Full text of Monthly Labor Review : August 1952, Vol. 75, No. 2
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Monthly
Labor
Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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AUG 28 1952
DI If} I ip I JODim#
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A U G U S T 1 9 5 2 V O L. 75 N O .
Survey of Consumer Expenditures in 1950
Economic Problems and Wages in Cotton Textiles
Savannah River AEC Project—Part III, Housing
Union-Security Safeguards in Foreign Countries
U N IT E D STATES D EPA R TM EN T OF LABOR
Maurice J. Tobin, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR ST A T IST IC S
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
M aurice J, T o bin , Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E wan Clague, Commissioner
Artness J ot Wxckens, Deputy Commissioner
Assistant Commissioners
H erman B. B ter
H enrt J. F itzgerald
Charles D. Stewart
Chief Statistician
S amuel Weiss
H. M . D outy, Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
W. D uane E vans, Chief, Division of Interindustry Economics
E dward D. H ollander, Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
R ichard F. J ones, Chief, Division of Administrative Services
W alter G. K eim , Chief, Division of Field Service
P aul R. K erschbaum, Chief, Office of Program Planning
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Office of Publications
D ’A lton B. M yers, Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
W alter W. Schneider, Acting Chief, Division of Construction Statistics
Oscar W eioert, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
M orris W eisz, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
F aith M. W illiams, Chief, Office of Labor Economics
Seymour L. W olebein , Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
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Monthly Labor Review
U N ITED STATES DEPA RTM EN T OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
L awrence R. K lein , Editor
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CONTENTS
AUG 28 1952
PUBLIC LIBRARY
Special Articles
125
134
140
150
Survey of Consumer Expenditures in 1950
Union-Security Safeguards in Foreign Countries
Economic Problems and Wage Structure in Cotton Textiles
Labor and the Savannah River AEC Project:
Part III—Housing and Changes in Population
Summaries of Studies and Reports
159
162
167
176
177
178
181
183
184
186
188
188
191
192
Expansion in Ordnance Employment, 1950-52
Paid Vacation Provisions in Collective Agreements, 1952
Wage Chronology No. 28: International Harvester Co., 1946-52
Earnings in Selected Industries in Late 1951 and Early 1952:
Sheet-Metal Work Industry
Stamped and Pressed Metal Products
Steel Foundries
Railroad-Car Manufacturing
Union Conventions Schedule, September 1952
Injury Rates in Manufacturing, First Quarter 1952
The Defense Mobilizer’s Sixth Quarterly Report, 1952
Vocational Rehabilitation by Federal-State Agencies
The Instability of Consumer Spending
The Defense Production Act Amendments of 1952
Ceiling Price Regulations 146-153; Suspension of Some Price Controls
Departments
hi
195
199
201
205
210
The Labor Month in Review
Recent Decisions of Interest to Labor
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Publications of Labor Interest
Current Labor Statistics (list of tables)
August 1952 • Vol. 75 • No. 2
This Issue in Brief. . .
G iven a mirror, there is an insatiate curiosity
on the part of the simian for endless examination
of his physical characteristics. On the transcend
ent human level we like to hold mirrors to our
selves as social beings. Our spending habits as
city dwellers are mirrored in S urvey of C on
sumer E xpenditures in 1950 (p. 125).
This
article, based on the 91-city study which provides
the weights for the new Consumers’ Price Index,
suggests that families whose heads were wage
earners and clerical workers averaged money
income of about $75 a week after taxes. They
spent somewhat more than this, drawing on savings
or going into debt. A third of expenditures went
into food and drink. The range in income geo
graphically for this group was from $3,000 a year
in the East South Central States to $4,200 in the
East North Central and Pacific areas. About a
fourth of all families in this class (as high as 40
percent in some western cities) reported expendi
tures for automobiles in 1950, averaging about
6.5 percent of disposable income; televisions took
nearly another 2.5 percent. T he I nstability of
C onsumer S pending (p. 188) mirrors the consumer
in a somewhat eccentric image. His “capability
of stirring up economic uncertainty” reveals him
as “a complex economic personality.” He is not,
it is contended, a creature of habit, especially not
of predictable habit.
expansion of defense industries and the
degree of controls on production, prices, and wages
are important immediate determinants of consum
er-spending behavior. E xpansion in O rdnance
E mployment, 1950-52 (p. 159) traces the threefold
growth of this particular manufacturing complex
to about 220,000 workers. Interestingly, the per
centage of women in the ordnance work force has
increased by nearly half. Earnings went up more
than in durable-goods industries as a whole.
Hours worked between June 1950 and April 1952
rose about 8 percent compared with a relative
T he
n
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stability in the whole durable group. T he D e
fense P roduction A ct A mendments of 1952
(p. 191) provide less than a year’s extension of
wage and price controls; the character of the Wage
Stabilization Board and the specific items subject *
to price control and the manner of control are
significantly altered. The expressed desire of
Congress and the content of the act itself are di
rected toward the end of controls.
In contrast to the boom in ordnance there is reemergence of concern over the basic E conomic
P roblems and W age S tructure in C otton
T extiles (p. 140), “submerged during World
War II and the immediate postwar years. . .”
Some of the factors making for fairly serious
problems are the shift of the bulk of the industry
to the South where many newer, more efficient
plants are in operation, the North-South wage
differential, and the general tendency of the in
dustry as a whole to over-produce at the first
sign of a favorable market.
The new Defense Production Act called upon
the President to use appropriate provisions of the
Taft-Hartley Act in the steel strike. One of the
main deterrents to settlement of that dispute was
the issue of the union shop. U nion -S ecurity
S afeguards in F oreign C ountries (p. 134) shows
that the desire by unions in this regard is no less
universal than it is intense, although the formal
aspects of security vary with the general political
attitudes of the particular union organization and
country.
of the union - security provisions
of the Taft-Hartley Act has been vigorously
pressed by the building-trades unions whose tra
ditional practice of supplying construction labor
has been exemplified in the four-part article on
L abor and the S avannah R iver AEC P roject
(p. 150). Part III on Housing and Changes in
Population indicates that existing dwelling struc
tures in the area absorbed most of the 10,000 new
construction workers-—many with families—who
came into the area by late 1951. About double
that number were expected at the peak of con
struction, but temporary and new permanent
housing was expected to be available by that
time. The use of nearby existing communities in
lieu of newly created Government towns marked
a policy departure for the Atomic Energy Com
mission in connection with its large projects.
)
A mendment
«
•*
r*
The Labor Month
in Review
L eaders of the CIO Steelworkers and the United
States Steel Corp. reached a strike-ending agree
ment at a White House conference on July 24;
governmental approval of a $5.65 a ton average
advance in steel prices was a part of the steel
settlement. The AFL and the CIO voted to
continue to be represented on the new Wage
Stabilization Board although it has no disputessettlement authority under the Defense Produc
tion Act.
The heat wave, coupled with drought condi
tions in many Southern and New England States,
resulted in sharp rises in food prices. Price con
trols for fruits and vegetables were removed
by July 1.
Settlement in Steel
The longest steel strike in the Nation’s history
ended July 25, when the CIO Steelworkers’ wage
policy committee ratified the settlement reached
by their president, Philip Murray, and Benjamin
F. Fairless, spokesmen for the steel industry.
Two-year contracts, to be negotiated with each
producer, with wage reopenings allowed as of
June 30, 1953, were the basis of the settlement.
Inland Steel Co., a week later, became the first
to complete negotiations.
Contract provisions are to include hourly wage
increases of 12% cents for the lowest job rate, re
troactive to March 1, and an increase of % cent
an hour in the differential between other job
classes; shift differentials to be increased from 4
to 6 cents hourly for the second and from 6 to 9
cents for the third; a reduction of 5 cents an hour
in the North-South differential; 6 paid holidays a
year, with double-time pay for holidays worked;
3 weeks’ vacation after 15 years’ service; and pro
gressive steps toward elimination of rate differ
entials for corresponding job classifications in
iron-ore mining and steel plants.
On the controversial union-shop issue, the ne
gotiators agreed on a union-security clause which
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does not require nonunion employees to join the
union. New employees, however, must sign mem
bership applications, which they may cancel by
sending a letter to the employer during the second
half of the first month’s employment.
As a part of the settlement, Government ap
proval was given to a price rise averaging $5.65 a
ton for all types of steel. Price Stabilizer Ellis
Amall announced a price advance of $5.20 a ton
for carbon steel products and released a statement
condemning the inflationary potential of the price
advance.
Labor and the New WSB
Doubts as to organized labor’s willingness to
serve on the new Wage Stabilization Board were
dispelled a few days before the creation of the new
Board. The AFL and CIO, at special meetings,
decided to participate. The same six labor mem
bers who had served during the final months of the
former WSB were nominated for the new tripartite
Board. Archibald Cox, co-chairman of the Con
struction Industry Stabilization Commission, was
named by President Truman to be chairman.
Despite doubts expressed by retiring WSB
Chairman Nathan P. Feinsinger as to whether a
wage stabilization board could operate effectively
without disputes-settlement authority, Professor
Cox voiced determined that the new board would
be a success. He expected that formulation of a
wage policy reflecting productivity advances would
head the new WSB’s agenda.
In surveying the accomplishments of the old
board, Mr. Feinsinger pointed out that “ over 90
percent of the Board’s rulings in disposing of over
60,000 wage petitioners were unanimous.” He
said the Board had modified or denied about 20
percent of the wage increases submitted for ap
proval, but that in only one case had there been a
protest strike against a Board ruling.
Pacific Maritime Settlement
A 63-day strike of more than 6,000 West Coast
sailors, affiliated with the Sailors Union of the
Pacific, a section of the AFL Seafarers Inter
national Union, was ended when the union ratified
a contract providing for a 5-percent wage increase,
increases in overtime, penalty, and standby paym
IV
THE LABOR MONTH IN REVIEW
ments, a 40-hour workweek while at sea, and an
increase in the employers’ contribution to the
union’s welfare fund.
The new agreement is retroactive to April 7,
1952, and runs to September 30, 1953. Under its
provisions, the base pay of able-bodied seamen
will be raised from $288 to over $302 a month.
The strike tied up more than 100 vessels, although
ships carrying defense cargoes were permitted to
sail throughout the stoppage. On the day after
the SUP contract was ratified, the AFL Masters,
Mates, and Pilots announced a new West Coast
contract which included similar wage increases.
International Labor Developments
The General Council of the International Con
federation of Free Trade Unions, meeting at
Berlin, condemned the lack of freedom in the
trade-unions of Yugoslavia. This action indi
cated an effort to meet criticism made by the
AFL during the past 6 months. The AFL had
voiced a fear that the ICFTU might be planning
to admit the Titoist unions; it had urged closer
cooperation with the Christian trade-union move
ment and also that the Australian Workers Union
be allowed to join the ICFTU.
The AFL executive council voted twice this
year to postpone contributing to ICFTU’s 3-year
organizing fund. The ICFTU announced that its
fund was oversubscribed without the AFL contri
bution. After the AFL had decided not to send
delegates to the Berlin meeting, a special con
ference between ICFTU and AFL leaders was held
in Washington; but this was too late to arrange
for AFL representation at that meeting.
Three Conventions, dealing with social security,
maternity protection, and holidays with pay for
agricultural workers, were adopted at the 35th
conference of the International Labor Organization
in Geneva. Conventions are not binding upon
governments unless ratified by them. The Con
ference also drafted a Recommendation on labormanagement cooperation and two Recommenda
tions supplementing the Conventions on maternity
protection and vacations in agriculture. A resolu
tion was adopted proclaiming a series of principles
to protect the freedom and independence of the
trade-union movement. The Conference reviewed
the expanding organizational activities of the ILO.
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Economic Background
Total nonfarm industry employment remained
unchanged, between May and June, at 46.3 million,
in contrast to an average May to June gain of
400,000 in previous postwar years. The steel
strike offset seasonal employment gains in other
industries. As of mid-June, the employment
effects of the steel stoppage were almost entirely
limited to the steel industry itself, to iron and coal
mining, and—on a small scale—to railroads.
Manufacturing employment, at 15.4 million in
June, was nearly a quarter million below the pre
ceding month.
The average workweek of production workers in
the Nation’s factories rose from 40.2 to 40.4 hours
between mid-May and mid-June, and their average
weekly earnings rose by 37 cents. Their average
hourly earnings, including overtime and other
premium pay, were $1.66 in June—4 percent above
the previous year.
Work stoppages in June resulted directly in
14,000,000 man-days of idleness, the highest in
any month since October 1949. Man-days of
idleness amounted to about 1.68 percent of esti
mated working time of all workers. The steel
strike, resumed on June 2, accounted for about 80
percent of the June total.
Nonfarm housing starts totaled 106,000 during
June, about 1,000 less than in May. June was the
first month to be taken into account in determining
“periods of residential credit control relaxation”
pursuant to the recent amendment to the Defense
Production Act. July expenditures for new con
struction reached the record total of almost $3.1
billion, indicating that the steel dispute had little
adverse effect on the tempo of on-site operations
during the month.
Retail prices of goods and services purchased
by moderate-income urban families averaged 0.3
percent higher on June 15 than a month earlier,
bringing the Consumers’ Price Index to 189.6,
slightly above the all-time high reached in Decem
ber 1951. The “old series” CPI for June 15 was
191.1—0.4 percent higher than May and 5.2
percent above January 15, 1951. Comparatively
few workers are employed under contracts pro
viding quarterly wage adjustments based on this
CPI report. Retail food prices which had risen
0.3 percent from May 15 to June 15, advanced 1.5
percent from June 15 to July 15.
Survey of Consumer Expenditures in 1950
Spending Patterns of All Urban Families and
of Wage-Earner and Clerical-Worker Families in 91 Cities;
and the Relation of Expenditures to Disposable Income
M ary
C.
R uark
and
A b n e r H u r w it z *
U rban family income in 1950 reached near record
levels as a result of full employment and high
production throughout the year. The outbreak
of hostilities in Korea at mid-year, coupled with
high incomes and adequate supplies of consumer
goods at high prices, resulted in the highest dollar
expenditures by urban families recorded up to that
time.
Preliminary results of the Bureau’s Survey of
Consumer Expenditures in 1950 show that urban
family money income, after payment of personal
taxes, averaged about $4,300. Families received
another $50 on the average from inheritances,
settlements of fire and accident policies, and other
irregular sources; they also drew on past savings
and increased their debts by several hundred dol
lars to buy consumer goods and services and per
sonal insurance, and to make cash gifts to institu
tions and individuals. The total average outlay
amounted to about $4,700. They spent over 97
percent of their money income for goods and
services used in family living. Of this amount,
30 percent went for food and alcoholic beverages;
15 percent for housing, fuel, light, and refriger
ation; and 52 percent for everything else, which
included 11 percent for automobiles, TV sets,
refrigerators, and other household appliances.
Gifts and contributions amounted to 4 percent of
their income, and personal insurance premiums to
another 4^ percent. In all, families paid out
about 6 percent more in 1950 than they had
current income available for spending after paying
taxes amounting to 7 percent of their total income.
Only a broad, general impression of the spending
patterns of urban families in 1950 is given in this
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
article. The survey disclosed many kinds of
detailed information about how families living in
United States cities spend their income. Some of
the relationships between family income and ex
penditures developed from the survey are easily
explained and conform with patterns established
through previous studies. Others leave much
room for more intensive research.
Families whose heads were wage earners or
clerical workers had money income after taxes
averaging about $3,900 in 1950. This group
reduced savings or increased debts proportionately
more than the total urban family population in
order to buy consumer goods and services, pay
insurance premiums, and make contributions.
The following tabulation is a rough estimate
based on the unadjusted reports of all families
who participated in the survey, and compares
money disbursements and average family income
after taxes of all families with those of wage-earner
and clerical-worker families.
Income and disbursements
A ll
families
Wage-earner
and clericalworker
families
Percent
Percent
Money income after taxes___________
100. 0
Expenditures for consumer goods and
services------------------------------------------97.4
Foods and alcoholic beverages___
30. 3
Housing, fuel, light, and refrigera
tion-----------------------------------------14.
All other goods and services_____
52. 3
Personal insurance____________________
4.
Gifts and contributions________________
4.
Total outlays....... .......................
105.9
100. 0
101. 9
33. 0
8 14. 9
54. 0
54.5
03.2
109.6
•Of the Bureau’s Prices and Cost of Living Division.
125
MONTHLY LABOR
SURVEY OF CONSUMER EXPENDITURES
126
Survey Sample and Reliability of the Data
Preliminary summary results of the Survey of
Consumer Expenditures in 1950 1 on family in
come, expenditures, and savings are given in tables
1 to 3. The information was gathered in 91 cities 2
throughout the country by trained representatives
of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Interviewers
knocked at the doors of 15,180 dwellings3 which
were selected by approved statistical sampling
techniques so that the sample of dwellings was
random and representative of all private living
quarters in each city.
Of the 16,353 families and individuals who lived
in these dwellings, 10,813 families and 1,677 single
consumers (a total of 12,490 consumer units)
reported their 1950 income, expenditures, and
savings in detail. About 2% percent4 of all con
sumer units did not meet the eligibility require
ments defined for the survey; 8 percent furnished
incomplete or otherwise unusable information; 6
percent refused to be interviewed for one reason or
another; and 4 percent could not be found at home
after repeated visits.
T able
The sample unit for this survey was the “ con
sumer unit,” which may be either (1) a family of
two or more persons dependent on a common or
pooled income for their major items of expense, and
usually living in the same household, or (2) a
single consumer—a person who is financially inde
pendent of any family group. Data available
from the survey at this time are for family units
only. Families classified as wage-earner families
were those whose heads were employed in 1950 as
i For purpose and collection methods of survey see Monthly Labor Review
(January 1951).
* For description of city sample see MLR (April 1951), and for additional
summary tabulations see BLS Bulletin No. 1097— Family Income, Ex
penditures and Savings in 1950.
* The sample of consumer units was drawn either (1) from extensive listings
of living-quarter addresses recorded in the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ dwell
ing unit survey conducted in the fall of 1949 and spring of 1950, or (2) from
listings of living-quarter addresses as recorded in the 1950 Census of the
Bureau of the Census. Dwelling unit surveys were conducted by the BLS
in cities with over 86,000 population. Census data were used for cities under
86, 000.
The number of consumer units included in the sample were as follows: for
urban areas of 1 million population and over, from 625 in New York City to
375 in the smaller cities of this group; for cities between 240,000 and 1 million,
250; for cities between 30,500 and 240,000,160; and for small cities, 65. For a
description of the sampling method used in selecting consumer units, see
BLS Bulletin No. 1097.
* 676 families and individuals living in the selected dwellings were newly
formed units or belonged to families living elsewhere, and were not included
in the survey.
1.—All families: Average income after taxes, and average expenditures for current consumption, insurance, and gifts
and contributions in 91 cities, 1950
Current consumption expenditures
City and population group
Net sur
Other
Net
plus (+)
money
money
or
deficit
income 1 receipts 1
(-)
Total
Housing,
and
fuel, light, Food
alcoholic
and refrig beverages
eration
Personal
Housefurnishings All other insurance
Clothing and
equip
ment
Gifts and
contribu
tions
1,000,000 and over
Baltimore, Md____________
Boston, Mass____ _________
Chicago, 111_______________
Cleveland, Ohio___________
Los Angeles, Calif.............. . . .
Newark, N. J__ ____ ______
New York, N. Y ________ _
Philadelphia, Pa___________
Pittsburgh, P a .......................
St. Louis, Mo_____________
San Francisco, Calif________
$3, 983
4,200
5,080
4,877
4,745
4, 614
5,109
4, 506
4, 583
4,546
4, 584
$37
18
49
39
107
79
61
41
23
20
42
-$152
-141
-143
-9 7
-1 6
-291
-141
-1
-141
-4 0
-82
$3,919
4,300
4,905
4,671
4,661
4,737
4,932
4,384
4, 506
4, 250
4,477
$679
815
729
703
652
761
772
689
684
623
643
$1, 229
1,418
1,524
1,402
1,378
1, 527
1,639
1,479
1,476
1,354
1,392
$437
485
609
• 602
488
565
608
539
559
470
494
$230
243
353
306
355
325
298
269
284
289
314
$1,344
1,339
1,690
1,658
1,788
1, o59
1,615
1,408
1,503
1, 514
1,634
$203
176
246
243
209
236
218
194
222
206
213
$141
201
261
216
167
211
251
147
144
161
156
3, 872
3, 242
4,532
4, 678
4,188
4, 321
3, 754
4, 573
4,682
4, 579
3,321
3, 589
4,092
4,017
3,718
o, 607
4, 594
4,539
37
13
331
67
0
16
336
10
22
103
25
17
18
91
71
142
94
3
-83
-149
+365
+73
+12
-103
+109
-165
-59
-34
-74
-237
-61
-332
-134
-156
-49
+94
3, 769
3, 272
4,186
4,672
3,854
3,989
3, 741
4,605
4,331
4,429
3,347
3,646
3, 978
4,134
3,916
3,747
4, 554
4,166
556
434
601
762
583
657
568
689
714
699
435
553
570
664
617
599
617
617
1,139
966
1,331
1,467
1,197
1,159
1,228
1,334
1,332
1,284
1,182
1,114
1,311
1,192
1,381
1,329
1,343
1,252
447
434
452
519
450
456
394
458
504
491
394
424
449
425
429
432
507
546
246
243
254
270
246
294
230
329
276
302
200
247
271
264
246
250
350
298
1,381
1,195
1,548
1,654
1,378
1,423
1,321
1,795
1,505
1,653
1,136
1,308
1,377
1,589
1,243
1,137
1,737
1,453
175
151
278
221
169
192
187
189
219
207
147
207
193
187
192
184
172
225
177
153
179
198
138
191
113
195
276
164
100
113
118
167
118
117
151
168
mooo to1,000,000
Atlanta, G a ...........................
Birmingham, Ala__________
Cincinnati, Ohio___________
Hartford, Conn____________
Indianapolis, Ind__________
Kansas City, Mo__________
Louisville, K y_____________
Miami, Fla_______________
Milwaukee, Wis..... ........ ........
Minneapolis, M in n ._______
New Orleans, La. _________
Norfolk, Va_______________
Omaha, Nebr_____________
Portland, Oreg____________
Providence, R. I___________
Scranton, P a ..........................
Seattle, Wash_____________
Youngstown, Ohio..................
See footnotes at end of table 3.
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REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
T able 1.
SURVEY OF CONSUMER EXPENDITURES
127
All families: Average income after taxes, and average expenditures for current consumption, insurance, and gifts
and contributions in 91 cities, 1950—Continued
Current consumption expenditures
City and population group
Net sur
Net
Other
plus (+ )
money
money
or
deficit
income 1 receipts2
(-)
Total
Housing,
and
fuel, light, Food
alcoholic
and refrig beverages
eration
Gifts and
Personal contribu
Housefurnishings All other insurance
tions
Clothing and
equip
ment
SO,600 to 240,000
Albuquerque, N. Mex_
Bakersfield, Calif.........
Bangor, Maine______
Bloomington, 111_____
Butte, Mont.................
Canton, Ohio.............. .
Charleston, S. C._.......
Charleston, W. Va___
Charlotte, N. C______
Cumberland, M d........ .
Des Moines, Iowa____
Evansville, Ind______
Huntington, W. Va___
Jackson, Miss________
Little Rock, Ark...........
Lynchburg, Va............ .
Madison, Wis_______
Middletown, Conn___
Newark, Ohio...............
Ogden, U ta h .,..............
Oklahoma City, Okla..
Phoenix, Ariz................
Portland, Maine_____
Salt Lake City, Utah...
San Jose, Calif..............
Sioux Falls, S. Dak___
Tucson, Ariz_________
Wichita, Kans_______
Wilmington, Del_____
$4, 797
5,420
4, 797
4, 217
3,937
4,135
3,355
4, 786
3,860
3,606
4, 500
3, 5ö7
3,822
3,731
3,939
3, 427
4, 779
4, 772
3, 997
3,905
4,128
3, 595
3, 621
4,209
4,046
4,247
3,945
3, 920
4, 518
$40
39
30
8
17
29
27
83
70
0
119
12
0
73
20
124
23
34
74
17
115
3
22
4
51
0
9
15
-$141
+412
+371
+78
-7 8
-10
-141
+48
-6
-7 2
-19
+23
-125
-9 3
+24
-199
+126
-68
+116
-240
-172
+14
-253
-7 2
-336
-112
-346
-31
-182
$4, 732
4,955
4,222
3, 881
4,015
3,917
3,303
4, 345
3,637
3,303
4,316
3,476
3,740
o, 647
3,670
3,340
4,487
4,728
3,831
3,966
4,237
3, 565
3,643
4,039
4,123
4,259
4,020
3,720
4,580
$581
697
785
673
492
534
534
573
612
499
609
523
457
533
555
519
823
715
532
584
596
492
638
536
521
614
583
545
705
$1,344
1,236
1,310
1,260
1,400
1,217
1,057
1,234
1, 083
1, 111
1,242
1,158
1,243
1,036
1,097
1,098
1,221
1,517
1,102
1,060
1,177
1,126
1,196
1,131
1,243
1,265
1,174
1,072
1,402
$509
510
499
427
509
467
374
555
436
417
506
356
467
473
444
374
467
622
483
518
509
328
398
478
435
455
397
412
569
$523
588
301
260
215
284
245
379
237
231
344
239
296
275
303
190
318
367
331
293
382
317
235
304
296
395
275
282
356
$1,775
1,924
1,327
1,261
1,399
1,415
1,093
1,604
1,269
1,045
1,615
1,200
1,277
1,330
1,271
1,159
1,658
1,507
1,383
1,511
1,573
1,302
1,176
1,590
1,628
1,530
1,591
1,409
1,548
$199
240
229
283
163
154
196
257
192
257
179
163
189
124
162
196
256
298
132
230
181
138
216
177
165
147
151
167
239
$158
137
124
186
105
146
98
217
174
144
154
117
141
137
195
177
151
157
214
157
172
109
117
192
166
155
254
208
170
0
24
3
4
0
22
256
0
1
2
9
15
36
0
165
170
2
1
38
379
0
26
33
7
90
1
0
290
18
23
5
150
12
+116
+214
-238
-255
+96
-213
+66
+160
-121
+112
-183
+89
-451
-116
-53
+39
+244
-360
-328
+310
-347
-109
-76
-21
+206
+223
+305
+235
-104
+177
-276
+344
-175
3,397
4, 519
3,901
3,094
4, 578
3,220
3,468
3, 548
2,847
5,053
3,400
3,699
3,689
3,947
3,960
3,538
3,279
3, 779
4,099
3,190
3, 261
3, 779
3,727
3, 326
3,722
4,262
4,039
0 ,405
3,316
3,336
d, 186
3,672
4,154
523
509
733
437
613
489
688
451
360
783
575
551
421
722
594
682
565
750
460
399
465
448
501
454
484
521
708
557
517
471
398
633
715
934
1,408
1, 288
894
1,410
997
1,167
1,037
938
1, 470
988
1,113
1,245
1,196
1,225
1,032
988
1,136
1,187
912
1,069
1,320
1, ld6
1,077
1,100
1,298
1,216
1,088
1,046
1,106
870
1,008
1,347
336
491
410
329
479
450
324
367
397
523
456
431
336
462
422
385
336
387
474
419
371
456
432
375
466
422
419
303
342
386
380
437
418
326
423
300
303
343
255
157
259
210
337
266
296
288
282
250
245
210
263
387
250
236
332
312
197
324
376
317
256
220
261
196
374
276
1,278
1,688
1.170
1,131
1,733
1.029
1,132
1,434
942
1,940
1,115
1,308
1,399
1,285
1,469
1,194
1,180
1,243
1,591
1,210
1,120
1,223
1,346
1,223
1,348
1,645
1,379
1,201
1,191
1,112
1,342
1,220
1,398
174
155
231
114
217
100
170
155
169
255
161
2d4
98
156
173
147
100
195
150
117
97
166
104
156
180
179
156
189
102
158
132
170
198
141
230
170
no
200
103
188
168
84
162
153
139
123
121
210
94
123
129
184
116
89
123
136
122
78
189
204
107
89
105
87
144
114
(*)
Under SO,BOO
Anna, 111__________
Antioch, Calif...........
Barre, Vt__________
Camden, Ark______
Cheyenne, Wyo____
Columbia, Tenn____
Cooperstown, N. Y ...
Dalhart, Tex_______
Demopolis, Ala_____
Elko, Nev_________
Fayetteville, N. C__
Garrett, Ind________
Glendale, Ariz______
Grand Forks, N. Dak.
Grand Island, Nebr__
Grand Junction, Colo.
Grinnell, Iowa______
Laconia, N. H ............
Lodi, C alif.................
Madill, Okla.... ...........
Middlesboro, Ky____
Nanty-Glo, Pa........... .
Pecos, Tex_________
Pulaski, Va____ ____
Ravenna, Ohio______
Rawlins, Wyo______
Roseburg, Oreg..........
Salina, Kans________
Sandpoint, Idaho____
Santa Cruz, Calif....... .
Shawnee, Okla........... .
Shenandoah, Iowa___
Washington, N. J.......
3,596
5,105
3, 780
3,036
5,042
3,155
3, 547
4,000
2, 928
5,3.35
3,470
4,028
3,404
4,018
3, 970
3,585
3,593
3,554
4,075
3,184
3,019
3,784
3,821
3,449
3,880
4, 711
4, 576
3,602
3,282
3,694
3,080
3,973
4, 062
*LessIthan $0.50.
(1) clerical and kindred workers, (2) sales workers,
(3) operatives and kindred workers, (4) service
workers, except domestics, or (5) laborers, includ
ing farm workers. Families whose total 1950
family income, after payment of personal taxes,
exceeded $10,000 were not included in this group.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
See footnotes at end of table 3.
As with all information obtained through sample
studies, the data presented here are subject to
errors of many types. Averages and percentages
based on information reported by a sample of
families approximate averages and percentages
for all families in a community but do not represent
128
SURVEY OF CONSUMER EXPENDITURES
these values exactly. Errors are introduced by
chance variations in the particular sample drawn;
by the refusal or inability of some families in the
sample to give the information requested; by
errors in reporting on the part of those interviewed;
in recording the information on the part of inter
viewers; and by mechanical errors made in sum
marizing the data obtained.
No adjustments to the survey results have been
made. Although chance variations due to sam
pling can be measured statistically, errors due to
reporting and nonreporting may be much more
significant, and these errors cannot be estimated
satisfactorily. Errors made in summarizing the
data have been held to a minimum through review
and verification of calculations; those which are
discovered in these preliminary figures will be
corrected before the final survey results are
published.
Tabulations showing the average family income,
expenditures, and savings, and distribution of
families by income, family size, age of head,
and many other characteristics are available in a
separate report for all 91 cities.5 The distribu
tions of family characteristics are valuable not
only in analyzing incomes, expenditures, and
savings summaries, but also in evaluating the
effects on these data of incomplete reporting and
nonreporting by some of the families selected for
the sample. For example, average expenditures
for most categories of goods and services are
directly related to average family income and
family size, and correlations between average
expenditures and other characteristics, such as
age of head, tenure, etc., have been observed in
the past. If those who did not report were
predominately high-income families, or two-person
families, this would have a direct effect on the
averages obtained.
Family Income
Average annual family income remaining after
payment of personal taxes varied considerably
among the urban communities studied. City
averages of family incomes after taxes varied from
about $3,000 to over $5,000.
A strong relationship between the level of
community incomes (as measured by average
• See footnote'2, p. 126.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
family incomes) and the size and geographical
location of the community was revealed by the
study. Although some of the small western
cities had the highest income levels, in general,
income increased with city size; and within broadsize classes of communities, the highest average
incomes were found in the northern and western
cities and the lowest average incomes in southern
communities. Among the 11 urbanized areas
with populations over 1 million, the survey
results showed average family incomes ranging
from over $5,000 in New York and Chicago to
about $4,000 in Baltimore; in cities with 240,000
to 1 million populations, they ranged from about
$4,600 in Milwaukee, Hartford, and Seattle, to
about $3,200 in Birmingham and New Orleans; in
cities with 30,500 to 240,000 populations, from
over $5,000 in Bakersfield, Calif., to about $3,400
in Lynchburg, Va., and Charleston, S. C.; and in
communities with populations below 30,500,
from over $5,000 in Elko, Nev., Antioch, Calif.,
and Cheyenne, Wyo., to about $3,000 in Shawnee,
Okla., Camden, Ark., Middlesboro, Ky., and
Demopolis, Ala.
The variation in average community incomes of
wage-earner and clerical-worker families was about
the same among cities as for all families, although
the income-rank of some cities shifted markedly
when arrayed for the wage and clerical worker
group. For example, New York City, which had
nearly the highest average income for all families,
ranked eighth among the 11 urbanized areas sur
veyed, and thirtieth among all cities for the wage
and clerical group. In all but a few cities, average
incomes of the wage and clerical workers’ families
were lower than that of the total community;
these differences in income level appeared to be
most significant in the highest-income cities and
in places where wage rates are relatively low.
Incomes of workers’ families in New York City
averaged about $1,100 less than the community
income level, and about $700 less in Chicago.
Wage workers’ families in Demopolis, Ala., were
at the lowest level among the 91 cities—about
$2,500 compared with averages of about $4,600 in
the highest cities—Antioch, Calif., Middletown,
Conn., and Elko, Nev. Families with wage-earners
or clerical workers as their heads made up about 65
percent of the total urban family population re
porting in the survey. This proportion varied
from over 75 percent in Norfolk and Lynchburg,
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
SURVEY OF CONSUMER EXPENDITURES
Va., Canton, Ohio, and a few other communities,
to less than 50 percent in some of the smaller
towns.
Regional variations in average family income
from the $4,300 average emphasized the wide
range of income levels reported for the individual
cities. Average family incomes after taxes, by
region, are shown in chart 1.
About 30 percent of all families and 28 percent
of wage and clerical worker families had disposable
incomes below $3,000, and about 14 percent and
9 percent, respectively, had incomes above $6,000.
An approximate percentage distribution of fam
ilies by 1950 money income after taxes follows:
Income after taxes:
Less than $1,000.
$ 1, 000 - $ 2,000 ___
$2,000-$3,000__
$3,000-$4,000—
$4,000-$5,000-__
$5,000-$6,000__.
$6,000-$7,500.__
$7,500-$10,000__
$10,000 and over
All families__________________
Wage and
clerical
worker
All families families
(percentj (percent)
7
20
BY REGION, 1950
UNITED STATES
East Central
and Pacific
Middle
Atlantic
West North
Central and
Northeast
Mountain and
South Atlantic
31
21
11
6
11
100
Chart 1. Average Net Income for A ll Families and
Wage-Earner and Clerical-Worker Families
1
3
9
18
26
19
7
4
3
129
West South
Central
3
0)
East South
Central
100
1 Wage and clerical worker families who reported family income in excess of
$10,000 after taxes were excluded from this group by definition.
Changes in Assets and Liabilities
Urban families, on the average, spent more than
they received in order to pay taxes, insurance, and
family living expenses, in spite of their relatively
high incomes in 1950. They drew on past savings
and increased their debts to stores, banks, and
loan companies to supplement current disposable
income required to buy consumer goods and
services and personal insurance, and to make cash
contributions to institutions and individuals.
In the 11 urbanized areas, family outlays exceeded
income, and reported deficits averaged well over
$100. In only 13 of the 45 cities with 30,5001,000,000 population and in about half of the
small cities did families report a surplus, on the
average. Estimates of surpluses and deficits
were based on changes in assets and liabilities
reported by families in the survey.
Although the information obtained from fam
ilies on changes in their assets and liabilities is
subject to large reporting errors, fairly consistent
results were observed from city to city. In most
2 1 5 5 3 4 — 52------- 2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
cities, families increased substantially the amounts
owed to stores and installment credit companies
during the year, and reduced their bank balances
and stock and bond holdings. Investments in
real estate, primarily in the form of down pay
ments, principal payments, and improvements on
owned homes, and business investments were in
creased generally.
Taxes and Insurance
Average payments of personal taxes, with re
spect to total income receipts, were fairly stable
from city to city and averaged a little over 7 per
cent for all families reporting. In the higherincome cities, from 7 to 9 percent of family total
income went for taxes, with a few cities reporting
averages over 10 percent. In the lower-income
cities, tax payments varied from about 5 to 7
percent of income. Tax payments reported in
the survey by individual families were on the
MONTHLY LABOR
SURVEY OF CONSUMER EXPENDITURES
130
whole consistent with tax liabilities computed on
the basis of gross income, size and composition of
the family. Average taxes paid by wage and
clerical worker families were somewhat lower than
those paid by all families in about the same pro
portion that incomes between the groups differed.
Average family premium payments on personal
insurance policies ranged between $150 and $250
in large cities and were somewhat lower in small
urban areas. Almost every family reported mak
ing payment on some form of insurance during
the year. The average insurance premium paid
by wage and salaried worker families was usually
lower than that paid by all families, and repre
sented about 4%percent of disposable income. No
attempt was made to obtain information on the
type of insurance policies held by families, or to
estimate what part of premium payments repre
sented savings. If all premium payments were
considered as an increase in family assets (as is
often done in family accounting), they would
about compensate for the net deficits that are
obtained by excluding them from the calculation.
In order to evaluate individual family reports, a
balancing difference was computed between re
ceipts (i. e., income, other money receipts, and
net deficit) and disbursements (i. e., outlays for
current expenditures, gifts and contributions, in
surance and net surplus). This balancing dif
ference can be attributed to under-estimates or
over-estimates of income, expenditures or savings,
or a combination of such reporting errors; the
larger part of this difference is probably due to
errors in reporting savings items. Therefore, this
difference should be considered in judging the
balance of average family accounts.
Expenditures
On the basis of rough estimates from the survey
results, urban families spent about 30 percent of
income on foods and alcoholic beverages; 15 per
cent on housing, fuel, light, and refrigeration; 4
percent on gifts and contributions; and 52 percent
T a b l e 2 . — All families: Average income, expenditures, and savings in selected cities, 1950
Item
Number of families-............................... Average family size4.................................
New Chi
York, cago,
N. Y. HI.
388
3.2
336
3.2
Average expenditure for current consumption: Total...................... ......... . $4,932 $4,905
Housing,* fuel, utilities, and household operation__________ ______ 1,087
967
Housefumishings and equipment__
298 353
Food___________________ _____ _ 1,535 1,427
Alcoholic drinks and tobacco______
186
177
Personal care____________ ______
100
107
Clothing.............................................
608
609
Medical care__________ _______ _
290
257
Recreation, reading, and education..
340 318
626
Transportation....................................
415
Miscellaneous.................................... .
64
73
Insurance................ ...................................
218
246
Gifts and contributions............. ...............
251
261
Net increase in assets and/or decrease in
liabilities_______________ _________
0
0
Payment of principal and down payments on owned homes_____ ____
225
300
Los
An
geles,
Calif.
Phila Bos Pitts Minne
del ton, burgh, apolis,
phia, Mass.
Pa. Minn.
Pa.
134
3.2
123
3.3
$4,661 $4,384 $4,300 $4,506 $4,429 $3,989 $4,134 $3,917
$4,345
325
3.1
884
355
1,319
120
99
488
283
285
766
62
209
167
277
3.2
222
3.5
912
998
269
243
1,380 1,357
191
159
104
100
539
485
225
203
265 269
458
426
41
60
194
176
147 201
303
3.7
874
284
1,386
176
99
559
211
274
597
46
222
144
169
3.3
Kan Port Can Charles Lynch Grand Ra Pu Masas land, ton,
burg, Forks,
ton,
City, Oreg.
N. venna, laski, dill,
Ohio W. Va.
Va.
Dak. Ohio Va. Okla,
Mo.
182
3.0
160
3.2
877 853 867
707
302 294
264 284
1,190 1,090 1,133 1,142
164
147
137
123
94
102
115
84
491
456 425
467
253
204
229
200
302
209
260 267
662
556
588
695
94
43
54
45
192
207
187
154
164
191
167
146
809
379
1,198
100
100
555
261
250
605
88
257
217
44
3.4
51
3.4
42
3.2
49
3.5
46
3.4
$3,340 $3,947 $3,722 $3,326 $3,190
708
190
1,010
151
78
374
213
133
447
36
196
177
898
282
1,131
137
96
462
195
263
439
44
156
121
641
636
324
197
1,065 1,047
110
107
90
65
466 375
177
178
225
166
597 509
27
46
180
156
78
122
558
250
894
76
89
419
150
164
516
74
117
116
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
48
0
0
206
0
310
546
106
161
218
367
348
271
310
277
53
400
582
96
130
238
416
389
372
362
404
388
402
293
448
200
268
292
214
140
Money income 1.............. ........................ 5,109 5,080
Other money receipts *______________
61
49
Net decrease in assets and/or increase
in liabilities................... ................... .
143
141
Balancing difference8.............................. . -90 -140
4,745
107
4,506 4,200
41
18
4,583
23
4,579 4,321 4,017 4,135
103
16
29
91
4,786
83
3,427
20
4,018
0
3,880 3,449 3,184
90
7 379
16
-169
1
141
-177 -318
141
-125
10
-43
0
+2
199
-6 7
116
-90
0
21
0
-216 -127 -170
100.0
100.0
100.0 100.0
100.0
100.9 100.0 100.0 100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0 100.0 100.0
19.7
7.2
29.1
3.6
2.2
12.4
5.2
6.5
12.8
1.3
19.0
7.6
28.3
2.6
2.1
10.5
6.1
6.1
16.4
1.3
18.6
8.7
27.6
2.3
2.3
12.8
6.0
5.8
13.9
2.0
21.2
5.7
30.2
4.5
2.3
11.2
6.4
4.0
13.4
1.1
22.9
7.1
28.7
3.4
2.4
11.7
4.9
6.7
11.1
1.1
Personal taxes 8.........................................
S69
Percent of expenditure for current consumption......................... .................. .
100.0
Housing, fuel, utilities, and household operation_________________ 22.0
Housefumishings and equipment__
6.0
Food___ _____________ ______ _
31.2
Alcoholic drinks and tobacco............
3.8
Personal care.......................................
2. C
Clothing.......................................... .
12.3
Medical care____________________
5. S
Recreation, reading, and education..
6.9
Transportation....................................
8.4
Miscellaneous........................ .............
1.5
See footnotes at end of table 3.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
20.9
6.1
31.5
4.4
2.4
12.3
5.1
6.0
10.4
.9
23.2
5.7
31.5
3.7
2.3
11.3
4.7
6.3
9.9
1.4
19.4
6.3
30.8
3.9
2.2
12.4
4.7
6.1
13.2
1.0
34
-84
19.9
6.8
26.9
3.7
2.1
11.1
5.7
6.8
14.9
2.1
103
+68
21.4
7.4
27.4
3.4
2.9
11.4
5.1
5.2
14.7
1.1
332
-48
21.0
6.4
27.4
3.0
2. C
10.3
5.5
6.3
16.8
1.3
18.0
7.3
29.2
3.8
2.6
11.9
5.1
6.8
14.2
1.1
17.2
8.7
28.7
2.9
2.4
12.5
4.8
6.0
16.1
.7
19.1
5.9
31.4
3.2
2.0
11.3
5.4
5.0
15.3
1.4
17.5
7.8
28.1
2.4
2.8
13.1
4.7
5.1
16.2
2.3
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
SURVEY OF CONSUMER EXPENDITURES
on the other goods and services. (See chart 2.)
The average distribution of their income to major
groups of expenditures showed consistent patterns
among groups of cities.
The proportion of disposable income spent or
housing, fuel, light, and refrigeration varied from
about 11 to 20 percent among the 91 cities sur
veyed; but in three-fifths of the cities, the cost of
these housing items was within 13 to 16 percent
of income. New England cities reported the
highest proportions of income spent for housing,
and cities in the Pacific, Mountain, and West
South Central regions, the lowest. The propor
tion of income used for housing appeared to be
related to size of city, as well as to geographic
location. Among large cities, Boston fam ilies
spent about 20 percent of income on housing and
Los Angeles and San Francisco families, about
14 percent. Among small cities, housing for fam
ilies in Barre, Vt., and Laconia, N. H., cost 16
percent and over 20 percent, respectively; while
in Antioch, Calif., Cheyenne, Wyo., and Glendale,
Ariz., only about 12 percent of income was re
quired.
Housing costs, including taxes, insurance, inter
est payment, and maintenance and repair ex
penses, were generally lower for homeowners than
were rental costs for tenants. In New England
cities and most large eastern cities, where housing
costs take a larger share of income, the proportion
of the homeowners to renters is relatively low;
in western cities, homeownership is much more
general. In Boston, New York, and Chicago, less
than a third of all families reporting in the survey
owned their homes; in Los Angeles and San
Francisco, over half of all families were homeowners. Small cities in general reported higher
proportions of homeowners than did large cities.
Small cities which were predominantly rental
areas were usually industrial centers. Since local
conditions play an important part in determining
rental rates, taxes, interest, insurance, etc., and
climate has a direct effect on the amount of fuel
required, the average amount spent on housing
varied considerably from city to city. City-size
and regional differences also contributed to the
variation in average family housing costs among
cities. Among the metropolitan areas, families
spent $815 for housing in Boston, compared with
$623 in St. Louis; in cities between 240,000 and
1,000,000 population, housing costs ranged from
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Chart 2.
131
Family Expenditures as a Percent of Income,
1950
NET
INCOME
100%
106
% -
EXPENDITURES
G if t s a n d C o n t r ib u t io n s
In s u ra n c e
-
3'
re 1
3
8 0
%
-
6 0
%
^^^^^^^G oods
a n d S e r v ic e s
, F u e l,L ig h t
^ ^ ^ ^ S ja n d
4 0
%
20%
H o u s e h o ld F u r n is h in g s
yp
i
0 jc
Z
U N IT E D
R e f r i g e r a t io n f
STA TES D EPA RTM EN T O F
M
" I 1" ! 11
B everag es
1950
LA B O R
B U REA U O F LA B O R S T A T IS T IC S
about $700 in Milwaukee and Minneapolis to
$435 in Birmingham and New Orleans; and an
even wider variation was reported among smaller
cities.
No simple analysis of community spending for
foods seems possible since the allocation of income
for food purchases appears to be determined
largely by local patterns of family living. Other
factors, including community size and income
level and average size of reporting families, also
contributed to the variation in the proportion of
income spent for food. The proportion of average
family income used to buy food to be prepared
at home and to eat in restaurants, varied from
about 26 to 36 percent among the 91 cities studied;
in about half of these cities, the proportion was
from about 28 to 31 percent. In general, families
in small, low-income cities spent proportionately
more of their income in food stores, although
New York families reported the highest relative
expenditures on foods among all cities surveyed.
In smaller cities, home gardens and backyard
chicken flocks are important in keeping the family
MONTHLY LABOR
SURVEY OF CONSUMER EXPENDITURES
132
T a ble 3. — Wage-earner and clerical-worker families: Average income, expenditures, and savings in selected cities, 1950
Item
Number of families-.......................- ........
Average family size4.................................
New Chi
York, cago,
N. Y. 111.
234
3.2
211
3.3
Los
An
geles,
Calif.
Phila Bos Pitts Minne Kan Port Can Charles Lynch Grand Ra Pu Madel ton, burgh, apolis, sas land, ton,
burg, Forks,
ton,
N. venna, laski, dill,
phia, Mass.
Pa. Minn. City,
Dak. Ohio Va. Okla.
Mo. Oreg. Ohio W. Va. Va.
Pa.
195
3.2
176
3.3
147
3.5
199
3.7
104
3.3
118
3.1
110
3.3
105
3.3
78
3.4
33
3.7
29
3.5
27
3.3
37
3.7
26
3.8
Average expenditure for current con
sumption: Total.................................... $4,248 $4,575 $4, 452 $4,200 $4,301 $4,107 $4,029 $3,797 $4,097 $3,811 $4,059 $3,492 $3,659 $3,746 $3,116 $2,931
Housing,3 fuel, utilities, and house453
763
557
664
684
716
643
806
942
734
798
736
785
781
hold operation..................................
831
885
219
189
265
280
258
287
361
257
375
339
284 259
270
271
249 271
Housefumishings and equipment__
1,163
1,074
1,083
1,062
1,004
945
1,073
1,144
1,121
1,303
1,352
1,317
1,141
1,367
Food------------------------ --------------- 1,455 1,376
139
104
67
102
178
110
180
149
113
165
179
133
217 172
163
175
Alcoholic drinks and tobacco--.........
59
90
116
104
101
81
93
93
101
84
85
92
104
97
103
94
Personal care..................................... 390
462
455 373
453
427
534
387
463
455
499 470
495
404
544
535
Clothing............................ -...............162
191
143
140
239 185
209
241
217
248
196
247
220 259
206
203
Medical care__________
______
241
118
216
141
231
161
262
249
213
246
249
274
257 262
Recreation, reading, and education..
282 290
393
496
388
753
508
603
437
611
354
754
464
522
617
557
634
431
Transportation-............ -....................
33
63
39
42
54
42
36
23
68
30
76
63
35
42
46
37
Miscellaneous- - ..................- ............. 130
93
159
180
211
149
146
169
175
165
169 200
206
185
193
177
Insurance............................................... .
63
98
125
121
109
163
167
75
130
121
112
135
127
164
153
128
Gifts and contributions......... ............. .
Net increase in assets and/or decrease in
61
0
0
49
0
0
4
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
liabilities-----------------------------------Payment of principal and down pay702
81
62
208
368
70
54
543
108
136
436
370
323
101
ments on owned homes------------151
155
3,597
26
3,753
0
3,720 3,364 2,885
16
0
2
0
-89
0
-6
196
-51
15
-138
0
-296
100. C 100.0 100. C 100.0 100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0 100.0 100.0
16.9
8.9
28.6
2.5
2.5
13.2
5.9
5.5
14.9
1.3
20.5
6.3
30.8
5.1
2.5
11.1
6.2
4. C
12.5
1.2
20.9
7.0
29.6
3.8
2.5
12.7
5.2
6.5
10.8
1.0
4,115
25
161
-153
156
347
-176 -344
216
-5 6
100. C
100. C 100.0
Percent of expenditure for current consumption............. ........... ....................... 100.0 100. C
Housing, fuel, utilities, and household operation------ ------------------- 19.6 19. S
5.9
5.9
Housefumishings and equipment__
34.2 30.1
Food__________________________
4.2
3.8
Alcoholic drinks and tobacco--------2.2
2.3
Personal care___ ________________
12.8 11.7
Clothing------ ------------ ---------------5.2
5.7
Medical care________________ ____
6.6
a ;
Recreation, reading, and education..
8. i 13. S
Transportation__________________
1.0
1.0
Miscellaneous___ ________________
17.5
7.6
29. c
3. C
2.2
10.2
5.6
6.2
16.9
1.5
19.1
6.8
32.5
5.2
2.5
11. f
4. i
6.1
10. i
.7
m
21.9
6. C
31.5
4. C
2. i
10. f
4.7
6.1
10.8
1.8
m
17. i
6.6
32. (
4.4
2.5
12.1
4.5
6.4
12.7
.9
S16
181
-44
19.8
6.7
28.4
4.C
2.1
10. f
5.9
6.2
15.5
1.6
SSO
3
-9
19.4
7.4
28.2
3.9
3.1
11.9
4.9
5.6
14.7
.9
S4S
219
-90
19.1
6.3
27.9
2.8
2.1
10.4
6. C
6. t
18.4
1.0
17.5
7.5
29.5
4.5
2.7
12.1
5.5
6.5
13.5
1.1
ill
ssi
281
115
S63
4,361
40
4,168 3,886
14
13
m
SOS
S81
S55
4,298
176
Personal taxes8_____________________
SS6
4,091 4,065 4,065 3,976
9
18
23
24
S66
Money income 1.............. .......................... 3,990 4,363
8
12
Other money receipts2---------------------Net decrease in assets and/or increase in
291
429
liabilities....................................... ..........
Balancing difference • - --------------------- -292 -124
17.2
10.0
28.4
3.0
2.5
12.1
3.8
6.1
16.3
.6
41
0
-66 -145
17.9
6.1
32.1
3.4
1.9
12.0
4.5
5.2
15.8
1.1
15.5
9.0
32.2
2.0
3.1
13.4
5.5
4.0
13.2
2.1
• Total money income from wages, salaries, self-employment, receipts from
roomers and boarders, rents, interest dividends, etc., after payment of per
sonal taxes (Federal and State income, poll, personal property) and occu
pational expense.
2 Includes inheritances, large gifts, lump-sum settlements from accident
or health policies, which were not considered current income.
3 Includes rents for tenant-occupied dwellings, lodging away from home,
and current operation expenditures of home owners. Excludes principal
payments on mortgages on owned home.
4
Family size is based on equivalent persons, with 52 weeks of family
membership considered equivalent to one person, 26 week equivalent to 0.5
persons, etc.
3 Includes Federal and State income, poll and personal property taxes.
8 Represents the average net difference between reported money receipts
and reported money disbursements (i. e., money income, other money re
ceipts and net deficit minus expenditures for current consumption, gifts and
contributions,insurance, and net surplus).
food budget down, and in large cities and indus
trial areas, lunches and meals eaten in restaurants
fend to increase the cost of feeding the family.
The average amounts spent on food in 1950
showed less variation from city to city than did
average family incomes. In the higher-income
cities, family food bills averaged about $100 to
$115 a month, and in the cities with lower average
incomes, they ranged from $85 and $100. In only
a few of the small, low-income cities did families
spend as little as $75 a month for food on the
average. Total food expenditures of wage and
clerical worker families did not differ significantly
from those of all families in most cities.
Expenditures for alcoholic beverages, reported
by urban families, varied from about 2 percent of
income in most of the large cities to less than 0.5
percent in a few of the small towns, and averaged
about 1.5 percent for all urban families. Slightly
higher relative expenditures for alcoholic beverages
were reported by wage and clerical worker
families.
Goods and services other than food, alcoholic
beverages, and housing purchased for family use
accounted for about 52 percent of urban family
disposable income, which included purchases of
automobiles, television sets, and household appli
ances. These items took an unusually large share
of income in 1950, as the anticipation of pending
shortages, following the Korean outbreak, stimu
lated buying of such items in the latter half of the
year. Preliminary estimates from the survey
results indicate that urban wage and clerical
worker families allocated roughly 11 percent of
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REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
SURVEY OF CONSUMER EXPENDITURES
income after taxes to automobiles, TV sets,
refrigerators, and other heavy durables.
About 6K percent of disposable family income
went for automobile purchases. Families in the
West South Central, Mountain, and Pacific
regions spent proportionately more of their income
to buy automobiles than did families in other
regions; the lowest percentages were found in
northeastern cities. In New York City, slightly
over a third of all families reported car ownership;
they spent, on the average, about 2% percent of
income for car purchases. The proportion of
wage-earner and clerical-worker families reporting
car purchases in 1950 ranged from 10 percent in
New York to over 40 percent in some of the
small western cities, and averaged roughly 25
percent for all cities combined.
Television sets took another 2 to 2% percent of
disposable income in cities located well within
broadcast areas and somewhat less in cities
situated in fringe areas where TV broadcast
reception is difficult. About 40 cities included in
the survey reported no TV purchases, and in
these cities expenditures for radios and phono
graphs represented less than 1 percent of family
income.
The way in which families on the average dis
tributed their expenditures for goods and services
other than food and housing, showed consistent
patterns among the 91 cities surveyed. Varia
tions between cities were surprisingly small and
seemed to be related primarily to city size and
geographic location. In the larger cities, about 22
percent of all expenditures other than for food and
housing went for clothing, 13 percent for housefurnishings and equipment, 8 percent for house
hold operations, 25 percent for transportation, 14
percent for medical care and personal care,
12 percent for reading, recreation, and education,
4 percent for tobacco, and 2 percent for miscel
laneous items. In small cities, a larger proportion
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
133
was spent on transportation and less on recreation,
but other groups of items took about the same
proportions in most cities.
In the larger cities, around 55 percent of the
family clothing budget was spent on women’s and
girls’ clothing and a little over 40 percent to out
fit male members of the family; the remainder was
spent for children under 2 years of age and for
clothing materials. In the smaller cities, women
shared the clothing budget about equally with the
rest of the family.
Women spent about half of their total clothing
allowance for coats, suits, and dresses, 14 percent
for underwear and nightwear, 10 percent for ho
siery, 14 percent for footwear, and 12 percent for
hats, gloves, and other accessories. Dresses, skirts,
and blouses accounted for about the same expend
iture as coats and other heavy outerwear; but in
the very warm cities and small cities, dresses took
the greater part of the total.
The distribution of family expenditures on men’s
and boys’ clothing also showed consistent patterns
among the 91 cities, although the proportions of
the men’s clothing budget going for outerwear var
ied significantly with city size and region. Pro
portionately more was spent on work clothes and
trousers in small cities; and proportionately more
was spent on coats, suits, and jackets in the large
cities. In cities located in the colder regions, men
spent about 14 percent of their clothing allowance
on coats and jackets and about 33 percent on suits,
trousers, and work clothes. In warmer climates
they spent about 10 percent on coats and jackets
and 36 to 38 percent on other outerwear. Pur
chases of shirts represented about 11 to 12 percent
of total expenditures for men’s clothing, 8 percent
went for underwear and nightwear, 5 percent for
hosiery, and 12 to 13 percent for hats and other
accessories. Average relative expenditures on foot
wear ranged from about 16 percent in large cities
to 18 percent in the small urban places.
Union-Security
Safeguards
in Foreign Countries
Jean A. Flexner*
n i o n s in most countries, including the United
States,1 have been confronted by the problem of
maintaining stable memberships, improving work
ing conditions, preventing undercutting of union
standards, and preserving a solid front in labormanagement disputes. In the United States,
union-security clauses in collective bargaining
agreements have been commonly utilized to
safeguard the position of the union. Such
clauses may call for a closed shop when permitted
by law; a union shop; preferential hiring of union
members; maintenance of membership; sole bar
gaining rights; or a dues check-off (often combined
with one of the other provisions) .2
In foreign countries, unions have not followed
American practices to any great degree; instead,
they have relied on legislation, custom, and a
different trade-union philosophy. Only in Canada
are union-security clauses in collective agreements
at all widespread, and the various types parallel
those in the United States. In Scandinavia,
Switzerland, Western Germany, and Austria,
such clauses are occasionally written into collec
tive-bargaining agreements. Where found, the
union shop is more common than the closed shop.
Exclusive arrangements favoring one union at the
expense of other recognized unions are incom
patible with the philosophy prevalent among
European unions.
However, some of those unions have achieved
security of status by other than contractual
methods, such as various forms of pressure on
both employers and employees, as well as laws
134
U
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
which have in many countries played a consider
able part. Even in the absence of union-security
clauses in contracts, the 100-percent union shop
is common in Great Britain, the British Domin
ions, Scandinavia, Finland, Western Germany,
and Austria, as well as in certain industries of
other countries.
In a large number of democratic countries,
unions are strengthened by laws guaranteeing the
right to organize, protecting workers against
discrimination for union activity, or providing
for extension of the collective agreement (nego
tiated by a majority) to the unorganized minority
in a plant, a trade, or in a district. In a few
countries, union status is even more explicitly
protected by law—e. g., New Zealand and Greece.
Three obstacles to contractual union-security
arrangements should be particularly mentioned:
(1) laws guaranteeing the right to join and not to
join an association (i. e., protecting the negative
as well as the positive right to organize); (2) the
mutual tolerance shown by competing unions,
even when differentiated by political or religious
orientation; and (3) the strong class-consciousness
among Socialist (or Communist-oriented) unions
which rely upon their own efforts rather than
contracts with the employer to protect their
organization. Countries where legal obstacles
exist are Austria, Belgium, Finland, the Nether
lands, and Western Germany. Countries where
philosophy and tradition are incompatible with
union-security contractual arrangements are
chiefly France and Italy, where the syndicalist
tradition is also a factor. In the totalitarian
countries and in the corporative states, the
problem of union security does not arise.
*0f the Bureau’s Division of Foreign Labor Conditions.
1 For the United States, see Union Status under Collective Agreements,
1950-51, in Monthly Labor Review, November 1951 (p. 552), or reprint Serial
No. 2065. For the purposes of this article, Latin-American countries have
been excluded.
1 Such clauses have been defined as follows:
Closed shop—Employer agrees to hire only persons who are already mem
bers of the union signatory to the agreement.
Union shop—Employer agrees to require all workers who were not members
at time of hiring to join within a certain length of time.
£* Preferential hiring—Employer agrees to give preference in hiring to mem
bers of the signatory union. Some unions maintain hiring halls or employ
ment offices.
Sole bargaining—Signatory union is designated to bargain for all employees
in the bargaining unit, whether or not members of the union.
Maintenance of membership—Employee is not required to join the union,
but membership, once acquired, must be maintained for duration of agree
ment.
Dues check-off—Employer agrees to deduct dues and sometimes initiation
fees and assessments from pay, for the union.
FOREIGN UNION-SECURITY SAFEGUARDS
Union-Status Clauses in Collective Contracts
Collective-agreement provisions to protect
union status are found in Canada, and occasionally
in Austria, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Switzer
land, and Western Germany.
Frequency of different types of union-security
provisions in collective-bargaining agreements in
Canadian manufacturing industries in 1951, ac
cording to a study of the Canadian Department of
Labor, was as follows:
Types of union status
Canada. American types of union-security pro
visions are frequent in Canada, where many
agreements are negotiated by the same unions
that operate in the United States or by their
Canadian locals. Differences in legislation between
the two countries account for the principal varia
tions in their union-security arrangements. The
1948 Industrial Disputes and Investigation Act
completely legalized the union shop as a condition
of employment or preferential hiring but protected
an employee from discharge because of his mem
bership or activity in other than the contracting
union. If a union represented a majority of
employees in the bargaining unit, it was permitted
to be designated as sole bargaining agent. The
act applied only to industries within Dominion
jurisdiction—transportation, communications, and
works declared by Parliament to be for the general
advantage. Where similar legislation was passed
by a Province, the Minister of Labor might
arrange for joint administration.
The Rand formula is one of the union-security
devices used in Canada. It takes its name from
the arbitration award handed down on January
29, 1946, by Mr. Justice I. C. Rand in a dispute
between the Ford Motor Co. of Canada and the
United Automobile Workers (CIO). This award
provided for a compulsory check-off of dues col
lected by the union for general purposes against all
employees in the plant if the union observed the
terms of the award relating to secret strike ballots
and disavowal of unofficial strikes. However,
entrance fees or assessments for special benefits
were not included in this provision. Although
union membership was not made compulsory, non
members could no longer obtain a “free ride” since
all employees were required to contribute to the
union’s costs of administering the agreement.
[E ditor’s N ote.—This type is also known as the
agency shop, present in the recently concluded
Western Union-Commercial Telegraphers agree
ment and rejected by the United Steelworkers of
America (CIO) as a basis for settling the unionshop issue in the 1952 steel strike.]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
135
Number of—
Workers
covered
Agreements
Total i_________________
481
321, 738
Union-membership provisions___
Union shop___ __ _______ __
Modified union shop__________
Closed s h o p __ _ __ __ _ _
Preferential hiring____________
Maintenance of membership__
Check-off provisions
__ __
Voluntary revocable _________
Voluntary irrevocable__ __ _
Compulsory for union members.
Compulsory for all employees
in the bargaining unit___
Compulsory for all employees
hired after the effective date
of the agreement __ ______
241
55
49
62
64
326
93
141
45
137, 598
31, 695
26, 967
16, 743
11, 871
50, 322
258, 952
70, 975
95, 022
24, 408
38
51, 552
9
16, 995
11
i Of the 481 agreements studied, 142 covering 99,087 workers had both
union-membership and check-off provisions, and 56 covering 24,275 workers
had no provision for either.
Source: The Labor Gazette, Ottawa, October 1951 (pp. 1359-61).
In addition to the 138,000 workers shown in the
tabular statement as covered by agreements with
some type of union-membership requirement,
another 60,000 are covered by the compulsory
check-off provision applicable to all employees
(union and nonunion) in the bargaining unit or to
all hired subsequent to the commencement of the
agreement (the Rand formula). The total of over
60 percent of those included in the study are em
ployed under agreements which effectively protect
union status.
Scandinavia. The only union-shop contracts in
the Scandinavian countries are those negotiated
with employers who are outside the jurisdiction
of the central federations of employers. In each
of the three countries, these federations have
negotiated basic agreements with the national
trade-union federations whereby these employers
are assured the freedom to hire and direct labor as
they deem fit; but the basic agreements also accord
unions recognition as sole collective-bargaining
agents for manual workers in the plants. Actu
ally, union organization is virtually complete in
industrial employments in all three countries.3
* See Labor Management Relations in Scandinavia, Monthly Labor Re
view, May 1951, or Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin No. 1038 (pp.
1 and 8).
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FOREIGN UNION-SECURITY SAFEGUARDS
Sweden. A tripartite commission which investi
gated industrial relations questions for the Swedish
Government in 1920 reported that “employers do
not ordinarily exercise their power to hire for the
purpose of fighting unionism hut rather, in many
cases, prefer that their workers belong to an or
g a n iza tio n .M u c h the same situation exists in
Denmark and Norway.
The union-shop issue has been raised before the
Swedish Labor Court in several cases involving
agreements with bakeries, hotels, construction,
transportation, and shipping firms. In most of
these cases, the dispute involved an employee who
belonged to a syndicalist union; a few such unions
operate independently of the Swedish Federation
of Trade Unions (LO). The Court’s most recent
ruling (1950) protects employees already on the
payroll against job loss, but upholds the require
ment that new employees must join the signatory
union.
A Swedish law on the subject of the right to
organize (1940 amendment) protects the positive,
but not the negative, right of association, and thus
permits unions and employers to sign closed- or
union-shop agreements.
Denmark. Equity law protects a worker’s right
to join the union for which his work qualifies him;
this principle excludes a true closed shop in Den
mark. Union-shop agreements, however, are law
ful and exist to a limited extent among nonfederated employers. The labor court has held that
such an agreement confers sole bargaining rights
upon the signatory union.
Norway. The Norwegian Federation of Trade
Unions disapproves of closed-shop contracts and
by resolution (1934) specifically prohibited its
members from refusing to work with nonunion
workers if the latter are willing to organize.
Union-shop contracts when signed with independ
ent employers generally provide for employment of
union labor, meaning any member of the Federa
tion, but not any particular union.
Other Countries. In Switzerland, a number of
collective agreements have been signed recently
under which the employers have agreed to employ
only members of the signing, or majority, union.
The closed shop is new in Swiss industrial relations,
and occasioned some controversy within the ranks
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MONTHLY LABOR
of labor as well as among employers. It runs
counter to the principles, hitherto dominant in the
Swiss trade-union movement, which have defined
the right of association as the right to join any
organization and which have discouraged actions
that would deprive other organizations of their
rights.
A current union contract in the brewery industry
in Austria requires new employees to join the
signatory union within 2 weeks of hiring. The
musicians’ collective agreement requires hiring
through a booking office jointly operated by the
union and the employers and, in effect, results in a
preferential union hiring for musicians.
Employees of cooperatives in Western Germany
are required to belong to, or join, a union which
has signed the agreement, as a prerequisite of
employment.
Union Shop Without Contract Provisions
The dominant pattern in western democratic
countries is a union shop without specific contract
provisions. Trade-unions enforce this by a variety
of methods, including the strike, boycott, refusal
to work with nonunionists, and social pressure on
unorganized workers. Jointly managed hiring
systems, or halls, are sometimes set up, thus in
effect assuring the preferential employment of
members of the participating unions. These are
found among dockers, musicians, diamond cutters,
and other specialized crafts.
Great Britain. Since their beginnings, British
unions have pursued the goal of 100-percent union
membership in a shop or trade. Generally, the
union shop has been enforced by British unions
through refusal to work with nonunionists, and
either by strikes or by pressures brought to bear on
employees, but not through provisions written
into collective agreements. At the end of the
nineteenth century, Beatrice and Sidney Webb
declared “ compulsory trade-unionism, enforced
by refusal to work with nonunionists . . . coeval
with trade-unionism itself.” In the best organized
trades, they found, “ the compulsion is so complete
that it ceases to be apparent.”
A British court said in 1924: “ For many years
past, no one has questioned the right of a tradeunion to insist, if they are strong enough to do so,
under penalty of a strike, that an employer or a
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
FOREIGN UNION-SECURITY SAFEGUARDS
group of employers shall employ none but members
of the trade-union. And the result of any such
effective combination of workmen has, of course,
been to impose on the other workmen in the trade
the necessity of joining the union as a condition
of obtaining employment.’’ 4
The British Trades Union Congress, which
formulates broad policies for the labor movement
and which has the practical problem of settling
interunion and jurisdictional disputes, set forth
its views on the question of the closed shop in 1946.
It distinguished between the enforcement of a
closed shop and a 100-percent union shop. Where
several long-established, recognized unions were
competing for membership, the exclusive employ
ment of members of a particular union, the TUC
report declared was “ alien to British trade-union
practice and theory.” An intruding or splinter
organization, on the other hand, would be denied
recognition by the TUC which, in such cases,
would support “ the exclusive operation of a single
union in an assigned sphere of organization.”
However, TUC’s tolerance of several recog
nized unions does not extend to tolerance for nonunionists: “ No man or woman is entitled to bene
fit from the work of trade-unions without accept
ance of the obligations of trade-union membership
. . . recognition of such obligations is incumbent
not only upon individual workers, but upon man
agements and employers . . .” The decision
whether or not to “ permit the presence of actual
or potential black legs” was left up to the par
ticular union.
The Trade Disputes and Trades Union Act of
1927 (since repealed) prohibited any public au
thority from requiring that its employees belong
to a union as a condition of employment. Today
this question is again prominent. A number of
local government authorities with a Labor Party
majority have since 1946 instituted a closed or
union shop. When in 1950 the Durham county
council attempted to extend such a rule to teachers
and other professional personnel, protests were
made in Parliament and even several manual
workers’ unions deplored the council’s action.
After two Cabinet ministers in the Labor Govern
ment intervened, the Durham council agreed not
to question doctors and dentists on their affilia
tion but, at the same time, required all other
workers to join an appropriate union. Plowever,
when the council continued to apply indirect pres
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13Î
sures, a joint emergency committee of profes
sional organizations was formed to resist; finally,
the council agreed to arbitration; the award was
adverse.
Currently, Britain has no legislation on the sub
ject of union-security clauses or the positive or
negative right of association. The Industrial Dis
putes Order, 1951, providing for the arbitration of
disputes, on referral by the Minister of Labor and
National Service, explicitly “ excludes disputes as
to the employment or nonemployment of any per
son, or whether any person should or should not
be a member of any trade-union” ; it also excludes
questions on reinstatement and jurisdictional dis
putes between unions or groups of workers.6
Check-off of union dues is infrequent in Britain.
However, in the nationalized British coal industry,
by agreement with the National Union of Mineworkers, the National Coal Board checks off
the dues of union members, charging the NUM
£10,000 ($28,000) a year for the service. At the
end of the last century, the Webbs found cases
of payments deducted from all employees (union
and nonunion alike) to cover costs of administer
ing certain collectively bargained wage agreements
in the coal fields and in the Midlands iron and steel
industry. These arrangements resembled the
agency shop, occasionally found in the United
States.
Statutory Union-Security Provisions
New Zealand. The union shop and preferential
hiring were made compulsory in 1936 when the
New Zealand Labor Party assumed office. At the
same time, the Industrial Conciliation and Arbi
tration Act was amended to provide for the
formation and registration of national unions.
These unions were authorized to register agree
ments or to obtain court awards, setting industry
wide wage rates, hours, and working conditions.
Both agreements and awards were enforceable.
All workers in an industry covered by an award
or registered agreement must become members of
the union. The employer is not permitted to
employ a nonunion worker or to continue one in
employment when a member of the specified
< Reynolds v. Shipping Federation (1924 1 Ch. 48), in The Law of Trade
Unions, by H. Samuels, 1946 (p. 29).
* This order replaces the wartime compulsory arbitration order of 1940
which was continued with the acquiescence of labor and management.
138
FOREIGN UNION-SECURITY SAFEGUARDS
union is available and willing to take the job
in question. Under wartime manpower regulations
a compulsory check-off of union dues could be
ordered. However, the Government retained
the power to order compulsory arbitration of
disputes, and to de-register a union for calling
a strike which causes serious public inconvenience
and to register another in its place.
Australia. Both Federal and State Courts of
Conciliation and Arbitration may hand down
awards relating to wages and other conditions of
work, which grant preference to union members.
As in New Zealand, unions may register with
State or Federal arbitration courts; but unlike
New Zealand, several unions frequently share
jurisdiction in an industry. Some of the most
powerful unions therefore oppose the closed shop
or union shop with sole bargaining rights.
Greece. In order to assist unions in overcoming
their financial weakness after the liberation of
Greece from the Nazis, a compulsory check-off
of dues for union members and nonmembers
alike was instituted as a temporary measure.
It is still in effect.
Other Protective Devices
A number of other measures which have a
protective effect similar to that of union-security
clauses in agreements or in laws are in effect
in various countries.
Right to Organize. The positive right of as
sociation is guaranteed by law in Austria, Aus
tralia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland,
France, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand,
Sweden, Switzerland, and Western Germany.
Under the Austrian works-council law, dismiss
als for union membership or activity may be
protested by the works council. The workscouncil laws in certain States in Western Germany
provide that objections maybe raised by the council
if union workers are discriminated against in hiring
or firing. A similar provision is under discussion
in connection with a pending Federal law.
Discrimination against workers for union mem
bership or activity in Denmark is considered to
be a violation of the mutual grant of freedom to
organize and furnishes grounds for complaint to
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MONTHLY LABOR
the Danish Labor Court. In Sweden, rules
governing dismissals and lay-offs have been de
veloped through top-level negotiations between
management and labor.
Extensions of Agreements by Law. Union agree
ments, by law, apply automatically to all workers
in a plant, nonunion as well as union, in Austria,
Canada, Denmark, Finland, Great Britain, the
Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden in plants
working under Government contract. This auto
matic extension is equivalent to conferring sole
bargaining rights upon one union for all employees
in the bargaining units. Some laws regulating
the content and character of collective agreements
contain provisions with similar intent. Thus, in
Denmark, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, and
Western Germany, members of signatory assoc
iations are legally bound by the agreement until
it expires and may not escape obligations under
it by resigning. Members who join such an
association after the signing of an agreement are
also legally bound by its terms.
Legislation in a number of countries provides
for extension of agreements, beyond the plant,
and beyond the signatory group, by invoking a
formal procedure for making a collective agree
ment binding upon nonsignatory employers and
workers in the same trade or industry. Some
times the extension of the agreement is limited to a
particular district or to a locality, but in other
cases the extension may be industry-wide. Such
extension of agreements is permissible in Austria,
Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland,
Western Germany, South Africa, and in
certain Canadian Provinces. In both Australia
and New Zealand, the Courts of Arbitration
have power to make awards binding on a
whole industry. Under the Italian constitution,
agreements negotiated by registered organiza
tions of workers and employers are to become
binding on all persons in the same trade or in
dustry, regardless of union membership. How
ever, this constitutional provision is yet to be
implemented by a law.
Great Britain adopted legislation applying this
principle of industry-wide extension to the cotton
weaving industry during the depression in 1934.
The National Arbitration and Employment Order
(May 1940) required all employers to observe
terms and conditions of employment not less
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
FOREIGN UNION-SECURITY SAFEGUARDS
favorable than those laid down by collective
agreement, arbitration award, or statutory orders
for their trade and district. Union standards
have long tended to become the accepted trade
practice in Great Britain.
Obstacles to Union-Security Arrangements
Collective-bargaining agreements requiring em
ployees or prospective employees to become or
to remain union members would run counter to
law in Austria, Belgium, Finland, Western
Germany, and the Netherlands. In Belgium,
Finland, the Netherlands, and Western Germany6
the right to join or not to join an association is
given statutory protection. In Austria an anti
combination law of April 5, 1930, outlaws com
pulsory union membership or closed- or union-shop
contract provisions. (One known exception is a
brewery-industry agreement which requires em
ployees to join the union within 2 weeks of hiring.)
Since the Austrian Trade Union Federation
has organized almost two-thirds of all those
in industrial employments, however, the issue
scarcely arises.
Countries Without Free Trade-Unions
In the Soviet Union, and in the satellite States
which follow its pattern in varying degrees, union
security has no meaning in western terms. A
free trade-union movement is nonexistent in the
Soviet Union. The trade-unions act as adminis
trative organs of the State in promoting Com
munist ideology and driving workers to greater
production. As such, they are securely established
and recognized. In theory, Communist tradeunions promote the general welfare of the workers,
but they are not authorized to negotiate with
management on wages and hours of work, both of
which are fixed by law or regulation, and strikes
are tacitly outlawed. Trade-union membership
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139
is declared “voluntary” but is practically com
pulsory because of the constant pressure by party
and trade-union officials and because of the dis
crimination against nonmembers in respect to
benefits. For example, nonunion workers in
Russia receive only half as much in pensions as
trade-union members. Trade-unionists have pref
erence in admittance to sanatoria and health
resorts, and their children have preference in
nurseries and summer camps.
The syndicates are quasi-governmental organi
zations in the corporative States of Spain and
Portugal. The Spanish syndicates include em
ployers, technicians, and workers in one organiza
tion under the discipline of the Falangist move
ment. They are supported by levies on the
workers and managements of all foreign and
domestic enterprises. The formation of unions
for the protection of class interest is forbidden.
Labor regulations are promulgated by the State
in the place of the collective-bargaining agree
ments of Western European countries.
Portuguese syndicates negotiate with employers’
guilds on hours, wages, and conditions of work
to be incorporated in collective agreements.
Such agreements, when approved by the Govern
ment, become binding throughout the industries
concerned, regardless of membership in the par
ticular syndicate and guild negotiating the con
tract. Membership, although theoretically volun
tary, may be—and often is—made compulsory
at Government discretion.
6 In Western Germany, employees of cooperatives, however, are required
to join a union as a prerequisite of employment because cooperatives are
considered part of the labor movement rather than employers.
Sources: This article is based on data from The Labor Gazette, January
1946 (Department of Labor, Canada); The Government of Labor Relations
in Sweden, by J. J. Robbins; The Danish System of Industrial Relations,
by Walter Galenson; Labor in Norway, by Walter Galenson; Industrial
Democracy, by Sidney and Beatrice Webb; Genera] Council Reports on the
Closed Shop to the [British] Trades Union Congress, 1946; Extension of
Collective Agreements to Cover Entire Trades or Industries, by L. Ham
burger (in the International Labor Review, August 1939); The Right to
Organize and Its Limits, by Kurt Braun; The Right to Work: Here and
Abroad, by Arthur Lenhoff (in Illinois Law Review, November-December
1951).
Economic Problems
and Wage Structure
in Cotton Textiles
Solomon Shapiro and Charles R ubenstein*
P art I— E conom ic P rob lem s
B asic problems in the cotton-textiles industry
were submerged during World War II aiuU.the
immediate postwar years because of economic con
ditions which, after 1940, created an extraordinary
demand for manufactured cotton goods and en
abled the industry to enjoy a long period of unin
terrupted prosperity. Increased employment and
hours of work, resulting from the high levels of
production, were reflected in higher average earn
ings for workers in the industry. Wage rates rose
throughout the period and the workers’ earnings
position in relation to other manufacturing workers
improved. Since 1948, however, the industry has
experienced two recessions which again have
brought into focus its fundamental difficulties.
Postwar Trends
At the end of World War II, manufacturers of
cotton-textiles were in a better position to supply
the postwar market than most other manufactur
ing industries. Reconversion involved relatively
minor problems, since production of cotton goods
for war or civilian purposes differs largely in terms
of the relative importance of the various types of
fabrics. After VJ-day, consumer and industrial
demands quickly replaced military needs. Four
years of meager production of cotton goods for
consumer use, coupled with high levels of consumer
income and an extraordinary worldwide demand
for cotton fabrics, provided capacity orders as soon
as restrictions on production were removed. This
140
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great demand, along with the elimination of price
controls in 1946, made the 1946-48 period one of
the most profitable in decades.
The relatively long period of prosperity ended
for the cotton textile industry before the 1949 re
cession became generalized. By the middle of
1948, when households were generally restocked
with sheets, towels, and similar goods, and cotton
apparel had become readily available, sales of
cotton goods began to recede. Foreign textile
industries were beginning to supply their own
markets and dollar shortages abroad cut further
into exports of cotton goods. Inventories began
to grow at all levels of distribution and, at the
manufacturing level, rose uncomfortably in rela
tion to declining sales. Production dropped from
2.6 billion linear yards of cotton cloth in the first
quarter of 1948 to 1.9 billion during the third
quarter of 1949. Employment in cotton and
rayon plants decreased from 449,000 in June 1948
to 369,000 in July 1949. Unemployment in textile
centers became a serious problem.
Just as the cotton-textile industry led the way
into the recession, its recovery was evident before
that of most other manufacturing industries.
By the middle of 1949, excessive inventories had
been disposed of and the volume of sales began
to rise; prices and employment were stabilized
and production increased. Cotton-textile manu
facturing was again at high levels when hostilities
in Korea began in mid-1950.
The Korean emergency, which led to the panic
buying of the summer of 1950, had a serious im
pact on the industry. With vivid memories of
wartime shortages, consumers rushed to buy all
types of cotton goods, which had been in short
supply or unavailable during a large part of
World War II. As usual, the industry responded
to the new demand situation and production was
stepped up substantially. Production of cotton
cloth, which was 2.4 billion yards during the
second quarter of 1950, rose to a peak level of
2.8 million yards in the first quarter of 1951.
The defense situation, however, did not generate
the level of demand generally anticipated. War
on a large scale did not develop. Government
orders were not as large as expected, and con
sumer anxiety subsided. Less than a year of
peak operations appeared to have saturated the
•Of the Bureau’s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations.
COTTON TEXTILES—ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
market and to have built inventories to record
levels. By the spring of 1951, a new recession
was being experienced in the industry. Employ
ment in cotton and rayon manufacturing decreased
from 427,000 workers in March 1951 to 377,000
in April 1952.
Reemergence of Long-Term Problems
With the return of more normal levels of de
mand, the industry was again faced with its
fundamental problems, reflected in periodic reces
sions. Fluctuations in the mill consumption of
cotton during the period 1941-48 were largely
seasonal, in contrast to the sharp changes in
activity since 1948. The recessions experienced
in 1949 and 1951 resemble the pattern of fluctua
tions in the decades preceding World War II.1
At least in part, the complex nature and organ
ization of the industry itself is probably an im
portant factor in its instability. The spinning of
yarn and the weaving of cloth may be done in
separate specialized mills, generally small, or both
processes may be carried on together in large, socalled integrated mills. Unfinished cloth in the
form of “gray goods” may be bleached, dyed,
printed, or otherwise finished in the integrated
mill or in separate finishing plants. Except for a
few large integrated firms which maintain their
own marketing organizations, products are gener
ally sold through commission houses and brokers
at each of the intermediate stages of fabrication.
The large number of firms,2 many of them quite
small and specializing in standardized products,
creates a high degree of competition in the industry.
Competition is intensified by the ease of entry into
the industry because of the relatively small amount
of capital required for a specialized plant. Bank
rupt firms are frequently put back into operation
by financial assistance from the many selling
organizations which operate throughout the
industry.
Overcapacity
A tendency to overproduce whenever demand
increases appears to be one of the basic problems
of the industry. Excess capacity is usually pres
ent in the form of unused machines, idle during one
or more shifts.3 Operating closer to capacity by
utilizing more of the idle machines reduces unit
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141
costs and places the individual firm in a better
position to meet competition. Because cottontextile profit margins are low, large volume of
production at high levels of capacity holds the
promise of greater net profits.
The problem of overcapacity was well stated by
a Cabinet Committee appointed by President
Franklin D. Roosevelt to study the cotton-textile
industry. “Not only does the whole industry
lunge forward at the slightest show of strengthen
ing prices,” the report stated, “but the excess
capacities put an almost irresistible pressure upon
mills or groups of mills to overreach their share of
the market, thereby gaining temporary advantages
to the habitual unsettlement of the trade . . .” 4
This statement, made in 1935, is probably as true
today as at that time.
U. S. Department of Commerce data on inven
tories, sales, and production during the postwar
period indicate the unstable relationship between
manufactured stocks and sales subsequent to 1948,
and the resulting adjustments in the volume of
production. Ratios of inventories to sales of
textile-mill products (which are representative of
cotton-textile manufacturing) were about 2 to 1
during each of the years 1946, 1947, 1948, and
1950. In the recession years 1949 and 1951, how
ever, the ratio rose significantly, indicating the
relatively greater decline in sales than in
inventories.
From the first quarter of 1948 to the second
quarter of 1949, sales of textile-mill products
declined 28 percent; during the same period,
inventories were reduced only 5 percent. The
subsequent downward adjustment of production
of cotton broad woven goods was 20 percent.
Sales of textile products declined by 17 percent
from the second quarter of 1951 until the last
quarter of the year. Inventories, on the other
* Bureau of Census data indicate that half of the 16 years from 1923 to 1938
show decreases in spinning activity from the previous year, ranging from 5 to
26 percent.
* In the 1947 Census of Manufactures, 602 textile establishments were
classified in the Cotton Broad Woven Fabrics Industry, of which 137
employed less than 100 workers; there were 404 yam mills using the cotton
system, 121 of which had less than 100 workers; the 89 thread mills were pre
dominantly small-sized, with 68 employing less than 100 workers.
* The Technology of Textile Manufacturing, by E. B. Alderfer and H. E.
Michl (in Economics of American Industry, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.,
New York, 1942, p. 307).
4
Cotton Textile Industry—Message from the President of the United
States Transmitting a Report on the Conditions and Problems of the Cotton
Textile Industry, made by the Cabinet Committee appointed by him.
Washington, 1935. (Senate Doc. 126, 74th Cong., 1st sess.)
142
COTTON TEXTILES—ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
hand, dropped only 6 percent. As a result, pro
duction of cotton broad goods was curtailed about
15 percent.
Obsolescence
While the basic technology of the industry has
changed slowly, improvements in the speed, au
tomatism, and efficiency of textile machines have
been numerous for the past several decades.6 Im
provements of this nature have been continuously
stimulated by the need to reduce costs in order to
meet competition.
Cost saving in the cotton-textile industry has
taken a variety of other forms. The integration
movement, accelerated during the postwar period,
contributes economies by combining the various
manufacturing processes in a single firm or plant.
Since materials handling is a substantial part of
labor costs in textile manufacture, plant lay-out and
design have been given considerable attention in
planning new mills. All the auxiliary devices of
modern industry—air-conditioning, electronics,
indirect lighting, and even functional painting—
have been adapted to advance more efficient
production.
For the older plants in the industry, small im
provements in technology have frequently ap
peared not to justify the scrapping of old equip
ment. Many of the small plants with meager
capital resources, are obsolescent in the sense that
they have not kept pace with changes which lead
to the most efficient production. Such plants
may disregard charges for depreciation and other
costs and continue to operate marginally or at a
loss, for many years, adding to the excess capacity
and competition of the industry.® During each
of the periodic recessions in the industry, a large
number of such firms are forced into bankruptcy.
Higher costs due to obsolescence do not neces
sarily mean increased prices to the consumer of
cotton goods. But for the obsolescent firm, its
workers, and the community in which it is located
obsolescence has serious implications. The famil
iar prewar story of New England communities
seriously affected by the closing down of textile
plants has been repeated in the postwar period.
Practically no new textile plants have been built
in this region since the early 1920’s. Wliile many
New England mill owners have modernized their
equipment, others have been reluctant to invest
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MONTHLY LABOR
additional capital and have yielded to competition
from more modern southern mills. The more
serious nature of obsolescence in New England
cotton-textile mills is indicated by its proportion of
idle spindles. This proportion was about 16 per
cent in New England for the last 5 years, com
pared with about 4 percent in the cotton-growing
States.
Demand Factors
Changes in income levels of consumers affect
the intensity of demand for cotton textiles,
although a certain minimum level of demand may
be expected because of apparel and householdgoods requirements. Because about two-thirds ’
of cotton manufactured goods is sold directly to
consumers, the industry is particularly subject to
the influence of changes in national income. Per
capita consumption of cotton is related both to
the trend of business and also to consumer income.
Changing clothing habits have in the past had
serious impacts on the demand for cotton goods.
Radical changes in styles after World War I
reduced considerably the amount of cotton used
in the making of apparel. The trend toward
suburbanization following World War II has
again reduced the amount of cotton required for
making clothing. Per capita consumption of
cotton used in clothing in the postwar period is
significantly less than that of the period preceding
World War II.7
Somewhat less than 40 percent of the cotton
consumed during the postwar period has gone into
clothing, a smaller proportion than before World
War II. This postwar proportion represents a
considerable decline from the amount used for
clothing during the war when the tremendous
needs of the armed services had to be met. Indus
trial uses have also declined in relative importance
since the war. Household uses of cotton, on the
other hand, were proportionately greater during
the postwar period than before the war. This is
a reflection of the large number of new family
units and the relatively higher income level of the
average family.
The competition of synthetic fibers has become
an increasingly important factor affecting demand
!Alderfer and Michl, op. cit., p. 308.
«Ibid.
' Based on data published by the National Cotton Council of America,
Memphis, Tenn., in Cotton Counts Its Customers.
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
COTTON TEXTILES—ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
for cotton textiles. Large strides in the develop
ment of synthetic yarns, which offer advantages
of price as well as of physical quality, have cut
deeply into the use of cotton for clothing, house
hold, and industrial purposes.8 While the trend
to synthetics has presented problems, relatively
easy adjustments of production methods permit
the cotton-textile industry to shift to new fibers.
Competition from nontextiles, such as paper bags,
however, has meant a permanent loss of markets.
Exports of manufactured cotton goods have
been declining in relative importance for a number
of decades because of the growth of textile indus
tries in the importing countries and because of
competition from low wage textile industries in
India and Japan. In the period immediately
following World War II, however, exports of
American cotton goods were of great importance to
the industry. From about 5 percent of produc
tion normally, exports rose to about 14 percent
in 1947. Disruption of textile production abroad
and an accumulation of American dollars in many
countries during the war years created a tremendous
postwar foreign market for American cotton goods.
Subsequently, as the European and other textile
industries were rehabilitated and as the shortage
of American dollars developed, foreign demand for
American textile products fell off sharply.9 In the
last few years, Japanese and Indian competition
have been important reasons for the reduction of
American exports.
Price Fluctuations
Extreme fluctuation in the price of raw cotton
is a basically unstabilizing factor in the industry.
Inasmuch as cotton is an agricultural commodity
and is traded on a world basis, cotton prices are
extremely sensitive, often fluctuating sharply
within short periods. In the past 20 years, the
price of cotton has ranged from 6.3 cents (1932)
to 45 cents (1950) a pound.
Because of the importance of raw cotton as a
cost factor in the manufacture of cotton textiles,10
its prices set the pace for price trends of the manu
factured goods. The market for yarn and even
the primary cloth markets are strongly influenced
by changes in the price of raw cotton. Retail
prices of cotton textiles, on the other hand, are
normally fairly stable. The price structure of the
industry is summarized in a study of the National
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
143
Bureau of Economic Research: “ Thus the price
organization of the textile industries may be
visualized as having, at one extreme, relatively
stable retail prices and at the other, violently
fluctuating raw material prices with a series of
intermediate market levels which must in the best
way possible adjust these differences.” 11
A complex system of buying and selling for im
mediate and future delivery of raw cotton has
developed in order to reduce the effects of price
fluctuations. Yarn and even cloth may be sold
before the price of the cotton used in the yarn has
been determined. The speculative element in the
pricing of cotton textiles frequently affects the
financial situation of the firms involved.
For most of the post-World War II period,
fluctuations in the prices of finished cloth were
more extreme than those of raw cotton, a reversal
of the usual relationship. After price controls
under the Office of Price Administration were
removed in 1946, finished-cloth prices surged for
ward and doubled in a year and a half, rising from
an average of 50.72 cents a pound for 17 basic con
structions in June 1946 to 100.29 cents a pound in
December 1947. Prices of raw cotton also rose
immediately after the war, but fluctuated in the
following years as a result of relatively high carry
overs and fairly large crops.
Immediately after the postwar peak in Decem
ber 1947, cloth prices started a sharp down-trend
which continued until July 1949. The subsequent
recovery in textile activity and prices was main
tained, with seasonal changes, until the next spurt
in prices following Korean hostilities. A high of
95.55 cents a pound (average for 17 basic construc
tions) was reached in February 1951, after which
prices declined steadily to 69.03 cents in February
1952.
Raw-cotton prices fluctuated within a relatively
narrow range during most of 1948 and 1949. Cot
ton prices shot upward from 30 cents a pound in
8
Cotton represented 80.6 percent of all textile fibers consumed in 1940, with
rayon and other synthetics accounting for 9.9 percent. In 1951, the proportion
of all fibers represented by cotton had been reduced to 71 percent, while
rayon and other synthetics had increased relatively to 21.7 percent. (U. S.
Department of Agriculture.)
* U. S. exports of cotton cloth were 1491 million square yards in 1947; 559
million in 1950; 807 in 1951. (U. S. Department of Commerce.)
Raw cotton represents from one-third to one-half the value of sales for
companies combining both spinning and weaving, according to Federal
Trade Commission studies of 1933 and 1934.
ii Committee on Textile Price Research: Textile Markets—Their Structure
in Relation to Price Research. New York, National Bureau of Economic
Research, 1939.
144
COTTON TEXTILES—ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
June 1950 (Korea) to a high point of more than 45
cents in the spring of 1951. They declined pre
cipitously to about 35 cents in the fall of 1951; by
the spring of 1952, a considerable part of the de
cline had been recovered.
Because prices of unfinished cloth have increased
relatively more than the prices of raw cotton, mill
margins, representing profits and costs other than
raw cotton, have risen significantly since World
War II. In spite of increased labor and other costs,
net profits during the postwar period were con
siderably higher than during the war.
North-South Differentials
Significant cost differentials between the South
east and New England mills have long existed in
the cotton-textile industry. Cost advantages in
the South were apparent after 1880 when the
industry began to locate there. The rapid growth
in that region and the shift of the industry from
New England after the middle 1920’s has been the
result of cost advantages of southern plants.12
Practically all new textile plants built during the
past few decades have been in the South; at the
same time numerous New England mills have
closed down. A large number of the new southern
plants have been built by New England firms who
have transferred all or part of their operations
to the South. The trend toward the South has
once again been manifest during 1951 and 1952.
From April 1951 to April 1952 the number of active
cotton spindles in New England mills decreased by
more than a fourth, compared with an increase in
the cotton-growing States of 5 percent. Spindle
hours in New England during April 1952 were
little more than half of those in April 1951, while
in the South they were only 9 percent below
those of the previous year. Over the same period,
employment in textile mills declined 21 percent in
New England compared with 3 percent in the
South.
Labor cost has generally been considered an
important element affecting the shift of the
industry from New England to the South. After
1900, with the perfection of the ring spindle and
automatic loom, the surplus labor of southern
farms began to be used extensively in the semi
skilled operations of the new mills. Even though
wage rates were substantially below New England
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MONTHLY LABOR
levels, they were evidently attractive to the rural
workers crowding into the mill villages.
Over the years, the North-South wage differ
ential, as measured by average hourly earnings,
declined very appreciably. The differential moved
within a narrow range during most of the postwar
period. In June 1950, the difference of 8 cents
between average hourly earnings in the northern
and southern mills was little changed from the
spring of 1946. Following the start of the Korean
conflict, however, the North-South wage differ
ential increased sharply. In the fall of 1950, the
northern textile workers received a 10-percent
increase, compared with an average increase of 8
percent in the South. Again in the spring of
1951, northern workers received an increase
(approved by the Wage Stabilization Board) of
6Yi percent plus a cost-of-living escalator clause.
Southern workers received a substantially smaller
increase at about this time.
A recent development in the New England
situation may tend to narrow the size of the differ
ential in terms of hourly earnings. In the spring
of 1952, the question of a wage reduction at the
Bates Manufacturing Co., a leading New England
textile firm, went to arbitration under the terms
of the union contract. The decision of the
arbitration board, with the union member dis
senting, was announced on June 15, 1952. It
provided for a wage reduction of approximately
7.7 cents an hour and relieved both the company
and the union “ of the obligation to adjust wages
during the balance of the agreement (up to
March 1953), up or down, depending on future
changes in the cost of living.”
In addition to hourly rates or earnings, sup
plemental wage benefits are, on the whole, more
liberal in the northern region and State labor
legislation more exacting and costly. In terms
of unionism, northern mills are largely organized
and operate with union contracts, while large
industry areas in the South remain unorganized,
although centers of union strength do exist.
The status of unionization, both in New England
and the South, has created problems for the in
dustry, a discussion of which is beyond the scope
of this article.
u See The Decline of a Cotton Textile City, by S. L. Wolfbein; Chapter
III, The Factors in the Shift to the South. New York, Columbia University
Press, 1944.
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
COTTON TEXTILES—ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
The precise significance in terms of labor cost
of these factors, in conjunction with man-hour
output in the two regions, is difficult to evaluate.
Perhaps the most that can be said is that students
of southern industry generally believe that laborcost differences are important in the growth of
manufacturing in the region.13
Still more difficult to evaluate are nonlabor
cost items, such as transportation, power, and the
importance of location in terms of proximity to
major distribution and consuming markets. Al
though New England probably continues to have
certain locational advantages, the combined
weight of the many factors that enter into cost
has pulled the cotton-textile industry to the South
and, as recent experience indicates, continues to
do so. Today the cotton-textile industry in
New England, as part II of this article shows,
retains only a small fraction of employment in
the industry.
Part II— W age Structure, M arch 1952
averaged $1.19 an
hour in March 1952, exclusive of shift and overtime
premiums, according to a Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics survey.14 Of the 391,000 production
workers in the industry, 303,000 were employed
in mills primarily producing carded cotton yarns
or fabrics and 88,000 in combed cotton mills.15
Average earnings on carded yarn products amount
ed to $1.18 and those on combed yam products,
$1.24. About 15 percent of the workers, ir
respective of type of yarn or product, earned less
than $1 an hour. Hourly earnings of $1.50 and
over were received by nearly 10 percent of all
cotton-textile workers; by type of product, the
proportions amounted to 8 and 13 percent in
carded and combed mills, respectively (table 1).
Cotton-textile earnings also varied by type of
mill.16 Production workers in integrated mills,
which accounted for 80 percent of the industry
employment, averaged $1.20 an hour (table 2).
Earnings in weaving mills, which recorded an
hourly average of $1.39, are generally higher
than those in the other types of mills because a
greater proportion of skilled workers are required.
These mills, which accounted for only 2 percent
C otton- textile
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workers
145
of all production workers, are staffed to a con
siderable extent by weavers and loom fixers who
are among the highest paid workers in the indus
try. Workers in cotton-yam mills had the
lowest earnings—$1.10 an hour; because of proc
esses of manufacture, these mills require fewer
skilled workers than the other types of mills.
In March 1952, women accounted for 40 per
cent of the Nation’s production-worker employ
ment in the cotton-textile industry. This pro
portion was about the same in yarn and inte
grated mills; in weaving mills, however, women
comprised about a fourth of the mill force.
Earnings of women in cotton mills were lower
than those of men; this is attributed to the fact
that women are primarily employed in the lighter
and less skilled jobs. Women averaged $1.15;
7 cents an hour less than the $1.22 average of
men (table 2). The Nation-wide hourly earn
ings levels of women in yarn and integrated mills
were from 2 to 10 cents lower than those of men.
Because of the relatively small proportion of
women and the predominant employment of
men in the highly skilled jobs (such as loom fixers,
weavers, and maintenance machinists), women
averaged from 20 to 22 cents an hour less than
men in weaving mills.
Cotton-textile mills which had collective bar
gaining agreements with labor unions employed
slightly over a fifth of the production workers in
the industry. The proportions of regional em
ployment covered by union contracts varied
widely, from about 12 percent in the Southeast
to somewhat more than 95 percent in New
England.
i* See Labor Factors in the Industrial Development of the South, by Frank
T. deVyver (in Southern Economic Journal, October 1951, pp. 189-205.)
i* This survey covered cotton-textile mills employing 21 or more workers.
Excluded were independent dyeing and finishing mills and establishments
primarily engaged in the manufacture of cotton narrow fabrics and other
small wares. It was estimated that the total employment in the industry
as defined above was approximately 419,000. The data exclude premium
pay for overtime and late-shift work. More detailed information on wages
and related practices is available on request.
11 Carded cotton yams are made from short staple fibers and are used in
the weaving of medium and coarse cotton fabrics such as duck, muslin sheet
ings, and denims. Combed cotton yams are made from long staple fibers
and are subjected to a combing process which removes the shorter fibers.
These yarns are woven into fine goods such as percale sheetings, fancy
handkerchief fabrics, and organdies.
18 Cotton textiles are produced in three basic types of mills—yam, weaving,
and integrated. Yam mills process raw cotton into finished yarns primarily
for use in weaving and knitting fabrics; weaving mills purchase yam for
weaving into cloth; integrated mills are a combination of the first two types,
processing raw cotton into yarn and then weaving yam into cloth.
MONTHLY LABOR
COTTON TEXTILES—ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
146
T able 1.— Percentage distribution of all production workers in cotton-textile mills by straight-time average hourly earnings,
and predominant type of yarn produced or woven, United States and selected regions, March 1952
Average hourly earnings 1
(in cents)
All
types
Middle Atlantic
New England
United States 1
Carded Combed
yam
yam
or
or
fabric
fabric
All
types
Carded
Carded Combed
yam
yam
yarn
All
or
or
or
types5
fabric
fabric
fabric
Southwest
Southeast
All
types
Carded Combed
yam
yam
or
or
fabric
fabric
(4)
0.6
1.0
3.0
4.3
7.5
14.4
12.9
11.0
9.0
7.1
5.5
5.0
4.1
4.2
3.3
3.4
1.5
.8
.5
.3
.3
.1
.1
to
to
TO
All
types
Carded
yam
or
fabric
Under 75.0
75.0 and under 80.0. _ ________
80.0 and under 85.0___________
85.0 and under 90.0.. _________
90.0 and under 95.0______ ___
95.0 and under 100.0___ _____
100.0 and under 105.0___ _____
105.0 and under 110.0 . . . ____
110.0 and under 115.0_______ ..
115.0 and under 120.0_________
120.0 and under 125.0. ___ ____
125.0 and under 130.0_________
130.0 and under 135.0_________
135.0 and under 140.0_________
140.0 and under 145.0_________
145.0 and under 150.0_________
150.0 and under 155,0.. _______
155.0 and under 160.0_______ .
160.0 and under 165.0_______
165.0 and under 170.0._______
170.0 and under 175.0_________
175.0 and under 180.0_____ ____
180.0 and under 185.0_________
185.0 and under 190.0_________
190.0 and under 1 9 5 .0 ..._____
195.0 and under 200.0
200.0 and under 205.0
205.0 and under 210.0
210.0 and over_______________
(4)
0.5
1.1
3.0
4.0
6.7
12.6
11.5
10.1
9.5
7.5
6.0
5.5
4.5
4.3
3.5
3.6
1.8
1.2
.8
.7
.5
.3
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
(4)
0.7
1.2
3.1
4.0
6.1
14.2
12.7
11.0
9.3
7.3
5.6
5.3
4.0
3.9
3.4
3.7
1.6
.8
.6
.4
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
(4)
.1
.2
0.2
.7
2.4
4.1
8.8
8.0
7.2
7.2
10.1
8.3
7.4
6.1
6.0
5.5
4.1
3.4
2.4
2.4
1.5
1.7
.9
.6
.3
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
(4)
0.1
(4)
.1
.1
.1
.8
3.2
15.4
11.7
10. 7
10.3
7.7
5.9
6.2
6.6
4.7
3.8
2.9
3.7
2.2
1.5
1.0
.5
.3
.2
.i
.2
(4)
0.2
.1
.2
.1
.4
1.9
5.8
16.5
11.2
11.0
10.4
6.5
5.6
5.0
6.4
4.5
2.5
2.5
2.7
2.6
1.1
1.3
.7
.3
.2
.i
.2
«
«
w
m
0.1
TO
.2
2.1
14.9
12.0
10.6
10.2
8.3
6.1
6.7
6.7
4.8
4.4
3.1
4.1
2.0
1.7
.8
.4
.3
.2
.i
.2
(0
0.1
1.5
1.4
5.7
4.2
4.0
2. 7
5.8
7.9
7.0
4.0
7.2
3.6
3.4
5.5
3.5
3.5
3.2
4.9
2.1
1.5
2.5
2.2
1. 7
1. 7
3. 2
6.0
0.1
.1
1.7
1.6
6.2
4.9
4.3
3.1
4.6
7.3
7.2
3. 5
6.7
3.6
3.4
4.6
3.7
3.7
3.4
5.7
2.0
1.6
2.5
1.1
1. 7
1. 5
3. 8
6.4
Total__________________
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of workers___________ 390, 897
Average hourly earnings •_____
$1.19
302,856
$1.18
88, 041
$1.24
38, 665
$1.38
11, 659
$1.36
27,006
$1.39
4,832
$1.47
3,853
$1.47
335, 554
$1.17
275,498
$1.17
60,056
$1.16
8, 590
$1.03
8,590
$1.03
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
* Includes data for other regions in addition to those shown separately.
Regional Variations
Because the Southeast and New England ac
counted for more than 95 percent of the cottonmill employment, detailed regional comparisons
in the BLS survey are focused on these two lead
ing regions.17 The Middle Atlantic States and
the Southwest had most of the remaining 5 per
cent and generally provided the highest and low
est regional earnings, respectively.
On the basis of all products combined, hourly
earnings in the Southeast averaged $1.17 and in
New England, $1.38. Earnings of less than $1.15
an hour were received by about 5 percent of the
workers in New England and 55 percent in the
Southeast. On the other hand, a third of the
New England workers and only a tenth in the
Southeast had hourly earnings of at least $1.45.
The middle 50 percent of the workers earned
from $1.20 to $1.55 an hour in New England and
from $1.00 to $1.30 in the Southeast.
The over-all differential between the two lead
ing regions is narrowed from 21 to|12 cents an
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
( 4)
( 4)
( 4)
.1
0.7
1.1
2.9
3.9
6.3
14.9
13.5
11.3
9.2
7.2
5.4
5.2
4.0
3.9
3.4
3.7
1.5
.7
.5
.3
.2
.1
TO
( 4)
( 4)
( 4)
.1
0.3
1.0
3.5
6.0
12.8
11.8
10.4
9.6
8.0
6.6
6.0
4.2
4.9
5.3
2.9
1.9
1.3
1.6
.7
.6
.3
.1
.1
(4)
(4)
(4)
1.7
9.4
16.6
13.9
7.4
12.8
9.3
6.7
5.4
5.1
3.0
4.2
1.4
.8
.7
.5
.2
.5
.1
(4)
.2
.1
(4)
(4)
1.7
9.4
16.6
13.9
7.4
12.8
9.3
6.7
5.4
5.1
3.0
4.2
1.4
.8
.7
.5
.2
.5
.1
TO .2
.1
(4)
(4)
.1
• Includes data for combed yarn or fabric mills which were insufficient to
permit separate presentation.
4 Less than 0.05 of 1 percent.
hour when earnings are compared by type of mill
and product, most characteristic of New England
(integrated mills producing combed cotton fab
rics). In these mills, New England workers aver
aged $1.39 an hour and southeastern workers,
$1.27. In March 1952, the employment in inte
grated mills primarily producing combed cotton
goods was about 15 percent greater in the South
east than in New England. The respective re
gional ratios of the total cotton-textile employ
ment represented by these mills, however, approxi
mated 7 and 55 percent.
Production-worker employment in yarn mills
was significant in only the two major textile re
gions and represented between 10 and 20 percent
of all cotton-mill workers in each region. New
England yarn mill workers were almost exclusively
engaged in producing combed yarns and averaged
a The regions for which separate data are presented include: New England:
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and
Vermont. Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania.
Southeast: Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina,
Tennessee, and Virginia. Southwest: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and
Texas.
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
147
COTTON TEXTILES—ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
$1.39 an hour. Earnings in southeastern yarn
mills averaged $1.08; workers in carded yarn mills,
who were almost equal in number to combed yarn
workers in the Southeast, had a 1-cent advantage
over the latter group ($1.09 compared with $1.08).
Occupational Variations
Generally, occupational earnings in the South
west were lower than the earnings in the other
regions (table 3). The Middle Atlantic States
recorded the highest levels for some of the jobs in
the weaving department.
Earnings of workers in the selected occupations
studied, irrespective of type of yarn or fabric,
averaged from $1.17 to $1.88 an hour in New
England and from 99 cents to $1.54 in the South
east. The low and the high in both regions re
lated to the same occupations—janitors and men
weavers on Jacquard looms, respectively. Occu
pational levels were all higher in New England
than in the Southeast; the differences ranged from
7 to 39 cents an hour.
In mills producing combed cotton products, the
wage differences between New England and South
east workers tended to be narrower in weavingdepartment jobs than in yarn-processing occupa
tions. Yarn mills accounted for about 55 per
cent of the Southeast employment on combed cot
ton products.
Although largely employed in the less skilled
jobs, women engaged in weaving were almost
equal in number to men in March 1952, especially
in the two leading regions. The averages of $1.54
for all women weavers in New England and $1.33
in the Southeast, which were, respectively, 1 and
3 cents an hour lower than the averages for men,
are indicative of the usually small differences in
the earnings of men and women in the same jobs.
In a few instances, women had higher earnings
than men. For example, women comber tenders
in New England and warper tenders (slow-speed)
in the Southeast earned 1 cent an hour more than
men in the same jobs.
Wage Practices and Related Benefits
Minimum entrance rates and minimum job
rates relate to the lowest rates paid in any estab
lishment to inexperienced and experienced workers,
respectively. Advancement from the entrance
rate to the job rate in the cotton-textile industry
in many instances involves either a formal train
ing period ranging from about 6 to 12 weeks or a
progression of rates based on length of service or
merit rating. In numerous mills, however, no in
tervening steps between the minimum entrance
and job rates were reported, both rates being
identical.
For the industry as a whole, no significant pat
tern of hiring rates existed; regionally, however,
there were marked differences. In New England,
for example, a minimum entrance rate of $1,165
was reported by mills employing about half of the
T a b l e 2. —Straight-time average hourly earnings 1 of production workers in cotton-textile mills, by type of mill and predomi
nant type of yarn produced or woven, United States and selected regions, March 1952
United States3
Type of mill
All
types
New England
Carded Combed
yam
yarn
or
or
fabric
fabric
All
types
All mills:
All production workers____
Men_________ _______
Women______________
$1.19
1.22
1.15
$1.18
1.20
1.13
$1.24
1.27
1.19
$1.38
1.42
1.33
Yam mills:
All production workers____
Men_________________
Women______________
1.10
1.12
1.09
1.09
1.11
1.06
1.12
1.13
1.11
1.39
1.44
1.34
Weaving mills:
All production workers____
Men________________
Women______________
1.39
1.45
1.24
1.41
1.47
1.25
1.34
1.38
1.18
Integrated mills:
All production workers____
Men________________
Women............................
1.20
1.23
1.16
1.18
1.20
1.14
1.33
1.37
1.27
See table 1 for footnotes.
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Middle Atlantic
Carded Combed
Carded
yarn
yam
All
yam
or
or
or
types3
fabric
fabric
fabric
$1.36
1.40
1.31
$1.39
1.43
1.34
$1.47
1.57
1.24
1.39
1.44
1.35
1. 56
1.64
1.33
1.38
1.42
1.33
$1.47
1.58
1.23
1.36
1.40
1.31
1.39
1.43
1.34
1.55
1.64
1.32
Southeast
All
types
Southwest
Carded Combed
yarn
yam
or
or
fabric
fabric
$1.17
1.19
1.13
$1.17
1.19
1.13
$1.16
1.19
1.13
1.08
1.09
1.07
1.09
1.10
1.06
1.08
1.08
1.07
1.30
1.33
1.19
1.30
1.33
1.21
1.19
1.21
1.15
1.18
1. 20
1.14
1.27
1.32
1.22
All
types
Carded
yam
or
fabric
$1.03
1.04
1.00
$1.03
1.04
1.00
1.03
1.04
1.00
1.03
1.04
1.00
148
COTTON TEXTILES—ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
MONTHLY LABOR
T a b l e 3. —Straight-time average hourly earnings 1 of production workers in selected occupations in cotton-textile mills,
by
predominant type of yarn produced or woven, United States and selected regions, March 1952
United States8
Sex and occupation
All
types
New England
Carded Combed
yarn
yarn
or
or
fabric
fabric
All
types
Middle Atlantic
Carded Combed
Carded
yarn
yarn
All
yarn
or
or
or
types 8
fabric
fabric
fabric
Southeast
All
types
Southwest
Carded Combed
yam
yarn
or
or
fabric
fabric
All
types
Carded
yam
or
fabric
Men
Card grinders_______________
Card tenders__________ _____Comber tenders______________
Doffers, spinning frame_______
Inspectors, cloth, machine_____
Janitors (excluding machinery
cleaners)__________________
Loom fixers______________ - _
Box looms____ ____ ______
Jacquard looms___________
Plain and dobby looms____
Machinists, maintenance______
Slasher tenders______________
Slubber tenders____________ Truckers, hand (including bobbin boys)— -------- -- -- - -Warper tenders, high speed (300
y. p. m. and over)__________
Warper tenders, slow speed
(under 300 y. p. m .)________
Weavers____________________
Box looms___________ ___
Dobby looms____________
Jacquard looms___________
Plain looms........... ............. .
$1.38
1.11
1.19
1. 24
1.17
$1.38
1.10
1.24
1. 2(4
1.15
$1.37
1. 14
1.19
1.22
1.27
$1.53
1.33
1.43
1. 47
1. 24
$1. 51
1.29
1.00
1. 55
1.55
1. 67
1. 54
1.49
1.32
1.28
.99
1.52
1.46
1. 67
1.51
1.47
1.28
1.27
1.10
1.70
1.70
1.66
1.70
1. 56
1.56
1.32
1.17
1.76
1.83
1.88
1.75
1. 66
1.59
1. 55
1.17
1.74
1.88
1.73
1.69
1.58
1.58
1.20
1.19
1. 42
1.26
1.03
1. 02
1.06
1.23
1.25
1.15
1.12
1.40
1. 44
1.39
1.60
1.36
1.10
1.38
1.35
1.37
1. 59
1.33
1.20
1.53
1. 60
1.53
1.62
1.50
1.55
1. 68
1.57
1.75
1.52
1.51
1.06
1.31
1.23
1.12
1.15
1.11
1.05
1.29
1.20
1.09
1.14
1.12
1.16
1.31
1.33
1.20
1.16
1.11
1.20
1.44
1.32
1.23
1.33
1.39
1.21
1.76
1. 47
$1.54
1.34
1.43
1.48
1.23
$1.42
1.25
$1.37
1.25
1.42
1. 44
1.35
1. 25
1.17
1.77
1.82
1.13
1.92
1.10
1.92
2.00
1.79
1. 71
1.61
1.50
1.76
1.65
1.59
1. 52
1.22
$1.37
1.09
1.14
1.23
1.17
$1.38
1.09
1.24
1.24
1.17
$1.32
1.07
1.13
1.15
1.12
$1.20
1.00
$1.20
1.00
1.13
.91
1.13
.91
.99
1. 51
1. 45
1.54
1.51
1.45
1.26
1.27
.97
1.62
1. 63
1. 61
1.61
1.50
1. 54
1.28
.90
1.29
.90
1.29
2.00
1.69
1. 72
1.63
1.50
.99
1. 51
1.50
1.54
1. 51
1.46
1.29
1.27
1.29
1.28
1.19
1.09
1.29
1.28
1.19
1.09
.91
.91
Ì. 20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.14
1.10
1.01
1.01
1.02
1.49
1.49
1.23
1. 25
1.15
1.75
1.75
1.55
1.79
1.46
1. 59
1.78
1. 46
1.10
1.36
1. 41
1.37
1.44
1.34
1.07
1.34
1.35
1.36
1. 40
1.32
1.18
1.50
1. 55
1. 47
1.60
1.45
1.20
1. 44
1. 41
1.23
1.34
1. 44
1.13
1.12
1. 05
1. 26
1.09
1.09
1.14
1.09
1.11
1. 22
1.09
1.18
1.11
1.04
.91
1.05
1.15
1.17
1.05
1. 23
1.09
1.11
1.13
1.07
.91
1.05
1.26
1.20
.90
1.05
1.14
.90
1.05
1.14
1.23
1.23
1.14
1.13
1.20
.97
.97
1.11
1.33
1.33
1 38
L 31
1.32
1.10
1.15
1.15
1.12
1.32
1 29
1 38
1.31
1.31
1.11
1.15
1.13
1.09
1.42
1.39
1 42
1.46
1.43
1.09
1.16
1.23
1.11
1.11
99
1.38
1.11.
.97
1.03
1.00
99
1.38
1.11
.97
1.03
1.00
1.57
1. 68
1.57
1. 69
1.54
Women
Battery hands----------------------Comber tenders.. ______ ____ Doffers, spinning frame_______
Inspectors, cloth, machine_____
Spinners, ring frame__________
Twister tenders, ring frame___
Warper tenders, high speed (300
y. p. m. and over)--------------Warper tenders, slow speed
(under 300 y. p. m .)_________
Weavers____________________
Box looms__ _____ ______
Dobby looms____________
Jaequard looms.............. ......
Plain looms_____ ________
Winders, yam
___________
Automatic spooler________
Cone and tube, automatic...
Cone and tube, nonautomatic, high speed_______
Cone and tube, nonautomatic, slow speed_______
Filling, automatic________
Filling, nonautomatic_____
1.27
1.23
1.30
1.25
1.15
1.13
1.25
1.34
1.34
1.35
1.13
1.35
1.34
1. 41
1. 41
1.34
1.12
1.17
1.14
1.11
1.31
1.29
1.38
1.40
1.30
1.11
1.16
1.12
1.20
1.49
1.42
1. 50
1.67
1.50
1.13
1.21
1.20
1.31
1.54
1. 66
1. 55
1.70
1.53
1.36
1.35
1.28
1.29
1. 49
1.71
1.47
1.30
1.35
1.25
1.32
1. 56
1. 68
1. 55
1.68
1.55
1.38
1.35
1.35
1.08
1.07
1.10
1.37
1.22
1.39
1.14
1.03
1.07
1.07
1.07
.88
.88
1.08
1.18
1.14
1.08
1.15
1.09
1. 07
1.31
1.24
1. 36
1.39
1.31
1.40
1 37
1.39
1.30
1. 25
1.32
1.05
1.16
1.32
1.05
1.05
1.13
1.18
1 08
1.12
1.14
1 03
1. 21
1.23
1.00
1.00
.86
.86
See table 1 for footnotes 1 to 3.
workers in the region, whereas somewhat over
half of the workers (52 percent) were in mills with
minimum job rates of the same amount and over
a fifth were employed in mills which had still
higher minimum job rates. In the Southeast, on
the other hand, except for the 75-cent minimum
rate found in mills with about a fifth of the work
ers, entrance rates were not concentrated around
any particular figure. However, minimum job
rates in southeastern mills showed a concentra
tion at $1,035, which was paid by mills employing
17 percent of the workers in this region; mills
employing about a fifth of the workers had job
rates ranging from $1.00 to $1.03.
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1.53
1. 52
1 61
1.58
1.32
1.13
1 83
1.56
1.32
1.12
1.04
«Includes data for workers not shown separately.
About half of the workers in the cotton-textile
industry were employed on late shifts. The pay
ment of premium rates for second-shift work is a
highly exceptional practice in this industry and
only a small proportion of second-shift workers
(2 percent) received differentials. They were pri
marily employed in the Middle Atlantic States;
and the majority of these workers were paid a
premium of either 6 cents an hour, or 5 percent
of earnings. Nearly three-fourths of the thirdshift workers, however, received shift differentials.
The most prevalent differentials were 7 cents an
hour in New England and 5 cents an hour in both
the Southeast and Southwest. The operation of
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
COTTON TEXTILES—ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
third shifts in the Middle Atlantic States was very
limited.
Although paid holidays were granted by mills
employing only about a fourth of the Nation’s
cotton-textile workers, virtually all workers in
New England mills and about 90 percent of the
cotton-mill workers in the Middle Atlantic States
were in mills that provided for such holidays.
The most common practice was 6 days a year.
Southeast and Southwest cotton mills having 17
percent and 7 percent of the industry’s labor force
respectively had provisions for paid holidays
varying from 1 to 6 days a year.
Paid vacations were established policies in
cotton mills having about 95 percent of the total
industry employment. The typical benefits in
New England provided for vacation pay of 2
percent of total annual earnings after 1 year’s
service, 3 percent after 3 years, and 4 percent
after 5 years. Southeast cotton-textile workers
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149
generally received a 1-week paid vacation after a
year of service; mills employing nearly a third of
the industry labor force in this region provided for
a second week of vacation after 5 years of service.
Insurance or pension plans, financed partially
or in their entirety by the employers, had been
adopted by mills with 85 percent of the total
cotton-textile employment. Hospitalization and
life insurance benefits were applicable to most of
the cotton workers in all regions. About a third
of the industry labor force in the Southwest,
three-fifths in the Southeast, and nearly all in
New England and in the Middle Atlantic States
were covered by health insurance plans. Retire
ment plans are relatively new to the cotton-textile
industry. In March 1952, such plans had been
put into effect by cotton mills with 12 percent of
the industry employment in the Southeast, 6
percent in New England, and 4 percent in the
Middle Atlantic region.
Labor and the
Savannah River
AEC Project: Part III
M. M
ea d
S m it h *
E ditor’s N ote .— This article describing the effect
on the surrounding community of the atomic
energy project currently under construction in
South Carolina, originally scheduled for three, has
been extended to four parts. This is to allow for
more thorough discussion of the problems connected
with housing and community facilities and to
heighten one important value of the series: a
compact record, for future use, of the serious
social and economic problems which any defense
community must face when its existing relation
ships are threatened with inundation by a new
tributary labor force. The next and final part
will be concerned with community facilities
and will appear in the September issue. Parts I
and II, covering manpower, wages, and recruit
ment, and unionization and industrial relations,
appeared in the June and July issues.
I l l — H ou sin g and
C hanges in Population
O ver 10,000 in-migrant construction workers had
been housed in the Savannah River Plant (SRP)
area as of November 1951—largely in existing
structures. Rooms, houses, and apartments had
been sufficient in number, although they were not
always of the kind desired and numerous stories
circulated of workers living in crowded or other
wise undesirable quarters. Few workers had left
the project specifically because of housing defi
ciencies, but various union sources cited instances
of individuals who had left the area without
applying for SRP jobs when they were unable to
find adequate housing. The number of in-migrant
150
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
workers was scheduled to more than double by
the time SRP construction reached its peak.
Both temporary and new permanent housing was
expected to become available before that time,
however.
Housing availability largely determined the geo
graphical distribution of SRP-incurred population
increases, at the time of this survey, tending to
increase the concentration in the Augusta-Aiken
metropolitan area. Lesser numbers of project
workers had located in the other South Carolina
towns, particularly since persons connected with
Camp Gordon occupied a considerable amount of
the housing available in Augusta. Large-scale
population increases in these smaller towns were
expected during the period when temporary hous
ing was located in or near them, but, with the pos
sible exception of Barnwell, major long-range
changes appeared likely to be confined chiefly to
the larger communities.
AEC Policy
Benefiting from previous experience, AEC had
departed from earlier policy on its major construc
tion projects and had decided to build no “Govern
ment town” on the site for SRP workers, either
temporary or permanent.1 Instead, it relied on
existing communities to furnish facilities and
services and on private development and financing
to supply the housing required for in-migrant
workers. AEC hoped in this way to avoid the
continuing difficulties that had been encountered
in operating such communities at other production
centers—difficulties disproportionately large in re
lation to the small part which the towns repre
sented in the over-all atomic-energy program.
Administration of these towns had given rise to
congressional criticism of waste and lack of selfgovernment and myriad complaints of all kinds
from town residents, and labor relations had been
complicated with questions of rent, housing stand
ards, and other living conditions.
Admittedly the new policy involved important
problems for the SRP, particularly during con
struction, since the adequacy of housing as well as
other living facilities was a substantial factor in
manning the project. Therefore, AEC authorized
*Of the Bureau’s Office of Publications.
1No Government town had been built at the Arco, Idaho, AEC project,
but this was a much smaller project, with a slower construction schedule.
A similar policy was also being followed in the construction of the Paducah,
Ky., installation, also somewhat smaller than the SRP.
SAVANNAH RIVER AEC PROJECT
special arrangements with private contractors to
provide temporary housing near existing com
munities for those construction workers who, esti
mates indicated, could not be otherwise housed.
The AEC project staff also supported community
requests for aid to Congress and Federal agencies;
supplied information on manpower schedules and
available Federal services to community officials,
and on local housing and facilities in relation to
manning plans to Federal agencies; and made
available their experience in handling community
problems gained at other AEC installations.
151
Savannah River Plant A rea, November 1951
Project Workers’ Housing
Most authorities expressed the opinion that a
critical shortage of housing for SUP workers had
been avoided only because the cut-back in hiring
rates beginning in September 1951 (see Part I,
MLR, June 1952, p. 631) had reduced the flow of
in-migrants substantially. Both project officials
and community leaders had anticipated that, as
of September, most existing housing would be
occupied and available to newcomers only as
workers left the area or moved into newly con
structed homes. Nevertheless, in-migrants who
came into the area during September and October
were absorbed, in spite of delays in temporary as
well as permanent housing erection. Some local
sources commented that they were continually
amazed at the “expandability” of the area.
To minimize the housing and facilities problem,
the SRP utilized local workers as extensively as
possible. As of mid-October, however, nearly
13,000 SRP workers (over 60 percent of SRP
hires at that time) had been recruited from out
side the 50-mile “commuting area,” although
some had quit the project and left the area. (This
figure also included an undetermined number of
commuters who lived beyond the 50-mile radius.)
Data are not available on the number of family
members coming in with the in-migrant workers.
Du Pont used newspaper advertisements, teams
of room scouts, and other means in an effort to
locate and have landlords make available to SRP
personnel whatever housing existed within the
50-mile commuting radius. A central housing
listing of available rental units was kept, and
workers were referred to landlords from this list.
In some instances, particularly in newly con
structed rental units, Du Pont reserved apart
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ments and some houses for rental to project
workers (until the first such occupancy) by leas
ing unoccupied units and paying the rents until
the contracts were transferred to workers.
Existing Structures and Private Trailers. A large
proportion of the workers were reportedly living
in housing made available in existing structures.
Some “give” had been created in Augusta in the
first half of 1950 when Camp Gordon was sched
uled for stand-by status following the construc
tion boom of the late 1940’s, but by the time SRP
hiring began, servicemen and their families had
already begun to fill available units (in North
Augusta as well as Augusta) and they continued
to compete for housing. Little postwar con
struction had occurred in the South Carolina
communities affected, although a slight postwar
population decline gave them some “cushion”
for the SRP influx.
People opened up new rental units on a large
scale in both Aiken and Augusta, as they had
done during World War II, many taking roomers
for the first time, converting rooms and houses to
apartments, and opening or expanding rooming
and boarding houses. Some such housing was
made available in the smaller South Carolina
communities, but in Barnwell, for example, local
152
SAVANNAH RIVER AEC PROJECT
sources indicated that residents tended to rent
rooms only when prospective renters approached
them: it was not customary to fix up rental
quarters in advance for an unknown renter he
might want something totally different or the
owner might not want him as a tenant. (Preproject renting was largely restricted to houses
for tenant farmers, and when a prospective tenant
saw a house he wanted to rent, he and the owner
worked out the rent on the basis of what improve
ments were wanted.) Even after the demand
began to appear, people continued to be reluctant
to take in strangers. Some did so, however, a
notable example being an army-barracks type of
project built by a veteran in the spring of 1951
with capacity for some 40 men. Once the new
arrivals started getting acquainted, they frequently
moved in with people who had previously refused
to take roomers.
Detailed information on the quality of such
housing was not available, although both long
time residents and newly arrived people cited
instances of cots being crowded into small rooms,
lack of heat, and so on. Other examples cited
were share-cropper shacks which had been moved
off the site to nearby locations, “some paint and
a few nails” applied, and either sold or rented to
SRP workers.
The conviction was unanimous among Augusta
and Aiken sources that the “saturation point”
had finally been reached in their communities as
of November 1951. Some housing was reportedly
still available in the less urban communities: A
Barnwell official cited several big old homes,
occupied by lone individuals who did not want to
take people in, as proof that not all the “conver
sion-type” housing had been tapped. Pioject
officials too indicated that during the relative lull
in hiring in September and October a number of
rooms had been located in the commuting area
which were already available or could be made
so if critically needed. In their opinion, a sufiicient backlog of listings had been built up to
take care of the immediate demand even when
large-scale hiring started once more.
Some 1,600 trailers were also parked in the area
as of October 31; most of these were brought in
by the workers, with a few purchased locally.
The trailers were generally regarded as comfort
able, convenient quarters for their migrant owners.
But again instances were cited (particularly among
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
the early arrivals who had located either on or
very near the site) of workers living in make
shift trailers—old cars or trucks which had been
converted to some kind of dwelling. Some people
had lived in tents during the summer of 1951 and
one family was described as having set up furni
ture in the open, as if in the various rooms of a
house, using a covered truck for shelter in bad
weather.
Of the trailers in the area in October, only
about 200 were located in lots which were not
planned parks. When hiring began in February
1951, several thousand workers were expected to
bring trailers to the area, and a few trailer parks
had already been started near the site to provide
facilities for them. Most courts were set up by
people new to the business, frequently local resi
dents. They were assisted in locating and plan
ning parks by a representative of the Trailer
Coach Manufacturers Association, stationed in
Aiken from early 1951 until August. Over 60
parks were in operation by November. In addi
tion to the occupied spaces, nearly 1,000 were
vacant and a comparable number planned.
Trailers in the area at that time, housing less than
10 percent of the SRP construction force, num
bered somewhat fewer than had been anticipated
on the basis of experience at other AEC installa
tions. The proportionate number of trailers,
however, was expected to increase as the ratio of
skilled to other workers rose in ensuing months.
New Construction. A relatively small proportion
of SRP workers were in newly constructed hous
ing in November 1951, according to local sources,
but information was not available on the exact
amount of total building completed or under con
struction in the area. At the time of the announce
ment of the project, several hundred housing units
were under construction, or authorized, in local
communities, without regard to project needs.
Plans for additional units were subsequently
drawn, and a considerable number of Federal
Housing Administration commitments were made
for insuring mortgages on new construction.
Many of these commitments, as well as a good
share of the housing being undertaken without
FHA guarantees, were in Richmond County, avail
able for residents connected with Camp Gordon
as well as for SRP employees.
To stimulate new residential construction spe-
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
SAVANNAH RIVER AEG PROJECT
cifically for SRP employees, the Housing and
Home Finance Agency in March 1951 programmed
1,000 rental and 150 sales units for relaxation of
credit restraints on construction (subsequently the
restraints were suspended for these units). Based
on employment estimates in February 1951, the
HHFA had set a total of 3,600 units as the mini
mum new construction needed to house perma
nent SRP personnel (both AEC and Du Pont).
The remaining 2,450 units were to be programmed
after necessary water and sewage facilities were
extended. This housing, while designed to take
care of long-term needs, would have been avail
able to any SRP employee, whether a “tempo
rary” construction or an operations worker.
Authorizations were issued, to eligible employees
certified by AEC (largely construction workers),
for construction of almost all of the sales units,
but only some 20 of the rental units had been
started by October 1951. Indications were that
housing starts outside the HHFA program were
also relatively limited. Some new housing was, of
course, under construction throughout the period
under review, such as the homes which a number
of AEC employees were having built in Aiken, and
several developments (including some prefabri
cated housing) started by local builders in Barn
well. Local residents described this as a rapid
housing expansion. But the HHFA field repre
sentative pointed out that current construction
activity, while more than usual in the small South
Carolina towns and more than Augusta had had in
its early 1950 slump, was inadequate for the antic
ipated demand. (Further, some of the “new”
dwelling units in the towns nearest the project
boundary were houses moved from the site.)
Lack of financing was the main deterrent to new
construction, attributed partly to the terms re
quired for FHA insurance of mortgages and partly
to lack of mortgage money in any case (following
the removal of Federal Reserve Board support for
Government bonds). Limited water and sewage
facilities were also a deterrent but to a lesser de
gree, for builders in some instances supplied inde
pendent facilities or financed extensions.2 (As one
observer pointed out, however, the necessity for
a builder to figure provision of such facilities in
his costs was a factor in the type of housing pro
vided; a buyer, for example, obtained less for a
given price than he would in areas where facilities
were already available.) Building materials, al
2 1 5 5 3 4 — 52-------3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
153
though reported to be short in mid-1951, were
apparently no insurmountable obstacle, since
builders applying for HHFA authorizations in
October 1951 indicated no problem in this regard.3
With Presidential approval of the Defense
Housing and Community Facilities and Service
Act on September 1 , 1951, it was generally ex
pected that the construction needed for SRP
personnel would finally be started. By amending
the National Housing Act, the new legislation
liberalized FHA mortgage-insurance terms for
building loans to meet defense housing require
ments in critical areas.4 Builders in the SRP
area could obtain FHA insurance under the
liberalized terms for units which met HHFA
requirements as to rentals and were made avail
able to project workers.
In mid-October, HHFA announced that it
would program immediately the full 3,600 units
needed, although action had not been completed
on appropriations to make the new legislation
effective and FHA was not yet accepting applica
tions under its terms. Thus, preliminary steps
toward construction could be taken even for
housing which could not be built until the new
legislation was implemented. Existing aids, prin
cipally the defense-area exception from credit
restrictions, were available for all units covered,
including those previously programmed but not
built as well as the newly added units. Accord
ingly, HHFA was prepared to issue authorizations
to build 3,300 rental and 130 sales units, and
applications were to be filed immediately.
Local observers reported that the liberalized
mortgage insurance terms were so attractive to
builders in the project area that HHFA immedi
ately received applications for many times the
2 In Barnwell, for example, some extensions had been financed by builders
as a loan to the town, which could not itself finance the additions. This had
made some new housing possible, but only insofar as builders could afford
the added investment. The city planner cited one housing development,
planned by a local firm, which was only one-third completed because the
firm could afford no more of the added investment for facilities.
3 Shortages of structural steel eased substantially in early 1952 and in February-Mareh the National Production Authority relaxed building controls
on commercial structures already started and construction of new churches,
municipal buildings and community centers, homes, schools, and highways.
4 The new legislation also provided (1) limited assistance to defense commu
nities for water and sewage facilities and (2) additional authority for
the Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA) to make advance
commitments to purchase mortgages until the end of 1951. Pending imple
mentation of the legislation, however, HHFA approved applications only if
adequate basic facilities appeared to be available without recourse to the
facilities aid authorized; FNMA purchase of secondary mortgages was little
known and little used in the SRP area.
154
SAVANNAH RIVER AEC PROJECT
number of units eligible for aid. In mid-Novem
ber, HHFA announced distribution to builders of
certificates for the full number authorized (except
for those allocated to North Augusta, issued
shortly thereafter on completion of plans for
provision of facilities). Provided that builders
were now able to obtain financing, the first of these
units were expected to become available for
occupancy in March or April 1952, with the
remainder to be completed by July. Some
question was raised as to whether the number of
units programmed for the permanent staff would
prove adequate over the long run, and project
officials were also concerned at that time as to
whether the housing—generally small and cheap—
would be desirable to operations personnel.
According to recent information, 1,000 of the
rental units certified had been completed by mid1952, and most of the remainder were under way.
The vast majority of the total sales units also had
been or were being constructed.
Temporary Housing. AEC authorized Du Pont
to award temporary housing contracts guar
anteeing to the contractor payment of amounts
equivalent to the revenue normally required to
amortize the investment. This was a recognition
that, without special incentive, private develop
ment would not provide sufficient housing for the
large-scale but temporary influx of construction
workers. Difficulties were numerous in planning
the timing and size of such a program, even
assuming that SRP construction proceeded on
schedule, since project officials had to rely on rough
estimates. It was impossible to know, for ex
ample, exactly how much housing would be
constructed or opened up for SRP workers; how
many workers would commute, own trailers, bring
families (either immediately or later); what the
in-migrant turn-over rate would be; and so on.
As noted, it was generally anticipated that no
vacant housing would be available in September
1951. Accordingly, Du Pont in June invited
bids on contracts to supply temporary housing
for 4,000 families and 7,500 single men in the
vicinity of communities surrounding the site.
Two contracts were awarded in August, one for
trailers in camps of 500 to 1,000 units for family
occupancy and the other for 75 barracks-type
buildings housing 100 single men each. Du Pont
guaranteed 90 percent of the rents set on the
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MONTHLY LABOR
former, for 52 months, and 100 percent of the rents
for single accommodations for 24 months. Either
contract could be canceled or reduced at any time
within these guaranteed periods by payment
according to a stipulated termination schedule.6
Contractors were to furnish land and all utilities,
provide limited hotel-type management of single
workers’ quarters, and remove and dispose of all
facilities after their purpose was served. It was
hoped that through this novel arrangement tem
porary needs would be met adequately without
creating future “ghost towns” and at a much
lower cost to the Government than that of outright
Government construction.
The first units were not available for occupancy
on September 1, as planned. Actual signing of
the contracts was delayed, owing among other
things to the contractors’ difficulties in obtaining
financing. As of mid-November, some of the
barracks were under construction at Barnwell,
but the trailer contractor was still selecting
appropriate sites, and none of either type was
ready.
Over half the family units were completed by
mid-1952, and they were being occupied as rapidly
as they were installed, according to recent infor
mation. The barracks program had been reduced
to 4,500 spaces, however, as few were being
utilized (890 dormitory spaces were filled on
July 8, 1952; all barracks had been completed
at that time). Explanations for this latter situa
tion varied. Some observers attributed it to the
undesirable quality of the housing offered; most
of the in-migrant construction workers were skilled
or semiskilled men with relatively high wages,
they pointed out, and were not likely to be satis
fied with such housing. Others suggested that the
“expandability” of the area had been underesti
mated. However, still other sources emphasized
the contrasting demand for the temporary family
units and suggested that the number of construc
tion workers who would come to the area without
families had been overestimated. (Various ob
servers have noted the postwar change in the
mobile construction force, from a group composed
chiefly of unattached workers to one made up
largely of men who take families with them from
job to job.)
5
Du Pout also agreed to negotiate a mutually satisfactory arrangement
with the contractors if established rates exceeded those subsequently ap
proved by rent control authorities.
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
SAVANNAH RIVER AEC PROJECT
Effect on Local Housing Conditions
Rent increases (see Part I, MLR, June 1952,
p. 638) had in some instances created hardships
for those pre-project residents housed in rental
dwellings not only in terms of money but also
because of the forced reduction in housing stand
ards. One family reportedly had its rent raised,
immediately after the SRP announcement, on a
house it had occupied for over 10 years; uncon
nected with the project and with no means of
augmenting their income, they were forced to
move. Another family, also forced out by a rent
increase, had moved three times as of November,
each time having the house “sold out from under
them.” They were described as currently living
in a place where “you can see through the cracks
in the walls.”
Other than examples such as these, most of the
criticism of housing quality noted in November
1951 referred to the facilities provided the new
comers rather than to changes in housing condi
tions of pre-project residents. Little specific in
formation was available on how many newly
rented rooms, for instance, were actually surplus
before the SRP. But inevitably absorption of
major population increases in existing structures
produced some crowding, particularly in the larger
communities.
The planned housing construction offered little
immediate possibility of easing overcrowded con
ditions; existing units vacated in the metropolitan
sections would be in demand by new in-migrants
even after temporary housing (in many instances
less centrally located and otherwise less desirable)
became available. No other large-scale new con
struction was reported to be imminent, and Camp
Gordon was still expanding, further increasing the
pressure on Augusta housing. Congested condi
tions in the larger communities thus appeared
likely to continue until SRP construction passed
its peak.
Similarly, it appeared unlikely that the new
construction stimulated by SRP housing needs
would contribute much to long-term elimination
of substandard units in the area. Federal author
ities rated as substandard approximately half of
the pre-project dwellings in Augusta and some 20
percent in the South Carolina communities other
than Aiken, which had only about 5 percent such
housing.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
155
In explaining the long-term development plans
for Augusta and that city’s objection to “ shoddy
shantytown construction” or other temporary
housing, the city planner told a reporter in the
fall of 1951 that, if too much permanent housing
were constructed during the “ 3-year boom,” units
left over after construction workers departed would
be used to clean out slum areas. But the general
limitation of planned construction to that expected
to be needed by the permanent AEC staff, the
restriction of building incentives to housing re
served for project workers, and the continuing
needs of Camp Gordon personnel suggested that
any such improvement would be minor. Further,
substandard housing was reportedly most severe
in the Negro sections of town, and few Negroes
were expected to be among the in-migrant SRP
operations personnel for whom the new construc
tion was planned. Presumably congestion in the
Negro sections had not been increased by SRP
in-migration at the time of this survey, since no
Negro workers were reported to have come into
the area for project work. Late in May 1951,
when the press noted that colored tenant farmers
were arriving in Augusta in search of jobs and
housing, it was stated that white housing was
barely sufficient and that the Negro population
was “ vastly overcrowded.”
However, the long-term situation depended upon
the accuracy of the estimates on which the new
construction was programmed, as well as whether
the planned units were actually built.
Population Changes in the Area
Identification of the project with production of
materials for possible use in a hydrogen bomb gave
it national prominence and people all over the
country soon heard rumors of possibilities such as
high-paying jobs, and big sales. During the 2%
months immediately following the November 1950
SRP announcement, both the Aiken and Augusta
Chambers of Commerce were flooded with letters
of inquiry, received midnight telephone calls from
workers who had “just heard” and wanted infor
mation, and so on. But large numbers of workers
arrived without bothering to inquire—frequently
with families and without funds. Most of them
moved on when they found no jobs yet available
(see Part I, MLR, June 1952, p. 633); after wage
rates were announced and hiring began, the influx
156
SAVANNAH RIVER AEG PROJECT
became more orderly. Meantime, however, the
chaotic initial arrival of workers had caused serious
problems and given rise to widespread publicity
and local fears concerning the disruption to come.
The only estimates of total population increases
for the area as a whole available in November 1951
were those made by the Augusta Chamber of
Commerce. Based on the estimated increase
from Camp Gordon plus the project employment
and average annual employment rises, and assum
ing three additional family members per worker,
the Chamber estimated that the population of
Richmond County had increased 35,000 between
the 1950 Census and October 1951, to a total of
144,000. During the same period, they estimated,
the population of Aiken and Barnwell Counties in
South Carolina had increased 25,000, to a total
of 97,000.
Local comment in some of the South Carolina
communities suggested that the latter figure was
somewhat high, and the population increase in
Augusta (accounting for two-thirds of Richmond
County’s 1950 population) was estimated in
September by the city planner at only 7,000.
But how nearly any of the estimates approximated
the actual increase was impossible to corroborate,
and how much of the Augusta area population
rise was attributable to the SRP as distinct from
Camp Gordon was equally impossible to ascertain.
In addition to the lack of exact figures on in
migrant SRP workers or their families, no esti
mates had been made of the number of other
persons attracted to the area by the project.
Most of the new distributive and service concerns
were reportedly small, and some had been started
by local residents.
Site Residents. Those site residents who had
moved out by November 1951 generally had
located in neighboring sections but reports as to
how many had left, the status of the remainder,
and related information were somewhat conflict
ing. The site was being purchased progressively,
in relation to construction schedules. Federal
and State agricultural agencies helped relocate
displaced families, especially the landless Negro
share croppers who made up the bulk of the site
population. Du Pont officials stated in Novem
ber 1951 that thus far people had been evacuated
only from the areas where construction was
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MONTHLY LABOR
currently going on or where it was necessary to
obtain the land for access purposes.
Purchases had been completed at that time
on a little over a third of the tracts involved,
and the former landowners were reported to have
found new homes and new farms in nearby
counties or elsewhere in the two States. Most of
the few site businesses, largely located in Ellenton
and very prosperous owing to the project-created
business “boom,” had already been, or were
scheduled to be, moved to nearby communities
such as Jackson or New Ellenton, as were a number
of the site houses, including the tenant shacks
mentioned. Several observers commented that
the rate of land acquisition was causing trouble,
however, particularly in Ellenton, where “most of
the people are still waiting for the assessor, can’t
do anything about moving until they have some
money, don’t know where they’re going or what
they’re going to do.” 6
Tenant farmers had “disappeared overnight,”
it was reported. The general shortage of farm
workers had caused landowners in other South
Carolina and Georgia counties, and even in other
States, to advertise and send requests for share
croppers immediately after the SRP announce
ment. The demand for share croppers elsewhere
brought little response apparently, but site
tenants were variously described as (1) being
anxious to stay in the area and tending to wait
until their white employers decided what to do,
(2) having taken SRP jobs as laborers, or (3)
having found new landlords in adjacent or nearby
counties.
Distribution of SRP Workers in November. Proj ect
officials emphasized the importance of disper
sion of project workers throughout the area,
to minimize traffic and other problems. Of
course, the workers were scattered in the sense
that they were not all living in a specially built
development nor even in one town, but were
dispersed throughout a given community. In
fact, however, their preferences, housing availa
bility, and other such factors tended to produce
a certain amount of concentration.
Owing to their size, Aiken and Augusta bore the
brunt of the first disorganized and disruptive in« All Ellenton residents had left the town by March 1,1952; some 80 percent
of the 150 houses there, it was reported, had been moved in the process of
evacuation.
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
SAVANNAH RIVER AEG PROJECT
flux. Worker preference for living where metro
politan facilities were accessible continued to
influence the distribution of the SRP force so long
as quarters were sufficiently available to permit
some choice, and would again become important
when the construction force began to decline. In
November 1951, the main determinant was avail
ability of housing, but this also contributed to the
SRP workers being chiefly concentrated in Augus
ta, suburban North Augusta, and nearby Aiken.
The main body of single workers (or workers with
families outside the area) was reported to be
centered in the rooming houses in or near down
town Augusta; workers with families were some
what more dispersed. Project officials estimated
roughly that about half the force was in Georgia
(including locally recruited workers, of whom a
much larger proportion came from South Carolina
than from Georgia).
By November, Barnwell had absorbed a sub
stantial number of workers. The town was closer
to the site than some of the other communities,
and Barnwell leaders had actively welcomed in
migrants, new housing had been started, etc. A
census of Barnwell (taken in September by field
workers from the University of North Carolina as
part of a long-term urbanization study of the area 7
and published in October) showed only an increase
of a few hundred over the 1950 census total of
nearly 2,000. Residents labeled the findings erro
neous, although the study group pointed out that
the census covered only “ old Barnwell,” excluding
the area added by the extension of the city limits.8
One local official interviewed said that he could
himself have “ counted more new residents than
that even without a full census” and put the total
population at more nearly 3,000. Others, however,
said that the recorded increase was small because
the count was taken just when the influx really
began in Barnwell.
Relatively small numbers of SRP workers were
housed in the other small towns as of November.
An Allendale source, for example, said that the
town“ didn’t feel the project at all” until early sum,
mer, and when project workers eventually began
coming, they did so gradually, since “ after all,
Allendale didn’t have many rooms, apartments, and
so on.” Various observers stressed, however, that
even small additions to towns of this size repre
sented proportionately great population rises.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
157
Less than 100 trailers were in Richmond County,
on the fringes of Augusta, although some were
parked within the Aiken city limits. A number
of trailers were located in both Barnwell and
Williston; several “ trailer communities” had
grown up on the highways between Augusta and
the project; and some workers were living in
trailers or local dwellings on the site at Ellenton.
(One source estimated in November that about
half the population of the town consisted of in
migrants, who would have to move when the town
was evacuated.) Most trailers, however, were
concentrated in New Ellenton, a new community
which had sprung up some 4 miles outside the site
boundary on the highway to Aiken. Some SRP
workers were also housed there in shacks moved
from the site and set up in development style,
and some small bungalows had been rapidly
constructed.
New Ellenton was frequently regarded as a
permanent addition to the other towns in the area.
Initially some of the residents of Ellenton had
moved to the new location with the idea of per
petuating the old town’s name. A number of
eating places and supermarkets were operating
or under construction there at the time of this
survey—also a movie tent was set up on one side
of the highway and a Gospel tent on the other.
In mid-November, a few New Ellenton residents
met to work out some type of formal status for the
town (chiefly in order to get help on their serious
water-facilities problem, according to local sources).
Several local observers questioned the permanence
of New Ellenton, however, noting that the com
munity was still largely made up of trailer residents
and “ when they pull out it will be pretty hard hit.”
Something would undoubtedly continue on a
permanent basis, in their opinion, but just how
much was questionable.
The tiny “ crossroads community” of Jackson,
less than a mile from the site boundary, had grown
sufficiently to be incorporated as a town in June
1951. Press reports described a population rise
from 200 before the project to 1,000 in October
1951.
1
The 2-year study was sponsored by the HHFA and the U. S. Public
Health Service and was to cover (1) urban growth of the plant area and (2)
changes in habits and attitudes of present and incoming population.
8
Barnwell extended the town limits in June 1951. Three months later,
Aiken voted down a similar proposal. Shortly thereafter North Augusta
and four suburbs voted annexation—increasing the former’s area more than
five times and almost doubling the population.
158
SAVANNAH RIVER AEC PROJECT
Long-Range Expectations. Most observers antici
pated that SRP workers would locate in large
numbers in the smaller pre-project towns only
during the period when temporary housing was
available. Location of sites for the temporary
units had constituted a real problem, particularly
in view of the need for sites where adequate basic
facilities could be provided; in addition, residents
of the larger communities were reluctant to have
temporary housing (particularly the barracks)
near their towns. Finally, slightly over half the
trailers were scheduled to be located near Aiken
and Augusta. Both temporary barracks and
trailers were to be erected near Barnwell and
Williston, and barracks near Allendale. (In
November 1951, indications were that a large
proportion of the workers to be housed in tem
porary units would thus reside in the smaller towns;
the relatively greater use of the trailers had modi
fied this expectation somewhat by mid-1952,
although the construction force had not reached
its peak level, and it was still possible that the
rate of dormitory occupancy would rise.)
In contrast, nearly three-fourths of the HHFAprogrammed new construction was scheduled for
Augusta, North Augusta, and Aiken. Barnwell
was allocated less than a tenth of the total, and
the remainder was distributed fairly evenly among
Allendale, Williston, and Blackville. Local sources
commented that, while some residents planned
construction in the smaller towns, the “ big real
estate people” were interested in building only in
the “ Aiken-Augusta sweep,” reflecting the general
expectation that the SRP force would tend to
concentrate in that area once project construction
declined. Contributing to this view was the fact
that if the gates to the project were shut,9 Allen
dale would be virtually cut off from Augusta and
its metropolitan facilities, and the distance from
Barnwell to Augusta would be greatly increased
on existing highways. Persons moving from the
site to such communities as Williston, Jackson,
and New Ellenton of course represented perma
nent, if small, population increases.
Barnwell officials were reported to be dis
appointed at the small allocation of HHFAprogrammed building to that town. As noted in
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Part I (MLR, June 1952, p. 630), influential
leaders in both Augusta and Barnwell hoped that
new industry could be attracted by the availability
of skilled labor as SRP construction declined.
These communities therefore welcomed construc
tion as well as operations personnel and expected
permanent population additions from both groups.
Some people doubted that the construction
workers would remain in the area. Local resi
dents generally, in fact, tended to regard SRP
construction as a 3-year job after which “ tempo
rary” workers would depart and only the relatively
small operations force would remain as permanent
additions to the community. The fact that in
migrants (in other trades as well as in the heavy
habitual-migrant crafts) frequently retained union
membership in locals outside the area tended to
substantiate this expectation.
Augusta leaders, however, pointed out that
many people connected with Camp Gordon had
stayed on after the war. A Barnwell official
stressed the unusual length of SRP construction
relative to other construction jobs; “ probably
most construction workers, not used to such long
assignments, don’t think so now,” he said, but
“ 3 years is a long time, many people will like the
place, maybe marry, get integrated, and, if jobs
are available, will stay.” Another Barawell
leader based his expectation that a considerable
part of the current population increase would be
permanent on the probability that a substantial
number of the permanent force would be drawn
from personnel already on the project. He em
phasized that a certain amount of construction
and maintenance work goes on long after major
facilities are completed on all such projects—a
point similarly made by one of the Aiken union
officials. Most Aiken residents wanted to avoid
any change in the town’s traditional atmosphere
and hoped to limit permanent expansion to SRP
executive personnel. But other Aiken sources
were convinced that, as SRP construction tapered
off, new industry would inevitably be attracted
to Aiken as well as to the rest of the area.
9
Plans in November called for one road through the project, but this
might eventually be closed too.
Summaries of Studies and Reports
E xpansion in O rdnance
Em ploym ent, 1950-52
T he number of ordnance workers increased more
than threefold after the outbreak of holtilities in
Korea.1 The greatest gain during that time was
registered by the ammunition sector in which
employment in the second quarter of 1952 was
over four times the 1950 second-quarter estimate.
The increases in tank and weapons employment
have also been substantial, but fewer workers were
involved.
Ordnance is manufactured in both private plants
and Government-owned and operated arsenals.
The private-plant employment expanded from
less than a third to over a half of the workers in
the two years between June 1950 and June 1952.
The remaining ordnance employment—about onehalf—was in Government arsenals in the second
quarter of 1952.
A wide variety of metal-working industries are
currently participating in the output of ordnance
and accessories. The major producers of ordnance
in the third quarter of 1951 were the motor-vehicle,
aircraft, and small-arms industries. At the same
time military tank and ammunition plants ac
counted for a large share of ordnance shipments.
Ordnance-manufacturing plants are found in
most of the metal-working centers of the country.
The percentage distribution of total ordnance
employment, by region, in the first quarter of
1952 follows:
Percent of total,
First quarter, 1952
United States______________________________ 100. 0
New England______________________________
Middle Atlantic___________________________
East North Central________________________
West North Central________________________
South Atlantic_____________________________
East South Central________________________
West South Central________________________
Mountain_________________________________
Pacific____________________________________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
16.
20.
18.
18.
12.
2.
5.
3.
1.
6
3
5
9
6
5
1
9
6
The largest concentrations of ordnance workers
are in the labor-market areas of Detroit, Phila
delphia, Kansas City, and Washington, D. C.
While some minor shifts may be expected, these
areas will probably continue to employ the great
est number of ordnance workers during 1952 and
1953.
The demand for engineers and skilled metal
workers occasioned by Korean hostilities contin
ued in the second quarter of 1952, although the
tooling-up phase was largely completed. The
most critically needed workers in ordnance plants
were electrical and mechanical engineers, tool and
die makers, machinists, and draftsmen. How
ever, many of the ordnance job openings may be
filled by in-plant transfers as firms shift from civil
ian to defense production.
Trends in Ordnance Manufacturing
Except for Government arsenals, ordnance and
accessories are produced by industries which
mushroom during a war mobilization or defense
build-up and which, other than the small arms
industry, have no real counterpart in peacetime.
Although many new ordnance plants were built
during World War II, the greater share of the
Nation’s munitions were manufactured in plants
converted from the production of civilian goods.
In peacetime, ordnance manufacturing, especially
of combat vehicles and heavy weapons, is confined
almost wholly to the Government arsenals which
are maintained on an operating basis at all times.
In addition to supplying the peacetime needs of the
Armed Forces, these arsenals are used for most of
the ordnance research and development, such as
i Includes all employees engaged in manufacturing ordnance and accessories
irrespective of the industry in which they are employed. Ordnance and
accessories include artillery and naval guns, fire-control equipment, small
arms, all types of bombs and ammunition, and the assembly of military
tanks. Plants engaged in manufacturing tank engines, hulls, transmissions
and other tank components are classified in other industries. The number
of workers so employed is estimated to be greater than the total for tank
assembly. While employment in government plants is included in these
estimates, it is excluded from the published Bureau of Labor Statistics
ordnance series and, instead, is included in the series for all Government
employees.
159
EXPANSION IN ORDNANCE EMPLOYMENT
160
Employment in Ordnance and Accessories M anu
facturing, bylQuarters, 1950 to 1952
THOUSANDS OF EMPLOYEES
200 r
ALL ORDNANCE
PLANTS v
100
GOVERNMENT
ARSENALS
PRIVATE PLANTS
1950
U N IT E D
STA TES D EPA RTM EN T O F
1951
1952
LA B O R
B U R EA U O F L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S
designing and testing new tanks and other weapons
or ammunition, and for the training of ordnance
engineers, machinists, and other skilled workers
in all aspects of ordnance production.
In the event of war, the arsenals comprise the
major source of technical knowledge and skills
necessary for the mass production of military
weapons. In such an emergency, tanks, guns, and
ammunition are required in quantities far beyond
the capacity of the arsenals. Although the arse
nals’ output is stepped up immediately, private
industry is called upon to produce a major share of
the Nation’s military equipment. Wherever pos
sible, contracts are granted to manufacturers of
products requiring skills and equipment similar to
ordnance items. For example, tanks are built
by automobile, farm-equipment, and locomotive
plants. Heavy machinery manufacturers produce
big guns. Small arms are made by the civilian
firearms industry, while the job of supplying am
munition for the weapons is taken over by both
manufacturers of commercial explosives and a
variety of metalworking establishments.
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MONTHLY LABOR
Since the urgency of war requires rapid produc
tion of weapons in great quantities, changes which
ordinarily would require several years are effected
in a few months. For example, in the early
stages of World War II, output per man-hour of
certain munitions items doubled or trebled in the
space of a year. By the fourth quarter of 1943,
both production and employment had reached
their peaks. Thereafter, ordnance production
declined steadily until the end of hostilities when
civilian ordnance manufacturing virtually ceased.
Thus, with each national emergency, the ordnance
industry undergoes a complete cycle of growth
and decline.
The current defense program has taken a some
what different course. Except for the immediate
needs of the Armed Forces in Korea, the emphasis
has been on expansion of capacity rather than
a rapid build-up of production, although the out
put of tanks, guns, and ammunition has increased
several fold since the outbreak of hostilities. In
production, emphasis has been on quality rather
than quantity and few designs have been “ frozen”
in order to facilitate mass production. As reports
have come back from the battle zones, the designs
of tanks and weapons have been modified to take
advantage of experience gained under battle
conditions.
The tooling-up phase of the ordnance program
was in its final stages in June 1952, and produc
tion is expected to increase more rapidly in the
second half of the year. The steady increase in
output per man-hour, noticeable since the out
break of Korean hostilities, will probably continue
with increasing production levels.
Employment, Hours, and Earnings
Employment in ordnance manufacturing has
increased over 300 percent since the start of the
Korean conflict. During the second quarter of
1950 it totaled less than 72,000 workers, most
of whom were employed in Army and Navy ar
senals; the small work force in private plants was
almost entirely engaged in manufacturing civilian
firearms and ammunition. (See chart.) By the
second quarter of 1952, over half of the estimated
220,000 ordnance workers were employed in
private plants producing military equipment.
In the first year after Korean hostilities, em
ployment increased much more rapidly in Gov-
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
EXPANSION IN ORDNANCE EMPLOYMENT
ernment arsenals than in private plants. The
arsenals were able to expand their output with a
minimum of delay; moreover, they immediately
began reconditioning World War II equipment
and ammunition to meet the needs of the Korean
forces. On the other hand, private plants had to
be converted and re-tooled for military produc
tion. With the completion of the re-tooling dur
ing the second year, private plants rapidly ex
panded their employment to over 100,000 workers.
Almost 115,000 ordnance workers were engaged
in the manufacture of ammunition, about 90,000
were producing guns and fire-control equipment,
and an estimated 18,000 were employed in military
tank assembly plants. Employment in tank as
sembly was increasing rapidly in June 1952 and is
expected to increase at a more rapid rate during
the second half of 1952. Additional thousands of
workers were engaged in manufacturing tank
engines, hulls, transmissions, and other tank com
ponents in plants which are classified in other
industries by the Standard Industrial Classification
Code.
Average weekly hours in ordnance manufactur
ing increased rapidly after Korea and, in December
1951, were over 45 hours per week, the highest
point since World War II. In April 1952, the
average was still 43.4 hours. As a result of the
longer workweek, average weekly earnings in
creased almost 28 percent between June 1950 and
March 1952, although average hourly earnings
increased almost 17 percent. Owing to a decline
in the workweek, average weekly earnings dropped
moderately in April 1952 but still remained well
above the durable goods average. (See table 1.)
Skilled Work-Force Needs
The manufacture of modern military weapons
requires a relatively large proportion of profes
sional, technical, and skilled workers. The gen
eral trend in ordnance design has been to more
intricate and elaborate equipment although some
of the newer weapons are quite simple. More
over, machining tolerances on many ordnance
components are relatively narrow since military
equipment must meet rigid performance standards.
Until mid-1952, only a few designs of ordnance
equipment have been “frozen” for large-scale pro
duction. Continued emphasis on research and
development has intensified the demand for scien
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
161
Average hours and gross earnings of 'production
workers in private ordnance plants and in all durable
goods industries, specified months, June 1950-April 1952
T a b l e 1.—
Average weekly
earnings
Year and month
Average weekly
hours
Average hourly
earnings
All Ordnance All Ordnance All Ordnance
durable and ac durable and ac durable and ac
goods cessories goods cessories goods cessories
1950:
June— .............. $62.86
September____ 65.14
December____
68.32
1951:
March—............ 69.30
June_________ 70. 27
September____ 71.01
December____
72.71
1952:
January--------72.15
February_____ 72.18
March—............ 72.81
April1_______
71.03
$61.90
67.41
68.34
41.3
41.7
42.2
40.7
43.1
42.5
$1.522
1. 562
1.619
$1.521
1.564
1.608
72. 71
71.02
76. 47
77. 62
41.9
41.8
41.6
42.2
43.1
42.4
44.2
45.1
1.654
1.681
1. 707
1.723
1.687
1.675
1.730
1.721
77. 26
78. 76
78.85
76.94
41.8
41.7
41.7
40.8
44.4
44.7
44.3
43.3
1.726
1.731
1.746
1.741
1.740
1.762
1.780
1.777
1 Preliminary.
tific personnel, ordnance engineers, tool and die
makers, machinists, and other skilled workers.
However, an increase in the proportion of semi
skilled and unskilled workers is expected as longer
production runs eliminate frequent change-overs
and permit other economies of large-scale produc
tion.
The manufacture of ordnance equipment re
quires operations and seldom-used skills such as
the boring and rifling of large gun barrels, the
extrusion of shell cases, or the handling of ammu
nition. As a result, a number of occupations are
unique in ordnance manufacturing. Some of these
are defined as follows:
Armorer repairs, assembles, or tests firearms.
Ballistician conducts research into trajectory of projec
tiles, to improve firing technique, fire-control methods,
etc.
Blender operator operates machine which mixes several
batches of separately manufactured powders to obtain
powder with uniform ballistics properties.
Bore-sight inspector inspects interior of gun barrels for
defects, cracks, etc., by use of a special optical instrument.
Explosive operator unloads, cleans, and reloads defective
assemblies of high explosive shells and bombs. Uses
special tools manipulated from behind a protective barrier.
Gymnasticator operator tests recoil mechanism of guns for
proper functioning on special machine (gymnasticator).
Hydraulic pressure auto-frettage machine operator coldworks gun barrels under water pressure.
Powder-cutting operator operates machine which cuts
strands of powder into grains to produce explosives of
uniform ballistic properties.
Powderman screens, melts, and pours TNT into projec
tile cases, etc.
Proof inspector tests small arms by firing from fixture
and checking firing mechanism, barrel chamber, etc.
MONTHLY LABOR
PAID VACATIONS IN AGREEMENTS
162
T able 2. —Employment of women in ordnance manufac
turing, March 1950 and March 1952.
Women workers
as percent of total
production workers
Type of manufacturing
March
1950
March
1952
All ordnance manufacturing__________________ __ .
18.0
29.3
Large guns and related equipment_________________
Tank and other armored-vehicle assem bly.________
Sighting and fire control equipment_______________
Small arm s____________________________________
All ammunition________________________________
5.0
8.0
13.7
10.9
30.4
10.2
14.3
21.3
13.1
37.8
Proof technician tests weapons, bombs, and ammunition
to determine mechanical characteristics or ballistic
properties.
Rifling-machine operator cuts rifling in gun barrels.
Shrink-pit operator assembles cannon barrels by shrink
ing liners and other members together.
Targeteer (or sighter) tests accuracy of sights on small
arms.
The proportion of women ordnance workers
was relatively high during World War II, but fell
off during postwar years. However, the percent
age of women has risen steadily since June 1950—
from less than 20 to almost 30 percent of the total
work force. Ammunition manufacturing, espe
cially small arms, employs the largest proportion
of women workers—over 35 percent in the first
quarter of 1952. Opportunities are least in large
gun manufacturing where women compose less
than 10 percent of the total work force. (See
table 2.)
military programs are maintained. By that time,
the effects of the stretch-out of procurement sched
ules in the current mobilization plan will be felt
and a plateau will probably be reached in ord
nance production and employment. Barring fur
ther changes in procurement schedules, ordnance
employment may decline during the second half
of 1953.
Labor shortages have occurred in those occupa
tions which are already in short supply throughout
the metalworking areas. During the remainder
of 1952, the most critical need will be for mechan
ical and electrical engineers, draftsmen, laboratory
technicians, tool and die makers, and machinists.
In some local labor-market areas, however, ord
nance plants have already experienced consider
able difficulty in recruiting semiskilled machine
operators and laborers. Other skills in demand
include job setters, electricians, tool planners, and
tool grinders. Some of the additional profes
sional, technical, and skilled workers required for
expanded ordnance production will come from inplant transfers. However, training and upgrad
ing will have to be used to alleviate shortages in
some occupations and areas, expecially in those
plants which are converting to ordnance produc
tion and require a higher proportion of skilled
workers for ordnance than for civilian production.
— S heridan M aitland
and
L eo G ershenson
Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
Manpower Requirements and Supply
Employment in ordnance and accessories manu
facturing is expected to continue to increase
through December 1952. About 60 percent of the
additional work force needed in ordnance manu
facturing will be obtained by shifting workers from
civilian to ordnance production in the same plants.
Ordnance plants located in labor-shortage areas
such as Hartford, Conn., and Davenport, IowaRock Island-Moline, 111., will continue to experi
ence difficulty in recruiting new workers. Some
plants located in areas of current labor surplus—
particularly in the automotive centers—may also
be faced with recruitment problems if the labor
market tightens.
The rate of increase in ordnance employment
should fall off in early 1953, particularly if output
per man-hour continues to rise and the current
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
P aid Vacation P rovisions
in C ollective A greem en ts, 1952
vacations for production workers were the
exception rather than the rule a little more than a
decade ago, and rarely was the maximum period
more than 1 week. In contrast, 95 percent of the
1,064 labor-management agreements included in a
recent Bureau of Labor Statistics survey provided
for paid vacations, and about half of the 5,266,000
workers covered by these agreements were eligible
for 3 or more weeks if they met specified service
requirements.
P aid
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
PAID VACATIONS IN AGREEMENTS
The basic reason for this development has prob
ably been the growing recognition of the beneficial
effect of regular periods of rest and recreation upon
the health, morale, and efficiency of workers.
This recognition is reflected in the efforts of labor
unions to obtain or improve vacation plans in re
cent years, the voluntary introduction of such
plans by some employers, and the establishment
by some unions of recreational facilities to which
workers can go during their vacation.
In addition, the adoption of vacation provisions
was stimulated during World War II by the Na
tional War Labor Board’s wage stabilization
policy, which confined wage increases within rather
narrow limits but was more lenient with regard
to fringe benefits. (The Board would usually
approve or order 1 week’s vacation for 1 year of
service and 2 weeks for 5 years or more.) Under
this policy, many unions secured paid vacations
as a partial substitute for wage increases. In the
current emergency period, Wage Stabilization
Board regulations provide that specified fringe
benefits, including paid vacations, need not be
offset against permissible general wage increases
if the benefits do not exceed prevailing industry
or area practice.
Extent and Types of Plans
Of the 5,266,000 workers employed under the
agreements in the 1952 survey, 94 percent were
covered by paid vacation provisions (table 1) in
contrast with only 25 percent of the workers
covered by union agreements in 1940.1 Vacation
clauses covered more than 90 percent of the work
ers in each industry group (table 2) surveyed
except in the construction industry where workers
are usually not employed by any one company
for a long period of time.
Agreements covering 13 percent of the workers,
most of whom were coal miners, provided uniform
vacations to all eligible employees, regardless of
differences in duration of employment beyond the
qualifying period. Vacation benefits graduated
according to length of service were applicable to
73 percent of the workers. Vacation plans were
classified as graduated if pay was graduated even
though actual time off was not. Thus, agreements
providing for a plant shut-down of 1 week, with
1 week’s pay to employees having 1 year’s service
and 2 weeks’ pay to those having 5 years’ service,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
163
Table 1.— Type of plan and length of vacation period,11952
Agreements
Workers
Plan and length of vacation
Number
Total____________________
Uniform plans:
1 week ______________
2 weeks or more________
Graduated plans:
2 weeks’ maximum___ .
3 weeks’ maximum____
4 weeks’ maximum_____
Other__ _____________ .
No vacation______________
Percent
Number
Percent
1,064
100
5, 266, 000
100
22
3 36
2
3
2 507,000
156,000
10
3
414
437
42
4 65
48
39
41
4
6
5
1,168, 000
2, 528, 000
169, 000
402, 000
336, 000
22
48
3
8
6
1 Agreements which gave pay in lieu of vacations were classified according
to the number of weeks’ pay provided. Where vacation pay was expressed
as a percentage of total annual earnings, 2 percent was considered approxi
mately equivalent to a week’s pay.
2 The bulk of these workers are covered by the national anthracite and
bituminous coal mining agreements which provided a vacation period of
10 calendar days (including 2 week ends) and payment of $100 to all em
ployees with 1 year’s service.
3 Seven of these agreements gave more than 2 weeks’ vacation.
4 Most of these agreements provided for paid vacations but did not specify
the details of the plan. Also included arc a few agreements which scaled
the amount of vacation allowance according to the time worked by the
employee during the year, e. g., 1 hour’s vacation pay for each 20 hours
worked.
were classified as graduated. Eight percent of the
workers were employed under agreements which,
for the most part, provided for vacations, but gave
no details about the type of plan. Several con
tracts covering large associations of apparel manu
facturers, for example, required employer contri
butions to a central welfare and vacation fund but
did not specify the amount of vacation granted or
the service requirements for eligibility. The re
maining 6 percent of the workers were employed
under contracts which did not provide for vaca
tions.
Maximum Periods and Service Requirements
Comparison of the current provisions with those
in previous BLS surveys2 indicates a definite
trend toward longer vacation periods. Nearly 50
percent of the agreements having vacation pro
visions specified a vacation longer than 2 weeks
as the maximum time allowed. In 1949, maxi
mum vacations of more than 2 weeks were pro
vided for in only 30 percent of the agreements
which had vacation provisions and in 1944 in less
than 2 percent of the unionized plants surveyed.
1 See Vacations with Pay in Union Agreements, Monthly Labor Review,
November 1940 (p. 1070).
2 See Paid Vacations Under Collective Agreements, 1949, Monthly Labor
Review, November 1949 (p. 518) and Vacations with Pay in Selected Indus
tries, Monthly Labor Review, January 1945 (p. 80). It should be noted that
these data are not strictly comparable, since the 1944 survey expressed per
centages in terms of plants as units, whereas in the 1949 as well as the current
study, the units are collective-bargaining agreements, many of which cover
more than one plant.
MONTHLY LABOR
PAID VACATIONS IN AGREEMENTS
164
T able 2. — Type of plan and length of vacation period, by industry, 1952
Graduated plans
Uniform plans
Major industry group
Number of Number of
agreements workers
2 weeks
maxi
mum
2 weeks
or more
1 week
No va
cation
Other
4 weeks
maxi
mum
3 weeks
maxi
mum
Percent of workers
Total.........................................................................................
Manufacturing........................................................................
Food and kindred products.............................................
Tobacco.............................................................................
Textile mill products— ............................-....................
Apparel and other finished textile products_________
Lumber and timber basic products..............................
Furniture and finished wood products..........................
Paper and allied products................................................
Printing and publishing____________ ____________
Chemicals and allied products------------------------------Petroleum and coal products---------- ------- -------------Rubber products------ ----------------------------------------Leather and leather products.---------- -------------------Stone, clay, and glass products...... ............. ..................
Primary metal industries________________________
Fabricated metal products----------------------------------Machinery (except electrical)------ ------------------------Electrical machinery____________________________
Transportation equipment............................. .................
Instruments and related products-------------------------Miscellaneous___ ______________________________
Nonmanufacturing_________________________________
Mining, crude petroleum, and natural gas production.
Transportation 2________________________________
Communications_______________________________
Utilities: electric and gas-------------------------------------Wholesale and retail trade_______________________
Hotels and restaurants------------------- -------------------Construction___________________________________
Miscellaneous----- ----------------------------------------------
1,064
758
77
9
83
47
15
20
38
26
36
15
12
16
33
33
49
87
47
64
19
32
306
12
64
49
31
62
14
29
45
5, 266,000
10
3
22
48
3
8
3,439, 000
270, 000
34, 000
188, 000
326, 000
18, 000
52, 000
82, 000
31, 000
78, 000
59, 000
81, 000
43, 000
93, 000
422, 000
106, 000
262, 000
304, 000
922, 000
35, 000
33, 000
1,827, 000
398, 000
372, 000
380, 000
3
2
2
27
25
36
54
93
15
90
33
10
19
40
58
61
3
9
1
14
P)
5
21
57
29
12
28
5
5
3
21
97
,
112 000
114, 000
110, 000
257,,000
84, 000
2
3
5
15
2
20
1
2
2
51
69
6
48
22
7
17
13
59
18
2
25
1
48
98
73
5
2
10
90
16
42
3
98
19
23
94
33
75
91
72
72
25
29
1
27
81
82
15
3
6
0)
(>)
2
64
8
26
10
18
83
2
2
3
1
1
18
1
2
1
1
5
5
16
6
7
4
17
(>)
26
3
10
8
10
1
4
9
7
4
3
4
99
14
2
Agreementsrelating*^ the railroad industry were not included. These are national agreements applying to approximately 1,250,000 employees and gen
erally provide for paid vacations of 1 week after 1 year’s service and 2 weeks after 5 years’ service.
F Four weeks’ vacation, specified by agreements
covering 3 percent of the workers, was the longest
period provided. Petroleum refining was the only
industry where the majority of the workers were
employed under agreements providing a 4-week
maximum, although some such agreements were
found in half of the industry groups (table 2).
Workers had to be employed for 25 years to qualify
in 57 percent of the 4-week vacation plans; and in
most of the remainder, 15 or 20 years was required.
A maximum of 3 weeks’ vacation was specified
by agreements covering 48 percent of the workers.
Industry groups in which more than half of the
workers were eligible for the 3-week maximum
after meeting specified service requirements were
food and kindred products, paper and allied prod
ucts, rubber, primary metal industries, machinery,
transportation equipment, instruments and related
products, communications, and electric and gas
utilities.
Service required for 3 weeks’ vacation ranged
from 5 to 30 years, but 15 years was by far the
most common requirement, as shown by the fol
lowing tabulation:
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Percent of
workers
5 years of service______________________
10 years of service-------------------------------15 years of service-------------------------------20 years of service____________________
25 years of service____________________
Other requirements____________________
0.
3.
69.
4.
19.
2.
4
5
5
8
0
8
Graduated plans terminating at a maximum of
2 weeks’ vacation applied to 22 percent of the
workers. In textiles, lumber and timber basic
products, and hotels and restaurants, 90 percent
or more of the workers were employed under such
plans. Other industry groups where this was the
most common vacation provision were tobacco;
leather and leather products; stone, clay, and glass
products; fabricated metal products; and trade.
Service requirements for the 2-week maximum
were as follows:
Percent
of workers
1 year of service___ ___________________
2 years of service______________________
3 years of service______________________
4 years of service______________________
5 years of service______________________
Other requirements-------------------------------
2. 9
12. 0
12. 5
4. 8
63. 9
3. 9
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
PAID VACATIONS IN AGREEMENTS
Among the nongraduated plans, 1 year’s service
was the usual requirement both in agreements
allowing 1 week of vacation and in those allowing
2 weeks.
Analysis of Provisions in Major Contracts
A special analysis was made of agreements
which covered 5,000 or more workers each to
determine not only the maximum but also the
minimum and intermediate vacation periods and
the length of service required. Provisions regard
ing such matters as work requirements, computa
tion of vacation pay, scheduling of vacations, and
vacation rights of employees leaving the company
were also examined. Included in this analysis
were 144 agreements, covering in the aggregate
3,086,000 workers.3
Although many different combinations of vaca
tions and service requirements were provided in
these agreements, nearly one-third of the workers
were covered by schedules calling for 1 week’s
vacation after 1 year’s service, 2 weeks after 5
years, and 3 weeks after 15 years (table 3).
Another large group of workers (mostly in the steel
industry) had the same vacation plan, except that
the service requirement for 3 weeks was 25 years.
A third large group received 1 week for 1 year and
2 weeks for 5 years, without a third week of
vacation. A substantial number were also cov
ered by uniform plans of 1 week for 1 year. Alto
gether, these four groups accounted for nearly 70
percent of the workers.
Minimum Work Requirements. Service require
ments for vacation eligibility refer to the time
elapsed since an employee started to work for
the employer, regardless of absences caused by
personal reasons or temporary lay-offs resulting
from slack work. In addition to service require
ments, over a third of the 144 agreements specified
that an employee must actually have worked a
specified minimum time during the year in order
to be eligible for the paid vacation. For example:
Employees who complete 1 year of service as of July
1 shall receive 1 week’s vacation with pay and em
ployees who complete 5 years of service as of July 1
shall receive 2 weeks’ vacation with pay.
It is agreed that the intent of this section is to
provide vacations to eligible employees who have been
consistently employed. Consistent employment shall
be construed to mean the receipt of earnings in at
least 60 percent of the pay periods within the period
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
165
intervening between July 1 of each calendar year.
For the purposes of this section, “pay period” shall
mean a 2-week period or a semimonthly period.
Some of the agreements made allowance for
absences beyond the employees’ control by ex
cluding from minimum-work requirements time
lost through lay-offs, sickness and similar causes;
in other words, in determining vacation eligibility
such absences are counted as time worked.
T able 3. —Service requirements and length of vacation pro
vided in 144 agreements covering a minimum of 5,000
workers each, 1952
Vacation plan
All p lan s__________________________________
6 months for 1 week, plus—
1 year for 2 weeks. _____ . . . _________ ____
1 year for 2 weeks, 15 years for 3 weeks_______
2 years for 2 weeks, 15 years for 3 weeks______
5 years for 2 weeks..-. _____ _____________
6 months for 2 weeks, p lu s15 years for 3 weeks __ . . . ______ . . . .
1 year for 4 weeks____________ . . .
1 year for 1 week_____________ . ____________
1 year for 1 week, plus—
2 years for 2 weeks______ _________ . . . . .
3 years for 2 weeks_____________ ______ ___
4 years for 2 weeks______________________
5 years for 2 weeks_______ ___________ .
1 year for 2 weeks_____________________ _____
1 year for 2 weeks, p lu s10 years for 3 weeks___________ __________
15 years for 3 weeks. ____ ________________
15 years for 3 weeks, 25 years for 4 weeks___ .
15 years for 3 weeks, 35 years for 4 weeks_____
20 years for 3 weeks_____________________
25 years for 3 weeks____________ _______
1 year for 1 week, 2 years for 2 weeks, plus—
3 years for 3 weeks............... ...... ................ ... .
15 years for 3 weeks . _
__
1 year for 1 week, 3 years for 2 weeks, p lu s10 years for 3 weeks_________ _ _________
15 years for 3 weeks__ _____ _
_______
1 year for 1 week, 5 years for 2 weeks, plus—
10 years for 3 weeks__ __________________
15 years for 3 weeks.. ____ ____ _ . . ______
15 years for 3 weeks, 25 years for 4 weeks_____
20 years for 3 weeks__ ___ ________________
25 years for 3 weeks___________ __________
Other________________ ____________________
Agree
ments
Workers
covered
144
3,086,150
4
4
3
1
69,350
65,200
54,500
5,000
1
1
6
19.000
10.000
1 429,000
g
5
3
25
7
74, 500
38,600
46.300
347,450
98.300
1
3
2
1
1
1
42.000
23,400
17.800
31.000
12, 600
18.000
1
g
5,000
57.800
1
2
5,200
16,000
2
25
2
2
9
15
23,000
947, 750
19,900
10; 600
397,900
201,000
1 Includes national anthracite and bituminous coal agreements.
footnote 2, table 1.
See
The minimum requirements were expressed
in different time units. Since few agreements
specified “full days,” “full weeks,” etc., it is
impossible to convert all the work requirements to
the same time unit. Where the time is stated
in minimum days, weeks, months, or pay periods,
the employees may receive credit for the entire
time unit if they work any part of it. Thus, an
agreement with a minimum requirement of 32
weeks might conceivably allow an employee a
vacation if he worked only 1 day in each of those
weeks. However, regardless of the time unit
used, in the majority of cases the minimum re3
An additional 12 agreements covering a minimum of 5,000 workers each
were in the sample of 1,064, but either had no vacation provisions or merely
referred to paid vacation plans, without specifying the details of the plan.
166
quirements were within the range of one-half to
two-thirds, of the time available during the year.
For example, the requirements most frequently
specified were 1,200 hours, 26 weeks, and 60
percent of pay periods during the year.
Vacation Pay. Although the methods used in
computing vacation pay varied greatly in detail
among the 144 agreements, they may be sum
marized in a few categories. The most common
method, specified by nearly half of the agreements
which indicated how pay is calculated, provided
that for each week of vacation the employee
was to be paid for the number of hours in his
regular weekly schedule—usually 40. The rate
of pay was either the employee’s regular hourly
rate at the time of vacation or, less frequently,
his average hourly earnings calculated over a
specified period preceding the vacation. In some
agreements, both types of rates were provided,
the former for hourly paid workers and the latter
for those on piece or incentive work.
Another method, found in some 10 percent of
the agreements, based vacation pay on the average
number of hours worked per week by the employee
over the preceding year or some other designated
period. Some of these agreements specified min
imum and/or maximum limits on the number of
hours which were to be paid for. Here again
the rate of pay was in some instances the
employee’s average earnings, and in others his
regular hourly rate. In another 10 percent of
the agreements, the amount of pay for each
week of vacation was determined by averaging
weekly earnings over a specified period.
Nearly a fourth of the agreements allowed
each employee a specified percentage of his
annual earnings, usually 2 percent (but oc
casionally 2% percent), for each week of vacation
leave. Some of these agreements guaranteed a
minimum amount of pay, since employees who
did not work regularly during the year might
otherwise receive very small allowances.
A few agreements provided other methods
of payment such as a flat sum to all employees, re
gardless of differences in rates or earnings of
individual employees; average earnings of all
workers in a group or department, etc.
Pay in Lieu of Vacation. Although paid vacations
are predicated in principle upon the beneficial
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
PAID VACATIONS IN AGREEMENTS
effect of actual time off for rest and relaxation,
one-quarter of the agreements permitted a va
cation bonus to be given workers in lieu of all or
part of the vacation period. Most of these
allowed the company the option of giving pay
instead of vacations if production requirements
made it necessary.
Automatic pay in lieu of vacations was provided
in a few agreements, mostly in industries where
workers are ordinarily laid off for a part of each
year because of slack production periods. (In
such industries, the periods of lay-off are in effect
unpaid vacations and the workers ordinarily
prefer to receive extra pay rather than take vaca
tions when work is available.)
Pay in lieu of vacation, in a few other agree
ments, was at the option of the employee; or by
mutual consent of the employee and company;
or was limited to situations where the employee
was unable to take a vacation because of illness
or other specified reasons.
Vacation Eights of Employees Leaving Company.
Nearly two-thirds of the 144 agreements granted
vacation pay to employees who were eligible for
vacations but who were severed from employment
before taking the vacation. Some of these agreements provided such pay in the event of “ termination of employment,” presumably for any reason.
More commonly, however, payment was limited
to specified types of termination, as indicated by
the following tabulation:
Agreements
Total* __ --
-----
Any termination--------- _
Military leave--------Lay-off-----------------------Discharge-------------------Resignation. . — . .
Retirement . _ Death (payment to beneficiary)---------------------
93
Number of
employees
1, 870, 250
36
28
38
17
35
11
827,
851,
555,
308,
498,
193,
000
000
000
000
000
000
25
409, 000
♦Columns nonadditive since some agreements granted vacation
pay for more than one of the reasons listed in the tabulation.
Vacation Schedules. Of the 144 agreements, 109
indicated how vacations are scheduled. Employee
choice was referred to in almost half of the 109
agreements. Most of these allowed employees
to choose vacation dates in order of their seniority,
but reserved to management the right to overrule
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 28
167
these choices to avoid disruption of operations.
Often, too, the employees were required to schedule
their vacations during a specified period, usually
the summer months. About an eighth of the 109
agreements provided for all employees to take
their vacations at the same time during a plant
shut-down. (Some of these agreements permitted
shut-downs at the employer’s option.) Most of
the remainder of the 109 agreements merely
provided that scheduling of vacations was to be
left to management discretion. A few required
that the union was to be consulted in fixing the
vacation schedule; and one agreement permitted
employees to vote on whether they wanted
individual vacation periods or a plant shut-down.
Holidays Occurring in Vacation Period. Sixtyfour agreements, covering 1,225,000 workers, had
a provision relating to the effect of a holiday
falling within an employee’s vacation period.
Forty contracts, involving 798,000 workers, pro
vided that the employee would be given an extra
day’s pay but not an additional day off. An
extra day off with pay was provided in 21 agree
ments (387,000 workers), and the remaining 3
contracts gave employees the option of an addi
tional day off or an extra day’s pay.
W age Chronology N o . 28:
Relations Board elections, the FEWOC-CIO was
certified as collective-bargaining agent at the
company’s plants in East Moline and Rock
Falls, 111., and at the West Pullman and McCor
mick plants in Chicago. AFL Federal Labor
Unions were certified at the plants in Milwaukee,
Wis., and Rock Island, 111., while the UAW-CIO
was certified at the company’s plant in Springfield,
Ohio. In 1942, the company made collective
bargaining agreements with FEWOC, the AFL
Federal Labor Unions, and the UAW-CIO; these
contracts followed a strike, conciliation of the
dispute by the National Defense Mediation
Board, and a National War Labor Board Direc
tive Order on the issues over which the parties
were unable to agree. During subsequent years
and the years following the war period, the com
pany’s remaining plants were organized.
Currently, the Farm Equipment Workers (FE),
which became a division of the United Electrical,
Radio, and Machine Workers of America (UE)
in October 1949, represents 28,000 workers in
10 plants;3 the UAW-CIO, 24,000 workers in 10
plants;2 the AFL Federal Labor Union, the
International H arvester Co., 1 9 4 6 -5 2 1
A pproximately 60 percent of the employees of
the International Harvester Co. are engaged in
production and maintenance work at the com
pany’s 21 2 manufacturing plants located in
seven States. The remainder of International
Harvester’s 102,000 workers are employed in non
manufacturing activities. Almost all of the pro
duction workers are represented by two unions—
the United Automobile, Aircraft, and Agricultural
Implement Workers of America (UAW-CIO) and
the United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers
of America-Farm Equipment Workers (FE-UE:
Ind.). The company, the Nation’s largest pro
ducer of farm implements and tractors, is a
vertically integrated organization that mines its
own coal, operates steel mills and railroads, and
manufactures and distributes its products.
The company entered its first collective bar
gaining agreements with the Farm Equipment
Workers Organizing Committee (FEWOC-CIO)
at its Tractor Works in 1938 in Chicago, and with
the United Automobile, Aircraft, and Agricul
tural Implement Workers of America (UAW-CIO)
in 1941 at its truck plant at Fort Wayne, Ind.
Beginning in 1941, as a result of National Labor
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
— D e n a W olk a n d J a m e s N ix
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
1 For purpose and scope of the wage chronology series see Monthly Labor
Review, December 1948. Reprints of this chronology are available on request.
i The Louisville, Ky., plant is counted twice since the FE-UE represents
the employees in the machining and assembly division, while UAW repre
sents employees in the foundry.
3
On November 2, 1949, both unions were expelled from the CIO. The
CIO did not officially recognize the merger and therefore expelled the unions
individually.
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 28
168
workers in 1 plant; and the United Steel Workers
of America, the workers in 1 plant.
This chronology traces the major changes in
wage rates and related wage practices from the
date of the first postwar agreement between the
company and FE-UE and the UAW-CIO. Only
provisions affecting production and maintenance
workers are shown. Since the chronology starts
with the 1946 agreements, the provisions reported
under that date do not necessarily indicate
changes in prior conditions of employment.
The 1946 contracts with Farm Equipment
Workers were uniform for all plants covered, but
each was signed locally. The UAW-CIO con
tracts in that year were also local agreements but
MONTHLY LABOR
were not uniform, although they did provide the
same general wage increase. In 1950, the UAW
negotiated a master agreement. The most recent
agreements between FE-UE and the company
were to remain in effect until June 30, 1952, with
out reopening; the master agreement with UAW
is to remain in effect until August 23, 1955, with
the provision that the wage-payment sections
may be canceled on April 15, 1953, under an
agreement to negotiate a new incentive system
by that date. The current agreements included a
cost-of-living escalator clause and provision for
4-cents-an-hour “ annual improvement-factor” in
creases in August of each year during the life of
the agreements.
A—General Wage Changes 1
Effective date *
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Provision
February 1946 (UAW)
18 cents an hour increase.
Apr. 10, 1946 (FE-UE)
18 cents an hour increase.
10 percent of weighted average hourly earnings
on Sept. 30, 1945, made retroactive to Oct. 1,
1945.
In accordance with the International Harvester
Fact-Finding Board Report of Feb. 18, 1946,
10 percent of weighted average hourly earnings
on Sept. 30, 1945, was to be retroactive to
Oct. 1, 1945. Remainder of increase retro
active to day of return to work of FE-UE
members.
Apr. 28, 1947 (FE-UE and UAW) 3_ l i y 2 cents an hour increase.
June 21, 1948 (UAW)
11 cents an hour increase.
June 28, 1948 (FE-UE) 3
Aug. 21, 1950 (FE-UE agreement 10 cents an hour increase _
of Sept. 18, 1950, and UAW
agreement of Nov. 6, 1950).
Dec. 4, 1950 (allplants)--.
Mar. 5, 1951 (all plants)June 4, 1951 (all plants)Aug. 21, 1951 (all plants)
Sept. 3, 1951 (all plants) Dec. 3, 1951 (all plants)-.
Mar. 1, 1952 (all plants) _
June 1, 1952 (all plants)Aug. 21, 1952 (all plants)
3 cents an hour increase-.
5 cents an hour increase.
3 cents an hour increase.
4 cents an hour increase.
1 cent an hour increase..
1 cent an hour increase3 cents an hour increase.
1 cent an hour decrease4 cents an hour increase.
1 General wage changes are construed as upward or downward adjustments
affecting a substantial number of workers at one time. Not included within
the term are adjustments in individual rates (promotions, merit increases,
etc.) and minor adjustments in wage structure that do not have an immediate
and noticeable effect on the average wage level.
The general changes listed in this chronology were the major changes
affecting wage rates during the period covered. Because of omission of non
general changes in rates, fluctuation in incentive earnings and other factors,
the total of the general changes will not necessarily coincide with the move
ment of straight-time average hourly earnings.
2 On April 15, 1942, the National War Labor Board ordered a 4^-cent
general wage increase (retroactive to January 15,1942) to all workers in the
East Moline, McCormick, West Pullman, Rock Palls, Tractor, Farmall,
Milwaukee, and Springfield plants. On February 7, 1944, the NWLB
ordered 5-to-10-cents-an-hour increases (retroactive January 1, 1943) for 1,000
tool-and-die-room and maintenance workers of the McCormick Works in
Chicago. In March 1945, the NWLB ordered 5-to-10-cents-an-hour increases
(retroactive to June 18,1943) for tool-and-die-room and maintenance workers
at the West Pullman, Tractor, Rock Island, Rock Falls, Moline, Richmond
and Louisville plants.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
General wage increase made up of a 4-cent-anhour annual improvement factor and a 6-centan-hour cost-of-living adjustment. 4 A wage
structure revision resulted in additional in
creases averaging 0.043 cents for FE-UE non
incentive workers, and 0.068 cents for UAW
nonincentive workers.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
Do.
Do.
Annual improvement-factor adjustment.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Annual improvement-factor adjustment.
a Although the FE and UE had not combined at this time, the current
designation is used in order to avoid confusion.
* Both contracts included an escalator clause, based on the BLS Consumers’
Price Index (old series) and providing quarterly adjustments with the stipu
lation that there be no decrease prior to June 30, 1951. The cost-of-living
adjustment provisions, as written into the agreement, closely follow the
General Motors system (Wage Chronology No. 9, Monthly Labor Review,
September 1949) but difier in two material respects. The International
Harvester agreement provided for: (1) adjustments based on the October
1950 CPI and quarterly thereafter, (2) a higher index base level.
Consumers’ Price Index
Cost-of-living allowance
166.9 or less................................................... None.
167.0 to 168.1— .............. ....................-........ 1 cent an hour.
168.2 to 169.2,....... ........................................2 cents an hour.
169.3 to 170.3-................................................3 cents an hour.
and so forth, with a 1 cent adjustment or downward for each 1.14 point change
in the index.
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 28
169
B—Hourly Rate Ranges for Day Workers, by Labor Grade 1
United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America, August 19512
Labor grade and typical occupations
Grade I
Janitors; laborers, shop; operators, elevator.
Grade II__________________
Helpers, stockkeeper; laborers, foundry, shop; packers, carton;
testers, castings; washers.
Grade III
Helpers, heat-treater; operators, sand-cutting machine, floorcleaning machine.
Grade IV___________________________
Attendants, pattern-vault; mixers, paint; operators, sand- or shotblast; packers, repair-parts; sawyers, rip.
Grade V__
__
__
_
_____
Box makers; checkers, core, receiving material; inspectors (minor);
repairmen, goggles; sawyers, swing.
______
___
___
Grade VI___
Attendants, pattern-vault; drivers, auto-truck; helpers, blacksmith,
bricklayer, carpenter.
Grade VII____________________________
Attendants, tool crib; bricklayers (minor) ; carpenters (minor).
Grade VIII___________________________
Blacksmiths (minor) ; electricians (minor) ; operators, millingmachine, crane.
Grade IX______________________________
Core makers, jobbing; grinders, toolroom (minor); saw filers;
toolmakers (minor).
Grade X_______________________________
Beltmen; molders, bench; operators, radial-drill; painters, allround.
Grade XI
_
_ __
_ _
Bricklayers; carpenters; electricians, plant; machinists, repair;
sheet metal workers.
Grade XII________________________
Blacksmiths; engineers, stationary; grinders, toolroom; inspectors,
perishable-tool; operators, toolroom machine, all-round.
Grade XIII______________________
Inspectors, tool and gauge; machinists, all-round; operators
boring-machine; toolmakers.
Grade XIV_________________________
Hardeners, tool and die.
Group 1 3
Group 23
Minimum
Maximum
Minimum
$1. 29
$1. 35
$1. 24
$1. 30
1. 31
1. 39
1. 26
1. 34
1. 35
1. 43
1. 30
1. OO
1. 39
1. 47
1. 34
1. 42
1. 52
1. 37
1. 47
1. 47
1. 57
1. 42
1. 52
1. 52
1. 62
1. 47
1. 57
1. 56
1. 68
1. 51
1. 63
1. 62
1. 74
1. 57
1. oy
1. 67
1. 81
1. 62
1. 76
1. 74
1. 88
1. 69
1. öd
1. 80
1. 96
1. 75
i. y i
1. 87
2. 05
1. 82
z. uu
1. 95
2. 15
1. 90
a
Maximum
.
1U
International Union, United Automobile, Aircraft and Agricultural Implement Workers of America,
August 19512
Group 1 *
Group 2 *
Labor grade and typical occupations
Minimum
Grade I __________________________________________________________
Helpers, stockkeeper, sawyer; janitors; laborers, shop; operators,
freight-elevator; washers.
Grade I I _________________________________________________________
Assemblers, box; laborers, foundry; operators, baling-machine, chiphopper, incinerator, multigraph.
Grade III________________________________________________________
Checkers, auto-truck salvage; laborers, foundry, shop; loaders, con
veyor; operators, degreasing-tank, floor-cleaning machine (walking
type)» punch-press, wire-straightening and cutting-machine; paint
ers (foundry), production-spray, floor-stripping machine.
Grade IV _________________________________________________________
Assemblers, core; attendants, lubricating, lubrication-crib, pat
tern-vault, tool crib; cutters, oxygen and acetylene; operators,
electric, bridge-crane, sand- or shot-blast machine, sealing machine,
wheelabrator; sawyers, rip.
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Maximum
Minimum
Maximum
$1. 29
$1. 35
$1. 24
$1. 30
1. 31
1. 39
1. 26
1. 34
1. 35
1. 43
1. 30
1. 38
1. 40
1. 48
1. 35
1. 43
MONTHLY LABOR
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 28
170
B—Hourly Rate Ranges for Day Workers, by Labor Grade ^C ontinued
International Union, United Automobile, Aircraft and Agricultural Implement Workers of America,
August 19512
Group 2 4
Group 1 4
Labor grade and typical occupations
Minimum
Beltmen; checkers, core, service-parts, load and unload, car-dis
patcher service parts, foundry, order-filler and packer; heat treater,
production-work, springs; drivers, auto-truck, industrial truck shop
mule power floor cleaner, auto-truck end-of-the-line; operators,
brake, bridge type crane, electrical travel monorail crane, drill press,
magnoflux, scrap baler; sand cutting machine.
Assemblers, special-rework; checkers, receiving material service
parts, material content, loading and shipping, perishable tool, gears;
helpers, blacksmith, bricklayer, carpenter, electrician, machinist,
millwright, mechanic; repairmen, motor assembly, chassis final;
warehousemen.
Assemblers, seats, experimental; carpenters, all-round (minor);
repairmen, foundry equipment, auto-gas and electric truck, build
ing facilities, process equipment assembler; stockmen, production
piston and sleeve, service parts; welders, electric spot, electric arc,
gas, production parts.
Grade VIII
--------------------------Blacksmiths (minor); mechanics, experimental engineer, set-up,
experimental, industrial power engineer; operators, boring mill,
gantry crane, drill press, punch press; plumbers and steamhtters
(minor); repairmen, steam hammer (minor), salvage, electric motor,
baler, refrigeration, truck frame.
Grade IX
- ---------------------Assemblers, special, experimental, painter all-round, spray ; repair
men, wheel tractor, motor assembly, chassis final, IHG injection
pumps; toolmakers (minor).
Grade X
------------------------------------Engineers, stationary, watch; molders, all-round; repairmen,
foundry equipment, air tools; set-up man, resistance welder, machine tool; splicers, cable and rope.
Grade X I
- - -----------------------------------Carpenters, all-round; grinders, external tool room, internal tool
room surface tool room; millwrights; plumbers and steamfitters,
repairmen, steam hammer, welding equipment, salvage, sheet
metal; welders, electric, ore, gas, production parts, research.
Grade X II
- __ - ------------------------Blacksmiths; electricians, plant; engravers, tooling; inspectors,
quality engineering, lay-out, perishable tool tear-down; mechanics,
all-round.
Die makers, upset dies; model makers, experimental refrigeration;
machinists, foundry-pattern, toolroom, experiment depaitment,
sheet metal development workers; toolmakers; trouble shooters,
perishable tools.
rirnrlp VTV
- --------------------------Hardeners, tool and die.
1 Day-work jobs are tnose paia on an nouriy
auu aic m wuj
production occupations. A rate range has been established for each labor
grade, and progression from the minimum to maximum rate within a labor
grade was based solely on merit in the FE-UE agreements, while the UAWCIO master agreement provided for partial automatic progression.
,
2 See table A for additional cost-of-living allowances put into effect since
August 1950. While not changing these rate ranges, these allowances do
affect earnings of employees on the payroll. As of June 1952, these totaled
21 cents an hour.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Maximum
Minimum
Maximum
$1. 43
$1. 53
$1. 38
$1. 48
1. 49
1. 59
1. 44
1. 54
1. 54
1. 64
1. 49
1. 59
1. 58
1. 70
1. 53
1. 65
1. 64
1. 76
1. 59
1. 71
1. 69
1. 83
1. 64
1. 78
1. 79
1. 93
1. 74
1. 88
1. 85
2. 01
1. 80
1. 96
1. 92
2. 10
1. 87
2. 05
2. 00
2. 20
1. 95
2. 15
East Moline, and Rock Island works in Illinois; Group II—Works in Louis
ville, Kentucky; Richmond, Indiana; and Rock Falls, Illinois.
4 Group I—Fort Wayne and Indianapolis, Indiana; Springfield, Ohio;
Melrose Park, 111., and units of the McCormick Works, Chicago; Group
H_Works in Evansville, Ind., Louisville, Ky., and Memphis, Tenn.
The two California plants have different rate structures.
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 28
171
C—Related Wage Practices 1
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Guaranteed Minimum Earnings for Piecework Employees
19462 (UAW) and Apr.
15, 1946 (FE-UE).
Pieceworkers guaranteed occupational day
work rate.
Occupational earning-rate
guaranteed as soon as employee demon
strated ability to produce at required level.
N ov. 6, 1950 (UAW)
Changed to: Rate not lower than 10 cents an
hour below approximate occupational day
work rate.
“Piecework” jobs were those paid on an
incentive basis and did not have rate
ranges. Each piecework job had an
occupational day-work rate and an occupa
tional earning-rate.
The occupational
day-work rate was the hourly guarantee
for experienced pieceworkers and was
approximately 20 percent less than the
occupational earning-rate. The occupa
tional earning-rate was the rate that an
experienced pieceworker was expected to
earn when putting forth normal effort.
Guarantee applicable for maximum period
of 30 days for labor grades IV and lower;
60 days for labor grades V and above.
After maximum period piecework em
ployees to receive minimum occupational
day-work rate.
Shift Premium Pay
19462 (UAW) and Apr.
15, 1946 (FE-UE).
10 percent premium pay for work on second
and third shifts.
Overtime Pay
19462 (UAW) and Apr.
15, 1946 (FE-UE).
Time and one-half for work in excess of 8 hours
a day.
Premium Pay for Saturday and Sunday Work
19462 (UAW) and Apr.
15, 1946 (FE-UE).
Time and one-half for work performed on the
first scheduled off-duty day; double time
on the second off-duty day.
Time and one-half for Sunday work for em
ployees on continuous operation when
Sunday was part of 5-day workweek.
Holiday Pay
1946 2 (UAW) and Apr.
15, 1946 (FE-UE).
Double time for work on 6 specified holidays.
No payment for holidays not worked.
May 28, 1947 (FE-UE)
and
August 1947 2
(UAW).
Changed to: 6 paid holidays, for which work
ers received 8 hours’ straight-time pay,
providing holiday fell on scheduled work
day. Double time (total) for holidays
worked.
Changed to: 8 hours’ straight-time pay for
6 holidays whether holiday fell on sched
uled or nonscheduled workday.
September 1948 (UAW)
and Sept. 18, 1950
(FE-UE).
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Holidays were: New Year’s Day, Memorial
Day, Independence Day, Labor Day,
Thanksgiving, and Christmas. Employees
in occupations requiring 7-day operations
paid time and one-half when holidays fell
on workday and double time for emer
gency work on holidays.
Holidays same as above. To receive holiday
pay, employee must have worked day
prior and day following holiday, unless
excused.
172
W A G E C H R O N O L O G Y NO. 28
___________MONTHLY LABOR
C—Related Wage Practices 1—Continued (
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Provision
Effective date
Paid Vacations
1946 2 (ITAW) and Apr.
15, 1946 (FE-UE).
May 28, 1947 (FE-UE)
and August
1947 2
(UAW).
Nov. 6, 1950 (UAW)____
1 week with pay after 1 and less than 5 years’
continuous service; 2 weeks after 5 and less
than 15 years; 3 weeks after 15 years or
more.
Added: 1}£ weeks after 3 and less than 5 years
of continuous service.
Vacation pay determined by hourly rate or
average hourly earnings during month
prior to vacation period. Minimum of
120 full days of attendance during year
required to be eligible for vacation.
Employee granted additional day of vacation
if holiday fell on workday during vacation
period.
Vacation pay determination changed for
pieceworkers to average piecework earn
ing rate during first 4 of 6 weeks immedi
ately preceding vacation and to include
shift bonus when applicable. Attendance
requirement changed to minimum of 960
hours during previous calendar year.
Paid Lunch Period
19462 (UAW) and Apr.
15, 1946 (FE-UE).
15-minute paid lunch period for employees
on continuous shift operations.
Applicable where machine or equipment
must shut down to permit a lunch period.
Reporting Time
1946 2 (UAW) and Apr.
15, 1946 (FE-UE).
Nov.
6,
1950 (UAW)____
Minimum of 2 hours’ pay at average rate
guaranteed employees not notified of lack
of work.
Increased to: Minimum of 4 hours’ pay_____
Not applicable when lack of work was caused
by labor disputes or other conditions be
yond control of management.
Call-In Pay
19462 (UAW) and Apr.
15, 1946 (FE-UE).
Minimum of 2 hours’ call-in pay guaranteed
at average hourly rate.
Nov. 6, 1950 (UAW)____
Increased to: Minimum of 4 hours___________
If emergency work did not require full 2
hours, employees paid for 2 hours and sent
home or company could provide a mini
mum of 4 hours’ work.
Down-Time Pay
1946 2 (UAW) and Apr.
15, 1946 (FE-UE).
Average piecework earnings paid pieceworkers
for first hour lost because of breakdown of
machinery; occupational earning-rate paid
for time in excess of 1 hour.
Nov 6 1950 (UAW) _
Special Service Pay
1946 2 (UAW) and Apr.
15, 1946 (FE -U E ).
Pieceworkers directed to perform special serv
ice to be paid average piecework earningrate.
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Employee who regularly ran more than 1
machine and was unable to operate full
complement of machines allowed propor
tion of occupational earning-rate for
machines not operating.
Employee assigned to another job because of
a breakdown to receive actual piecework
rate of that job but could elect to go home.
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
W A G E C H R O N O L O G Y N O . 28
173
C—Related Wage Practices 1—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other relatedmatters
Faulty Materials Allowance
19462 (UAW) and Apr.
15, 1946 (FE-UE).
Pieceworkers paid allowance for work with
hard or oversized stock or when output was
curtailed by tooling and equipment not
functioning properly.
Allowance equaled average piecework earn
ing-rate for time involved.
Jury Service
1946 2 (UAW) and Apr.
15, 1946 (FE-UE)..
Employees required to serve on a jury com
pensated by company for difference be
tween amount paid for service and regular
pay.
Safety Equipment
1946 2 (UAW) and Apr.
15, 1946 (FE-UE).
All safety equipment, the use of which was a
condition of employment, furnished without
cost.
Health and Welfare Benefits
1946 (alFplants)________
No provision for health and welfare benefits
contained in labor agreements.
Nov. 1, 1946 (all plants) _ _ Health and welfare plan available to em
ployees with 6 months’ service providing:
Daily hospital benefits, $5 a day for maximum
of 70 days for employees; $4 a day for
maximum of 31 days for dependents.
Special hospital benefits, up to $50 for em
ployees; up to $40 for dependents.
Surgical benefits, maximum of $150 for each
period of disability for employees; maximum
of $120 for each period of disability for de
pendents.
Maternity benefits, daily hospital benefits for
14 days. Special hospital benefits as above
and surgical benefits up to $100 for em
ployees and total of $40 for all expenses for
dependents.
Jan. 1, 1948 (all plants) _ _ Changed to: Daily hospital benefits, $5.50 a day
for employees; $4.50 a day for dependents.
Special hospital benefits, $55 for employees;
$45 for dependents.
Maternity benefits, $45 to $100 for dependents.
July 1, 1950 (UAW)
Changed to: Daily hospital benefits, $9 a day
for employees; $8 a day for dependents.
Special hospital benefits, up to $135 for em
ployees; up to $120 for dependents.
Surgical benefits, up to $250 for employees; up
to $200 for dependents.
Maternity benefits, daily, special, and surgical
benefits in effect for employees; $67.50 to
$150 for dependents.
Added: Medical expense benefits, $5 times
number of full days charged for board and
room prior to surgical operation for maxi
mum of 70 days for employees; $4 times
number of full days charged for board and
room for maximum of 31 days for depend
ents.
See footnotes at end of table.
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Not included in contracts.
Employee contributions ranged from 18 to
72 cents a week depending on number of
dependents. Plan covered only: (a) nonoccupational accidents, (b) diseases not
covered by workmen’s compensation or
occupational disease laws.
Eligibility reduced to 3 months’ service with
no increase in employee contributions.
Included in union contract.
MONTHLY LABOR
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 28
174
C—Related Wage Practices l-—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Health and Welfare Benefits— Continued
July 1, 1950 (FE-U E)___
Changed to: Daily hospital benefits, $10 a day
for employees; $8 a day for dependents.
Special hospital benefits, up to $150 for em
ployees; up to $120 for dependents.
Surgical benefits, up to $250 for employees;
up to $200 for dependents.
Maternity benefits, daily, special, and surgical
benefits in effect for employees; $67.50 to
$150 for dependents.
Added: Medical expense benefits, $5 times
number of full days charged for board and
room prior to surgical operation for maxi
mum of 70 days for employees; $4 times
number of full days charged for board and
room for maximum of 31 days for depend
ents.
Eligibility reduced to 3 months’ service with
no increase in employee contributions.
Included in union contract.
Group Life Insurance Plan
Apr. 15, 1946
Group paid-up life insurance plan made avail
able to employees with 6 months’ service,
providing from $1,040 to $2,080 of insur
ance, depending on earnings.
Julv 1, 1950 (FE-UE)___
May 22, 1950 (UAW)___
Increased by: $520 ($1,560 to $2,600) \
Increased by: $720 ($1,760 to $2,800)/
Not included in contract; established by the
company Jan. 1, 1942. Employee contri
butions ranged from 30 to 60 cents a week.
Additional $1,000 nonoccupational acci
dental death benefit provided by company.
Included in union contract. Eligibility re
quirement reduced to 3 months' service.
Nonoccupational accidental death benefit
increased to $1,500 for UAW participants.
Disability and Dismemberment Benefit Plan
Apr. 15, 1946___________
Nov. 3, 1947 (all plants) __ Disability and dismemberment insurance
made available to employees with 6 months’
service.
Disability benefits, $12.50 to $25 a week ac
cording to earnings, up to 52 weeks starting
on sixth workday of absence caused by sick
ness and first day for nonoccupational acci
dents.
Dismemberment benefits, from $520 to $2,080
according to extent of dismemberment and
earnings.
Maternity benefits, $50 for all members of
plan.
July 1, 1950 (UAW and Changed to: Disability benefits, from $27.50
to $32.50 according to earnings.
FE-UE).
Dismemberment benefits, from $1,040 to $2,600
according to extent of dismemberment and
earnings.
See footnotes at end of table.
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Details not available.
N ot included in contract; established by
company in 1908. Employee’s contribu
tions ranged from 20 to 40 cents a week
depending on earnings for those protected
by compensation laws and from 23 to 46
cents a week for those not so protected.
Eligibility requirement reduced to 3 months’
service. Included in union contracts.
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
175
W A G E C H R O N O L O G Y N O . 28
C—Related Wage Practices —Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Pensions
Apr. 15, 1946 *
July 1, 1950 (FE-UE and
UAW).
July 1, 1950 (FE-U E)___
Noncontributory retirement plan established
for production and salaried employees to
provide pensions at 65 or older after 10 years
of continuous service.
Flat rate -pension, $100 a month, including
statutory benefits and benefits accruing
under other company pension plans, to em
ployees retiring at 65 with 25 years’ service.
Employees aged 65 or older with 10 years’ or
employees aged 60 with 25 years’ service to
receive reduced pensions.
Disability retirement, $50 a month minimum
provided employees totally and permanently
disabled after age 55 with 15 years of con
tinuous service; sum to include benefits from
any other company plans and all statutory
benefits, except compensation for serviceconnected disability.
Contributory plan established to provide
retirement annuities at age 65.
Employees contributed 3 percent on first
$3,000 of annual earnings and 6 percent in
excess of $3,000. Annuity provided each
year equal to
of employee’s contribution.
Annuity vested after 15 years of continuous
service. Death benefit available at or after
age 55. Annuities payable for 10 years
certain.
Minimum pensions, $100 a month including
statutory benefits, annuity purchased by
company contributions and benefits accru
ing under other company pension plans, to
employees at 65 with 25 years’ service.
Employees aged 65 or older with 10 years’
service, or employees aged 60 with 25 years’
service received reduced pension.
Disability retirement, $50 a month minimum
to employees totally and permanently dis
abled at or after age 55 with 15 years of con
tinuous service; sum to include benefits
from annuity plan and any other company
pension plan. Social Security benefits
deducted when employee attained age 65.
1 Last entry under each item represents most recent change.
2 TJAW-CIO contracts prior to 1950 have different effective dates at different
plants.
* Company noncontributory plan for salaried employees established in 1908
and discontinued in 1937 provided pensions equal to 1)4 percent of average
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
No provision for pension plan contained in
labor agreements.
Included in union contract. Future credit
ing of service for eligibility based on 1,600
hours of annual employment. Normal age
of retirement was 65. Effective (FE-UE)
July 1, 1951, and (UAW) Jan. 1, 1952,
automatic age of retirement was 68 if
employee had 10 or more years of credited
service. Entire cost borne by company.
FE-UE local unions given option to choose
Noncontributory Retirement Plan or Con
tributory Annuity Plan.4
Annuities payable in an amount equal to 10
times the annual rate. Should the pen
sioner die during the 10-year period, the
beneficiary could receive the balance.
annual compensation times years of service credits. Service credit under this
plan frozen Dec. 31, 1936. Benefits payable under new plan above to be
reduced by the benefits payable under old plan.
4 Approximately one-fourth of employees represented by FE-UE are
covered under the Contributory Annuity Plan.
-Carl W. R eed , J r .,
and
D eborah T. B ond
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
MONTHLY LABOR
EARNINGS—SHEET-METAL W ORK
176
Earnings in Selected Industries in Late 1951 and Early 1952
which had written agreements with labor unions.
In Cleveland and Detroit, fully four-fifths of the
workers were covered by union contracts.
S h e et-M eta l W ork Industry
P r o d u c t i o n sheet-metal workers were generally
among the highest paid production workers in the
sheet-metal work industry, according to a study 1
of the Bureau of Labor Statistics in seven large
cities. In some of these areas, averages in excess
of $2 an hour were also reported for tool and die
makers, class A lay-out men, and class A hand
welders.
At the lower end of the wage scale, average
hourly earnings for janitors and stock handlers
ranged from $1.03 and $1.16, respectively, in New
York to $1.41 and $1.57 in Los Angeles. Among
job categories in the accompanying table, Cleve
land, Detroit, and Los Angeles each had the high
est pay levels in five jobs. The lowest job pay
levels were for the most part in New York, Phila
delphia, and the Minneapolis-St. Paul area.
Incentive systems of wage payment were re
ported by only 7 of the 66 establishments visited.
With minor exceptions, workers studied in all
areas were paid by the hour. Women constituted
a very small part of the production work force,
although a few were employed in nearly a fourth
of the plants at the time of the study.
Fifty percent or more of the production workers
in each area were employed in establishments
Related Wage Practices
Although weekly work schedules of 48 hours or
more were reported by some establishments in
each area, two-thirds or more of the production
workers in Chicago, Detroit, Minneapolis-Sfc.
Paul, and Philadelphia were on a 40-hour week.
Most of the workers in New York were on either
a 35- or 40-hour schedule; however a third of the
workers in that area were on a 48-hour week. A
large majority of the workers in Cleveland and
Los Angeles were scheduled to work 48 hours or
more.
Extra-shift operations were reported in all areas
except New York and Philadelphia. Most com
monly, a shift differential of 10 cents an hour was
paid. In Cleveland, up to a sixth of the work force
was employed on extra shifts.
Paid holidays were granted to from half (Phila
delphia) to nearly all production workers (Cleve1 Data in this study were collected by field representatives under the direc
tion of the Bureau’s regional analysts. The study was limited to establish
ments employing 21 or more workers and primarily engaged in manufacturing
cornices, ventilators, gutters, and other types of sheet-metal work for build
ings, and manufacturing sheet-metal stovepipes, light tanks, bins, furnace
casings, and other sheet-metal products (group 3444) as defined in the Stand
ard Industrial Classification Manual prepared by the Bureau of the Budget.
Earnings data exclude premium pay for overtime and late-shift work.
Straight-time average hourly earnings1 for men in selected occupations in the sheet-metal work industry, selected areas,
late 1951 and early 1952
Chicago,
Jan. 1952
Occupation and grade
Asspmhlers, class A
__
Assp.mhlp.rs class B
Assivmhlc.rs, class O
Janitors, porters, and cleaners
Lay-out men, class A
_
___
Power-brake operators, class A
Power-shear operators, class A ________________
Power-shear operators, class B
Punch-press operators, class A
Punch-press operators, class B
Sheet-metal-machine operators, miscellaneous machines ______ ____ - _ ___________________
Sheet-metal workers, production
____________
Stock handlers and truckers, hand
Tool-and-die makers _________________________
Welders, hand, class A
_______
- __
Welders, hand, class B
____________________
Detroit,
Dec. 1951
Los Angeles,
Dec. 1951
MinneapolisSt. Paul,
Nov. 1951
New York,
Jan. 1952
Philadelphia,
Sept. 1951
Num Avg. Num Avg. Num Avg. Num Avg. Num Avg. Num Avg. Num Avg.
ber of hrly. ber of hrly. ber of hrly. ber of hrly. ber of hrly. ber of hrly. ber of hrly.
work earn work earn work earn work earn work earn work earn work earn
ings
ings
ers
ings
ers
ings
ers
ings
ings
ers
ers
ings
ers
ers
26
73
18
41
14
11
43
17
138
$1. 67
1. 44
1.34
2.15
1.85
1.84
1. 51
1. 68
1.46
29
55
60
27
55
75
1.72
2.16
1. 46
2.18
2.01
1.69
i Excludes premium pay for overtime!andinight work.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cleveland,
Oct. 1951
25
36
64
15
11
27
18
14
30
41
$1.82
1. 67
1.49
1.37
1. 97
1. 85
1. 76
1. 64
1.81
1. 64
29
13
29
37
35
12
25
$1.38
2.78
10
2.12
1.80
1.93
1. 41
233
2. 57
1.90
1. 75
56
59
2. 55
1.85
92
209
$1.88
1.66
11
49
$1.73
1.45
22
11
19
17
7
15
23
1. 41
2.28
2.14
1.89
1. 58
1. 80
1.49
14
14
9
9
11
33
138
28
12
42
17
2.39
1. 57
2.26
2.05
1.73
1.28
28
7
$1.23
1.03
1. 61
1.55
1. 44
1. 51
1.53
19
1.34
59
36
38
1.66
2. 07
1.16
13
20
2.25
1.59
47
1.50
24
1.34
18
$1.80
25
1. 31
30
1.63
7
36
1.82
1.64
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
E A R N IN G S— STAM PED M ETAL PRODU CTS
land and Minneapolis-St. Paul) except in Detroit
where only an eighth of the plant force received pay
for holidays not worked. Most employers pro
vided 6 paid holidays.
Vacations with pay for production workers were
provided by most of the establishments in the
study. Establishments, employing half or more
of the workers in each area, granted paid vacations,
generally 1 week for 1 year of service. Production
workers generally qualified for 2 weeks of paid
vacation after 5 years of service.
Prevalence of insurance and pension plans
financed at least in part by the employer varied
from area to area. About half of the workers in
Philadelphia were employed in establishments
having insurance plans; virtually all workers in
Chicago and Detroit were covered by similar plans.
— S hirley B osshard
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
Stam ped and
P r e sse d M eta l P roducts
T ool-and - die maker earnings averaged $2 or
more an hour in 6 of 8 cities surveyed by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics in selected months
between October 1951 and January 1952 in a
study of wages and wage practices in the stamped
177
and pressed metal products industry.1 Their
earnings ranged from $1.94 (Buffalo) to $2.25
(Chicago). Die setters, equally important nu
merically, averaged from $1.64 (Newark-Jersey
City) to $1.93 (New York City).
Punch-press operators, the largest occupational
group in the industry, were classified for wage
study purposes according to degree of complexity
of work performed. Earnings of men class A
operators, a minority in this field of work, ranged
from $1.48 in New York to $1.80 in Cleveland.
Among class B operators, average earnings for
men ranged from $1.29 in New York to $1.71 in
Buffalo and for women, from $1.20 in MinneapolisSt. Paul to $1.39 in Buffalo and Cleveland. The
highest hourly earnings were generally recorded in
labor markets in which a substantial proportion
of these operators were paid on an incentive basis.
Incentive systems were found in one or more
plants visited in six of the eight areas studied.
They were most common in Buffalo, Cincinnati,
Cleveland, and Milwaukee, where from a fourth
to somewhat less than half of the production
workers were paid on this basis. A majority of
the punch-press operators in the first three cities
named worked under incentive wage plans.
* The study covered establishments with more than 20 workers, engaged
in the manufacture of stamped and pressed metal products (group 3463) as
defined in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual (1945 edition)
prepared by the Bureau of the Budget. Establishments primarily engaged
in producing automobile stampings were excluded. Data were collected by
field representatives of the Bureau. Wage data represent average hourly
earnings, exclusive of premium pay for overtime and night work.
The industry in the 8 cities studied comprised more than 200 establishments
employing some 22,000 workers. About 2 in 5 establishments and workers
were in the Chicago area.
Straight-time average hourly earnings 1 for selected occupations in the stamped and pressed metal products industry, in selected
areas, late 1951 and early 1952
Buffalo,
Jan. 1952
Chicago,
Jan. 1952
Cincinnati,
Jan. 1952
Cleveland, Milwaukee,
Oct. 1951
Jan .1952
Minne
Newark- New York,
apolisCity, Jan. 1952
St. Paul, Jersey
Nov. 1951 Nov. 1951
Occupation and sex2
Num
ber of
work
ers
Die setters............ ..................... .................. ........ ......
Inspectors, class C (men)_____________ ________
Inspectors, class C (women)............ ......................
Maintenance men, general utility_______________
Mechanics, maintenance_________________ ____ _
Power-shear operators, class A__________________
Power-shear operators, class B _________________
Punch-press operators, class A__________________
Punch-press operators, class B (men).. _________
Punch-press operators, class B (women)_________
Stock handlers and truckers, hand_______ ______
Tool-and-die makers ___ 1__________ ________ _
46 $1.68
6
1.63
12
14
19
138
42
1.93
1.60
1. 50
1.71
1.39
36
1.94
1 Excludes premiunfpay for overtime and night work.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Avg. Num Avg. Num Avg. Num Avg. Num Avg. Num Avg. Num Avg. Num Avg.
hrly. ber of hrly. ber of hrly. ber of hrly. ber of hrly. ber of hrly. ber of hrly. ber of hrly.
earn work earn work earn work earn work earn work earn work earn work earn
ings ers ings ers ings ers ings ers ings ers ings ers ings ers ings
203 $1.74
62 1.48
342 1.31
112 1.74
28 1.94
70 1.69
151 1.31
140 1.68
559 1.39
531 1.29
321 1.25
270 2.25
51 $1.65
8 1.14
137 $1.80
20 1.49
16
48
14
50
54
196
375
190
77
126
1.66
10
68
139
1.31
1.58
1.43
20
2.00
1.74
1.91
1.67
1.42
1.80
1.66
1.39
1.34
2.10
48 $1.70
13
32
50
155
80
111
42
1.86
1.65
1.74
1.69
1.31
1.36
2.07
17 $1.67
8
6
1. 58
1. 85
17
13
221
71
1.43
1.57
1.38
1.20
72
1.95
39 $1.64
11
45
142
24
28
54
1.41
1.54
1.38
1.35
1.30
2.23
99
$1.93
14
1. 72
26
93
428
82
81
80
1.21
1.48
1.29
1.30
1.23
2.18
2 Data limited to men workers except where otherwise indicated.
EARNINGS—STEEL FOUNDRIES
178
The proportion of production workers employed
under the terms of collective-bargaining agree
ments varied from 1 out of 4 workers in Chicago
and Newark-Jersey City, to 2 out of 3 in Buffalo,
Cleveland and Minneapolis-St. Paul and 7 out of
8 in Cincinnati, Milwaukee, and New York City.
A 40-hour workweek for production workers
predominated in all cities except MinneapolisSt. Paul, where most workers were scheduled to
work 45 to 50 hours.
Extra shifts were operated in all areas and
involved 5 to 10 percent of workers in NewarkJersey City, New York, and Buffalo, as against
15 to 25 percent in the Great Lakes cities. Shift
workers were preponderantly on the second shift.
Third shifts, found in only half the cities, were
important only in Chicago, where 5 percent of
the production force was involved. A differential
over first-shift rates was paid to extra-shift
workers, except for a small number in Chicago.
Shift premiums varied among plants and areas,
but in most instances amounted to at least 5
cents additional; differentials of 10 cents and
10 percent were paid to some or all shift workers
in each area.
Formalized provisions for vacations with pay
applied to most of the workers in each area.
A majority of production workers, except in
Newark-Jersey City, were receiving 1 week’s
vacation at the 1-year service point and 2 weeks
at the 5-year point. Office employees, most of
whom were receiving 2-week vacations at the
1-year point of service, were still receiving 2 weeks
after 5 years of employment.
Insurance or pension plans paid in whole or
in part by the employer were in effect for a major
ity of workers in virtually all cities. Except in
Minneapolis-St. Paul, a majority of both produc
tion and office workers were covered by life insur
ance, hospitalization, and by one or more forms of
health insurance. Retirement-pension plans cov
ered 45 percent of production workers and 70
percent of office employees in Buffalo. Coverage
in the other cities ranged from 5 to 30 percent in
both groups; however, no plans were in effect for
office workers in New York City establishments.
— Otto H ollberg
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
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MONTHLY LABOR
S te e l F oundries
workers had straight-time aver
age hourly earnings of $1.63 in December 1951.1
The national level of steel-foundry earnings was
slightly below that of nonferrous foundries and
above that of gray-iron and malleable-iron found
ries, when measured by the Bureau’s monthly
series of gross average hourly earnings. On an
occupational basis, a comparison of steel-foundry
wages with those of nonferrous-foundry workers
surveyed 4 months earlier (August 1951)2showed
a wage advantage for nonferrous workers in
slightly more than half of 22 comparable produc
tion jobs.
Since January 1950, the base month of wage
stabilization, almost all steel foundries studied
had granted general increases to their production
workers. These increases varied widely among
plants; however, slightly over half of the estab
lishments reported wage adjustments totaling from
15 to 20 cents an hour during the 2-year period.
Steel foundry wages increased about a third
between October 1946, the date of the Bureau’s
previous Nation-wide study of ferrous foundries,
and December 1951, the date of the current
survey.3
Normally, the employment level of the industry
is influenced primarily by the demands of such
basic industries as railroad equipment, industrial
machinery, and construction. During war or
defense periods, however, there are sharp increases
in demand from the shipbuilding and ordnance
industries. The industry surveyed did not in
clude captive foundries of basic iron and steel and
other metalworking companies, since their castings
are further processed as part of integrated opera
tions. The December 1951 employment of ap
proximately 66,500 was about two-thirds of the
S teel - foundry
i The survey was limited to independent foundries primarily producing
steel castings and employing over 50 workers. It is estimated that the
industry comprises about 130 foundries and 66,500 employees. About half
the steel foundries and two-thirds of the industry employees were included
in the sample. Information was collected by field representatives under
the direction of the Bureau’s regional wage and industrial relations analysts.
The wage data presented herein exclude premium pay for overtime and
late-shift work. More detailed information on wages and related practices is
available on request.
s See Wages in Nonferrous Foundries in August 1951, Monthly Labor
Review, April 1952 (p. 406).
s For earnings of steel foundry workers in October 1946, see Wage Structure,
Foundries, 1946, pp. 38 and 40 (series 2, No. 49).
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
peak figure for World War II, but exceeded both
the 1939 level and the postwar low (last quarter
of 1949) by about 50 percent.
The labor force in steel foundries in December
1951 was composed mainly of men; less than 2
percent of the workers were women. The pre
dominance of men reflects the strenuous nature of
the work as well as the influence of custom.
Union organization is widespread in the in
dustry. Steel foundries employing about 90
percent of the production workers had signed
agreements with labor organizations. Although
numerous unions were involved in collective bar
gaining, most of the workers were covered by
either the United Steelworkers of America (CIO)
or the International Molders and Foundry Work
ers Union of North America (AFL).
Earnings Variations
Earnings of individual production workers in
steel foundries varied widely; 7 percent earned
less than $1.25 an hour and a like proportion
received $2.20 or more. (See table 1.) For the
middle 50 percent of the workers, earnings ranged
from $1.40 to $1.80 an hour. This spread in
earnings reflects the influence of such factors as
the prevalence of incentive earnings, the range of
still requirements in the industry, and the size
of foundry. Earnings had similar wide dis
persions in the Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic
regions, but were somewhat more concentrated
on the Pacific Coast, where almost all workers
were paid time rates.
In 15 of the 29 production occupations surveyed,
hourly earnings averaged between $1.44 and $1.70
for the industry as a whole. (See table 2.) Ex
ceeding these occupational levels were the average
earnings of the skilled workers characteristically
associated with foundries: wood patternmakers
($2.16), metal patternmakers ($2.15), machine
coremakers ($2.13), hand coremakers ($1.99),
machine molders ($1.96), floor molders ($1.90),
and hand bench molders ($1.76). By contrast,
stock handlers and hand truckers, the leastskilled workers studied, averaged $1.30 an hour.
Chippers and grinders, comprising the largest
group in the foundry labor force, earned $1.68 on
the average.
The location of the steel-foundry industry is
traditionally influenced by other metalworking
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
179
E A R N IN G S— STE E L FO U N D R IE S
activity. Employment is concentrated in two
regions—about 45 percent in the Great Lakes
region and 35 percent in the Middle Atlantic
States. Earnings of steel-foundry workers in
these regions were slightly higher than in the
industry as a whole, averaging $1.66 an hour in
the Great Lakes region and $1.65 in the Middle
Atlantic States. Wage levels were somewhat
lower in the rest of the country except on the
Pacific Coast, where the average was also $1.66.
Between the two major regions, earnings levels
of 17 out of 26 comparable occupations for which
data were obtained were higher in the Great
Lakes than in the Middle Atlantic region. Be
tween these two regions and the Pacific Coast, no
consistent pattern was evident in a comparison
of regional job averages. But, since almost all
steel foundry workers on the Pacific Coast were
time-rated workers—a group which generally had
lower total earnings than incentive workers—a
comparisoa of their job averages with those of
T a b l e 1. — Percentage
distribution of all production workers
in steel foundries by straight-time average hourly earning s,1
United States and, selected regions, December 1951
Average hourly earnings 1
(in cents)
Under 90.0, . . _ _____ _____
90.0 and under 95.0 ___ _ ___
95.0 and under 100.0-100.0 and under 105.0__________
105.0 and under 110.0__________
110.0 and under 115.0___
115.0 and under 120.0__. _
120.0 and under 125.0__________
125.0 and under 130.0__________
130.0 and under 135.0________
135.0 and under 140.0_. _______
140.0 and under 145.0_____ _ .
145.0 and under 150.0__ . . . . . .
150.0 and under 155.0________ .
155.0 and under 160.0_______ . . .
160.0 and under 165.0_______ . . .
165.0 and under 170.0________
170.0 and under 175.0________
175.0 and under 180.0_____ _____
180.0 and under 185.0__ _ __ . . .
185.0 and under 190.0_________
190.0 and under 195.0 . . . . . .
195.0 and under 200.0__________
____
200.0 and under 205.0..
205.0 and under 210.0______ _
210.0 and under 215.0 _ ____ _
215.0 and under 220.0_________
220.0 and under 225.0________
225.0 and under 230.0__________
230.0 and under 235.0... . ______
235.0 and under 240.0__________
240.0 and under 245.0_____ _____
245.0 and under 250.0 . . . .
250.0 and under 260.0 __ _ . . .
260.0 and under 270.0_____
270.0 and under 280.0__________
280.0 and over________________
Total__________________
Number of workers ________
Average hourly earnings 1....... .
United
States 2
0.6
.2
.2
.5
.9
.4
1. 5
2.8
3.8
4.9
9.7
7.8
8.3
7.4
6.9
5.7
5.0
4.7
4.3
3.5
3.6
2.7
2.8
1.4
1.5
1.1
.8
1.0
.6
1.0
.6
.6
.4
.7
.6
.6
.9
Middle
Atlantic
0.1
.1
( 3)
( 3)
Great
Lakes
Pacific
(s)
(3)
( 3)
(3)
.1
.3
1.4
2.5
5.0
14.2
8.7
8.2
8.9
7.1
6.0
4.6
4.2
4.2
3.7
3.1
2.1
1.6
1.3
1.9
1.4
1.3
1.0
.6
1.1
.8
.6
.5
.9
.7
.4
1.4
0.8
( 3)
2.1
2.7
5.3
3.4
7.5
7.1
9.4
7.0
6.5
5.9
5.9
3.8
3.7
3.3
4.9
3.5
4.2
1.8
1.5
1.1
.7
1.1
.7
1.3
.5
.8
.4
.7
.7
.8
.9
(*)
0.4
.3
2.5
12.2
5.2
12.0
7.5
13.9
5.5
5.4
5.2
9.8
3.9
.7
3.7
5.4
.2
.4
.6
.3
.2
.2
.2
.5
.5
.2
.5
.4
.6
1.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
56,610
$1.63
20,093
$1.65
24,455
$1.66
3,091
$1.66
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 Includes data for regions not shown separately.
» Less than 0.05 of 1 percent.
180
E A R N IN G S— STE E L FOU NDRIES
2 . —Straight-time average hourly earnings 1 for
selected occupations in steel foundries, United States and
selected regions, December 1951
T able
United
States2
Occupation
Average hourly
earnings 1 in—
Num Aver Mid
ber
age
Great Paci
of hourly dle Lakes
fic
work earn Atlan
tic
ers
ings
Production occupations—Men
Carpenters, maintenance_________
Charging machine operators_______
Chippers and grinders____________
Core assemblers and finishers______
Coremakers, hand________________
Coremakers, machine_____________
Crane operators, electric bridge_____
Electricians, maintenance_________
Furnace tenders_________________
Furnace tenders’ helpers- __ _____
Inspectors, class A
- - - - - ___
Inspectors, class B ______
Inspectors, class C -- ____ _ ______
Machinists, maintenance-.________
Maintenance men, general utility___
Mechanics, maintenance__________
Molders, floor____________________
Molders, hand, bench_____________
Molders. m achine-_____ _________
Patternmakers, m etal... __________
Patternmakers^ wood. ___________
Pourers, metal ________________
Sand mixers_______ _____________
Scrap burners. __________ ______
Shake-out men___________________
Stock clerks. ___________________
Stock handlers and truckers, hand___
Truckers, power___ . ___________
Welders, hand ____________ _____
223
142
7,750
417
2,205
265
2,152
404
478
530
330
322
291
506
437
532
2,085
450
2,215
141
657
833
670
333
1,541
317
1,337
362
1,729
$1.73
1.58
1.68
1.69
1.99
2.13
1.59
1.80
1.79
1.55
1. 70
1.63
1. 49
1.92
1.68
1.73
1.90
1.76
1.96
2.15
2.16
1.48
1.51
1.66
1.44
1.48
1.30
1.48
1.84
41
1. 66
1. 58
12
1. 55
1. 51
23
150
214
70
128
1.22
1.32
1.31
1.21
1. 08
$1.70
1.67
1.72
1.86
2.00
2. 26
1.57
1.74
1.86
1.63
1. 76
1. 56
1. 46
1.85
1.68
1.93
1.68
2. 04
2. 05
2.12
1. 50
1.51
1.73
1.53
1.44
1.35
1.52
1.86
$1.77
1. 51
1.77
1.64
2.11
2.04
1.65
1.86
1.88
1.62
1. 70
1. 53
1.97
1.69
1.82
1.92
1.91
1.97
2. 26
1. 54
1.56
1.66
1.46
1.53
1.40
1.49
1.88
$1.55
1.98
1.79
1.67
1.93
1.76
1.48
1.66
1.80
1.85
2.12
1.88
2.33
2.47
1.54
1.67
1.44
1.47
1.52
1.81
Office occupations—Women
Bookkeepers, hand_______ . . . . ..
Bookkeeping-machine operators, class
A ____________________________
Bookkeeping-machine operators, class
B ____________________________
Clerks, payroll______ __________
Stenographers, general____________
Typists, class A__ _______________
Typists, class B _ ____________ .
1.28
1.24
1.22
1.07
1.21
1.36
1.41
1.42
1.19
1.44
1.33
1.23
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 Includes data for regions not shown separately.
time workers in the two major regions revealed
that averages were typically higher on the Pacific
Coast.
Job averages for incentive workers in steel
foundries were from 10 to 30 percent higher than
for time workers in at least two-thirds of the com
parisons which were made for the industry as a
whole and for each of the two major regions.
Incentive-paid machine molders, who accounted
for 3 of every 4 workers in the occupation, had a
wage advantage of about 23 percent in the country
as a whole and about 15 percent in the Great Lakes
region, where they were most prevalent. In two
other significant incentive groups—hand core
makers, and chippers and grinders—incentive
workers earned about 25 percent more than time
workers when compared both nationally and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
regionally. Workers paid on an incentive basis
constituted about a third of all production workers
in the industry; in the Great Lakes region they
accounted for about 37 percent of the work force;
but on the Pacific Coast their ratio was only
about 1 in 15.
Workers in steel foundries having over 500 em
ployees usually received higher earnings than
those in the smaller foundries. For half of the
selected occupations, the national averages in the
larger steel foundries were from 5 to 10 percent
higher than in foundries employing from 51 to
500; for a fifth of the occupations, the advantage
was less than 4 percent; for another fifth, it ranged
from 10 to 15 percent. Steel foundries are
typically larger than most other types of foundries,
particularly gray-iron and nonferrous. Of the
foundries that employed 51 or more workers, over
a fourth of the steel foundries employed over 500,
whereas in the nonferrous-foundry industry the
comparable proportion was less than 10 percent.
Minimum wage rates established by steel
foundries showed similarities both among and
within the major producing regions. In Decem
ber 1951, minimum entrance rates of $1.25 to
$1.35 an hour had been established in steel foun
dries employing about three-fifths of the produc
tion workers in the major regions. Minimum job
rates for men were most heavily concentrated
between $1.25 and $1.40, except on the Pacific
Coast where higher minimum job rates generally
prevailed.
Related Wage Practices
Almost two-thirds of the men production work
ers were employed by steel foundries which had a
scheduled workweek of 40 hours. Most of the
other workers were on a 48-hour schedule. On
the Pacific Coast, all steel foundries reported a
40-hour workweek.
Late-shift employment involved about 35 per
cent of the steel-foundry workers, with about
twice as many on the second as on the third shift.
Almost all late-shift workers received premium
rates, primarily on a cents-per-hour basis. The
major differentials were 5 cents an hour on the
second and 10 cents on the third shift. In the
Middle Atlantic States a significant proportion of
workers received 4 cents and 6 cents an hour,
respectively.
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
Christmas or year-end bonuses were granted by
steel foundries employing about a seventh of the
production workers and a fourth of the office
workers. Sick-leave pay was not common in the
industry.
Vacation practices in steel foundries, which em
ployed a majority of the production workers,
followed the predominant policy in the basic iron
and steel industry: 1 week after 1 year’s service, 2
weeks after 5 years, and 3 weeks after 25 years.
For office workers the most common provision was
2 weeks after 1 year and 3 weeks after 25 years.
On the Pacific Coast, however, only a small per
centage of the steel foundries granted a third
week of vacation to either production or office
workers.
The number of paid holidays provided by steel
foundries ranged from 1 to 8 days a year; the
granting of 6 days was the most common practice
and was reported by employers with over twothirds of the workers in the industry.
Insurance plans covering life, health, and hos
pitalization were financed in whole or part by steel
foundry employers who had at least 80 percent of
the industry employment. Retirement pension
plans were in effect in steel foundries employing
slightly more than half the workers. The propor
tion of foundry and office employees covered by
retirement plans was relatively small on the Pacific
Coast.
—J ean A. W ells
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
R ailroad-Car M anufacturing
P roduction workers in railroad-car-building
plants averaged $1.77 an hour in January 1952,
exclusive of premium pay for overtime and night
work. Among the production occupations studied
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics,1 average hourly
earnings ranged from $1.47 for crane hookers to
$2.03 for pneumatic riveters. Earnings in the
Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic regions were
slightly higher than the national average.
Earnings of individual production workers
ranged from less than $1.05 to more than $2.90
an hour. (See table 1.) A tenth of the workers
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
181
EAR N IN G S— R A IL R O A D CARS
1. — Percentage distribution of production workers in
the railroad-car industry, by straight-time average hourly
earnings,1 United States and selected regions, January 1952
T able
Average hourly earnings1 (in cents)
Under 105.0______________________
105.0 and under 110.0 _____
110.0 and under 115.0_ ___________
115.0 and under 120.0______ _ ______
120.0 and under 125.0- --- - _____ 125.0 and under 130.0______________
130.0 and under 135.0 __
___
_____ __ _
135.0 and under 140.0
140.0 and under 145.0
___ ____ _
145.0 and under 150.0
. _________
150.0 and under 155.0 ____________
155.0 and under 160.0. . ______
160.0 and under 165.0___ ______
165.0 and under 170.0 ____________
170.0 and under 175.0 _______ ____
_________
175.0 and under 180.0
180.0 and under 185.0 ____________
185.0 and under 190.0- ____________
190.0 and under 195.0- ____ ___ __
195.0 and under 200.0- ____
__
200.0 and under 205.0_____ _______
205.0 and under 210.0- ___ ________
210.0 and under 215.0- ____ _______
215.0 and under 220.0 ____________
220.0 and under 225.0- - --- - - - - - 225.0 and under 230.0___ __ ______
230.0 and under 235.0- ______ ____
235.0 and under 240.0_____ _______
240.0 and under 245.0- ____ - _____
245.0 and under 250.0______________
250.0 and under 260.0______________
260.0 and under 270.0 ___ - --- - 270.0 and under 280.0- ___________
280.0 and under 290.0 - __________
290.0 and over____________________
United
States 2
Middle
Atlantic
0.1
.5
.9
1.3
3.1
1.7
3.1
3.0
3.4
4.5
4.6
4.4
7.2
5.1
6.6
7.1
5.7
5.1
5.9
5.9
3.9
3.0
1.9
2.1
2.8
1.5
.9
.8
.6
.4
.6
.4
.5
.7
.7
0.1
(3)
.1
.3
2.6
1.6
2.1
3.5
4.1
4.5
4.7
4.5
5.8
4.8
6.3
4.7
6.8
7.0
5.7
3.9
5.5
4.4
2.8
2.7
2.4
2.7
1.6
1.2
.8
.7
.8
.3
.4
.5
.1
Great
Lakes
(3)
0.4
(3)
.3
.5
4.7
1.7
2.4
4.6
3.5
3.9
9.3
6.2
6.6
10.3
4.6
5.1
5.7
7.5
3.4
2.4
1.0
2.0
5.2
.7
.5
.6
.8
.3
.6
.8
.9
1.5
2.0
Total______________________
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of workers_______________
Average hourly earnings >_ ..............
18,672
$1.77
8,782
$1.80
5,435
$1.84
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 Includes data for regions not shown separately.
2 Less than 0.05 of 1 percent.
earned less than $1.35; at the other extreme, a
similar proportion received $2.20 or more. The
middle 50 percent, however, had earnings ranging
between $1.55 and $1.95 an hour.
Among the 41 production occupations selected
for study, crane hookers in the industry as a whole
had the lowest average hourly earnings ($1.47);
pneumatic riveters had the highest average ($2.03).
(See table 2.) Production pipe fitters and hand
welders also averaged slightly more than $2 an
hour. Fitters or assemblers, the largest group
studied, averaged $1.89 on construction and $1.90
on erection work. Nearly two-fifths of the work
ers in the selected occupations were employed in
the 13 jobs for which average hourly earnings
ranged from $1.80 to $1.90.
Earnings averaged $2.25 or more an hour for
1 The study covered 16 establishments, each employing more than 100
workers, primarily engaged in building railroad passenger or freight cars.
Plants manufacturing principally streetcars, trackless trolleys, or parts for
railroad cars, as well as those primarily engaged in repair work, were excluded
from the study. Data were collected by field representatives under the
direction of Bureau regional wage and industrial relations analysts. More
detailed information is available on request.
182
E A R N IN G S— R A IL R O A D CARS
T a b l e 2.—Straight-time average hourly earnings 1 of work
ers in selected production and office occupations in the
railroad-car industry, United States and selected regions,
January 1952
United
States 2
Occupation
Num
ber of
work
ers
Middle
Atlantic
Great
Lakes
Avg. Num- Avg. Num- Avg.
hrly. ber of hrly. ber of hrly.
earn work- earn- work- earnings ers ings ers ings
Production occupations—Men
79 $1.96
Axle turners-........ ...... ......................
44 1.98
Blacksmiths, forge shop...................
69 1.50
Buckers-up, hydraulic----------------Buckers-up, pneumatic---------------- 245 1.97
Car builders, wood (carpenters)----- 368 1.78
Carpenters, maintenance.................. 128 1.75
Crane hookers--------- _---------------- 633 1.47
Crane operators, electric bridge:
Under 20 tons------------ ---------- 347 1.65
66 1.73
20 tons and over------------ ------35 1.70
Diesel locomotive engineers....... ......
Drop-hammer operators, steam:
61 1.89
4,000 lbs. and under--------------12 1.96
Over 4,000 lbs. to 10,000 lbs-----223 1.84
Electricians, maintenance-----------Fitters or assemblers:
Construction------------------------ 429 1.89
Erection............ ........................... 1, 723 1.90
Helpers, power-shear......................... 271 1.66
Helpers, punch-press------------------- 418 1.73
77 1.97
Inspectors, class A.............................
38 1.87
Inspectors, class B ______________
28 1.78
Inspectors, class C....... -.................—
Machinists, maintenance------------- 293 1.81
Mechanics, maintenance-------------- 203 1.72
Millwrights.------------ ---------------- 256 1.80
Painters, rough—. ............................- 382 1.82
39 1.87
Patternmakers, wood....... .................
Pipe fitters, production---------------- 215 2.01
Power-shear operators----------------- 237 1.86
Punch-press operators, class A------- 272 1.99
Punch-press operators, class B ------- 154 1.88
Rivet heaters....... ........ ........ ............. 192 1.66
72 1.98
Riveters, hydraulic______________
277 2.03
Riveters, pneumatic......................
131
1.57
Stock clerks-------- ------- -------------Tool-and-diemakers....... .................. 128 1.95
Trim-press operators:
36 2.00
Cold-trim__________________
47 1.89
Hot-trim_____________ ____—
Truckers, power (fork-lift)________ 150 1.60
64 1.49
Truckers, power (nonfork-lift)____
Welders, hand--------- ------- ---------- 1,690 2. 01
204
Welders, machine_______________
1.97
26 1.90
Wheel borers......................................
28 $2.01
19 2.08
117
2. ÒÒ
50
311
1.69
1. 42
212
1.65
73
1.82
165
901
133
202
2.16
2.02
1.74
1.76
148
1.85
167
22
105
112
135
91
94
1.85
1.78
2.02
1.97
2.09
1.94
1.79
135
2.08
82
1.96
27
2.06
23
17
$1. 94
2.01
231
35
187
1.86
1.81
1.59
66
14
1.73
1.75
87
1.90
466
57
141
58
1.92
1.73
1.81
2.04
58
149
i. 88
1.88
78
67
82
42
2.10
1.82
1.94
2.00
75
1.62
38
1.55
592
1.99
677
2.15
8
1.97
9
1.98
23
1.21
1.27
14
60
1.18
1.21
34
15
1.01
Office occupations—Women
Clerks, payroll.............
Stenographers, general.
Typists, class A -.........
Typists, class B ...........
44
157
38
94
1.21
1.19
1.28
1.00
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 Includes data for regions not shown separately.
approximately a fourth of the production pipe
fitters, pneumatic riveters, and class A punch
press operators; a sixth of the hand welders; and
an eighth of the fitters or assemblers. Less than a
tenth of the fitters or assemblers and fewer than 2
percent of the workers in the remainder of these
jobs earned less than $1.40 an hour.
Most railroad-car-building plants are located in
the Middle Atlantic and Great Lakes States. In
both of these regions, average hourly earnings of
production workers were slightly higher than the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
national average—$1.80 and $1.84, respectively,
compared with $1.77. Hourly earnings of 7 per
cent of the workers in the Middle Atlantic region
and of 6 percent in the Great Lakes region were
below $1.35, and of approximately 12 and 14
percent, respectively, earnings were $2.20 or more.
Of the 16 production jobs which could be com
pared, average earnings for all except 4 in each
of these regions exceeded the national averages.
For 9 of these jobs, average earnings were from 1
to 17 cents higher in the Great Lakes than in the
Middle Atlantic region; for the other 7 occupa
tions, workers in the Middle Atlantic region had
higher averages, the differences ranging from 1 to
15 cents.
Average hourly earnings amounted to $2 or more
for 9 of 25 production jobs in the Middle Atlantic
region and for 5 of 21 jobs in the Great Lakes
region. Occupations with levels of at least $2
covered, respectively, two-fifths and a third of the
workers in the selected jobs in the Middle Atlantic
and Great Lakes regions. Earnings of workers
in 2 jobs (crane hookers and power truckers)
averaged less than $1.65 in each region.
Related Wage Practices
A work schedule of 40 hours a week was in effect
in January 1952 for approximately nine-tenths of
the workers. In the Great Lakes region, however,
almost three-tenths of the workers had schedules
of 48 hours a week. A sixth of the production
workers were employed on late-shift operations—
14 percent on second and 3 percent on third shifts.
The most common provisions for premium pay
ments were 4 cents an hour for work on the second
and 6 cents on the third shift.
Paid vacations were reported for both produc
tion and office workers in all establishments.
Plants employing all but about 5 percent of the
production workers granted 1 week of vacation
after 1 year of service, and all provided 2 weeks
after 5 years. Office workers usually received a
2-week vacation after 1 year of service. Threeweek vacations after 25 years’ service were estab
lished policies of plants employing half the pro
duction workers and three-eighths of the office
employees.
Paid holidays were granted by establishments
employing a majority of the production workers
and nearly all office workers. The most common
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
183
UNION CONVENTIONS SCHEDULE
provision was 6 holidays a year; 19 percent of the
office and 6 percent of the production workers,
however, received 7 days.
Formal provisions for paid sick leave were lim
ited to about a fourth of the office workers. They
were employed in establishments which granted
10 or 12 days a year after 1 year of service.
Insurance or pension plans, financed at least in
part by the employer, were in effect in nearly all
establishments. Health insurance, hospitaliza
tion, and life insurance were provided in plants
employing about nine-tenths of the workers.
Retirement pensions were also reported by plants
with almost half of the workers. Provisions for
office workers were approximately the same as
those for production workers.
— F r e d W. M ohr
D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations
UNION CONVENTIONS SCHEDULE, SEPTEMBER 1952
Among union conventions, which are usually held periodically to determine
policy and to elect officers, those scheduled for September 1952 are listed below by
type—national or international and State—in chronological order.
September
1
1
2
6
8
8
8
8
8
10
12
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
19
19
21
21
22
26
27
Septem
ber
4
9
13
20
National or International Conventions
Place
National Association of Letter Carriers, AFL____________________ New York City.
Oil Workers International Union, CIO__________________________ Philadelphia.
International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Asbestos
Workers, AFL______________________________________________ Los Angeles.
Friendly Society of Engravers and Sketchmakers, Ind_____ :______ New York City.
International Association of Machinists, AFL___________________
Kansas City, Mo.
International Chemical Workers Union, AFL____________________ New York City.
International Stereotypers’ and Electro typers’ Union, AFL_______ Atlantic City.
Metal Trades Department of the American Federation of Labor___ New York City.
National Federation of Federal Employees, Ind_________________
Detroit.
Building and Construction Trades Department of the American Fed
eration of Labor____________________________________________
New York City.
Union Label Trades Department of the American Federation of
Labor______________________________________________________ New York City.
American Federation of Labor, AFL___________________________
New York City.
Cigar Makers’ International Union of America, AFL_____________ New York City.
International Alliance of Bill Posters, AFL______________________ Minneapolis.
International Woodworkers of America, CIO____________________ Portland.
National League of District Postmasters of the United States, Ind_ Spokane.
New York City.
Railway Patrolmen’s International Union, AFL_________________
Tobacco Workers International Union, AFL____________________
Rochester, N. Y.
United Paperworkers of America, CIO__________________________ New York City.
United Rubber, Cork, Linoleum, and Plastic Workers,CIO_______
Asbury Park, N. J.
Colored Trainmen of America, Ind_____________________________
Kingsville, Tex.
International Union of Life Insurance Agents, Ind_______________ Cincinnati.
International Die Sinkers Conference, Ind_______________________ Louisville.
National Association of Postal Supervisors, AFL_________________ Pittsburgh.
United Stone and Allied Products Workers, CIO_________________ Cincinnati.
Foremen’s Association of America, Ind__________________________ Pittsburgh.
Federation of State, City, and Town Employees, Ind_____________ Fitchburg, Mass.
State Conventions
New York, C I O ...
Indiana, AFL
Oregon, CIO______
Kansas, C I O __
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Buffalo __ _
Evansville.
Portland
Salina
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25
26
26
New Hampshire, AFL
California, CIO
Colorado, CIO
Minnesota, C IO ..
Place
Keene.
Santa Barbara.
Glenwood Springs.
Duluth.
184
INJURY RATES IN MANUFACTURING
Injury R ates in M anufacturing,
MONTHLY LABOR
Injury-Frequency Rates in Manufacturing
Change From 1949 Average)
(Percent
First Quarter, 1952
PERCENT
A d e c l i n e in the average injury-frequency rate 1
for manufacturing industries during the first quar
ter of 1952 brought it to the lowest point since
the fourth quarter of 1949, according to prelimi
nary reports received by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics. The rate of 13.5 injuries per million
man-hours worked during the first quarter of 1952
was 3 percent below the fourth-quarter and 13
percent below the first-quarter averages for 1951.
It also compared favorably with the average of
13.7 for the first quarter of 1950 and was bettered
only by the rate of 13.4 recorded during the fourth
quarter of 1949—the low point of the postwar
decline in injury rates.
Monthly rates for January, February, and
March—13.6, 13.6, and 13.4, respectively—showed
the usual increase from the low point of 12.6
reached in December 1951, and about equaled the
rate of 13.5 for November. They were well
below the rate for October (15.4) or any earlier
month in 1951.
Of the 127 individual industry classifications for
which quarterly data were available, 55 (or 43
percent) showed decreases of 1 frequency-rate
point or more between the fourth quarter of 1951
and the first quarter of 1952. Significant in
creases were reported by 34 and little change by
38 industries.
Decreases of 5 or more frequency-rate points
between averages for the fourth quarter of 1951
and those for the first quarter of 1952 were re
ported by six industries: structural clay products,
from 37.7 to 27.0; partitions and fixtures—from
29.2 to 21.0; cutlery and edge tools—from 23.0 to
16.1; canning and preserving—from 20.6 to 15.3;
confectionery and related products—from 19.5 to
14.4; and insulated wire and cable—from 21.6
to 16.6.
1 The injury-frequency rate is the average number of disabling work injuries
for each million employee-hours worked. A disabling work injury is any
injury occurring in the course of and arising out of employment, which (a)
results in death or any degree of permanent physical impairment, or (b)
makes the injured worker unable to perform the duties of any regularly
established job, which is open and available to him, throughout the hours
corresponding to his regular shift on any one or more days after the day of
injury (including Sundays, days off, or plant shut-downs). The term
“injury” includes occupational disease.
These data were compiled according to the American Standard Method of
Compiling Industrial Injury Rates, approved by the American Standards
Association, 1945.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Five industries showed substantial increases,
but most of these increases represented the normal
upswing from low rates in the fourth quarter.
Logging reported a rate of 97.8, compared with
86.6 for the fourth quarter; the first quarter of
1952, however, was still considerably below the
average of 114.4 for the third quarter and 113.9
for the first quarter of 1951. The average for
metal household furniture almost doubled, from
16.4 in the fourth quarter of 1951 to 30.2 in the
first quarter of 1952, but was in line with the rate
of 27.1 for the third and 29.5 for the first quarter
of 1951. The 1952 first-quarter rate for miscel
laneous wood products was 33.7, compared with
26.1 in the fourth quarter and 33.6 in the first
quarter of 1951; miscellaneous chemicals—23.0,
compared with 16.2 and 22.9; and miscellaneous
fabricated textile products—20.5, compared with
14.7 and 18.1, respectively.
In comparing the first-quarter rates for 1951
and 1952, over half of the industries showed very
favorable improvement in their injury records.
Sixty-nine industries—55 percent—had decreases
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
INJURY RA TES IN MANUFACTURING
of 1 full point or more; in 19 instances, the de
crease was 5 points or more. Only 19 industries
reported increases of 1 frequency-rate point or
more, and none of these amounted to as much as
5 points.
The principal decreases over the year were
recorded by the following:
Injury-frequency rates,
first quarter—
1951
1952
Logging--------------------------------------------113.9 97.8
Structural clay products_________________
42.0
27.0
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral prod
ucts--------------------------------------------------25.3
15.4
24.6
15.7
Fertilizers______________________________
Partitions and fixtures___________________
29.7
21.0
Malt and malt liquors___________________
25.9
18.1
Sanitary ware and plumbers’ supplies__
21. 8
14.8
Nonferrous foundries____________________
30.4
23.5
Millwork and structural wood products-.
29.1
22.6
185
Injury-frequency rates
first quarter—
1951
36.
19.
24.
24.
18.
40.
29.
18.
18.
21.
Gray-iron and malleable foundries_____
Paperboard containers and boxes______
Concrete, gypsum, and mineral wool___
Household furniture, nonmetal_________
Pottery and related products__________
Wooden containers___________________
Office furniture_______________________
Stamped and pressed metal products___
Cane sugar----------------------------------------Cutlery and edge tools________________
1952
0
5
9
2
0
0
3
7
6
2
29.6
13.4
19.1
18.4
12.4
34.5
24.0
13.5
13.4
16.1
Outstandingly low rates for the first quarter of
1952 were recorded by the synthetic fibers in
dustry—1.3, scientific instruments—3.0, electric
lamps (bulbs)—3.2, synthetic rubber—3.4, mis
cellaneous communication equipment—3.4, air
craft—3.8, rubber footwear—3.8, radio tubes—
4.6, explosives—4.7.
Industry
>>
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3
3
fl
03
►
“5
Food and kindred products:
Meat products___________ _____ 20.8 20.7
Dairy products _______________
9.8 12.1
Canning and preserving____
(9
(>)
Grain-mill products___ _______
.16.5 13.6
Bakery products_____ _
1.5.1 14 2
Cane sugar. __ .
______ _ _ 12. 1 12.1
Beet sugar...
_ ___ ____ _
(1)
(!)
Confectionery and related products. 15.2 12.9
Bottled soft drinks.. ._ . . . .
0)
(9
Malt and malt liquors______ _ .. 18.7 16. 7
Wines_____ ______________
(9
(9
Distilled liquors_________ . .
10.0
6.3
Miscellaneous food products . .
13.0
9.8
Textile-mill products:
Cotton yarn and textiles. . .. _
11.1
8.8
Rayon, other synthetic, and silk
textiles----------- --------------------7.4
7.4
Woolen and worsted textiles_____ 15.3 17.5
Knit goods............... .
. . ___
6. 6 6.3
Dyeing and finishing textiles_____ 23. 9 20.8
Miscellaneous textile goods______ 13.6 15.1
Apparel and other finished textile
. products:
Clothing, men’s and boys’. ... . . . 7.5
8.9
Clothing, women’s and children’s.. 6.2
6.7
1 Miscellaneous fabricated textile
products_________________
(9
(9
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture):
Logging__________ _. ____ ____ 108. 8 96.3
Planing mills__________________ (9
(9
Sawmills.___ _________________ 56.4 59.2
Sawmills and planing mills, integrated. _______ ______ ____ _
54. 2 4o. 7
Veneer mills . ...................
(9
(9
Millwork and structural wood
products.. _____ .
26. 3 18. ()
Plywood mills____ _____ ____ 26.7 29.2
Wooden containers. _____ •_____ 32.1 33.1
Miscellaneous wood products____ 37.5 30.6
Furniture and fixtures:
Household furniture, nonmetal___ 18.9 17.2
Metal household furniture_______ (9
(9
Mattresses and bedsprings_______ 15.8 17.0
0 ffice furniture____ ________ ___ 21. 4 28.2
Public-building and professional
(i)
furniture..... .................. ..............
6)
Partitions and fixtures__________ 22.4 22.7
f Screens, shades, and blinds______
(9 1 (9
5.7
12.1
7.4
11.7
10.0
14.0
23.2
18.4
25.8
17.7
Ifi 3
15.7
40 2
17.6
33.3
24.4
25. 2
9.1
15.0
8.3
9.4
8. 8
10. 0
See footnotes at end of table.
215 5 3 4 — 52------- 5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
rC
o
c3
a
17.7
19.8
(9
15.3
11.8
16.0
(9
14.8
(9
(9
6.6
14.4
4.3
18.8
11.6
’-'S
•«
03
h o
19.8
14.0
15.3
15. 1
13. 7
13.4
(9
(9
(9
7.2
8.4
15.7 14.7
5. 7 7.1
21.1 22.6
13.4 14.5
9.0
16.7
6. 6
23.1
16.3
7.6
5.6
8.0
6.1
5.5
3.9
7.4
5.3
(9
20. 5
14.7
18. 0
8 8 .0
97.8
86. 6
(9
102 6
53 3
54.6
51.0
45. 9
(9
(9
43.8
53.1
51.9
47.9
49.6
46.8
(9
(9
(9
23. 1
30.0
38.4
32.9
22. 6 27. 0
28.7 31.5
34.5 33.3
33.7 26.1
20 1
33.3
38. 0
34.8
19.0
18.4
30.2
16.5
24.0
21.7
16.4
17.5
21.4
25.0
25.2
19. 5
24.3
17.2
21.0
(9
16. 9
29.2
19 6
28.0
15.8
(9
16.8
22.8
(9
17.7
(9
(9
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—, d
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o'
1951 annual
(preliminary)
1951 annual
(preliminary)
19.0
14.4
25.8
18.1
21.4
17.7
20.6
19.3
15 7
12.6
32. 5
19.5
25.2
19.7
1952
>>
S
c-fl4
3
1951 f our t h
quarter
1951 f ourt h
quarter
Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries, first quarter, 1952
Paper and allied products:
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills- 16.5
Paperboard containers and boxes.. 12.8
Miscellaneous paper and allied
products
14.7
14.9
13.0
14.6
14.6
15.3
13.4
14.1
14. 7
15.6
18. 4
14.8
13.4
14.3
12.2
12.8
12.9
1952
Industry
>»
dustries:
Bookbinding and related products.
Miscellaneous printing and publishing__
Chemicals and allied products:
Industrial inorganic chemicals.
Plastics, except synthetic rubber.
Synthetic rubber______________
Synthetic fibers
Explosives_________ __________
Miscellaneous industrial organic
chemicals___ _______ _____
Drugs and medicines
Soap and related products
Paints, pigments, and related
products_____ ______________
Fertilizers___ . . . _________ . . .
Vegetable and animal oils and fats
Compressed and liquefied gases__
Miscellaneous chemicals and allied
products
Rubber products:
Tires and inner tubes___________
Rubber footwear
Miscellaneous rubber products
Leather and leather products:
Leather tanning and finishing___
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings_-_ _
Footwear (except rubber). _____
Stone, clay, and glass products:
Glass and glass products
Structural clay products.. _ _ __
Pottery and related products. _ .
Concrete, gypsum, and mineral
wool
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products...................... ..........
Primary metal industries:
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
7. 9
52
5.8
6.3
8.3
9.3
8.9
8.3
8.0
7.6
7.2
5. 5
(9
8
(9
(9
(9
8.6
5.2
1.4
10. 0
6. 7
1.7
(9
(9
8.1
7.0
3.4
13
4.7
6.0
4.0
6.3
9 2
6.6
6.3
6.3
6.3
7.3
7.5
7.9
L8
6.3
7.8
8.2
11.6
11.8
(9
(9
(9
11.1
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
11.6
. 15.7
20.0
10.8
11.1
16.6
15.0
(9
(9
(9
23.0
16.2
5.0
28
11.0
5.4
6.1
5.5
6.7
6.1
11.1
12.6
11.5
11.0
14.1
20.4
19.9
21.0
20.4
20.4
23.2
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
9.9
(9
(9
10.3
(9
94 d
9.7
15.0
10 5
25.1
13.6
10 0
25.4
10.5
10 3
27.0
12.4
11 1
37.7
16.7
19 ft
4ol 3
19.2
10.1
(9
10.1
30.3
12.9
10.0
9.8
(9
13.0
21. 1
(9
13.8
20.6
(9
(9
(9
19.1
23.5
26.4
14.5
16.2
15,8
15.4
17.3
20.9
55
Gray-iron and malleable foundries.. 29.4
Steel foundries____ ____________ 28.3
53
28.0
28.1
57
31.5
26.1
55
29.6
27.6
31.8
29.8
35.5
31.5
186
REPORT OF DEFENSE MOBILIZER
MONTHLY LABOR
13.6
27.9
24.7
11.0
12.8
19.9
12.1
14.3
17.2
9.1
8.9
17.8
20.2
7.8
6.5
16.1
16.9
11.9
9.1
16.1
18.1
9.6
7.6
23.0
18.4
10.0
9.9
21.6
20.3
11.3
| March
16.6
13.9
13.7
14.8
19.1
20.9
22.3
21.5
20.2
21.3
19.4
21.5
21.1
24.1
20.9
22.0
22.8
24.7
0)
30.1
21.2
(')
32.9
24.1
(9
28.4
24.3
(9
30.4
23.2
(9
25.6
25.7
31.3
28.8
30.2
13.3
«
17.8
13.5
(i)
18.1
13.5
(9
16.6
13.5
24.0
17.5
12.9
20.3
16.5
16.3
23.4
18.6
(0
20.4
13.8
12.7
(9
21.9
13.2
14.8
(9
18.6
17.8
13.0
7.5
20.3
14.9
13.5
7.9
22.4
18.4
15.4
11.7
23.6
15.9
15.6
9.2
8.1
11.8
9.7
10.9
12.7
12.1
9.0
10.0
10.1
9.7
10.3
13.0
13.9
15.9
14.2
14.0
15.1
25.6
13.9
16.8
8.8
26.5
13.8
12.7
10.3
24.8
16.0
14.9
9.6
25.6
14.5
14.8
9.5
23.2
14.2
19.2
8.3
25.9
14.5
19.2
10.7
15.5
16.4
20.4
17.4
18.9
21.5
22.9
17.4
17.5
16.8
17.0
16.6
19.2
16.9
23.0
16.8
21.5
19.3
12.2
13.4
13.9
13.2
13.7
15.0
1Insufficient data to warrant presentation of average.
Note: The injury-frequency rates presented in this table were adjusted to he
comparable with the final annual averages for 1950. These final averages
were based upon a comprehensive survey covering approximately 60 percent
of all employees engaged in manufacturing. The rates for 1951 and 1952 were
T h e D e fe n se M ob ilizer’s
Sixth Q uarterly Report, 1952
Successful fulfillment of the sharp increase in
military production that was scheduled for the
second quarter of 1952 can be attributed to the
intense effort in the preparatory and tooling-up
stages of the past 2 years, according to the quar
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
19.3
19.6
16.5
18.4
19.8
20.5
7.5
16.9
12.3
17.2
7.3
22.3
11.7
18.2
7.7
15.5
14.3
19.3
7.5
18.2
12.8
18.3
7.5
18.1
14.3
16.6
9.3
20.7
13.4
17.8
8.0
5.4
20.3
5.4
3.4
5.6
5.8
8.8
8.4
16.6
5.7
3.4
5.8
4.7
7.5
6.4
12.7
8.8
2.8
5.2
3.5
8.2
6.7
16.6
6.7
3.2
5.5
4.6
7.9
5.8
21.6
6.3
4.4
6.1
5.1
8.4
5.9
18.3
6.8
4.8
6.7
4.8
2.4
12.5
3.3
9.6
4.5
7.8
3.4
10.0
4.5
13.2
4.5
14.3
(9
(9
(9
5.3
4.9
5.9
5.4
5.5
5.7
5.5
6.0
6.2
5.4
3.6
5.5
22.0
(9
8.4
6.0
4.1
6.2
20.1
(O
9.9
6.0
3.6
7.6
20.7
(9
8.9
5.7
3.8
6.4
21.0
(9
9.1
8.6
4.0
7.1
19.9
(9
11.9
9.1
4.4
7.1
22.0
57.0
13.0
3.6
3.1
2.4
3.0
4.8
6.1
9.0
9.2
9.8
(9
9.9
9.6
8.1
(9
7.6
5.5
8.6
(9
8.9
8.0
8.8
(9
9.6
5.6
8.3
8.1
8.9
8.0
9.9
6.8
7.3
9.8
6.7
8.5
6.0
4.8
6.7
7.7
4.8
5.1
5.4
5.9
6.8
21.4
11.2
11.2
15.3
13.0
3.0
10.8
13.7
6.8
15.8
12.7
8.2
14.6
11.5
6.4
17.8
13.2
9.6
6.5
9.2
8.5
3.8
5.7
1952
Industry
Machinery (except electrical)—Con.
Miscellaneous general industrial
machinery-.- ________ _____
Commercial and household machinery
- ____________
Valves and fittings. __________
Ball and roller bearings_________
Machine shops, general_______ _
Electrical machinery:
Electrical industrial apparatus---Electrical appliances.. _ ---------Insulated wire and cable------------Electrical equipment for vehicles..Electric lamps (bulbs) --------------Radios and related products. . . __
Radio tu b es... . . -------- . .
M iscellaneous communication
equipment________ _____ _ -Batteries______
_ . . ---Electrical products, not elsewhere
classified.. ______ . . . . . ---Transportation equipment:
Motor vehicles, bodies, and trailers.
Motor-vehicle parts and acces- ---sories_____________
Aircraft________________ . ----Aircraft parts... -------------------Shipbuilding and repairing--------Boatbuilding and repairing------ .
Railroad equipment
...
Instruments and related products:
Scientific instruments. _ -------- .
Mechanical measuring and controlling instruments----------------Optical instruments and lenses----Medical instruments and supplies.
Ophthalmic goods----- --------Photographic equipment and supplies____ _ _______________
Watches and c lo ck s..---- -- -----Miscellaneous manufacturing industries:
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware---- ------- ---- -------------Fabricated plastics products-------Miscellaneous manufacturing------Ordnance:
Ordnance and accessories________
1951 an n u al I
(preliminary) |
13.0
24.8
21.4
11.3
13.2
17.1
1951 f o ur t h
quarter
12.4
23.5
26.2
12.6
16.1
13.6
First
quarter
1951 f o ur t h
quarter
12.1
24.4
24.6
10.2
13.8
11.3
March
First
quarter
13.3
23.7
26.9
12.7
16.4
16.5
February
February
Primary metal industries—Con.
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
alloying--------- ----------------------Nonferrous foundries-----------------Iron and steel forgings---------------Wire drawing----- --------------------Welded and heavy-riveted pipe---Cold-finished steel--------------------Fabricated metal products:
Tin cans and other tinware---------Cutlery and edge tools---------------Hand tools, files, and saws----------Hardware-------------------------------Sanitary ware and plumbers sup
plies------------ ---------------Oil burners, heating and cooking
apparatus------ -------------------- —
Structural steel and ornamental
metal work---------------------------Metal doors, sash, frame, and
trim___________ ____________
Boiler-shop products-----------------Sheet-metal work---------------------Stamped and pressed metal prod
ucts-------------------- ---------------Metal coating and engraving-------Fabricated wire products----------Metal barrels, drums, kegs, and
pails________________________
Steel springs--------------------- ------Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets---Screw-machine products------------Fabricated metal products, not
elsewhere classified-----------------Machinery (except electrical):
Engines and turbines----------------Agricultural machinery and trac
tors_________________________
Construction and mining machin
ery------ ------- ----------- ------ -----Metalworking machinery-----------Food-products machinery-----------Textile machinery--------------------Miscellaneous special-industry ma
chinery..-------- --------------------Elevators, escalators, and con
veyors..------------------------------Pumps and compressors-------------Mechanical power - transmission
equipment (except hall and roller
bearings)------------------------ ------
January
January
11.8
22.3
27.0
14.8
17.9
12.9
1952
Industry
1951 annual
(preliminary)
Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries, first quarter, 1952— Continued
based upon a much smaller sample, covering about one-third of the employees
in manufacturing; they are preliminary and subject to revision.
These data are not strictly comparable with those published in the Monthly
Labor Review prior to January 1952, or in press releases dated prior to Dec.
23,1951. See Monthly Labor Review for May 1952 for comparable quarterly
rates for 1950 and the first 3 quarters of 1951. Fourth-quarter 1951 rates
were reported in the June issue.
terly report prepared by John 11. Steelman, Acting
Defense Mobilization Director.1 Practically all
of the increase has been in the new and more com
plicated weapons on the military procurement
list, signifying an improved »skill in developing
modern equipment that will be superseding current
1 Source: Sixth Quarterly Report to the President by the Director of
Defense Mobilization, July 1, 1952, entitled, “Defense Mobilization—The
Shield Against Aggression.” This is the first report prepared by the Acting
Director.
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
REPORT OF DEFENSE MOBILIZER
models. Industrial expansion, particularly in
those segments which make up the mobilization
base, is now proceeding at a record rate. Prob
lems of material supply were overshadowed by
the shut-down in the steel industry and the result
ing loss of 11 million ingot tons. Demands for
employment were met in most defense industries,
and only a slight over-all increase took place.
Military Production and Economic Expansion
Total value of deliveries during the second
quarter of 1952 in all military procurement and
construction programs was estimated at $8 billion.
This total represents a 20-percent increase over the
previous quarter and is six times the rate prevailing
in June 1950. From mid-1950 to date, $34 billion
had been delivered and $50 billion more were out
standing in contracts and orders. Last-quarter
deliveries, according to the report, are threequarters of the way toward the $10.5 billion quar
terly rate scheduled to be reached early in 1953
and maintained through 1954.
A major portion of the increase in military pro
duction came in the “ hard to get” items, Mr.
Steelman stated, and the value of such deliveries
rose nearly 50 percent between February and May
of this year. “ This means that the bugs have been
worked out of many of the new models of equip
ment. The intense efforts of the past 2 years . . .
are showing their results—as the new items, one
by one, begin to flaw in volume from the assembly
lines to the military forces.”
According to business reports submitted to the
Government, total investment in new plants and
equipment will set a new record in 1952—$24.1
billion, which is $800 million higher than the 1951
total and 35 percent greater than the $17.8 billion
of 1950. The record flow of investment, the
report showed, is being channeled in those parts
of the economy that most directly support both
the current defense program and full mobilization
requirements. For instance, planned plant and
equipment expenditures in 1952 in durable-goods
production increased by 16 percent over 1951 and
91 percent over 1950.
To date, Mr. Steelman stated, expansion goals
have been set for 131 separate materials, products,
and facilities, and also for individual basic in
dustries where goals call for spectacular increases
in capacity from pre-Korean levels. In the latter
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187
category, steel capacity is to be raised 22 percent,
primary aluminum 115 percent, petroleum refining
20 percent, and electric power 70 percent over
mid-1950 levels. The expansion goals, according
to the report, are fixed “at the levels necessary
to support both the defense program and civilian
requirements as of a future year—usually 1954
or 1955—nr the level necessary for full mobiliza
tion readiness, whichever is higher.”
Total civilian labor force, including the Armed
Forces, was 62.8 million in May, the same as a
year ago, Mr. Steelman stated. However, the
modest rise in employment which took place in
the second quarter of 1952 in the face of increased
defense production and continued high level of
civilian output, suggests that many defense
workers who entered the labor force in the early
months of the mobilization period have now been
trained and are producing more goods for each
hour worked. Unemployment for May continued
at the lowest levels since World War II—1.6
million.
Although, in general, employment in defense
industries has been adequate to maintain current
production schedules, the report disclosed that
the projected 15-percent rise in national security
expenditures by the end of the year will require
additional workers. The demand will be princi
pally in the aircraft, shipyards, ordnance, elec
tronics, and machine-tool industries.
Materials Supply
Immediate effect of the steel stoppage upon
industrial expansion “was not heavy,” according
to Mr. Steelman, but “the delayed impact will
be much greater throughout the economy.”
Shortages of many finished steel products are
expected for many months after the dispute is
settled, because of an anticipated steel-output
decline of 6 million ingot tons in 1952 compared
with 1951 and the delay in producing at full
capacity.
As a result of improved supply-demand balance,
controls on 20 materials were eliminated and in
26 instances were relaxed, the report revealed.
For some other commodities, however, the supplydemand balance was such, that it necessitated
new restrictions and the tightening of controls
in 11 cases, primarily machine tools and iron and
steel.
INSTABILITY OF CONSUMER SPENDING
188
Vocational R ehabilitation by
F ed eral-S tate A gen cies
in Federal-State vocational
rehabilitation services was reached in 1951 when
66,193 disabled men and women were prepared for
work and placed in useful occupations, according
to the annual report of the Federal Security Agen
cy’s Office of Vocational Rehabilitation for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1951. Total expendi
tures, in attaining an 11-percent increase over
1950, amounted to $30,272,854 of which over $21
million—or 69.4 percent—consisted of Federal
funds; the balance was obtained from States and
local sources.
In meeting the challenge of accelerating military
and economic production, OVR is assisting public
rehabilitation agencies to channel rehabilitated
workers into critical occupations and essential
industries where manpower shortages exist. In
1950, the men and women rehabilitated added
more than 100 million man-hours a year to the
Nation’s productive effort.
Many of the 66,193 men and women rehabili
tated in 1951 are currently working in occupations
where shortages of trained personnel are beginning
to occur. It is estimated that over 10,000 have
entered skilled trades such as machinists, elec
tricians, welders, and tool and die makers, and
approximately 3,000 have gone into professions
such as teaching, engineering, and medicine. An
additional 14,435 men and women who have been
served by the OVR program were employed at the
end of the fiscal year but were still under obser
vation to ensure successful placement. Another
12,948 were ready for placement in jobs.
Major services provided under the OVR pro
gram are medical examinations; medical, surgical,
psychiatric, and hospital services; furnishing of
artificial limbs and other prosthetic appliances;
on- and off-the-job training; maintenance and
transportation during treatment or training; the
furnishing of tools, equipment, or licenses; coun
seling and guidance and psychological testing;
placement in a job or establishment in a small busi
ness; follow-up to ensure the success of the reha
bilitation. Of these services, counseling is be
coming a more important function, because of the
greater number of seriously disabled currently
being reached.
An
all-time record
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MONTHLY LABOR
Providing leadership and guidance to the States
in carrying out their rehabilitation programs is a
function of the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation;
an important part of this responsibility is the
administration of grants-in-aid. Day-to-day rela
tionships with the States are maintained by the
Director and the two operating divisions of OVR.
Other assistance to the States includes help in the
preparation of proposed legislation; advice in the
fields of medicine, psychology, and social work ; aid
with public information programs; establishment
of relationships with other interested agencies such
as the public employment services; and over-all
administration of programs and planning.
Internationally, the Office of Vocational Reha
bilitation is also taking a leading part in the dis
semination of American know-how in its field.
Much of this work is carried on through the United
Nations. OVR prepared the basic statements of
program plans and policy for the use of the United
States delegation to the seventh session of the UN
Social Commission held in Switzerland in March
and April 1951. It is responsible for the planning
and supervising of programs of study for exchange
students as well as for assisting foreign visitors in
the study of the policies and methods of vocational
rehabilitation in the United States.
T h e Instability o f
C onsum er Spending
consumer’s role in the struggle against infla
tion in 1951 seems to have transcended all of the
direct and indirect controls utilized. This emer
gence of the consumer as a complex economic
personality and his capability of stirring up eco
nomic uncertainty is the subject of a paper by
Arthur F. Burns on “ The Instability of Consumer
Spending,” which was presented at the annual
meeting of the National Bureau of Economic
Research, Inc.1 Recognition of the importance
of the consumer in economic activities, Dr. Burns
points out, has resulted in a shift in pioneering
economic investigation toward consumption analy
sis.
T he
1 Dr. Bums is Director of Research of the Bureau and his paper appeared
in that agency’s 32d Annual Report, May 1952 (p. 3).
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
IN S T A B IL IT Y OF C O N SU M E R S P E N D IN G
Following the start of Korean hostilities, con
sumers, in expectation of civilian goods shortages,
went on a “ spending spree.” Similarly, business
men stocked up on raw materials and stepped up
production schedules. These actions were re
flected in a 17-percent rise in wholesale prices and
an 8-percent rise in consumer prices between June
1950 and February 1951. The supply of civilian
goods kept pace with the demand because military
orders were only beginning to rise. This develop
ment led consumers to revise their outlook and
spending fell off perceptibly after the first quarter
of 1951, despite the steady rise in personal income
throughout the year. By the year’s end, savings
had reached their highest level since the end of
World War II.
“Largely as a result of the lull in consumer buy
ing, the past year was characterized by a degree
of over-all stability that few economists had
anticipated,” but, Dr. Burns cautions, it is prob
lematical whether 1951’s remarkable economic
achievement can be repeated in 1952. He cites
the renewed increase in the money supply during
the second half of 1951, the higher military spend
ing scheduled for 1952, and the fresh resort to
deficit financing as an indication of a revival of
inflationary pressure.
Shifts to Consumption Analysis
Consumption held a distinctly subordinate place
in the main body of economic theory in the period
before the early 1930’s. Alfred Marshall’s “ uni
versal rule” of demand, which held that demand for
a commodity increases with a fall in prices, domi
nated economic thinking on the subject of
consumption.
A major shift in economic theory took place
during the depression of the 1930’s when increased
emphasis was first placed on income changes and
differences. The most important single factor in
this shift of economic theory from prices to income,
according to Dr. Burns, was J. M. Keynes’
“General Theory.” In the Keynesian “funda
mental psychological law,” it is stated that “men
are disposed, as a rule and on the average, to
increase their consumption as their income in
creases, but not by as much as the increase in thenincome.” Mr. Keynes realized that, in addition
to the amount of income and separate from adjust
ments which occur over a period of time, there are
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189
other factors governing consumer spending. In
clarification, he analyzed the influence of the
factors which seemed to be capable of modifying
the amount of “real” spending at a given level
of “real” income; namely, the distribution of
incomes, “windfall” changes in the value of assets,
the rate of interest, changes in fiscal policy, and
expectations concerning future incomes. He did
not, however, attach great importance to them,
and he practically dismissed one of them—con
sumer expectations. A new economics arose, Dr.
Burns states, “which devoted itself preponder
antly to aggregate income analysis, neglecting
variations in prices, just as the older economics
had devoted itself preponderantly to individual
price analysis, neglecting variations in national
income.”
Consumers came to be regarded as creatures of
habit, whose collective propensity to spend or save
could be counted on with assurance. Further,
some of the new economists also believed that
spending or saving was mathematically determined
by changes in aggregate income.
But recent postwar events, particularly since
the outbreak of the Korean conflict, have led to
“a sharp reversal in economic thinking.” For
instance, forecasts of consumer spending after
VJ-day were in error by an uncomfortable margin;
during 1947, the rate of savings was reduced, not
by “adversity” as anticipated but by prosperity;
and in 1951, savings advanced sharply despite a
rise in personal incomes.
As Dr. Burns points out, “few, if any, econo
mists are any longer disposed to question the capac
ity of consumers to change their rates of spending
without prior notice. Indeed, there is some danger
that the whimsical character of consumer spending
will now be as roundly exaggerated as was its
mathematical determinacy only a short time back.”
Trends in Economic Theory
An interest in a widening range of problems
connected with consumer activities and a ten
dency toward closer unification between specula
tive theorizing and empirical testing were listed
in the paper as current in economic thinking.
Some of the questions which are being asked by
economists are highlighted by Dr. Burns, and
“while none have as yet been answered with pre
cision and some have hardly been answered at all,
190
IN S T A B IL IT Y OF C O N SU M E R S P E N D IN G
the rough foundations of an empirical science of
consumption are slowly beginning to take shape.”
“The subject of primary interest concerning
consumer demand has become the consumer him
self—that is, his actual behavior and the kind
and degree of regularity that characterize it.”
Questions arise as to how, in what directions, and
in what degree the current spending of individual
families is influenced by the size of the family;
the age of family members; their occupation, place
of residence, income, any recent shift in income,
highest past income, the amount of liquid assets,
stock of durables and semidurables, recent changes
in buying, highest past spending, expectations
concerning future incomes and prices; and the
amount and kind of their neighbors’ buying.
In addition, it is asked how, in what directions,
and in what degree is the country’s consumer
spending influenced, among other things, by (1)
distribution of individual incomes; (2) amount of
capital gains or losses; (3) changes in the general
level of prices; (4) dispersion of individual price
movements; (5) terms on which consumer credit
is extended; (6) introduction of new commodities;
(7) advertising expenditures; (8) rate of formation
of new families; and (9) geographic mobility of the
population.
Indicative of the trend in economic theory in
which quantitative records and empirical tests
play a significant part are the various statisticalresearch and analytical investigations completed
by the National Bureau of Economic Research
and other agencies. These include: approximate
measures of the size and distribution of the national
income; the subject of savings versus current
consumption; annual estimates of money flows
and year-end estimates of cash and related assets
for households; and the annual survey of consumer
finances conducted jointly by the Board of Gov
ernors of the Federal Reserve System and the
Survey Research Center at the University of
Michigan.2
Need for Consumption Research
Consumer research in the past 15 years has
centered primarily on the facts and causes of
variations in consumer spending and saving, the
paper under review notes. Effects of these varia
tions, however, on the over-all operations of the
economy (and particularly on the production of
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MONTHLY LABOR
consumer and investment-goods industries) have
received much less attention.
What is needed, the author states, is a refine
ment and testing of various existing statistics and
studies on consumer behavior as well as the de
velopment of new statistics. Several general
statistical research projects are mentioned concern
ing the interrelations of consumption, production,
and income distribution. In particular, the need
for a broad survey of consumption trends is
emphasized.
“Vast changes have occurred in recent decades
in technology, the distribution of population
between urban and rural centers, the industrial
status of women, the education of children and
adults, the length of human life, the range of
available commodities and services, the speed of
communication, the income per capita, the dis
tribution of incomes among the people, and the
activities of government,” Dr. Burns states.
“How have these and related developments
affected consumer spending patterns? To what
extent, in particular, has the decline in the in
equality of personal incomes since 1929 helped to
create mass markets for a wide range of com
modities? In what ways has the recent sharp
increase in the marriage rate, in home ownership,
and in the number of children affected the alloca
tion of consumer income among different kinds
of expenditure and between saving and spending?
How, in turn, has the modern emphasis on posses
sion of ever larger amounts of consumer goods
reacted on the pecuniary ambitions of people,
their willingness to work, and their attitude toward
assuming the risks of innovation and enterprise?
How has the trend of employment in the service
industries been affected by our changing consump
tion standards? How has the surprisingly high
rate of food expenditure in recent years affected
the fortunes of farmers and the long-run prospects
of agriculture? With what speed, and with what
effect on saving and other types of spending, have
industrial prodigies like the electric refrigerator,
the radio, and the television receiver been absorbed
into the consumer economy? What part has the
development of consumer installment financing
played in this process? How has the extension of
life insurance, social-security programs, and
private pension plans affected consumer spending
1 For a discussion of the latest survey on Consumer Finances, see the
Monthly Labor Beview, June 1952 (p. 672).
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
D E F E N S E P R O D U C T IO N A C T A M E N D M E N T S
and saving? And what does the increasing
proportion of consumer outlay on goods that need
not be purchased continuously, either because they
have a long life of service built into them or,
because they are of a luxury character, signify for
the problem of maintaining economic stability in
the future?” Answers to these and related
questions have a practical as well as a scientific
interest.
T h e D e fe n se Production Act
A m end m en ts o f 1952
M a r k e d c h a n g e s in the extent of the Federal
Government’s authority to control wages, prices,
and rents, and to intervene in labor disputes
were made by the Defense Production Act Amend
ments of 1952 (Public Law 429) which became
effective July 1, 1952.1 Under the new measure,
wage and price controls will continue until April
30, 1953, and Federal rent controls will be main
tained until September 30, 1952. The President
approved these amendments in order to prevent
the expiration of powers which were retained
and which are necessary to continue the defense
production and stabilization programs.
The 10-month extension of the control of wages,
prices, and salaries is accompanied by a series
of amendments sharply altering the stabilization
program. The present Wage Stabilization Board
is to be abolished on July 29. It is also forbidden
to issue any further regulations and orders after
June 27, except with respect to individual cases
pending before the Board prior to that date.
In its place, the law creates a successor board
which is to be tripartite in composition, with
an equal number of labor-management-public
participants. The President is authorized to
determine the number of Board members, and
each of his appointments is subject to Senate
confirmation. However, the new Board is given
no authority to recommend settlement of labor
disputes.
In general, no significant changes were made
in wage-stabilization functions. The new Board
is also authorized to formulate and recommend
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191
stabilization policies and regulations for promul
gation by the Economic Stabilization Adminis
trator and to advise any person affected thereby
as to the interpretation or application of those
policies and regulations. Certain employees, how
ever, are exempted from wage stabilization under
the new law. These are (1) agricultural labor;
(2) employees in small establishments with 8 or
less workers; and (3) bowling alley employees.
In addition, controls are lifted on wage increases
for workers whose earnings do not exceed $1.00
an hour.
In the first statement emanating from the WSB
since enactment of the new law, the Vice Chair
man estimated that the two important exemptions,
in terms of employees affected, would involve
more than 6 or 7 million workers. The agricul
tural exemption will apply to 3 million and the
small-business exemption to an estimated 5,250,000
workers employed by some 2 million establish
ments. In the latter instance, however, the
President has the authority to exclude any group
from the scope of the exemption, if their exemp
tion would be unstabilizing.
Under the new amendment the Salary Stabili
zation Board receives statutory status, retains
its current function, and has its jurisdiction
enlarged to cover the salaries of “ supervisors”
as defined in the Labor Management Relations
Act of 1947. The law removes from salary
controls professional engineers employed by either
industrial or engineering firms and architects
and accountants employed by firms practicing
those professions.
The President, in a statement issued the day
after he approved the act, declared that the “ new
law weakens our ability to hold down prices and
stabilize our enonomy,” and stated that, “if the
Congress has a better way of dealing with labor
disputes in defense plants, it should write its views
into law.” By destroying the existing system,
“without providing any substitute . . . the
Congress has opened a dangerous gap in the
mobilization program,” the President asserted.
Price stabilization machinery underwent con
siderable change under the 1952 amendments.
One of the principal provisions exempts from
price control all fruits and vegetables, whether
1 For discussion of the Defense Production Act Amendments of 1951, see
Monthly Labor Review, September 1951 (p. 299).
192
P R IC E R E G U L A T IO N S
fresh or processed. The Office of Price Stabiliza
tion, in a statement of interpretation, estimated
that these products account for 20 percent of the
food dollar. Another important provision pro
hibits the OPS from establishing ceilings below
minimum sales prices currently in effect under
State laws, including those for fluid milk. The
1952 legislation also extends the provisions of the
Capehart amendment to processors of farm com
modities, including milk and other dairy products,
but expressly provides that the amendment does
not apply to a seller of materials at retail or
wholesale.
Price supports are guaranteed at 90 percent of
parity on cotton, corn, wheat, peanuts, rice, and
tobacco under the new measure. Furthermore,
the Department of Agriculture is permitted to
import fats and oil, peanuts, rice, butter, and
cheese by an additional 15 percent over the
quotas set, if such action would improve interna
tional relations and trade.
Basic changes were made in the Housing and
Rent Act of 1947, as amended. Federal rent con
trols will be terminated after September 30, 1952,
except in (1) areas which are or may be classified
as critical defense housing areas; (2) incorporated
places where rent control is already in effect and
local governing bodies declare by resolution before
September 30, 1952, that Federal rent control
should continue; and (3) unincorporated localities
in defense rental areas, where an incorporated
locality which has made such a declaration con
stitutes the major portion of the area. Approxi
mately 6 million rental housing units are in areas
where rents will be decontrolled unless local
agencies take action, according to the President.
Substantial limitations in the power of the
Government to regulate consumer credit and
housing credit are made by the amendment. The
Federal Reserve Board’s authority to control
consumer credit is eliminated entirely. The new
congressional action also requires that control on
housing credit be lifted (except that a minimum
down payment up to 5 percent may be required)
if housing starts should fall below an annual rate
of 1.2 million units for 3 successive months. Since
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MONTHLY LABOR
this figure represents a boom level of activity, this
provision would, to all intents and purposes, have
the effect of ending real-estate controls.
Continuation of the Government’s authority for
allocating and establishing priorities on scarce
materials is permitted for a full year, to June 30,
1953, by the new legislation.
Proceedings under the Walsh-Healey Act are
subjected to the requirements of the Administra
tive Procedure Act. In addition, the 1952 amend
ment makes wage determinations and interpreta
tions, issued by the Secretary of Labor, subject to
judicial review.
In a statement of policy, the President is
directed to end wage and price controls as rapidly
as possible consistent with the policies and pur
poses of the 1952 amendment. Congress also
included in the new law its views respecting the
current steel controversy. It requested the Presi
dent to invoke immediately the provisions of the
LMRA in order to terminate the steel stoppage.
C eiling P rice R egu lations 146 -1 5 3 ;
S u sp en sion o f S om e P rice Controls
Office of Price Stabilization adopted eight
new ceiling price regulations during June 1952
and suspended ceilings on certain consumer soft
goods and other commodities.1 Suspension of
controls was provided for by several General
Overriding Regulations and not by a specific ceil
ing price regulation. The new price regulations
and the suspension regulations are summarized in
tabular form, with footnotes in the CPR section
of the table identifying appropriate suspension
regulations.
T he
1 Sources: Federal Registers, vol. 17, No. 109, June 4, 1952, pp. 5030 and
5032; No. 110, June 5,1952, p. 5059; No. Ill, June 6,1952, p. 5118; No. 116, June
13, 1952, p. 5364; No. 127, June 28, 1952, p. 5816; No. 123, June 24, 1952, pp.
5656, 5657, 5658, and 5660; No. 128, July 1, 1952, pp. 5856 and 5886.
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
193
P R IC E R E G U L A T IO N S
Major provisions of CPR’s adopted in June 1952
CPR
No.
Date issued
Effective
date
June
June
Commodity covered
Distribution level
Wool grease and lan
olin.
Manufacturers and
processors.
147 — do___ __ do____ Rubber chemicals__
Manufacturers___
146
148
June
3
4
June
9
9
Vegetable parchment .
paper and parchmentizing stock.
149 — do___ — do___
Southern yellow pine
lumber.
150
June 12
June 17
Small
pneumatic
compressors.
151
June 27
July
Appalachian hard
wood lumber.
152
June 30
June 30
2
153 — do___ — do___
See footnotes at end of table.
2 1 5 5 3 4 — 52------- 6
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__ _ __
_.do
__ -do
_
do---------- —
_do__ __
Western Pine, Pon- __ _-do_derosa Pine, Sugar
Pine, Idaho White
P ine, Lodgepole
P in e, E n gelm an
Spruce, I nland Red
Cedar, Incense Ce
dar, Inland Larch
and Douglas Fir,
and White Fir.
All species of soft Direct mill sales__
wood plywood
faced with any
species of hard
wood veneer.
Scope of provision
Establishes uniform dollars-and-cents ceiling
prices for sales of all grades of wool grease
and lanolin, based on an average of General
Ceiling Price Regulation ceiling prices for
each grade weighted according to 1951 pro
duction figures.
Establishes dollars-and-cents ceilings of all
sales to industrial users of specified rubber
chemicals. For sales to a class of purchasers
other than industrial users or for sales of
other rubber chemicals, the regulation re
quires application of the weighted-average
uniform increase factor— 103.4 percent to the
GCPR ceiling price.
Fixes dollars-and-cents ceilings for four basic
grades of vegetable parchment paper cover
ing about 75 percent of the industry’s total
tonnage. Provides methods for determining
ceiling for related grades.
Establishes specific dollars-and-cents ceilings
on an industry-wide f. o. b. mill basis. The
prices reflect appropriate differentials among
the various species, grades, and sizes of most
standard Southern yellow pine lumber items.
Establishes ceiling prices for new and unused
small pneumatic compressors (not for use
with condensing units) and their parts or ac
cessories when sold by the manufacturers of
the compressor unit. Prices established are
25 percent above prices in effect on June 24,
1950.
Establishes specific dollars-and-cents ceiling
prices for most standard grades and items of
dry and green rough hardwood lumber pro
duced in the Appalachian Hardwood Region
(consisting of the State of W. Va. and parts
of the States of Ga., Ky., Md., N. C., S. C.,
Tenn., and Va.).
Establishes dollars-and-cents ceiling prices for
Western Pine and associated species of lum
ber and railroad ties produced in the follow
ing 12 States: Oreg., Wash., Calif., Idaho.,
Mont., S. Dak., Wyo., Colo., Utah, Nev.,
Ariz., N. Mex.
Establishes ceiling prices for softwood plywood,
hardwood faced manufactured in the United
States west of the 105th meridian.
194
P R IC E R E G U L A T IO N S
M a jo r p ro v isio n s o f C P R ’s a d o p ted in J u n e 1 9 5 2 —Continued
CPR
No.
Date issued
Effective
date
Commodity covered
Distribution level
Scope of provision
Suspension of controls (supplementary regulations)
GOR
4i
June 23
June 23
GOR ----do___ — do___
42
GOR — do___ — do___
42
GOR — do___ — do___
7 4
GOR — do___ — do___
14 5
Sheets, pillow cases,
towels, bed
spreads, napkins,
tablecloth s, dra
peries, blankets,
cordage, twine, and
thread.
Burlap and cotton
bags; burlap and
cotton spiral tub
ing; burlap and
cotton laminated
sheets, tubes and
covers ; burlap
strips; and open
mesh bags and
yardage.
Imported and do
mestic hides and
skins.
Manufacturers___
Bulk whiskey
wine.
and
Various
Certain textile serv
ices.
do_
do_
do
1 Revision 1, Amendment 2; General Overriding Regulation (GOR) 4.
2 Revision 1, Amendment 3.
3 Revision 1, Amendment 4.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
_ _
Suspends commodities listed from price ceilings,
provided that the fiber weight of these com
modities after production, but before finish
ing, consists of 50 percent or more of cotton
and less than 25 percent of any one of either
wool, rayon, nylon, or fibers other than
cotton.
Suspends ceilings provided that the cost or
weight of commodities covered consists of 50
percent or more of jute, cotton, or paper open
meshfabric.
Suspends ceiling prices on imported and do
mestic hides and skins and the cut parts
thereof suitable for making leather whether
raw, partially cured, fully cured, or semitanned; imported and domestic leather, in
cluding finished or unfinished splits and
leather cut stock except when sold at retail
and when scrap leather is not suitable for pro
ducing cut parts.
Suspends controls applicable to sales for offpremise consumption of imported and do
mestic bulk whiskey, bulk wine, packaged
distilled spirits, and packaged wine.
Suspends from price control those services
which are performed in the course of the
manufacture or processing of any fiber, yarn,
or fabric as to which the applicable ceiling
price regulation has been suspended or ex
cepted from price control.
4 Revision 1.
4 Amendment 16.
Recent Decisions
of Interest to Labor'
Wages and Hours 2
A p p lic a tio n o f F L S A .
The first appellate decision deal
ing with the requirement that an establishment and its
sales must be “recognized” as “retail in the particular
industry” in order to qualify for the new section 13 (a) (4)
exemption provided by the Fair Labor Standards Amend
ments of 1949 was rendered by a United States Court of
Appeals.3 The company in this case operated a printing
plant and an office-supply business on the same premises.
Eighty percent of its revenue and the work of seven of its
eight employees was concerned with the printing and sale
of shipping tags, letterheads, office forms, etc. The re
mainder of the work related to office supplies purchased
for resale. The U. S. Department of Labor sued to enjoin
the company from violating the act’s minimum-wage and
overtime provisions.
On the basis of the company’s testimony that under the
“trade understanding” it was “engaged in the retail trade,”
the lower court had held that the “retail establishment”
exemption in sections 13 (a) (2) and 13 (a) (4) of the act
was applicable. The lower court also had ruled that the
company’s employees were not engaged in the production
of goods for interstate commerce since the employer had
no “direct knowledge” that its customers were shipping
goods out of the State.
On the exemption issue, the Court of Appeals reversed
the decision of the lower court and stated that before an
establishment can qualify under the retail exemption pro
visions of the act, it must be “recognized as retail . . . .
in the particular industry.” The evidence presented by
the employer, in the opinion of the appellate court, failed
to establish that element of the exemption.
On the coverage question, the Court of Appeals also
overruled the lower court, holding that if a producer knows,
“or reasonably should know,” or only “expects” that his
local customers will send his products to other States, he
is a producer for interstate commerce within the meaning
of the act. “Actual knowledge that his products will so
move” is not essential to the act’s coverage.
V io la tio n s . A United States District
Court granted 4 the Secretary of Labor a permanent in
junction restraining an employer from future violations of
the minimum-wage and record-keeping requirements of
the Fair Labor Standards Act after it had been shown
that he had continued violating the act after making
several assurances that he would comply. The employ
E n jo in in g F L S A
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er’s trucks transported goods to a railroad terminal for
shipment and delivered goods from the terminal to con
signees. An investigator of the U. S. Department of
Labor in June 1951 found that the employer failed to pay
the minimum wage and keep proper records. When this
failure was called to the employer’s attention, he made
assurances that the act would be complied with in the
future.
In October 1951, a check by the investigator disclosed
that the same violations had continued, and the employer
was again warned to comply with the act. A third check
in February 1952 revealed that the violations had con
tinued since the previous contact.
At the trial, the employer asserted that he had been
complying with the minimum-wage and record-keeping
requirements since March 1952. He assured the court
of his intention to continue to comply in the future and
sought to have the case delayed with the understanding
that, if further investigations showed compliance, no
injunction should be issued. In his objection, the Secre
tary of Labor maintained that the employer’s investiga
tion history entitled the Secretary to injunctive relief.
The court concluded that the employer’s workers were
covered by the act, and that minimum-wage and record
keeping provisions had been violated. It then granted
the permanent injunction requested by the Secretary.
“E m p lo y e e s ” W ith in
M e a n in g o f F L S A . A United States
Court of Appeals held 5 that truck drivers and woodsmen
who worked for a lumber manufacturer were employees
of that company within the meaning of the FLSA and not
independent contractors.
The company was engaged in the production and sale of
lumber. Its operations included cutting timber from
company-owned land, hauling it to the mill by truck, and
manufacturing it into lumber, a substantial part of which
was then shipped in interstate commerce. Originally, the
truck drivers who hauled the timber to the mill were con
sidered by the company to be employees. Under a plan
instituted by the company 3 years prior to the trial, the
drivers purchased trucks from the company and agreed
to be paid at a certain rate per thousand board feet for
the logs hauled. From this payment, the company de
ducted $2 per thousand board feet and applied it to the
purchase price of the truck. Four of the five drivers in
question made no down payment on the trucks, and all
1 Prepared in the U. S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor.
The eases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant
decisions believed to be of special interest. No attempt has been made to
reflect all recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of
labor law or to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in
which contrary results may be reached, based upon local statutory pro
visions, the existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts
to the issue presented.
2 This section is intended merely as a digest of some recent decisions in
volving the Pair Labor Standards Act and the Portal-to-Portal Act. It is
not to be construed and may not be relied upon as interpretation of these
acts by the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division or any agency of
the Department of Labor.
s Tobin v. Celery City Printing Co., (C. A. 5, June 5,1952).
4 Tobin v. Williams Feed and Transfer Co. (E. D. Ky. May 7, 1952).
1 Tobin v. Anthony-Williams Mfg. Co. (C. A. 8, May 6, 1952).
195
196
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
agreed to use the trucks only in connection with the com
pany’s business. The company’s foreman specified the
places where timber was to be cut and kept a close check
on the whole cutting operation. For a while the woods
men who cut the timber and prepared it for loading were
employed by the company. The plan was later changed
so that four of the drivers were required to hire their
own woodsmen and furnish their tools; the driver’s rate
of compensation was raised by an amount approximately
equal to the amount which the company formerly paid
the woodsmen. Under the new arrangement the drivers
paid the woodsmen the same amount they had previously
received from the company.
The Secretary of Labor sued to enjoin the company from
violating the overtime-compensation and record-keeping
provisions of the act. The company’s contention that the
drivers and woodsmen were not employees of the company
but were independent contractors was upheld by the lower
court which based its conclusions on the Supreme Court's
decision in U n ite d S ta te s v. S i l k .6 The Court of Appeals
agreed that the S ilk decision controlled this case but did not
agree that the holding in that case would result in a decision
that the drivers and woodsmen were independent contrac
tors. The appellate court noted that, in the S ilk case, the
Supreme Court had stated that it was impossible to extract
“a rule of thumb to define the exact limits of the employeremployee relationship” and that none of the tests cited in
that case “is controlling nor is the list complete.” Apply
ing the rule in the S ilk case, the Court of Appeals held these
workers to be employees of the company. It pointed to
the control which the company exercised over the workers
and their trucks and to the fact that the driver’s ownership
of the trucks was only nominal. The court stated that the
drivers have small chance of any large financial return and
do not incur losses and that two admitted employees of the
company also did identical work.
According to the appellate court, the same analysis
could be made of this situation as was made by the Su
preme Court in R u th erfo rd F ood C o rp . v. M c C o m b ,7 in
which it was held that the activities of persons, alleged to
be independent contractors, were regarded as a part of the
“integrated unit of production” and were, therefore, em
ployees. These drivers and woodsmen, in the court’s
opinion, were an integrated part of the company’s produc
tion set-up.
Labor Relations
“ Y e llo w -D o g ” C o n tract. The New York Supreme Court
ruled 8 on the validity of a yellow-dog contract between
the employees and principal stockholders of a corporation.
In this case, the employees alleged that the stockholder
promised them that if they would refrain from joining a
union and persuade others not to join a union, he would
bequeath them all of his stock. The stockholder, it was
alleged, made performance of his promise impossible by
selling the assets of the corporation and placing the corpora
tion in the process of ultimate liquidation. The employees
sued the stockholder for breach of contract and, alleging
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MONTHLY LABOR
that they had also been induced by the promise to work for
wages which were unreasonable, they brought action
against the corporation for unjust enrichment.
The court held the contract to be void and unenforceable.
In New York, the court stated, agreements not to join the
union as a condition of employment violate the State
penal code, are unfair labor practices under the State labor
law, and are contrary to the statutory public policy of the
State civil rights law. In the court’s opinion, agreements
of this nature are not merely voidable at the employees,
discretion, but are void.
R a ilw a y L a b o r A c t. A decision 9 of the United States
Supreme Court held that the Railway Labor Act prohibited
a union from using its position to destroy colored workers’
jobs in order to give them to white workers. The facts
showed that for a great many years certain Negro employ
ees were classified by the railroad as “train porters” but
did all the work ordinarily performed by brakemen. In
the opinion, it was brought out that the Brotherhood of
Trainmen had for many years opposed the employment
of Negroes for train, yard, and engine service. As a result
of strike threats, a 1946 agreement was made between the
railroad and the union, which in effect forced the discharge
of the porters whose jobs were then filled by white men.
Under this agreement the white men did less work and
got more pay.
The court’s opinion, delivered by Mr. Justice Black,
affirmed a decision of the Court of Appeals. Bargaining
agents authorized by the Railway Labor Act, the court
held, are prohibited under the act from using their position
and power to engage in this discrimination. The opinion
further stated that the courts can “protect those threatened
by the unlawful use of power granted by a Federal act.”
The court believed that the racial discrimination in this
situation was much the same as in S teele v. L. & N . R .
C o.10 In the S teele case, it was held that a union which
was the bargaining agent for all employees of the craft,
including Negroes, was prohibited from engaging in hostile
discrimination against colored employees. Although the
union did not purport to act as agent for the colored
porters in the case under consideration, the result—racial
discrimination—was the same.
The dissenting opinion, delivered by Mr. Justice Minton,
believed that the S teele decision was not controlling. In
that case, Steele was a fireman, a class of employees which
the union was supposed to represent without hostility.
Steele could not become a member of that union because
of his race. The dissenting opinion pointed out that in
the present case the union is not the representative of
train porters, but of brakemen, and that the train porters
had a bargaining representative of their own. Therefore,
Mr. Justice Minton reasoned, the brakemen’s union and
« 331 U. S. 704.
7 331 U. S. 722.
9 Corcoran v. John F. Trommer, Inc. (N. Y. Sup. Ct.; Sp. Term N. Y.
Co., May 19, 1952).
9
Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen v. Howard and St. L. - S. F. Ry. Co.
(U. S. Sup. Ct., June 9, 1952).
i» 323 U. S. 192.
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
the carrier were under no obligation to refrain from making
the agreement which discriminated against the porters
because of their race.
R e fu sa l to B a r g a in —C o n te m p t. An employer was held 11
guilty of contempt of court for disobeying its decree to
enforce a NLRB order to bargain with a union. The court
had directed the company and its officers to bargain collec
tively upon request from the union. When the union sub
sequently requested a conference to negotiate a collective
bargaining agreement covering wages, hours, and working
conditions, the employer finally met with union officials
after extended delays. Nothing was accomplished at the
meeting because the employer took the position that his
financial condition made modification of the working con
ditions impossible. The court noted that this attitude of
the employer was originally held to be an unjustifiable
reason for his refusal to bargain. It indicated that the
duty to bargain in good faith under the Labor Management
Relations (Taft-Hartley) Act is not satisfied by merely
meeting with union representatives and informing them
that the employer cannot or will not change his position.
E x c lu sive J u r is d ic tio n o f N L R B .
A United States Dis
trict Court enjoined 12 the enforcement of an injunction
issued by a State court in an unfair-labor-practice case.
Alleging that certain picketing of stores which handled the
employer’s products violated section 8 (b) (4) (A) of the
LMRA, an employer filed an unfair-labor-practice charge
with the NLRB. The NLRB found reasonable cause to
believe that an unfair labor practice had occurred and
asked the Federal court to issue a preliminary injunction
against the union prohibiting the illegal conduct until a
final determination of the matter by the Board. At about
the same time that the employer filed his charges with the
NLRB, he also asked a State court to enjoin the picketing.
After finding that the picketing was contrary to the public
policy of California, the State court did issue the injunction.
The Federal court, in the instant case, found that there
was reason to believe that the union picketing had violated
the LMRA and that the act vests the NLRB and the
Federal court with exclusive jurisdiction to determine how
much of this picketing shall be prohibited by injunction.
The union activities were, the court held, in a field covered
by the act and closed to State regulation. The State
court was, therefore, “without jurisdiction” to restrain the
picketing, and its action invaded the exclusive Federal
field and “infringes upon the exclusive jurisdiction of the
Board and of this court.”
S ta te m e n ts b y E m p lo y e r. A United States
Court of Appeals, in reviewing an order of the NLRB,
considered the applicability of the LMRA to anti-union
statements made by an employer prior to a representation
election.13
The company operated several retail stores. In 1949,
the NLRB conducted an election at two of the stores to
determine which union, if any, the employees wished to
represent them as collective-bargaining representative.
A n ti- U n io n
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197
A run-off election resulted in a vote for no union. During
the period prior to the election, the company maintained a
policy of forbidding all solicitation by union organizers in
its stores, either during the employees’ working time or
when they were off duty. Organizers who entered the
stores were asked to leave as soon as they were detected.
Shortly before the election, the company notified the
employees in one of the stores that an employees’ meeting
would be held in the establishment. It was not found
that attendance was compulsory. At the meeting, the
president of the company strongly urged the employees to
vote against the union in the election. The employees
were also told in other speeches by the president and
supervisors that increases in wages, which the employer
gave periodically, would come “after the affair with the
union was over with” and that, if the union was voted in,
the system of lay-offs and promotions, then based on
merit, would have to be based on seniority. The NLRB
found these statements to contain promises of benefit
and threats of reprisal and constituted an unfair labor
practice. A request by the union for an opportunity to
address the employees was not answered by the company.
The court held that the statements concerning the
periodic wage increases went no further than to indicate
that increases in pay would follow the ordinary practice of
the employer, and fell short of promising benefits to
employees if they voted against the union. The court
felt that to forbid such communications would prohibit
all discussions between the parties on the subject of
unionization. The other statements, the court believed,
could not be interpreted as threats of reprisal since there
was no reason to believe that the employees preferred
a promotion and lay-off system based on merit rather
than seniority.
The court noted that normally an employer cannot
forbid union solicitation on company property during
nonworking time, but that the NLRB has allowed retail
stores the privilege of prohibiting solicitation within
selling areas. Since the company chose to exercise this
privilege, it was, in the court’s opinion, “required to
abstain from campaigning against the union on the same
premises to which the union was denied access.” The
court held, however, that the Board’s cease-and-desist
order prohibiting the company from making anti-union
speeches was too broad and far-reaching.
Unemployment Compensation
D is m is s a l P a y . A California Superior Court held 14 that
a newspaper employee, who was discharged when his
employer went out of business, was ineligible for unem
ployment compensation for the days for which he received
11 N L R B v. Putnam Mills (O. A. 2, May 29, 1952).
12 NLRB v. Capital Service, Inc. (D. C., S. D. Calif. June 2,1952).
n Bonwit Teller Inc. v. N L R B (C. A. 2, June 17, 1952).
14 Shand v. California Employment Security Commission (Calif. Super.
Ct. San Francisco Co., Apr. 22,1952).
198
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
payments for accumulated vacation rights. The court
reasoned that the employer might have continued him
on the payroll for a vacation period prior to discharging
him. It held, however, that the claimant was not ineli
gible for compensation for a further period based on the
number of weeks’ salary which he received as a lump
sum dismissal payment in accordance with a collective
bargaining agreement. The agreement showed that the
parties intended the dismissal payment to be a bonus or
additional payment for past services or a settlement for
loss of other contract rights, rather than a payment of
wages for future weeks. Neither party had any option
as to the time for making the dismissal payment, which
was due only upon termination of the employment and
would not have been forfeited by the employee if he had
been rehired in a short time.
Labor Dispute Disqualification. A Michigan Circuit Court
held 15 that claimants who had been laid off prior to a
labor dispute, because of a shortage of materials in their
department, were not unemployed due to the labor dis
pute. The court further held that the burden of proof
that claimants would have been employed but for the dis
pute is on the employer, who is the only one with knowledge
of the facts.
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Quit or Discharge. (1) Affirming the decision of the Board
of Review, an Illinois Circuit Court held 16 that a nurse,
who had notified her employer in January that she in
tended to quit April 1 because of pregnancy, was not dis
qualified (for voluntarily leaving work) for benefits when
her employment was terminated on February 15 by the
employer in order to hire a replacement. The court also
affirmed the Board’s finding that she was available for
work until April 1, since that date was not within the 13week period (preceding childbirth) during which the statute
presumes a woman is unavailable for work.
(2) An Ohio Court of Appeals held 17 that a claimant, who,
in accordance with the applicable collective-bargaining
agreement, was separated because of absence from work
without excuse for 10 working days in a 6-month period,
did not voluntarily leave his work. The court stated
that, although claimant voluntarily stayed away from
work on successive Saturdays, the termination of his em
ployment was a disciplinary action by the employer,
which, while justified, did not disqualify him for benefits.
15 Lloyd Manufacturing Co. v. Appeal Board of Michigan Employment
Security Commission (Cir. Ct. Menominee Co. Mich., May 5, 1952).
18Allison v. Board of Review of State Department of Labor (111. Cir. Ct.,
Kankakee Co., Apr. 25, 1952).
n Knowles v. Roberts (Ohio Ct. of App., Huron Co., Apr. 26,1952).
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
an hour and, in effect, canceled the wage-escalator clause
in their agreement. The dispute arose over the company’s
request for a reduction in wage rates in order to restore its
competitive position in the industry. (Source: Labor
Relations Reporter, vol. 30, No. 18, July 2, 1952, LA,
p. 631.)
June 19
June 14, 1952
T he Administrator of the U . S. Department of Labor’s
Wage and Hour Division announced higher minimum
wage rates, effective July 14, 1952, in Puerto Rico for the
chemical, petroleum, and related products industries,
under provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act. New
hourly rates will be 75 cents for the fertilizer and the
hormones, antibiotics, and related products divisions and
51 cents for the general division. (Source: U. S. Depart
ment of Labor release, June 14, 1952.)
On June 18, the Administrator ordered, effective
July 21, 1952, a minimum hourly wage rate of 33 cents
(formerly 18 to 27 cents) for the hand-hooked rug division
of the hooked rug industry in Puerto Rico, but continued
the 40-cent minimum for the machine-hooked division.
(Source: Federal Register, vol. 17, No. 122, June 21,
1952, p. 5610.)
On July 12, the Administrator ordered higher minimum
wage rates, effective August 11, 1952, for certain industries
in Puerto Rico. The new hourly rates for the various
industries are: 50 cents for the construction industry; 55
cents for the motion-picture industry; 65 cents for the
business service and miscellaneous industries; and for the
lumber and wood products industry, 38 cents in the furni
ture, woodenware, and miscellaneous products division and
42 cents in the lumber and millwork division. (Source:
Federal Register, vol. 17, No. 136, July 12, 1952, pp.
6245-6246.)
June 17
T he N a tio na l L abor R e l a tio n s B oard dismissed the
petition of the Bakery and Confectionery Workers Inter
national Union (AFL), Continental Baking Division, for
a Nation-wide bargaining unit of all inside employees now
represented by its locals in Continental plants. The Board
found that such a unit was inappropriate because of (1) the
long history of collective bargaining on a local area, multi
employer basis; (2) the local autonomy of the branch
plants; and (3) the local nature of the baking business.
(Source: Labor Relations Reporter, vol. 30, No. 15,
June 23, 1952, LRRM, p. 1119.)
T he N e w Y ork H otel T r a d e s C o u n cil (AFL), repre
senting 10 unions, and the Hotel Association of New York
City announced a new agreement covering 36,000 workers
in 187 hotels, and providing the industry’s first collectively
bargained pension plan to be financed by employer con
tributions. (Source: AFL News-Reporter, June 25, 1952;
and New York Times, June 20, 1952.)
June 21
T h e S ec reta r y op L a bo r , under provisions of the Fair
Labor Standards Act, announced Hazardous Occupations
Order No. 11, effective July 21, 1952, prohibiting employ
ment of minors under the age of 18 in specified occupations
involved in the operation of power-driven bakery machines.
(Source: U. S. Department of Labor release, June 21, 1952.)
June 24
T he U n it e d A u tom o bile W orkers (CIO) and the KaiserFrazer Corp. announced extension of the company-financed
health insurance plan to cover retired employees and their
dependents—the first such contract provision in the auto
mobile industry. (Source: CIO News, July 7, 1952; and
Labor Press Associated, June 25, 1952.)
June 25
T he A malgamated M e a t C u t t e r s a n d B utch er W ork
(A F L ), at their convention, authorized an organizing
m en
drive directed at members of the United Packinghouse
Workers (CIO). This action ended a 2-year agreement
between the unions designed to forestall membership
“raids.” (Source: New York Times, June 26, 1952.)
June 26
T he U. S. D istrict C ourt in Chicago ordered reinstate
ment of David L. Behncke as president of the Air Line
Pilots Association (AFL) in ruling on: (1) his suit against
the union’s board of directors, based on his contention
that it had exceeded its constitutional authority in voting
to remove him from office (see Chron. item for July 17,
1951, MLR, Sept. 1951); and (2) a counter-suit brought by
the board of directors. (Source: New York Times, June
27, 1952; and AFL News-Reporter, July 18, 1952.)
June 27
June 18
of D e f e n s e M obilizatio n issued Defense
Manpower Policy No. 6, designed to insure adequate sup
plies of agricultural manpower. (Source: ODM release,
June 27, 1952.)
T he O ffic e
T he arbitration award in a dispute between the Bates
Manufacturing Co. and the Textile Workers’ Union of
America (CIO) required a wage cut averaging 7.7 cents
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CHORONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS
200
into effect, bringing to 13 the number of States having
such laws. (Source: New York Times, July 1, 1952.)
June 30
T he P r e sid e n t approved the Defense Production Act
Amendments of 1952, extending (with certain exceptions)
wage and price controls to April 30, 1953, Federal rent
controls to September 30, 1952, and the authority to grant
priorities and allocations of scarce materials to June 30,
1953 (see Chron. item for July 31, 1951, MLR, Sept.
1951). The Act creates a new Wage Stabilization Board
as of July 30, 1952, with no authority to recommend
settlement of labor disputes. It also requests the Presi
dent to invoke terms of the Labor Management Relations
(Taft-Hartley) Act of 1947 in order to terminate the
strike in the steel industry (see Chron. item for June 2,
1952, MLR, July 1952). (Source: Public Law 429, 82d
Cong., 2d Session, approved June 30, 1952; for discussion,
see p. 191 of this issue.)
T he
A cting
D irector
of
D efen se
M obilization
released the report of the ODM Labor-Management Man
power Policy Committee (see Chron. item for May 3,
1951, MLR, June 1951), recommending a set of principles
designed to meet the country’s current manpower needs
on a voluntary basis. (Source: ODM release No. 122,
June 30, 1952.)
T he NLRB, in a case involving the D. M. Bare Paper Co.
(Roaring Spring, Pa.) and United Paperworkers of America
(CIO), ruled that it would not conduct a union-shop
de-authorization election where the union-shop agreement
was illegal. In this case, the local union had not complied
with requirements of the LMRA for filing non-Communist
affidavits and financial data. (Source: Labor Relations
Reporter, vol. 30, No. 19, July 7, 1952, LRRM, p. 1163.)
July 1
T he New Jersey statute which, with certain restrictions,
requires equal pay for equal work (Assembly 118) went
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July 3
T he WSB announced that all existing General Wage
Regulations except No. 11 would continue in effect through
April 30, 1953, unless altered by the new Board. GWR 11
applies to farm labor (see Chron. item for May 15, 1951,
MLR, July 1951), and it was voided by Presidential
approval of the 1952 amendments to the Defense Produc
tion Act (see preceding Chron. item for June 30, 1952).
(Source: WSB release 253, July 3, 1952.)
July 6
T he NLRB, in a case remanded to it by the U. S. Court of
Appeals at Chicago, ruled that a group of 35 wholesale
liquor companies in Chicago had violated the LMRA by
locking out their salesmen (members of the Distillery
Workers’ Union, AFL) in order to force them to accept the
employers’ terms in collective bargaining. The Board
pointed out that, when a genuine deadlock results after
bargaining in good faith, the employer may legally put into
effect terms offered to employees’ representative. (Source:
NLRB release R-403, July 6, 1952.)
July 8
T h e U n it e d A utom o bile W orkers (CIO) accepted the
proposal of North American Aviation, Inc., for binding
arbitration of their wage dispute, involving about 25,000
workers at 4 plants, after having postponed a strike in
response to the Government’s plea to continue production
of F-86 Sabre Jet fighter planes, of which the company is
sole manufacturer. (Source: New York Times, June 25
and July 9, 1952; and CIO News, July 14, 1952.)
Developments in
Industrial Relations
A second Nation-wide strike in the basic steel
industry since April occurred early in June 1952,
immediately after the United States Supreme
Court ruled against the Government’s seizure of
the steel industry. The strike was still unsettled
at the end of the month. [E ditor’s note .—
Agreement was reached between six major steel
companies and the United Steelworkers of America
(CIO) in late July. For more detailed informa
tion on this settlement, see The Labor Month in
Review, p. I ll of this issue.]
Basic Steel Strike
The United States Supreme Court, in a 6 to 3
decision on June 2, held that the President had
exceeded his constitutional authority and usurped
the legislative powers reserved to Congress by
ordering seizure of the steel industry. The ruling
was immediately followed by the termination of
the Government’s custody of steel properties and
by a national strike of over half a million members
of the United Steelworkers of America (CIO).
Approximately 30,000 iron-ore miners in the
Mesabi Range, Minnesota, and other sections of
the country also walked out in sympathy. The
miners, who are members of the Steelworkers,
were not officially ordered to strike.
The union proposed immediate renewal of con
tract negotiations based upon settlement terms
recommended by the Wage Stabilization Board in
March. Six of the largest steel firms in a joint
reply expressed willingness to bargain on a “give
and take” basis.
The general stoppage was the second since con
tracts with the industry expired December 31,
1951. The first began on April 29 when U. S.
District Court Judge David A. Pine ruled that the
President’s seizure of the steel mills on April 8
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
was illegal. It ended 3 days later in response to
the President’s appeal after the U. S. Court of
Appeals for the District of Columbia had restored
Federal control of the mills, pending a decision
by the U. S. Supreme Court.2
Bargaining meetings which began at the White
House on June 5 under the direction of John R.
Steelman, Acting Director of Defense Mobiliza
tion, were called off on June 9. Disagreement
existed as to the basic cause for the new break
down in negotiations. An industry spokesman
stated that the sole unresolved issue was the
union’s demand for the union shop. The union
declared, however, that the failure to agree was
due to the inadequacy of the industry’s offer on
wages, fringe benefits, union security, and other
contract issues.
The companies’ last proposal included the fol
lowing: a general wage increase, retroactive to
April 1, 1952, which they claimed averaged 16
cents an hour (the union, however, claimed it
averaged 13.3 cents); 3 weeks’ vacation after 15
years of service, effective January 1, 1952; no
change in existing union-security provisions; 6
paid holidays, double time for holidays worked,
with appropriate eligibility provisions, increased
shift differentials to 6 cents an hour for the second
shift and 9 cents for the third shift—all effective
upon signing of a new agreement and return to
work; and a 5-cent reduction in southern differ
entials involving 2 companies.
The President requested Congress on June 10,
to enact legislation authorizing him to seize and
operate the struck steel mills and to provide fair
and just compensation to steel workers and man
agement pending settlement of the dispute. As
an alternative, he suggested that Congress author
ize and direct him to seek an injunction under the
Taft-Hartley Act but without complying with the
preliminary procedures providing for appointment
of a board of inquiry and preparation of a fact
finding report. However, he specifically recom
mended against resort to the Taft-Hartley Act,
stating it would be “unwise, unfair, and quite
possibly ineffective.”
Congress, however, on June 28 and contrary
to the President’s proposal, adopted an amend
ment to the Defense Production A c t3 requesting
• Prepared in the Bureau’s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations.
2 See Monthly Labor Review, June 1952 (p. 696); July 1952 (pp. 60 and 66).
3 For wage provisions of the amended DPA, see p. 191 of this issue.
201
202
IN D U S T R IA L R E L A T IO N S
him to seek an injunction under the Taft-Hartley
law.
Meanwhile, the differences hampering a final
settlement of the strike remained unresolved.
Philip Murray, president of the Steelworkers,
again denied the industry’s contention that the
union shop was the sole issue blocking a final
agreement. He asserted that “absolute disagree
ment” also existed on three other key issues.
These involved the companies’ proposals for
(1) revision of the management-rights clause;
(2) certain changes in seniority provisions; and
(3) increased authority to established incentive
wage rates. In contrast to a previous statement
on the major issues involved, he did not emphasize
the wage aspects of the controversey. Never
theless, the union’s executive board and the wage
policy committee which met on June 13 declared
that they would “never surrender” their efforts to
achieve a contract based on the terms of settle
ment recommended by WSB. Company and
union officials met briefly on June 20 in an effort to
resume direct negotiations, but the conferences
were unsuccessful.
Subsequently, Bethlehem Steel Co. and the
union were reported to have reached a tentative
agreement, including resolution of the union-shop
issue. But it was alleged that final settlement
was rejected by other major steel firms operating
under an arrangement providing for a settlement
of the strike only on terms satisfactory to all of
the companies. A similar tentative agreeement
reached with Republic Steel Co. was also reported
to have been rejected.
The continuation of the industry-wide shut-down
brought increasing reports of production problems
in other industries, affecting both the defense pro
gram and the civilian economy. Several manufac
turers of munitions, military trucks, and automo
biles announced imminent curtailment of produc
tion should the strike continue. Government
officials conferred with union and steel representa
tives on a plan that would permit partial resump
tion in designated plants of high-alloy steel
production urgently required for top-priority
defense items.
An important settlement occurred on June 27
when the United Steelworkers (CIO) and the
Pittsburgh Steel Co. reached an interim agreement
on a contract covering some 10,000 workers.
I t provided an hourly wage increase of 12% cents,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
retroactive to April 1, 1952; 6 paid holidays; 3
weeks’ vacation after 15 years of service; and
increased shift differentials. The union-security
arrangement requires new employees to apply for
membership at the time of hiring, but permits
cancellation of the application between the
twentieth and thirtieth day of work; present
nonunion employees are exempted from this re
quirement. The settlement terms, except for
union security, were made subject to revision in
order to conform with subsequent agreements
between the union and major steel producers.
After the announcement of this settlement,
a union spokesman reported that some 48,000
steelworkers who struck June 2 were covered by
new contracts. At the end of the month, however,
there was no- indication that a settlement with
major steel producers was imminent.
Plants of Armco Steel Gorp. and Weirton Steel
Go., which were not affected by the strike, signed
agreements with independent unions during the
month. About 11,000 employees in 5 plants of
Armco Steel Corp. are covered by 2-year contracts
providing an average hourly wage increase of 16
cents, retroactive to April 1; straight-time pay for
6 holidays not worked; double time for holidays
worked; and increased shift differentials. The
contracts may be reopened for wage negotiations
within 1 year. The Weirton Steel Co. and the
Independent Steelworkers Union, representing
about 11,000 of the company’s employees, agreed
upon provisions similar to those covered in the
Armco contracts.
Other Strike Activity
Strikes in the construction and lumber industry
ended during the month. Threatened strikes in
the shipbuilding industry on the East Coast and
in the aircraft industry were postponed.
Construction. An agreement reached on June 5
between AFL carpenters in 42 northern and cen
tral Oalifornia counties ended a strike which began
in mid-May and idled approximately 50,000
workers. It provided for a general hourly wage
increase of 15 cents, retroactive to May 12; an
additional 6-cent hourly increase to adjust wage
rates to the San Francisco Bay Area level,4
4 See July 1952 issue of Monthly Labor Review (p. 66).
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
IN D U S T R IA L R E L A T IO N S
effective February 23, 1953; and employer con
tributions of 7){ cents an hour to a health and
welfare fund, effective March 1, 1953.5 The AGC
and other AFL building-trades unions—Laborers,
Operating Engineers, and Teamsters—also agreed
upon similar adjustments affecting approximately
47,000 workers in California.
Lumber. Most of the 40,000 lumber workers who
struck late in April in 5 northwestern States had
returned to work by early June.4 Major contract
benefits reported by the International Wood
workers of America (CIO) included a general
hourly wage increase of 7% cents; improved
vacation and holiday benefits, and increased night
shift differentials. The union failed in a major
demand for revision of the financing arrangements
of its health and welfare fund.
Textiles. A strike called on June 2 by the Textile
Workers Union of America (CIO) idled approxi
mately 11,000 workers employed by four carpet
and rug firms—Alexander Smith (Yonkers, N. Y.),
Bigelow-Sanford and Mohawk (Amsterdam, N.
Y.), and Roxbury (Saxonville, Mass.). About
500 additional workers struck at the A & M
Karagheusian Co. (Roselle Park, N. J.) a day
later.6 The walkouts occurred after the union’s
key demands for a 25-cent hourly wage increase
and improved vacation, holiday, and insurance
benefits were rejected by the companies. The
companies offered a 5-cent increase contingent
upon the union’s acceptance of six contract
changes.
Shipbuilding. Strikes by about 40,000 East
Coast shipyard workers that were scheduled for
June 13 at the Bethlehem Steel Co. and June 14
at the Todd Shipyard Corp. were postponed by
the Marine and Shipbuilding Workers (CIO).
The union warned, however, that the extension of
the strike deadlines would not be “ prolonged.”
The postponement is the latest action since
negotiations began with Bethlehem in December
1951 and with Todd in March 1952.7
Aircraft. In compliance with a request by the
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, a
strike scheduled for June 26 by some 25,000
employees of the North American Aviation Co.,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
203
California and Ohio, was postponed. The com
pany is the sole producer of top-priority F-86
Sabre Jet fighter planes. The United Automobile
Workers (CIO) requested an hourly wage increase
of 28 cents plus other benefits; the company
offered a 5-cent hourly increase.
Major Negotiations and Arbitration
An agreement involving a large number of
New York City construction workers was nego
tiated, and a wage reduction for cotton-textile
workers was imposed by arbitration.
Construction. In New York City approximately
100.000 building-trades workers in 17 crafts
received an average hourly wage increase of 15
cents,5 effective August 1, under the terms of a
master agreement reached between the Building
Trades Employees Association and the Building
and Construction Trades Council (AFL). The
present 3-year contract expires June 30, 1953.8
To offset the increased wage costs, the union
voluntarily pledged “ to increase production and
reduce costs by maintaining maximum man-hour
output and use all machinery, tools, appliances, or
methods which may be practical. . . .”
Textiles. An hourly wage reduction of 7.7 cents
under the terms of a 2 to 1 decision by an arbitra
tion board (the Textile Workers Union (CIO)
member dissenting) will be given to approximately
7.000 cotton textile workers employed in five
Maine and two California plants of the Bates
Manufacturing Co. The company had proposed
a wage cut of 30 cents an hour. The board major
ity stated: “The dominant consideration for award
ing a reduction was the demonstrated necessity of
some wage adjustment in order for the company to
become more competitive and to relieve the em
ployment situation.” The award is binding under
the terms of a 2-year contract which expires in
March 1953.
5 WSB regulations provide for increases in wages and certain fringe benefits
totaling up to 15 cents an hour, in addition to a 10-percent adjustment in area
rates prevailing on June 24,1950; and for employer contributions of no more
than "Vi cents an hour to health and welfare funds. See May 1952 issue of
Monthly Labor Review (p. 563).
6 See May 1952 issue of Monthly Labor Review (p. 570).
7 See Monthly Labor Review, February 1952 (p. 193); June 1952 (p. 696).
8 See August 1950 issue of Monthly Labor Review (p. 242).
204
IN D U S T R IA L R E L A T IO N S
In an effort to guard against a possible pattern
setting effect of the decision, delegates representing
northern cotton and rayon workers of the TWUA,
at a special meeting June 22, voted unanimously
to resist extension of the wage cut to other northern
mills and to arbitrate proposals for wage decreases
on an individual mill basis. About 60,000 New
England textile workers are directly affected by
arbitration proceedings inaugurated under the
provisions of contracts with the union.
Maritime. Wage disputes between East and Gulf
Coast ship operators and three CIO affiliates—
National Maritime Union, Marine Engineers’
Beneficial Association, and American Radio Asso
ciation—will be decided by an arbitrator. Secre
tary of Labor Maurice J. Tobin selected Aaron
Horvitz, arbitration specialist and labor relations
attorney, pursuant to an agreement by the parties.
Arbitration proceedings were agreed upon after
the companies rejected proposals by the NMU 4
for a 15-percent hourly increase in base pay (also
proposed by the MEBA); wage adjustments in
certain key job classifications; and a $50 monthly
increase for chief stewards on freighters. The
ARA requested a base pay increase of 25 percent.
The companies also refused to accept the Mas
ters, Mates and Pilots (AFL) demands for a 15percent increase in base pay and overtime rates
and an additional 15 cents a day in employer
contributions to a welfare and pension fund.9
Negotiations began June 10 under a wage-review
clause of a contract expiring September 30, 1953.
Hotels. The New York Hotel Trades Council
(composed of 10 AFL unions) and the Hotel Asso
ciation of New York City (representing 187 hotels)
announced on June 19 that they had agreed upon
the first hotel pension plan to be established
through collective bargaining. It covers about
36,000 workers and provides for employer pay
ments of 2 percent of weekly payrolls, retroactive
to June 1. Details of the plan, including retire
ment age, amount of pensions, and eligibility
requirement, will be developed by a joint board
of trustees after completion of actuarial studies.
In addition to the pension plan, which was
• See January 1952 issue of Monthly Labor Review (p. 68) and April 1952
issue (p. 435).
10 See June 1952 issue of Monthly Labor Review (p. 696).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
negotiated under a reopening clause of a contract
expiring in June 1954, the parties agreed to increase
vacation and holiday benefits.
Farm Machinery. Extension of new contract
negotiations for 60 days between the International
Harvester Co. and the Farm Equipment Division
of the United Electrical, Radio and Machine
Workers (Ind.) was made in order to permit
union consideration of a company offer of a
4-cent hourly wage increase in each of the next
3 years. The union had requested a 15-cent
hourly wage increase, a 35-hour workweek at 40
hours’ pay, and a guaranteed annual wage. The
present contract covering approximately 27,000
production workers in 10 plants, expires on
June 30.
Electrical Products. Agreement on cost-of-living
wage increases ranging from 1 to 2^ cents an
hour for about 5,500 workers in 19 plants through
out the country was reached between the Westinghouse Electric Corp. and the International
Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (AFL) on
June 12. The increases are retroactive to May 1
and are intended to offset advances in living costs
since September 1951. Salaried workers were
granted monthly increases ranging from $1.75 to
$4.35, and supervisory employees received a similar
adjustment or 1 percent, whichever was greater.
Several days later, the Federation of Westinghouse
Independent Salaried Unions accepted the same
increases for some 13,000 salaried employees.
The company’s wage offer, made late in April,10
stipulated a June 16 deadline for acceptance.
The two unions with the largest number of
Westinghouse members—International Union of
Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers (CIO)
and the United Electrical, Radio and Machine
Workers (Ind.)—had not accepted the offer at
the end of June.
Brief “ demonstration” stoppages of approxi
mately 70,000 General Electric Co. workers were
staged on June 5 in an effort to bolster pay
demands of the IUE (CIO). The stoppages were
in protest against a 1.3-percent wage offer, which
the company claimed was the maximum permitted
under WSB regulations. The union is seeking
incentive rate increases of approximately 10 cents
an hour.
Publications
of Labor Interest
E ditor’s N ote.—Correspondence regarding publications to which ref
erence is made in this list should be addressed to the respective publishing
agencies mentioned. Data on prices, if readily available, are shown with
the title entries.
Listing of a publication in this section is for record and reference only and
does not constitute an endorsement of point of view or advocacy of use.
Special Review
Production Control. By Paul D. O’Donnell. New York,
Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1952. 304 pp., bibliography, dia
grams, forms. $6.35.
Most manufacturing plants today are faced with prob
lems the complexities of which far exceed those of only a
decade ago. New processes and new products are being
utilized by manufacturers in competing with others for
the same markets, and customers are becoming more de
manding—asking for better quality at lower prices.
Manufacturers are more cost-conscious today than ever
before. Manpower is too expensive to use on tasks that
can be better performed by machines. In the past, a
manufacturer would weigh the cost of new machinery
against the cost of hand labor, and in many instances
would find he was not justified in making large capital
expenditures. There has been a complete reversal in his
thinking, now that capital is cheaper than labor.
Productivity, in terms of man-hours expended per unit
of product, is industry’s key word. The cost-conscious
factory superintendent strives not only for greater produc
tion but also for increased productivity. In most cases,
this means substituting machines for muscles and strict
control for haphazard conditions. Production control is
the key to orderly mass output. Professor O’Donnell
states: “Production control is the directing of the manu
facturing from the time the raw material is ready to enter
the production process until it becomes a finished product.
Production control includes the control of the raw-mate
rial inventory, the routing, the scheduling, the dispatching,
and the follow-up of the product.”
In its broadest meaning, production control involves not
only the planning of an orderly series of manufacturing
operations, but also coping with such problems as plant
lay-out, materials handling, and even product designing.
Most of the topics discussed by the author are illustrated
by case histories. The book is well adapted to aiding
those who are interested in the various facets of industrial
management and their interrelationships. Two of the
major topics covered, in addition to the usual ones treated
under production control, are statistical quality control
and cost control.
—T homas G. Gentel.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Absenteeism
The Executive and Health: Transactions of Sixteenth Annual
Meeting, Industrial Hygiene Foundation of America,
Inc., November 15, 1951. Pittsburgh, Pa., Industrial
Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc., 1952. 91 pp.
(Transactions Bull. 19.) $1.
One of the papers deals with absenteeism reduction and
other benefits from a medical program in a smaller plant;
another deals with sickness absenteeism among the Foun
dation’s member companies.
The Collection and Utilization of Data on Lost-Time Mor
bidity in Industry, [Canada]. By W. H. H. Bishop
and others. (In Industrial Health Review, Depart
ment of National Health and Welfare, Ottawa, De
cember 1951, pp. 15-24.)
The authors describe and illustrate record cards which
have been devised for assembling data on sickness absen
teeism, explain their use, and give uniform definitions of
terms.
Cost of Living and Prices
A Short Description of the Consumers’ Price Index. Wash
ington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1952. 8 pp. Free.
Ending Price-Wage Controls. A statement by the Program
Committee of the Committee for Economic Develop
ment. New York, Committee for Economic Develop
ment, 1952. 15 pp.
The New Cost of Living Indices, ['Sudan], (Based on the 1950
Budget Inquiry).
[Khartoum,
Department of
Economics and Trade, 1952.] 28 pp.
Employment Phases
The Economics of Full Employment: An Analysis of the
U. N. Report on National and International Measures
For Full Employment. By Wilhelm Ropke. New
York, American Enterprise Association, Inc., 1952.
34 pp. (“National Economic Problems,” 444.) 50
cents.
Presents the “fallacies and inevitable consequences”
of the doctrine of full employment and of its adoption as a
policy by the United Nations.
Employment Outlook in the Merchant Marine. Washington,
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics, 1952. 38 pp., charts, illus. (Bull. 1054.)
30 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Employment Outlook for Earth Scientists. Washington,
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statis
tics, 1952. 38 pp., charts, illus. (Bull. 1050.) 30
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Changes in Unemployment and Other Labor Force Charac
teristics for Puerto Rico, 1947 to 1951. San Juan, P. R.,
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1952. 13 pp.; processed. (Special Report on the
Labor Force, 2.)
205
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
206
Industrial Health and Safety
Chicago, May 1952, pp. 229-242, illus.
75 cents.)
E x h a u st V e n tila tio n f o r M a c h in e T ools U se d on M a te r ia ls
o f H ig h T o x ic ity . By H. F. Schulte, E. C. Hyatt,
F. S. Smith, Jr. ( I n A. M. A. Archives of Industrial
Hygiene and Occupational Medicine, Chicago, Jan
uary 1952, pp. 21-29, illus. $1.)
Deals with types of machine enclosure and related
control measures in protection of atomic-energy-plant
workers against highly poisonous metal dusts and fumes,
and against radioactivity.
I n d u s tr ia l V e n tila tio n — A M a n u a l o f R eco m m en d ed P r a c
tice. Lansing, Mich., Committee on Industrial Ven
tilation, American Conference of Governmental In
dustrial Hygienists, 1952. Variously paged, map,
diagrams, illus. Rev. ed.
S o m e P r a c tic a l A s p e c ts o f C o a l-M in e V e n tila tio n —H a n d
book. By R. T. Artz. Washington, U. S. Depart
ment of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1951. 45 pp.,
diagrams, illus. 55 cents, Superintendent of Docu
ments, Washington.
S tu d ie s on the T o x ic ity a n d S k in E ffects o f C o m p o u n d s U sed
i n the R u b b er a n d P la s tic s I n d u s tr ie s . By F. S.
Mallette and E. Von Haam, M. D. ( I n A. M. A.
Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational
Medicine, Chicago, April 1952, pp. 311-317. $1.)
T o x ic ity : A
S u m m a r y o f T en
Y e a r s ’ E x p e rien ce .
By Burton B. Bergman, M. D. ( I n A. M. A. Archives
of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine,
Chicago, January 1952, pp. 10-20. $1.)
Reviews a Federal arsenal’s experience over defense
periods with the explosive tetryl, gives incidence of expo
sure and treatment, and describes protective program.
P r e v ie w in g N e w C o n stru c tio n : A T ech n iqu e f o r the C on trol of
H ea lth a n d S a f e ty H a z a r d s . By Leonard Greenburg,
M. D. ( I n Monthly Review, State Department of
Labor, New York, April 1952, pp. 13-16.)
Deals with mandatory requirement in one State for
advance approval of plans for factories and for ventilation
systems designed to control industrial health hazards.
Olympia, Wash.,
State Department of Labor and Industries, Division
of Safety, [1951?]. 164 pp., illus.
S a fe ty S ta n d a r d s f o r C o n stru c tio n W o rk .
S a fe ty T re n d s in the P u l p a n d P a p e r I n d u s tr y . By Harold
R. Alley. ( I n National Safety News, Chicago, April
1952, pp. 28, 29, 84-89, chart, illus.
75 cents.)
By Charles I.
Barron, M. D., and Fenn E. Poole, M. D. ( I n
American Journal of Public Health and the Nation’s
Health, New York, June 1952, pp. 705-710; charts.
I n d u s tr ia l N o is e : I t s E ffect a n d C on trol.
$
1.)
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o f C oal D u s t by P e r m is s ib le E x p lo sive s. By
Irving Hartmann and others. Washington, U. S..
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1952.
18 pp., illus.; processed. (Report of Investigations,
4873.)
I g n itio n
F ir s t A i d G u id e f o r the S m a ll P la n t-— T he D e tro it P la n
M a n u a l.
( I n Industrial Medicine and Surgery,
T e tr y l
MONTHLY LABOR
E m erg en cy M e a su re s a n d P re c a u tio n s i n R a d iu m A c c id e n ts .
By Eugene L. Saenger, M. D., and others. ( I n
Journal of the American Medical Association, Chi
cago, June 28, 1952, pp. 813-815. 45 cents.)
Deals with escape of radium salts from a sealed containerin an industrial plant. Offers recommendations for emer
gency care and supervision of workers if this occurs, and
for the prevention of such accidents.
By F. A. Van Atta. ( I n National
Safety News, Chicago, June 1952, pp. 24-25, 105-110,
charts, illus. 55 cents to members of National Safety
Council, 75 cents to nonmembers.)
Practical discussion of nature of hazards and of control
measures, together with suggestions as to sources of advice
and instruction for companies handling radioactive
material.
I o n iz in g R a d ia tio n s .
By Regine
The Child,
Federal Security Agency, Social Security Administra
tion, Children’s Bureau, Washington, April 1952,
pp. 118-122, illus.)
Describes procedures and experience in protecting the
health of working boys and girls under the New York
State child-labor law.
F o r the H e a lth o f W o r k in g B o y s a n d G irls.
K. Stix, M. D., and. Arthur Lenz. ( I n
By R. Maxil Ballinger.
New York, National Industrial Conference Board,
Inc., 1952. 122 pp., diagrams, forms, plans, illus.
(Studies in Business Policy, 55.) $4.
Report of a Conference Board research team ’s first-hand
study of how British and continental companies mini
mized the effects of air attack on their employees and
facilities during World War II. Includes a list of specific
recommendations, for both plant and community, by
European company executives and civil defense authorities.
P r o te c tin g P e r so n n e l in W a r tim e .
Industrial Relations
New
York, American Management Association, 1952. 32
pp. (Personnel Series, 146.) $1 to members, $1.25
to nonmembers.
S ig n ific a n t Is s u e s in C u rren t C ollective B a r g a in in g .
By Walter L. Daykin.
Iowa City, State University of Iowa, Bureau of Labor
and Management, 1951. 11 pp. 25 cents.
Examines the broadened area of collective bargaining as
defined by decisions of the National Labor Relations
Board.
T he S c o p e o f C ollective B a rg a in in g .
S ix tee n th A n n u a l R e p o rt o f the N a tio n a l L a b o r R e la tio n s
B o a rd f o r the F isc a l Y e a r E n d e d J u n e 3 0 , 1 9 5 1 .
Washington, U. S. National Labor Relations Board,
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
1952. 346 pp., charts. 75 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.
F o u rth A n n u a l R e p o r t, F ederal M e d ia tio n a n d C o n c ilia tio n
S e rv ice , F isc a l Y e a r 1 9 6 1 . Washington, 1952. 39 pp.,
map. 20 cents,
Washington.
Superintendent
of
Documents,
International Labor Organization
[R e p o rts P r e p a r e d f o r I r o n a n d S te el C o m m ittee, I n te r n a
tio n a l L a b o r O r g a n iza tio n , F o u rth S e ss io n , Geneva,
1 9 5 2 ]: I , G en eral R e p o rt; I I , V o c a tio n a l T r a in in g a n d
P ro m o tio n in the I r o n a n d S teel I n d u s tr y ; I I I , W elfare
S e rvices i n the I r o n a n d S teel I n d u s tr y . Geneva,
International Labor Office, 1952. 106, 94, and 80 pp.,
respectively. 50 cents each. Distributed in United
States by Washington Branch of ILO.
I n te r n a tio n a l L a b o r C onference,
T h irty -fo u rth S e ssio n ,
G eneva, 1 9 5 1 — R eco rd o f P ro c ee d in g s. Geneva, Inter
national Labor Office, 1952. xlviii, 694 pp. $8,
paper; $9, cloth. Distributed in United States by
Washington Branch of ILO.
E q u a lity b y S ta tu te : L eg a l C o n tro ls over G ro u p D is c r im in a
tio n . By Morroe Berger. New York, Columbia
University Press, 1952. 238 pp., bibliography.
$3.25.
Examines “the question of what law can and cannot do,
should and should not attempt to do, toward the reduction
or abolition of inter-group discrimination.” Includes a
study of civil rights during various periods from 1868 to
1950, an extended analysis of decisions of the United
States Supreme Court on civil rights issues before and
after 1937, and an evaluation of the achievements of the
New York State Law Against Discrimination.
Personnel Policies
P ro b le m s o f P e r so n n e l A d m in is tr a tio n .
New
York, American Management Association, 1952.
40 pp. (Personnel Series, 144.) $1 to members,
$1.25 to nonmembers.
Includes discussions on top management and personnel
administration, recent developments in merit rating,
and employment and retirement problems concerning the
elderly worker.
O p e ra tin g
By
Robert L. Peterson. Urbana, 111., Illinois University,
College of Commerce and Business Administration,
[1951?]. 8 pp., charts; processed. (Management
Case Study 1.)
U s in g A p titu d e T ests i n S electin g I n d u s tr ia l P erso n n el.
Labor Organizations
By John J.
Pearce, Jr., and Irvine L. H. Kerrison. New Bruns
wick, N. J., Rutgers University, Institute of Manage
ment and Labor Relations, [1952]. 24 pp. (Bull. 1.)
Free to residents of New Jersey, 10 cents to nonresi
dents.
P la n n in g a L o ca l U n io n E d u c a tio n P ro g ra m .
F a c k fo ren in g sro re lsen
och
207
den
F u lla
S y s s e ls d ttn in g e n .
[Stockholm], Landsorganisationeni Sverige (LO), 1951.
226 pp. Kr. 2.
A report on the trade-union movement and full employ
ment by a committee of the Swedish Federation of Trade
Unions. Includes recommendations to the Government
on economic stabilization measures and to the Federation
on centralized wage policy, which together, it is held, would
counteract inflationary effects of full employment.
Washington, Bureau of National
Affairs, Inc., 1952. 14 pp. (Personnel Policies
Forum Survey 11.)
E x ecu tive D evelo p m en t.
P r a c tic a l A p p r o a c h e s to S u p e r v is o r y a n d E x ecu tive D evelo p
m en t. New York, American Management Associa
tion, 1952. 42 pp., charts. (Personnel Series, 145.)
$1 to members, $1.25 to nonmembers.
Subjects discussed are progress to date in executive
development; how to make your workers want to become
foremen; supervisory compensation, direct and indirect;
using supervision to spread economic understanding.
Productivity
Legislation
Princeton,
N. J., Princeton University, Industrial Relations
Section, May 1952. 4 pp. (Selected References, 45.)
20 cents.
T h e P r o d u c tiv ity F actor i n W a g e A d ju s tm e n ts .
A n n u a l D ig e st o f S ta te a n d F ed era l L a b o r L e g is la tio n ,
N o vem b er 1, 1 9 5 0 —S e p te m b e r 1 5 , 1 9 5 1 . Washington,
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Stand
ards, 1952. 205 pp. (Bull. 152.) 50 cents, Super
intendent of Documents, Washington.
E ffects o f the T a ft-H a r tle y A c t on the E m p lo y e r s ' R ig h t to
D isc h a rg e. By Walter L. Day kin. Iowa City,
State University of Iowa, Bureau of Labor and
Management, 1952. 37 pp. 25 cents.
An examination of the limitation of an employer’s
right to discharge, as defined in over 200 NLRB decisions.
T he O p e ra tio n o f the W a g e a n d H o u r L a w i n N o r th C a ro lin a
a n d the S o u th . By M. H. Ross.
(I n North Carolina
Law Review, Chapel Hill, N. C., April 1952, pp.
248-274. $1.25.)
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A
N o te on “ P r o d u c tiv ity ” W age In crea ses.
New York,
Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc., 1952. 8 pp.
(Industrial Relations Memo 128.) $1.
( I n The Times Review
of Industry, London, May 1952, pp. 10, 11, 13. Is.)
W o rk ers' A ttitu d e to P r o d u c tiv ity .
Retirement and Pensions
By George E.
National Indus
trial Conference Board, Inc., New York, May 1952,
pp. 173-176, 205-208.)
P e n s io n P ro b lem s in a D efen se E c o n o m y.
Johnson. ( I n Management Record,
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
208
Consists of four papers, presented to NICB conference
on January 24, 1952, which briefly discuss compulsory and
discretionary retirement, preparation for retirement,
investment problems of companies sponsoring pension
plans, and adjustment of such plans to new conditions.
E m p lo y m e n t a n d R e tire m en t in a n A g in g P o p u la tio n — a
B ib lio g ra p h y . By Arthur N. Turner. Boston, Har
vard University, Graduate School of Business Admin
istration, Baker Library, [1951?]. 50 pp. (Reference
List 10.) $1.
Ottawa, Department of Na
tional Health and Welfare, 1952. 7 pp. (Special
Supplement 25 to Canada’s Health and Welfare.)
Description of present old-age pension system, with its
legislative history since 1906.
O ld A g e S e c u rity , [C an ada].
Vocational Rehabilitation
A n n u a l R e p o rt o f Office o f V o c a tio n a l R e h a b ilita tio n , F ederal
S e c u r ity A g e n c y, [for F isc a l Y e a r E n d e d J u n e 30], 19 5 1 .
Washington, 1952. 24 pp., charts, map. 15 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
A brief summary of this report appears on page 188 of
this issue of the Monthly Labor Review.
O p p o r tu n itie s f o r the B lin d a n d V is u a lly I m p a ir e d T hrou gh
V o c a tio n a l R e h a b ilita tio n . Washington, Federal Secu
rity Agency, Office of Vocational Rehabilitation,
[1952], 23 pp.
MONTHLY LABOR
A n n u a l R e p o rt on W age R a te s a n d H o u rs o f L a b o r in
C a n a d a , O ctober 1 9 5 0 . Ottawa, Department of
Labor, Economics and Research Branch, 1952.
pp., chart. (Report 33.)
140
Luxembourg, Ministère
des Affaires Economiques, 1952. 99 pp.
A comparative study of the escalator-wage clause as it
is practiced in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, United
States, Great Britain, Belgium, France, and Switzerland,
with a brief description of the historical evolution of the
escalator-wage principle prior to 1944.
L a C lau se de l ’E ch elle M o b ile.
Copen
hagen, Finansministeriet, 1952. 92 pp., charts.
Report of a committee appointed to investigate the
effects on the Danish economy of collective-bargaining
agreements providing for adjustment of wage rates to
changes in cost of living. Includes a chapter on regulation
of wages in other countries.
U dvalget Vedr<j>rende L jn r e g u le r in g E fte r P r is ta lle t.
By Odd G0tlie. Oslo, Arbeidernes
Opplysningsforbund, 1951. 69 pp., map, charts,
illus.
A description of Norwegian escalator-clause wage agree
ments; also discusses Norwegian cost-of-living index and
includes a page on Swedish and Danish experience with
escalator-wage agreements.
In d e k s e n og T a riffen e.
Women Workers
By Mary-Elizabeth Pidgeon. Washington, U. S. Department of
Labor, Women’s Bureau, 1952. 117 pp., bibliography,
charts. (Bull. 239.) 30 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.
Part I analyzes information concerning financial respon
sibilities of women union members, based on a question
naire survey by the Women’s Bureau. Part II summarizes
the findings from numerous earlier studies on the economic
responsibilities of working women, made by the Women’s
Bureau and other agencies.
W o m e n W o rk ers a n d T h e ir D e p en d en ts.
Wages, Salaries, and Hours of Work
O c cu p a tio n a l W a g e S u r v e y o f A lb u q u erq u e, N e w M exico,
N o vem b er 1 9 5 1 . By Ralph L. Edgel and H. Wilson
Maglidt. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico,
Bureau of Business Research, 1952. 62 pp.; proc
essed. (Business Information Series, 19.) 50 cents.
Also covers company practices on supplementary wage
benefits.
H o u r ly a n d S u p e r v is o r y W age S u r v e y R e p o rt a n d F rin g e
B en efit R e p o rt, C hicago a n d Cook C o u n ty , III. Chicago,
Employers’ Association of Chicago, 1951. 35 pp.
The wage survey covered 117 companies, 40,636 em
ployees, and 119 job classifications; the fringe-benefit
survey covered 81 companies and 30,474 employees.
W a g e s a n d H o u rs i n the B e a u ty S e rv ice I n d u s tr y in N e w
Y o rk S ta te, 1 9 5 0 -1 9 5 1 .
New York, Department of
Labor, Division of Research and Statistics, 1952.
10 pp.; processed. (Pub. B-50.)
Other reports on wages and hours in New York State
in 1950-51, recently published by the State department
of labor, deal with the building service, hotel, restaurant,
laundry, and cleaning and dyeing industries.
19 5 1
N a tio n a l S u r v e y o f P r o fe s s io n a l S c ie n tific S a la r ie s .
Los Alamos, N. Mex., Los Alamos Scientific Labora
tory, University of California, [1952?]. 33 pp., charts.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
By Rhea F. Maxson.
Mehlem, Office of the United States High Com
missioner for Germany, Office of Labor Affairs, 1952.
75 pp. ; processed.
Based on a questionnaire survey covering both wage
and salaried workers in the city of Frankfurt and certain
small communities in the State of Hesse.
T h e W o m a n W o rk er in G e rm a n y .
Miscellaneous
E co n o m ic P ro g re ss in a R e a rm ed W o rld .
Folsom.
New York, Committee
Development, 1952. 18 pp.
By Marion B.
for Economic
By Edward L.
Allen. New York, Henry Holt and Co., 1952. 566
pp., charts, map, illus., bibliography. $6.95.
E c o n o m ic s o f A m e r ic a n M a n u fa c tu r in g .
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
Presents a uniform analysis of 19 representative Ameri
can industries, showing, with regard to each, its structure,
financial factors, and future outlook, and its relation to the
national economy.
Important Events in American Labor History. Washington,
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1952. 17 pp.; processed. Free.
Excerpt, with additional material, from BLS Bulletin
1000, Brief History of the American Labor Movement
(25 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington).
Industrial Process Control by Statistical Methods. By John
D. Heide. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,
1952. 297 pp., charts. $6.
Tells how to install statistical quality control in a
factory and how to operate and administer an established
program.
Student Deferment and National Manpower Policy: A
Statement of Policy by the [National Manpower] Council,
With Facts and Issues Prepared by the Research Staff.
New York, Columbia University Press, 1952. 102 pp.
$ 2.
Public Relations. By Edward L. Bernays. Norman,
Okla., University of Oklahoma Press, 1952. 374 pp.,
bibliography. $5.
According to the author, “public relations” covers both
information given to the public and persuasion which aims
to modify attitudes and actions of the public. He describes
the emergence of “the modern profession of public rela
tions,” and states that such relations “can be carried on
effectively only on a professional, ethical, and socially
responsible basis.”
Job Evaluation: A Practical Guide. London, British
Institute of Management, 1951. 80 pp., diagrams,
bibliography. (Personnel Management Series, 4.)
7s. 6d.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
209
A panel to investigate and promote systematic job
evaluation and its application, set up by the British Insti
tute of Management in 1949, surveyed job-evaluation
practices in England and the literature on the subject from
the United States, Britain, and other countries. Its report
emphasizes the “points system” of job evaluation.
White-Collar Office Workers ( Their Working Conditions,
Benefits, and Status). Washington, Bureau of
National Affairs, Inc., 1952. 22 pp. (Personnel
Policies Forum Survey 10.)
Annual Report on Japanese Labor Standards for Mariners
in 1948-1950.
[Tokyo], Ministry of Transportation,
[1951?]. 61 pp. (No. 1.).
Incentives and Work Analysis, by W. Baldamus; Labor
Turnover Under Fidl Employment, by Joyce R. Long;
Absence Under Full Employment, by Hilde Behrend.
Birmingham, England, University of Birmingham,
1951. 78 pp.; 134 pp., charts; 138 pp., charts; proc
essed. (Studies in Economics and Society, Mono
graphs A l, A2, A3.) $2 each.
The Worker in Industry: A Series of Ten Centenary
Lectures Delivered During Festival of Britain, Year
1951. London, Ministry of Labor and National
Service, 1952. 106 pp. 3s. 6d. net, H. M. Stationery
Office, London.
Addresses on various aspects of manpower problems,
industrial relations, and wages. Much of the material
presented is of general practical and theoretical interest,
with illustrations drawn from British experience.
Report on Gold Coast for the Year 1950. London, Colonial
Office, 1952.
108 pp., bibliography, maps, illus.
4s. net, H. M. Stationery Office, London.
Current Labor Statistics
A.—Employment and Payrolls
Estimated civilian labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
213 Table A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division
and group
217 Table A-3: Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries
219 Table A-4: Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in
manufacturing industries
220 Table A-5: Federal civilian employment and payrolls, by branch and agency group
221 Table A-6: Government civilian employment and payrolls in Washington, D. C.,
by branch and agency group
Table A-7: Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 1
Table A-8: Employees in manufacturing industries, by State 1
222 Table A-9: Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance pro
grams, by geographic division and State
212 Table A -l:
B.—Labor Turn-Over
223 Table B -l:
224 Table B-2:
Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in manufacturing
industries, by class of turn-over
Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in selected groups
and industries
C.— Earnings and Hours
226 Table C -l:
241 Table C-2:
242 Table C-3:
242 Table C-4:
Table C-5:
Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory
employees
Gross average weekly earnings of production workers in selected
industries, in current and 1939 dollars
Gross and net spendable average weekly earnings of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1939 dollars
Average hourly earnings, gross and exclusive of overtime, of produc
tion workers in manufacturing industries
Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing
industries for selected States and areas 1
1This table is included in the March, June, September, and December issues of the Review.
N ote.—Beginning with Volume 74, tables in the a section have been renumbered consecutively,
to take into account the elimination of two tables.
210
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS
211
D.—Prices and Cost of Living
243 Table D -l:
Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families in large cities,
by group of commodities
244 Table D-2:
Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city, for
selected periods
245 Table D-3:
246
247
248
249
249
250
Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city and
group of commodities
*
Table D-4: Indexes of retail prices of foods, by group, for selected periods
Table D-5: Indexes of retail prices of foods, by city
Table D-6: Average retail prices and indexes of selected foods
Table D-7: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group of commodities (1947-49=100)
Table D-7a: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group of commodities, for selected
periods (1926=100)
Table D-8: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
E. —Work Stoppages
251
Table E -l:
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
F. —Building and Construction
252 Table F -l:
253 Table F-2:
254 Table F-3:
255 Table F-4:
256 Table F-5:
Expenditures for new construction
Value of contracts awarded and force-account work started on fed
erally financed new construction, by type of construction
Urban building authorized, by principal class of construction and by
type of building
New nonresidential building authorized in all urban places, by general
type and by geographic division
Number and construction cost of new permanent nonfarm dwelling
units started, by urban or rural location, and by source of funds
Note.—Earlier figures in many of the series appearing in the following tables are shown in the Handbook of Labor
Statistics, 1950 Edition (BLS Bulletin 1016). For convenience in referring to the historical statistics,
the tables in this issue of the Monthly Labor Review are keyed to the appropriate tables in the Handbook.
M LR
Handbook
table
table
A - l ____ _______ A-13
(A-i
1A-3
A-2
----------- ] A-4
(A-8
(A-3
A-3____ _______ ÌA-4
[a-7
A -4_____ _______ A-6
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MLR
table
Handbook
table
A-5_____ ______ A-9
A-6_____ ______ None
A-7_____ ______ A-2
A-8_____ ______ A-2
A-9_____ ______ A-14
B -l_____ ______ B-l
B-2_____ ______ B-2
C-l.......... ______ C-l
C-2_____ ______ None
MLR
table
Handbook
table
C-3_____ ______ C-4
C-4_____ ______ C-3
C-5_____ ______ C-2
D -l_____ ______ D-l
D-2_____ ______ D-2
D-3_____ ______ None
D-4_____ ______ D-4
D-5_____ ........““"IÌD-2
D-3
M LR
table
Handbook
table
D-6_____ __ _ __ None
D-7a____ ______ D-5
D-8_____ _______None
E -l_____ ______ E-2
F-l_____ ______ H-l
F-2_____ ______ H-4
F-3_____ ______ H-6
F-4_____ ______ H-6
F-5_____ ______ 1-1
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
212
A : E m ploym ent and P ayrolls
T able A -l: Estimated Civilian Labor Force Classified by Employment Status, Hours Worked, and Sex
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1 (in thousands)
1951
1952
Labor force8
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Oct.
Sept.1
Aug.
July
June
63,164
1,828
1,072
390
130
114
122
61,336
54,314
43, 708
6,832
2,102
1,672
7,022
4,660
1,840
332
190
63,452
1,616
944
330
126
126
90
61,836
54,168
43,040
7,488
1,922
1,718
7,668
6,090
1,270
228
80
63,186
1,606
1,004
280
128
78
116
61,580
54,054
29,204
20,070
1,818
2,962
7,526
5,724
1,436
224
142
64,208
1, 578
870
390
102
104
112
62,630
54,942
43,656
5,080
1,558
4,648
7,688
5,658
1,592
238
200
64,382
1,856
1,122
408
92
100
134
62,526
54,618
42,312
4,898
1,570
5,838
7,908
6,110
1,468
206
124
63,783
1,980
1,216
358
141
150
116
61,803
53,768
44,088
5,061
2,082
2,537
8,035
5,960
1,699
280
97
43,346
1,002
42,344
36,616
31,102
3,540
834
1,140
5,728
4,280
1,074
216
158
43,522
890
42,632
36,756
31,206
3,654
780
1,116
5,876
5,110
554
142
70
43,672
842
42,830
37,050
22,174
12,240
760
1,876
5, 780
4,810
690
154
126
44, 720
956
43,764
37, 604
31,554
2,726
656
2,668
6,160
5,128
724
132
176
44,602
1,098
43.504
37,234
30,492
2,614
608
3,520
6,270
5,346
680
122
122
44,316
1,167
43,149
36,862
32,021
2,578
815
1,448
6,287
5,301
724
175
87
19,818
826
18,992
17,698
12,606
3,292
1,268
532
1,294
380
766
116
32
19,930
726
19,204
17,412
11,834
3,834
1,142
602
1,792
980
716
86
10
19, 514
764
18,750
17,004
7,030
7,830
1,058
1,086
1,746
914
746
70
16
19,488
622
18,866
17,338
12,102
2,354
902
1,980
1,528
530
868
106
24
19,780
758
19,022
17,384
11,820
2,284
962
2,318
1,638
764
788
84
2
19,467
813
18,654
16,906
12,067
2,483
1,267
1,089
1,748
659
975
105
10
Nov.
Total, both sexes
Civilian labor force....... ......................
Unemployment........... ............. __
Unemployed 4 weeks or less..
Unemployed 5-10 weeks.......
Unemployed 11-14 weeks___
Unemployed 15-26 weeks___
Unemployed over 26 weeks..
Employment. ______ _____ _
Nonagrieultural__________
Worked 35 hours or more.
Worked 15-34 hours____
Worked 1-14 hours 4____
Agricultural............... .............
Worked 35 hours or more.
Worked 15-34 hours____
Worked 1-14 hours4____
64,390 62,778
1,602
1,818
896
1,240
288
352
96
78
158
146
100
66
62,572 61,176
54,402 54,216
44,144 45,284
5,180
4,946
1,642
1,934
3,436
2,052
8,170
6,960
6,482
5,416
1,408
1,308
184
120
96
116
61,744
1,612
774
342
174
196
126
60,132
53,720
43,002
6,826
1,918
1,974
6,412
4,684
1,416
150
162
61,518
1,804
880
418
202
208
96
59,714
53,702
43,954
5,810
2,012
1,926
6,012
4,152
1,378
202
280
61,838
2,086
982
638
174
198
94
59,752
53,688
44,134
5,652
2,078
1,824
6,064
4,390
1,194
194
286
61,780
2,054
1,068
570
136
172
108
59,726
53,540
44,046
5,686
2,002
1,806
6,186
4,116
1,378
316
376
62,688
1,674
920
374
152
136
92
61,014
54,636
45,116
5,926
2,080
1,514
6,378
4,392
1,538
250
198
Males
Civilian labor force.................. ........ ................
Unemployment........... ..................... ........ .
Employment______________ ________
N onagricultural ....................... ...........
Worked 35 hours or more.............
Worked 15-34 hours................. ...
Worked 1-14 hours 4_____ _____
With a job but not at work 5.
Agricultural........................ ..............
Worked 35 hours or more..............
Worked 15-34 hours...................
Worked 1-14 hours 4.............. .......
44,464
1,138
43,326
37,050
31,734
2,490
628
2,198
6,276
5,450
596
140
90
43,262
972
42,290
36,620
32,060
2,438
780
1,342
5,670
4,902
618
76
74
42,946
1,048
41,898
36,298
30,796
3,478
778
1,246
5,600
4,464
876
124
136
42,810
1,224
41,586
36,246
31,038
3,060
838
1,310
5,340
3,966
964
148
262
42,858
1,376
41,482
36,116
31,346
2,724
852
1,194
5,366
4,210
768
154
234
42,864
1,384
41,480
36,132
31,296
2,852
828
1,156
5,348
3,910
888
232
318
43,114
1,008
42,106
36, 728
31,974
2,906
852
996
5,378
4,110
936
158
174
Females
Civilian labor force......................................... . 19,926 19, 516 18,798 18, 708 18,980 18,916
564
710
670
U nemployment........................................ .
630
580
680
Employment......... ...................................... 19,246 18,886 18,234 18,128 18,270 18,246
N onagricultural........... ....................... . 17,352 17,596 17,422 17,456 17, 572 17,408
Worked 35 hours or more............... 12,410 13,224 12,206 12,916 12, 788 12,750
Worked 15-34 hours.............. , __
3,348
2, 750 2,928
2,834
2,690
2,508
Worked 1-14 hours 4. ....................
1,154
1,140
1,174
1,226
1,174
1,014
728
With a job but not at work5..
1,238
710
616
630
650
Agricultural.......................................
1,894
1,290
812
672
698
838
Worked 35 hours or more_______
1,032
514
220
186
180
206
Worked 15-34 h ou rs...................
812
690
540
414
426
490
84
Worked 1-14 hours 4............ .........
44
44
26
40
54
With a job but not at work 5__
6
52
42
26
18
58
i Estimates are subject to sampling variation which may be large in cases
where the quantities shown are relatively small. Therefore, the smaller
estimates should be used with caution. All data exclude persons in institu
tions. Because of rounding, the individual figures do not necessarily add to
group totals.
8 Beginning with January 1951, total labor force is not shown because of the
security classification of the Armed Forces component.
8 Census survey week contains legal holiday.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
19,574
666
18,908
17,908
13,142
3,020
1,228
518
1,000
282
602
92
24
4 Excludes persons engaged only in incidental unpaid family work (less than
15 hours); these persons are classified as not in the labor force.
5 Includes persons who had a job or business, but who did not work during
the census week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor dispute or
because of temporary lay-off with definite instructions to return to work
within 30 days of lay-off. Does noti nclude unpaid family workers.
Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
213
T able A-2: Employees in Nonagriculturai Establishments, by Industry Division and Group
[In thousands]
1952
Annual
average
1951
Industry group and industry
May
Total employees.
Mining__________
Metal..................
Iron................ .
Copper.......... .
Lead and zinc.
Anthracite..........
Bitum inous-coal.
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1951
1950
46,322 46,32C 46, 258 46,001 45,899 45,913 47,663 46,852 46, 902 46,95C 46, 724 46,432 46,567 46,401 44,124
894
862
897
904
902
909
916
917
917
917
922
906
927
92C
904
84.0 107.7 107.5 106.8 107.2 106. ( 106.' 105.' 104.3 103.7 105.2 105.
105. C 104. £ 101.0
38.5
37.9
36.9
36.9
37.1
37.5
37.7
38.2
38.7
39. C 38.3
38.5
37.
35.5
29.5
29.4
29.2
29.1
28.9
28.1
28.'
27.9
27.9
28.8
29.0
28.8
28.7
28.1
22.1
22.3
22.2
22.4
22.2
21.9
21.4
20.9
20.0
19.8
20.3
20.3
20.8
19.7
65.5
60.1
66.8
61.8
67.0
67.1
67.1
67.2
67.9
68.3
65.5
70.2
69.1
75.1
337.0 349.1 356.6 362.8 366.0 367.0 368.5 367.9 367.0 366.5 369.6 359.4 378.4 378.1 375.6
Crude petroleum and natural gas pro
duction.......................................... .........
266.4
267.5
266.1
266.6
267.4
268.8
269.2
268.7
269.1
269.5
267.8
264.8
262.2
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying
106.0
105.5
104.8
101.4
100.7
100.8
105.1
107.3
109.3
109.5
109.8
108.2
108.3
105.1
97.4
Contract construction........... ................
2, 661
2,517
2,410
2,296
2,308
2,316
2,518
2,633
2,761
2,768
2,809
2,754
2,686
2,569
2,318
502
213.8
287.8
453
178.2
275.0
398
143.2
254.4
395
143.5
251.1
390
140.3
249.5
453
179.4
273.3
495
207.2
288.1
544
234.5
309.6
554
240.4
313.1
568
247.7
320.5
556
242.5
313.8
540
232.6
307.7
480
200.4
285.1
447«
183.0
264.1
Nonbuilding construction.................
Highway and street____________
Other nonbuilding construction...
Building construction.
2,015
1,957
1,898
1,913
1,926
2,065
2,138
2,217
2,214
2,241
2,198
2,146
2,084
General contractors__
815
790
768
775
775
847
887
944
945
963
945
925
880
9,006
6, 665
9,045
6,739
9,035
6,834
9,010
6,849
8,946
6,830
9,000
6,913
8,976
6, 914
8,942
7,023
8, 913
7,126
8, 878
7,130
8,839
6,974
8,998
6,958
8,926
7,005
Special-trade contractors............
Plumbing and heating.............
Painting and decorating_____
Electrical work.____________
Other special-trade contractors.
Manufacturing___ ________ ______
Durable goods J_........
Nondurable goods
Ordnance and accessories.
255.3
1,871
797
1, 200 1,167 1,130 1,138 1,151 1,218 1,251 1,273 1,269 1,278 1,253 1,221 1,204 1,074
288.2 287.1 288.6 291. 4 296.9 307. 9 313.6 314.0 308.4 305.7 300.1 297.3 298. 5 270.6
175.8 159.1 145.3 143.5 146.4 167.6 175.5 182.9 188.8 189.9 183.0 175.0 165.5 132.5
156.3 153.9 154.9 155.2 156.9 158.2 156.9 155.3 153.4 154.0 149.9 145.6 147. 5 128.6
579.4 567.1 540.9 548.0 550.6 584.6 604.8 620.7 618. 6 628.4 620.1 602.7 591.9 511.7
15,440 15,671 15,784 15, 869 15,859 15,776 15,913 15,890 15,965 16,039 16,008 15,813 15,956 15,931 14,884
8, 682
6, 758
79.0
8,008
6,876
Textile-mill products.............................
1,182
Yarn and thread mills.................. .
Broad-woven fabric mills..................
Knitting mills.................. ..................
Dyeing and finishing textiles.................
Carpets, rugs, other floor covering...
Other textile-mill products...............
77.6
75.8
74.3
69.2
71.7
63.4
66.3
59.0
55.1
50.8
46.5
42.3
46.7
24.7
1,467 1,446 1,444 1,448 1,452 1,507 1,547 1,644 1,721 1,698 1,615 1,532 1, 555 1, 542
293.6 296.1 301.5 309.3 310.7 314.5 309.8 298.7 297.2 295.1 299.3 296.7 300.1 295.6
148.4 141.8 136.0 134.9 133.5 136.6 139.3 144.7 150.2 156.4 158.3 157.5 145.5 144.5
146.4 138.2 129.6 130. 4 131.3 145.5 170.6 263.4 356. 6 332.8 252. 7 179.6 206.4 202.9
130.3 130.2 130.6 130. 5 131.0 130. 5 130.1 131.3 131.7 132.1 131.6 128.7 128.9 123.9
282.6 286.9 287.0 286.4 286.2 288.3 288.6 291.6 289.8 288.3 288.2 286 6 287.6 285.9
27.9
27.2
26.7
27.4
42.0
46.1
28.7
51.7
30.3
29.7
30.1
30.1
34.0
34.5
88.1
90.9
93.8
96.7
97.8 102.2 104.5 106.3 101.7
95.2
87.5
89.8
97.2
99.5
218.9 204.8 207.4 202.8 203.9 214.3 216.2 221.5 225.7 232.0 232.2 224.1 218.8 216.3
130.5 130.2 131.2 129.9 129.3 132.9 136.1 140.3 137.5 136.2 135.4 139.0 136.5 138.5
85
84
88
86
90
92
93
96
91
96
81
83
88
88
26.8
26.5
26.6
26.8
27.0
26.8
26.9
26.6
26.2
26.0
26.0
25.7
26.1
25.9
41.8
41.6
41.0
41.7
40.9
41.1
41.9
42.3
42.0
39.9
39.0
40.6
41.0
41.2
11.8
11.8
11.8
12.0
11.9
11.8
11.9
11.7
12.0
11.7
11.7
11.9
11.9
12.3
4.7
5.4
4.8
7.1
9.9
11.5
11.5
15.8
16.8
13.3
4.4
4.4
8.9
8.8
1,176 1,188 1,209 1,217 1,226 1,237 1,227 1,228 1,231 1,247 1,262 1,301 1,282 1,297
154.8 156.0 157.9 159.7 160.0 160.5 160.3 161.3 164.0 164.8 161.5 168.6 167.1 162.0
532.4 538.0 548.9 556.2 569.7 579.3 575.2 578.0 582.8 592.7 605.8 619.9 600.4 616.1
228.2 229.0 229.8 230.0 229.1 231.0 229.0 228.4 225.1 230.9 230.1 235. 5 238.8 242.8
84.7
86.2
89.2
89.3
87.8
87.9
86.4
83.3
84.7
83.2
84.0
88.1
88.1
89.7
51.5
52.4
52.6
52.3
50.9
50.4
49.4
49.5
48.5
49.2
50.7
55.6
55.0
60.6
124.7 126.2 130.6 129.9 128.6 128.2 127.0 126.4 127.0 126.0 126.9 133.1 132.4 125.7
Apparel and other finished toxtile
products.......................................... . 1,086
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats_____
Men’s and boys’ furnishings and
work clothing.....................................
W omen’s outerwear___ ______ ______
Women’s, children’s undergarments__
Millinery..................................................
Children’s outerwear.............................
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
Other fabricated textile products_____
1,078 1,115 1,172 1,172 1,149 1,155 1,128 1,138 1,156 1,167 1,110 1,120 1,160 1,159
125.1 133.6 140.4 141.2 140.7 136.4 131.0 141.2 151.5 152.8 142.9 149.5 147.7 148.3
256.8 258.6 256.6 251.9 247.2 253.6 251.6 256.2 257.0 256.2 251.2 263.4 264.2 263.2
286. 8 308.7 342.3 344.7 335.5 331.5 314.1 305.5 320.2 329.8 305.9 289.5 317.7 320.3
101.9 102.5 102.7 101.1
98.9 100.3 100.3
99.7
97.7
97.5
94.6
97.0 100.9 105.4
18.5
21.7
26.0
25.5
23.4
21.0
19.1
21.1
21.5
21.6
19.7
16.8
21.2
22.0
65.8
65.1
69.9
69.8
65.9
64.0
64.7
63.6
62.8
65.3
65.0
64.9
65.2
66.5
84.4
84.2
88.2
89.5
98.9 101.5 102.2 102.2 101.4
90.3
92.1
98.1
97.1
89.6
138.6 140.4 145.8 148.6 146.7 149.2 145.6 145.2 143.0 142.5 138.6 140.3 145.6 143.5
Food and kindred products....... .........
Meat products...................................
Dairy products..................................
Canning and preserving..... .............
Grain-mill products...........................
Bakery products.................................
Sugar ..................................... ...........
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages........ ............ ................. .
Miscellaneous food products.............
1,520
Tobacco manufactures..........................
Cigarettes............................................
Cigars..................................................
Tobacco and snuff_______ _______
Tobacco stemming and redrying___
85
Lumber and wood products (except fur
niture)................................... ..............
Logging camps and contractors.............
Sawmills and planing mills ...................
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products....................
Wooden containers.................................
Miscellaneous wood products............
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
737
706
45.9
425.4
739
59.9
437.4
735
62.3
430.2
733
61.1
429.0
718
52.1
423.2
761
68.8
445.1
783
74.9
460.7
803
78.1
471.4
808
79.8
475.0
818
76.8
481.8
813
77.3
477.0
838
80.7
488.7
805
73.3
469.4
792
67.9
461.6
101.8
74.0
58.4
107.3
74.6
59.6
106.0
76.0
60.4
105.3
76.5
60.6
107.0
76.5
59.2
109.3
77.9
59.8
110.8
76.7
60.2
115.2
77.0
61.1
115.6
77.0
60.8
118.4
78.0
62.9
115.9
80.3
62.1
122.6
82.4
63.2
118.8
80.3
62.7
124.3
77.7
60.8
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
214
T able A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group x—Con.
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1951
1952
Industry group and industry
June
Manufacturing—Continued
Furniture and fixtures---------Household furniture........... Other furniture and fixtures.
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1951
1950
336
335
231.3
103.9
341
234.8
106.0
346
237.8
107.7
345
236.4
108.2
345
237.2
107.5
344
236.3
108.1
342
235.1
106.8
337
229.8
107.3
334
225.0
108.5
333
223.9
108.8
331
223.7
106.9
334
226.0
108.1
349
240.8
108.0
357
255.5
101.5
Paper and allied products--------- —------- 478
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills-------------Paperboard containers and boxes............ ........
Other paper and allied products.......................
475
242.0
125.1
108.1
475
241.1
126.1
108.0
479
243.4
127.1
108.3
482
246.4
126.8
108.3
482
247.1
126.8
108.4
484
245.9
129.2
109.3
486
246.1
130.5
109.4
488
246.3
131.4
110.4
490
247.7
131.1
111.2
494
248.1
132.5
113.0
493
247.1
133.0
113.1
500
248.8
136.5
114.7
494
245.7
134.9
113.0
472
235.8
128.5
107.7
765
763
302.5
54.0
50.9
203.5
39.8
112.1
762
301.8
54.2
51.3
202.7
40.0
111.8
763
301.8
54.4
51.3
204.0
40.2
111.4
765
303.5
54.6
51.6
203.9
39.9
111.3
768
303.2
54.7
51.2
207.2
39.9
112.1
775
304.4
56.1
51.3
207.9
41.5
114.2
773
302.5
55.4
51.2
207.1
41.9
115.2
769
300.7
54.5
50.9
206.3
42.1
114.6
764
299.6
53.8
51.0
203.7
41.5
114.1
759
298.5
53. 5
50.3
202.2
40.9
113.9
758
299.1
52.2
49.0
204.2
40.4
112.9
762
299.7
52.4
49.1
206.3
41.1
113.6
763
299.2
53.5
49.8
205.6
41.2
113.5
743
293.3
52.1
46.7
200.8
40.7
108.9
Chemicals and allied products.................. 739
Industrial inorganic chemicals-------------------• Industrial organic chemicals................ ............
Drugs and medicines-------------- ------- --------Paints, pigments, and fillers............................
Fertilizers______________________ ____ ___
Vegetable and animal oils and fats-------------Other chemicals and allied products................
741
83.2
221.3
HP. 6
75.0
37.3
47.3
166.3
754
83.0
223.3
110.5
75.1
42.5
51.2
168.5
76#
83.5
227.8
110.6
75.0
41.9
53.7
168.6
759
83.4
228.1
109.1
74.8
38.8
56.9
168.0
757
83.5
229.5
108.2
74.8
35.0
59.6
166.6
759
84.2
230.9
108.3
74.3
32.5
61.9
166.6
762
84.0
233.0
108.3
74.4
31.8
63.3
167.6
763
83.7
231.3
107.9
75.1
32.7
64.5
168.2
764
84.0
234.5
108.1
75.9
32.7
59.8
168.6
753
84.1
233.3
108.3
76.9
30.6
49.9
169.4
744
84.0
230.9
107.3
76.9
29.9
47.5
167.9
742
82.6
229.0
106.0
76.5
31.4
47.9
168.6
749
82.3
227.2
106.2
75.6
34.8
55.1
168.2
686
71.5
200.1
95.8
71.4
34.0
54. 5
158.3
Products of petroleum and coal............... 252
Petroleum refining—----------------- -------------Coke and byproducts-----------------------------Other petroleum and coal products............ .
241
189.7
22.7
28.8
272
220.7
22.4
28.7
267
216.9
22.5
28.0
267
217.1
22.2
27.6
266
216.4
22.1
27.4
269
218.3
22.2
28.5
269
217.0
21.3
30.4
269
215.4
22.1
31.1
267
213.9
22.1
30.7
267
214.0
22.2
30.4
266
213.7
22.2
30.5
263
210.4
22.0
30.9
263
210.6
21.8
30.4
245
194.6
20.8
29.5
Rubber products...................................--- 270
Tires and inner tubes............................. ...........
Rubber footwear------------------------------------Other rubber products.......................................
269
120.6
29.2
119.0
268
120.0
27.6
120.5
270
119.3
29.9
120.9
269
119.4
30.3
119.6
272
119.7
31.0
121.7
273
120.5
31.1
121.7
273
120.4
31.2
121.8
269
115.0
31.1
122.9
272
117.7
30.9
123.6
272
116.5
30.9
124.5
271
115.0
30.4
125.7
273
114.3
31.2
127.7
272
115. 5
30.8
125.7
252
110.9
25.6
114.9
381
370
43.6
236.9
89.7
375
43.5
240.7
91.1
383
44.2
245.6
93.6
382
44.5
244.1
93.2
368
44.2
235.1
89.1
362
43.7
228.2
90.5
356
43.3
220.7
92.3
359
42.6
224.0
92.5
365
42.2
230.4
92.7
382
44.8
244.0
92.8
374
46.0
237.0
90.7
382
47.3
244.6
90.5
381
46.7
240.6
93.3
394
50.5
252.3
91.1
Stone, clay, and glass products................. 534
Glass and glass products--------------------------Cement, hydraulic....... ...........................-.........
Structural clay products------------- ------------Pottery and related products--------------------Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products-------Other stone, clay, and glass products-----------
530
142.4
41.3
88.0
53.4
98.0
106.9
532
141.2
42.2
88.4
54.1
97.5
109.0
530
139.5
42.5
86.9
54.2
97.0
110.2
528
138.0
42.4
87.3
54.7
96.2
109.6
533
137.6
42.8
88.8
54.7
97.2
111.5
545
141.8
43.0
92.0
55.3
100.3
112.7
552
143.2
43.2
93.0
56.2
102.1
113.8
559
146.7
43.3
93.2
56.8
103.1
115.4
561
147.9
43.6
93.4
67.2
103.0
116.2
564
148.5
44.0
93.4
57.7
103.8
116.1
657
141.8
43.8
93.2
57.4
104.1
116.7
562
147.2
43.4
92.9
59.2
102.5
116.7
556
145.7
43.0
91.3
58.6
101.2
115.6
512
133.5
42.1
82.4
57.9
92.2
103.5
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Newspapers—....... ....................
Periodicals— .......................... .
Books------------------------- ----Commercial printing-............
Lithographing-------------------Other printing and publishing.
Leather and leather products
Leather-------- --------------Footwear (except rubber)..
Other leather products.......
Primary metal industries-------------------- 978
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills....................... - ............................ ..........
Iron and steel foundries...............
—
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals-------------------------------------Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals------------------- - ---------------Nonferrous foundries—----- --------—
Other primary metal industries----------------Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transporta
tion equipment)..................................
Tin cans and other tinware................ .
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware.......
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies............................
Fabricated structural metal products. .
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving.
Other fabricated metal products.........
981
Machinery (except electrical).................... 1, 633
Engines and turbines---------------------Agricultural machinery and tractors...
Construction and mining machinery...
Metalworking machinery-------- ------ Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)-------------General industrial machinery-----------Office and store machines and devices..
Service-industry and household machines___________________ ___________
Miscellaneous machinery parts.......................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,345
652.0
272.5
1,341
648.1
272.1
1,350
656.8
272.1
1,354
659.2
275.0
1,354
657.6
277.4
1,355
658.9
279.9
1,339
643.6
281.9
1,349
655.6
280.4
1,351
659.0
280.6
1,352
659.8
280.7
1,341
656.5
277.9
1,357
655.0
285.3
1.345
1,220
650. 5
279.9
614.1
231.8
57.1
57.0
56.8
56.9
56.3
56.4
56.2
56.3
55.9
56.8
55.5
56.8
56.3
54.6
100.5
114.2
148.8
100.5
113.7
149.3
100.5
111.9
151.9
99.9
111.7
151.5
100.5
111.1
150.8
97.9
110.4
151.0
98.6
108.7
149.8
98.5
108.3
149.7
96.3
109.0
149.8
97.8
108.4
148.3
98.0
106.8
146.6
101.2
109.9
148.8
100.3
109.6
147.7
96.9
93.0
129.8
981
47.0
146.9
989
46.8
149.0
989
45.4
148.4
989
44.4
150.6
986
44.7
151.1
988
46.1
149.9
984
45.9
150.5
988
48.9
152.7
989
51.0
154.3
996
50.9
158.0
991 1,019 1,007
49.4
49.7
49.0
156.6 161.6 159.7
933
48.4
156.9
142.3
242.2
171.4
231.0
144.1
242.9
173.3
233.2
144.7
243.2
172. 5
235.2
144.9
241.9
171.0
236.2
143.
240. £
170.4
235.
148.1
240.5
168.4
235.2
148.7
235.6
169.1
234.3
148.6
234.2
170.1
233.2
149.2
232.3
168.4
233.6
151.0
233.0
169.0
234.0
152.2
227.9
174.7
229.7
150.6
201.4
169.8
206.1
157.9
227.3
185.7
236.6
154.8
229.8
179.7
233.8
1,646 1, 655 1,658 1,655 1,647 1,640 1,625 1,611 1,585 1,573 1,597 1,611 1,591 1,352
92.1
94.6
91.8
93.5
91.3
72.6
95.1
97.9
99.0
102.3 ' 100.7 100.7 100.5 100.1
188. ( 186. ; 187. S 170.0 169.7 194.7 195.8 187. S 172.4
185.2 186.5 186.6 190.9 189.
132.3 132.9 133.5 132.3 130. £ 128.] 126.2 124.8 124.1 122.1 121.1 120.7 120.7 100.7
307.9 303.5 294.3 293.1 286.1 293.5 294.3 289.8 220.2
311.0 312.9 312.9 311.8 310.
194.8 196.6 196.7 196.4 197.3 196.8 197.9 195.6 167.6
191.8
193.1
194.3
192.
6
190.3
238.7 240.9 242. 6 242.1 240.1 239.8 238.6 236.9 235.3 233.0 230.1 228.7 229.7 188.5
90.9
107.8 108.0 107.2 106.3 105.3 102.5 105.0 104.5
108.0 108.1 107.7 107.7 107.
173.3
204.4
174.3
206.3
173.2
206.5
170. 5
207.2
167.4
208.
164.7
209. e
159.4
208.8
161.0
207.4
162.0 162.7
204.4| 202.4
164.5
201.9
173.2
203.0
171.2
201.2
176.2
162.7
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
215
T able A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group
Con.
[In thousands]
1952
Industry group and industry
Annual
average
1951
_____
June
Manufacturing—Continued
Electrical machinery .............. ........ .......... 947
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa
ratus.___ ______ _________ ______ _____
Electrical equipment for vehicles_____ _____
Communication equipment______ ________
Electrical appliances, lamps, and mis
cellaneous products........................................
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1951
1950
957
960
967
970
965
965
955
944
942
927
914
932
937
836
379.8
81.7
367.3
380.9
82.3
366.5
378.3
82.5
362.4
376.2
83.0
362.2
370.8
82.7
357.3
369.1
82.3
346.0
376.3
82.5
334.2
374.1
81.2
323.2
372.9
80.6
313.6
376.3
81.5
324.6
367.6
81.0
339.8
317.3
70.1
309.2
375.3 377.2
82. 2 81.4
363.2 364.0
136.0 137.6 138.3 139.8 141.4 143.9 144.4 146.9 148.7 148.6 146.4 150.0 149.0 139.8
1,648 1,627 1,602 1,584 1, 560 1, 558 1,551 1,511 1,514 1,497 1,490 1,525 1,511 1, 273
816.3 808.7 786.6 776.9 775.0 786.0 794.5 807.1 816.7 812.4 819.1 875.6 ' 856.3 ’839.4
595. 3 590.3 586.1 581.0 566.4 556.0 539.0 496.2 493.4 486.3 471.3 451.7 456.3 275. 4
397.9 394.2 390.2 386.6 377.5 373.2 364.0 339.8 330.8 330.0 319.7 304.9 308.3 184.2
121. 2 120.5 120.7 120.4 116.1 112.6 106.5
90.3
99.8
95.4
92.9
89.6
89.6
54. 5
13.8
13.5
13.2
12.7
12.9
12.4
11.8
12.1
11.5
10.5
10.4
10.5
10.7
8.1
62.4
62.1
62.0
61.1
60.1
57.8
54.3
56.4
51.3
49.8
48.3
46.7
47.7
28.7
149.8 144.5 142.5 138.9 131.0 126.5 127.0 118.9 117.2 114.4 115.4 112.4 113.7
84.4
130.4 126.5 126.1 123.8 116.8 112.6 113.6 106.2 104.3 101.2 101.1
97.7
99.7
71.4
19.4
18.0
16.4
14.2
15.1
13.9
12.7
13.4
12.9
13.2
14.3
14.7
14.0
13.0
76.0
72.2
76.0
76.6
75.7
77.6
77.4
75.1
72.4
78.3
72.9
74.4
72.4
62.2
10.9
10.8
11.2
11.1
11.2
11.7
11.5
11.4
11.1
11.7
10.8
10.8
11.7
11.4
Instruments and related products.......... 325
322
321
323
316
319
315
310
313
307
302
298
299
299
250
Ophthalmic goods................................................
27.8
27.9
27.7
27.5
27.4
27.9
27.4
27.2
27.3
27.7
27.5
27.8
27.6
25.4
Photographic apparatus.....................................
64.5
64.8
64.4
63.7
64.1
63.5
62.3
62.6
62.7
62.3
59.3
60.6
60.1
51.3
Watches and clocks.____ ______ __________
36.1
36.3
36.0
35.5
35.8
35.3
35.0
34.2
33.9
35.5
33.2
34.1
34.3
30.1
Professional and scientific instruments_______
193.9 194.0 192.4 191.3 189.4 188.6 186.9 185.6 183.2 178.3 178.4 176.5 177.3 143.4
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. 459
458
462
463
453
461
463
469
465
471
467
460
479
480
459
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware________
43.9
45.4
45.9
45.7
46.2
46.8
47.6
48.5
47.2
48.1
48.5
50.5
51.4
54.8
Toys and sporting goods........................... ..........
72.0
69.8
68.9
64.5
65.9
67.0
72.1
72.2
73.2
75.1
70.5
70.8
73.5
73.3
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions__________
49.2
51.3
53.8
52.6
52.9
53.4
54.5
53.4
51.9
53.7
52.3
54.3
56.7
58.2
Other miscellaneous manufacturing
industries............................................. ............ 292.7 295.0 293.9 293.2 290.6 297.0 297.9 297.8 294.9 290.3 288.4 298.9 298.6 272.3
Transportation and public utilities___ ____ 4,170 4,138 4, 098 4,118 4,111 4,103 4, 161 4, 165 4, 166 4,178 4,190 4,176 4,161 4,144 4,010
Transportation........................................... 2,888 2,899 2,880 2,855 2,853 2,852 2,908 2, 912 2,915 2,925 2,929 2, 918 2,921 2,905 2,801
Interstate railroads_________________
1,417 1,404 1,395 1,392 1,394 1,426 1,428 1,440 1,457 1,468 1,468 1,468 1,449 1,390
Class I railroads_________________
1, 243 1,230 1,221 1,218 1,222 1,247 1,258 1, 271 1, 287 1,297 1,296 1,296 1,276 1,220
Local railways and bus lines_________
138
139
139
141
141
141
141
141
141
142
141
143
143
148
Trucking and warehousing....................
650
649
641
637
641
651
649
641
631
621
614
619
628
584
Other transportation and services.........
694
688
680
680
679
690
694
693
696
698
695
691
686
679
Air transportation (common carrier).
90.4
89.2
87.8
86.3
87.5
85.3
84.1
83.7
84.7
83.7
81.5
81.4
80.9
74.4
Communication____________ ________ ( t )
701
708
702
(t)
(t)
701
(t)
697
696
700
698
687
688
663
Telephone________________________
668.6 647.9 663.8 660.3 652.8 654.1 652.8 648.5 647.8 651.5 648.2 637.3 638.9 614.8
Telegraph....... ...... ...................................
47.2
47.1
(t)
47.3
47.5
47.4
(t)
(t)
46.8
47.7
48.5
48.3
47.9
47.2
Other public utilities......................... ........ 559
553
552
551
550
550
551
552
554
557
561
560
553
551
546
Gas and electric utilities.........................
529.2 527.6 526.3 525.6 525.5 527.0 527.6 528.7 531.7 534.7 533.7 527.2 526.0 520.6
Electric light and power utilities___
235.4 234.8 234.4 234.1 234.4 234.3 234.9 236.2 236.2 237.1 237.5 234.9 234.3 234.0
Gas utilities..........................................
118.7 118.4 117.8 117.6 117.3 118.5 118.6 118.4 118.8 120.3 119.8 118.3 117.7 114.9
Electric light and gas utilities com
bined_________________________
175.1 174.4 174.1 173.9 173.8 174.2 174.1 174.1 176.7 177.3 176.4 174.0 174.0 171.6
Local utilities_____________________
24.0
24.3
24.3
24.1
24.1
24.4
25.4
24.5
25.0
26.2
25.9
25.5
25.1
25.2
Trade................. ............. ............. .........
9,787 9, 744 9,817 9, 668 9,643 9,720 10, 660 10,109 9, 893 9, 781 9, 641 9,667 9, 732 9,804 9,524
Wholesale trade...................................
2, 617 2,598 2,602 2, 623 2,624 2,622 2,657 2,657 2,622 2,594 2,596 2,594 2,581 2,602 2, 544
Retail trade..........................................
7,170 7,146 7,215 7,045 7,019 7,098 8,003 7,452 7,271 7,187 7,045 7,073 7,151 7,203 6,980
General merchandise stores______
1,462 1,461 1,523 1,437 1,416 1,472 2,092 1,701 1, 550 1, 487 1,399 1,407 1,458 1,535 1,493
Food and liquor stores....... .............
1,290 1,292 1,292 1,287 1,286 1,282 1,316 1,295 1,281 1,274 1,260 1,268 1,270 1,272 1,209
Automotive and accessories dealers.
747
737
733
738
743
749
768
759
748
754
757
756
749
750
728
Apparel and accessories stores____
549
555
592
529
515
531
651
580
544
561
500
548
550
512
536
Other retail trade..............................
3,122 3,101 3,075 3,054 3,059 3,064 3,176 3,117 3,131 3,128 3,129 3,130 3,125 3,097 3,014
Transportation equipment-....................... 1,673
Automobiles.............................................
Aircraft and parts...................................
Aircraft__________ ______________
Aircraft engines and parts_________
Aircraft propellers and parts..............
Other aircraft parts and equipment..
Ship and boat building and repairing..
Ship building and repairing *.............
Boat building and repairing...............
Railroad equipment_______________
Other transportation equipment_____
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
216
T able A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1 Con.
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1951
1952
Industry group and industry
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1,909
472
63.9
685
Finance...................................................
Banks and trust companies...............
Security dealers and exchanges------Insurance carriers and agents--------Other finance agencies and real estate
1,978
1,959
481
64.5
706
707
1,953
481
64.6
705
702
1,937
479
64.3
702
692
1,919
477
64.1
692
686
688
Service............... ..................—
Hotels and lodging places....... .
Laundries........... .............. .
Cleaning and dyeing plants.
Motion pictures................... .
4, 839
4, 795
448
363.3
165.2
249
4,748
437
357.5
162.0
248
4,681
430
352.9
154.1
242
4,667
428
354.0
153.4
242
4,671
424
355.5
153.8
242
Government....... .
Federal5............
State and local6.
1,898
466
63.4
684
685
1,914
471
64.3
690
689
1,908
471
64.3
682
691
1,893
460
63.8
671
698
686
1,812
427
59.6
646
680
4,702
426
356.2
154.3
241
4,734
430
356.6
157.4
242
4,770
437
360.0
159.3
244
4,831
473
362.1
157.4
247
4,839
507
364.5
153.3
245
4,852
510
368.9
157.6
245
4,835
478
364.8
161.3
248
4,759
455
358.6
154.5
245
4,761
456
353.5
147.5
241
6,490 6,509 6,881 6,497 6,532 6, 544 6,401 6,356 6,377 6,390 5,910
6, 585 6, 602 6, 551 6, 5S
2,381 2,371 2,362 2,354 2,344 2,331 2,727 2,325 2,322 2,336 2,330 2,313 2,271 2,277 1,910
4,204 4,231 4,189 4,174 4,146 4,178 4,154 4,172 4,210 4,208 4,071 4,043 4,106 4,113 4,000
i The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ series of employment in nonagricultural
establishments are based upon reports submitted by cooperating establish
ments and, therefore, differ from employment information obtained by
household interviews, such as the Monthly Report on the Labor Force
(table A-l), in several important respects. The Bureau of Labor Statistics’
data cover all full- and part-time employees in private nonagricultural estab
lishments who worked during, or received pay for, any part of the pay period
ending nearest the 15th of the month; in Federal establishments during the
pay period ending just before the first of the month; and in State and local
government during the pay period ending on or just before the last of the
month, while the Monthly Report on the Labor Force data relate to the
calendar week which contains the 8th day of the month. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, domestic servants, and personnel of the Armed Forces
are excluded from the BLS but not the MRLF series. These employment
series have been adjusted to bench-mark levels indicated by social insurance
agency data through 1947. Revised data in all except the first four columns
will be identified by asterisks the first month they are published.
s Includes: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood products (except
furniture); furniture and fixtures: stone, clay, and glass products; primary
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,898
467
63.7
682
685
1,883
460
63.7
674
686
1,907
470
64.1
689
684
1,912
472
64.1
690
metal industries; fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery,
and transportation equipment); machinery (except electrical); electrical
machinery; transportation equipment; instruments and related products;
and miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
3 Includes: food and kindred products; tobacco manufactures: textile-mill
products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper and allied prod
ucts; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and allied prod
ucts; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; and leather and
leather products.
4 Data by region, from January 1940, are available upon request to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
5 Fourth class postmasters (who are considered to be nominal employees)
are excluded here but are included in table A-5.
6 Excludes as nominal employee paid volunteer firemen, employees hired
to conduct elections, and elected officials of small local governments.
f Data are not available because of work stoppage.
All series may be obtained upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Requests should specify which industry series are desired.
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
217
T able A-3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries1
[In thousands]
1952
Annual
average
1951
Industry group and industry
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1951
1950
Mining:
Metal___ _________ ____ _
94.6
94.5
94.1
94.4
94.2
93.8
92.9
91.8
92.6
91.0
92.5
92.6
92.5
89.4
Iron_______________ ___
34. %J
33.7
32.9
32.9
33.1
33.6
33. S 34.2
35.0
34.7
34.3
34.6
31.9
33.8
Copper_______________ "III"
25.8
25. b 25.5
25.3
25.2
25.1 . 24. S 24.3
24 2 25.0
25.3
25.1
25.1
24.8
Lead and zinc_____________ "I
19.3
19.6
19.5
19.7
19.5
19.2
18.2
18.7
17.3
17.6
17.1
17.6
18.1
17.2
Anthracite__________ ___ ____
61.6
56.5
62.8
58.1
63.0
63.2
63.1
63.1
64.2
63.8
61.6
66.0
65.0
70.6
Bituminous-coal_______________
324.4 332.7 338.8 341.8 343.5 344.9 344.7 343.0 341.9 345.2 334.6 353.4 353.7 351.0
Crude petroleum and natural gas pro
duction:
Petroleumand natural gas production
(except contract services)______
128.9 129.5 128.3 127.5 127.3 126.9 127.8 127.7 129.4 132.9 131.9 129.9 127.3 125. 7
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying___
91.2
90.8
87.9
87.2
87.2
91.6
93.9
95.5
96.5
96.1
94.6
94.8
91.9
85.2
Manufacturing____ ______ ______ 12,357 12, 599 12, 724 12,815 12,820 12, 766 12,911 12,904 12, 997 13,087 13,069 12, 885 13,064 13,034 12,284
Durable goods *____________ 6,950 7,276 7,321 7,316 7,306 7,264 7,322
7,296 7,279 7,261 7,226 7,409 7,334 6, 622
Nondurable goods «_________ 5,407 5 ,323 5,403 5,499 5,514 5,502 5,589 7,314
5, 590 5,701 5,808 5,808 5,659 5,655 5,700 Si 642
Ordnance and accessories_________
60.0
59.0
57.5
56.1
54.6
53.5
51.7
46.9
50.1
43.6
41.3
38.0
33.9
37.4
19.8
Food and kindred products________ 1,124 1,074 1,058 1,057 1,060 1,068 1,122 1,160 1,254 1,330 1,307 1,225 1,146 1,170 1,168
Meat products_______________
230.8 233.6 239.4 244.1 246.4 251.6 246.3 236.3 234.5 233.1 235.5 233.2 '237.6 235.9
Dairy products___________I” ” ’
106.8 100.5
95.5
94.8
93.7
96.3
98.5 102.8 108.1 114.2 116.2 115.6 104.4 104.4
Canning and preserving_________
120.2 113.0 104.3 105.4 105.8 120.3 145.2 238.1 329.5 304.5 226.1 153.9 180.5 176.9
Grain-mill products____________
95.9
95.6
96.4 96.6
97.0
97.3
97.9
97.2
99.2
98.5
98.7
96.9
96.4
94.2
Bakery products______________
184.0 186.5 188.5 187.3 187.2 190.3 192.2 195.1 193.0 192.3 192.2 192.0 191.0 191.5
Sugar_____________________
22.8
22.2
21.8
24.0
22.3
40.2
36.7
45.6
24.7
24.9
25.3
24.8
28.8
29.9
71.4
Confectionery and related products__
74.0
82.7
76.8
79.4
85.1
89.2
87.5
78.2
71.2
84.7
73.1
80.4
83.1
Beverages__________________
146.2 137.0 137.9 134.4 136.2 145.9 146.8 150.0 155.5 160.5 160.9 155.1 150.2 149.1
Miscellaneous food products______
95.9
94.7
96.5
95.3
98.1 101.1 104.8 101.2
95.2
99.9
99.4 101.7 100.9 102.6
Tobacco manufactures______ ____
77
82
77
78
78
80
85
85
89
89
84
75
76
81
81
Cigarettes................ ...................
24.2
24.1
23.8
23.9
24.2
24.4
24.4
24.0
23.6
23.7
23.7
23.3
23.6
23.3
Cigars______________ ___
39.4
38.8
38.8
39.6
39.5
39.7
40.1
39.8
38.8
37.7
36.9
38.4
38.9
39.1
Tobacco and snuff........................ _
10.0
10.3
10.0
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.2
10.3
10.2
10.3
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.8
Tobacco stemming and redrying........
3.8
9.0
4.0
4.6
10.5
6.3
10.5
14.8
15.9
12.2
3.7
3.6
8.0
7.8
Textile-mill products____________ 1,089 1,083 1,092 1,113 1,123 1,131 1,141 1,132 1,133 1,136 1,152 1,167 1,205 1,186 1,206
Yam and thread mills......... IIIIIIIII
144.2 144.9 146.8 149.0 149.0 149.8 149.4 150.5 153.2 154.0 153.6 157.8 ' 156.3 151.8
Broad-woven fabrio mills................
503.1 507.3 518.2 526.7 540.0 547.5 544.2 546.2 551.4 561.2 573.7 587.7 568.7 585.6
Knitting mills........ ............
208.8 209.5 210.0 210.0 209.0 210.7 209.1 208.5 205.3 211.5 210.3 215.7 219.0 223.6
Dyeing and finishing textiles______
77.9
74.5
75.9
79.0
78.0
79.0
74.9
76.5
73.4
73.4
74.3
78.1
78.1
80.1
43.1
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings__
43.9
44.7
44.8
42.6
44.5
41.6
41.6
41.2
40.6
43.1
47.7
47.1
53.3
Other textile-mill products...............
108.3 109.8 113.7 113.3 112.4 112.3 111.3 110.8 111.6 110.5 111.8 117.9 117.0 111.9
Apparel and other finished textile prod
ucts__________ __________ 966 959 995 1,051 1,052 1,029 1,035 1,008 1,019 1,037 1,047 990 1,000 1,039 1,042
Men’s and boys’suits and coats____
112.1 120.1 126.5 127.5 127.2 122.5 117.1 130.6 138.0 139.2 129.3 135.4 133.8 134.3
Men’s and boys’furnishings and work
clothing...___ ______ ______
237.3 238.7 237.9 232.7 228.2 235.4 232.7 237.5 238.8 238.0 233.1 245.2 245.6 245.3
Women’s outerwear........................
253.0 274.1 306.4 308.8 300.3 295.7 278.6 270.1 284.4 294.5 271.0 255.4 282.7 286.8
88.9
Women’s, children’s undergarments_
91.5
90.2
92.3
92.6
91.2
90.3
89.8
87.6
87.0
84.2
86.6
90.6
95.2
Millinery............... .....................
21.0
16.1
19.1
23.4
18.7
22.8
16.7
18.7
19.1
19.0
17.1
14.3
18.7
19.4
Children’s outerwear___________
60.2
59.6
59.1
63.8
58.3
64.0
59.2
58.1
57.1
59.7
59.4
59.2
59.6
60.7
79.2
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
87.6
73.6
77.2
73.6
90.3
78.7
91.0
89.5
90.9
80.1
85.8
85.4
78.4
Other fabricated textile products.......
115.6 117.5 123.2 126.0 124.3 126.5 123.3 123.3 120.7 119.7 116.0 117.6 123.1 121.7
Lumber and wood products (except fur
niture).................................... 674 642 676 670 668 654 696 719 740 745 754 748 773 741 730
Logging camps and contractors..........
41.9
47.9
64.2
56.0
58.1
70.7
56.9
74.2
75.5
72.9
73.3
69.2
76.7
63.5
Sawmills and planing mills_______
394.3 405.9 397.5 396.4 390.6 412.2 428.0 439.3 442.7 449.0 443.2 455.9 437.1 431.1
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products_______
93.9
85.8
91.6
90.3
91.6
89.8
95.3 100.0 100.4 103.0 100.7 107.3 103.4 108.5
Wooden containers.........................
72.1
68.2
71.0
69.1
70.3
70.8
70.9
71.1
71.2
72.3
74.4
74.4
76.6
72.2
Miscellaneous wood products............
53.0
53.7
52.1
53.4
54.1
54.4
54.0
54.9
54.8
56.7
55.9
56.8
56.5
54.8
Furniture and fixtures....................... 288 286 291 296 296 296 296 294 289 285 285 284 286 301 311
Household furniture.......................
201.5 204.7 207.8 207.4 208.0 207.7 206.4 201.2 196.0 195.2 195.9 197.3 211.9 227.9
Otherfurniture and fixtures..............
87.6
84.3
86.4
88.4
88.0
88.4
87.3
87.9
89.4
89.3
87.8
89.0
88.8
82.6
j
See footnotes at end of table.
215534— 52 ------ 7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
218
T able A-3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1952
Annual
average
1951
Industry group and industry
June
Manufacturing—Continued
Paper and allied products..................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.
Paperboard containers and boxes...
Other paper and allied products—
401
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan,
Dec.
405
410
211.3
212.2
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
507
151.0
34.0
35.3
166.8
31.4
88.5
512
152.2
33.7
35.9
168.8
31.9
89.4
512
151.6
35.0
36.2
168.6
32.1
89.1
503
148.6
34.7
35.7
166.6
31.7
85.8
543
61.4
174.9
70.0
48.6
25.8
47.6
114.6
531
61.1
173.8
70.2
49.7
23.8
37.9
114.5
526
61.0
172.3
70.3
50.2
22.9
35.6
114.0
528
60.4
171.5
70.1
50.0
24.7
36.3
115.2
535
60.1
169.9
69.7
49.1
28.0
43.2
114.8
496
52.9
151.8
62.7
46.8
27.8
43.8
110.3
519
153.7
35.1
36.5
169.6
32.6
91.0
517
152.8
35.5
36.7
168.9
32.9
90.5
515
152.5
35.4
37.0
167.4
32.4
89.9
542
61.7
172.9
70.4
47.9
24.8
50.5
113.5
544
61.2
172.1
69.9
48.1
25.8
52.0
114.4
105.7
87.8
108.7
404
205.1
109.8
92.3
88.8
520
154.9
35.6
36.3
170.5
32.1
90.2
105. 7
88.0
1950
509
150.5
35.2
36.4
165.8
31.8
89.6
419
214.6
404
1951
420
416
214.3
110.9
91.0
401
207.9
105.6
87.4
June
426
214.9
116.4
94.3
413
212.3
110.7
90.2
398
206.1
105.3
87.0
July
418
213.5
112.4
92.5
411
211.9
109.9
89.0
398
206.9
104.5
87.0
210. 2
Nov.
112.1
212.2
114.5
92.7
88.8
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Newspapers................... ........................
Periodicals..... ............................ ............
Books_________________ ______ —
Commercial printing..............................
Lithographing.......................................
Other printing and publishing.............
509
507
153.4
34.4
35.3
166.5
30.4
87.1
507
151.8
35.1
35.7
166.2
30.6
87.2
508
151.8
35.5
35.9
166.9
30.8
86.9
507
151.7
35.2
36.2
166.4
30.6
87.3
510
151.3
34.7
36.0
169.7
30.6
Chemicals and allied products..............
Industrial inorganic chemicals.........
Industrial organic chemicals----------Drugs and medicines----------- ------- Paints, pigments, and fillers............. .
Fertilizers______________________
Vegetable and animal oil and fats---Other chemicals and allied products.
514
517
60.5
161.4
71.0
530
60.8
163.0
71.3
4 7 .4
4 7 .7
29.9
34.2
35.0
38.1
114.3
538
61.0
168.4
70.6
48.0
31.5
44.0
114.2
536
61.0
169.6
70.2
47.9
27.8
46.4
112.6
538
60.9
167.9
71.5
47.
34.4
40.7
114.5
112.8
538
61.8
171.1
70.5
47.9
25.4
48.8
112.4
165
122.4
19.3
197
155.1
19.1
194
152.3
19.2
193
152.
22.
22.6
196
154.5
19.0
22.4
197
154.1
18.2
24.2
197
153.6
19.0
24.8
197
153.6
19.2
24.4
198
154.0
19.4
24.2
198
154.3
19.3
24.3
198
153.8
19.1
24.8
195
151.9
18.8
24.3
185
142.8
18.1
23.9
218
91.5
25.2
217
90.0
24.8
220
203
87.8
101.2
102.2
219
90.8
25.3
102.9
355
45.9
229.4
79.7
441
117.3
36.0
74.8
52.3
78.7
81.8
Products of petroleum and coal-------Petroleum refining—.............. ..........
Coke and byproducts......................
Other petroleum and coal products.
Rubber products..... ........
Tires and inner tubes..
Rubber footwear-------Other rubber products.
214
Leather and leather products.
Leather_________________
Footwear (except rubber)...
Other leather products........
339
Stone, clay, and glass products..........
Glass and glass products................
Cement, hydraulic________ _____
Structural clay products...... ...........
Pottery and related products..........
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products
Other stone, clay, and glass products..
Primary metal industries_________
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills..... ........ ......................................
Iron and steel foundries____________
Primary smelting and refining of non'
ferrous metals__________________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous m etals...............................
Nonferrous foundries.......................
Other primary metal industries___
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transporta
tion equipment)...........................
Tin cans and other tinware...........
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware.
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies__________
Fabricated structural metal products
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving.
Other fabricated metal products.. .
783
797
1,251
Machinery (except electrical).............
Engines and turbines......................
Agricultural machinery and tractors..
Construction and mining machinery..
Metalworking machinery_______
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)________
General industrial machinery............
Office and store machines and devices
Service-industry and household ma
chines________________________
Miscellaneous machinery parts........
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
88.0
22.1
21.6
193
152.7
18.8
21.4
215
93.
24.2
97.2
215
94.2
24.7
96.3
218
94.4
25.4
97.9
219
95.4
25.5
97.9
219
94.8
25.6
98.2
215
89.
25.5
99.4
218
92.4
25.3
323
39.0
205.4
78.4
317
38.7
197.7
80.3
320
38.1
201.4
80.8
327
37.6
208.0
81.2
343
40.0
221.3
81.2
336
41.5
215.0
79.3
344
42.7
79.3
342
42.1
218.0
81.7
465
123.4
36.8
83.2
49.9
83.7
472
124.7
37.0
84.4
50.6
85.6
89.4
479
128.2
37.1
84.7
51.1
87.0
91.0
482
129.6
37.4
85.2
51.5
86.9
91.7
484
130.1
37.7
85.0
51.9
87.8
91.4
478
124.3
37.5
84.8
51.6
87.8
91.8
485
129.8
37.3
84.8
53.3
87.0
92.8
478
128.2
36.
83.0
52.9
85.6
91.6
18.8
213
94.4
23.6
94.9
213
94.
330
39.1
212.5
78.3
336
39.2
216.
79.7
344
39.7
342
40.0
330
39.8
221.8
220.6
212.8
448
123.
34.
78.
47.7
81.3
81.
451
122.7
35.8
79.2
48.4
80.7
84.2
449
1,150
22.0
96.3
1,146
82.0
121.2
36.2
77.9
48.4
80.2
85.2
1,154
81.6
77.5
447
119.8
36.1
78.0
49.1
79.2
84.6
452
119.4
36.6
79.7
49.0
80.8
86.7
1,160
1,162
88.2
1,164
1,149
1,160
100.2
1,162
1,165
1,159
1,053
47.8
47.2
88.2
121.6
83.1
91.5
124.1
82.2
91.9
122.7
80.7
78.8
108.4
817
44.8
132.3
813
43.2
130.9
843
43.5
136.6
831
42.9
134.3
776
42.8
132.7
121.8
122.8
180.8
142.
195.
177.1
147.3
191.3
128.4
176.9
158.8
198.3
126.0
178.8
153.0
195.6
123.9
156.5
146.9
173.0
566.9
240.2
570.2
243.4
570.2
246.3
572.7
248.6
557.7
250.3
569.7
248.7
572.7
249.4
574.7
249.6
47.6
47.6
47.4
47.5
47.1
47.1
47.1
47.2
46.8
47.7
81.8
95.0
82.0
94.5
122.0
81.4
93.0
124.7
82.2
92.4
124.1
79.3
91.8
124.3
80.0
90.2
123.3
80.1
90.
123.4
78.4
121.1
81.
93.0
124.7
79.3
90.5
122.9
797
41.2
806
41.0
121.0
122.
807
39.7
122.3
807
38.7
124.
804
38.9
124.
806
40.2
123.9
805
40.0
124.5
809
42.9
126.6
810
44.9
128.5
112.
114.7
188.5
145.4
193.3
115.5
189.2
144.7
195.2
115.5
188.2
143.8
196.3
115.4
186.7
143.0
195.5
118.9
186.
141.
195.
120.0
120.2
120.7
180.0
141.5
194.8
181.7
142.9
194.
1,172
566.4
248.9
560.0
240.3
183.1
142.
195.
221.8
20.6
94.3
571.8
253.7
563.4
240.6
187.5
143.5
190.8
1,155
89.9
25.7
104.7
571.6
247.1
79.8
535.6
204.0
1,265 1,276 1,280 1,281 1,276 1,269 1,255 1,242 1, 219 1,209 1,235 1,252 1,233 1,040
68.
69.4
54.5
69.3
73.
70.
73.
68.6
76.0
70.
74.7
74.8
74.3
74.9
145.
129.0 127.
133.5
151.5 153.
145.
145.
143.9 145.5 145.5 149.9 148.7 147.
90.
93
94.
90.
90.8
91.
95.
73.0
99.6
97.
101.1 101.5 101.
100.
228.
232.1 232.
230.9 224.
231.
169.0
248.8 249.
240.
248.5 246.5 244.
246.
142.0
170.2
89.0
144.3
172.3
89.4
145.
173.
145.4
173.
89.2
146.8
173.4
89.8
147.
173.
90.
148.
172.
90.
148.
171.
90.
148.9
169.4
133.6
162.7
135.5
164.2
134.8
165.2
132.5
166.4
130.1
166.6
127.0
167.9
121.4
166.6
123.5
165.7
124.1
163.5
150.
168.
149.
166.
150.
166.
128.4
161.5
137.3
163.2
88.
125.0
162.7
88.
148.
166.
87.
126.6
134.3
75.6
134.7
161.6
143.2
130.0
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
A: EMPLOYM ENT AND PAYRO LLS
219
T able A 3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1952
June
Manufacturing—Continued
Electrical machinery
Electrical generating, transmission, dis
tribution, and industrial apparatus
Electrical equipment for vehicles_____
Communication equipment_______ I__
Electrical appliances, lamps, and mis
cellaneous products .
701
Transportation equipment
1,330
Automobiles _.
Aircraft and parts
Aircraft. . _______
Aircraft engines and parts
Aircraft propellers and parts
Other aircraft parts and equipment
Ship and boat building and repairing
Shipbuilding and repairing
Boat building and repairing_______
Railroad equipment.. .
Other transportation equipment
Instruments and related products
Ophthalmic goods .
Photographic apparatus
Watches and clocks________________
Professional and scientific instruments
236
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware
Toys and sporting goods..
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions___
Other miscellaneous manufacturing in
dustries___ ______
378
May
Apr.
Mar.
Annual
average
1951
Industry group and industry
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1951
1950
709
714
722
727
725
726
718
707
707
696
684
704
710
636
267.6
66.2
266.6
270.1
65.2
268.3
272.7
65.4
273.3
274.6
66.1
273.4
272.8
66.6
271.1
270.8
67.2
272.0
266.2
67.4
268.4
265.0
67.2
257.5
272.8
67.5
247.3
271.6
66.1
238.5
271.1
65.6
229.5
275.0
67.0
241.2
267.1
66.1
256.1
229.7
56.0
237.0
108.6 109.9 110.8 112.4 114.1 115.7 115.9 117.7 119.7 119.4 117.7
121.2 120.5 113.3
1,308 1,287 1,266 1,251 1,235 1,235 1,234 1,205 1,211 1,198
1,187
1,237
1,221 1,044
671.8 664.8 642.6 634.0 633.2 645.3 654.6 667.4 678.6 675.1
684.0 738.1 718.4 713.5
434.2 428.7 427.7 424.3 415.4 406.7 395.3 362.1
357.1
360.3
346.6
332.7
336.6 201.8
293.2 288.1 286.8 283.7 278.9 274.7 267.8 248.7 241.9 243.7 236.6
225.6 228.6 135.7
83.8
83.6
84.2
84.3
78.4
81.3
74.8
62.4
69.5
66.6
64.6
62.8
63.0
39.1
9.7
9.4
9.6
9.2
9.0
8.7
8.5
8.3
8.0
7.4
7.3
7.5
7.5
5.4
47.5
47.4
47.3
47.1
46.2
44.9
44.2
42.7
39.4
40.9
38.1
36.8
37.5
21.5
132.7 127.9 125.8 122.4 114.9 110.5 111.1 103.7
101.9
99.3
100.5
97.9
98.9
71.4
115.0 111.6 111.1 108.9 102.3
98.2
99.3
92.5
90.6
87.6
87.7
84.7
86.5
60.2
17.7
14.7
16.3
13.5
12.6
12.3
11.8
11.2
11.3
11.7
12.8
13.2
12.4
11.2
60.2
56.5
60.7
60.5
61.7
62.8
63.1
62.2
60.0
57.4
47.2
59.2
56.7
47.9
9.0
9.0
9.3
9.4
9.3
9.8
9.8
9.7
9.7
9.3
9.0
9.0
9.9
9.7
235
236
234
233
232
232
230
228
226
224
221
223
223
186
22.4
22.5
22.4
22.3
22.3
22.7
22. 5 22.3
22.1
22.2
22.5
22.6
22.5
20.6
45.0
45.3
44.8
44.7
44.7
44.9
44.4
44.2
44.7
44.9
42.2
43.4
44.0
37.3
30.7
30.8
30.5
30.2
30.1
30.0
30.0
29.5
28.9
28.6
28.1
28.9
29.0
25.5
136.5 137.3 136.4 135.8 135.1 134.1 133.2 132.3 130.2 128.0 128.5 127.6
127.7 103.0
377
380
382
381
374
381
388
390
388
388
383
400
402
385
36.9
35.6
37.1
37.4
36.8
37.7
38.3
38.6
39.0
39.4
39.4
41.1
42.0
44.5
61.9
60.0
58.9
57.3
54.9
56.2
60.8
62.4
62.6
64.1
61.8
65.5
64.1
64.2
40.5
42.5
44.8
45.5
43.5
43.7
44.5
44.4
43.1
44.3
45.7
44.3
47.8
49.2
238.5 241.0 241.0 240.4 238.3 243.8 244.6 244.8 243.6 240.6 237.4 247.8
247.8 227.2
1 See footnote 1, table A-2. Production workers refer to all full- and parttime employees engaged in production and related processes, such as fabri
cating, processing, assembling, inspecting, storing, packing, shipping, main
tenance and repair, and other activities closely associated with production
operations.
* See footnote 2, table A-2.
* See footnote 3, table A-2.
T able A-4: Indexes of Production-Worker Employment and Weekly Payrolls in Manufacturing
Industries 1
[1947-49 average=100]
Period
Employ
ment
Weekly
payroll
66.2
71.2
87.9
103.9
121.4
118.1
104.0
97.9
103.4
29.9
34.0
49.3
72.2
99.0
102.8
87.8
81.2
97.7
1939: Average_____
1940: Average___
1941: Average____
1942: Average____
1943: Average____
1944: Average___
1945: Average_______
1946: Average_______
1947: Average__
1 See footnote 1, tables A-2 and A-3.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Period
Employ
ment
Weekly
payroll
1948: Average_____ ____
1949: Average_________
1950: Average_______
1951: Average..............
102.8
93.8
99.2
105.4
105.1
97.2
111.2
129.2
1951: June_______
July-----------------------August____________
September__________
105.6
104.2
105.7
105.8
129.8
126.4
128.4
130.9
Period
1951: October_______
November____
December____
1952: January...
February__________
March_________
April___
M a y ________
June_____
Employ Weekly
ment
payroll
105.1
104.3
104.4
103.2
103.6
103.6
102.9
101.9
99.9
129.8
129.8
132.9
130.4
131.0
131.9
127.9
128.2
220
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EM PLOYM ENT AND PAYROLLS
T able A-5: Federal Civilian Employment and Payrolls, by Branch and Agency Group
[In thousands]
Executive1
All branches
Year and month
Total
Defense
agencies1
Post Office
Department3
All other
agencies
Legislative
Judicial
Employment—Total (including areas outside continental United States)
1950: Average_______________________
1951: Average................................. - ...........
2, 080. 5
2, 465. 9
2, 068. 6
2, 453. 7
837.5
1, 210. 7
521.4
525.4
709.7
717.6
8.1
8.3
3.8
3.9
1951: June___________________ ____
July_____ ___________________
A u g u st....... ........... ...... ............. ......
September_____________ _______
October ______________________
November_____________________
December______________________
2, 462.3
2, 503. 4
2, 521.3
2, 528. 7
2, 514.9
2, 517. 5
2, 921. 6
2, 450.1
2, 491. 0
2, 509.3
2, 516. 7
2, 502. 8
2, 505. 4
2, 909.2
1,237. 5
1, 265. 3
1, 267. 7
1, 277.2
1, 279. 4
1, 288. 5
1, 293.0
491.2
489.4
495.5
496.0
495.7
496.2
898.1
721.4
736.3
746.1
743.5
727.7
720.7
718.1
8.3
8.5
8.1
8.1
8.2
8.2
8.4
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
4.0
1952: January. --------------------------- . . .
February______________________
March..________________________
April_____________ ___________
M ay__________________________
June----------------------------------------
2, 524.3
2. 537. 5
2, 550. 9
2, 559. 2
2, 571.3
2, 582. 9
2, 512.1
2, 525. 2
2, 538. 5
2, 546. 7
2, 558. 7
2,570.2
1,296.9
1, 308. 8
1, 314. 6
1, 319. 0
1,326.4
1,334.0
502.4
503.6
508.8
510.0
511.8
512.5
712.8
712.8
715.1
717.7
720.5
723.7
8.3
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.7
8.7
3.9
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.9
4.0
Payrolls--Total (including areas outside continental United States)
1950: Average. ____________________
1951: Average...............................................
585, 576
749, 563
580, 792
744, 560
235,157
361, 825
135, 300
147, 408
210, 335
235, 327
3,215
3,320
1, 569
1, 683
1951- Ju n e_________________________
July __________________________
August________________________
September_____________________
October. _____________________
November_________ __________
December_____________________
721, 693
735,991
769,173
707, 508
857, 429
891,129
856,123
716, 681
731,168
764,167
702, 576
851, 725
885, 714
850, 904
360, 686
364, 256
385, 852
347, 046
402,013
423, 827
381,184
131,156
133, 044
130, 860
134, 916
169, 963
187, 003
225, 820
224, 839
233, 868
247, 455
220, 614
279, 749
274, 884
243,900
3, 379
3,195
3, 257
3, 213
3,445
3,589
3, 529
1, 633
1, 628
1,749
1, 719
2, 259
1, 826
1, 690
1952: January____________ __________
February___________________ —
March________________________
April____________________ _____
May__________________________
June----- ------------ ---------------------
846,065
801, 375
807, 727
826, 843
826,104
814,649
840, 578
796,100
' 802,514
821,276
820, 611
809,162
413, 322
391, 062
391, 111
405,977
410, 699
398,674
158, 767
158, 481
162, 569
159, 495
152,038
160,329
268, 489
246, 557
248, 834
255, 804
257,874
250,159
3, 661
3,546
3,604
3,721
3,725
3,687
1,826
1, 729
1,609
1,846
1, 768
1,800
Employment—Continental United States
1950: Average_______________________
1951: Average...............................................
1, 930. 5
2, 296. 9
1, 918. 7
2, 284.8
732.3
1,093.7
519.4
523.4
667.0
667.7
8.1
8.3
3.7
3.8
1951: June------ --------------- ---------------July___________________________
August________________________
September--------------- ------ ---------October _____ ________________ November_____________________
December______________________
2, 290. 5
2, 329.8
2, 349.0
2, 355. 3
2, 341. 5
2, 344.0
2, 746.2
2, 278.4
2, 317. 5
2,337.1
2,343. 4
2, 329.4
2, 332.0
2, 733.9
1,113.3
1,141. 2
1,156.1
1,164.4
1,166.1
1,174.0
1,177.8
489.3
487.5
493.4
494.0
493.6
494.1
894.4
675.8
688.8
687.6
685.0
669.7
663.9
661.7
8.3
8.5
8.1
8.1
8.2
8.2
8.4
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.9
3.8
3.9
1952: January_______________________
February........................ - ........... —
March_________________________
April__________________________
May------------------------------------ -June.............................— ............. —
2, 350.0
2, 362. 9
2,373. 5
2, 380.8
2, 390.0
2,399.8
2, 337.8
2,350. 7
2, 361. 2
2, 368. 4
2,377. 4
2,387. 2
1,181.1
1,192. 2
1,195.3
1,198. 5
1, 203. 6
1, 210.4
500.3
501.5
506.6
507.9
509.6
510.3
656.4
657.0
659.3
662.0
664.2
666.5
8.3
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.7
8.7
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
Payrolls—Continental United States
1950: Average.
1951: Average.
549,328
706, 838
544, 587
701, 880
211, 508
334, 015
134, 792
146, 819
198, 287
221, 046
3,215
3,320
1,526
1, 638
1951: June...........
July..........
August___
September.
October__
November.
December..
677, 493
693, 405
724,164
665,042
818, 307
840,879
808,960
672, 525
688, 626
719, 202
660,153
812, 658
835, 515
803, 786
330, 332
337, 591
357, 459
320, 781
379, 746
391,089
352, 230
130, 613
132, 500
130, 329
134, 356
169,257
186, 221
224, 878
211, 580
218, 535
231, 414
205, 016
263, 655
258,205
226, 678
3,379
3,195
3,257
3,213
3,445
3, 589
3,529
1,589
1,584
1,705
1, 676
2,204
1,775
1,645
1952: January..
February.
March__
April____
May........
June.........
797, 797
755,244
759,261
778,491
776, 713
767,175
792, 357
750, 014
754,089
772,968
771,264
761,732
382, 580
361, 775
360,239
374, 879
379,369
368,809
158,110
157,824
161,893
158, 832
151, 401
159,663
251, 667
230, 415
231,957
239, 257
240,494
233,260
3,661
3,546
3,604
3, 721
3,725
3,687
1, 779
1, 684
1,568
1,802
1, 724
1,756
1 See footnote 2, table A-6.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
* See footnote 3 .table A-6.
3 Includes fourth class postmasters, excluded from table A-2.
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952__________
A: EM PLOYM ENT AND PAYRO LLS
221
T able A-6: Government Civilian Employment and Payrolls in Washington, D. C.,1 by Branch and
Agency Group
[In thousands]
Federal
Year and month
District of
Total
government Columbia
government
Executive3
Total
All agencies
Defense
agencies3
Post Office
Department
All other
agencies
Legislative
Judicial
Employment
1950: Average1951: Average-
242.3
271.4
20.1
20.3
222.2
251.1
213.4
242.1
67.5
83.8
8.1
8.3
137.8
150.0
8 1
1951: June_____
July--------August___
September.
October___
November_
December-
272.9
280.3
281.1
278.0
274.0
273.5
279.2
20.5
19. 9
19. 8
20. 0
20.3
20. 7
20. 5
252.4
260. 4
261.3
258.0
253.7
252.8
258.7
243.4
251.2
252.5
249.2
244.8
243.9
249.6
83.9
87.7
88.7
87.4
86.6
86.7
86.5
7.7
7.9
7.9
7.8
7.7
7.9
14.2
151.8
155.6
155.9
154. 0
150.5
149.3
148.9
83
85
8 1
8 1
8. 2
82
1952: January—.
February_
March___
April____
May____
June____
272.0
273.0
272.7
273.1
273.0
272.7
20.5
20. 6
20. 6
20.4
20. 5
20. 5
251.5
252.4
252.1
252.7
252.5
252.2
242.5
243.4
243.0
243.5
243.1
242.8
86.5
87.1
87.1
87.4
87.6
87.8
7.9
8.0
8.0
8.1
8.1
8.1
148.1
148.3
147.9
148.0
147.4
146.9
8 .7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
8 .3
8 .4
83
83
8. 4
8. 5
8. 7
0.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
Payrolls
1950: Average—
1951: A verage-
81, 602
98,369
5,321
5, 629
76, 281
92, 740
72, 780
89,106
22,888
31,018
2,937
3,201
46, 955
54, 887
3, 215
3,320
1951: June____
July..........
August__
September
October...
November
December.
286
314
94,102
96,344
102,943
89, 868
119,319
111, 480
101,184
5,623
4,474
4,591
5,435
6, 264
6, 491
6, 241
88,479
91, 870
98,352
84,433
113,055
104, 989
94, 943
84, 798
88,374
94,766
80,905
109, 252
101,045
91,102
29, 480
30,893
35,357
28, 258
37,085
37, 729
31,920
2,839
2,937
2,975
2,860
4,096
3,649
4, 533
52,479
54, 544
56,434
49, 787
68,071
59^ 667
54; 649
3,379
3,195
3, 257
3, 213
3,445
3, 589
3, 529
302
301
329
315
358
355
312
1952: January...
February.
March___
A p ril......
May____
June____
109, 745
101, 213
102, 657
106,478
106,465
103,302
6,635
6, 266
6, 270
6,346
6,422
6,262
103,110
94, 947
96,387
100,132
100,043
97,040
99, 111
91,084
92,481
96,071
95, 983
93,024
34,683
32,354
33,486
34,259
34,457
33,655
3,450
3,364
3,447
3,462
3,425
3,453
60, 978
55,366
55, 548
58,350
58,101
55,916
3, 661
3, 546
3 604
3, 721
3, 725
3,687
338
317
302
340
335
329
1 Data for the executive branch of the Federal Government also include
areas m Maryland and Virginia which are within the metropolitan area as
defined by the Bureau of the Census.
2 Includes Government corporations (including Federal Reserve banks
and mixed-ownership banks of the Farm Credit Administration) and other
activities performed by governmental personnel in establishments such as
navy yards, arsenals, hospitals, and force-account construction. Data which
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
are based mainly on reports to the Civil Service Commission are adjusted to
maintain continuity of coverage and definition.
s Covers civilian employees of the Department of Defense (Secretary of
Defense, Army, Air Force, and Navy), National Advisory Committee for
Aeronautics, Canal Zone Government, Selective Service System, National
Security Resources Board, National Security Council, and War Claims
Commission.
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EM PLOYM ENT AND PAYRO LLS
222
T able A-9: Insured Unemployment Under State Unemployment Insurance Programs,1 by Geographic
Division and State
[In thousands]
M ay
1950
1951
1952
G e o g r a p h ic d i v i s i o n a n d
S ta te
A p r il
M ar.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S ep t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
M ay
C o n t i n e n t a l U n i t e d S t a t e s ------------------ 1 ,0 7 5 .5
L, 1 4 3 .9
1 ,1 9 2 .3
1 ,2 8 4 .1
L, 3 8 4 .1
L, 1 0 1 .6
9 3 9 .9
8 5 3 .0
8 5 9 .8
9 3 9 .2
1 ,0 0 1 .6
9 3 4 .7
9 4 9 .9
1 ,7 0 0 .3
N e w Pin g l a n d ___________________ _____
M a in e
___________________________
N e w H a m p s h i r e __ ________________
________________________
V e r m o n t,
M a s s a c h u s e t t s ________________ - R h o d e I s l a n d _______________________
C o n n e c t i c u t - ___________
______
1 3 1 .5
1 2 .4
8 .8
2 .8
7 3 .2
1 9 .8
1 4 .5
1 3 5 .2
1 4 .7
9 .6
2 .9
7 3 .3
1 9 .3
1 5 .4
1 1 0 .3
9 .8
7 .6
2 .3
5 8 .2
1 8 .6
1 3 .8
1 1 3 .1
9 .2
7 .0
2 .3
6 1 .0
1 8 .6
1 5 .0
1 2 3 .3
1 0 .2
7 .6
3 .0
6 5 .3
2 1 .0
1 6 .2
1 0 7 .4
9 .8
7 .9
2 .3
5 6 .5
1 8 .4
1 2 .5
1 0 2 .2
8 .6
8 .9
1 .9
5 2 .1
1 7 .7
1 3 .0
1 0 5 .8
7 .4
8 .0
1 .9
5 2 .1
2 2 .4
1 4 .0
1 0 6 .4
7 .5
8 .2
1 .7
5 2 .7
2 1 .8
1 4 .5
1 1 0 .5
7 .4
7 .3
1 .5
5 4 .1
2 2 .5
1 7 .7
1 1 1 .7
8 .5
7 .0
1 .5
5 6 .2
2 2 .2
1 6 .3
1 1 2 .6
9 .2
7 .6
1 .4
5 9 .4
2 2 .1
1 2 .9
1 2 2 .2
1 2 .5
9 .9
1 .5
6 5 .5
1 9 .9
1 2 .9
2 2 4 .6
1 9 .6
1 5 .6
4 .0
1 2 4 .8
3 3 .6
2 7 .0
JVUd^l» A t l a n t i c ______________________
N e w Y o r k __________________________
N e w J e r s e y ________________________
P e n n s y l v a n i a _____________ ______
3 5 6 .4
1 9 9 .0
5 0 .6
1 0 6 .8
3 5 9 .5
2 0 0 .6
5 1 .0
1 0 7 .9
3 5 5 .3
1 9 8 .4
5 0 .4
1 0 6 .5
3 7 3 .2
2 0 9 .6
5 4 .7
1 0 8 .9
4 1 5 .8
2 3 2 .6
6 3 .1
1 2 0 .1
3 5 2 .2
2 1 9 .3
4 2 .8
9 0 .1
3 1 6 .2
1 9 6 .0
4 1 .6
7 8 .6
3 0 4 .2
1 8 3 .9
4 6 .2
7 4 .1
2 9 8 .6
1 7 8 .2
4 2 .9
7 7 .5
3 1 5 .1
1 8 9 .0
4 2 .9
8 3 .2
3 4 4 .8
2 1 5 .5
4 6 .5
8 2 .8
3 2 7 .2
2 0 4 .7
4 6 .7
7 5 .8
3 1 1 .7
1 9 0 .4
4 8 .8
7 2 .5
4 8 1 .5
2 6 9 .2
7 9 .6
1 3 2 .7
P a s t N o r t h C e n t r a l ___ __ ___________
O h io
________________________
I n d ia n a
___________________ I llin o is
___________________________
M i c h i g a n _ ______________________
W i s c o n s i n __________________________
1 7 3 .0
3 5 .6
1 7 .6
7 6 .1
3 4 .4
9 .3
1 8 4 .3
3 6 .7
19. 3
7 1 .3
4 4 .6
1 2 .4
1 9 4 .5
4 2 .8
1 9 .6
5 5 .5
6 1 .1
1 5 .5
2 2 6 .1
4 7 .8
2 3 .8
6 3 .3
7 3 .7
1 7 .5
2 5 9 .3
4 9 .7
2 5 .6
7 3 .8
8 9 .3
2 0 .9
2 1 3 .4
4 1 .8
2 2 .0
5 7 .4
7 7 .2
1 5 .0
1 8 2 .2
3 8 .0
1 9 .1
5 5 .8
5 7 .5
1 1 .8
1 5 8 .7
3 2 .7
1 3 .3
5 4 .6
5 0 .6
7 .5
1 5 8 .0
3 0 .4
1 5 .1
6 2 .1
4 4 .5
5 .9
1 8 4 .3
3 1 .8
2 0 .1
7 0 .6
5 5 .1
6 .7
1 9 1 .0
3 3 .4
2 2 .9
7 6 .8
5 1 .1
6 .8
1 5 8 .6
2 8 .4
1 7 .6
7 4 .3
3 2 .5
5 .8
1 5 8 .8
2 7 .0
1 7 .0
7 8 .3
3 0 .6
5 .9
3 0 4 .0
8 1 .6
1 9 .2
1 4 7 .6
4 2 .7
1 2 .9
f<fnrth C e n t r a l __________________
M i n n e s o t a ________________________
Iow a
_________________________
M is s o u r i __ _________ - ___________
N o r t h D a k o t a ____________ ____ __
S o u t h D a k o t a _____________ _______
N e b r a s k a ___________________________
K an sas
_______________________
4 0 .7
1 3 .7
4 .5
1 7 .3
.4
.4
1 .5
2 .9
59. 2
2 3 .7
6 .1
1 9 .7
2 .0
1 .1
2 .6
4 .0
7 1 .0
2 6 .3
8 .1
2 1 .6
3. 5
1 .8
4 .3
5 .4
7 6 .1
2 6 .7
8 .9
2 4 .3
3 .7
1 .9
5 .1
5 .5
7 6 .5
2 4 .0
8 .4
2 8 .2
3 .1
1 .8
4 .7
6 .3
5 1 .3
1 3 .9
4 .4
2 4 .2
1 .8
.9
1 .9
4 .2
4 0 .6
8 .1
2 .6
2 5 .0
.6
.3
.8
3 .2
3 4 .4
6 .0
2 .5
2 2 .4
.1
.2
.5
2 .7
3 0 .8
6 .3
2 .4
1 8 .3
.1
.2
.6
2 .9
3 1 .5
6 .7
2 .8
1 6 .7
.2
.2
.6
4 .3
3 5 .2
7 .2
3 .2
1 8 .2
.2
.2
.7
5. 5
3 1 .9
7 .0
3 .1
1 8 .2
.2
.3
.7
2 .4
3 9 .0
1 1 .2
3 .5
1 9 .9
.5
.4
1 .1
2 .4
7 7 .7
2 3 .2
6 .2
3 4 .6
2 .2
1 .0
3 .3
7 .2
S o u t h A t l a n t i c ______ _________________
D e la w a r e
_______________________
M a r y l an d
____ ___ _________ _____
D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a _____________
V i r g in ia
_________________________
W e s t V i r g i n i a _____________________
N o r t h C a r o l in a ____________________
S o u t h C a r o lin a
G e o r g ia
__________________________
F l o r id a
__________________________
1 1 0 .1
1 .0
1 4 .4
1 .9
1 2 .3
1 6 .3
3 0 .4
1 0 .7
1 3 .8
9 .3
1 0 4 .8
1 .3
1 2 .7
2 .3
7 .1
1 5 .7
3 1 .8
1 1 .3
1 4 .6
8 .0
9 9 .8
1 .5
9 .5
2 .8
8 .1
1 4 .4
2 9 .3
1 1 .2
1 4 .6
8 .4
1 0 6 .8
1 .7
1 1 .6
3 .0
9 .3
1 5 .7
2 8 .4
1 2 .2
1 5 .3
9 .6
1 1 6 .9
1 .9
1 3 .5
2 .7
1 0 .6
1 6 .3
3 0 .2
1 2 .9
1 7 .9
1 0 .9
9 0 .6
1 .4
1 0 .0
1 .8
7 .3
1 1 .3
2 4 .7
1 0 .0
1 3 .9
1 0 .2
8 4 .6
1 .1
7 .7
1 .4
7 .5
9 .0
2 5 .2
9 .3
1 2 .9
1 0 .5
8 3 .2
1 .0
6 .7
1 .2
7 .4
8 .5
2 4 .2
9 .0
1 1 .4
1 3 .8
9 4 .7
1 .1
6 .5
1 .4
8 .2
8 .5
2 8 .5
9 .6
1 3 .8
1 7 .1
1 0 7 .0
1 .2
8 .5
1 .5
1 0 .5
1 0 .4
3 1 .0
1 0 .5
1 5 .4
1 8 .0
1 1 2 .7
1 .2
1 0 .7
1 .5
1 2 .7
1 1 .7
3 0 .6
1 1 .0
1 6 .1
1 7 .2
9 8 .0
1 .2
1 1 .0
1 .5
1 2 .5
1 0 .3
2 5 .5
9 .1
1 5 .5
1 1 .4
9 0 .9
1 .1
1 2 .1
1 .7
9 .1
1 0 .6
2 4 .8
8 .0
1 4 .2
9 .3
1 6 7 .7
2 .3
2 9 .1
4 .6
1 8 .9
2 3 .4
3 6 .7
1 4 .8
2 3 .2
1 4 .7
E a s t S o u th C e n tr a l
_ _ ___________
K e n t u c k y ___________________________
T e n n e s s e e ____ - _____________________
A l a b a m a ___________________________
M i s s i s s i p p i _________________________
7 1 .8
2 0 .8
2 6 .1
1 5 .9
9 .0
7 4 .8
2 0 .8
2 8 .6
1 5 .0
1 0 .4
7 8 .5
2 0 .1
3 1 .4
1 4 .9
1 2 .1
7 9 .1
1 9 .7
3 1 .4
1 5 .1
1 2 .9
8 1 .4
1 8 .8
3 5 .0
1 5 .6
1 2 .0
6 6 .1
1 5 .5
2 8 .4
1 3 .4
8 .8
6 3 .1
1 4 .9
2 6 .0
1 5 .3
6 .9
5 1 .8
1 3 .5
2 1 .5
1 1 .6
5 .2
5 4 .7
1 3 .5
2 2 .7
1 2 .2
6 .3
5 8 .3
1 4 .9
2 2 .7
1 3 .2
7 .5
6 3 .5
1 6 .4
2 5 .5
1 3 .9
7 .7
5 8 .5
1 6 .4
2 2 .0
1 3 .4
6 .7
6 0 .0
1 7 .9
2 2 .6
1 2 .9
6 .6
9 9 .5
2 4 .8
3 6 .8
2 5 .4
1 2 .5
■\Ypst S o u t h C e n t r a l __________________
A r k a n s a s ____________________________
L o u i s i a n a __________________________
O k l a h o m a _____ _____________________
T exas
___________________________
4 6 .4
7 .4
1 7 .4
8 .1
1 3 .5
5 3 .1
1 1 .3
1 8 .6
9 .3
1 3 .9
6 0 .7
1 4 .2
2 1 .0
1 0 .5
1 5 .0
6 3 .3
1 5 .5
2 1 .5
1 1 .2
1 5 .1
5 8 .7
1 5 .1
1 9 .5
1 0 .7
1 3 .4
4 2 .7
1 0 .5
1 3 .9
7 .9
1 0 .4
3 4 .5
7 .7
1 1 .5
6 .5
8 .8
2 9 .1
4 .9
1 1 .1
5 .3
7 .8
3 0 .2
4 .5
1 2 .1
5 .5
8 .1
3 5 .8
5 .3
1 4 .4
6 .5
9 .6
3 7 .8
5 .4
1 5 .9
6 .8
9 .7
3 8 .0
5 .5
1 5 .6
7 .2
9 .7
4 2 .7
7 .1
1 7 .6
7 .5
1 0 .5
8 3 .4
1 4 .0
2 5 .8
1 4 .8
2 8 .8
M o u n t a in
__________________________
M o n ta n a
_ _______________________
Id ah o
____ _____________________
W y o m in g
_______________________
C o lo r a d o
________________________
N e w M e x i c o - . ___________________
A r i z o n a ___________________________
U ta h
.........................- .......................
N evada
________________________
1 1 .4
1 .4
1 .4
.4
1 .6
1 .7
1 .9
2 .1
.9
1 8 .9
3 .4
3 .3
.8
2 .0
2 .2
2 .5
3 .5
1 .2
2 8 .3
5 .9
6 .0
1 .2
2 .4
2 .7
3 .1
5 .4
1 .6
3 1 .9
6 .8
7 .3
1 .5
2 .7
2 .6
3 .2
5 .8
2 .0
3 0 .7
6 .1
7 .3
1 .4
2 .6
2 .5
3 .0
5 .7
2 .1
1 8 .8
3 .2
4 .7
.7
1 .4
1 .6
2 .6
3 .2
1 .4
1 0 .3
1 .4
2 .0
.3
6 .7
.6
.7
.1
.7
.9
2 .0
1 .2
.5
8 .0
.7
.9
.2
1 .1
9 .1
.8
2 .0
1 .7
.9
6 .7
.6
.9
.2
.7
.7
1 .7
1 .3
.6
2 .0
1 .5
.6
.3
1 .4
1 .1
2 .0
1 .8
.7
8 .9
1 .1
.8
.3
1 .5
1 .1
1 .8
1 .6
.7
1 1 .3
2 .0
.9
.4
1 .8
1 .2
2 .1
1 .9
1.0
2 7 .8
4 .6
3 .0
1 .4
5 .6
2 .7
4 .2
4 .3
2 .0
1 5 9 .0
3 1 .1
2 1 .5
1 0 6 .4
1 0 6 .5
1 8 .1
1 2 .3
7 6 .1
7 8 .9
1 0 .8
7 .6
6 0 .5
7 9 .9
9 .6
6 .3
6 4 .0
8 8 .7
1 0 .3
6 .4
7 2 .0
9 6 .0
9 .3
5 .9
8 0 .8
1 0 1 .1
6 .7
3 .9
9 0 .5
1 1 3 .5
8 .7
5 .0
9 9 .8
2 3 4 .2
2 3 .9
1 2 .3
1 9 8 .0
P a c ific
____________________________
W a s h i n g t o n - __________________
O regon
________________________
C a l i f o r n i a _________________________
1
134. 3
1 5 .3
7 .9
1 1 1 .1
1 5 4 .2
1 9 .7
1 2 .3
1 2 2 .2
1 9 3 .9
2 8 .3
2 1 .4
1 4 4 .2
2 1 4 .0
3 8 .4
2 7 .6
1 4 8 .0
2 2 1 .5
4 6 .3
3 3 .2
1 4 2 .0
Prior to August 1950, monthly data represent averages of weeks ended in
with earlier data. For a technical description of this series, see the April
1950 Monthly Labor Review (p. 382).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1
Figures may not add to exact column totals because of rounding.
D. 8. Department of Labor, Bureon C Em p.^m ent S.onrtty.
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
B: LABOR TURN-OVER
223
B : Labor Turn-O ver
T able B -l: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Manufacturing Industries, by
Class of Turn-Over 1
Class of turn-over and year
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total separation:
1952__________ _______________
1951_________________________
1950_________________________
1949__________ ______________
1948_________________________
1947_________________________
1946_________________________
1939_____________ ___________
4.0
4.1
3.1
4.6
4.3
4.9
6.8
3.2
3.9
3.8
3.0
4.1
4.7
4.5
6.3
2.8
3.7
4.1
2.9
4.8
4.5
4.9
6.6
3.1
4.1
4.6
2.8
4.8
4.7
5.2
6.3
3.5
4.0
4.8
3.1
5.2
4.3
5.4
6.3
3.5
4.3
3.0
4.3
4.5
4.7
5.7
3.3
4.4
2.9
3.8
4.4
4.8
5.8
3.3
5.3
4.2
4.0
5.1
5.3
6.6
3.0
5.1
4.9
4.2
5.4
5.9
6.9
2.8
4.7
4.3
4.1
4.5
5.0
6.3
2.9
4.3
3.8
4.0
4.1
4.0
4.9
3.0
3.5
3.6
3.2
4.3
3.7
4.5
3.5
Quit:
1952____ _____________________
1951..______ ____________ _____
195G_________________________
1949_________________________
1948_________________________
1947_____ ________ ___________
1946.__________________ ____
1939 »________________________
1.9
2.1
1.1
1.7
2.6
3.5
4.3
.9
1.9
2.1
1.0
1.4
2.5
3.2
3.9
.6
2.0
2.5
1.2
1.6
2.8
3.5
4.2
.8
2.2
2.7
1.3
1.7
3.0
3.7
4.3
.8
s 2.2
2.8
1.6
1.6
2.8
3.5
4.2
.7
2.5
1.7
1.5
2.9
3.1
4.0
.7
2.4
1.8
1.4
2.9
3.1
4.6
.7
3.1
2.9
1.8
3.4
4.0
5.3
.8
3.1
3.4
2.1
3.9
4.5
5.3
1.1
2.5
2.7
1.5
2.8
3.6
4.7
.9
1.9
2.1
1.2
2.2
2.7
3.7
.8
1.4
1.7
.9
1.7
2.3
3.0
.7
Discharge:
1952___ _____________________
1951_________________________
19.50_________________________
1949______________ __________
1948____________________ _____
1947_________________________
1946___ ______________________
1939_________________________
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.1
.3
.3
2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.1
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.4
.1
.3
.4
.2
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1
2.3
.4
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.1
.4
.3
.2
.4
.4
.3
.1
3
.3
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1
4
.4
.3
.4
.4
.4
.1
.3
.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1
.4
.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
.4
,4
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.1
Lay-off:
1952..................................... ............
1951._______ _________________
1950_________________________
1949____________________ ____ _
1948_________________________
1947_________________________
1946___________ ______________
1939.................................. ................
1.4
1.0
1.7
2.5
1.2
.9
1.8
2.2
1.3
.8
1.7
2.3
1.7
.8
1.7
1.9
1.1
.8
1.4
2.8
1.2
.9
1.8
2.2
1.3
1.0
1.2
2.8
1.2
1.0
1.4
2.6
1.2
1.2
1.1
3.3
1.1
1.4
1.5
2.7
1.0
.9
2.5
1.1
1.1
1.2
2.5
1.3
.6
2.1
1.0
1.0
.6
2.5
1.4
.6
1.8
1.2
.8
.7
2.1
1.3
.7
1.8
1.0
.9
1.0
1.6
1.4
.8
2.3
1.2
.9
1.0
1.8
1.7
1.1
2.5
1.4
.8
.7
2.0
1.6
1.3
2.0
2.2
.9
1.0
2.7
Miscellaneous, including military:
1952_______________ __________
1951_________________________
1950_________________________
1949_________________________
1948_________________________
1947_________________________
1946_________________________
.4
.7
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4
.6
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.5
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.5
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
2.3
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4
.3
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4
.4
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4
.4
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
.3
.i
.i
,i
.i
Total accession:
1952....... ....................... ....................
1951_________________________
1950_________________________
1949_________________________
1948_________________________
1947............... ........... .......................
1946_________________________
1939_________________ ________
4.4
5.2
3.6
3.2
4.6
6.0
8.5
4.1
3.9
4.4
3.2
2.9
3.9
5.0
6.8
3.1
3.9
4.6
3.6
3.0
4.0
5.1
7.1
3.3
3.7
4.5
3.5
2.9
4.0
5.1
6.7
2.9
23.9
4.5
4.4
3.5
4.1
4.8
6.1
3.3
4.9
4.8
4.4
5.7
5.5
6.7
3.9
4.2
4.7
3.5
4.7
4.9
7.4
4.2
4.5
6.6
4.4
5.0
5.3
7.0
5.1
4.3
5.7
4.1
5.1
5.9
7.1
6.2
4.4
5.2
3.7
4.5
5.5
6.8
5.9
3.9
4.0
3.3
3.9
4.8
5.7
4.1
3.0
3.0
3.2
2.7
3.6
4.3
2.8
>Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing indus
tries as indicated by labor turn-over rates are not comparable with the changes
shown by the Bureau’s employment and payroll reports, for the following
reasons:
(1) Accessions and separations are computed for the entire calendar month;
the employment and payroll reports, for the most part, refer to a 1-week pay
period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
(2) The turn-over sample is not so large as that of the employment and
payroll sample and includes proportionately fewer small plants; certain
industries are not covered. The major industries excluded are: printing,
publishing, and allied industries; canning and preserving fruits, vegetables,
and sea foods; women’s, misses’, and children’s outerwear; and fertilizers.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(3) Plants are not included in the turn-over computations in months when
work stoppages are in progress; the influence of such stoppage is reflected,
however, in the employment and payroll figures. Prior to 1943, rates relate
to production workers only.
s Preliminary figures.
* Prior to 1940, miscellaneous separations were included with quits.
N o t e : Information on concepts, methodology, and
special studies, etc., is given in a “Technical Note on Labor
Turn-Over,” October 1949, which is available upon re
quest to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
2M
MONTHLY LABOR
B : L A B O R T U R N -O V E R
T able B-2: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and Industries1
Separation
Industry group and industry
May
1952
Manufacturing
Durable goods3__________________ ___
Nondurable goods3_____________ _____
Ordnance and accessories..........- ................
Food and kindred products____________
Meat products---- ------- -----------------Grain-mill products________ ______
Bakery products-........... .......................
Beverages:
Malt liquors....................................
Tobacco manufactures,----------------------Cigarettes_______________________
Cigars______________ ____ -...............
Tobacco and snuff________________
Textile-mill products............. ......................
Yarn and thread mills_____________
Broad-woven fabric mills- - . ______
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber
Woolen and w orsted .____ _____
Knitting mills___________________
Full-fashioned hosiery.... .............
Seamless hosiery_____________ _
Knit underwear_______________
Dyeing and finishing textiles_______
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings__
Apparel and other finished textile prod
ucts---------- . ---- -----------------------Men’s and boys’ suits and coats_____
Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing-----------------------------------Lumber and wood products (except fur
niture)________
________ ________
Logging camps and contractors_____
Sawmills and planing mills. _ _____
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products_________
Furniture and fixtures________________
Household furniture.
_ _________
Other furniture and fixtures________
Paper and allied products_____________
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes____
Chemicals and allied products_________
Industrial inorganic chemicals.......... .
Industrial organic chemicals...............
Synthetic fibers_______________
Drugs and medicines_____________
Paints, pigments, and fillers________
Products of petroleum and coal.................
Petroleum refining___ ____________
Rubber products__________ ______ ____
Tires and inner tubes______________
Rubber footwear__________________
Other rubber products................. ........
Leather and leather products.....................
Leather____________________ _____
Footwear (except rubber)_____ _____
Stone, clay, and glass products_________
Glass and glass products......................
Cement, hydraulic............... ...... ..........
Structural clay products.. . ________
Pottery and related products_______
Primary metal industries.. ___________
Blastfurnaces, steelworks, and rolling
mills___________________ ______
Iron and steel foundries_____ ____ _
Gray-iron foundries____________
Malleable-iron foundries________
Steel foundries. __ _____________
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals:
Primary smelting and refining of
copper, lead, and zinc________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals:
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
copper.. _________________
Nonferrous foundries_________ _____
Other primary metal industries:
Iron and steel forgings__________
See footnotes at end of table
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Quit
Total
Apr.
1952
May
1952
Discharge
Apr.
1952
May
1952
Apr.
1952
May
1952
Total accession
Mise., incl.
military
Lay-off
Apr.
1952
May
1952
Apr.
1952
May
1952
Apr.
1952
4.1
3.9
4.1
4.2
2.3
2.1
2.3
2.1
0.4
.3
0.4
.3
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.6
0.3
.2
0.3
.2
4.0
3.8
4.0
3.2
2.5
4.4
5.1
3.3
4.0
2.6
4.7
6.6
3.5
3.8
1.4
2.3
1.9
2.4
2.9
1.8
2.3
2.1
2.3
2.7
.6
.4
.4
.4
.4
.6
.4
.4
.3
.4
.3
1.5
2.6
.2
.5
.1
1.8
3.9
.7
.5
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
5.7
5.3
5.1
2.6
4.9
4.3
3.9
3.3
3.0
4.0
3.2
3.3
4.0
3.3
2.0
4.1
4.8
4.3
4.3
4.3
3.7
3.0
3.3
4.7
4.3
2.7
2.7
3.2
2.0
4.0
2.8
4.9
5.7
5.2
4.8
9.8
3.6
2.8
4. 1
3.9
4.6
2.7
1.6
1.7
1.1
2.3
1.1
1.9
1.7
2.1
2.1
1.4
2.1
1.9
2.1
2.5
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.9
1.0
2.7
1.4
2.0
1.7
2.2
2.3
1.3
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.5
1.3
1.4
.6
.3
.2
.2
.4
.2
.2
.2
.2
.4
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.4
.3
.3
.2
.5
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.2
.8
1.1
2.0
.7
.3
1.7
2.8
1.7
1.7
2.2
1.2
.8
.9
1.8
2.4
.9
.8
.6
.1
1.0
.5
2.4
3.6
2.5
1.9
8.1
1.1
.4
1.6
1.0
2.6
.8
.2
.2
.7
.1
.2
.3
.1
.3
.3
.3
.2
.1
.1
.1
.4
.3
.1
.4
.6
.1
.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.4
.3
8.1
2.6
2.3
3.1
1.9
3.7
6.0
3.5
3.2
6.3
3.0
1.8
3.0
4.0
2.3
2.6
5.1
2.6
2.4
2.9
2.0
3.4
3.5
3.9
3.5
8.6
3.3
1.8
2.7
5.8
1.5
2.3
5.4
6.2
5.4
5.7
3.1
1.9
3.3
1.9
.2
.3
.3
.2
1.9
3.6
1.7
3.3
.2
.4
.1
.3
4.5
3.9
5.4
5.6
3.6
3.8
.2
.2
1.5
1.5
.1
.1
5.4
4.2
2.6
• ' p»|»>
' 5.1
5.4
5.9
5.8
5.2
10.5
5.0
3.6
5.0
3.9
3.7
6.3
3.6
.3
.7
.3
1.2
.4
1.5
1.0
3.3
1.0
.3
.3
.1
.2
.2
.1
7.3
12.5
5.5
5.9
12.5
5.3
5.1
4.9
5.6
3.1
2.2
4.0
2.6
3.2
2.5
3.6
1.2
3.1
.8
.4
2.8
1.7
3.0
3.8
5.5
2.5
6.1
3.8
4.3
2.7
3.6
5.1
3.3
3.5
5.5
6.1
4.4
3.4
2.5
4.2
2.6
2.5
3.2
5.1
1.6
2.4
1.4
.7
3.2
1.8
4.5
4.3
4.7
5.1
4.6
3.4
4.1
2.3
4.6
3.2
3.2
W
3.1
3.1
3.1
1.8
1.2
2.6
1.3
2.1
.9
.4
1.0
1.7
.6
.3
1.7
1.2
2.1
2.1
3.6
1.2
4.1
1.7
1.3
1.4
2.7
1.6
2.0
2.6
3.5
3.8
3.0
1.9
1.3
2.9
1.0
1.5
.7
.6
1.0
1.2
.7
.4
1.9
1.1
2.7
2.4
2.8
1.9
3.0
1.9
1.9
1.7
2.8
1.6
1.9
.5
1.3
1.5
.9
1.0
.6
.7
1.2
.5
2.2
4.2
.4
.8
.3
.1
.8
.3
1.3
1.3
1.4
2.8
1.1
1.0
1.8
.1
1.0
1.0
.7
.2
.2
.3
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.3
.1
.2
.1
.2
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.3
(<)
4.0
4.2
3.6
3.0
2.3
4.3
1.9
2.7
. 1.6
2.6
1.0
2.6
1.3
.9
2.8
2.2
3.3
3.2
5.7
4.0
6.0
2.9
3.7
2.6
4.0
1.9
3.1
3.7
4.7
4.9
4.1
2.7
1.8
4.1
1.4
2.1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.1
3.1
2.5
2.2
3.8
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.2
4.2
2.5
4.6
2.0
2.9
2.7
4.4
3.9
4.5
4.9
2.0
4.9
4.6
5.0
5.2
1.7
2.8
2.6
2.2
3.4
2.2
1.5
1.3
5.4
3.8
«
.3
.2
.3
.2
.5
.6
.3
.3
.3
.4
.2
.3
.1
.1
.1
.3
.1
(0
«
(<)
.2
.2
.1
.2
.3
.2
.3
.2
.1
.3
.3
.4
.4
.2
.1
.2
.3
.3
.2
.3
.3
.2
.3
.5
.4
.3
1.3
1.0
1.9
.8
.5
.8
.9
.6
1.3
3.0
(5)
.8
.1
(5)
.7
.1
.5
1.4
1.4
1.0
1.5
1.6
2.7
.7
.3
2.8
.6
1.4
3.1
2.6
3.2
3.7
.2
.6
.6
.6
.7
.1
.6
.4
.4
.7
.6
.7
.4
1.5
.6
.2
.9
1.3
1.0
.5
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.4
.3
2.2
4.2
4.1
4.2
4.4
2.0
4.5
4.0
4.0
5.2
1.7
1.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.2
2.6
1.1
1. 6
5.9
.8
2.6
1.0
3.0
.2
1.2
.3
.5
.2
1.0
.2
2.2
.1
.6
.1
.2
1.4
6.6
1.7
5.6
4.6
2.4
2.5
.4
.4
.8
1.4
.2
.3
2.1
3.3
.5
.6
.3
.3
.2
.4
.2
.3
.1
(5)
.1
.5
(6)
(s)
«
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
225
B : L A B O R T U R N -O V E R
T able B-2: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and Indus
tries 1—Continued
Separation
May
1952
Manufacturing—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transportation
equipment)_______________________ _
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware__
Cutlery and edge tools........... ......
Hand tools..... ......................... ........
Hardware__________ __________
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies................ .
Sanitary ware and plumbers’
supplies________________ _ .
Oil burners, nonelectric heating
and cooking apparatus, not
elsewhere classified_______ . . .
Fabricated structural metal products..
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving......... .......................................
Machinery (except electrical)....................
Engines and turbines......... ..................
Agricultural machinery and tractors...
Construction and mining machinery..
Metalworking machinery.....................
Machine tools_____ ___________
Metalworking machinery (except
machine tools)_______________
Machine-tool accessories_______
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)________
General industrial machinery_______
Office and store machines and devices..
Service-industry and household machines...... ..........................................
Miscellaneous machinery parts______
Electrical machinery__________________
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial apparatus... ____________ __________ _
Communication equipment____ ____
Radios, phonographs, television
sets, and equipment__________
Telephone and telegraph equip
ment _________________ _____
Electrical appliances, lamps, and
miscellaneous products__________
Transportation equipment—...................
Automobiles....... ........... .......................
Aircraft and parts....................... .........
Aircraft______________________
Aircraft engines and parts______
Aircraft propellers and parts____
Other aircraft parts and equipment______________________
Ship and boat building and repairing..
Railroad equipment_______________
Locomotives and parts_________
Railroad and streetcars .................
Other transportation equipment-........
Instruments and related products........ .
Photographic apparatus......................
Watches and clocks.____ _____ ____
Professional and scientific instruments__________ _________ _____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware..
Non manufacturing
Metal mining ................... ..........................
Iron mining...........................................
Copper mining.._ ..............................
Lead and zinc mining___ _________
Anthracite mining____________________
Bituminous-coal mining_______________
Communication:
Telephone................................. .............
Telegraph_______ ______ _________
4.3
4.1
4.5
4.5
4.0
Apr.
1952
4.4
4.5
3.2
5.0
4.4
May
1952
Apr.
1952
2.0
1.7
1.9
1.4
1.9
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.2
1.9
1.5
1.6
2.1
0.4
.3
.2
.3
.4
Apr.
1952
May
1952
Apr.
1952
0.4
.4
.2
.2
.5
1.7
1.9
2.3
2.6
1.5
1.5
1.9
1.4
3.0
1.5
May
1952
Apr.
1952
0.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
0.3
.3
.1
.2
.3
May
1952
Apr.
1952
3.7
2.2
1.8
1.5
2.7
3.9
2.4
2.4
2.0
2.6
5.6
5.4
2.7
2.4
.4
.6
2.3
2.2
.2
.2
4.6
3.8
3.5
3.6
2.0
1.9
.2
.3
1.1
1.2
.2
.2
3.0
2.1
8.1
4.3
7.6
4.1
3.5
2.6
3.0
2.8
.6
.6
1.0
.5
3.8
.9
3.4
.6
.2
.2
.2
.2
6.6
3.9
5.9
4.6
4.6
3.4
3.4
(4)
3.4
2.9
2.9
4.9
3.4
3.1
3.5
3.6
3.2
3.2
1.7
2.1
2.4
(4)
2.6
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.3
2.2
.3
.4
.5
(4) i
.5
.4
.5
.4
.4
.4
.4
.7
.4
.5
2.2
.7
.3
(4)
.1
.2
.1
2.0
.6
.2
.3
.1
.3
.3
.4
.2
.2
.4
.3
.2
.4
.2
.2
.2
5.6
2.8
3.1
3.6
2.7
3.0
5.0
3.2
3.1
3.2
4.0
3.1
3.1
2.6
3.2
3.1
3.6
1.9
2.2
2.4
2.4
.3
.4
.3
.4
.2
.6
.2
.6
2.7
3.3
3.1
3.2
3.6
2.6
1.7
2.0
1.4
1.9
2.1
1.3
.4
.4
.2
.4
.5
.2
.4
.7
1.1
4.0
3.3
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.7
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
.4
.4
.3
.3
.5.
.3
3.4
4.2
2.7
4.5
1.6
2.5
1.4
2.6
.3
.4
.2
.4
4.9
5.3
2.3
2.5
.5
.5
1.8
2.5
2.4
2.1
1.9
.2
.2
(5) 1
4.4
4.9
4.6
4.2
4.4
3.5
1.2
4.2
4.8
4.2
4.0
4.2
3.5
2.1
1.9
2.6
1.5
3.5
3.8
2.7
.8
1.8
2.5
1.6
3.1
3.4
2.4
1.4
.3
.3
.2
.4
.3
.6
.2
.2
.3
.2
.4
.3
.5
.3
1.9
1.4
1.9
.1
.1
.1
.2
3.7
(4)
4.0
2.8
6.5
3.1
1.9
1.0
3.0
3.5
12.9
6.5
5.5
8.0
3.3
1.8
1.1
2.4
2.3
(4) 1
2.0
1.4
3.3
2.1
.9
.7
1.0
2.5
5.6
2.8
2.0
4.3
1.8
1.0
.7
1.2
.7
(4) *1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
(5) *
.2
.4
.9
.3
.1
.5
.4
1.9
5.2
4.3
2.1
6.0
4.2
1.0
2.7
1.7
1.2
2.8
2.2
.2
.4
.3
5.7
2.6
6.9
5.1
2.0
2.9
5.7
2.5
6.2
5.4
2.3
3.5
4.9
1.8
6.3
4.5
.9
1.6
4.7
1.7
5.5
4.4
1.2
1.6
.4
.2
.4
.2
«
«
n
1.9
(4)
(4)
(4)
1.6
(4)
i See footnote 1, table B -l. Data for the current month are subject to
revision without notation; revised figures for earlier months will be indicated
by footnotes.
2 1 5 5 3 4 — 52--------8
May
1952
1 OLal a
Mise., incl.
military
Lay-off
Discharge
Quit
Total
Industry group and industry
(5)
(4)
(4)
2.0
2.6
3.0
3.1
.7
.8
.7
.2
.2
.4
.2
.2
.4
2.4
2.9
2.0
3.5
3.2
2.3
1.3
.8
1.4
1.2
.9
1.2
.3
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
3.1
2.6
3.0
3.3
3.0
2.9
1.3
1.0
.8
1.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
2.6
3.3
2.3
3.5
2.0
.3
.3
3.9
4.3
.2
.3
2.7
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.7
.2
.2
.1
.4
.3
.6
1.0
.2
.2
.1
(«)
.2
.5
.7
.3
.3
.5
3.3
5.8
4.6
5. 6
6.0
4.3
1.3
2.6
5.9
5.1
5.3
5.9
3.8
3. 5
.3
.1
(«)
1.1
.6
2.2
.7
.4
.1
1.4
.3
6.2
2.5
2.4
2.6
1.2
.3
.2
.9
.8
.7
.9
.2
.5
.2
.4
.3
.2
.9
1.0
.6
.3
.3
.2
.2
6.0
(4)
5. 7
4.2
8.5
3.7
2.3
1.6
2. 5
4.0
13.1
5. 8
3.3
10.4
2.8
2.4
1. 6
3.0
.3
.5
.2
.1
1.8
2.1
.3
2.4
1.6
.6
.3
.2
.3
.3
.2
2.6
4.6
2.4
2.8
4.6
2.4
.5
.1
.3
.3
.1
.2
.2
, .3
.1
.4
.9
1.6
.3
.4
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
5.9
3.4
6.7
5. 4
6.0
5. 6
5. 0
4.8
l.i
1.3
«
(s)
.1
.1
(4)
(4)
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
»
(5)
(4)
(4)
(4)
.2
.8
.9
(5)
(5)
.1
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(5)
.1
(4)
* See footnote 2, table A-2.
* See footnote 3, table A-2. Printing, publishing,
and allied industries are excluded.
.9
1.3
(4)
(4)
2.1
(4)
4 Not available,
5 Less than 0.05.
C: EARN IN GS AND HOURS
226
MONTHLY LABOR
C: Earnings and Hours
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1
Mining
Metal
Iron
Total: Metal
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1950: Average------- $65. 58
1951: Average-......... 74.60
Coal
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
42.2 $1.554 $81.96
43.6 1. 711 72.63
Copper
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Lead and zinc
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Anthracite
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Bituminous
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
40.9 $1. 515 $72. 05
42.5 1.709 78.19
45.0 $1.601 $66. 64
46.1 1.696 76.20
41.6 $1. 602 $63. 24
43.0 1.772 66.60
32.1 $1. 970 $70.35
30.3 2.198 77.86
35.0
35.2
$2.010
2.212
1951: May_______
June_______
July._______
August_____
September...
October.........
November__
December___
74.96
70.89
72.32
75.74
76.43
76.10
74.43
79.43
44.2
41.8
42.0
44.5
44.1
44.4
43.4
44.4
1.696
1.696
1.722
1.702
1.733
1.714
1.715
1.789
75.48
65.19
67.58
75.92
76. 56
76. 79
73.06
76.83
44.4
38.3
39.2
44.4
43.8
44.7
42.5
43.9
1.700
1.702
1.724
1.710
1.748
1.718
1.719
1.750
76.00
75.36
75.86
76.88
79.20
78.15
77.74
84. 38
45.7
45.4
44.6
45.9
46.7
46.3
46.0
46.8
1.663
1.660
1.701
1.675
1.696
1.688
1.690
1.803
76.23
76.20
76.85
76. 78
75.66
75.55
74.44
81. 52
42.9
43.2
43.1
43.7
42.6
42.9
42.2
43.2
1.777
1.764
1.783
1.757
1.776
1. 761
1.764
1.887
66.67
68.94
79.50
58. 52
60. 36
78.24
81.84
69.98
30.1
31.0
35.3
26.3
27.2
35.1
36.8
31.1
2.215
2. 224
2.252
2.225
2. 219
2.229
2. 224
2. 250
73.86
77.67
73.71
77.23
81.61
80.62
81.09
86.28
33 3
34.8
32.7
34 9
36. 5
36.3
36.2
38.4
2.218
2.232
2. 254
2. 213
2. 236
2.221
2.240
2. 247
1952: January___
February...
March____
April_____
May_____
79.12
79. 25
80. 59
78.03
80.45
44.3
44.1
44.5
43.3
44.4
1.786
1.797
1.811
1.802
1.812
74. 57
76.32
78.42
72.38
76. 79
44.1
44.4
45.2
42.5
44.7
1.691
1.719
1.735
1.703
1.718
86.11
84. 50
84. 69
84.18
84.91
46.7
46.0
45.9
45.5
45.8
1.844
1.837
1.845
1.850
1.854
83.02
81.90
82.45
80.07
82. 22
43.4
42.7
42.7
41.9
42.6
1.913
1.918
1.931
1.911
1.930
73.58
68.97
67.00
62. 52
75. 81
32.6
30.9
30.1
28.1
33.8
2. 257
2.232
2.226
2.225
2.243
86.39
80.27
79. 26
66.32
66.83
38.5
35.9
35.4
29.7
30.2
2.244
2.236
2.239
2.233
2.213
Mining—Continued
Contract construction
Crude petroleum and
natural gas production
Nonbuilding construction
Nonmetallic mining
Petroleum and
and quarrying
natural gas production
(except contract
services)
1950: Average-------- $73. 69
1951: Average_____ 79.67
40.6 $1.815 $59. 88
40.9 1. 948 67.19
Total: Contract con
struction
44.0 $1. 361 $73. 73
45.0 1. 493 81. 71
Total: Nonbuilding
construction
Highway and street
37.2 $1. 982 $73. 46
37.9 2.156 80. 82
40.9 $1. 796 $69.17
40.8 1.981 74.66
Other nonbuilding
construction
41.1 $1.683 $76.31
41.0 1.821 85.06
40.7
40.6
$1.875
2.095
1951: May........... —
June................
July—............ .
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
78.30
78.74
83.32
78.15
83.68
78.93
79.02
83.85
40.4
40.4
42.1
40.2
41.8
40.5
40.4
41.8
1.938
1.949
1.979
1.944
2.002
1.949
1.956
2.006
67.22
67.82
68.84
69. 59
70.63
71.72
68.35
67.32
45.7
45.7
45.8
46.3
46.1
47.0
44.5
44.0
1.471
1.484
1.503
1.503
1.532
1.526
1.536
1.530
81.62
82.41
83. 73
84.46
85.19
86.26
81.66
83. 83
38.3
38.4
39.0
39.1
38.9
39.3
36.8
37.9
2.131
2.146
2.147
2.160
2.190
2.195
2. 219
2.212
81.26
81.48
84. 81
85.27
84. 72
86.61
79.30
79.08
41.8
41.3
42.9
42.7
41.9
42.6
38.7
38.9
1.944
1.973
1.977
1.997
2.022
2.033
2.049
2. 033
75.68
75. 56
79. 22
79.90
78.81
81.75
71.73
70.56
42.4
41.7
43.6
43.4
42.1
43.6
38.4
38.2
1.785
1.812
1.817
1.841
1.872
1.875
1.868
1.847
85.16
85.98
89. 21
89. 51
89.20
90.42
84. 72
84. 75
41.3
41.0
42.4
42.2
41.7
41.9
38.9
39.4
2.062
2.097
2.104
2.121
2.139
2.158
2.178
2.151
1952: January_____
February____
March . _
April_______
May________
84.53
82. 29
84. 57
82.13
81.08
41.7
40.8
41.6
40.8
40.3
2.027
2.017
2.033
2.013
2.012
66.69
67.60
67. 50
69.26
71.10
43.7
44.3
43.8
44.8
45.9
1. 526
1.526
1.541
1.546
1.549
84.74
85.95
83.51
85.19
86.47
37.9
38.3
37.1
38.1
38.9
2.236
2.244
2.251
2.236
2.223
81.26
82.73
79.46
82.14
85.45
39.6
40.2
38.5
39.7
41.5
2.052
2.058
2.064
2. 069
2.059
71.84
73.34
68.03
73.08
78. 29
39.3
39.6
37.5
39.5
42.0
1.828
1.852
1.814
1.850
1.864
86.64
88.01
85.76
88.18
90.89
39.8
40.5
39.0
39.9
41.2
2.177
2.173
2.199
2. 210
2.206
Contract construction—Continued
Building construction
Special-trade contractors
Total: Building con
struction
1950: Average........... $73. 73
1951: Average_____ 82.10
General contractors
36.3 $2.031 $68. 56
37.3 2.201 75.10
Total: Special-trade Plumbing and heating
contractors
Painting and
decorating
Electrical work
35.8 $1.915 $77. 77
36.6 2.052 87.20
36.7 $2.119 $81.72
37.8 2.307 91.26
38.4 $2.128 $71.26
39.2 2.328 78.65
35.4 $2.013 $89.16
35.8 2.197 102.21
38.4
40.1
$2.322
2.549
1951: M a y .............June________
July.................
August—....... .
September___
October_____
November___
December___
81.83
82. 71
83.63
84.31
85. 42
86.20
82. 26
84. 94
37.5
37.7
38.1
38.2
38.2
38.5
36.4
37.7
2.182
2.194
2.195
2. 207
2.236
2.239
2.260
2.253
75.24
75.28
76.28
76.76
77. 79
79. 66
76.06
77.98
36.9
36.9
37.3
37.5
37.4
38.3
36.2
37.4
2.039
2.040
2.045
2.047
2.080
2.080
2.101
2.085
86.60
88.32
88. 97
89.94
91.14
90.94
86. 58
89.51
37.9
38.3
38.6
38.7
38.8
38.6
36.5
37.8
2.285
2.306
2. 305
2.324
2.349
2.356
2.372
2.368
91.80
92.11
92.19
92.39
93.89
94.60
91.18
95. 92
39.4
39.5
39.6
39.4
39.7
39.9
38.2
40.2
2. 330
2. 332
2.328
2. 345
2.365
2.371
2.387
2.386
79.24
79.68
79.24
80. 33
80.27
82.16
78.07
80.31
36.6
36.7
36.4
36.2
35.9
36.5
34.3
35.1
2.165
2.171
2.177
2.219
2. 236
2.251
2.276
2.288
102.12
103. 70
103.54
104. 42
106. 76
105.19
100. 61
106.28
40.3
40.7
40.7
40.9
41.0
40.6
38.8
40.8
2.534
2. 548
2.544
2.553
2.604
2.591
2. 593
2.605
1952: January_____
February____
March. ___
April_______
May_______
85.35
86.60
84. 57
85. 84
86. 60
37.5
37.9
36.9
37.7
38.2
2.276
2.285
2. 292
2.277
2.267
78. 62
79. 67
76.26
81.26
80.82
37.6
37.9
36.4
38.9
39.1
2.091
2. 102
2.095
2.089
2.067
90.00
91.34
90.17
88. 97
90.58
37.5
37.9
37.2
36.9
37.6
2.400
2.410
2.424
2.411
2.409
95.92
94.32
93. 77
92.15
92. 81
39.8
39.3
38.7
38.3
38.8
2.410
2.400
2. 423
2.406
2.392
78.07
79. 57
78. 51
78. 62
80.88
34.3
34.9
34.6
34.3
34.8
2. 276
2.280
2. 269
2.292
2.324
106. 74
108.93
108.43
106. 28
107. 73
40.6
41.2
40.4
39.7
39.9
2.629
2. 644
2.684
2.677
2.700
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
227
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1—Con.
Contract construction—Continued
Building construction—Continued
Special-trade contractors—Continued
Year and month
Other special-trade
contractors
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Plastering and lath
ing
Masonry
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Carpentry
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
1950: Average_____ $74. 71
1951: Average_____ 83.62
35.8 $2,087 $70.85
37.0 2.260 78.83
33.9 $2,090 $86. 70
35.1 2.246 89. 66
35.0 $2.477 $69. 86
34.9 2.569 72. 92
1951: May..............
June________
July_________
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
82.29
85.28
86.86
87.90
88. 97
88.20
82.91
84. 51
36.9
37.6
38.3
38.5
38.6
38.1
35.6
36.6
2.230
2.268
2.268
2.283
2.305
2.315
2.329
2.309
78.83
77.23
83.96
83.55
84.00
83.61
74.93
76.94
35.7
34.4
37.4
37.1
37.3
36.8
33.2
33.6
2.208
2.245
2.245
2. 252
2. 252
2. 272
2.257
2. 290
93.31
92.10
91.38
91.18
90. 72
87. 91
83.05
85.81
36.0
35.6
35.5
35.8
35.8
34.5
32.8
33.6
2.592
2. 587
2. 574
2.547
2. 534
2.548
2.532
2. 554
1952: January_____
February........
March______
April________
May________
85.18
87.80
85. 95
85. 69
87. 92
36.2
37.0
36.1
36.2
37.3
2.353
2.373
2.381
2. 367
2.357
75.70
75.73
71.97
73.20
79.52
33.0
33.2
32.0
32.9
35.0
2.294
2.281
2.249
2.241
2.272
83.19
87.88
85.17
86. 95
89.96
32.7
34.3
33.0
33.7
34.8
2.544
2. 562
2. 581
2.580
2.585
Roofing and sheetmetal work
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Excavation and foun
dation work
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
37.0 $1,888 $64. 49
35.8 2.037 71.13
35.3 $1,827 $74.92
36.2 1.965 80.17
38.6
39.3
$1,941
2.040
72.16
73.70
76.76
77.73
80.14
77.65
71.14
73.08
36.5
37.0
37.7
37.3
38.0
36.2
33.7
35.0
1.977
1.992
2.036
2.084
2.109
2.145
2.111
2.088
71.14
71.11
73.63
73. 51
75.53
76.63
70.55
71.92
36.9
36.6
37.8
37.6
37.9
37.9
34.6
35.5
1.928
1.943
1.948
1.955
1.993
2.022
2.039
2.026
82.23
80.80
83.15
85.82
84.69
85.11
77.53
81.82
39.9
39.3
40.7
41.2
40.5
40.8
36.9
39.0
2.061
2.056
2.043
2.083
2.091
2.086
2.101
2. 098
71.89
73.43
72.83
72. 46
71.37
35.0
35.7
35.2
35.5
35.4
2.054
2.057
2.069
2.041
2.016
70.31
72.04
68.46
73.25
75.47
34.4
34.7
33.3
35.3
36.3
2.044
2.076
2.056
2.075
2.079
78.19
83.28
80.45
80.84
82.25
37.9
39.3
38.0
40.0
40.7
2.063
2.119
2.117
2.021
2. 021
Manufacturing
Total: Manufac
turing
Durable goods *
Food and kindred products
Ordnance and
Nondurable goods * Total:accessories
Total: Food and kin
Meat products
dred products
1950: Average_____ $59.33
1951: Average....... „ 64. 88
40.5 $1.465 $63. 32
40.7 1.594 69.97
41.2 $1. 537 $54. 71
41.7 1.678 58.50
39.7 $1. 378 $64. 79
39.5 1.481 73.78
1951: May________
June________
July.................
August______
September___
October......... .
November___
December___
64. 55
65. 08
64. 24
64. 32
65.49
65.41
65.85
67.40
40. 7
40.7
40.2
40.3
40.6
40.5
40.5
41.2
1.586
1. 599
1. 598
1.596
1.613
1.615
1.626
1.636
69.60
70. 27
68.79
69.55
71.01
71.10
71.05
72.71
41.8
41.8
40.9
41.3
41.6
41. 7
41.5
42.2
1.665
1.681
1.682
1.684
1.707
1.705
1.712
1.723
57.93
58. 47
58.48
57. 91
58. 67
58.00
59.07
60.45
39.3
39.4
39.3
39.1
39.4
38.9
39.2
39.9
1.474
1.484
1.488
1.481
1.489
1.491
1.507
1.515
1952: January..........
February____
March______
April___ ____
May________
66.91
66.91
67.40
65.83
66.61
40.8
40.7
40.7
39.8
40.2
1.640
1.644
1.656
1.654
1.657
72.15
72.18
72. 81
71.03
71.72
41.8
41.7
41.7
40.8
41.1
1.726
1.731
1. 746
1.741
1.745
60.04
60.12
60.13
58. 75
59.56
39.5
39.5
39.3
38.4
38.9
1.520
1.522
1.530
1.530
1.531
41.8 $1,550 $56.07
43.5 1.696 61.34
41.5 $1.351 $60.07
41.9 1.464 66.79
41.6
41.9
$1.444
1.594
72.45
71.02
73. 10
73. 71
76. 47
75. 50
75.68
77.62
43. 2 1.677
42.4 1.675
43. 1 1. 696
43.9 1.679
44.2 1.730
44.0 1. 716
43.9 1.724
45.1 1.721
60. 40
61.80
61.65
61.15
62.06
61.91
63.34
64.13
41.6
41.9
42.2
42.0
42.8
42.0
42.0
42.3
1.452
1. 475
1. 461
1. 456
1.450
1.474
1.508
1.516
63.90
67.88
68.26
67.48
68.46
67.65
73. 51
73.06
41.6
41.8
41.8
41.3
41.9
41.5
44.1
44.2
1.536
1.624
1. 633
1.634
1.634
1.630
1.667
1.653
77.26
78. 76
78.85
76. 94
78.40
44.4
44.7
44.3
43.3
43.8
63. 40
63.30
63.30
62. 96
64.14
41.6
41.4
41.0
40.7
41.3
1.624
1.529
1.544
1.547
1.553
69. 66
68. 72
68.09
68.43
69.90
42.5
41.4
40.6
40.3
40.9
1.639
1.660
1.677
1.698
1.709
1.740
1.762
1.780
1.777
1.790
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Meat packing,
wholesale
Sausages and casings
Dairy products
Condensed and evap
orated milk
Ice cream and ices
Canning and preserv
ing
1950: Average.......... $60.94
1951: Average_____ 68. 34
41.6 $1. 465 $60.80
41.9 1.631 65.87
42.4 $1. 434 $56.11
41.9 1.572 60.61
44.5 $1.261 $57.36
44.6 1.359 63.25
45.6 $1,258 $57. 29
46.1 1.372 62.35
44.1 $1. 299 $46.81
44.6 1.398 51.42
39.3
40.2
$1.191
1.279
1951: May.............. .
June...... ..........
Ju ly ...............
August............
September__
October_____
November___
December___
65.03
69.47
69.81
69.09
70.27
69.01
75. 98
75.82
41.5
41.7
41.7
41.2
41.9
41.1
44.2
44.6
1.567
1.666
1.674
1.677
1.677
1.679
1.719
1.700
64.17
66. 51
67.50
67. 69
67. 92
67.00
68.19
66.44
41.4
42.2
42.8
42.6
41.9
41.9
42.3
41.6
1. 550
1. 576
1.577
1.589
1.621
1.599
1.612
1.597
60.52
61.11
62.02
60.70
62.10
60.60
60.09
61.48
45.1
45.4
45.4
44.9
45.0
44.3
43.8
44.1
1.342
1.346
1.366
1.352
1.380
1.368
1.372
1.394
64. 34
64.26
65. 47
63.70
64.77
62.06
61.92
62. 56
47.0
46.8
46.8
46.7
46.5
45.5
45.2
45.2
1.369
1.373
1.399
1.364
1.393
1.364
1.370
1.384
61.27
61.46
63. 57
62.32
63.11
62.33
62. 48
64.09
44.4
44.6
45.7
44.9
44.6
44.3
44.0
44.6
1.380
1.378
1.391
1.388
1.415
1.407
1.420
1.437
48.88
49.25
49.20
53.00
54.33
56.87
47.80
51.02
38.1
38.6
40.8
41.7
43. 5
42.5
37.0
38.3
1.283
1.276
1. 206
1.271
1.249
1.338
1.292
1.332
1952: January_____
February........
March______
April..............
May________
71.95
70. 97
70.02
70. 51
71.25
42.8
41.6
40.5
40.2
40.3
1.681
1.706
1.729
1.754
1.768
65.91
66.01
66.75
66. 99
68. 97
41.3
40.8
41.1
40.8
41.8
1.596
1.618
1.624
1.642
1.650
62.79
62.29
62. 55
62.44
63.05
44.0
43.9
43.8
44.0
44.4
1.427
1.419
1.428
1.419
1.420
63. 56
63.50
64.12
64. 27
66.24
44.6
45.1
44.9
45.2
46.0
1.425
1.408
1.428
1.422
1.440
63.03
63.66
63.34
63. 02
62.16
43.5
43.9
43.5
43.7
43. 5
1.449
1.450
1.456
1.442
1.429
50.35
51.11
51.40
50.43
48.58
38.0
38.4
38.1
37.3
37.2
1.325
1.331
1.349
1.352
1.306
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0: EARNINGS AND HOURS
228
MONTHLY LABOR
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Year and month
Grain-mill products
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1950: Average_____ $59.02
1951: Average-------- 66.28
Flour and other
grain-mill products
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Prepared feeds
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Sugar
Bakery products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
43.3 $1.363 $60. 95
44.6 1.486 67.43
44.1 $1. 382 $57. 21
45.5 1.482 64.63
45.3 $1.263 $53. 54
46.1 1.402 57.38
41.5 $1,290 $59.94
41.7 1.376 61.66
Cane-sugar refining
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
43.0 $1.394 $61. 83
41.3 1.493 63.13
43.0
41.1
$1.438
1.536
1951: May...... ..........
June........... —
July________
August______
September___
October-------November___
December.......
64.75
65.13
68.14
68.09
68.60
68.67
68.00
68.38
44.5
44.4
45.7
45.3
45.4
45.3
44.5
44.4
1.455
1.467
1.491
1. 503
1.511
1.516
1.528
1.540
63.36
64.00
68.54
69. 76
71.35
69.98
71.37
71.28
44.4
44.6
46.5
46.6
47.0
45.8
45.9
45.4
1.427
1.435
1.474
1.497
1.518
1.528
1. 555
1.570
64.36
66. 31
67.40
65. 85
68. 45
65.98
67.04
65.98
46.4
47.3
47.7
46.8
47.9
46.5
46.3
45.5
1.387
1.402
1.413
1.407
1.429
1.419
1.448
1.450
57.24
57. 93
58.15
58.07
58.69
58.38
59.26
59.43
41.9
42.1
42.2
41.9
42.1
41.7
41.5
41.5
1.366
1.376
1.378
1.386
1.394
1.400
1.428
1.432
65.66
63. 76
62.77
58. 42
62.82
55.39
65.20
64.75
42.8
41.0
41.0
39.0
41.3
38.2
45.5
43.6
1.534
1.555
1.531
1.498
1. 521
1.450
1.433
1.485
73.60
66.41
63.14
59.15
63.38
56.93
62.36
63.45
47.0
41.9
41.4
39.2
41.7
37.9
39.9
40.7
1. 566
1.585
1. 525
1. 509
1.520
1.502
1.563
1.559
1952: January-------February___
March___
April .
May________
69.22
66.40
67. 77
66.46
69.04
44.8
43.2
43.5
43.1
44.2
1.545
1.537
1.558
1.542
1.562
71.06
67.21
68. 57
67.82
69.48
45.7
43.7
43.9
43.5
44.2
1.555
1.538
1.562
1.559
1.572
67.46
63. 20
67. 47
65.82
67. 31
46.3
44.1
45.9
45.3
46.2
1.457
1.433
1.470
1.453
1.457
59.04
60.09
59. 29
60.09
61.30
41.2
41.5
41.0
41.1
41.7
1.433
1.448
1.446
1.462
1.470
62. 57
62. 24
66.10
62.13
62.68
40.5
40.1
41.6
39.3
39.3
1.545
1.552
1.589
1.581
1.595
63.40
60.80
67.17
61.66
63.96
40.8
39.0
42.3
39.0
39.9
1. 554
1.559
1.588
1.581
1.603
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Confectionery and
related products
Beet sugar
Confectionery
Beverages
Bottled soft drinks
39.9 $1,171 $44.81
40.2 1.254 48.32
39.9 $1,123 $67.49
40.3 1.199 73.62
41.0 $1.646 $49.12
41.2 1.787 53.03
49.93
51.64
49. 71
50.23
52.17
50.96
51.74
52.33
39.5
40.5
38.9
39.8
41.5
40.7
41.1
41.6
1.264
1.275
1.278
1.262
1.257
1.252
1.259
1.258
47.83
49.04
47.10
47.48
49.16
48.44
49. 68
50. 61
39.3
40.2
38.7
39.5
41.1
40.6
41.3
42.0
1.217
1.220
1.217
1.202
1.196
1.193
1.203
1.205
73.75
75.21
75.64
75.13
75.11
72.54
74.54
73.48
41.2
41.9
42.0
41.9
41.8
40.8
40.6
40.8
1.790
1.795
1.801
1. 793
1.797
1.778
1.836
1.801
51.82
52.43
51.68
51.29
52.38
39.8
40.3
39.6
38.8
39.5
1.302
1.301
1.305
1.322
1.326
49.30
50.01
49.10
48.94
49.97
39.6
40.3
39.5
38.6
39.5
1.245
1.241
1.243
1.268
1.265
72.94
73.50
73.41
74.05
77.12
40.5
40.7
40.4
40.6
41.8
1.801
1.806
1.817
1.824
1.845
1950: Average......... - $58.69
1951: Average_____ 61.36
42.5 $1,381 $46.72
41.1 1.493 50.41
1951: May________
June________
July________
A ugust....... —
September___
October_____
November___
December___
51.14
60. 76
64.20
58. 91
63.78
54.90
68.12
66.60
33.8
39.3
40.1
38.3
40.7
38.1
47.7
43.9
1. 513
1.546
1.601
1.638
1.567
1.441
1.428
1.517
1952: January_____
February____
March______
April_______
May________
62.70
66.91
64.80
64.87
61.82
38.8
40.7
38.3
39.7
38.3
1.616
1.644
1.692
1.634
1.614
Malt liquors
42.9 $1,145 $72.66
43.5 1.219 78.99
40.8
41.1
$1.781
1.922
53.45
54.62
56.16
54.89
53. 79
52.68
54. 59
52.58
43.7
44.3
45.4
44.7
43.7
43.0
43.5
43.1
1.223
1.233
1.237
1.228
1.231
1.225
1. 255
1.220
79.30
80. 57
81.42
80.53
81.00
77.29
80.11
79.34
41.3
41.9
42.1
41.9
42.1
40.4
40.5
41.0
1.920
1.923
1.934
1.922
1.924
1. 913
1.978
1.935
51.31
51.73
52.35
53.16
54. 21
42.3
42.4
42.7
42.6
43.4
1.213
1.220
1.226
1.248
1.249
77.89
78.75
78.42
79.49
82. 78
40.4
40.7
40.3
40.7
41.6
1.928
1.935
1.946
1.953
1.990
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Distilled, rectified,
and blended liquors
Miscellaneous food
products
40.3 $1.537 $54.99
40.2 1.713 59.22
Tobacco manufactures
Total: Tobacco
manufactures
42.2 $1,303 $41.08
42.0 1.410 44.20
Cigarettes
37.9 $1.084 $50.19
38.3 1.154 54.21
Cigars
39.0 $1.287 $35.76
39.4 1.376 38.92
1950: Average___
1951: Average----
$61.94
68.86
1951: May...........
June_____
July............
August___
September.
October___
November.
December-
67.78
69. 79
68. 50
68.18
67. 70
70.20
67. 61
66.30
39.5
40.6
39.8
39.8
39.5
40.6
38.7
38.5
1.716
1.719
1.721
1.713
1.714
1.729
1.747
1.722
57.20
58.22
59.21
58.66
59.74
59.05
60.06
60.77
41.3
41.5
41.7
41.4
41.6
41. 7
42.0
42.2
1.385
1.403
1.420
1.417
1.436
1.416
1.430
1.440
42.49
44.49
44.03
44.08
44.75
45.30
46.26
46.53
36.6 1.161
37.9 1.174
37.6 1.171
38.5 1.145
39. 5 1.133
39.7 1.141
39.3 1.177
39.5 1.178
51.41
55.37
53.70
55. 79
55.82
55.40
58.02
57.53
37.8
40.3
39.2
40.4
40.1
39.8
41.0
40.6
1.360
1.374
1.370
1.381
1.392
1.392
1.415
1.417
36.70
37.60
37.83
38. 94
40.18
40. 88
41.03
41.66
1952: January__
February...
March____
April_____
May_____
68.43
68.87
68. 60
68.24
72. 95
39.1
39.2
38.8
38.6
41.4
1. 750
1.757
1.768
1.768
1.762
61.36
61.82
61.30
60. 50
61.02
41.8
42.2
41.7
41.1
41.4
1. 468
1.465
1.470
1.472
1.474
45.27
43.69
43.88
41.23
45. 44
38.4
36.9
36.6
34.5
37.9
55.24
5,1.84
52.59
47. 88
54.31
39.4
36.9
37.3
34.1
38.6
1.402
1.405
1.410
1.404
1.407
40.14
38.86
39. 05
36.96
40.39
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.179
1.184
1.199
1.195
1.199
Tobacco and snufl
36.9 $0.969 $42. 79
37.6 1.035 46.07
37.7
37.7
$1,135
1.222
35.8
36.3
36.8
37.7
38.3
38.9
38.6
39.3
1.025
1.033
1.028
1.033
1.049
1.051
1.063
1.060
43.56
46.85
44.99
46.76
48.20
46.90
48.63
47.67
36.0
38.4
37.0
38.3
38.9
37.7
38.5
38.2
1.210
1.220
1.216
1.221
1.239
1.244
1.263
1.248
37.9
36.8
36.6
34.8
38.0
1.059
1.056
1.067
1.062
1.063
47.82
46.30
44. 09
43.39
45. 70
38.1
37.1
34.8
34.6
36.3
1.255
1.248
1.267
1.254
1.259
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
C : E A R N I N G ,S A N D H O U R S
229
T able C 1: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Tobacco manufac
tures—Con.
Year and month
Tobacco stemming
and redrying
Textile-mill products
Total: Textile-mill
products
Yam and thread
mills
Yam mills
Broad-woven fabric
mills
Cotton, silk, syn
thetic fiber
United States
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn
ings hours
1950: Average__
1951: Average___
$37. 59
37.91
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
39.4 $0.954 $48.95
39.2
.967 51.33
39.6 $1. 236 $45.01
38.8 1.323 47.86
1951: May________ 41.72
June...........
43.07
J u ly...........
41.00
August___
34.99
September___ 37.30
October___
39. 25
November..
36.89
December___ 37. 67
38.0
38.8
36.8
37.5
42.0
42.8
39.0
38.6
51.37
51.07
49.58
48.08
48.74
49.29
50.46
52.70
38.8
38.6
37.7
36.7
36.9
37.2
37.8
39.3
1.324
1.323
1.315
1.310
1.321
1.325
1.335
1.341
48.05
47.78
46.70
44.89
45.14
46.01
46. 57
49.02
39.0
38.5
37.6
36.2
36.2
36.9
37.2
39.0
1.232
1.241
1.242
1.240
1.247
1.247
1.252
1.257
1952: January___
February...
March____
April_____
May_____
38.5
36.8
36.5
34.0
37.7
52.40
52. 22
51.32
49. 89
50.82
38.9
38.8
38.1
37.2
37.7
1.347
1.346
1.347
1.341
1.348
48.88
48. 55
48.31
46. 39
47. 26
38.7
38.5
38.1
36.7
37.3
1.263
1.261
1.268
1.264
1.267
38.04
37. 72
39.16
37.88
41.92
1.098
1.110
1.114
.933
.888
.917
.946
.976
1.025
1.073
1.114
1.112
38.9 $1.157 $45.09
38.6 1. 240 48.02
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
38.8 $1.162 $49.28
38.6 1.244 51.63
40.1 $1. 229 $48.00
39.2 1.317 50.38
40.1
39.3
$1.197
1.282
48.39
47.81
46.92
44. 94
45.16
46.38
46.97
48.94
38.9
38.4
37.6
36.1
36.1
37.1
37.4
38.9
1.244
1.245
1.248
1. 245
1.251
1.250
1.256
1.258
52. 67
52.10
50. 25
48. 30
48.75
48.77
50.01
52.62
39.9
39.5
38.3
37.1
37.1
37.0
37.6
39.3
1.320
1.319
1.312
1. 302
1.314
1.318
1.330
1.339
51.57
50. 63
48. 74
46. 59
47.20
47.36
48.35
50.48
40.1
39.4
38.2
36.8
36.9
37.0
37.6
39.1
1.286
1. 285
1.276
1. 266
1.279
1.280
1,286
1.291
48.71
48.35
48.02
46. 35
47.42
38.6
38.4
37.9
36.7
37.4
1.262
1. 259
1.267
1.263
1.268
52.10
51.19
49.48
49.19
49.53
39.0
38.4
37.2
37.1
37.1
1.336
1.333
1.330
1.326
1.335
50.30
49.45
47.49
47. 21
46.99
38.9
38.3
36.9
36.8
36.6
1.293
1.291
1.287
1.283
1.284
Manufacturing—Continued
Textile-mill products—Continued
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber—Continued
North
1950: Average__
1951: Average__
$51.23
53. 66
1951: May.......... .
June...........
July............
August___
September.
October___
November..
December..
1952: January__
February...
March___
April_____
May...........
Woolen and worsted
Full-fashioned hosiery
Knitting mills
South
United States
North
40.5 $1.265 $47.08
38.8 1.383 49.41
40.0 $1.177 $54.01
39.4 1. 254 57.71
39.8 $1.357 $44.13
39.1 1.476 46. 57
37.4 $1.180 $53.63
36.7 1. 269 56.69
37.9 $1. 415 $54.25
36.6 1. 549 58.16
37.7
35.9
$1.439
1.620
54.13
54. 25
51. 60
48. 82
51.17
51.41
51.27
54. 46
39.6
39.6
38.0
35.9
36.6
36.1
35.8
37.9
1.367
1.370
1.358
1.360
1.398
1.424
1.432
1.437
50.90
49.72
47.86
45.99
46.18
46.40
47. 58
49. 49
40.3
39.4
38.2
37.0
37.0
37.3
38.0
39.4
1.263
1.262
1.253
1.243
1.248
1.244
1.252
1.256
57.35
58.16
57.47
55.84
56. 20
55.38
57. 68
62.15
39.2
39.7
39.2
38.3
38.1
36.8
37.6
40.2
1.463
1.465
1. 466
1.458
1.475
1.505
1. 534
1. 546
45. 04
45.18
44. 57
44.44
44.84
46.06
47. 56
48.08
35.3
35.6
35.4
35.3
35.5
36.3
37.3
37.8
1.276
1.269
1.259
1.259
1.263
1.269
1.275
1.272
55.14
54.01
54.01
53. 75
54.07
55.18
57.75
58.09
35.1
34.8
35.3
35.2
35.2
35.9
37.5
37.6
1.571
1.552
1.530
1. 527
1.536
1.537
1.540
1. 545
56.70
55.18
54.48
54.32
55.12
57.47
57.80
56.57
34.2
34.0
34.2
34.4
34.6
36.1
36.4
35.6
1.658
1. 623
1.593
1.579
1.593
1.592
1.588
1. 589
54.89
54.13
52.53
52. 60
37.7
37.2
36.2
36.3
1.456
1.455
1.451
1.449
49.12
48. 20
46. 21
45. 99
39.2
38.5
37.0
37.0
1.253
1.252
1.249
1.243
61.42
60.37
59.25
58.83
61.26
39.6
39.1
38.6
38.4
39.6
1.551
1.544
1.535
1.532
1. 547
47.66
48.31
48.16
45.81
46.79
37.0
37.8
37.8
36.1
36.9
1.288
1.278
1.274
1.269
1.268
58.18
59.06
58.83
55. 31
55. 44
37.2
38.5
38.6
36.2
36.4
1.564
1. 534
1.524
1.528
1.523
58. 76
57. 26
56.36
54. 29
36.7
37.6
37.7
36.0
1.601
1.523
1.495
1.508
Manufacturing—Continued
Textile-mill products—Continued
Full-fashioned ho
siery—Continued
South
1950: Average__
1951: Average__
$53. 33
55. 76
1951: May........ .
June...........
J u ly ..........
August.......
September..
October___
November..
December..
1952: January__
February...
March___
April........
May_____
Seamless hosiery
Knit outerwear
United States
North
Knit underwear
South
38.2 $1. 396 $34.94
37.2 1.499 36.85
35.8 $0. 976 $38.12
35.2 1.047 41.24
38.2 $0. 998 $34. 37
37.8 1.091 36.02
35.4 $0,971 $43.73
34.7 1.038 47.23
38.6 $1.133 $39. 60
38.4 1.230 42. 71
37.5
37.3
$1. 056
1.145
53.84
53.39
53. 83
53.41
53. 32
53. 81
57.68
58.70
35.7
35.5
36.1
35.7
35.5
35.8
38.2
38.8
1.508
1.504
1.491
1.496
1.502
1.503
1.510
1.513
34.31
35.80
35. 39
35.32
35.25
37.45
38.66
39. 41
32.8
34.0
34.0
33.7
33.8
35.5
36.4
37.0
1.046
1.053
1.041
1.048
1.043
1.055
1.062
1.065
40. 51
40.26
38.20
39.71
40. 74
42. 21
42. 48
44.31
37.3
36.8
35.5
36.6
37.1
38.1
38.0
39.6
1.086
1.094
1.076
1.085
1.098
1.108
1.118
1.119
32.94
34.87
34. 85
34.42
34.23
36. 54
37.94
38.43
31.8
33.4
33.7
33.1
33.2
35.0
36.1
36.5
1.036
1.044
1.034
1.040
1.031
1.044
1.051
1.053
46.37
46. 41
45.26
46.27
46. 56
47.36
48. 33
48.21
38.2
38.2
37.5
37.8
37.7
37.8
38.6
38.6
1.214
1.215
1.207
1.224
1.235
1.253
1.252
1.249
41.27
41.99
40. 55
40.91
41.62
42.33
43.14
44.50
36.3
36.8
35.6
35.7
36.0
36.3
36.9
38.0
1.137
1.141
1.139
1.146
1.156
1.160
1.169
1.171
57.49
59.98
59. 90
55.58
37.5
39.1
39.1
36.3
1.533
1.534
1.532
1.531
38.48
39.38
38.88
37.17
38.52
36.1
36.8
36.4
34.8
35.9
1.066
1.070
1.068
1.068
1.073
42.85
42.79
43.05
41.29
38.4
38.0
38.3
36.8
1.116
1.126
1.124
37.66
38.76
38.16
36. 29
35.7
36.6
36.1
34.4
1.055
1.059
1.057
1.055
46.79
47.88
48.32
45.32
46.76
36.9
38.0
38.2
36.4
37.5
1.268
1.260
1.265
1.245
1.247
44.16
43.78
43. 61
42.75
43. 57
37.3
37.1
37.4
36.6
37.3
1.184
1.18f
1.166
1.168
1.168
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.122
M O N TH LY LABO R
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
230
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees
Con.
M anufacturing—Continued
Apparel and ocher
finish ed tex tile
products
Textile-mill products—Continued
Year and month
Dyeing and flinshing
textiles
Avg. Avg.
wkly wkly.
earn hours
ings
1950: Average____ $53.87
1951: Average____
56. 49
Carpets, rugs, other
floor coverings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
40.9 $1.317 $62.33
39.7 1.423 62. 53
Wool carpets, rugs,
and carpet yarn
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Other textile-mill
products
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
41.1 $1. 526 $52. 37
37.9 1.593 54. 88
41.5 $1,502 $62.72
39.4 1.587 60.37
Fur-felt hats and hat
Doaies
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
40.6 $1,290 $51.05
39.8 1.379 52.67
Total: Apparel and
other finished textile products
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
35.9 $1,422 $43.68
35.3 1.492 45. 65
36.4
36.0
$1,200
1.268
1951: May....... ......
June _______
July________
August______
September___
October_____
November.. .
December___
54. 40
55. 97
52. 56
51.01
53.18
55.19
58. 70
61.76
38.5
39.5
37.3
36.0
37.4
38.7
40.4
42.3
1.413
1.417
1.409
1.417
1.422
1. 426
1. 453
1.460
61.38
59. 48
58.43
58. 59
59. 69
60.99
60.80
63.12
38.7 1.686
37.6 1.582
37.1 1.575
37.2 1.575
37.8 1. 579
38.8 1.572
38. 7 1.571
39.9 1.582
58. 51
56.43
54. 92
54.46
55.96
59.05
59.18
61.15
36.8
35.6
35.0
34.8
35.6
37.3
37.6
38.8
1.590
1.585
1.669
1.565
1.572
1.583
1. 574
1. 576
54. 51
54. 55
53.70
52. 32
53.89
54.03
54.09
56.30
39.7
39.7
39.2
38.3
38.8
38.7
38.5
40.1
1.373
1.374
1.370
1.366
1.389
1.396
1.405
1.404
49.42
51.73
50. 38
47.18
49.66
49.90
49.93
57. 23
33.8
35.0
34.2
33.2
32.0
33.4
33.4
37.8
1.462
1.478
1.473
1.421
1. 552
1.494
1.495
1.514
43.56
44. 05
45.10
46.11
45.89
43.70
45.12
46. 26
35.3
35.3
35.4
35.8
35.6
34.6
35.5
36.2
1.234
1.248
1.274
1.288
1. 289
1.263
1.271
1.278
1952: January_____
February___
March_____
April __ . .
May______ .
60. 69
62. 27
60. 76
58.73
59.97
41. 4
42.1
41.0
39.9
40.6
1.466
1.479
1.482
1.472
1.477
64. 80
65.04
66. 79
60.77
65.12
40.5
40.5
41.0
37.7
39.9
63. 68
64.00
64.96
56.55
62.43
39.9
39.9
40.1
35.5
38.8
1. 596
1.604
1.620
1.593
1.609
56.41
56.98
56.97
55.29
56.71
39.7
39.9
39.7
38.5
39.3
1.421
1.428
1.435
1.436
1.443
55.12
56. 22
55.31
44.46
52.80
36.6
36.7
36.7
29.0
34.4
1.506
1.532
1.507
1.533
1.535
46.40
47. 56
47.36
43.61
45.10
36.0
36.7
36.8
35.0
36.4
1.289
1.296
1.287
1.246
1.239
1.600
1.606
1.629
1.612
1.632
Manufacturing—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
Men’s and boys’
suits and coats
1960: Average____ $50. 22
1951: Average_____ 52.73
Men’s and boys’ fur
nishings and work
clothing
36.9 $1.361 $36. 43
35.8 1.473 38.05
Shirts, collars, and
nightwear
36.8 $0. 990 $36.26
36.0 1.057 37. 95
Women’s oute rwear
Work shirts
Separate trousers
36.7 $0.988 $39.43
35.6 1.066 40.14
37.8 $1.043 $31.34
36.0 1.115 33.02
35.9 $0.873 $49. 41
.925 51.31
35.7
34.7
35.0
$1.424
1.466
1951: May........... .
June________
July
A u g u st..___
September___
October_____
November__
December___
53.29
52.85
52.82
51. 56
51.98
47.81
47.59
49. 98
36.3
36.0
36.2
35.0
35.1
32.5
32.2
33.7
1. 468
1. 468
1.459
1.473
1.481
1.471
1.478
1.483
37.28
36. 82
36.15
36.99
37.67
37.14
38.13
38.09
35.5
35.0
34.4
35.3
35.5
35.0
35.6
35.8
1.050
1.052
1.051
1.048
1.061
1.061
1.071
1.064
36.96
35.97
35.30
36. 47
37. 70
37. 52
38.84
38.41
34.9
34.0
33.4
34.5
35.1
35.0
36.0
35.7
1.059
1.058
1.057
1.057
1.074
1.072
1.079
1.076
38.86
39.28
38. 61
39.13
39.94
36.83
37.56
39.32
85.1 1.107 33.56
35.1 1.119 32.88
35.1 1.100 32.62
35.0 1.118 32.42
35.6 1.122 31.83
33.3 1.106 32.53
33.6 1.118 32.85
35 2 1.117 32. 86
36.4
35.9
35.3
35.2
34.3
34.5
35.1
35.3
.922
.916
.924
.921
.928
.943
.936
.931
47.30
47.52
62.35
53.45
51.50
47.33
50. 41
52.30
34.3
33.8
34.9
35.4
34.4
32.8
34.6
35.8
1.379
1.406
1.500
1. 510
1.497
1.443
1.457
1.461
1952: January_____
February____
March . ___
April. _____
May________
50.00
51.67
52.63
48.08
48.51
33.4
34.7
35.3
32.8
33.0
1.497
1.489
1.491
1.466
1.470
38.06
39.02
39. 34
38.13
39. 26
35.7
36.5
36.7
35.8
36.9
1. 066
1.069
1.072
1.065
1.064
38.23
38.84
39.24
38. 20
39.42
35.3
35.7
36.3
35.4
36.5
1.083
1.088
1.081
1.079
1.080
40. 52
42.03
44.12
42.30
43.28
35.7
36.8
38.2
37.2
38.2
36.1
35.9
36.1
37.0
37.6
.927
.928
.925
.928
.926
53.38
54.78
53.14
47.50
49.49
35.9
36.4
36.2
34.1
36.1
1.487
1.505
1.468
1.393
1.371
1.135
1.142
1.155
1.137
1.133
33. 46
33.32
33.39
34.34
34.82
Manufacturing—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
Women’s dresses
1950: Average_________ $48.09
1pfil • A Vera;;«
50. 65
Household apparel
34.8 $1.382 $34,66
35.1 1.443 37. 86
Vf U l i l C l i ¡3 3 U 113} \JKJCi I/O«
and skirts
Women’s and children’s undergar
ments
U n d e r w e a r and
nightwear, except
corsets
Millinery
36.1 $0,960 $63.77
36.9 1.026 6 3 .8 9
33.6 $1. 898 $38.38
36.4 $1,004 $54.21
35.2
$1.540
3 2 .9
1 .9 4 2
40. 92
3 6 .6
1 .1 1 8
39. 67
3 6 .8
1 .0 7 8
5 7 .4 6
3 6 .0
1. 596
36.9 $1.040 $36.55
1951: M a y .......... ...........
J u n e ___________
J u l y ___________
A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r ________
N o v f im b f ir
D e c e m b e r ..........
4 9 .4 6
48. 92
4 8 .9 6
5 2 .1 6
5 1 .0 5
4 7 .3 3
4 9 .6 0
5 2 .6 0
3 4 .3
3 4 .5
3 5 .4
3 5 .8
3 4 .4
3 2 .8
3 4 .3
3 6 .1
1 .4 4 2
1 .4 1 8
1 .3 8 3
1 .4 5 7
1 .4 8 4
1 .4 4 3
1 .4 4 6
1 .4 5 7
3 8 .0 0
37. 22
3 4 .4 8
3 7 .1 9
37. 69
36. 81
3 8 .3 5
3 9 .0 7
3 7 .0
3 6 .1
3 4 .0
3 6 .5
3 6 .7
3 5 .7
3 6 .8
3 7 .9
1 .0 2 7
1 .0 3 1
1 .0 1 4
1 .0 1 9
1 .0 2 7
1 .0 3 1
1 .0 4 2
1 .0 3 1
5 5 .1 5
55. 71
68. 43
66. 97
6 3 .3 3
5 6 .2 9
6 0 .8 3
63. 21
3 2 .1
3 1 .0
3 4 .2
3 3 .5
3 2 .1
2 9 .3
3 1 .5
3 3 .2
1 .7 1 8
1 .7 9 7
2 .0 0 1
1 .9 9 9
1 .9 7 3
1 .9 2 1
1 .9 3 1
1 .9 0 4
3 8 .2 7
3 8 .9 9
38. 41
39. 55
4 1 .0 6
4 1 .6 6
4 2 .7 9
42. 90
3 4 .6
35. 0
34. 6
3 5 .5
36. 5
3 6 .8
3 7 .5
3 7 .5
1 .1 0 6
1 .1 1 4
1 .1 1 0
1 .1 1 4
1 .1 2 5
1 .1 3 2
1 .1 4 1
1 .1 4 4
3 7 .3 8
3 8 .5 2
3 8 .5 6
3 8 .6 6
4 0 .0 0
4 0 .5 1
4 1 .1 3
4 1 .2 1
3 5 .0
3 5 .8
3 5 .7
3 5 .9
3 6 .9
3 7 .2
3 7 .6
3 7 .4
1 .0 6 8
1 .0 7 6
1 .0 8 0
1 .0 7 7
1 .0 8 4
1 .0 8 9
1 .0 9 4
1 .1 0 2
4 5 .9 1
4 9 .4 2
6 7 .6 6
5 9 .3 5
6 2 .1 0
5 2 .5 0
5 0 .9 0
55. 91
3 1 .0
3 2 .9
3 5 .9
3 6 .5
3 7 .3
3 3 .4
3 2 .9
3 5 .5
1 .4 8 1
1 .5 0 2
1 .6 0 6
1 .6 2 6
1. 665
1 .5 7 2
1. 547
1 .5 7 5
1952; J a n u a r y .............
February
5 1 .7 7
5 2 .9 6
5 2 .8 2
4 9 .8 7
5 2 .6 4
3 5 .9
3 6 .3
3 6 .4
3 4 .8
3 6 .3
1 .4 4 2
1 .4 5 9
1 .4 5 1
1 .4 3 3
1 .4 5 0
39. 34
40. 38
4 1 .2 4
3 9 .2 3
4 1 .1 5
3 7 .5
3 8 .2
3 8 .8
3 7 .5
3 8 .6
1 .0 4 9
1 .0 5 7
1 .0 6 3
1 .0 4 6
1 .0 6 6
67. 01
6 8 .6 3
6 3 .3 1
53. 52
5 3 .1 6
3 4 .0
3 4 .3
3 2 .4
2 8 .3
3 0 .5
1 .9 7 1
2 .0 0 1
1 .9 5 4
1 .8 9 1
1 .7 4 3
4 1 .9 5
4 2 .4 9
4 3 .3 9
4 1 .3 3
4 3 .0 0
3 6 .7
3 7 .4
3 7 .8
3 6 .1
3 7 .2
1 .1 4 3
1 .1 3 6
1 .1 4 8
1 .1 4 5
1 .1 5 6
4 0 .0 0
4 0 .1 8
4 0 .6 2
3 8 .8 0
4 0 .1 5
3 6 .6
3 7 .0
3 7 .1
3 5 .4
3 6 .4
1 .0 9 3
1 .0 8 6
1 .0 9 5
1 .0 9 6
1 .1 0 3
6 1 .8 2
6 9 .9 1
3 8 .4
4 1 .1
4 0 .7
32. 6
3 3 .4
1 .6 1 0
1 .7 0 1
1 .6 9 2
1 .5 8 4
1 .5 6 8
March. ____
April
___
May______
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
68.86
5 1 .4 8
5 2 .3 7
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
231
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1—Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
L u m ber an d w ood
p r o d u c ts (ex c e p t
f u r n it u r e )
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
Y ea r a n d m o n th
C h i l d r e n ’s o u t e r w e a r
F u r g o o d s a n d m is
c e ll a n e o u s a p p a r e l
O th e r f a b r ic a t e d
te x t ile p r o d u c ts
C u r ta in s a n d
d r a p e r ie s
T e x t ile b a g s
Total: Lumber and
wood products (ex
cept furniture)
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
1950: A v e r a g e ............... $38. 98
1951: A v e r a g e ............... 4 1 .5 3
3 6 .5
3 6 .3
$ 1 .0 6 8
1 .1 4 4
$ 4 3 .4 5
4 5 .7 1
3 6 .7
3 6 .6
$ 1 .1 8 4
1. 249
$ 4 2 .0 6
4 4 .1 9
3 8 .2
3 7 .8
$ 1 .1 0 1
1 .1 6 9
$38. 37
3 6 .3
$1. 057
$ 4 4 .8 5
3 8 .4
$ 1 .1 6 8
$55 31
5 9 .2 6
41 0
4 0 .9
$1 349
1 .4 4 9
1951: M a y .................. ..
J u n e ___________
J u l y ___________
A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r .............
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
4 0 .3 5
4 0 .9 0
4 1 .8 3
41. 59
4 1 .9 3
4 0 .1 5
4 2 .3 7
4 2 .7 9
3 5 .9
3 6 .1
3 6 .5
3 6 .2
3 5 .9
3 4 .7
3 6 .4
3 6 .7
1 .1 2 4
1 .1 3 3
1 .1 4 6
1 .1 4 9
1 .1 6 8
1 .1 5 7
1 .1 6 4
1 .1 6 6
4 4 .8 2
4 6 .1 4
4 3 .6 1
4 6 .2 8
46. 76
4 5 .6 8
47. 62
4 7 .1 3
3 6 .0
3 6 .5
3 6 .4
3 6 .5
3 6 .7
3 6 .0
3 7 .0
3 7 .2
1 .2 4 5
1 .2 6 4
1 .1 9 8
1 .2 6 8
1. 274
1 .2 6 9
1 .2 8 7
1 .2 6 7
4 2 .8 1
44. 59
43. 48
4 4 .0 3
4 4 .3 6
4 4 .4 1
4 4 .6 5
4 5 .7 4
3 6 .5
3 7 .5
3 7 .1
3 7 .7
3 7 .5
3 7 .6
3 7 .9
3 8 .6
1 .1 7 3
1 .1 8 9
1 .1 7 2
1 .1 6 8
1 .1 8 3
1 .1 8 1
1 .1 7 8
1 .1 8 5
3 7 .2 1
38. 27
3 8 .0 5
37. 49
3 7 .3 1
37. 73
3 8 .0 0
3 9 .3 3
3 5 .2
3 5 .7
3 5 .3
3 5 .7
3 5 .4
3 5 .8
3 6 .5
3 7 .1
1 .0 5 7
1 .0 7 2
1 .0 7 8
1 .0 5 0
1 .0 5 4
1 .0 5 4
1 .0 4 1
1 .0 6 0
42. 65
4 4 .0 3
4 4 .0 0
4 5 .9 4
4 4 .9 2
45. 21
4 6 .2 1
4 7 .6 0
3 6 .8
3 7 .6
3 7 .8
3 8 .9
3 8 .0
3 7 .9
3 8 .8
4 0 .0
1 .1 5 9
1 .1 7 1
1 .1 6 4
1 .1 8 1
1 .1 8 2
1 .1 9 3
1 .1 9 1
1 .1 9 0
5 9 .7 2
61. 51
5 7 .4 3
60. 49
61. 51
6 2 .3 2
6 0 .8 6
6 0 .1 8
4 1 .5
4 1 .9
3 9 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 1 .3
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
1 .4 3 9
1 .4 6 8
1 .4 4 3
1 .4 7 9
1 .5 1 5
1 .5 0 9
1 .4 9 9
1. 475
1952: J a n u a r y .......... ..
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h _________
A p r i l _________
M a y . . . ______
4 3 .2 3
44. 29
4 3 .8 7
3 9 .4 2
4 2 .1 5
3 6 .7
3 7 .5
3 7 .4
3 5 .2
3 7 .4
1 .1 7 8
1 .1 8 1
1 .1 7 3
1 .1 2 0
1 .1 2 7
43. 86
4 3 .3 7
4 4 .3 9
4 2 .6 0
4 4 .0 6
3 6 .1
3 6 .2
3 6 .3
3 5 .0
3 6 .0
1. 215
1 .1 9 8
1 .2 2 3
1 .2 1 7
1 .2 2 4
4 5 .0 8
44. 96
4 5 .1 5
4 4 .4 2
4 6 .4 3
3 8 .3
3 8 .1
3 8 .2
3 7 .3
3 8 .5
1 .1 7 7
1 .1 8 0
1 .1 8 2
1 .1 9 1
1 .2 0 6
4 0 .8 1
4 2 .3 2
4 1 .9 2
4 1 .1 7
4 2 .1 6
3 8 .9
3 9 .7
3 9 .4
3 8 .3
3 9 .0
1 .0 4 9
1 .0 6 6
1 .0 6 4
1 .0 7 5
1 .0 8 1
4 5 .3 1
45. 71
4 5 .3 1
4 4 .1 1
4 5 .7 1
3 8 .4
3 9 .0
3 8 .4
3 6 .7
3 7 .1
1 .1 8 0
1 .1 7 2
1 .1 8 0
1 .2 0 2
1 .2 3 2
57. 02
5 9 .1 1
59. 59
6 1 .3 6
6 0 .0 7
4 0 .1
4 0 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .8
4 1 .2
1 .4 2 2
1 .4 5 6
1 .4 7 5
1 .5 0 4
1 .4 5 8
Manufacturing—Continued
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)—Continued
S a w m i l l s a n d p l a n i n g m il ls , ;e n e r a l
L o g g in g c a m p s a n d
co n tra cto rs
M il l w o r k , p l y w o o d ,
and
p r e fa b r ic a te d
s tr u c tu r a l
w ood
p ro d u c ts
S a w m ills a n d p la n
in g m ills
U n it e d S ta te s
S o u th
W est
1950: A v e r a g e ............... $ 6 6 .2 5
1951: A v e r a g e ............... 7 1 .3 7
3 8 .9
3 9 .3
$ 1 .7 0 3
1 .8 1 6
$ 5 4 .9 5
5 8 .7 3
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
$ 1 .3 5 0
1. 450
$ 5 5 .5 3
5 9 .5 8
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
$ 1 .3 7 1
1 .4 7 1
$ 3 8 .9 0
4 1 .1 9
4 2 .1
4 2 .2
$ 0 .9 2 4
.9 7 6
$ 7 0 .4 3
7 5 .8 5
3 8 .7
3 8 .6
$ 1 .8 2 0
1 .9 6 5
$ 6 0 .5 2
6 4 .7 4
4 3 .2
4 2 .4
$ 1 .4 0 1
1 .5 2 7
1951: M a y ___________
J u n e ___________
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t . , .............
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r . ........... ..
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
7 1 .6 4
7 7 .1 0
6 2 .5 5
7 4 .5 7
7 5 .6 3
7 9 .9 9
7 9 .3 8
74. 92
3 9 .0
4 1 .7
3 5 .7
4 0 .2
3 9 .7
4 1 .9
4 1 .3
4 0 .0
1 .8 3 7
1 .8 4 9
1 .7 5 2
1 .8 5 5
1 .9 0 5
1. 909
1 .9 2 2
1 .8 7 3
5 9 .2 2
6 0 .9 2
5 7 .4 6
6 0 .2 9
6 1 .0 6
61. 49
60. 56
5 9 .4 7
4 1 .3
4 1 .5
3 9 .6
4 0 .6
4 0 .2
4 0 .8
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
1 .4 3 4
1 .4 6 8
1 .4 5 1
1 .4 8 5
1. 519
1 .5 0 7
1 .4 9 9
1 .4 7 2
5 9 .9 5
6 1 .7 9
5 8 .1 7
6 1 .0 6
6 1 .9 5
62. 42
6 1 .4 9
6 0 .3 6
4 1 .2
4 1 .5
3 9 .6
4 0 .6
4 0 .2
4 0 .8
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
1 .4 5 5
1 .4 8 9
1 .4 6 9
1 .5 0 4
1. 541
1. 530
1 .5 2 2
1 .4 9 4
4 1 .8 1
4 1 .1 2
4 0 .6 2
4 1 .0 2
4 1 .2 1
4 2 .3 7
4 1 .7 5
4 2 .0 3
4 3 .1
4 2 .0
4 1 .7
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 2 .8
4 2 .3
4 2 .5
.9 7 0
.9 7 9
.9 7 4
.9 7 9
.9 8 6
.9 9 0
.9 8 7
.9 8 9
75. 62
79. 31
7 2 .3 8
7 7 .5 7
7 9 .0 1
79. 57
7 8 .8 2
7 7 .1 9
3 9 .1
4 0 .4
3 7 .1
3 9 .1
3 8 .6
3 9 .1
3 8 .6
3 8 .1
1 .9 3 4
1 .9 6 3
1 .9 5 1
1 .9 8 4
2 .0 4 7
2 .0 3 5
2 .0 4 2
2 .0 2 6
6 5 .3 2
6 5 .4 8
6 3 .5 6
6 4 .7 9
6 6 .3 9
6 6 .9 4
6 2 .9 7
6 5 .1 5
4 3 .2
4 2 .8
4 1 .6
4 2 .1
4 2 .1
4 2 .5
4 0 .6
4 1 .9
1 .5 1 2
1 .5 3 0
1 .5 2 8
1 .5 3 9
1. 577
1. 575
1 .5 5 1
1. 555
1952: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y . ..........
M a r c h ___
_ _
A p r il..
M a y ___________
63. 46
7 2 .8 2
7 2 .7 8
80. 91
6 7 .0 1
3 9 .1
4 1 .4
4 0 .3
4 0 .8
3 9 .7
1. 623
1 .7 5 9
1 .8 0 6
1 .9 8 3
1 .6 8 8
56. 56
58. 47
5 8 .8 5
6 0 .5 9
6 0 .7 5
3 9 .5
4 0 .1
3 9 .9
4 0 .5
4 1 .1
1. 432
1 .4 5 8
1 .4 7 5
1 .4 9 6
1 .4 7 8
57. 25
5 9 .1 6
5 9 .4 3
6 1 .4 8
6 1 .5 4
3 9 .4
4 0 .0
3 9 .7
4 0 .5
4 1 .0
1 .4 5 3
1 .4 7 9
1 .4 9 7
1 .5 1 8
1 .5 0 1
4 1 .9 2
4 1 .1 8
4 1 .0 5
4 1 .7 7
4 2 .9 4
4 2 .3
4 1 .6
4 1 .3
4 1 .9
4 2 .9
.9 9 1
.9 9 0
.9 9 4
.9 9 7
1 .0 0 1
7 2 .6 7
76. 76
76. 72
78. 63
78. 54
3 6 .3
3 8 .4
3 8 .0
3 9 .1
3 8 .5
2 .0 0 2
1 .9 9 9
2 .0 1 9
2 .0 2 2
2 .0 4 0
6 5 .0 6
6 5 .8 9
66. 62
66. 99
65. 21
4 1 .6
4 1 .7
4 1 .9
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
1. 564
1 .5 8 0
1 .5 9 0
1 .5 9 5
1 .5 6 0
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ( e x c e p t f u r n it u r e ) — C o n t i n u e d
M illw o r k
W o o d e n c o n t a in e r s
W o o d e n b o x es, o th er
t h a n c ig a r
F u r n i t u r e a n d f ix t u r e s
M is c e lla n e o u s w o o d
p r o d u c ts
T o ta l: F u r n itu r e
a n d f ix t u r e s
H o u s e h o l d f u r n it u r e
1950: A v e r a g e ............... $ 5 9 .0 5
1951: A v e r a g e _______ 6 1 .8 0
4 3 .2
4 2 .1
$ 1 .3 6 7
1 .4 6 8
$ 4 6 .0 3
49. 22
4 0 .7
4 1 .5
$ 1 .3 1 1
1 .1 8 6
$ 4 6 .5 6
4 9 .5 4
4 1 .5
4 2 .2
$ 1 .1 2 2
1 .1 7 4
$ 4 7 .0 7
5 1 .2 8
4 1 .4
4 2 .0
$ 1 .1 3 7
1. 221
$ 5 3 .6 7
5 7 .7 2
4 1 .9
4 1 .2
$ 1 .2 8 1
1 .4 0 1
$ 5 1 .9 1
5 4 .8 4
4 1 .9
4 0 .8
$ 1 .2 3 9
1. 344
1951: M a y _____ _____
J u n e .......................
J u l y __________ _
A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r ________
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
6 2 .3 2
6 2 .0 8
6 0 .5 4
6 2 .1 4
62. 81
6 4 .2 0
6 1 .7 4
6 3 .0 9
4 2 .6
4 2 .2
4 1 .1
4 2 .1
4 2 .1
4 2 .8
4 1 .3
4 2 .2
1 .4 6 3
1 .4 7 1
1 .4 7 3
1 .4 7 6
1 .4 9 2
1 .5 0 0
1 .4 9 5
1 .4 9 5
4 9 .2 7
5 0 .4 6
4 8 .6 3
4 8 .8 7
4 9 .9 3
50. 01
49. 48
5 1 .0 7
4 1 .9
4 2 .3
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 2 .0
1 .1 7 6
1 .1 9 3
1 .1 8 9
1 .1 9 2
1 .2 0 9
1. 205
1 .1 9 8
1 .2 1 6
4 9 .8 2
5 0 .3 5
4 9 .2 7
48. 74
49. 42
49. 61
4 9 .1 6
50. 37
4 2 .8
4 2 .6
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 1 .6
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 2 .4
1 .1 6 4
1 .1 8 2
1 .1 9 3
1 .1 8 3
1 .1 8 8
1 .1 8 4
1 .1 7 6
1 .1 8 8
5 1 .7 2
5 2 .2 6
5 0 .7 5
5 1 .2 9
5 2 .3 8
51. 96
50. 92
5 2 .0 8
4 2 .5
4 2 .8
4 1 .7
4 1 .9
4 1 .9
4 1 .6
4 0 .8
4 1 .7
1 .2 1 7
1 .2 2 1
1 .2 1 7
1 .2 2 4
1 .2 5 0
1 .2 4 9
1 .2 4 8
1. 249
5 6 .2 8
5 6 .0 3
5 5 .7 4
5 7 .5 3
5 8 .4 0
58. 79
58. 81
6 0 .4 8
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
3 9 .7
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
4 1 .4
4 1 .1
4 2 .0
1 .3 9 3
1 .3 8 7
1 .4 0 4
1 .4 1 0
1 .4 2 1
1. 420
1 .4 3 1
1. 440
5 2 .9 6
5 2 .6 4
5 1 .9 1
5 3 .6 4
5 5 .3 2
5 5 .9 4
56. 50
57. 75
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
3 8 .8
4 0 .0
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
4 1 .0
4 1 .7
1 .3 3 4
1 .3 2 6
1 .3 3 8
1 .3 4 1
1 .3 5 6
1 .3 6 1
1 .3 7 8
1 .3 8 5
1952: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h ____
__
A p r i l . __ . . . _ .
M a y ___________
6 1 .9 8
6 2 .0 0
6 3 .1 1
6 3 .6 6
6 3 .7 5
4 1 .4
4 0 .9
4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 1 .8
1 .4 9 7
1. 516
1 .5 2 8
1 .5 3 4
1 .5 2 5
48. 63
4 8 .6 4
4 9 .3 7
4 9 .5 3
5 0 .7 1
4 0 .8
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
4 1 .6
1 .1 9 2
1 .1 9 5
1 .2 1 3
1 .2 2 0
1. 219
4 8 .1 6
4 8 .1 6
48. 79
4 9 .7 6
5 0 .8 1
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 1 .1
4 1 .4
4 2 .2
1 .1 6 6
1 .1 6 6
1 .1 8 7
1 .2 0 2
1 .2 0 4
51. 75
52. 21
5 2 .8 3
52. 62
53. 67
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .7
4 1 .6
4 1 .9
1 .2 4 4
1 .2 5 5
1 .2 6 7
1 .2 6 5
1 .2 8 1
59. 84
60. 26
6 0 .6 7
5 9 .4 0
5 9 .4 9
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
1. 442
1 .4 5 2
1 .4 6 9
1 .4 6 3
1 .4 5 8
5 6 .4 6
5 7 .3 1
5 7 .5 5
5 6 .6 4
5 6 .5 8
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
4 0 .4
4 0 .5
1 .3 7 7
1 .3 9 1
1 .4 0 7
1 .4 0 2
1 .3 9 7
S e e fo o tn o te s
at e n d
o f t a b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
C: EARN IN O8 AND HOURS
232
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—<
Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n t in u e d
P a p e r a n d a ll i e d p r o d u c t s
F u r n i t u r e a n d f ix t u r e s — C o n t i n u e d
W o o d h o u s e h o ld
f u r n it u r e , e x c e p t
u p h o ls t e r e d
Y ea r a n d m o n th
W o o d h o u s e h o l d fu r n itu r e , u p h o ls t e r e d
M a ttr e sse s a n d
b e d s p r in g s
T o ta l: P a p e r a n d
a llie d p r o d u c ts
O t h e r f u r n it u r e
a n d f ix t u r e s
P u lp , p ap er, a n d
p a p e r b o a r d m ills
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w id y .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
1950: A v e r a g e ______ $ 4 8 .3 9
1951: A v e r a g e _______
5 0 .8 8
4 2 .3
4 1 .3
$ 1 .1 4 4
1 .2 3 2
$ 5 6 .3 5
5 8 .0 3
4 1 .4
3 9 .8
$1. 361
1 .4 5 8
$57. 27
6 0 .3 7
4 1 .2
4 0 .3
$1. 390
1 .4 9 8
$ 5 8 .5 3
64. 69
4 1 .9
4 2 .2
$ 1 .3 9 7
1 .5 3 3
$ 6 1 .1 4
65. 77
4 3 .3
4 3 .1
$ 1 .4 1 2
1. 526
$ 6 5 .0 6
7 1 .1 7
4 3 .9
4 4 .4
$ 1 .4 8 2
1 .6 0 3
1951: M a y ___________
J u n e ...... ........... __
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ,..
O c t o b e r ________
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
4 9 .7 3
49. 45
47. 50
5 0 .1 0
5 0 .9 2
5 1 .4 6
5 1 .5 8
5 2 .5 4
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
3 8 .9
4 0 .6
4 1 .1
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 1 .8
1 .2 2 8
1 .2 3 0
1 .2 2 1
1. 234
1 .2 3 9
1 .2 4 0
1 .2 4 9
1 .2 5 7
5 3 .9 1
5 5 .1 1
5 4 .3 7
55. 59
5 8 .1 7
6 0 .2 3
6 1 .3 9
6 5 .3 3
3 7 .1
3 7 .8
3 7 .6
3 8 .5
4 0 .2
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
4 2 .7
1 .4 5 3
1 .4 5 8
1 .4 4 6
1 .4 4 4
1 .4 4 7
1 .4 6 9
1 .4 9 0
1. 530
57. 29
56. 47
58. 84
57. 97
6 2 .2 3
6 2 .0 9
6 3 .1 5
6 3 .0 8
3 9 .0
3 9 .6
3 9 .2
3 9 .3
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 0 .8
1 .4 6 9
1 .4 2 6
1 .5 0 1
1. 475
1. 529
1 .5 3 3
1 .5 6 3
1. 546
6 4 .2 0
6 3 .8 2
6 4 .3 0
65. 92
6 5 .3 2
6 5 .3 0
6 4 .4 9
6 7 .0 7
4 2 .1
4 2 .1
4 1 .7
4 2 .5
4 1 .9
4 2 .1
4 1 .5
4 2 .8
1 .5 2 5
1 .5 1 6
1 .5 4 2
1 .5 5 1
1. 559
1 .5 5 1
1 .5 5 4
1. 567
65. 92
65. 56
65. 44
64. 84
65. 57
6 5 .3 2
6 5 .6 4
6 6 .6 8
4 3 .4
4 3 .1
4 2 .8
4 2 .6
4 2 .8
4 2 .5
4 2 .4
4 2 .8
1. 519
1 .5 2 1
1 .5 2 9
1. 522
1. 532
1. 537
1 .5 4 8
1 .5 5 8
70. 96
7 0 .8 4
7 1 .7 3
7 0 .3 8
7 1 .2 9
7 1 .1 5
7 1 .3 1
72. 22
4 4 .6
4 4 .3
4 4 .5
4 4 .1
4 4 .2
4 4 .0
4 3 .8
4 4 .2
1 .5 9 1
1. 599
1 .6 1 2
1. 596
1. 613
1 .6 1 7
1 .6 2 8
1 .6 3 4
1952: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ___
M a r c h ........... .......
A p r i l _________
M a y . . ______
5 1 .8 7
5 2 .3 7
5 1 .8 9
5 1 .6 4
5 1 .6 1
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
1 .2 5 3
1. 262
1 .2 7 5
1 .2 7 2
1 .2 6 8
5 9 .1 2
6 2 .3 4
63. 28
62. 72
6 2 .1 7
3 9 .6
4 0 .8
4 1 .2
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
1 .4 9 3
1. 528
1 .5 3 6
1 .5 4 1
1 .5 3 5
6 3 .4 5
6 3 .7 8
6 4 .3 9
6 3 .2 0
6 3 .3 5
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .1
4 0 .3
1 .5 5 9
1. 567
1 .5 8 2
1 .5 7 6
1 .5 7 2
6 7 .8 5
67. 22
6 7 .9 4
65. 76
6 6 .3 2
4 2 .7
4 2 .2
4 2 .2
4 1 .0
4 1 .4
1 .5 8 9
1. 593
1 .6 1 0
1 .6 0 4
1 .6 0 2
6 6 .3 9
66. 57
6 7 .4 8
6 5 .4 5
6 6 .4 6
4 2 .5
4 2 .4
4 2 .6
4 1 .4
4 1 .8
1 .5 6 2
1. 570
1 .5 8 4
1 .5 8 1
1 .5 9 0
7 1 .2 9
7 1 .6 8
72. 93
7 0 .0 1
7 1 .1 4
4 3 .6
4 3 .6
4 3 .8
4 2 .2
4 2 .6
1 .6 3 5
1 .6 4 4
1 .6 6 5
1 .6 5 9
1 .6 7 0
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d in d u s tr ie s
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s - - C o n t in u e d
Paperboard con
t a in e r s a n d b o x e s
O th e r p a p e r a n d
a llie d p r o d u c ts
T o ta l: P r in tin g , p u b
l i s h i n g , a n d a l li e d
I n d u s t r ie s
Books
P e r io d ic a l s
N ew sp ap ers
1950: A v e r a g e ............ $57. 96
1951: A v e r a g e ............... 60. 65
4 3 .0
4 1 .8
$ 1 .3 4 8
1 .4 5 1
$ 5 5 .4 8
5 9 .7 3
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
$ 1 .3 2 1
1. 429
$ 7 2 .9 8
76. 05
3 8 .8
3 8 .8
$1. 881
1. 960
$ 8 0 .0 0
8 3 .3 4
3 6 .9
3 6 .6
$ 2 .1 6 8
2 .2 7 7
$ 7 4 .1 8
7 9 .2 8
3 9 .5
3 9 .8
$ 1 .8 7 8
1. 992
$ 6 4 .0 8
6 7 .4 8
3 9 .1
3 9 .6
$ 1 .6 3 9
1 .7 0 4
1951: M a y ___________
J u n e .......................
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r .. —
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
6 1 .3 8
6 0 .0 5
5 8 .5 9
58. 92
5 9 .1 2
5 8 .9 3
5 9 .4 9
60. 77
4 2 .1
4 1 .5
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
4 1 .2
1 .4 5 8
1 .4 4 7
1 .4 4 3
1 .4 4 4
1 .4 4 2
1 .4 4 8
1 .4 5 8
1 .4 7 5
5 9 .9 9
6 0 .1 5
5 8 .9 5
5 9 .3 9
5 9 .7 8
5 9 .6 0
5 9 .8 0
60. 76
4 2 .1
4 2 .3
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 1 .6
4 1 .3
4 1 .1
4 1 .5
1 .4 2 5
1 .4 2 2
1 .4 2 4
1 .4 3 1
1 .4 3 7
1. 443
1 .4 5 5
1. 464
7 5 .6 6
7 5 .8 2
75. 50
7 5 .5 4
7 7 .6 9
7 6 .2 7
7 7 .0 9
7 9 .4 3
3 8 .7
3 8 .8
3 8 .6
3 8 .7
3 9 .2
3 8 .6
3 8 .7
3 9 .4
1 .9 5 5
1 .9 5 4
1 .9 5 6
1 .9 5 2
1. 982
1. 976
1 .9 9 2
2 .0 1 6
8 3 .4 9
8 3 .1 6
8 2 .3 6
8 2 .2 9
8 5 .1 3
84. 59
85.51
8 8 .6 5
3 6 .7
3 6 .7
3 6 .3
3 6 .3
3 6 .9
3 6 .7
3 6 .7
3 7 .5
2. 275
2. 266
2 .2 6 9
2 .2 6 7
2 .3 0 7
2 .3 0 5
2 .3 3 0
2 .3 6 4
7 5 .9 3
7 7 .7 0
7 9 .6 4
8 0 .3 2
8 3 .2 3
8 0 .0 7
8 0 .4 8
8 0 .1 1
3 8 .9
3 9 .3
3 9 .7
4 0 .0
4 0 .7
3 9 .7
3 9 .8
3 9 .5
1 .9 5 2
1 .9 7 7
2. 006
2 .0 0 8
2 .0 4 5
2 .0 1 7
2 .0 2 2
2 .0 2 8
6 7 .9 9
68. 99
66. 20
6 8 .2 8
68. 69
6 6 .3 1
6 6 .6 8
6 8 .0 3
3 9 .9
4 0 .3
3 9 .1
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
3 9 .4
3 9 .2
3 9 .6
1 .7 0 4
1 .7 1 2
1 .6 9 3
1 .7 0 7
1 .7 1 3
1 .6 8 3
1 .7 0 1
1 .7 1 8
1952: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ... .
M a r c h _________
A p r i l ________ .
M a y ___________
6 1 .2 5
6 1 .1 3
6 1 .5 7
6 0 .1 9
6 1 .8 4
4 1 .3
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 0 .1
4 0 .9
1 .4 8 3
1 .4 9 1
1 .4 9 8
1 .5 0 1
1 .5 1 2
6 0 .9 0
6 0 .6 4
6 1 .5 9
6 0 .8 4
6 0 .5 5
4 1 .4
4 1 .0
4 1 .5
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
1 .4 7 1
1 .4 7 9
1 .4 8 4
1 .4 8 4
1 .4 8 4
7 7 .2 8
7 7 .6 4
7 9 .0 6
7 8 .1 6
7 9 .6 7
3 8 .6
3 8 .4
3 8 .7
3 8 .2
3 8 .6
2 .0 0 2
2. 022
2 .0 4 3
2 .0 4 6
2 .0 6 4
8 3 .1 3
84. 19
84. 55
8 4 .9 2
8 7 .3 8
3 5 .8
3 6 .1
3 6 .1
3 6 .0
3 6 .5
2 .3 2 2
2. 332
2 .3 4 2
2 .3 5 9
2 .3 9 4
7 8 .6 7
81. 69
8 4 .2 4
8 1 .0 5
8 1 .6 6
3 9 .1
4 0 .2
4 0 .5
3 9 .4
3 9 .7
2 .0 1 2
2 .0 3 2
2 .0 8 0
2 .0 5 7
2 .0 5 7
6 8 .1 9
68. 56
6 9 .3 6
7 0 .2 3
7 0 .4 2
3 9 .3
3 9 .0
3 9 .3
3 9 .3
3 9 .1
1 .7 3 5
1. 758
1 .7 6 5
1 .7 8 7
1 .8 0 1
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
C h e m i c a l s a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s
P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d in d u s t r ie s — C o n tin u e d
C o m m e r c ia l p r in tin g
L ith o g r a p h in g
O th e r p r in tin g a n d
p u b lis h in g
T o t a l: C h e m ic a ls
a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s
I n d u s t r i a l in o r g a n ic
c h e m i c a ls
I n d u s t r i a l o r g a n ic
c h e m ic a ls
1950: A v e r a g e . ............ $ 7 2 .3 4
1951: A v e r a g e ............... 7 5 .3 6
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
$ 1 .8 1 3
1 .8 8 4
$ 7 3 .0 4
7 5 .9 9
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
$ 1 .8 2 6
1 .8 9 5
$ 6 5 .1 8
6 7 .4 2
3 9 .1
3 9 .2
$ 1 .6 6 7
1. 720
$ 6 2 .6 7
6 8 .2 2
4 1 .5
4 1 .8
$ 1 .5 1 0
1 .6 3 2
$ 6 7 .8 9
7 5 .1 3
4 0 .9
4 1 .6
$ 1 .6 6 0
1. 800
$ 6 5 .6 9
7 1 .6 2
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
$ 1 .6 1 8
1. 751
1951: M a y ___________
J u n e ___________
J u l y ____ _______
A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r ________
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
74. 60
7 4 .8 6
7 4 .8 6
74. 77
7 6 .9 9
7 5 .1 3
7 6 .5 7
7 8 .7 5
3 9 .7
3 9 .8
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
4 0 .5
3 9 .5
3 9 .9
4 0 .7
1 .8 7 9
1 .8 8 1
1 .8 8 1
1 .8 7 4
1. 901
1 .9 0 2
1 .9 1 9
1 .9 3 5
7 4 .7 9
7 5 .9 5
7 6 .4 2
7 7 .0 9
7 7 .8 1
75. 96
7 5 .5 6
78. 47
3 9 .7
4 0 .1
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .0
3 9 .6
4 0 .7
1 .8 8 4
1 .8 9 4
1 .9 0 1
1 .9 1 3
1 .9 2 6
1 .8 9 9
1 .9 0 8
1 .9 2 8
67. 69
6 7 .1 1
66. 44
6 5 .9 6
67. 70
67. 22
6 6 .9 9
6 9 .3 8
3 9 .4
3 9 .2
3 8 .9
3 8 .8
3 9 .2
3 8 .9
3 8 .7
3 9 .6
1 .7 1 8
1 .7 1 2
1 .7 0 8
1 .7 0 0
1. 727
1. 728
1 .7 3 1
1 .7 5 2
6 8 .1 4
68. 72
6 9 .0 1
6 8 .1 8
68. 43
6 8 .1 8
68. 72
6 9 .1 0
4 1 .7
4 1 .7
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
4 1 .8
4 1 .8
1 .6 3 4
1 .6 4 8
1 .6 5 9
1 .6 4 3
1. 641
1 .6 3 1
1 .6 4 4
1. 653
7 4 .5 3
7 5 .5 0
76. 36
7 6 .0 3
7 6 .1 3
76. 45
7 6 .3 6
7 5 .8 9
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 2 .0
4 2 .1
4 1 .6
4 1 .8
4 1 .5
4 1 .0
1 .7 8 3
1 .8 0 2
1 .8 1 8
1 .8 0 6
1 .8 3 0
1. 829
1 .8 4 0
1 .8 5 1
7 2 .0 7
7 2 .4 8
7 3 .0 6
7 1 .6 7
7 2 .5 4
7 1 .1 7
7 1 .6 3
7 2 .4 5
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
1 .7 4 5
1 .7 5 5
1. 769
1 .7 4 8
1 .7 7 8
1. 766
1 .7 7 3
1 .7 8 0
1952: J a n u a r y ----------F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h ___ _____
A p r i l ___________
M a y ___ ________
7 8 .1 8
77. 26
79. 55
7 8 .0 1
7 9 .6 8
4 0 .3
3 9 .7
4 0 .3
3 9 .5
4 0 .0
1 .9 4 0
1 .9 4 6
1 .9 7 4
1 .9 7 5
1 .9 9 2
7 6 .4 0
7 7 .1 4
7 8 .9 6
7 7 .8 9
7 8 .8 4
3 9 .2
3 9 .1
3 9 .6
3 9 .3
3 9 .5
1 .9 4 9
1 .9 7 3
1 .9 9 4
1 .9 8 2
1 .9 9 6
6 8 .9 9
6 8 .8 4
70. 71
6 9 .3 4
69. 65
3 9 .4
3 8 .5
3 9 .0
3 8 .5
3 8 .8
1 .7 5 1
1 .7 8 8
1 .8 1 3
1 .8 0 1
1 .7 9 5
6 9 .0 6
68. 81
6 9 .1 8
6 9 .3 8
6 9 .7 3
4 1 .6
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
1 .6 6 0
1 .6 6 2
1 .6 7 5
1 .6 8 4
1 .7 0 5
7 6 .7 4
75. 46
75. 70
7 6 .4 4
76. 65
4 1 .3
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .9
1 .8 5 8
1 .8 4 5
1 .8 6 0
1 .8 6 9
1 .8 7 4
7 2 .1 1
72. 02
72. 54
73. 00
7 3 .2 0
4 0 .4
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
1 .7 8 5
1 .7 8 7
1 .8 0 0
1 .8 1 6
1 .8 2 1
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
233
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Y ea r a n d m o n th
P la s tic s, e x c e p t s y n
th e tic ru b b er
S y n t h e t ic r u b b e r
S y n t h e t i c fib e r s
D r u g s a n d m e d ic i n e s
P a in t s , p ig m e n ts ,
a n d fille r s
F e r t i l iz e r s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly ,
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly ,
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
1950: A v e r a g e ____
1951: A v e r a g e ____
$65. 54
7 2 .6 6
4 1 .8
4 2 .0
$ 1 ,5 6 8
1 .7 3 0
$71. 93
7 8 .3 1
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
$ 1 ,7 6 3
1 .9 1 0
$58. 40
62. 76
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
$ 1 ,4 8 6
1 .5 9 3
$59. 59
6 2 .5 1
4 0 .9
4 1 .1
$ 1 ,4 5 7
1 .5 2 1
$ 6 4 .8 0
6 8 .8 4
4 2 .3
4 1 .9
$ 1 .5 3 2
1. 643
1951: M a y _______
June_____
July--------August___
September.
October___
November.
December..
7 2 .2 0
7 2 .1 5
73. 91
7 2 .3 6
74. 55
7 2 .3 6
7 3 .4 9
73. 61
4 2 .1
4 1 .9
4 2 .6
4 1 .9
4 2 .5
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
1 .7 1 5
1 .7 2 2
1 .7 3 5
1 .7 2 7
1 .7 5 4
1 .7 5 2
1 .7 7 5
1. 778
7 8 .8 7
7 8 .4 0
7 9 .3 2
7 9 .1 2
7 8 .4 4
7 6 .8 6
8 0 .4 2
8 1 .2 0
4 1 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .1
4 1 .1
4 0 .6
4 0 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .6
1 .8 9 6
1 .9 0 3
1 .9 3 0
1 .9 2 5
1 .9 3 2
1 .9 1 2
1 .9 5 2
1 .9 5 2
6 3 .0 8
6 2 .6 9
6 3 .3 2
6 2 .5 3
6 3 .5 4
62. 86
6 3 .1 0
6 3 .9 1
3 9 .8
3 9 .6
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
3 9 .1
3 8 .9
3 8 .9
3 9 .4
1 .5 8 5
1 .5 8 3
1 .6 0 3
1 .5 8 7
1 .6 2 5
1 .6 1 6
1 .6 2 2
1 .6 2 2
6 2 .1 7
6 2 .3 6
6 1 .6 3
6 2 .0 0
6 1 .9 0
63. 51
6 3 .5 9
6 3 .6 7
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 0 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .3
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
1 .5 0 9
1 .5 1 0
1. 533
1 .5 2 7
1 .5 3 6
1 .5 4 9
1 .5 5 1
1 .5 5 3
6 8 .8 3
6 8 .5 4
6 8 .8 4
6 8 .3 5
6 7 .8 6
6 8 .5 6
6 9 .8 5
70. 27
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
4 1 .6
4 1 .9
1952: J a n u a r y ____
F e b r u a r y ...
M a r c h ...........
A p r i l . . ..........
M a y ________
7 3 .8 6
72. 69
7 3 .3 6
72. 70
7 3 .8 5
4 1 .4
40. 7
4 0 .8
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
1 .7 8 4
1 .7 8 6
1 .7 9 8
1 .8 0 4
1 .8 2 8
7 8 .8 6
7 7 .6 2
7 7 .8 4
79. 27
7 6 .7 9
4 0 .4
4 0 .3
4 0 .0
4 0 .3
3 9 .1
1 .9 5 2
1 .9 2 6
1 .9 4 6
1 .9 6 7
1 .9 6 4
6 3 .3 8
64. 06
6 5 .1 8
6 6 .7 5
6 5 .4 6
3 9 .0
3 9 .4
3 9 .6
3 9 .9
3 9 .6
1 .6 2 5
1 .6 2 6
1 .6 4 6
1. 673
1 .6 5 3
64. 25
64. 93
64. 55
6 3 .6 3
6 3 .2 8
4 0 .9
4 1 .2
4 0 .8
4 0 .3
3 9 .7
1. 571
1. 576
1 .5 8 2
1 .5 7 9
1 .5 9 4
69. 63
6 9 .4 1
7 0 .6 6
70. 61
7 2 .1 1
4 1 .3
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .1
4 1 .9
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
$ 4 7 .0 0
5 2 .1 6
4 1 .3
4 2 .2
$ 1 .1 3 8
1 .2 3 6
1 .6 3 5
1 .6 3 2
1 .6 4 7
1 .6 3 9
1 .6 5 5
1 .6 6 4
1 .6 7 9
1 .6 7 7
5 3 .2 9
5 2 .9 6
5 4 .3 6
5 2 .6 7
5 4 .0 2
52. 92
5 3 .0 9
54. 95
4 2 .8
4 2 .0
4 2 .6
4 1 .6
4 2 .4
4 1 .9
4 1 .9
4 2 .6
1 .2 4 5
1 .2 6 1
1 .2 7 6
1 .2 6 6
1 .2 7 4
1 .2 6 3
1. 267
1 .2 9 0
1 .6 8 6
1 .6 9 3
1 .7 1 1
1 .7 1 8
1 .7 2 1
54. 23
53. 76
5 4 .2 3
5 7 .3 1
5 5 .6 6
4 2 .2
4 2 .1
4 2 .7
4 4 .6
4 2 .2
1. 285
1. 277
1 .2 7 0
1 .2 8 5
1 .3 1 9
Manufacturing—Continued
C h e m i c a l s a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s — C o n t i n u e d
V e g e t a b le a n d a n i
m a l o i ls a n d f a ts
O th e r c h e m i c a ls a n d
a l li e d p r o d u c t s
P r o d u c ts o f p e tr o le u m a n d coal
S o a p a n d g ly c e r in
T o ta l: P r o d u c ts of
p e tr o le u m a n d co a l
P e t r o le u m r e fin in g
C ok e a n d b y p ro d u cts
1950: A v e r a g e 1951: A v e r a g e .
$ 5 3 .4 6
5 8 .6 0
4 5 .5
4 6 .0
$ 1 .1 7 5
1 .2 7 4
$ 6 4 .4 1
6 9 .3 1
4 1 .5
4 1 .7
$ 1 .5 5 2
1 .6 6 2
$ 7 1 .8 1
7 7 .1 1
4 1 .7
4 1 .5
$1. 722
1 .8 5 8
$ 7 5 .0 1
8 1 .3 0
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
$ 1 .8 3 4
1 .9 8 3
$ 7 7 .9 3
8 4 .7 0
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
$ 1 .9 2 9
2 .0 8 1
$ 6 2 .8 5
6 9 .4 7
3 9 .7
3 9 .9
$ 1 .5 8 3
1 .7 4 1
1951: M a y ____
J u n e ____
J u l y ..........
59. 22
6 0 .4 3
6 1 .5 9
5 9 .8 1
58. 43
5 8 .8 2
5 8 .9 5
5 9 .6 5
4 3 .9
4 4 .3
4 4 .5
4 4 .4
4 7 .7
4 9 .1
4 8 .6
4 8 .3
1 .3 4 9
1 .3 6 4
1 .3 8 4
1 .3 4 7
1 .2 2 5
1 .1 9 8
1 .2 1 3
1 .2 3 5
6 8 .0 2
6 8 .1 4
6 8 .6 8
6 8 .1 9
69. 22
69. 55
7 0 .4 7
7 0 .7 2
4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
1 .6 3 9
1 .6 4 6
1 .6 5 9
1 .6 5 1
1. 672
1 .6 8 0
1 .6 9 4
1. 704
7 4 .0 5
7 5 .4 8
7 6 .4 0
7 5 .9 1
76. 86
7 7 .3 9
7 9 .2 5
7 9 .0 6
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .9
4 1 .1
4 1 .1
4 1 .6
4 1 .2
1 .8 2 4
1 .8 5 0
1 .8 6 8
1 .8 5 6
1 .8 7 0
1 .8 8 3
1 .9 0 5
1 .9 1 9
8 1 .3 1
8 1 .2 0
8 4 .0 6
80. 55
8 3 .2 1
8 1 .7 2
8 1 .2 8
8 2 .9 4
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
4 1 .8
4 0 .6
4 1 .4
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
4 1 .2
1 .9 8 8
1 .9 9 5
2 .0 1 1
1 .9 8 4
2 .0 1 0
1 .9 9 8
1 .9 9 7
2. 013
8 4 .7 7
8 4 .7 6
8 7 .9 4
8 3 .7 0
8 6 .6 0
8 4 .6 8
8 4 .8 9
8 7 .1 4
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 1 .6
4 0 .2
4 1 .1
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
4 1 .3
2 .0 9 3
2 .0 9 8
2 .1 1 4
2 .0 8 2
2 .1 0 7
2 .0 9 6
2 .0 9 1
2 .1 1 0
6 9 .1 2
7 0 .4 2
7 0 .8 8
6 8 .7 7
70. 62
6 9 .2 0
6 9 .3 2
7 0 .3 5
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
4 0 .6
3 9 .5
39. 9
3 9 .7
3 9 .5
4 0 .2
1 .7 2 8
1 .7 5 6
1 .7 5 0
1 .7 4 1
1. 770
1 .7 4 3
1 .7 5 5
1 .7 5 0
5 9 .5 3
5 8 .7 9
5 9 .1 6
6 0 .4 4
6 1 .5 6
4 7 .4
4 6 .4
4 5 .4
4 4 .9
4 4 .1
1 .2 5 6
1 .2 6 7
1 .3 0 3
1 .3 4 6
1 .3 9 6
7 0 .3 8
70. 46
70. 71
6 9 .9 4
70. 65
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 0 .9
4 1 .1
1. 700
1. 706
1 .7 1 2
1 .7 1 0
1 .7 1 9
7 7 .7 9
7 7 .9 3
7 8 .6 5
77. 80
7 8 .5 0
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .5
4 0 .8
1 .9 0 2
1 .9 1 0
1 .9 2 3
1 .9 2 1
1 .9 2 4
82. 66
82. 09
8 2 .0 9
8 2 .0 9
7 5 .1 6
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 0 .7
4 0 .4
3 7 .3
2. 021
2 .0 1 2
2 .0 1 7
2 .0 3 2
2 .0 1 5
8 6 .6 7
8 5 .6 3
8 5 .5 0
8 5 .4 7
76. 22
4 1 .0
40. 7
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
3 5 .6
2 .1 1 4
2 .1 0 4
2. I l l
2 .1 2 6
2 .1 4 1
70. 05
70. 46
6 9 .4 8
6 8 .4 3
67. 75
3 9 .6
3 9 .9
39. 5
3 8 .4
3 8 .3
1 .7 6 9
1. 766
1 .7 5 9
1 .7 8 2
1 .7 6 9
August..
September.._
October__
November. _
December.
1952: J a n u a r y . . .
F e b r u a r y ..
M a r c h ____
A p r i l ______
M a y ______
_
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
P r o d u c ts o f p e tro
l e u m a n d c o a l— C o n .
O th e r p e t r o l e u m a n d
coal p r o d u c ts
1 950: A v e r a g e 1951: A v e r a g e .
1951: M a y ____
J u n e ____
J u l y _____
A u g u st. .
S e p t e m b e r .___
..
O cto b e r .
__
...
1952: J a n u a r y . .
F ebruary.
M a r c h ____
A p r i l _____
M a y ______
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r
p ro d u c ts
R u b b e r p r o d u c ts
T o ta l: R u b b e r
p ro d u c ts
T ir e s a n d in n e r
tu b es
R u b b e r fo o tw e a r
O th e r r u b b e r
p r o d u c ts
T o ta l: L e a th e r a n d
le a th e r p r o d u c ts
$66. 78
6 9 .0 9
4 4 .7
4 3 .7
$1. 494
1 .5 8 1
$ 6 4 .4 2
68. 70
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
$ 1 .5 7 5
1 .6 9 2
$72. 48
7 7 .9 3
3 9 .8
3 9 .6
$ 1 .8 2 1
1 .9 6 8
$52. 21
5 7 .8 1
4 0 .1
4 1 .0
$ 1 .3 0 2
1 .4 1 0
$59. 76
6 3 .2 6
4 2 .2
4 1 .4
$ 1 ,4 1 6
1. 528
$44. 56
4 7 .1 0
3 7 .6
3 7 .0
$ 1 .1 8 5
1 .2 7 3
6 9 .7 3
67. 69
6 9 .0 9
70. 68
7 2 .4 4
7 2 .7 4
6 7 .3 7
6 4 .7 5
4 4 .3
4 3 .2
4 3 .7
4 4 .4
4 4 .8
4 4 .9
4 2 .4
4 1 .4
1 .5 7 4
1 .5 6 7
1 .5 8 1
1 .5 9 2
1. 617
1 .6 2 0
1 .5 8 9
1. 564
6 8 .5 6
7 1 .2 7
7 0 .8 1
6 9 .5 2
7 0 .1 8
68. 67
6 9 .4 6
7 3 .9 1
4 1 .3
4 1 .9
4 1 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .5
4 1 .2
1 .6 6 0
1 .7 0 1
1 .7 2 7
1 .7 0 8
1. 716
1 .7 0 4
1 .7 1 5
1 .7 9 4
7 5 .9 2
8 2 .4 4
8 3 .6 7
8 2 .0 7
8 1 .6 4
78. 76
80. 27
8 6 .2 6
3 9 .4
4 1 .7
4 1 .4
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
3 9 .9
4 0 .5
4 1 .0
1 .9 2 7
1 .9 7 7
2 .0 2 1
1 .9 9 2
1 .9 9 6
1 .9 7 4
1 .9 8 2
2 .1 0 4
6 1 .4 8
5 9 .9 8
5 4 .6 8
5 7 .0 4
5 5 .9 4
5 6 .1 6
5 6 .6 4
5 9 .9 5
4 2 .9
4 2 .3
3 9 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .1
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .7
1 .4 3 3
1 .4 1 8
1 .4 0 2
1 .3 9 8
1 .3 9 5
1 .4 0 4
1 .4 0 9
1 .4 7 3
6 4 .0 9
64. 47
6 3 .2 9
6 1 .4 2
62. 68
6 2 .3 6
6 5 .4 5
4 2 .5
4 2 .0
4 1 .1
4 0 .3
4 1 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
4 1 .5
1 .5 0 8
1 .5 3 5
1 .5 4 0
1 .5 2 4
1 .5 3 8
1 .5 4 0
1 .5 3 6
1. 577
4 5 .3 8
4 6 .9 0
4 7 .1 2
4 6 .1 9
45. 92
45. 31
4 5 .8 5
48. 61
3 5 .4
3 6 .7
3 7 .1
3 6 .4
3 5 .9
3 5 .4
3 5 .6
3 7 .8
1 .2 8 2
1 .2 7 8
1 .2 7 0
1 .2 6 8
1 .2 7 9
1 .2 8 0
1 .2 8 8
1 .2 8 6
6 4 .8 8
6 7 .4 3
6 8 .9 5
7 0 .3 2
75. 79
4 1 .3
4 2 .3
4 2 .8
4 3 .3
4 5 .6
1. 571
1. 594
1 .6 1 1
1 .6 2 4
1 .6 6 2
7 4 .1 9
7 3 .3 1
7 2 .5 8
70. 94
7 2 .2 4
4 0 .9
40. 5
4 0 .3
3 9 .5
4 0 .0
1 .8 1 4
1 .8 1 0
1 .8 0 1
1 .7 9 6
1 .8 0 6
8 6 .9 9
85. 75
8 3 .4 6
8 1 .0 2
8 2 .1 8
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
3 9 .8
3 9 .1
3 9 .3
2 .1 2 7
6 0 .2 7
60. 46
6 1 .5 1
59. 42
60. 76
4 0 .1
3 9 .8
4 0 .2
3 9 .3
4 0 .0
1 .5 0 3
1. 519
1 .5 3 0
1 .5 1 2
1 .5 1 9
65. 63
6 4 .4 3
6 4 .8 3
6 3 .6 4
6 5 .2 4
4 1 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
3 9 .9
4 0 .7
1. 593
1. 587
1 .5 8 9
1 .5 9 5
1 .6 0 3
49. 54
50. 19
5 0 .4 6
4 8 .4 0
4 8 .4 5
3 8 .4
3 8 .7
3 8 .7
3 7 .0
3 7 .1
1. 290
1. 297
1 .3 0 4
1 .3 0 8
1 .3 0 6
”1
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 .1 1 2
2 .0 9 7
2 .0 7 2
2 .0 9 1
as. 06
M O N TH LY LA BO R
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
234
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts — C o n tin u e d
Y ear a n d m o n th
F o o tw e a r (ex cep t
rubber)
L e a th e r
O th e r l e a t h e r
p r o d u c ts
T o t a l: S to n e , c la y ,
a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s
G la s s a n d g la s s
p ro d u c ts
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
$ 5 7 .2 1
6 0 .4 1
3 9 .7
3 9 .1
$1. 441
1 .5 4 5
$ 4 1 .9 9
4 4 .1 0
3 6 .9
3 6 .0
$ 1 .1 3 8
1 .2 2 5
$ 4 4 .8 5
4 8 .1 6
3 8 .6
3 8 .5
$ 1 .1 6 5
1 .2 5 1
$ 5 9 .2 0
6 4 .9 4
4 1 .2
4 1 .6
$ 1 .4 3 7
1 .5 6 1
$61. 58
6 5 .8 1
4 0 .3
4 0 .2
$1. 528
1 .6 3 7
$ 5 6 .3 6
60. 67
3 9 .8
4 0 .1
$ 1 ,4 1 6
1. 513
1951: M a y ................
J u n e . . ..........
J u l y .................
A u g u s t _____
S ep tem b er.
O c t o b e r ____
N ovem ber.
D e c e m b e r ..
5 9 .7 1
6 0 .3 0
5 9 .4 4
5 8 .9 4
5 8 .9 4
6 0 .3 7
5 9 .9 8
6 1 .1 1
3 8 .6
3 8 .8
38. 5
3 8 .1
3 8 .3
3 8 .9
3 8 .3
3 8 .9
1. 547
1. 554
1. 544
1. 547
1 .5 3 9
1 .5 5 2
1 .5 6 6
1 .5 7 1
4 1 .7 0
43. 79
4 4 .3 9
4 3 .2 9
4 2 .7 3
4 1 .8 3
4 1 .9 3
45. 57
3 3 .9
3 5 .6
3 6 .3
3 5 .4
3 4 .6
3 3 .9
3 3 .9
3 6 .9
1 .2 3 0
1 .2 3 0
1 .2 2 3
1 .2 2 3
1 .2 3 5
1 .2 3 4
1 .2 3 7
1 .2 3 5
47. 43
4 8 .2 4
4 7 .8 5
47. 88
4 8 .0 4
4 7 .0 8
48. 79
5 0 .1 7
3 7 .7
38. 5
3 8 .4
3 8 .3
3 8 .1
3 7 .6
3 8 .6
3 9 .5
1. 258
1 .2 5 3
1 .2 4 6
1. 250
1 .2 6 1
1 .2 5 2
1 .2 6 4
1 .2 7 0
6 5 .1 1
65. 25
6 5 .0 4
64. 74
6 5 .7 4
65. 93
6 5 .0 3
65. 30
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .7
4 0 .9
4 1 .2
1 .5 5 4
1 .5 6 1
1. 571
1. 560
1. 584
1 .5 8 1
1 .5 9 0
1 .5 8 5
6 5 .8 1
65. 97
6 7 .1 4
6 3 .1 9
6 5 .4 0
65. 67
6 5 .5 0
6 6 .2 8
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
3 9 .2
3 9 .3
3 9 .8
3 9 .2
4 0 .0
1 .6 2 9
1 .6 3 3
1 .6 6 2
1 .6 1 2
1 .6 6 4
1 .6 5 0
1 .6 7 1
1 .6 5 7
6 0 .5 3
59. 89
6 1 .4 4
5 8 .4 5
59. 40
6 1 .2 1
62. 22
6 4 .4 8
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
4 0 .5
3 9 .1
3 8 .4
3 9 .9
4 0 .3
4 1 .6
1. 502
1 .5 0 1
1. 517
1 .4 9 5
1 .5 4 7
1 .5 3 4
1 .5 4 4
1 .5 5 0
1952: J a n u a r y . .
6 1 .8 2
61. 78
6 1 .7 8
6 1 .5 4
6 1 .8 1
3 9 .1
3 9 .0
3 9 .0
3 8 .8
3 8 .9
1 .5 8 1
1. 584
1 .5 8 4
1 .5 8 6
1 .5 8 9
4 7 .5 2
48. 52
4 9 .1 5
4 6 .2 5
4 5 .9 9
3 8 .2
3 8 .6
3 8 .7
3 6 .5
3 6 .5
1 .2 4 4
1 .2 5 7
1 .2 7 0
1. 267
1 .2 6 0
4 8 .9 2
4 9 .1 7
4 8 .8 0
4 7 .7 8
4 8 .6 3
3 8 .7
3 8 .9
3 8 .7
3 7 .5
3 7 .9
1 .2 6 4
1. 264
1. 261
1 .2 7 4
1 .2 8 3
6 4 .3 5
65. 23
65. 76
6 5 .0 0
6 5 .4 8
4 0 .6
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
1 .5 8 5
1. 591
1 .6 0 0
1 .6 0 1
1 .6 0 1
6 4 .1 4
65. 54
6 6 .5 9
6 5 .3 3
66. 72
3 8 .8
3 9 .6
3 9 .9
3 9 .0
4 0 .0
1 .6 5 3
1. 655
1 .6 6 9
1 .6 7 5
1 .6 6 8
6 0 .9 2
60. 76
6 1 .8 9
5 9 .9 0
6 1 .5 4
3 9 .2
3 9 .1
3 9 .6
3 8 .3
3 9 .5
1 .5 5 4
1 .5 5 4
1 .5 6 3
1 .5 6 4
1 .5 5 8
1950: A v e r a g e —
1951: A v e r a g e —
February.
M arch...
April___
M a y _____
Manufacturing—Continued
S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts — C o n tin u e d
P r e sse d a n d b lo w n
g la s s
C e m e n t , h y d r a u lic
S tr u c tu r a l c la y
p ro d u c ts
B r ic k a n d h o llo w
t il e
P o t t e r y a n d r e la t e d
p ro d u c ts
S e w e r p ip e
1950: A v e r a g e .............- $ 5 3 .7 1
1951: A v e r a g e ............... 5 7 .5 0
3 9 .7
3 9 .9
$ 1 ,3 5 3
1 .4 4 1
$ 6 0 .1 3
6 5 .1 7
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
$ 1 .4 4 2
1 .5 5 9
$ 5 4 .1 9
6 1 .0 1
4 0 .5
4 1 .5
$ 1 .3 3 8
1 .4 7 0
$53. 75
5 8 .0 9
4 2 .9
4 2 .9
$ 1 .2 5 3
1 .3 5 4
$ 5 2 .1 7
5 8 .1 9
3 9 .7
4 0 .1
$ 1 .3 1 4
1 .4 5 1
$ 5 2 .1 6
57. 65
3 7 .5
3 8 .1
$ 1 ,3 9 1
1 .5 1 3
1951: M a y ___________
J u n e ___________
J u l y -----------------A u g u s t . ............ ..
S e p t e m b e r ___
O c t o b e r ________
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
5 6 .2 5
5 6 .3 4
6 0 .1 6
5 6 .5 6
5 8 .2 3
5 0 .6 4
56. 70
58. 76
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
4 0 .9
3 9 .5
3 9 .8
3 9 .2
3 8 .6
4 0 .3
1 .4 2 4
1 .4 3 0
1 .4 7 1
1 .4 3 2
1 .4 6 3
1 .4 4 5
1 .4 6 9
1 .4 5 8
6 5 .3 5
6 5 .7 1
6 5 .7 8
6 6 .7 2
67. 01
6 6 .5 6
6 5 .6 4
65. 27
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .4
4 2 .2
4 1 .8
4 2 .1
4 1 .7
4 1 .6
1 .5 5 6
1 .5 7 2
1 .5 8 9
1 .5 8 1
1 .6 0 3
1 .5 8 1
1 .5 7 4
1. 569
6 1 .6 8
6 1 .5 1
6 0 .9 6
6 1 .6 3
6 1 .9 8
63. 34
6 1 .9 8
6 2 .1 3
4 2 .1
4 1 .9
4 1 .5
4 1 .9
4 1 .4
4 2 .2
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
1 .4 6 5
1 .4 6 8
1 .4 6 9
1 .4 7 1
1 .4 9 7
1 .5 0 1
1 .4 9 7
1 .4 9 7
6 0 .0 2
5 9 .2 5
5 8 .4 9
58. 71
5 8 .5 8
5 9 .9 1
5 7 .3 4
57. 92
4 4 .0
4 3 .6
4 3 .2
4 3 .2
4 2 .7
4 3 .6
4 2 .1
4 2 .4
1 .3 6 4
1 .3 5 9
1 .3 5 4
1 .3 5 9
1 .3 7 2
1 .3 7 4
1 .3 6 2
1 .3 6 6
5 8 .9 0
5 7 .4 7
5 5 .5 7
5 9 .3 0
5 9 .4 1
6 2 .1 0
6 1 .1 1
60. 25
4 1 .1
4 0 .3
3 8 .7
4 0 .7
3 9 .5
4 1 .1
4 0 .5
3 9 .9
1 .4 3 3
1 .4 2 6
1 .4 3 6
1 .4 5 7
1 .5 0 4
1 .5 1 1
1 .5 0 9
1 .5 1 0
5 7 .2 6
5 7 .0 4
5 5 .3 7
5 7 .0 4
5 6 .9 6
58. 06
5 8 .7 9
59. 40
3 8 .1
3 7 .8
3 6 .5
3 7 .4
3 7 .3
3 7 .8
3 8 .0
3 8 .2
1 .5 0 3
1 .5 0 9
1 .5 1 7
1 .5 2 5
1 .5 2 7
1 .5 3 6
1 .5 4 7
1 .5 5 5
1952: J a n u a r y _______
5 8 .1 2
59. 99
6 0 .5 1
6 0 .6 0
6 1 .2 6
3 9 .4
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .0
4 0 .3
1 .4 7 5
1. 474
1 .4 9 4
1 .5 1 5
1 .5 2 0
6 5 .0 5
65. 81
6 5 .2 7
6 5 .8 2
6 6 .3 9
4 1 .3
4 2 .0
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 1 .7
1 .5 7 5
1. 567
1 .5 6 9
1 .5 8 6
1 .5 9 2
6 1 .2 1
60. 48
6 0 .4 1
5 9 .3 9
5 9 .0 6
4 1 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
4 0 .1
3 9 .8
1 .4 9 3
1. 486
1 .4 8 8
1 .4 8 1
1 .4 8 4
5 5 .6 2
56. 22
5 6 .6 3
5 7 .1 0
58. 21
4 1 .2
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
4 2 .8
1 .3 5 0
1 .3 4 5
1 .3 5 8
1 .3 6 6
1 .3 6 0
5 8 .3 7
56. 76
5 9 .0 9
6 0 .2 4
5 2 .9 2
3 9 .2
3 8 .3
3 9 .5
4 0 .0
3 5 .4
1 .4 8 9
1 .4 8 2
1 .4 9 6
1 .5 0 6
1 .4 9 5
5 8 .9 7
60. 92
6 1 .8 6
6 0 .0 8
5 9 .9 7
3 7 .8
3 9 .0
3 9 .3
3 8 .1
3 8 .1
1 .5 6 0
1. 562
1 .5 7 4
1 .5 7 7
1 .5 7 4
February
M arch... .
April... .
M ay..
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s tr ie s
S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts — C o n tin u e d
C o n cr e te , g y p su m ,
a n d p la ste r p r o d u c ts
C o n cr e te p r o d u c ts
O t h e r s t o n e , c la y ,
a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts
T o ta l: P r im a r y
m e ta l in d u s tr ie s
B la s t fu r n a c es, ste e l
w o r k s , a n d r o ll i n g
m ills
Ir o n a n d ste e l
fo u n d r ie s
1950: A v e r a g e . ............. $62. 64
1951: A v e r a g e . ............. 68. 37
4 5 .0
4 5 .4
$ 1 .3 9 2
1 .5 0 6
$ 6 1 .1 5
6 7 .4 1
4 3 .9
4 5 .0
$1. 393
1 .4 9 8
$60. 94
67. 67
4 1 .4
4 1 .8
$1. 472
1 .6 1 9
$ 6 7 .2 4
7 5 .1 2
4 0 .8
4 1 .5
$ 1 ,6 4 8
1 .8 1 0
$ 6 7 .4 7
7 7 .0 6
3 9 .9
4 0 .9
$ 1 .6 9 1
1 .8 8 4
$ 6 5 .3 2
7 1 .9 5
4 1 .9
4 2 .4
$1. 559
1 .6 9 7
1951: M a y .......................
J u n e ........... ...........
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t . . .............
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ..........
6 8 .2 6
6 9 .1 3
6 9 .1 4
7 0 .3 4
70. 71
70. 82
6 9 .0 6
67. 98
4 5 .6
4 5 .9
4 5 .7
4 6 .4
4 6 .4
4 6 .2
4 4 .9
4 4 .4
1 .4 9 7
1 .5 0 6
1 .5 1 3
1 .5 1 6
1. 624
1 .5 3 3
1 .5 3 8
1 .5 3 1
6 7 .5 1
6 7 .8 0
6 9 .0 7
6 9 .4 9
6 9 .8 9
7 0 .1 2
6 8 .6 7
68. 36
4 5 .4
4 5 .5
4 6 .2
4 5 .9
4 6 .1
4 6 .1
4 5 .0
4 4 .8
1 .4 8 7
1 .4 9 0
1 .4 9 5
1 .5 1 4
1. 516
1 .5 2 1
1 .5 2 6
1 .5 2 6
68. 72
6 8 .2 9
6 7 .3 2
6 7 .9 3
6 8 .3 5
67. 81
6 6 .9 4
6 7 .7 3
4 2 .5
4 2 .0
4 1 .4
4 1 .7
4 1 .7
4 1 .4
4 0 .4
4 1 .1
1 .6 1 7
1 .6 2 6
1 .6 2 6
1 .6 2 9
1 .6 3 9
1 .6 3 8
1 .6 5 7
1 .6 4 8
7 5 .0 2
7 6 .0 3
74. 76
7 3 .7 0
75. 79
7 4 .8 2
7 5 .2 3
7 7 .7 3
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
4 1 .1
4 0 .9
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 2 .2
1 .7 9 9
1 .8 1 9
1 .8 1 9
1 .8 0 2
1 .8 3 5
1 .8 1 6
1 .8 2 6
1 .8 4 2
7 6 .9 0
7 8 .7 0
7 7 .6 4
7 5 .2 5
78. 72
7 5 .7 9
7 7 .4 9
7 9 .4 4
4 1 .1
4 1 .4
4 0 .8
4 0 .2
4 1 .0
4 0 .4
4 1 .0
4 1 .9
1 .8 7 1
1 .9 0 1
1 .9 0 3
1 .8 7 2
1 .9 2 0
1 .8 7 6
1 .8 9 0
1 .8 9 6
7 2 .4 6
7 2 .0 8
70. 22
7 0 .8 5
7 1 .8 2
7 2 .2 4
7 1 .3 7
7 3 .6 9
4 2 .8
4 2 .5
4 1 .6
4 1 .9
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
4 1 .4
4 2 .4
1 .6 9 3
1 .6 9 6
1 .6 8 8
1 .6 9 1
1 .7 0 6
1 .7 2 0
1 .7 2 4
1 .7 3 8
1952: J a n u a r y _______
67. 49
68. 44
67. 83
6 9 .3 1
7 0 .0 8
4 4 .4
4 4 .5
4 4 .1
4 4 .8
4 5 .3
1 .5 2 0
1. 538
1 .5 3 8
1 .5 4 7
1 .5 4 7
6 6 .6 6
68. 75
6 6 .1 4
6 8 .0 4
6 9 .4 8
4 4 .5
4 5 .2
4 3 .6
4 4 .5
4 5 .5
1. 498
1. 521
1 .5 1 7
1 .5 2 9
1 .5 2 7
6 7 .5 2
68. 46
6 9 .4 5
6 7 .7 4
6 8 .4 5
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
40. 2
4 0 .5
1 .6 6 3
1 .6 8 2
1. 694
1 .6 8 5
1 .6 9 0
76. 86
75. 85
7 6 .5 5
7 1 .0 8
72. 57
4 1 .5
4 1 .2
4 1 .4
3 8 .8
3 9 .4
1 .8 5 2
1 .8 4 1
1 .8 4 9
1 .8 3 2
1 .8 4 2
7 7 .9 3
7 6 .5 3
7 8 .3 3
6 9 .2 3
7 0 .9 5
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
4 1 .4
3 7 .0
3 7 .7
1 .9 1 0
1 .8 8 5
1 .8 9 2
1 .8 7 1
1 .8 8 2
7 2 .8 6
7 2 .3 2
7 2 .0 2
7 0 .7 8
7 2 .1 1
4 1 .8
4 1 .3
4 0 .9
4 0 .4
4 0 .9
1 .7 4 3
1. 751
1 .7 6 1
1 .7 5 2
1 .7 6 3
February___
March___
April__
M a y . _____ __
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
0: EARNINGS AND HOURS
235
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal industries—Continued
Year and month
Gray-iron foundries
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Malleable-iron
foundries
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Steel foundries
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Primary smelting
and refining of
nonferrous metals
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Primary smelting
and refining of
copper, lead, and
zinc
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Primary refining of
aluminum
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
1950: Average.......... $65.06
1951: Average_____ 70.01
42.3 $1.538 $65. 46
42.2 1.659 71.98
41.3 $1. 585 $65.43
41.9 1.718 75. 68
41.1 $1. 592 $63. 71
43.1 1.756 70.13
41.0 $1. 554 $62.37
41.4 1.694 69.34
40.9 $1. 525 $63.97
41.3 1.679 70.92
40.9
41.5
$1. 564
1.709
1951: May........... .
June................
July.. _____
August______
September___
October..........
November___
December___
70.75
70.47
68.15
68.81
68.93
69.47
68.96
70.43
42.7
42.5
41.3
41.5
41.4
41.4
41.0
41.6
1. 657
1.658
1.650
1.658
1.665
1.678
1.682
1.693
73.23
71.20
69.37
71.39
71.84
71. 69
70. 79
72.99
42.5
41.3
40.9
41.6
41.5
41.2
40.5
41.4
1.723
1. 724
1.696
1. 716
1. 731
1.740
1.748
1. 763
74.90
76.29
74. 45
74.99
76.33
76. 64
76.37
79.56
42.8
43.3
42.3
42.9
43.2
43.2
43.0
44.1
1. 750
1.762
1.760
1.748
1. 767
1.774
1. 776
1.804
70.18
70.73
69. 90
70. 46
68.64
70. 47
69. 95
71.58
41.8
41.9
40.9
41.4
40.4
41.6
41.1
41.4
1.679
1. 688
1.709
1.702
1.699
1. 694
1.702
1.729
69.35
69. 72
68.26
69.84
67.31
70.01
69.17
72.44
41.8
41.7
40.2
41.4
39.9
41.6
41.1
41.8
1. 659
1.672
1.698
1.687
1.687
1.683
1.683
1.733
71. 06
72.63
72.93
71.39
71.05
72.24
71.70
69.12
41.7
42.4
42.4
41.6
41.5
42.1
41.3
40.4
1.704
1. 713
1. 720
1. 716
1.712
1.716
1.736
1.711
1952: January_____
February____
March______
April..
May................
70.59
68. 75
69.63
68.39
68.97
41.4
40.3
40.6
39.9
40.1
1.705
1.706
1.715
1.714
1.720
70.79
70. 09
68.85
69.42
72.12
40.2
39.8
38.9
39.0
40.0
1.761
1. 761
1.770
1.780
1.803
77.01
78. 78
76. 97
75.14
76.93
42.9
43.5
42.2
41.7
42.5
1.795
1.811
1.824
1.802
1.810
73. 54
73. 17
74. 03
73.51
74.50
41.5
41.6
41.8
41.6
41.9
1.772
1. 759
1.771
1.767
1.778
74. 82
73. 77
74.67
73.88
73.91
41.8
41.7
41.9
41.6
41.5
1.790
1. 769
1.782
1.776
1.781
71.60
72.19
72.15
72.10
75.15
41.8
41.9
41.8
41.7
42.7
1.713
1. 723
1.726
1.729
1.760
Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal industries—Continued
B olling, drawing,
and alloying of
nonferrous metals
Rolling, drawing,
and alloying of
copper
Bolling, drawing,
and alloying of Nonferrous foundries Other primary metal
industries
aluminum
Iron and steel
forgings
1950: Average....... . $66. 75
1951: Average_____ 68.70
41.9 $1. 593 $70. 24
40.7 1.688 70.47
42.7 $1.645 $59.99
40.9 1.723 64.14
40.1 $1.496 $67.65
39.4 1.628 73.83
41.5 $1.630 $71.27
41.9 1.762 79. 45
41.9 $1. 701 $74.09
42.6 1.865 84. 87
41.6
43.3
$1.781
1.960
1951: May________
June________
July________
A ugust_____
September___
October___ ..
November___
December___
67.91
69. 37
68. 76
67.15
67.64
68.61
68.94
73.00
40.4
40.9
40.4
39.9
40.0
40.6
40.6
42.1
1.681
1.696
1.702
1.683
1.691
1.690
1.698
1.734
69.15
72.22
71.92
69. 53
69.41
70. 54
69.04
75. 35
40.3
41.6
41.5
40.4
40.4
40.8
40.0
42.5
1.716
1.736
1.733
1. 721
1.718
1.729
1.726
1.773
63.99
63.29
62.33
62.17
63.36
64. 39
66. 50
67.07
39.4
38.9
37.8
38.4
38.4
39.6
40.4
40.6
1.624
1.627
1.649
1.619
1.650
1.626
1.646
1. 652
73.85
73.57
71.43
72.73
74. 76
75.08
74.48
77.97
42.2
41.8
40.7
41.3
42.0
41.9
41.4
42.7
1.750
1.760
1. 755
1.761
1. 780
1. 792
1.799
1.826
78.90
80.31
78.32
78. 51
79.21
80.49
80.39
83.69
42.6
42.9
42.2
42.3
42.0
42.7
42.4
43.5
1.852
1.872
1.856
1.856
1.886
1.885
1.896
1.924
84.41
85.91
82.15
83.22
84.14
87. 21
85. 46
91.10
43.4
43.7
42.3
42.7
42.6
43.8
42.9
44.7
1.945
1.966
1.942
1.949
1.975
1.991
1.992
2.038
1952: January_____
February____
March______
April_____
May________
71.54
70. 21
70. 74
69.85
70. 77
41.4
40.7
40.7
40.4
40.6
1. 728
1. 725
1.738
1.729
1.743
73.37
71.33
72.11
71.23
72.18
41.5
40.3
40.4
40.2
40.3
1.768
1. 770
1.785
1.772
1.791
67.15
66.21
66.00
65.88
66.77
40.6
40.2
40.1
40.0
40.2
1.654
1.647
1.646
1.647
1.661
78.88
76.94
77.24
75.11
75.25
42.8
42.0
42.0
40.8
40.7
1.843
1. 832
1.839
1.841
1.849
82. 75
83.01
81.79
77.60
78.94
43.1
43.1
42.4
40.5
41.2
1.920
1. 926
1.929
1.916
1.916
91.30
89.85
87.51
84.23
84.42
44.8
44.0
43.0
41.7
42.0
2.038
2. 042
2.035
2.020
2.010
Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal in
dustries—Con.
Wire drawing
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)
Total: Fabricated
m etal products
(except ordnance,
machinery, and
tr a n sp o r ta tio n
equipment)
1950: Average........... $73.79
1951: Average........... 80.15
42.9 $1,720 $63. 42
43.0 1.864 69.35
1951: May________
June________
July.................
August............
September___
October...........
November___
December.......
79.35
80.44
81.00
79.09
80.06
78.70
80.33
81.00
42.8
42.9
43.5
42.8
42.7
42.2
42.5
42.9
1.854
1.875
1.862
1.848
1.875
1.865
1.890
1. 888
1952: January_____
February____
March______
April_______
May.................
78.58
79.34
79.04
70. 72
76.48
41.6
42.0
41.8
37.8
40.7
1.889
1.889
1.891
1.871
1.879
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Tin cans and other
tinware
Cutlery, hand tools,
and hardware
Cutlery and edge
tools
Hand tools
41.4 $1,532 $60.90
41.7 1.663 66.45
41.6 $1. 464 $61.01
41.3 1.609 66.47
41.5 $1.470 $55.54
41.7 1.594 60.53
41.7 $1.332 $61.31
41.6 1.455 69.49
41.2
42.5
$1,483
1.635
69.18
69.43
67.98
68.68
70.14
70. 39
69.92
71.78
41.8
41.8
41.0
41.3
41.7
41.7
41.4
42.3
1.655
1.661
1.658
1.663
1.682
1.688
1.689
1.697
64.83
64.95
66.68
69.69
72.11
68.52
66.50
68.51
40.8
40.8
41.6
42.7
43.1
41.3
40.7
41.9
1.589
1.592
1.603
1.632
1.673
1.659
1.634
1.635
66.33
67.13
65.47
65. 84
66.41
66.78
66. 74
68. 21
41.9
41.8
41.1
41.2
41.2
41.3
41.3
42.0
1. 583
1.606
1.593
1.598
1.612
1.617
1.616
1.624
60.11
60.55
58.65
59.18
60.55
60.31
60.87
62. 36
41.8
41.5
40.7
40.7
41.3
41.0
41.1
41.6
1.438
1. 459
1.441
1.454
1. 466
1.471
1.481
1.499
70.31
70.39
68.50
69.32
69.09
69.30
68.06
69.68
42.9
43.0
42.1
42.5
42.0
41.9
41.1
42.1
1.639
1.637
1.627
1.631
1.645
1.654
1.656
1.655
71.06
71. 27
71.43
69. 64
70.78
41.8
41.8
41.7
40.7
41.2
1.700
1.705
1.713
1.711
1. 718
66.22
65.65
67.57
67.86
66.99
40.5
40.4
41.1
41.0
40.6
1.635
1. 625
1.644
1. 655
1.650
67.81
67. 57
67.32
66.49
67.35
41.6
41.2
40.8
40.1
40.5
1.630
1.640
1.650
1.658
1.663
61.49
61.39
61.01
60.37
62. 32
40.8
40.6
40.3
39.9
40.6
1.507
1.512
1.514
1.513
1.535
69.26
69.35
69.26
68.72
69.38
41.9
41.7
41.5
41.1
41.3
1.653
1. 663
1.669
1.672
1.680
236
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
MONTHLY LABOR
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—Continued
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1950: Average____
1951: Average.......
1951: M ay.............
June______
Ju ly .............
August____
September—
October........
November...
December...
1952: January___
February__
M arch_____
April______
M ay______
Heating apparatus
(except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies
Hardware
$62.65
41.6
41.3
41.4
41.4
40.8
40.9
40.8
41.2
41.4
42.0
41.8
41.2
40.6
39.9
40.0
66.70
66.24
67. 56
66.14
66.30
66.67
67. 32
67. 52
69.09
69.26
68. 60
68.13
67.55
67.72
Sanitary ware and
plumbers’ supplies
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg. hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
ings hours ings
$1.506 $63.91
1. 615 69. 58
1.600
1.632
1.621
1.621
1.634
1.634
1.631
1. 645
1.657
1. 665
1.678
1. 693
1.693
69.67
69.50
67.40
67.23
69.89
70. 65
69. 53
71. 49
70.07
69. 85
70.35
67.53
69.60
41.1
41.0
41.2
41.2
39.6
39.9
40.8
41.1
40.4
41.3
40.5
40.4
40.5
38.9
40.0
$1.555 $67.64
1.697
1.691
1.687
1.702
1.685
1.713
1.719
1.721
1.731
1.730
1.729
1.737
1.736
1.740
75.03
75.45
76.01
74.13
70.92
75.84
75. 58
72. 96
75.84
73. 61
73. 83
74.09
64.68
68.44
41.6
41.8
42.2
42.8
41.0
39.8
41.4
41.3
40.0
41.4
40.4
40.5
40.4
35.5
38.0
Oil burners, non
electric heating and
cooking apparatus,
not elsewhere
classified
$1.626 $61. 20
1. 795 65.93
1.788
1.776
1.808
1.782
1.832
1.830
1. 824
1.832
1.822
1. 823
1.834
1.822
1.801
65. 73
64. 80
62.34
64.24
65. 61
66. 91
66.91
68. 27
67. 40
67.10
67. 55
67.13
68. 32
40.8
40.6
40.6
40.1
38.6
39.9
40.4
40.9
40.7
41.2
40.6
40.4
40.5
40.1
40.5
Fabricated struc
tural metal products
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
$1.500 $63.29
1. 624 71.74
1.619
1.616
1.615
1.610
1.624
1.636
1.644
1. 657
1.660
1. 661
1.668
1.674
1.687
71.57
71.44
69.93
71.95
73.44
72.59
72. 93
74.87
73. 36
73.74
74.04
72.31
73.57
41.1
42.6
42.7
42.6
41.7
42.7
43.1
42.6
42.6
43.4
42.7
42.8
42.8
41.8
42.5
Structural steel and
ornamental
metalwork
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
$1.546 $63.23
1.684 71. 61
1.676
1.677
1.677
1.685
1.704
1.704
1.712
1.725
1.718
1. 723
1.730
1.730
1.731
71.53
72.20
70.17
72.89
73. 66
72.12
73.19
74.78
73.74
74.34
74.99
72.51
72.83
41.3
42.3
42.5
42.8
41.4
42.8
43.1
42.2
42.5
43.0
42.7
42.8
43.1
41.6
42.0
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.531
1.693
1.683
1.687
1.695
1.703
1.709
1.709
1.722
1.739
1.727
1.737
1.740
1.743
1.734
Manufacturing—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance machinery and transportation equipment)—Continued
Machinery (except
electrical)
Metal stamping,
coating, and
engraving
Total: Machinery
(except electrical)
Boiler-shop products
Sheet-metal work
1950: Average_____ $62.16 40.6 $1.531 $62. 14
1951: Average-------- 71.57 42.7 1. 676 70.31
1951: M ay________ 70.89 42.6 1.668 70. 52
June____
70. 72 42.4 1.668 69. 76
July________ 70.09 42.3 1. 657 68. 59
August__ . . . 71.56 42.8 1.672 70.05
September___ 74.38 43.7 1.702 70.68
O ctober........ . 73. 73 43.5 1.695 72. 54
November___ 73. 53 43.2 1.702 71.13
December___ 75.11 43.9 1. 711 74.69
1952: January_____ 73.70 43.1 1.710 72. 01
February____ 74.35 43.2 1. 721 71. 93
M arch______ 74. 78 43.1 1.735 71.32
April.- .. . 73.31 42.4 1.729 69.19
M ay________ 74.08 42.7 1. 735 71.73
41.1 $1. 512 $64.22
41.9 1. 678 68. 54
42.2 1.671 67.43
41.7 1. 673 68.67
41.0 1.673 66. 74
41.« 1.684 67. 06
41.6 1.699 68.67
42.3 1.715 69. 49
41.5 1.714 69.64
43.0 1.737 71.15
41.6 1.731 73.06
41.6 1.729 73.35
41.2 1.731 73.54
39.9 1.734 71.21
41.2 1.741 72.39
41.3
40.7
40.4
40.8
39.4
39.8
40.3
40.4
40.3
41.2
41.7
41.7
41.5
40.6
40.9
Stamped and pressed
metal products
$1. 555 $66.15
1.684 70. 50
1.669
1.683
1.694
1.685
1.704
1.720
1.728
1.727
1.752
1. 759
1.772
1.754
1.770
68.92
71.07
68.69
08. 76
70.73
71.52
71.85
73.40
75.77
76.02
76.19
73. 42
74. 98
41.5
40.8
40.4
41.2
39.5
39.7
40.3
40.5
40.5
41.4
42.0
42.0
41.7
40.7
41.2
Other fabricated
metal products
$1.594 $64. 76
1. 728 70.43
1.706
1.725
1.739
1.732
1.755
1. 766
1.774
1. 773
1.804
1.810
1.827
1.804
1.820
70. 76
70.89
69. 47
69. 22
70. 27
71.32
70. 22
72. 71
71.19
71. 66
71.23
69.33
70.33
41.7 $1.553 $67. 21
42.3 1.665 76.73
42.5 1.665 76.30
42.6 1.664 76. 65
41.6 1.670 75. 42
41.6 1.664 75. 94
42.0 1.673 77.24
42.4 1.682 77. 86
41.9 1.676 77.63
43.1 1.687 79.95
42.3 1.683 79.81
42.4 1.690 79. 70
42.1 1.692 80.00
41.0 1.691 78.50
41.3 1.703 78.94
41.8
43.5
43.6
43.5
43 0
43.0
43.2
43.4
43.2
44.1
43.9
43.6
43.5
42.8
42.9
$1. 608
1. 764
1.750
1.762
1.754
1.766
1.788
1.794
1.797
1.813
1.818
1.828
1.839
1.834
1.840
Manufacturing—Con tinued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Engines and
turbines
1950: Average_____ $69. 43
1951: Average_____ 79. 79
1951: M ay.............. 79.38
June________ 79.91
July________ 77. 05
A u g u st___ . 78. 91
September___ 78.79
October_____ 81. 76
November___ 79. 97
December___ 83. 55
1952: January_____ 84. 42
February____ 84.90
M arch______ 83.29
April—
83.10
M ay__ _____ 79.63
40.7
42.9
43.0
43.1
41.9
42.4
42.0
43.1
42.4
43.7
43.9
43.9
43.0
42.9
41.8
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Agricultural
machinery
and tractors
$1.706 $64. 60
1.860 73. 46
1.846 73. 29
1.854 74. 21
1.839
1.861
1.876
1.897
1.886
1.912
1.923
1.934
1.937
1.937
1.905
73.36
72.41
74. 52
74. 01
73. 42
76.55
75.85
76.10
77.94
77.49
77. 72
40.1 $1.611 $66.09
40.7 1.805 75.75
40.9 1.792 75.73
41.0 1.810 75. 73
40.8 1.798 75.13
39.7 1.824 74.85
40.0 1. 863 77.73
40.6 1.823 76.24
40.1 1.831 76. 58
41.2 1.858 79.23
40.8 1.859 78. 06
40. 2 1. 893 78. 63
41.0 1.901 79.01
40.7 1.904 79.85
40.8 1.905 78.62
Agricultural
machinery
(except tractors)
Tractors
40.3
40.9
41.2
41.0
40.9
38.6
39.6
40.9
40.8
41.7
41.0
40.3
40.6
40.8
40.4
$1.640 $62. 57
1.852
1.838
1.847
1.837
1.939
1. 963
1.864
1.877
1. 900
1.904
1.951
1.946
1.957
1.946
70.92
70.39
72.54
71.66
70.64
72.18
71.65
69. 97
73.40
73. 63
73.30
76.94
75.03
76.76
39.8
40.5
40.5
41.1
40.9
40.6
40.3
40.3
39.4
40.6
40.7
40.1
41.5
40.6
41.2
Construction and
mining
machinery
$1.572 $65.97
1. 751 75.38
1.738
1.765
1.752
1.740
1. 791
1.778
1.776
1.808
1.809
1.828
1.854
1.848
1.863
75.63
74. 61
73.63
74.94
75. 60
75.57
76.96
80. 47
79. 24
79.04
79.54
77.79
78.06
42.4
44.5
44.7
44.2
43.7
44.5
44.6
44.4
44.9
46.3
45.7
45.4
45.4
44.5
44.3
Metalworking
machinery
$1.556 $71.54
1. 694 85.55
1.692
1.688
1.685
1.684
1. 695
1.702
1.714
1.738
1.734
1. 741
1.752
1.748
1.762
85.07
85.08
83. 57
85. 23
86. 77
89.44
87.33
90.20
90. 30
89.82
90.43
88.00
89.27
43.2
46.8
47.0
46.8
46.3
46.5
46.5
47.4
46.5
47.6
47.5
47.0
47.0
46.0
46.3
$1.656
1.828
1.810
1.818
1.805
1.833
1.866
1.887
1.878
1.895
1.901
1.911
1.924
1.913
1.928
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
237
T able C 1: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Year and month
Machine tools
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1950- Average_____ $69. 72
1951: Average.......... 84.75
1951: M a y ............ 84.38
June................ 83. 99
July................. 81.84
August............ 84.64
September___ 84.91
October........... 89.42
November___ 86.89
December___ 89.69
1952: January_____ 90. 59
February......... 89.39
M arch............. 89. 77
April_______ 88.03
M ay________ 88.03
43.2
47.4
47.7
47.4
46.9
47.1
46.5
48.0
47.3
48.3
48.6
47.7
47.6
47.0
46.7
Metalworking ma
c h in ery (except
machine tools)
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1,614 $70. 54
1.788
1.769
1.772
1.745
1. 797
1.826
1.863
1.837
1.857
1.864
1.874
1.886
1.873
1.885
81.99
82.17
82.08
80.95
81.00
83.68
85.28
82.89
85. 75
84.64
85.97
86.67
83.07
84.29
42.7
45.2
45.6
45.4
44.8
44.9
45.6
46.4
45.0
46.1
45.7
45.9
46.1
44.4
45.0
Machine-tool acces
sories
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1. 652 $74. 69
1.814
1.802
1.808
1.807
1.804
1.835
1.838
1.842
1.860
1.852
1.873
1.880
1.871
1.873
88.08
87.05
88.27
86.25
87.46
90.81
91.62
90. 64
93.68
94.00
92.70
94.32
91.49
93.60
43.5
46.8
46.8
47.0
46.0
46.4
47.2
47.4
46.6
47.7
47.5
46.7
46.9
45.7
46.2
Special-industry ma
c h in ery (except
metalworking m a
chinery)
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1. 717 $65. 74
1.882 74. 69
1.860
1.878
1.875
1.885
1.924
1.933
1.945
1.964
1.979
1.985
2.011
2.002
2.026
74.55
75. 37
74.00
73.14
74. 56
74.43
74. 65
76. 47
76.39
76. 47
77.25
75.66
76.23
41.9
43.6
43.8
44.0
43.4
43.0
43.3
43.0
42.9
43.8
43.5
43.4
43.4
42.7
42.9
General industrial
machinery
Avg. Avg.
Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn
hours
ings
ings
$1. 569 $66. 33
1. 713 76. 91
1.702
1.713
1.705
1.701
1. 722
1.731
1.740
1.746
1.756
1.762
1.780
1.772
1.777
77.59
78.00
75.04
76. 56
78.15
77. 48
78.14
79. 97
78.90
79.07
79.02
77.36
78.16
41.9
44.2
44.8
44.8
43.4
44.0
44.2
43.8
44.0
44.8
44.2
44.1
43.8
43.1
43.3
Office and store ma
chines and devices
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1,583 $66. 95
1.740
1.732
1.741
1. 729
1.740
1. 768
1.769
1.776
1.785
1.785
1.793
1.804
1.795
1.805
73.58
73.08
73. 46
72. 57
73.67
74.38
75.04
74.95
75. 35
75.24
75.04
75.72
74. 91
73.89
41.1
41.9
42.0
42.0
41.4
41.6
41.6
41.9
41.8
41.7
41.5
41.3
41.4
41.0
40.4
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1,629
1.756
1. 740
1.749
1. 753
1.771
1.788
1. 791
1.793
1.807
1.813
1.817
1.829
1.827
1.829
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Computing machines
and cash registers
1950: Average___
1951: Average__
1951: M ay...........
June...........
July........ .
August___
September—
October___
November..
December...
1952: January___
February...
March____
April_____
M ay______
$71.70
78. 81
77.81
78.19
77. 87
79. 22
80.48
81.17
81.62
81. 91
82.43
81. 08
82.15
80. 71
80.16
40.9
41. 5
41.5
41.5
40. 9
41.6
41. 4
41. 5
41. 6
41.6
41.8
41. 2
41.3
40.6
40.3
Typewriters
$1. 753 $62.08
1.899
1.875
1.884
1. 904
1.909
1. 944
1. 956
1.962
1. 969
1.972
1.968
1.989
1.988
1.989
68.00
68.54
68.35
67.20
67.49
67.45
68. 42
68. 51
68. 51
67. 81
69.18
69.26
68.52
67.13
41.5
42.5
43.0
42.8
42.0
42.0
42.0
42.6
42.5
41.9
41.4
41.7
41.8
41.2
40. 2
Service-industry and Kefrigerators and airhousehold machines
conditioning units
$1,496 $67.26
1.600
1.594
1.597
1.600
1.607
1.606
1.606
1.612
1.635
1.638
1.659
1.657
1.663
1.670
71.06
69.28
69.67
70.04
69. 54
71.32
71.73
72.41
74.04
75. 59
74.49
74.03
72.42
72.68
41.7
40.7
40.3
39.9
40.0
39.6
40.5
40.5
40.7
41.2
41.9
41.2
40.7
39.9
40.0
$1,613 $66.42
1.746
1.719
1.746
1.751
1.756
1. 761
1.771
1.779
1.797
1.804
1.808
1.819
1.815
1.817
69.41
67.23
67.24
69.24
68.72
70. 26
70. 25
71.44
72.80
75.25
74. 65
74.11
71.37
72.13
41.1
39.8
39.2
38.6
39.5
39.2
39.9
39.8
40.0
40.4
41.6
41.2
40.7
39.3
39.7
Miscellaneous ma
chinery parts
$1,616 $66.15
1.744
1.715
1.742
1.753
1. 753
1. 761
1.765
1.786
1.802
1.809
1.812
1.821
1.816
1.817
74.26
74.64
74.22
72.85
73.49
74.13
74.82
74.00
75. 86
76.39
75.85
75.66
74.52
74. 91
42.0
43.2
43.7
43.0
42.5
42.7
42.8
43.1
42.6
43.4
43.5
43.0
42.7
42.1
42.2
Ball and roller bear
ings
$1,575 $68.55
1. 719 76.69
1. 708
1.726
1. 714
1.721
1.732
1. 736
1.737
1. 748
1.756
1.764
1.772
1.770
1.775
76.78
78.17
75. 97
77.39
76. 46
77.20
75. 28
76.70
78.38
76.73
76. 70
73.09
72.87
42.6
43.4
43 8
43 6
42 8
43 6
43.1
43.3
42. 2
42.8
43.4
42.7
42.4
40.9
40.8
$1.613
1. 767
1.753
1 793
1. 775
1. 775
1. 774
1 783
1. 784
1.792
1 80fi
1.797
1 809
1 787
1.786
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except
electrical)—Con.
Machine shops (job
and repair)
1950: Average........... $65.18
1951: Average_____ 74.17
1951: May................
June........... .
July.................
August....... .
September___
October...........
November___
December.......
1952: January...........
February........
March.............
April................
May................
74.13
72.80
71.91
72.38
74.08
74.81
75. 90
78.15
78.14
78. 62
78.58
78.66
79. 28
41.7
43.2
43.4
42.6
42.2
42.4
42.6
42.8
43.1
44.2
44.0
43.9
43.8
43.7
43.8
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Electrical machinery
Total: Electrical ma
chinery
$1,563 $60.83
1.717
1.708
1.709
1.704
1.707
1. 739
1.748
1. 761
1. 768
1.776
1.791
1.794
1.800
1.810
66.86
66.57
67.15
66.13
66.34
68.06
68. 27
69.10
69.97
70.22
69.93
70.43
69.11
68. 94
41.1
41.4
41.5
41.5
40.4
40.8
41.5
41.5
41.8
42.0
41.9
41.6
41.5
40.7
40.6
Electrical generat
ing, transmission,
distribution, and
industrial appa
ratus
$1.480 $63. 75
1. 615 71.53
1.604
1.618
1.637
1.626
1.640
1.645
1.653
1.666
1.676
1.681
1.697
1.698
1.698
71.57
71.91
70.87
72.11
73.01
73. 26
73. 78
74.81
75.19
75.06
76.37
75. 02
73.28
41.1
42.1
42.4
42.4
41.3
42.0
42.3
42.3
42.4
42.7
42.7
42.5
42.5
41.7
41.1
Motors, generators,
transformers, and
industrial controls
$1. 551 $64.90
1.699
1.688
1.696
1.716
1.717
1. 726
1.732
1.740
1. 752
1.761
1. 766
1.797
1.799
1.783
72.92
73.10
73.53
72.18
73.58
74.48
74.70
75.30
75. 95
76.92
76.37
78.35
77.11
74. 21
41.1
42.1
42.6
42.6
41.2
41.9
42.2
42.3
42.4
42.5
42.9
42.5
42.7
42.0
41.0
Electrical equipment
for vehicles
$1.579 $66.22
1. 732 68.84
1. 716
1.726
1.752
1.756
1. 765
1. 766
1.776
1.787
1.793
1.797
1.835
1.836
1.810
68.00
67.58
70.02
68.88
70.08
70. 32
70.88
72.99
74.41
71.83
72.34
71.16
69.07
41.7
40.4
40.5
39.8
40.9
40.0
40.3
40.3
40.4
41.1
41.9
40.4
40.3
39.6
38.5
Communication
equipment
$1.588 $56. 20
1.704
1.679
1.698
1.712
1.722
1.739
1.745
1.754
1. 776
1.776
1.778
1.795
1.797
1.794
61.86
61.05
62.05
60.34
60.34
62. 75
63.87
65.02
64.69
65.35
65.17
64.86
63.75
64.96
40.9
41.1
41.0
41.2
39.7
40.2
41.2
41.5
42.0
41.6
41.6
41.3
41.0
40.3
40.6
$1,374
1. 505
1.489
1.506
1.520
1.501
1.523
1.539
1.548
1. 555
1.571
1.578
1.582
1.582
1.600
MONTHLY LABOR
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
238
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees —Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Transportation equipment
Electrical machinery —Continued
Year and month
R a d io s , p h o n o
Electrical appliances,
graphs, television Telephone, telegraph,
lamps, and miscel
sets, and equip and related equipment
laneous products
ment
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1950: Average........
1951: Average........
1951: M ay..............
June..............
July............... .
August..........
September.... .
October.........
N ovem ber...
December__ .
1952: January____
February___
M arch_____
April______
M ay............. _
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
40.7 $1.323 $65. 84
40.5 1.442 77.20
40.2 1.428 76. 85
40.4 1.446 76.28
39.2 1.463 76. 27
39.9 1. 435 76.24
40.8 1.456 78. 76
40.9 1. 477 80. 42
41.4 1.473 81.33
41.2 1.484 81.08
41.1 1.490 82.19
40.7 1.499 82.73
40.5 1. 504 81.91
39. 7 1.499 81.19
40.1 1. 518 82.71
$53. 85
58.40
57. 41
58. 42
57.35
57. 26
59.40
60 41
60.98
61.14
61.24
61. 01
60. 91
59. 51
60.87
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
40.1 $1,642 $61. 58
43.2 1.787 65.73
43.2 1.779 65. 44
43.0 1.774 66.62
42.8 1.782 64. 55
43.1 1.769 64.28
44.2 1.782 66.10
44.8 1.795 65.61
44.3 1.836 66. 26
43.9 1.847 68. 89
44.0 1.868 67. 77
44.1 1.876 67. 98
43.8 1.870 68.18
43.3 1.875 66. 97
43.9 1.884 68.13
Total: Transporta
tion equipment
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
41.0 $1,502 $71.18
40.8 1.611 75. 77
40.8 1.604 74. 97
41.2 1.617 75.14
39.6 1.630 74.33
40.0 1.607 76. 36
40.7 1.624 77. 43
40.4 1.624 77.14
40.5 1. 636 77.05
41.6 1.656 79. 48
40.9 1.657 79. 47
40.9 1.662 79. 24
40.8 1. 671 80. 08
40.2 1.666 78. 28
40.7 1.674 79.53
Automobiles
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
41.0 $1. 736 $73. 25
40.8 1.857 75. 52
40.9 1.833 74.90
40.4 1.860 74. 88
39.9 1.863 73.30
40.9 1.867 76.31
41.1 1.884 77.53
40.9 1.886 77.34
40.7 1.893 76.44
41.7 1.906 79. 91
41.5 1.915 80. 55
41.4 1.914 79.83
41.3 1.939 80.84
40.6 1.928 80.00
41.1 1.935 80.64
Aircrift and parts
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
41.2 $1. 778 $68.39
39.5 1.912 78.05
39.8 1.882 77.22
38.9 1.925 77. 31
37.9 1.934 77.48
39.5 1.932 77. 48
39.8 1.948 79.28
39.7 1.948 78 07
39.1 1. 955 79.85
40.4 1.978 80. 57
40.5 1.989 79. 53
40.4 1.976 80.01
40.4 2.001 80. 57
40.0 2.000 77.27
40.2 2.006 79. 41
41.6
43.8
43.9
43.8
43.7
43.6
43.9
43.3
43.9
44.1
43.2
43.2
42.9
41.7
42.6
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1,644
1.782
1.759
1.765
1.773
1.777
1.806
1.803
1.819
1.827
1.841
1.852
1.878
1.853
1.864
M anufacturing—Con tinued
Transportation equipment—Continued
Aircraft
Aircraft engines and
parts
1950: Average____ $67.15 41.4 $1,622 $71.40
1951: Average........ 75.82 43.3 1. 751 85.90
1951: M ay.............. 74.69 43.3 1.725 86. 67
June.............. 75.00 43.3 1.732 88.06
July............... 75. 78 43.4 1.746 86.24
August_____ 75. 86 43.3 1.752 84.00
September— 77.65 43.7 1.777 85 61
43.1 1. 773 83.20
October......... 76. 4?
N ovem ber... 77.95 43.5 1.792 87.02
78.13 43.5 1.796 88. 44
December__
1952: January....... . 76. 82 42.3 1.816 88. 50
78. 40 42.7 1.836 85.66
February___
78. 59 42.3 1.858 87.23
March_____
75.93 41.4 1.834 81.20
April______
78.27 42.4 1.846 82. 41
M a y ...........
Aircraft propellers
and parts
42.1 $1. 696 $73.90
45.4 1.892 89.17
46.2 1.876 87. 68
46.3 1.902 90. 77
45.7 1.887 92.16
44.8 1.875 90. 49
44.8 1. 911 87.33
43.4 1.917 86.33
45.3 1.921 87.67
45.8 1.931 88.98
45.9 1.928 88.97
44.8 1.912 87.36
44.8 1.947 91.21
42.4 1.915 89.22
42.9 1. 921 93.30
Other aircraft parts
and equipment
42.4 $1. 743 $70.81
46.2 1.930 78. 53
46.0 1.906 78.45
47.3 1.919 77.43
48.1 1.916 76.00
47.5 1.905 75.84
45.2 1. 932 78.29
44.8 1.927 79.35
45.1 1.944 78. 50
45.4 1.960 81.16
45.3 1.964 80. 78
44.8 1.950 79. 75
45.2 2.018 79. 71
44.5 2.005 78. 20
45.6 2.046 80.93
Ship and boat build
ing and repairing
41.7 $1. 698 $63. 28
43.7 1. 797 70. 56
43.9 1.787 68.46
43.5 1.780 70. 42
42.6 1.784 71.59
42.7 1. 776 71.96
43.4 1.804 71. 52
43.6 1.820 73.57
43.3 1.813 72.37
44.4 1. 828 74.12
44.0 1.836 74.85
43.2 1.846 74.32
42.9 1.858 76.81
42.0 1.862 75.17
43.3 1.869 76.49
Shiplbuilding and
r e pairing
38.4 $1.648 $63.83
40.0 1.764 71.18
39.8 1.720 68.96
40.1 1.756 71.04
40.4 1.772 72. 40
40.2 1.790 72. 66
40.0 1.788 72.10
40.2 1.830 74.23
39.1 1.851 72.97
40.5 1. 830 74.72
40.7 1.839 75. 58
40.0 1.858 75.04
40.9 1.878 77.90
40.5 1.856 76.02
41.1 1.861 77.20
38.2
39.9
39.7
40.0
40.4
40.1
39.9
40.1
39.0
40.5
40.7
40.0
41.0
40.5
41.0
$1.671
1.784
1.737
1.776
1.792
1.812
1.807
1.851
1.871
1.845
1.859
1.877
1.900
1.877
1.883
Manufacturing—Continued
Instruments and
related products
Transportation equipment—Continued
Boat building and
repairing
1950: Average__
1951: Average__
1951: M ay..........
June_____
July— .......
August___
September.
October__
November.
December..
1952: January__
February..
M arch___
April_____
M ay_____
$55.99
60.79
59.64
58. 56
60. 80
60. 86
62. 52
62. 55
63. 48
65. 53
63. 99
63. 40
62.84
62. 84
65. 89
40.6 $1.379 $66.33
40.1 1.516 75.99
40.0 1.491 76. 55
39.3 1.490 75. 64
40.4 1. 505 75. 82
40.2 1.514 77.05
40.7 1.536 76.96
40.3 1.552 77 06
39.9 1.591 76. 49
40.3 1. 626 77.81
39.6 1.616 76. 79
39.5 1.605 78.12
39.5 1.591 78. 55
39.2 1.603 76.21
40.9 1.611 75. 95
See footnotes at end of table
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Railroad equipment
Locomotives and
parts
39.6 $1.675 $70.00
40.9 1.858 81.16
41.2 1.858 80.36
40.3 1.877 79. 75
40.7 1.863 82. 43
40.7 1.893 82. 45
40.7 1.891 82.05
40.9 1.884 82. 75
40.6 1.884 81.93
40.8 1.907 83. 76
41.0 1.873 81. 61
41.4 1.887 81.90
41.3 1.902 81.62
40.3 1.891 78.70
40.4 1.880 81. 27
Railroad and street
cars
40.3 $1.737 $62.47
41.6 1.951 70. 48
41.4 1.941 72.90
40.3 1.979 71.69
41.8 1.972 70.98
41.6 1.982 71.20
41.8 1.963 71.68
41.9 1. 975 71.06
41.8 1.960 70.66
41.9 1. 999 71.05
41.7 1.957 72.19
42.0 1.950 74. 22
41.6 1.962 75.58
40.4 1.948 73.49
41.7 1.949 71.82
Other transportation Total: Instruments
and related products
equipment
38.9 $1,606 $64.44
40.0 1. 762 68. 44
41.0 1. 778 65. 81
40.3 1. 779 68.43
39.9 1. 779 66.85
39.6 1.798 67. 82
39.6 1.810 68.91
39.9 1.781 71.13
39.3 1.798 71.06
39.3 1.808 73.48
40.4 1.787 68.80
40.8 1.819 68. 72
41.1 1. 839 70. 39
40.2 1.828 68. 76
39.7 1.809 70. 47
41.9 $1. 538 $60.81
42.3 1.618 68. 87
41.0 1.605 68. 78
42.4 1.614 69. 44
41.7 1.603 68.18
42.1 1.611 68.51
42.3 1.629 69.93
42 9 1.658 70.26
42.6 1.668 70.98
44.0 1. 670 71.70
41.9 1.642 71.02
41.5 1.656 71.02
41.8 1.684 71.47
41.3 1.665 70. 63
41.8 1.686 71.98
41.2
42.2
42.3
42.6
41.8
41.9
42.2
42.3
42.5
42.6
42.1
41.7
41.7
41.4
41.8
$1,476
1.632
1.626
1.630
1.631
1.635
1. 657
1.661
1.670
1.683
1.687
1.703
1. 714
1.706
1.722
R E V I E W , A U G U S T 1952
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
239
T able C 1: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
M is c e l l a n e o u s m a n u
f a c tu r in g in d u s t r ie s
Instruments and related products—Continued
Y e a r a n d m o n th
1950: A v e r a g e .
1951: A v e r a g e .
1951: M a y ................
J u n e ________
J u l y . . . ...........
A u g u s t _____
September.
October___
November.,
December..
1952: J a n u a r y ________ _________ ________
F e b r u a r y ___________ _____________
March.______ ____________
A p r i l . . . _____ _____________________
May_____________________
P h o to g r a p h ic
a p p a r a tu s
Ophthalmic goods
W a tch es and
c lo c k s
P r o fe s s io n a l a n d s c i
e n t if ic in s tr u m e n ts
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
$ 5 0 .8 8
55. 65
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
$ 1 ,2 5 0
1 .3 6 4
$ 6 5 .5 9
7 3 .0 8
4 1 .2
4 2 .0
$1. 592
1 .7 4 0
$53. 25
5 9 .4 9
3 9 .8
4 0 .8
$ 1 .3 3 8
1. 458
$ 6 3 .0 1
71. 99
4 1 .7
4 2 .9
$ 1 ,5 1 1
1 .6 7 8
5 5 .6 0
5 6 .0 7
5 5 .4 1
5 5 .2 3
5 6 .1 9
5 6 .1 1
55. 36
5 5 .1 4
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
1 .3 6 6
1. 371
1 .3 7 5
1 .3 7 4
1 .3 8 4
1 .3 8 2
1 .3 7 7
1 .3 8 2
73. 77
7 2 .8 2
7 3 .0 4
7 1 .9 3
7 2 .9 0
7 3 .3 3
7 4 .5 3
7 4 .9 6
4 2 .2
4 1 .8
4 1 .5
4 1 .6
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 2 .3
4 2 .3
1 .7 4 8
1 .7 4 2
1 .7 6 0
1. 729
1 .7 4 4
1. 750
1 .7 6 2
1 .7 7 2
6 1 .0 7
5 9 .7 8
57. 66
5 9 .7 0
5 9 .9 8
59. 52
60. 57
60. 55
4 1 .8
4 1 .0
4 0 .1
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .3
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
1 .4 6 1
1 .4 5 8
1 .4 3 8
1 .4 5 6
1 .4 7 0
1. 477
1 .4 8 1
1 .4 8 4
7 1 .1 0
7 2 .7 3
7 1 .0 6
7 1 .5 7
7 3 .5 3
73. 92
74. 78
75. 95
4 2 .7
4 3 .5
4 2 .5
4 2 .5
4 3 .0
4 3 .1
4 3 .3
43. 6
5 5 .6 2
56. 22
5 7 .2 0
5 7 .6 3
5 7 .7 3
3 9 .7
3 9 .4
4 0 .0
4 0 .3
4 0 .2
1 .4 0 1
1 .4 2 7
1 .4 3 0
1 .4 3 0
1 .4 3 6
7 5 .3 9
74. 92
76. 47
7 6 .7 2
7 9 .0 1
4 2 .4
4 1 .9
4 1 .4
4 1 .9
4 2 .5
1 .7 7 8
1 .7 8 8
1 .8 4 7
1 .8 3 1
1 .8 5 9
5 9 .5 2
5 9 .8 6
6 0 .6 8
59. 04
5 9 .1 3
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
3 9 .6
3 9 .9
1 .4 8 8
1 .4 8 9
1. 502
1 .4 9 1
1 .4 8 2
74. 77
74. 71
74. 67
73. 36
7 4 .7 8
4 2 .9
4 2 .4
4 2 .4
4 1 .8
4 2 .2
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
T o t a l: M is c e lla n e o u s
m a n u fa c tu r in g in
d u s t r ie s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
$ 5 4 .0 4
5 8 .0 0
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
$ 1 ,3 1 8
1 .4 1 8
1 .6 6 5
1 .6 7 2
1 .6 7 2
1 .6 8 4
1 .7 1 0
1. 715
1 .7 2 7
1. 742
5 7 .3 9
5 7 .8 5
56. 46
56. 82
57. 61
5 8 .1 8
58. 71
60. 53
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
3 9 .9
4 0 .1
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
4 1 .4
1 .4 1 0
1 .4 1 8
1 .4 1 5
1 .4 1 7
1. 426
1 .4 3 3
1 .4 4 6
1. 462
l . 743
1. 762
1. 761
1. 755
1 .7 7 2
5 9 .9 4
6 0 .1 8
6 0 .5 7
5 9 .1 1
6 0 .3 5
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .1
4 0 .5
1 .4 6 2
1 .4 7 5
1 .4 8 1
1 .4 7 4
1 .4 9 0
Manufacturing—Continued
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s t r ie s — C o n tin u e d
J e w e l r y , s il v e r w a r e ,
a n d p la te d w a re
J e w e lr y a n d
f in d in g s
S i lv e r w a r e a n d
p la te d w a re
T o y s a n d s p o r tin g
goods
C o s t u m e j e w e lr y ,
b u t t o n s , n o t io n s
1950: A v e r a g e ____
1951: A v e r a g e ____
$ 5 9 .4 5
6 2 .1 1
4 2 .8
4 1 .6
$1. 389
1 .4 9 3
$ 5 4 .2 5
58. 21
4 1 .6
4 1 .7
$ 1 ,3 0 4
1 .3 9 6
$ 6 4 .0 8
6 5 .7 3
4 3 .8
4 1 .6
$1. 463
1 .5 8 0
$ 5 0 .9 8
5 3 .5 4
4 0 .4
3 9 .6
$1. 262
1 .3 5 2
$49. 52
5 3 .6 5
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
$1. 238
1 .3 3 8
1951: M a y ................
J u l y . ...............
A u g u s t _____
S ep tem b er.
O c t o b e r ____
N o v e m b e r .,
D e c e m b e r ..
6 1 .4 5
6 1 .2 3
58. 59
59. 25
6 1 .5 3
6 2 .1 4
63. 42
66. 33
4 1 .3
4 0 .9
3 9 .4
3 9 .5
4 0 .8
4 0 .8
4 1 .4
4 2 .6
1 .4 8 8
1 .4 9 7
1 .4 8 7
1 .5 0 0
1 .5 0 8
1. 523
1 .5 3 2
1. 557
5 6 .5 8
5 6 .6 1
54. 43
5 5 .2 8
5 7 .2 5
59. 27
6 1 .0 7
6 3 .0 2
4 1 .0
40. 7
3 9 .3
3 9 .6
4 1 .1
4 1 .3
4 2 .0
4 2 .9
1 .3 8 0
1 .3 9 1
1 .3 8 5
1 .3 9 6
1 .3 9 3
1 .4 3 5
1 .4 5 4
1. 469
65. 49
6 4 .9 0
6 1 .9 4
6 2 .6 9
6 5 .2 8
6 4 .6 8
6 5 .7 3
69. 25
4 1 .5
4 1 .0
3 9 .4
3 9 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .3
4 0 .9
42. 2.
1 .5 7 8
1 .5 8 3
1 .5 7 2
1 .5 9 1
1. 608
1. 605
1 .6 0 7
1 .6 4 1
5 2 .1 0
5 2 .6 8
5 2 .1 3
52. 72
5 3 .5 4
54. 26
54. 53
5 6 .1 7
3 9 .0
3 9 .2
3 8 .7
3 9 .2
3 9 .6
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
4 0 .7
1 .3 3 6
1 .3 4 4
1 .3 4 7
1 .3 4 5
1 .3 5 2
1 .3 6 0
1 .3 7 0
1 .3 8 0
5 3 .4 5
5 4 .4 0
5 3 .4 4
5 2 .6 3
5 3 .3 5
5 3 .5 3
5 4 .0 4
5 4 .2 0
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
3 9 .5
3 8 .9
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
3 9 .3
4 0 .0
1 .3 4 3
1 .3 6 0
1 .3 5 3
1 .3 5 3
1 .3 3 7
1 .3 4 5
1 .3 7 5
1 .3 5 5
1952: J a n u a r y ____
F e b r u a r y ...
M a r c h _____
A p r i l _______
M a y _______
63. 55
6 3 .4 7
6 4 .3 5
6 3 .1 0
6 3 .5 9
4 1 .4
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
1. 535
1 .5 4 8
1. 558
1 .5 5 8
1. 570
6 0 .7 7
6 0 .4 4
60. 90
5 9 .1 9
6 0 .6 2
4 2 .2
4 1 .6
4 1 .8
4 0 .6
4 1 .1
1 .4 4 0
1 .4 5 3
1 .4 5 7
1 .4 5 8
1 .4 7 5
66. 30
6 6 .4 2
6 7 .4 4
66. 45
6 5 .9 1
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .3
3 9 .8
1. 629
1 .6 3 6
1. 653
1 .6 4 9
1. 656
5 7 .2 1
5 7 .3 9
5 8 .1 4
55. 82
57. 65
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
3 9 .7
4 1 .0
1 .4 0 9
1 .4 1 0
1 .4 1 8
1 .4 0 6
1 .4 0 6
54. 48
5 4 .5 4
5 5 .4 3
54. 08
5 5 .0 4
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
4 0 .4
3 9 .1
3 9 .4
1 .3 6 2
1 .3 6 0
1 .3 7 2
1 .3 8 3
1 .3 9 7
J u n e _________
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n .
T r a n s p o r ta tio n an c
M is c e lla n e o u s
m a n u fa c tu r in g
in d u s tr ie s — C o n .
C o m m u n ic a tio n
C l a s s I r a ilr o a d s *
L o c a l r a ilw a y s a n d
b u s lin e s 1
O th e r m is c e lla n e o u s
m a n u fa c tu r in g
in d u s tr ie s
1950: A v e r a g e .
1951: A v e r a g e .
1951: M a y ________
June_____
Ju ly ............
August.......
September.
October___
November..
December..
1952: J a n u a r y . . .
F ebruary.
March___
A p r i l ______
May____
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T e le p h o n e •
S w itc h b o a r d o p e r a t
in g e m p lo y e e s T
$54. 91
5 9 .2 0
4 1 .1
4 1 .2
$1. 336
1 .4 3 7
$63 90
*69. 78
40 8
* 4 1 .0
* l! 702
72! 32
4 6 .3
1 .5 6 2
5 8 .3 0
3 8 .9
3 9 .1
$ 1 ,3 9 8
1 .4 9 1
$46. 65
4 9 .5 4
3 7 .5
3 7 .7
$ 1 ,2 4 4
1 .3 1 4
5 8 .8 3
59. 22
5 7 .8 5
58. 22
5 8 .8 9
59. 43
5 9 .8 4
6 1 .7 3
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .9
4 1 .6
1. 428
1 .4 3 4
1 .4 3 2
1 .4 3 4
1 .4 4 7
1 .4 5 3
1 .4 6 3
1 .4 8 4
69. 62
7 0 .8 2
6 9 .8 1
72. 54
6 8 .8 2
7 2 .7 4
7 1 .4 0
69. 95
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 0 .1
4 2 .1
3 9 .1
4 2 .0
4 0 .8
3 9 .5
1 .6 9 8
1 .7 2 3
1 .7 4 1
1. 723
1 .7 6 0
1 .7 3 2
1 .7 5 0
1. 771
7 2 .1 7
72. 77
7 3 .1 9
72. 72
7 3 .1 1
7 3 .2 3
7 3 .1 1
7 5 .3 5
4 6 .5
4 6 .8
4 6 .5
4 6 .2
4 6 .1
4 6 .2
4 6 .3
4 7 .6
1 .5 5 2
1. 555
1. 574
1. 574
1 .5 8 6
1. 585
1 .5 7 9
1. 583
56. 59
5 8 .1 2
59. 30
58. 84
59. 97
5 9 .9 4
6 0 .8 4
5 9 .4 4
3 9 .0
3 9 .4
3 9 .8
3 9 .2
3 9 .4
3 9 .1
3 9 .2
3 8 .8
1.4 5 1
1 .4 7 5
1 .4 9 0
1 .5 0 1
1 .5 2 2
1 .5 3 3
1. 552
1 .5 3 2
47. 42
49. 26
50. 77
5 0 .0 3
5 1 .2 3
5 1 .4 8
52. 79
4 9 .7 0
3 7 .4
3 8 .1
3 8 .7
3 7 .9
3 8 .2
3 7 .8
3 7 .9
3 7 .2
1 .2 6 8
1 .2 9 3
1 .3 1 2
1 .3 2 0
1 .3 4 1
1 .3 6 2
1 .3 9 3
1 .3 3 6
6 1 .0 2
6 1 .5 0
6 1 .5 5
60. 21
6 1 .3 6
4 1 .2
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .5
1 .4 8 1
1 .5 0 0
1 .5 0 5
1 .4 9 4
1 .5 1 5
7 4 .0 9
76. 69
7 1 .5 2
4 1 .6
4 2 .7
4 0 .2
1 .7 8 1
1 .7 9 6
1 .7 7 9
7 3 .9 2
73. 52
74. 89
74. 47
7 6 .2 4
4 6 .4
4 6 .5
4 6 .6
46. 2
4 6 .6
1 .5 9 3
1 .5 8 1
1 .6 0 7
1. 612
1 .6 3 6
5 9 .6 8
5 9 .8 3
59. 29
‘5 4 .2 3
6 1 .0 7
3 8 .7
3 8 .5
3 8 .5
> 3 5 .1
3 9 .0
1 .5 4 2
1 .5 5 4
1 .5 4 0
»1. 545
1. 566
4 9 .6 3
5 0 .3 3
4 9 .3 1
43. 57
5 2 .6 7
3 6 .9
3 6 .9
3 6 .8
3 2 .3
3 8 .0
1 .3 4 5
1 .3 6 4
1 .3 4 0
1 .3 4 9
1. 386
M ONTHLY LABO R
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
240
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees
Con.
Transportation and public utilities—Continued
Other public utilities
Communication
Year and month
Line construction,
installation, and
maintenance em
ployees *
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1950* Avp,rage
1951’ Average
_ ____________________ £73.30
_____________________ 81.28
rotai: Gas and electric Electric light and
power utilities
utilities
Telegraph e
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
42.1 £1. 741 £64.19
42.8 1.899 68.33
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
44.7 £1. 436 $66. 60
44.6 1.532 71.77
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
41.6 £1. 601 £67.81
41.9 1. 713 72.74
Gas utilities
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.6 £1. 630 £63. 37
41.9 1.736 68. 76
41.5
41.8
$1. 527
1. 645
1951* May
_ _ ___________________
June
_ _________________
Jpily
_ _ ___________________
August_ _ _________________
Beptemhp.r
_ ____________
October.................................................
Novpmbivr
_
■December
_______________
79.49
81.20
82.78
82.58
83.83
83. 54
83. 79
83.91
42.9
43.1
43.0
42.9
43.1
42.6
42.6
42.7
1.853 65.97
1.884 65.44
1.925 71.23
1.925 70. 47
1.945 72.33
1.961 72.34
1.967 72.13
1. 965 72. 21
45.4
45.1
44.8
44.6
44.4
44.3
44.2
44.3
1.453
1.451
1.590
1.580
1. 629
1.633
1.632
1. 630
70.72
71.06
71.82
71. 73
72. 88
72.92
73. 29
73. 63
41.5
41.7
42.0
41.9
42.2
42.1
42.0
42.1
1.704
1.704
1. 710
1. 712
1.727
1.732
1.745
1. 749
71.97
72.40
73. 25
72. 96
73.34
72.85
73. 56
74. 56
41.6
41.8
42.1
42.1
42.1
41.7
41.7
42.1
1.730
1.732
1.740
1.733
1.742
1. 747
1.764
1. 771
66.91
66.99
67. 44
67. 48
69.35
71.39
71.49
71. 63
41.1
41.1
41.4
41.3
41.8
42. 7
42.4
42.3
1.628
1.630
1.629
1.634
1.659
1. 672
1.686
1.691
1952* January
February
83.90
83.97
83.39
76.63
83.82
42.5
42.3
41.8
38.8
42.1
1.974
1.985
1. 995
1.975
1.991
43.9
43.9
1.612
1.615
73.20
72.82
73.28
73.15
73.70
41.9
41.4
41.4
41.4
41.5
1.747
1.759
1. 770
1.767
1. 776
74.25
73.39
74.27
73.71
74.96
41.9
41.3
41. 4
41.2
41.6
1.772
1.777
1.794
1.789
1.802
70.56
70.38
70.09
70.01
69.96
41.8
41.4
41.4
41. 5
41.3
1.688
1. 700
1.693
1.687
1.694
_ ______________
_ _______________
TVTnC
70. 77
70.90
Transportation and
public utilities—
Con.
Trade
Retail trade
Other public utili.
,
Retail trade (except General merchandise
eating and drink
stores
ing places)
Electric light and gas
utilities combined
1950* A verage..______________________ $67.02
1951* Average ______________________ 72.36
41.6 $1.611 $60.36
41.9 1. 727 64. 51
40.7 $1.483 $47.63
40.7 1.585 50.25
40.5 $1.176 $35.95
40.1 1. 253 37.25
uepartm eni stores
and genera mailorder houses
36.8 $0.977 $41. 56
36.2 1.029 44.11
38.2
37.8
$1.088
1.167
1951* May
_______________________
June
________________________
July
- - ____________
August,
______________
Pepternher - - _____ ___ ______
October..................................................
November
_ _____
December
__________________
71.47
71.94
72.80
73.04
74.50
74.02
73.96
73. 66
41.6
41.9
42.2
42.1
42.5
42.2
42.0
41.9
1.718
1.717
1.725
1.735
1. 753
1. 754
1.761
1.758
63. 78
64. 35
64. 55
64. 51
65.64
65.44
65. 52
66.58
40.6
40.7
40.7
40.7
40.9
40.8
40.8
41.1
1.571
1.581
1.586
1.585
1.605
1.604
1.606
1.620
49.83
50. 74
51.49
51.37
50.80
50.43
49.92
49.92
39.8
40.4
40.8
40.8
40.0
39.8
39.4
40.1
1.252 36. 71
1.256 37.70
1.262 38. 51
1.259 38.01
1. 270 37.19
1.267 36.56
1.267 36.12
1.245 37. 52
35.5
36. 5
37.1
36.9
35.9
35. 6
35.1
37.0
1.034
1.033
1.038
1.030
1.036
1.027
1.029
1.014
43. 49
44.23
44. 81
44.27
44.29
43. 57
43.28
46.49
37.3
38.0
38.1
37. 9
37.6
37.3
36.8
39.4
1.166
1.164
1.176
1.168
1.178
1.168
1.176
1.180
1052' January
__ _ _________________
February __ ____ _____________
March
___- - ____ _______ April
- _
__ _________
TVTay
- - ___
73.58
73. 62
74.29
74.68
74. 76
42.0
41.5
41.5
41.7
41.6
1.752
1.774
1.790
1.791
1. 797
66.42
66.13
66. 62
66.53
66.90
40.7
40.4
40.4
40.1
40.3
1.632
1.637
1.649
1.659
1.660
51.22
50.98
50.90
51.14
51.97
39.8
39.8
39.8
39.8
39.7
1.287
1.281
1.279
1.285
1.309
35.8
35.9
35.8
35.9
35. 8
1.069
1.043
1.039
1.033
1.073
45.27
43.67
43. 63
44.13
45. 52
37.2
37.1
37.1
37.4
37.4
1.217
1.177
1.176
1.180
1.217
38. 27
37.44
37.20
37.08
38.41
Trade—Continued
Other retail trade
Retail trade—Continued
Food and liquor
stores
1950* A verage.______________ -_______ $51.79
53.96
1951 • Average
_ _______________
June ________________________
July
__ _____________________
August
____________________ September ____________________
October . _____________________
November______________________
December_____________________
1952: January
. _________________
February _
____ ____________
March
_ ______________
April
_____ _________ -- _
May
___. . _______
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Automotive and ac
cessories dealers
40.4 $1.282 $61. 65
40.0 1.349 66.51
Apparel and acces
sories stores
45.7 $1.349 $40.70
45.4 1.465 42.20
Furniture and appli
ance stores
Lumber and hard
ware-supply stores
36.5 $1.115 $56.12
36.1 1.169 59. 61
43.5 $1.290 $54.62
43.1 1.383 58. 64
43.8
43.6
$1.247
1.345
53.44
54.72
55.44
55.23
54.24
53.90
54.35
54.44
39.7
40.5
41.1
41.0
40.0
39.6
39.7
40.0
1.346
1.351
1.349
1.347
1.356
1.361
1.369
1.361
66.22
67.03
66. 91
67.18
67.94
67.24
67.13
67.06
45.2
45.6
45.3
45.3
45.2
45.4
45.3
45.4
1.465
1.470
1.477
1.483
1.503
1. 481
1.482
1.477
41.44
42.25
42. 71
42.47
42. 45
42. 49
42.17
43.31
35.6 1.164
36.2 1.167
36.5 1.170
36.8 1.154
36.1 1.176
35.8 1.187
35. 5 1.188
36.3 1.193
59.38
59.13
59.62
59.47
60.07
60.50
60.23
62.39
43.0
43.0
43.2
43.0
43.0
43.0
42.9
43.6
1.381
1.375
1.380
1.383
1.397
1.407
1.404
1. 431
58.60
58.91
59. 67
59. 48
59. 69
60.18
59.10
59. 60
43.8
43.8
44. 2
43.9
43. 7
43. 8
43.2
43.6
1.338
1.345
1.350
1.355
1.366
1.374
1.368
1.367
54.53
54.45
54.87
55.04
55.04
39.4
39.4
39.5
39.6
39.2
1.384
1.382
1.389
1.390
1.404
66.68
67.37
67. 74
69. 52
71.46
44.9
45.0
45.1
45.5
45.4
1.485
1.497
1.502
1. 528
1.574
43.64
42. 76
41.83
42.49
42.36
36.1
35.9
35.6
35.2
35.3
1.209
1.191
1.175
1. 207
1.200
59.45
59.72
59.24
59.37
60. 43
42.8
42.9
42.8
42.9
42.8
1.389
1.392
1.384
1.384
1.412
58. 65
59.36
59.21
60.32
59.92
43.0
43. 2
43.0
43.3
43.2
1.364
1.374
1.377
1.393
1.387
1
R E V I E W , A U G U S T 1952
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
241
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Finance 79
Service
Banks Security
and
dealers Insur
trust
ance
and
com
ex
carriers
panies changes
Year and month
Hotels, year-round 11
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
wkly.
wkly.
wkly.
wkly.
earnings earnings earnings earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings
Laundries
Cleaning and dyeing
plants
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings
Motionpicture
produc
tion
and
distri
bution »
Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings
1950: Average_____________
1951: Average_______________
$46.44
50.32
$81.48
83.68
$58.49
61.31
$33.85
35.38
43.9
43.2
$0.771
.819
$35. 47
37.52
41.2
41.1
$0.861
.913
$41. 69
44.07
41.2
41.5
$1,012
1.062
$92.79
83.95
1951: May................. ............
June_____ _____________
July___________________
August_______ ____ _____
September_________
October________________
November______________
December______________
50.11
50.06
50. 50
50.28
50.36
50.78
51.13
51.81
81. 78
80.97
77.67
79.14
81.78
85.20
83.88
83.09
61. 01
61. 71
62.09
61. 01
60.91
61.32
60.70
62.25
35.02
35.24
35. 46
35.29
35.78
35.91
36.20
36.81
43.4
43.4
43.4
43.3
42.9
42.9
43.1
43.2
.807
.812
.817
.815
.834
.837
.840
.852
37. 96
38.06
37.83
37.38
37.87
37.73
37.93
38.34
41.4
41.5
41.3
40.9
41.3
41.1
41.0
41.4
.917
.917
.916
.914
.917
.918
.925
.926
45.90
45. 45
44.26
42.56
44. 72
44.36
43.71
44.14
43.1
42.6
41.6
40.3
41.6
41.5
40.7
41.1
1.065
1.067
1.064
1.056
1.075
1.069
1.074
1.074
83.63
83. 55
84.13
83.32
83.98
85.09
83.68
86.19
1952: January____ _________
February______________
March__ _ _______
____
April______ _
M a y ____ _____
52.05
52.14
52.30
52.01
52.11
82.79
83.17
81.34
82.80
81. 97
62.09
62.11
63.22
62. 89
62.63
36. 47
36. 59
36.38
36. 64
36.46
42.8
42.8
42.5
42.6
42.4
.852
.855
.856
.860
.862
38. 55
37. 96
38.00
38. 20
38.96
41.5
40.9
40.9
40.9
41.4
.929
.928
.929
.934
.941
44.08
43.14
43.39
44. 88
46. 00
40.7
39.8
40.1
41.1
41.7
1.083
1.084
1.082
1.092
1.103
89.35
90.25
90. 47
89.08
90. 75
1These figures are based on reports from cooperating establishments cover
ing both full- and part-time employees who worked during, or received pay
for any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. For the
mining, manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants industries,
data relate to production and related workers only. For the remainin g indus
tries, unless otherwise noted, data relate to nonsupervisory employees and
working supervisors. All series are available upon request to the Bureau of
Labor Statistics. Such requests should specify which industry series are de
sired. Data for the three current months are subject to revision without nota
tion; revised figures for earlier months will be identified by asterisks the first
month they are published.
2 Includes: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood products (except
furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass products; primary
metal industries; fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery,
and transportation equipment); machinery (except electrical); electrical ma
chinery; transportation equipment; instruments and related products;
miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
* Includes: food and kindred products; tobacco manufactures; textile-mill
products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper and allied prod
ucts; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and allied prod
ucts; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; leather and leather
products.
4 Data relate to hourly rated employees reported by individual railroads
(exclusive of switching and terminal companies) to the Interstate Commerce
Commission. Annual averages include any retroactive payments made,
which are excluded from monthly averages.
5 Data include privately and government operated local railways and bus
lines.
9 Through May 1949 the averages relate mainly to the hours and earnings of
employees subject to the Fair Labor Standards Act. Beginning with June
1949 the averages relate to the hours and earnings of nonsupervisory employ
ees. Data for June comparable with the earlier series are $51.47, 38.5 hours,
and $1.337.
7 Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as switchboard operators, service assistants, operating room instructors, and
pay-station attendants. During 1951 such employees made up 47 percent of
the total number of nonsupervisory employees in telephone establishments
reporting hours and earnings data.
8 Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as central office craftsmen; installation and exchange repair craftsmen; line,
cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers. During 1951 such employees
made up 23 percent of the total number of nonsupervisory employees in
telephone establishments reporting hours and earnings data.
• New series beginning with January 1952; data relate to domestic employ
ees, except messengers, and those compensated entirely on a commission
basis. Comparable data for October 1951 are $70.52, 43.8 hours, and $1.610;
November—$70.31, 43.7 hours, and $1.609; December—$70.47, 43.8 hours,
and $1.609.
19 Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not avail
able.
11 Money payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips, not included.
•Preliminary.
tData are not available because of work stoppage.
° Telephone—April hours and earnings aflected by work stoppage.
T able C-2: Gross Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Selected Industries, in Current
and 1939 Dollars 1
Manufacturing
Bituminouscoal mining
Laundries
Y ear and month
Manufacturing
Laundries
Year and month
Current 1939 Current 1939 Current 1939
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars
1939:
1941:
1946:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
Bituminouscoal mining
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
$23.86
29. 58
43.82
54.14
54.92
59. 33
64.88
$23. 86
27.95
31.22
31.31
32.07
34.31
34.75
$23.88
30. 86
58.03
72.12
63.28
70. 35
77.86
$23. 88
29.16
41.35
41.70
36.96
40.68
41.70
$17. 69
19.00
30. 30
34.23
34.98
35.47
37.52
$17. 69
17.95
21.59
19. 79
20.43
20. 51
20.09
1951: May__
June__
July......
64. 55
65.08
64.24
34.61
34.93
34.42
73.86
77.67
73. 71
39.60
41.69
39. 50
37.96
38. 06
37.83
20. 35
20. 43
20.27
1These series indicate changes in the level of weekly earnings prior to and
after adjustment for changes in purchasing power as determined from the
Bureau’s Consumers’ Price Index, the year 1939 having been selected for the
base period. Estimates of World War II and postwar understatement by
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Current 1939 Current 1939 Current 1939
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars
1951: August....... ............ $64.32
September.............. 65.49
October_________
65. 41
N ovember............... 65. 85
December............ .
67.40
1952: January_________
February___ _ _
March_________
April2___ ______
M ay2. _________
66.91
66. 91
67.40
65.83
66. 61
$34.47
34. 89
34.69
34. 71
35.43
$77. 23
81.61
80. 62
81.09
86.28
$41.38
43.47
42. 76
42.74
45.35
$37.38
37. 87
37.73
37.93
38.34
$20.03
20.17
20.01
19.99
20.15
35.17
35.40
35.64
34. 68
35.03
86.39
80.27
79. 26
66.32
66.83
45.41
42.46
41.91
34.93
35.15
38. 55
37.96
38.00
38.20
38.96
20.26
20.08
20.09
20.12
20.49
the Consumers’ Price Index were not included. See the Monthly Labor
Review, March 1947, p. 498. Data from January 1939 are available upon
request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
* Preliminary.
242
M ONTHLY LA BO R
G: E A R N I N G S A N D H O U R S
T able C-3: Gross and Net Spendable Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Manufactur
ing Industries, in Current and 1939 Dollars 1
Net spendable average weekly
earnings
Gross average
weekly earnings
Period
1Q41• January
lf)4/r January
July
1Q4fi: Jnna
1939*
1940*
1941 ;
1942:
1943*
1944:
194ñ:
194fi:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
Avaragft
Avp,raga
Avaragft
Average — _____
Avftragft
Avftragft
Avftragft
Avftragft
Average..................
Average___ _____
Average..................
Average_________
Average.................
Worker with
no dependents
Worker with
3 dependents
Cur
Index
Cur
1939
rent
Amount (1939= rent dollars
dollars
dollars
100)
1939
dollars
$26 64
47.50
45 45
43.31
111. 7
199.1
190 5
181. 5
$25. 41
39.40
37. 80
37.30
$25. 06
30. 76
28. 99
27.77
$26.37
45.17
43.57
42.78
$26.00
35.27
33. 42
31. 85
23 86
25 20
29 58
36.65
43 14
46.08
44.39
43. 82
49. 97
54.14
54.92
59.33
64.88
100 0
105 6
124.0
153.6
180. 8
193.1
186.0
183. 7
209.4
226.9
230.2
248.7
271.9
23. 58
24.69
28. 05
31.77
36.01
38. 29
36.97
37. 72
42.76
47.43
48.09
51.09
54.18
23. 58
24. 49
26. 51
27. 08
28.94
30.28
28.58
26.88
26.63
27. 43
28. 09
29.54
29.02
23. 62
24.95
29. 28
36.28
41.39
44.06
42.74
43. 20
48.24
53.17
53.83
57. 21
61.41
23. 62
24. 75
27.67
30.93
33. 26
34. 84
33.04
30. 78
30.04
30.75
31.44
33. 08
32.89
i Net spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, social security and income taxes for which
the specified type of worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability
depends, of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker
as well as on the level of his gross income. Net spendable earnings have,
therefore, been computed for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker
with no dependents; (2) a worker with 3 dependents.
The computation of net spendable earnings for both factory worker with
no dependents and the factory worker with 3 dependents are based upon the
Gross average
weekly earnings
Period
Net spendable average weekly
earnings
Worker with
no dependents
Worker with
3 dependents
Index
Cur
Cur
1939
1939
rent
Amount (1939= rent dollars
dollars dollars
100) dollars
1951: May......................... $64. 55
June......................... 65.08
July......... ................ 64.24
August.................... 64. 32
September............... 65. 49
October_______ . 65.41
November____ . . .
65. 85
December_______
67.40
1952: January____ _____ 66. 91
February.
66.91
March__________
67.40
April2___________ 65.83
May 2 _ ______. . .
66.61
270.5
272.8
269.2
269.6
274.5
274.1
276.0
282.5
280.4
280.4
282.5
275.9
279.2
$54.11
54.53
53.87
53.93
54.85
54.79
54.04
55.23
54. 85
54. 85
55.23
54.03
54.62
$29.01
29.27
28.87
28.90
29.22
29.06
28.48
29.03
28.83
29.02
29. 20
28.46
28.73
$61.19
61.62
60.94
61.01
61. 95
61.89
61.96
63.17
62. 79
62. 79
63.17
61.94
62.55
$32.81
33.07
32.65
32.69
33.00
32.83
32.66
33 21
33.01
33. 22
33. 40
32.63
32. 90
gross average weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing
industries without direct regard to marital status and family composition.
The primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative
changes in disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers. That series
does not, therefore, reflect actual differences in levels of earnings for workers
of varying age, occupation, skill, family composition, etc. Comparable data
from January 1939 are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
* Preliminary.
T able C-4: Average Hourly Earnings, Gross and Exclusive of Overtime, of Production Workers in
Manufacturing Industries 1
Durable
goods
Manufacturing
Excluding
overtime
Period
Gross
amount
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
Average___
Average___
Average___
Average___
Average___
Average.......
Average___
Average___
Average___
Average___
Average___
$0.729
.853
.961
1.019
1.023
1.086
1.237
1.350
1.401
1. 465
1. 594
Ex
clud
ing Gross
over
time
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
110.9 $0.808 $0. 770 $0.640
127.2
.881
.723
.947
141.2 1.059
.976
.803
149.6 1.117 1.029
.861
152.1 1.111 2 1.042
.904
166.0 1.156 1.122 1.015
189.3 1.292 1.250 1.171
207.0 1.410 1.366 1.278
216.0 1.469 1.434 1.325
223.5 1. 537 1.480 1.378
242.7 1.678 1.610 1.481
$0.625
.698
.763
.814
s. 858
.981
1.133
1.241
1.292
1.337
1.437
Index
Amount (1939=
100)
$0. 702
.805
.894
.947
.963
1.051
1.198
1.310
1.367
1.415
1.536
Nondurable
goods
Gross
1 Overtime is defined as work in excess of 40 hours per week and paid for at
time and one-half. The computation of average hourly earnings exclusive of
overtime makes no allowance for special rates of pay for work done on holidays. Comparable data from January 1941 are available upon request to
the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Durable
goods
Manufacturing
Excluding
overtime
Period
Gross
amount
$1. 586
1951: M ay______
1.599
June______
July---------1.598
August.........
1.596
September.— 1. 613
October___
1.615
November__
1.626
1.636
December—.
1.640
1952: January___
February__
1. 644
March
1.656
April8_____
1.654
May 3_____
1.657
1 Eleven-month average.
period,
1 Preliminary,
Index
Amount (1939=
100)
$1. 528
1. 540
1.546
1.542
1. 554
1.557
1.569
1.571
1.579
1. 585
1.597
1.605
1.604
Gross
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
Nondurable
goods
Gross
241.4 $1.665 $1.596 $1.474
243.3 1.681 1.611 1.484
244.2 1.682 1.622 1.488
243.6 1.684 1.619 1.481
245.5 1.707 1. 638 1. 489
246.0 1.705 1. 635 1.491
247.9 1.712 1.644 1.507
248.2 1.723 1.644 1.515
249.4 1.726 1.653 1. 520
250.4 1. 731 1. 659 1. 522
252.3 1.746 1.673 1.530
253.6 1.741 1.682 1.530
253.4 1.745 1.681 1.531
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
$1.432
1.441
1.444
1.441
1.444
1.450
1.465
1.468
1.476
1.480
1.489
1.494
1.493
August 1945 excluded because of VJ-holiday
243
D : P R IC E S A N D COST OF L IV IN G
R E V I E W , A U G U S T 1952
D : P rices and C ost o f Living
T able D -l: Consumers’ Price Index1 for Moderate-Income Families in Large Cities, by Group of
Commodities
[1935-39=100]
Fuel , electricity, and refrigeration
Year and month
All items
Food
Apparel
Rent
Total
19131 Average ______________
1914: Average. _____________
1916: Average _____________
1916: Average_______________
1917: Average_______________
1918: Average_______________
1919: Average ______________
1920: Average_______________
1921: Average_______________
1922: Average_______________
1923: Average_______________
1924: Average_______________
1925: Average_______________
1926: Average_______________
1927: Average. _____________
1928: Average_______________
1929: Average _____________
1930: Average_______________
1931: Average_______________
1932: Average_______________
1933: Average_______________
1934: Average _____________
1935: Average ______________
1936: Average _____________
1937: Average ______________
1938: Average _____________
1939: Average_______________
1940: Average_______________
1041: Average _ __ ________
1942: Average_______________
1943: Average_______________
1944: Average___ _________
1945: Average ____________
1946: Average_______________
1947: Average _____________
1948: Average ____________
1949: Average_______________
1950: Average _____________
1951: Average ___ _ . — -I960: January 15____________
June 15. ____________
1951: January 15 _________
January 15____________
June 15_______________
June 15_______________
July 15________________
July 15. _ _____________
August 15_____________
August IB- ___________
September 1 5 _________
September 1 5 -_________
October 1 5 ____________
October 1 5 ..___________
November 15__________
November IB___________
December 15__________
December 15____________
1952: January 15
_ ____
January 16____________
February 15___________
February 15___ ____
March 15______________
March 15........................... April 15_____
April 15__. . .
May 15 . . ____
. .
May 1 5 __
_ __
June 15 ________ _ ..
June 1 5 ___ _
70.7
71.8
72.5
77.9
91.6
107.5
123.8
143.3
127.7
119.7
121.9
122.2
125.4
126.4
124.0
122.6
122.5
119.4
108.7
97.6
92.4
95.7
98.1
99.1
102.7
100.8
99.4
100.2
105.2
116.6
123.7
125.7
128.6
139.5
159.6
171.9
170.2
171.9
185.6
168.2
170.2
181.5
181.6
185.2
185.6
185.5
185.8
185.5
185.6
186.6
186.5
187.4
187.8
188.6
189. S
189.1
190.0
189.1
190. 2
187.9
188.3
188.0
188. i
188.7
189.6
189.0
190. 4
189.6
191.1
79.9
81.8
80.9
90.8
116.9
134.4
149.8
168.8
128.3
119.9
124.0
122.8
132.9
137.4
132.3
130.8
132.5
126.0
103.9
86.5
84.1
93.7
100.4
101.3
105.3
97.8
95.2
96.6
105.5
123.9
138.0
136.1
139.1
159.6
193.8
210.2
201.9
204.5
227.4
196.0
203.1
221.9
m .6
226.9
227.0
227.7
m .6
227.0
m.4
227.3
m .s
229.2
229 .2
231.4
832.1
232.2
833.9
232.4
8316
227.5
229.1
227.6
289.2
230.0
232.3
230.8
234.6
231.5
236.0
69.3
69.8
71.4
78.3
94.1
127.5
168.7
201.0
154.8
125.6
125.9
124.9
122.4
120.6
118.3
116.5
115.3
112.7
102.6
90.8
87.9
96.1
96.8
97.6
102.8
102.2
100.5
101.7
106.3
124.2
129.7
138.8
145.9
160.2
185.8
198.0
190.1
187.7
204.5
185.0
184.6
198. 5
199.7
204.0
206.6
203.3
2019
203.6
205.2
209.0
210.7
208.9
211.0
207.6
209.9
206.8
209.1
204.6
206.7
204.3
206.1
203. 5
205.6
202.7
205.0
202.3
2014
202.0
204.0
92.2
92.2
92.9
94.0
93.2
94.9
102.7
120.7
138.6
142.7
146.4
151.6
152.2
150.7
148.3
144.8
141.4
137.5
130.3
116.9
100.7
94.4
94.2
96.4
100.9
104.1
104.3
104.6
106.4
108.8
108.7
109.1
109.5
110.1
113.6
121.2
126.4
131.0
136.2
129.4
130.9
133.2
126.0
135.7
128.3
136.2
128.8
136.8
129.3
137.5
130.0
138.2
130.8
138.9
131.4
139.2
131.8
139.7
132.2
140.2
132.8
140.5
132.9
140.8
133.2
141.3
133. 7
141.6
134.0
i The “Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families in large cities”
formerly known as the “ Cost-of-living index” measures average changes in
retail prices of goods, rents, and services purchased by wage earners and
lower-salaried workers in large cities.
U. S. Department of Labor Bulletin No. 699, Changes in Cost of Living in
Large Cities in the United States, 1913-41, contains a detailed description of
methods used in constructing this index. Additional information on the
index is given in the following reports: Report of the Joint Committee on the
Consumers’ Price Index of the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, A Joint
Committee Print (1949); September 1949 Monthly Labor Review, Construc
tion of Consumers’ Price Index (p. 284); April 1951 Monthly Labor Review,
Interim Adjustment of Consumers’ Price Index (p. 421), and Correction of
New Unit Bias in Rent Component of CPI (p. 437); and Consumers’ Price
Index, Report of a Special Subcommittee of the House Committee on Educa
tion and Labor (1951).
The Consumers’ Price Index has been adjusted to incorporate a correction
of the new unit bias in the rent index beginning with indexes for 1940 and
N o t e .— The old series of Indexes for 1951—
52 are shown
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
'
61.9
62.3
62.5
65.0
72.4
84.2
91.1
106.9
114.0
113.1
115.2
113.7
115.4
117.2
115.4
113.4
112.5
111.4
108.9
103.4
100.0
101.4
100.7
100.2
100.2
99.9
99.0
99.7
102.2
105.4
107.7
109.8
110.3
112.4
121.1
133.9
137.5
140.6
144.1
140.0
139.1
143.3
144-5
143.6
145.1
144.0
145.7
144.2
146.0
144.4
146.3
144.6
146.8
144.8
147.0
144.9
147.1
145.0
147.2
145.3
147.3
145.3
147.4
145.3
147.2
144.6
145.5
144.8
145.9
Gas and
electricity
(«)
(3)
(»)
(3)
(3)
(*)
(*)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(8)
(3)
(3)
(•)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
102.8
100.8
99.1
99.0
98.9
98.0
97.1
96.7
96.1
95.8
95.0
92.3
92.0
94.3
96.7
96.8
97.2
96.7
96.8
97.2
97.2
97.1
97.2
97.2
97.2
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.4
97.4
97.4
97.4
97.5
97.5
97.6
97.6
97.9
97.8
97.9
97.8
98.0
98.1
98.2
98.2
98.4
98.7
Other
fuels
(3)
(•)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(»)
(3)
(3)
(*)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
98.4
99.8
101.7
101.0
99.1
101.9
108.3
115.1
120.7
126.0
128.3
136.9
156.1
183.4
187.7
194.1
204.5
193.1
189.0
202.3
201.8
202.8
202.3
203.7
203. 4
204.2
Ice
(>)
(a)
(3>
(»)
(«)
(>)
(3)
(«)
(•)
(>)
(»)
(»)
(3)
(3)
(»)
(s)
(>)
(•)
(s)
(»)
(»)
(»)
m o
m o
10 0 .0
m o
m 2
1 0 0 .4
205.8
206.3
206.3
206.7
206.6
£07.0
206.8
207.1
206.7
207.1
206.8
207.1
206.1
206.2
203.1
201.8
203.4
104.1
110.0
114.2
115.8
115.9
115.9
125.9
135.2
141.7
147.8
155.6
145.5
147.0
152.0
152.9
156.0
156.0
157.6
157.6
157.8
157.8
157.8
157.8
156.3
156.3
156.3
156.3
156.3
15b. S
156.3
166.3
156.3
156.3
156. 5
156.6
156.5
156.5
156. 5
156. 5
156.8
2 0 2 .1
lò ti. 8
204.0
204.9
204.8
Housefurnishings
Misceilaneous *
59.1
60.7
63.6
70.9
82.8
106.4
134.1
164.6
138.5
117.5
126.1
124.0
121.5
118.8
115.9
113.1
111.7
108.9
98.0
85.4
84.2
92.8
94.8
96.3
104.3
103.3
101.3
100.5
107.3
122.2
125.6
136.4
145.8
159.2
184.4
195.8
189.0
190.2
210.9
184.7
184.8
207. 4
208.9
212. 5
214-6
212.4
214.. 8
210. 8
212.7
211.1
212.8
210.4
212.0
210.8
212.5
210. 2
211.8
209.1
210.6
208.6
210.0
207.6
209.2
206.2
207.7
205. 4
207.0
204.4
205.7
50.9
51.9
53.6
56.3
65.1
77.8
87.6
100.5
104.3
101.2
100.8
101.4
102.2
102.6
103.2
103.8
104.6
105.1
104.1
101.7
98.4
97.9
98.1
98.7
101.0
101.5
100.7
101.1
104.0
110.9
115.8
121.3
124.1
128.8
139.9
149.9
154.6
156. 5
165.4
155.1
154. 6
162.1
163.7
164.8
166.3
165.0
166.3
165. 4
166. 8
166.0
lb7. 5
166. 6
168.1
168. 4
169.9
169.1
170.5
169. 6
171.1
170.2
171.5
170. 7
172.0
171.1
172.4
1/1. 4
172.9
172. 5
173.9
adjusted population and commodity weights beginning with indexes for
January 1950. These adjustments make a continuous comparable series
from 1913 to date. See also General Note below.
Mimeographed tables are available upon request showing indexes for each
of the cities regularly surveyed by the Bureau and for each of the major groups
of living essentials. Indexes for all large cities combined are available since
1913. The beginning date for series of indexes for individual cities varies from
city to city but indexes are available for most of the 34 cities since World
War I.
i The Miscellaneous group covers transportation (such as automobiles and
their upkeep and public transportation fares); medical care (including pro
fessional care and medicines); household operation (covering supplies and
different kinds of paid services); recreation (that is, newspapers, motion pic
tures, radio, television, and tobacco products); personal care (barber and
beauty-shop service and toilet articles); etc.
»Data not available.
in italics in tables D —1, D—2, and D 5 for reference.
244
D : P R IC E S A N D COST OF L IV IN G
MONTHLY LABOR
T able D -2: Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City,1 for Selected Periods
[1936-39-100]
City
Average....................
Atlanta, Ga........... .
Baltimore, Md___
Birmingham, Ala...
Boston, Mass......... .
Buffalo, N. Y ..........
Chicago, 111.............
Cincinnati, Ohio....
Cleveland^ Ohio__
Denver, Colo_____
Detroit, Mich........ .
Houston, Tex..........
Indianapolis, In d ...
Jacksonville, Fla__
Kansas City, M o ...
Los Angeles, Calif..
Manchester, N. H._
Memphis, Tenn___
Milwaukee, Wis___
Minneapolis, Minn.
Mobile, Ala..............
New Orleans, La__
New York, N. Y __
Norfolk, Va.............
Philadelphia, Pa__
Pittsburgh, Pa........
Portland, Maine__
Portland, Oreg.........
Richmond, Va____
St. Louis, Mo........
San Francisco, Calif.
Savannah, Ga..........
Scranton, Pa______
Seattle, Wash_____
Washington, D. C__
June 15, May 15, Apr. 15, Mar. 15, Feb. 15, Jan. 15, Dec. 15, Nov. 15, Oct. 15, Sept. 15, Aug. 15, July 15, June 15, Jan. 15, June 15, June 15,
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1952
1950
189.6
(2)
194. 2
194.5
180.4
(2)
195.6
190.1
(2)
0
192.3
194.6
189.0
194.4
0
194. 2
179.9
(2)
194. 7
189.4
192.7
(2)
191.8
194. 3
( 2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
( 2)
198. 2
191.9
(? )
191.2
(2)
190.3
188. 4
191. 3
( 2)
(2.)
198.1
(2)
(2)
(? )
190.1
183.2
(2)
192.9
188.3
191.1
183.6
189.1
190.8
182.3
(2)
(2)
192.7
196.3
(2)
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
(2)
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
186.3
195.8
184. 9
188.7
( 3)
(8)
193.3
178.9
188.8
193.1
188.4
0
191.1
191.7
194.7
189.8
(2)
183.3
191.5
187.0
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
183.5
( 2)
188.2
190.9
188.0
(2)
193.0
193.6
179.1
( 2)
192.7
187.5
(2)
(2)
190.7
194.3
(2)
195.6
(2)
190.9
00
190.2
(0
188.0
187.9
(2)
182.4
(0
( 2)
187.8
190.3
180.6
( 2)
( 2)
190.2
193.1
198. 6
184.5
199. 6
(2)
(2)
(2)
(0
(0
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
(0
187.9
189.1
189.1
188.6
187.4
195.2
(0
193.9
179.3
(0
191.9
187.1
191.8
(0
190.7
194.3
(0
(0
194.7
180.0
188.3
194.1
188.3
(0
192.3
192.0
195.4
(0
193.3
196.0
180.9
(0
194.2
187.9
(0
(0
191.9
196.0
196.1
0~~
0
196.0
179.3
186.9
193.5
187.0
0
191.2
190.2
194.4
(0
(0
(0
190.7
190.9
(0
182.3
190.0
187.0
(0
195.9
(0
190.4
(0
(0
195.1
(2)
(0
190.5
183.0
«192.0
187.1
190.9
( 2)
(0
(0
(0
<0
(0
184.2
195.3
183.9
(0
(0
191.4
(0
(0
(0
(0
187.7
187.3
184.2
(0
188.9
192.2
(0
199.0
183.8
(0
(0
200.3
(2)
(0
(s)
194.3
187.8
192.0
(2)
191.5
195.1
(*)
(>)
(s)
189.6
0
(«)
(«)
(«)
( 2)
(0
0
(0
(«)
181.5
170.2
0
190.5
191.4
177.8
0
191.8
186.8
0
0
189.0
194.1
0
0
189.2
176.9
185.5
190.9
185.6
0
187.6
188.6
192.6
0
189.8
189.8
176.5
0
190.1
185.0
0
0
188.3
192.3
0
0
188.2
173.5
180.8
185.4
182.3
0
184.9
184.2
190.1
(J)
(*)
0
0
0
186.6
187.8
0
179.7
186.7
184.4
0
190.6
0
186.1
184.4
0
175. 6
181.3
180.6
192.0
0
187.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
183.1
185.6
195.3
191.7
189.1
192.0
190.2
193.1
185.2
189.9
(»)
189.2
191.7
179.9
0
185.5
0
190.0
184.1
184.0
189.9
180.4
187.9
187.0
185.5
193.1
0
190.5
177.2
0
190.9
185.3
189.1
0
188.5
193.0
0
(«)
- j. iic imicAm »re uaseu on ume-io-ume cnanges m tne cost of goods and
services purchased by moderate-income families in large cities. They do
not indicate whether it costs more to live in one city than in another.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
( 2)
196.3
180.0
186.6
0
0
0
0
0
0
185.4
194.6
184.7
183.0
0
186.7
191.2
0
195.8
183.8
0
0
198.8
0
0
0
0
0
182.5
0
186.1
190.0
178.6
0
0
186.2
188.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
192.3
(«)
0
188.9
180.9
188.6
185.4
188.8
0
0
0
0
0
181.2
0
185.4
189.3
(*)
0
0
0
0
195.7
181.3
0
0
196.5
182.5
190.9
180.8
0
0
0
187.8
0
183.6
183.5
0
180.5
0
185. 6
187.8
176.4
0
0
185.0
188.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
174 7
171 fi
165 5
(J)
175 1
170 5
( 2)
(J)
169.3
(i )
169.1
168 2
( 2)
( Ì)
167.0
(2)
169
1
171.8
164.4
0
0
168 8
172.4
189.2
0
0
0
195.5
195.7
200.2
(? )
191. A
(2)
190.6
(2)
189.9
189.1
(2)
185.2
(2)
0
190.4
179.8
197.9
192.0
(J)
176.3
0
0
0
0
181.0
183.4
197.0
182.8
0
(2)
(2)
173 5
175.8
172. 7
0
19S.lt
0
0
(J)
177.8
191.1
0
190.5
195.1
183. A
0
0
(2)
(2)
0
( 2)
0
0
0
(2)
195.1
199.5
(2)
(2)
Indexes are computed monthly for 10 cities and once every 3 months for
24 additional cities according to a staggered schedule.
8 Corrected.
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
R E V IE W , A U G U S T 1952
245
T able D-3: Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City and Group of
Commodities 1
[1935-39= 100]
Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration
Food
Apparel
Rent
Housefumishings
Total
City
Miscellaneous
Gas andelectricity
June 15, May 15, June 15, May 15, June 15, May 15, June 15, May 15, June 15, May 15, June 15, May 15, June 15, May 15,
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
Average.......................
231.5
230.8
202.0
202.3
141.6
141.3
144.8
144.6
98.4
98.2
204.4
205.4
172.5
171.4
Atlanta, Oa.................
Baltimore, M d______
Birmingham, Ala____
Boston, Mass...........
Buffalo, N. Y ............ .
Chicago, 111____________
Cincinnati, Ohio.........
Cleveland, Ohio...........
Denver, Colo...............
Detroit, Mich..............
Houston, Tex___ ____
226.5
242.4
217.4
219.9
227.0
239.2
236.9
242.5
235.1
234.2
237.2
223.2
243.2
216.4
218.8
227.0
239.3
234.3
240.3
232.6
231.6
236.1
0)
215.5
(9
151.4
205.4
159.4
148.8
136.4
161.2
152.2
138.2
149.3
150.2
113.8
154.2
98.5
85.8
115.6
79.4
118.4
110.0
83.5
104.3
105.6
69.7
88.7
86.3
85.8
115.9
79.4
118.4
110.0
83.5
101.6
105.6
69.7
88.9
82.0
(Ö
206.2
194.0
192.8
0)
194.7
190.7
0)
(0
221.3
202.0
216.0
(9
158.0
148.6
136.8
161.2
152.8
138.3
151.4
150.2
113.7
154.3
103.1
(Ö '
172.6
171.2
164.3
«
175.7
172.5
(0
(i)
183.3
172.9
182.8
(0
171.4
164.1
Indianapolis, Ind.........
Jacksonville, Fla____
Kansas City, Mo____
Los Angeles, Calif___
Manchester, N. H___
Memphis, Tenn...........
Milwaukee, Wis__.......
Minneapolis, Mum__
Mobile, Ala ________
New Orleans, La.........
New York, N. Y ____
228.9
236.2
216.8
235.4
223.9
235.6
237.9
226.6
230.4
241.4
226.9
225.0
131.3
215.5
235.7
221.2
231.7
237.1
224.2
224.4
239. 2
227.4
161.3
143.0
135.9
100.9
169.7
141.6
151.9
150.8
131.0
113.2
143.9
161.6
143.0
137.0
100.9
170.0
141.6
151.5
150.5
130.7
113.2
143.9
84.5
84.8
72.7
95.3
113.9
77.0
99.2
86.2
85.1
75.1
102.9
84.5
84.8
73.5
95.3
114.6
77.0
99.2
86.2
84.9
75.1
102.9
Norfolk, Va_________
Philadelphia, Pa____
Pittsburgh, P a............
Portland, Maine..........
Portland, Oreg........... .
Richmond, Va.............
St. Louis, Mo_______
San Francisco, Calif...
Savannah, Oa......... .
Scranton, Pa ..........
Seattle, Wash ______
Washington, D. C___
236.0
228.8
232.9
219.0
250.0
214.6
247.6
247.4
242.9
230.9
237.8
227.2
235.0
228.1
233.0
215.4
251.3
215.6
243.6
247.0
241.3
231.1
239. 7
226.8
159.8
147.0
148.5
160.0
138.0
147.0
143.6
98.8
168.8
157. 9
132.2
153.1
159.9
147.0
147.5
160.0
138.0
146.4
143.6
98.8
168.8
157.2
132.2
152.7
100.3
104.2
111.6
112.4
97.5
102.2
88.4
87.0
123.9
103.5
92.6
111.2
100.4
104.2
110.4
112.3
97.5
102.2
88.4
87.0
123.9
103.5
92.6
111.2
197.2
212.9
186.3
0)
203.4
200.4
0)
(>)
195.1
218.8
0)
195.7
0)
197.5
0)
218.6
(9
212.5
186.5
(9
203.7
200.5
201.8
(9
195.2
219.0
204.0
196.7
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
151.1
155.8
191.1
196.3
229.2
(>)
0)
(9
(9
(9
0)
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
211.6
201.8
221.2
(9
(9
(9
(9
152.1
162.5
209.7
204.9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
198.4
0)
195.9
228.8
208.3
(9
165.4
203.7
205.0
133.7
155.7
129.6
(9
(9
(9
(9
210.8
204.4
143.9
(9
(9
172.1
(9
(9
(9
167.3
(9
176.3
(9
(9
143.1
(9
(9
(9
161.3
132.7
127.7
(9
(9
135.4
139.7
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
125.1
162.3
127.6
1Prices of apparel, housefumishings, and miscellaneous goods and services
are obtained monthly in 10 cities and once every 3 months in 24 additional
cities on a staggered schedule.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(')
205.5
(>)
200.8
0)
178.7
0)
196.5
173.9
(0
193.9
194.8
0)
196.1
192.8
183.9
0)
223.1
202.6
0)
0)
201.2
(0
185.3
(!)
171.5
0)
0)
160.0
(0
177.4
164.0
C1)
216.8
0)
0)
207.0
194.9
(')
202.0
209.3
209.0
194.5
209.3
205.8
200.7
(')
0)
180.8
170.8
(')
(i)
0)
(■)
(')
(‘)
0)
«
(0
0)
182.5
206.5
215.3
C1)
(1)
0)
172.4
(>)
174.0
169.6
165.9
(>)
(>)
168.3
187.5
(0
«
(i)
(>)
0)
173.3
172.4
169.1
0)
183.7
172.9
(!)
0)
(0
169.6
(0
(!)
170.5
0)
0)
154.1
170.6
170.4
172.3
169.8
0)
(i)
0)
(0
(!)
0)
158.0
178.4
173.1
• Rents are surveyed every 3 months in 34 large cities on a staggered schedule,
246
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
MONTHLY LABOR
T able D-4: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods,1 by Group, for Selected Periods
[1935-39 = 100]
Year and month
Cere Meats,
Meats
Fruits and vegetables
als
Sugar
Chick Fish Dairy
and poul
All
Bever Fats
prod
Eggs
try,
and
ens
Beef
foods bakery and
ages and
ucts
Fro
Can
oils
sweets
prod fish Total and Pork Lamb
Total zen * Fresh ned Dried
veal
ucts
1923: Average____
1926: Average____
1929- Average____
1932: Average___1939: Average.........
August-------1940: Average.........
124.0
137.4
132.5
86. 5
95.2
93.5
96.6
105.5
115.7
107.6
82.6
94.5
93.4
96.8
1 0 1.2
1941: Average.........
December___
1942: Average____
1943: Average____
1944: Average____
1945: Average........
August_____
105.5
113.1
123.9
138.0
136.1
139.1
140.9
97.9
102.5
105.1
107.6
108.4
109.0
109.1
107.5
111.1
126.0
133.8
129.9
131.2
131.8
106.5
109.7
122.5
124.2
117.9
118.0
118.1
1946: Average.........
J u n e_______
November__
159.6
145.6
187.7
125.0
122.1
140.6
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
Average.........
Average____
Average____
Average........
January____
June_______
193.8
210.2
201.9
204.5
196. 0
203.1
1951: Average.........
Ju n e_______
Ju ly..............
August-------September__
October _ ---November__
December___
1952: January____
February___
March_____
April_______
May___ . . .
June.. ______
117.8
127.1
79.3
96. 6
95.7
95.8
96.6 1 0 1 . 1
95.4 99.6
94.4 102.8
88.9
129.4 136.1
127.4 141. 7
131.0 143.8
84.9 82. 3
95.9 91. 0
93.1 90.7
101.4 93. 8
169.5
124
8 175 4
9 15 2 4
124 3 1 7 1 0
91 1 91 2
92 3 93 3
91.6 90.3
92 4 100 6
169.0
103.5
94. 5
92.4
96. 5
173 6
226 2
173 5
105 9
95.1
92.8
97 3
112.2
138.1
136.5
161.9
153.9
164.4
171. 4
103.2
110.5
130.8
168.8
168. 2
177.1
183 5
104.2
111.0
132.8
178 0
177. 2
188.2
IQfi 2
97.9
106.3
121.6
130 6
129 5
130.2
130 3
2 10 8
12 2
131 5 196
170 4
164 8
112
9
175 4
114 3
6
81.1
99.5
98.8
99. 7
110.8
114.4
123.6
124.7
118.7
118.4
118.5
100.1
103.2
120.4
119.9
112.2
112.6
112.6
106.6
108.1
124.1
136.9
134.5
136.0
136.4
102.1
100.5
122.6
146.1
151.0
154.4
157.3
161.3
134.0
203.6
150.8 150.5
120.4 121.2
197.9 191.0
148.2
114.3
207.1
163.9
139.0
205.4
174.0 236.2
162.8 219.7
188.9 265.0
165.1 168 8
147.8 147.1
198.5 201.6
182. 4
183. 5
184.5
190 7
196. 7
182.3
140 8 190 4
127 5 17 9 5
167.7 251.6
139 6 1^9 1
125 4 126 4
167.8 244.4
136 2
170.5
155.4
170.9
169.7
172.7
169.0
169.8
217.1
246.5
233.4
243.6
219.4
246.5
214.7
243.9
229.3
242.0
217.9
246.7
213.6 215.9
258.5 222.5
241.3 205.9
265.7 203.2
242. 3 177.3
268.6 209.1
220.1
246.8
251.7
257.8
234.3
268.1
183.2
203.2
191.5
183.3
158.9
185.1
271.4
312.8
314.1
308.5
301.9
295.9
186.2
204.8
186. 7
184.7
184. 2
177.8
200.8
208. 7
201. 2
173.6
152 3
148.4
199.4
205. 2
208.1
199. 2
204.8
209.3 ............
201.5
212 4
218 8
206.1
217 2
224.3
166.2 263.5
158 O
152 Q 9 9 7 4
146 0 298 5
143 3 9 9 3 9
142.7 2 2 2 . 9
186.8 197.5
180. 0
319 5 144
3
179 9
296.fi 140.1
174.3
227.4
226.9
227.7
227.0
227.3
229.2
231.4
232.2
188.5
188.4
189.0
188.7
189.4
189.4
190.2
190.4
272.2
271.6
273.2
275.0
275.6
276.6
273.5
270.1
274.1
273.1
274.2
276.6
277.6
281.0
278.6
274.6
310.4
308.8
310.3
310.1
310.7
317.0
317.3
316.9
215.7
214.4
215.3
222.6
224.3
223.8
215.8
203.8
288.8
292.5
292.2
292.0
292.2
293.7
295.6
300.0
192.1
191.3
195.3
194.4
195.1
188.7
184.0
181.9
352.0
356.3
353.3
356.4
353.2
353.2
351.1
351.2
206.0
203.9
205.1
205.9
206.4
207.9
210.4
213.2
211.3
201.2
211.5
225.8
239.3
243.4
241.8
216.7
217.9
219.9
218.5
208.9
205.1
210.8
223.5
236.5
98.6
98.8
98.8
98.0
97.5
97.5
95. 9
95.0
223.3
223.5
221.8
209.1
204.3
214.4
235.0
255.4
165.9
170.4
170.0
165.8
164.2
162.8
162.7
163.3
249.9
254.4
250.7
248.5
245.6
240.8
238.1
238.9
344.5
345.2
344.8
345.2
345.0
345.8
346.6
346.8
168.8
175. 2
168.8
162.7
161. 5
160.6
158. 5
157.8
186.6
186.1
188.0
188.3
188. 2
187.0
186 7
186.4
232.4
227.5
227.6
230.0
230.8
231.5
190.6
190.9
191.2
191.1
193.8
193.3
272.1
271.1
267.7
266.7
266. 0
270.6
273.8
270.8
268.8
268.1
271.7
275.9
316.0
314.2
312.6
311.2
310.8
310.9
203.8
201.0
200.3
198.7
208.6
219.4
297.1
285.6
276.5
283.1
287.1
291.5
192.6
197. 5
190.7
188.8
175.4
181.9
351.5
351.5
347.6
346.3
345.3
343.9
215.8
217. C
215. 7
212.6
210.6
209.8
184.3
166.5
161. 3
165.9
164.0
169.1
241.4
223.5
232.1
247.2
253.8
250.0
95.0
94.2
92.5
91.5
88.7
90.0
263.2
234.6
248.4
272.8
283.4
278.1
163.3
163.6
163.9
163.5
163.7
162.3
238.6
238.4
236.3
236.9
236.8
237.1
346.7
347.1
347.1
347.3
346.6
346.5
155.3
150.9
145.6
143.1
139.9
140.1
185.9
185.1
184.3
186.2
187.3
187.7
8 8 .0
93.8 1 0 1 . 0
94.6 99.6
94.8 110.6
‘ The Bureau of Labor Statistics retail food prices are obtained monthly
during the first three days of the week containing the fifteenth of the month,
through voluntary reports from chain and independent retail food dealers.
Articles included are selected to represent food sales to moderate-income
families.
The indexes are computed by the fixed-base-weighted-aggregate method,
using weights representing (1) relative importance of chain and independent
store sales, in computing city average prices; (2) food purchases by families
of wage earners and moderate-income workers, in computing city indexes,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
124.5
138.9
163.0
206.5
207.6
217.1
217.8
112.0
120.5
125.4
134.6
133. 6
133.9
133. 4
106.7
118.3
136.3
158 9
164 5
168.2
168 6
95 5 87 7
9 4 !9
84.5
92 5 89 9
10 1.5
114.1
122.1
124 8
194 3
1 2 4 ]7
9 4 .0
108.5
119.6
126 1
193 3
1 2 4 !0
124 0
10 0 6
95. 6
96 8
106.4
114. 4
126.5
127 1
126 5
126 5
14^ 0
and (3) population weights, in combining city aggregates in order to derive
average prices and indexes for all cities combined.
Indexes of retail food prices in 56 large cities combined, by commodity
groups, for the years 1923 through 1949 (1935-39= 100), may be found in Bulle
tin No. 1032, Retail Prices of Food, 1949, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S.
Department of Labor, table 3, p. 7. Mimeographed tables of the same data,
by months, January 1935 to date, are available upon request.
1December 1950= 100.
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
R E V I E W , A U G U S T 1952
247
T able D-5: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods, by City
[1935-39= 100]
City
June
1952
May
1952
Apr.
1952
Mar.
1952
Feb.
1952
Jan.
1952
Dec.
1951
Nov.
1951
Oct.
1951
Sept.
1951
Aug.
1951
July
1951
June
1951
June
1950
United States______ _____
231.5
230.8
230.0
227.6
227.5
232.4
232.2
231.4
229.2
227.3
227.0
227.7
226.9
203.1
Atlanta, Ga________ _____
Baltimore, Md__________
Birmingham, Ala________
Boston, Mass........................
Bridgeport, Conn________
226.5
242.4
217.4
219.9
230.2
223.2
243.2
216.4
218.8
230.5
225.0
242.6
215.8
215.2
228.3
223.9
239. 5
215.3
214.6
227.3
227.4
238.6
217.3
214.5
227.0
230.7
243.8
220.2
218.2
229.4
230.7
242.5
222.7
219.3
228.9
232.1
242.4
224.3
218.4
227.9
230.0
241.1
224.0
217.8
227.4
232.1
238.3
220.1
213.9
224.3
231.4
238.0
217.3
215.5
225.0
229 4
237.0
214.5
216.6
226.0
228.1
238.9
216.4
214.9
225.9
195.4
215.6
192.2
196.1
204.0
Buffalo, N. Y ____________
Butte, Mont_____ _______
Cedar Rapids, Iowa 1......... .
Charleston, 8. C................. .
Chicago, 111. ____________
227.0
231.7
240.6
222.8
239.2
227.0
229.4
238.0
221.4
239.3
224.7
228.9
236.4
220.2
234.8
221.8
228.1
235.1
219.3
233.3
221.0
227.5
235.1
219.4
231.4
225.2
230.2
238.3
222.3
237.5
226.7
233.7
239.8
221.5
238.1
227.2
230. 2
240. 5
218.0
237.8
224.2
229.2
237.8
217.9
236.2
221.5
228.5
235.1
220 6
232.3
219.2
229.0
236.0
221.0
233.4
222.1
227.4
238.5
218.9
235.3
224.3
225.5
237.2
211.6
233.4
199.0
203.0
208.6
188.0
208.4
Cincinnati, Ohio_________
Cleveland, Ohio__________
Columbus, Ohio_________
Dallas. Tex_____________
Denver, Colo_________ . . .
236.9
242.5
214.3
232.0
235.1
234.3
240.3
213.8
231.8
232.6
231.9
238.2
211.4
231.3
232.0
228. 6
235.8
209. 2
229.8
230.4
228.1
237.2
209.8
228.8
230.0
233.2
240.9
214.3
236.3
236.2
230.4
238.5
211.3
235.4
239.2
232.0
239.0
211.4
236. 0
236.9
229.7
237.2
209.6
233.8
234 9
229.0
235. 3
207.8
233.5
232.4
228.3
235.7
207.3
230.9
231.6
229.2
236.7
207.6
227.0
230.6
226.9
236.3
208.6
227.9
232.6
205.1
211.2
183.9
201. 5
205.9
Detroit, Mich........ ............. .
Fall River, Mass_________
Houston, Tex__ _________
Indianapolis, Ind__
Jackson, Miss.1__________
234.2
225.2
237.2
228.9
225.2
231.6
224.4
236.1
225.0
222.7
231.2
220.4
237.9
222.2
223.7
228.8
221.4
236.1
224.1
223.9
229.1
220.7
236.0
223.8
225.8
235.0
224.0
241.4
227.6
230.3
234.5
223.8
241.2
227.0
229.2
233. 5
224.2
237.8
227.9
227.4
230.6
223.2
237.6
226.3
229.4
228.4
219.7
239.4
225.4
227.2
228.9
221.0
237.2
224.3
224.8
229.1
222.2
235.2
223. 3
222.6
229.4
221.3
235.2
222.4
221.9
202.9
200.7
208.1
198.1
201.0
Jacksonville, Fla._........... _
Kansas City, Mo_________
Knoxville, Tenn.1________
Little Rock, Ark_________
Los Angeles, Calif________
236.2
216.8
251.5
228.7
235.4
231.3
215.5
249.6
226.5
235.7
232.6
214.4
250.9
226.1
237.1
231.2
213.1
250.5
224. 3
234.6
231.5
213.0
253.2
224.6
234.2
237.2
217.8
256.9
229.7
239.3
235.0
218.0
256.6
229.9
240.7
234.8
216.4
256.2
225. 4
237.1
232.5
213. 9
253.7
224.4
234.5
234.7
212.2
2.54.9
223 0
233.3
233.6
211.8
253. 1
222.9
232.3
233.8
213.7
251. 7
223.6
232.7
231.9
212.8
249.8
225 2
230.9
205.8
189.2
223.1
200.1
201.6
Louisville, K y......................
Manchester, N. H ________
Memphis, Tenn____
Milwaukee, Wis_________
Minneapolis, Minn..............
218.1
223.9
235.6
237.9
226.6
216.4
221.2
231.7
237.1
224.2
214.5
217.5
231.4
231.5
222.3
213. 2
216. 6
231. 0
228.0
220.2
213.6
216.8
234.9
227.3
220.1
218.4
221.2
237.8
232.8
223.1
219.1
220.9
238.9
232.6
224.0
218.6
222.5
237.7
231.7
221.2
216.7
222.8
238.0
228.9
218.9
215. 6
219.8
237.4
227.9
215.6
214.8
221.9
234.7
229.2
217.5
216.0
221.6
232.3
231.9
219.0
215.5
221.0
233.0
229.9
219.4
192.0
200.6
208. 3
206.6
194.1
Mobile, A la............ ........
Newark, N. J..... ........... ......
New Haven, Conn_______
New Orleans, La_________
New York, N. Y _________
230.4
226.4
225.3
241.4
226.9
224.4
228.6
226.1
236.2
227.4
229.1
228.2
221.0
240.1
229.3
228.0
224.1
220.2
239.8
225. 3
228.0
225.0
219.7
240.5
226.2
231.6
227.7
222.6
244.8
230.2
231.4
227.2
222.2
244.3
230.6
230.0
228.3
222.1
241.3
230.9
231.7
226.4
222.4
239.9
227.8
229.1
225.3
219.9
240.6
226.1
227.0
225.0
219.2
240.8
225.5
229.5
225.7
221.6
238.8
226.5
225.7
225.5
220.5
238.2
224.4
200.1
203.3
199.8
212.9
203.7
Norfolk, Va.................. ........
Omaha, Nebr___________
Peoria, 111_______________
Philadelphia, Pa_____ ____
Pittsburgh, Pa___________
236.0
226.6
243.3
228.8
232.9
235.0
224.8
240.0
228.1
233.0
234.7
223. 2
239.8
226.9
231.4
231.0
222. 4
235.6
224. 3
229.3
232.7
222.6
238.5
224.4
229.8
237.2
226.8
243.8
229.4
235.7
233.6
227.0
242.5
228.8
234.6
231.9
225.1
239. 5
228.6
235.2
230.0
223.3
235.6
227.1
233.5
229.1
219.6
235.6
224.1
231.0
229.1
220.0
236.9
223.2
232.0
229.1
219.1
239.8
223.6
232.9
229.2
219.6
241.2
222.2
230.3
205.9
197.2
216.8
201.4
207.5
Portland, Maine_________
Portland, Oreg___________
Providence, R. I_____ ____
Richmond, V a ............ ........
Rochester, N. Y _________
219.0
250.0
238. 5
214.6
226.7
215.4
251.3
237.8
215.6
226.4
213.6
250.6
233.4
216.8
222.2
213.8
248.3
231. 4
212.9
221.6
214. 1
246.9
229. 5
214.3
223.5
217.0
254.8
234.4
219.3
227.4
216.1
253.3
234.1
218.3
227.4
216.4
251.8
233.3
219.1
226.3
215.8
246.9
232.8
218.4
222.3
213.2
247.9
228.3
217.7
220.2
215. 9
247.4
228.9
215.9
218.9
217.0
251. 2
231.8
216.5
221.5
213.9
251.5
229.6
216.4
222.9
193.0
219.1
207.9
195.2
196.4
St. Louis, Mo____________
St. Paul, Minn__________
8alt Lake City, Utah_____
San Francisco, Calif______
Savannah, Ga_........... ......
247.6
225.1
234.8
247.4
242.9
243.6
223.2
234.2
247.0
241.3
240.5
221.6
233. 7
249.5
239.3
238.3
220.0
231. 5
245. 4
238. 7
238.6
221.2
231.2
240.5
238.9
244.0
224.0
232.9
248.9
242.6
243.9
223. 7
233.4
248.4
241.7
242.2
221.6
232.5
240.7
241.7
239.3
220.7
228. 5
235.6
240.7
238.8
215.1
228.0
234.8
241.4
237.2
216.2
227.4
234.4
240.0
237.9
216.5
228. S
237.8
241.2
238.2
216.2
230.0
237.4
239.6
210.2
192.5
202.2
211.1
206.3
Scranton, Pa____________
Seattle, Wash____________
Springfield, 111......................
Washington, D. O................
Wichita, Kans.1....................
Winston-Salem, N. O.1____
230.9
237.8
245.9
227.2
245.9
219.0
231.1
239.7
242.2
226.8
241.5
217.1
227.8
241.5
240.1
227. 8
240.4
218.0
224. 3
239. 7
238.6
224.0
240.8
217.6
225.6
238.2
240.2
223.1
242.7
218.6
232.0
243.4
244.1
228.7
248.3
223.2
229.9
239.9
242.6
228.9
248.8
222.8
229.8
238.1
241.4
228.1
244.1
220.5
227.2
234.8
238.6
228.0
242.9
220.1
225.6
234.4
238.1
224.0
241.4
219.3
225.9
232.7
237.9
222.6
237.8
220.7
225.5
233.8
238.6
221.9
238.2
220.3
225.7
233.0
238.5
224.2
234.9
220.6
204.2
208.6
211.8
201.9
209.4
197.3
1June 1940=100.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
J u n e
1952
2 5 6 .0
2 5 1 .0
2 4 6 .6
2 2 5 .7
2 2 5 .0
2 5 4 .0
2 5 5 .1
2 5 6 .4
2 4 8 .5
224. 5
2 4 5 .5
2 4 0 .8
2 4 7 .5
2 2 1 .0
2 5 5 .9
2 5 8 .9
2 4 2 .5
2 3 0 .2
2 4 0 .2
2 5 4 .1
2 2 7 .0
2 4 0 .1
2 2 0 .6
2 5 5 .4
2 3 5 .9
2 5 8 .2
2 2 5 .2
2 2 8 .2
24I . I
243. 8
2 2 6 .2
2 5 4 .2
227. 5
2 2 7 .8
2 4 4 .7
2 3 Ö .6
259. 8
2 5 1 .0
2 5 0 .9
2 5 1 .2
2 5 7 .0
220. 7
2 5 2 .7
2 4 2 .4
2 2 0 .6
2 5 0 .5
2 5 4 .5
2 2 3 .8
2 4 0 .7
2 5 4 .0
2 4 6 .8
2 3 4 .5
2 3 9 .1
2 4 9 .8
2 3 7 .2
2 5 5 .9
2 2 0 .7
248
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
MONTHLY LABOR
T able D-6: Average Retail Prices and Indexes of Selected Foods
Averprice
June
1952
Commodity
Cereals and bakery products:
cents
Cereals:
52.5
Flour, wheat_________ 5 pounds..
22.2
Corn flakes 1.................... 12 ounces..
10.2
Com meal------------ --------pound.
Rice* _________ ____ ____ do----- 17.9
Rolled oats »__________ 20 ounces.. 18.1
Bakerv products:
16.1
Bread, white 4______ ___ pound..
Vanilla cookies4________7 ounces._ 23.3
49.2
Layer cake ,T---------------- pound..
Meats, poultry, and fish:
M eats:
Beef:
Round ste a k .....................do----- 111.5
Rib roast...... ......................do----- 85.8
Chuck ro a st..................... do----- 73.9
Frankfurters4_________ do----- 64.6
Hamburger *......................do----- 64.8
Veal:
C utlets............................. -do----- 130.9
Pork:
C h o p s ........ ......................do----- 85.0
Bacon, sliced........ ............ do . . .
63.8
66.4
Ham, whole___________ d o ...
Salt pork_________ ____ do----- 35.1
Lamb:
Leg..... ............................... -do----- 83.9
Poultry
_ _____________________
Frying chickens:
New York dressed 8-----do-----46.3
Dressed and drawn 8. . .do----- 56.7
Indexes 1635-39-100
June
1951
M ay
1952
Apr.
1952
Mar.
1952
Feb.
1952
Jan.
1952
Dec.
1951
Nov.
1951
Oct.
1951
Sept.
1951
Aug.
1951
July
1951
June
1951
203.5
209.8
217.7
99.9
164.2
203.4
209.9
217.1
99.0
163.8
203.6
210. 1
217.4
98.2
163.7
203.7
209.6
218.0
96.7
163.5
204.4
209.4
216.1
96.7
163.8
204.3
208.2
212.7
96.1
163.3
203.1
207.7
209.0
94.9
162.9
202.3
207.9
206.4
93.1
162.7
201.8
206.4
204.3
94.2
162.9
201.3
205.8
203.6
99.7
162.2
201. 1
203.9
201.8
101.3
162.0
201.7
199.5
200.8
101.5
161.5
202.3
197.8
200.4
101.3
161.3
190.5
176.5
181.9
93.1
145.8
188.9
224.6
107.9
189.7
223.3
108.9
185. 2
222.5
108.2
185.1
224.6
108.5
184.8
224.5
107.9
184.5
224.2
108.3
184.2
223.8
109.1
183.9
223.1
109.8
183.9
221.5
107.5
183.7
220 0
107.9
183.5
215.8
107.1
183.4
214.9
108.8
183.4
213.5
106.9
163.9
191.7
330.1
297.0
327.1
106.5
211.9
330.3
299.0
332.6
105. 7
210.6
330.0
299.0
332.3
105.8
211.7
330.4
298.0
333.7
106.2
214.3
331.9
303.2
334.0
106.3
215.9
333.3
305.3
336.7
107.6
217.0
333.6
307.2
338.3
108.1
217.9
334.6
308. 2
338. 5
108.6
217.«
332.7
306.4
337.4
108.9
218.7
323.3
290.6
327.7
108.6
216.1
323.2
289.5
327.1
108.6
215.1
323.1
290.0
327.0
108.4
215.9
322.2
289.5
327.2
106.5
215.8
287.9
264.1
279.2
326.7
325.3
325.5
326.4
326.8
325.0
322.9
319.5
319.6
320.1
319.8
319.1
317.2
271.2
257.5
167.3
226.1
166.8
245.8
158.8
213.4
159.4
223.2
159.2
210.8
160.9
225.1
160.6
211.9
164.0
223.9
161.9
214.4
168.1
227.6
163.5
216.8
171.4
226.0
165.2
217.2
174.8
248.8
172.7
218.7
179.2
258.7
178.4
226.5
185.6
258.1
178.0
229.4
186.2
254.4
177.8
229.4
184.9
236.9
177.8
229.0
183.6
236.3
177.8
228.1
184.9
243.5
161.9
215.8
160.5
296.1
181.9
291.7
175. 4
287. 7
188.8
280.9
190.7
290.2
197.5
301.8
192.6
304.8
181.9
300.3
184.0
298.4
188.7
296.9
195.1
296.7
194.4
296.9
195.3
297.2
191.3
272.4
186.1
293.3
295.1
295.5
296.7
299.6
298.3
296.7
295.8
294.7
290.1
292.5
288.1
291.4
268.4
456.9
456.7
459.3
460.9
467.1
471.2
475. Ï
477.4
489.1
503.1
508.2
509.2
511.0
344.1
223.5
265.3
193.3
193.3
105.1
210.0
169.1
225.3
266.2
193.7
194.2
105.5
209.8
164.0
231.1
266.1
195.0
196.6
106.0
209.6
165.9
245.8
265.6
196.7
198.7
106.0
208.2
161.3
258.5
265.4
196.5
198.5
105.7
206.6
166.5
252.4
266.8
196.0
198.1
105.3
205.1
184.3
241.2
263.3
195.0
197.1
104.4
202.8
216.7
226.9
261.2
194.0
195.8
104.5
202.8
241.8
224.2
258.3
191.2
192.7
104.9
203.1
243.4
219.7
259.4
189.7
191.2
104.8
203.0
239.3
220.5
259.3
188.3
190.5
105.2
203.7
225.8
221.8
260.0
187.2
188.5
105.1
203.3
211.5
223.8
261.3
185.1
186.4
104.9
203.3
201.2
195.4
226.2
160 4
162.0
89.2
73. 9
89.8
73. 3
88.5
83.0
91.9
84.2
92 0
85.3
92. 7
88.8
Q3 2
92.5
94. 9
96 6
95.1
99. 2
95. 6
100.2
95. 8
101. 5
97 4
103.2
97 0
104.8
June
1950
181.8
F iB h :
Fish, fresh or frozen 8____________
Ocean perch fillet, frozen10* do----- 46.1
Haddock fillet, frozen11 *.do . . . 50.5
Salmon, pink •_........ 16-ounce can .. 56.5
Dairy products:
B utter____________________ .pound ..
81.4
Cheese, American process______ do .
60.0
M ilk, fresh (delivered)......... ...q u a r t..
23.7
Milk, fresh (grocery)18. . ........ .......d o ...
22.1
Ice cream 8 ---------------------------- pint.
31.3
M ilk, evaporated____ 14)4-ounce can..
14.9
Eggs: Eggs, fresh..............................dozen..
59.0
Fruits and vegetables:
Frozen fruits:
Strawberries 818_______12 ounces .
39.7
Orange juice8_________ 6 ounces.
17.3
Frozen vegetables:
Peas 8 . ___________ 12 ounces
24.0
Fresh fruits:
Apples__________________pound— 21.4
Bananas__________________ do----- 16.8
Oranges, size 200_____ ____ dozen.. 48.4
Fresh vegetables:
Beans, green_____________pound..
17.3
Cabbage__________________ do----8.6
Carrots.___ ____________ bunch.. 12.0
Lettuce__________________ head— 13.8
Onions_________________ pound— 11.4
Potatoes__________ - .15 pounds . 128.2
Sweetpotatoes__________ pound . 24.4
Tomatoes 14_______________ do . .
33.0
Canned fruits:
Peaches____________No. 2)4 can..
33.4
Pineapple_________________do----- 38.3
95.9
93.3
96.3
95.8
98.7
98.5
96.9
96.3
98.5
97.8
98.3
98.2
98.0
395.9
277.9
170.0
310.0
278.7
164.3
279.7
282.1
159.9
239.4
281.5
160.8
229.2
273.4
156.2
218.8
269.9
161.7
204.3
267.7
164.7
191.2
270.5
175.8
178.4
269.9
189.3
203.0
265.6
194.4
214.3
264.5
188.0
240.2
268.9
161.5
232.9
271.7
167.5
301.1
271.9
172.8
161.2
229.7
220.9
166.9
276.7
351.9
470.7
217.0
236.8
327.6
234.7
199.3
370.1
333.7
433.4
201.4
258.8
235.5
193.4
184. 5
382.2
307.0
387.7
231.8
250.4
198.1
196.3
166.0
313.3
282.0
231.2
192.9
238.1
260.0
220.0
145.4
250. 9
270.5
309.9
160.7
191.3
419.8
291.7
256.5
242.6
289.5
299.7
189.0
208.0
268.0
281.8
272.8
209.0
266.2
265.2
222.4
246.2
217.2
289.4
232.1
396.6
247.6
234.4
144.3
188.4
160.5
235.9
186.4
177.0
215.2
227.5
142.8
185.4
153.7
241.1
168.1
168.6
193.3
265.8
101.5
166.8
151.6
235.0
180.6
176.0
203.7
308.2
112.6
149.1
151.0
229.2
192.6
205.7
236.1
251.8
170.2
187.3
172.9
202.6
162.8
246.1
230.2
231.4
179.4
151.0
174.3
181.7
167.3
187.1
219.3
209.4
208.3
173.6
176.6
180.0
176.6
178.8
176.5
179.7
176.4
180.0
176.8
179.1
176.7
178.3
177.3
177.6
177.6
177.9
177.8
177.0
177.4
175.3
177.5
174.8
177.6
174.9
178.1
140.1
172.0
18.7
17.3
20.4
10.0
26.9
15.9
172.6
193.1
111.7
102.0
256.0
214.2
172.2
195.2
111.8
102.0
256.2
213.6
172.0
194.8
112.3
102.1
256.3
213.7
171.2
195.9
113.0
102.0
256.2
212.9
171.3
194.2
113.0
102.0
259.0
214.5
169.5
195.1
113.0
101.9
260.6
214.0
168.3
195.4
114.3
101.9
261.6
213.9
166.7
194.2
114.6
101. 7
263.1
211.9
165.3
194.8
115.5
101.7
268.7
213.1
165.7
200.7
116.9
101.7
274.9
216.8
165.4
209.0
117.8
101.7
275.1
220.9
164.9
228.0
119.2
101.7
274.5
224.4
164.2
230.4
118.8
102.1
272.8
230.7
138.4
161.6
114.3
8 6 .8
29.1
345.0
m 3
345.2
111. 2
345.8
111.4
345.9
111.2
345.9
111.2
345.2
111.3
345.4
111.2
345.5
110.8
345.1
110.2
345.3
109.1
346.3
108.4
346.2
108.0
346.7
108.0
294.9
18.2
32.6
34.0
122.4
158.1
141.1
153.9
118.3
159.1
142.9
151.8
124.8
162.8
146.7
151.6
130.3
165.6
147.9
153.8
143.7
170.7
151.1
157.2
149.8
174.0
153.6
165.4
155.5
176.6
153.4
169.4
158.3
177.2
152.8
170.5
167.7
178.4
153.0
171.2
163.1
179.4
156.9
172.8
161.7
181.4
358.3
174.6
159.9
190.4
163.5
184.2
166.2
198.4
166.1
194.3
116.0
155.6
142.1
161.1
192.2 191.2 189.1 187.0
98.2
97.5
98.2
98.9
' Priced in 28 cities.
• 1938-39=100.
10 Priced in 46 cities.
11 Priced in 47 cities.
11 Specification revised in Novem
ber 1950.
11 Specification changed to 12
ounces in January 1952.
14 October 1949—100.
187.9
98.3
188.7
98.8
188.8
99.6
189.1
100.0
189.8
99.4
191.6
99.3
191.7
99.4
Com 14..................... —No. 303 can..
Tomatoes____________ No. 2 can..
Peas___ ____ _______ No. 303 can..
Baby foods 18 8_____ 4)4-5 ounces..
Dried fruits, prunes________ pound—
Dried vegetables, navy beans— do----Beverages:
Coffee ____________ _______do
Cola drink 8. . ____ 6-bottle carton .
Fats and oils:
Lard............................................... pound—
Shortening, hydrogenated............do. _
Salad dressing_________________pint—
Margarine__________________ pound—
Uncolored 11_______________do . .
Colored >8. ______________ do —
8ugar and sweets:
S u g a r___ _____________
5 pounds
Grape jellv
.. ... .
.12 ounces
1Specification changed to 12 ounces
in M ay 1952.
1 July 1947-100.
* February 1943—100.
* Average price based on 62 cities;
index, on 56 cities.
4 Specification changed to 7 ounces
in September 1951.
*December 1950—100.
TPriced in 46 cities.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
174.2
148.4
32.4
28.7
51.5
23.2
237.8
202.7
190.8 187.4
175.3
100.0 101.0
11 No. 303 can of corn introduced in May 1951 in place of No. 2 can.
16 Specification changed to 4)4-5 ounces in M ay 1952.
17 Priced in 9 cities beginning October 1951,12 cities September 1951,13 cities
August 1951, 16 cities April through July 1951, 18 cities January through
March 1951, and 19 cities August through December 1950. Priced in 56 cities
before that date.
18 Priced in 37 cities August through December 1950, 38 cities January
through March 1951, 40 cities April through July 1951, 43 cities August 1951,
44 cities September 1951, and 47 cities beginning October 1951.
*Average prices available beginning February 1952.
R E V IE W ,
AUGUST 1952
249
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
T able D-7: Indexes of Wholesale Prices, by Group of Commodities
[1947-49=100] »
June
1952
Commodity group
May
1952
June
1952
Commodity group
All commodities_________ _________________
111.3
111.6
All commodities other than farm and food—Continued
Farm products....... .......................................
Processed foods................................... ...........
107.3
108.7
« 107.9
108.6
All commodities other than farm and food________
112.6
113.0
Textile products and apparel _______ _
Hides, skins, and leather products_______
Fuel, power, and lighting materials..-....... ........
Chemicals and allied products.......... ................
99.0
95.9
106.0
104.3
0 99.3
«94.7
« 106.0
« 104.3
Rubber and products..................... ...........................
Lumber and wood products......... ..............................
Pulp, paper, and allied products ______________
Metals and metal products....................................... .
Machinery and motive products........ .......................
Furniture and other household durables_________
Nonmetallic minerals—structural__________ _____
Tobacco manufactures and bottled beverages_____
Miscellaneous________________ __________ ____
1 The revised wholesale price index (1947-49=100) is the official index
for January 1952 and subsequent months. The official index for December
1951 and previous dates is the former index (1926=100)—see table D-7a.
The revised index has been computed back to January 1947 for purposes
of comparison and analysis. Beginning with January 1952 the index is
based on prices for one day in the month. Prices are collected from manu
133.6
119.9
116.7
121.1
121.5
111.6
113.8
110.8
108.1
May
1952
140.4
« 120.7
« 116.9
121.8
121.6
« 111.7
« 112. 9
110.8
« 108.4
facturers and other producers. In some cases they are secured from trade
publications or from other Government agencies which collect price quota
tions in the course of their regular work. For a more detailed description
of the index, see A Description of the Revised Wholesale Price Index,
Monthly Labor Review, February 1952 (p. 180).
• Corrected.
T able D-7a: Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group of Commodities, for Selected Periods
[1926=100]
A ll
A ll
Hides
and
Foods leather
prod
ucts
Chem
Fuel Metals
Mis
and
Build icals Housecella
and
furlight metal
and
ing
neous
nishing
com
mate allied
ing
mate prod
prod goods
rials
modi
ucts
rials
ucts
ties
com
Semi Manu modi
Raw ni anufac
ties
mate
facex
tured
tured prod
rials
cept
articles ucts
farm
prod
ucts
com
modi
ties
ex
cept
farm
prod
ucts
and
foods
All
com
modi
ties
Farm
prod
ucts
69.8
67.3
136.3
167.2
95.3
71.5
71.4
150.3
169.8
104.9
64.2
62.9
128.6
147.3
99.9
68.1
69.7
131.6
193.2
109.1
57.3
55.3
142.6
188.3
90.4
61.3
55.7
114.3
159.8
83.0
90.8
79.1
143.5
155. 5
100.5
56.7
52.9
101.8
164.4
95.4
80.2
77.9
178.0
173.7
94.0
56.1
56.7
99.2
143.3
94.3
93.1
88.1
142.3
176.5
82.6
68.8
67.3
138.8
163.4
97.5
74.9
67.8
162.7
253.0
93.9
69.4
66.9
130.4
157.8
94.5
69.0
65.7
131.0
165.4
93.3
70.0
65.7
129.9
170.6
91.6
1932: Average____
1939: Average____
August_____
1940: Average____
64.8
77.1
75.0
78.6
48.2
65.3
61.0
67.7
61.0
70.4
67.2
71.3
72.9
95.6
92.7
100.8
54.9
69.7
67.8
73.8
70.3
73.1
72.6
71.7
80.2
94.4
93.2
95.8
71.4
90.5
89.6
94.8
73.9
76.0
74.2
77.0
75.1
86.3
85.6
88.5
64.4
74.8
73.3
77.3
55.1
70.2
66.5
71.9
59.3
77.0
74.5
79.1
70.3
80.4
79.1
81.6
68.3
79.5
77.9
80.8
70.2
81.3
80.1
83.0
1941: Average____
December___
1942: Average____
1943: Average____
1944: Average____
87.3
93.6
98.8
103.1
104.0
82.4
94.7
105.9
122.6
123.3
82.7
90.5
99.8
106.6
104.9
108.3
114. 8
117. 7
117. 5
116.7
84.8
91.8
96.9
97.4
98.4
76.2
78.4
78.5
80.8
83.0
99.4
103.3
103.8
103.8
103.8
103.2
107.8
110.2
111.4
115.5
84.4
90.4
95.5
94.9
95.2
94.3
101.1
102.4
102.7
104.3
82.0
87.6
89.7
92.2
93.6
83.5
92.3
100.6
112.1
113.2
86.9
90.1
92.6
92.9
94.1
89.1
94.6
98.6
100.1
100.8
88.3
93.3
97.0
98.7
99.6
89.0
93.7
95.5
96.9
98.5
1945: Average____
August_____
105.8
105.7
128.2
126.9
106.2
106.4
118.1
118.0
100.1
99.6
84.0
84.8
104.7
104.7
117.8
117.8
95.2
95.3
104.5
104.5
94.7
94.8
116.8
116.3
95.9
95.5
101.8
101.8
100.8
100.9
99.7
99.9
1946: Average_____
June ______
November___
1947: Average_____
1948: Average..........
1949: Average_____
1950: Average_____
December___
1951: Average____
121.1
112.9
139.7
152.1
165.1
155.0
161.5
175.3
180.4
148.9
140.1
169.8
181.2
188.3
165.5
170.4
187.4
196.1
130.7
112.9
165.4
168.7
179.1
161.4
166.2
179.0
186.9
137.2
122.4
172.5
182.4
188.8
180.4
191.9
218.7
221.4
116.3
109.2
131.6
141. 7
149.8
140.4
148.0
171.4
172.2
90.1
87.8
94.5
108.7
134.2
131.7
133.2
135.7
138.2
115.5
112.2
130.2
145.0
163.6
170.2
173.6
184.9
189.2
132.6
129.9
145.5
179.7
199.1
193.4
206.0
221.4
225.5
101.4
96.4
118.9
127.3
135.7
118.6
122.7
139.6
143.3
111.6
110.4
118.2
131.1
144.5
145.3
153.2
170.2
176.0
100.3
98.5
106.5
115.5
120.5
112.3
120.9
140.5
141.0
134.7
126.3
153.4
165.6
178.4
163.9
172.4
187.1
192.4
110.8
105.7
129.1
148.5
158.0
150.2
156.0
178.1
177.6
116.1
107.3
134.7
146.0
159.4
151.2
156.8
169.0
174.9
114.9
106.7
132.9
145.5
159.8
152.4
159.2
172.4
176.7
109.5
105.6
120.7
135.2
151.0
147.3
153.2
166.7
169.4
1951: January_____
February........
March______
April_____. . .
May________
June________
July-----------August_____
September___
October_____
November___
December.......
180.2
183.7
184.0
183.6
182.9
181.7
179.4
178.0
177.6
178.1
178.3
177.8
194.2
202.6
203.8
202.5
199.6
198.6
194.0
190.6
189.2
192.3
195.1
193.6
182.2
187.6
186.6
185.8
187.3
186.3
186.0
187.3
188.0
189.4
188.8
187.3
235.4
238.7
236.9
233.3
232.6
230.6
221.9
213.7
212.1
208.3
196.6
192.3
178.4
181.0
183.0
182.7
182.0
177.9
173.2
167.4
163.1
157.7
159.4
160.5
136.4
138.1
138.6
138.1
137.5
137.8
137.9
138.1
138.8
138.9
139.1
139.2
187.5
188.1
188.8
189.0
188.8
188.2
187.9
188.1
189.1
191.2
191.5
191.7
226.2
228.2
228.6
228.6
227.7
225.6
223.8
222.6
223.1
223.6
224.5
224.0
147.5
150.2
149.3
147.2
145.7
142.3
139.4
140.1
140.8
141.1
138.7
137.9
175.0
175.7
179.1
180.4
180.1
179.5
178.8
175.3
172.4
171.7
172.0
172.0
142.4
142.7
142.5
142.7
141.7
141.7
138.8
138.2
138.5
139.2
141.3
141.6
192.6
198.9
199.4
197.7
195.5
194.7
189.9
187.5
187.0
188.9
189.6
188.8
184.9
187.0
187.4
187.0
186.4
180.0
174.0
170.0
168.8
168.3
168.7
167.9
173.3
175.6
175.9
176.1
176.2
175.6
175.1
174.4
174.2
174.3
174.1
173.9
176.9
179.3
179.4
179.2
179.0
177.8
176.0
174.9
174.8
174.8
174.3
174.1
170.4
171.9
172.6
172.3
171.6
170.6
168.6
167.2
167.0
166.6
166.9
166.9
Year and month
1913:
1914:
1918:
1920:
1929:
Average____
July... ___
November__
M ay. _____
Average.........
Tex
tile
prod
ucts
1 This index (1926=100) is the official index for December 1951 and all
previous dates. The revised index (1947-49=100) is the official index for
January 1952 and subsequent dates—see tables D-7 and D-8. BLS whole
sale price data, for the most part, represent prices in primary markets. They
are prices charged by manufacturers or producers or are prices prevailing on
organized exchanges.
215 5 3 4 - - 52—— 9
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
For a detailed description of the method of calculation for this series see
November 1949 Monthly Labor Review, Compiling Monthly and Weekly
Wholesale Price Indexes (p. 541).
Mimeographed tables are available upon request, giving monthly indexes
for major groups of commodities since 1890 and for subgroups and economic
groups since 1913.
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
250
M O NTHLY LABO R
T able D-8: Indexes of Wholesale Prices, by Group and Subgroup of Commodities 1
[1 9 4 7 -4 9 -1 0 0 ]
C o m m o d it y g r o u p
June2
1952
M ay
1952
A ll c o m m o d itie s
1 1 1 .3
111.6
F a r m p r o d u c t s ............. ... ...............
F r e s h a n d d r ie d p r o d u c e .
G r a i n s . . . .................................. ..
L iv e s to c k a n d p o u ltr y —
P l a n t a n d a n i m a l f ib e r s ..
F l u i d m i l k ..........................—
E g g s ...............................................
H a y a n d s e e d s ........................
O t h e r f a r m p r o d u c t s ..........
1 0 7 .3
1 2 4 .3
9 5 .4
1 0 7 .2
1 1 8 .7
1 0 4 .0
8 1 .0
9 8 .5
1 3 6 .7
«107. 9
1 2 8 .9
9 8 .8
1 0 8 .9
1 1 4 .2
« 1 0 4 .3
7 4 .3
9 6 .0
« 1 3 7 .1
Processed foods............................ .................
Cereal and bakery products.................. .
Meats, poultry, fish.____ __________
Dairy products and ice cream-----------Canned, frozen, fruits and vegetables...
Sugar and confectionery..........................
Packaged beverage materials................ .
Animal fats and oils________________
Crude vegetable oils.............................. .
Refined vegetable oils---------------------Vegetable oil end products---------------Other processed foods-----------------------
1 0 8 .7
1 0 6 .7
1 0 8 .6
■ 1 0 7 .0
110.8
*F 112.1
110.1
f no. 6
1 0 3 .9
1 1 0 .9
1 6 1 .9
|6 4 . 1
6 0 .8
«104. 2
1 0 9 .2
1 6 1 .9
6 5 .2
« 5 5 .6
6 0 .2
« 7 5 .1
6 6 .6
7 8 .2
1 1 8 .4
«
112.8
All commodities other than farm and foods.
112.6
1 1 3 .0
Textile products and apparel........................
Cotton products..................... .............. .
Wool products_____________________
Synthetic textiles__________________
Silk products______________________
Apparel..............................—...................
Other textile products______________
9 9 .0
9 5 .4
112.8
8 8 .6
129.8
100.5
9 8 .7
99 .3
9 7 .2
111.7
« 8 6 .8
128.8
100.8
9 8 .6
Hides, skins, and leather products..............
Hides and sk in s..__________________
Leather__________________________
Footwear...................................................
Other leather products______________
9 5 .9
59 .5
8 8 .9
111.0
100.5
Fuel, power, and lighting materials.............
Coal..........................................................
Coke____________ ________________
Gas...........................................................
Electricity............................................... .
Petroleum and products............ ............
106.0
105.3
124.3
104.2
9 8 .0
109.6
«
«
Chemicals and allied products........ ............
Industrial chemicals................................
Paint and paint materials........... .........
Drugs, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics........
Fats and oils, inedible______________
Mixed fertilizer— ....................................
Fertilizer materials................................ .
Other chemicals and products_______
104.3
114.9
107.0
9 2 .2
52 .0
108.6
109.9
103.0
«
'
Rubber and products_________________
Crude rubber...........................................
Tires and tubes...................... .................
Other rubber products...........................
133.6
152.7
130.5
1 2 7.6
« S e e f o o t n o t e 1, t a b l e D - 7 .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 P r e lim in a r y .
C o r r e c te d .
«
«
« 9 4 .7
« 58 .1
« 8 4 .5
«
«
111.1
100.3
106.0
104.9
124.3
« 104.2
* 98 .0
109.9
104.3
115.1
107.3
« 9 2 .2
« 4 7 .2
« 108.6
111.5
103.0
140.4
182.7
133.0
127.6
C o m m o d it y g r o u p
rune2
1952
M ay
1952
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p ro d u cts.
L u m b e r ............................................................
M i l l w o r k ____________________________
P l y w o o d ..........................................................
119.9
120.0
126.4
105.7
•
•
120.7
121.1
126.4
105.6
P u l p , p a p e r , a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s _____
A V o o d p u lp .......................................................
W a s t e p a p e r _________________________
P a p e r . ..............................................................
P a p e r b o a r d ............ .......................................
C o n v er te d p ap er a n d pap erb oard .
B u i l d i n g p a p e r a n d b o a r d ..................
116.7
113.3
55.1
1 2 4.2
129.3
113.7
115.8
116.9
113.3
65.1
123.5
* 129.8
« 114.5
« 115.8
Metals and metal products_________________
Iron and steel_____ ___________________
Nonferrous metals...........................................
Metal containers______________________
Hardware____________________________
Plumbing equipment.....................................
Heating equipment.........................................
Structural metal products..................... ........
Nonstructural metal products_____ _____
121.1
122.4
120.2
120.5
123.9
118.0
113.6
115.4
124.4
121.8
122.8
122.0
120.5
126.9
116.0
* 113.7
115.4
124.4
Machinery and motive products____________
Agricultural machinery and equipment----Construction machinery and equipment__
Metal working machinery_______ _______
General purpose machinery and equipment.
Miscellaneous machinery_______________
Electrical machinery and equipment...........
Motor vehicles.................................................
1 2 1.5
121.5
125.3
128.0
123.1
119.1
120.2
119.7
Furniture and other household durables............
Household furniture___________ _____ _
Commercial furniture__________________
Floor covering________________________
Household appliances.....................................
Radio, TV, and phonographs___ ________
Other household durable goods.....................
111.6
113.0
123.2
120.1
107.3
9 0 .7
119.3
111.7
113.1
123.2
* 120.9
« 107.3
90 .7
« 119.3
Nonmetalic minerals—structural____________
Flat glass........ ................................................
Concrete ingredients......................................
Concrete products..___ ________________
Structural clay products................................
Gypsum products...........................................
Prepared asphalt roofing-----------------------Other nonmetallic minerals_____________
113.8
114.4
112.9
112.4
121.4
117.7
106.0
111.9
«
Tobacco manufactures and bottled beverages...
Cigarettes__________ _____ ____ _______
Cigars.............................................................
Other tobacco products____ ____________
Alcoholic beverages------------------------------Nonalcoholic beverages_________________
110.8
107.3
9 8 .0
114.8
111.2
119.7
Miscellaneous.......................................... ............ .
Toys, sporting goods, small arms..................
Manufactured animal feeds___ __________
Notions and accessories_________________
Jewelry, watches, photo equipment..............
Other miscellaneous........................................
108.1
113.5
107.9
9 1 .5
101.0
12 0 .5
«
121.6
121.5
125.3
128.0
123.1
« 119.2
« 120.8
119.7
*
«
*
112.9
114.4
112.9
112.4
121.4
117.7
9 8 .6
111.9
110.8
107.3
98 .0
114.8
111.2
119.7
«
108.4
113.5
108.3
« 91.5
101.0
1 2 1 .0
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
E: WORE STOPPAGES
251
E : W ork Stoppages
T able E -l: Work Stoppages Resulting From Labor-Management Disputes 1
Number of stoppages
Workers Involved in stoppages
Man-days idle during month
or year
Month and year
Beginning in
month or year
In effect dur
ing month
Beginning in
month or year
1935-39 (average)........................................................ ............
1945........... ............ ...............................................................
1946______________________________________________
1947................................ .............. ..........................................
1948______ ____ ___________________________________
1949.._____________________________ ______ ________
1950..........................................................................................
2,862
4, 750
4,985
3^693
3, 419
3,606
4| 843
1951: June......... ............... .................................................. .
July--------------------------------- --------------------- -----August______________________________________
September______________________ _____ _____ _
October_______________________________ _____
November..__________ _______ ________________
December...................... ....................................... ........
396
450
505
457
487
305
186
615
644
727
693
728
521
357
194,000
284,000
213,000
215,000
248,000
84,000
81, 500
1952: January 2_______ ______ ______________________
February 2
March 2_._........................................................... ...........
April1___________________ _______ ___________
May 2______________________ _____ ___________
June2______________ ________________________
400
350
400
475
475
425
600
550
600
650
675
650
190,000
185, 000
240,000
1,000,000
300, 000
170, 000
i All known work stoppages, arising out of labor-management disputes,
involving six or more workers and continuing as long as a full day or shift
are included in reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Figures on “work
ers involved” and “man-days idle” cover all workers made idle for one or
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In effect dur
ing month
Number
16,900,000
38,000,000
1,130,000
3,470,000
4; 600| 000
2,170,000
1, 960, 000
3j 030,000
2,410,000
Percent of esti
mated work
ing time
34, 600,000
34,100,000
50, 500,000
38, 800,000
0.27
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
261,000
345, 000
314,000
340,000
365,000
191,000
130,000
1, 800,000
1, 880,000
2, 640,000
2, 540,000
2, 790,000
1, 610,000
1,020,000
.21
.22
.28
.33
.30
.19
.13
250,000
250, 000
320,000
1, 200, 000
1, 200, 000
1,000,000
1,250,000
1, 270,000
1, 400,000
5,300,000
7, 500,000
14,000,000
.14
.15
.17
.61
.90
1.68
1 1 6 ; 0 0 0 ,0 0 0
more shifts in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not
measure the indirect or secondary effects on other establishments or indus
tries whose employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
* Preliminary.
252
F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
M O NTHLY LABO R
F : B uilding and Construction
T able F - l: Expenditures for New Construction 1
[Value of work put in place]
Expenditures (in millions)
1952
Type of construction
July8 June 3 M ay3 April
1951
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
1951
Sept.
Aug.
July
1950
Total Total
Total new construction4............................... $3,069 $2,980 $2, 778 $2, 541 $2,345 $2,102 $2,193 $2, 394 $2, 660 $2,893 $2, 934 $2,942 $2,873 $31,025 $28,749
Private construction__________________. 1,990
Residential building (nonfarm)______ 1,007
New dwelling units_____ .............
885
Additions and alterations________
105
N onhousekeeping«______________
17
Nonresidential building (nonfarm) 4__
424
Industrial-........................................
190
Commercial_______________ ____
97
Warehouses, office and loft
buildings. ______________
39
Stores, restaurants, and garages.
58
Other nonresidential building____
137
Religious. ___ _______ _____
34
Educational ______________
30
Social and recreational_______
11
Hospital and institutional7___
35
Miscellaneous_____________
27
Farm construction_________________
180
Public utilities.............................. ..........
371
Railroad______________________
36
Telephone and telegraph________
47
Other public utilities____________
288
All other private 8_________________
8
Public construction___________________ 1,079
Residential building
. _ ______
55
Nonresidential building (other than
military or naval facilities)_________
387
Industrial_____________________
181
Educational___________________
134
Hospital and institutional......... ......
42
Other nonresidential____________
30
Military and naval facilities 18_______
155
Highways.................................................
315
Sewer and water. . . . . ___________
63
Miscellaneous public service enterprises 11___ _ __________________
18
Conservation and development______
80
All other public 18..... .................. ...........
6
1,925
979
860
104
15
408
185
93
1,811
922
810
99
13
392
188
82
1,690
849
750
87
12
386
194
73
1,616
799
710
77
12
397
201
74
1,464
676
600
63
13
407
209
76
1, 518
720
650
57
13
415
209
83
1,674
840
760
66
14
415
200
92
1,818
930
832
84
14
425
200
96
1,908
963
858
91
14
440
205
95
1,955
958
849
93
16
460
210
101
1,971
956
847
92
17
465
204
108
1,968 21, 684
965 10, 973
857 9, 849
91
934
17
190
471 5,152
195 2,117
121 1,371
21, 610
12, 600
11, 525
900
175
3, 777
1, 062
1,288
37
56
130
32
29
10
34
25
171
359
36
47
276
8
1,055
55
34
48
122
29
27
9
33
24
157
333
33
46
254
7
967
55
33
40
119
28
26
9
33
23
136
313
32
45
236
6
851
57
33
41
122
29
26
9
33
25
123
292
30
46
216
5
729
59
36
40
122
30
27
9
32
24
113
263
27
41
195
5
638
62
39
44
123
31
28
9
32
23
110
267
30
41
196
6
675
65
41
51
123
32
28
8
33
22
110
303
37
40
226
6
720
66
41
55
129
34
29
9
34
23
126
331
41
42
248
6
842
68
41
54
140
38
31
10
36
25
148
351
40
44
267
6
985
66
45
56
149
42
32
12
37
26
179
352
35
43
274
6
979
63
48
60
153
43
32
13
38
27
194
350
38
43
269
6
971
56
48
544
73
827
155 1,664
42
452
30
345
14
164
39
419
30
284
191 1,800
336 3,695
35
399
41
487
260 2,809
5
64
905 9, 341
47
595
402
886
1, 427
409
294
247
344
133
1,791
3, 330
315
440
2, 575
112
7,139
345
370
166
133
41
30
153
310
62
351
151
132
40
28
150
250
60
334
134
131
41
28
135
175
56
301
108
128
38
27
122
115
51
268
85
126
35
22
105
90
46
282
90
129
37
26
113
90
48
289
95
131
36
27
116
111
50
300
97
134
37
32
136
187
55
318
105
136
40
37
147
293
58
319
103
136
40
40
129
303
60
324
104
134
42
44
108
314
62
315
93
133
42
47
86
282
64
3, 471
958
1,531
498
484
1,019
2,400
706
2,402
224
1,163
476
539
177
2, 381
671
18
81
6
18
77
6
14
74
6
12
65
4
8
56
3
11
62
4
12
72
4
15
76
5
20
78
5
21
77
7
23
77
7
23
80
8
213
860
77
186
881
96
1 Joint estimates of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of
Labor, and the Building Materials Division, U. S. Department of Com
merce. Estimated construction expenditures represent the monetary value
of the volume of work accomplished during the given period of time. These
figures should be differentiated from permit valuation data reported in the
tabulations for building authorized (tables F-3 and F-4) and the data on
value of contract awards reported in table F-2.
8 Preliminary.
8 Revised.
4 Includes major additions and alterations.
1 Includes hotels, dormitories, and tourist courts and cabins.
* Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential
building are included under “Public utilities.”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
r Includes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program.
• Covers privately owned sewer and water facilities, roads and bridges, and
miscellaneous nonbuilding items such as parks and playgrounds.
* Includes nonhousekeeping public residential construction as well as
housekeeping units.
10 Covers all construction, building as well as nonbuilding (except for pro
duction facilities, which are included in public industrial building).
» Covers primarily publicly owned airports, electric light and power
systems, and local transit facilities.
18 Covers public construction not elsewhere classified, such as parks, play
grounds, and memorials.
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
253
F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
T able F-2: Value of Contracts Awarded and Force-Account Work Started on Federally Financed
New Construction, by Type of Construction 1
Value (in thousands)
Type of construction
1952
May
Apr.
Mar.
1951
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1951
1950
Total
Total
Total new construction *.. $285,047 $358, 525 $265,187 $202,100 $260,887 $208, 507 $190, 610 $189,052 $264, 088 $281, 797 $337, 685 $639, 451 $674, 596 $4, 201, 939 $2,805, 214
Airfields »____________
Building_____ _______
Residential_________
N onresidential______
Educational8.. __
Hospital and institutional________
Administrative and
general5. . . ____
Other nonresidential
building______
Airfield buildings 6.
Industrial7_____
Troop housing___
Warehouses ___
Miscellaneous8__
Conservation and development________
Reclamation_______
River, harbor, and
flood control______
Highways.......................
Electrification________
All other *.................... .
6,020
6,949
3,371
3,833
143,940 144, 461 144, 054 104,876
668
530
178
280
143,272 143, 931 143,876 104, 596
879
3, 318
5,896
6,508
9, 315
3,340
97,126 115, 631
31C
306
96,816 115, 325
3, 384
7, 703
10,170
72, 316
112
72, 204
9,825
278, 630
9, 096 14, 532 15, 535 48, 427 91,849 39,349
58,183
72, 644 109, 958 151, 381 165, 801 339, 054 509,105 2,179, 280 1, 369, 617
19
244
64
1,939
8, 966
15, 445
611
748
72, 663 109, 714 151, 317 165,190 338, 306 507,166 2,170, 314 1, 354,172
12, 229
60, 570
8,038
6,909
2,225
1,726
9,723
3,123
15,171
23, 270
10, 902
10, 629
5,745
10, 653
10,867
14, 601
29, 634
23,825
15,843
53,838
23, 438
305, 787
3,422
615
3, 266
1,717
2, 236
1,570
1, 265
1,812
15, 673
2,807
1,116
7,675
2,034
57,146
58, 794
123,800 114,150 126, 390
2,702
5,310
6, 461
48, 511 31,161 43, 645
23,178 36, 534 28, 492
35, 998 28, 256 29, 765
13,411 12,889 18,027
85, 742
2, 041
6, 764
23, 962
32, 427
20, 548
85, 451
905
11, 703
25, 020
28,133
19, 690
95,399
1,787
32, 274
47, 293
6, 734
7, 311
50, 247
309
27, 973
656
12, 547
8, 762
44, 021
3, 903
10,890
1,201
4,850
23,177
54, 684 116, 647 141, 322 274, 568 479, 968 1, 746,811
9, 942
91,911
11,013 15, 685 13,137 21, 251
892, 384
22, 033 47, 006 71, 731 81, 244 347,357
3, 055
5,633
225, 909
9,498 86, 600 40,105
3, 229 7,880 18, 908
8, 344
3,156
75,824
15, 427 45, 094 39, 076 66, 565 74, 220 460, 783
896,169
32, 450
745, 037
2, 589
45, 437
70, 656
50, 433
34, 637
15, 246
5,461
24, 382
5,470
26,389
527
13,852
2, 423
28, 449
2,017
19, 429
6,244
47,493
6,409
9,816
1,953
9, 551
5,204
28,087
7, 677
39, 638
3,603
396,841
86, 928
321, 458
81, 768
6,635 15, 796
105, 228 101, 566
10,896 49, 681
8, 551
10,137
9, 785
79, 605
12, 738
6,595
18, 912
60, 971
2,960
5,540
25,862
66, 430
49, 523
12,104
11, 429
53, 373
6, 464
15,847
26, 432
69, 554
2, 711
7, 410
13,185
65, 375
3, 614
18,894
41,084
68, 419
5, 671
18,015
7,863
91, 588
2, 730
10,747
4, 347
77, 090
13, 932
22,884
20, 410
98, 564
24, 889
57, 008
36, 035
62, 755
9, 519
14, 2301
309, 913
850, 946
281, 251
214, 991
239, 690
836. 015
156, 981
62, 960
8,826
2,191
1 Excludes classified military projects, but includes projects for the Atomic
Energy Commission. Data for Federal-aid programs cover amounts contrib
uted by both owner and the Federal Government. Force-account work is
done not through a contractor, but directly by a Government agency, using a
separate work force to perform nonmaintenance construction on the agency’s
own properties.
s Includes major additions and alterations.
* Excludes hangars and other buildings, which are included under “ Other
non residential” building construction.
* Includes projects under the Federal School Construction Program, which
provides aid for areas affected by Federal Government activities.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
396, 086
8 Includes post offices, armories, offices, and customhouses.
* Includes all buildings on civilian airports and military airfields and air
bases with the exception of barracks and other troop housing, which are in
cluded under “Troop housing.”
7 Covers all industrial plants under Federal Government ownership, in
cluding those which are privately operated.
8 Includes types of buildings not elsewhere classified.
• Includes sewer and water projects, railroad construction, and other types
of projects not elsewhere classified.
254
F: BUILD IF G AND CONSTRUCTION
M O NTHLY LABO R
T able F -3 : Urban Building Authorized, by Principal Class of Construction and by Type of Building 1
Number of new dwelling units—House
keeping only
Valuation (in thousands)
Privately financed
New residential building
Period
Housekeeping
Total all
classes *
Privately financed dwelling units
New non
resi
dential
building
Addi
tions,
altera
tions,
and
repairs
Total
1-fam
ily
Pub
licly fi
nanced
2-fam Multifam
ily *
ily 4
Total
1-family
2-fam
ily*
$2, 707, 573
4, 743, 414
5, 563,348
6,972,784
7,396,274
10, 408, 292
8,895,430
$598, 570
2,114,833
2, 885,374
3, 422,927
3, 724,924
5,803,912
4,375,520
$478,658
1,830, 260
2,361, 752
2, 745, 219
2,845,399
4,845,104
3,814,922
$42,629
i03,042
151,036
181,493
132,365
179, 214
170,392
1951:« M a y ..................
June......... ..........
July__________
August-----------September____
October -------November_____
December_____
845,138
1,026, 579
733,378
781', 644
838,035
651,679
541, 096
429,830
457,921
388,187
343, 994
385,139
435, 867
344,329
264,089
210,328
393,080
335,958
292,998
333,986
379,690
306,172
235, 464
178, 004
14,466
15,587
13, 816
15; 389
18,169
14, 374
10, 324
9,572
50,375
36,642
37,180
35; 764
38,007
23, 784
18, 301
22, 752
29,963
301,182
30, 000
15,838
16, 616
9, 788
21,192
10,669
1,477
1,454
3,685
4,100
7,684
4,880
2,369
1,014
251,507
235,856
246, 541
272, 987
282,659
196, 589
186,187
148,031
104,270
99, 900
109,159
103,581
95, 209
96, 092
67, 258
59, 788
54,688
47, 057
42,037
47,182
50, 492
42,175
32,682
26,805
43,957
37,860
33,307
38,036
40,371
35, 580
27,782
21, 238
2,514
2,629
2,396
2,669
2, 995
2,477
1,766
1, 700
8, 217
6, 568
6, 334
6', 477
7,126
4,118
3,134
3,867
3,773
35,007
3, 275
1, 706
1,860
1,017
2, 308
1,234
1952: January_______
February______
March 7_______
April---- ------- -May 7_________
508,470
595.214
778, 897
843, 466
813,480
266, 719
345,009
407, 925
465,375
447, 289
234,184
300, 701
352, 857
409, 724
386, 715
12, 206
17, 263
18, 794
20,380
19, 959
20,329
27,045
36, 274
35, 271
40,615
25,731
25,181
76, 903
73, 066
52, 268
1,247
1,607
4,570
3,307
6, 729
145,675
146, 739
198, 888
208,317
203,598
69,098
76,678
90, 611
93, 401
103,596
34,374
43,191
49, 942
56, 269
54,110
28,376
34,978
40,136
45,936
43,531
2,386
3,017
3, 469
3,558
3,398
3,612
5,196
6,337
6, 775
7,181
3,185
2,975
9,588
8, 941
5,705
1942..
1946..
1947..
1948..
1949..
1950..
1951 6.
Multifamily 4
Publicly Nonfinanced house
dwell keep
ing
ing*
units
$77, 283 $296, 933 $22, 910 $1, 510,688 $278, 472 184,892
181, 531 355, 587 43,369 1,458,602 771,023 430,195
372, 586 42, 249 29,831 1, 713, 489 892,404 502,312
496, 215 139, 334 38, 034 2,367, 940 1,004, 549 516,179
747,160 285,627 39,785 2, 408,445 937, 493 575, 286
779, 594 301,961 84, 508 3,127, 769 1,090,142 796,143
390, 206 579,634 37,467 2,807,359 1,095,451 533,942
i Building for which building permits were issued and Federal contracts
awarded in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken
in some smaller urban places that do not issue permits.
The data cover federally and nonfederally financed building construction
combined. Estimates of non-Federal (private and State and local govern
ment) urban building construction are based primarily on building-permit
reports received from places containing about 85 percent of the urban popula
tion of the country; estimates of federally financed projects are compiled from
notifications of construction contracts awarded, which are obtained from
other Federal agencies. Data from building permits are not adjusted to allow
for lapsed permits or for lag between permit issuance and the start of construc
tion. Thus, the estimates do not represent construction actually started
during the month.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
138,908
358,151
393, 606
392, 532
413, 543
623, 330
434,893
15,747 30, 237
24,326 47, 718
33, 423 75,283
36,306 87,341
26. 431 135,312
33, 302 139,511
29,743 69,306
95,946
98,310
5,833
15,114
32,194
34,363
66,044
Urban is defined according to the 1940 Census, and includes all incorporated
places of 2,500 inhabitants or more in 1940 and a small number of places,
usually minor civil divisions, classified as urban under special rule.
Sums of components do not always equal totals exactly because of rounding.
* Covers additions, alterations, and repairs, as well as new residential and
nonresidential building.
* Includes units in 1-family and 2-family structures with storos.
4 Includes units in multifamily structures with stores.
* Covers hotels, dormitories, tourist cabins, and other nonhousekeeping
residential buildings.
6 Revised.
7 Preliminary.
REVIEW, AUGUST 1952
255
F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
T able F-4: New Nonresidential Building Authorized in All Urban Places,1 by General Type and by
Geographic Division 2
Valuation (in thousands)
G eographic division and
type of new nonresiaenuai uuuuing
May4
Apr.«
Mar.
1951 »
1951 *
1952
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Total
1950
Total
856 $251, 507 $2, 807, 359 $3,127, 700
All types...... . . . ............. $203, 598 $208, 317 $198,888 $146, 739 $145,675 $148, 031 $186,187 $196, 589 $282, 659 $272,987 $246 541 $235,
197, 358
193,386
7, 566 14, 651 11, 294 16,170 32, 282 17, 681 14, 321 15, 705
8,914 13, 812 19, 440
7, 522 10,847
Slew England____
442
28,
733 37, 757 422, 549 516, 583
26,
33,
408
47,
537
29,
988
36,132
28,
958
29,
773
34,157
25,311
41,
738
26,
096
Middle Atlantic..
744,
183
78,
051
675,
555
59,
253
68,
990
East North Central. 65, 654 45, 827 40,238 34, 879 28,136 33, 710 63, 408 52, 322 70, 698 68, 478
8, 946 11,181 17, 692 30, 799 13, 482 18, 220 19, 866 16, 977 204, 788 262, 737
9,732
West North Central- 18, 356 20, 367 10, 941 10,136
301,
25,
733
18,
442
375,
803
25,
345
South Atlantic____ 18, 500 20, 589 22,784 21, 615 17,060 15, 687 18, 222 20, 962 39, 716 26,266
112. i>-'2 144, 084
9, 651
5, 436 12, 966
8,760
8,176
4,999
5,603
2,939
6,735
6,546
5, 040
6,556
8, 455
East South Central
328 20, 266 287,
388, 201
West South Central. 18, 994 25, 224 17, 503 15, 736 18,142 12, 635 15, 673 15, 777 28, 872 30, 699 23, 109 32,
101, 235
5,
426
7,363
112, 265
496
13,
311
11,
282
8,
5,279
9,088
5,229
7,763
5,477
6,411
5,639
4,125
Mountain
435,
95o
41,
941
32,847
62,
459,155
558
24, 713 42, 208 31,378 20,074 24, 073 32, 361 22,183 28, 324 43, 537 32,172
Pacific___ _______
506, 193 296, 803
48, 295
Industrial buildings1__ 33, 503 33, 067 22, 517 17, 391 23, 222 17, 828 58, 295 36,206 36,163 48, 651 57, 624 43,123
31, 916
4, 877
2, 667
1, 843
13, 999
2,624
4,600
1,503
4,362
617
1, 570
1.010
2,299
5,939
1,690
New England_____
97, 144
8j
133
55, 679
9,379
8, 529 8, 722
1, 599 10,100 11, 546 6,634
6,068
2,074
5,090
4,427
3,940
Middle Atlantic .
205,
815
19,
659
19,177
16,
563
110,
829
22,165
12,
218
12,
981
36,
652
9,236
6,683
7,665
5,859
4,731
17, 457
East North Central
25, ■.ni,
1, 962
1,252
23,369
1,527
3, 980
1,169
3, 887
1,156
1,131
1,332
1,412
1,300
1,484
643
West North Central22,
038
S',;,
2,
727
2,
229
17,
019
2,
1,
008
1,016
2,950
499
1,530
656
3,108
939
1,
570
1,728
South Atlantic__
23, 914
3, 316
1,129
13, 355
887
982
1, 590 4,548
118
248
354
662
2,460
2,212
340
East South Central.
3.'S
18,
522
2,482
919
17,
800
1,475
1,
046
1,
048
975
1,185
4,421
1,541
1, 586
888
536
West South Central.
6, 103
965
1, 044
5, 469
304
214
382
293
749
308
246
132
279
445
216
Mountain ..
75,
6,135
4,
421
39,
284
705
3,735
21,
5,655
4,830
3,021
2,654
9,285
3, 031
3, 406
4,080
2,907
Pacific
739, 908 1,122, 583
846 55, 802
Commercial buildings *_ 50, 829 54, 040 54, 976 34, 434 33,184 43, 594 41, 348 47,144 91, 488 57, 360 61, 124 52,
36, 506
1, 984 2, 042
öö, 6/6
7, 071
5,947
1,314
1, 693 2,535
1,174
1,983
2,256
2,751
1, 227
1,908
New England_____
111, 764
212, 645
5, 267 8, 050 9, 079
6,631 12, 655 10, 815
8,904
6,625
8,489 16,120
5, 398
6,407
5,203
Middle Atlantic
155,
535
15,
708
11,
324
201,
314
344
13,
10,
822
16,
487
9,375
6,476
6,797
12, 508 10, 904
6, 953
3,853
8,133
East North Central
43, 206
2, 932
94,104
2, 94b 4,116
2,424
4,977
1, 458 3, 776 2,934
4,583
4,867
3, 715
1, 724
1,537
West North Central.
99,
315
5,
999
139,
990
5,
098
5,
468
7,244
17,
484
9,346
6,714
4,853
5,045
8,457
6,369
5,957
7,347
South Atlantic .
36, 631)
1, 054
46, 076
1,797
3, 078 2, 074 2, 244
1,800
744
1.738
1,146
2,163
1,251
1, 948 3,528
East South Central.
93,
132
5,
640
175,129
8,
418
7,341
120
6,
4,132
5,499
10,
946
7,552
4, 995
4,707
6,961
6, 560 4, 823
West South Central.
26, 1S.I
1, 300
1, 854
47,481
4, 675
1, 034
4,398
1,835
1, 479 2,143
2,384
1,092
2,807
2,775
1,500
Mountain
137, ,311 152,169
7,722 18, 928 9,661 13, 990 10, 206 12, 048
7,183
6,114
5,598 13, 539 8,674
6,300
Pacific
7,090
1,147, 356 1, 200, 078
Community buildings7. 80, 437 79, 851 96, 367 71, 769 64,084 54, 910 59, 611 79, 016 114,163 122, 591 92, 056 104,197 105,155
105, ,30
7, 657
107, 541
6, 267
7, 793
8, 083 19, 971
6, 784 6,130
4,799
3, 487 8,277 14, 330 3, 406 2, 481
New England_____
167, 319
169, 036
15, 035 11, 696 18, 950 17, 030 13,121 19, 585 8,815 14, 504 10, 375 13, 959 8, 956 8, 871 15,127
Middle Atlantic .
u41
263,
26,
757
24,
706
275,
029
114
24,
604
18,
29,
208
6, 503 16, 095 18, 821
22, 332 17, 036 18, 843 19, 032 12, 447
East North Central
105, 792
9, 963
105, 603
6,160
8, 333 12,022
9,734 16, 842
5,382
4,593
8,252 11, 825
4,569
6,137
5, 857
West North Central
562
139,
13,
369
6_'S
179,
635
8,
534
15,
786
15,191
7,356
8,467
11,
5,361
5,708 13, 081
6,860
7,608 8, 559
South Atlantic. .
43, 328
4, 92&
62, 529
9,270
1, 718
1, 775
1, 963
1, 475 2,301
1, 270
2,339
2,224
4, 528 2,639
2,057
East South Central
130, 150 146, 688
4,814
6,248 13, 816 18, 361 13, 370 17, 344 10, 030
8,681
7,321
5,310
9,146 10, 054
6, 658
West South Central
51, 210
1, 673
43, 296
2, 755
2, 079
5, 111 10, 334
4,625
1, 331
2,038
1,140
2, 101
1, 082
1, 636 2, 005
Mountain____
141, 209
170, 721
7,153
9, Oil 13, 236 11, 641 20, 066 14, 429 15, 651
5, 368
10, 885 12,116 14, 053
5, 645 10,239
Pacific _ .
108, loo
134, 894
6,443 11, 573
5,879 16, 097 H, 981
4,362
6, 063
4,725
4,045 11, 593
3, 696
Public buildings 8__ . 10,107 12, 216
4, 354
2, 584
886
0
214
200
889
521
780
265
N ew E n g lan d
6
10
86
559
339
16, '-’ ’.o
40,178
1, 848
195
325
213 11, 076
226
38
461
19
1,122
48
3, 950
107
Middle Atlantic__
332
25,
9,
513
5,
365
714
158
374
897
3,
7,934
130
937
1,393
450
1,522
256
2,150
East North Central.
2, 084
4, 896
132
0
299
244
777
0
345
8
31
554
12
0
0
West North Central
419
630
17,
15,008
1,
786
901
47
2,666
3,
195
40
2,093
172
62
246
1, 623
2,351
South Atlantic___ _
271
12
9, 279
0
100
0
36
56
0
0
34
0
1, 000
0
0
East South Central
15, 899
305
8, 268
64
2,337
685
654
18
3, 948
714
305
44
120
131
60
West South Central.
4,
136
265
3, 240
625
0
361
0
1, 090
8
M o u n ta in
18
0
716
927
90
1,650
22,
466
41,928
1,
993
1,208
3,109
630
382
1,
645
3,
604
148
84
8,649
2, 473
422
185
Pacific.....................
Public works and utility
115, 708
106,164
8,809
9,713
9,458
6, 341 13, 656 11, 368
7,507
5,779
8,321
8,163 12, 753 11, 674
8,568
buildings
____
8, 801
6,478
380
1,813
42
624
1, 002
106
361
1,008
149
205
102
275
28
New England__ _
161
11,
16,868
1,
570
1,113
633
1,
348
1,
354
1,
024
647
268
644
1,162
187
1,383
803
Middle Atlantic . .
35,
028
26,
585
7,683
3, 580
1, 861
3. 722 3,309
1,424
707 3, 960
1,020
3, 904
3,188
816 3,903
East North Central.
9,314
307
9, 672
806
758
1,825
889
534
1, 002
479
134
6
2,102
169
238
West North Central.
629
7,658
917
9,
673
175
324
128
1, 212
389 3, 555
247 3, 517
689
291
1, 673
South Atlantic____
1, 988
3,316
26
331
92
0
161
250
112
8
368
36
66
0
240
East South Central.
13,646
421
762
11, 058
560
1,727
842
511
845
472
272
2,862
763
0
728
West South Central
2, 094
2, 702
3 7Û
18
126
240
240
0
440
M o u n ta in
0
1,085
4
70
7
30
26, 279
19,597
3, 798
455
1, 091
426
1,348
664
1,150
2,373
2, 769 8,553
496
1, 462
2, 087
Pacific . ___
__
189, 998
207,247
8,433 13, 364 20,148 25, 508 19, 478 17, 415 15, 592 19, 314
All other buildings 10— . 20, 400 20, 576 14, 524 11, 286 8,387
9,109
10, 044
750
705
717
941
1,037
1,086
332
1, 305
209
506
1,429
223
New England_____
1,168
22,177
18, 925
1, 782 2, 002
1, 733
1, 960
2,176
914
1,485
2,201
1, 955
2,292
2,256
842
762
Middle Atlantic . . .
52,
285
59,
426
6,
982
5,
940
7,203
8,166
6, 657
7,054
4,126
1,817
2,540
7,304
1, 963
1, 680
6,623
East North Central.
18, 727
25, 451
1, 814
1, 538
1, 905
2,492
2,238
2,852
1,113
981
441
623
1,017
1, 995 2,143
West North Central.
13,
16,493
320
935
574
1,007
1,
1,857
1,298
732
881
632
1,186
1,144
1,243
1,723
1,398
South Atlantic__ _
9, 529
315
439
o, 587
396
363
922
523
379
1, 776
476
271
308
426
440
East South Central.
26.670
18, 821
986 3,347
2, 047
2,532
1,110
1,488
1,334
1,318
958
1, 821
657
1,956
1, 755
West South Central.
XI, 507
10,077
853
1, 068
1, 313
1,128
1,151
923
802
565
Mountain
2,131
310
1,019
1, 700
785
32, 640
35,456
2,316
2, 074 2,128
2,677
5,735
2,891
3,140
2,252
2,100
2,899
1,276
2,752
3, 513
Pacific___________
1Building for which permits were issued and Federal contracts awarded
In all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken in some
smaller urban places that do not issue permits. Sums of components do not
always eaual totals exactly because of rounding.
« For scope and source of urban estimates, see table F-3, footnote 1.
[ 1 Revised.
* Preliminary.
« Includes factories, navy yards, army ordnance plants, bakeries, ice plants,
Industrial warehouses, and other buildings at the site of these and similar
production plants.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6 Includes amusement and recreation buildings, stores and other mercantile
buildings, commercial garages, gasoline and service stations, etc.
7 Includes churches, hospitals, and other institutional buildings, schools,
^'•Includes'Federal, State, county, and municipal buildings, such as post
offices, courthouses, city halls, fire and police stations, jails, prisons, arsenals,
__
armories, army barracks, etc.
,,
.,
» Includes railroad, bus and airport buildings, roundhouses, radio stations,
gas and electric plants, public comfort stations, etc.
.... „
10 Includes private garages, sheds, stables and bams, and^other buildings
not elsewhere classified.
256
F: BUI LDI NG AND CONSTRUCTION
T able F-5: Number and Construction Cost of New Permanent Nonfarm Dwelling Units Started, by
Urban or Rural Location, and by Source of Funds 1
Number of new dwelling units started
All units
Period
Urban
Rural
non
farm
Total
non
farm
Urban
Rural
non
farm
185,000
937,000
93, 000
48,000
619, 500
271, 300
45. 600
138, 700
662, 500
266,800
845,600
369, 200
406, 700
913, 500
436, 300
988, 800
568, 200 1,352, 200
496,000 1,020,100
752,000
45,000
369, 500
93, 200
395, 700
476, 400
510,000
556, 600
785,600
531,300
185,000
43,000
250,000
45, 500
266,800
369, 200
403, 500
432, 200
566,600
488, 800
0
0
86,600
3,100
8,000
3,400
18,100
36,300
43,800
71,200
0
0
64,800
3,000
8,000
3,400
14,900
32,200
42,200
64,000
0 $4, 475,000 $4,475,000
285,446
285, 446
0
21, 800 2,825,895 2, 530, 765
495,054
483, 231
100
0 3, 769, 767 3, 713, 776
0 5,642, 798 5,617,425
3, 200 7, 203,119 7,028,980
4,100 7, 702,971 7,374, 269
1,600 11,788,595 11,418,371
7,200 9,800,538 9,186,123
167, 800
48,200
51,000
68, 600
247,000
78,800
85, 500
82, 700
238,200
84,200
83, 600
70, 400
174, 800
59,400
53,100
62, 300
111,100
30. 500
31,900
48, 700
179, 800
54, 600
63, 600
61, 600
168, 700
60,200
58, 300
50, 200
108, 600
43,100
34,200
31,300
276,100
77, 800
82, 300
116, 000
420,400
131,300
145, 700
143,400
393, 600
139, 700
137, 800
116,100
262,100
100, 800
82, 700
78,600
165, 600
47,300
50, 800
67, 500
241, 200
77, 000
82, 200
82, 000
225,200
79, 500
79, 600
66,100
153, 600
57, 700
48, 500
47, 400
110, 500
30, 500
31, 500
48, 500
179, 200
54,300
63, 500
61,400
168,400
60, 200
58, 200
50,000
108, 500
43,100
34,200
31, 200
2,800
900
600
1,300
6,400
2,100
3,400
900
13,300
4, 700
4,100
4,500
21,300
1,700
4,600
15,000
2,200
900
200
1,100
5, 800
1,800
3,300
700
13, 000
4, 700
4,000
4,300
21, 200
1,700
4,600
14,900
600
0
400
200
600
300
100
200
300
(7)
100
200
100
(7)
(7)
100
2,162,425
589,997
637, 753
934, 675
3, 564, 856
1,093, 726
1,232,976
1,238,154
3, 564,953
1,253, 340
1,266,198
1,045,415
2,496,361
915,895
762, 625
817,841
2,138, 565
581,497
632, 690
924,378
3, 511,204
1,075, 644
1,204,978
1,230, 582
3,446,722
1,210, 745
1,230,238
1,005, 739
2,321,880
902,190
724, 876
694, 814
23,800
8,500
5,063
10, 297
53, 652
18, 082
27,998
7, 572
118,231
42, 595
35, 960
39, 676
174,481
13, 705
37,749
123,027
260, 300
85, 900
80, 600
93, 800
329, 700
96, 200
101,000
132, 500
276, 000
90, 500
89,100
96,400
225,300
90, 000
74, 500
60, 800
147, 800
49, 600
47,000
51,200
192,000
51,900
55,400
84,700
141, 200
45, 900
45, 900
49,400
114,300
44,400
38, 500
31,400
112, 500
36, 300
33, 600
42, 600
137,700
44, 300
45, 600
47, 800
134,800
44, 600
43, 200
47,000
111,000
45, 600
36,000
29, 400
248, 900
82, 200
76, 500
90, 200
280, 200
92, 300
97, 600
90,300
270, 400
86. 800
88, 300
95. 300
220,600
88,900
72, 200
59, 500
137,200
46,400
43, 200
47, 600
148, 500
48,300
52,300
47,900
135, 700
42, 300
45,100
48,300
109.900
43, 400
36, 200
30,300
111, 700
35, 800
33,300
42, 600
131, 700
44,000
45, 300
42, 400
134, 700
44, 500
43, 200
47, 000
110,700
45, 500
36, 000
29, 200
11,400
3, 700
4.100
3, 600
49, 500
3, 900
3,400
42, 200
5,600
3, 700
800
1,100
4, 700
1.100
2, 300
1,300
10, 600
3, 200
3, 800
3,600
43,500
3, 600
3,100
36,800
5,500
3,600
800
1,10Q
4,400
1,000
2,300
1,100
800
500
300
(7)
6, 000
300
300
5,400
100
100
0
(7)
300
100
(7)
200
2,293,974
755, 600
716, 629
821, 745
2,964,456
866,298
922, 661
1,175,497
2, 527,033
827,173
804, 317
895. 543
2,015,075
806,955
672,078
536,042
2,191,489
721,014
681,607
788, 868
2, 549,238
828,339
895,309
825, 590
2, 472,196
791, 783
795, 624
884, 789
1, 973, 200
796,682
650,660
525,858
102,485
34, 586
35,022
32, 877
415, 218
37,959
27,352
349, 907
54,837
35,390
8,693
10, 754
41,875
10, 273
21,418
10,184
246, 500
64, 900
77, 700
103,900
137,400
36,100
42,800
58, 500
109,100
28,800
34,900
45,400
226,900
61, 500
74,300
91,100
119, 200
32, 900
39,700
46,600
107, 700
28, 600
34,600
44, 500
19,600
3,400
3,400
12,800
18,200
3,200
3,100
11,900
1,400
200
300
900
2,167,387
566, 625
682,895
917,867
2,007,833
538, 612
654,631
814, 590
159, 554
28,013
28,264
103,277
108,000
107,000
(9)
(»)
(9)
(»)
98,800
98, 600
(9)
«
(e)
«
9, 200
8,400
(9)
(9)
(9)
<•)
957, 267
966,929
880, 512
888,418
76,755
78,511
Rural
non
farm
1925____________ ____________
937,000
93,000
1933«________________________
706,100
1941 *________________________
141,300
1944 8_______ ________________
670, 500
1946_________________________
849, 000
1947_________________________
931,600
1948_________________________
1949___ _____________________ 1,025,100
1950 8________ ________________ 1, 396,000
1951_________________________ 1, 091,300
752,000
45,000
434,300
96,200
403, 700
479, 800
524, 900
588,800
827,800
595,300
1950: First quarter_____________
January— ___________
February______________
M arch... ____________
Second quarter____ ______
April____________ _____
May_________ ______
June.- - _______ ______
Third quarter.-.............. . .
July------------ ------------ August_______________
September-----------------Fourth quarter__________
October______________
November..........................
December........ ............. .
278, 900
78, 700
82,900
117,300
426, 800
133,400
149,100
144, 300
406, 900
144,400
141,900
120, 600
283,400
102, 500
87, 300
93, 600
1951: First quarter_____________
January_______________
February______________
March-.- . ___________
Second quarter___________
April_________________
May__________________
June___ ______________
Third quarter______ _____
July__________________
August_________ _____ _
September____________
Fourth quarter. ________
October___________ ____
November ____________
December____________ .
1952: First quarter 8-_.
_ ....
January______ _______
February____________ _
March 8 ____ -
Total
non
farm
1 The estimates shown here do not include temporary units, conversions,
dormitory accommodations, trailers, or military barracks. They do include
prefabricated housing units.
These estimates are based on building-permit records, which, beginning
with 1945, have been adjusted for lapsed permits and for lag between permit
issuance and start of construction. They are based also on reports of
Federal construction contract awards and beginning in 1946 on field surveys
in non-permit-issuing places. The data in this table refer to nonfarm
dwelling units started, and not to urban dwelling units authorized, as
shown in table F-3.
All of these estimates contain some error. For example, if the estimate
of nonfarm starts is 50,000, the chances are about 19 out of 20 that an actual
enumeration would produce a figure between 48,000 and 52,000.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Publicly financed
Privately financed
Urban
Total
non
farm
April-------------------------May 10
____ ________
Estimated construction cost
(in thousands) 3
Total
Privately
financed
Publicly
financed
0
0
$295,130
11,823
55,991
25,373
174,139
328, 702
370, 224
614, 415
1 Private construction costs are based on permit valuation, adjusted for
understatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public construc
tion costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for
individual projects.
3 Depression, low year.
4 Recovery peak year prior to wartime limitations.
5 Last full year under wartime control.
8 Housing peak year.
7 Less than 50 units.
8 Revised.
• Not available.
10 Preliminary.
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