8
41 .0
41 .2
4 0 .4
40.1
4 0 .4
4 0 .0
4 0 .6
4 1 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .7
4 0 .0
3 9 .7

$2.30
2 .4 4
2 .4 2
2 .4 4
2 .4 5
2 .4 5
2 .4 9
2. 51
2 .5 2
2 .5 2
2 .5 0
2 .5 0
2. 51
2 .5 0
2 .5 0

Construction and
mining machinery2
$92.23
92.8 4
92.25
93.34
91.94
92.16
93.61
91.25
89.70
91.87
90.94
89.47
89.24
89.24
89.94

42 .5
40 .9
41 .0
41 .3
40 .5
40.6
40.7
39.5
39.0
39.6
39.2
38.4
38.3
38.3
38.6

$101.33
113.05
113.62
112.99
114.70
111.04
109. 59
112. 75
116. 60
117.02
103.88
104.68
105.06
106.27
106.93

4 1 .7
4 2 .5
4 3 .2
42 .8
4 2 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .2
41 .3
4 2 .4
4 2 .4
3 9 .2
3 9 .5
3 9 .2
3 9 .8
3 9 .9

$2 .4 3 $94.21
95.51
2 .6 6
94.9 4
2 .6 3
2. 64 96.8 7
93.8 5
2 .6 8
94.01
2 .6 5
97. 44
2 .6 6
2. 73 96.62
2. 75 97.60
2. 76 98.82
99.23
2 .6 5
98.98
2 .6 5
2 .6 8 101.11
98.00
2 .6 7
2 .6 8
96 .8 7

C o n s tr u c tio n a n d m i n ­
i n g m a c h in e r y , e x c e p t
o ilf ie ld m a c h in e r y

$2.17 $92.01
92.39
2.27
2.25
93. 56
92.89
2.26
91.25
2.27
91.25
2.27
92. 46
2.3C
89.93
2.31
2 . 3C 88.62
2.37
90.16
90. OS
2.37
2 . 3C 88.38
2.37
89.01
2.33
89.37
90.07
2.33

4 2 .4
4 0 .7
4 1 .4
41.1
40 .2
40 .2
40 .2
39 .1
38.7
39.2
39.0
38.1
38.2
38. £
38.8

D i e s e l a n d o th e r i n ­
te r n a l- c o m b u s tio n
e n g in e s , n o t e ls e ­
w h e r e c la s s ifie d

$2.17
2 .2 7
2 .2 6
2.2 6
2.2 7
2.2 7
2.30
2.30
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.32
2.37

4 1 .5
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
3 9 .6
3 9 .5
40.1
3 9 .6
40 .0
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
40 .4
41.1
4 0 .0
3 9 .7

$2. 27 $86.80
2 .3 7
91.31
91.2 5
2. 35
2 .3 8
9 1 .6 0
90.7 4
2 .3 7
89.0 8
2 .3 8
93.3 7
2 .4 3
2 .4 4
92.83
92.0 4
2 .4 4
2 .4 4
9 4 .5 6
94.4 9
2 .4 5
92.73
2 .4 5
94.9 5
2 .4 6
2 .4 5
95.7 6
2. 44 98.01

O ilfie ld m a c h in e r y
a n d to o ls

$92.45
93. 75
89.6 0
93.60
93.34
94.43
97.02
94.13
92.50
95.18
92.90
91.26
89. 71
88.22
8 9 .35

4 2 .8
4 1 .3
4 0 .0
4 1 .6
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
42.0
40.4
39.7
40. £
39.7
39.6
38. £
3 7 .'
38.2

Agricultural machin­
ery and tractors2
4 0 .0
3 9 .7
4 0 .2
4 0 .0
3 9 .8
3 8 .9
3 9 .9
3 9 .5
3 9 .0
3 9 .9
3 9 .7
3 8 .8
3 9 .4
3 9 .9
4 0 .5

$ 2 .1 7
2 .3 0
2 .2 7
2 .2 9
2 .2 8
2 .2 9
2 .3 4
2 .3 5
2 .3 6
2 .3 7
2 .3 8
2 .3 9
2 .4 1
2 .4 0
2 .4 2

Metalworking
machinery 2

$2.16 $108. 69
2.2 7 106. 57
2.2 4 109.25
2.2 5 108.68
2.26 106.00
2.27 103. 42
2.31 103. 75
2.33 100.19
99.10
2.33
2 . 3£ 101.91
99.90
2.34
2.34 101.09
2.33 103. 72
2.34 10 4 .0C
2.34 102. 7C

45 .1
4 2 .8
4 3 .7
4 3 .3
4 2 .4
41 .7
41 .5
40 .4
39 .8
40.6
39.8
39.8
40.2
40. C
39. £

$2.41
2 .4 9
2 .5 0
2. 51
2 .5 0
2 .4 8
2 .5 0
2 .4 8
2 .4 9
2. 51
2. 51
2 .5 4
2 .5 8
2 .6 0
2 .6 0

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a b l e C -l.

935

Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly.
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ hours earn­ earn­ hours earn­ earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
hours earn­ earn­ hours earn­
ings
ings ings
ings ings
ings ings
ings ings
ings ings
ings
Manufacturing—Continued

Year and month

Durable goods—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)--Continued
M a c h in e tools

1956: Average........ . $106.02
1957: Average.......... 100.86
May............. . 102. 29
June_______ 102.00
July................ 97.17
August........__ 97. 58
September___ 97.61
October......... 96.24
November___ 94.23
December___ 95.92
1958: January------- 93.06
February___ 89. 77
March______ 90.92
April............... 89.49
May_______
88. 67

45.7
42.2
42.8
42.5
41.0
41.0
40.5
40.1
39.1
39.8
39.1
38.2
38.2
37.6
37.1

$2.32
2.39
2.39
2. 40
2.37
2.38
2.41
2.40
2.41
2. 41
2.38
2.35
2.38
2.38
2.39

JP aper-indu stn es
m ac h in e ry

1956: Average_____ $97. 65 46.5
1957: Average.......... 96.78 44.6
May_______ 95.03 44.2
June_______
94.16 44.0
July------------ 92.88 43.4
August_____ 92.02 42.6
September___ 94. 83 43.5
October_____ 94.18 43.2
November___ 91.98 .42.0
December___ 96.14 43.5
1958: January_____ 90. 03 41.3
February____ 87. 20 40.0
March______ 87.16 39.8
April_______ 86.24 39.2
May............... 89.20 40.0

41.7
39.9
40.3
40.4
40.2
40.4
40.3
39.5
38.8
39.4
39.2
38.3
38.5
39.0
39.2

$2.17
2.25
2.22
2. 24
2.26
2.25
2. 30
2. 29
2. 28
2. 29
2.29
2. 32
2.32
2.32
2.33

Service-Industry and
household machines2
1956: Average_____ $86. 24
1957: Average.......... 87. 30
May_______ 84 97
June............... 86.07
July............... 86 51
August_____ 87 07
September___ 89. 82
October_____ 90 74
November__ 87 46
December___ 87 58
1958: January____ 89 50
February........ 86 78
March............ 89 04
Apnl............... 85. 88
May............
89 21

40.3
39.5
38.8
39.3
39.5
39.4
40.1
39.8
38.7
39.1
39.6
38.4
39.4
38.0
39.3

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$97. 41
99.42
99. 96
99.25
100.26
99.29
102. 72
97. 69
96.87
98.49
95.69
95.20
95.84
96. 61
93. 61

$2.14
2. 21
2.19
2.19
2 19
2 21
2.24
2. 28
2. 26
2.24
2 26
2.26
2.26
2.26
2.27

43.1
41.6
42.0
41.7
41.6
41.2
42.1
40.2
39.7
40.2
38.9
38.7
38.8
38.8
37.9

43.7
41.8
42.7
41.1
41.1
39.6
40.8
41.3
41.0
40.9
40.7
40.2
41.3
40.7
40.4

$2.35
2.39
2. 39
2.38
2. 39
2. 33
2.38
2.40
2.41
2.41
2. 43
2.42
2.42
2.42
2.41

M e c h a n ic a l
pow ertr a n sm is s io n eq u ip m ent

$95.02
94.53
93.48
94.12
92. 92
93.89
94. 71
93.96
93.83
93.60
92.20
90.24
91.26
89.94
90.17

accesso-

45.5
43.5
44.8
44.4
43.5
42.2
41.9
40.7
40.3
41.2
40.6
41.0
41.6
41.5
41.2

$2. 53
2.59
2.60
2.62
2.60
2.56
2. 57
2. 54
2. 55
2.58
2.60
2.66
2. 71
2.73
2. 74

General industrial
machinery 2
$92. 65
92.89
92. 51
92. 48
92. 62
92. 84
94. 99
93.38
92.23
94.19
91.48
89. 86
90. 32
90.32
90. 71

42.5
41.1
41.3
41.1
40.8
40.9
41.3
40.6
40.1
40.6
39.6
38.9
39.1
39.1
39.1

$2.18
2.26
2. 24
2. 25
2. 27
2.27
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.32
2. 31
2. 31
2.31
2. 31
2.32

Mechanical

stokers
a n d in d u s tr ia l f u r n a ces a n d ovens

42.8 $2.22 $90. 71
41.1 2. 30 94.16
41.0 2. 28 92. 77
41.1 2. 29 94.69
40.4 2.30 90.74
41.0 2. 29 94.39
41.0 2.31 99.64
40.5 2.32 98.00
40. 1 2.34 94. 66
40.0 2. 34 96. 82
39.4 2.34 93.20
38.4 2.35 90. 09
39.0 2. 34 90. 55
38.6 2.33 91.41
38.7 2.33 88.24

D o m e stic la u n d r y
e q u ip m e n t

$89. 54
88. 53
86.69
88 26
89. 60
87 98
99. 78
98 65
87 93
83.68
88 78
89 62
89.31
85 88
91.39

M a ch in e-to o l
ries

$2. 26 $115.12
2.39 112.67
2.38 116.48
2.38 116.33
2. 41 113.10
2.41 108.03
2.44 107. 68
2.43 103.38
2.44 102. 77
2.45 106. 30
2. 46 105.56
2.46 109.06
2.47 112. 74
2.49 113. 30
2.47 112. 89

P r in tin g -tra d e s m a ch in ery a n d eq u ip m ent

$2.10 $102. 70
2.17 99.90
2.15 102.05
2.14 97.82
2.14 98. 23
2.16 92. 27
2.18 97.10
2.18 99.12
2.19 98. 81
2. 21 98. 57
2.18 98.90
2.18 97.28
2.19 99.95
2.20 98. 49
2.23 97.36

I n d u s tr ia l tru ck s,
tractors, etc.

1956: Average.......... $90. 49
1957: Average_____ 89.78
May....... ........ 89. 47
June_______
90. 50
July------------ 90. 85
August_____ 90. 90
September___ 92.69
October.......... 90. 46
November___ 88.46
December___ 90. 23
1958: January____ 89. 77
February____ 88.86
March______ 89. 32
April............... 90. 48
M a y ..........
91:34

M e ta lw o rk in g
m ach in ery {except m a chine tools)

41.8
41.3
41.6
41.9
39.8
41.4
42.4
41.7
40.8
41.2
40.0
39.0
39.2
39.4
38.2

$2.17
2.28
2.23
2.26
2.28
2.28
2.35
2.35
2.32
2.35
2.33
2.31
2.31
2.32
2.31

C o m m ercia l la u n d r y .
d ry-clea n in g
and
p r e s sin g m achines

40.7 $2.20 $81. 34
39.0 2. 27 83.84
38 7 2.24 81.18
39,4 2. 24 79.79
40.0 2. 24 86. 52
39.1 2 25 83. 43
42 1 2. 37 87.99
41.8 2 36 87. 57
37 9 2. 32 86.30
36.7 2 28 85 06
38 6 2.30 82.59
38 3 2. 34 79.07
39 0 2.29 80.39
36.7 2.34 79. 55
38.4 2.38 79.38

Special-industry machinery
(except
metalworking machinery)2

F o o d -p ro d u cts m achinery

$89. 88
90.06
89.42
89. 64
89.82
88.97
90.23
90.64
88. 88
89. 98
88.62
87. 52
87.69
87.25
87.64

$89. 67
91.02
91.49
91.69
91.43
91.17
92.48
91.80
89.78
91.76
91.03
91.03
91.88
91.48
91.25

42.8
41.5
41.4
41.5
41.2
41.0
41.2
41.2
40.4
40.9
40.1
39.6
39.5
39.3
39.3

$2.10
2.17
2.16
2.16
2.18
2.17
2.19
2.20
2.20
2.20
2. 21
2. 21
2. 22
2.22
2.23

P u m p s , a ir a n d gas
co m p re sso rs

$90.31
90. 20
91.10
90.39
89. 54
88.88
92.74
90.72
88. 31
89. 82
87. 58
86. 91
87.36
88.59
88.65

42.4
41.0
41.6
40.9
40.7
40.4
41.4
40.5
39.6
40.1
39.1
38.8
39.0
39.2
39.4

$2.13
2.20
2.19
2. 21
2.20
2.20
2.24
2.24
2.23
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.26
2.25

41.9
41.0
41.4
41.3
41.0
40.7
41.1
40.8
39.9
40.6
40.1
40.1
40.3
40.3
40.2

$2.14
2.22
2. 21
2.22
2. 23
2.24
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.27
2.28
2.27
2.27

C onveyors a n d conveyin g e q u ip m e n t

$97. 61
98.59
97. 81
96.93
97.70
99.29
100.02
98.64
96.56
100.12
95.04
93. 21
92.49
92.49
92.64

43.0
41.6
41.8
41.6
41.4
41.2
41.5
41.1
40.4
41.2
39.6
39.0
38.7
38.7
38.6

$2.27
2.37
2.34
2.33
2.36
2.41
2.41
2.40
2. 39
2.43
2.40
2.39
2.39
2.39
2.40

Office and store machines and devices2

C o m p u tin g m achines
a n d cash registers

$90. 23
90.23
88.13
89. 50
89.38
89.33
91.03
91.14
92.34
92.34
89. 78
90. 87
91.73
91.80
91.18

$96.05
98.01
96.56
97.60
99.14
97.28
99. 38
98.95
100. 25
100.10
99.20
101.15
102.31
100. 90
100.00

41.2
40.1
39.7
39.6
39.9
39.7
40.1
39.8
39.8
39.8
38.7
39.0
39.2
39.4
39.3

$2.19
2.25
2. 22
2. 26
2.24
2. 25
2. 27
2.29
2.32
2.32
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.33
2.32

S e w in g m achines

41.5 $1.96 $88. 97
41.3 2.03 89.20
41.0 1.98 89. 87
39.5 2.02 89. 42
42.0 2.06 90.27
40.5 2.06 90. 72
41.9 2.10 88.40
41.7 2.10 88.09
40.9 2.11 93.48
40.7 2.09 93.20
39.9 2.07 88.88
38.2 2.07 89. 27
38.1 2.11 89. 72
37.7 2.11 88.59
37.8 2.10 85. 96

41.0
40.0
40.3
40.1
40.3
40.5
40.0
39.5
41.0
40.7
39.5
39.5
39.7
39.2
37.7

$2.17
2.23
2.23
2.23
2.24
2.24
2. 21
2.23
2. 28
2. 29
2. 25
2.26
2.26
2.26
2.28

41.4
40.5
40.4
40.0
40.8
40.2
40.4
39.9
40.1
40.2
40.0
40.3
40.6
40.2
40.0

$2. 32
2.42
2.39
2.44
2.43
2. 42
2. 46
2.48
2.50
2. 49
2.48
2. 51
2. 52
2.51
2.50

R efrigerators a n d airco n d itio n in g u n its

$86.22
87.64
84. 48
86. 41
86.24
87.64
88. 48
89.93
86. 94
88. 82
91.60
87.17
90. 52
86. 26
90.74

40.1 $2.15
39.3 2. 23
38.4 2.20
39.1 2. 21
39.2 2.20
39.3 2.23
39.5 2.24
39.1 2.30
38.3 2. 27
39.3 2. 26
40.0 2.29
38.4 2. 27
39.7 2.28
38.0 2. 27
39.8 2.28

T e x tile m a chinery

$76. 59
77.55
76. 76
77.93
77.55
77.16
76.21
78.74
76. 81
78.14
76. 61
75. 26
73.92
72. 96
72.94

41.4
40.6
40.4
40.8
40.6
40.4
39.9
40.8
39.8
40.7
39.9
39.2
38.5
38.0
37.6

$1.85
1. 91
1.90
1.91
1.91
1. 91
1.91
1.93
1.93
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.94

B lo w e rs , ex h a u st a n d
v e n tila tin g fa n s

$86. 53
87.48
86.88
87. 72
88.04
86. 67
91.21
88.44
87. 56
89. 79
86. 85
85.75
86.24
86.07
88.26

41.8
40.5
40.6
40.8
40.2
40.5
40.9
40.2
39.8
41.0
39.3
38.8
39.2
39.3
39.4

$2.07
2.16
2.14
2.15
2.19
2.14
2.23
2.20
2.20
2.19
2. 21
2. 21
2. 20
2.19
2.24

T y p e w r ite r s 3

$82. 60
76.64
75.27
75.08
74.31
75.66
75.27
78.01
78. 41
79.20
70.56
67.82
70.40
73.09
74.84

41.3
39.3
39.0
38.9
38.5
39.0
38.6
39.8
39.6
39.8
36.0
34.6
36.1
37.1
37.8

$2.00
1.95
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.98
1.99
1.96
1.96
1.95
1.97
1.98

Miscellaneous machinery parts 2
$89. 87
91.62
90.80
91.58
91.53
91.13
91.53
91.88
91.37
92.75
90.52
90. 23
90.85
90. 62
91.01

41.8
40.9
40.9
40.7
40.5
40.5
40.5
40.3
39.9
40.5
39.7
39.4
39.5
39.4
39.4

$2.15
2.24
2.22
2.25
2.26
2.25
2.26
2.28
2.29
2.29
2.28
2.29
2.30
2.30
2.31

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

936
T a b l e C —1.

Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1 Con.
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly.
wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ hours earn­
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ lours earn­ earn­ hours earn­ earn­ hours earn­
ings
ings ings
ings ings
ings ings
ings ings
ings ings
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued

Year and month

Electrical machinery

Machinery (except electrical)—Continued

F a b rica ted p ip e , f it­
tin g s , a n d valves

1956: Average.......... $88.99
1957: Average.......... 91.13
May............... 89.24
June_______ 90.32
July................ 89.20
August—......... 89.82
September___ 91.71
October____ 91.54
November___ 92.63
December___ 95.35
1958: January.......... 92. 57
February........ 90. 94
March............ 90. 55
April_______ 90.48
May......... ...... 89.63

41.2 $2.16
40.5 2.25
40.2 2.22
40.5 2.23
40.0 2.23
40.1 2.24
40.4 2.27
39.8 2.30
40.1 2.31
41.1 2.32
39.9 2.32
39.2 2.32
39.2 2. 31
39.0 2.32
38.8 2.31

C arbon a n d g ra p hite
p r o d u c ts (electrical)

1956: Average........ - $84.46
1957: Average.......... 84.80
M a y ............. 84.40
June............... 84.23
July________ 84.77
August_____ 85.20
September___ 84.35
October_____ 82.68
November___ 84.71
December....... 82. 47
1958: January_____ 83.50
February........ 82.60
March______ 82.35
April_______ 82.60
May_______ 84.20

41.2 $2.05
40.0 2.12
40.0 2.11
40.3 2.09
39.8 2.13
40.0 2.13
39.6 2.13
38.1 2.17
39.4 2.15
38.9 2.12
39.2 2.13
38.6 2.14
38.3 2.15
38.6 2.14
38.8 2.17

Electrical
appliances
1956: Average.......... $80.60
1957: Average.......... 83.10
May_______ 81.83
82.43
June_______
July...... ......... 82.08
August—....... 82.47
September___ 83.10
October_____ 83.74
November---- 83.92
December----- 84.63
1958: January------- 83.60
February------ 84.42
March______ 83.44
April........ ...... 81.81
May............... 82.06

39.9 $2.02
39.2 2.12
38.6 2.12
38.7 2.13
38.9 2.11
38.9 2.12
39.2 2.12
39.5 2.12
39.4 2.13
39.0 2.17
38.0 2.20
38.2 2.21
38.1 2.19
37.7 2.17
37.3 2.2C

i la d io tu b es
1956: Average.........
1957: Average____
May..............
June..............
July...............
August..........
September__
October........
November...
December__
1958: January........
February----March...........
April.............
May..............

$67.2Í
70.2;
69.84
71.8£
67.8(
72.9Í
74. 5'
71.8(
69.9.
71.2
71.6
71.4
71.0
72.9
72.9

$89.01
89.15
88.36
88.48
89. 55
88.70
89.27
88.76
87.94
88.08
87.62
87.78
88.17
87.48
87.63

$80.16
81.61
81.20
83.03
81. 81
81.80
82. 61
82.00
83.02
81. 58
80.96
81.12
82.32
82.08
82. 89

40.9 $1.96
40.2 2.03
40.2 2.02
40.9 2.03
40.3 2.03
40.1 2.04
40.1 2.06
40.0 2.05
40.3 2.06
39.6 2.06
39.3 2.06
39.0 2.08
39.2 2.10
38.9 2.11
39.1 2.12

Insulated wire and
cable
$84. 71
85.08
86.50
86.09
84. 67
85.49
86.31
84.26
84.04
83.23
81.80
81.60
82.42
82.42
82.01

M a c h in e sh o p s (job
a n d r e p a ir )

41.4 $2.15 $90.31
39.8 2.24 92.96
39.8 2.22 92. 57
39.5 2.24 93.11
39.8 2.25 93.07
39.6 2.24 92.48
39.5 2.26 92.43
39.1 2.27 93.30
38.4 2.29 92.11
38.8 2.27 93.02
38.6 2.27 91.03
38.5 2.28 90.74
38.5 2.29 91.60
38.2 2.29 92.23
38.1 2.30 92.86

E le c tric a l in d ic a tin g ,
m e a su rin g , a n d re­
cording in s tr u m e n ts

43.0 $1.97
41.5 2.05
42.4 2.04
42.2 2.04
41.3 2.05
41.3 2.07
42.1 2. 05
41.1 2.05
40.6 2.07
40.8 2.04
39.9 2.05
40.0 2.04
40.4 2.04
40.4 2.04
40.2 2.04

T elep h o n e, telegraph ,
a n d related e q u ip ­
m ent

39.1 $1.75 $ 9 5 .2
1. 81 94 . 3 !
38.
1.8C 95 . 4 £
38.
1.85 f 94.81
39.
1.8( ' 85.91
37.
1.85 9 i . o;
40.1
1.8 91 . 7 (
40.
1.8 90.15
38.
1.8 93 . 3 Í
37.
1.8 92.7
38..
1.8 92.2
38.
1.8 92.0
38.
1.8 91.8
38.
1.9 3 92.5
38.
38. 8 1.8 8 92.9

S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

B a ll a n d roller
bearings

42.2 $2.14
41.5 2.24
41.7 2.22
41.2 2.26
41.0 2.27
41.1 2.25
40.9 2.26
41.1 2.27
40.4 2.28
40.8 2.28
40.1 2.27
39.8 2.28
40.0 2.29
40.1 2.30
40.2 2.31

M o to r s,
generators,
a n d m otor-genera­
tor sets

$90.86
93.79
91.25
93.79
94.48
95.76
96.29
97.03
96. 56
96.63
93.06
94.09
93.85
92.04
94.01

41.3 $2.20
40.6 2.31
40.2 2.27
40.6 2.31
40.9 2.31
41.1 2.33
40.8 2.36
40.6 2.39
40.4 2.39
40.6 2.38
39.6 2. 35
39.7 2.37
39.6 2.37
39.0 2.36
39.5 2.38

Electrical equipment
for vehicles
$84.42
85.85
83.03
85.58
85. 58
86.46
87. 91
86.58
86.52
86.52
86.02
85.50
86.18
84.52
84.67

40.2 $2.10
39.2 2.19
38.8 2.14
38.9 2.20
38.9 2.20
39.3 2.20
39.6 2.22
39.0 2.22
38.8 2.23
38.8 2.23
38.4 2.24
38.0 2.25
37.8 2.28
37.4 2.26
37.3 2.27

Miscellaneous
electrical
products2

42. £ $2.25 $78.34
2.2Í 81.61
41.
2.25 80.2(
4L'
2.2< 80. 8(
41.
2.25 ' 80.6(
38.
2.2 82.21
40.]
2.2 83.2;
40.
2.2 ' 83.25
39.
2.3 82. 85
40.
2.2 82.8(
40.
2.3 82.5
39.
2.3 81.9
39.
2.3 82.7
39.
2.3 5 83.1
39.
39. 4 2.3 5 82.3

40.
40.
40.
40.
40.Í
40.'
40. Í
40.
40.
40.
39.«
39.
39.
39.
39.

Electrical generat­
ing, transmission,
distribution, and
industrial appara­
tus 1

Total: Electrical
machinery
$80.78
83.01
82.21
83. 22
81.39
82. 81
83.21
81.95
82.95
83.56
82.89
83.07
83.67
83. 46
83.67

40.8 $1.98
40.1 2.07
40.1 2.05
40.4 2.06
39.7 2.05
40.2 2.06
40.2 2.07
39.4 2.08
39.5 2.10
39.6 2.11
39.1 2.12
39.0 2.13
39.1 2.14
39.0 2.14
39.1 2.14

P o w e r a n d d istrib u ­
tio n tra n sfo rm e rs

$92.84
93.38
91.94
92.80
94.07
93.43
92.92
91.25
92.34
92.50
90. 46
91.87
92.97
92. 50
93.13

42.2 $2.20
40.6 2.30
40.5 2.27
40.7 2.28
40.9 2.30
40.8 2.29
40.4 2.30
39.5 2.31
39.8 2.32
39.7 2.33
39.5 2.29
39.6 2.32
39.9 2.33
39.7 2.33
39.8 2.34

40.!
40.
39."
40.1
39.
41.
41.5
41.5
40.
39.
39.
38.
38.
38.
38. 8

$76.11
76.82
76.43
77.41
77.03
75.46
76.83
76.44
78.21
78.21
77.22
76.03
77.80
77. 41
77.80

w itchS vn tch year,
boaro , a n d in d u str ia l controls

$90.30
93.11
92.10
93.15
92.70
93.11
94.39
92.52
93.03
96.35
92.73
91.94
92.50
91.41
91.41

40.8 $1.84 $75.95
39.7 1.93 78. 41
39.4 1.90 79.00
39.4 1.92 79.59
39.2 1.90 75. 85
39.5 1.92 78.00
39.9 1.96 78.40
39.6 1.98 76.83
39.5 2.00 77. 61
38.8 1.99 78.79
39.1 2.01 79.15
38.8 2.00 79.95
38.6 2.01 80.16
39.0 2.01 80.94
38.8 2.01 80.75

40.4 $1.88
39.8 1.97
40.1 1.97
40.4 1.97
1.94
39.1
40.0 1.95
40.0 1.96
39.0 1.97
39.0 1.99
39.2 2.01
38.8 2.04
39.0 2.05
39.1 2.05
39.1 2.07
39.2 2.06

$64.4£
68.0C
70.11
67.4;
66. 5£
67. 6(
67.4«
67.85
67. 6'
68. 6.
69.0
69.8
69.4
2 .3
2.3 70.0
2.3 70.6

$2. i ;

2. 2;

2.1£
2.2Í
2.2Í
2.2
2.2Í
2.2<
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2

$1.65
39.
1.7C
40.
1.71
41.
39. £ 1.6£
1.6£
39.
1.7C
39.
1.7C
39.'
1. 7;
39.5
1. 7;
39.
1.75
39.
1.7:
39.«
1.7
39.
1.7
39.
1.7
39.
1.7
39.

40.7 $1.87
39.6 1.94
39.6 1.93
39.9 1.94
39.3 1.96
1.93
39.1
39.4 1.95
38.8 1.97
39.3 1.99
39.3 1.99
39.0 1.98
38.4 1.98
38.9 2.00
38.9 1.99
38.9 2.00

E le c t Heal w e ld in g
a p p a ra tu s

42.0 $2.15 $101. 68
41.2 2.26 96.28
41.3 2.23 98.18
41.4 2.25 99. 53
41.2 2.25 91. 71
41.2 2.26 99.12
41.4 2.28 95.91
40.4 2.29 94.37
40.1 2.32 92.73
41.0 2.35 92.17
39.8 2.33 91. 71
39.8 2.31 88.01
39.7 2. 33 86.48
39.4 2.32 87. 55
39.4 2.32 88.39

P r it n a ry batteries
(d ry a n d w e t )

Storage batteries

$1.95 $87.15
2.05 90.0£
1.9! 86.92.0( 89.45
2.0( 87.8(
2.05 92.2.
2.0- 93.9¿
2.0 94.3
2.0 91.0.
2.0 89.4
2.0 88.5,
2.0 87.4
2.0 89.8
2.01 89.3
2.01S 89.6

41.5 $2.10
40.5 2.19
40.4 2.16
40.8 2.18
40.5 2.19
40.6 2.19
40.6 2.21
40.0 2.23
40.0 2.24
40.2 2.25
39.5 2.23
39.3 2.23
39.4 2.25
39.1 2. 24
39.3 2.25

Communication
equipment2

Electric lamps
$75.07
76.62
74.86
75.65
74.48
75.84
78.20
78.41
79.00
77.21
78.59
77.60
77.59
78.39
77.99

$87.15
88.70
87.26
88.94
88.70
88. 91
89.73
89.20
89.60
90.45
88.09
87.64
88. 65
87.58
88.43

W ir in g devices
a n d s u p p lie s

44.4 $2.29
41.5 2.32
42.5 2.31
42.9 2.32
39.7 2.31
42.0 2.36
41.7 2.30
40.5 2.33
39.8 2. 33
39.9 2.31
39.7 2.31
38.1 2.31
37.6 2.30
37.9 2.31
38.1 2.32

R a d io s , p h o n o g ra p h s,
television sets, a n d
e q u ip m e n t

$72. 98
75.83
76.21
76.97
75.24
76.00
76.02
74.30
75.08
76.64
77.40
78.98
79.39
79.78
79. 78

40.1 $1.82
39.7 1.91
39.9 1.91
40.3 1.91
39.6 1.90
40.0 1.90
39.8 1.91
38.9 1.91
38.9 1.93
39.1 1.96
38.7 2.00
39.1 2.02
39.3 2.02
39.3 2.03
39.3 2.03

X - r a y a n d n m ra d io
electronic t ubes

$87. 5;
89.4"
88.2(
89. Of
92.4!
90. 61
89. 6(
90.9’
92.1
91.7
91.7
90.5
91.6(
91. 61
92.4

40. £ $2.14
2 .2 2
40.;
2.19
40.;
2.21 ;
40.
2.25 ]
41.
2.25
40.:
2.24
40.
2.28
39.5
2.28
40.
2.26
40.
2.27
40.
2 .2 7
39.
2 .2 9
40.
2.28
40.
2.31
40.

937

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a b l e C -l.

Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly.
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ hours earn­ earn­ horns earn­ earn­ hours earn­ earn­ hours earn­ earn­ hours earn­
ings ings
ings ings
ings ings
ings ings
ings ings
ings
ings
M anufacturing—Continued

Year and month

Durable goods—Continued
Transportation equipment
Total: Transportation equipment
1956: Average------ $94. 48
1957: Average------- 97.36
May_______ 94. 56
June....... ........ 96.24
July___ ____ 95.44
August_____ 97.04
September___ 97.27
October_____ 97. 57
November___ 101. 50
December----- 99.70
1958: January------- 95. 45
February........ 94.96
March______ 97.32
April_______ 97.07
May............... 99. 25

40.9
40.4
39.9
40.1
39.6
40.1
39.7
39.5
40.6
40.2
38.8
38.6
39.4
39.3
39.7

$2.31
2.41
2.37
2.40
2. 41
2.42
2.45
2.47
2.50
2.48
2.46
2.46
2.47
2.47
2.50

$94. 71
98.40
94.08
97.42
94.96
98. 55
99.04
99.18
107.68
100.65
92. 50
92. 50
95. 75
96.00
97.39

40.3
40.0
39.2
39.6
38.6
39.9
39.3
39.2
41.9
40.1
37.3
37.3
38.3
38.4
38.8

$2.35
2. 46
2. 40
2. 46
2. 46
2. 47
2. 52
2. 53
2. 57
2. 51
2. 48
2.48
2. 50
2.50
2. 51

Aircraft engines
and parts

Aircraft

1956: Average------- $94.89
1957: Average-------- 95. 65
May..............- 92.80
June............... 92. 97
July________ 93.13
August-------- 95.04
September___ 94.80
October......... 95.20
November___ 95.52
December___ 97.53
1958: January------- 98.49
February........ 97.53
March______ 98.42
97.69
April______
May_______ 101. 75

Motor vehicles and
equipment2

41.8 $2.27 $96.90
40.7 2.35 98.23
40.0 2.32 95.06
39.9 2.33 96.76
39.8 2.34 96.29
40.1 2.37 96.16
40.0 2.37 95.11
40.0 2.38 96. 78
39.8 2.40 97.17
40.3 2.42 100.65
40.7 2.42 99.00
40.3 2.42 99. 75
40.5 2.43 100.90
40.2 2.43 100. 40
40.7 2.50 100.80

Motor vehicles. bodies,
parts, and accessories

$95.91
99.85
95.26
98.60
96. 50
100.15
100. 74
100. 74
110.14
102.11
93. 37
93.37
97.28
97.54
98.69

40.3
40.1
39.2
39.6
38.6
39.9
39.2
39.2
42.2
40.2
37.2
37.2
38.3
38.4
38.7

$2.38
2.49
2.43
2.49
2.50
2.51
2. 57
2. 57
2.61
2. 54
2. 51
2. 51
2. 54
2. 54
2. 55

Aircraft propellers
and parts

42.5 $2.28 $96.93
41.1 2.39 97. 76
40.8 2.33 97.76
41.0 2.36 96.12
40.8 2.36 95.88
39.9 2.41 98.29
39.3 2.42 97.23
39.5 2. 45 98. 77
39.5 2. 46 98.77
40.1 2. 51 101. 76
39.6 2.50 97.58
39.9 2.50 98.36
40.2 2. 51 94.71
40.0 2. 51 95.99
40.0 2.52 94.30

Truck and bus
bodies

$81. 61
84.56
83.37
83.35
84.80
87.26
85.79
82. 94
83.81
86. 33
86.80
85.02
86.11
85.02
86.94

40.4
39.7
39.7
39.5
40.0
40.4
39.9
38.4
38.8
39.6
40.0
39.0
39.5
39.0
39.7

$2.02
2.13
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.16
2.15
2.16
2.16
2.18
2.17
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.19

Other aircraft parts
and equipment

42.7 $2.27 $98.01
41.6 2.35 99.78
41.6 2.35 99.17
40.9 2.35 100.06
40.8 2.35 99.30
41.3 2.38 99.07
41.2 2.36 99.84
41.5 2.38 97. 75
41.5 2.38 98.09
42.4 2. 40 100. 67
41.0 2.38 100. 43
41.5 2.37 99.63
40.3 2.35 100. 53
40.5 2.37 100.28
40.3 2.34 100.28

42.8 $2.29
42.1 2.37
42.2 2.35
42.4 2.36
41.9 2.37
41.8 2.37
41.6 2.40
40.9 2.39
40.7 2.41
41.6 2. 42
41.5 2.42
41.0 2.43
41.2 2. 44
41.1 2. 44
41.1 2.44

Trailers (truck and
automobile)

$82. 59
81. 35
79.93
83.01
80.11
83.82
85. 28
85. 68
76.84
81.09
78.17
77.54
80.60
79.80
84.82

39.9 $2.07 $95.99
39.3 2.07 90.76
38.8 2.06 94. 60
40.1 2.07 95. 00
38.7 2.07 94.94
40.3 2.08 96.15
41.0 2.08 95.68
40.8 2.10 96.24
37.3 2.06 96.16
38.8 2.09 99.06
37.4 2.09 98. 66
37.1 2.09 98.58
38.2 2.11 99.06
38.0 2.10 98.33
40.2 2.11 101.09

Ship and boat building and repairing2
$89.33
94.88
96.15
95. 99
96.80
97.04
96.53
95.31
90.15
94. 77
94.14
91.85
96. 78
95.80
98.00

39.7
39.7
40.4
40.5
40.5
40.1
39.4
38.9
37.1
39.0
38.9
37.8
39.5
39.1
40.0

$2.25
2. 39
2.38
2.37
2.39
2.42
2.45
2.45
2.43
2.43
2.42
2.43
2.45
2.45
2.45

1956: Average------- $73. 57
1957: Average.......... 77.78
May_______ 80.03
June_______ 78. 72
78.59
July_______
August........... 77.82
September__ 77.82
October_____ 77.41
November__ 75.25
December___ 77.22
1958: January------- 76.83
February____ 74.50
March______ 79.39
April_____ - 78.20
May............... 80.56

Railroad equipment2

40.2 $1.83 $94.56
40.3 1.93 100.80
41.9 1.91 98.55
41.0 1.92 99.50
40.4 1.97 101.05
39.5 1.97 99.79
39.5 1.97 103.86
38.9 1.99 99.72
38.2 1.97 102. 56
39.2 1.97 104.67
39.2 1.96 101.92
38.4 1.94 100.10
40.3 1.97 102.96
39.9 1.96 100.81
41.1 1.96 99.91

39.9 $2.37 $99. 41
40.0 2. 52 102.41
39.9 2.47 97.28
39.8 2. 50 102. 47
40.1 2.52 102. 56
39.6 2.52 103.22
40.1 2. 59 107.38
38.8 2. 57 102.94
39.6 2. 59 100. 73
39.8 2.63 103.48
39.2 2.60 100.10
38.5 2.60 98.81
39.0 2. 64 102.96
37.9 2. 66 102.44
37.7 2.65 101. 79

Laboratory, seien- Mechanical measurtifie, and engineering ing and controlling
instruments
instruments
1956: Average------1957: Average..........
May...............
June...............
July.-...........August-------September___
October_____
November___
December___
1958: January------February___
March______
April..............
May_______

$94.95
97.17
93.03
96.05
95.04
94.09
96. 72
95.68
98.25
100.28
100.45
96.56
99.05
102.18
100.35

42.2
41.0
40.1
40.7
40.1
39.7
40.3
39.7
40.6
41.1
41.0
39.9
40.1
41.2
40.3

See footnotes at end of table.
473132— 58------ 7


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.25
2.37
2.32
2.36
2.37
2.37
2. 40
2.41
2.42
2.44
2.45
2.42
2.47
2.48
2.49

$83.64
86.27
86.69
86.69
85.01
85. 65
86.86
86.65
86.00
85. 57
84.93
84.50
84.89
84.46
84.41

Locomotives and
parts

42.3
40.8
40.2
40.5
40.7
40.8
41.3
39.9
39.5
39.8
39.1
38.3
39.6
39.4
39.0

$2.35
2.51
2.42
2.53
2.52
2.53
2.60
2.58
2. 55
2.60
2. 56
2.58
2.60
2.60
2.61

Optical instruments
and lenses

41.0 $2.04 $83.03
40.5 2.13 85.22
40.7 2.13 85.41
40.7 2.13 85.84
40.1 2.12 85.84
40.4 2.12 84.38
40.4 2.15 86.24
40.3 2.15 86.00
40.0 2.15 85.63
39.8 2.15 84. 77
39.5 2.15 82.86
39.3 2.15 82.82
39.3 2.16 84.32
39.1 2.16 85.36
38.9 2.17 83.81

40.5
40.2
40.1
40.3
40.3
39.8
40.3
40.0
40.2
39.8
38.9
38.7
39.4
39.7
38.8

$2.05
2.12
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.12
2.14
2.15
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.15
2.16

Railroad and street
cars

$92.19
99.79
99.10
97. 96
100.30
99.29
102. 56
98.43
103.36
105.07
102.97
100. 75
103.21
99.96
99.06

38.9
39.6
39.8
39.5
39.8
39.4
39.6
38.3
39.6
39.8
39.3
38.6
38.8
37.3
37.1

$2.37
2. 52
2.49
2.48
2.52
2.52
2.59
2. 57
2.61
2.64
2.62
2. 61
2.66
2.68
2.67

Surgical, medical,
and dental instruments
$71. 51
74.37
74.15
75.30
74.00
74.59
75.92
76.17
75.05
75.81
75.43
74.28
74. 87
75.25
74.87

42.1 $2.28
41.0 2.36
40.6 2.33
40.6 2.34
40.4 2.35
40.4 2.38
40.2 2.38
40.1 2.40
39.9 2. 41
40.6 2.44
40.6 2.43
40.4 2.44
40.6 2.44
40.3 2. 44
40.6 2.49

Shipbuilding and
repairing

$92.27
97.81
99.05
98.98
99.63
99.70
98. 64
97. 64
92. 25
97. 50
97.00
94. 75
99.43
98. 67
100. 69

39.6 $2.33
39.6 2.47
40.1 2. 47
40.4 2.45
40.5 2.46
40.2 2.48
39.3 2. 51
38.9 2.51
36.9 2.50
39.0 2.50
38.8 2.50
37.6 2.52
39.3 2.53
39.0 2.53
39.8 2.53

Instruments and
related products

Transportation equipment—Continued
Boatbuilding and
repairing

Aircraft and parts2

40.4 $1.77
40.2 1.85
40.3 1.84
40.7 1.85
40.0 1.85
40.1 1.86
40.6 1.87
40.3 1.89
39.5 1.90
39.9 1.90
39.7 1.90
39.3 1.89
39.2 1.91
39.4 1.91
39.2 1.91

Other transportation Total Instruments
equipment
and related products
$77. 59
79.59
81.20
81.40
79.37
82.21
82.82
81.18
77.29
77.46
81.12
82. 56
82. 58
82. 56
81.48

40.2
39.4
40.4
40.1
39.1
40.1
40.6
39.6
37.7
37.6
39.0
39.5
39.7
39.5
38.8

$1.93
2.02
2.01
2.03
2.03
2.05
2.04
2.05
2.05
2.06
2.08
2.09
2.08
2.09
2.10

Ophthalmic goods4

$64.64
67.26
67. 77
67.54
67.83
68.40
69.08
67. 49
65.63
64.30
69.16
69.91
70.10
69. 55
70.29

40.4 $1.60
39.8 1.69
40.1 1.69
40.2 1.68
39.9 1. 70
40.0 1.71
40.4 1. 71
39.7 1.70
39.3 1.67
37.6 1.71
38.0 1.82
38.2 1.83
38.1 1.84
37.8 1.84
38.2 1.84

$82.01
85.03
84.02
85.05
84.21
84.00
86.05
84.99
85.20
85.17
85.14
84.50
85.50
85.72
85.06

40.8 $2.01
40.3 2.11
40.2 2.09
40.5 2.10
40.1 2.10
40.0 2.10
40.4 2.13
39.9 2.13
40.0 2.13
39.8 2.14
39.6 2.15
39.3 2.15
39.4 2.17
39.5 2.17
39.2 2.17

Photographic apparatus
$91.46
94.60
94.02
94. 71
94.02
92.75
97.20
95.76
97.20
96.96
96.08
96.00
96.40
96.40
96.16

41.2 $2.22
40.6 2.33
40.7 2.31
41.0 2.31
40.7 2.31
40.5 2.29
40.5 2.40
39.9 2.40
40.5 2.40
40.4 2.40
40.2 2.39
40.0 2.40
40.0 2.41
40.0 2. 41
39.9 2.41

938
T able

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , A U G U S T 1958

C -l.

H o u rs an d g ross earn in gs o f p ro d u c tio n or n o n su p e rv iso ry w ork ers, b y in d u str y
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn- earnings
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg. Avg. Avg.
brly. wkly.
earn- earn- wkly.
ings
mgs hours

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn- earn- wkly.
ings
ings hours

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn- horns
ings
ings

C on .

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn- earn- wkly.
ings hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued

Year and month
Instruments and
related products—
Continued
Watches and clocks

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
Total: Miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries

Jewelry, silverware,
and plated ware 2

40.3 $1.75 $73. 81
41.7 $1.77
1956: Average_____ $70. 77 39.1 $1.81 $70.53
40.7
1.82
72.15
1.85 72.22
39.9
1.81 74. 07
39.0
1957: Average—
1.81 72.80
1.82
39.8
40.0
38.5
1.85 72.04
M a y .!______ 71.23
40.4
1.80 73.93
1.83
72.15
1.85 71.82
39.9
39.0
Ju n e .. .
1.81 71.42
1.80 71.50
39.5
39.9
1.79
69.66
38.7
Ju ly ________
1.80 75.26
1.84
40.9
1.85 72. 00 40.0
71.97
38.9
A u g u st___
40.3
1.80 77. 52 41.9
1.85
40.3
1.87 72.54
September___ 75.36
39.3
1.86 72. 22 39.9 1.81 75.81 41.2 1.84
73.10
October__ _
1.86 72. 25 39.7 1.82 75.67 40.9 1.85
39.6
November___ 73.66
1.83 76.41
41.3
1.87 72. 47
39.6
1.85
72.18
38.6
December___
1.86 72. 52 39.2 1.85 72. 65 39.7 1.83
1958: January_____ 70. 87 38.1
1.84 73. 05 39.7
1.84
38.5
1.87 71.76
39.0
February____ 72. 00
1.88 72.13 39.2 1.84 72. 86 39. 6 1.84
72. 76
38.7
M arch______
1.88 72.15 39.0 1.85 73.28 39.4 1.86
39.0
73. 32
April_______
38.2
1.88 71.94 39.1 1.84 73. 87 39.5 1.87
71.82
M ay_______
Sporting and athletic
Games, toys, dolls,
Toys and sporting
goods 2
and children’s vehicles
goods 2
1956: Average_____ $62. 56 39.1 $1.60
39.1
1.68
1957: Average_____ 65.69
65. 57 38.8
1.69
M ay_______
64.96
38.9
1.67
June____..
1.66
63. 58 38.3
July_____
39.2
1.67
August___ .. 65.46
1.66
September___ 65. 57 39.5
1.66
October... ___ 65. 90 39.7
39.2
1.68
November___ 65.86
1.70
65.11
38.3
December__
38.2
1.74
6
6
.47
1958: January____
1.75
February____ 66.68 38.1
67.34
38.7
1.74
M arch_____
66. 09 38.2 1.73
April_______
65.57
38.8
1.69
M ay_______
Durable goods—
Continued

$61. 85
63.80
63. 69
62. 53
61.50
64.62
64. 55
64.31
65.01
62.42
64. 81
65. 02
65.84
64. 05
64.02

38.9
38.9
38.6
38.6
38.2
39.4
39.6
39.7
39.4
37.3
37.9
37.8
38.5
37.9
38.8

$1.59 $63. 83
1.64 69. 70
1.65 69.17
1.62 69.34
1.61 67.94
1.64 68.11
1.63 68.78
1.62 69.65
1.65 68.29
1.68 69.74
1.71 68. 89
1.72 69. 30
1. 71 70. 20
1.69 69.48
1.65 69.24

39.4
39.6
39.3
39.4
38.6
38.7
39.3
39.8
38.8
39.4
38.7
38.5
39.0
38.6
38.9

1956: Average
$74.37
40.2 $1.85
74.64
1.88
39.7
1957: Average----1.88
M ay______ . 75. 01 39.9
40.1
1.88
June_____ _ 75.39
39.5
1.90
75.05
July___ ____
1.88
74.82
39.8
August_____
39.8
1.88
September___ 74.82
39.2
1.87
October_____ 73.30
1.87
39.1
November___ 73.12
39.4
1.90
December... . 74.86
1. 95
76. 83 39.4
1958: January___
1. 94
February____ 75. 85 39.1
39.3
1.93
March___
75.85
1.92
75.07
39.1
April__ __
1.93
39.1
M ay________ 75.46
Condensed and
evaporated milk
1956: Average_____ $76.12
79.00
1957: Average____
May.T. _____ 79.24
79.92
Ju n e .. . . . .
80.66
July________
August _. _ _. 78. 57
September___ 80.41
77.61
October_____
November___ 77.68
December___
79.68
80.12
1958: January____
February____ 79. 52
80.16
M arch__
80. 77
April_______
M ay________ 81.76

44.0
42.7
43.3
43.2
43.6
42.7
43.0
41.5
41.1
41.5
41.3
41.2
40.9
41.0
41.5

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Silverware and
plated ware

$69. 06 41.6 $1.66 $83.38
41.9 $1.99
70. 07 40.5
1.73 84. 05 41.2
2.04
1.74 80.20
69.60
40.0
40.1
2.00
70.88
40.5
1.75 80.20
40.1
2.00
67.49
40.4
2.01
39.7
1.70 81.20
1.74 85. 90 41.7
70.47
40.5
2.06
72. 38
41.6
1.74 89.67
2.10
42.7
70. 99
1.74 88.41
42.3
40.8
2.09
71.28
40.5
1.76 86. 94 42.0
2.07
73. 63 41.6
1.77 83.64
40.8
2.05
70. 05
39.8
2.02
1.76 79. 59 39.4
70.40
40.0
1.76 79.76
39.1
2. 04
69.70
39.6
1.76 81.18
39.6
2.05
70.13
39.4
1.78 81.35
39.3
2.07
70.88
39.4
2. 08
39.6
1.79 81.95
Pens, pencils, other
Costume jewelry,
office supplies
buttons, notions

$1.62 $66. 58
1.76 67. 30
1.76 68.88
1.76 68.64
1.76 65. 86
1.76 66.50
1.75 66.80
1. 75 67.09
1.76 69.19
1.77 66. 08
1.78 67.43
1.80 66. 25
1.80 68.85
1.80 69. 03
1.78 68.68

41.1
40.3
41.0
41. 1
39.2
40.3
40.0
39.7
40.7
39.1
39.9
39.2
39.8
39.9
39.7

$1.62 $62.33
1.67 65.07
1.68 64. 57
1.67 63.41
1.68 64. 35
1.65 64.12
1.67 66.17
1.69 66.76
1.70 67. 42
1.69 64. 57
1.69 63.74
1.69 63.14
1.73 63.36
1.73 64. 73
1.73 64.13

39.2
39.2
38.9
38.9
39.0
39.1
40.1
39.5
39.2
38.9
38.4
38.5
38.4
38.3
38.4

Musical instruments
and parts
$80. 54 41.3 $1.95
83.03
40.5
2.05
82.42
40.4
2.04
82. 00 40.0
2.05
73. 53 36.4
2.02
81.80
40.1
2.04
84.87
41.0
2.07
85. 70 41.2
2.08
84. 87 41.0
2.07
84.46
41.0
2.06
80.13
2. 06
38.9
79.95
39.0
2.05
82.40
40.0
2.06
80. 32 38.8
2.07
80.26
38.4
2.09
Fabricated plastics
products

$1.59 $75. 35
1.66 78. 31
1.66 76.36
1.63 78.12
1.65 80.10
1.64 78. 47
1.65 79.10
1.69 78. 53
1.72 76. 97
1.66 78. 74
1.66 76. 80
1.64 75. 65
1.65 75. 84
1.69 76.04
1.67 76.62

41.4
41.0
40.4
40.9
41.5
41.3
41.2
40.9
40.3
40.8
40.0
39.4
39.5
39.4
39.7

$1.82
1.91
1.89
1.91
1.93
1.90
1.92
1.92
1.91
1.93
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.93
1.93

Nondurable goods

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—
Con.
Other manufacturing
industries

Jewelry and
findings

Food and kindred products
Total: Food and
kindred products

Meat products 2

Meatpacking, wholesale

$1.83 $84.03 41.6 $2.02 $92.00
42.2
1.93 87. 08 40.5
2.15 96. 41 41.2
1.94 86. 28 40.7
2.12 95.17 41.2
1.93 87.13
41.1
2.12 95. 87 41.5
1.91 87.31
40.8
2.14 95.76
41.1
1.90 85.22
40.2
2.12 94.19 40.6
1.91 89.60
41.1
2.18 100. 08 41.7
1.94 89.13
40.7
2.19 99.29
41.2
1.96 90.83
41.1
2.21 101.82 41.9
1.97 89. 32 40.6
2.20 99.12 41.3
2.01 89.15 39.8 2.24 99.39 40.9
2.01 86. 30 38.7 2. 23 95. 83 39.6
2. 01 86. 75 38.9 2. 23 96.80 40.0
2.01 87. 25 39.3 2.22 95.83 39.6
2.02 88.36 39.8 2.22 98.17 40.4
Canning and
Seafood, canned
Ice cream and ices
preserving 2
cured

$75.03
78.17
78. 38
78.94
79.27
77. 71
78. 69
77. 99
79.18
80. IS
80. 60
79.80
79. 60
79.80
81.20

$1.73 $77. 65
1.85 81.90
1.83 82. 60
1.85 83.89
1.85 86.29
1.84 81.51
1.87 82.37
1.87 82.59
1.89 81.39
1.92 82. 57
1.94 83.38
1.93 83.60
1.96 83.00
1.97 84.62
1.97 84.64

41.0
40.5
40.4
40.9
41.5
40.9
41.2
40.2
40.4
40.7
40.1
39.7
39.6
39.7
40.2

42.2
42.0
42.8
42.8
43.8
41.8
41.6
41.5
40.9
41.7
41.9
41.8
41.5
42.1
41.9

$1.84 $62.02
1.95 63. 57
1.93 62. 58
1.96 61.18
1.97 64.17
1.95 65.93
1.98 66.42
1.99 62. 65
1.99 60. 64
1.98 63.84
1.99 64.98
2.00 63.41
2. 00 62.87
2. 01 64. 70
2.02 65.32

39.5
39.0
37.7
38.0
41.4
40.7
41.0
38.2
37.2
38.0
38.0
37.3
37.2
37.4
38.2

$1.57 $50. 66
1.63 51.88
1.66 53.80
1.61 50.24
1.55 54. 77
1.62 51.34
1.62 58.13
1.64 50. 66
1.63 47.08
1.68 50.45
1.71 54.48
1.70 50.45
1.69 52.87
1.73 56. 92
1.71 55.93

30.7
30.7
31.1
32.0
33.6
30.2
33.6
29.8
26.6
28.5
30.1
28.5
29.7
31.8
30.9

Sausages and casings

$2.18 $85.08
41.5 $2.05
2.34 88. 51 40.6
2.18
2. 31 88. 97 41.0
2.17
2.31 91.12
41.8
2.18
2. 33 91.10
41.6
2.19
2. 32 88.73
40.7
2.18
2.40 89. 95 40.7
2.21
2. 41 90. 72 40.5
2.24
2.43 92.89
41.1
2. 26
2.40 91.98
40.7
2. 26
2.43 91.48
40.3
2.27
2. 42 90.12
39.7
2. 27
2. 42 89.72
39.7
2.26
2. 42 90.12
39.7
2.27
2.43 93.25
40.9
2.28
and Canned fruits, vege­
tables, and soups
$1.65 $66.14
1.69 66.83
1.73 66.64
1.57 64.08
1.63 67.32
1.70 69.14
1.73 68.30
1.70 65.90
1.77 63.73
1.77 67.37
1.81 68.29
1.77 66.33
1.78 64.70
1.79 69.12
1.81 68. 50

41.6
40.5
39.2
38.6
44.0
41.9
41.9
39.7
39.1
39.4
38.8
37.9
37.4
38.4
38.7

Dairy products 2
$74. 65
77. 83
77. 71
78.87
80. 85
78.26
78.73
77. 38
77.42
78. 96
80.41
79.42
78.47
80.06
80. 64

42.9
42.3
42.7
43.1
43.7
42.3
42.1
41.6
41.4
42.0
42.1
41.8
41.3
41.7
42.0

$1.74
1.84
1.82
1.83
1.85
1.85
1.87

1.86
1.88

1.87

1.91
1.90
1.90
1.92
1.92

Grain-mill products2

$1.59 $80.97
1.65 85.50
1.70 83.61
1.66 83. 66
1.53 86.72
1.65 87. 56
1.63 90.74
1.66 88.24
1.63 85. 85
1.71 87. 67
1.76 88. 51
1.75 88. 54
1.73 87.70
1.80 87.49
1.77 86.88

43.3
43.4
43.1
43.8
44.7
44.0
44.7
43.9
42.5
43.4
43.6
43.4
43.2
43.1
42.8

$1.87
1.97
1.94
1.91
1.94
1.99
2.03

2.01
2.02
2.02
2.03
2.04
2. 03
2.03
2.03

939

C.— E A R N I N G S A N D H O U R S

T able

C -l.

Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
ho u rs

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
ings

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
ho u rs

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

Y e a r a n d m o n th

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
ings

M a n u fa e tu rin g —C o n tin u e d
N o n d u ra b le goods—C o n tin u e d
F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts —C o n tin u e d

Flour and other grainmill products
1956: A v erag e-------$84. 73
1957: A v erag e..........
88.88
M a y ____ ____
85. 50
J u n e ______
86.17
J u ly __________
89.49
A u g u s t----------90.20
S e p te m b e r___
95.10
90.64
O cto b e r___
N o v e m b e r____ 89. 63
D e c e m b e r-----91. 26
1958: J a n u a r y ______
92.12
F e b r u a r y ------90.00
M a r c h _______
90.64
A p ril_________
89. 38
M a y ______ _ 88.36

43.9
44.0
43.4
43.3
44.3
44.0
45.5
44.0
43.3
44.3
44.5
43.9
44.0
43.6
43.1

$1.93 $76. 65
2.02 80. 59
1.97 79.17
1.99 80.10
2. 02 81.99
2.05 81.35
2.09 82.40
2.06 82. 21
2. 07 80.33
2.06 82.84
2. 07 84.42
2. 05 82. 32
2.06 82. 27
2.05 84. 29
2.05 81.65

Cane-sugar refining
1956: A v erag e______ $87. 36
1957: A v erag e--------92.60
M a y __ ______
91.10
J u n e _____
-- 102.38
J u l y --------------96. 78
A u g u s t ------90. 86
S e p te m b e r___
92. 80
O c to b e r______
93. 91
N o v e m b e r____ 91.84
D e c e m b e r____
94. 33
1958: J a n u a r y --------93.60
F e b r u a r y ------89. 60
M a r c h ___
90. 97
A p ril_________
97. 76
M a y _________
90.91

42.0
41.9
41.6
45.3
43.4
41.3
41.8
42.3
41.0
42.3
41.6
40.0
39.9
41.6
39.7

Prepared feeds
43.8
43.8
43.5
44.5
45.3
44.7
44.3
44.2
42.5
43.6
44.2
43.1
43.3
43.9
43.2

$1. 75 $73.08
1. 84 75.76
1.82 75. 55
1. 80 76.89
1.81 77.49
1.82 76.33
1. 86 76.17
1. 86 76.40
1. 89 77.01
1.90 77. 39
1.91 76.81
1.91 77.42
1.90 77. 21
1.92 77.61
1.89 78.79

43.1
43.1
37.2
40.2
40.3
35.3
42.4
41.6
49.1
49.7
44.1
41.2
38.3
37.4
40.7

40.6
40.3
40.4
40.9
41.0
40.6
40.3
40.0
39.9
40.1
39.8
39.7
39.8
39.8
40.2

$1.80 $62.00
1.87 04. 48
2.00 63.73
2. 03 66.26
1.98 64. 22
2.00 65. 77
1. 98 66. 67
1.75 64. 55
1. 77 64.15
1.84 64.08
1.91 65. 74
2. 06 64.68
2.19 64. 68
2.13 65. 02
2.01 65.02

40.0
39.8
39.1
40.4
39.4
40.6
40.9
39.6
39.6
39.8
39.6
39.2
39.2
38.7
38.7

Bread and other
bakery products

$1.80 $74. 89
1.88 77. 76
1.87 77. 55
1.88 78. 53
1.89 78.94
1.88 78.14
1.89 78. 57
1.91 78. 59
1.93 79.19
1. 93 78. 99
1.93 78.01
1.95 78.80
1.94 78.60
1.95 79.00
1.96 80.80

C o n fec tio n ery a n d
re la te d p r o d u c t s 2

Beet sugar

$2.08 $77. 58
2.21 80.60
2.19 74.40
2. 26 81. 61
2. 23 79. 79
2. 20 70. 60
2. 22 83.95
2. 22 72. 80
2. 24 86.91
2. 23 91.45
2.25 84.23
2. 24 84. 87
2.28 83. 88
2.35 79.66
2. 29 81.81

B a k e ry p r o d u c t s 2

40.7
40.5
40.6
40.9
40.9
40.7
40.5
40.3
40.2
40.3
39.8
39.8
39.9
39.9
40.4

$1.84 $65.84
1.92 68. 51
1.91 67. 72
1.92 70. 35
1.93 71.97
1.92 69.37
1.94 68.11
1.95 68. 64
1.97 70. 20
1. 96 71.13
1.96 72.07
1.98 71.71
1.97 71.31
1.98 71. 89
2.00 71. 50

Confectionery

$1. 55 $59. 70
1.62 62.17
1.63 61.15
1.64 63. 92
1.63 61.62
1.62 63.99
1. 63 64.87
1.63 62.09
1.62 61.70
1.61 61.78
1. 66 63.60
1.65 62. 72
1. 65 62.40
1.68 62. 76
1.68 62. 59

39.8
39.6
38.7
40.2
39.0
40.5
40.8
39.3
39.3
39.6
39.5
39.2
39.0
38.5
38.4

Biscuits, crackers,
and pretzels
39.9
39.6
39.6
40.9
41.6
40.1
39.6
39.0
39.0
39.3
39.6
39.4
39.4
39.5
39.5

$1. 65 $79. 98
1.73 84. 44
1.71 83.62
1. 72 92. 44
1.73 87.78
1.73 81.14
1. 72 85.90
1.76 78.81
1. 80 87. 50
1.81 89.89
1.82 86.20
1.82 85.08
1.81 84.65
1.82 88.34
1.81 84.40

40.2
39.9
40.1
40.6
41.4
40.6
40.0
39.3
39.1
39.6
39.2
39.0
39.3
39.3
40.5

$2.13 $64. 68
2. 23 67.48
2. 23 67. 23
2. 26 70. 98
2. 25 72. 54
2. 23 69.28
2. 24 69.21
2.23 65. 61
2. 24 65.36
2.26 67. 56
2. 26 65. 93
2.26 65.36
2. 26 66. 50
2. 25 67. 40
2. 30 68. 48

F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts —C o n tin u e d

Distilled, rectified, and
blended liquors

M alt liquors
1956: A v erag e-------1957: A v erag e--------M a y ____ - _
J u n e _________
J u l y __________
A u g u s t_____ S e p te m b e r___
O c to b e r______
N o v e m b e r____
D e c e m b e r____
1958: J a n u a r y --------F e b r u a r y ------M a rc h _______
A p r il.. .
M a y _________

$103. 34
107. 44
108.13
111.35
112. 74
109. 73
108. 08
106.15
105.49
109. 30
107. 25
106. 70
107. 92
107. 75
116.03

39.9
39.5
39.9
40.2
40.7
39.9
39.3
38.6
38.5
39.6
39.0
38.8
39.1
38.9
41.0

$2. 59 $81.90
2. 72 84.42
2.71 83. 54
2. 77 84.42
2. 77 86.02
2. 75 85. 69
2. 75 84. 52
2. 75 84. 97
2. 74 86.19
2. 76 83. 22
2.75 85.57
2. 75 84.22
2. 76 83. 78
2.77 82.43
2. 83 84.90

39.0
38. 2
37.8
38.2
39.1
38.6
37.9
38.8
39.0
38.0
38.2
37.6
37.4
36.8
37.9

M iscellan eo u s food
p ro d u c ts 2

$2.10 $72. 92
2.21 76.86
2. 21 74.12
2.21 76.18
2.20 77.61
2. 22 78.06
2.23 78. 69
2.19 77.49
2.21 78.12
2.19 78. 69
2. 24 79.30
2. 24 79.90
2. 24 79. 54
2. 24 78. 36
2. 24 79. 52

41.2
41.1
40.5
41.4
41.5
41.3
41.2
41.0
40.9
41.2
41.3
41.4
41.0
40.6
41.2

41.4
41.2
41.3
41.6
42. 2
i2. 3
41.5
41.6
41.0
40.8
41.4
41. 5
40. 1
41.3
40.9

Manufactured ice

$2.09 $69. 55
2.21 73. 43
2.15 72. 90
2.18 72. 70
2. 26 74. 49
2. 27 73. 54
2. 28 74. 09
2. 29 71.81
2. 29 74.12
2. 26 75.10
2. 25 74. 48
2. 27 73.95
2. 26 75. 86
2. 30 75.07
2.31 75.41

C igars

1956: A v e ra g e . . . . . $70. 88
1957: A v erag e______
73.60
M a y . . ______
77.19
J u n e _________
74. 59
J u ly __________
81.16
A u g u s t_______
72. 29
S e p te m b e r___
72. 62
O c to b e r. ---68.98
N o v e m b e r___
72. 74
D e c e m b e r____
75. 2C
1958: J a n u a r y ______
76.11
F e b r u a r y ____
70. 49
M a rc h _______
70.31
A p ril ----------77. 5i
M a y ________
75. 6f

40.5
40.1
41.5
40.
43.4
39.5
39.9
37.
38.9
40.
40.7
38.
37.
40.
39.4

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$1. 75 $47. 63
1.84 49. 63
1.86 48.86
1.86 49.63
1.87 47. 78
1.83 50. 27
1.82 52.38
1.82 52.9C
1. 87 52. 7£
. 88 51.0£
1.87 49. 98
49.71
1.8;
1.86 4 9 . 14
1.91 48.06
1.92 50. 7C

1

37.5
37.6
37.3
37.6
36.2
37.8
38.8
38.9
38.5
38.
37.2
37.
36.
35.6
37.2

T o b a cco a n d sn u ff

$1.27 $57.13
1.32 60. 75
1.31 59.98
1. 32 61. 94
1. 32 62.16
1.33 62.48
1.35 61.61
1.3C 60. 47
1.37 61.38
1.31 62.32
1. 31 62. 46
1.31 61.62
1. 3£ 61. 12
1. 35 60. 92
1.36 62. 56

37.1
37.5
36.8
38.0
37.9
38.
37.8
37.1
37.2
38. C
37.4
36.
36.6
36.7
37.2

41.2
41.4
41.5
42.5
43.7
42.5
42.2
40.5
40.1
40.7
40.2
40.1
40.8
41.1
41.5

$1.57
1.63
1. 62
1.67
1.66
1.63
1.64
1.62
1.63
1.66
1.64
1.63
1.63
1.64
1.65

44.3
44. 5
45.0
44.6
45.7
44.3
44.1
43.0
43.6
44.7
44.6
43.5
43.6
43.9
44. 1

T o ta l: T o b acco
m a n u fa c tu re s

$1. 57 $56.02
1. 65 58.67
1.62 61.78
1.63 60. 99
1.63 63. 76
1.66 56.83
1.68 57. 71
1. 67 55.92
1.70 57.60
1. 68 60. 21
1.67 60.84
1. 70 59.12
1.74 58.99
1.71 62.70
1. 71 63.20

38.9
38.6
39.1
38.6
39.6
38.4
39.8
38.3
37.4
39.1
39.0
37.9
37.1
38.0
38.3

$1. 44
1. 52
1. 58
1. 58
1.61
1.48
1.45
1.46
1. 54
1. 54
1. 56
1.56
1.59
1. 65
1. 65

T e x tile-m ill p ro d u c ts

T o b a cco m a n u fa c tu re s —C o n tin u e d

C ig a rettes

$1.86
1.95
2.08
2.13
2.09
2.07
2.06
1.89
1.75
1. 78
2.00
2.05
2.09
2.16
2.11

Tobacco m a n u factu res

Corn sirup, sugar,
oil, and starch

$1.77 $86. 53
1.87 91.05
1.83 88.80
1.84 90. 69
1.87 95. 37
1. 89 96. 02
1.91 94.62
1.89 95. 26
1.91 93.89
1.91 92.21
1.92 93.15
1.93 94. 21
1. 94 90. 63
1.93 94.99
1.93 94. 48

43.0
43.3
40.2
43.4
42.0
39.2
41.7
41.7
50.0
50.5
43.1
41.5
40.5
40.9
40.0

Bottled soft drinks

B ev erag es 2

$1. 50 $85. 63
1. 57 88. 98
1.58 89.42
1.59 91.76
1.58 93.15
1. 58 90. 54
1. 59 89. 60
1.58 87. 64
1. 57 87.58
1. 56 89. 50
1.61 88. 59
1.60 88.14
1.60 88.82
1. 63 88.43
1.63 93.15

S u g ar 2

T o b acco s te m m in g
a n d re d ry in g

$1. 54 $47.04
1.62 48.13
1.63 56.36
1. 63 54. 52
1.64 55.15
1.64 45.48
1.63 47. 85
1.63 45.19
1.65 41.54
1.64 51.08
1.67 50. 44
52. 27
1.67
1.67
51. 99
1. 66 54.83
1.68
56. 4f

39.2
38.2
38.6
37.6
38.3
37.9
40.9
38.3
33.5
39.6
39.
39.3
37.4
36.8
37.6

T o ta l: T e x tile-m ill
p ro d u c ts

$1.20 $57.42
1. 26 58. 35
1. 46 57.60
1.45 58. 35
1.44 57.90
1.20 58. 65
1.17 59.04
1.18 59. 04
1.24 58. 29
1. 2S 58. 35
1. 2E 58.40
1.33
56. 7C
1. 3S 56.4C
1. 49 54. 9C
1. 5f 55.9?

39.6
38.9
38.4
38.9
38.6
39.
39.1
39.1
38.6
38.9
37.6
37.8
37.6
36.6
37.

S couring a n d co m b ­
in g p la n ts

$1.45 $66. 08
1. 50 64. 32
1.50 65.92
1. 50 68.20
1.50 69.47
1. 50 62.81
1. 51 64. 08
1.51 59. 84
1.51 60. 70
1.50 63.12
1.50 60. 92
1.5C 63. 60
1. 5C 61. 39
1. 5C 62.61
1. 5C 63. 2C

41.3
40.2
41.2
42.1
42.1
39.5
40.3
37.4
37.7
39.7
38.8
40.0
39.
39.9
40. f

$1.60
1.60
1.60
1.62
1. 65
1. 59
1.59
1.60
1.61
1. 59
1. 57
1. 59
1.57
1. 57
1.58

940
T able

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , A U G U S T 1958

C -l.

Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry *■—Con.

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly.
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ hours earn­ earn­ hours earn­ earn­ hours earn­
ings
ings ings
ings ings
ings ings
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Nondurable goods—Continued
Textile-mill products—Continued

1956: Average----1957: Average----May____-June__ ...
July______
August----September--October____
November__
December__
1958: January----February---March___ .
April_____
May_____

Yarn and thread
Y a r n m ills
mills 2
$52.39 39.1 $1.34 $52.53 39.2
52. 72 38.2 1.38 53.10 38.2
52.30 37.9 1.38 52.54 37.8
52.85 38.3 1.38 53.24 38.3
53.10 38.2 1.39 53.10 38.2
52. 61 38.4 1.37 52.61 38.4
52. 58 38.1 1.38 52.44 38.0
52.44 38.0 1.38 52.54 37.8
51. 61 37.4 1.38 51.85 37.3
52.16 37.8 1.38 52.16 37.8
50.23 36.4 1.38 50.09 36.3
50.09 36.3 1.38 49.82 36.1
49.62 35.7 1.39 49.35 35.5
48.51 34.9 1.39 47.96 34.5
48. 99 35.5 1.38 49.07 35.3
C o tto n , s ilk , s y n th e tic
fib e r -

1956: Average----1957: Average---May__ ___
June___ ...
July______
August--- September__
October.---November__
December__
1958: January---February---March____
April__ ...
May____ .

-Continued
South
$54.00 40.0 $1.35
54.85 38.9 1.41
53. 72 38.1 1.41
54.00 38.3 1.41
53.86 38.2 1.41
54.85 38.9 1.41
55.38 39.0 1.42
56. 63 39.6 1.43
56.20 39.3 1.43
56.23 39.6 1.42
53.30 37.8 1.41
53.30 37.8 1. 41
52.88 37.5 1.41
50.54 36.1 1.40
51.38 36.7 1.40
F u ll-fa s h io n e d
h o s ie r y

1956: Average----1957: Average----May__
June______
July______
August____
September__
October___
November._
December__
1958: January.
February---March__ _
April___ ..
M’ay..........
1956: Average...
1957: Average___
May.. ... ..
June____ .
July--------August..__
September__
October. . „ .
November__
December__
1958: January...
February___
March____
April___
May_____

$1.34 $52.79
1.39 55.13
1.39 54.88
1.39 54.46
1.39 54. 85
1.37 56.09
1.38 55.98
1.39 56.52
1.39 54. 43
1.38 54.99
1.38 53.16
1.38 53.30
1.39 52.45
1.39 53. 72
1.39 49.07

41.6
40.8
41.7
42.0
41.6
41.3
41.4
39.4
38.1
39.3
38.3
39.4
39.9
39.4
40.6

$1.57
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.59
1.60
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.60

39.1
39.1
39.2
38.9
38.9
39.5
39.7
39.8
38.6
39.0
37.7
37.8
37.2
38.1
34.8

$1.35
1.41
1.40
1.40
1.41
1.42
1.41
1.42
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41

Narrowfabrics and
$58.51
60.80
60.10
61. 41
51.51
60.80
61.97
61.14
60.14
60. 74
59.67
58.22
58.37
57. 68
58. 75

39.8
40.0
39.8
40.4
40.2
40.0
40.5
39.7
38.8
39.7
39.0
38.3
38.4
38.2
38.4

Broad-woven fabric
mills 2
United States
North
$56.28 40.2 $1.40 $54. 66 39.9 $1.37 $58.46 39.5
56.70 39.1 1.45 55.63 38.9 1.43 58.52 38.5
55.97 38.6 1.45 54.10 38.1 1.42 57.61 37.9
56.41 38.9 1.45 54.91 38.4 1.43 59.67 39.0
56.26 38.8 1.45 54. 77 38.3 1.43 59. 98 39.2
56.99 39.3 1.45 55.77 39.0 1.43 60.74 39.7
57.52 39.4 1.46 56.30 39.1 1.44 60.83 39.5
57. 67 39.5 1.46 56.88 39.5 1.44 59.36 38.8
56.94 39.0 1.46 56.30 39.1 1.44 57. 68 37.7
57.28 39.5 1.45 56.49 39.5 1.43 59.58 39.2
54. 96 37.9 1.45 54.20 37.9 1.43 58.22 38.3
55.10 38.0 1.45 54. 20 37.9 1.43 58.06 38.2
54.81 37.8 1.45 53. 25 37.5 1.42 56.85 37.4
52. 85 36.7 1.44 51.18 36.3 1.41 56.47 37.4
53.71 37.3 1.44 52.40 36.9 1.42 57. 61 37.9
Knitting mills 2

$1.47 $53. 68
1.52 54.09
1.51 53. 73
1.52 54. 60
1.53 53. 94
1.52 54.96
1.53 55.33
1.54 55.19
1. 55 54.31
1. 53 54.17
1.53 51. 98
1.52 52.85
1.52 53.14
1.51 51.74
1.53 53.29

S e a m l e s s h o s ie r y

37.8
37.3
36.8
37.4
37.2
37.9
37.9
37.8
37.2
37.1
35.6
36.2
36.4
35.2
36.5

$1.48
1.52
1.52
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.54
1.53
1.53
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.51
1.52

F u l l - f a s h i o n e d h o s ie r y

United States
$1.42 $58.98 38.3 $1.54
1.45 57.51 37.1 1.55
1.46 55.80 36.0 1.55
1.46 54.41 35.1 1.55
1.45 54.10 34.9 1.55
1.45 55.90 36.3 1.54
1. 46 56.06 36.4 1.54
1.46 58.28 37.6 1.55
1.46 58.83 38.2 1.54
1.46 58.83 38.2 1.54
1.46 56.83 36.9 1.54
1.46 57.68 37.7 1.53
1.46 58. 60 38.3 1.53
1.47 55.94 36.8 1.52
1.46 57.07 37.3 1.53

$58. 82
59.68
57.60
58.06
58.37
59.21
61.23
62.09
62.64
59.90
58.30
56.06
55.72
55.48
59.82

North
38.7
38.5
37.4
37.7
37.9
38.2
39.0
39.3
39.9
38.4
36.9
36.4
36.9
36.5
38.1

$1.52
1.55
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.55
1.57
1.58
1.57
1.56
1.58
1.54
1.51
1.52
1.57

—Continued
u n i t o u te r w e a r
j\.n u u n a e rw e a r
South
United States
North
South
$59. 21 38.2 $1.55 $46. 21 36.1 $1.28 $49.40 38.0 $1.30 $45.82 35.8 $1.28 $56.15 38.2 $1.47 $49.78 38.0 $1.31
56.73 36.6 1.55 48.55 36.5 1.33 51.14 37.6 1.36 48.28 36.3 1.33 57.30 37.7 1.52 50.69 37.0
55.22 35.4 1.56 47.88 36.0 1.33 51.17 37.9 1.35 47.48 35.7 1.33 57.00 37.5 1.52 50.05 36.8 1.37
1.36
53. 20 34.1 1.56 49.21 37.0 1.33 51.05 38.1 1.34 48.94 36.8 1.33 58.75 38.4 1.53 51.14 37.6 1.36
52.08 33.6 1.55 47.95 36.6 1.31 52.11 38.6 1.35 47.19 36.3 1.30 59.14 38.4 1.54 50.86 37.4 1.36
54.67 35.5 1.54 49.63 37.6 1.32 52.26 39.0 1.34 49.37 37.4 1.32 59.75 38.8 1.54 51.14 37.6 1.36
54.01 35.3 1.53 49.34 37.1 1.33 52.90 38.9 1.36 48.94 36.8 1.33 60. 21 39.1 1.54 52.03 37.7 1.38
56.46 36.9 1.53 50.25 37.5 1.34 52. 85 38.3 1.38 49.74 37.4 1.33 58.06 37.7 1.54 51.75 37.5 1.38
57.22 37.4 1.53 49.41 36.6 1.35 52.72 38.2 1.38 48.64 36.3 1.34 57.07 37.3 1.53 49.82 36.1
58.29 38.1 1.53 49.01 36.3 1.35 48.50 35.4 1.37 49.14 36.4 1.35 55.48 36.5 1.52 50.42 36.8 1.38
1.37
56.46 36.9 1.53 47.06 34.6 1.36 48.93 35.2 1.39 46.92 34.5 1.36 52.74 34.7 1.52 49.82 36.1 1.38
58.45 38.2 1.53 47.46 34.9 1.36 52.59 37.3 1.41 46.71 34.6 1.35 54. 26 35.7 1.52 49.54 35.9 1.38
3fi 3
49 Qfi
59.36 38.8 1.53 47.54 34. 7 1 37 50. 82 30 3 1 40 40 Q2 84 0 1 80
56.09 36. 9 1. 52 45.02 33.1 1.36 51.52 36.8 1.40 44 34 32 6 1. 36 S4 93 25 9 1 d2 47 33 34 3 1 3ft
55.87 37.0 1.51 46.98 34.8 1.35 50. 87 36.6 1.39 46.36 34.6 1.34 57.22 37.4 1.53 48.99 35.5 1.38
Dyeingand finishing D y e i n g a n d f i n i s h i n g Carpets, rugs, other W o o l c a r p e t s , r u g s , Hats (except cloth Miscellaneous textile
textiles 2
te x tile s ( e x c e p t w o o l)
floor coverings 2
an d carpet yarn
and millinery)
goods 2
$65.92 41.2 $1.60 $65.51 41.2 $1.59 $74.16 41.2 $1.80 $73.26 40.7 $1.80 $57.38 35.2 $1.63 $66.83 40.5 $1.65
66.99 40.6 1.65 66.58 40.6 1.61 74.70 40.6 1.81 72.25 39.7 1.82 59.04 36.0 1.64 69.03 39.9 1.73
66.83 40.5 1.65 66.09 40.3 1.61 73.05 39.7 1.81 71.16 39.1 1.82 58.48 36.1 1.62 66.98 39.4 1.70
69.22 41.7 1.66 68.81 41.7 1.65 72.29 39.5 1.82 68.76 38.2 1.80 59.76 36.0 1.66 69.20 40.0
65.60 40.0 1.64 64.87 39.8 l. 6a 72.07 39.6 1.82 68.76 38.2 1.80 59.01 36.2 1.63 69.77 40.1 1.73
1.74
67.16 40.7 1.65 66.42 40.5 1.61 73.71 40.5 1.82 72.07 39.6 1.82 62.16 37.9 1.64 69.48 39.7 1.75
67.16 40.7 1. 65 66.42 40.5 1.61 75.67 40.9 1.85 72.47 39.6 1.83 61.38 37.2 1.65 70.35 40.2 1.75
67.16 40.7 1.65 66.91 40.8 1.61 75.44 41.0 1.81 71.55 39.1 1.83 58.91 35.7 1.65 70. 22 39.9 1.76
66.73 40.2 1.66 66.83 40.5 1.65 74. 77 40.2 1.86 69.32 38.3 1.81 61.62 36.9 1.67 70.31 39.5 1.78
66.50 40. c 1.65 66. 75 40.7 1.61 75.33 40.5 1.86 71.74 39.2 1.83 63.79 38.2 1.67 69. 65 39.8 1.75
64.12 39.1 1.61 64.22 39.4 1.61 76.8S 40.9 1.88 74.59 40.1 1.86 60.26 37.2 1.62 66.85 38.2 1.75
66.50 40.3 1.65 66.42 40.5 1.61 75.14 40.4 1.86 72.86 39.6 1.81 59.29 36.6 1.62 66.78 38.6 1.73
65.11 39.7 1.64 65.04 39.9 1.62 75.71 40.5 1.87 71.39 38.8 1.84 57.35 35.4 1.62 66.78 38.6 1. 73
64.12 39.1 1.64 63.9C 39.2 1.62 73.70 39.2 1.88 68. 63 37.5 1.83 54.42 33.8 1.61 65. 53 38.1 1.72
65.04 39.9 1.63 65.04 39.9 1.63 73.70 39.2 1.88 68.80 37.8 1.82 59.20 36.1 1.64 66. 43 38.4 1.73

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

C o t t o n , s i l k , s y n t h e t i c f ib e r

T h re a d m ills

W o o le n a n d w o r s te d

$65.31
65.28
66.72
67. 20
66.56
65.67
66. 24
62. 65
60.58
62.49
60. 90
62.65
63.44
62. 65
64.96

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly.
.earn­ hours earn­ earn­ hours earn­
ings
ings ings
ings

O.— E A R N I N G S A N D H O U R S

T able

C -l.

941

H o u rs an d gross ea rn in g s o f p ro d u ctio n or n o n su p erv iso ry w ork ers, b y in d u s t r y 1— Con.
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly.
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
earn­
earn­
earn­
earn­
earn­ earn­ wkly. earn­ earn­ wkly. earn­
ings
ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours ings
Manufacturing—Continued

Year and month

Nondurable goods—Continued
Textile-mill products—Continued
Felt goods (except
woven felts and hats)

1956: Average_____ $71. 86
1957: Average......... 73.28
May_______ 71.23
June_______ 73.49
July________ 72. 52
August_____
73. 70
September__ 73.32
October_____ 77. 42
November___ 74. 77
December___ 72.91
1958: January_____ 71.24
February___
70.68
March_____
72. 58
April_______ 69.92
May____ ...
73.15

40.6
39.4
38.5
39.3
39.2
39.2
39.0
41.4
40.2
39.2
38.3
37.2
38.2
36.8
37.9

$1.77
1. 86
1.85
1.87
1.85
1.88
1.88
1.87
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.93

Lace goods

$66. 43
67.32
67.13
68.80
69.36
67. 51
68.99
66.98
66.41
66. 57
63. 72
64. 38
65. 30
65. 87
64.05

38.4
37.4
37.5
37.8
37.9
37.3
37.7
36.8
37.1
37.4
35.4
37.0
37.1
36.8
36.6

$1.73
1. 80
1. 79
1. 82
1.83
1.81
1.83
1. 82
1. 79
1. 78
1.80
1. 74
1.76
1.79
1.75

Paddings and upholstery filling

Processed waste and
recovered fibers

$68. 74
71.46
69.49
69.95
71.28
70.45
70. 84
70.27
73.02
72. 80
68.38
66. 73
67.46
66.70
68. 56

$54.10
57. 40
57.26
58.66
58.80
57. 82
58. 66
57. 37
56.09
58. 52
57. 34
57.17
58.00
57.74
58.15

40.2
40.6
40.4
40.2
40.5
39.8
39.8
39.7
39.9
40.0
38.2
37.7
37.9
37.9
38.3

$1. 71
1. 76
1. 72
1.74
1. 76
1.77
1.78
1.77
1. 83
1.82
1. 79
1. 77
1.78
1.76
1.79

41.3
41.0
40.9
41.6
41.7
41.3
41.6
40.4
39.5
41.5
40.1
39.7
40.0
40.1
40.1

Artificial leather, oilcloth, and other coated
fabrics

$1.31 $87. 40
1.40 92. 66
1.40 86.53
1.41 93. 07
1.41 97.00
1.40 97. 43
1.41 100.32
1.42 98.10
1.42 99.23
1.41 95.70
1.43 89.24
1.44 87. 97
1.45 86.71
1.44 83. 74
1.45 86.69

43.7
43.5
41.8
43.9
44.7
44.9
45.6
45.0
44.7
43.9
41.7
41.3
40.9
39.5
40.7

$2.00
2.13
2. 07
2.12
2.17
2.17
2.20
2.18
2.22
2.18
2.14
2.13
2.12
2.12
2.13

Cordage and twine

$57.28
58. 44
57.15
57.68
57.83
58. 67
59. 67
58.82
57. 53
59. 36
55. 78
58.98
58.37
57. 53
57. 83

39.5 $1.45
38.7 1.51
1.50
38.1
38.2 1.51
38.3 1. 51
38.6 1.52
39.0 1. 53
38.7 1.52
37.6 1.53
38.8 1.53
36.7 1.52
38.3 1.54
37.9 1.54
37.6 1.53
37.8 1.53

Apparel and other finished textile products
Total: Apparel and
other finished textile
products
1956: Average_____ $52. 64
1957: Average.......... 53.64
May_______
52. 98
June_______
52. 98
July................ 54.15
August........... 55.20
September___ 55.42
October_____ 53. 49
November___ 53.10
December___ 52.80
1958: Januarv_____ 53. 00
February........ 52. 65
March______ 51. 70
April_______ 51. 75
May_______
52.20

36.3
36.0
35.8
35.8
38.1
36.8
36.7
35.9
35.4
35.2
35.1
35.1
34.7
34.5
34.8

$1.45
1.49
1.48
1.48
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.49
1. 50
1.50
1.51
1.50
1. 49
1.50
1.50

Women’s outerwear2

1956: Average_____ $57. 02
1957: Average_____ 58.10
May....... ........ 57. 70
June___ ___ 55. 42
July------------ 59.33
August_____ 60. 84
September___ 59. 49
October_____ 56.60
November___ 56. 27
December___ 55. 26
1958: January.......... 57. 27
February___
57.95
March___ __ 54. 78
April_______ 57. 45
May_______ 57. 96

35.2
35.0
35.4
34.0
34.9
36.0
35.2
34.3
34.1
33.9
34.5
34.7
33.0
34.4
34.5

$1.62
1.66
1.63
1. 63
1.70
1.69
1.69
1.65
1. 65
1.03
1.66
1. 67
1.66
1. 67
1.68

Corsets and allied
garments

1956: Average_____ $51. 62
1957: Average_____ 52.63
May_______ 51.74
52.41
June_______
July________ 51. 62
August_____
52. 92
September___ 53. 72
October_____ 52.10
November___ 52.48
December___ 51.74
1958: January_____ 52. 45
February........ 51.65
March______ 52.10
April_____
51.70
May_______ 52. 80

$63.12
63.01
63. 37
64. 08
63.90
64.62
63.90
61.42
60.34
60.54
60.02
58. 61
58. 43
56. 14
59. 85

36.7
35.6
35.8
35.8
36.1
36.1
35.7
34.7
33.9
34.4
34.1
33.3
33.2
31.9
34.2

$1.72
1. 77
1. 77
1. 79
1.77
1. 79
1.79
1. 77
1. 78
1. 76
1. 76
1.76
1. 76
1.76
1. 75

Women’s dresses

$55. 62
56.03
58.03
53.09
54.42
58.19
57. 75
55. 24
53. 92
53. 61
55. 24
55.38
49. 41
61.25
60.03

35.2
34.8
35.6
33.6
33.8
35.7
35.0
34.1
33.7
33.3
34.1
34.4
30.5
35.2
34.3

$1.58
1.61
1. 63
1.58
1.61
1.63
1. 65
1.62
1.60
1.61
1.62
1. 61
1.62
1.74
1. 75

36.7
35.9
31.0
32.9
34.7
37.3
38.1
35.3
32.8
33.7
31.1
38.8
38.4
33.7
28.5

Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing 2
$45.26
46.23
45.97
46.37
46. 48
47. 63
48.00
46.98
45. 57
45.31
45. 67
44. 96
45.18
44.16
44.16

36.5
36.4
36.2
36.8
36.6
37.5
37.5
36.7
35.6
35.4
35.4
35.4
35.3
34.5
34.5

$1.24
1.27
1.27
1.26
1.27
1.27
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.29
1.27
1.28
1. 28
1.28

Household apparel

$44. 76
46. 44
47. 97
45. 50
45.06
45.44
45. 76
45.89
47.19
46. 96
45.89
44. 98
47.29
47. 52
47. 75

36.1
36.0
36.9
35.0
35.2
35.5
35.2
35.3
36.3
36.4
35.3
34.6
36.1
36.0
35.9

$1.24
1. 29
1.30
1.30
1.28
1.28
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.29
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33

Children’s
outerwear

Millinery

36.1 $1.43 $62.02
35.8 1.47 62.11
35.2 1.47 51.15
35.9 1.46 54. 94
35.6 1.45 58. 64
36.0 1.47 63.41
36.3 1.48 65.91
35.2 1.48 60. 72
35.7 1.47 56. 09
35.2 1.47 57. 96
35.2 1.49 55.36
34.9 1.48 73. 72
35.2 1.48 69. 89
34.7 1.49 61.00
35. 2 1.50 49. 02

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Men’s and boys’
suits and coats

$1.69
1.73
1.65
1.67
1.69
1.70
1.73
1.72
1.71
1. 72
1.78
1.90
1.82
1.81
1.72

$48.44
50. 55
49. 41
51. 61
52.72
51.38
50.51
49. 59
50.01
48.14
49. 87
49.68
49.10
48.06
48.74

36.7 $1. 32
36.9 1.37
36.6 1.35
37.4 1.38
38.2 1.38
37.5 1.37
36.6 1.38
36.2 1.37
36.5 1.37
35.4 1.36
36.4 1.37
36.0 1.38
36.1
1.36
35.6 1.35
36.1 1.35

Shirts, collars, and
nightwear

$45. 88
46.46
45. 57
45. 97
46. 48
47. 74
48.26
47. 86
47.34
46. 57
45.80
45. 44
45.44
44.54
44.16

36.7
36.3
35.6
36.2
36.6
37.3
37.7
37.1
36.7
36.1
35.5
35.5
35.5
34.8
34.5

$1.25
1.28
1.28
1.27
1.27
1.28
1.28
1.29
1. 29
1.29
1.29
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.28

Separate trousers

$46. 49
47.06
46.80
47.19
47.34
48. 23
47.42
45. 92
42. 77
45. 89
48. 31
47.68
47. 78
46. 73
44.98

36.9
36.2
36.0
36.3
36.7
37.1
36.2
35.6
32.9
35.3
36.6
36.4
36.2
35.4
34.6

$1.26
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.29
1. 30
1. 31
1.29
1.30
1.30
1.32
1.31
1.32
1.32
1.30

Work shirts

$40.29
42. 47
42.34
42.92
43.50
43.82
43.15
41.18
41.18
41.65
40.59
42. 46
43.78
42.24
39.20

36.3 $1.11
36.3 1.17
36.5 1.16
37.0 1.16
37.8 1.16
38.1 1.15
37.2 1.16
35.5 1.16
34.9 1.18
35.6 1.17
34.4 1.18
36. 6 1.16
37.1
1.18
35.8 1.18
33.5 1.17

Women’s suits, coats, Women’s and ehil- Underwear and nightand skirts
dren’s undergarments2 wear, except corsets

$68.14
68. 54
63. 70
65. 73
74. 91
75. 03
71.90
65.89
66. 86
63. 83
69. 09
69.63
65.16
57.32
62.73

33.9
33.6
32.5
32.7
35.5
35.9
34.4
32.3
33.1
32.4
33.7
33.8
32.1
29.7
32.5

$2.01
2. 04
1.96
2.01
2.11
2.09
2.09
2.04
2.02
1.97
2. 05
2.06
2.03
1. 93
1.93

Miscellaneous
apparel and
accessories
$49. 71
49. 90
48.16
49.63
50.40
48.79
51.18
51.66
51. 38
51.24
49.07
49.00
49.00
47.80
49. 21

$47. 55
48. 91
47. 57
48.11
48.01
49. 85
51.41
49. 82
49.64
48.20
48.28
48.20
48.69
47.60
47.19

36.3
36.5
35.5
35.9
36.1
37.2
37.8
36.9
36.5
35.7
35.5
35.7
35.8
35.0
34.7

$1.31
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.33
1.34
1.36
1.35
1.36
1.35
1.36
1.35
1.36
1.36
1.36

Other fabricated
textile products 2

37.1 $1. 34 $53. 39
35.9 1.39 56.70
34.4 1.40 55. 35
35.2 1.41 57. 23
36.0 1.40 56.10
35.1 1.39 57. 60
36.3 1. 41 57. 37
36.9 1.40 58.45
36.7 1.40 58. 75
36.6 1.40 59.82
34.8 1.41 55.90
35.0 1.40 54.66
35.0 1.40 55.35
33.9 1.41 54.15
34.9 1.41 56.02

37.6
37.8
37.4
37.9
37.4
38.4
38.5
38.2
37.9
38.1
36.3
36.2
36.9
36.1
37.1

$1.42
1. 50
1.48
1.51
1.50
1.50
1.49
1.53
1.55
1. 57
1. 54
1.51
1.50
1.50
1.51

$45. 38
47. 47
45.70
45.95
46. 46
48.38
50. 44
48.88
48.21
46.31
46.28
46.80
47.29
45. 63
44.85

36.3
36.8
35.7
35.9
36.3
37.8
38.5
37.6
36.8
35.9
35.6
36.0
36.1
35.1
34.5

$1.25
1.29
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.31
1.30
1.31
1.29
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.30
1.30

Curtains, draperies,
and other housefurnishings

$46.98
49.37
46.64
47.92
48.34
50. 05
51.59
51.19
49. 88
50.38
47.97
48.28
49. 71
48.33
49.10

36.7
37.4
35.6
36.3
36.9
38.5
38.5
38.2
37.5
37.6
35.8
36.3
37.1
35.8
36.1

$1.28
1. 32
1.31
1.32
1.31
1.30
1.34
1.34
1.33
1.34
1.34
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.36

942

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , A U G U S T 1958

T able

C -l.

Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

M anufacturing—0 ontinued

Year and month

Nondurable goods—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products—
Continued
Textile bags
1956: Average_____
1957: Average_____
M ay_______
June________
J u ly .......... —
August____ September___
October_____
November___
December___
1958: January_____
February____
March______
April_____ _
M ay________

$57.28
59.40
57. 30
59. 40
60.50
59.15
62. 27
58. 67
59.43
62.22
60. 37
59. 44
59. 75
58. 75
59.60

39.5
39.6
38.2
39.6
39.8
39.7
40.7
38.6
39.1
40.4
39.2
38.6
38.8
37.9
38.7

Canvas products
$1.45
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.52
1.49
1.53
1.52
1. 52
1.54
1.54
1. 54
1. 54
1. 55
1. 54

$ 5 5 .6 6

57. 33
58.69
59.09
59. 45
60.53
55.86
58. 56
56.45
57.08
58.31
58.80
59.25
60.15
63.08

39.2
39.0
40.2
40.2
39.9
38.8
38.0
39.3
38.4
37.8
39.4
39.2
39.5
40.1
41.5

Paper and allied products
Total: Paper and
allied products

$1.42 $83.03
1.47 86. 29
1.46 84. 42
1.47 85. 67
1.49 87.14
1. 56 87. 55
1.47 89.23
1.49 88.19
1.47 87.15
1. 51 87.15
1.48 86.11
1.50 85. 49
1. 50 86.11
1.50 85.69
1.52 86.10

42.8
42.3
42.0
42.2
42.3
42.5
42.9
42.4
41.9
41.9
41.4
41.1
41.4
41.0
41.0

$1. 94 $91. 05
2. 04 94.18
2.01 92. 23
2.03 93.53
2.06 95.48
2.06 95. 26
2. 08 96. 79
2.08 96. 35
2.08 95. 24
2. 08 95.90
2. 08 94. 37
2.08 93.26
2. 08 93.48
2.09 93. 04
2.10 93. 02

Paper and allied products—Continued
Fiber cans, tubes, and
drums
1956: Average-------- $79. 56
1957: Average_____ 83.01
May_. ------- 81.80
June________ 84. 87
July------------- 83.01
August______ 82.62
September----- 84. 24
October_____
84.38
November___ 85.20
December___
86.03
1958: January_____ 83.10
February____ 81.27
M arch______
87. 95
April________ 82. 60
M ay________ 84.63

40.8 $1.95
40.1
2.07
2. 05
39.9
2. 07
41.0
40.1
2.07
40.3
2.05
2. 08
40.5
2.12
39.8
2.13
40.0
2.14
40.2
2. 12
39.2
38.7
2.10
41. 1 2.14
2.14
38.6
39.0
2.17

Other paper and
allied products
$72.92
76.07
74.89
7 5 . 85
76.67
77. 64
78.81
77. 71
77.36
77. 93
76. 97
76. 97
77. 36
76. 99
76. 61

41.2
40.9
40.7
41.0
41.0
41.3
41.7
40.9
40.5
40.8
40.3
40.3
40.5
40.1
39.9

Pulp, paper, and
paperboard mills
44.2
43.4
43.3
43.1
43.4
43.3
43.6
43.4
42.9
43.2
42.7
42.2
42.3
42.1
41.9

Paperboard con­
tainers and boxes 2

$2.06 $76.13
2.17 79. 90
2.13 77.74
2.17 80.10
2. 20 80.73
2.20 81.87
2. 22 83.92
2.22 83.16
2.22 80. 75
2.22 79.17
2.21 78.20
2.21 78. 41
2. 21 79. 79
2.21 78.80
2. 22 80.40

41.6
41.4
40.7
41.5
41.4
42.2
42.6
42.0
41.2
40.6
39.9
39.8
40.3
39.6
40.2

$1.83 $75.89
1.93 79.27
1.91 77.11
1.93 79. 46
1.95 80.70
1.94 81.83
1.97 84.08
1.98 82.91
1. 96 80.12
1.95 78. 36
1.96 77.60
1.97 77.81
1.98 78. 79
1.99 78.21
2.00 79. 99

$1. 77 $93. 90
1.86 96. 25
1.84 96.25
1.85 96.00
1.87 95. 75
1.88 96. 89
1.89 98.16
1.90 97.15
1.91 95. 76
1.91 98.04
1.91 95. 76
1.91 96.14
1.91 97. 02
1. 92 96.14
1.92 96.63

1956: Average........... $93.03
1957: Average_____ 95.76
M ay________ 94.49
June______ 95.04
July------------- 95.12
August______ 95. 76
September___ 97.93
October_____
96. 56
November___ 95.35
December___
97.36
1958: January_____ 95. 74
February____ 95.40
M arch.- ____ 96. 68
April_______
94. 92
M ay------------ 94. 57

40.1 $2.32 $94.40
39.9
2.40 96.53
2. 38 96.53
39.7
39.6
2.40 97. 66
39.8
2.39 98. 50
39.9
2.40 98.70
40.3
2.43 98.70
2.42 96.19
39.9
39.4
2. 42 95.80
2.44 96. 53
39.9
39.4
2.43 94. 87
39. 1 2.44 96. 25
39.3
2.46 98. 42
2.44 97. 52
38.9
38.6
2.45 97. 54

Industrial inorganic
chemicals 2
1956: Average_____ $95. 35
1957: Average_____ 100.04
M ay________ 98.33
June_______
99.63
July------------ 100. 94
August_____ 101.18
September___ 102. 0C
October____
101. 5C
November___ 102. 0C
December___ 104.1"
102. 5C
1958: January____
February___ 102. 6(
March_____
102. 85
April______
102. 5(
M ay_______ 103. 8C

40.0 $2.36
39.4
2. 45
39.4
2. 45
2. 46
39.7
39.4
2. 50
2.48
39.8
2. 48
39.8
2.46
39.1
2. 45
39.1
39.4
2. 45
38. 1 2.49
2.50
38.5
2. 53
38.9
2. 52
38.7
2.54
38.4

Alkalies and chlorine

41.1 $2. 32 $93.43
41.0
2. 44 97.68
40.8
2. 41 95. 41
41.0
2. 43 96.80
40.7
2.48 99.31
40.8
2.48 99.63
41. C 2. 4C 98.98
40.
2.5C 98. OS
40.8
2. 5t 99.88
41.5
2. 51 102. 01
41.
2. 5( 99. 88
40.
2.51 99.38
40.8
2.55 99.38
40.
2.55 101.18
2 .5 4
40.
100. 3i

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Lithographing

40.8
40.7
40.6
40.5
40.7
40.
40.1
40.2
40.
41.
40.
40.1
40.1
40.8
40.

$2. 2C
2.4C
2. 3f
2. 3C
2. 44
2. 4C
2. 4i
2.44
2. 4C
2. 4'
2. 4(
2. 4(
2.4f
2.48
2. 4(

41.7
41.5
40.8
41.6
41.6
42.4
42.9
42.3
41.3
40.6
40.0
39.9
40.2
39.7
40.4

$1.82
1.91
1.89
1.91
1.94
1.93
1.96
1.96
1.94
1.93
1.94
1. 95
1. 96
1.97
1.98

Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Total: Printing, pub­
lishing, and allied
industries
38.8
38.5
38.5
39.4
38.3
38.6
38.8
38.4
38.0
38.6
37.7
37.7
37.9
37.7
37.6

$2.42
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.51
2. 53
2.53
2. 52
2.54
2. 54
2. 55
2. 56
2. 55
2. 57

$99. 64
102. 03
103. 25
102.96
100. 54
100. 67
103. 32
103. 46
102.82
105.85

100.10
101. 44
101.09
102. 37
103. 72

36.1
35.8
36.1
36.0
35.4
35.7
36.0
35.8
35.7
36.5
35.0
35.1
35.1
35.3
35.4

Books

Periodicals

Newspapers

$2.76 $96.16
2. 85 101.05
2. 86 96. 47
2.86 97.71
2. 84 100.90
2.82 104. 60
2. 87 107. 38
2. 89 104. 49
2.88 101. 77
2.90 101.85
2. 86 100. 47
2. 89 99.71
2.88 102.31
2.90 99.07
2. 93 98.81

39.9
40. 1
38.9
39.4
40.2
40.7
41.3
40.5
39.6
40.1
39.4
39.1
39.5
38.7
38.3

$2.41
2. 52
2.48
2. 48
2. 51
2. 57
2.60
2.58
2.57
2.54
2. 55
2. 55
2.59
2.56
2. 58

Greeting cards
$61. 44
64.18
65.45
63. 96
63.63
64.13
63.41
62.87
63.03
66.18
67.61
68. 71
70. 38
69.09
68.50

38.4
38.2
38.5
38.3
38.8
38.4
38.2
38.1
38.2
38.7
38.2
38.6
39.1
38.6
38.7

Industrial organic
chemicals 2
$92. 89
96.93
96. 35
97.82
98.1C
98.40
98.81
98. 33
98.74
99.3£
98. r
97. 44
97. 84
98.0C
99.14

Bookbinding and
related industries

$1.60 $72.10
1. 68 73. 71
1.70 73.13
1. 67 74. 07
1.64 72. 94
1.67 75. 07
1.66 73. 71
1.65 73.72
1. 65 73. 73
1.71 74.69
1.77 73.14
1. 78 72. 95
1.80 73.15
1.79 72. 95
1. 77 73. 53

39.4
39.0
38.9
39.4
38.8
39.1
39.0
38.8
38.2
38.5
37.7
37.8
37.9
37.8
37.9

40.5
39.6
40.3
39.7
39.6
39.9
39.7
38.1
38.2
39.2
39.2
38.9
39.0
39.0
38.8

$2.07
2.13
2.13
2.13

2.12
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.17
2,16
2.17
2.16
2.16
2.18

2.20

Miscellaneous pub­ Total: Chemicals and
allied products
lishing and print­
ing services

$1. 83 $109.09
1.89 110. 78
1.88 110. 88
1.88 110.30
1.88 110. 30
1.92 112. 91
1.89 111.07
1.90 111.36
1.93 107.07
1.94 109. 25
1.94 108. 77
1.93 109. 73
1.93 110. 21
1.93 107. 73
1.94 110. 87

Plastics, except syn­
thetic rubber

41.
$2. 26 $93. 66
40.9
2. 37 99.90
41.0
2.35 98. 41
41.1
2. 38 99.60
40.9
2.4C 101.16
41.0
2. 4C 101.64
41.0
2. 41 101. 50
2.4) 101. 9S
40.8
2.4Í 101. 75
40.
40. £ 2.4C 100.94
40.
2. 41 99. 55
2. 41 99. 8C
40.
40.
2. 44 100. 45
40.
2.4, 99. 4 "
40.
2. 41 100. 78

$83.84
84.35
85.84
84. 56
83.95
86.18
85. 75
82. 68
82. 89
84. 67
85.06
84. 02
84.24
85.02
85.36

Chemicals and allied
products

Printing, publishing, and allied industries—Continued
Commercial printing

Paperboard boxes

39.1
38.6
38.5
38.3
38.3
38.8
38.7
38.8
37.7
38.2
37.9
38.1
38.4
37.8
38.1

$2.79 $87.14
2.87 91.46
2. 88 90. 64
2.88 91.88
25
2.88 92.
2.91 92. 25
2. 87 92.70
2. 87 91.84
2.84 92. 66
2. 86 93.34
2. 87 92. 62
2. 88 92. 57
2. 87 92. 39
2.85 92.39
2.91 93.43

Synthetic rubber

42.0 $2.22 $104. 67
41.8
2. 3S 107. 98
41.7
2. 3C 105. 93
2.40 103. 88
41.5
2.42 108. 77
41.8
2.42 109.34
42.0
41.6
2. 44 108. 4(
41.8
2.44 108.14
2.44 112. 75
41.7
41.2
2. 45 112. 34
40.8
2.44 109. 62
40. £ 2 . 4 4 109.21
2.44 110. OC
41.
40.
2. 4, 108. 14
2.4' 110. OC
40.8

41.7
40.9
40.9
39.8
41.2
40.8
40.
40.5
41.
41. a
40.
40.
40.

40.2
40.

41.3 $2.11
41.2 12. 22
41.2 12.20
41.2 12.23
41.0 \ 2.25
41.0 12.25
41.2
2.25
41.0
2.24
41.0
2. 26
41.3
2.26
40.8
2.27
40.6
2.28
2.27
40.7
40.7 12.27
40.8
2. 29

Synthetic fibers

$2. 51 $78. 00
2. 64 82.21
2.59 81.61
2.61 83.03
2.64 83.42
2.68 83. 22
2. 67 82.41
2. 67 83.01
83.41
2 . 7a
2. 79 84. 0C
2. 7C 82.3"
2. 6£ 81.3C
2. 71 82. 7
2. 6£ 82. 71
2. 71 83. 5Í

40.0 $1.95
40.3
2.04
40.4
2.02
40.
2.05
40.3
2.07
40.4
2.06
40.2
2.05
40.1
2.07
40.1
2.08
40.4
2.08
39. M2.08
39.1
2.08
39.4
2.10
39.2
2.11
39.
2.10

943

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C -l.

Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry L—Con.
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly. earn­ earn­ wkly.
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours
Manufacturing—Continued

Year and month

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. .Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­
earn­ earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings ings hours ings
ings ings

Nondurable goods—Continued
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Soap, cleaning and
Drugs and medicines polishing
preparations2

Explosives

Average__ . $87. 29
93. 30
Average.. ..
94.89
May
__
93.94
J u n e __
July________ 95.68
96.10
A ugust____
96.87
September__
94. 48
October.
November _.
91.66
December. .. 91.77
90. 32
January..
92.97
February__
92.20
March___ _
April . . . __ 91.49
91.80
May_____

40.6 $2.15
41.1 2. 27
41.8 2.27
41.2 2.28
41.6 2. 30
41.6 2.31
42.3 2. 29
40.9 2.31
40.2 2.28
39.9 2.30
39.1 2.31
39.9 2.33
39.4 2.34
39.1 2. 34
38.9 2.36

Gum and wood
chemicals
Average.. ... $75.33
Average. __ 78. 20
May. _____ 79.49
June____ ___ 78. 07
July________ 80.91
August..
78.81
September___ 80.97
77. 98
October. ._ .
November _ 79. 37
December..
78.58
January__ . 79.90
February__ _ 78.50
March______ 77.83
81.83
April.
May_______ 80.03

42.8 $1.76
42.5 1.84
43.2 1.84
42.2 1.85
43.5 1.86
42.6 1.85
43.3 1.87
41.7 1.87
40.7 1.95
41.8 1.88
42.5 1.88
1.91
41.1
41.4 1.88
42.4 1.93
41.9 1.91

$78.55
82.82
82.01
82. 62
82.42
81.81
83.64
84.05
85.08
85.08
85.49
86.11
85.90
85.68
84. 45

40.7 $1.93 $90. 64
40.8 2.03 96.17
40.4 2.03 94.19
40.7 2.03 96. 41
40.6 2.03 95.53
40.3 2.03 97.47
40.8 2. 05 98.12
41.0 2.05 97.34
41.3 2.06 97.92
41.5 2.05 100.28
41.1 2.08 98.74
41.2 2.09 96.47
41.1 2.09 98.90
40.8 2.10 98.33
40.6 2.08 99.06

Fertilizers
$67. 68
71.83
75.04
71.06
71.80
71.97
72.91
72.14
71.21
72.49
73.25
71.10
72.58
73.52
78.41

42.3 $1.60
42.5 1.69
44.4 1.69
41.8 1.70
41.5 1.73
41.6 1.73
41.9 1.74
41.7 1.73
41.4 1.72
41.9 1.73
42.1
1.74
41.1
1.73
43.2 1.68
43.5 1.69
44.3 1.77

41.2 $2.20 $98.16
2.34 104. 65
41.1
40.6 2. 32 102.97
41.2 2.34 105.06
41.0 2.33 103.73
41.3 2.36 107. 43
41.4 2. 37 106.91
40.9 2.38 106.30
40.8 2. 40 107. 27
41.1 2.44 110.09
40.8 2.42 108.09
39.7 2. 43 104.54
40.7 2. 43 107. 98
40.3 2. 44 107.45
40.6 2.44 107. 86

Vegetable and animal
oils and fats 2
$74.58
78.67
78.55
80. 78
82. 47
81.10
78.85
78.32
79.00
79.17
80.19
80.15
81.10
81.78
81.75

45.2 $1.65
44.7 1.76
43.4 1.81
43.9 1.84
44.1
1.87
43.6 1.86
1.76
44.8
45.8 1.71
45.4 1.74
45.5 1.74
44.8 1.79
43.8 1.83
43.6 1.86
43.5
1.88
42.8 1.91

Essential oils, perfumes, Compressed and lique­ Total: Products of
petroleum and coal
fied gases
cosmetics

$66. 30
68. 85
68.64
69.45
67.94
69. 42
71.06
68.71
69.24
71.89
70. 80
71.94
71.37
72.52
73.30

39.0 $1.70 $90.09
38.9 1.77 95.91
39.0 1.76 94.81
38.8 1. 79 96.83
38.6 1.76 96. 79
39.0 1.78 95.08
39.7 1.79 98.09
38.6 1.78 96.70
38.9 1.78 99.25
39.5 1.82 96.93
38.9 1.82 97.58
1.84 97.82
39.1
39.0 1.83 96.15
39.2 1.85 98.23
39.2 1.87 98.71

40.9 $2.40 $86.11
41.2 2.54 89.38
40.7 2. 53 88.75
41.2 2.55 90. 69
41.0 2.53 90.67
41.8 2.57 91.08
41.6 2.57 89. 76
41.2 2.58 90.13
41.1 2. 61 89.47
41.7 2. 64 89. 47
41.1
2.63 89.20
39.6 2. 64 88. 98
40.9 2. 64 89.60
40.7 2.64 89.65
40.7 2. 65 91.17

45.0 $1.51
44.7 1.60
42.8 1.66
43.0 1.71
43.2 1.77
42.8 1.75
44.5 1.61
46.2 1.56
45.8 1.57
46.3 1.58
45.3 1.64
44.0 1.67
43.9 1.70
44.0 1.76
42.8 1.81

42.1 $2.14 $104.39
41.7 2.30 108.39
41.4 2.29 106.75
42.1 2.30 108. 79
41.9 2.31 111.64
41.7 2.28 109. 21
42.1 2.33 113.30
41.5 2.33 110.03
41.7 2.38 111.11
40.9 2.37 111.38
41.0 2.38 109.89
41.1 2.38 108.53
40.4 2.38 109.07
41.1 2.39 110.97
41.3 2.39 109.89

1956: Average---1957: Average__
May_____
June_____
July_____
August----September.
October__
November.
December—
1958: January__
February...
March___
April_____
May_____

$100.95
106.52
103.46
107.23
112. 20
107.83
107. 20
105.18
106.62
105.84
98.52
93. 02
98.05
95.67
99.86

39.9 $2.53
40.5 2.63
40.1 2.58
41.4 2.59
42.5 2. 64
41.0 2. 63
40.3 2.66
39.1 2.69
39.2 2.72
39.2 2.70
36. 9 2.67
35.1 2. 65
37.0 2. 65
36.1 2. 65
37.4 2. 67

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Rubber footwear
$71.89
73. 47
71.92
72.29
72.13
73.05
74.45
76.02
78.96
79.35
74.87
74. 68
76.61
75.46
75.85

$85.35
88. 75
87.96
89.55
89. 95
88. 31
89.95
89. 75
91.39
89.32
90. 00
91.12
90. 29
88.17
87.31

45.4 $1.88
44.6 1.99
44.2 1.99
45.0 1.99
45.2 1.99
44.6 1.98
45.2 1.99
1.99
45.1
44.8 2.04
44.0 2.03
43.9 2.05
43.6 2.09
43.2 2.09
42.8 2.06
42.8 2.04

$84.04
87.33
86.92
88. 61
88.81
89.01
87.72
87.70
87.45
87.23
86.76
86.76
87. 60
87.42
89.57

41.1 $2.54 $108.39
40.9 2. 65 112. 88
40.9 2. 61 110.84
40.9 2.66 113.70
41.5 2.69 115.92
40.6 2.69 111.60
41.5 2. 73 117.01
40.6 2.71 113.36
40.7 2. 73 115.87
40.8 2. 73 116.31
40.4 2. 72 115.06
39.9 2. 72 113.24
40.1 2. 72 114.09
40.5 2. 74 115.59
40.4 2. 72 113.36

Miscellaneous chemcals 2
$80. 38
84.03
83. 22
84.03
83.21
83.82
85.47
84. 82
85.63
86.46
85.60
86.22
86.18
86.22
86.80

40.8 $1.97
40.4 2.08
40.4 2.06
40.4 2.08
40.2 2.07
40.3 2.08
40.7 2.10
40.2 2.11
40.2 2.13
40.4 2.14
40.0 2.14
40.1 2.15
39.9 2.16
40.1 2. lö
40.0 2.17

Rubber products

40.9 $2.65 $91.32
40.9 2. 76 96.00
40.9 2.71 93.02
40.9 2.78 94. 30
41.4 2. 80 98.41
40.0 2. 79 101.39
41.2 2. 84 101. 81
40.2 2. 82 99.66
40.8 2. 84 95.51
41.1 2. 83 94.33
40.8 2. 82 93.06
40.3 2.81 92.02
40.6 2.81 91.25
40.7 2. 84 94.96
40.2 2.82 97.34

41.7
41.2
40.8
41.0
41.7
42.6
42.6
41.7
40.3
39.8
39.1
38.5
38.5
39.9
40.9

$2.19
2. 33
2. 28
2. 30
2.36
2. 38
2.39
2.39
2.37
2. 37
2. 38
2. 39
2. 37
3. 38
2.38

$87.23
91.53
88.80
91.21
94.16
92.84
92.97
93.03
93.20
92.40
87. 48
85.04
87.02
85.88
87.86

40.2 $2.17
40.5 2.26
40.0 2.22
40. 9 2. 23
41.3 2.28
40.9 2. 27
40.6 2. 29
40.1 2. 32
40.0 2.33
40.0 2.31
38.2 2.29
37.3 2. 28
38.0 2. 29
37.5 2. 29
38.2 2. 30

Leather and leather products

Ot.ner rubber products

39.5 $1.82 $78.96
1.86 82.62
39.5
39.3 1.83 79.80
1.83 81.81
39.5
39.2 1.84 82.62
39.7 1.84 83.84
39.6 1.88 85.08
1.91 86.10
39.8
40.7 1.94 85.05
40.9 1.94 84.03
39.2 1.91 80.94
1.91 80.32
39.1
39.9 1.92 79.87
39.3 1.92 79.87
39.3 1.93 80.29

41.4 $2.03
41.0 2.13
41.0 2.12
41.6 2.13
41.5 2.14
41.4 2.15
40.8 2.15
40.6 2.16
40.3 2.17
40.2 2.17
39.8 2.18
39.8 2.18
40.0 2.19
40.1 2.18
40.9 2.19

other petroleum Total: Rubber prodPetroleum refining Coke,
ucts
and coal products

Rubber products-Continued
Tires and inner tubes

Animal oils and fats

Vegetable oils

$67.95
71.52
71.05
73.53
76.46
74.90
71.65
72.07
71.91
73.15
74. 29
73.48
74. 63
77.44
77.47

41.6 $2.07
41.0 2.18
40.9 2.17
41.6 2.18
41.4 2.19
41.4 2. 20
40.8 2.20
40.6 2. 22
40.3 2. 22
40.3 2. 22
40.0 2. 23
39.9 2. 23
40.0 2.24
40.2 2. 23
40.7 2. 24

Products of petroleum and coal

Chemicals and allied products—Continued

1956: Average...
1957: A verageMay____
June........
July____
August—
September
October...
November
December.
1958: January...
February..
March___
April____
May____

Paints, pigments, and Paints, varnishes, lac­
quers, and enamels
fillers 2

Soap and glycerin

40.7 $1.94
40.7 2.03
40.1 1.99
40.7 2.01
40.7 2. 03
41.1 2.04
41.1 2.07
41.0 2.10
40.5 2.10
40.4 2.08
39.1 2.07
38.8 2.07
38.4 2.08
38.4 2.08
38.6 2.08

leather products
$56.02
57.60
55.75
58. 21
58.67
58. 67
57.66
57. 04
57.31
58.34
58.19
57.41
56.83
53. 54
55.26

37.6 $1.49
37.4 1.54
36.2 1.54
37.8 1.54
1.54
38.1
1.54
38.1
37.2 1.55
1.55
36.8
1.57
36.5
37.4 1.56
37.3 1.56
36.8 1.56
36.2 1.57
34.1 1.57
35.2 1.57

Leather: Tanned, cur- Industrial leather
ried, and finished belting and packing
$74. 24
76. 64
75.27
77.81
76.83
77. 22
77. 42
77.81
77. 61
78.80
77.42
77.02
75.65
74. 65
75.82

39.7 $1.87
39.3 1.95
39.0 1.93
39.9 1.95
39.4 1.95
39.4 1.96
39.3 1.97
1.99
39.1
39.0 1.99
39.6 1.99
39.1
1.98
38.9 1.98
38.4 1.97
37.7 1.98
38.1 1.99

$73. 71
77. 27
74.34
74.77
77.36
78. 91
79.13
77.90
78.34
76.76
75.43
71.25
72.58
69.19
70.87

40.5 $1.82
41.1
1.88
40. 4 1.84
40. 2 1.86
40.5 1.91
41.1
1.92
41.0 1.93
41.0 1.90
40.8 1.92
40. 4 1. 90
39. 7 1.90
37.7 1.89
38.4 1.89
1.87
37.0
37.3 1.90

944
T

able

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , A U G U S T 1958

C -l.

Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg. hrly.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly.
wkly. wkly. hrly.
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
earn­
earn­
earn­
earn­
earn­
earn­
earn­
earn­
earn­
ings
ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours ings

Year and month

M anufacturing—Continued

Transportation and
public utilities

Nondurable goods—Continued

Transportation

Leather and leather products—Continued
Boot and shoe cut
stock and findings
$53. 63 37.5 $1.43
55.42 37.7 1.47
54.68 37.2 1.47
57.72 39.0 1.48
56. 74 38.6 1.47
56.30 38.3 1.47
53.95 36.7 1.47
55.28 37.1 1.49
54. 81 36.3 1. 51
57. 45 38.3 1.50
56. 55 37.7 1.50
55. 65 37.1 1.50
53.70 35.8 1. 50
52. 90 34.8 1. 52
55.12 36.5 1.51

1956: Average_____
1957: Average_____
May_______
June_______
July________
August-..........
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1958: January_____
February____
March.
April___
May...............

Handbags and small Gloves and miscella­
Footwear (except
Luggage
rubber)
leather goods
neous leather goods
$53. 57 37.2 $1.44 $62. 88 39.3 $1.60 $51.00 37.5 $1.36 $48. 47 37.0 $1.31
55.13 37.0 1.49 62.43 38.3 1.63 53.68 37.8 1.42 49.59 36.2 1.37
53.04 35.6 1.49 61.56 38.0 1.62 51.05 35.7 1.43 49.46 36.1
1.37
55.73 37.4 1.49 63.50 39.2 1.62 52. 82 37.2 1.42 50.01 36.5 1.37
56.09 37.9 1.48 64.40 40.0 1.61 53. 34 37.3 1.43 49.32 36.0 1.37
56.32 37.8 1.49 63.27 39.3 1.61 54.14 38.4 1.41 50.32 37.0 1.36
54. 90 36.6 1.50 65.11 39.7 1.64 53.58 38.0 1.41 50.14 36.6 1.37
54.15 36.1 1.50 62. 21 37.7 1.65 54.10 38.1 1.42 49. 78 36.6 1.36
53.91 35.7 1. 51 61.92 37.3 1.66 56.16 39.0 1.44 48.37 34.8 1.39
55. 35 36.9 1. 50 61.25 36.9 1.66 54. 95 38.7 1.42 48. 69 35.8 1.36
56.17 37.2 1. 51 56.62 33.5 1.69 54.67 37. 7 1.45 49. 32 36.0 1. 37
54. 96 36.4 1. 51 59. 32 35.1 1.69 55. 83 38.5 1.45 50. 46 36.3 1.39
53. 96 35.5 1.52 60.29 36.1 1. 67 56.12 38.7 1.45 50.40 36.0 1.40
49. 68 32. 9 1. 51 62.33 37.1 1.68 52. 49 36.2 1.45 50. 34 35.7 1.41
51.79 34.3 1.51 63.63 38.8 1.64 52.13 36.2 1.44 50.12 35.8 1.40
Transportation and public utilities—Continued

Transportation—Con.

1956: Average
1957: Average
May__
June...
July............
August_____
September___
October_____
November___
December
1958: Januarv
February____
March______
April...
Mav

Communication

$88.40
94. 24
94. 55
93.07
95. 42
95.60
93.71
94.95
98.16
97.92
99. 01
101.26
96.24
98. 95

41.7
41.7
42.4
41.0
42.6
42.3
41.1
42.2
40.9
40.8
41.6
41.5
40.1
41.4

$2.12
2.26
2.23
2.27
2.24
2.26
2.28
2.25
2. 40
2. 40
2. 38
2.44
2.40
2. 39

Other public utilities

Switchboard operat­
Local railways and
Line construction
Total: Gas and elec­
Telephone
Telegraph «
ing employees 6
buslines
employees 7
tric utilities
$84. 48 43.1 $1.96 $73.47 39.5 $1.86 $60.70 37.7 $1.61 $101.36 43.5 $2.33 $82. 74 42.0 $1.97 $91.46 41.2 $2.22
88. 56 43.2 2.05 76.05 39.0 1.95 62.70 37.1 1.69 102.48 42.7 2.40 87. 36 41.8 2.09 95.30 40.9 2.33
88. 71 43.7 2.03 75.66 39.0 1.94 63.27 37.0 1.71 101. 63 42.7 2. 38 89. 25 42.5 2.10 93.61 40.7 2.30
89.96 44.1 2.04 76.44 39.2 1.95 63.21 37.4 1.69 103.20 43.0 2.40 88.62 42.2 2.10 95. 30 40.9 2. 33
90.02 43.7 2.06 76.63 39.5 1.94 64.05 37.9 1.69 103. 63 43.0 2.41 88.62 42.2 2.10 96.00 41.2 2.33
89.40 43.4 2.06 75.47 38.9 1.94 62.50 37.2 1.68 101. 76 42.4 2. 40 87.99 41.9 2.10 95.94 41.0 2.34
90.05 43.5 2.07 75. 66 38.8 1.95 66. 86 39.1 1. 71 101.40 41.9 2.42 87. 99 41.9 2.10 97.17 41.0 2.37
89.01 43.0 2.07 77.22 39.2 1.97 63. 41 37.3 1.70 104.00 42.8 2.43 87.15 41.5 2.10 97. 58 41.0 2.38
1.98 62. 87 37.2 1.69 104. 92 43.0 2. 44 85. 69 41.0 2. 09 97. 58 41.0 2.38
88.80 42.9 2.07 79.20 40.0
89.65 43.1 2.08 77. 59 38.6 2.01 62.11 35.9 1.73 105. 22 42.6 2.47 85. 89 40.9 2.10 98.88 41.2 2.40
88. 61 42.6 2.08 76. 38 38.0 2.01 61.07 35.3 1.73 102. 09 41.5 2.46 85. 90 41.1 2.09 97. 51 40.8 2.39
88. 83 42.5 2. 09 76. 78 38.2 2.01 63.16 36.3 1.74 101. 76 41.2 2.47 86.10 41.0 2.10 98. 81 41.0 2.41
89.03 42. 6 2 09 76. 36 37.8 2.02 61.25 35.2 1.74 102.18 41.2 2.48 86.52 41.2 2.10 97. 77 40.4 2.42
90.10 42.7 2.11 76. 53 37.7 2.03 61.42 35.3 1.74 101. 84 40.9 2. 49 87. 35 41.4 2.11 99. 55 40.8 2.44
90. 30 43.0 2.10 76. 91 37.7 2.04 63.01 35.6 1.77 102.00 40.8 2. 50 89.04 42.0 2.12 98.42 40.5 2.43
Transportation and public utilities—Continued
Wholesale and retail trade

Other public utilities—Continued
Electric light and
power utilities
1956: Average_____ $93.38
1957: Average____
97.06
May.
95. 76
June_______
98.59
July...........
98.41
97.88
August.
September___ 98. 47
98.64
OctoberNovember___ 99.29
December___ 99. 95
1958: January
98.98
February____ 99.14
March______ 99.80
April...
100.45
May____
99.72

41.5
41.3
41.1
41.6
41.7
41.3
41.2
41.1
41.2
41.3
40.9
40.8
40.9
41.0
40.7

$2.25
2. 35
2.33
2. 37
2. 36
2. 37
2.39
2.40
2.41
2.42
2. 42
2. 43
2.44
2.45
2.45

Department stores
and general mail­
order houses
1956: Average.._
$48.77
1957: Average_____ 50.26
May
50. 32
June... .
51.30
July.............
51.01
A ugust.......... 50. 95
September___ 50.66
October__ .
49. 93
November___ 49. 39
December___ 52. 54
1958: Januarv
50. 57
February____ 50. 52
March______ 51.10
April_______ 51.50
May_______ 52.15

35.6
34.9
34.7
34.9
34.7
34.9
34.7
34.2
34.3
37.0
34.4
34.6
35.0
34.8
35.0

S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Class I railroads 5

$1.37
1.44
1. 45
1.47
1.47
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.44
1.42
1.47
1.46
1.46
1.48
1.49

Gas utilities
$86. 30
90.13
88.04
89.42
90. 72
90.09
91.76
93.07
93.25
94. 58
92.80
96.05
93.15
92.46
92.46

40.9
40.6
40.2
40.1
40.5
40.4
40.6
41.0
40.9
41.3
40.7
41.4
40.5
40.2
40.2

$2.11
2.22
2.19
2.23
2.24
2. 23
2.26
2. 27
2. 28
2.29
2.28
2.32
2.30
2.30
2.30

Food and liquor
stores
$63. 38
65.50
64. 59
66.04
67.46
67. 28
66. 43
65. 34
65. 52
65.52
65.70
65.87
65. 87
66.23
66. 42

37.5
36.8
36.7
37.1
37.9
37.8
36.7
36.1
36.0
36.2
35.9
35.8
35.8
35.8
35.9

Retail trade

Electric light and
gas utilities combined

$1. 09
1.78
1.76
1.78
1. 78
1.78
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.81
1.83
1.84
1.84
1.85
1.85

$93.11
97.10
95.18
96.05
97.58
97. 99
98. 98
99.80
99. 80
100. 86
100. 21
100. 86
98.85
103. 48
102.47

41.2
40.8
40.5
40.7
41.0
41.0
40.9
40.9
40.9
41.0
40.9
41.0
39.7
40.9
40. 5

$2.26
2. 38
2. 35
2. 36
2.38
2 39
2.42
2.44
2.44
2.46
2.45
2. 46
2.49
2. 53
2.53

Automotive and ac­
cessories dealers
$81.28
83.22
84.48
84. 73
84.29
84.73
84.10
82.84
82. 65
82.16
82. 34
80. 54
81.28
81.72
83.22

43.7 $1. 86
43.8 1.90
44.0 1.92
43.9 1.93
43 9 1.92
43.9 1.93
43.8 1.92
43.6 1.90
43.5 1.90
43.7 1.88
43.8 1.88
43.3 1.86
43.7 1.86
43.7 1.87
43.8 1.90

Wholesale trade
$81.20
84.42
83.81
85. 03
85.24
85.24
86. 05
85. 63
85. 60
86.46
85.41
85. 57
85.79
85.14
86.40

40.4
40.2
40.1
40.3
40.4
40.4
40.4
40.2
40.0
40.4
40.1
39.8
39.9
39.6
40.0

$2.01
2.10
2.09
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.13
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.16

Apparel and acces­
sories stores
$47. 54
49.13
48.42
49.91
50. 77
49. 77
49.68
49. 30
49.25
50.62
50. 81
50.26
49.19
50.08
50. 57

34.7 $1. 37
34.6 1.42
34.1 1.42
34.9 1.43
35.5 1.43
35.3 1.41
34 5 1.44
34.0 1.45
34.2 1.44
35.4 1.43
34.8 1.46
34.9 1.44
34.4 1.43
34.3 1.46
34.4 1.47

Retail trade (except General merchandise
eating and drinking
stores
places)
$60. 60 38.6 $1.57 $43.40 35.0 $1.24
62. 48 38.1 1.64 44. 85 34.5 1.30
62. 32 38.0 1.64 44.67 34.1 1.31
63.41 38.2 1.66 45.75 34.4 1.33
64.46 38.6 1.67 45.67 34.6 1.32
64.08 38.6 1.66 45.72 34.9 1.31
63.63 38.1 1.67 44. 80 34.2 1.31
62. 79 37.6 1.67 44. 48 33.7 1.32
62.25 37.5 1.66 44.15 33.7 1.31
62.43 38.3 1.63 46.08 36.0 1.28
63.50 37.8 1.68 45. 77 33.9 1.35
63.50 37.8 1.68 45. 69 34.1
1.34
63.13 37.8 1.67 45. 75 34.4 1.33
63.50 37.8 1.68 45.83 34.2 1.34
63.88 37.8 1.69 46. 31 34.3 1.35
Other retail trade
Furniture and appli­
ance stores
$69. 30 42.0 $1.65
71.23 41.9 1.70
71.06 41.8 1.70
71. 65 41.9 1.71
71.14 41.6 1.71
72. 41 42.1 1.72
71.90 41.8 1.72
71.72 41.7 1.72
71. 65 41. 9 1.71
74.12 42.6 1.74
71.72 41.7 1.72
69.47 41.6 1.67
68.89 41.5 1.66
68. 97 41.8 1.65
70.06 41.7 1.68

Lumber and hard­
ware supply stores
$72.68 42.5 $1.71
74.69 42.2 1.77
75. 23 42.5 1.77
75.65 42.5 1.78
76.01 42.7 1.78
76.01 42.7 1.78
76. 32 42.4 1.80
75.90 42.4 1.79
74. 46 41.6 1.79
74.40 41.8 1.78
73.93 41.3 1.79
73. 03 40.8 1.79
74. 34 41.3 1.80
75.30 41.6 1.81
78.02 42.4 1.84

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C -l.

945

Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
wkly.
wkly.
wkly.
wkly.
earnings earnings earnings earnings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
Avg.
wkly.
hrly.
earnings earnings

Finance, insurance, and
real estate 9

Year and month

Banks
and
trust
com­
panies
1956: Average.........
1957: Average____
May_______
Ju n e .............
July_______
August_____
September__
October____
November__
December__
1958: January____
February___
March...........
April______
May______

$61.97
64.21
63. 67
63.80
64.52
64.31
64. 48
64. 74
64.64
65.15
65. 56
65. 60
65. 53
65.60
66.36

Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings

Avg.
Avg.
wkly.
hrly.
earnings earnings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Service and miscellaneous

Security
dealers
and ex­
changes

Insur­
ance
carriers

$97. 56
98. 77
101.21
100.13
101.44
96. 84
95.44
97. 70
98.99
98. 00
98.19
97.77
95. 65
98.64
100.46

$77. 49
80. 73
80. 47
80.95
81.33
81.43
81.13
80. 77
81.02
81.78
82.12
82.68
82.60
82. 38
81.76

Motion
picture
produc­
tion and
distri­
bution 9

Personal services
Hotels, year-round10
Laundries
$42.13
43. 52
43.23
43. 42
43.93
44. 25
44.11
44.00
44.40
44.69
44.40
44. 58
44. 29
44. 29
44.69

40.9
40.3
40.4
40.2
40.3
40.6
40.1
40.0
40.0
39.9
40.0
39.8
39.9
39.9
39.9

$1.03
1.08
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.09
1.10
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.11
1.12
1.11
1.11
1.12

1For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August
1958 and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
In addition, hours and earnings data for anthracite mining have been
revised from January 1953 and are not comparable with those published in
issues prior to August 1958.
For mining, manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants,
data refer to production and related workers; for contract construction, to
construction workers; and for the remaining industries, unless otherwise
noted, to nonsupervisory workers and working supervisors.
Data for the latest month are preliminary.
2 Italicized titles which follow are components of this industry.
» Averages shown for 1956 are not strictly comparable with those for later
years.
4 Data beginning with January 1958 are not strictly comparable with those
shown for earlier years.
s Figures for Class I railroads (excluding switching and terminal com­
panies) are based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by
the Interstate Commerce Commission and relate to all employees who
received pay during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assist­
ants (ICC Group I).

T able C-2.

Avg.
wkly.
hours

$42. 32
43. 27
43.93
44.04
43.38
43.34
43. 96
43.73
43. 29
43. 85
43.68
43. 23
43.68
44. 30
44.86

40.3
39.7
40.3
40.4
39.8
39.4
39.6
39.4
39.0
39.5
39.0
38.6
39.0
39.2
39.7

Cleaning and dyeing plants
$1.05
1.09
1.09
1.09
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.13
1.13

$49.77
50. 57
52.79
52.40
49. 91
48. 88
51.35
51.35
49.78
50.30
49. 27
47.09
49.53
50.70
52.40

39.5
38.9
40.3
40.0
38.1
37.6
39.2
38.9
38.0
38.4
37.9
36.5
38.1
38.7
39.7

$1.26
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.31
1.31
1.30
1.29
1.30
1.31
1.32

$91.66
99.48
97.66
101.06
100.33
100.83
98. 52
103. 02
100.73
103. 67
97.43
98. 79
97.84
95.43
96.69

6Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as switchboard operators, service assistants, operating-room instructors, and
pay-station attendants. In 1957, such employees made up 39 percent of
the total number of nonsupervisory employees in establishments reporting
hours and earnings data.
7Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as central office craftsmen; installation and exchange repair craftsmen; line,
cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers. In 1957, such employees made
up 29 percent of the total number of nonsupervisory employees in establish­
ments reporting hours and earnings data.
8Data relate to domestic nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
8Average weekly hours and average hourly earnings data are not availadle.
i° Money payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips not included.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing
Major BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for Class I railroads (see footnote 5).

Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production workers in manufacturing
industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars 1
1958

Item

M ay2

Apr.

Mar.

Annual
average

1957
Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

1957

1956

M a n u fa c tu r in g

Gross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars......... . __ $81.83
1947-49 dollars. .................
66.21
Net spendable average weekly
earnings:
Worker with no dependentsCurrent dollars______ _
1947-49 dollars_________
Worker with 3 dependents:
Current dollars________
1947-49 dollars ____ . ..

$80. 81 $81. 45 $80. 64 $81. 66 $82.74 $82.92 $82. 56 $82. 99 $82.80 $82.39 $82. 80 $81.78 $82.39
65.43 66.06 65.83 66. 77 68. 04 68.19 68.18 68. 53 68.43 68.20 68. 89 68.38 68.54

67.12
54.30

66.30
53. 68

66. 81
54.18

66.17
54.02

66. 98
54. 77

67.85
55.80

67.99
55. 91

67. 70
55. 90

68.05
56.19

67.90
56.12

67. 57
55. 94

67.90
56.49

67.08 67.57
56.09 56. 21

65.86
56.68

74. 51
60.28

73. 67
59.65

74. 20
60.18

73. 54
60.03

74.37
60. 81

75. 26
61.89

75.40
62.01

75.11
62.02

75. 46
62.31

75.31
62.24

74.97
62.06

75.31
62. 65

74. 47 74. 97
62.27 62.37

73.22
63.01

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August
1958, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Net spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, Federal social security and income taxes for
which the worker is liable. The amount of tax liability depends, of course,
on the number of dependents supported by the worker as well as on the levei
of his gross income. Net spendable earnings have been computed for 2 types
of income-receivers: (1) a worker with no dependents; (2) a worker with 3
dependents. The primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring
relative changes in disposable earnings for 2 types of income receivers.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$79.99
68.84

The computations of net spendable earnings for both the worker with no
dependents and the worker with 3 dependents are based upon the gross aver­
age weekly earnings for a ll production workers in manufacturing without
direct regard to marital status, family composition, or other sources of
income.
Gross and net spendable average weekly earnings expressed in 1947-49
dollars indicate changes in the level of average weekly earnings after adjust­
ment for changes in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Con­
sumer Price Index.
8 Preliminary.
Source: U. S.

D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s .

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , A U G U S T 1958

946
T able C-3.

Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours in industrial and construction activities 1
[1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0 ]

Annual
average

1957

1958
Industry

Total_____ ______
_ ________
Mining
___ _________________
Contract construction . .. . . . _________
Manufacturing _ _ _________________
Durable goods ____________ _______
Ordnance and accessories _
_ . . ..
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture’)
Furniture and fixtures__ ______ _ _
Stone, clay, and glass products______
Primarv metal industries
Fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and transnortation eouinment')
Machinery (except electrical)_______
Electrical machinery______________
Transportation equipment_________
Instruments and related nroducts _
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries___ _______ ____
Nondurable goods____ ___ ...
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures____ _
Textile-mill nroducts
Apparel and other finished textile
Droducts_
Paper and allied products. _ ________
Printing, publishing and allied indus­
tries ______________________
Chemicals and allied products ______
Products of netroleum and coal
Rubber products___ _______
Leather and leather nroducts

1956

108.2 108.9
83.1 83.4
141.3 145.5
105.1 105.4
111.0 112.4
325.0 335.1

106. 6 108.0
83.3 84.9
143.2 141.2
102.9 104. 8
110.9 114.9
329.9 343.6

105.6
81.4
127.3
104.1
112.9
339.4

109.9
83.8
135.0
108.1
117.3
378.8

77.6
107.4
105.5
99.7

76.3
108.5
107.3
103.2

82.3
107.4
107.0
104.5

79.2
101.0
101.9
105.4

83.6 76.6
102.8 103.9
106. 9 104.5
108.3 105.4

88.1
107.7
109.6
110.6

115.3
101.1
131.0
135.5
114.9

116.1
104.5
133.5
130.0
115.4

116.3
107.5
137. 6
125.9
117.6

115.2 113.3
106.2 109.2
134.7 130.8
135.6 134.9
116.6 114.1

116.8
112.9
134.1
140.6
117.2

115.9
111.0
134.0
139.6
117. 5

116.6
116.5
138.5
138.5
121.1

95.6
91.7
83.6
86.0
72.5

103.0
92.4
86.4
81.5
72.7

106. 6 107.9
95.1 98.1
91.8 100.4
91.9 100.3
74.7 75.3

103.8
97.0
97.8
88.4
75.1

95.7 101.3
93. 5 92.8
92.9 86.1
70.2 70.9
72.9 74.8

101.2
93.7
86.4
80.8
74.7

105.9
97.0
90.6
86.4
80.6

96.7
108.2

98.7
112.0

100.4
112.7

102.4
114.8

105.4
115.8

106.0
114.1

98.3
112.1

99.3
114.4

102.0
113.9

104.1
116.4

109.5
101.5
86.2
96.5

113.5
104.1
88.2
104.3
89.8

112.2
104.4
89.3
105.1
87.7

113.7
105.3
89.9
105.8

114.1
105.7
93.2
105.6
90.5

111.5
104.5
91.2
105.2
94.1

110.6
104.3
93.1
103.9
91.6

111.7
105.7
92.2

112.4
106.2
91.1
104.8
90.8

112.7
108.3
93.8
106.7
93.9

Oct.

Sept.

89.7 93.9
69.3 72.6
85.9 102.4
91.5 94.1
95.7 99.5
294.4 302.2

99.7
76.9
112.9
99.3
105. 7
305.5

102.0
76.1
120.2
101.1
108.3
304.3

105.9
79.8
137.0
103.2
110.0
309.2

65.4
93.7
89.2
82.7

66.4
95.1
93.0
87.8

70.1
101.9
98.9
94.3

72.9
103.1
102.8
97.0

98.0
92.9
114.3
113.5
105.4

99.8
93.7
116.7
116.5
106.8

105.1
97.1
120.9
122.9
109.5

111.8
100.7
127.2
133.4
112.9

88.6
83.3
75.4
66.1
64.5

90.1
85.2
74.7
68.4
66.8

89.7
86.6
75.5
74.5
68.0

89.4
87.8
77.8
81.2
68.1

90.5
104.5

94.0
105.8

98.2
105.9

107.3 108.4
99.0 100.0
84. 5 84.1
82.7 83.0
78.0 75.3

109.5
100.0
83.2
87.8
85.3

108.7
99.6
83.9
89.7
88.6

Feb.

93.8 90.9 89.0
66.7 65.2 64.5
129.6 122.7 109.1
90. 5 88.1 87.8
93.4 91.4 91.6
293.9 300. 5 303.9

89.9
67.0
98.9
90.2
94.4
298.2

70.7
88.9
91.1
77.6

66.2
89.0
88.9
77.2

65.6
92.7
89.2
81.0

97.2 94.6
86.8 87.6
112.1 109.2
106. 5 106.8
102.2 101.3

94.8
89.9
110.9
108.3
104.0

90. 6
87.0
83.9
66.7
67.7

88.6
84.2
78.3
65.5
65.4

93.0
107.7

91.3
104.0

108.7
97.2
85.2
86.1
85.0

Jan.

8 8 .8

2

1 F o r c o m p a r a b ilit y o f d a t a w i t h t h o s e p u b lis h e d in is s u e s p r io r t o A u g u s t
19 58, se e fo o tn o te 1 , ta b le A -2 .
F o r m in in g a n d m a n u fa c tu r in g , d a ta r e fe r t o p r o d u c tio n a n d r e la te d
w o r k e r s; fo r c o n tr a c t c o n s tr u c tio n , t o c o n s tr u c tio n w o r k e r s.

T able C-4.

1957

Nov.

Mar.

76.2
92. 5
94.9
80.7

June

Dec.

June 2 M ay2 Apr.

8 8 .8

Aug.

July

1 0 1 .1

91.2

P r e lim in a r y .

Source: U.

S . D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a tis t ic s .

Indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls in industrial and construction activities 1
[1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0 ]
A n n u al
average

1957

1958
A c tiv ity
June 2

M a y 2

A pr.

M ar.

F eb.

Jan.

D ec.

N o v.

O c t.

S e p t.

A ug.

J u ly

1957

June

1956

M i n i n g __________________________________________

9 9 .6

9 8 .2

1 0 3 .6

1 0 8 .0

1 1 2 .5

1 1 9 .2

1 1 7 .6

1 2 3 .1

1 2 9 .7

128 5

1 2 8 .6

1 3 0 .5

1 2 4 .3

1 2 1 .6

C o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t io n _________________________

2 0 5 .2

1 8 3 .2

1 6 6 .3

145. 5

1 7 2 .8

1 8 8 .9

2 0 0 .2

2 2 6 .6

2 3 4 .1

2 3 7 .4

2 3 2 .2

2 2 7 .6

2 0 7 .1

2 0 7 .7

1 4 0 .7

1 3 9 .6

143. 6

1 4 4 .9

1 4 9 .9

1 5 7 .3

1 6 0 .7

1 6 2 .6

1 6 4 .7

1 6 4 .6

1 6 0 .9

1 6 3 .7

1 6 2 .7

1 6 1 .4

M a n u f a c t u r in g _____________

__

1 S e e fo o tn o te 1, ta b le C -3 .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

_ ___________

1 4 4 .7

2 P r e lim in a r y .

Source:

U . S . D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s .

947

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C-5. Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of production workers in manu­
facturing, by major industry group 1
Gross

Ex­
c lu d in g
o v er­
tim e 2

Gross

Ex­
c lu d in g
o v er­
tim e 2

Gross

Ex­
c lu d in g
over­
tim e 2

Gross

Ex­
c lu d in g
o v er­
tim e 2

Ex­
c lu d in g
o v er­
tim e 2

G ross

Ex­
c lu d in g
o v er­
tim e 2

T o ta l: M a n u ­
factu rin g
T o ta l: D u ra b le
goods

$1.98
2.07
2.06
2.07
2. 07
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.11
2.10
2.11
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.12

$1.91
2.01
2.00
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.05
2.05
2. 06
2.06
2.07
2.07
2.07

$2.10
2.20
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
2. 23
2.24
2.24
2.24
2. 24
2. 25
2. 25
2.25

$2.03
2.14
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2. 20
2. 20
2.21
2.21
2.21

O rd n an ce a n d
accessories

$2.19
2.34
2.31
2.33
2.34
2. 34
2.37
2.38
2.40
2, 42
?.. 44
2.44
2.45
2. 46
2.47

$2.12
2.28
2.25
2. 28
2. 29
2.29
2. 32
2.35
2.36
2. 37
2.38
2.38
2. 39
2.40
2.42

L u m b e r an d
w ood p ro d u c ts
(except fu rn i­
tu re )
$1. 76
1.81
1.82
1.84
1.82
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.83
1.81
1.82
1.82
1.84
1.87

$1. 69
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.76
1.77
1. 77
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.75
1.77
1.77
1.79
1.81

F u r n itu r e a n d
fixtures

$1.69
1. 75
1.74
1.75
1.74
1. 76
1.77
1.77
1.76
1.77
1.76
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77

$1. 64
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.72
1.72
1.73
1.74
1. 74
1.74

S to n e, clay, a n d
glass p ro d u c ts

$1.96
2.05
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.08
2.09
2.11
2.10
2.10
2.09
2. 09
2.09
2.09

$1.88
1.98
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
2.00
2.01
2.03
2.03
2.04
2.04
2.03
2.03
2.03

Ex­
c lu d in g
o v er­
tim e 2

G ross

Ex­
c lu d in g
o v er­
tim e 2

M a c h in e ry
(except electrical)
$2.21
2.30
2.28
2.30
2. 30
2.30
2.32
2.33
2.33
2.34
2.34
2.35
2.36
2. 36
2. 37

$2.12
2. 23
2.21
2.23
2.23
2. 23
2.26
2. 27
2.28
2.29
2. 30
2.30
2.31
2. 32
2. 33

E le c tric a l
m a c h in e ry

$1.98
2.07
2.05
2.06
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.14

$1.92
2.02
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.02
2.04
2.06
2.08
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.12

T ra n s p o rta tio n
e q u ip m e n t

$2.31
2. 41
2. 37
2.40
2.41
2.42
2.45
2.47
2.50
2.48
2.46
2. 46
2.47
2.47
2.50

$2.23
2. 35
2.32
2.34
2. 35
2.37
2. 39
2.40
2.41
2. 42
2.41
2. 42
2.43
2.44
2.45

I n s tru m e n ts
a n d re la te d
p ro d u c ts
$2.01
2.11
2.09
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.14
2. 15
2.15
2.17
2.17
2.17

P r im a r y m e ta l
in d u s trie s

$2.36
2.50
2. 46
2. 47
2. 53
2. 54
2.57
2. 55
2.54
2. 55
2. 56
2.56
2.57
2. 58
2.58

$2.29
2. 44
2.40
2.41
2. 46
2.48
2. 50
2. 50
2.50
2.51
2. 52
2. 53
2. 54
2. 54
2. 55

F a b ric a te d
m e ta l p ro d u c ts

$2.07
2.18
2.16
2.18
2.19
2.20
2. 22
2.22
2.23
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.23
2.24
2. 25

$2.00
2. 11
2.09
2.10
2.12
2.12
2.13
2.15
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21

N o n d u ra b le goods

D u ra b le goods— C o n tin u e d

1956: A v erag e-------1957: A v erag e-------M ay.
-----J u n e ______ _
J u l y _________
A u g u s t______
S e p te m b e r___
O c to b e r_____
N o v e m b e r___
D e c e m b e r___
1958: J a n u a r y . . F e b r u a r y -----M a r c h ___ _.
A p r il..
M a y 8____ __

G ross

D u ra b le goods

Y e a r a n d m o n th

1956: A v erag e...........
1957: A v erag e-------M a y . ______
J u n e -------------J u l y -------------A u g u s t---------S e p te m b e r___
O cto b er .
N o v e m b e r___
D e c e m b e r..
1958: J a n u a r y -------F e b r u a ry ____
M a r c h _____
A p r il________
M a y 8----------

Gross

$1.96
2.06
2. 04
2.06
2.06
2.05
2.08
2. 08
2.08
2.09
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.14

M iscellan eo u s
m a n u fa c tu rin g
in d u s trie s
$1. 75
1.81
1.81
1.80
1.81
1.80
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.85
1.84
1.84
1.85
1. 84

$1.69
1.76
1.76
1.75
1.76
1. 75
1.75
1.75
1.77
1.78
1.81
1.80
1.80
1.81
1.80

T o ta l: N o n d u ra b le goods

$1.80
1.88
1.88
1.89
1.89
1.88
1.90
1.90
1.91
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.94

$1.75
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.86
1.86
1.88
1.87
1.88
1.89
1.89

F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts

$1.83
1.93
1.94
1.93
1.91
1.90
1.91
1.94
1.96
1.97
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.02

$1. 76
1. 86
1.87
1.86
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.87
1.89
1.90
1.94
1.94
1.95
1.95
1.95

T o b acco m a n u factu res

$1.44
1.52
1.58
1.58
1.61
1.48
1.45
1.46
1.54
1.54
1. 56
1.56
1.59
1.65
1.65

$1.42
1.50
1. 56
1.55
1.57
1.46
1.42
1.44
1.51
1.51
1. 53
1.55
1.58
1.62
1.62

N o n d u ra b le goods—C o n tin u e d
T ex tile-m ill
p ro d u c ts

1 *

Av p ,rage
IVTay
.Tnrjp,
J u ly
A ugust
S e p te m b e r___

N o v e m b e r___
D e c e m b e r.. .
1958: J a n u a r y ____
M arcih
A pril
M a y 8. .

$1 45
1 50
1. 50
1. 50
1 50
1. 50
1.51
1 51
1.51
1.50
1.50
1 50
1 50
1. 50
1.50

$1 40
1.46
1.46
1.46
1. 46
1.46
1.46
1. 47
1.47
1.46
1.47
1 47
1 47
1.47
1.47

A p p a re l a n d
o th e r finished
te x tile p ro d u c ts
$1.45
1. 49
1.48
1.48
1. 50
1.50
1.51
1. 49
1.50
1.50
1.51
1. 50
1 49
1.50
1.50

$1.43
1.47
1.46
1.46
1. 48
1. 48
1.48
1. 47
1.48
1.48
1.49
1.48
1.47
1. 48
1.49

P ap er and
allied p ro d u c ts

$1.94
2.04
2.01
2.03
2.06
2. 06
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2. 09
2.10

$1. 84
1.94
1.92
1.94
1.96
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99
1.99
1.99
1.99
2.00
2.01
2.01

P r in tin g , p u b - C h em icals a n d
lish in g , a n d al- allied p ro d u c ts
lied in d u s trie s 4
$2.42
2.50
2. 50
2.50
2. 50
2.51
2.53
2. 53
2.52
2. 54
2. 54
2. 55
2. 56
2. 55
2. 57

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August
1958, see footnote 1, table A-2.
2 Derived by assuming that the overtime hours shown in table C-6 are paid
for at the rate of time and one-half.
8 Preliminary.
1Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, are not available separately


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.11
2.22
2.20
2.23
2. 25
2.25
2.25
2. 24
2.26
2.26
2.27
2.28
2. 27
2.27
2. 29

$2.05
2.16
2.14
2.17
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.18
2.20
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.22
2.22
2.24

P ro d u c ts of
p e tro le u m a n d
coal
$2. 54
2.65
2.61
2.66
2.69
2.69
2. 73
2.71
2. 73
2. 73
2. 72
2. 72
2.72
2. 74
2.72

$2.47
2.59
2. 54
2. 60
2.62
2.63
2.66
2. 65
2.67
2.68
2. 68
2. 68
2. 68
2.69
2.66

R u b b e r produ c ts

$2.17
2.26
2. 22
2. 23
2. 28
2. 27
2. 29
2.32
2. 33
2.31
2.29
2.28
2.29
2.29
2.30

$2.09
2.18
2.16
2.15
2.18
2.18
2.21
2.23
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.24
2.25
2.25
2.26

L e a th e r a n d
le a th e r p ro d u c ts
$1.49
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.55
1. 55
1.57
1. 56
1. 56
1. 56
1. 57
1.57
1.57

$1.47
1.52
1.52
1. 52
1.51
1.51
1.52
1. 53
1.54
1.53
1.54
1.54
1.55
1.56
1.55

for the printing, publishing, and allied industries group, as graduated overtime rates are found to an extent likely to make average overtime pay signif­
icantly above time and one-half. Inclusion of data for the industry in the
nondurable-goods total has little effect.
S ource: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

948
T able

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

C-6.

Gross average weekly hours and average overtime hours of production workers in manu­
facturing, by major industry group 1
Gross

Year and month

Over­
time 2

Gross

Over­
time 2

Gross

(Over­
time 2

Gross

Over­
time 2

Gross

Over­
time 2

Gross

Over­
time 2

Gross

Over­
time 2

Gross

Over­
time 3

Durable goods
Total manufacturing

1956: Average____
1957: Average____
M ay_______
June_______
July-----------August____
September__
October____
November__
December___
1958: January____
February___
M arch... . . .
April____ _
May 3______

40.4
39.8
39.7
40.0
39.8
40.0
39.9
39.5
39.3
39.4
38.7
38.4
38.6
38.3
38.6

2.8
2.4
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.0
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.7

Total: Durable
goods

41.1
40.3
40.3
40.5
40.0
40.3
40.2
39.8
39.7
39.7
38.9
38.6
39.0
38.8
39.1

3.0
2.4
2.2
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.5
2.3
2.2
1.9
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.5

Ordnance and
accessories

41.8
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.0
40.1
40.1
39.9
40.0
40.8
41.3
40.6
40.7
40.7
40.6

2.9
2.0
2.1
2.0
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.2
1.3
1.7
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8

Lumber and
wood products
(except to n iture)
40.3
39.8
40.2
40.7
39.5
41.1
38.9
40.2
39.1
39.0
38.5
38.7
38.9
38.8
39.6

3.3
2.8
2.8
3.1
2.9
3.2
3.1
2.9
2.7
2.5
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.2
2.6

Furniture and
fixtures

40.8
40.0
39.2
39.7
39.3
40.7
40.9
40.7
39.7
39.9
38.5
38.4
38.6
38.0
37.8

2.8
2.3
1.9
2.3
2.2
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.2
2.3
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.3

Stone, clay, and Primary metal
glass products
industries
41.1
40.5
40.8
40.8
40.4
40.8
40.7
40.5
40.1
39.8
39.2
38.6
39.1
39.0
39.7

3.6
3.1
3.1
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.4
3.2
3.0
2.7
2.4
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.6

Durable goods—Continued

1956: Average____
1957: Average____
M ay______
June__ . . .
July-----------August____
September__
October____
November__
December___
1958: January____
February___
March_____
A pril...
M ay 3. . . . .

Machinery
(except electrical)

Electrical
machinery

42.2
41.0
41.1
41.1
40.7
40.5
40.7
40.2
39.7
40.3
39.7
39.2
39.5
39.3
39.4

40.8
40.1
40. 1
40.4
39.7
40.2
40.2
39.4
39.5
39.6
39.1
39.0
39.1
39.0
39.1

3.7
2.6
2.7
2.7
2.5
2.3
2.4
2.1
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.5

2.6
1.9
1.8
2.0
1.7
2.1
2.0
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.0
.9
1.0

Transportation
equipment
40.9
40.4
39.9
40.1
39.6
40.1
39.7
39.5
40.6
40.2
38.8
38.6
39.4
39.3
39.7

2.9
2.4
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.2
3.0
2.0
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.4

2.8
2.0
1.8
2.2
2.1
1.8
2.1
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.0
.9
1.0
.9

41.2
40.8
40.9
41.1
40.7
40.9
41.4
40.7
40.5
40.2
39.3
38.9
39.2
38.9
39.3

3.0
2.8
2.7
2.9
2.8
2.9
3.3
2.9
2.7
2.1
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.7

Nondurable goods

Instruments
and related
products
40.8
40.3
40.2
40.5
40.1
40.0
40.4
39.9
40.0
39.8
39.6
39.3
39.4
39.5
39.2

40.9
39.5
39.6
40.2
39.7
39.3
39.4
38.5
38.2
38.1
37.2
36.8
37.1
36.9
37.4

Fabricated
metal products

2.3
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.7
2.1
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1

Miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries
40.3
39.9
39.8
39.9
39.5
40.0
40.3
39.9
39.7
39.6
39.2
39.0
39.2
39.0
39.1

2.6
2.3
2.1
2.2
2.1
2.4
2.6
2.6
2.4
2.2
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7

Total: Nondurable goods
39.5
39.1
38.9
39.2
39.4
39.5
39.6
39.0
38.8
39.0
38.3
38.1
38.1
37.7
38.1

2.5
2.4
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.6
2. 4
2.4
2.2
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.7
1.8

Food and kindred products
41.0
40.5
40.4
40.9
41.5
40.9
41.2
40.2
40.4
40.7
40.1
39.7
39.6
39.7
40.2

3.3
3.1
3.0
3.3
3.4
3.2
3.3
3.2
3.3
3.0
2.9
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.8

Tobacco manufactures
38.9
38.6
39.1
38.6
39.6
38.4
39.8
38.3
37.4
39.1
39.0
37.9
37.1
38.0
38.3

1.1
1.2
1.1
1.5
1.9
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.1
.7
.8
1.3
1.5

Nondurable goods—Continued
Textile-mill
products
1956: Average____
1957: Average____
M ay_______
June...............
July-----------August.. . ..
September__
October____
November__
December___
1958: January____
February___
March__ _
April____ _
M ay 3______

39.6
38.9
38.4
38.9
38.6
39.1
39.1
39.1
38.6
38.9
37.6
37.8
37.6
36.6
37.3

2.6
2.2
2.0
2.3
2.1
2.2
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.1
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.5

Printing, pubApparel and
other finished Paper and allied lishing, and alproducts
textile products
lied industries
36.3
36.0
35.8
35.8
36.1
36.8
36.7
35.9
35.4
35.2
35.1
35.1
34.7
34.5
34.8

1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.4
1.4

1.2

1.1

.9
.8
.9
.9
.8

.8

42.8
42.3
42.0
42.2
42.3
42.5
42.9
42.4
41.9
41.9
41.4
41.1
41.4
41.0
41.0

4.6
4.3
4.0
4.2
4.6
4.5
4.8
4.5
4.0
3.8
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.2
3.4

38.8
38.5
38.5
38.4
38.3
38.6
38.8
38.4
38.0
38.6
37.7
37.7
37.9
37.7
37.6

i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August
1958, see footnote 1, table A-2.
3 Covers premium overtime hours of production and related workers during
the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Overtime hours are
those for which premiums were paid because the hours were in excess of the
number of hours of either the straight-time workday or workweek. Weekend


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.2
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.8
3.1
3.3
3.0
2.8
3.1
2.4
2.3
2.5

2.2
2.2

Chemicals and
allied products
41.3
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.0
41.0
41.2
41.0
41.0
41.3
40.8
40.6
40.7
40.7
40.8

2.3
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.2
2.3

2.2
2.2
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.9

Products of
petroleum and
coal
41.1
40.9
40.9
40.9
41.5
40.6
41.5
40.6
40.7
40.8
40.4
39.9
40.1
40.5
40.4

2.0
1.9
2.2
2.0
2.2
1.8

2.2
1.8
1.9
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.7

Rubber products
40.2
40.5
40.0
40.9
41.3
40.9
40.6
40.1
40.0
40.0
38.2
37.3
38.0
37.5
38.2

2.8
2.8
2.5
3.1
3.8
3.2
3.0
2.9
2.8

2.2

1.5
1.3
1.3

1.2

1.5

Leather and
leather products
37.6
37.4
36.2
37.8
38.1
38.1
37.2
36.8
36.5
37.4
37.3
36.8
36.2
34.1
35.2

1.4
1.3
.9
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.0

.6
.7

and holiday hours are included only if premium wage rates were paid. Hours
for which only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of
premiums were paid are excluded. These data are not available prior to 1956.
3 Preliminary.
S ource: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES

949

D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able D - l .

Consumer Price Index *■—United States city average: All items and major groups of items
[1947-49=100]

Year and Month
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
1957:

All items

Food

Housing

Transporta­ Medical care Personal care Reading and Other goods
tion
recreation and services

Apparel

Average_________
Average................. .
Average_______ ..
Average_________
Average... ______
Average_________
Average........ ..........
Average___ _____
Average__ _______
Average_________
Average_________

95.5
102.8
101.8
102.8
111.0
113.5
114.4
114.8
114.5
116.2
120.2

95.9
104.1
100.0
101.2
112.6
114.6
112.8
112.6
110.9
111.7
115.4

95.0
101.7
103.3
106.1
112.4
114.6
117.7
119.1
120.0
121.7
125.6

97.1
103.5
99.4
98.1
106.9
105.8
104.8
104.3
103.7
105.5
106.9

90.6
100.9
108.5
111.3
118.4
126.2
129.7
128.0
126.4
128. 7
136.0

94.9
100.9
104.1
106.0
111.1
117.2
121.3
125.2
128.0
132.6
138.0

97.6
101.3
101.1
101.1
110.5
111.8
112.8
113.4
115.3
120.0
124.4

95.5
100.4
104.1
103.4
106.5
107.0
108.0
107.0
106.6
108.1
112.2

96.1
100.5
103.4
105.2
109.7
115.4
118.2
120.1
120.2
122.0
125.5

1954: January_________
February________
March___ ____ _
April____________
May____________
June____________
July........ ...............
August— .................
September_______
October___ ___
November___ ___
December................

115.2
115.0
114.8
114.6
115.0
115.1
115.2
115.0
114.7
114.5
114.6
114.3

113.1
112.6
112.1
112.4
113.3
113.8
114.6
113.9
112.4
111.8
111.1
110.4

118.8
118.9
119.0
118.5
118.9
118.9
119.0
119.2
119.5
119.5
119.5
119.7

104.9
104.7
104.3
104.1
104.2
104.2
104.0
103.7
104.3
104.6
104.6
104.3

130.5
129.4
129.0
129.1
129.1
128.9
126.7
126.6
126.4
125.0
127.6
127.3

123. 7
124.1
124.4
124.9
125.1
125.1
125.2
125.5
125.7
125.9
126.1
126.3

113.7
113.9
114.1
112.9
113.0
112.7
113.3
113.4
113.5
113.4
113.8
113.6

108.7
108.0
108.2
106.5
106.4
106.4
107.0
106.6
106.5
106.9
106.8
106.6

120.3
120.2
120.1
120.2
120.1
120.1
120.3
120.2
120.1
120.1
120.0
119.9

1955: January___ ______
February________
March________ _
April_______ . ..
May.... ....................
June____________
July----------------August_______ —
September_______
October... . . . __
November_______
December________

114.3
114.3
114.3
114.2
114.2
114.4
114.7
114.5
114.9
114.9
115.0
114.7

110.6
110.8
110.8
111.2
111. 1
111.3
112.1
111.2
111.6
110.8
109.8
109.5

119.6
119.6
119.6
119.5
119.4
119.7
119.9
120.0
120.4
120.8
120.9
120.8

103.3
103.4
103.2
103.1
103.3
103.2
103.2
103.4
104.6
104.6
104.7
104.7

127.6
127.4
127.3
125.3
125.5
125.8
125.4
125.4
125.3
126.6
128.5
127.3

126.5
126.8
127.0
127.3
127.5
127.6
127.9
128.0
128.2
128.7
129.8
130.2

113.7
113.5
113.5
113.7
113.9
114.7
115.5
115.8
116.6
117.0
117.5
117.9

106.9
106.4
106.6
106.6
106.5
106.2
106.3
106.3
106.7
106.7
106.8
106.8

119.9
119.8
119.8
119.8
119.9
119.9
120.3
120.4
120.6
120.6
120.6
120.6

1956: January_________
February.................
March___________
April........................
May............ ............
June____ . . . ____
July____________
August__________
September_______
October__________
November_______
December____ . ..

114.6
114.6
114.7
114.9
115.4
116.2
117.0
116.8
117.1
117.7
117.8
118.0

109.2
108.8
109.0
109.6
111.0
113.2
114.8
113.1
113.1
113.1
112.9
112.9

120.6
120.7
120.7
120. 8
120.9
121.4
121.8
122.2
122.5
122.8
123.0
123.5

104.1
104.6
104.8
104.8
104.8
104. 8
105.3
105.5
106.5
106.8
107.0
107.0

126.8
126.9
126.7
126.4
127.1
126.8
127.7
128.5
128.6
132.6
133.2
133.1

130.7
130.9
131.4
131.6
131. 9
132.0
132.7
133.3
134.0
134.1
134.5
134.7

118.5
118.9
119.2
119.5
119.6
119.9
120.1
120.3
120.5
120.8
121.4
121.8

107.3
107.5
107.7
108.2
108.2
107.6
107.7
107.9
108.4
108.5
109.0
109.3

120.8
120.9
121.2
121.4
121.5
121.8
122.2
122.1
122.7
123.0
123.2
123.3

1957: January_________
February________
March___________
April____________
M ay... . . . . . . . . .
June____________
July____________
August__________
September_______
October__________
November____ . ..
December________

118.2
118.7
118.9
119.3
119.6
120.2
120.8
121.0
121.1
121.1
121.6
121.6

112.8
113.6
113.2
113.8
114.6
116.2
117.4
117.9
117.0
116.4
116.0
116.1

123.8
124.5
124.9
125.2
125.3
125.5
125.5
125.7
126.3
126.6
126.8
127.0

106.4
106.1
106.8
106.5
106.5
106.6
106.5
106.6
107.3
107.7
107.9
107.6

133.6
134.4
135.1
135.5
135.3
135.3
135.8
135. 9
135.9
135.8
140.0
138.9

135.3
135.5
136.4
136.9
137.3
137.9
138.4
138.6
139.0
139.7
140.3
140.8

122.1
122.6
122.9
123.3
123.4
124.2
124.7
124.9
125.1
126.2
126.7
127.0

109.9
110.0
110.5
111.8
111.4
111.8
112.4
112.6
113.3
113.4
114.4
114.6

123.8
124.0
124.2
124.2
124.3
124.6
126.6
126.7
126.7
126.8
126.8
126.8

1958: January_______ _.
February________
March___________
April... _________
M ay.. __________
June________ ___

122.3
122.5
123.3
123.5
123.6
123.7

118.2
118.7
120.8
121.6
121.6
121.6

127.1
127.3
127.5
127.7
127.8
127.8

106.9
106.8
106.8
106.7
106.7
106.7

138.7
138.5
138.7
138.3
138.7
138.9

141.7
141.9
142.3
142.7
143.7
143.9

127.8
128.0
128.3
128.5
128.5
128.6

116.6
116.6
117.0
117.0
116.6
116.7

127.0
127.0
127.2
127.2
127.2
127.2

1 The Consumer Price Index measures the average change In prices of goods
and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families.
Data for 46 large, medium-size, and small cities are combined for the United
States average.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
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N ote : For a description of this series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

950
T able D-2.

Consumer Price Index ^ U n ite d States city average: Food, housing, apparel, transpor­
tation, and their subgroups
[1947-49=100]

Annual
average

1957

1958
Group
June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1957

1956

Food 2
- _______________ ____
Food at home.
_________ Cereals and bakery products.
Meats, poultry, and fish.. __ ----Dairy products. _________ ...
Fruits and vegetables
Other foods at home 3------ -- - ...

121.6
120.4
132.9
118.3
111.7
134.3
110.9

121.6
120.5
132.8
116.6
111.8
137.4
111.5

121.6
120. 5
132.7
115.9
112.5
136.6
112.4

120.8
119.6
132. 7
114.4
114.1
130.7
113.8

118. 7
117.2
132.6
112.0
114.5
124. 4
111.3

118.2
116. 7
132.5
110.2
114.6
121.9
113.1

116.1
114.3
131.8
106. 0
114.6
113.9
114.9

116.0
114.1
131.6
104.6
114, 5
114.6
115.6

116.4
114.7
331.4
106.3
114.2
114.5
116.2

117.0
115. 5
131.2
110.3
113.1
114.8
115.0

117.9
116.6
131.0
111.9
111.5
121.3
113.8

117.4
116.1
130.8
109.5
110.5
126.9
111.7

116.2
114.7
130.6
106.9
110.0
126.8
109.5

115.4
113. 8
130. 5
105. 2
111.8
118.6
112.9

111.7
110.2
125.6
97.1
108.7
119.0
112.8

Housing 4---------------------------------------Rent
__ _ _ _ _
. ...
Gas and electricity__ ___
Solid fuels and fuel oil. _ . . . .
Housefurnishings___ . . .
Household operation----- ----------

127.8
137.7
116.9
131. 7
104.1
131.1

127.8
137.5
116. 5
131. 6
104. 0
130.9

127. 7
1.37.3
116.0
134.2
104.0
130.9

127.5
137.1
115. 9
136.7
103.9
130.7

127.3
137.0
115. 9
137.2
104.9
129.9

127.1
136.8
115. 7
138.4
104.2
129.7

127.0
136.7
114.3
138.3
104. 9
129.6

126.8
136.3
114.3
138.0
104.5
129.4

126.6
136.0
113.8
137.6
104.8
128.7

126.3 125.7 125.5
135.7 135.4 135.2
113.7 113.3 112.3
136.8 135.7 135.9
104.8 103.9 104.1
128.3 128.0 127.9

125. 5
135.0
112.3
135.3
104.6
127.6

125.6
135.2
113.0
137.4
104.6
127.5

121.7
132.7
111.8
130.7
103.0
122.9

Apparel------------------------------------------ 106. 7 106.7
108.8 108.9
M en’s and boys’_
_
_
98.5 98.4
Women’s and girls’-------- . . . . .. ..
Footwear__
..
-------- 129.8 129.7
Other apparel 6- ----- --------- - 91.9 92.1

106.7
109.1
98.2
129.8
91.9

106.8 106.8 106.9
108.9 109.0 109.0
98.8 98.6 98.8
129. 5 129.5 129.3
91.9 92.0 91.9

107.6
109.5
100.1
129.1
92.3

107.9
109.4
100.8
129.0
92.6

107.7
109.4
100.6
128.3
92.5

107.3
109.3
99.8
128.1
92.3

106.6 106.5 106.6 108.9
108.8 108.8 109.1 109.0
98.6 98.6 98. 5 99.2
128.3 128.1 127.8 127.9
92.0 91.9 91.9 92.1

105.5
107.4
98.7
123.9
91.4

138. 9 138. 7 138.3
128.0 128.0 127.6
187.7 186.1 186.1

138. 7 138. 5 138.7
128.0 127.9 128.4
185.9 185.4 182.4

138.9
128.6
182.4

140.0
129.7
182.8

135.8 135.9
125. 4 125.5
181.6 181.1

Transportation __
-. ----Private - ___
____ - - ______ Public. ------ --------- -- -----------

135.3
125.4
176.8

136.0
125.8
178.8

128.7
118.8
172.2

4 In addition to subgroups shown here, total housing includes the purchase
price of homes and other homeowner costs.
5Includes yard goods, diapers, and miscellaneous items.
S ource: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

1 See footnote 1, table D -l.
2 In addition to subgroups shown here, total food includes restaurant meals
and other food bought and eaten away from home.
3 Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic),
and other miscellaneous foods.

T able D -3.

135.9 135.8
125. 6 125.6
180.6 180.2

Consumer Price Index 1—United States city average: Special groups of items
[1947-49=100]

Y e a r a n d m o n th

A ll item s
less food

A ll item s
less sh elter

A ll com ­
m o d itie s

A ll com ­
m o d itie s
less food

D u ra b le
co m m o d i­
ties 2

N o n d u ra ­
b le com ­
m o d ities
less food 3

A ll
A ll serv ic es
services 4 less r e n t 6

_ _ __ _
____________________ - -___________________________________
____ ______
___ ______________ ____
_ __ _ _______ _ - __________ __
____
- _ _ ____ __________ _____ _
_ _ ____ ____
___ __
__ ___
- ____ _________
- ___
_________
_ _ _ ____ _______ _
__ _______
_
_ _ __ __ __ _ ______________ _____
-- - ____ ____ ____ _____ ____
_
_ __ ___
__ ______ _________ ____

95.1
101.9
103.0
104.2
110.8
113.5
115.7
116.4
116.7
118.8
122.8

95.6
103.1
101.3
102.0
110.5
112.7
113.1
113.0
112.4
114.0
117.8

96.3
103.2
100.6
101.2
110.3
111.7
111.3
110.2
109.0
110.1
113.6

95.7
102.9
101.5
101.3
108.9
109.8
110.0
108.6
107.5
108.9
112.3

94.9
101.8
103.3
104.4
112.4
113.8
112.6
108.3
105.1
105.1
108.8

95.7
103.1
101.1
100.9
108.5
109.1
110.1
110.6
110.6
113.0
116.1

94.5
100.4
105.1
108.5
114.1
119.3
124.2
127.5
129.8
132.6
137.7

94.7
100.1
105.2
108.1
114.6
120.1
124.6
127. 7
130.1
133.0
138.6

1957* J u n e
__ ________________ — J u ly
______________________________________
A ugust ___ ______
- - _______ - _____
S e p te m b e r
__
__________ __
O ctober
_
___
__
_
_ _ _
N ovem ber _
__ __
____
D ecem b er __
__
_____

122.5
122.8
123.0
123.4
123.7
124.6
124.5

117.8
118. 5
118.7
118.7
118.6
119.2
119.2

113.7
114.4
114.6
114.5
114.3
114.7
114.7

111.9
112.2
112.1
112.6
112.8
113.8
113.6

108.4
108.2
108.4
108.6
108.6
110.9
110.3

115.8
116.3
116.0
116.7
117.0
117.4
117.3

137.5
137.9
138.3
138.8
139.2
139.8
140.0

138.4
138.9
139.3
139.8
140.3
140.9
141.1

1958: J a n u a ry __ _ ____ _ _
__
__
F e b r u a r y . _ _______ _____ _
___
M a rc h
____ __________ _________ -- -A p ril _____
_ __________ ___ _____
M ay
__
_ - - ____ ___ _________
J u n e _____ _______
_________ ______ __________

124.7
124.8
125.0
125.0
125.1
125.2

120.0
120.2
121.0
121.2
121.3
121.4

115.4
115.5
116.4
116.6
116.6
116.6

113. 5
113.2
113.1
112.8
112.9
112.9

110. 5
110.3
109.6
109.6
109.7
109.6

117.0
116.7
116.9
116.6
116.5
116.7

140.5
141.0
141.7
142.1
142.3
142.3

141.7
142.3
143.1
143.5
143.8
143.8

1947*
1948'
1949'
1950*
1951*
1952*
1953'
1954*
1Q55*
1956*
1957:

A verage
A verage
A verage
A verage
A verage
A verage
A verage
A verage
A verage
A verage
A verage

_
_
_
_
_
-

-

1 See footnote 1 and Note, table D -l.
2 Includes household appliances, furniture and bedding, floor coverings,
dinnerware, automobiles, tires, radio and television sets, durable toys, sport­
ing goods, and from 1953 forward, water heaters, kitchen sinks, sink faucets,
and porch flooring.
s Includes solid fuels, fuel oil, textile housefurnishings, household paper,
electric light bulbs, laundry soap and detergents, apparel (except shoe re­
pairs), gasoline, motor oil, prescriptions and drugs, toilet goods, nondurable
toys, newspapers, cigarettes, cigars, beer, whiskey, and from 1953 forward,
house paint and paint brush.
4 Includes rent, gas, electricity, dry cleaning, laundry service, domestic
service, telephone, water, postage, shoe repairs, auto repairs, auto insurance,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

auto registration, transit fares, railroad fares, professional medical services,
hospital services, group hospitalization, barber and beauty shop services,
television repairs, motion picture admissions, and from 1953 forward, home
purchase, real estate taxes, mortgage interest, property insurance, repainting
garage, repainting rooms, reshingling roof, and refinishing floors.
6 Formerly all services less shelter for 1953 and later years; for definition of
services, see footnote 4.
N ote: Indexes from 1953 forward have been revised to reflect the distribu­
tion of shelter items, formerly included in “all services and shelter” now en­
titled “all services,” among the appropriate commodity and service classi­
fications.
S ource: IT. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

D-4.

951

Consumer Price Index —United States city average: Retail prices and indexes of selected
foods

Commodity

Cereals and bakery products U n i t
Flour, wheat-------- -------- .5 lb ..
Biscuit mix 4. _________ 20 OZ-.
Corn meal_____________ .. . l b ..
R ic e __ ______ ______ _ lb
Rolled o a ts ------------------- 18 oz..
C o rn flak es-.---------------- 12 oz—
Bread_________________ ___lb__
_ lb__
Soda crackers 4. ---Vanilla cookies...
------ .7 oz..
Meats, poultry, and fish:
TVTpats
___

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1958

1957

Annual
average

June

May

Apr.

Mar;

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.3 Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1957

1956

114.9
95.8
115.6
97.5
138.0
149.7
144.4
113.6
126.5

115.4
96.0
155.5
96.8
137.9
149.4
144.0
113.7
126.7

115.4
95.9
115.4
96.3
137.9
149.0
143.8
113.6
126.8

115.1
96.0
115.3
95.9
137.7
148.5
143.7
113.4
127.7

114.7
96.0
115.2
95.8
137.5
147.6
143.7
113.6
127.6

114.4
96.0
114.1
95.6
137.2
146.5
143.7
113.3
128.1

113.7
96.0
114.1
95.3
137.2
143.0
142.7
113.4
127.9

113.8
95.9
114.1
95.2
136.7
138.5
142.5
113.4
127.9

114.1
95.9
114.0
94.6
136.5
136.4
142.2
112.9
127.8

114.0
95.6
114.1
94.4
136.3
136.2
142.0
113.2
127.4

113.9
95.8
113.4
93.7
136.4
136.0
141.8
113.1
127.2

113.7
95.7
113.4
93.3
136.0
135.4
141.5
113.2
127.3

113.7
95.7
113.7
93.1
135.7
135.0
141.0
113.1
127.7

113.4
95.8
113.3
93.5
134.9
136.1
141.0
112.4
127.3

110.7
95.4
111.0
92.8
119.1
128.9
134.7
107.3
124.0

124.2
122. 6
128.8
118.2
124.5
112.3
145.3
118. 3
131.8
112.4
106.1
112.6

122.0
121. 7
128.4
116.9
124.5
110.9
144.3
115.0
125.4
110.4
104.7
111.8

121. 5
121. 5
128.4
118.5
123.9
109.1
143.1
114. 7
125.3
109.2
105.5
113.4

118. 8
117.9
125.2
115.4
121.5
103.3
142.4
112. 6
123.0
105.8
105.5
112.4

116 7
114. 8
122.7
110.2
120.4
100.7
140.4
111.3
121.7
105.9
102.3
113.2

115.1
112. 8
122. Î
106.6
120.6
98.3
135.9
110.1
120.8
103.7
102.1
110.5

110. 5
107. 7
117.8
102.1
114.9
91.8
130.4
105. 2
117.1
96.8
99.0
105.1

108 9
105. 6
116.3
98.5
112.9
90.1
128.7
103 7
117.3
96.0
94.7
104.3

111. 1
105. 9
117.1
98.4
113.7
89.7
128.8
108. 2
120.9
103.7
95.3
104.5

115 2
107. 8
119.1
99.9
115.2
90.6
129.5
116 0
124.7
117.4
99.1
105.7

116 3
106. 9
119.2
97.9
114.4
91.2
128.8
119 2
127.6
120.3
102.6
105.5

113. 2
105 5
117.8
96.1
113.5
89.7
128.0
114. 3
127.3
111.0
99.1
105.5

110. 5
103.0
114. Î
94.4
111.8
87.0
128.8
110. 9
127.5
103.0
98.4
107.2

108 7
102 8
113.7
95.0
111.0
86.6
127.9
10?. 3
119.1
101.5
97.4
103.5

97 9
95 7
107.1
87.2
104.7
79.3
120.8
93 1
107.6
79.0
92.4
99.8

108.6
103.4
81. 9

106.5
101.6
81.7

105. 2
99.7
80.1

102.9
98.4
83.5

100.2
98.1
79. 7

99.0
97.7
77.0

97.3
96.8
74. 2

97.2
96.2
73.1

98.1
95.2
73. 8

98.5
94.6
78. 5

97.7
94.2
83.3

95.0
93.8
83.3

93.0
93.5
80. 9

93.1
93.1
78.4

85.4
84.4
80. 4

117.1
119.4

117. 6
120.4

117. 6
120.4

117.1
119. 7

115. 4
116. 6

113. 8
113.9

112.2
111.5

111. 4
110.1

110. 5
108.5

110.0
107.6

110. 2
107. 8

109.6
106.8

109.0
106. 0

109.9
107. 6

108 5
105.5

131.3

131.3

131. 2

131.1

131.0

130. 8

130.8

130. 7

130.4

130.1

130.2

130.1

129.9

130.1

125.5

95.3

95.2

95.3

95.0

94.9

94.4

93.7

93.4

93.6

93.6

93.6

93.6

93.4

93.3

94.6

117.0

117.1

118.3

120. 5

121. 2

121.5

121. 9

121.8

121. 0

119. 5

116.9

115.0

114.2

117.6

113.6

121. 6

121. 7

122. 4

125.2

125.8

126. 0

126. 2

126.1

125. 5

123. 8

121. 5

120.1

119.3

122.1

118. 4

98.3
93.0
109.5
111.1

98.3
93.1
109.5
110.9

98.4
93.5
109.9
111.1

98.2
94.8
110.0
110.8

98.4
94.8
109.8
110.5

98.4
94.8
109.9
110.1

98.1
94.8
109.6
109.0

97.8
94.9
109.5
108.4

98.0
95.4
109.5
108.5

98.1
94.4
109.6
108.5

97.9
93.2
109.5
108.3

97.7
93.2
109.3
108.0

97.7
93.4
109. 4
107.2

97.4
94.0
109.3
107.2

95.5
91.3
108.4
103.4

119.8
82.4
152.2
99.8
106.4
144.0
193.3
104.2
165. 4
98.9
(8)
(8)
76.7
(8)
101.6
128.7
159.5
123.0
113.9
106.4
127.1
126.3
101.7
93.9
110.6
121.1
107.6
112.1
100.9
103.7
99.5
124.2
102.2
118. 5
137.0
97.9

116.2
82.6
143.2
99.5
106.6
150.0
157.7
103.8
160.9
102.9
149.3
(8)
95.2
(8)
(8)
144.1
158.4
132.9
108.4
145.8
147.0
152.3
157.8
125.0
109. 5
117.5
107.9
111.8
100.8
104.0
99.4
121.0
101.7
117.3
137.2
95.9

115.5
82.5
141.5
99.5
106.4
149.3
133.3
98.3
169.0
101.8
130.5
(8)
(5)
(8)
(8)
155.9
152.9
159.7
106.2
135.5
132.4
160.9
163.8
136.3
108. 6
114.4
108.4
111.7
100.7
103.7
99.7
118.2
101. 8
116.4
137.0
94.8

112.7
82.6
134.8
99.7
105.2
140.9
121.8
104.8
147.7
102.6
118.2
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
138.4
147.6
128.7
119.3
140.7
109.7
174.1
148.6
(6)
107.4
111.9
109.5
111.4
100.6
103.6
100.6
112.2
102.2
113.9
136.1
91.4

110. 3
81.9
129.4
100.4
103.1
131.4
117.6
106.9
142.2
101.8
116.4
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
115.7
138.3
105.5
123.7
113.0
108.4
165.5
145.8
(5)
106.5
111.1
109.1
111.0
100.8
103.9
100.9
107.9
102.0
112.3
136.1
89.0

107.6
80.3
123.4
100.5
102.6
128.0
114.1
104.9
137.3
104.2
122.4
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
112.6
134.2
101.2
135.2
118.3
102.2
151.7
138.7
171.0
106.0
109.4
109.3
110.9
100.6
103.6
101.2
106.3
102.2
112.0
136.2
88.5

197.7
79.4
99.2
99.8
101.9
116. 5
110.9
99.3
124. 6
105.3
110.0
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
109.3
120.3
98.9
132.7
104.7
93.2
120.4
115.4
110.5
105.3
108.0
108.4
110.6
100.4
102.8
101.0
105.5
102.1
111. 1
135.9
87.3

97. 8
79.4
99.4
100.3
101.6
117.6
104.6
109.7
133.2
104.9
113.4
(8)
(8)
82.6
(8)
107.1
109.2
97.0
131.6
128.7
91.3
113.5
95.1
113.4
105. 5
108.0
109.8
110.6
100.5
103.2
101.6
104.9
101.9
110.7
136.4
86.4

97. 6
79.6
98.9
100.3
101.5
117.4
104.8
144.6
141.9
96.7
(8)
(8)
(8)
77.6
(8)
105.9
112.7
95.9
125.5
133.3
92. 7
114.1
83.3
104.5
105.7
108.5
110.5
110. 5
100.5
102.8
102.1
104.0
102.8
110.9
137.1
86.2

97. 0
79.5
97.8
100.8
99.8
118.0
123.8
110.9
139.3
97.5
(8)
106.7
(8)
75.1
(8)
106.2
118.2
96.7
131.1
127.9
98.5
120.8
70.9
93.2
105.6
108.1
110.8
110.4
100.5
102.0
102.3
103.7
103.0
111.0
137.7
86.1

96. 3
79.0
96.4
100.3
100.3
128.5
(5)
115. 6
133.6
98.1
(8)
99.6
(8)
88.0
72.8
111.0
155. 8
110.2
125.7
153.4
97.6
121.2
77.2
98.8
105. 6
108.9
110.8
110.4
100.4
101.7
102.9
103.0
102.9
111.4
140.2
85.2

95. 8
79.0
95.0
100.6
100.2
137. 4
194.8
112.2
126.8
96.5
(8)
123.5
(8)
129.6
186. 4
114.3
166.3
135.9
117.2
130.7
115.9
124.6
95.7
109.7
106.0
110.3
111.3
110.4
100.3
101.9
103.2
102.9
102.8
111.7
141.4
84.9

95.9
79.5
95.6
100.4
99.1
137.1
195.2
112.4
121.2
98.2
(8)
(8)
80.0
(8)
103.4
111.1
155.1
153.4
115.9
125.6
112.0
125.6
121.1
99.9
106.3
113.3
110.8
110.3
100.2
101.6
102.7
102.8
102.7
111.8
142.2
84.5

C e n ts

55.4
26.8
12.8
18.4
20.3
25.5
19.2
29.2
24.5

Round steak------------ .. . l b .. 106.2
Chuck roast---- ------- ...lb ._ 65.5
Rib roast___________ _lb__ 83.0
Ham burger-. . ------- _ _lb_
54.6
Veal cutlets-------------- __ lb__ 133.9
Pork
___
Pork chops, center cut . . . l b .. 96.0
Bacon, sliced------------ ___lb__ 81.9
.. . l b .. 69.1
Ham, whole------Lamb, leg____________ __ lb_
77.6
Other meats:
Frankfurters 4------- — lb „ 66.1
Luncheon meat 4__12-oz can__ 50.0
Poultry, frying chickens _
Ready-to-cook_____ ___ — lb .. 49.0
Fish * _____________
Fish , fresh or frozen— . . . .
Ocean perch fillet, frozen . . . l b .. 45.8
Haddock, fillet, frozen... ...lb .- 55.0
Salmon, pink_____ 16-oz . can__ 63.2
Tuna fish, chunk 4
6-6JS-OZ. can.. 32.9
Dairy products:
Milk, frosh. erocerv _
Homogenized, with vitamin D
23.3
Milk, fresh, delivered__ ______
Homogenized, with vitamin D
qt
24. 8
Icecream 4.
. --------- - p t_ . 29. 6
—
lb_.
- ---73.5
B utter__ _
Cheese, American process. . . . lb „ 58.1
Milk evaporated..-14J.-6-OZ can__ 15.1
All fruits and vegetables:
Strawberries4- - - - - - 10 oz—
Orange juice concentrate 6oz—
Peas, green4--------------- 10 oz__
9 oz
Beans, green 4...
Fresh fruits and vegetables
Apples-------------------- . — lb._
Bananas------ -------- -- — lb._
Oranges--------------------- doz-_
Lemons 7-------- -- . . . . . _--lb_.
G rapefruit89-------------------- each..
Peaches 811---------------------- — lb__
Strawberries 813---------------- -p t-_
Grapes, seedless 811----------- — lb —
Watermelons 817--------------- - l b Potatoes_____________ 101b-.
Sweet potatoes------------ — lb—
.. . l b ..
Onions____________
Carrots------------------- - — lb__
Lettuce_____________ head—
Celery9_______ ------- — lb ..
Cabbage_____________ — lb —
Tomatoes4- ------ - — lb__
— lb—
Beans, green------Canned fruits and vegetables __
Orange juice 4_____ 46-oz. can..
Peaches___________ #2)4 can..
Pineapple. . ---- -- #2 can .
F ruit cocktail4__ - #303 can..
Corn, cream sty le._. #303 can
Peas, green____ ____#303 can..
T o m a to e s..___ _ #303 can..
Babv foods 4
_
4)4-5 oz Dried fruits and vegetables
Prunes______________ . ..l b ..
Dried beans-------- ------- .. . l b ..

Indexes (1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified)

Aver­
age 2
price,
June
1958

26. 5
27.9
19.5
23.2
22.2
16.8
76.1
18.3
(8)
(s)
26.2
(8)
6.3
68.1
17.9
10.5
14. 5
15.3
18.3
8.7
28.7
19.9
38.0
33.7
34.7
26.2
17.5
20.9
18.5
10.0
33.2
18.5

97.8
103.1
82.1
91.2
99.4
107.0
100.9
107. 5
99.2
95.9
123.7
122.8
3140.8
128.9
107.7
104.4
126.2
126.7
103.0
101. 9
10111.31 10 104. 0
«109.91 « 97.4
14 80. 7 42 99. 7
« 90. 6 18 80. 9
« 87. 5 12 79. 5
107.9
127. 9
131.0
114.8
111.9
112.4
117.1
108.1
121.9
114.4
104.1
92. 7
125.9
114.5
105.1
105.4
117.7
119.5
106.3
107.9
113.2
120.0
110.4
111.0
110.2
108.8
100.3
100.8
102.2
106.8
102.1
102.1
103.4
104.1
102.6
100.9
111.5
114.6
140.3
147.2
85.2
85.7

952

M ONTHLY

T able D -4 .

LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

Consumer Price Index —United States city average: Retail prices and indexes of selected
foods—Continued
Indexes (1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified)

Aver-

age2
price,
June
1958

Commodity

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.3 Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1957

1956

100.3
106.4

100.4
106.7

100.3
106.6

100.1
106.3

100.0
105.9

99.1
104.9

98.5
104.6

98.3
104.4

98.5
104.1

98.7
103.6

99.6
104.2

99.9
104.1

99.7
104.3

99.0
103.9

98.3
103.0

99.9
96.4
180.9
168.9
124.3
121.7
85.9

100.0
96.1
181.2
169.9
124.2
120.7
86.2

100.6
96.4
182.5
171.6
124.2
120.8
86. 2

100.8
96.3
183.4
172.9
124.2
120.7
86.1

100.4
97.4
184. 7
175. 0
124.0
120.3
85.8

100.1
98.2
184. 8
175.2
123.8
120.4
86.3

99.8
97.4
183.8
173.9
123.2
120.2
86.1

100.7
96.9
183.9
174.2
122.7
120.1
86.1

100. 5
96.3
184.7
175. 4
123.3
119.8
86.1

100.1
95.7
188.0
180.1
123.5
119. 4
86.5

100.2
96.0
192. 5
186.5
123.2
119.1
86.6

100.3
97.2
192, 6
186.9
123.3
118.7
86.5

100.0
97.8
194.7
190.3
123.0
117.8
86.7

100.0
99.2
192.7
187.4
122.9
118.1
86.8

98.8
101.6
194.0
192.0
121.2
113.0
83.1

89.9
77.3
83.1
100.8
112.5
119. 2
56. 5 117.6
25.9 110.5
27.7 115.9
5.1 113.8
55.1 78.9

90.9
77.7
82.7

91.0
78.0
82.6
100.6
101. 0
111.5 111.0
118.4 117. 1
116.2 115.9
110.2 109.7
115. 7 115.9
113.2 109.6
81.1 81.5

90.5
78.0
82.6
101.0
110.9
113.9
115.6
108.7
115.9
100.7
90.6

90. 1
77.7
82.0
100.8
110.5
113.6
115.6
107.9
115.3
100.4
81.4

91.5
78.1
82.6
100.7
110.5
113.7
115. 8
107.3
115.4
100. 5
87.6

91.3
78.0
83.2
99.7
110.2
113.4
115. 6
106.9
115.0
100.4

90.9
78.0
84.3
99.7
109.9
113.3
115. 4
106.6
114.7
100.4
99.6

92.0
77.9
84.9
99.8
109.9
113.4
115. 5
106.6
115.1
100.4
93.0

92.7
77.7
84.5
99.7
109.8
113. 3
115. 5
106.3
114.7
100. 5
85.4

92.8
77.7
83. 1
99.8
109.7
113.0
114.9
106.3
114.8
100.5
77.5

93.6
78.1
82.3
99.3
109. 5
112.7
114.2
106. 2
114. 7
100.5
68.8

93.1
78.5
83.8
99.2
109.8
112.8
114.6
106.0
114. 5
100.4
82.2

90.5
75.6
73.1
94.3
110.0
109.6
109.8
101.5

95.5

90.9
77.7
84.1
99.9
110. 2
113.4
115.5
1C6.6
115.0
100.4
98.1

104.3

104.0

104.1

103.8

103.6

103.9

103. 5 102.8

103.4

103.1

103.0

103.0

99.3

Other foods at. home:
Partially prepared foods: Unit Cents
Soup, tomato 4___ 11 oz. can.. 12.6
Beans with pork 4-..16-oz. can__ 15.1
Condiments and sauces:
Pickles, sweet4______ .7y¡ oz... 27.0
Catsup, tomato4 ___ -.14 oz__ 21.9
Beverages ______
(18)
Coffee_____________
Teabags4. ___ package of 16_. 24.0
27.6
Coladrink4carton,36oz
Shortening, hydrogenated
3-lb. can. Margarine, colored.- . ___ lb__
Lard. ... .. --------- ___ lb__
Salad dressing______ ----p t Peanut butter 4___ ___ lb..
Sugar and sweets___ _
Sugar__ . ------------- ..5 lbs..
.24 oz_.
Corn syrup 4____
Grape jelly A. -------- ..12 oz..
Chocolate bar 4 ___ ...1 oz..
Eggs, grade A, large----- ...doz..
Miscellaneous foods:
Gelatin, flavored4----- .3-4 oz .

Annual
average

1957

1958

94.6
29.5
22.6
37.8
55.1

9.0

104.6

104.1

1 See footnote 1 and Note, table D -l.
2 Based on prices in the 46 cities used in compiling the Consumer Price
Index. Average prices for each of the 20 large cities listed in table D-5 are
available upon request. Not strictly comparable with prices published for
months prior to January 1958 because of revision of outlet weights. For
explanation, see Retail Food Prices by Cities, January 1958.
3 Prices collected the 9th, 10th, and 11th instead of the week containing the
15th as usual.
4 December 1952=100.
3 Not available.
3 11 months’ average.
2 M ay 1953=100.
3 Priced only in season.

T able D -5.

111.4

100.0
86.3

e January 1953=100.
7 months’ average.
11 July 1953 = 100.
123 months’ average,
is April 1953=100.
142 months’ average,
is 5 months’ average.
10 4 months’ average,
i? June 1953 = 100.
is Price of 1-lb. can, 91.8 cents. Price of 1-lb., bag 75.4 (priced only in chain
stores and large supermarkets).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Consumer Price Index 1- -All items indexes, by city
[1947-49=100]
Annual average

1957

1958

City
June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1957

United States city average2.

123.7

123.6

123. 5

123.3

122.5

122.3

121.6

121.6

121.1

121.1

121.0

120.8

120.2

120.2

116.2

Atlanta, Ga. __________
Baltimore, M d___________
Boston, Mass --------------Chicago, 111... . -------- -Cincinnati, Ohio______
Cleveland, Ohio__________
Detroit, Mich____________
Houston, Tex-----------------Kansas City, Mo-------------Los Angeles, Calif________
Minneapolis, M inn..............
New York, N. Y _________
Philadelphia, P a-------------Pittsburgh, P a----------------Portland, Oreg------ ---------St. Louis, M o____________
San Francisco, Calif______
Scranton, P a_____________
Seattle, W ash..
_______
Washington, D. C ________

124.9
124.8
0
127.5
122.7
0
124.2
0
0
125.1
0
121.0
123.0
0
0
124. 5
128.0
0
0
0

0
0
0
127.0
0
125. 0
124. 3
123.7
0
125.2
0
121.1
122.9
0
0
0
0
120.7
126.1
121.3

0
0
124. 5
127.0
0
0
124.4
0
123.7
125.6
124. 1
121.2
122.9
123.8
125.0
0
0
0
0
0

124.9
124.1
0
126.8
122.3
0
124.2
0
0
125.0
0
121.2
123.1
0
0
124.5
126.7
0
0
0

0
0
0
126. 2
0
124. 5
123.7
122. 3
0
124.1
0
120.3
122.3
0
0
0
0
119.1
125.0
120.3

0
0
123.4
126.1
0
0
123.7
0
122.4
123.7
123.2
120.0
122.2
122.6
123.3
0
0
0
0
0

122.4
122.1
0
125.6
120.8
0
123.3
0
0
122.9
0
118.7
122. 1
0
0
122.5
124.8
0
0
0

0
0
0
125.6
0
123.3
123. 5
122.4
0
122.9
0
118.6
122.1
0
0
0
0
117.8
123.9
119.4

0
0
122.0
124.7
0
0
122.7
0
121.8
122.2
122.2
118.4
122.0
121.1
121.9
0
0
0
0
0

122.2
121. 7
0
124.3
120.9
0
122.8
0
0
122.0
0
118.3
121.9
0
0
122.1
123.5
0
0
0

0
0
0
124.1
0
122.8
123.0
122.1
0
121.2
0
118.7
121.6
0
0
0
0
117.8
123.7
119.1

0
0
122.1
124.1
0
0
123.1
0
121.7
121.1
121.6
118.4
121.2
120.7
122.2
0
0
0
0
0

121.2
121.2
0
122.9
119.7
0
122.5
0
0
121.0
0
117.9
120.1
0
0
121.3
122.8
0
0
0

121.4
121.0
121.2
123.3
119.6
122.1
122.2
121.5
121.1
121.2
121.1
117.6
120.8
120.2
121.7
121.2
123.1
116.9
123.1
118.3

118.1
116.9
117.1
119.5
116.0
118.0
118.7
117.8
117.5
117.4
117.0
113.9
117.0
116.5
118.0
117.2
118.4
112.9
118.1
114.9

1 See footnote 1 and Note, table D -l.
Indexes measure time-to-time
changes in prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and
clerical-worker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live
in one city than in another.
2 Average of 46 cities.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1956

3 Indexes are computed monthly for 5 cities and once every 3 months on'a
rotating cycle for 15 other cities.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

D-6.

953

Consumer Price Index —Food and its subgroups, by city
[1947-49=100]
Food at home

Total food 2
City

Total food at home
June
1958

May
1958

June
1957

June
1958

May
1958

Cereals and bakery products

June
1957

June
1958

May
1958

Meats, poultry, and fish

June
1957

June
1958

May
1958

June
1957

United States city average 3—

121.6

121.6

116.2

120.4

120.5

114.7

132.9

132.8

130.6

118.3

116.6

106.9

Atlanta, Ga_— .
________
Baltimore, M d____________
Boston, Mass______________
Chicago, 111-- ___ ______
Cincinnati, Ohio___________

119.2
122.4
120.3
118.8
124.1

119.5
122.7
120.2
118.5
123.3

113.7
117.5
115.3
113.6
118.8

118.8
120.1
118.6
116.7
123.3

119.2
120.2
118.3
116.5
122.0

112.4
114.4
113.0
111.6
117.5

126.9
128.6
131.5
124.1
132.0

127.1
128.6
131.5
124.5
132.0

124.3
127.1
128.4
123.0
131.5

120.3
117.0
116.6
111.6
120.9

119.5
115.7
114.1
109.5
118.3

109.2
107.5
104.9
100.6
110.2

Cleveland, Ohio____ ____ _
Detroit, Mich____ ________
Houston, Tex______________
Kansas City, M o__________
Los Angeles, Calif__________

118.4
123.1
117.1
115.7
123.8

118.6
124.0
117.2
115.2
124.0

114.6
118.9
113.3
112.9
117.7

116.6
121.8
115.5
114.2
120.4

116.9
122.5
115.8
113.7
120.6

112.7
117.3
111.2
111.1
114.6

129.5
125.6
126.3
127.6
141.1

130.0
125.7
126.6
127.6
141.6

123.8
124.9
121.5
126.6
137.1

113.3
115.6
111.9
114.7
117.5

111.7
114.3
110.7
112.7
115.5

103.3
104.8
101.6
102.8
106.8

Minneapolis, M inn_______ .
New York, N. Y ......................
Philadelphia, P a___________
Pittsburgh, P a ........................
Portland, Oreg............... ..........

119.5
121.6
123.9
123.8
122.1

119.6
121.9
124.0
123.2
121.7

114.5
115.6
118.6
117.9
117.5

118.5
119.8
122.0
122.9
121.0

118.6
120.5
122.2
122.2
121.0

113.3
113.6
116.6
116.3
115.7

134.4
137.8
134.3
131.1
135.4

134.5
137.7
134.5
131.3
135.7

129.5
135.2
132.6
128.0
132.1

111.4
118.4
118.9
117.0
120.9

110.6
117.0
117.1
114.6
118.2

101.0
107.4
108.9
106.2
108.1

St. Louis, Mo_____________
San Francisco, Calif________
Scranton, P a______________
Seattle, Wash__ _________
Washington, D. C. ________

122.2
124.5
120.9
121.9
122.8

122.3
123.5
120.5
122.8
123.4

116.7
118.2
114.2
117.7
117.5

118.4
123.4
121.0
121.5
121.5

119.1
122.4
120.6
122.6
122.2

113.6
116.8
114.0
117.1
115.3

125.7
145.4
134.6
142.1
131.3

125.8
141.0
135.2
141.9
132.2

125.1
140.1
127.0
137.9
129.7

115.1
120.7
120.2
119.3
117.8

113.6
119.6
117.8
117.2
116.4

104.3
109.8
108.2
108.3
106.3

Food at home—Continued
City

Dairy products

Fruits and vegetables

Other foods at home 4

June

May

June

June

May

June

June

May

June

1958

1958

1957

1958

1958

1957

1958

1958

1957

United States city average3....... —...............-

1 1 1 .7

1 1 1 .8

1 1 0 .0

1 3 4 .3

1 3 7 .4

1 2 6 .8

1 1 0 .9

1 1 1 .5

1 0 9 .5

Atlanta, Ga_______ _______ ____ _______
Baltimore, M d_______________________
Boston, Mass______ _____ _____________
Chicago. Ill-- _____ __________________
Cincinnati, Ohio_______________________

1 1 3 .9
1 1 7 .5
1 0 8 .1
111. 1
1 1 6 .0

1 1 3 .7
1 1 7 .3
1 0 8 .1
111. 1
1 1 5 .9

1 1 3 .2
112. 6
1 1 2 .1
1 0 7 .8
1 1 4 .8

1 3 5 .0
1 3 1 .7
1 3 5 .2
1 2 9 .7
1 3 9 .5

1 3 8 .6
1 3 4 .5
1 3 6 .9
1 3 1 .0
1 3 7 .7

1 2 3 .1
1 2 2 .3
1 2 3 .4
1 2 5 .2
1 2 8 .0

1 0 4 .7
1 1 1 .3
1 0 5 .7
1 1 5 .3
1 1 4 .8

1 0 5 .1
1 1 1 .4
1 0 6 .6
1 1 6 .3
1 1 4 .3

1 0 1 .8
1 1 0 .0
1 0 4 .9
1 1 5 .6
1 1 4 .3

Cleveland, Ohio______________________
Detroit, Mich_________ _______ ________
Houston, T e x ____________________ ____
Kansas City, M o______________________
Los Angeles, Calif______________________

1 0 7 .9
1 0 9 .4
1 1 2 .4
1 0 1 .6
1 1 0 .1

1 0 7 .8
1 0 9 .2
1 1 2 .2
1 0 1 .8
1 0 9 .0

1 0 4 .4
1 0 7 .7
1 0 9 .3
1 0 7 .7
1 0 5 .8

1 2 3 .9
1 4 7 .8
1 2 4 .3
1 2 4 .6
1 3 1 .1

1 2 7 .2
1 5 3 .4
1 2 7 .5
1 2 4 .6
1 3 4 .5

1 2 6 .1
1 4 4 .3
1 2 3 .3
1 2 5 .3
1 2 3 .2

1 1 3 .4
1 1 2 .9
1 0 8 .7
1 0 5 .3
1 1 0 .8

1 1 3 .9
1 1 3 .8
1 0 9 .5
1 0 5 .7
1 1 2 .1

1 1 4 .0
1 1 2 .4
1 0 9 .3
1 0 3 .5
1 1 0 .8

Minneapolis, M inn____________________
New York, N. Y __________ ___________
Philadelphia, P a ________________ ______
Pittsburgh, P a_____________ __________
Portland, Oreg__________________ --

1 0 4 .0
1 1 2 .0
1 1 5 .5
1 1 4 .0
1 1 7 .0

1 0 4 .5
1 1 2 .1
1 1 5 .5
1 1 4 .1
1 1 7 .0

1 0 5 .1
1 0 8 .3
1 1 3 .6
1 1 1 .7
1 1 7 .2

1 3 7 .2
1 2 9 .0
1 3 6 .9
1 3 8 .5
1 2 5 .6

1 3 8 .7
1 3 4 .7
1 4 1 .5
1 3 8 .9
1 2 7 .9

1 3 0 .2
1 2 0 .9
1 2 7 .6
1 2 7 .7
1 1 9 .5

1 1 7 .9
1 1 0 .0
1 0 9 .9
1 2 1 .3
1 1 3 .6

1 1 8 .1
1 1 0 .3
1 0 9 .9
1 2 1 .1
114. 6

1 1 6 .0
1 0 8 .7
1 0 9 .3
1 1 8 .5
1 1 2 .0

St. Louis, M o__ - ____________________
San Francisco, Calif____ ________________
Scranton, P a _________________________
Seattle, Wash_________________________
Washington, D. C ......................... ................

1 0 1 .3
1 1 4 .0
1 1 0 .6
1 1 5 .4
1 1 7 .8

1 0 1 .4
1 1 3 .8
1 1 0 .5
1 1 5 .4
1 1 7 .8

1 0 0 .0
1 0 9 .8

1 3 5 .6
1 3 9 .8
1 3 5 .9
1 3 3 .2
1 3 2 .4

1 4 1 .2
1 3 8 .1
1 3 7 .7

1 3 1 .0
1 3 0 .8
1 2 5 .3
1 2 6 .1
1 2 2 .8

1 1 8 .4
1 0 9 .7
1 0 8 .7
1 0 8 .6
1 1 2 .7

1 1 9 .1
1 1 0 .1
1 0 8 .8
1 1 0 .4
1 1 2 .4

1 1 7 .3
1 0 7 .9
1 0 6 .7
1 0 9 .2
1 1 0 .3

] See footnote 1, table D -l.
3 See footnote 2, table D-2.
3 Average of 46 cities.
4 See footnote 3, table D-2.

4 7 3 1 3 2 - 5 8 ------- 8


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

110.1

1 1 8 .3
1 1 6 .5

(5)
1 3 8 .5

6 Insufficient price quotations. Fresh fruits and vegetables in short sup­
ply because of work stoppage in warehouses.
S ource: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

954

M ONTHLY

T able

D-7.

LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

Indexes of wholesale prices, by major groups 1

Farm products

Processed foods

All commodities
other than farm
and foods

Textile products
and apparel

H id e s , s k in s ,
le a th e r , an d
leather products

Fuel, power, and
lighting mate­
rials

Chemicals and
allied products

Rubber and rub­
ber products

L u m b e r and
wood products

Pulp, paper, and
allied products

Metals and metal
products

Machinery and
motive products

F u r n itu r e an d
o th e r h o u s e ­
hold durables

Nonmetallic min­
e r a ls —s t r u c ­
tural

Tobacco manu­
factures and
bottled bever­
ages

1947:Average.
1948:Average.
1949: Average.
1950: Average.
1951 Average.
1952:Average_
1953:Average.
1954 Average.
1955: Average.
1956 Average.
1957:Average.

96.4
104.4
99.2
103.1
114.8
111.6
110.1
110.3
110.7
114.3
117.6

100.0
107.3
92.8
97.5
113.4
107.0
97.0
95.6
89.6
88.4
90.9

98.2
106.1
95.7
99.8
111.4
108.8
104.6
105.3
101.7
101.7
105.6

95.3
103.4
101.3
105.0
115.9
113.2
114.0
114.5
117.0
122.2
125.6

100.1
104.4
95.5
99.2
110.6
99.8
97.3
95.2
95.3
95.3
95.4

101.0
102.1
96.9
104.6
120.3
97.2
98.5
94.2
93.8
99.3
99.4

90.9
107.1
101.9
103.0
106.7
106.6
109.5
108.1
107.9
111.2
117.2

101.4
103.8
94.8
96.3
110.0
104.5
105.7
107.0
106.6
107.2
109.5

99.0
102.1
98.9
120.5
148.0
134.0
125.0
126.9
143.8
145.8
145.2

93.7
107.2
99.2
113.9
123.9
120.3
120.2
118.0
123.6
125.4
119.0

98.6
102.9
98.5
100.9
119.6
116.5
116.1
116.3
119.3
127.2
129.6

91.3
103.9
104.8
110.3
122.8
123.0
126.9
128.0
136.6
148.4
151.2

92.5
100.9
106.6
108.6
119.0
121.5
123.0
124.6
128.4
137.8
146.1

95.6
101.4
103.1
105.3
114.1
112.0
114.2
115.4
115.9
119.1
122.2

93.9
101.7
104.4
106.9
113.6
113.6
118.2
120.9
124.2
129.6
134.6

97.2
100.5
102.3
103.5
109.4
111.8
115.7
120.6
121.6
122.3
126.1

100.8
103.1
96.1
96.6
104.9
108.3
97.8
102.5
92.0
91.0
89.6

1955:
January__
February..
M arch___
April____
M ay_____
June_____
July_____
August___
SeptemberOctober
November.
December.

110.1
110.4
110.0
110. 5
109.9
110.3
110.5
110.9
111.7
111.6
111.2
111.3

92.5
93.1
92.1
94.2
91.2
91.8
89.5
88.1
89.3
86.8
84.1
82.9

103.8
103.2
101.6
102.5
102.1
103.9
103.1
101.9
101.5
100.2
98.8
98.2

115.2
115.7
115.6
115.7
115.5
115.6
116.5
117.5
118.5
119.0
119.4
119.8

95.2
95.2
95.3
95.0
95.0
95.2
95.3
95.3
95.4
95.4
95.6
95.6

91.9
92.3
92.2
93.2
92.9
92.9
93.7
93.8
94.0
95.3
96.4
96.7

108.5
108.7
108.5
107.4
107.0
106.8
106.4
107.2
108.0
108.0
108.6
109.3

107.1
107.1
106.8
107.1
106.8
106.8
106.0
105.9
106.0
106.5
106.6
106.6

136.8
140.6
138.0
138.3
138.0
140.3
143.4
148.7
151.7
147.8
150.6
151.0

120.3
121.2
121.4
122.4
123.5
123.7
124.1
125.1
125.7
125.4
125.0
125.1

116.3
116.6
116.8
117.4
117.7
118.3
119.0
119.7
120.5
122.8
123.2
123.6

130.1
131.5
131.9
132.9
132.5
132.6
136.7
139.5
141.9
142.4
142.9
143.9

125.8
126.1
126.1
126.3
126.7
127.1
127.5
128.5
130.0
131.4
132.5
133.0

115.5
115.4
115.1
115.1
115.1
115.2
115.5
116.0
116.4
116.9
117.2
117.3

122.0
121.8
121.9
122.3
123.2
123.7
125.3
126.1
126.4
126.8
125.2
125.4

121.4
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.7

97.0
97.1
95.6
94.0
91.3
89.1
90.8
89.8
90.3
91.5
88.0
88.8

1956:
January__
February..
March___
A pril.. . . .
M ay_____
June_____
July_____
August___
SeptemberOctober—
November.
December.

111.9
112.4
112.8
113.6
114.4
114.2
114. 0
114.7
115.5
115.6
115.9
116.3

84.1
86.0
86.6
88.0
90.9
91.2
90.0
89.1
90.1
88.4
87.9
88.9

98.3
99.0
99.2
100.4
102.4
102.3
102.2
102.6
104.0
103.6
103.6
103.1

120.4
120.6
121.0
121.6
121.7
121.5
121.4
122.5
123.1
123.6
124.2
124.7

95.7
96.0
95.9
95.1
94.9
94.9
94.9
94.8
94.8
95.3
95.4
95.6

96.7
97.1
97.7
100.6
100.0
100.2
100.1
100.0
100.2
99.7
99.8
99.2

111.0
111.2
110.9
110.6
110.8
110.5
110.7
110.9
111.1
111.7
111.2
114.0

106.3
106.4
106.5
106.9
106.9
107.1
107.3
107.3
107.1
107.7
108.2
108.3

148.4
147.1
146.2
145.0
143.5
142.8
143.3
146.9
145.7
145.8
146.9
147.9

126.3
126.7
128.0
128.5
128.0
127.3
126.6
125.2
123.6
122.0
121.5
121.0

124.8
125.4
126.8
127.4
127.3
127.4
127.7
127.9
127.9
128.1
127.8
128.0

145.1
145.1
146.5
147.7
146.8
145.8
144.9
150.2
151.9
152.2
152.1
152.3

133.3
133.9
134.7
135.7
136.5
136.8
136.9
137.7
139.7
141.1
143.4
143.6

118.0
118.2
118.1
118.0
118.0
118.1
118.3
119.1
119.7
121.0
121.1
121.2

127.0
127.1
127.9
128.6
128.6
128.9
130.6
130.8
131.1
131.5
131.2
131.3

121.7
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.6
121.6
121.7
122.5
122.8
123.1
123.5
123.6

89.6
88.7
88.2
92.1
96.1
92.9
91.3
91.1
89.9
89.2
91.2
91.7

1957:
January__
February..
M arch__
April____
M ay_____
June_____
July_____
August__
September.
October—
November.
December.

116.9
117.0
116.9
117.2
117.1
117.4
118.2
118.4
118.0
117.8
118.1
118.5

89.3
88.8
88.8
90.6
89.5
90.9
92.8
93.0
91.0
91.5
91.9
92.6

104.3
103.9
103.7
104.3
104.9
106.1
107.2
106.8
106.5
105.5
106.5
107.4

125.2
125. 5
125.4
125.4
125.2
125.2
125.7
126.0
126.0
125.8
125.9
126.1

95.8
95.7
95.4
95.3
95.4
95.5
95.4
95.4
95.4
95.1
95.0
94.9

98.4
98.0
98.4
3 98.6
3 98.9
3 99.8
3100. 6
3 100.3

99.5

116.3
119.6
119.2
119.5
118.5
117.2
116.4
116.3
116.1
115.8
115.7
116.2

108.7
108.8
108.8
109.1
109.1
109.3
109.5
109.8
110.2
110.4
110.3
110.6

145.0
143.9
144.3
144.5
144.7
145.1
144.9
146.9
146.5
146.2
144.7
145.7

121.3
120.7
120.1
120.2
119.7
119.7
119.3
118.6
117.8
117.3
116.9
116.3

128.6
152.2
151.4
128.5
128.7
151.0
128.6
150.1
128.9
150.0
128.9
150.6
129.5
152.4
129.9
153.2
130.1
152.2
130.9
150.8
130.9
150.4
131.0 3150. 5

143.9
144.5
144.8
145.0
145.1
145.2
145.8
146.2
148.9
147.7
149.2
149.4

121.9
121.9
121.9
121.5
121.6
121.7
122.2
122.4
122.3
122.6
122.7
123.5

132.0
132.7
133.2
134.6
135.0
135.1
135.2
135.3
135.2
135.3
135.4
135.7

124.0
124.1
124.1
124.5
124.5
124.7
127.7
127.7
127.7
127.7
127.8
128.0

93.2
92.4
92.0
91.4
89.4
87.3
88.8
90.1
89.4
87.7
86.8
87.2

1958:
Ja n u a ry ...
February..
M arch___
April. . . .
M ay_____
June 2........

118.9
93.7
119.0
96.1
119.7 100.5
119.3
97.7
119.5 4 98.5
119.1
95.6

109.5
109.9
110.7
111.5
112.9
113.4

126.1
125.7
125.7
125.5
125.3
125.3

94.6
94.1
94.0
93.7
93.5
93.3

99.5
99.6
99.5
99.7
4 99.9
100.3

116.1
113.6
112.4
111.0
110.3
110.7

110.8
110.6
110.7
111.0
110.8
110.6

145.1
144.6
144.6
144.5
143.8
144.2

116.3
130.8 3150. 0 149.4
130.8
150.1
149.3
115.8
130.5
149.8
149.2
115.5
130.5
149.4
115.7
148.6
115.9 4130. 5 148.6 4149. 4
149.5
116.3
130.5
148.9

123.8
123.6
123.5
123.4
123.2
123 2

136.4
136.5
135.3
135.4
135.7
135.5

128.1
128.1
128.0
128.0
128.0
128.0

88.3
89.3
94.3
97.8
96.2
93.7

3 100. 0

3 100.1

3 100. 0

1 As of January 1958, new weight factors reflecting 1954 values were intro­
duced into the index. Technical details furnished upon request to the
Bureau.
2 Preliminary.
3 Corrected.
4 Revised.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M iscellan eo u s
products

Year and
month

All commodities

[1947-49=100]

N ote: For a description of this series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

955

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

D-8.

Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities 1
[1947-49=100, un le ss o th erw ise specified]

1958

Commodity group

Annual
average

1957

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1957

1956

119.5

119.3

119.7

119.0

118. 9 118.5

118.1

117.8

118.0

118.4

118.2

117.4

117.6

114.3

Farm products_______________________
95.6 3 98.5
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables___ 103.1 123.4
84.2
Grains_____________________________ 81.3
99.8
Livestock and live noultry____________ 98.8
Plant and animal fibers_______________ 101.9 101.6
90.2 3 90.5
Fluid milk_________________________
75.7
Eggs............... ........... ................................. 74.9
79.7
Hay, hayseeds, and oil seeds...................
79.3
Other farm products_________________ 141.4 142.0

97.7
130.4
85.7
94.5
101.4
91.7
77.1
79.9
142.3

100.5
96.1
93.7
143.1 127.9 121.2
82.2
79.9
79.0
95.8
91.1
86.2
101.7 102.8 103.4
95.7 <98.0 498.3
74.2
73.9
93.6
79.4
79.2
79.0
143.4 142.2 143.7

92.6
108.3
80.5
82.6
103.7
99.0
93.4
78.6
142.5

91.9
106.3
80.9
79.3
104.7
99.4
100.1
77.6
144.1

91.5
107.7
80.6
78.4
103.3
98.8
103. 5
77.3
141.5

91.0
98.9
81.2
81.5
102.9
96.9
91.2
78.0
143.2

93.0
106.3
82.4
86.7
104.0
94.9
79.7
81.3
142.9

92.8
108.0
82.7
86.5
105.0
93.1
76.2
82.4
142.9

90.9
105.4
83.9
83.5
104.8
92.0
61.0
83.3
145.7

90.9
103.6
84.1
80.2
104.0
96.0
77.2
82.0
144.6

88.4
104.2
87.0
71.3
102.8
94.5
81.9
82.6
146.9

111.5
118.4
108.5
111.4
107.6
115.7
168.4
72.3
64.1
70.9
85.1
97.1

110.7
117.8
105.9
113.4
106.8
114.4
168.4
73.7
63.6
70.9
85.8
96.4

106.5
116.7
95.7
112.4
102.5
113.9
178.3
78.3
61.3
64.5
84.1
96.0

106.8
116.7
97.7
110.3
102.1
113.8
183.7
74.4
62.3
66.1
84.1
95.1

107.2
117.7
99.2
108.2
102.3
114.3
183.7
76.2
65.3
66.9
84.3
94.8

106.1
117.0
96.6
108.1
101.9
113.5
183.7
72.1
63.8
65.5
84.9
95.4

105.6
116.9
91.9
111.7
103.9
113.4
183.1
75.6
65.7
70.1
86.1
95.5

101.7
115.2
81.6
108.6
107.9
109.8
192.7
69.8
68.5
73.4
85.3
96.8

June2 May
All commodities__________ _______ ____ 119.1

113.4
117.8
114.1
111.1
110.4
117.1
168.4
73.3
58.8
70.0
82.2
96.9

112.9
3117.9
112.8
110.8
3108. 2
116.1
168.4
3 72.7
3 63.9
70.9
85.2
96.9

All commodities other than farm and foods. 125.3

Processed foods_______________________
Cereal and bakery products___________
Meats, poultry, and fish______________
Dairy products and ice cream ... . _____
Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables..
Sugar and confectionery. ___________
Packaged beverage materials__________
Animal fats and oils_________________
Crude vegetable oils_________________
Refined vegetable oils................................
Vegetable oil end products.........................
Other processed foods________________

109.9
118.1
102.7
114.2
105.7
115.6
173.3
70.4
66.4
70.9
86.3
95.2

109.5
118.0
101.7
114.2
105.6
115.2
173.3
68.5
67.7
70.9
86.4
95.5

107.4
118.3
95.5
114.7
104.6
114.3
173.3
70.4
67.1
70.9
85.5
96.3

106.5
117.6
93.6
114.5
103.8
114.4
172.9
71.1
65.2
68.5
84.7
96.6

105.5
117.3
91.6
113.7
103.6
113.8
172.9
74.0
61.5
68.5
84.7
96.0

125.3

125.5

125.7

125.7

126.1

126.1

125.9

125.8

126.0

126.0

125.7

125.2

125.6

122.2

All commodities except farm products____ 123.1 3123.1

123.0

123.0

122.9

123.1

122.8

122.8

122.2

122.5

122.6

122.4

121.8

122.1

118.6

93.3
Textile products and apparel....................
Cotton products____________ ________ 87.6
Wool products______________________ 101.3
Manmade fiber textile products________ 80.4
Silk products.................. ............ ...... ........ 109.9
Apparel... _________________________ 99.1
73.6
Other textile products_________ ______

93.5
88.3
100.5
80.3
116.1
99.1
75.4

93.7
88.5
101.6
80.5
116.5
99.2
75.4

94.0
89.0
102.8
81.0
116.1
99.3
73.8

94.1
89.3
103.8
81.2
117.5
99.2
74.2

94.6
90.2
105.1
81.3
119.5
99.4
74.7

94.9
90.2
105.8
82.1
119.5
99.6
75.8

95.0
89.8
107.4
82.3
119.6
99.6
76.7

95.1
89.9
108.3
82.3
120.0
99.6
77.2

95.4
90.0
110.3
82.3
121.1
99.7
77.2

95.4
90.2
111.2
82.1
122.0
99.6
75.7

95.4
90.5
111.3
81.9
121.5
99.5
75.8

95.5
90.6
111.5
81.9
122.4
99.5
76.8

95.4
90.7
109.5
82.0
122.1
99.6
76.4

95.3
93.0
103.7
81.4
121.9
99.6
72.8

Hides, skins, leather, and leather products. 100.3 3 99.9
55.4
Hides and skins_______ . . . ________ 57.0
Leather____________________________ 91.8
91.1
Footwear_______ ___________________ 122.0 122.0
97.3 3 97.3
Other leather products_______________

99.7
53.3
91.1
121.9
97.6

99.5
51.2
91.0
122.1
97.5

99.6
51.2
90.6
122.2
98.5

99.5 <100.0 <100.1 <100.0 <100.3 <100.6 <99.8
99.5
58.2
62.1
59.4
56.8
61.5
53.8
50.5
50.3
91.1
91.6
92.2
91.2 <91.2
91.6
90.7
90.8
122.1 122.0 4122.0 <121.8 <121.0 <121.0 <121.0 <120.9
98.4
98.4
98.2
98.5
97.3
98.5 4 98.4 <98.7

99.4
55.2
90.2
121.1
98.0

99.3
59.2
91.2
119.3
98.6
111.2
114.5
149.7

125.5

116.4
124.0
161.9
(8)
(8)
126.4

117.2
123.3
161.9
(«)
(8)
128.4

117.2
124.4
161.7
(6)
(6)
127.0

(6)
118.2

110.2
123.5
128.1
101.5
93.5
64.5
112.0
106.4
106.7

109.8
123.6
128.1
100.5
93.4
63.4
110.5
106.5
105.5

109.5
123.5
128.1
99.9
93.4
61.0
108.3
106.3
105.4

109.3
124.0
125.5
99.7
93.4
60.2
108.3
106.3
105.0

109.5
123.5
126.3
100.5
93.3
61.4
110.0
106.8
105.7

107.2
121.4
120.0
99.6
92.1
56.2
108.7
108.4
103.2

146.2
138.1
153.5
142.5

146.5
140.3
153.5
142.2

146.9
144.3
153.5
140.8

144.9
145.0
149.0
140.0

145.1
145.9
149.0
139.9

145.2
141.3
150.9
140.9

145.8
146.7
152.2
138.0

116.9
117.1
128.0
96.4

117.3
117.5
128.3
96.9

117.8
118.3
128.3
94.7

118.6
119.4
128.3
95.2

119.3
120.0
128.3
96.9

119.7
120.4
128.5
97.7

119.0
119.7
128.3
96.4

125.4
127.2
129.1
101.7

130.1

129.9

129.5

128.9

129.6

127.2

125. 3 126.1
141.7 141.5

123.1
136.9

Fuel, power, and lighting materials______
Coal______ _____________ _________
Coke. ___________________________
Gas fuels 5__________________________
Electric power
___________________
Petroleum and products______________

110.7
120.3
161.9
97.4
100.1
115.3

110.3
119. 7
161.9
98.3
100.0
114.7

111.0
119.8
161.9
98.1
100.0
115.8

112.4
126.2
161.9
101.1
100.1
117.0

113.6
126.2
161.9
101.5
100.1
118.9

116.1
126.1
161.9
100.0
100.0
123.0

116.2
126.3
161.9
(6)
(•)
123.5

115.7
125.8
161.9
(8)
(6)
123.5

115.8
125. 6
161.9
(6)
(8)
124.6

116.1
124.8
161.9
(6)
(6)
125.6

Chemicals and allied products............. ........
Industrial chemicals_________________
Prepared paint. ___________________
Paint materials..................... ......................
Drugs and pharmaceuticals_____ _____
Fats and oils, inedible________________
Mixed fertilizer_____________________
Fertilizer materials. _______________
Other chemicals and allied products____

110.6 110.8
123.5 123.9
128.2 128.4
103.4 103.9
94.3 3 94.3
61.9 3 61.5
111.4 111.4
110.3 110.3
107.2 107.2

111.0
124.3
128.4
104.0
94.1
62.2
111.5
110.3
107.2

110.7
123.7
128.4
104.4
94.0
64.2
111.6
110.3
106.8

110.6
123.6
128.4
104.7
93.6
62.9
111.9
110.4
106.9

110.8
123.9
128.4
104.8
93.6
63.1
112.2
110.7
106.9

110.6
123.9
128.4
101.7
93.5
65.4
112.1
107.8
106.9

110.3
123.6
128.1
101.6
93.4
65.2
112.3
107.7
106.6

110.4
123.6
128.1
102.2
93.4
64.8
112.1
107.6
106.8

Rubber and rubber products____________
Crude rubber_______________________
Tires and tubes_____________________
Other rubber products..................... .........

144.2
129.4
152.1
143.0

143.8
127.7
152.1
143.0

144.5
131.2
152.1
143.0

144.6
131.3
152.1
143.3

144.6
131.2
152.1
143.3

145.1
133.7
152.1
143.3

145.7 144.7
135.7 131.6
153.5 <153.5
142.7 142.3

Lumber and wood products------------------- 116.3 115.9
L um ber.. ________________________ 116.8 116.7
Millwork___________ _______________ 127.1 3127.1
92.2
Plywood_______ ___________________ 94.9

115.7
115.9
127.6
94.4

115.5
115.9
127.6
92.9

115.8
116.2
127.6
93.6

116.3
116.5
127.7
95.6

116.3
116.4
127.7
95.6

Pulp, paper, and allied products. .. ............. 130.5 3130. 5
Woodpulp__________________________ 121.2 121.2

Wastepaper_____________ _________ 71.8
Paper___ ________________________ 141.8
Paperboard_______________________ 136.0
Converted paper and paperboard products___________ . . . _____________ 127.9
Building paper and board___ ________ 144.1

116.3
124.4
161.9

(8)

(6)

130.5
121.2

130.5
121.2

130.8
121.2

83.6
143.2
136.3

130.9
121.2

130.9

83.6
143.1
136.3

131.0
121.2

75.3
142.9
136.1

130.8
121.2

71.8
141.8
136.0

88.5 88.5
14.3.2 143.3
136.6 136.6

121.2
88.5
143.2
136.6

118.0
88.5
143.2
136.2

128.0
144.1

127.2
144.1

127.2
142.5

127.2
141.7

127.2
141.7

127.2
141.7

127.0
141.7

127.0
141.7

126. 5 126. 5 126.1
141.7 141.7 141.7

75.3
143.0
136.2

118.0
74.7
143.2
136.2

118.0
68.0
142.8
136.2

118.0
66.1
142.4
136.2

118.8
77.2
141.9
136.3

(9)

117. 7
112.3
137.3
134.8

148.4
Metals and metal products____________ 148.9 148.6 148.6 149.8 150.1 4150.0 4150.5 150.4 150.8 152.2 153.2 152.4 150.6 151.2 154
.7
Iron and steel_____________________ 166.7 166.2 166.4 167.3 167.6 166.6 166.5 166.5 167.8 170.2 171.2 170.3 165.4 166.2
137.4
156.1
134.1
138.1
134.6
129.9
131.7
130.8
127.8
128.7
130.6
124.1
127.0
Nonferrous metals__________________ 124.8 3123.9
1. 6
Metal containers___________________ 155.7 155.7 155.7 155.7 152.8 152.8 153.1 153.1 153.1 153.1 153.1 152.8 152.5 151.2 14
155.9
H ardw are..______________________ 171.7 170.7 169.0 168.9 168.6 168.4 168.1 167.4 167.4 167.2 165.9 164.5 164.3 164.9 133.9
Plumbing equipment_______________ 123.8 3123. 7 123.6 124.8 125.9 127.3 128.5 128.5 128.5 128.9 129.0 129.1 129.1 130.2
119.0
122.1
121.9
122.8
122.3
122.3
122.1
122.3
121.5
121.8
121.1
121.0
121.6
Heating equipment____ ____ ______ 121.1 121.1
Fabricated structural metal products.. . 133.8 134.1 134.1 134.5 134.7 134.6 134.6 134.6 134.6 134.9 135.6 134.5 131. 7 133.8 132.6
<
144.8
135.1
143.1
145.3
147.1
146.6
147.1
147.0
<147.7
4147.0
Fabricated nonstructural metal products. 145.0 145.9 145.9 146.7 146.7
Seefootnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

956
T a b l e D -8.

Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities1-—Continued
[1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified]
1958

1957

Annual
average

Commodity group
June3 May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1957

1956

Machinery and motive products________
Agricultural machinery and equipment..
Construction machinery and equipment.
Metalworking machinery and equipment.
General purpose machinery and equip­
ment_____________________ _____
Miscellaneous machinery------------------Electrical machinery and equipment----Motor vehicles_____________________

149.5 3149. 4
138.3 3138.4
165.5 165.5
169.6 3169. 6

149.4
138.5
165.4
170.7

149.2
138.3
165.4
170.7

149.3
138.3
165. 6
170.7

149.4
138.4
165.6
171.2

149.4
138.3
165.3
171.3

149.2
137.3
165.2
171.3

147.7
136.2
164.9
170.6

146.9
133.4
162.9
168.9

146.2
132.5
161.4
167.0

145.8
132.3
157.9
166.1

145.2
132.3
157.6
165.6

146.1
133.6
160.0
167.0

137.8
127.6
148.6
156.4

160.3 159.8
147.6 147.6
152.5 3152. 3
139.0 139.0

159.6
149.0
151.8
139.0

159.4
148.9
151.3
139.1

159.8
148.8
151.3
139.1

160.8 160.8
148.8 4148. 4
151.2 151.1
139.1 139.1

160.8 159.5
4148.1 4147. 5
151.2 151.0
138.7 135.5

158.5
147.3
151.1
134.8

158.0
146.3
149.6
134.7

157.4
144.5
149.5
134.7

156.5
143.9
148.2
134.7

157.6
145.2
149.0
135.4

147.5
137.0
138. 4
129.8

Furniture and other household durables—
Household furniture----- ------------------Commercial furniture___ ___________
Floor covering---- -------- ------------------Household appliances_______________
Television, radio receivers, and phono­
graphs..------ ---------- ------------------Other household durable goods------------

123.2
122.5
154.2
128.6
104.9

123.2
122.8
154. 2
128.9
104.9

123.4
122.8
154.2
128.9
105.3

123.5
122.8
154.2
129.8
105.3

123.6 123.8
123.3 123.1
154. 2 154.1
130.1 131.9
105.3 105.4

123.5
122.8
154.1
132.6
105.4

122.7
122.8
153.8
132.5
105.1

122.6
122.6
153.6
132.5
105.4

122.3
122.5
153.6
132.5
104.6

122.4
122.9
153.6
132.5
104.7

122.2
122.8
153. 6
132.5
104.9

121.7
122.4
147.3
133.8
105.2

122.2
122.5
150.4
133.4
105.5

119.1
119.0
141.8
131.1
105.5

94.3
155.3

94.3
155.1

94.7
155.1

94.7
155.0

94.7
155.0

95.4
155.0

95.8
153.1

95.6
149.5

95.6
148.8

95.6
148.3

95.6
148.2

94.8
147.9

93.4
147.9

94.4
148.3

93.1
140.9

Nonmetallic minerals—structural_______
Flat glass________________________
Concrete ingredients............................... Concrete products__________________
Structural clay products_____________
Gypsum products__________________
Prepared asphalt roofing______ ______
Other nonmetallic minerals___________

135. 5
135.7
138.9
128.5
155.6
133.1
105. 8
131.2

135.7
135.7
139.0
128.4
3155. 6
133.1
108.6
131.2

135. 4
135. 7
138.9
128.0
155.5
133.1
105.6
131.2

135.3
135.7
138.7
128.0
155. 5
133.1
105.6
131.1

136.5
135.7
139.0
127.9
155. 5
127.1
124. 6
131.1

136.4
135. 7
138.9
127.8
4155. 5
127.1
124.6
131.1

135.7
135.7
136.9
127.2
4155. 3
127.1
124.6
131.1

135.4 135.3
135.7 135.7
136. 9 136. 9
126.7 126.5
155.1 155.1
127.1 127.1
124.6 124.6
128.5 128.5

135.2
135. 7
136.7
126.3
155.0
127.1
124.6
128.6

135.3
135.7
136.5
126.4
155.0
127.1
125.8
128.4

135.2
135.7
136.4
126.4
155.1
127.1
125.8
128.3

135.1
135.7
135.8
126.7
155.1
127.1
125.8
128.3

134.6
135.7
136.0
126.4
154.0
127.1
122.3
128.0

129.6
133.4
130.6
123.0
148.0
127.1
111.7
123.4

Tobacco manufactures and bottled bev­
erages------- --------------- ----------------Cigarettes________________________
Cigars------------------------ ---------------Other tobacco manufactures.......... .........
Alcoholic beverages_________________
Nonalcoholic beverages______________

128.0
134.8
106.0
139.7
120.3
149.3

128.0
134.8
106.0
139.7
120.3
149.3

128.0
134.8
106.0
139.7
120.3
149.3

128.0
134.8
106.0
139.7
120.3
149.3

128.1
134.8
106.0
144.3
120.3
149.3

128.1
134.8
106.0
144.3
120.3
149.3

128.0
134.8
105.1
144.3
120.3
149.3

127.8
134.8
105.1
144.3
119.8
149.3

127.7
134.8
105.1
143.8
119.6
149.3

127.7
134.8
105.1
143.8
119.6
149.3

127.7
134.8
105.1
143.8
119.6
149.3

124.7
124.0
105.1
134.9
119.6
149.3

126.1
129.4
105.0
136.0
119.5
149.2

122.3
124.0
104.2
122.8
115.8
148.3

Miscellaneous products_______________ 93.7
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, and
ammunition______ ____ __________ 119.1
Manufactured animal feeds___ _______ 73.3
Notions and accessories________ _____ 97.5
Jewelry, watches, and photographic
equipment.___ __________________ 107.8
Other miscellaneous products_________ 132.4

96.2

97.8

94.3

89.3

88.3

87.2

86.8

87.7

89.4

90.1

88.8

87.3

89.6

91.0

119.1
78.0
97.5

119.1
80.9
97.5

119.1
74.6
97.5

119.5
65.7
97.5

119.4
64.0
97.4

118.0
62.1
98.5

117.9
61.4
97.8

117.9
63.2
97.4

118.2
66.4
97.4

117.8
68.2
97.4

117.5
66.0
97.4

117.5
63.4
97.4

117.7
67.3
97.3

116.1
72.0
95.3

107.3
132.4

107.3
132.4

107.4
131.9

107.3
131.7

107.1
131.5

107.7
130.9

107.7
130.9

107.6
130.7

107.6
130.1

107.2
129.4

106.8
128.8

106.8
127.2

107.5
128.4

104.9
124.1

1SeeNote and footnote 1, table D-7.
3Preliminary.
3Revised.
4Corrected.
T a b l e D -9.

127.7
134.8
105.1
144.3
119.6
149.3

8 January 1958=100.
Not available.
S ource: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

1

Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1
[1947-49=100]
1958

Annual
average

1957

Commodity group
June3 May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June
All foods______________ _______________
All fish_ __________________ __________ _
Special metals and metal products___ _ ________
Metalworking machinery____________________
Machinery and equipment___________ ______
Agricultural machinery (including tractors)________
Total tractors________________ __________
Steel-mill products___ _ . _____________ __
Construction materials 8____________________
Soaps_________ --- _______ ____________
Synthetic detergents _ ___ . ____ _ ___ ____...
Refined petroleumproducts__________________
East Coast petroleum___________________
Mid-continent petroleum _________________
Gulf Coast petroleum_____ _ _ _____ __
Pacific Coast petroleum___ _____________
Pulp, paper and products, excl. bldg, paper___ _____
Bituminous coal, domestic sizes____________
Lumber and wood products, excl. millwork.. ____ _
See Note and footnote
1, table D-7.
31Preliminary.
3Revised.
4Corrected.
8This index was formerly Building materials.

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

110.5 111.7
131.5 128.6
146.3 146.1
178.0 178.0
155.2 3155.0
138.7 138.7
146.8 146.8
183.0 183.1
129. 5 129.2
106.9 109.0
101.0 101.0
111.9 111.1
108.6 108.6
112.0 108.7
114.3 114.3
112.2 116.4
130.1 130.2
118.8 117.2
114.8 114.3

111.2
122.9
146.1
178.0
155.0
138. 8
147.0
183.1
129.0
109.0
101.0
112.5
111.0
110.8
114.3
117.7
130.2
117.4
114.0

112.4 109.5
124.8 126.9
146.9 147.1
178.0 4178.0
154.8 154.9
138.7 138.7
147.3 147.5
183.1 183.2
129.4 130.1
107.1 107.1
101.0 101.0
113.9 116.1
112.3 114.1
110.7 114.3
117.2 117.4
120.4 124.1
130. 2 130.6
125.5 125.5
113.7 114.1

108.6
123.7
147.0
4178. 6
155.0
138.7
147. 5
183. 2
130.3
107.1
101.0
121.0
116. 7
120.7
123.5
127.7
130.6
125.5
114.7

S ource: U .

106.7
126.6
147.4
178. 7
154.9
138.7
147.4
183.2
130.1
107.2
101.0
121.5
116.7
120. 7
123. 0
130. 5
130.8
125.6
114.7

106.1
121.2
147.3
178.7
154.9
137.8
146.4
183.2
130.1
107.2
101.0
121.6
117.2
120.7
123.0
130.5
130.7
125.0
115.4

105.4
119.3
146.7
178.3
154.3
136.5
145.1
183.2
130.2
107.2
101.0
123.0
117.2
120. 7
126. 7
130. 5
130.6
124.0
115.7

105.2
120.0
147.4
177.9
153.5
133.4
142.7
183.0
130.9
107. 0
101.0
124.1
117.2
121.8
126.7
135.9
129.9
123.2
116.3

105.4
116.0
148.1
177.8
152.4
132.6
141. 5
183.0
131.2
103.8
98.2
124.0
118. 6
121.9
126.7
135.9
129. 6
121.2
117.2

105.7
119.9
147.5
176.0
151.7
132.4
139.3
182.9
131.4
103.8
98.2
125.0
121.2
121.7
127.9
135.9
129.2
119.1
118.0

103.7
117.2
146.2
175.0
150.9
132.5
139.3
175.6
130.7
103. 6
97.9
127.3
123.7
126.2
129.2
135.2
128.6
117.2
118.4

1957

1956

104.0
119.4
146.9
176.1
151.9
133.7
141.3
178.9
130.6
104.5
99.0
125.8
122.0
124.3
128.8
132.3
129.3
121. 5
117.7

100.8
114.1
143.3
165.0
142.1
127.4
132.5
163.2
130.6
99.7
95.1
117.6
114.6
118.3
118.8
117.4
127.0
115.4
124.9

S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T a b l e D -10.

957

Indexes of wholesale prices, b y stage of processing 1
[1947-49=100]
1958

Annual
average

1957

C o m m o d ity g r o u p

June2May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June 1957 1956
A ll commodities...............................................
Crude materials for further processing__
Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs______________
Crude nonfood materials except fuel___ ______
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for manufacturing______ _________________
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for construction_______________ ________
Crude fuel__________________________
Crude fuel for manufacturing________ ____
Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing industry____
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components—.
Intermediate materials and components for manufacturing___ ________________ _____
Intermediate materials for foodmanufacturing__
Intermediate materials for nondurable manufacturing_____ __________ _____
Intermediate materials for durable manufacturing.
Components for manufacturing_
Materials and components for construction______
Processed fuels and lubricants______________
Processedfuels andlubricants for manufacturing..
Processed fuels andlubricants for nonmanufacturing industry............. ...........................
Containers, nonreturnable_________________
Supplies___________________________
Supplies for manufacturing______________
Supplies for nonmanufacturing industry______
Manufactured animal feeds___________
Other supplies.___ _______ _____ _
Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods and
fuels)____________________ ____ _______
Consumer finished goods.................................
Consumer foods____________________
Consumer crude foods______________
Consumer processed foods____________
Consumer other nondurable goods_________
Consumer durable goods_______________
Producer finished goods .. . ..
Producer goods for manufacturing industries___
Producer goods for nonmanufacturing industries..

119.1 119.5 119.3 119.7 119.0 118.9 118.5 118.1 117.8 118.0 118.4 118.2 117.4 117.6 114.3
100.7 3101.7 100.3 101.5 99.5 97.5 96.4 95.3 95.3 97.0 99.6 99.7 98.8 97.2 95.0
95.7 397. 7 95.4 96.7 93.2 90.3 88.5 86.8 86.1 87.3 90.3 90.4 89.1 87.7 84.0
107.0 106.0 106.3 107.1 107.9 107.6 107.7 108.1 109.9 112.6 115.0 115.2 115.0 112.5 114.2
105.23104.1 104.4 105.3 106.3 105.9 106.2 106.6 108.5 111.5 114.1 114.3 114.2 111.5 113.6
138.9 139.0 138.9 138.7 139.0 138.9 136.9 136. 9 136.9 136.7 136.5 136.4 135.8 136.0 130.6
118.2 117.9 117.9 123.4 123.5 123.0 122.4 120.5 119.0 118.6 118.0 118.0 118.1 119.7 113.3
117.9 117.6 117.7 123.0 123.1 122.6 122.1 120.2 118.7 118.4 117.8 117.9 117.9 119.4 113.0
118.5 118.3 118.3 124.1 124.2 123.6 123.0 121.0 119.4 118.9 118.2 118.3 118.3 120.1 113.7
124.7 124.9 125.1 125.0 125.0 125.4 125.4 125.3 125.2 125.4 125.5 125.2 124.5 125.1 122.1
126.8 126.8 126.9 127.1 127.3 127.5 127.6 127.5 127.3 127.4 127.4 127.1 126.2 126.9 123.7
103.4 103.5 103.2 102.4 102.5 102.4 101.6 100.8 99.6 99.6 99.5 100.1 99.2 99.9 98.0
104.5 104.6 105.0 105.2 105.4 105.7 105.8 105.8 106.0 106.0 105.9 105.8 105.9 105. 7 104.3
152.9 152.9 152.9 153.5 153.6 153.8 154. 2 154.2 154.2 154.3 154.7 153.8 151.6 153.2 148.5
149.33149.C 148.5 148.8 149.1 149.3 149.3 149.2 148.9 149.4 148.8 148.3 147.7 148.3 142.9
132.1 132.C 131.8 131. S 132.6 133.0 132.9 133.0 133.0 133.1 133.4 133.3 132. 6 132.9 132.0
105.0 104.6 105.4 106.1 107. 7 111.1 111.4 111.1 111.5 112.0 112.6 112.7 113.3 113.0 106.7
104.5 104.2 105.0 105.7 107.2 109.9 110.2 109.9 110.0 110.3 111.0 110.9 111.3 111.2 105.3
106.0 105.4 106.2 107.0 108.7 113.1 113.5 113.3 114.1 114.9 115.4 115.7 116.8 116.0 109.1
137.4 137.5 137.1 137.0 136.3 136.4 136.6 135.5 135.3 134.9 134.8 134.5 134.1 134.3 128.5
114.63116.3 117.3 115.5 113 2 112.7 112.4 112.1 112.3 112.6 112.5 111.7 110.9 112.5 111.3
139.63139.6 140.6 140.4 140.7 140.6 140.6 140.6 140.2 138.5 136.9 137.0 136.7 137.6 132.9
102.9 105.1 106.1 103.7 100.5 99.9 99.5 99.2 99.7 100.9 101. 5 100.2 99.1 101.1 101.6
71.7 76.9 79.8 73.4 65.1 63.5 62.0 61.2 62.6 66.0 67.9 65.6 63.6 67.6 72.9
121.23121.6 121.6 121.5 121.3 121.3 121.6 121.5 121.4 121.3 121.1 120.4 119.9 120.7 118. 2
120.7 121.0 120.9 121.4 120.6 120.6 139.9 119.6 119.0 118.8 118.6 118.5 117.6 118.1 114.0
113.5 113.9 113.7 114.4 113.3 113.3 112.5 112.2 111.8 111.6 111.6 111.6 110.7 111.1 108.0
111.5 112.5 111.9 113.1 110.1 109.2 107.2 106.8 106.2 106.0 106.2 106.2 104. 2 104.5 101.0
93.3 102.4 105.9 117.3 105.8 102.8 104.0 105.4 106.9 98.6 96.1 94.9 88.1 95.0 96.2
115.4 114.7 113.3 112.4 111.1 110.6 108.0 107.3 106.3 107.6 108.2 108.4 107.2 106.4 102.1
111.0 110.9 111. 1 111.5 111.8 112.5 112.6 112.3 112.4 112.4 112.2 112.2 112.0 112.4 109.9
124.7 124.7 124.8 124.9 124.9 125.1 124.9 124.7 123.5 123.0 123.1 122.9 122.7 123.3 119.7
150.031500 150.1 150.0 150.1 150.1 150.1 149.8 148.4 147.8 147. 2 146.4 145. 5 146.7 138 1
154.73154.7 154.7 154.5 154.6 154.6 154.5 154.1 152.7 152.3 151.9 151.1 150.1 151.2 142.2
146.03146.0 146.3 146.3 146.3 146.3 146.3 146.1 144.9 144.1 143.2 142.6 141.6 142.9 134.9

1 See footnote 1, table D-7.
2 Preliminary.
2 Revised.

N ote: For a description of these series, see New BLS Economic Sector
Indexes of Wholesale Prices, Monthly Labor Review, December 1955 (p.
1448).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

T able D - l l.

Indexes of wholesale prices, by durability of product
[1947-49=100]
1957

1956

Commodity group

commodities_____________________
Total durable goods________________
Total nondurable goods_____________
Total manufactures__________________
Durable manufactures____ _________
Nondurable manufactures __________
Total raw or slightly processed goods___
Durable raw or slightly processed goods
Nondurable raw or slightly processed
goods....................................................

Ail

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1957

1956

118.5
142. 5
105.4
124.1
143.8
108.5
99.8
104.8

118.1
142.4
105.0
123.8
143. 6
108.2
99.1
105.4

117.8
141.9
104.8
123.5
142.9
108.1
98.9
111.2

118.0
142.0
105.0
123.7
142.7
108.7
98.9
121.8

118.4
142.1
105.5
123.8
142.6
109.0
100.3
129.8

118.2
141.7
105.4
123.6
142.1
109.0
100.0
130.0

117.4
140.8
104.7
123.0
141.2
108.6
98.6
130.4

117.1
140.5
104.3
122.9
141.3
108.3
97.7
119.6

117.2
140.5
104.6
122.8
141.3
108.2
98.7
118.1

116.9
140.7
104.1
122.7
141.2
108.0
97.8
126.3

117.0
140.7
104. 2
122.7
141.1
108.1
98.2
129.9

116.9
140.7
104.0
122.3
140.8
107.7
99.0
140.6

116.3
140.5
103.2
121.6
140.4
106.8
98.7
143.9

117.6
141.4
104.7
123.2
142.0
108.4
98.9
122.3

114.3
136.7
102.1
119.5
136.8
105.8
97.0
136.3

99.5

98.7

98.3

97.7

98.7

98.4

96.9

96.5

97.6

96.3

96.5

96.8

96.3

97.7

94.9

N ote: For a description of these series and data beginning with 1947, see
Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1957, BLS Bull. 1235 (1958).


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Annual
average

Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

958

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

E.—Work Stoppages
T able E - l.

W ork sto p p a g e s re su ltin g from la b o r-m a n a g em e n t d isp u tes 1
Number of stoppages

Month and year

Beginning in
month or year

1935-39 (average)
1947-49 (average)
1945..... ......... r . i ................ ................... ........................ ........
1946_____ ___________________________________ -........
1947....... ....................................................................................
1948_____________ ________________________________
1949_____ _________ _______ ____ _________________
1950......................... ........ .................. .......................- .............
1951________________________________ _____ _______
1959
1953.........-.................................................................................
1954............ ................................................... ..........................
1955................... ..................... .. .......................
.............................. ..........
1956.................. .. ................. .. ...................................................................
1 9 5 7 ... _______ _________________ _____________________________

Workers involved in stoppages

In effect dur­
ing month

Beginning in
month or year

2,862
3, 573
4,750
4,985
3^693
3,419
3,606
4, 843
4,737
5,117
5,091

1,130,000
2,380; 000
3; 470', 000
4, 600,000
2,170,000
1, 960; 000
3', 030,000
2,410,000
2, 220,000
3i 540| 000
2, 400| 000

3j 468
4'320

In effect dur­
ing month

3' 673

2, 650, 000

2 2 ; 600 ; 000
28; 200; 000

l) 900| 000
L 390j 000

3 3 ; 100 ', 000
16 ; 500 ; 000

.21
.26
.29
.1 4

1, 990, 000
2, 050, 000
2,480,000
1,690,000
1, 730,000
1, 410, 000
765, 000
404,000

.20
.23
.25
.17
.19
.13
.0 8
.0 4

750,000
500,000

.07
.06
.13
.13
.21
.1 8

446
388
415
370
335
293
184
108

634
577
603
601
518
471
340
220

179, 000
154,000
129, 000
136, 000
243, 000
95, 000
63,000
31,000

243,000
238, 000
228,000
226,000
279,000
159, 000
109, 000
54,000

1958: January 2______________________________

200

2 0 0 , 000

__________ _____________

February 2____________ . . . ___________ ______
March 2___ __ ______ _______________________________________

A p r i l 2__________________ __________ ______ _________________

.

May 2________________ _____________ _________ ___________ _
June 2 __________________________ ___________ ______ ______ _

150

300
275

200

300

90,000
45, 000
165,000

275
350
350

375
475
500

150,000
160,000

i The data include all knownwork stoppages Involving six or moreworkers
and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved and
man-days idle cover all workers madeidle for as long as oneshift in establish­
ments directly involved in astoppage. They donot measure the indirect or
secondary effects on other establishments or industries whose employees are
made idle as a result of material or service shortages.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Percent of esti­
mated work­
ing time
0.27
.46
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
.26

1957: M ay ............................................. .. .............................................

June___ __ . ________________________________
July ............................ ...........................................................
August. _________________________________________________
September_________________________________________________ . .
October________________________________________ _ . ____________
November _______ ______ _ . ___________ ________ . . . _____
December_______________________________________________________

Number

16,900,000
39^ 700^ 000
38,000j 000
no; 0 0 0 ; 0 0 0
3 4 ; 600,000
3 4 ; 100,000
5 0 ; 500| 000
38^ 800; 000
2 2 ;900;000
59; 100; 000
28; 300; 000

1, 530| 000

3 ; 825

Man-days idle during month
or year

1 1 0

,

0 0 0

1 1 0 ,0 0 0

70, 000
1

, 200, 000

160,000

1, 250, 000

2 0 0 ,0 0 0

2 , 000, 000

250, 000

1, 650,000

2Preliminary.
N ote: For adescription of this series, seeTechniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

959

F.—BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

F.—Building and Construction
T a b l e F - l.

Expenditures for new construction 1
[Value of work put in place]
Expenditures (in millions of dollars)

Type of construction

1958
Apr.

Mar.

4,054

3,703

3,400

2,773
1,407
1,000
356
51
698
204
285

2,583
1,288
945
295
48
677
218
263

2,442
1,177
890
239
48
689
235
262

July 2 Ju n e3 May
Total new construction................................ 4,013

4,397

Private construction....................................
Residential buildings (nonfarm)..........
New dwelling units____________
Additions and alterations . ...........
Nonhousekeeping______________
Nonresidential buildings 4__________
Industrial________ _____ _____
Commercial ________________
Office buildings and warehouses__________________
S tores, r e s ta u r a n ts , an d
garages .............. ................
Other nonresidential buildings___
Religious. _______________
Educational____ ____ ______
Hospital and institutional 8.__
Social and recreational______
Miscellaneous_____________
Farm construction.................................
Public utilities___________________
Railroad.________ ____________
Telephone and telegraph..............
Other public utilities. ......... ........
All other private....................................
Public construction......... .............................
Residential buildings 8_____________
Nonresidential buildings (other than
military facilities)......................... .
Industrial____________________
Educational. ____ ___________
Hospital and institutional______
Administrative and service.. ___
Other nonresidential buildings__
Military facilities 7 _____ __________
Highways ____ ________________
Sewer and water systems......................
Sewer______ _________ . . .
Water. _____________________
Public service enterprises__________
Conservation and development_____
All other public___________________

3,114
1,027
1,200
375
52
754
185
326

2,979
1, 539
1,110
377
52
735
193
315

1957
Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

3,153

3,380

3,791

2,301
1,083
815
219
49
705
252
258

2,435
1,165
895
220
50
746
274
270

Aug.

Total

Total

Sept.

4, 208

4,609

4,682

4,667

4,477 48,492

46, 292

2,750
1,365
1,050
265
50
799
277
306

3,020
1,524
1,140
333
51
842
287
332

3,143
1,586
1,180
357
49
844
289
330

3,185
1,611
1,190
374
47
840
293
322

3,196
1,611
1,180
387
44
842
301
319

3,124 34,138
1,586 17,019
1,155 12,615
392 3,903
39
501
814 9,556
297 3,557
310 3,564

33,287
17, 677
13, 535
3,695
447
8,817
3,084
3,631

1,893

1,684

151 1,671
207 2,435
868
75
42
525
43
525
27
311
20
206
169 1,590
536 5, 774
406
42
95 1,068
399 4,300
199
19
1,353 14,354
506
40

1,947
2,102
768
536
328
275
195
1,560
5,113
427
1,066
3,620
120
13,005
292

169

169

165

163

161

161

167

178

183

179

173

172

146
227
70
46
51
37
23
162
524
30
77
417
19
1,418
65

120
209
65
43
51
32
18
147
504
29
81
394
17
1,281
63

100
196
61
42
50
28
15
127
478
27
82
369
13
1,120
62

101
192
61
41
60
26
14
114
450
27
80
343
12
958
60

97
195
64
42
50
25
14
105
397
21
71
305
11
852
56

103
202
68
43
51
25
15
101
411
26
74
311
12
945
59

128
216
74
46
51
27
18
100
472
32
78
362
14
1,041
54

149
223
78
47
52
28
18
114
525
36
84
405
15
1,188
56

151
225
80
48
52
28
17
133
564
37
96
431
16
1,466
54

149
225
81
48
51
29
16
159
556
37
87
432
19
1,497
52

147
222
80
47
49
29
17
173
549
34
89
426
21
1,471
49

420
36
263
31
48
42
105
620
127
76
51
46
101
13

406
34
257
30
45
40
95
580
123
73
50
41
96
12

381
33
239
29
42
38
88
500
118
69
49
37
82
12

370
31
237
28
39
35
80
375
111
65
46
33
78
11

347
29
222
26
36
34
77
265
105
62
43
28
67
9

308
28
201
21
29
29
73
240
91
54
37
21
56
7

340
29
226
22
30
33
87
260
99
59
40
27
65
8

342
31
226
24
31
30
97
350
99
62
37
25
67
7

409
367
38
36
262
235
25 * 27
34
41
41
37
108
132
604
425
117
107
67
72
45
40
38
31
86
101
8
11

416
36
261
30
46
43
138
607
126
76
50
44
103
11

416
41
258
30
44
43
142
577
128
76
52
43
104
12

July

1956

Oct.

157
243
75
50
52
41
25
171
542
33
77
432
20
1,499
67

>Estimated monetary value of new construction put in place during the
periods shown, including major additions and alterations but excluding
maintenance and repair. These figures differ from permit-valuation data
reported in the tabulations for building-permit activity (tables F-3, F -4,
and F-5) and the data on value of contract awards (table F-2)
2 Preliminary,
s Revised.
4 Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential build­
ing are included under “ Public utilities.”
8 Includes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program.
• Includes nonhousekeeping public residential construction as well as house­
keeping units


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Feb.

1957

159

390
38
248
28
39
37
121
539
120
68
52
38
94
11

4,486
473
2,825
333
439
416
1,322
5,215
1,344
781
563
393
971
117

4,074
453
2,556
298
362
405
1,395
4,655
1,275
701
574
384
826
104

7 Covers all building and nonbuilding construction, except production
facilities (which are included in public industrial building), and Armed
Forces housing under the Capehart program (which is included in public
residential building).
N ote: For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing
Major BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954). See also Technical
Note on Revised Estimates of Residential Additions and Alterations, 1945-56
(in M onthly Labor Review, August 1957, p. 973).
Source: Joint estimates of the U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics and U. S. Department of Commerce, Business and Defense
Services Administration.

960

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

T able F-2.

Contract awards: Public construction, by ownership and type of construction 1
Value (in millions of dollars)

Ownership and type of construction

1958
May

Apr.

Mar.

1957
Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1957
July

June

May

Total

1956
Total 1

Total public construction___________ 1,582.1 21,133.6 941.5

822.6

696.5

718.9

871.1

891.5

745.7

869.6 1,134.4 1,324.3 1,125.9 11,473.8 10,423.1

Federally owned2....... .......................... 448.3
242.0 189.7
Residential buildings......................
51.3
28.4 33.0
Nonresidential buildings___ _____ 161.8
95.1 79.0
Educational .............................
5.0
6.3
5.8
Hospital and institutional____
12.9 14.7
27.0
Administrative and service___
29.0
24.4 16.2
Other nonresidential buildings. 100.8
51.5 42.3
Airfield buildings________
21.2
15.3 13.9
Troop housing__________
22.5
5.2
4.0
Warehouses.........................
9.2
3.5
4.4
All other............ ..................
47.9
27.5 20.0
Airfields 5___________ ____ _____
120.0
29.7 18.0
Conservation and development___
73.8
68.3 28.5
Highways_____ _______________
11.4
8.5
3.6
Electric power_________ _______
13.1
3.4 16.6
All other federally owned_______
16.9
8.6 11.0
State and locally owned_____________ 1,133.8 2 891. 6 751.8
Residential buildings_______ ____
70.3
47.2 30.9
Nonresidential buildings......... ........ 355.9
326.5 311.0
Educational____ _______ ____ 229.2
208.8 213.2
Hospital and institutional___
36.4
32.5 37.3
Administrative and service___
53.4
40.5 31.6
Other nonresidential buildings.
36.9
44.7 28.9
Highways________________ ___
418.8
365.5 291.4
Sewer and water systems________ 129.2
95.9 80.4
Sewer_______ _____________
73.1
66.0 48.9
W ater_____________________
56.1
29.9 31.5
Public service enterprises________ 137.4 2 24. 5 24.4
Electric power...................... .
107.3 2 12.1
6.1
Other____ ________________
30.1
12.4 18.3
Conservation and development___
6.4
15.7
3.4
All other State and locally ow ned...
15.8
16.3 10.3

121.9
52.0
22.2
3.2
.3
6.4
12.3
1.9
.5
1.0
8.9
17.5
12.7
5.4
4.0
8.1
700.7
30.7
279.2
188.3
17.9
48.4
24.6
213.2
56.9
37.9
19.0
108.2
102.9
5.3
7.5
5.0

120.2
47.5
42.8
.8
.8
10.5
30.7
1.8

58.4
3.2
28.7
.4
.2
9.9
18.2
1.2
.4
(4>
16.6
1.4
14.3
3.7
3.7
3.4
660.5
20.2
238.7
163.7
19.8
18.8
36.4
272.1
94.5
65.1
29.4
19.4
9.4
10.0
11.2
4.4

125.9
.2
41.2
2.0
20.0
2.9
16.3
.6
1.0

141.3
56.5
46.8
.3
3.7
23.7
19.1
3.9
(4)
(4)
15.2
3.5
22.7
7.6
.8
3.4
750.2
55.2
303.5
215.4
41.6
19.7
26.8
248.0
77.0
42.7
34.3
48.2
24.3
23.9
8.4
9.9

63.4
3.5
22.1
.2
.7
1.7
19.5
2.3
1.1
.3
15.8
3.7
14.8
9.2
1.0
9.1
682.3
20.4
278.1
201.0
15.5
31.7
29.9
272.3
69.8
47.8
22.0
26.6
10.1
16.5
7.8
7.3

57.6
1.4
17.1
(4)
.1
4.8
12.2
.8
(4)
.4
11.0
1.8
14.4
7.5
2.4
13.0
812.0
44.3
305.5
223.2
19.6
36.8
25.9
293.5
75.1
53.5
21.6
74.7
61.6
13.1
10.8
8.1

W

.8
28.1
8.3
8.0
4.8
1.5
7.3
576.3
21.8
239.5
169.5
15.0
30.7
24.3
207.2
75.2
55.8
19.4
16.0
7.0
9.0
10.8
5.8

1 Includes major force account projects started (construction done directly
b y a government agency using a separate work force to perform nonmainte­
nance construction on the agency’s own property).
2 Revised.
* Includes construction contracts awarded under Lease-Purchase pro­
grams.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

( 4)

14.7
.3
21.2
2.2
59.7
1.1
745.2
23.3
267.7
207.4
15.8
24.6
19.9
334.6
93.4
44.4
49.0
15.0
5.3
9.7
6.9
4.3

146.7
59.8
32.2
2.1
.3
10.2
19.6
14.0
.2
1.0
4.4
.3
42.1
9.1
1.1
2.1
987.7
38.8
267.0
183.0
22.2
28.7
33.1
540.8
80.7
55.5
25.2
38.7
14.7
24.0
12.3
9.4

394.3
30.6
211.5
7.7
29.1
65.2
109.5
23.6
10.7
11.4
63.8
26.9
73.6
12.6
6.0
33.1
930.0
27.5
337.8
231.9
35.8
34.2
35.9
414.7
103.7
74.4
29.3
33.3
23.7
9.6
4.8
8.2

225.1
64.5
75.6
1.0
1.4
12.4
60.8
12.0
8.0
5.9
34.9
24.9
31.4
6.8
5.7
16.2
900.8
21.7
345.2
237.6
43.6
23.3
40.7
306.7
172.6
94.4
78.2
27.3
9.0
18.3
20.3
7.0

2,317.3
' 406.2
776.5
48.4
78.9
148.3
500.9
98.9
60.9
35.0
306.1
182.2
563.8
91.5
140.3
156.8
9,156. 5
326.7
3, 409. 4
2,450. 5
287.1
315.4
356.4
3,825.1
1,034. 2
619.4
414.8
364.2
200.1
164.1
112.7
84.2

2,088.3
136.0
924.3
27.1
43.9
87.3
766.0
76.2
123.2
63.3
503.3
155.9
539.0
91.8
177.4
63.9
8,334. 8
' 253.2
3, 202. 8
2,289.0
' 278.9
320.8
314.1
3,211.6
1, 100.0
658.9
441.1
336.5
227.2
109.3
139.3
91.4

4 Less than $50,000.
s Beginning with January 1958, includes missile launching facilities which
were previously included under All other federally owned.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics and U. S.
Department of Commerce, Business and Defense Services Administration.

F.—BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

T able F-3.

961

Building-permit activity: Valuation, by private-public ownership, class of construction,
and type of building 1
Valuation (in millions of dollars)

Class of construction, ownership, and
type of building

1958

1957

1957

1956

May Apr.2 Mar.2 Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May2 Total

Total

All building construction________ 1, 842. 41, 793.2 1, 516.81,110.1 1,153.0 1,097.21,230.61, 642. 71, 551.7 1, 626.1 1, 693.41,748. 71,842.8
Private............................ 1, 554. 41, 566. 51, 324. 5 938.4 995.1 958.2 1, 061.91,453.5 1,417.3 1,462. 71, 518.91,484. 91, 647. 7
Public____________ ____ 288.0 226.7 192.3 171.7 157.9 139.0 168.7 189.2 134.4 163. 4 174.5 263.7 195.1
Newresidential building________ 1,019.2 957.6 779.1 536.9 578.4 556.9 649.0 895.7 813.2 885.9 847.6 893.7 964.6
Dwelling units (housekeeping
only)-------------------- ---- 996.7 941.3 760.0 525.0 563.1 535.4 635.8 870.3 796.9 871.8 832.4 881.9 946.5
Privately owned..... ........... 933.7 915.5 729.5 491.4 548.2 525.2 604.5 825.6 784.8 852.0 807.6 823.2 920.7
1-family___________ 812.8 792.0 622.8 419.0 464.4 451.6 536.4 730.8 696.7 748.8 724.6 734.1 820.8
2-family___________
25.6 27.5 21.3 15.7 16.9 17.1 17.8 22.2 20.1 18.8 19.6 20.3 20.3
3- and 4-family__ ____
11.6 10.8 11.0 8.4 8.9 6.5 8.7 9.9 9.2 8.7 9.3 10.0 11.9
5-or-more family______ 83.7 85.2 74.4 48.3 58.0 50.0 41.6 62.8 58.8 75.6 54.1 58.8 67.7
Publicly owned_______ .. 63.0 25.8 30.5 33.6 14.9 10.2 31.3 44.7 12.2 19.8 24.8 58.7 25.8
Nonhousekeeping buildings........ 22.4 16.3 19.1 11.9 15.2 21.5 13.2 25.4 16.3 14.1 15.1 11.8 18.2
New nonresidential buildings______ 655.6 654.5 586.2 452.3 435.6 433.9 459.1 592.1 569.2 557.2 656. 5 663.4 678.8
Commercial buildings............. . 200.0 269.2 228.6 149.8 140.6 151.4 147.4 203.9 203.4 167.3 203.3 183.5 231.6
Amusement buildings.......... 17.6 17.8 13.3 14.7 10.2 11.6 18.2 11.6 10.5 8.8 11.9 13.8 13.4
Commercial garages______
4.1 6.6 5.0 3.4 4.2 2.1 2.9 5.1 4.9 4.0 5.3 6.9 7.1
Gasoline and service stations... 11.2 11.3 11.3 8.8 10.2 9.9 10.3 13.0 14.2 13.9 14.8 13.8 15.5
Office buildings_________ 77.0 116.3 119.9 64.8 56.0 67.4 60.3 92.2 102.1 69.1 76.2 66.8 106.1
Stores and other mercantile
buildings.......... ........
90.2 117.2 79.0 58.1 60.0 60.3 55.7 82.1 71.7 71.4 95.1 82.2 89.4
Community buildings.............. 274.0 219.5 236.6 171.9 168.7 163.3 194.2 219.5 204.2 213.1 224.4 253.5 243.1
Educational buildings ____ 148.1 119.2 159.6 118.4 108.9 108.6 98.8 132.0 134.3 119.7 123.5 123.1 155.7
Institutional buildings......... 80.3 51.0 40.8 26.2 33.7 27.3 61.0 46.9 32.0 50.9 60.4 83.2 36.7
Religious buildings_______ 45.6 49.2 36.2 27.4 26.1 27.3 34.4 40.6 37.9 42.6 40.5 47.2 50.7
Garages, private residential........ 19.1 18.2 10.3 4.8 5.9 6.3 12.2 21.9 24.2 23.3 21.6 22.7 23.4
Industrial buildings_________ 50.9 60.2 57.5 44.9 62.8 63.8 59.8 92.0 81.7 87.2 124.9 101.9 90.5
Public utilities buildings______ 55.5 36.9 21.2 47.4 28.4 22.1 24.7 25.3 34.2 37.0 49.5 37.7 45.8
All other nonresidential buildings.. 56.0 50.5 32.0 33.5 29.2 26.9 20.8 29.7 21.5 29.4 32.7 64.1 44.4
Additions and alterations_______ 167.6 181.1 151. 5 120.8 139.0 106.4 122.5 154.8 169.2 183.0 189.3 191.6 199.3
1 Data relate to building construction authorized by local building permits
In all localities (over 7,000) having building permit systems—rural nonfarm
as well as urban. Figures on the amount of construction contracts awarded
for Federal projects and for public housing (Federal, State, and local) in
ermit-issuing places are added to the valuation data (estimated cost entered
y builders on building-permit applications) for privately owned projects;
construction undertaken by State and local governments is reported by local
officials. Because permit valuations generally understate the actual cost of

T able F-4.

18,142.3 18,787.8
15, 997.0 16, 903.4
2,145.3 1, 884.4
9,404.2 10,291.9
9,220.0 10,149.6
8,937. 6 9,971.9
7,922.0 9,221.8
228.7 215.0
111.6
87.9
675.3 447.2
282.4 177.7
184.2 142.3
6,834.1 6, 664. 5
2,224.0 2,184.7
139.8 116.1
57.5
60.6
159.1 165.5
975.7 828.3
891.8 1,014.3
2,478. 6 2,263.1
1,491.8 1,431.4
522.6 380.3
464.2 451.4
200.4 201.9
1,085.9 1,273.3
423.5 328.4
421.7 413.0
1,904.0 1,831.4

construction and because of lapsed permits and the lag between perm it
issuance or contract-awarded dates and start of construction, these data do
not represent the volume of building construction started.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.
2 Revised.
S ource: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Building-permit activity: Valuation, by class of construction and geographic region 1
Valuation (in millions of dollars)

Class of construction and
geographic region

1957

1958
May

Apr.2 Mar.2 Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay2

1957

1956

Total

Total

All building construction2__________ 1, 842.4 1,793.2 1, 516.8 1,110.1 1,153.0 1,097.2 1,230. 6 1, 642. 7 1, 551. 7 1, 626.1 1, 693.4 1, 748.7 1,842.8 18,142.3 18, 787.8

Northeast.____ ________________
North Central_________________
South____ _________________. . .
West ________________________

377.1
527.7
451.0
486.6

357.2
538.4
457.0
440.6

270.5
395.4
418.9
431.9

189.4
224.2
370.3
326.2

215.7 219.4
231.2 319.0
375. 7 288.2
330.4 270.6

272.9
324.9
324.3
308.6

352.8
489.3
400.2
400.3

350.8
480.0
381.1
339.8

371.8
504.5
387.3
362.5

344.1
516.8
439.6
393.0

338.4
558.5
465.6
386.2

440.7
542.1
426.2
433.7

3, 878.8
5,282.1
4, 614. 8
4,366. 6

New dwelling units (housekeeping
only)................................. ....................
Northeast________ ________ ___
North Central_________________
South___________________ ____
W est. _______________________
New nonresidential buildings____ . . .
Northeast_____________________
North Central_________________
South___ _____________ _______
W e s t_______ ________________
Additions and alterations______ _____
Northeast________ ___________
North Central________________ .
South____ ________ ______ _____
West _______________________

996.7
218.0
273.6
243.5
261.7
655.6
123.4
207.2
151.6
173.3
167.6
34.6
45.4
45.6
42.1

941.3
188.0
278.3
248.4
226.6
654.5
130.2
210.5
151.5
162.3
181.1
35.8
46.5
51.2
47.6

760.0
131.2
205.1
218.7
205.0
586.2
109.8
148.2
154.9
173.2
151.5
28.2
40.0
41.8
41.4

525.0
59.7
102.7
198.2
164.4
452.3
107.7
91.9
130.1
122.7
120.8
20.8
28.3
37.8
33.9

563.1
79.7
109.1
195. 6
178.7
435.6
107.5
89.3
131.3
107. 5
139.0
24.7
32.2
43.3
38.8

635.8
139.0
165.0
169.3
162.6
459.1
100.8
128.5
119.0
110.7
122.5
29.4
29.6
32.2
31.3

870.3
178.2
253.1
210.0
229.0
592.1
126.0
193.5
144.5
128.1
154.8
35.1
38.9
41.5
39.3

796.9
158.4
247.7
199.5
191.3
569.2
147.8
177.6
137.1
106.8
169.2
42.5
47.4
40.6
38.7

871.8
199.8
267.3
203.6
201.1
557.2
129.4
181.7
129.8
116.4
183.0
40.5
52.5
49.1
40.9

832.4
162.3
257.7
223.4
189.0
656.5
139.8
202.2
155.8
158.7
189.3
39.8
54.6
52.2
42.7

881.9
183.7
277.6
220.3
200.3
663.4
112.3
230.6
183.1
137.4
191.6
40.3
48.0
57.4
45.9

946.5
195.5
283.0
232.1
235.9
678.8
190.4
202.1
136.7
149.6
199.3
52.0
55.0
48.6
43.8

9, 220. 0 10,149. 6
1, 864. 4 2,200.4
2, 644.3 3,144.7
2,361.9 2, 346.0
2,349.3 2,458.5
6,834.1 6, 664. 5
1, 550.0 1, 435.8
2,104.0 1, 993.5
1, 664. 3 1, 596. 9
1, 515. 7 1, 638.3
1,904.0 1,831.4
424.6
394.5
510.7
499.9
481.9
520.6
444.3
458.8

1 See footnote 1, table F-3.
2Revised.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

535.4
102.1
131.4
155.9
146.0
433.9
89.8
156.9
91.8
95.4
106.4
23.5
25.5
30.4
27.1

4,056.2
5, 681.0
4,467.0
4, 583.5

»Includes new nonhousekeeping residential building not shown separately,
S ource: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1958

962

T able F-5. Building-permit activity: Valuation, by metropolitan-nonmetropolitan location and S ta te 1
Valuation (in millions of dollars)
State and location

1957

1958
Apr.

M ar.2 Feb.

Jan,

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay2 Apr.

1957

1956

Total

Total

All States____________ ____________ 1,793.2 1,516.8 1,110.1 1,153.0 1,097.2 1, 230. 6 1,642.7 1, 551.7 1, 626.1 1, 693. 4 1, 748.7 1,842.8 1, 720.7 18,142.3 18,787.8
Metropolitan areas3...................... - 1,385.0 1,196. 6 881.2 918.2 860.2 957.8 1, 278.2 1, 202. 5 1,261.8 1, 302. 5 1,350.6 1,428.6 1, 326. 3 14,104.1 14, 688.9
Nonmetropolitan areas................... 408.2 320.2 228.9 234.8 237.0 272.8 364.5 349.2 364.3 390.9 398.1 414.2 394.4 4,038.2 4,098.9
Alabama__________ ______________
Arizona__________________________
Arkansas .................................... ...........
California_______ _______________
Colorado— ............ - ............. ..................

18.2
20.5
7.9
275.0
25.6

21.1
23.6
6.3
317.4
15.1

16.6
19.9
4.6
208.6
24.3

15.3
13.2
4.3
247.2
15.8

16.5
13.0
3.3
195.1
16.0

15.6
15.1
4.4
216.1
17.6

13.0
17.6
5.7
287.6
24.0

14.1
19.4
5.7
229.5
21.2

13.8
20.1
5.4
250.7
18.1

18.7
19.3
8.4
273.4
25.3

15.4
20.3
4.7
263.8
24.0

19.9
18.4
6.2
304.0
21.0

20.0
22.9
6.2
301.1
22.6

190.6
224.5
70.6
3, 048.0
263.8

173.3
189.7
57.4
3,163.3
282.0

C o n n e ctic u t-.........................................
Delaware.. _____ ________________
District of Columbia_______________
Florida__________ _______ ________
Georgia.. ______________ _______ _

29.2
6.1
8.3
83.3
36.6

20.2
3.6
6.4
69.6
27.3

17.7
6.9
9.3
83.5
19.6

18.7
7.0
12.9
70.9
28.3

18.4
2.3
3.1
77.0
17.1

27.9
4.5
13.7
73.4
15.3

25.2
6.1
9.1
77.7
22.9

36.3
5.9
13.2
74.5
24.4

40.5
7.4
2.9
81.4
18.9

43.7
8.5
13.0
88.9
21.9

33.2
9.3
14.4
86.6
16.7

41.2
4.9
6.3
88.3
19.3

38.4
5.2
8.4
79.4
27.5

390.3
68.9
133.8
946.3
247.0

375.1
66.0
66.8
834.8
250.1

Idaho........................................................
Illinois ..................................................
Indiana__________________________
Iowa_______ _______ _______ _____
Kansas ________ — ____________

5.9
112.7
33.7
16.8
14.6

3.9
110.2
30.4
17.4
10.6

1.6
53.8
21.3
3.9
10.0

1.3
55.8
22.5
6.5
11.5

1.8
93.8
20.0
7.9
10.9

2.5
73.6
19.3
12.5
7.1

4.7
108.9
44.1
16.6
10.8

3.0
105.7
43.9
17.1
12.6

4.0
103.9
49.0
14.7
17.9

3.3
109.0
37.8
18.2
15.8

3.6
120.1
42.2
18.5
10.6

3.9
115.9
34.9
16.4
12.3

4.5
142.0
33.0
17.3
9.9

38.2
1,239. 5
419. 5
160. 5
134.5

39.6
1,334.3
432.0
181.9
151.9

K entucky.- ............ . — - ______
Louisiana_________________________
M aine_____________________ „ - -M aryland. _____ ________________
Massachusetts___ _______ _______ -

13.5
21.0
4.1
35.5
50.3

15.5
31.2
.9
35.4
31.5

6.3
17.3
.3
28.0
14.0

13.5
32.3
.7
27.2
24.0

5.0
19.6
.8
24.0
24.2

10.5
16.8
1.3
33.4
26.6

12.2
23.0
2.7
55.3
38.4

16.5
20.1
3.2
29.9
31.5

14.5
20.9
1.8
32.5
42.6

16.1
23.2
3.3
40.7
50.9

18.8
27.2
3.4
53.2
45.5

22.4
24.6
4.9
44.9
42.3

16.1
17.9
3.8
36.1
40.3

169.1
250. 5
29.2
446.7
440.5

168.2
273.1
33.9
430.4
470.4

Michigan____________ ________ ___
Minnesota
____________________
Mississippi______ ________________
Missouri________ _______________
Montana ____ ______________ ____ -

78.9
60.0
7.3
31.9
4.7

64.5
22.1
2.9
23.1
1.5

27.7
14.1
7.5
18.7
1.4

38.8
10.1
2.2
17.8
1.2

43.9
18.1
3.0
29.0
1.6

73.5
27.0
4.5
15.5
1.9

82.1
35.2
5.8
33.5
2.7

82.6
40.1
6.3
27.7
3.1

87.9
35.2
4.4
29.4
2.6

91.1
42.1
4.4
35.0
3.4

107.8
47.4
7.8
29.1
4.0

97.6
53.7
3.2
16.8
3.9

99.4
43.1
6.0
25.8
5.1

933.4
390.7
54.2
302.0
35.1

1,090.8
376.1
53.5
306.7
42.7

N ebraska..________ ______ ________
Nevada______ ____________________
New Hampshire_______ ___________
New Jersey_________
. _________
New Mexico_____ ________________

17.1
8.3
2.5
76.7
6.8

5.4
3.8
3.4
62.6
8.5

2.5
4.7
2.0
27.1
7.5

3.1
2. C
.6
51.4
11.0

6.3
3.1
4.6
42.9
6.3

3.1
7.8
2.0
49.9
8.9

7.5
3.2
1.9
70.1
6.1

5.7
4.0
1.6
65.0
7.6

8.3
4.7
2.1
71.8
5.5

7.0
3.5
3.0
60.3
6.7

6.6
3.9
2.6
68.4
10.4

15.2
12.0
3.0
73.4
7.9

6.1
7.2
4.5
72.3
7.0

78.5
60.2
30.1
723.2
88.4

82.0
45.5
37.8
811.8
77.2

New York. ...................... ............ .
North Carolina____________________
N orth Dakota__________ ______ ___
Ohio__ ______________ _______
Oklahoma______ ____ _____________

120.5
22.7
5.6
118.8
14.4

99.4
17.6
1.6
78.7
22.6

91.3
18.0
.4
51.5
15.9

80.1
16.1
.i
44.9
10.3

90.1
10.5
.6
60.5
7.4

108.8
13.4
1.5
57.2
9.3

139.5
14.5
4.3
101.2
10.5

147.4
16.9
5.0
93.3
9.3

114.1
17.6
5.4
108.1
13.2

101.2
16.9
5.7
101.3
13.8

105.6
15.5
4.1
125.7
8.5

198.0
18.5
5.4
123.9
10.6

117.8
21.5
2.9
99.1
12.0

1, 450. 6
194.3
37.2
1,093. 9
121.3

1,476.0
221.6
40.5
1, 205. 5
143.2

Oregon. _________ _____________
Pennsylvania_____________________
Rhode Island_________________ ____
South Carolina____________________
South Dakota_____________________

36.2
68.6
4.5
6.6
4.1

12.9
47.7
3.7
5.4
3.4

9.7
35.2
1.6
4.8
.6

8.5
37.1
2. i
5.4
.8

7.6
36.1
2.1
3.7
1.4

7.2
51.1
4.3
2.7
2.4

12.1
66.8
6.2
5.0
4.2

12.3
53.4
5.3
5.3
3.4

13.7
93.0
5.3
6.2
3.5

14.6
75.8
5.3
7.3
4.6

13.2
74.1
3.9
5.9
2.5

14.0
72.0
5.2
5.0
4.1

12.1
74.3
4.9
8.2
6.0

138.9
749.3
48.8
63.4
36.0

182.0
781.4
59.6
75.8
37.4

Tennessee.. ______________ ______
Texas_____ ___________________ . . .
U tah. _____________ ____________
Vermont__ ______________ _______
Virginia. _______________________

25.8
102.4
20.8
.6
36.2

15.1
97.6
14.2
1. 1
34.8

22.7
77.4
12.4
.2
26.5

13.6
83.9
6.4
.2
28.4

8.8
64. C
6. f
.2
18.5

12.4
68. C
5.Ç
.£
23.4

14.5
89.2
11.6
1.8
30.6

14.2
88.0
10.2
7.0
32.2

15.8
83.6
9.8
.6
34.0

16.9
101.5
9.4
.6
32.4

22.0
91.3
12.2
.5
51.5

21.6
87.0
14.2
.9
36.7

18.3
83.2
8.1
1.3
33.8

179.3
1,013.4
113.5
15.6
384.3

213.8
916.9
145.3
10.1
457.5

W a sh in g to n .__ __________________
West Virginia_____________________
Wisconsin
........................................
Wyoming—.......................... ........ ...........

34.8
11.1
44.1
2.0

28.3
6.4
28.2
2.6

34.3
5.5
19.8
1.8

22.5
4. c
19.1
1.3

17.9
4.4
26.8
1.3

24.3
3.0
32.2
1.3

29.1
5.2
41.1
1.7

26.4
4.5
42.7
3.1

31.3
14.8
41.0
2.1

31.8
6.9
49.3
2.5

28.9
16.4
44.9

32.5
6.8
45.9
1.8

28.5
6.0
51.8
1.8

335.3
80.8
457.3
21.1

390.6
64.4
442.0
25.6

1Seefootnote 1, table F-3.
2Revised.


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2 .2

3Comprised of 168Standard Metropolitan Areas used in 1950Census.
Soubce: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

F.—BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
T a b l e F-6.

963

Number of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by ownership and location,
and construction c o s t1
Number of new dwelling emits started

Period

1950.
1951.
1952.
1953.
1954.
1955.
1956.
1957.
1954: F i r s t q u a r t e r ____
S e c o n d q u a r t e r ..
T h ir d q u a r t e r ...
F o u r th q u a r t e r ..
1955: F i r s t q u a r t e r ____
S e c o n d q u a r t e r ..
T h ir d q u a r t e r ...
F o u r th q u a r t e r ..
1956: F i r s t q u a r t e r ____
J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h _________
S e c o n d q u a r t e r ..
A p r i l ......................
M a y ___________
J u n e ___________
T h ir d q u a r t e r ...
J u l y ........................
A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ____
F o u r th q u a r t e r ..
O c t o b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ..........
1957: F i r s t q u a r t e r ____
J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h _________
S e c o n d q u a r t e r ..
A p r i l ......................
M a y ____________
J u n e . . ............. ..
T h i r d q u a r t e r ___
J u l y . . . .................. .
A u g u s t _______ _
S e p t e m b e r _____
F o u r th q u a r te r ...
O c t o b e r ________
N o v e m b e r _____
D e c e m b e r .......... .
1958: F i r s t q u a r t e r 3__ _
J a n u a r y ________
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h 3________
S e c o n d q u a r t e r 4_
A p r i l 4__________
M a y 4__________
J u n e 4__________

Total

Privately Publicly
owned
owned

1,396,000
1,091,300
1,127,000
1,103,800
1,220,400
1,328,900
1,118,100
1,041,900

1,352,200
1,020,100
1,068,500
1,068,300
1,201, 700
1,309,500
1,093, 900
992,800

236,800
332, 700
346,000
304,900
291,300
404,100
362,300
271, 200
252,100
75,100
78,400
98,600
332, 500
111,400
113, 700
107, 400
298, 900
101,100
103.900
93,900
234,600
93, 600
77, 400
63,600
217,000
64, 200
65,800
87,000
296,600
93, 700
103,000
99,900
289, 700
97,800
100,000
91, 900
238, 600
97,000
78,200
63,400
215,400
67,900
66,100
81, 400
315,000
95,000
105,000
115, 000

232,200
326, 500
339,300
303, 700
288,000
397,000
357,800
266, 700
244,600
73, 700
77,000
93,900
325,300
109, 900
110,800
104,600
292,900
99,000
103, 200
90, 700
231,100
91,200
77,000
62,900
202, 500
60,100
63,100
79,300
282,800
91.400
96,900
94, 500
280,900
93,900
96,800
90,200
226,600
88,400
75, 700
62, 500
201,200
62,900
61,000
77,300
293, 200
90. 700
98,000
104, 500

Metro- Nonmetro- North- North
politan
politan
east Centra] South
places
places

West

43,800 1,021,600
71,200
776,800
58, 500
794,900
35,500
803,500
18, 700 896,900
19,400
975, 800
24,200
779,800
49,100
699,700

374,000
314,500
332,100
300,300
323,500
353,100
338,300
342,200

(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
243,100
273, 100
228,800
195, 500

(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
325, 800
356,000
303,100
258,400

(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
359, 700
389,000
334, 200
346,300

(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
291,800
310, 800
252,000
241, 700

4,600
6,200
6, 700
1,200
3,300
7,100
4, 500
4,500
7,500
1,400
1,400
4,700
7,200
1,500
2,900
2,800
6,000
2,100
700
3,200
3,500
2,400
400
700
14, 500
4,100
2,700
7,700
13,800
2,300
6,100
5,400
8, 800
3,900
3,200
1,700
12,000
8,600
2,500
900
14, 200
5,000
5,100
4,100
21,800
4,300
7,000
10, 500

62,500
88, 700
93. 200
79,100
69,500
109,300
98, 900
75, 400
68,300
20,800
20,800
26, 700
104, 200
35, 200
36,100
32,900
96,000
31,400
33,000
31, COO
69,800
28, 700
22, 600
18, 500
67,900
20, 200
19, 200
28, 500
96,300
30, 200
34,800
31,300
97,100
34,400
32,300
30,400
80.900
35, 200
25. 700
20,000
71, 700
23,400
21, 700
26, 600
103, 800
31, 400
34,100
38,300

47,400
67,300
72, 500
55,000
53,100
89,100
75,400
55, 500
45, 700
12,400
14,400
18,900
72, 300
23,400
24, 700
24, 200
61, 800
21,800
20,800
19, 200
49,000
20,100
16,500
12,400
33, 800
9,300
9,700
14.800
60, 700
19,900
20, 900
19,900
57,900
19, 200
21,800
16,900
43,100
19, 500
13,800
9,800
27,400
8,100
7,000
12,300

52, 700
98, 400
97,800
76.900
63.400
116,600
108,000
68,000
58, 200
15, 700
16,400
26,100
98,100
33, 600
33,300
31, 200
87,200
29, 900
29, 200
28,100
59, 600
26,200
19, 200
14, 200
40,800
10, 700
14,000
22,100
77, 200
23, 700
25, 700
27,800
79,300
27,000
27,300
25,000
55,100
24, 200
17,400
13, 500
40, 200
11,000
11, 200
18,000

77,600
90,900
99,900
91, 300
95,900
109, 700
99. 400
84,000
83, 200
27, 200
26, 800
29, 200
93, 200
31,100
32,800
29,300
86, 500
27, 700
30, 700
28,100
71,300
27, 500
22, 700
21,100
80,000
26,000
24, 600
29,400
92, 800
28,100
33, 700
31,000
91,200
31, 500
31,000
28,700
82, 300
30,100
28, 200
24, 000
88,100
28, 700
28, 700
30, 700

59,100
76,100
75,800
SO’, 800
78,900
88, 700
79, 500
63, 700
65,000
19, 800
20,800
24,400
68,900
23,300
22, 900
22, 700
63,400
21,700
23. 200
18, 500
54, 700
19, 800
19, 000
15,900
56,400
18. 200
17,500
20, 700
65,900
22,000
22, 700
21, 200
61,300
20,100
19, 900
21,300
58,100
23, 200
18, 800
16,100
59, 700
20.100
19,200
20,400

(2)
(2)
(2)

(2)
(2)
(2)

(2)
(2)
(2)

(2)
(2)
(2)

174,300
244,000
252,800
225,800
221,800
294,800
263. 400
195,800
183, 800
54,300
57,600
71,900
228,300
76, 200
77, 600
74, 500
202,900
69, 700
70,900
62,300
164,800
64, 900
54, 800
45,100
149,100
44.000
46,600
58, 500
200, 300
63. 500
68,200
68, 600
192,600
63, 400
67, 700
61, 500
157, 700
61,800
52, 500
43.400
143,700
44,500
44, 400
54, 800
211,200
63,600
70,900
76, 700

1Excludes temporary units, conversions, dormitory accommodations,
trailers, and military barracks; includes prefabricated housing if permanent.
Theseestimates are basedon (1) monthly building-permit reportsadjusted
for lapsed permits and for lag between permit issuance and the start of con­
struction, (2) continuous field surveys in nonpermit-issuing places, and (3)
reports ofpublic construction contract awards.
Private construction costs are based on permit valuation adjusted for
understatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public construction
costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for indi­
vidual projects.


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Estimated construction cost1
(in thousands)

Location

Total

Privately Publicly
owned owned

$11,788,595
9,800,892
10, 208,983
10,488,003
12, 478, 237
14, 544,647
13,077,027
12,693, 995
2,240,448
3,454. 571
3, 590,366
3,192,852
3,076,198
4,416, 285
4.025, 441
3.026, 723
2,846,008
814, 448
887,138
1,144,422
3,923, 607
1,309,175
1,346, 587
1, 267, 845
3, 532,193
1, 201,139
1, 227,269
1,103, 785
2, 775, 219
1,103,963
930,642
740,614
2,609,458
752,234
784,019
1,073,205
3, 645, 531
1,152,166
1,264,385
1,228,980
3, 535, 278
1,198,141
1, 207, 763
1,129,374
2,903,728
1,195,309
946,481
761,938
2, 546, 848
792,427
781,091
973,330
3, 842,177
1,173, 725
1,269, 429
1,399,023

$11,418,371 $370,224
9,186,123 614,769
9, 706, 276 502, 707
10,181,185 306.818
12,309,200 169.037
14, 345,829 198.818
12,814, 776 262, 251
12,126,800 567,195
2,199, 446 41,002
3,398,898
55,673
3, 528, 471
61,895
3.182.385
10,467
3,043,959
32,239
4,349,159
67,126
3, 981,182
44,259
2, 971,529
55,194
2,761,446
84, 562
800, 665
13, 783
871, 700
15,438
1,089,081
55,341
3, 844,192
79,415
1, 293,488
15, 687
1,312, 890 33,697
1, 237, 814 30,031
3,471,787
60,406
1,179, 266 21,873
1, 222,281
4,988
1,070, 240 33, 545
2, 737,351
37,868
1,078,142
25,821
925,991
4,651
733,218
7,396
2,432,406 177,052
704,917
47,317
751,813
32,206
975,676
97,529
3,479,262 166,269
1.123.385
28,781
1,191,789
72, 596
1,164,088
64,892
3,443,443
91,835
1,154,771
43,370
1,176,600
31,163
1,112,072
17,302
2, 771,689 132,039
1,098,140
97,169
921,444
25.037
752,105
9,833
2,381,164 165, 684
737, 503
54, 924
718, 862 62, 229
924, 799 48, 531
3,584, 680 257, 497
1,124, 680 49,045
1,185,100
84,329
1,274,900 124,123

3 Not available.
3Revised.
4Preliminary.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing
Major BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

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