Full text of Monthly Labor Review : August 1950, Vol. 71, No. 2
The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.
KALAfwAZOO AUG Monthly Labor Review U N ITED STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR L a w r e n c e R. K l e in , • PUBLIC BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Chief, Office of Publications https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis CONTENTS Special Articles 193 196 Measurement of Work-Life Expectancy Employment Trends During the Past Two Decades Summaries of Reports and Studies 202 203 207 210 213 214 218 218 224 228 229 230 234 238 239 241 241 242 Employment Attributable to U. S. Exports, 1949 Injury Rates in Manufacturing: First Quarter, 1950 President’s Industrial Safety Conference, 1950 Thirty-third Conference of International Labor Organization Eastern Seaboard Apprenticeship Conference, 1950 Terms of State Labor Relations Acts Extension of Federal Rent Control, 1950 Major Settlements in Automobile Industry, 1949-50 Union-Security Provisions in Agreements, 1950 Mediation and Conciliation Service Report, 1949 Collective-Bargaining Gains in New York State, 1949 Histadrut: Labor Federation of Israel Salaries of Office Workers: New York City, February 1950 The CED Report on Real Wage Trends 1950 Survey of Consumer Finances Age Certificates for Minors in Agriculture and Industry Training and Employment of Prison Inmates Summary of Industrial Relations Activities Departments hi 245 250 252 260 The Labor Month in Review Recent Decisions of Interest to Labor Chronology of Recent Labor Events Publications of Labor Interest Current Labor Statistics (list of tables) August 1950 • Voi. 71 No. 2 This Issue in Brief... M easurem ent oe W ork -L if e E xpectancy (p. 193) initiates a series of five articles dealing with the Tables of Working Life for Men. In it the Tables are described and some of the facts they disclose are summarized. Development of these data make possible, for the first time, a comparison of work-life and life expectancy. Such a com parison measures the gap between retirement (voluntary or compulsory) from the labor force and normal life expectancy. Generally, the Tables indicate that the 20-year-old worker in 1940 could expect a retirement period twice as long as he could have anticipated in 1900. Present trends, if continued, will result in tripling the average length of retirement between 1900 and 1975. Lengthened retirement combined with the increased porportion of older workers in the labor force make an early application of the Tables to a study of retirement systems particularly pertinent. Severity of the fluctuations in employment through depression, recession, war, and postwar years is measured and analyzed in E mployment T rends D uring the P ast T wo D ecades (p. 196). Following the decline during the depression of the early 1930’s employment climbed gradually, receded in the latter 30’s, and rose again until 1940. Only then did it regain its 1929 level. War time peaks in employment, followed by a postwar high of approximately 62 million employed workers, marked the 1940’s. That decade repre sents the longest sustained approach to full employment recorded during the twentieth cen tury. Predictions of an extended downturn in employment failed to materialize in 1949. The mild recession in that year was arrested, and early 1950 reports show that it has been followed by a gradual but continuing rise in employment. A contributing factor to sustained high employ ment in recent years has been the American export trade. Its importance is estimated in E mploy m ent A ttributable to U. S. E xports (p. 202). In 1949, for example, more than a million and a half American workers were directly or indirectly n https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis engaged in the production of nonagricultural goods and services for export. Effective provisions of State labor relations statutes are analyzed in T erms of S tate L abor R elations A cts (p. 214). Generally, these acts affirm the employee’s right to union membership for collective bargaining, establish enforcement agencies, and prescribe methods for selecting bargaining representatives. Pioneer State legis lation on this subject was patterned after the Federal “ Wagner” Act. Four States retain their “little Wagner” acts, but Colorado, Kansas, Mich igan, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Utah, Wisconsin, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico have added union re strictions similar to those in the Taft-Hartley Act. In all, 13 States and Territories specifically ac knowledge the rights of employees (1) to organize, and (2) to bargain collectively; but their statutes vary as to what are unfair labor practices. They were more uniform in defining and prohibiting employers’ unfair practices than employees’. A labor organization which differs radically from those in the United States and Western Europe is described in H ista d r u t : L abor F ed eration of I srael (p. 230). While the article focuses attention on Histadrut’s labor activities some of its social and political goals and accom plishments are also described. Membership in Histadrut is individual and direct. A member must join a local union in his occupational field. About 40 percent of the total estimated Jewish population of Israel are affiliated with Histadrut. The organization is novel in another way—non workers may be members. Histadrut’s ranks are comprised of (1) employed or self-employed men and women, (2) nonworking wives of members, and (3) employed boys and girls under age 18. More effective means of reducing accidents were considered by nearly 1,000 delegates representing labor, management, insurance carriers, and State agencies in Washington during June. Their progress meeting is reported in P r e sid e n t ’s I ndustrial S afety C o n fe r e n c e , 1950 (p. 207). Referring to the 7-percent reduction in the number of accidents during 1949, the President of the United States described progress as “ good” but “ not good enough.” Conference committees spe cifically recommended the use of standard methods of compiling industrial-injury rates and accident causes. The Labor Month in Review S u d d en military action in Korea posed new problems and recalled those of World War II. A wave of buying in anticipation of price increases or shortages continued throughout the month. The result was sharp increases in prices of many commodities and artificial shortages of some things which shortly before had been plentiful. The inflationary situation which the country faced following our involvement in the Korean war was imposed on an economy already utilizing many of its resources at very high levels. Such important basic industries as steel, automobile, and construction had been operating near capacity for many months and others which had been lagging started to expand before the fighting began on June 25. Production of goods and services during the second quarter of the year was at an annual rate of $268 billion—the highest in history. Employment reached a near-record level for the season, and unemployment was decreasing. Consumer incomes and expenditures were also at record levels, and prices of many important commodities were beginning to rise. Price Spurt Prices on the organized commodity markets, which are extremely sensitive and frequently in volve large speculative elements, reacted immedi ately after the Korean war started. By the end of July prices of spot commodities on the organized exchanges had risen an average of 15 percent. Imported commodities especially showed large price increases. Commodity prices in the primary markets, both industrial and agricultural, which had likewise started upward in the spring of 1950, rose more steeply after the outbreak of war in Korea. The Bureau of Labor Statistics index of wholesale prices was 5 percent above the pre-Korea level on August 1. The increase in livestock and meat at wholesale was more than 9 percent during the month. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Retail prices had also started upward after April and by June 15 the consumers’ price index of the Bureau of Labor Statistics had increased nearly 2 percent. The increases in May and June wiped out about half the previous decline from the post war peak. The increase was largely due to higher food prices, particularly meats. Retail food prices advanced an estimated 2.7 percent from June 15 to July 31. While rents have been continuing their slow but steady upward climb, other items in the cost of liv ing have not yet changed to any significant extent. Most retailers had not increased the prices of mer chandise in stock and many of the usual summer clearance sales of apparel and housefurnishings have been held (although with mark-downs and bargains less than those of last year). Prices of, these commodities will be affected, it is expected, as the higher costs of raw materials are passed on, in the manufacturing and distributive process. Economic Controls It was apparent as soon as our Armed Forces were committed to the Korean fighting that in creased expenditures for national defense would have a serious impact on the economy. The psychological impact which led to panic buying was already evident in July, long before new war orders could curtail production of commodities for civilian use. President Truman, in a special message to Con gress on July 19, asked for about $10 billion to increase and equip the Armed Forces. In addi tion, the President requested certain powers “to establish priorities and allocate materials as neces sary to promote the national security; to limit the use of materials for nonessential purposes; to prevent inventory hoarding; and to requisition supplies and materials needed for the national defense, particularly excessive and unnecessary inventories.” Should prices continue to rise, the President indicated that he would “not hesitate to recom mend the more drastic measures of price control and rationing.” The continuing price increases throughout the month produced strong sentiment throughout the country and in Congress for such measures. In early August, the House of Repre sentatives passed a measure giving the President discretionary power to impose wage, price, and rationing controls. iii IV THE LABOR MONTH IN REVIEW To reduce the inflationary effect of defense spending, President Truman asked Congress to raise $5 billion in new taxes, on an annual basis, on individuals and corporations. The President also took administrative steps to reduce the volume of construction by reducing housing credit and public building. Labor and Defense A plan for labor participation in defense policy and planning was agreed to during July by repre sentatives of the American Federation of Labor, the Congress of Industrial Organizations, the United Mine Workers, the International Associa tion of Machinists, and W. Stuart Symington, chairman of the National Security Resources Board. The labor representatives had indicated that labor desired to play an integral part in planning and policy making for defense. Sub sequently, Mr. Symington appointed a top ad visory committee to the NSRB consisting of representatives of labor, management, and agri culture. Two representatives of organized labor were appointed to serve as assistants to the chairman of the NSRB. Labor Unity Meeting for the first time on July 25, the new unity committees of the AFL and CIO agreed to organize as a permanent “AFL-CIO Unity Com mittee” and to work together in the field of legis lation and political action. Meetings have been arranged to consider specific proposals for organic unity in the American labor movement and to establish machinery to handle problems of juris dictional disputes and raiding affecting unions of the two organizations. The two groups also decided to continue working together in the field of international relations through the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. These actions appear to offer the best hopes of labor unity since the major schism in the labor move ment. The willingness of unions to work together was evidenced in the meat-packing industry where a mutual-aid pact was concluded by the Packing house Workers (CIO) and the Amalgamated Meat Cutters (AFL). These two unions agreed to work together in collective-bargaining negotiations https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis “against common employers for contract improve ments on an industry-wide or Nation-wide basis.” Other Labor Bargaining Developments At the request of President Truman, the strike of the Switchmen’s Union (AFL) against five western railroads was halted on July 6. The union contended that the recommendations of the President’s fact-finding board on July 15 did not apply, since separate hearings were not held on their case. The strike against the Rock Island Railroad was continued, however, until the road was seized by the Army and a temporary injunc tion was issued against the union. President Truman issued the order for seizure on the basis of the present emergency situation. Threat of a strike by the Brotherhood of Rail road Trainmen and the Order of Railway Conduc tors on July 15 was lifted when the unions agreed to use the services of the National Mediation Board to reach a settlement with the railroads. Strike orders had previously been issued in protest of the emergency board’s recommendations. These would reduce hours of work from 48 to 40 per week, and allow an 18-cent an hour increase in wages for yard-service employees but would deny any general wage increase to road-service em ployees. The unions contended that a 31-cent increase was necessary to maintain take-home pay at its former level. The Railroad Yardmasters (AFL), who had also threatened a strike on July 15 for similar reasons, likewise agreed to the services of the Mediation Board in an effort to settle their dispute. Additional war bonuses to crew members sailing in the Far East were negotiated by the Seafarers International Union (AFL) and the National Maritime Union (CIO), reflecting the disturbed international situation. A 3-year “no-strike” agreement was signed by the International Union of Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers (CIO) and the Sperry Gyroscope Co. Among other agreements was the settlement of a 10-week strike against the Weyerhauser Timber Co., the largest lumber operators in the world. Additional pay and company-financed health and welfare benefits were negotiated by the union, the International Woodworkers of America (CIO), affecting about 8,500 timber workers in Wash ington and Oregon. Measurement of Work-Life Expectancy Development of Tables of Working Life for Men: Total Males, Urban and Rural Residents, White and Non white Groups The Tables of Working Life for the first time afford a basis for comparing work-life and life expectancy of men in the United States. In this issue, the first in a series of five articles is presented, describing the Tables and summariz ing some of the facts on working life that they disclose. Future articles in this series will expand and supplement this general discussion of the work expectancy of men and the significance of the technique of measuring work-life expectancy. They will elaborate on the pattern of working life in 1940; the expected trend between 1900 and 1975; the application of such Tables; and the statistical methods employed in the preparation of this basic information. E ditor ’s N ote : T a bles of W orking L ife have been developed in the Bureau of Labor Statistics, utilizing statistics on labor-force participation available for each age group in the population, together with the relevant information on life expectancy.1 Currently avail able, these Tables represent one of the major applications of actuarial techniques to the problems of the American wage earner, since the life tables were introduced. The Tables of Working Life have application to a host of problems, ranging from calculations of labor-force growth to the money value of a working man. For the first time, these Tables permit measure ment of the gap between the life and the workinglife span. They show, for example, that between 1900 and 1940 the average retirement period which a 20-year-old white male worker could expect had doubled—from 2.8 to 5.7 years. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The length of working life for men is system atically presented and analyzed, using the same general concepts as those employed in the standard life table—the yardstick of the insurance com panies as well as others interested in the social, medical, and economic implications of changes in the expectation of life. One of the most far-reaching changes which has occurred so far in the twentieth century is the extraordinary increase in the expectation of life of the American man and woman. The average white baby boy born in 1900 could look forward to about 48 years of life; his counterpart in 1947 could look forward to about 65 years of life. Thus, in the past half-century the average life expectancy of a white man has increased by about 17 years. If this trend continues—and there seems to be nothing in the offing to change it—the increase since 1900 will have reached a full 20 years by 1960. Next to the life span, the factor of greatest importance to the American wage earner or selfemployed man is the use he makes of the added years. How is his length of working life affected— and the ages at which he begins and ends his work career? Here, too, major changes have occurred during the past 50 years. Increased life expec tancy in itself has served to add many years of working life. On the other hand, many social and economic factors influencing those at both ends of the age scale have tended to reduce the length of working life. Legal restrictions on employment of young people in many industrial occupations and the trend toward a longer period of education have 193 194 MEASUREMENT OF WORK-LIFE EXPECTANCY caused youth to delay their first full-time entry into the job market. At the same time, the estab lishment of a public social-security system, the extensive development of private pension plans, and the decline in job opportunities for older people, especially in self-employment, all have reduced the age at which workers leave the labor force. Forthcoming articles in the Monthly Labor Review will analyze many of the facts and trends shown by the Tables, and will explain their organi zation and construction. In brief, it may be pointed out that the standard life table begins with an initial group of 100,000 persons at birth. This group is then reduced m successive ages on the basis of prevailing mortality until the last individual has been accounted for. Similarly, the Tables of Working Life begin with an initial group of 100,000 at birth. In addition to showing the reduction in this group because of mortality, the Tables show the number and proportion of persons who may be expected to work or seek work over their life span and the extent to which they leave the labor force, again until the last worker is accounted for. Thus, just as the standard life table yields the significant function called the “ average life expectancy/’ so does a table of working life show the “ average work-life expectancy.” Application to Old-Age Dependency Problem Analysis of the differences between these two measures—life expectancy and work-life expect ancy—yields some of the most significant facts concerning the current problem of old-age de pendency, and exemplifies one major application of the Tables of Working Life. As has already been indicated, the average life expectancy of the American wage earner has advanced impressively, with gains in medical science, public health services, and generally higher living standards. But the process of industrialization and related social and economic trends have limited the chance for gainful employment for older workers. Thus, the gap has grown between working-life and total life expectancy for the average worker. Under 1940 conditions, the Tables indicate that a white man beginning his work career on his 20th birthday could expect to live for an additional 47){ years, or to age 6 7 Before being https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR separated from the labor force, however, he could expect to continue working for 42 years, or to age 62. He could expect, therefore, to spend about 5}£ years in retirement, willingly or un willingly.2 This was about double the number of years his counterpart in 1900 could have expected to live outside the labor force. If this trend continues, the gap between total life expectancy and work-life expectancy will have tripled be tween 1900 and 1975. Here in a few figures is the nub of the problem of old-age dependency. Application to Occupational Outlook The Tables of Working Life have their appli cations to the young as well. Thus, an exami nation of date on labor-force entries and exits shows that as many as 2 out of every 3 of the 11 million young men who started their work careers during the past decade (1940-50) were replacing older men dropping out because of death and retirement. This emphasizes the im portance, for vocational guidance purposes, of determining the prospective replacement needs in various fields of employment as one major factor affecting job prospects. Even without direct statistical evidence, it is apparent that replacement needs are significantly different among various occupations. Thus, the work-life span of professional athletes is compara tively short: A baseball player in his thirties is considered old. In other fields the work-life span is comparatively long: The physician in good health tends to taper off his patient load rather than to retire. Individual work-life tables for specific occupations, industries, or socio economic groups must await information on differential mortality and the differential im portance of occupational transfers, as well as data on differences in retirement patterns. In the absence of this information, however, the application of the Tables of Working Life devel oped thus far yields a number of significant clues as to where replacement demand will be important in the total job picture. Given the age-specific rates of labor-force separation provided by the Tables, and an age distribution of men by occupation (from the Census or any other source) it is possible to esti mate the probable number of men who will leave these occupations due to death or retirement over REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 MEASUREMENT OF WORK-LIFE EXPECTANCY a period of years. For example, one article in this series will show that separation rates from the labor force were as high as 30 percent during the past 10 years among tailors and furriers— occupations in which there were high proportions of older men in 1940. Much lower rates are shown for occupations with a predominantly young labor force (e. g., welder, mechanic, or chemist). Application to Population Groups So far, Tables of Working Life have been developed for urban and rural men and for white and nonwhite men workers, in addition to total male workers. The urban-rural comparisons give a good deal of insight into differences in the length and pattern of working life between farm and city workers. Similarly, the comparisons between whites and non whites (mostly Negroes) are related to differences in occupational and industrial dis tribution, income level, and other social and economic factors. It is clearly indicated that, on the average, men m rural areas begin their working lives at a much earlier age than do those in urban areas. In 1940, almost 10 percent of the 14-year-old rural youth were already in the labor force, as compared with only 2 percent of the urban youth. At the same time, men in rural areas retire at an older age than do urban men. All this adds up to a longer working life among men residing in rural areas, especially those on farms. Under 1940 condi tions, the average work-life expectancy of the rural worker at age 20 was almost 3 years greater than of the urban worker. . Nonwhite youth also typically begin working at an earlier age than do whites. At age 14, al most 15 percent of the nonwhite males were al ready in the labor force in 1940, as compared with 5 percent for whites. However, nonwhites leave the labor force at much younger ages. Under 1940 conditions, the median age at separation from the labor force was a little under 58 years for nonwhites according to the Tables—almost 6 years below that of white men. This was largely due to the much higher mortality of nonwhites during working age. At age 30, for example, the death rate among nonwhite men was about three times as high as among whites. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 195 Changes in Working-Life Patterns The length and pattern of working life is con stantly changing. Trends in mortality and long term social and economic factors are well recog nized forces in these changes. At the same time, experience has shown that marked changes also occur in a period of transition from peace to war or when employment levels are particularly high, as m the postwar period. Some striking shifts are shown by an abridged Table of Working Life for men covering 1947, which permits comparisons with 1940 patterns. The pronounced increase in the labor-force po tential of the male population between these two dates will be discussed in a future article in this series. However, a significant fact is that both the total longevity and the work-life span of the American male worker increased materially be tween 1940 and 1947. In 1947, a 20-year-old worker could expect to live another 48 years—a gain of 1.2 years over 1940. He could even look forward to an additional 42.8 years of working life—a gain of 1.5 years over 1940. Further Development of Tables Tables of Working Life are now available for men only. However, the Bureau of Labor Sta tistics is developing similar tables for women workers. Construction of work-life tables for women is, of course, complicated by the fact that a woman’s working life is affected by changes in her marital status and the presence of children in the household. Upon completion of the tables for women, however, there will be available a statis tical and analytical tool for studying the many problems involved in the changing length and pattern of working life of American workers, both men and women. — S eymour L. W o lfbein Chief, Division of Manpower and Productivity, BLS 1 A detailed description of these Tables and an analysis of the pattern of working life derived from them is presented in Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin No. 1001, Tables of Working Life: Length of Working Life for Men. a It should be noted that these figures are averages. Some 20-year-olds die before attaining age 21; others survive into advanced age. Similarly, one 20-year-old may be separated from the labor force because of disability before attaining age 21; another will reach the conventional retirement age. For those who do survive to retirement, the number of years spent outside the labor force is much higher than the average. Employment Trends During the Past Two Decades one of the most sensitive business barometers, fluctuated violently during 1929-49. It is doubtful that the severity of the decline— approximately 9,000,000 or 20 percent—between 1929 and 1933 had ever before been equaled. Moreover, employment of 38,800,000 in 1933 was several millions lower than at the close of World War I, despite the substantial growth in population and labor force in the interim. It was not until 1940, when the economy was partially bolstered by military needs, that employment regained the 1929 level of 47,600,000. Contrasted with the severe depression of the 1930’s, the succeeding 10-year interval was one of unparalleled expansion. Between 1940 and 1949 civilian employment increased by 11,000,000 workers. The magnitude and rapidity of the movements as well as the contrast in total change during the 20-year period attest to the resiliency of the American economy. Employment at one time in the second half of the period approximated 62,000,000, a goal considered impractical only a few years earlier. The entire period of the 1940’s was probably the longest sustained approach to full employment since the turn of the century. In comparison with preceding decades, the growth is even more impressive. Between both 1920 and 1930, and 1930 and 1940, the employ ment increase totaled only about 2,000,000. In the 1940’s, as well as in previous intervals, the net upward movement was primarily in commercial and industrial employment. Agricultural em ployment, a relatively small fraction, either held steady or actually declined. Unemployment, which had been a major problem in the 1930’s, then declined to frictional levels E mployment , 196 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis during World War II. One in every four persons was unemployed in the depth of the depression, and the total number never dropped below million until 1941. From 1942 through 1949, however, on an annual basis, the number of jobless barely exceeded 1 in 20, and was considerably lower during most of the time. Upward employment trends in early 1950 appear to indicate that the previous 20 years do not constitute a complete economic cycle. The brief recession in the first half of 1949 never gathered enough momentum to constitute an extended downturn. Instead, the previous uptrend in employment was resumed and a substantial portion of the employment loss was regained. In the light of the Korean situation, the employment trend is most likely to move consistently upward. Trends in the working population and in the number of unemployed between 1929 and 1949 illustrate the dynamic nature of the labor force. Many persons can be attracted into the labor market when job openings expand, and many are likely to drop out when conditions become less favorable. During the war, for example, patriotic motives, economic necessity, ready job opportu nities, and natural growth brought 10,000,000 civilian workers into the labor force. After VJday, the incentives of continued employment at high wages and favorable working conditions in duced a large number of war workers to continue in gainful employment, but other millions of emergency workers withdrew. Every year a net addition takes place of hundreds of thousands of new workers for whom job opportunities should ideally become available. Thus, the production and employment goals of the Nation must be continually raised to accommodate this natural growth. The national economy has expanded employ ment opportunities to unprecedented levels and at the same time raised total and per capita output, earnings, and real wages, and lowered working time. For example, in 1932-33, when employment was at its lowest ebb, goods and services produced declined to a low of approximately $56 billion or half of the 1929 level. By 1949, with employment at 58.7 million, gross national product had risen to $257 billion. These figures indicate an annual average of $4,400 of goods and services for every employed person in the labor force in 1949, com pared with $1,500 in 1933. Part of this expansion EMPLOYMENT TRENDS DURING 1929-49 includes a substantial increase in prices, but much of it is reflected in a marked improvement in the standard of living. Moreover, the great majority of workers in the labor force today are sharing the achievement. Postwar Period Employment trends in the postwar period are important in themselves and also because the unsatisfied demands of that period are still influencing current needs. The paramount question after the cessation of hostilities was the ability of the Nation’s economy to bridge the transition between war and peace and to provide full em ployment and adequate living standards for millions of additional job seekers. Experience proved the economy’s ability to absorb virtually all the returning veterans, most of the war workers who decided to stay on the job, as well as the cumulative annual increment of millions of new workers entering the labor force for the first time. Reconversion. The sharp dip in employment anticipated by many economists during reconver sion failed to materialize. Nonfarm employment totaled 40.7 million on VE-day, but 4 months later (immediately after VJ-day) it dropped to 38.4 million, a decline of 2.3 million or 6 percent. However, unemployment increased by only 1.1 million in the same period, revealing the retire ment of many war workers from the labor market.1 At no time did unemployment reach serious proportions in the reconversion period. Among the factors responsible for the smooth transition and the rapid expansion in the number of jobs were the following. Many plants were allowed to reconvert in the 4-month interval between VE-day and VJ-day, forming a powerful nucleus for imme diate postwar expansion. Also, many industries produced the same products or performed identical services in peace as in war—for example, steel mills, tire factories, and railroads. Competitive pressures and the desire to capture postwar mar kets provided the incentive to other plants to convert as quickly as possible. Another favorable factor was that in industries most seriously affected by cancellation of contracts many employees were women who took their lay-off notices as the occa sion to retire from the labor market. 895483— 50--------2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 197 Reconversion affected manufacturing industries more than others. Although employment had begun to taper off as early as 1944, the decline was accelerated after hostilities in Europe had ended. In 6 months, over 3.2 million were temporarily displaced, chiefly in aircraft, shipbuilding, explo sives, and bag and shell loading facilities. Other metalworking ordnance plants were able to con vert quickly to peacetime production. Government employment had declined by a half million to 5.5 million by mid-1946. The continued high employment level was due to caretaking func tions of the huge wartime military establishment, and expansion of postwar regulatory agencies and State and municipal governments. All other industries with the exception of mining increased their employment in varying degrees immediately after the war. Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments 1919 1929 1939 1949 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Postwar Boom. Pent-up demand for goods and services culminated in record employment in 1948 of 44.2 million nonfarm workers—some 4.1 million more workers than in 1945 and 2.2 million more than at the crest of the war effort. Employment in transportation and public utilities, trade, finance, and service reached alltime highs. Construction employment equaled the previous record. However, manufacturing de clined by almost 4.0 million at one point in the 198 EMPLOYMENT TRENDS DURING 1929-49 1945-48 interval and then regained most of the loss. Government employment dropped by 6 percent from its inordinately high wartime level. Industry gains were impressive. The greatest relative increase was for construction, in which employment almost doubled. Other increases ranged from 23 percent each in trade, finance, and service to 19 percent in mining and 7 percent in transportation and public utilities in this period. Many industries made successive adjustments to a rapidly increasing volume of goods and services. At one time or another during 1947, in the midst of generally high economic levels of activity, various industry segments sharply re duced production and employment because of market gluts. Among the first industries affected by declining demand were those dealing in luxury items, such as entertainment, furs, jewelry, and liquor. In several consumer goods industries, prewar season al patterns in production and employment also reappeared. Textiles, apparel, shoes, radios, furniture, and rubber tires were among the in dustries in this category. Necessary readjust ments were made piecemeal and never attained serious proportions in the economy as a whole. They undoubtedly discouraged speculative excesses which might have characterized 1948. Recent Developments. Beginning in late 1948 and extending through the first half of 1949, the employment trend was sharply reversed. From an all-time high of 45.3 million in December 1948, nonfarm employment had fallen to 42.6 million by July 1949, the lowest point in 2% years. The first half of 1949 was a period of adjustment characterized by inventory liquidation in whole sale and retail trade. In less than a year, as manufacturers’ backlogs of goods accumulated, factory employment dropped by 1.9 million to 13.8 million. This development was dominant in the over-all trend. The decline in manufacturing comprised four-fifths of the total reduction in nonagricultural employment over the period. Most of the decline occurred in the hard-goods in dustries although nondurable goods also had a substantial drop. In general, the 1949 downward adjustment had ended by mid-year. Nonfarm employment then started upward and reached 43.5 million in September. Virtually all manufacturing indus https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR tries showed a rise; it was most conspicuous in textiles, apparel, and electrical machinery. The last quarter of the year was one of con siderable labor-management strife, particularly in the coal and steel industries. Despite the return to their jobs of some half million strikers by midNovember, an estimated 400,000 workers were still unemployed due to the primary and second ary effects of the work stoppages. All the gains achieved after July were largely dissipated and employment once again approximated the year’s low. Although December employment reached 43.7 million, the year’s high, total nonfarm em ployment, nevertheless, was 1.6 million lower than in December 1948. Nonmanufacturing industries contributed very heavily to the relatively favorable year-end record for nonfarm employment as a whole. Con struction showed considerable late-season strength and was a major factor in maintaining economic activity at its high level. Trade also maintained an unusually good pace, supported by a near record-breaking national income. Government employment in 1949 was about 200,000 higher than in 1948. Developments in the first 6 months of 1950 reflected a continuation of the underlying strength which had first appeared in mid-1949. Beginning with February 1950, an uninterrupted climb in nonfarm employment added 2.2 million workers to the Nation’s payrolls. In part, this upturn was obscured by major coal and automobile in dustry strikes, but the upward movement was unmistakable. The June employment figure of 43.9 million was more than a million over that in June 1949. June was also the second month in 1950 in which employment was higher than in the corresponding month of the previous year. Construction and manufacturing increased em ployment by 478,000 and 665,000, respectively, between January and June 1950. The recordbreaking pace in residential construction was creating enormous secondary demand in furniture, household appliance, television, building material, and many other related industries. In fact, al most the entire gain in manufacturing was attrib uted to the spurt in the durable-goods industries which had expanded steadily following the steel strike settlement in November 1949. Employ ment in the nondurable-goods industries had de clined after the start of the year, but the June REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 EMPLOYMENT TRENDS DURING 1929-1,9 1950 level was still 192,000 above that of a year earlier. Unusually significant was the accompanying sharp increase in the length of the workweek in manufacturing establishments. Between June 1949 and June 1950, the average number of hours worked per week in the hard-goods industries rose by more than 2 hours, and in soft-goods indus tries by nearly 1 hour. The lengthened working time indicates that much of the increased produc tion was achieved by means of overtime rather than by hiring additional workers. If the work week in June 1950 had been the same as in June 1949, the employment of approximately 400,000 additional workers in manufacturing alone would have been necessary to sustain the existing rate of production. that affect a single group are likely to disturb the local balance unduly. Chief among the industrial maladjustments are those resulting from technological change, mineral exhaustion, change in consumer habits and pref erences, and inefficient plant and equipment. As such, the plight of industries so affected must be differentiated from that in other industries, such as shipbuilding and ordnance, in which expansion and contraction are geared to war- and peace time needs. T able 1.—Employees in nonagr{cultural establishments, by industry division, 1919-1,9 1 [In thousands] Year Industry Trends The two decades—the 1930’s and 1940’s—were periods of extraordinary short-term changes, dur ing which the population of working age was called upon to make a series of economic shifts and adjustments of unequaled magnitude and rapidity. In addition, certain long-term trends were at work which basically affect the industrial struc ture of the country. Government employment, which made the largest gains over the 20-year period, is unlikely to decline, in view of the present trend. The service industries should continue to make rapid strides. While the long term downtrend for the mining industries will probably continue, the international situation may cause a temporary trend reversal. Recent activity in construction employment has again confirmed the fact that this industry is extremely sensitive to the economic cycle (tables 1 and 2). Upward movements in industrial employment, particularly in the last 10 years, obscure the decline in numerous segments of the broad divi sions. Some of these industries or portions of them are chronically depressed and the problems created by their decline are frequently out of proportion to their size. Industries like textiles, bituminous coal, and metal mining are concen trated in a few regions of the country and others like cigar and hat manufacturing in a small num ber of areas. Therefore, employment declines https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 199 1919_______ 1920_______ 1921_______ 1922_______ 1923_______ 1924_______ Con Man- Trans porta Gov tract tion Trade2 Fi Serv ern M in Total ing con ufacnance ice 2 ment and turstruc ing public tion utilities 26,829 27,088 24,125 25,569 28,128 27,770 1,124 1, 230 953 920 1,203 1,092 1925_______ 28,505 1,080 1926_______ 29,539 1,176 1927_______ 29,691 1,105 1928_______ 29, 710 1,041 1929_______ 31,041 1,078 1930_______ 29,143 1, 000 1,021 10,534 848 10, 534 1, 012 8,132 1,185 8, 986 1, 229 10,155 1,321 9,523 3,711 a , 998 3,459 3,505 3,882 3,806 4,664 4, 623 4, 754 5,084 5,494 5,626 1, 050 1,110 1,097 1,079 1,123 1,163 2,054 2,142 2,187 2,268 2,431 2,516 2,671 2,603 2,531 2,542 2,611 2,723 9,786 9,997 9,839 9,786 10, 534 9,401 3,824 3,940 3,891 3, 822 3,907 3,675 5,810 6,033 6,165 6,137 6,401 6,064 1,166 1, 235 1, 295 1,360 1,431 1,398 2,591 2,755 2,871 2,962 3,127 3,084 2,802 2,848 2,917 2,996 3,066 3,149 1,446 1, 555 1,608 1,606 1, 497 1,372 1931_______ 1932_______ 1933_______ 1934_______ 1935_______ 1936_______ 26,383 23,377 23,466 25. 699 26,792 28,802 864 1, 214 8,021 970 6,797 722 735 809 7, 258 874 862 8,346 912 8,907 888 937 1,145 9, 653 3,243 2,804 2,659 2, 736 2,771 2,956 5,531 4,907 4, 999 5,552 5,692 6,076 1,333 1, 270 1, 225 1, 247 1,262 1,313 2,913 2,682 2,614 2,784 2,883 3,060 3,264 3,225 3,167 3,298 3, 477 3,662 1937______ 1938______ 1939______ 1940_______ 1941_______ 1942_______ 30, 718 1, 006 1,112 10, 606 28,902 882 1,055 9,253 845 1, 150 10, 078 30,287 32,031 916 1, 294 10, 780 36,164 947 1,790 12, 974 983 2,170 15, 051 39, 697 3,114 2,840 2,912 3, 013 3,248 3,433 6,543 6,453 6,705 7,055 7,567 7,481 1,355 1,347 1,382 1,419 1,462 1, 440 3,233 3,196 3, 228 3,362 3, 554 3,708 3,749 3,876 3,987 4,192 4,622 5,431 17,381 17, 111 15, 302 14,461 15, 247 15,286 14,146 3, 619 3, 798 3,872 4,023 4,122 4, 151 3, 977 7,322 7,399 7,685 8,815 9,196 9,491 9,438 1, 401 1,374 1,394 1, 586 1, 641 1, 716 1,763 3,786 3,795 3,891 4,408 4,786 4, 799 4,781 6,049 6,026 5,967 5,607 5,454 5,613 5,813 1943_______ 42,042 1944______ 41, 480 1945_______ 40, 069 1946_______ 41,412 1947_______ 43,371 1948_______ 44, 201 1949_______ 43,006 917 883 826 852 943 981 932 1,567 1,094 1,132 1, 661 1,982 2,165 2,156 1 Annual averages only are available for the years 1919-38. M onthly data beginning with January 1939 may be obtained upon request. 2 Data for the trade and service divisions, beginning with January 1947, are not comparable with data shown for earlier years because of the shift of the automotive repair service industry from the trade to the service division. In January 1947, this industry amounted to approximately 230,000 employees. Construction. The construction boom of the early 1920’s began to ebb a year in advance of the general downtrend in nonagricultural employment. The collapse of numerous speculative ventures, overfinancing, and the general decline in con sumer income caused a precipitous drop of a fifth in employment between 1931 and 1932 and 200 EMPLOYMENT TRENDS DURING 1929-49 another of the same relative magnitude by 1933. Thereafter the rise was slow, and by 1940 con struction employment was still substantially below the previous high recorded in 1927. The extensive building program required to provide additional plant capacity, military instal lations, and homes for war workers furnished the impetus to a sharp rise in construction employ ment which reached a peak in 1942—nearly twice the 1939 level. Government restrictions were then imposed on building activities for the remaining war period, because manpower and materials were more urgently needed for direct war production. Employment consequently declined and through 1944 and 1945 remained relatively low. In 1948, an acute housing shortage and an active period of industrial expansion again raised employment to almost the 1942 peak. Despite somewhat heavier expenditures in 1949, greater productivity kept construction employment slightly below the 1948 level. returned to the mines. Intense industrial demand further buoyed employment in the postwar period, again bringing the total number of workers in 1948 almost to the million mark. Government. By far the most phenomenal and consistent gains were reported in governmental activities. The depression of the 1930’s had caused Government employment to expand. Enormous public works programs were undertaken and the Government administrative machinery itself ex panded to oversee and enforce the many new social and economic reforms. After a steady increase, employment in 1939 was a third higher than in 1929. Expanding Government activity, particularly in arsenals and navy yards, in construction, and in transportation and public-utility fields resulted in further large employment increases until 1943. Steady declines then followed owing to liquidation of defense establishments which substantially re duced the number on Government payrolls. However, starting in 1947, State and local govern ments began to take up the slack as thousands of school employees were added to public [payrolls. Mining. The only industry division in which employment actually dropped between 1929 and 1949 is mining. Employment in this industry never regained its pre-1929 level even under the unparalleled demands of wartime. Moreover, the decline is spread through most segments of the industry. Depletion and technological advances in methods are the chief long-term factors in declining employment. At the wartime crest in 1942, such employment approached a million, but the mines were unable to attract and to hold an adequate labor supply because of relatively low wage rates, unpleasant working conditions, and general inaccessibility. Employment decreased through 1944 and 1945, although the need for miners remained critical. The situation was eased somewhat in the next 2 years as veterans and displaced war workers T a ble 2. — Employment, MONTHLY LABOR Manufacturing. Employment in manufacturing industries has proved to be one of the most volatile in the nonagricultural group (table 2). The rela tive decline between 1929 and 1932 was equal to that in construction and numerically greater than in any other division. Similarly, in the recovery between the depth of the depression and 1939, and between 1939 and the peak of the war effort, manufacturing employment rose more quickly than in other industries, except construction in the early war years. At its peak, in 1943, manufac turing employed 17,400,000 workers, about two and a half times as many as in 1932. Thereafter, employment declined steadily to the then postwar by industry division, selected’1y ears, 1929-49 Indexes Percentage distribution Industry division 1929 1932 1939 1943 1947 1949 1929 1932 1939 1943 1947 1949 Nonagricultural total_________ 100 75 98 135 140 139 100 100 100 100 100 100 Manufacturing_____________ M ining____ Contract construction___ _____ Transportation and public utilities_______ Trade____ ________ Finance and service_______ Government__________ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 65 67 65 72 77 87 105 96 78 77 75 105 101 130 165 85 105 93 114 114 197 145 87 132 106 144 141 178 134 86 144 102 147 144 190 33.9 3.5 4.8 12.6 20.6 14.7 9.9 29.1 3.1 4.1 12.0 21.0 16.9 13.8 33.3 2.8 3.8 9.6 22.1 15.2 13.2 41.4 2.2 3.7 8.6 17.4 12.3 14.4 35.1 2.2 4. 6 9.5 21.2 14.8 12.6 32.9 2. 2 5.0 9.2 22.0 15.2 13.5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 EMPLOYMENT TRENDS DURING 1929-49 low in early 1946. With reconversion completed, manufacturing production and employment began a general rise which continued until the last quarter of 1948. In many industries, production after the war was geared to a market in which there were accumulated shortages as well as continuing, normal demand. In the last half of 1948, with more normal supply-demand relationships, pro duction adjustments were required in some indus tries, especially those producing nondurable goods. Thus, employment at 14.1 million in 1949 was 1.1 million under the previous year. Trade. Next to manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade provide the greatest number of job opportunities. Approximately 9,400,000 were employed in these activities in 1949, half again as many as were employed 20 years earlier. Although employment in trade generally responds to the level of economic activity, employment in this group of industries fluctuated less than in some others. Rising business activity during the years im mediately preceding the war was reflected in increasing employment in trade establishments through 1941. As the labor supply dwindled and workers shifted into more critical activities, trade employment dropped to a wartime low of 7,300,000 in 1943, which was still well above the 1939 level. Through the use of older workers and school youth (many of them on a part-time basis), these indus tries increased their employment somewhat during https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 201 the remaining war years. The record volume of postwar expenditures resulted in 2,800,000 more jobs in 1948 than in 1939. Transportation and Public Utilities. Employment in transportation, particularly on steam railroads, dropped considerably in the 1930’s and by 1939 was still 1,000,000 lower than in 1929. However, the war increased employment in order to handle the heavier traffic carried by steam railroads. With the cessation of hostilities, this type of trans portation employment again declined but the slack was more than taken up by the telephone and public-utility industries. Employment since 1946 has been about 4,000,000, slightly above the peak levels of the 1920’s. Finance and Service. Employment in finance showed the least variation of all the industry divi sions between 1929 and 1949. Current employ ment averages 1,800,000, only 23 percent above the pre-depression level. Service, in contrast, increased nearly 50 percent in the same period. This gain was closely com parable with the relative advances reported by other nonagricultural divisions. — N orman M ed v in Division of Employment Statistics, BLS 1 According to the Bureau of the Census, unemployed persons'are those who at a given time are not at work and who are looking for work. Also included as unemployed are persons who would have been looking for work except that (a) they were temporarily ill, (b) they expected to return to a job from which they had been laid off for an indefinite period, or (c) they believed no work was available in their line of work or in the community. Summaries of Studies and Reports Employment Attributable to U. S. Exports, 1949 1.7 million persons in 1949 were directly and indirectly employed in nonagricultural indus tries in the production of goods and services destined for foreign markets, according to findings of the U. S. Labor Department’s Bureau of Labor Statistics. This total includes the employment opportunities furnished to workers in industries selling products directly to foreign countries or to other industries producing, transporting, and dis tributing raw materials, components, and services purchased for incorporation in exported goods. Nonagricultural job opportunities provided by exports declined by more than 600,000 between the first half of 1947 and the year 1949, reflecting a drop of more than a quarter in the exports of nonagricultural products. Individual industries were unevenly affected, depending on changes in the export pattern and on differential movements in productivity and working hours. Relative declines were greatest in the transporta tion equipment, lumber and furniture, and textile, apparel, and leather groups. The largest absolute reduction occurred in the metals and metal working industries. For this segment (the first four groups in the accompanying table), employ ment opportunities dropped 230,000. Next in absolute importance was the decline of 125,000 job opportunities for the textile, leather, and apparel group. The estimates cited properly refer to job op portunities rather than to employment levels. For example, a decline in export demand which would tend to reduce job opportunities might be offset completely by increases in domestic demand N early 202 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis for the same industry’s products. Nevertheless, for many industries export demand is important in determining production and employment levels. Nonagricultural employment attributable directly and in directly to exports from Continental United States, JanuaryJune 1947 and annual 1949 Index of 1949 volume of ex ports 2 (Jan.June 1947= 100) Industry group 1 All industry groups _ ________ Employees in nonagri cultural establishments dependent upon exports 3 Jan.June 1947 Index Annual in 1949 1949 (Jan.June 1947= 100) In thousands _____ 71 2,360 1,695 72 Primary metal industries 4_. . . . . . . . . . Fabricated metal products. __ Machinery (including electrical) . . . Transportation equipment Stone, clay, and glass products 5 ___ _. Fuel and power A _ . Chemicals. . ..................... . . . ___ _ Lumber and furniture __ ____ _ Wood, pulp, paper, printing and publishing _ _ __ ______ ___ ________ Textiles, apparel, and leather.. . All other manufacturing 7. . . . . . . . Transportation 8 ______ _ . ______ Trade and services 9 __ ___________ 68 86 84 52 69 57 113 56 220 85 350 195 45 150 85 75 155 70 290 95 35 125 85 40 71 79 82 49 72 85 98 51 67 53 66 65 260 160 265 405 40 135 100 225 305 60 52 61 85 76 1 With minor exceptions, the industry classifications shown correspond with those used by the Division of Employment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2 Annual rate indexes based on data furnished by Foreign Trade Division, Bureau of the Census, and deflated by Bureau of Labor Statistics to 1939 dollar values. Shipments from continental United States to noncontiguous territories (Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, M idway, and the Virgin Islands) are classified as exports. The total given for exports excludes agricultural products. Agricultural exports increased 60 percent during the period considered, and the index for total exports including agricultural products would be 77. s Employment rounded to nearest 5 thousand; index based upon unrounded figures. Totals may not add due to rounding. * Includes metal mining. 5 Includes nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying. « includes coal mining; crude-petroleum production and refining; coke and manufactured solid fuel; natural and manufactured gas production and distribution; and electric power. 7 Includes food processing and kindred products; rubber; and the miscel laneous manufacturing industries. »Includes steam railroads; water transportation; local and interurban transportation; and the miscellaneous transportation industries. 9 Includes wholesale and retail trade; communication; and business and personal services. INJURY RATES IN MANUFACTURING Agriculture was omitted from the estimates because short-run changes in demand may affect farm income more immediately than farm employ ment. In nonagricultural industries a closer rela tionship is likely to exist between job and pro duction levels. However, the estimates include the nonagricultural commodities and services (hence the employment) required to produce, dis tribute, and transport the farm products exported. Between the first half of 1947 and the year 1949, exports of agricultural products increased by 60 percent in contrast with the 29-percent decline for nonagricultural commodities. The decline in total exports, including farm products, was 23 percent over this period. Technical Note The relationship between exports of goods from the United States and domestic levels is complex and difficult to place in a quantitative framework. The approach used herein is to determine the changes in domestic production levels which would occur if all exports were terminated, if all deliveries to domestic purchasers were unchanged, and if adjustments were made in production schedules throughout the economy so that inventories re mained unaltered. The derived changes in pro duction levels are expressed in terms of job oppor tunities by assuming that output per worker would remain the same. Further readjustments in domestic production and purchasing patterns or in imports which might follow changes in exports are not taken into account. The mechanism for carrying through the analysis presented here is provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics study of interindustry relations, which makes it possible to account for the production of raw materials and intermediate products required to maintain the exports of finished goods. A more detailed analysis for 1939 and for the first 6 months of 1947, including additional methodological notes, was published in the Monthly Labor Review for December 1947 (p. 675). — M a r v in H offenberg Division of Interindustry Economics, BLS https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 203 Injury Rates in Manufacturing: First Quarter, 1950 W ork - in ju r y rates in manufacturing industries increased slightly in the first quarter of 1950, com pared with the fourth quarter of 1949, but contin ued well below the rates for the first quarter of 1949. The average injury-frequency rate 1for all estab lishments reporting for the first quarter of 1950 was about 2 percent higher than for the fourth quarter of 1949. A moderate upswing in injury rates from the lows recorded in the last quarter of the year to the first quarter of the following year is not unusual, having been noted in 3 of the previous 6 years for which comparable data are available. In spite of this seasonal rise, rates for the first quarter of 1950 were about 11 percent under those for the corresponding period of 1949, indicating a continuing favorable trend in safety work. An estimated 80,000 workers in manufacturing establishments were disabled for 1 or more days because of work injuries experienced during the first quarter of 1950. This was an increase of 2,000 over the fourth-quarter estimate, but a de crease of 13,000 from the first-quarter estimate, for 1949. Fatalities in the first quarter of 1950 numbered about 300—a drop of 100 from the 1949 fourth-quarter estimate. Permanent impairments also showed a decrease during this period, from 4,700 to 4,300. Some of those injuries classified as temporary disabilities at the time of the report may later become more serious, requiring a slight increase in these estimates. Working time lost during the quarter by these mjured persons was estimated at about 1,600,000 man-days. At current wage levels, this represents an estimated value of about $16 million. It is, however, only a portion of the total cost which will accrue, since no allowance is made for the continuing economic losses arising from the many deaths and permanent impairments, or for hos pital, medical, and other costs incidental to treat ment of these injuries. 204 INJURY RATES IN MANUFACTURING MONTHLY LABOR Industrial injury frequency rates 1 for selected manufacturing industries, first quarter, 1950, with cumulative rates for 1949 First quarter, 1950 Industry Apparel: Clothing, men’s and boys’ ________________________________________________________ ninth in g; women's and children’s ____ _ ____________________________ ______ _____ Apparel and accessories, not elsewhere classified ______________________ __________ ____ Trimmirifs and fabricated textile products, not elsewhere classified . _ _____________ Chemicals: Compressed and liquefied gases________ _______________________ ___________________ Drugs, toiletries, and insecticides___________________________ ______________________ Explosives ___________________________________________________________________ Fertilizers ____________ __________________________________________________________ Industrial chemicals - ____________ - _______________________________ __________ Paints, varnishes, and colors- ______ ____________ _____________________________ ____ Plastics materials, except rubber. ________________ __________ - _______________ _____________________________________ ___________ _______ ____ Soap and glycerin Synthetic rubber _______- _________________________________________ ________ Synthetic textile fibers_________________________________ ___________ ______________ Chemical products, not elsewhere classified___ _ ________ ______ ____ ______________ Electrical equipment: Automotive electrical equipment. _________________ ___ ______________________ _____ B atteries__________ __ _____ ___ _________________________________ - ______ flnmmunination and signaling equipment, except radio _ _ _ ___ _________________ Electrical appliances _____ _ _____ ____________________________________ _______ Electrical equipment for industrial use______________ _____ - ________ ______________ Electric lamps (bulbs) ___________________________________________________________ Insulated wire and cable______ ____________________________ -- ___________________ Radios and phonographs__________________________________________________________ Eleetrieal equipment, not elsewhere classified _ ____ ______________ Food: Baking __ __ _ ____________________________________________________________ Bottling, soft drinks 4______ . - ________________________________________ ______ Breweries ___________________________________________________________________ Canning and preserving_____ ______________________________________________ - __ _ Confectionery __________________________________________________________________ Dairy products __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________ - __ ________________________ Distilleries__ Flour, feed, and grain-mill products_________________________________________________ Slaughtering and meat packing_____________________________________________________ Sugar, b e e t5_________________ __________________________________________ _______ Sugar, cane 5______________________________________________________________________ Wineries 4 ______ ___ - ___ ___________________________________________________ Food products, not elsewhere classified___________________________________________ Furniture* and lumber products: Furniture, metal - __________ - _________________________________________________ Furniture, wood___________________________________________________________________ Mattresses and bedsprings_ _ _______________________ ______ _________________________ Office, store, and restaurant fixtures_________________________________________________ Wooden containers_____ . ______________________ ________________________________ Miscellaneous wood products, not elsewhere classified_________________________________ Iron and steel: Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets_____________________________________________________ Cold-finished steel___ ___________________________________________________________ Cutlery and edge tools_._ _________________________________________________________ Fabricated structural steel__________________________________________________________ Forgings, iron and steel. . ___________________________________________________ Foundries, iron____________ __________________________________________________ ___ Foundries, steel____________________________________________ _____________________ Hardware_____ ________ . . _______ _. __________________ ____________________ Heating equipment, not elsewhere classified__________________________________________ Iron and steel. _________________________________________________________ M etal coating and engraving_________________________ ____________________________ Ornamental metal w ork.__ . _________ ___________________________________________ Plate fabrication and boiler-shop products__________________________________ ____ ____ Plumbers’ supplies__ ___ ____________________________ _ __ _______ _______ Screw-machine products_______________________________ :________ ________ Sheet-metal work________ ___ ___ _________ _______________________________________ Stamped and pressed metal products..___________ ___________________________________ Steam fittings and apparatus___ ________________________________________________ Steel barrels, kegs, drums, and packages_____________________________________________ Steel springs______________________________________________________________________ T in cans and other tinware____________________________________________ ___________ Tools, except edge tools____ ________________________________________________________ Wire and wire products__________ _____ ____________________________________________ Wrought pipes^ welded and heavy-riveted. _ . . ______ _____ ________________ ______ Iron and steel products, not elsewhere classified______________________________________ Leather: Boots and shoes, not rubber_______________________________________________ _____ ___ Leather_______ . . . ___________ . ________ _______________________ . __ Leather products, not elsewhere classified___________ _____ ___________________________ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Frequency rate for— Number of estab lishments January February First quarter 7.1 3.6 5.4 7.1 6.1 4.9 7.0 11.0 6.6 3.0 (2) 10.0 8.2 4.7 (2) 4.8 6.5 3.3 (2) 6.3 72 36 73 210 77 27 38 14 17 62 (3) 8.1 2.5 (2) 7.6 8.0 6.3 4.1 (2) 1.4 9.3 (3) 7.9 5.9 (2) 8.6 6.1 5.4 6.3 (2) 1.7 6.9 (3) 10.6 2.3 (2) 7.3 9.9 5.6 4.3 (2) 1.6 10.6 29 25 24 33 258 19 29 103 17 4.0 15.5 4.9 10.1 5.9 4.8 12.7 4.6 (2) 7.1 16.5 4.3 6.0 5.8 2.6 10.6 4.4 (2) 7.2 14.6 3.1 13.0 5.9 4.0 10.6 6.0 (2) 6.0 15.5 4.1 9.9 5.9 3.8 11.3 5.0 7.4 13.4 17.8 4.2 10.2 6.0 3.3 10.4 4.3 6.7 81 92 35 79 32 132 53 125 322 12 10 7 71 10.8 21.0 25.0 9.9 9.7 18.0 6.7 10.8 15.6 (2) 13.4 (2) 10.0 11.1 13.8 26.1 8.1 11.7 14.7 6.4 11.1 13.0 (2) 17.3 (2) 11.0 11.7 23.9 22.1 9.2 9.8 23.6 3.6 10.3 14.4 (2) 26.7 (2) 9.7 11.2 4 19.8 24.3 9.1 10.4 18.9 5.5 10.7 14.5 (2) (*) 5 19. 4 (2) (4) 10.3 12.8 (4) 25.4 13.9 10.2 20.4 7.5 11.5 16.2 ({) (*) (4) 11.3 32 115 104 51 195 134 20.3 19.4 14.9 (2) 27.7 18.5 23.2 19.8 17.5 (2) 29.8 21.0 22.8 19.1 8.9 (2) 32.9 20.7 22.1 19.4 13.6 17.9 30.2 20.1 16.2 21.6 16.7 19.5 34.4 22.9 49 34 28 202 116 345 108 54 80 150 65 46 117 48 96 78 219 45 18 14 15 56 145 18 25 10.7 16.9 10.7 15.7 13.8 27.9 16.8 10.0 16.9 5.2 28.6 6.5 19.8 13.8 14.6 9.6 11.3 8.7 (2) 10.1 9.9 15.9 16.7 10.3 (2) 15.4 18.7 19.0 17.1 15.2 27.7 16.2 10.9 17.4 5.5 16.3 16.2 17.8 15.4 17.1 10.7 14.2 9.8 (2) 10.8 13.0 12.8 16.6 18.0 (2) 13.9 19.6 14.3 19.6 15.1 25.5 17.6 10.0 18.9 5.3 21.6 16.2 15.8 14.0 14.3 22.8 11.6 11.5 (2) 13.1 12.4 12.1 16.2 16.1 (2) 13.3 18.5 14.7 17.5 14.7 26.9 17.0 10.3 17.8 5.3 22.3 12.9 17.7 14.4 15.3 14.7 12.3 10.1 (2) 11.4 11.8 13.6 16.5 14.7 (2) 14.5 16.1 11.6 18.1 15.5 28.6 22.4 12.5 19.6 6.1 20.3 21.0 21.2 14.8 13.9 20.2 14.9 14.8 10.2 14.0 11.9 15.1 16.5 17.1 15.6 259 40 37 8.6 13.0 (2) 7.2 12.7 (2) 8.3 12.9 (2) 8.0 12.9 (2) 8.7 19.1 4.9 346 296 43 92 (3) March 1949: Annual frequency rate (prelim inary) (3) 8.9 3.5 23.4 7.8 8.1 5.8 4.9 2.5 1.6 9.0 (3) 9.7 1.6 24.4 7.6 7.2 4.2 5.8 2.3 2.8 9.4 REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 INJURY RATES IN MANUFACTURING 205 Industrial injury frequency rates 1for selected manufacturing industries, first quarter, 1950, with cumulative rates for 194-9— Con. First quarter, 1950 Frequency rate for— Industry Number of estab lishments January February Lumber: Logging __ - __ ________________________ ______ _ _ ________________ Millwork, structural_______ ____________________________ . . . __ ___ ___________ Planing m ills__ _ ____ _____ ____________________________________________________ Plywood m ills.. . . . . . . . . ___ ________________________________________________ ____ ________________________ ____________________ _____ _ Sawmills___ _____ ... Saw and planing mills, integrated.. .......... . . . . ________________________ Veneer m il ls _________________________________________ ____ _______________________ Machinery, except electric: Agricultural machinery and tractors_____ _ _ __ _______ _____________ Bearings, ball and roller ___ __________________________________________________ Commercial and household m a ch in ery _______ _________________________________ ____ Construction and mining machinery________________________________________________ Elevators, escalators, and conveyors___ ___ _______ _ _______________________________ Engines and turbines________________________________ __________ ___ _____ _________ _________ ______ _______________ _________ _______ Food-products machinery.. . General industrial machinery and equipment, not elsewhere classified__________________ General machine shops (jobbing and repair) . ___________ ________________________ Mechanical measuring and controlling instruments__ __ __________________ Mechanical power-transmission equipment, except ball and roller bearings____ __. . Metalworking machinery____________ _______ ______________________ _____________ Pumps and compressors ____. ______________ __________ ____ _______________ ___ Special-industry machinery, not elsewhere classified__________ . . _________ _______ Textile machinery_______ _ ___________________ __ __________________________ Nonferrous metals: Aluminum and magnesium products________________ . . . . _________________________ Foundries, nonferrous ____________________________ ___ _______ _____ _________ Nonferrous basic shapes and forms____________________________ . __________________ Watches, clocks, jewelry, and silverware . . . _______ ________________ _ __ Nonferrous metal products, not elsewhere classified__ ___ . __________________ . Ordnance: Ordnance and accessories ___________________________________________ _________ ___ Paper: Paper boxes and containers___________ __________ . . _ . __ ____ ________________ .. ___ _ ___________________________________ ____ _____ Paper and pulp__ Paper products, not elsewhere classified___________ . _______ _____________________ Printing and publishing: Book and job printing________________________________ ___ . ______ ___________ Bookbinding . ____________________ ________ _____________________ ___ _ News and periodical_________________________________________ . . ... .. ____ Rubber: Rubber boots and shoes .. ______________ _______ ______ _____ ___ _______ . . Rubber tires and tubes .. __ ______ _________________ ____ Rubber products, not elsewhere classified____________________ ____________ _______ Stone, clay, and glass: Olay products, structural___ ____ ______________________________________________ Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products___ _________________ _____ ___________________ Glass__ _ . ___ _ _______ __________________ _________ __________ ________ Pottery and related products________________ _____ ______________________________ Stone, clay, and glass products, not elsewhere classified____ ___________________________ Textiles: Cotton yarn and textiles .. ________ _______ __________ Dyeing and finishing textiles____________________________ . . ______________________ K nit goods_____ ______________________________________________________________ Rayon, other synthetic, and silk textiles. ______ . _ _ ____ __________ ________ Woolen and worsted textiles.. . _ _ _ _____ . _________________ ______ Miscellaneous textile goods, not elsewhere classified . _ _______ . ................. . Transportation equipment: Aircraft___ _ _ ________________ _______ ___________________ ___________________ _______________________________ __________________________ Aircraft parts_______ Boatbuilding and repairing . . . . . . _____________________________________________ Motor vehicles _______ ___ _ _______ _______ ____ ______________________________ Motor-vehicle p a r ts ___________ _________________________________________ _______ Railroad equipment _ ___ ___ . . . ____________________________ _______ ____ Shipbuilding and repairing... _____ __ _ _________ . ___________________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing: Fabricated plastics products___________________________ ____________________________ Optical and ophthalmic goods ___________________________________________________ Photographic apparatus and materials______________________________ ____ ___________ Professional and scientific instruments and supplies. _________ ___ ___ ________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing, not elsewhere classified . _________ . . ________________ 1 The average number of disabling work injuries for each million employeehours worked. J Insufficient data. * Sample being revised; data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis March First quarter 1949: Annual frequency rate (prelim inary) 95 211 59 55 90 90 34 0 21.7 0 35.6 65.1 44.5 0 0 22.8 0 33.9 66.4 45.8 0 0 20.6 0 36.6 60.0 32.3 0 87.8 21.6 35.1 35.4 63.7 40.5 0 85.8 23.1 34.2 30.8 56.1 44.7 33.2 91 33 133 117 28 47 59 189 121 56 72 437 82 139 26 13.8 13.3 7.8 15.8 7.5 10.2 16.1 11.6 12.2 7.9 11.2 10.2 12.2 12.0 12.3 14.2 10.7 8.8 17.3 8.8 11.2 16.1 12.8 20.2 7.1 10.8 8.6 12.6 16.3 10.5 13.2 12.6 9.1 14.3 7.1 10.0 15.5 11.9 11.9 6.9 13.9 11.3 15.0 15.5 9.1 13.7 12.2 8.6 15.7 7.8 10.4 15.9 12.1 14.7 7.3 12.1 10.1 13.3 14.6 10.6 15.3 11.7 7.4 16.5 15.0 10.2 13.8 14.0 20.2 9.1 17.8 11.4 14.9 17.3 10.5 24 238 31 41 91 18.6 18.6 13.4 6.7 14.1 19.7 19.9 12.7 5.1 15.5 13.0 21.0 13.9 5.6 12.4 16.9 19.9 13.4 5.8 13.9 16.1 21.5 11.7 6.7 13.5 12 4.4 5.5 4.0 4.6 5.3 285 363 49 14.6 15.3 11.8 13.9 15.8 14.9 17.0 15.0 8.4 15.3 15.3 11.6 15.2 16.0 12.2 8.1 7.4 9.2 15.6 10.5 186 30 62 6.6 0 8.1 8.6 0 6.5 9.0 0 7.4 0 13 31 88 4.8 6.3 13.9 4.8 5.3 14.1 4.8 4.2 14.9 4.8 5.3 14.3 4.8 5.5 13.8 155 157 80 30 56 29.5 0 8.2 13.4 11.8 24.7 0 9.2 12.8 15.9 27.7 0 9.3 8.6 15.6 27.3 27.2 8.9 11.5 14.5 32.5 28.4 12.3 17.0 13.5 185 52 73 62 145 42 7.9 13.9 5.9 8.0 12.6 17.1 8.2 12.2 7.3 8.9 12.4 24.7 7.9 13.2 6.8 7.6 9.6 14.2 8.0 13.1 6.6 8.1 11.4 18.6 8.3 11.4 6.2 6.9 11.3 16.8 4.2 5.1 5.7 9.2 13.0 21.2 4.2 5.8 41.9 6.9 14.3 15.2 22.8 10.9 3.0 4.5 6.9 10.7 10.3 3.2 4.7 4.8 9.7 17 41 53 131 127 43 56 35 19 32 64 167 4.1 5.5 4.1 5.3 0 5.6 9.2 12.1 19.3 11.1 1.5 3.9 6.0 11.9 0 5.7 9.6 13.7 26.3 13.0 4.6 5.2 5.1 8.3 4.4 4.7 0 5.8 8.7 13.3 19.5 9.0 2.9 4.5 9.3 11.6 0 4 Formerly included in “ Beverages, not elsewhere classified” ; separate data for 1949 not available; first quarter, 1950, rate for industries combined was 18.2. s Formerly included in “ Sugar refining” ; separate data for 1949 not avail able; first quarter, 1950, rate for industries combined was 20.6. IN JU R Y RATES IN MANUFACTURING 206 Increases in injury-frequency rates from the fourth quarter 1949 to the first quarter 1950 were recorded in 41 of the 120 separate manufacturing classifications for which comparable data were available. In 28 industries, rates were lower; in 51 others, they varied, upward or downward, by less than one frequency-rate point. In the logging industry, injuries per million man-hours increased from 77.9 in the fourth quarter of 1949 to 87.8 in the first quarter of 1950; metal furniture, from 15.2 to 22.1; and fertilizers, from 17.5 to 23.4. In contrast, the injuryfrequency rate for pottery and related products dropped from 20.3 to 11.5; for ornamental metal work, from 20.3 to 12.9; for batteries, from 22.7 to 15.5; for elevators, escalators, and conveyors, from 13.4 to 7.8; and for leather tanning, from 18.1 to 12.9. Some of these changes in injury-frequency rates for individual industries reflected seasonal factors; others were only chance variations. A comparison of rates over a year’s period—from the first quarter of 1949 to the first quarter of 1950—shows a some what different trend. Although the loggingInjury-Frequency Rates in Manufacturing, F irs t Q u a rte r, 1 9 5 0 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis UNWEIGHTED MONTHLY LABOR industry rate in the first quarter of 1950 was 13 percent above that for the fourth quarter of 1949, it was about 9 percent below the 95.9 rate reported for the first quarter of 1949. On the other hand, the favorable showing presented by the battery-manufacturing industry in the quarterto-quarter comparison was reversed when the 15.5 rate for the first quarter of 1950 was compared with the 8.4 average for the first quarter of 1949. Firms manufacturing elevators, escalators, and conveyors showed a consistent improvement in their safety record throughout the year’s interval; the injury-frequency rate decreased 57 percent— from 18.1 in the first quarter of 1949 to 7.8 in the first quarter of 1950. The rate for the mechanical power-transmission equipment industry (excluding ball and roller bearings) decreased 45 percent— from 21.9 to 12.1. The ornamental metal work industry showed a substantial increase in injury rates in the third quarter of 1949, but recorded a 42 percent drop—from 22.4 to 12.9—between the two first-quarter reports. A high rate of 17.3 was reported for the automotive electrical-equipment industry in the third quarter of 1949, but between the first quarters of 1949 and 1950 this group achieved a 59-percent drop—from 14.7 to 6.0. Other industries showing outstanding improve ment in their injury rates are steel foundries (with a decrease from 26.2 injuries per million man hours in the first quarter of 1949 to 17.0 in the corresponding quarter of 1950); wooden containers (39.1 to 30.2); general machine shops (23.1 to 14.7); and leather tanning (21.1 to 12.9). The highest injury-frequency rates for the first quarter of 1950 were found in the lumbering group of industries: logging, 87.8; sawmills, 63.7; inte grated saw and planing mills, 40.5; plywood mills, 35.4; and planing mills operated separately from sawmills, 35.1. Outstandingly low rates were recorded for the following: Synthetic textile fibers, 1.6; synthetic rubber 2.4; optical and ophthalmic goods, 3.0; explosives, 3.5; women’s and children’s clothing, 3.6; electric lamps (bulbs), 3.8. 1 The injury-frequency rate is the average number of disabling work injuries for each million employee-hours worked. A disabling work injury is an injury arising out of and in the course of em ployment, which results in death or any degree of permanent impairment, or makes the injured person unable to perform any regularly established job open and available to him, throughout the hours corresponding to his regular shift, on any 1 or more days (including Sundays, days off, or plant shut downs) after the day of injury. These data are compiled in conformity with the American Standard Method of Compiling Industrial Injury Rates, approved by the American Standards Association, 1945. REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 in d u s t r ia l SAFETY CONFERENCE, 1950 President’s Industrial Safety Conference, 19501 number of work injuries in 1949 by 7 percent was stated, to be good—but not good enough—by the President of the United States in opening his Conference on Industrial Safety at Washington, D. C., June 5-7, 1950. Some 1,000 delegates represented labor, industry, Federal and State governments—including the 48 States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico—and organ izations interested in and contributing to the safety movement. “ The great tragedy of accidents,” Mr. Truman added, “ is that most of them need never have happened. I have heard it said that ‘accident’ is just another word for ‘carelessness’. There is much truth in that. I become impatient—and I ’m sure you do, too—when I think of all the misery and hardship that result from just plain carelessness or indifference on the part of em ployers and employees. . . . What is called for is a program that will create the greatest possible national strength—civilian and military com bined—over a period of years. “ This Nation’s voice in the world can never be any stronger than our national economy and the will of our people to defend their way of life. That is why it is so important that we press forward with programs to increase our productive capacity and improve our standard of living. That is why it is more important than ever for us to prevent the losses that result from industrial accidents. We cannot afford wasted resources or wasted lives. . . . The work you are doing here . . . represents the finest kind of voluntary cooperation between private and public groups. . . . To the extent that you succeed in your efforts, the rich ness and dignity of human life will be increased and the cause of peace and freedom will be strengthened.” Secretary of Labor Maurice J. Tobin, in the closing address of the conference, called attention to the advance made “ not only last year, but over the long haul,” in industrial safety. A general safety movement was begun in 1913 by “ a small group of inspired men,” he said. The National Safety Council pioneered, and other national organizations gave their unstinted support. R eduction of the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 207 From statistics available since 1933, he stated, it appeared that safety measures had spared 16,000 workers since that year from having their lives needlessly snuffed out. “ That is not enough, but it is progress.” Industry has consistently shown a sense of responsibility, he said, and organized labor has worked long and hard to bring about safety and health legislation. Statistics remain merely figures to many of us, Mr. Tobin stated, and warned: “ We must guard against becoming academic. These figures of dead and disabled represent human beings, human bereavement and suffering, physical and economic disaster. . . . It is to eliminate such suffering, such needless wrecking of homes and families, that you . . . are gathered here. . . . Our objective constitutes the Highest form of public service.” Organization and accomplishments of State Governors’ conferences (10 had been held during the year) were discussed by a panel composed of officials from six State governments. Governor Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois, ad dressing the conference on the second day, said that his State’s record was “ by no means below the average,” but he had been “shocked by the cost of industrial accidents . . . as well as the infinitely more deplorable personal tragedy and suffering.” We have the know-how to reduce industrial ac cidents. The President’s Conference has given us the goal and the direction. We in our States must evolve more effective programs . . . certain general policies . . . apply to all of us, but it is our task to study our own situations and map our own courses of action. The need for indexes and bibliographies of all available safety material, and for continued research, was brought out in various committee reports. Committee Reports Accident Records, Analysis, and Use. The 1949 record showing the reduction which the President referred to—7 percent in total number of dis abling work injuries—was reported by Ewan Clague, Commissioner of Labor Statistics and chairman of the Committee on Accident Records, Analysis, and Use. In manufacturing industries, Mr. Clague stated, the total number of injuries declined by 19 percent—a much greater drop 208 INDUSTRIAL SAFETY CONFERENCE, 1950 than could be accounted for by a slight decline in employment. He reported increased provision of services by State statistical agencies, extensive research by the National Safety Council, and compilation of new data by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The committee asked for the use of specific standard methods of compiling industrial-injury rates and accident causes. It recommended expansion of inj ury-frequency and severity analyses to show differences between rates for establish ments of different sizes; and that outlines be given of the hazards to be brought under control, in terms of the causes of accidents that have occurred. Engineering. The Committee on Engineering re ported that an analysis of State safety laws and codes with regard to the adequacy of their coverage and their technical details was in progress under gen eral supervision of the Director of the Bureau of Labor Standards. The American Standards As sociation, which had been asked to review engineer ing standards and formulate a program for their extension, had appointed a special committee to study its whole safety-standards program. This group was considering what subjects should be added and also the possibility of indexing or otherwise making more readily available material already included in American safety standards. Laws and Regulations. Reaffirming its 1949 recommendations, the Committee on Laws and Regulations reported progress toward achieve ment of those goals. State safety laws, codes, rules, and regulations had been indexed by State and by subject. The report summarized health and safety legislation enacted during the year. Introduction of some 70 bills in over half of the legislatures, it was stated, indicated keen interest in workers’ safety. A suggested draft for a State safety and health bill was presented with the report. Cooperation by States through the holding of Governors’ conferences during the year was noted. The committee believed that recommendations of the State committees on laws and regulations would contribute to improvement in basic safety legislation and administration and could help to center public attention on principles of a safety program. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR Labor-Management Cooperation for Safety. The principles presented to the 1949 conference were reiterated by the Committee on Labor-lVIanagement Cooperation for Safety: (1) that “ safety primarily is the legal and moral obligation of the employer ; (2) that “ cooperation in the safetv program is the moral obligation of each individual employee”; (3) that “ in unionized plants, the welfare of the employee places upon the labor union a moral obligation to cooperate in accident pre vention, within the framework of its agreed-upon participation.” The committee recommended that the Secretary of Labor request the assistance of Governors of the States in disseminating these principles as accepted at the previous conference. Education. Last year’s recommendations of the Committee on Education as to safety instruction by educational institutions, employers, labor, and public and private agencies were reviewed. Training, it was shown, should include development in each student of understanding and a sense of responsibility with regard to safety; preparation of teachers to give safety instruction; integration of pertinent safety material in engineering cur ricula; development of safety training courses; inclusion of pertinent safety material in textbooks. The 1950 report recommended methods for use by unions and by public and private agencies. With regard to safety instruction in colleges and universities, the committee had obtained the aid of the Bureau of Labor Standards of the U. S. Department of Labor. Deans of engineering in 30 colleges and univer sities and an equal number of outstanding safety engineers were polled concerning plans for college training of professional safety engineers. They were asked: (1) Should safety material be inte grated in each subject in the engineering curricula, with a major in safety in the senior year or in both junior and senior years? Or (2) should a post graduate course in safety engineering be provided? Forty-six out of 49 respondents favored the inte gration method, despite immediate practical diffi culties. The Dean of the College of Engineering of the University of Maryland offered use of the college to explore the development of a practical method of integrating safety subjects. He sug gested that the Bureau of Labor Standards cooperate, to which the Bureau agreed. REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 INDUSTRIAL SAFETY CONFERENCE, 1950 Essentials of a practical safety training program for industrial operations were outlined. Special provision for teacher education for industrial-arts safety instruction was urged, and a bibliography of safety material for a program in a school shop was provided. Programs and Services. The report of the Com mittee on Programs and Services included a dis cussion of the importance of, and a plan to pro mote, eye protection; and safety programs for trade associations and governmental agencies. It described useful services provided by casualty insurance companies and their associations, which are available for use in instituting safety programs. To stimulate the program directed to small busi ness, the committee recommended adoption of a pledge of cooperation at the local level, with a certificate for display in the establishment. Research. The Committee on Research suggested ways by which the objectives presented in its 1949 report could be implemented, stating that it wished to integrate its efforts with the expressed needs of the States. Immediate needs of the State Labor Departments were enumerated by a sub committee which had been exploring the desires of State agencies administering labor laws. Among the needs listed were a bibliography of industrial safety material, compilation of data on environ mental agents, and procedure to provide for standardization and uniformity of machine-guard ing requirements. The National Safety Council had been urged, in the 1949 report of this committee, to lead the way in making available a “ critical compilation of the best knowledge relating to safety.” The current year’s report stated that industry sections of the council were developing a new medium to give minimum requirements for safety in individual industries—a long-term project which would in volve the preparation of perhaps two or three hundred publications. A new recommendation proposed immediate development of a “ perma nent, well-planned and administered facility for making available currently, critical abstracts of the safety knowledge that appears in the literature. These should be organized into a systematic, in dexed form for ease of reading, compilation, and future reference.’’ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 209 The recommended facility will . . . do much to correct the present situation owing to the continual reference and discussion of past knowledge that al ways takes place in current publications. If created and properly administered, it will not only meet a wide area of expressed need for reference, but it will also constitute an effective tool for determining the need of new knowledge and developing plans for research. In its final working form, this endeavor will embody the interest and contribution from all concerned with industrial safety. Coordinating Committee. In a recapitulation of the foregoing reports, the chairman of the Coor dinating Committee, William L. Connolly, Director of the Bureau of Labor Standards, presented addi tional information concerning activities immedi ately under that bureau. The analysis of existing State safety laws and codes with regard to their adequacy, which the Committee on Engineering had requested, had started with woodworking machinery; metalworking machinery was to be taken up next. The Bureau of Labor Standards was reprinting for distribution the statement of principles of the Committee on Labor-Manage ment Cooperation for Safety, hoping that the organizations and agencies represented at the con ference would spread the material further. Re porting on the development of the Education Committee’s proposal, Mr. Connolly stated that the integrated safety program devised jointly by the Bureau of Labor Standards and the University of Maryland would be introduced in that Univer sity’s School of Engineering in the fall of 1950. “ Getting legislation passed is a slow business,” Mr. Connolly stated; but he expressed satisfaction with the State safety legislation record of the past year. “ As a Federal official . . . I never miss an opportunity to repeat my conviction that only the States with their legal responsibility for safety and their closeness to industrial problems can carry the safety message to the plant level. Man agement has primary responsibility for safety at the job site. Labor has a vital interest because workers get killed and maimed. Insurance com panies, educators, and private safety organizations have a real interest and can offer real help. The Federal Government’s role is to gather facts and offer whatever technical assistance the States request to help them do their job. 1 U . S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Standards. [Program:] The President’s Conference on Industrial Safety, Progress Meeting, June 5, 6, 7, 1950; releases and committee reports. 210 ILO THIRTY-THIRD CONFERENCE Thirty-third Conference of International Labor Organization R esolutions concerning action on unem ployment and workers’ education and a Recom mendation concerning the vocational training of adults, including disabled persons, were adopted by the thirty-third session of the International Labor Conference in Geneva, June 7-July 1 , 1950.1 Most of the rest of the work of the Conference this year was preparatory to the development of labor standards which will come up for final action at the thirty-fourth session in 1951. First discussions were held and preliminary con clusions reached on a proposed Convention and Recommendation concerning minimum-wage fixing in agriculture; proposed Recommendations con cerning collective agreements and voluntary conciliation and voluntary arbitration; and a Convention and/or Recommendation regarding equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value. If they are adopted, the Conven tion and Recommendation concerning minimumwage fixing in agriculture and the Recommenda tions concerning collective agreements, voluntary conciliation, and voluntary arbitration will set standards for the use of Governments deciding to set up such machinery. The Committee on inter national standards in regard to equal remuneration for men and women workers for work of equal value postponed its decision on the form of the international standard (i. e., Convention or a Recommendation) until the final discussion of the standards at the 1951 session. The 1950 conclu sions will be forwarded to Governments for com ment; and new drafts will be prepared on the basis of these comments for consideration at the 1951 session, when final agreement will be reached as to the form of the international standards. Representation at the Conference Of the 62 member Governments (including all major nations except the U. S. S. R.) of the Inter national Labor Organization, delegates from 52 2 were present at the beginning of this year’s Con ference. Included were delegates from the Republic of the United States of Indonesia and of Viet-Nam, both of which countries were elected to membership early in the proceedings. Mr. Jagjivan https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR Ram, Minister for Labor of India, was voted President of the Conference. The nomination of Mr. Ram was followed by the withdrawal of the delegations of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland in protest at the presence of the delegation from the Chinese Republic. In seconding Mr. Ram’s nomination as President of the Conference, Philip M. Kaiser, United StatesGovernment delegate, said of this withdrawal: It is the evident intention of these Governments to prevent this Conference and the ILO from doing their normal work—work intimately concerned with the betterment of the conditions of labor of the masses of mankind. This flagrant action obviously contradicts the claim of these Governments that they are inter ested in solving the grave economic and social prob lems, of primary concern to working men and women, which beset the world today. If these Governments were genuinely concerned with the many important problems which are before us, they would have ac cepted the normal parliamentary procedure of the Conference and assisted in the constructive work that is before us. The protest of the three Governments was re ferred to the Credentials Committee of the Confer ence. Later the Committee proposed that the Conference should take note that, under the cir cumstances, with two governments contending for authority in China, the only possible solution was to recognize that the Government of the Chinese Republic had validly nominated representatives of that country to the Conference, and to reem phasize the importance which the ILO attaches to effective tripartite participation in its work by all peoples. The report of the Credentials Committee on this subject was noted by the Conference without discussion. The Senior Assistant Director-General of the Office reported that, of the 52 Governments repre sented at the 1950 session, 10 delegations were incomplete, that is, lacking either a worker or both an employer and a worker representative. With the exception of Iceland, the countries not having been able to comply with the constitutional requirement for tripartite delegations are all located either in Asia or Latin America. A number of observers were present at the Con ference for the Allied High Commission for Ger many, and the Supreme Command for the Allied Powers in Japan, as well as Government, employer, and worker representatives from the Western German Federal Republic and from Japan. The REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 ILO THIRTY-THIRD CONFERENCE United Nations was represented by observers as were the FAO, UNESCO, WHO, IRO, and the Interim Commission for the ITO. Observers from nongovernmental organizations included those from the International Federation of Christian Trade Unions, the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (created in November 1949), the International Cooperative Alliance, and the International Federation of Agricultural Pro ducers. Representatives of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, and the Inter national Federation of Agricultural Producers, with which the Governing Body had recently decided to establish a consultative relationship, were espe cially greeted by the Conference chairman. Action of the Conference It is the responsibility of the International Labor Conference to adopt international labor standards, to discuss and make recommendations to the Governing Body regarding the work program of the ILO (the Secretariat of the Organization), and to pass upon the budget of that Office. Following established practice, much of the time at the Conference was devoted to a discussion of the report of the Director-General of the ILO on the work of the Office and on the economic and social factors affecting workers during the preced ing year, and of his recommendations for the work of the Office during the coming year. At the 1950 session 87 speakers, representing Governments, employers, and workers in 50 countries and 5 continents discussed this report. The overwhelm ing majority of the speakers expressed satisfaction with the report, and many of them complimented the Office staff on one phase or another of its work. At the Director-General’s request, most of them devoted a large part of their remarks to employ ment and productivity. Senator Herbert R. O’Conor, United States Government delegate, congratulated the DirectorGeneral on his report and on the progress made by the Office during 1949-50 in the establishment of manpower field offices in Asia and Latin America at the request of Governments wishing assistance in vocational training and labor-market organiza tion programs. In discussing the rise in produc tivity in the United States, Senator O’Conor cited the benefits to workers in terms of higher real wages, increased leisure, better working conditions, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 211 and decline in accident rates. In conclusion, he said in part: As we move forward into a more integrated world of lowering trade barriers and widening markets, it be comes more and more important that we proceed with the greatest dispatch to the raising of labor standards throughout the world. From many points of view, expansion of world trade is a necessity, but we must safeguard both workers and employers from the unfair situation which results when goods produced by underpaid workers compete with goods produced by workers paid fair wages and working under satisfactory conditions. . . . In spite of the advances that have been made in increasing productivity, a large propor tion of the world’s population still lives very near the subsistence level. We in the United States look for ward to the increasing use of the scientific knowledge of all nations for the purpose of alleviating and ulti mately abolishing such poverty. Secretary of Labor Maurice J. Tobin, who was attending the Conference, emphasized especially the measures used in the United States to prevent the recession in employment, caused by inventory adjustments in 1949, from developing into mass unemployment. He said, in part: The United States has demonstrated the great strength of the private enterprise system buttressed by sound economic programs. The combination of a free enterprise economy and liberal social and economic legislation has permitted us to maintain a high level of economic activity during the postwar period. We have avoided a collapse of prices, credit contraction, bank failures, any large number of business bankruptcies, or lack of confidence on the part of business and on the part of the consuming public. One of the major explanations lies in the confidence that wage earners have had that their wages would not be cut. Collec tive bargaining on minimum wage rates has served as an effective safeguard. The significant fact about the decline in economic activity and the rise in unemploy ment in 1949 is this: it did not spiral in a cumulative fashion throughout the whole economy. The Resolution on unemployment was adopted following the publication of a report on unem ployment problems and related policy questions by the Director-General. It draws the attention of the UN and its specialized agencies, Govern ments, and employers’ and workers’ organizations to the types of action which the Conference con siders should be vigorously pursued in order to eliminate unemployment. The Resolution follows the report of the experts appointed by the Secre tary-General of the UN in defining full employ ment as “ a situation in which unemployment does not exceed the minimum allowances that must be 212 ILO THIRTY-THIRD CONFERENCE made for the effects of frictional and seasonal factors.” It urges Governments (1) to maintain, or to establish as rapidly as national conditions allow, unemployment benefits and allowances; (2) to provide themselves with full information about employment, underemployment, and un employment in their countries; and (3) to take action to produce economic and social conditions conducive to full employment through employ ment services, measures to promote mobility of labor and to train and retain workers, and to improve recruitment policies, and to encourage investments in depressed areas from which it might be undesirable to move workers. Other measures which Governments may need to consider for action are also listed. The Resolution concludes by reaffirming the intention of the members of the ILO to maintain full em ployment in their respective countries. The Recommendation on vocational training of adults covers principles of training, the scope of training covered by its terms, and training methods in considerable detail, with a special section on the training of disabled persons. It also provides standards for the organization and administration of such training programs. Commission on Freedom of Association The Fact-Finding Commission on Freedom of Association was discussed at length. This Com mission was established by the Governing Body in January 1950, in response to a Resolution adopted at the thirty-first session of the Conference in San Francisco in 1948 and supported by action of the Economic and Social Council of the UN, and of the Fourth Conference of the American States members of the ILO in the spring of 1949. The Governing Body, the ILO Conference, and the General Assembly of the Economic and Social Council of the UN may refer allegations of in fringement of trade-union rights to the Com mission for impartial examination. No com plaint is to be referred to the Commission without the consent of the Government concerned.3 The Commission is to report to the Governing Body on the results of its work, and the Governing Body is to decide whether further action should be taken on the basis of the report. At this year’s Conference, the Government of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR South Africa questioned whether the Governing Body had exceeded its powers in appointing this Commission and asked for a reexamination of its decision. The Government members from Ar gentina and Australia associated themselves with the questions raised by the South African Govern ment. A committee of the Conference studied the problem, and “ recommended that the Con ference take note of the report of the Governing Body on the establishment of the Fact-Finding and Conciliation Commission on Freedom of Association and of the decisions taken on this question by the Governing Body and the Eco nomic and Social Council of the United Nations, and that it express its satisfaction that agreement has been reached on the subject with the United Nations and approve and confirm the decisions taken by the Governing Body.” The Committee’s report was approved by the Conference. Technical Assistance Program of the ILO The technical assistance program of the ILO was not specifically listed on the 1950 Conference agenda, but was much discussed at this session, namely, the work which the ILO had done during the preceding year to assist the Governments in their manpower and social legislation programs and the needs for ILO aid in the coming year. In addition, the Resolution on action against un employment recommended ILO assistance in establishing fact-finding programs on the extent of employment, under-employment, and unem ployment to governments, which do not have such statistics. The ILO should also play its full part in planning and carrying out action along the lines specified in the 1950 Resolution and in further considering policies and machinery for the main tenance of full employment and the improvement of living standards. The Resolution on workers’ education recom mends that the ILO should provide technical assistance to governments wishing to promote workers’ education in methods of trade-union organization and related fields. In the Recommendation adopted on vocational training of adults, important contributions from the ILO’s technical assistance program are anticipated. The last section of that Recom mendation reads as follows: REVIEW , AUGUST 1950 APPRENTICESHIP CONFERENCE, 1950 (1) The States Members should cooperate, where necessary and practicable, and where desired with the help of the International Labor Office, in measures to promote the training of adults. (2) Such cooperation should include, for example, action on terms to be mutually agreed between the countries concerned, to promote training by such methods as— (a) the provision in one country of training facilities for selected personnel from another country to enable them to acquire skill and experience not available in their own country; (b) the loan of experienced personnel from one country to another to help organize training; (c) the preparation and provision of handbooks and other materials for training; (d) the exchange of qualified personnel; and (e) the systematic exchange of information on train ing questions. — F aith M. W illiams Division of Foreign Labor Conditions, BLS 1 For a summary of the 32d session of the ILO Conference, see Monthly Labor Review, September 1949 (p. 272). 2 The United States Delegation to the Conference was composed as follows: Government delegates: Philip M . Kaiser, Assistant Secretary of Labor, Department of Labor; Hon. Herbert R. O’Conor, United States Senator from Maryland. Government substitute delegates: Hon. Augustine B. Kelley, United States Representative from Pennsylvania; Arnold Zempel, Executive Director, Office of International Labor Affairs, Department of Labor. Advisers: John J. Bab6, B. Harper Barnes, Robert Barnett, Clara M . Beyer, Ansel R. Cleary, Louis J. Ducoff, L. Wendell Hayes, Paul M. Herzog, Frieda Miller, Edward B. Persons, Alvin Roseman, Cleon 0 . Swayzee, and Faith M . Williams. Employers’ delegate: Charles P. McCormick, president of McCormick & Co. Advisers: William B. Barton, Richard P. Doherty, L. E. Ebeling, L. Roy Hawes, William L. McGrath, Paul W. Orvis, and Charles E. Shaw. Workers’ delegate: George Philip Delaney, International Representative of American Federation of Labor. Advisers: John J. Brennan, Leo E. George, William E. Maloney, Louis Paul Marciante, John J. Moreschi, and L. R. Raftery. 3 If such consent is not forthcoming, the Governing Body will give con sideration to such refusal with a view to taking any alternative action de signed to safeguard the rights relating to freedom of association involved in the case, including measures to give full publicity to the charges made, to gether w ith any comments hy the Government concerned, and to that Government’s refusal to cooperate in ascertaining the facts and in measures of conciliation. Eastern Seaboard Apprenticeship Conference, 1950 “ P ublicizing a ppr e n t ic e sh ip ” was the theme of the Sixth Annual Eastern Seaboard Apprentice ship Conference held at Poland Spring, Maine, June 7-10, 1950. More than 500 conferees and guests from 14 States, the District of Columbia, and 4 Canadian Provinces attended. Federal, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 213 State, and local apprenticeship and vocational education agencies as well as national and inter national associations were represented. These conferences have provided effective means for closer cooperative effort by the various groups concerned with and responsible for apprentice training. Because of this, extension of similar conferences in other sections of the country was endorsed, and support of the First International Conference to be held in Quebec, Canada, in 1951 was urged. Future craftsmen and their instructors were honored at the conference, as a result of a contest sponsored by the Maine Apprenticeship Council and the State Chamber of Commerce. Each of the organizations which “are the life blood of apprenticeship” were also honored by designating three days of the conference as NAM-day, AFLday, and ClO-day. Section meetings were devoted to the various aspects of apprentice training in the machine tool, graphic arts, and textiles industries, railroads, foundries, and building trades. Training of Craftsmen Responsibility of both management and labor groups in training skilled craftsmen was empha sized by Wesley J. Angle, speaking for the National Association of Manufacturers. He summarized his viewpoint and that of the NAM thus: “The National Government may very well point the way, but must not seek to control the path we follow. You . . . are doing much to advance the welfare of our young people and for that the NAM honors you.” Training of skilled craftsmen carried out through voluntary agreements between labor and manage ment and de-centralization of the apprenticeship system, so that the fullest cognizance might be taken of local conditions, was emphasized by Lewis G. Hines, AFL representative. The importance of apprenticeship in building an adequate skilled labor force for peacetime pro duction and national emergencies was stressed by J. E. Poulton of the International Association of Machinists. Labor and management cooperation in the field of apprenticeship, Mr. Poulton de clared, contributed to a better relationship throughout industry. 214 STATE LABOR RELATIONS ACTS Aptitude testing as a valuable aid in selecting apprentices was discussed at the section meeting of the training directors and apprentice supervisors. One company’s experience indicated that the quality of apprentice applicants had been im proved through the use of aptitude tests in its program. The Canadian program of apprentice training for skilled craftsmen, Ernest Guenette, secretarymanager of the Printing Industry Parity Com mittee stated, was similar to that of the United States in that it emphasizes the cooperative rela tionship of management and labor. Apprentice ship regulations “have been prepared by the industry, for the industry, and are enforced by the industry,” Mr. Guenette pointed out; “ they can at any time be changed or rescinded” if the in dustry feels “ they are undesirable.” He indi cated, however, that they were “ here to stay, as they have proven to be both adequate and useful.” An unusual feature of the Canadian program is that joint apprenticeship committees in Quebec are able to provide effective supervision of apprentice training since they are financed by a payroll levy of one-half of 1 percent on all employers partici pating in the program. Related Responsibilities A message from Claude A. Putnam, president of NAM, cautioned against narrowly limiting work and efforts to apprenticeship training. “ All of our work and all of our efforts will go for naught unless we dedicate ourselves to the salvation of the system in which today’s apprentices expect to take their places tomorrow.” Canadian apprentices are given related instruc tion in the social sciences. In reviewing the development of this program, Father Ovila Belanger (Director of Social Science Courses, Apprenticeship Branch of the Quebec Depart ment of Labor) said: “It is not sufficient to create mechanics, or to give good technical training. We must also teach how to live as human beings in society. . . . It is a social problem to make the work attractive, but it is a moral problem to develop pride in our work.” Publicizing apprenticeship—the conference ob jective cannot be accomplished through highlevel conferences, and discussions, necessary as they are, Mr. Poulton, I AM representative, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR stated. Their usefulness results only from getting “ the job publicized where it must be accomplished, at the local area and industry level.” This must be done through local joint apprenticeship com mittees composed of managers and craftsmen directly concerned with the problem. Connecticut was reported to have over 100 joint labor committees embracing approximately 600 persons who voluntarily devote time and effort to the improvement and supervision of apprentice training programs in that State. But in Maine (and other States) there was a need for overcoming the problems of small-plant apprenticeship. Terms of State Labor Relations Acts N in e S tates —Colorado, Connecticut, Massachu setts, Minnesota, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Utah, and Wisconsin—as well as Hawaii and Puerto Rico, currently have labor relations acts.1 Acts falling in this category are those that affirm the rights of employees to have unions of their own choosing and to bargain collectively; that set up agencies to enforce this right and to prevent and remedy unfair labor practices; and that provide a method for determining collective bargaining representatives. In addition to these 11 jurisdictions, Kansas and Michigan each have State labor relations acts, but neither of these two laws sets up an administrative agency for the prevention of unfair labor practices, or for determining employee representatives for collective-bargaining purposes. However, they do contain provisions listing certain employee rights and prohibiting unfair labor practices and are therefore included in the following analysis of the major provisions of State labor relations acts. Aside from these 13 State labor relations acts to which the article is limited, separate laws dealing with certain aspects of labor relations are in force in almost all of the States. These laws include a great many that place restrictions on union activities; provide for conciliation and mediation; regulate industrial relations in public utilities; and that have anti-injunction provisions. REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 STATE LABOR RELATIONS ACTS Types of Legislation The earliest State labor relations acts were adopted by Massachusetts, New York, Pennsyl vania, Utah, and Wisconsin in 1937 shortly after the National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act of 1935 was declared constitutional by the United States Supreme Court. While none of these five laws were identical with the Federal act, they were all modeled on it, safeguarding the rights of workers to organize and bargain collectively and forbidding employers from engaging in certain unfair labor practices. Shortly afterward, however, emphasis was shifted in fixing the terms of labor relations acts. In 1939, the Pennsylvania and Wisconsin laws and, in 1947, the Utah act were amended to place restrictions on employees and unions as well as upon employers. This trend was also followed in the enactment of labor relations acts in Minnesota and Michigan in 1939, Colorado and Kansas in 1943, and Hawaii and Puerto Rico in 1945. But the original trend was followed by Rhode Island in 1941 and Connecticut in 1945, when they adopted Wagner-type laws. Currently the State acts fall into two general classifications. The first group—those of Con necticut, Massachusetts,2 New York, and Rhode Island—may be designated as “little Wagner” acts. The second group are those that contain certain restrictions on unions—i. e., the laws of Colorado, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Penn sylvania, Utah, Wisconsin, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The latter laws contain restrictions on labor unions similar to those in the Labor Man agement Relations (Taft-Hartley) Act of 1947. Three of the four Wagner-type laws—those of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New York— are prefaced by statements of “ Findings and Policy” similar to that in the Wagner Act itself. They refer to the inequality of bargaining power between the employers and the employees who do not possess full freedom of association and con tracting. They state that it is in the public interest that “ equality of bargaining power be established and maintained” ; that denial of such rights to employees leads to depressed wage rates and purchasing power of wage earners, thus aggravating business depressions, creating unem ployment, and leading to increased public and private expenditures for relief. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 215 Pennsylvania’s law, one of the restrictive type, contains a similar statement of policy. However, the declaration of policy in the other restrictive acts mentions neither inequality of bargaining power nor its consequences. Colorado, Wisconsin, and Utah specify three major interests that it is the policy of the State to protect and promote: the public, the employer, and the employee. Michi gan, too, specifies that the interests and rights of the “ consumers and the people” should always be protected. All of the 13 acts recognize two specific rights of employees: (1) the right to organize and (2) the right to bargain collectively. The Wagner-type acts usually not only declare these as rights, but “encourage” workers to carry them out. For instance, the Rhode Island act declares it to be the public policy of the State— to encourage the practice and procedure of collective bargaining, and to protect employees in the exercise of full freedom of association, self-organization and designation of representatives of their own choosing for the purposes of collective bargaining, or other mutual aid and protection, free from the interference, restraint or coercion of their employers. Almost identical with the Rhode Island publicpolicy statement are those in the Massachusetts and New York laws. A similar declaration is still carried in the Pennsylvania act, even after the addition of a number of union-restrictive provisions to its original law. The restrictive acts also declare that the em ployees have these same two rights, but, except for Pennsylvania and Puerto Rico, do not expressly set forth as their public policy the encouragement of such activities, which is indicative of the differ ences between the two types of acts. Laws of Colorado, Kansas, Minnesota, Utah, Wisconsin, and Hawaii, in addition to affirming the rights of employees to organize and bargain collectively, provide (like the Taft-Hartley Act) that em ployees have the right to refrain from such activities. Workers are authorized under all the laws to select a union to represent them for collective bargaining purposes. Machinery has been estab lished under most of the laws to enable the enforc ing agency to determine such representatives by election. Elections under most of the acts are held at the request of either the union or the em ployer. The representative designated by a ma jority of the employees in an “appropriate bargain- MONTHLY LABOR STATE LABOR RELATIONS ACTS 216 ing” unit becomes the exclusive representative of all employees in that unit. However, except in Michigan, the laws also specifically permit indi vidual employees to present grievances to their employer. Before a collective-bargaining representative can be selected as the employee representative, it is necessary to determine the “appropriate bargain ing” unit. This may be one entire plant, several plants, a craft, or some other subdivision of an industry. Usually, the State board is authorized to make this decision. Under most of the laws, a craft unit must be designated as the appropriate bargaining unit on request of a majority of the employees in the craft. Unfair Labor Practices Lists of the most commonly prohibited unfair labor practices for employers, and for employees and unions, appear in the accompanying table. As the table indicates, all the acts, even those of the restrictive type, prohibit employers from en gaging in certain unfair labor practices. The four “little Wagner” acts are unanimous in forbidding the same five types of activities that were prohib ited by the original Federal Wagner Act, namely: interfering with or coercing employees in the ex ercise of their rights to organize and bargain col lectively; dominating or contributing to a union; encouraging or discouraging membership in a union Unfair labor 'practices most commonly prohibited in State labor relations acts 1 Prohibited practice F o r E o r E Massa chu setts N ew York Rhode Island Colo rado X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ichi Minne Penn syl Kansas Mgan sota vania Utah Puerto Wis consin Hawaii Rico m plo y ers To interfere with, restrain, or coerce employees in the exercise of their rights to organize and bargain collectively__ ________ To dominate or interfere with the formation or administration of a union or to contribute financial or other support . . . _____ ____ To encourage or discourage union member ship by discriminating in the terms or con ditions of em ploym ent2 ....... To discharge or discriminate against an em ployee because he has filed charges or given testimony under the act.. _______ To refuse to bargain collectively with the em ployees’ representatives__________________ __ To spy upon employees . To prepare or distribute blacklists of indi viduals. .. To collect or deduct from employees’ wages without their authority, dues or fees pay able to a union ... ________ To violate the terms of a collective bargaining agreement _ ____ To bargain collectively with the representa tives of less than a majority of employees in a unit___ _____________ _____ _ ______ F Con necti cut m plo y ees o r U X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 1 X X n io n s To engage in a secondary boycott__ To engage in or to induce picketing, boycot ting, or other overt concomitant of a strike unless a strike has been voted by a majority of employees in the bargaining unit . To coerce or intimidate any employee in the exercise of his legal rights, including those to organize and to bargain collectively or to refrain from such activities_________ _ To coerce, intimidate, or induce any employer to interfere with any of his employees in the enjoyment of their legal rights. . . . __ To refuse or fail to recognize or accept as con clusive the final determination of any tri bunal having competent jurisdiction in any controversy.. _ To violate the terms of a collective bargaining agreement.. ______ _____ _______ To seize or occupy property unlawfully To engage in mass picketing or to use force and violence__ _________ ____ __________ To intimidate an employee’s family or to in jure his property (“employer’s” family in Pennsylvania)............ .................. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 1 In addition to the unfair practices listed in this table, others are prohibited under some of the laws. These prohibitions include, for the employer, engaging in a lock-out contrary to agreement, refusing to accept final determination of a controversy; and for the union or employee, picketing beyond the area of industry, requiring that stand-in employees be employed, acting https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X as a business agent without valid license, forcing any person to become or remain a member of a labor union, engaging in a jurisdictional dispute, 2 A proviso added to this clause authorizes a union-security agreement under varying conditions, REVIEW , AUGUST 1950 STATE LABOR RELATIONS ACTS by discriminating in terms or conditions of em ployment; discrimination against an employee because he has filed charges or given testimony under the act; and refusing to bargain collectively. In addition to these prohibited practices, spying upon employees, blacklisting employees, and re fusing to discuss grievances with employees are also forbidden in three of the four “little Wagner” acts—those of Connecticut, New York, and Rhode Island. In general, the practices specified above are also prohibited by most of the union-restrictive acts. The most extensive list of employer unfair practices is found in three of these acts—those of Colorado, Wisconsin, and Hawaii. State labor relations acts are not as uniform in prohibiting unfair labor practices for unions and employees as for employers. Seven of the laws— those of Colorado, Kansas, Minnesota, Pennsyl vania, Utah, Wisconsin, and Hawaii—place certain restrictions on picketing or boycotting. Nine of the laws prohibit the coercion or intimidation of any employee in the exercise of his legal rights. Other provisions that restrict union activities are also written into the laws. Five States regu late some phase of the internal operation of unions. For instance, Kansas requires every union to file a copy of its constitution with the Secretary of State, and, if it has more than 25 members, to make a comprehensive annual report to the Secretary of State. In Wisconsin and Minnesota, unions acting as collective-bargaining agents must sup ply annual financial reports to its members, and in Minnesota, certain regulations relating to union elections must be followed. One of the most far-reaching limitations in the acts covers the use of union-security safeguards, such as the closed shop and use of the check-off. None of the State labor relations acts go as far as the Taft-Hartley Act in outlawing the closed shop, but four restrict closed-shop agreements. Under the Colorado and Hawaii acts, an all-union agree ment may be entered into when at least threefourths of the employees have voted by secret ballot in favor of such agreement. In Kansas a majority vote is required. The Wisconsin law specifies that at least two-thirds of the employees voting must approve, and the two-thirds must represent a majority of employees in the unit. As to the check-off, Colorado, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Hawaii make its use an unfair labor practice on the part of the employer. An https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 217 exception is made when an employee has given an individual personally signed order requesting such a deduction. Prevention of Unfair Labor Practices All of the acts except those of Minnesota, Kansas, and Michigan provide special boards or commissions to prevent unfair labor practices. These agencies are usually composed of three mem bers appointed by the Governor for a fixed term. In most cases, the agency is placed in the State labor department, but under several of the laws, the administrative agency determines the policy independently. The procedure established by the laws for the prevention of the unfair labor practices is fairly uniform. Generally a complaint is filed with the board, and, after investigation, the board provides for a hearing. If the board finds that the employer, employee, or union against whom the complaint has been filed has engaged in an unfair labor practice, it may issue an order requiring such per son or union to cease and desist from that practice. The board may also require affirmative action on the part of the person who has been guilty of the unfair practice. For instance, it may require reinstatement of an employee, or the awarding of back pay. The board has the authority to petition the court for enforcement of an order, if necessary. In Kansas, Michigan, and Minnesota, which have no special agency dealing with the prevention of unfair labor practices, violation of the respective acts is a misdemeanor, punishable by fine and imprisonment. Prosecution in these States is the responsibility of the regular law-enforcement officers. Minnesota provides for suits in equity to enjoin the unfair labor practice. Under court enforcement, penalties are provided for the person committing the unlawful practice, but no remedies are available for the person injured. One of the most important features of administration by a board or commission is, as previously explained, that the wrong can be remedied by affirmative action of the board. — N orene M. D ia m o n d Bureau of Labor Standards, U. S. Department of Labor 1 Alabama also has such an act, passed in 1949, but it applies only to Wilcox County, which is small and nonindustrial, and is not covered in the present article. 3 The Massachusetts law as amended in 1947 includes a few restrictive pro visions such as the prohibition of unlawful seizure of public property. 218 FEDERAL RENT CONTROL EXTENSION Extension of Federal Rent Control, 1950 F ederal ren t controls were extended for 6 months (to December 31) on June 23, when Presi dent Truman signed the Housing and Rent Act of 1950. This law also authorizes an additional 6-month period of regulated rents for those com munities seeking it. Decontrol provisions in the Housing and Rent Act of 1949 (which expired June 30) are continued in the new law. Under its terms, the States and local communities may decontrol, or the Federal Housing Expediter may do so, either upon his own initiative or upon the recommendation of local rent boards. Opportunities for decontrol of rents are actually strengthened by the 1950 law. Communities seeking to end rent control may now act without Major Settlements in Automobile Industry, 1949-50 T he F ord , C h r ysler , and G eneral M otors contracts with the United Automobile Workers (CIO), the former signed in September 1949 and the latter two in May 1950, introduced new con cepts and patterns into the industry’s labormanagement relations. They brought substantial benefits to the workers covered, and opened what is expected to be an era of prolonged industrial peace in the Nation’s largest automobile produc tion centers. Although the agreements were reached under widely varying circumstances, they were somewhat uniform in establishing pensions and social-insurance programs in the major seg ments of the industry. This article presents briefly the developments leading up to the signing of these contracts and a comparison of the princi pal terms of the agreements. Background of Industry Bargaining Although mass production of automobiles is a development of the last four decades, the history https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR the consent of their State governors, and counties may lift controls in unincorporated areas. Pri mary responsibility for the decontrol of Federal rental areas remains with the State and municipal rent councils. The bill signed by the President was a compro mise measure. A straight 1-year extension of rent control had been sought by the President. The House had passed a bill extending straight con trols for 7 months and offering an option to local communities for an additional 6 months of pro tection. The Senate’s bill had provided the “ sixand-six” formula, which was adopted. Eight million home units still remain under Federal regulation, but more and more States and local communities are taking advantage of the opportunity to decontrol rents.1 1 For a discussion on changes in residential rents in large cities after decon trol actions, see M onthly Labor Review, March 1950 (pp. 253-256) and M onthly Labor Review, April 1950 (p. 401). of union organization and collective bargaining in this comparatively young industry is confined largely to only the last decade and a half. Production in the industry is centered in (1) plants of three major corporations—General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler—(2) a few smaller companies producing completed vehicles inde pendently, and (3) a large number of parts manu facturers supplying parts for most of the industry. Geographically the industry is centered in Michi gan, especially in and around Detroit, although large manufacturing and assembly plants employ ing thousands of workers are located in several other States, particularly in Ohio, Indiana, New York, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, and Missouri. Prior to 1933 there was very little union organi zation in the industry. Within a very few years, this condition was transformed, however. In 1950, employees of nearly all of the major plants were organized and dealing with their employers through union channels. Early attempts of craft unions to organize the industry before World War I were largely unsuc cessful. The Union of Carriage, Wagon, and Automobile Workers was suspended from the American Federation of Labor in 1918 because of REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY: MAJOR SETTLEMENTS its insistence on jurisdiction over the entire indus try. This union, with its name changed to the Automobile, Aircraft, and Vehicle Workers, in creased its strength to about 40,000 members in 1920 but never recovered from membership losses in the 1920-21 depression. AFL unions tried again to organize the automobile industry in the mid-1920’s but made little progress. From 1933 to 1937 organization went forward at a rapid pace. The United Automobile Workers of America was organized in August 1935, from numerous federal locals into which workers at individual plants had been organized by the AFL. This union joined the Committee for Industrial Organization in 1936 and by mid-1937 its member ship approached 400,000. The business recession of 1938 brought a decline in membership, and factionalism within the union resulted in a with drawal of one segment which reaffiliated with the AFL in June 1940. This group has continued as the International Union of United Automobile Workers of America (AFL) and has remained com paratively small. A few independent unions, such as the Mechanics Educational Society of America have made headway at times in organizing some segments of the industry but their total member ships have remained relatively small. The first agreement with General Motors was reached in February 1937 following a 6 weeks’ strike. The corporation recognized the UAW as collective-bargaining agent for its members and agreed that there should be no discrimination against any employees because of union member ship. To assure the union that its position would not be undermined the corporation agreed with the Governor of Michigan, in a separate document, not to bargain with or enter into a contract with any other union for a period of 6 months. An agreement with Chrysler followed in April, after a strike of 1 month, which was patterned largely after the General Motors contract. The union was granted recognition for its members and, while it did not obtain bargaining rights for all employees, the company agreed to refrain from recognizing any dual organization. Many smaller companies and parts manufacturers signed con tracts with the UAW during this period. The third major segment of the industry—the Ford Motor Co.—did not sign a union contract until June 1941, following an 11-day strike in April and an NLRB election in May 1941. This con https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 219 tract went further than any other existing major agreement in the industry, providing for a union shop, check-off of union dues, wage rates at least equal to the highest in the industry, and a shopsteward system for handling grievances with a top joint appeal board to settle grievances not disposed of at earlier stages. Each of the three major companies was involved in one major stoppage between 1939 and 1941. A 55-day stoppage of nearly 50,000 Chrysler workers, in October-November 1939 brought the union exclusive bargaining rights for the plants covered as well as a wage increase of 3 cents an hour and the establishment of grievance machinery for settling disputes under the contract. A 2-day strike of some 40,000 General Motors employees in May 1941 was terminated by a new contract providing a wage increase of 10 cents an hour. The Ford stoppage and settlement in 1941 have been previously described. During the war years the three large automo bile producers converted largely to production of war materials and operated through the period with no major disruptions over collective-bargain ing difficulties. Operations were often interrupted, however, with small and unauthorized strikes over local problems or wartime pressures. The postwar period has been one of high production and high employment. Output has set new records despite the fact that each of the three large automobile companies had one major strike during the period. Probably the most disruptive strike in the industry’s history occurred at General Motors plants from November 1945 to March 1946. The settlement provided for a wage increase of 18% cents an hour for the 200,000 workers, involved—in line with other current postwar increases. In May 1948, approximately 75,000 Chrysler workers were idle for 17 days after which a 2-year contract was signed. It provided a wage increase of 13 cents an hour and a wage reopening after June 15, 1949. A 25-day strike of some 62,000 Ford workers in May 1949 resulted in an agreement to arbitrate difficulties over alleged speed-up of operations. There were also several smaller strikes over local problems. The 1949-50 Disputes The Ford contract was due to expire July 15, 1949; the Chrysler agreement did not expire until 220 AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY: MAJOR SETTLEMENTS August 1, 1950, but provided for a wage reopening after June 15, 1949; and the General Motors agreement ran to May 29, 1950. Negotiations with Ford began in early June 1949, Chrysler talks began in July, and actual negotiations with General Motors began in March 1950, although exploratory discussions on pensions, etc., began as early as November 1949. In all three cases the union’s objectives were a pension plan, a social insurance program, and increased wages. Other major disputes during the last half of 1949 also followed this general pattern, particularly in the bituminous-coal and basic steel industries, as the unions sought to establish or improve their programs for pensions and social insurance. The report of the President’s Steel Industry Board 1on September 10 had its effect on all major negotia tions then under way and those soon to follow.2 Bargaining and Settlements Ford. The beginning of negotiations with the Ford Motor Co. on June 2, 1949, marked the open ing of the union’s campaign for pensions, social insurance, and wage increases from all major automobile companies. Mid-1949 was a period of business uncertainty and the company had raised the question whether workers would be willing to take a wage cut in order to finance a pension program 3—the only alternative, it was claimed, to an increase in prices. The union, however, stressed the company’s ability to pay and insisted that the demands could be met without increasing prices. When no settlement was reached by July 1, 1949, it was agreed to extend the old contract on a day-to-day basis if no new agreement was concluded by the July 15 expiration date. After almost 4 months of negotiations a settlement was reached on September 29, practically on the eve of the industry-wide steel strike. The new agreement provided for monthly pensions of $100, including social-security benefits, to employees aged 65 with 30 years of service. Some social-insurance benefits were included also. Cost of the program to the company was esti mated at 8% cents an hour which, with l}i cents paid previously on an insurance plan, made the total estimated company cost 10 cents an hour. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR Chrysler. The union notified the company in late June 1949 of its desire to reopen the contract, as provided for, and presented its demands for a program of pensions, social insurance, and a livingcost pay adjustment. The company contended that negotiations should be limited to wages and that the existing contract precluded consideration of pensions and insurance plans during 1949. Intermittent negotiations between the UAW and Chrysler followed for more than 6 months and, although pensions and insurance were discussed, the parties failed to reconcile their conflicting views as to the amounts of the benefits and the manner in which the program should be funded and administered. Strike votes, conducted by the union under its constitutional provisions and under requirements of Michigan State law indi cated that a large majority of the workers favored strike action if that became necessary. A strike date was finally set for January 25, 1950. As this date approached the company offered a new 5-year contract providing for monthly pensions of $100 to workers retiring at age 65 with 25 years’ service, the payments to be guaranteed by its solvency and good name. The offer also included some improved insurance benefits. The contract would be reopenable once each year on wages only. This was found unacceptable by the union, which proposed that the company set aside 10 cents an hour in a specific trust fund to finance the program, with joint administration. As an alternative, the union offered to accept a flat wage increase of 10 cents an hour. Long weeks of negotiations accompanied the stoppage. The company held fast to its position that its solvency and good faith were sufficient guaranty for pension payments. Equally firm, the union contended that the entire program should be jointly administered, and financed by the company, in specific terms of cents per hour, to be placed in a trust fund. After several weeks, the company offered to set up a $30,000,000 fund from which pensions should be financed. The union regarded this amount as inadequate to make the plan actuarily sound and countered with a proposal that an additional $16,200,000 be put into the fund within a 5-year period. This point was finally settled when the union agreed to drop its “cents-per-hour” demand and the company REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY: MAJOR SETTLEMENTS 221 Comparison of Significant Provisions in the Ford, Chrysler, and General Motors Settlements Provision Ford Chrysler General Motors General Contract Provisions Effective date of con tract. Length of contract___ Reopening Union security Upon ratification by the union on or before Oct. 29, 1949. Until Apr. 1, 1952; from year to year thereafter unless either party gives notice of desire to terminate or modify. Once by each party on eco nomic matters, other than pensions, after Jan. 1, 1951. _ _ Union shop retained Wage changes. No general wage changes May 4, 1950 ____ __ May 29, 1950. 3 years; from year to year thereafter unless either party gives notice of desire to terminate. 5 years; from year to year thereafter unless either party gives notice to terminate or modify. By each party on wage rates and insurance (but not pen sions) after July 1, 1951, and again after July 1 of any subsequent year. No reopening on pension plan for 5 years. Exclusive bargaining clause retained; voluntary check off of union dues added. None; to “continue in full force and effect without change until May 29, 1955.” Right or obligation to bargain further on any matters waived during life of agree ment. Modified union shop— new em ployees required to join the union within 90 days, with option of withdrawing after 1 year; present employees, not union members, not re quired to join. Annual wage improvement fac tor increased from 3 to 4 cents an hour. Cost-of-liv ing escalator clause con tinued. No general wage changes, but some adjustments in 45 wage classifications and area wage differentials between Detroit and Indiana plants reduced 3 cents an hour by increasing rates of Indi ana workers. Pension Plan Provisions Effective date of pen sion plan. Mar. 1, 1950 Duration of pension plan. 5 years, with automatic renewal for 1-year periods thereafter unless either party shall give written notice of desire to amend or modify at least 60 days prior to expiration date. Joint board of 6, 3 appointed by company and 3 by union, with impartial chairman, establishes procedures, rules on questions of eligibility, etc. By company exclusively_____ $100 including primary socialsecurity benefits. Administration Financing___________ Amount of normal monthly pension. 8 95 483— 50------ - 3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis “The first day of the third calendar month following the calendar month in which the union notifies the cor poration in writing, that this agreement has been duly ratified * * provided that plan has been cleared by Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 5 years, with automatic re newal for 1-year periods thereafter unless either party shall give written notice of desire to amend or modify at least 60 days prior to expiration date. Same as Ford_______________ By company exclusively_____ $100 including primary socialsecurity benefits. Not later than October 1, 1950. For length of collective-bar gaining agreement. Same as Ford. By company exclusively. $i00 including primary socialsecurity benefits, subject to increase if social-security benefits rise, as company continues to pay $1.50 a month for each year of service from 10 up to 30. 222 AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY: MAJOR SETTLEMENTS MONTHLY LABOR Comparison of Significant Provisions in the Ford, Chrysler, and General Motors Settlements— Continued Provision Ford Chrysler General Motors Pension Plan Provisions— Continued Age and service re q u ir e m e n t s fo r above pension. Age of automatic re tirement. Age 65 and 30 years’ credited service. Age 65 and 25 years’ credited service. Age 65 and 25 years’ credited service. 68 _____________________ 68 although employee may continue working thereafter at company’s option. Credited for service up to age 68. 68 although employee may continue working thereafter at company’s option. Credited for service up to age 68 but subject to 30 years’ service limitation. Upon retirement at age 65, with 10 but less than 25 years’ service, monthly pen sion, including primary socialsecurity benefits, $4 for each year of service. Monthly pension of $3 for each year of credited service up to 30, with $50 mini mum, upon retirement for total and permanent dis ability between ages 50 and 65 with 15 or more years’ service. Pension subject to deductions for statutory dis ability benefits available to employee. Between ages 60 and 65, with 10 or more years’ service; retirement at employee or corporation option, with re duced benefits. Credit for service after age 65. None Provision for retire ment with less than required service for normal pension. Upon retirement at age 65 with less than 30 years’ service, monthly pension, including primary socialsecurity benefits, is pro rated. Monthly pension of $50, in cluding any statutory dis ability benefits, upon re tirement for total and per manent disability after age 55 with 30 years’ service. Upon retirement at age 65 with 10 but less than 25 years’ service, monthly pen sion, including social-secu rity benefits, is prorated. Employee may retire between age 60 and 65, after 30 years’ service, with reduced benefits. Employee may retire between age 60 and 65, with 25 years’ service, with reduced benefits. Disability retirement provisions. Provision for retire ment before age 65. Monthly pension of $50, in cluding any statutory dis ability benefits, upon re tirement for total and per manent disability between age 55 and 65 with 25 years’ service. Insurance, Hospitalization, and Medical Provisions [Most items paid for on contributory basis] Life insurance before retirement. Continuing free life insurance upon re tirement or upon reaching age 65. W eek ly d is a b ilit y benefits. Hospitalization, surgi cal benefits and inh o sp ita l m ed ical benefits. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $2,000 to $4,000, depending on earnings. N one______________________ $3,600_____________________ $18 to $36, depending on earn ings, for 26 weeks, per disability, beginning 1st day of accident and 8th day of sickness; including 6 weeks’ maternity. Blue Cross and Blue Shield protection, at employee ex pense, for hospitalization and surgical benefits. Inhospital medical benefits of $4 a day up to 70 days, paid by company. $28 for 26 weeks, per disabil ity, beginning 1st day of accident and 4th day of sickness, including 6 weeks’ maternity. $500 to $1,000 upon retire ment, depending on length of service. $1.05 a month for Blue Cross and 45 cents a month for Blue Shield protection for employee, paid by company. Balance (approxim ately half) of premiums for his own protection and all costs of coverage for his dependents, paid by em ployee. $2,500 to $5,000, depending on earnings. $500 to $1,350, depending on earnings and length of serv ice, after reaching age 65. $28 to $45.50, depending on earnings, for 26 weeks, per disability, beginning on 1st day of accident and 8th day of sickness, including 6 weeks’ maternity. Half of cost, Blue Cross and Blue Shield hospitalization and surgical benefits for em ployee and his family, paid by com pany. In-hospital medical benefits up to $5 a day not to exceed 70 days, also paid by company. REVIEW , AUGUST 1950 AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY: MAJOR SETTLEMENTS agreed to set up a trust fund which would make the plan actuarily sound. The Chrysler agreement was reached on May 4, 1950, the hundredth day of a strike involving 95,000 workers, and ratified May 6. It provides for pensions of $100 per month, including socialsecurity payments, to workers retiring at age 65 with 25 years of service; insurance benefits; check-off of union dues; and improvements in provisions relating to seniority, promotions, griev ance procedures, and vacation pay. No general wage increase was agreed to, but many workers received increases as a result of adjustments in certain wage classifications and from the narrow ing of area wage differentials between Detroit and Indiana plants. General Motors. Negotiations with General Motors began on March 29, 1950, 60 days prior to the expiration of the contract. The union’s principal proposals included pensions of $125 per month, insurance benefits, and a 9-cent hourly increase in wages, the equivalent of a 31-cent package. There were other demands also, includ ing a union shop, changes in provisions relating to transfers and promotions, and elimination of the cost-of-living wage adjustment clause. The agreement came as a surprise soon after settlement of the Chrysler strike. It was an nounced on May 23, a few days before the old contract was scheduled to expire. Principal provisions of the 5-year agreement included: (1) monthly pensions of $100, including social security benefits, to employees retiring at age 65 with 25 years of service; (2) improved social insurance benefits; (3) an increase in the annual improvement factor from 3 cents to 4 cents per hour in each of the five contract years; and (4) a modified union shop in which new employees will be required to join the union within 90 days but will have the option of withdrawing after 1 year. Basic agreement on the principle that employees, through technological progress, might expect an improved standard of living, was evident from the contract paragraph which states: The annual improvement factor provided herein recognizes that a continuing improvement in the standard of living of employees depends upon technological progress, better tools, methods, proc esses and equipment, and a cooperative attitude on the part of all parties in such progress. It further https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 223 recognizes the principle that to produce more with the same amount of human effort is a sound economic and social objective. Accordingly, all employees covered by this agreement shall receive an increase of 4 cents per hour, effective May 29, 1950, and an ad ditional increase of 4 cents per hour annually on May 29, 1951, May 29, 1952, May 29, 1953, and May 29, 1954, which shall be added to the base rate of each wage classification. The cost-of-living escalator clause, agreed to in 1948, was continued so that wage rates can be adjusted in accordance with trends in the BLS index of consumers’ prices. This clause provides for an adjustment each 3 months of 1 cent an hour for each 1.14 point change in the index. Wage rates cannot be reduced below basic levels in case of drastic reductions in prices. Import of Agreements Union spokesmen claimed that the Ford agree ment, reached 2 days before the steel strike began, represented “ an important milestone in welfare and security in the industry,” which will “ not only serve for stability of the auto workers but should point the way in the steel industry.” A high company official characterized the contract as “ a fresh and significant approach to increasingly better industrial relations in Ford Motor Co. plants,” which “ opens the door on a long period of sustained labor peace and productivity.” Conflicting claims were made as to the measure of gains and losses resulting from the Chrysler stoppage. The union characterized the strike settlement as a victory and claimed that the monetary costs of the benefits obtained equaled the 10-cent economic package demanded before the strike began. In announcing the settlement to the membership the union stated: “ It is most unfortunate that the Chrysler Corp. forced its workers and their families to undergo the hardships of a long and costly strike before the Chrysler Corp. was willing to give the Chrysler workers the eco nomic and contract concessions that other com panies granted their workers without forcing them to strike.” The company did not announce any estimates of the costs of benefits granted but pointed out: “ As regards pension and other benefits that the individual employee gets under the new contract, he could have got substantially these at the conference table without losing a single day’s pay.” UNION-SECURITY AGREEMENT PROVISIONS 224 Top union officials termed the General Motors agreement “ the most significant development in labor relations since the mass production indus tries were organized in 1936-37.” The president of the General Motors Corp. regarded the agree ment as based upon “ experience, logic and principles rather than on pressure, propaganda and force.” He further stated: “ The 5-year agreement could not have been reached except for the progress made 2 years ago in adopting a formula for fair wage determination, and if the UAW-CIO had not demonstrated during this 2-year period its sincerity and responsibility in carrying out agreements.” — D on Q. C row ther and L oretto R . N olan Division of Industrial Relations, BLS 1 This board was appointed by President Truman in July 1949 to investi gate the facts and make recommendations for settlement of the steel dispute. For an analysis of the Board’s report see M onthly Labor Review, November 1949, p. 507. 2 Especially significant was the Board’s statement that “social insurance and pensions should be considered a part of normal business costs to take care of temporary and permanent depreciation in the human ‘machinery’ in much the same way as provision is made for depreciation and insurance of plant machinery. This obligation should be among the first charges on revenues.” > In 1947 Ford workers had rejected a pension plan in favor of a wage increase. The company had offered the choice between a straight wage increase of 15 cents per hour or a 7-cent wage increase and a jointly financed pension plan. MONTHLY LABOR ing groups. Forty-seven percent of the agree ments were negotiated by unions affiliated with the AFL; 40 percent by unions affiliated with the CIO;1 and 13 percent by unaffiliated or independ ent unions.2 Every collective-bargaining agreement in itself implies a certain degree of union status or security. However, most contracts include specific clauses defining the extent or type of union security in the plant or establishment. The particular type of security clause included frequently depends on such factors as the relative economic strength of the union and employer, conditions peculiar to particular industries, the legpl framework within which the contract is consummated, and patterns established in the history of bargaining in the industry and between the particular employer and the union involved. Union-security clauses maybe classified, broadly, into three major categories: union shop and its variations; membership maintenance; and sole bargaining.3 Of these three types, the union shop was most prevalent among the agreements ana lyzed (table 1). “Union-shop” agreements require that all or nearly all employees in the collective T a b l e 1.— Types of union-security provisions established by collective-bargaining agreements All agree ments in sample 1 Types of union security Union-Security Provisions in Agreements, 1949-50 2,159 collective-bargaining agree ments analyzed for union-security clauses, provi sions required that workers covered by the contract either must be union members at the time of hiring or become members within a specified period after starting work. In addition, almost two-thirds (64 percent) of the agreements examined by the Bureau of Labor Statistics called for some type of check-off of dues alone, or of dues and other union assessments. All the agreements studied were in effect during all or some part of 1949. Many remained effective in 1950. They covered an estimated 4,000,000 workers employed throughout the United States in 20 major manufacturing and 8 nonmanufactur https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Agreements N um Per N um Per ber cent ber cent Total I n half of the Agreements with employ ment data _______ ____ __ 2,159 Union shop__________________ 1,080 Membership maintenance_____ 444 Sole bargaining____________ __ 635 Workers covered Number Per cent 100 1,622 100 3,154,000 100 802 334 486 49 1, 259,000 21 752,000 30 1,143,000 40 24 36 50 21 29 1 N ot included in the final sample of 2,159 agreements were 16 contracts which had no union-security provision and 143 in which union-security provisions could not be definitely classified. Most of these agreements made the type of union security contingent on developments and interpre tations of the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947, or various State laws. The most significant of these are the national anthracite and bitum i nous-coal mining agreements, covering approximately 450,000 workers, which provide for a union shop “to the extent ana in the manner permitted by law.” Also excluded is the company-wide contract between the Ford Motor Co. and the United Automobile Workers (CIO), covering 115,000 workers, which provides for a union shop except for plants in States where the union shop is banned by law. The contract between the General Motors Corp. and the Auto Workers (CIO), covering about 250,000 workers, is here classified in the sole-bargaining category; since the survey date, a new contract incorpo rating a modified union-shop provision has been signed. The incorporation of the above contracts in the union-shop category would bring the total number of workers covered to over 2,000,000. Another group of 87 agreements were eliminated from the sample because their check-off provisions could not be definitely classified and thus corre lated with the union-security clauses of the same agreements. Of this group, 63 percent called for a union shop, 16 percent for maintenance of member ship, and 21 percent for sole bargaining. Finally, because of lack of an adequate sample, agreements in the con struction industry (traditionally union shop) and in the railroad industry (where the union shop is prohibited by law) were not included in the study. REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 UNION-SECURITY AGREEMENT PROVISIONS bargaining unit be members of the union. “Main tenance of union membership” agreements stipu late that all employees who were union members when the contract became effective, or join the union while the contract is in effect, must remain union members in good standing during the life of the agreement. “Sole bargaining” contracts are those in which the union is recognized only to the extent that it is accorded the right to bargain for all employees in the unit, irrespective of whether the workers are or are not members of the union. Union Shop The frequency of union-shop clauses in contracts in major industry groups is shown in table 2. In 8 of the 20 manufacturing industry groups and in 5 of the 8 nonmanufacturing groups, more than half of the agreements surveyed provided for union-shop clauses. T a b l e 2. — Type of union security by industry Major industry group T otal_____ _____________ M a n u fa c tu r in g _ ______ Apparel and other finished textile products_________________________ _____ Printing and publishing______ _____ Paper and allied p r o d u cts._____ ___ Food and kindred products____________ Lumber and timber basic products Professional and scientific instrum ents... Textile mill products. . . . . . . _____ Stone, clay, and glass products_________ Transportation equipment. ................ Furniture and finished wood products. _. Fabricated metal products, except ord nance, machinery, and transportation equipment. . . . _______ __ . . Rubber products. _ ______________ Primary metal industries____ _____ Leather and leather products______ _ Chemicals and allied"products. . . . Machinery, except electrical... ______ Tobacco___ ______ _ ____ . ______ Electrical machinery___ ____ . . . . . _ Petroleum and coal products.. . _______ Miscellaneous 1______________________ N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g ____________ ____ Hotels and restaurants_____ _____ Wholesale and retail trade_______ ___ Services2_____ _______ . _ . . . Transportation. . . . . . ___ Utilities, electric and gas ______ _______ Mining, crude-petroleum and natural-gas production________________________ Communications________ ______ ___ M iscellaneous3_______ ___________ Percent of agreements N um providing— ber of agree ments M em Sole in Union bership bar sample shop mainte gaining nance 2,159 50.0 21.0 29.0 1 ,6 8 1 4 7 .0 2 3 .0 3 0 .0 86 53 58 172 47 25 150 154 73 60 88. 0 75.0 72.0 71.0 64.0 52.0 51.0 48.0 45.0 37.0 10.0 14.0 8.0 2.0 24.0 12.0 12.0 33.0 20.0 12.0 15.0 14.0 21.0 34.0 24.0 37.0 40.0 22.0 43.0 158 48 103 103 70 155 16 58 49 43 37.0 36.0 35.0 34.0 33.0 32.0 31.0 31.0 10.0 53.0 38.0 8.0 40.0 54.0 30.0 30.0 19.0 33.0 29.0 21.0 25.0 56.0 25.0 12.0 37.0 38.0 50.0 36.0 61.0 26.0 478 6 9 .0 1 3 .0 2 8 .0 42 104 81 73 115 90.0 71.0 68.0 59.0 49.0 5.0 2.0 11.0 12.0 23.0 5.0 27.0 21.0 29.0 28.0 25 26 12 24.0 12.0 58.0 28.0 19.0 17.0 48.0 69.0 25.0 1 Includes jewelry and silverware, buttons, musical instruments, toys, athletic goods, ordnance, and ammunition. 2 Includes financial, insurance, and other business services, personal serv ices, automobile repair shops, amusement and recreation establishments, and medical and other health services. 3 Includes farming, fishing, educational institutions, nonprofit membership organizations, and governmental establishments. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 225 Union-shop agreements are of two general types, with the following requirements: (1) Employees must be members of the union before beginning work. Less than a tenth, or 93 of the 1,080 union-shop agreements, were in this category. Although some of these agreements did not state specifically that an employee must be a union member before starting work, the stipulated conditions of employment were such that the great majority of workers hired would be union members. (2) New employees, not union members at time of hiring, must join within a specified time after starting work. The greatest number (987) of the union-shop agreements contained this stipulation. Of these 987 contracts, 120 provided a modified union shop in that certain groups of employees were specifically excluded from the requirement that they become union members within a given time after hiring. Preference to union members in filling vacancies was also provided in 163 of the union-shop agreements. T a b l e 3. — Union-security and check-off provisions in agree ments, 1949—50, by region Region TotaL_ _____ N ew England____ _ _ ___ Middle Atlantic East North Central . . . West North Central ___ . South Atlantic ___________ East South Central___ _____ West South Central________ M ountain_______ ______ _ Pacific. . . . . . . ____ Interstate 1. . . ______ _____ Percent of agreements Percent N um providing— of agree ber of ments agree with ments M em Sole check-off in Union bership bargain provi sample shop mainte ing sions nance 2,159 50.0 21.0 29.0 64.0 190 448 546 181 156 102 94 42 248 152 58.0 58.0 49.0 46.0 22.0 31. 0 13.0 48.0 71.0 54.0 14.0 21.0 25.0 34.0 13.0 20.0 19.0 28.0 11.0 18.0 28.0 21.0 26.0 20.0 65.0 49.0 68.0 24.0 18.0 28.0 72.0 67.0 67.0 60.0 81.0 79.0 72.0 55.0 32.0 62.0 1 Each of these agreements covers two or more plants located in different States, and, in some cases, in different regions. Highest proportion of union-shop contracts occurred in the Pacific region, consisting of Cali fornia, Oregon, and Washington (table 3 and chart 1). In this area about 7 out of every 10 agree ments analyzed called for a union shop. By con trast, the proportion of such clauses was lowest (13 percent) in the West South Central States (Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas.) Two-thirds of the 1,012 agreements negotiated by unions affiliated with the AFL called for a union shop (table 4). Of the agreements negoti- UNION-SECURITY AGREEMENT PROVISIONS 226 ated by CIO affiliated unions and by the un affiliated or independent unions, slightly more than a third provided for a union shop. Tables 2, 3, and 4 also contain data for unionsecurity clauses providing membership mainte nance and sole bargaining by industry, region, and union affiliation. T a ble 4. — Union-security and check-off provisions in agree ments, 1949-50, by union affiliation Percent of agreements Percent providing— N um of agree ber of ments agree with M em ments Sole check-ofl in Union bership bargain provi shop mainte sample ing sions nance Union affiliation 64 T otal__________________ --- 2,159 50.0 21.0 29.0 American Federation of Labor. Congress of Industrial Organ izations. . ________ Independent uions L -----. . . 1,012 67.0 13.0 20.0 41 856 291 35.0 36.0 27.0 26.0 38.0 38.0 91 65 1 Includes 14 agreements jointly negotiated by the International Association of Machinists (Ind.) and various A FL affiliates. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR Check-off Provisions About two-thirds of the 2,159 agreements included in the survey contained some “ check-off” arrangement; i. e., the employer deducts from the worker’s pay envelope and remits to the union at regular intervals a sufficient amount of money to cover the worker’s union dues and possibly such other items as initiation fees, assessments, and lines. The check-off is not necessarily a part of any one type or characteristic of union security, but may be agreed upon in connection with the union-shop, maintenance-of-membership, or sole bargaining types of clauses. In manufacturing industries, the proportion of agreements with check-off provisions ranged from a low of 19 percent (10 of 53 agreements) in print ing and publishing to a high of 95 percent (143 out of 150 agreements) in textile-mill products (table 5). Of the 1,681 agreements covering manufac turing firms, 266 provided for check-off of dues, Chart 1. Union-Security Provisions in Collective Bargaining Agreements REVIEW , AUGUST 1950 UNION-SECURITY AGREEMENT PROVISIONS initiation fees, and assessments; 312 provided for check-off of dues and initiation fees; and 586 provided for check-off of dues only (chart 2). In the nonmanufacturing group, the proportion of agreements with check-off provisions ranged from a low of 30 percent in the transportation industry (22 of 73 agreements) to a high of 92 percent in mining and crude petroleum production (23 of the 25 agreements). The communications industry had the second highest rate in this group (85 percent). Of the 478 agreements covering nonmanufacturing workers, 37 provided for check-off of dues, initiation fees, and assessments. An equal number stipulated check-off of dues and initiation fees; and 145 provided for the check-off of dues only. Distribution of check-off clauses on a regional and union affiliation basis appears in tables 3 and 4, respectively. These data, as well as those shown for the major industry groups, reflect a rather definite correlation between the type of Charf 2. Distribution of Agreements, by Type of Check-off Arrangements MANUF ACTURI NG _ I NDUSTRI ES 1681 AGREEMENTS 227 g r o u p Industry group Total. M a n u fa c tu r in g _ Textile mill products______ ______ ________________ Tobacco_________________________________________ Rubber products_________________________________ Chemicals and allied products_____________________ Primary metal industries_________________ ________ Petroleum and coal products______________________ Leather and leather products_________ ____________ Professional and scientific instrum en ts-.___________ Transportation equipment________________________ Furniture and finished wood products_____________ Machinery, except electrical................................ ............. Electrical machinery_____________________________ Fabricated metal products, except ordnance, ma chinery, and transportation equipment___________ Stone, clay, and glass products___________ _________ Food and kindred products_______ _____ ___________ Lumber and timber basic products_________________ Apparel and other finished textile mill products_____ Paper and allied products_________________________ Printing and publishing___________________________ Miscellaneous 1________________________ N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g . Mining, crude-petroleumand natural-gas production.. Communications________________________ Utilities, electric and gas___________________ Services 2_____________________________ Wholesale and retail trade__________________ Hotels and restaurants____________________ Transportation_________________________ Miscellaneous 2_________________________ Percent Total age of number agree of agree ments ments in with sample check-off provisions 2,159 64 1 ,6 8 1 69 150 16 48 70 103 49 103 25 73 60 155 58 95 94 94 89 85 84 81 76 75 72 70 69 158 154 172 47 86 58 53 43 68 63 54 53 43 43 19 67 478 46 25 26 115 81 104 42 73 12 92 85 56 42 34 33 30 42 See footnotes to table 2. Dues only Dues & initiation fees Dues initiation fees, 8t-assessm ents No provision NONMANUF ACTURI NG I NDUSTRI ES 478 AGREEMENTS Dues only Dues & initiation fees high but union-shop clauses are less frequent. On the whole, the survey discloses that about 50 percent of the union-shop agreements also had check-off clauses, but about 80 percent of the membership-maintenance and sole-bargaining agreements called for the check-off of union dues or assessments. — I rving R u b e n s t e in , J ames and W illiam C. N ix , S. G ary Division of Industrial Relations, BLS union-security clause and existence of check-off provisions. Generally, it appears that most agree ments which provide for some form of union shop are least likely to contain the union dues check-off. Thus, for example, in the apparel and printing trades, the relatively high frequency of unionshop provisions is accompanied with a substan tially smaller proportion of check-off clauses. By contrast, in such industries as tobacco, rubber, and chemicals the proportion of agree ments providing for the check-off is relatively https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 Includes agreements of unions which, at the time of the survey, were affiliated with the CIO but which have since been expelled. 2 Includes 14 signed jointly by the International Association of Machinists and various AFL affiliates. 3 For examples of these various types of clauses, see U . S. Dept, of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 908: Union Security Provisions in Col lective Bargaining. 4 A sample of a “modified” union shop is the latest General Motors con tract with the United Automobile Workers (CIO) concluded M ay 29, 1950. The contract provides: “ (4a) A ny employee who is a member of the Union in good standing on the effective date of this agreement shall, as a condition of employ ment, maintain his membership in the Union to the extent of paying membership dues and International and local Union general assessments uniformly levied against all Union members. Such employee may have (Continued on p. 228.) 228 MEDIATION AND CONCILIATION REPORT Mediation and Conciliation Service Report, 19491 T he F ederal M ediation and C onciliation S ervice reported a large increase in conciliation activity during the year ending June 30, 1949—its first full fiscal year of operations since it was estab lished on August 22, 1947, under provisions of the Labor Management Relations Act, 1947. A total of 20,841 dispute notices involving 82,162 industrial establishments were filed with the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, as required by the Labor Management Relations Act, compared with 16,769 dispute notices involv ing 51,650 establishments in fiscal year 1948. The receipt of a dispute notice does not in itself require participation by the Service in a dispute. The facilities of the Service in fiscal year 1949 were authorized in only 16,829 disputes brought to its attention by this method; in 1,937 cases, a volun tary request for assistance was received; and in 56, the Service interceded directly, because the disputes threatened to do considerable damage to the public interest. The 18,822 disputes investigated affected di rectly about 6,363,000 employees. Jurisdiction was later declined in 3,775 of these disputes, pri marily because they had little or no effect on inter state commerce. The outcome, degree of partici pation by the Service, and the issues involved in cases in which jurisdiction was accepted are shown in the following tabulation: (Continued from p. 227.) his membership dues and such assessments deducted from his earnings by signing the form for ‘Authorization for Check-off of D ues,’ or if no such authorization is in effect, he must pay his membership dues and such assessments directly to the Union. “ (4b) A ny employee who on the effective date of this agreement is not a member of the Union shall not be required to become a member of the Union as a condition of continued employment. Any such em ployee, however, who during the life of this agreement joins the Union must maintain his membership thereafter as provided in paragraph (4a). “ (4c) A ny employee hired on or after the effective date of this agree ment shall become a member of the Union upon acquiring seniority, and he shall, as a condition of employment, maintain his Union mem bership for one year to the extent of paying membership dues and Inter national and local Union general assessments uniformly levied against all members, subject to the following: “ (1) If not more than twenty days and not less than ten days imme diately preceding the first anniversary date of his acquisition of seniority such employee notifies the Corporation and the Union in writing that he has resigned from Union membership, such action shall automati cally cancel his ‘Authorization for Check-off of Dues,’ and such employee shall not be obliged thereafter to maintain his membership in the Union, nor pay any dues or assessments as a condition of employment during the remaining life of this agreement.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR N u m b e r o f cases Disputes in which jurisdiction was ac cepted_____________________________ 15, 047 Degree of participation: Active___________________________ 7, 046 Consultative_____________________ 1, 187 Stand-by________________________ 6, 814 Basis for closing cases: Agreement between parties________ 13, 388 Called off by parties______________ 375 National Labor Relations Board accepted jurisdiction____________ 263 211 Referred to arbitration____________ Conciliator withdrew_____________ 810 Issues involved in active cases: Work stoppages__________________ 1, 102 Threatened work stoppages________ 1, 094 Other disputes___________________ 4, 850 AFL unions were involved in 52.7 percent of the 18,822 disputes assigned to theService’s conciliators in fiscal year 1949; CIO unions in 30.6 percent; and unaffiliated unions in 16.7 percent. Manufactur ing industries accounted for 67.6 percent of the disputes referred to the agency; wholesale and retail trade, 11.9 percent; and transportation, 10.4 percent. The largest number of assignments were in New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Illinois, and California. Although more than half the Service’s cases concerned establishments with less than 100 employees, the number of employees involved represented but 6 percent of the total employees in all cases. The largest establishments represented only 5 percent of the total cases, but their employees comprised 60 percent of the em ployees involved in all cases. General Policy Considerations The Labor Management Relations Act requires that a party to a collective-bargaining contract desiring to terminate or modify it must give written notice of such intention to the other party 60 days before the effective date of such termina tion or modification. If no satisfactory settlement has been reached within 30 days, the parties must file a notice of dispute with the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service. The Service assumes its conciliatory role when it decides that the dis pute has more than a “minor effect on interstate commerce.” The agency also intercedes in a labor dispute that, in its judgment, threatens to “do considerable damage to the public interest.” REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 C O L L E C T IV E B A R G A IN IN G The Service explained that its efforts are “di rected toward the peaceful settlement of differences through collective-bargaining conferences between the parties themselves and the achievement of agreement as a result of such negotiations/’ The primary duty of mediating labor-manage ment disputes and promoting a favorable climate for labor-management relations makes it necessary, according to Director of the Service, Cyrus S. Ching, for his agency to undertake such comple mentary functions as assisting employers and unions to select arbitrators for their controversies. Arbitration was found desirable when bargaining, aided by mediation, failed to bring about agreement. In order to avoid direct appointment of arbi trators whenever possible, the Service usually submits lists of prospective arbitrators to both parties. It nominates an individual who “appears to satisfy its standards of experience, integrity, capacity, and acceptability to the parties.” Me diators on the Service’s staff are not permitted to accept arbitral ion assignments. The agency considers its effectiveness as a mediating body impaired if it assumes the responsibility for an award rendered by one of its own personnel. It therefore assigns to the mediator the role of confi dential adviser and counselor of the disputants, and to the arbitrator that of granting a quasi judicial award in favor of one party. Accordingly, the arbitrators nominated by the Service are pri vate individuals who bear a relationship to the disputing parties rather than to the Service itself. During fiscal year 1949, the agency continued its policy of minimizing the costs of arbitration borne by the parties. A scale of suggested arbi tration fees was established which ranged from $50 to $100 a day for time spent in travel, hearing, and preparation of the award. Exceptions were allowed in difficult contract arbitrations, in which the parties agreed to higher compensation. The Service’s Arbitration Unit received 805 requests for assistance in fiscal year 1949; suggested names of arbitrators in 713 cases and actually designated them in 620. Many cases were resolved before arbitration hearings began, either by the disputing parties themselves, or through the efforts of the Service’s conciliators. Cyrus S. Ching, the Service’s director, reported that confidence in and acceptance of his agency had become widespread. He said: 895 483- 50- -4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis IN NEW YORK 229 The merits of Government mediation of labor disputes are quite generally conceded and acknowledged. Govern ment mediators do not, and should not, possess authority or powers other than those which flow from the respect with which the parties regard them and the persuasiveness of their logic. They are aids to collective bargaining. . . . They are counselors and advisers. There are relatively few union or employer officials who look upon the Federal mediators as representative of Government acting in its sovereign lawr-enforcing capacity, or Government as the partisan of one side or the other. Concluding his report, the Service’s director commented: Contrary to an impression held by many, industrial relations in this Nation, generally, are not governed by existing statutory regulations or by board or court orders . . . rather [they] are carried on . . . by representatives of the parties who have learned to respect each other’s good faith. 1 Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service: Second Annual R eport’ Fiscal Year 1949, Washington, D . C., 1950. Collective-Bargaining Gains in New York State, 1949 W age - rates w ere increased an average of 4 cents an hour in nearly 1,500 collective-bargain ing settlements negotiated in New York State in 1949. The survey,1made by the New York State Department of Labor, covered some 900,000 workers—about 30 percent of the unionized em ployees and 15 percent of all nonagricultural workers in the State. A similar survey in 1948 covering about 1,520 collective-bargaining settle ments indicated that hourly wage rates had increased 11 cents. The survey was confined to settlements involv ing 75 or more workers and its findings are not typical of agreements in smaller establishments. About two out of every three agreements pro vided for direct wage increases. The median raise was 7 cents an hour in 1949 compared to the 1948 average of 12 cents. These wage increases, which were given to 56 percent of the 900,000 employees, ranged from 5 cents an hour in apparel, textile, and paper manufacturing to 17 cents in the printing industry. Fringe benefits were granted to about 57 percent of the workers covered by the survey compared 230 LABOR F E D E R A T IO N to 50 percent in 1948. There was no indication that these benefits were generally in lieu of wage increases since they appeared as often in agree ments granting wage increases as in those which did not. Social-insurance programs (medical, surgical, disability, hospitalization, and life insurance) were a prominent feature of fringe benefits in 1949, covering 28 percent of employees compared to 18 percent in 1948. About 89 percent of the 1949 insurance plans were employer-financed. Workers included in new or modified pension programs increased from 10 percent in 1948 to 14 percent in 1949. Six out of every seven pension plans negotiated in 1949 were employer-financed. The average number of workers covered by each pen sion settlement was 1,718, indicating that they were usually implemented only by large employers or by groups of employers. Vacation and holiday benefits affected 11 and 13 percent of employees, respectively, in 1949, compared to 18 and 13 percent in 1948. 1 Collective-Bargaining Settlements in New York State, 1949, State of New York, Department of Labor, Division of Research and Statistics, New York, M ay 1, 1950. Histadrut : Labor Federation of Israel its inceptio n in December 1920, the objectives, functions, and structure of the General Federation of Jewish Labor in Israel, more com monly known as Histadrut, differed radically from those of the organized labor movement in the United States and in Western Europe. Member ship in Histadrut currently comprises about 40 percent of the Jewish population—slightly over a million—in Israel. The organization had its origin in the early agricultural settlements and drew its strength from the cooperatives and casual labor. Lack of industrial development in the country and strong competition from the lowerpaid Arab workers impelled Histadrut to look for ways and means of providing employment, through the establishment of industry and trade, for the increasing flow of Jewish immigrants into Pales tine. For the same reasons, Histadrut also found F rom https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis OF IS R A E L MONTHLY LABOR it necessary to build a large variety of social institutions, such as clinics and hospitals, insurance systems, and schools for adults and children. The combination of trade-union activity with the operation of industrial and financial enterprises and social institutions makes Histadrut unique. Over-All Activities Strictly trade-union functions, as they are under stood in the United States, are thus only a part of Histadrut’s activities. Through its chains of producer and consumer cooperatives in agriculture, industry, construction, transportation, trade, and finance, and through its social insurance, medical, and educational institutions, it has for years occupied a specialized place in the Jewish life of Palestine. Histadrut is the largest agricultural producer and the greatest factor in both export and import trade. It operates the largest building and construction agency and manufactures most of its own building materials and supplies. Its banks and insurance agencies provide saving facilities for the members and loans for its agri cultural, industrial, and commercial enterprises. It has established a comprehensive system of social insurance, with hospitals, dispensaries, and convalescent homes available both to city dwellers and to agricultural communes. It operates schools for children and vocational and cultural training classes for adults, giving particular emphasis to classes for adult immigrants. In fact, there is hardly a phase in the economic, social, and cultural life of Israel in which Histadrut is not important. This article is concerned primarily with its structure and functions as a labor organization, but Histadrut’s trade-union activities are not separate and apart from its other activities and functions.1 This complex structure doubtless resulted from the problems of Jewish colonization of Palestine. Colonization could be accomplished only by the integration of the immi grants as manual and skilled workers on the land and in the cities ; it also required the establishment of industries and trades in which these workers could be employed; and because of the varied backgrounds of those immigrants, social and cultural institutions and a common language (Hebrew) became necessary. In summary, the functions and activities of Histadrut are outlined in its constitution as: 2 REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 LABOR F E D E R A T IO N (a) to organize workers according to their trades into respective unions; (b) to establish and develop enterprises in all branches of agriculture and industry in city and village; to set up credit societies and raise funds for colonization and other economic activities; to foster the organization of collectives and labor-groups; to supply workers through the Labor Exchange; to contract and execute efficiently various works; to further the establishment of labor consumers’ and producers’ cooperatives with the object of extensive reciprocal exchange of supplies; (c) to persist in conducting the struggle of hired workers for improved labor conditions until the complete liberation of the working class; (d) to provide for the revival of the Hebrew language; to publish newspapers and literature on professional, technical, and general subjects; to set up cultural, educational, and technical institutions; (e) to care for the organization and expansion of labor immigration; to maintain contact with the “Hechalutz” ; to receive immigrants and care for their employment and organization; (f) to promote comradely relations with Arab workers in Palestine and foster the link between the Jewish labor movement and the International labor movements all over the world; (g) to establish and develop mutual aid institutions (sick fund, life insurance, credit societies, unemploy ment insurance, etc.). Historical Background Prior to 1920, a few small craft unions existed in Palestine among printers, quarry workers, car penters, and mechanics; the printers’ union dates from 1897. However, the backbone of Histadrut came from Jewish agricultural workers. These organized workers included persons who worked and lived in the cooperative agricultural com munes, and casual laborers who worked by the day or the season in the scattered, privately owned, Jewish farms, vineyards, and orange groves. Although the wages and working and livingconditions of these casual agricultural workers were extremely low, if measured by any European standard, they were substantially higher than those of the large masses of Arab workers. Arab competition for jobs on privately owned Jewish farms had proved so severe that a major objective of the agricultural unions, and later also of Histadrut, was that of “ providing an opportunity for work” (kibush avodah) for Jewish immigrants to Palestine, both on the land and in the cities. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis OF IS R A E L 231 The 87 delegates, representing approximately 4,500 Jewish agricultural workers, who met in Haifa in December 1920 to launch Histadrut, were first and foremost Zionist pioneers. They had come to Palestine to build a homeland for the Jewish people suffering from oppression in Czarist Russia, Poland, and other eastern European countries. They were also intent on building the economic and social structure of the Jewish home land on cooperative principles, with no exploita tion of the labor of one for the benefit of another. Some of these pioneers in Jewish colonization and development of the Palestinian labor movement are still at the helm of Histadrut or are active in the Government of the new independent State of Israel. Structure and Membership The General Federation of Jewish Workers in Israel is not a federation of unions similar to the American Federation of Labor or to the Congress of Industrial Organizations. An individual work er can become a member of the AFL or CIO only indirectly by joining a member union. In Histadrut, the membership is individual and direct. Any person aged 18 years or over who works for an employer, or is self-employed and has no one working for him, can become a mem ber. By joining Histadrut, the individual auto matically also becomes a member of certain agen cies and organizations through which Histadrut carries out its numerous functions and activities. The highest legislative and policy-making body of Histadrut is the General Convention, which meets, on the average, every 3 years. Seven such conventions have been held since the organization of Histadrut in 1920—the latest in Tel-Aviv during the week May 24-30, 1949. Delegates to the convention are elected by the membership from local political party slates. Balloting is secret, and the delegates are elected on the principle of proportional representation. They participate in the work of the convention not primarily as representatives of the trade-union to which they happen to belong, but as representa tives of all the workers in the locality from which they were elected. Approximately 143,000 out of a total of 179,000 members participated in the elections of delegates 232 L A B O R F E D E R A T IO N to the 1949 convention. Among the 501 delegates elected were 276 members of the Israel Labor Party (Mapai, the largest political party in Israel), 172 members of the United Workers Party (Mapam, the left-wing opposition), 19 from the Zionist Workers, 11 from religious organizations, and 13 from the Communist Party. Between conventions, policy-making and ad ministrative functions are vested in the council of Histadrut. The council elects annually an execu tive committee of 51 members, which is responsi ble for implementation of the program adopted by the conventions or council and for day-to-day administration of Histadrut affairs. The execu tive committee, in its turn, elects an executive bureau of 9 members, which in 1949 was composed as follows: 5 members from the Israel Labor Party (Mapai), 3 from the United Workers Party (Mapam), and 1 from the Zionist Workers Party. The total active paid-up membership of the General Federation of Jewish Workers in Israel is composed of (1) working men and women who are employed by others or are self-employed; (2) nonworking wives of members; and (3) employed boys and girls under 18. At the beginning of 1948, the membership totaled 180,600 and consisted of 128,200 working men and women, 47,460 house wives, and 4,940 members of the Federation of Working Youth. Including the members’ chil dren, parents, and other near relatives who are entitled to receive benefits from Histadrut’s social, medical, and educational institutions, Histadrut covered about 276,000 persons—nearly 43.1 per cent of the total Jewish population in Israel in 1948. H i s t a d r u t m e m b e r s h ip , 1 9 2 1 to 1 9 5 0 1 Year 1921_________________________ 1925_________________________ 1935_________________________ 1938_________________________ 1939_________________________ 1940_________________________ 1941_________________________ 1942_________________________ 1943_________________________ 1944_________________________ 1945_________________________ 1946_________________________ 1947_________________________ 1948_________________________ 1949_________________________ 1950_________________________ Wives of Men, women, not and youth members gainfully workers employed 62, 764 73, 660 79,828 81, 733 86,353 90, 601 96, 718 107, 615 117, 094 124, 969 133,140 144,176 191, 006 25,475 27, 955 29, 355 29,846 32,149 34, 614 36, 048 39, 597 41, 997 44, 474 47, 460 50,883 73, 941 Total mem bership 4, 400 10, 085 67, 000 88, 239 101, 615 109,183 111,579 118, 502 125, 215 132, 766 147, 212 159, 091 169,443 180, 600 195,059 264,947 i Membership is for the beginning of each year. It includes wives of mem bers not gainfully employed and, since 1944, also the working boys and girls under 18 who are members of the Working Youth Federation. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis OF IS R A E L M ONTHLY LABOR At the time of the sixth Histadrut convention (in 1945), there were only three Jewish tradeunions in Palestine organized nationally: the Union of Clerks and Officials; the Union of Engi neers; and the Union of Railroad Telephone and Telegraph Workers. In 1950, Histadrut reported 15 unions organized on a nation-wide basis. The more important of these were: I960 m e m b e r s h ip Agricultural workers_________________ Clerks and officials___________________ Metal workers_______________________ Construction workers________________ Food workers_______________________ Textile workers______________________ Wood workers_______________________ Teachers____________________________ Engineers, architects, and surveyors__ Printers_____________________________ 42, 200 24, 400 12, 150 7, 300 4, 300 3, 350 3, 250 2, 900 1, 900 1, 500 Every member of Histadrut is required to join a union if one is available in his trade or industry. The local craft or plant unions are concerned pri marily with working conditions in the plants or establishments in which the members are em ployed. Through the local plant union, the worker automatically becomes a member also of the city or community craft or industry union, which is concerned with collective bargaining and industrial-relations problems of the craft or indus try within the bounds of that city or community.3 Significant Recent Action The primary concern of the latest Histadrut convention (1949) was to develop ways and means of facilitating a continuous flow of Jewish immi grants into Israel and their absorption into the economic and social life of the new State. Hista drut pledged itself to assist the Government in carrying out the national “austerity program” recently put into effect to bring about a more equitable sharing of the country’s food supply and other necessities of life. At the same time, Histadrut resolved that it would strive to raise the real value of wages through increased industrial production and lower prices. The need for higher productivity was also stressed in the emphasis placed on increased export as the main tool in achieving Israel’s economic independence. Establishment of ad visory labor production committees was urged, to assist industry and the Government in the REVIEW , AUGUST 1950 LABOR F E D E R A T IO N planning and introduction of more efficient methods of operation. Wages, as hitherto, were to be determined through voluntary and free collective bargaining between employers and employees. Histadrut, the convention declared, would welcome and would even take the initiative in promoting the introduction of labor-saving devices and other changes in methods, including piecework and special premium rates, to foster increased output by individual workers. The convention also adopted the following policy intended to facilitate absorption of the new immi grants into the social and economic life of Israel: (1) The trade-unions of Histadrut wdl remain open organizations. Demobilized soldiers and new immi grants will be admitted to Histadrut at sma 1er or no membership fees for a period up to 6 months, or until such time when they become adjusted and can assume the full financial obligations on par with the other members of Histadrut. (2) No overtime work will be permitted unless ab solutely essential to the economic or social welfare of the country. (3) No worker will be permitted to hold more than one job. (4) The Government of Israel will be requested to impose a special “absorption” tax on every citizen in the country. The proceeds are to be used in the settlement and housing of immigrants and in provid ing for their vocational and cultural needs. However, the policy of close working relations with the Government of Israel was supplemented by a declaration on the independence of the tradeunion movement and its objectives. Histadrut went on record as strongly opposed to compulsory arbitration, and stated it would protect the right and freedom of unions to strike when such action becomes necessary. It would accept Government mediation in labor disputes without making any commitments, only if such mediation were re stricted to a limited period of time. It pledged itself to work for labor legislation to insure the independence and legal protection of trade-unions, to provide legal standing for collective-bargaining agreements, to establish minimum wages, to limit working hours, and to protect women and minors https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis OF IS R A E L 233 under 18. It called for equal wages to women for equal work, maternity leave with full pay, prohibition of child labor, abolition of night work, and protection of the worker’s health at his place of employment. It stated it would promote legislation for the establishment of a comprehen sive social-insurance system to provide protection for workers against unemployment, accidents, and sickness and old age. At the same time, and while such legislation was still pending, Histadrut said it would urge its local and national unions to obtain these benefits through collective bargaining with employers. International Affiliations On May 11, 1950, the Histadrut Executive Com mittee decided by a majority vote to withdraw from membership in the World Federation of Trade Unions on the ground that “the status and structure of the WFTU had fundamentally changed since the Histadrut first affiliated to it in 1945,” and it no longer constituted a unified international serving the interests “of all workers the world over.” After entering the United Nations, Israel be came the sixtieth member to join the International Labor Organization. Histadrut was designated as the official labor organization of Israel, and its delegates participated in the ILO convention held in Geneva in June 1949 and in June 1950. — B oris S tern Chief, Division of Industrial Relations, BLS 1 A considerable amount of information on Histadrut’s economic and cu l tural activities has recently become available in the United States, such as for instance, P a l e s t i n e , P r o b l e m a n d P r o m i s e , by Robert Roy Nathan, Oscar Gass, and Daniel Creamer (1946); C o o p e r a t i v e P a l e s t i n e , T h e S t o r y o f H i s t a d r u t , by Samuel Kurland, (1947); and L a b o r E n t e r p r i s e i n P a l e s t i n e by Gerhard Muenzner (1947). C o o p e r a t i v e P a l e s t i n e : T h e S t o r y o f H i s t a d r u t , by Samuel Kurland, 1947 (Appendix, p. 265-266). 2 These strictly occupational unions in the city or community should not be confused with the “workers council” in the city, which represents all the members of Histadrut in that area. The members of the “workers council” are elected annually by a secret vote of all Histadrut members in the city, from political party slates, and on the principle of proportional representation. The functions of the workers council are considerably wider than those of the occupational unions; its work in the city corresponds to that of the Histadrut council for the country as a whole. 2 234 ¡S A L A R IE S O F O F F IC E Salaries of Office Workers: New York City, February 19501 W omen general stenographers employed in New York City offices—the largest of the 24 occupational groups studied—averaged $47 a week in February 1950. Average weekly salaries of women in 13 of the occupational categories differed by $2 or less from this pay level. Clerktypists and clerks doing routine filing work, the second and third largest job groups, averaged $40 and $35.50, respectively. Office girls were at the bottom of the office salary scale with average pay of $33.50. In 4 women’s jobs, average weekly salaries were above $50, hand bookkeepers having the highest average ($65.50).2 Although men outnumbered women in a few jobs, including the bookkeeper and order clerk categories, comparatively few men were engaged in the office equipment operating jobs that pro vide employment to large numbers of women in New York City. Among the 17 men’s classificaWeekly Salaries in Selected Office Jobs, New York City, February 1950 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis W ORKERS MONTHLY LABOR tions for which data could be reported, average salaries ranged from $70.50 for hand bookkeepers to $34 for office boys. Accounting clerks, second to office boys in numbers of men employed, averaged $56 a week; order clerks’ salaries were $1.50 higher. Salary levels were about the same for men and women employed in routine office jobs; but men’s pay generally averaged higher than women’s when pay comparisons were made in jobs involv ing a substantial period of training and thorough knowledge of office procedures or of employer policy. Men payroll clerks and accounting clerks, for example, averaged $10 more a week than did women in these jobs. Average salaries in New York City offices were slightly higher in February 1950 than in the same month of 1949, when a similar Bureau study was made. Although pay levels for nearly all of the survey jobs rose during the year, most of the increases in city-wide job averages amounted to $1.50 or less a week.3 The amount of increase was well below that found in the previous year (February 1948-February 1949) during which average pay levels rose about $2.50 or $3. Office workers in wholesale trade, in the trans portation, communication, and other public utili ties group, and in central and administrative offices of firms with multilocation operations held an earnings advantage over workers in other industry divisions studied. Higher-than-average salaries were also paid in most of the women’s jobs in the service industries and in offices of manufacturing establishments producing durable goods. Lower weekly salaries in the finance, insurance, and real estate group were at least partly offset by average weekly hours of work that were below the general level for the community as a whole. Salary levels tended to be higher in larger establishments within each industry division, for which comparisons on a size of establishment basis could be made. The difference in pay levels between large and small establishments was great est in manufacturing; half the job averages in large establishments (more than 500 employees) ex ceeded those in smaller establishments (101-500 employees) by more than $3 a week. Among all industries as a group, the highest and lowest salaries recorded in individual jobs usually differed widely. Salaries paid to most of the workers were, nevertheless, grouped about REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 S A L A R IE S O F O F F IC E the average. As shown in the accompanying table, the salary range of the middle 50 percent of the workers in an earnings array exceeded $10 in only a few of the women’s jobs, with a somewhat greater dispersion of rates indicated in men’s jobs. About 1 in 7 office workers falling within the survey’s scope was employed in an establishment that operated under terms of a union agreement covering office workers. More than half of the office workers in retail trade and in the transpor tation, communication, and other public utilities division, and approximately a fourth in manu facturing, were covered by union agreements. A 35-hour, 5-day week was the most common work schedule in all industry divisions, except retail trade in which a 40-hour week was predomi nant. More than a fourth of the women office workers in manufacturing, wholesale trade, and 235 WORKERS the service industries, however, worked on a 37}£hour schedule. In all industries combined, fully three-fourths of the women were scheduled to work 37% hours a week or less during February 1950. Supplementary Wage Practices Vacations with pay, typically 2 weeks after a year of service, were provided by nearly all of the 544 establishments studied in New York City. The major exception to this community pattern was found in retail trade, in which a majority of workers were in offices providing 1 week after 1 year of service and 2 weeks after 2 years. Nearly a fourth of the office workers in the city qualified for more than 2 weeks of vacation leave upon completion of 5 years of employment. S a l a r i e s 1 a n d w e e k ly s c h e d u le d h o u r s o f w o r k , f o r s e le c te d office o c c u p a tio n s i n N e w Y o r k , N . Y ., b y i n d u s t r y d iv is io n , F e b r u a r y 1950 Sex, occupation, and industry division 2 M EN Billers, machine (billing machine) 4 . . - _ 1VTami faetur in g Wholesale trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Bookkeepers, hand ______ Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate T ra n sp o rta tio n , communication, and other public utilities_______ Services Central offices________ Bookkeeping-machine operators, class A 4 Finance, insurance, and real estate Bookkeeping-machine operators, class B 4 Finance, insurance, and real estate Calculating-machine operators (Comptometer type) 4_______________ M an 11 facti lr in g Clerks, accounting_______ Manufacturing_________ Durable goods Nondurable goods____ W holesale trade _. , __ . Retail trade______ _ Finance, insurance, and real estate. _________ T ran sp orta tio n , communication, and other Services.. __________ . Central offices Clerks, file, class A 4_ . _ Manufacturing_____ . . . Finance, insurance, and real estate____ _______ Average— E sti Memated dian Salary range num W eek of middle w ber of W eek ly Hour eek 50 percent ly work sched ly salary of workers ly salary uled rate ers hours Sex, occupation, and industry division 2 Average— Esti Memated dian Salary range num W eek of middle week ber of W eek Hour ly 50 percent ly work sched ly salarj ly of workers ers salary uled rate hours M E N —Continued 464 $50. 50 54. 50 68 51. 00 258 38.5 $1.31 $52. 50 $42. 00-$55.00 38 C 1 43 52 50 52 50- 55 00 38. 5 1. 32 52. 00 40. 00- 60 00 96 2,485 421 189 232 625 141 52. 50 70. 50 75 00 75 00 75 00 72 00 61.50 38. 5 37.0 38 0 38 5 38 0 38 5 39. 0 1. 36 1.91 1 97 1 95 1 97 1 87 1. 58 706 67. 50 36. 5 1.85 69. 00 53. 50- 79.00 152 211 229 66.50 75. 00 70.00 37.5 36.5 37.0 1.77 65.50 60. 50- 75. 00 2 05 73 00 69. 00- 80 50 1.89 68. 00 57.50- 80.50 265 55. 00 37. 5 1. 47 51. 00 42.50- 60.50 225 53. 50 37. 5 1. 43 50. 00 39.50- 60 00 53 50 71.00 73 00 75 00 71 00 71 50 57. 00 52 5057.5066 5070 0065 0059 5045. 00- 55 00 80. 00 85 00 76 50 85 00 80 00 75. 00 734 47 00 36.5 1. 29 46. 00 42. 00- 52 00 532 44. 50 36. 5 1. 22 45. 00 39.00- 50. 00 89 60 8,288 1,203 527 676 1,573 267 42. 00 40. 00 56. 00 57.00 54.00 59.00 56. 00 50. 00 37.0 37.5 37.0 37.5 38.5 37.0 37.5 38.5 1.14 1. 07 1.51 1.52 1. 40 1.59 1.49 1.30 2, 279 55. 50 36.0 1.54 53. 00 45. 00- 67. 50 956 662 1, 348 297 51 59. 50 52.50 56. 50 51.50 47. 00 37 5 37.0 36.5 37.0 36.0 1. 59 1.42 1.55 1.39 1.31 86 48. 00 35.0 1.37 47. 501 44.00- 54.00 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 41.00 35. 00 55.00 56. 00 55. 00 58.00 55.00 49.50 60. 50 50. 50 55. 50 48. 00 45. 00 35. 0035.0045. 0048. 0045. 0052. 0046. 0040. 00- 50.5040.5046. 0045. 5035. 00- 48.00 45. 00 65. 00 64. 00 60. 00 66. 00 65. 00 60. 00 65. 50 60. 00 63. 50 59. 50 56. 00 Clerks, file, class A—Con. Services,, ___ Clerks, file, class B A _ M anufacturing________ Wholesale trade, , Finance, insurance, and ______ real estate Services . ______ _____ Central offices______ _ Clerks, general_________ M anufacturing______ Durable goods______ Nondurable goods____ Wholesale trade________ Retail trade________ . . . Finance, insurance, and real e s t a t e , , Transportation, communication, and other public utilities___ ____ Services ___________ . . . Central offices_________ Clerks, order 4___ ____ . . . Manufacturing_____ . . . Durable goods______. Nondurable goods _. __ Wholesale trade______ _ Central offices_________ Clerks, payroll , ___ Manufacturing, , Durable goods____ _ Nondurable goods. Wholesale trade__ _____ Retail tr a d e _______ Finance, insurance, and real estate____ _ ___ Transportation, communication, and other public u tilitie s ______ Services, , . . . . . . Central offices. . . Clerk-typists 4___________ Manufacturing________ Wholesale trade___ Finance, insurance, and real estate_____ . . . Central offices_________ 67 $61. 0C 863 36. 00 75 44. 00 54 40. 00 39. C $1. 56 $60. OC $54. 50-$65 00 38.0 .95 34. 00 30. 00- 40. 00 38.5 1.14 43.00 39. 50- 52.00 37.5 1.07 40. 50 38. 00- 42. 50 232 191 96 2,977 389 128 261 511 105 36. 50 33.50 39. 00 58. 00 53.50 54.50 53.00 61.50 53.00 35.5 1.03 39.0 .86 37.5 1.04 36.5 1. 59 37.5 1.43 38.5 1.42 37.0 1.43 36.5 1.68 38.0 1.39 1,157 57.00 35.5 1.61 56. 50 47.00- 66.00 166 79 570 3,896 641 156 485 2,145 388 1,076 340 101 239 119 77 57. 50 50. 50 63.00 57.50 53.50 58. 50 51.50 59. 00 57.50 61.00 57.50 51.50 60.00 59. 00 54.00 37.5 37.5 35.5 38.0 37.5 37.5 37.5 38.5 36.5 37.5 38.0 38.5 38.0 37.0 39.0 1.53 1.35 1.77 1.51 1.43 1.56 1.37 1.53 1.58 1.63 1. 51 1.34 1.58 1.59 1.38 210 73. 00 36.5 2. 00 76.00 69.00- 76. 00 163 52 115 756 139 122 58.00 59. 50 62. 00 42. 50 40.00 41.50 38.0 37.0 36.5 37.5 36.5 38.5 1.53 1.61 1.70 1.13 1.10 1.08 105 96 41.00 45.00 39.0 36.5 1.05 45. 00 35. 00- 45.00 1.23 43. 50 40. 00- 50. 00 33.00 31.00 39.00 55. 50 53. 00 54.00 51.00 57. 50 52. 50 54. 00 43.00 59. 50 56.50 55. 00 60.00 51.00 59.50 53.00 60. 00 52. 50 52. 00 55. 00 64. 00 53.00 60.00 64. 50 62.00 41. 50 40. 00 40. 50 30. 00- 40 00 29.50- 35 00 35.00- 44 00 48.00- 67.00 48. 00- 60. 00 45. 00- 60. 00 49.00- 58.00 49.50- 75. 00 46.00- 59.50 48.0034.5051. 0046.0045. 0055. 0043. 0048.0042. 5049. 5046. 0047. 5046. 0050. 0050. 00- 46. 0049. 5053. 0038. 0035.0038. 00- 69 00 59. 00 73. 50 66.00 60. 00 62. 00 58.00 68.00 70. 00 73. 00 70. 00 52.50 73. 00 68. 00 55.00 65.00 75.00 71.00 45. 50 45.50 44. 50 236 S A L A R IE S O F O F F IC E MONTHLY LABOR W ORKERS S a l a r i e s 1 a n d w e e k ly s c h e d u le d h o u r s o f w o r k , f o r s e le c te d office o c c u p a tio n s i n N e w Y o r k , N . Y ., b y i n d u s t r y d iv is io n , F e b r u a r y 1 9 5 0 — C o n tin u e d Sex, occupation, and industry division 2 AverageEstimated num W eek ber of W eek ly Hour work sched ly ly ers salary uled rate hours M e range dian 3 Salary of middle week» 50 percent ly salary of workers W O M E N —Continued M E N —Continued Key-punch operators-------91 $44.00 9,601 34.00 Office b o y s... _________ M anufacturing.. --------- 1, 728 34.00 Durable goods------. . . 235 34. 50 Nondurable goods-----1,493 33. 50 2,176 34.00 Wholesale tr a d e --. 141 33. 50 Retail trade__ ______ Finance, insurance, and 2,313 33.00 real estate___________ Transportation, communication, and other 384 35.00 public utilities_______ S ervices______ ______ 1,402 32. 50 Central offices______. . 1,457 35. 50 336 54. 50 Stenographers, general4---Manufacturing------------28 58.00 Finance, insurance, and 38 54.00 real estate___________ 124 46.00 Typists, class A 4-_ -----42 47. 00 Wholesale trade_______ Typists, class B 4_ _ . _ _ 178 40. 00 Finance, insurance, and 97 40.50 real estate___________ 38.5 $1.14 $44. 00 $40. 00-$50. 00 .92 32.00 30. 00- 36. 00 37.0 37.0 .92 33. 00 30. 00- 36. 00 .93 34. 00 32. 00- 38. 00 37.0 .91 32.00 30. 00- 36. 00 37.0 .92 33.00 30.00- 37. 00 37.0 38.5 .87 32.00 30. 00- 36. 00 37.0 .89 32.00 30.00- 35. 00 36.5 37.0 36.0 37.0 37.5 .96 .88 .99 1.47 1.55 33.00 30.00 33. 50 52. 50 55.00 30. 5030. 0030. 0048. 5055.00- 37. 00 35.00 38. 00 60.00 64. 50 38.0 36.5 36.0 36.5 1.42 1.26 1.31 1.10 52. 50 45. 50 45. 50 40.00 44. 0042. 0044. 5037. 00- 60. 00 49. 00 45. 50 42. 50 35.5 1.14 40.00 39. 50- 43. 00 W O M EN Billers, machine (billing machine) 4---------------Manufacturing______ -Durable goods______ Nondurable goods----Wholesale trade________ Retail trade____ _____ _ Finance, insurance, and real estate___________ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities----------Central offices_________ Billers, machine (bookkeeping m achine)4___ Manufacturing_______ Wholesale tr a d e ______ ______ Retail trade Central offices________Bookkeepers, hand____ Manufacturing_____ _ Durable g o o d s .- - -----Nondurable goods__ Wholesale trade_____ Retail trade________ . . Finance, insurance, and real estate-----------Transportation, communication, and other public utilities_______ Services______________ Central offices___ _ Bookkeeping-machine operators, class A 4_____ Manufacturing_________ Durable goods___ _ Nondurable goods___ Wholesale tr a d e ___ Finance, insurance, and real e sta te ___________ Central offices_________ Bookkeeping-machine operators, class B Manufacturing______ Durable goods_______ Nondurable goods____ Wholesale trade________ Retail trade___ ______ Finance, insurance, and real estate____________ Transportation, communication, and other public utilities_______ Services__________ Central offices_________ 2,901 887 102 785 898 127 44.00 42. 00 46. 50 41.00 46.00 42. 50 37.0 37. 5 38.5 37.5 37.5 39.0 1.19 43. 50 39. 001.12 40. 00 38.001 .2 1 4 5 .0 0 42. 501.09 40.00 38. 001.23 45.00 40. 001.09 44. 50 39.00- 490 42.00 36.0 1.17 41.00 38. 50- 46. 00 142 337 48. 50 46. 50 38.0 36.0 1.28 46. 5C 44. 00- 53. 00 1. % 46. 0C 43. 00- 51. 00 1,473 163 86 385 9S 1,390 448 55 392 154 55 49.00 52. 00 48.00 42. 50 49. 50 65. 50 69. 50 68.0C 70 00 68.00 52. 5C 37.0 39 0 37.5 39.5 36.5 37.5 39.0 39. C 39 0 38.0 37. C 1.32 1.33 1.28 1.08 1.36 1.75 1.78 1.74 1 7f 1.79 1.42 211 61. 5C 36.5 1.68 61.50 48.00- 75.00 108 242 172 67.00 68. 0( 57.50 36.0 37.5 37.0 1.86 66. 00 55. 00- 70. 00 1.81 67. Of 60. 00- 75.00 1.55 55.00 48. 50- 67.00 1,008 25( lOf 142 12* 52. 0( 57.50 57. 5( 57.50 58. 5( 37. ( 37.5 38. ( 37.5 37.0 1.41 1.53 1. 51 1.53 1. 58 42S 14C 47.00 53.00 37.0 36.0 1.27 47. on 43 50- 50 00 1 47 52 50 47 00- 57.00 6,312 834 215 625 1,018 38C 45. Of 48.50 50.50 48.0( 48. 5( 44.00 36. 5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.0 39.0 1 Z 1.2S 1.35 1.28 1.3: 1 . 1: 3, 215 42. 50 36.0 1 1 10: 168 60C 45.0( 48. 5( 50.00 37.5 37.5 37.0 1 2 1 2 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Sex, occupation, and industry division 2 Average— Esti M e range mated dian 3 Salary W eek of middle num w ber of W eek ly Hour eek 50 percent ly of workers sched ly work ly ers salary uled rate salary hours 48. 00 45.00 50.00 45. 00 50. 00 46. 00 48. 50 45.00- 53.00 50 5C 47. 00- 60. 00 46. 00- 53. 00 4 7 .0 0 4 3 .0 0 38.00- 49. 50 46.00 45.00- 54. 00 65.00 55.00- 73. 50 70.0C 61.00- 70.00 70. OC 65.00- 70.00 70 00 61 00- 70 00 68. 50 64.50- 75. 00 50.00 45.00- 60. 00 50. Of 55.00 58. Of 54.00 55.00 46. 0050. 0054. 0046. 5050. 00- 44. 5( 40.004 3 . 0050. Of 4 5 . 0 0 49.00 40. 5048.00 44. 5043. 00 37.004 9 .0 0 . s 40. 50 08 55.00 62.00 60. 00 70. 00 62. 50 50.00 5 5 .0 0 5 5 .0 0 53.00 52.00 50.00 . 50- 46. 00 . c 48.00 42. 50- 48.00 . c 48. 5C 45.00- 50. 00 1.35 48.0C 43. 50- 54. 00 Calculating-machine oper ators (C om ptom eter type)................................ 5, 522 M anufacturing............. . 940 215 Durable goods...... ......... 725 Nondurable goods____ Wholesale trade................ 985 694 Retail trade____ _______ Finance, insurance, and real estate____________ 1,264 Transportation, commu nication, and other 279 public utilities_______ Services_______________ 190 Central offices__________ 1,17 Calculating-machine oper a to r s (o th e r th a n 925 Comptometer type) 4_. Manufacturing_________ 70 132 Wholesale trade________ 130 Retail trade____________ Finance, insurance, and 415 real estate____________ 109 Central offices_________ Clerks, accounting_______ 10, 571 Manufacturing_________ 2, 211 293 Durable goods_______ 1,918 Nondurable goods____ 1,458 Wholesale trade________ Retail trade____________ 1,190 Finance, insurance, and real estate_____ ______ 2,252 Transportation, commu nication, and other 510 public utilities_______ Services....... .............. ......... 1,517 1,433 Central offices_________ Clerks, file, class A _______ 3,514 362 Manufacturing_________ 76 Durable goods_______ 286 Nondurable goods____ 555 Wholesale trade________ 32 Retail trade-...................... Finance, insurance, and real estate,...................... 1,351 Transportation, commu nication, and other 171 public utilities............... 332 Services_________ ______ 711 Central offices_________ Clerks, file, class B _______ 11,115 Manufacturing_________ 1,416 Durable goods_______ 250 1,166 Nondurable goods____ 1,297 Wholesale trade........... 570 Retail trade____________ Finance, insurance, and real estate____________ 5,009 Transportation, commu nication, and other 521 public utilities_______ 1,063 Services______ _______ 1,239 Central offices_________ 5, 243 Clerks, general4................. 968 M anufacturing-.............. . 220 Durable goods_______ 748 Nondurable goods____ 598 Wholesale trade............... 973 Retail trade___ ____ ___ Finance, insurance, and real estate................ ....... 1,728 Transportation, commu nication, and other 144 public utilities_______ 663 Central offices_________ Clerks, order 4_____ ______ 3,108 936 Manufacturing_________ 167 Durable g o o d s ........... . 769 Nondurable goods____ 792 Wholesale trade................ 572 Retail trade____________ 252 Centra] offices................... $46. 50 46. 00 48.00 45.00 47.50 46. 50 37.0 $1.26 $46.00 $42.00-$51.00 38.0 1.21 46.00 42.00- 51.00 37.5 1.28 50.00 43.00- 53.00 38.0 1.18 45.00 42.00- 49.00 38.0 1.25 47. 00 43.00- 53.00 38.0 1.22 45.50 41.00- 50. 50 44. 00 36.0 1.22 43.00 40. 00- 48.50 46. 50 47. 50 49. 00 36.5 36.5 36.5 1.27 48.00 43.00- 50.00 1.30 45.00 42.50- 52.50 1.34 48.00 44.00- 53. 50 42.50 48.00 44. 00 40.50 36.5 38.0 36.0 38.0 1.16 43.00 38.501.26 48. 00 43.501 .22 43.00 43.001.07 40. 00 38.00- 47.50 53.00 45. 50 40.50 40.50 41.50 46.00 47. 00 52.00 46. 50 47. 00 42. 00 35.5 36.0 37.0 37.0 38.5 37.0 37.5 38.5 1.14 1.15 1.24 1.27 1.35 1.26 1.25 1.09 45.50 49.50 52.00 54.00 60.00 52. 00 53. 50 46.00 43.50 35.5 1.23 42. 00 38.00- 48.00 51.00 47. 00 49. 50 46. 50 44. 00 44.50 43.50 47. 50 40. 50 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 37.0 37.5 36.5 36.5 38.0 1.40 1.29 1.36 1.27 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.30 1.07 45.00 36.0 1.25 43.50 40.00- 49.00 50.50 46.50 50. 00 35. 50 36. 50 39.00 36.00 38.00 34.50 38.0 38.0 36.0 37.0 37.0 37.5 36.5 37.5 39.5 1.33 50.00 1.22 44.00 1.39 48.00 .96 34.50 .99 35.00 1.04 36.00 .99 35.00 1.01 37.00 .87 33.50 33. 50 36.0 39.50 35.50 40.00 48.50 52.00 51.00 52.50 46.50 46.00 37.5 38.5 36.0 37.0 36.5 37.5 36.5 37.5 39.0 1.05 39.00 36. 50.92 35.00 32.001.11 39.00 34. 501.31 47. 00 42.001.42 53.00 45.001.36 50.00 46.001.44 53.00 45.001.24 44.00 37.001.18 45. 00 40. 50- 46.00 36.0 1.28 45.00 41. 50- 51.00 50.00 54.50 45. 50 43.50 49. 50 42.00 50.00 40.00 48.00 37.5 35.5 37.5 38.5 38.0 38.5 37.0 39.5 35.5 1.33 1.54 1.21 1.13 1.30 1.09 1. 35 1.01 1.35 39.50 42. 00 45. 00 45. 00 54. 00 44.50 47. 00 41.00 49.50 45. 00 49. 00 45.00 40.00 43.50 40. 00 46. 00 40.50 37.0033.0039.0039.0043.0038. 0040. 0037.00- 44. 5040.0043. 0040.5039. 0039. 5039.0042.0035.00- 44.0038.0044.0032.0032.0033.0032.0034.0030.00- 57. 00 50.00 55.00 50. 50 46.00 46.50 44.00 52.00 42.00 58.50 50.00 55.00 38.00 39. 50 41.00 38.00 42.00 38.00 .93 33.00 30.00- 35.00 49. 50 53.00 45.00 40.00 50.00 40.00 48. 50 39.50 47.00 42. 5047.0039.0037. 0039.0037.0043.0036. 5042.50- 42.00 37.00 44. 00 53.50 56. 50 55.00 58.00 51.00 50.50 55.00 58.00 50.00 46.00 59.00 45.00 59.00 44.00 51.50 237 SALARIES OF OFFICE WORKERS REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 Salaries 1 and weekly scheduled hours of work, for selected office occupations in New York, N. Y., by industry division, February 1950— Continued Sex, occupation, and industry division 3 Average— E sti M e range mated dian 3 Salary W eek of middle num w ber of W eek ly Hour eek 50 percent ly of workers sched ly work ly salary uled rate salary ers hours W O M E N —Continued W OM EN —Continued Clerks, payroll___________ 3,784 1,469 M anufacturing____ ____ Durable goods____ ___ 490 979 Nondurable goods........ 319 Wholesale trade________ 371 Retail trade____________ Finance, insurance, and 612 real esta te..___ ______ Transportation, commu nication, and other 355 public utilities............... 301 Services........... .................. . 357 Central offices_________ Clerk-typists------------------- 12,474 Manufacturing------------2, 505 745 Durable goods_______ Nondurable goods____ 1,760 Wholesale trade__________ 2,273 748 Retail trade___________ Finance, insurance, and real estate___________ 3,992 Transportation, commu nication, and other 587 public utilities............... Services______ _________ 1,144 1,225 Central offices-------------Key-punch operators-------- 3, 862 432 Manufacturing_________ 353 Wholesale trade-----------354 Retail trade-----------------Finance, insurance, and real estate........................ 1,478 Transportation, commu nication, and other 311 public utilities............... 296 Services--------- ------------638 Central offices_________ Office girls C -................. ....... 2,475 Manufacturing.............. . 282 Durable goods........ ....... 36 Nondurable goods........ 246 Wholesale trade-----------250 Retail trade....... ........... 157 Finance, insurance, and 989 real estate___________ Transportation, commu nication, and other 314 public utilities........ ....... 417 Central offices................ Stenographers, general------ 26, 206 Manufacturing.................. 4, 850 1, 277 Durable goods----------3, 573 Nondurable goods____ 4, 604 Wholesale trade............ 620 Retail trade----------------Finance, insurance, and 7,058 real estate----------------Transportation, commu nication, and other 1, 463 public utilities_______ 2,730 Services.............................. 4, 881 Central offices_________ 2,632 Stenographers, technical 136 Manufacturing-----------36 Durable goods_______ 100 Nondurable goods____ 411 Wholesale trade........... Finance, insurance, and 725 real estate.................... . Transportation, commu nication, and other 159 public utilities_______ 304 Services............. ............. $42.00-$57. 50 40.00- 57.00 43.00- 55.00 40.00- 58.00 47.00- 63.00 42.00- 53.00 51.00 50. 00 50. 50 50.00 55.50 47.00 37.5 $1.36 $50.00 38.0 1.32 48.00 38.5 1.31 52.00 38.0 1.32 46. 00 37.5 1.48 55.00 38.5 1.22 46.00 50.00 36.0 1.39 47.50 39.00- 59.00 47.00 53.50 55. 50 40.00 40. 50 40. 50 40. 50 41.00 37. 50 36.0 37.5 36.0 36.5 37.0 38.0 37.0 37.0 39.0 1.31 1.43 1. 54 1. 10 1.09 1.07 1.09 1.11 .96 38.00 36.0 1.06 37.00 34. 50- 42.00 43. 50 41.50 42.00 43. 50 41.50 48.50 43. 50 37.5 37.0 36.0 37.0 37.5 37.5 39.0 1.16 1. 12 1.17 1.18 1.11 1.29 1.12 42.00 36.0 1.17 42.50 38.00- 46. 00 43. 50 44.00 46.00 33.50 33.50 33. 50 33.50 37.50 35.00 37.0 37.0 36.5 37.0 37.0 38.5 37.0 37.0 39.0 1.18 1.19 1.26 .91 .91 .87 .91 1.01 .90 43.00 52. 50 54.00 39. 50 40. 00 40.00 40. 00 40.00 37.00 43.00 40.00 41.00 43. 50 40.00 48. 00 43.00 43. 00 45. 00 45.00 33.00 32.00 33.00 32.00 36.00 35.00 40.0045. 5049. 5035. 0037.0038.0035. 5036. 0035.00- 39.0035.0037. 5040.0037. 0044. 0040.00- 40. 5040.0040. 5030.0029. 5030. 0029. 5034. 5030.00- 53.00 60.00 61.00 44.00 45.00 44. 00 45.00 45.00 40.00 48.00 45.00 45. 00 47.00 45. 50 52. 00 47.00 46.00 45. 00 49. 50 36.00 35. 50 35.00 35. 50 41. 50 37.00 .85 32.00 30.00- 33.00 31. 50 37.0 34. 50 34.00 47.00 46. 50 48. 00 46. 00 47.00 45.00 36.5 36.0 36.5 37.0 38.5 36.5 37.0 38.5 .95 .94 1.29 1.26 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.17 46.00 36.5 1.26 45.00 40. 50- 50. 00 36. 00 34.00 46.00 46.00 48.00 45. 00 46. 0C 45.00 43. 50 45.0C 48. 5C 52. 5C 49. 0C 50. 0C 49. 0C 50. 00 33.0032. 0041.5042. 0045. 0040. 5042. 0040.00- 40.0042. 5043. 5047. 5045. 0045. 0045. 0045. 00- 37.00 36.00 50. 50 50. 00 50.00 50.00 52.00 50. 00 49. 50 50.00 55.00 57.00 54.00 64.00 54. 00 55. 00 44.50 47. 00 49.50 53.0C 50. 0C 53.00 49. 00 50. 50 37.0 37.0 36.0 37.0 38. C 39.0 37.5 37.0 1.20 1.27 1. 38 1.43 1.32 1.36 1.31 1.36 52.50 36.5 1.44 53. 50 48. 50- 56.00 55. 00 54.00 38.0 38.0 1.45 57.00 47. 00- 63.00 1.42 50.00 46.00- 58.00 Excludes pay for overtime. The study covered representative manufacturing and retail trade estab lishments and transportation (except railroads), communication, heat, light and power companies with over 100 workers; establishments with more than 50 workers in wholesale trade, finance, real estate, insurance, and selected service industries (business service; such professional services as engineering, architectural, accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping firms; motion pictures; and nonprofit membership organizations); and central offices (central admin istrative offices or general offices of all industries except finance, insurance, and real estate) with more than 50 workers. 1 2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Sex, occupation, and industry division 2 AverageE sti Me range mated dian 3 Salary W eek of middle numw eek 50 W eek Hour percent ber of ly ly sched ly of workers work ly salary uled rate salary ers hours Stenographers, technical— Continued Central offices__________ Switchboard operators____ Manufacturing............... Durable goods________ Nondurable goods____ Wholesale trade............. . Retail trade.______ _____ Finance, insurance, and real estate __________ Transportation, commu nication, and other public utilities...... ......... Services_______________ Central offices__________ Switchboard operator-re ceptionists..................... Manufacturing........ ......... Durable goods_______ Nondurable goods......... Wholesale trade..... ........... Retail trade____________ Finance, insurance, and real estate___________ Transportation, commu nication, and other public utilities_______ Services____ ___________ Central offices_________ Transcribing-machine op erators, g en eral............ M anufact uring_________ Durable goods_______ Nondurable goods____ Wholesale trade________ Retail trade______ _____ Finance, insurance, and real estate...................... T ransportation, com m u n ic a t io n , a n d other public utili ties_____ _____ _______ Services_______________ Central offices__________ Transcribing-machine op erators, technical_____ Typists, class A ..... ............ M anufact u r in g ............... Durable goods_______ Nondurable goods____ Wholesale trade_____ __ Retail trade____________ Finance, insurance, and real estate..................... T ran sp ortation , com munication, and other public utilities_______ Services....... ..................... Central offices.................... Typists, class B ..... .............. Manufacturing.................. Durable goods_______ Nondurable goods____ Wholesale trade..... ........... Retail trade_____ ______ Finance, insurance, and real estate..... ............ . Transportation, commu nication, and other public u tilitie s.......... .. Services________ _____ _ Central offices................... 875 $54.00 6.368 47. 00 811 51.00 171 49. 00 640 51.50 977 49. 50 461 44.00 37.0 $1.46 $53.00 $49.00-5>58.00 37.5 1.25 46. 00 41.00- 52. 00 37.5 1.36 49. 50 43. 50- 56. 50 38.5 1.27 47. 50 43. 00- 55. 50 37.0 1.39 49. 50 44. 00- 57.00 37.0 1.34 48.00 43. 00- 53. 00 39.0 1.13 43.00 40. 00- 49. 50 1,740 46.00 37.0 1.24 45.00 42.00- 50.00 586 1,179 614 49.00 41.00 50.50 38.0 38.5 36.5 1.29 49.00 44. 00- 53.50 1.06 40.00 33. 50- 47.50 1.38 49. 50 45. 00- 54. 00 2,683 1,169 355 814 537 168 45. 50 45. 00 45.50 45.00 48. 00 39.50 37.5 38.0 38.5 38.0 38.0 38.0 1.21 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.26 1.04 342 43. 00 35.5 1.21 42.00 38. 50- 48.00 127 252 88 46. 50 46. 50 46. 00 37.0 38.0 36.5 1.26 45. 00 40.00- 55. 00 1.22 45.50 41. 00- 50.00 1.26 45.00 42.00- 49. 00 2,681 251 128 123 665 48 46. 50 50. 50 53. 50 47. 50 47. 00 39. 00 36.5 36.0 36.0 36.5 37.0 37.5 1.27 1.40 1.49 1.30 1.27 1.04 879 43. 50 36.0 1.21 42. 50 39. 00- 46.00 60 208 570 46. 50 52.00 48.00 36.0 39. 5 36.5 1. 29 43.00 42.00- 53. 00 1.32 50. 00 41.00- 61.00 1.32 47.00 43. 50- 51.50 69 5,840 459 128 331 1,036 49 46. 50 45. 00 45. 50 47.50 44.50 46. 50 44.00 38.0 36.5 36.5 37. 5 36.0 37.0 38.5 1. 22 1.23 1.25 1.27 1.24 1.26 1.14 1,875 42. 00 36.0 1.17 41.50 37. 50- 46.00 577 243 46.00 46.00 46. 50 38. 50 36.00 39. 00 35.00 42. 50 36. 50 36.5 1.26 41.00 39.00- 54. 50 37.0 1.24 44. 50 40.00- 50. 00 36.0 1.29 45. 50 41.50- 50.50 36.5 1.05 38. 00 34. 50- 42.00 .99 35.00 32.00- 40.00 36.5 38.5 1.01 40. 00 37.00- 42.00 .99 35.00 31. 00- 37. 00 35.5 37. C 1.15 41.50 38.00- 46. 00 .94 36.00 32.00- 40.00 39.0 4,203 37.50 36.0 1.04 36.50 34. 00- 40.00 471 1,115 994 40.50 40. 50 41.50 38.0 38.0 36.0 1.07 41.00 34. 50- 44.00 1.07 40. 00 35. 00- 45.00 1.15 40. 50 37.00- 46.00 886 958 8,932 1,038 223 815 868 45. 00 45. 00 45. 00 45. 00 47. 00 40. 00 45.00 52. 50 53.00 49. 00 47. 00 40. 00 47. 00 43. 50 43. 50 47. 00 42. 00 44. 50 43. 00 40. 0040. 0040.0040. OO42. 5037. 50- 40. 5044. 5047. 00 39.5044. 5035.00- 42. 5040. 0040. 0042. 0040. 0041.0040. 00- 49. 00 48. 00 48. 00 48. 00 51.00 40.00 50.00 55. 00 63.00 52.50 49. 50 40. 50 49. 50 48. 50 47. 00 48. 00 45. 00 52.00 48. 00 The durable goods group includes: metalworking; lumber, furniture, and other wood products; stone, clay, and glass products; professional, scientific and controlling instruments; optical goods; watches and clocks; and miscel laneous manufacturing. The nondurable goods group includes: food and kindred products; tobacco; textiles; apparel and other finished products made from fabrics; paper and paper products; printing and publishing; chemicals; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; and leather and leather products. 3 Value above and below which half of workers’ salaries fell. « Includes data for industry divisions not shown separately. 238 CED REPORT: REAL Paid holidays, ranging from less than 5 to more than 13 annually, were provided in all establish ments. Fully three-fourths of the office workers received 9 or more holidays. Public utilities and finance, insurance, and real estate offices generally observed 11 or more holidays, whereas a majority of the office workers in retail trade received 7 holidays annually with pay. Formal provisions for granting paid sick leave applied to about a fourth of the office workers. They were allowed leave with full pay, ranging in length from less than 5 to over 20 days annually, subject to a minimum qualifying service period of 6 months. Nearly a third of the workers were employed in establishments that had a policy of granting paid sick leave to workers who had completed 5 years of service. These estimates do not include sick leave granted on an informal basis as reported by many employers. Information obtained on insurance and retire ment pension plans in which the employers paid at least part of the premiums, revealed that retire ment pension plans were in effect in establish ments having three-fifths of the office workers. Among the industry divisions, the proportion of workers in establishments with such plans ranged from about a fourth in manufacturing to more than four-fifths in the central office group and in the transportation, communication, and other public utilities division. The potential employee coverage of existing life-insurance plans ranged from somewhat more than half of the office staff in retail trade to four-fifths or more in manufac turing, central offices, and in the finance, insur ance, and real estate group. Nonproduction bonus payments, usually at Christmas or at the year-end, supplemented basic pay of nearly half the New York City office workers. Profit-sharing plans were also reported by a few establishments in most of the industry divisions studied. —Toivo P. K a n n in e n Division of Wage Statistics, BLS 1 Information for this study was collected from 544 establishments; workers were classified on the basis of uniform job descriptions. The industrial cover age and minimum size of establishment included in the survey are sum marized in footnote 2 to the accompanying table. The 1950 program of office clerical studies also included surveys in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Indianapolis, Los Angeles, Memphis, Milwaukee, Oklahoma City, and Providence. Moreover, salary information for clerical workers will be incorporated in community wage reports covering Buffalo, San Francis co-Oakland, and Philadelphia. See June and July 1950 issues for previous reports. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis WAGE TRENDS MONTHLY LABOR The CED Report on Real Wage Trends T he prospect that real hourly wages in the United States will double in the next 30 years was held out by the Committee for Economic Develop ment in a recent Statement on National Policy.1 This is predicated on the belief that production per man-hour will continue to rise as rapidly as in the last 50 years. The underlying factors contributing toward the tremendous rise of productivity be tween 1900 and 1950 will continue to be as favorable in the future, according to the CED forecast. The increase in real income during this period, the CED policy statement pointed out, has been greater than the figures on real wages indicate. The extra-wage gains of higher output per man hour have been taken in the form of a reduction in hours of labor, greater longevity, and in a better quality and variety of goods. Although the major factors responsible for increasing productivity continue to be favorable, the CED urged that special steps be taken to encourage more production of goods and services. This is necessary to fulfill the huge unsatisfied demand for more goods, to support those unable to work, and to meet the demands of national defense and military aid to other countries. The following recommendations were made: (1) Stabilize the growth of industry and avoid serious business recessions; (2) reduce seasonal unemploy ment; (3) improve the quality of business births and reduce the infant mortality among business concerns; (4) reform the tax system to make risk taking more attractive; (5) stimulate more rapid replacement of equipment; (6) increase the im ports of the United States relative to its exports; (7) provide more employment opportunities for older people; (8) improve the incentive for effi ciency among the rank and file of employees; (9) develop regular methods of drawing upon the Further detail on salaries, work schedules, and supplementary benefits will be available in individual bulletins for each of the listed cities. 2 Salary data refer to salaries for the normal workweek, excluding overtime pay and nonproduction bonuses, but including any incentive earnings and cost-of-living adjustments. Hours refer to scheduled workweeks in effect for office workers. The employment in each occupation in the accompanying table refers to estimated total employment in all establishments within scope of the study. 3 For a report on the 1949 study in New York, see M onthly Labor Review, August 1949. REVIEW , AUGUST 1950 1950 SURVEY OF CO N SU M ER knowledge and training of the labor force; and (10) abolish make-work rules and featherbedding. Causes of Productivity Rise The rise in real hourly wages during 1900-1950 from 43 cents to $1.33 (in terms of 1949 prices), as estimated by the CED, represents an annual increase in output per man-hour of 2.5 percent. This was attributed by the CED to (1) better production methods; (2) more capital per worker; (3) better training and health of the labor force; and (4) better management. The possibility of maintaining this rate of increase in the future will depend upon these same factors, plus a fifth element, “more interested workers,” the report said. Expenditures on technological research, which, in the past, have been responsible for the introduc tion of many revolutionary changes in production methods, have increased rapidly. In 1950, the CED estimates that they were twice the 1940 figure—when they exceeded 1920 expenditures nine times. The increasing expenditures of the Federal Government, particularly in atomic energy, the natural sciences, and military research, are cited as important recent developments. Savings to finance capital investment will remain adequate, the CED believes. But it noted that the willingness of investors to assume the risks in introducing new products and new proc esses is less reassuring and presents a more serious problem for public policy than the total supply of savings. The CED therefore recom mended that the tax system be reformed to induce more investment in new products and new proc esses and to permit greater depreciation allow ances in writing off new equipment. The quality of the labor force is likely to continue to get better, the CED believes, because of the expansion in college and high-school enroll ments, the spread of apprenticeship and industry training courses, and the improvement in the health of the workers. Production can be further increased, the CED said, by continuing to improve managerial organ ization and methods. The complex structure of modern industry, it noted, requires a managerial organization which will insure that the flow of production continues smoothly and in proper balance. The competition of Federal, State, and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis F IN A N C E S 239 local governments with private industry for the goods and services of the community is em phasized by the CED as offering opportunity for considerable improvement of managerial methods in government no less than in private industry. The importance of interesting workers in their jobs, the report stated, lies in the contributions such workers can make to improvements in produc tion methods. Although the routine nature of many jobs makes the problem of arousing interest difficult, the CED believes that recent progress in management methods supports the belief that such interest can be increased. 1 How to Raise Real Wages—A Statement on National Policy by the Research and Policy Committee of the Committee for Economic Develop ment, June 1950. The C E D statements on national policy are issued by the businessmen of the Research and Policy Committee and do not necessarily represent the views of the trustees or the businessmen affiliated with the CED. 1950 Survey of Consumer Finances T he financial status of United States con sumers, while still considered “strong,” was slightly weaker in early 1950 than the year before. Consumers were optimistic about their own in come prospects and the general economic outlook for the year, but they displayed a little more cau tion than in early 1949. These are the major findings of the fifth annual Survey of Consumer Finances sponsored by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, as reported in its June 1950 Bulletin.1 Consumer spending plans for 1950 indicate record sales of new homes, automobiles, and tele vision sets, according to the survey. Intentions to buy furniture, washing machines, and refriger ators were at least as numerous as in 1949. But, the Board cautioned: “The extent to which these [buying] plans will be carried out will depend con siderably on what happens to jobs, incomes, and prices, the availability of goods and credit, and the general domestic and international situation.” Financial Condition of Consumers About 20 million of the Nation’s estimated 52 million “consumer spending units” received higher 240 1950 S U R V E Y OF CO N SU M ER money incomes in 1949 than in 1948. Lower in comes were received by about 13 million units, and there was an increase in the proportion with incomes of less than $2,000. Higher incomes were most frequently reported by consumer spending units whose 1948 incomes had been less than $1,000 and least frequently by those with 1948 incomes of $4,000 or more. When income changes were related to income levels after the changes, it was found for 1949, as it had been found for former years, that higher income groups had more increases in income and fewer decreases than did lower income groups. In contrast with previous annual surveys of consumer finances, all major nonfarm occupa tional groups did not report higher current in comes. Only families headed by persons in pro fessional, clerical, sales, skilled, or semiskilled jobs provided more reports of larger than of smaller current earnings. Among businessmen and un skilled workers, there were more declines in the rate of current earnings than increases, as com pared with 12 months earlier. Liquid assets continued to be widely held by members of all income and occupational groups. Seven out of 10 families reported having Gov ernment bonds, savings and checking accounts, or saving and loan shares. There was an indication that frequency of large liquid asset holdings by families with incomes of $5,000 or more was reduced. Spending in excess of current income increased to its highest level in the postwar period, especially among consumers with incomes of less than $3,000. Slightly more than 3 in every 10 families were estimated to have spent more than they earned in 1949. Additions to consumer indebtedness were substantial. Consumer Views on Economic Conditions According to the survey, consumers believed that general economic conditions were somewhat worse than a year earlier, but that the deteriora tion had not been serious. About 2 in every 10 spending units believed that times were better than in early 1949, while 5 in 10 thought they were worse. Almost none believed that condi tions had become seriously worse, however. This indicated that consumers were taking a somewhat brighter view than in midsummer of 1949, when https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis F IN A N C E S MONTHLY LABOR 6 in 10 thought that times were worse than at the beginning of the year, and a substantial number thought that the deterioration was serious. Chief causal factors mentioned by those who thought conditions were worse in early 1950 as compared to early 1949 were ‘‘employment’’ and “labor-management relations.” (Widely publi cized strikes in the coal and automobile industries were under way during the period in which the interviews were made.) Those who held that 1950 conditions were favorable put chief stress on “high purchasing power” and “employment.” Somewhat more than half of all employees in terviewed thought it would be difficult, if not im possible, to get other jobs paying about the same salary, if for any reason they were to lose their present jobs. Less than 2 in every 10 felt ab solutely certain that they could get jobs with equal pay, but a slightly larger proportion were equally certain that it would be impossible to get other jobs without some sacrifice in current income. A third of those interviewed were looking for consumer prices in general to decline, and more than half were of the opinion that reductions would take place in the hard goods line. In previous years, when both prices and incomes were rising, consumers tended to associate a future decline in general prices with good times, and a rise in prices with bad times. In early 1950, the association between good times and falling prices, and the converse, had almost disappeared. It is possible, the Federal Reserve Board observed, that the absence of inflationary price rises during 1949 led people to be less acutely conscious of the effects of price changes on their budgets. It is also possible that events in 1949 led some con sumers to see a relationship between falling prices, bad times, and falling incomes. The Board noted that the great majority of people who expect prices to fall also expect their own incomes to be maintained or increased. One of the basic ingredients of consumer opti mism in early 1950 was the belief, on the part of more than 4 in every 5 spending units with definite price and income expectations, that their own incomes would stay the same or rise during 1950 while prices would remain stable or go down. 1 1950 Survey of Consumer Finances (Part I: General Financial Position and Economic Outlook of Consumers), Federal Reserve Bulletin for June 1950. The survey was conducted for the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System during the first 2 months of this year by the Survey Re- REVIEW , AUGUST 1950 AGE C E R T IF IC A T E S FO R Age Certificates for Minors in Agriculture and Industry 44 States, Puerto Rico, the Terri tory of Hawaii, and the District of Columbia are given the right to accept State employment or age certificates that, under the Fair Labor Standards Act, have the force of Federal certificates in the em ployment of young workers. An order issued by the Acting Secretary of Labor gives the foregoing information, and adds that in the four remaining States—Idaho, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas—Federal certificates are issued through the Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divisions.1 The acceptance of State certificates as proof of age under the Federal law continues a policy established by the Department of Labor in 1938 with the passage of the act. Arrangements for this Federal-State cooperation are worked out with State officials by the Department’s Bureau of Labor Standards. “Employers in both industry and agriculture, whose products go into interstate commerce, will want to protect themselves from unintentional violation of the minimum-age standards of the child labor provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act,” the Acting Secretary stated. “They can do this by obtaining an age certificate for every young person claiming to be under 18 years of age before employing him in any occupation, and for every young person claiming to be 18 or 19 years of age before employing him in any of the occupa tions declared hazardous.” The minimum age for general employment, under the Fair Labor Standards Act, is 16, and the minimum age in occupations found to be hazard ous is 18. In certain limited occupations and under specified conditions of work, a minimum age of 14 years is set for employment in school vaca tion time or outside of school hours. An age certificate is a statement showing a minor’s age. It is issued by a public official on the basis of the best available evidence of age, such as birth certificate or other reliable docu mentary evidence. The certificate usually carries E mployers in search Center, University of Michigan. About 3,500 interviews were taken in 66 sampling areas distributed throughout the country. The interview unit was the “consumer spending unit,” ordinarily a family in which income was pooled for living expenses. See M onthly Labor Review, August 1949 (p. 154), for summary of 1949 Survey of Consumer Finances (Parts I and II). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 241 M IN O R S the signatures of the minor and the issuing officer. In most States, age certificates are issued by school officials. If a teen-ager wants to apply for an age certificate for employment, school officials can direct him to the proper place. Age certificates, often called work permits, have a twofold purpose. They protect minors from harmful employment; they protect employers by furnishing reliable proof of the age of minors whom they employ. Agricultural employers will be especially inter ested in the amendment by Congress in 1949 of the child-labor section of the Fair Labor Standards Act. The new provisions make illegal the employ ment, during school hours, of children under 16 years of age in agriculture from which the crops go directly or indirectly into interstate or foreign commerce. The foregoing restrictions do not apply to a farmer’s own children working on their parent’s farm. No minimum age is set for employment in agriculture before or after school hours on any school day, or at any time on school holidays or during school vacations. The purpose of these new regulations is to give the same protection and opportunity for education to rural children that urban children receive. i U . S. Department of Labor. dated July 5, 1950. Bureau of Labor Standards. Release Training and Employment of Prison Inmates1 F ederal P rison I n d u st r ie s , I n c .—A Govern ment-owned corporation providing training and employment for prisoners in Federal penal and correctional institutions—reported that about 5,500 prisoners completed vocational or on-the-job training courses during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1949. In addition, full-time employment in prison industries was provided for 3,440 inmates at an average annual wage of $233. The purpose of such training and employment, the report pointed out, is to prepare the inmates for skilled and semiskilled jobs in private industry after release from prison. During the fiscal year 1949, 1,120 released prisoners were placed in jobs. 242 T R A IN IN G O F P R IS O N The training program, with an enrollment of 9,220 out of an average Federal prison popula tion of 16,679, consisted of 474 courses in agricul ture, industry, maintenance, trade, and other special fields. The Board of Directors of the Corporation believe that its training and place ment program is “responsible in some degree for the decrease in prison population.” The wages paid these inmates, the report stated, help to reduce the number who return to prison following release by giving the discharged prisoners an amount to tide them over until they are able to earn their livelihood through private employment. Approximately 75 percent of a prisoner’s earnings are either sent to his dependents or retained and paid to him upon release. The Corporation employs five employment and placement officers to assist inmates in getting jobs upon their release. Federal Prison Industries, Inc., was established in 1935. It is administered by a board of six members, representing agriculture, industry, labor, retailers and consumers, the Secretary of Defense, and the Attorney General. They are appointed by the President and serve without compensation. The Corporation is also authorized to extend its operations to some extent to military disciplinary barracks where general courts martial prisoners are confined. Articles produced by the prison industries are sold only to departments and agencies of the United States Government. They include such items as clothing, textiles, bedding, furniture, brooms, brushes, metal castings, lumber, canned fruits and vegetables, milk, and mail bags. Shoe repair shops, laundries, and print shops are also operated. The Corporation is entirely selfsupporting; as of June 30, 1949, it had purchased out of its earnings plant, equipment, and other assets with a net value of approximately $17,000,000. Since its inception, $7,395,053 has been paid in inmate wages, and $13,500,000 has been turned in to the United States Treasury. In the fiscal year 1948-49, wages totaled $760,331; net earnings, $3,051,473; and sales, $18,031,637. The sales value per inmate employed in prison industries averaged $5,527. Although the operations of Federal Prison Industries, Inc., have been profitable, the directors believe that “the greatest success of the Corpora tion is not so much in the profitable production of goods for the Government as in the training of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis IN M A T E S MONTHLY LABOR inmates so that when they are released they will have a better opportunity to obtain and hold competitive paying jobs in private industry. . . . The effectiveness of the training is demonstrated by the number who are able to do this.” 1 Annual Report, Board of Trustees, Federal Prison Industries, Inc., Year 1949. Washington, 1950. 12 pp., processed. Fiscal Summary of Industrial Relations Activities T he outstanding stoppage during late June and July 1950 was the strike of railway switchmen. The predominance of harmoniously concluded agreements in the automobile and related indus tries demonstrated the continuing effect of the General Motors agreement signed in May. Railroads The emergency board appointed by President Truman in February to investigate disputes in volving railroad operators and the Brotherhood of Railway Trainmen (Ind.), the Order of Railway Conductors (Ind.), the Railroad Yardmasters of America (AFL), the Switchmen’s Union of North America (AFL), recommended on June 15 a re duction in the workweek of yard-service employees represented by these unions from 48 to 40 hours, with a partially compensating wage increase of 18 cents an hour. The unions had requested main tenance of 48 hours’ pay for the reduced workweek. In addition, the Board recommended against gen eral wage increases for road-service employees. The unions rejected, while the railroads accepted, the Board’s recommendations. Contending that the Board’s recommendations should not apply to its membership, the Switch men’s Union resorted to strike action against four railroads serving Midwestern and Western areas on June 25. Basis of the union’s contention was that the Board did not hear the union’s dispute separately but extended the application of its findings in the cases of the other unions to cover the switchmen. Operations were suspended on the Chicago and Great Western; the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific; the Denver and Rio Grande REVIEW , AUGUST 1950 IN D U S T R IA L R E L A T IO N S Western; and the Western Pacific roads; oper ations of a fifth road, the Great Northern, were also curtailed. More than 50,000 employees of these carriers became idle when 4,000 switchmen stopped work. The strike continued until July 7 when the union ordered its members to return to their jobs on 4 of the railroads. This partially complied with governmental requests for immediate termi nation of the work stoppage. When union officials refused to order union members back to work on the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad, President Truman, on July 8, ordered the U. S. Army to seize and operate this road. In taking this action the President stated: “ It is essential to the national defense and to the security of the Nation, to the public health and to the public welfare generally, that every possible step be taken by the Government for the operation of this railroad/’ The same day a Federal District Court in Buffalo, N. Y., issued a temporary order for the workers to return to their jobs. The union complied with the court order. The other unions, with over 200,000 members, would have been free to strike on or after July 15, having exhausted the procedures of the Railway Labor Act. They announced on July 12, however, their decision to resume negotiations with the railroads. The National Mediation Board re sumed conferences with officials of the railroads, the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, and the Order of Railway Conductors in separate sessions on July 17. Conferences with representatives of the Switchmen’s and Yardmaster’s unions were to be resumed at later dates. Construction A new contract, covering more than 100,000 building-trades workers in 24 crafts and 1,000 con tractors, was signed in New York City on June 30 by the Building Trades Employers Association and the Building and Construction Trades Council (AFL). Under this 3-year stabilization agree ment, employees secured wage increases ranging from 10 to 25 cents an hour. Other provisions permitted employees to enjoy two of the following three benefits: 6 holidays with pay; a pension plan financed by each employer’s contribution of 3 percent of his payroll; a welfare plan financed in the same manner. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A C T IV IT IE S 243 Features of the previous contract, retained in the new agreement, were an all-employer panel to rule on jurisdictional disputes, a cost-of-living escalator clause, and a no-strike, no-lockout clause.1 Approximately 40,000 construction workers became idle in 12 Southern California counties when members of the AFL carpenters’ union stopped work. The stoppage continued despite a temporary court order issued upon the contrac tors’ petition, restraining the carpenters from resorting to strike action. The AFL Building Trades Council had negotiated an 8-cents an hour wage increase for 6 basic building crafts, including the carpenters, before the stoppage occurred. The carpenters, however, voted to reject the agreement and to insist on a separate wage agree ment for a larger increase. Automobiles Agreements peacefully concluded between sev eral automobile and parts manufacturers and the United Automobile Workers (CIO), in June and July, overshadowed the disputes which brought strike action. The agreements covering a total of approximately 85,000 workers employed by the Briggs Manufacturing Co., Kaiser-Frazer Corp., Studebaker Corp. and the Hudson Motor Car Company were harmoniously concluded. All con tained pension plans providing for payments of at least $100 a month, including social security benefits, for 65-year-old workers retiring with 25 years of service. The Briggs Mfg. Co. and the union signed a 3-year contract, which may be reopened on eco nomic issues in July 1951 and 1952. Approximately 30,000 employees will be covered by the new agreement, which provides for pensions, a 5-cents an hour wage increase, and a union shop. The new Hudson contract provides for a wage increase of 3 cents per hour and a pension plan with payments of as much as $117.50 a month, including social security benefits, for employees retiring at age 65. Pension agreements negotiated with KaiserFrazer Corp. and Studebaker Corp. permit workers to retire or continue working after they reach age 65. Kaiser-Frazer employees will not be required to retire at any age if they are physically capable of satisfying their job requirements. The 5-year 244 IN D U S T R IA L R E L A T IO N S A C T IV IT IE S pension plan at Studebaker Corp. permits em ployees who are eligible to retire when they reach age 65 to stay at their jobs for 3 additional years. Three work stoppages idled approximately 16,000 workers during late June and July at plants of 3 automobile parts manufacturers— Motor Products Corp. in Detroit, Borg-Warner Corp. in Muncie, Ind., and the Budd Co. in Philadelphia. In each case the work stoppage ended when the parties agreed on a new contract providing for wage increases. Pension plans were included in the Motor Products Corp. and the Borg-Warner Corp. contracts. Other Developments The Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co. and the UAW (CIO) agreed on a new 5-year contract covering about 10,000 workers at the West Allis, Wis., plant. The contract is subject to wage reopening after 2 years. Its terms include a union-shop clause similar to that in the recent General Motors agreement, annual wage increases of 3 cents an hour, a cost-of-living escalator clause, and pen sions and insurance benefits. The company agreed to pay workers their regular rates for time spent during regular working hours in voting in local union elections held on company premises. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Strikes must be authorized by such voting procedure. Division 10, Communications Workers of Amer ica (CIO), representing Bell System long-lines employees signed a new contract, in the latter half of June. Following the pattern set in agree ments signed by the union and other Bell affil iates in the preceding 2 months, this contract provides for compression of wage progression schedules into a period of 6 years instead of the former 8 years. Severance pay for workers re placed by mechanical improvements such as dial systems is also provided. Representatives of bituminous coal mine oper ators, in northern commercial fields and captive mines, organized the Bituminous Coal Operators Association in July. The operators released the following statement regarding the new organiza tion: The purposes of the new association are to promote stable and harmonious industrial relations between its members and their employees, and to negotiate for its members basic agreements covering wages, hours and conditions of employment with represen tatives of their employees. 1 Building construction in N ew York City was interrupted in July when strikes were called by two unions which were not parties to the agreement. The stoppages involved 2,600 members of the Plumbers and Steamfitters Union (APL) and 1,100 A FL truck drivers. Recent Decisions Of Interest to Labor1 Wages and Hours2 The Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit affirmed3 per curiam a district court decision holding a surety on a Government contract to be liable under the Public Con tracts Act for wages due to employees from a bankrupt contractor. In the district court, the surety, while admitting that the contractor owed the wages, claimed that the purpose of the act was to compel those having contracts with the Government to set up an approved wage scale, but not to compel them to conform to it, as employees could resort to their ordinary remedies. The Court pointed out, however, that the surety was being sued on a bond in which both surety and contractor had agreed to per formance of all the conditions in the contract. The contract provided for “Payment” of not less than the minimum wages determined by the Secretary of Labor. The court held that the act should be construed accord ing to its plain language, which provided that employees working on Government contracts should be paid not less than such minimum wages. Otherwise the legislation would have been futile. The fact that the Government could not specify the amount of damages accruing from each breach of the contract was held to be no defense. While there were two contracts involved in this case, the court stated, there was only one party to whom the contractor’s obligation was due, namely, the United States. The total amount of damages arising from breaches of both contracts was definitely ascertained. The court held that no injustice could arise from failure to allocate damages separately, to each bond. P u b l i c C o n tr a c ts A c t— L ia b i l i t y o f S u r e ty f o r W a g e s . C o n te m p t. A Federal district court found4 two partner-employers guilty of criminal contempt of an injunction the terms of which forbade noncompliance with the overtime-compensation, “hot goods,” and record-keeping provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act. The employers were fined $5,000, and in addition, they were ordered to reimburse their employees for back wages due under the act and to pay the costs of the contempt action brought by the Government. The court found that the employers had violated the act by employing workers for more than 40 hours a week without paying overtime compensation (a straight daily E n f o r c e m e n t— C r i m i n a l https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis wage was paid for a 9-hour day), by shipping goods made by such employees in interstate commerce, and by keeping false records as to employee working hours and rates of pay. P o r ta l A c t — C o n tr a c t o r C u s to m . The Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit held 5 that guards employed by a Government contractor in a war munitions plant, while within the coverage of the Fair Labor Standards Act, could not recover overtime compensation for work which was not compensable under the Portal-to-Portal Act of 1947. The case was the first to be decided concerning liability of war plant contractors under the Fair Labor Standards Act, since recent United States Supreme Court decisions.8 The guards sued for overtime compensation for 1 halfhour each day covering time before and after they punched time clocks on starting and leaving. They alleged that this half hour was spent in changing uniforms and per forming miscellaneous tasks. The court of appeals, affirming a district court’s decision, held that the guard employees were engaged in production of goods for interstate commerce within the meaning of the FLSA, although the goods produced were munitions for the Government. The court also held that the employer’s liability under the Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act did not preclude liability under the FLSA. However, the court held that the employees for whom overtime compensation was sought were not engaged in activity for which overtime was compensable either by contract or by a custom at the place of employment. While the changing of uniforms and marching to and from posts of duty was customary, the court denied that such activities had been made compensable by custom or contract within the meaning of Section 2 of the Portal Act. Under this section, which applies to the period prior to May 14, 1947, an employee may recover only by showing such compensability. The court pointed out that the guards had never previously been paid for such extra time and that they never claimed compensation for it until after the war’s end. P o r t a l A c t— P r i n c i p a l A c ti v i t i e s . Employees sued their employer for overtime compensation for activities allegedly engaged in before the beginning and after the end of their scheduled work day, which included the obtaining and maintenance of equipment and materials. The court suggested7 that these activities may be an integral part of the employees’ principal activities and that the Portal Act did not require the employee to prove that such work was compensable by a contract or custom within the meaning of the Portal Act. The significance of this comment is that the claims arose prior to the passage of the Portal Act and therefore were governed by Section 2 of that Act. Unlike Section 4, which applies to present and future claims, the language of Section 2 does not dis tinguish the employees “principal activity” from his other activities in requiring that he prove his activities were compensable by contract or custom. The employee’s claims, however, were not allowed in this case because of their failure to show that they obtained and maintained 245 246 DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR the materials and equipment outside their scheduled workshift without receiving any pay for such duties. As to the time worked before 8:15 a. m. by those em ployees arriving after 8:04, the court held that it was too trifling to be the subject of a suit for overtime compensa tion, especially in view of the fact that employees arriving any time prior to 8:04 were paid as if they had arrived at 8 sharp. Therefore the de minimis rule was held to govern. Labor Relations The United States Supreme Court held 8 that an employer’s current compliance with an order of the National Labor Relations Board to bargain with a union was no ground for refusal to enforce the Board’s order. Neither, said the Court, could the fact that the employer doubted that the union, previously certified as bargaining agent for his employees, still represented a majority of the employees, be used as a defense to the Board’s action for enforcement of its order. The union, in January 1947, prior to the enactment of the Labor-Management Relations Act, brought charges of refusal to bargain against the employer. At a hearing before an NLRB trial examiner, the employer defended on the ground that the union did not represent a majority of the employees, but produced no evidence to support this contention. The trial examiner found that the employer had refused to bargain, and since no exceptions to the trial examiner’s report were filed, the Board ordered the employer to bargain in good faith. When the Board petitioned the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit for enforcement of its order, the employer requested the court to permit the introduction of evidence showing compliance with the order. The court of appeals ordered that the case be referred back to the Board to find the extent of compliance with its order, and if the order had been complied with, whether the case had become moot, and what other recommendations the Board had to make. The Board appealed to the United States Supreme Court. The Supreme Court held that the order of the court of appeals was in error, since compliance by the employer with the Board’s order did not render the case moot. The Court pointed out that the Board’s order imposed a continuing obligation and that the Board was entitled to have the resumption of the unfair labor practice barred by a court decree. As to the claim that the union did not represent a majority, the Court pointed out that section 9 (c) of the Labor-Management Relations Act permitted the questioning of a certified union’s majority status only by an employee or employee group or organization, and not by the employer. Therefore, the additional evidence which the employer had moved to adduce was held irrelevant. The Court held that a court of appeals could not enlarge the scope of its review over Board orders by requiring the Board to receive such evidence. In another case with similar facts, the United States Supreme Court held 9 that a delay by the NLRB of years in the enforcement of its order did not justify a court of appeals in sending the case back to the Board to E n f o r c e m e n t— C o m p lia n c e W i t h N L R B O r d e r. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR hear additional evidence offered by the employer to show compliance with the order. The Court pointed out that often the Board might attempt to negotiate with an employer for compliance with its order, and that such negotiations might take up a considerable period of time. Justice Frankfurter dissented on the ground that the cases should have been left to the discretion of the court of appeals. “ C om m erce”— N L R B J u r is d ic tio n in B u ild in g I n d u s tr y . The NLRB in two decisions further set forth its policy in assuming jurisdiction over unfair labor practices in the building construction industry. (1) The Board ruled 10 that the policies of the NLRA would be effectuated by asserting jurisdiction over a building contractor’s association and three of its employer members when the association’s members performed 90 percent of the construction work in a county and did construction work amounting to over $20,000,000 each year, of which over $2,000,000 represented materials purchased outside the State. Because of the common labor policy of the employers in the association, who were accused of discharging employees pursuant to an illegal closed-shop agreement, the Board considered these em ployers as engaged in a single enterprise with a substantial effect on commerce. The fact that jurisdiction would not be asserted over each employer individually was held immaterial. (2) The Board refused11 to take jurisdiction over complaint cases brought by several small building con tractors, although a substantial portion of their purchases of materials were from outside the State. An illegal secondary boycott was alleged. The contractors were engaged in constructing small residences. The Board held that the fact that Congress was concerned with certain unfair labor practices in the building industry did not mean that the Board was required to assume juris diction no matter what the scope and size of the operation. Board Member Reynolds dissented on the ground that the ruling was inconsistent with previous decisions of the Board under the amended NLRA. He thought Congress had given the Board a clear mandate to take jurisdiction of unfair labor practices in the building industry, and that in determining the effect upon commerce, the industry should be considered as a whole. b o y c o tts . The NLRB again considered the problem presented by picketing of the warehouse of a secondary employer by a truck drivers’ union. Trucks of an employer with whom the union had a primary dispute were loaded and unloaded, at the warehouse. Sterling, the primary employer, who had no office in New York City, was a Massachusetts distributor for Ruppert’s brewery, the secondary employer, whose office was in New York City. Sterling had refused the union’s offer that his terminal operations in the New York area be handled by its members. Thereupon, when Sterling’s trucks appeared at Ruppert’s warehouse, a picket appeared with a sign stating that Sterling was “unfair.” Ruppert’s S eco n d a ry REVIEW , AUGUST 1950 DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR employees refused to unload Sterling trucks, but loaded other trucks. A picket remained on Ruppert’s premises 15 minutes after the Sterling drivers had left—but while Sterling’s treasurer was still there. The NLRB, reversing its trial examiner, held 12 that the picketing of the warehouse after the Sterling drivers had left was in violation of section 8 (b) (4) (A) of the amended NLRA prohibiting secondary boycotts. The Board dis tinguished a previous ruling 13 on the ground that in the former case the picketing had been concentrated in both time and area around the trucks rather than on the ware house, and that it therefore was chiefly directed against the primary employer. The Board pointed out that in the instant case the pickets were at the entrance to the secondary employer’s warehouse both before and after the appearance of the primary employer’s trucks. On the basis of these facts the Board held that this picketing was chiefly directed against the secondary employer and thus violated the act. Member Houston dissented, on the grounds that the picketing substantially coincided in time with the appear ance of the trucks and that the placards mentioned only the primary employer. A Federal court of appeals held 14 that an employing company was not guilty of refusal to bargain in violation of the original NLRA merely because it refused to negotiate with a union representative who had previously shown that he had a grudge against the company and wished to ruin it financially. It was pointed out that the company was willing to bargain with the union and that the union had orally agreed that the representative in question would not be made a negotiator. He had never been selected by the union members to perform this duty. The court held that it would have been futile to negotiate with this representative in view of his attitude, and that an employer was not compelled to negotiate when condi tions made negotiations useless. R e f u s a l to B a r g a i n w ith “ E n e m y ” N e g o tia to r . to B a r g a i n — U n ila te r a l IP a g e I n c r e a s e . The NLRB ruled 13 that an employing company was guilty of refusal to bargain because it had made three unilateral wage increases (including provisions for paid vacations), although it had previously made the same offers to the union. The Board held that, although the union had rejected these particular offers, an impasse in negotiations had not been reached. The unilateral increases had together fulfilled most of the union’s demands and had indicated an intention on the part of the employer to undermine the influence of the union. Therefore the case was held to be governed by a recent decision 16 of the United States Supreme Court holding that such unilateral in creases were unlawful. R e fu sa l I n te r fe r e n c e — I n s t r u c t i o n to S p y . The Board ruled 17 that an employer’s attempts, at meetings of supervisors, to pool information which supervisors might obtain by questioning or spying on employees relative to opinion of such employees about a union amounted to an instruc tion to spy. The Board held that such an instruction to https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 247 spy was an unfair labor practice, whether or not spying was actually performed. Board member Reynolds dissented. F re e S p e e c h — C itiz e n s ' C o m m itte e . A Federal court of appeals refused to enforce an NLRB order prohibiting a citizens’ committee, sponsored by an employer, from hold ing or sponsoring union rallies, or from conducting cam paigns urging employees not to join, or to withdraw from, a union. The court held 18 that the Board could not for bid such conduct because it was covered by section 8 (c) of the amended NLRA, protecting the expression of views or opinion not containing threat of reprisal or force or promise of benefit. However, the Board’s order that the employer cease interference with union activities was upheld. B ack P a y. The NLRB made a number of rulings concern ing the right of a discriminatorily discharged employee to back pay. (1) The Board ruled19 that an employee discharged pursuant to an illegal union-security agreement was en titled to back pay for the period prior to his reinstatement, whether or not the employer discharged him in good faith. It stated that the loss caused by the discharge should be borne by the employer who committed the illegal act, rather than by the employee who was discharged through no fault of his own. Cases in which, because of the em ployer’s good faith, the Board had not ordered reimburse ment of back pay, were distinguished because of their special circumstances. These were a contrary interpreta tion of a contract by a district court, and a desire not to discourage the making of truce agreements. (2) The Board ruled 20 that back pay due an illegally discharged employee should be computed on the basis of each separate calendar quarter of a year. This ruling represented a change of Board policy. The policy had formerly been to compute back pay by deducting the dis charged employee’s other earnings during the period be tween his discharge and his reinstatement from the amount he would have earned during such period in his old job. The Board stated that the rule formerly followed often resulted in the employee receiving little or no back pay, because, while he might remain unemployed for a while, he subsequently often received higher pay than that in his former position. Such a result was held to interfere with the public interest in discouraging obstacles to indus trial peace, which was held best accomplished by restoring the situation which would have obtained if it had not been for the discharge. The Board pointed out that the new basis of computing back pay—by calendar quarters— accorded with the rules for eligibility for Social Security benefits and prevented any prejudice to an employee’s rights under that act. (3) The Board, in accordance with previous decisions, ruled 21 that to be entitled to back pay, a discharged em ployee must have made reasonable efforts to obtain de sirable new employment. Registration with the U. S. Employment Service or a State employment office was held to fulfill these requirements unless the employee was shown to have rejected an offer of, or to have given up, 248 DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR desirable new employment, without good cause. Other reasonable efforts to obtain employment, such as applying for work at a number of places, were also held to fulfill these requirements. However, an employee who worked on his father’s farm without remuneration was not en titled to back pay during this period, since he was biding his time until the school term resumed. On the other hand, an employee who did not register with the USES was held entitled to back pay, since he was an unskilled worker who would naturally expect lapses in employment and he resorted to self-help in getting jobs and was selfemployed some of the time. The NLRB held 22 that a closed-shop agreement between a union and a building contractor was illegal when the union could not be con sidered the representative of employees in the unit. The contract was made just prior to the effective date of the LMRA with its anti-closed-shop provisions. With in the next few months the number of employees in the unit increased from 125 to 5,400. This increase was anticipated at the time the contract was made. The Board ruled that the agreement was not justified by the fact that the closed shop was customary in the building trades. It stated it could not give effect to a custom which was contrary to the statute. It pointed out that neither section 8 (3) of the original NLRA nor the anti-closed-shop provisions of the Labor Management Relations Act, 1947, contained any exception based upon custom in any in dustry. C lo s e d S h o p — B u i l d i n g T r a d e s . D a m a g e S u its . A number of recent decisions involve an interpretation of section 301 of the LMRA, giving Federal courts jurisdiction of damage suits between employers and labor organizations for breach of contract affecting inter state commerce. (1) The Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit held 23 that section 301 applied to the violation by a union of a no-strike clause in a contract with a building contractor. The work stoppage interfered with installation of a sprinkler system at a radiator plant. The strike was held to affect commerce, since the radiators to be manufactured would be shipped out of State. Section 301 was held to grant a substantive remedy for breach of collective bargaining agreements and not merely to provide a forum for the adjudication of suits for dam ages. Therefore, the liability of the union was not gov erned by local law, which the union claimed made a union liable only if bad faith were shown. The contract to arbitrate was held valid, as was the no-strike clause. (2) The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held 24 that section 301 of the LMRA did not apply to a breach of contract occurring prior to its passage. Section 301 was not merely jurisdictional in nature, the court held, but created a new substantive right and, therefore, could not be interpreted to apply retroactively. The suit was brought by members of a carpenters’ union against a theatrical union for damages from the alleged breach of a contract assigning certain carpentry work in studios to the carpenters. The carpenters also alleged that, since the passage of the LMRA, the theatrical union https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR had threatened to induce their members to stop work for the employers if carpenters were hired on these jobs. The court held that a mere threat of a jurisdictional strike, without any actual strike, was not a ground for the award of damages under section 303 (a) (4) of the LMRA. The court held that the carpenter’s union had no remedy in damages for the theatrical union’s interference with the right of carpenters to organize under section 7 of the NLRA, the only remedy being unfair labor practice charges with the NLRB. It also held that there was no violation of the civil rights laws or antitrust laws. Decisions of State Courts C o n n e c tic u t— V a l i d i t y o f W i t h d r a w a l o f L o c a l F r o m P a r e n t U n io n . In a number of recent cases, the Supreme Court of Errors of Connecticut considered the legality of with drawal by a local union from its international affiliate and the question of right to the property and to dues checked-off after the secession under a union contract. (1) The court held 25 that a local union had a right to withdraw from its parent international affiliate by a vote of a majority of members of the local union, when the union constitution permitted withdrawal; it was silent, however, on the method of achieving withdrawal. Two locals had been affiliated with the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers, but about 1946 there was much dissatisfaction with the operation of the international, especially with the allegedly fraudulent election of its officers in that year. A minority report on the election was submitted. The executive boards of the locals called special meetings in January 1947, at which the minority report was considered. Each local voted to withdraw from the international and to affiliate with the Provisional Metal Workers Committee. Subsequently, they both voted to join the Industrial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of America. After the Jan uary meetings, the locals surrendered their charters to the international, but did not change their purposes and continued to operate as before. The international’s constitution required withdrawing locals to turn over their charters and pay any indebtedness to the international, but stated that the moneys and resources of the union remained the property of its members. In holding the withdrawal valid, the State Supreme Court, affirming a lower court decision in injunctive pro ceedings brought by the international, held that the inter national’s constitution clearly contemplated the right of locals to withdraw. Reasonable notice of the time, place, and object of the special local meetings was held to have been given, although this did not include personal notice to all members. Since the union constitution made no requirement to the contrary, a majority vote was held sufficient to authorize withdrawal. The court held unions to be different types of organizations from fraternal insurance organizations, the funds of which have been held to be nontransferable except by unanimous consent. (2) For similar reasons the locals were held 26 entitled to continue to receive dues checked-off by the employer, pursuant to a contract with the international. (3) The same court h eld 27 that another local’s with drawal from the same international was invalid, because the notice of the special meeting at which the withdrawal was voted did not clearly indicate the purpose of such meet ing. The notice stated that the minority report on the 1946 election would be considered, but did not mention the topic of secession. N ew Y o r k — U n i o n ’s E x p u ls io n of C o m m u n is t M em b ers. The New York Supreme Court for New York County held28 that a union’s constitution making membership in the Communist Party a ground for expulsion was valid and part of the union’s inherent power of self-preservation. A member expelled on this ground sought an injunction to compel his reinstatement. The fact that this provision of the union constitution was added after this member had joined the union and without his consent was held to make no difference. The court pointed out that a union, like other unin corporated associations, had the right to make rules govern ing right to membership. In view of the activities of communists in attempting to control unions for their own political purposes, the provision was held not to violate free speech. The court pointed out that the expelled member was not deprived of any right to speak in a public forum. W is c o n s in — P u b l i c U tility S tr ik e Law C o n s titu tio n a l. The Supreme Court of Wisconsin h eld 29 the State law prohibiting strikes in public utilities constitutional. A union representing street railway employees appealed from an injunction by a lower court against a strike which the employees had authorized the union to call. The court held that the law applied to a strike by street-railway em ployees, despite the exception of railroads from the defini tion of public-utility employers whose employees were subject to the law. The court pointed out that the term “ railroad” was defined in the dictionary as covering “ heavy steam transportation” while the term “ railway” usually referred to lighter electric streetcar lines. The statute included public passenger transportation as a public utility. The court held that the statute was not in conflict with the National Labor Relations Act. The United States Supreme Court, it was pointed out, did not consider the NLRA as guaranteeing the right to strike in all cases.30 The court pointed to the special public interest in the operation of public utility companies. The law did not violate the constitutional provision against involuntary servitude, it held, since individual employees were per mitted to quit work. Nor was the right of free speech held impaired, in view of the facts that such rights were not absolute when the public interest was involved and that the prohibitions of the statute were against the actions of more than one individual acting in concert. In a companion case, the court held 31 that this statute did not violate article VII, section 16, of the Wisconsin Constitution, providing that tribunals for arbitration might be established with power to render binding judgments when https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 249 DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 the parties voluntarily submitted their dispute to such tribunal. The court pointed out that this provision applied only to courts, and not to administrative agencies such as the boards that were set up by the public utility antistrike law. 1 Prepared in the U . S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions believed to be of special interest. No attempt has been made to reflect all recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law or to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary results may be reached, based upon local statutory provisions, the existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue presented. 2 This section is intended merely as a digest of some recent decisions in volving the Fair Labor Standards Act and the Portal-to-Portal Act. It is not to be construed and may not be relied upon as interpretation of these acts by the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division or any agency of the Department of Labor. 3 U n i t e d S t a t e s v. . C o n t i n e n t a l C a s u a l t y C o . (U. S. C. A. (3d), June 2, 1950). 4 I n r e P i e l e t (U. S. D. C., N . D. 111., M ay 10, 1950). * E a u l e r v. P r e s s e d S t e e l C a r C o . , I n c . (U. S. C. A. (7th), M ay 22, 1950). 8 P o w e l l v. U . S . C a r t r i d g e C o . , etc. (U. S. Sup. Ct., M ay 8, 1950; see M onthly Labor Review, July 1950, pp. 133,138.) 7 A b e l v. M o r e y M a c h i n e r y C o . , Inc. (U. S. D . C., S. D . N . Y ., M ay 11, 1950). s N a t i o n a l L a b o r R e l a t i o n s B o a r d v. M e x i a T e x t i l e M i l l s , I n c . (U. S. Sup. Ct., M ay 15, 1950). N a t i o n a l L a b o r R e l a t i o n s B o a r d v. P o o l M a n u f a c t u r i n g C o . (U. S. Sup. Ct., M ay 15, 1950). 10 In re C a r p e n t e r & S k a e r , I n c . and G e n e r a l C o n t r a c t i n g E m p l o y e r s ’ A s s o c i a t i o n (90 N L R B No. 78, June 19, 1950). 11 In re D e n v e r B u i l d i n g & C o n s t r u c t i o n T r a d e s C o u n c i l (90 N L R B No. 66, June 16, 1950). 12 In re I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d o f T e a m s t e r s , C h a u f f e u r s , W a r e h o u s e m e n , a n d H e lp e r s o f A m e r ic a , D r iv e r s ’ L o c a l U n io n N o . 8 0 7 (90 N L R B No. 75, June 16,1950.) 13 in re I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d o f T e a m s t e r s , C h a u f f e u r s , W a r e h o u s e m e n a n d H e l p e r s o f A m e r i c a , T r u c k D r i v e r s a n d C h a u f f e u r s L o c a l N o . 8 0 7 (AFL). (See M onthly Labor Review, February 1950, p. 189.) 14 N a t i o n a l L a b o r R e l a t i o n s B o a r d v. K e n t u c k y U t i l i t i e s C o . (U. S. C. A. (6th), June 7, 1950). n In re B r a d l e y W a s h f o u n t a i n C o . (89 N L R B No. 215, M ay 31, 1950). >« N a t i o n a l L a b o r R e l a t i o n s B o a r d v. C r o m p t o n - H i g h l a n d M i l l s (337 U. S. 217). u In re E a s t m a n C o t t o n M i l l s (90 N L R B No. 3, June 2, 1950). is N a t i o n a l L a b o r R e l a t i o n s B o a r d v. S a l a n t & S a l a n t , I n c . (U. S. C. A. (6th), June 2, 1950). m In re D o n J u a n C o . , I n c . (89 N L R B No. 191, M ay 18, 1950). 28 In re F . W . W o o l w o r t h C o . (90 N L R B No. 41, June 12, 1950). 21 In re H a r v e s t Q u e e n M i l l & E l e v a t o r C o . (90 N L R B No. 32, June 12,1950). 22 In re G u y F . A t k i n s o n C o . (90 N L R B No. 27, June 8,1950). 23 S h i r l e y - H e r m a n C o . v. I n t e r n a t i o n a l H o d C a r r i e r s , B u i l d i n g a n d C o m m o n L a b o r e r s o f A m e r . , L o c a l U n i o n N o . 2 1 0 (U. S. C. A. (2d), M ay 29, 1950). 24 S c h a t t e v. I n t e r n a t i o n a l A l l i a n c e o f T h e a t r i c a l S t a g e E m p l o y e e s a n d M o v i n g P i c t u r e M a c h i n e O p e r a t o r s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d C a n a d a (CJ. S. C. A. (9th), M ay 1, 1950). 25 V i l e l l a v. M c G r a t h ; D a r n v. M c E v o y (Conn. Sup. Ct. of Err., M ay 23, 1950). 2» C h a s e B r a s s a n d C o p p e r W o r k e r s U n i o n , L o c a l 5 6 5 v. C h a s e B r a s s & C o p p e r C o . , I n c . (Conn. Sup. Ct. Err., May 23, 1950). 27 B r i d g e p o r t B r a s s W o r k e r s U n i o n , L o c a l 3 2 0 , v. S m i t h (Conn. Sup. Ct. Err., M ay 23, 1950). 28 W e i n s t o c k v. L a d i s k y (N. Y. Sup. Ct., N . Y . Co., M ay 18, 1950). 28 W i s c o n s i n E m p l o y m e n t R e l a t i o n s B o a r d v. A m a l g a m a t e d A s s o c i a t i o n o f 8 S tr e e t, E le c tr ic R a ilw a y , a n d M o to r (Wis., Sup. Ct., May 2, 1950). 38 I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n i o n U n i t e d W is . E m p lo y m e n t R e la tio n s B d ., C oach E m p lo y e e s o f A m e r ic a , D iv is io n 998 W o r k e r s o f A m e r i c a , L o c a l 2 3 2 v. 336 U. S. 245. (See M onthly Labor Review, A u to m o b ile April 1949, p. 438.) 31 A m a lg a m a te d v. W is . E R B A s s n , o f S tr e e t, E le c tr ic R a ilw a y , & (Wis. Sup. Ct., M ay 2, 1950). M o to r C oach E m p lo y e e s T h e S ix t h A n n u a l A pp r e n t ic e s h ip C o n f e r e n c e of the Chronology of Recent Labor Events Eastern Seaboard was convened at Poland Spring, Maine. (Source: Report of the Sixth Annual Apprenticeship Con ference, June 30, 1950; for discussion, see p. 213 of this issue.) June 8 T h e NLRB, in the case of G u y F . A t k i n s o n C o . et a l and May 31, 1950 T he I n t e r n a t io n a l Hodcarriers and Laborers Union (AFL) ended a week-long “ wildcat” strike which stopped construction on an atomic energy project at Oak Ridge, Tenn. The union had walked out to protest a delay in an arbitration ruling on its wage demands. (Source: New York Times, June 1, 1950.) On June 10, an arbitration board, appointed by the Atomic Energy Labor Relations Panel, awarded a 13cent hourly wage increase to construction workers and related job classifications on the atomic energy project. (Source: New York Times, June 11, 1950.) June 5 T he P r e s id e n t ’s Conference on Industrial Safety was convened in Washington, D. C. (Source: Department of Labor release, June 5, 1950; for discussion, see p. 207 of this issue.) T he N a tio na l L a bor R e l a t io n s B oard , in the case of M o y n a h a n and P a r i - M u t u e l E m p lo y e e s G u ild { A F L ) et a l., refused to take jurisdiction over a case involving two California horse-racing tracks because they were “ essen tially local enterprises.” (Source: NLRB Release R-325, June 5, 1950.) June 6 T he NLRB announced in a policy statement its refusal to waive Labor Management Relations Act requirements in the building and construction industry. (Source: NLRB Release R-326, June 6, 1950; for discussion, see p. 105, MLR, July 1950.) On June 27, the General Counsel of the NLRB an nounced that he would not prosecute any charges of unfair labor practices in the building-trades industries based on complaints that no representation election had been held, provided the collective-bargaining agreement met all other LMRA requirements. (Source: Journal of Com merce, June 28, 1950.) June 7 T h e T h ir ty - third G e n e r a l C o n f e r e n c e of the Inter national Labor Organization opened at Geneva, Switzer land. (Source: ILO News Service, vol. I ll, No. 5, June 1950, p. 4; for discussion, see p. 210 of this issue.) 250 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C h e s te r R . H e w e s , ruled that a discharge under a lawful closed-shop contract in the construction industry was illegal because the work force was not representative at the time the contract was signed. (Source: Labor Rela tions Reporter, vol. 26, No. 13, June 12, 1950, 26 LRRM, p. 1164.) On June 22, the NLRB unanimously asserted jurisdic tion over an association of building contractors who per form 90 percent of all industrial and commercial construc tion in the Buffalo, N. Y., area. (Source: NLRB Release R-331, June 22, 1950.) June 12 I t w as a n n o u n c e d that the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (AFL) and Stewart Warner Corp. had recently signed a contract under which the company may require employees to take a non-Communist oath denying their participation in or support of the Commu nist Party, or any of its “branches, subsidiary, or spon sored organizations.” (Source: Labor Relations Reporter, vol. 26, No. 13, June 12, 1950, 26 LRR, p. 129.) On July 9, the general council of Local 600 of the United Automobile Workers (CIO) resolved to require all of its 550 officers and representatives to sign a non-Communist affidavit or face dismissal. (Source: CIO News, July 17, 1950.) June 13 N a tio na l M a ritim e U n io n (CIO) agreed with Atlantic and Gulf Coast steamship owners to accept sole responsibility for the legal operation of its “ employment offices,” which the steamship owners promised to use in the procurement of unlicensed shipboard personnel. (Source: CIO News, June 19, 1950; for discussion, see p. 104, MLR, July 1950.) On June 28, the General Counsel of the NLRB an nounced that a hiring-hall agreement between the Nampa Building and Construction Trades Council and the Brother hood of Carpenters and Joiners (AFL), under which both nonunion and union men are registered for employment, does not violate the LMRA. It requires nonunion men to become members after 30 days. (Source: NLRB Release RGC-1, June 28, 1950.) T he June 14 T h e NLRB announced adoption of two major policies governing the method of calculation and payment of back wages for employees illegally discharged because of union membership or lack of it. (Source: NLRB Release R-328, June 14, 1950.) CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS June 15 A P r e sid e n t ia l fact - fin d in g bo a r d , appointed under provisions of the Railway Labor Act, recommended a 40hour week and an 18-cent hourly wage increase for 75,000 railroad yard-service employees and 4,000 yardmasters. It denied a demand for revision of basic wage scales affect ing 180,000 conductors and trainmen. (Source: Labor Relations Reporter, vol. 26, No. 18, June 28, 1950, 14 LA p. 688; for discussion, see p. 104, MLR, July 1950.) On June 25, the Switchmen’s Union of North America (AFL) struck against five midwestern and western rail roads for a 40-hour week without any reduction in pay. (Source: Labor, July 1, 1950, p. 3.) On July 6, the Switchmen’s Union ended its strike against four of these railroads under “ threat of direct Government action.” (Source: Labor, July 15, 1950.) On July 9, the strike against the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific Railroad Co. ended, following United States Army seizure of the road by Presidential authority and issuance of a temporary restraining order directing the strikers back to work. (Source: Washington Post, July 10, 1950 and Federal Register, vol. 15, No. 132, July 11, 1950, p. 4367.) of the American Communications Associa tion and the Fur and Leather Workers Union from the Congress of Industrial Organizations brought to eight the total of unions expelled since November 1949 on grounds of Communist domination. Similar charges against the United Furniture Workers were dropped. (Source: CIO News, June 19, 1950; for discussion, see p. 105, MLR, July 1950.) T he e x p u l s io n June 21 T h e NLRB ruled that New York City drivers’ Local No. 807 of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (AFL) engaged in an illegal secondary boycott by picketing the premises of a secondary employer when the trucks of the employer with whom the union had its dispute were not present. (Source: NLRB Release R—330, June 21, 1950.) June 23 A ppro va l of the Housing and Rent Act of 1950 extended https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 251 rent controls until December 31, 1950, and voluntarily thereafter until June 30, 1951. (Source: U. S. Law Week, vol. 18, No. 50, June 27, 1950,18 LW, p. 73; for discussion, see p. 218 of this issue.) June 24 T h e I n t e r n a t io n a l Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (AFL) placed the business agent of its Local 3 on probation for 3 years for excluding from New York City electrical products made by IBEW locals elsewhere, and for using a special union label to achieve this end. (Source: Labor Relations Reporter, vol. 26, No. 19, July 3, 1950, 26 LRR, p. 179.) June 25 W a sh in g t o n n e w s p a p e r p u b l ish e r s and the Typographical Union No. 101 (AFL) agreed to mental program involving possible introduction, and use of teletypesetting equipment. (Source: Times, June 26, 1950.) Columbia an experi operation, New York June 30 T h e B u il d in g T r a d e s E m ployers A sso cia tion and 24 building crafts of the American Federation of Labor in New York City signed a 3-year stabilization agreement that includes a pension plan financed by a 3-percent payroll levy. (Source: New York Times, July 1, 1950.) T he S e l e c t iv e S er v ic e E x t e n s io n A ct of 1950 was approved by the President, extending until July 9, 1951, the registration, classification, and drafting for military service of men from age 18 through 25. (Source: Labor Relations Reporter, vol. 26, No. 21, July 10, 1950, 26 LRRM, p. 3042.) July 8 A m i n i m u m w a g e of $1.05 an hour (formerly 50 cents) in aircraft industries with Federal Government contracts of more than $10,000 became effective by order of the Secretary of Labor under provisions of the Walsh-Healy Public Contracts Act. (Source: Federal Register, vol. 15, No. 115, June 15, 1950, p. 3809.) Publications of Labor Interest E d i t o r ’ s N o t e . —Correspondence regarding publications referred to in this list should be addressed to the respective publishing agencies mentioned. Data on prices, if readily available, are included with the title entries. Special Review S te e lto w n : A n I n d u s t r i a l C a s e H i s t o r y o f th e C o n flic t B e tw e e n P ro g re ss a n d S e c u r ity . By Charles R. Walker. New York, Harper & Brothers, 1950. 284 pp., maps, illus. (Yale University’s Labor and Management Center Series.) $4.50. “The rate of progress is such that an individual human being of ordinary length of life, will be called upon to face novel situations which find no parallel in his past. The fixed person for the fixed duties who in older societies was such a godsend, in the future will be a public danger.” This challenging quotation from Alfred North Whitehead is the prelude to a study of what happened in Ellwood City, Pa., following the announcement on August 1, 1946, by the National Tube Co., a subsidiary of the United States Steel Corp., that its Ellwood City plant would be moved to Gary, Ind. The study exemplifies the problems of adapta bility to technological change and the urgency of individual and group action to meet those problems. The company’s decision was announced as part of a company-wide program of modernizing its equipment and adapting its operations to changes in market conditions and transportation costs. When the decision was made, the Ellwood City plant employed about 4,000 workers, comprising two-thirds of the industrial wage earners of the city, which had a total population of about 14,000. The immediate effects of the announcement on the company’s employees and on the city were summed up by the president of the local steelworkers’ union: “It was a blow right be tween the eyes. The whole community was stunned, not just the union and the workers, but the merchants, the townspeople, the Chamber of Commerce. We all felt the same way.” The book was written before the company’s decision was carried into effect. The closing of the plant was deferred, apparently because the demand for tubing made possible the continued operation of the old plant as well as newer plants at a profit. “For a time the community of E lwood City has received a reprieve from the consumer.” The report is described, therefore, as an interim study; later reports are designed to deal with “the problems of human and social adjustment” to the new mills and to appraise “the over-all social and economic effects of the technical and managerial changes which have occurred.” The present volume is the result of a case study by members of the staff of Yale University’s Labor and Manage 252 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ment Center. The study was undertaken immediately after the announcement of the company’s decision, and was planned as “an objective study in the public interest of all aspects of the company’s decision and its effects. All interested parties, it was suggested, would furnish such information as they wished and their points of view would be fully represented. The purpose of the study would be both scientific and practical: to throw light on basic principles of human behavior under the impact of techno logical change, and to discover solutions to practical questions which might be of use to other companies, other unions, and other communities faced with similar problems. This suggestion was welcomed by all parties affected who offered their assistance, and during the making of this study have given the writer and his staff the fullest possible cooperation.” Background and introductory sections of more than a hundred pages describe the historical setting, characteris tics of the community, and life inside and outside the mill. These are followed by a “narrative of the critical months” after the company’s announcement was made. The prob lem is then analyzed from the points of view of manage ment, the union, the workers, and the community. A final chapter deals with “practical lessons” and “the problem in perspective.” A supplementary section is largely docu mentary and statistical. The volume is described by the author, and presented by the director of the Labor and Management Center, as a study of an important episode in technological change, but emphasis is placed on the fact that it is a case study. It is thus reviewed as in a sense symbolical or typical and as having significant implications for other communities and situations. It is described as indicating a “pattern of description and analysis which suggests factors in the determination of human behavior as well as alternative paths of action.” As a case study, a “pattern of description and analysis,” it has implications for both public and private research. It suggests the value of a humanizing of research both as to the subjects chosen for study and as to the implications of the facts presented. — W. B. By Lionel B. Michael. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1950. 330 pp., bibliography, charts. (Industrial Organization and Management Series.) $4.50. The growth of collective bargaining and labor legislation during the past two decades has added greatly to the complexities of managing the payroll. The payroll today is not only a record of wage disbursements but an account ing procedure for social security payments, tax deductions, minimum wage enforcements, union dues collections, private insurance and pension credits, and a variety of other wage and related benefits. In addition to these purely technical problems, the wage administrator is concerned with maintaining an appropriate level of wages and equitable differentials between various skills. It is no wonder that wage administration has become an increas ingly specialized professional occupation. In his book on Tka g e a n d S a l a r y F u n d a m e n ta ls a n d P r o c e d u r e s , the author has attempted to provide an inte grated outline of all phases of wage administration. The W a g e a n d S a l a r y F u n d a m e n ta ls a n d P r o c e d u r e s . PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST purpose of the book is to enable the reader to understand and appreciate this area of management. He is introduced to a wide variety of labor matters, including labor legis lation, collective bargaining agreements, management policies, job classification, setting of differentials between jobs, determination of prevailing area rates, indirect payment practices, incentive systems, and selection of employees. Books on wage administration have recently taken into account the fact that managing workers’ pay cannot be a purely" logical and unilateral procedure. This book is no exception to this trend; it recognizes that collective bar gaining has a place in the settling of questions that relate to wages and worker welfare. There are to be found in the book no ready-made solu tions to some of the conflicts between desirable practices and the realities of day-to-day wage administration. One of these is the role of traditional practices in the labor market. This involves such factors as union practice of occupational classification, particularly in the skilled trades, as well as attitudes of labor toward skill differen tials and rate setting. Some unions have definite policies toward job titles, especially in grades within occupations, and job definitions. They are concerned not only with the product of a certain procedure but desire participation in the development of the procedures. The realities of day-to-day problems frequently make it difficult to apply any internally consistent system of wage administration. Lack of coordination within the management of an establishment is also recognized by the author as a deterrent to coherent procedures in wage administration. If, for example, wage relationships among occupations in a plant should remain consistent, it is important that negotiations for wage changes take this factor into account. This pre supposes that the wage and salary administration should have authority over both. But the wage level is frequently influenced by general modes in bargaining that are shaped outside of the particular plant, and in some cases different persons in a plant determine wage level policy and occupa tional differentials. — H.O. Cooperative Movement P ro g ra m s in A id o f F a m ily H o u s e b u ild in g : “ A id e d S e lf - By Jacob L. Crane and Robert E. McCabe. { I n International Labour Review, Geneva, April 1950, pp. 367-384. 50 cents. Distributed in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.) Brief accounts of housing obtained through “self-help” by would-be home owners, aided in certain ways by Government or private agencies. Covers a number of foreign countries, with a few examples from the United States. H e lp H o u s i n g .” By L. Kaufmann. Review of International Cooperation, London, May 1950, pp. 128-134, illus.) 253 Report on operations and activities of the General Society of Consumers Cooperatives—the cooperative wholesale— of France for 1949. One table gives compara tive data back to 1907. Buenos Aires, Feder ación Argentina de Cooperativas de Consumo, 1949. 200 pp. Contains data for individual cooperatives affiliated to the Argentine Federation of Consumers’ Cooperatives, as of July 1, 1949, and comparative statistics beginning with 1932; also a table showing the development of the cooper ative movement in relation to population in various countries of the world. A l m a n a q u e d e la C o o p e r a c ió n , 1 9 5 0 . By Sergio Corvallo Hederra. Washington, Unión Panamericana, División de Asuntos Sociales y de Trabajo, Sección de Coopera tivas, 1950. 62 pp., bibliography; processed. Deals with the structure and operations of various types of cooperatives (agricultural, housing, electricity, etc.) and with legislation concerning cooperatives. E l C o o p e r a tiv is m o e n C h ile . O r g a n iz a c ió n y A d m in is tr a c ió n de la s C o o p e r a tiv a s de By Fernando Chaves. Washington, Un ión Panamericana, División de Asuntos Sociales y de Trabajo, Sección de Cooperativas, 1950. 60 pp., bibliography, illus.; processed. Manual on how to organize and run a consumers’ co operative. Appendixes give model bylaws for a local (retail) cooperative, and the bylaws of the Argentine Con sumers’ Cooperative Federation. C on su m o. Education and Training A p p r e n t i c e s h i p — P a s t a n d P r e s e n t: A T r a i n i n g i n th e S k i l l e d S to r y o f A p p r e n tic e T r a d e s S in c e C o lo n ia l D a y s . Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Apprenticeship, 1950. 22 pp. 15 cents, Superin tendent of Documents, Washington. f o r P r o v i d i n g G u id a n c e S e r v ic e s . Springfield. Illinois Board for Vocational Education, 1949. 153 pp., bibliographies, forms, illus. (Series A, Bull. No. 107.) Prepared as an aid to schools in improving guidance services, the handbook outlines the basic structure of a program and offers practical suggestions. H andbook B u ild in g T ra d e s I n s tr u c tio n M a te r ia l: P a r t I , C a r p e n tr y . Springfield, Illinois Board for Vocational Education, 1949. 167 pp., forms; processed. (Series A, Bull. No. 115.) The instruction material in this manual was developed at a teachers’ workshop held at the University of Illinois, August 15-26, 1949. C o o p e r a tiv e W o r k e r s ’ H o u s in g i n I s r a e l. {In E x e r c is e 1 9 4 9 d e la S o c ié té G é n é r a le d e s C o o p é r a tiv e s de C o n s o m m a tio n , [F r a n c e ] . . . . Paris, Société Génér ale des Coopératives de Consommation, [1950?]. 28 pp. 895483— 50------ 5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis E d u c a tio n a n d T r a i n i n g i n th e [ B r itis h ] S te e l I n d u s t r y — S e c o n d T r a i n i n g C o n fe re n c e . London, British Iron and Steel Federation, 1949. 52 pp. 2s. 6d. [New Delhi?], India, Ministry of Labor, Directorate Gen eral of Resettlement and Employment, 1949. 70 pp. V o c a tio n a l T r a i n i n g S c h e m e — S y lla b u s e s o f T r a i n i n g . 254 PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST Employment and Unemployment E m p lo y m e n t a n d W a g e s o f W o r k e r s C o v e re d b y S ta te U n e m In su ra n ce L a w s, [ 1 9 4 7 ]. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, 1950. 76 pp.; processed. p lo y m e n t I n d u s t r i a l a n d O c c u p a tio n a l T r e n d s i n N a tio n a l E m p lo y By Gladys L. Palmer and Ann Ratner. Philadelphia, University of Penn sylvania, Wharton School of Finance and Commerce, Industrial Research Department, 1949. 68 pp., charts. (Research Report No. 11.) $1. The occupational classification is that of the major groups of the Bureau of the Census. The 1910 data on the gainfully occupied population are adjusted for estimates of employment in terms roughly comparable to the 1940 labor force data. The industry groups are also given in terms of the 1940 classification. MONTHLY LABOR Tenure and Academic Freedom, 1950. 40 pp., bibliography. 25 cents. Designed as a guide for both teachers and school officials in solving tenure problems. Provisions of tenure laws and principles of legal practice are emphasized. Handicapped Workers m e n t, 1 9 1 0 - 1 9 4 0 , 1 9 1 0 - 1 9 4 8 . New York, National Associa tion of Manufacturers, 1949. 17 pp.; processed. (Economic Policy Division Series, No. 16.) Discussion of the unemployment estimates made by the Bureau of the Census. The estimates are described as providing “a valuable guide to the over-all economic situation,” but the enumeration processes are criticized and it is stated that much more information is needed on unemployment. U n e m p lo y m e n t E s tim a te s . A g a i n s t U n e m p lo y m e n t. Geneva, International Labor Office, 1950. 260 pp. (Studies and Reports, New Series, No. 20.) $1.50. Distributed in United States by Washington Branch of ILO. Report prepared for the 33d Session of the International Labor Conference in 1950. The survey deals with the unemployment problem as it has emerged since the war in various countries. The measures taken against unem ployment, as described in the report, include both national and international programs. General measures, such as unemployment insurance, are described and also special programs for depressed areas and for underdeveloped areas. The final chapter summarizes the conclusions and the policy recommendations of the report. A c ti o n P r o c e e d in g s o f th e G o v e r n o r’s - C o n fe re n c e o n E m p lo y m e n t, S a c r a m e n to , D e c e m b e r 5 - 6 , 1 9 4 9 . Sacramento, Cali fornia Department of Employment, [1950]. 346 pp., charts. The conference dealt with four main subjects: special problem groups in the labor market; the contribution of labor and management to the creation and maintenance of jobs; community action on local and State levels; and the role of government in the creation of new jobs. A S t u d y o f P e r s o n s W h o E x h a u s te d U n e m p lo y m e n t C o m Hart ford, Connecticut Department of Labor, Employment Security Division, 1950. 65 pp., charts; processed. C o u n s e lin g th e H a n d i c a p p e d i n th e R e h a b ilita tio n P r o c e s s . By Kenneth W. Hamilton. New York, Ronald Press Co., 1950. 296 pp., bibliography, illus. $3.50. Effective rehabilitation of a handicapped person, Profes sor Hamilton emphasizes, requires i n d i v i d u a li z e d and co o r d in a te d professional services. Community organization and the counselor’s functions in this connection are treated at some length, because among the counselor’s most valuable assets are knowledge of the local community and ability to organize its resources. Since satisfactory employment of the handicapped individual is the crowning achievement of the rehabilitation process, available infor mation on the experience of impaired workers in industry is analyzed as an aid to employment counselors. The book aims to point out the possibility of converting the increasing numbers of handicapped persons from a na tional problem into a national asset. Thus, practical problems, such as employer attitudes, employee records, types of jobs, and workmen’s compensation are considered and the rehabilitation process is described in detail. Annual R ep o rt F ed era l of S e c u r ity O ffice of A gency, V o c a tio n a l [ fo r F is c a l R e h a b ilita tio n , Y ear E nded Washington, 1950. 42 pp., map. 15 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Report on operation of the Federal-State program for vocational rehabilitation of disabled civilians, with a description of the program. June 8 0 ], 1949. Wash ington, U. S. Department of Labor, President’s Com mittee on National Employ the Physically Handi capped Week, 1950. Chart. Free. P h a s e s o f th e F e d e r a l P r o g r a m f o r H a n d i c a p p e d . ( I n Employment Security Review, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Em ployment Security, U. S. Employment Service, Washington, June 1950, pp. 26-28. 15 cents, Super intendent of Documents, Washington.) J o b G o a ls f o r th e H a n d i c a p p e d . o f th e T u b e r c u lo u s . By H. A. de Boer. ( I n International Labour Review, Geneva, January 1950, pp. 21-48, bibliography. 50 cents. Distributed in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.) V o c a tio n a l R e h a b ilita tio n Health Insurance and Medical Care p e n s a tio n B e n e fits i n C o n n e c tic u t D u r in g 1 9 4 9 . T en u re M a n u a l. Washington, National Educa tion Association of the United States, Committee on T eacher https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A S y m p o s i u m o n L a w s R e la tin g to H e a lth I n s u r a n c e P la n s P u b l i c H e a lth . ( I n Iowa Law Review, Iowa City, Winter 1950, pp. 164-250. $1.75.) Consists of four articles on various phases of health insurance plans and proposals in the United States, and and REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 P U B L IC A T IO N S OF LABO R a fifth on the British national health, insurance, and assistance services. E x p e r ie n c e o f S e le c te d U n io n - M a n a g e m e n t D i s a b i l i t y I n s u r a n c e P l a n s i n N e w Y o r k S ta te . New York, State Department of Labor, Division of Research and Statistics, 1950. 86 pp., charts; processed. (Publi cation No. B-35.) P r e p a y m e n t o f P h y s ic ia n s '1 S e r v ic e s f o r R e c ip ie n ts o f P u b lic A s s i s t a n c e i n th e S ta te o f W a s h in g to n ; P r o b le m s a n d By Odin W. Anderson. Ann Arbor, Uni versity of Michigan, Bureau of Public Health Eco nomics, 1949. 62 pp. (Research Series, No. 4.) Issu es. H e a lth I n s u r a n c e i n J a p a n . By George F. Rohrlich. (I n International Labor Review, Geneva, April 1950, pp. 337-366. 50 cents. Distributed in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.) N a tio n a l 255 IN T E R E S T Canada, 1949. ( I n Labor Gazette, Department of Labor, Ottawa, April 1950, pp. 557, 558.) F a ta l I n d u s t r i a l A c c i d e n ts i n Industrial Relations C o lle c tiv e B a r g a i n i n g P r o v i s i o n s : H e a lth , In su ra n ce, and Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1950. 251 pp. (Bull. No. 908-17.) 55 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. P e n s io n s . C o lle c tiv e B a r g a i n i n g S e ttle m e n ts i n N e w Y o r k S ta te , 1 9 4 9 . New York, State Department of Labor, Division of Research and Statistics, 1950. 15 pp.; processed. (Special Labor News Memorandum No. 23.) Summarized in this issue of the Monthly Labor Review (p. 229). By Robert D. Denham. San Francisco, California Personnel Management Association, 1949. 14 pp.; processed. (Management Report No. 54.) $1. T h e H u m a n R e la tio n s S i d e o f C o lle c tiv e B a r g a in in g . Industrial Accidents and Accident Prevention By Ewan Clague. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1950. 9 pp., charts; processed. Free. Address by U. S. Commissioner of Labor Statistics before Governor’s Conference on Industrial Safety, Provi dence, R. I., May 16, 1950. I n j u r y F r e q u e n c y R a te s a n d P l a n t S i z e . T h e L a w a n d P r a c tic e R e la tin g to S a f e ty i n F a c to r ie s : P a r t I , M a in ta in in g T w o - W a y C o m m u n ic a tio n : C o m p a n y E x p e r i New York, American Manage ment Association, 1950. 42 pp. (Personnel Series, No. 134.) Includes a panel discussion on “ Is Management Losing the American Worker?” and a selected list of films on various phases of industrial relations. e n c e s a n d T e c h n iq u e s . N a t i o n a l a n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l O r g a n iz a tio n ; P a r t I I , L e g Montreal, International Labor Office, 1949. 1,701 pp., bibliography. $8.50. Distributed in United States by Washington Branch of ILO. Deals with the industrial safety movement in 14 coun tries, including the United States. Activities of both governmental and private agencies are covered. Special attention is given to safety work of the United States Gov ernment during World War II. The part of the volume on legislation (analyzed topically) includes safety codes in a variety of fields. is la tio n . By Lois S. Gray. Ithaca, N. Y., Cornell University, New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, March 1950. 28 pp. (Extension Bull. No. 3.) Single copies free to residents of New York State, 10 cents to others. O u r S ta te S a f e t y a n d H e a lth L a w s , [ N e w Y o r k ] . R e c e n t R o c k - D u s ti n g E x p e r im e n ts f o r A r r e s t i n g C o a l- M in e E x p lo s io n s . By Irving Hartmann and others. Wash ington, U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1950. 16 pp., illus.; processed. (Report of Investigations, No. 4688.) S a fe ty in P e tr o le u m R e f in in g and R e la te d I n d u s tr ie s . By George Armistead, Jr. New York, John G. Simmonds & Co., Inc., 1950. 416 pp., bibliographies, diagrams, forms, illus. $10. M a t e r i a l s i n S a f e t y E d u c a tio n . Washington, National Education Association, National Commis sion on Safety Education, 1950. 44 pp. 30 cents. V is u a l https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M anagem ent B e h a v io r and F orem an A ttitu d e — A C ase By David N. Ulrich, Donald R. Booz, Paul R. Lawrence. Boston, Mass., Harvard University, Gradute School of Business Administration, Division of Research, 1950. 56 pp. 75 cents. Based on 8 months’ observation of people at work in an eastern factory, the authors have attempted to “ trace some of the effects of management action throughout the organization and to show how management itself was in turn affected.” S tu d y . In ju n c tio n s . By William H. Chartener. Wash ington (1205 19th Street NW .), Editorial Research Reports, 1950. 17 pp. (Vol. I, 1950, No. 12.) $1. Labor P s y c h o lo g ic a l A s p e c ts o f I n d u s t r i a l C o n f lic t: I I , M o tiv a tio n . By Ross Stagner. ( I n Personnel Psychology, Wash ington, Spring 1950, pp. 1-15, bibliography. $2.) Part I, Perception, was published in the summer 1948 issue of Personnel Psychology. U n f a ir L a b o r P r a c tic e P r e v e n tio n U n d e r th e R a i l w a y L a b o r By Herbert R. Northrup. ( I n Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Ithaca, N. Y., April 1950, pp. 323-340. $1.25.) A c t. S t r i k e s a n d L o c k o u ts i n C a n a d a D u r i n g 1 9 4 9 , W i t h I n j o r m a t i o n f o r C e r ta in O th e r C o u n tr ie s . Ottawa, Department of Labor, 1950. 51 pp., charts. (Supplement to Labor Gazette, April 1950.) C o lle c tiv e A g r e e m e n ts a n d I n d u s t r i a l D i s p u t e s P r o c e d u r e i n F ran ce. (In Industry and Labor, International Labor 256 PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST Office, Geneva, April 15, 1950, pp. 290-298. 25 cents. Distributed in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.) A law of February 11, 1950, sets up a new system of collective bargaining in France and provides for compulsory conciliation and voluntary arbitration of labor-manage ment disputes. The article listed summarizes the law and compares the procedures established with those followed under previous legislation. A brief article on the new law was published by the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics in Notes on Labor Abroad, March 1950 (p. 8). Labor and Employer Organizations R e p o r t , C o n fe r e n c e o n “ C e n tr a l L a b o r U n io n A c tiv itie s ,” Champaign, University of Illinois, Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations, [1950?]. 38 pp.; processed. $1. Summary of proceedings of an educational conference sponsored by the Illinois State Federation of Labor (AFL). N ovem ber 2 9 -8 0 , 1949. By Raymond R. Farrell. (I n Yale Law Journal, New Haven, Conn., February 1950, pp. 55A-561.) Labor and Social Legislation By Edwin E. Witte. [Madison, University of Wisconsin, Department of Economics?], 1950. 22 pp., bibliography; processed. Sketches briefly the history of State labor legislation and discusses provisions effective in 1950 on specific sub jects. S ta te L a b o r L e g is la tio n . H ig h By Adolf Sturmthal. { I n Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Ithaca, N. Y., April 1950, pp. 375-382. $1.25.) D i e Ö s te r r e ic h is c h e G e w e r k s c h a fts b e w e g u n g : R ü c k b lic k u n d V orsch au . By Hans Feblinger and Fritz Klenner. Vienna, Österreichischen Gewerkschaftsbundes, 1948. 272 pp., bibliography, charts, Reviews the history of the Austrian trade-union move ment from its beginning in the middle of the 19th century to the spring of 1948. T h e D e v e lo p m e n t o f M a n a g e m e n t A s s o c i a t i o n s i n G e r m a n y . By Dillard E. Bird. Frankfort, Office of Military Government for Germany (U, S.), Manpower Division, 1949. 35 pp.; processed. (Visiting Expert Series, No. 12.) I n d u s t r i a l R e la tio n s i n G e r m a n y , 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 4 -9 : A n A c c o u n t o f th e P o s t w a r G r o w th o f E m p lo y e r s ’ a n d W o rk ers’ Lon don, Foreign Office, 1950. 26 pp. (Cmd. 7923.) 9d. net, H. M. Stationery Office, London. O r g a n i z a t i o n s i n th e B r i t i s h Z o n e o f G e r m a n y . By Irving Brown. { I n Indian Journal of Social Work, Andheri, Bombay, December 1949, pp. 205-217. $1.) T ra d e U n io n is m in I n d ia . [Tokyo?], Ministry of Labor, Labor Statistics and Research Division, [1949?]. 143 pp., map, charts. The text of the statistical tables is in both Japanese and English. L a b o r U n io n s i n J a p a n — S u r v e y o f J u n e 1 9 4 9 . S p o ts in S ta le S c h o o l L e g is la tio n E n a c te d i n By J. Cope land Gray. San Francisco, California Personnel Management Association, 1949. 11 pp.; processed. (Management Report No. 50.) $1. A d m in is tr a tio n o f O u r F ed era l L a b o r L a w s. By Tighe E. Woods. { I n Notre Dame Lawyer, Notre Dame, Ind., Spring 1950, pp. 411-437. $1.) T h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f a L a w : F e d e r a l R e n t C o n tr o l. B u ite n g e w o o n A r b e id s r e c h t, A a n te k e n in g e n e n V e r k la r in g e n By W. C. L. Van Der Grinten and A. J. Haakman. Alphen on the Rhine, N. Samson N. V., 1949. 132 pp. A study of labor legislation and working conditions in the Netherlands in recent years. voor d e P r a d i j k . C o n s titu tio n s i n th e S o v ie t S p h e r e . By Samuel L. Sharp. Washington, Foundation For Foreign Affairs, 1950. 114 pp. $1. Comparative analysis of constitutional developments in postwar Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Rumania, and Yugoslavia. Appendixes include texts of the new constitutions of all these countries except Poland, which has not as yet adopted a new constitution. N ew Migration and Migrants A nnual R ep o rt S e r v ic e , of th e U n d e r F e rn A r tio n d e n , 1 8 9 8 - 1 9 4 7 . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis I m m i g r a t io n and N a tu r a liz a tio n U . S . D e p a r tm e n t o f J u s t i c e , F o r th e F is c a l Y ear E n ded Ju n e 30, 1949. Washington, [1950?] 152 pp., charts; processed. Data on aliens admitted to and departing from the United States during the year were published in the Monthly Labor Review for February 1950 (p. 165). P e r s o n s i n th e A m e r i c a n L a b o r F o r c e . By Anita Kury. { I n Labor Market and Employment Security, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, Washington, January 1950, pp. 23-27, illus. 15 cents, Superintendent of Docu ments, Washington.) D is p la c e d By R. K. McNickle. Washington (1205 19th Street NW .), Editorial Research Reports, 1950. 16 pp. (Vol. 1, 1950, No. 15.) $1. Summary of information on the extent, composition, geographical disposition, economic status, etc., of the migratory farm labor force. M ig r a n t F a rm L a b o r. By Ragnar Casparsson. Stockholm, Tryckeri Ab Tiden, 1947, 1948. 2 vols., 681 and 739 pp., illus. History of the Swedish trade-union federation (Lands organisationen) from its founding in 1898 to 1947. LO 1949. Washington, National Education Association of the United States, Research Division, 1950. 98 pp.; processed. The section on teachers includes legislation, by State, on employment, tenure, salaries, retirement, leave, group insurance, and other matters. R e g u la tio n o f U n io n S e c u r i t y C o n tr a c ts . T h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e d e r a tio n o f F r e e T r a d e U n io n s . MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 P U B L IC A T IO N S OF L A B O R IN T E R E S T 257 B r a c e r o s M e x ic a n o s e n W i s c o n s in . By Edmundo Flores. (I n El Trimestre Económico, México, D. F., January-March 1950, pp. 23-80, map.) A study of Mexican agricultural laborers in Wisconsin in 1945, with discussion of the arrangements made between the United States and Mexican Governments for recruit ment of such labor for work in the United States. B a c k g r o u n d D e v e lo p m e n ts i n th e F ie ld o f P r i v a t e P e n s i o n s . Occupations and Occupational Adjustment th e P e n s i o n P la n . New York, Commerce Clearing House, Inc., 1950. 127 pp. $1. Concerns primarily the effects on pension planning of a wide variety of laws (labor, social security, taxation, etc.); also outlines what the worker needs to know about a pension plan. Los Washing ton, U. S. Goverment Printing Office, April 1950. 12 pp. (Price List No. 33A.) O c c u p a tio n s : P r o f e s s io n s a n d J o b D e s c r i p t i o n s . By Thomas E. Christensen. Washington, National Association of Secondary-School Principals, 1950. 19 pp. (Pre print from Bulletin of the Association, Vol. 34, No. 171.) 50 cents. S e le c te d S o u r c e s o f O c c u p a tio n a l I n f o r m a tio n . H o w to G e t th e J o b Y o u W a n t. Research Associates, 1950. “ M e e t M r . B u s in e s s ”— A Bethel, Conn., Personnel 39 pp. $1. D is c u s s io n o f P la c e m e n t I n te r By James Allen Cunningham, Jr. Providence, R. I., Brown University, 1949. 21 pp. Contains interview suggestions for job applicants, particularly those looking for their first jobs. v ie w s . By James C. Worthy. Chicago, Science Research Associates, Inc., 1950. 48 pp., illus. (Life Adjustment Series.) 60 cents. W h a t E m p lo y e r s W a n t. New York, New York Univer sity, School of Commerce, Accounts, and Finance, 1949. 51 pp. Y o u r J o b a n d Y o u r F u tu r e . P r e p a r i n g f o r a C a r e e r i n th e F o r e ig n S e r v ic e o f th e U n ite d Washington, U. S. Department of State, 1950. 88 pp., map, charts. (Publication No. 3668; Depart ment and Foreign Service Series, No. 9.) 25 cents. S ta te s . By Anthony P. Alfino. W h a t A r e O r g a n iz e d L a b o r ’s By John W. Whittlesey. Washington, Chamber of Commerce of the United States, Employer-Employee Relations Division, 1950. 5 and 6 pp., respectively; processed. Free. Excerpts of remarks made at Chamber of Commerce Distribution Roundtable Luncheon, February 15, 1950. P e n s io n P ro g ra m D e m a n d s? B l u e p r i n ti n g C o m p u ls o r y R e tir e m e n t o f S u p e r a n n u a te d W orkers U n der Illinois Law Review, Chicago, March-April 1950, pp. 88-98.) C o lle c tiv e B a r g a in in g A g r e e m e n ts . {In { I n Yale Law Journal, New Haven, Conn., March 1950, pp. 678714.) Analyzes development of the movement for negotiated pensions in industry, considers key problems in presentday bargaining, and evaluates the place of private pensions in an over-all social security plan. E m p lo y e e P e n s i o n s i n C o lle c tiv e B a r g a in in g . T r a n s c r i p t o f P r o c e e d in g s , C e n tr a l a n d S o u th e r n I llin o is P e n s i o n C lin ic , P e o r i a , III., J a n u a r y 2 7 , 1 9 5 0 , S p o n so red b y P e o r ia A s s o c ia tio n o f C om m erce a n d I llin o is [Peoria, Associ 77 pp.; processed. S ta le C h a m b e r o f C o m m e r c e { C h ic a g o ) . ation of Commerce?], $1.50. 1950. T r a n s c r i p t i o n o f P r o c e e d in g s , C o lle c tiv e B a r g a i n i n g a n d P e n s i o n s C o n fe re n c e , C in c i n n a t i , O h io , M a r c h 2 9 , 1 9 5 0 . Columbus, Ohio Chamber of Commerce, Industrial Relations Department, 1950. 62 pp. and tables; processed. M i n n e s o t a M a n p o w e r M a n a g e r s i n 194-9. S u r v e y o f P e n s i o n a n d W e lf a r e P la n s i n I n d u s t r y , [C a n a d a ], 1947. Ottawa, Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Pensions Health and Welfare Division, 1950. 101 pp.; proc essed. (D. B. S. Reference Papers, No. 4.) Later information on Canadian industrial pensions is given in an article in the April 1950 Labor Gazette (pp. 443-453) of the Department of Labor, in which the main features of existing plans are analyzed. The article also reviews the growth of such plans in Canada over the past 50 years. By Dale Yoder and Lenore P. Nelson. [Minneapolis], University of Minnesota, Industrial Relations Center, 1949. 7 pp. (Research and Technical Report No. 5.) Summary data on job titles used; average number, age, experience, duties, and salaries of employees having stated titles; and other points. o n P e n s io n s . By F. Beatrice Brower. New York, National Industrial Conference Board, Inc., 1950. 164 pp. (Studies in Personnel Policy, No. 103.) Consists largely of material on pensions published by the Conference Board in recent years, with some revision. Includes union agreement provisions and a brief glossary of pension terms. More recent pension developments are surveyed in four articles in the Conference Board Management Record for June 1950. One of the articles summarizes plans of 14 companies. H andbook https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Population 1949. Washington, U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1950. 29 pp., chart; processed. (Current Popula tion Reports, Labor Force, Series P-50, No. 19.) A n n u a l R e p o r t o n th e L a b o r F o r c e , S t u d y o f th e L if e T a b le . By Louis I. Dublin, Alfred J. Lotka, Mortimer Spiegelman. New York, Ronald Press Co., 1949. 379 pp., bibliography, charts. Rev. ed. $7. A comprehensive exposition of the trends in human longevity and of the biological and social factors underlying L e n g th o f L if e : A 258 MONTHLY LABOR PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST these trends is presented in this volume, a revised edition of a work originally published in 1936. Among the new materials included is a discussion of recent trends in mor tality and of forecasts of life expectancy to 1975. Differ ences in mortality among social-economic classes and occupations are also discussed. Lake Success, N.Y., United Nations, Department of Social Affairs, 1949. 16 pp. 15 cents, Columbia University Press, Inter national Documents Service, New York. Includes estimates of birth and death rates, length of life, and age structure of the population in major areas. W o r ld P o p u l a t i o n T r e n d s , 1 9 2 0 - 1 9 4 7 . Social Security (General) P u b l i c S o c ia l S e c u r i t y P r o g r a m s i n th e U n ite d S ta te s , 1 9 4 9 - Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1950. 26 pp., charts. (Bull. No. 982; reprinted from Monthly Labor Re view, January-March 1950.) 15 cents, Superintend ent of Documents, Washington. 1950. V o lu n ta r y P r o g r a m s f o r S e c u r ity . By J. W. Myers. (I n Harvard Business Review, Boston, March 1950, pp. 29-44; also reprinted.) Examines and evaluates proposals for amending the current Federal old-age social security legislation and sug gests principles for supplementary private pension plans. G o v e r n m e n ta l a n d A g r ic u ltu r e . { I n International Labor Review, Geneva, February 1950, pp. 153-178; March 1950, pp. 274-300. 50 cents each. Distributed in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.) S o c ia l S e c u r i t y i n By Alton A. Linford. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1949. 418 pp., bibliography; processed. (Social Service Monograph.) $5. O ld A g e A s s i s t a n c e i n M a s s a c h u s e tts . Ottawa, De partment of National Health and Welfare, May 1, 1949. 69 pp.; processed. (Memorandum No. 1, Social Security Series.) A summary of major features of present legislation, in cluding some provisions later than those of the above report, is given in special supplement No. 17 to the Canadian department’s periodical, Canada’s Health and Welfare, January 1950. M o th e r s ’ A llo w a n c e s L e g is la tio n i n C a n a d a . By Manohar R. Idgunji. Bombay, Thacker & Co., Ltd., 1948. 352 pp., illus. Rs. 12/8. S o c ia l I n s u r a n c e and I n d ia . D e K l e i n e G id s vo o r d e N e d e r la n d s e S o c ia le V e r z e k e r in g . Amsterdam, Vereeniging van Raden van Arbeid, 1949. 48 pp. Handbook on social insurance in the Netherlands. In su ra n ce in N o rw a y . Oslo, Norwegian Joint Committee on International Social Policy, 1950. 74 pp., illus. 2d ed. S o c ia l https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Wages, Salaries, and Hours of Labor U n io n W a g e s a n d H o u r s , L o c a l T r a n s it O p e r a tin g E m p lo y e e s , O c to b e r 1 , 1 9 4 9 . Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1950. 8 pp. (Bull. No. 981.) 15 cents, Superintendent of Docu ments, Washington. Printed bulletins are also available on 1949 union wages in the baking, building, and printing industries and for motortruck drivers and helpers. By James J. Bambrick, Jr., and Doris K. Lippman. New York, National Industrial Conference Board, Inc., 1950. 16 pp., charts. (Studies in Personnel Policy, No. 105.) Analysis of 576 contracts negotiated from January 1 to December 31, 1949, covering 1,266,948 workers. W h a t H a p p e n e d i n 1 9 4 9 W a g e N e g o tia tio n s . T h e N e w Y o r k S ta te T e a c h e r s ’ S a l a r y L a w o f 1 9 4 7 — a R e p o r t By Dwight E. Beecher. Albany, University of the State of New York, 1949. 69 pp., charts, forms. (Bull. No. 1373.) The university’s bulletin No. 1381 (35 pp., 1949), by Wayne W. Soper, gives data on salaries of public school teachers in New York State, 1948-49. o n th e F i r s t Y e a r o f O p e r a tio n . Washington, Committee for Economic Development, Research and Policy Com mittee, 1950. 26 pp.; processed. Summarized in this issue of the Review (p. 238). H o w to R a i s e R e a l W a g e s . W a g e s a n d E m p lo y m e n t. By Herbert R. Northrup. { I n Business Record, National Industrial Conference Board, Inc., New York, April 1950, pp. 141-147, charts.) M in im u m By Joe R. Ong. { I n Public Utilities Fortnightly, Washing ton, March 16, 1950, pp. 344-350. $1.) A 5 - D a y W o r k w e e k f o r B u s i n e s s W ith 7 - D a y J o b s . Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1950. 34 pp. (Bull. No. 983.) 15 cents, Superin tendent of Documents, Washington. G lo s s a r y o f C u r r e n tly U s e d W a g e T e r m s . W a g e R a te s i n th e C o n s tr u c tio n I n d u s t r y , [ C a n a d a ], 1 9 4 9 . { I n Labor Gazette, Department of Labor, Ottawa, April 1950, pp. 545-547. 10 cents.) L 0 n n s te llin g e n , Jem - og M e t a ll i n d u s t r i , T e k s tilin d u s tr i, 1948. Oslo, Statistisk Sentralbyrä, 1950. 169 pp. (Norges Offisielle Statistikk XI, 10.) Kr. 2. Report on wages in the iron and metal-working, textile, chemical, and electrochemical industries in Norway in 1948. A French translation of table of contents is given. K je m is k og E l e k tr o k je m is k In d u s tri, Women in Industry Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau, January 1, 1950. 48 pp.; processed. Free. S ta te L a w s o f S p e c i a l V a lu e to W o m e n . REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau, 1950. 14 pp.; processed. Free. D ig e s t o f S ta te E q u a l P a y L a w s , A p r i l 1 , 1 9 5 0 . M o v e m e n t f o r E q u a l P a y L e g is la tio n i n th e U n ite d S ta te s . Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau, 1950. 5 pp.; processed. Free. The G o ld e n T h rea d s: N e w E n g l a n d ’s M ill G ir ls and By Hannah Josephson. New York, Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1949. 325 pp., bibliography. $3.75. Historical account of establishment of the textile industry in New England in the early 1800’s, and of labormanagement relations in the mills from 1823 to the Civil War period. M a g n a te s . Miscellaneous By Melvin J. Vincent. ( I n Sociology and Social Research, Los Angeles, May-June 1950, pp. 329-341. 70 cents.) Brief summary and month by month chronology for 1949 with highlights of the 10-year period 1940-49. L a b o r U n d e r R e v ie w : 1 9 4 9 . A S ou rce L is t o f S e le c te d New York, 67 pp. Rev. ed. L a b o r S ta tis tic s . Special Libraries Association, 1950. $1.75. B ib lio g r a p h y . Chicago, National Metal Trades Association, 1949. 96 pp. Health and safety measures, personnel management (including items on the handicapped), and time and motion study are among the subjects of the films listed. I n d u s tr ia l F ilm P r o c e e d in g s o f 1 8 th A n n u a l N a t i o n a l T im e a n d M o tio n S t u d y a n d M a n a g e m e n t C lin ic S p o n s o r e d b y I n d u s t r i a l M a n a g e m e n t S o c ie ty , N o v e m b e r 8 - 5 , 1 9 4 9 , C h ic a g o , III. Chicago, Industrial Management Society, 1950. pp., charts, forms, illus. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 108 259 Tel Aviv, Israel, Histadrut, General Federation of Jewish Labor in Israel, March 1950. 22 pp., illus. 25 cents. First issue of a new periodical. Among the articles are: Citrus— Migrant Labor or Landed Peasant; Trade Unions; Towards New Social Forms. W ork. S ta tis tic a l Y ea rb o o k , 1 9 4 9 . [Tokyo?], Statistics Commission and Statistics Bureau of the Prime Minister’s Office, [1949?]. 1060 pp. In Japanese and English. Includes chapters on labor, population, housing and construction, and prices. Japan Washington, U. S. Department of Commerce, Office of International Trade, 1950. 12 pp. (International Reference Serv ice, Vol. 7, No. 9.) 10 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Contains brief sections on labor and cost of living. E c o n o m ic R e v ie w o f A r g e n tin a , 1 9 4 9 . By Morton Pomeranz. Washington, U. S. Department of Commerce, Office of International Trade, 1950. 12 pp. (International Reference Service, Vol. 7, No. 10.) 10 cents, Super intendent of Documents, Washington. Summaries of the principal provisions of the Chilean labor code and its ancillary legislation and of the major features of the social insurance system are included. E s ta b lis h in g a B u s i n e s s i n C h ile . Washington, U. S. Department of Commerce, Office of International Trade, 1950. 8 pp. (International Reference Serv ice, Vol. 7, No. 12.) 5 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. A section on labor gives information on Government policy, organized labor, and employment. E c o n o m ic R e v ie w o f V e n e z u e la , 1 9 4 9 . Current Labor Statistics A.—Employment and Payrolls 262 T able A - l : 263 T able 266 268 T able T able 269 270 271 T able T able T able 271 272 273 274 T able T able T able T able E stim ated total labor force classified by em ploym ent statu s, hours worked, and sex A -2 : E m p loyees in nonagricultural establishm ents, by industry division and group A -3 : P rod u ction workers in m ining and m anufacturing industries A -4 : In dexes of production-worker em ploym ent and w eekly payrolls in m anufacturing industries A -5 : Federal civilian em ploym ent by branch and agency group A —6: Federal civilian payrolls by branch and agency group A -7 : C ivilian G overnm ent em ploym ent and payrolls in W ashington, D . C., b y br nch and agency group A -8 : Personnel and p ay of the m ilitary branch of the Federal Go vernm ent A -9 : E m p loyees in nonagricultural establishm en ts for selected S t a t e s 1 A -1 0 E m p loyees in m anufacturing industries, b y S t a t e s 1 A - l 1 : Insured u nem ploym ent under S tate unem ploym ent insurance pro gram s, b y geographic division and State B.—Labor Turn-Over 275 T able B - l : 276 T able B -2 : M o n th ly labor turn-over rates (per 100 em ployees) in m anufacturing industries, b y class of turn-over M o n th ly labor turn-over rates (per 100 em ployees) in selected groups and industries C.—Earnings and Hours 278 T able C - l 292 T able C -2 293 T able C -3 293 T able C - 4 294 T able C -5 H ours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory em ployees G ross average w eekly earnings of production workers in selected industries, in current and 1939 dollars G ross and n et spendable average w eekly earnings of production workers in m anufacturing industries, in current and 1939 dollars A verage hourly earnings, gross and exclusive of overtim e, of produc tion workers in m anufacturing industries H ours and gross earnings of production workers in m anufacturing industries for selected S tates and a r e a s1 1 This table is included quarterly in the February, May, August, and November issues of the Review. 260 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 261 CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS D.—Prices and Cost of Living 299 T able D - l : 300 T able D -2 : 301 T able D -3 : 302 303 304 305 T able T able T able T able 306 T able D -8 : D -4 : D -5 : D -6 : D -7 : C onsum ers’ price index for m oderate-incom e fam ilies in large cities, by group of com m odities C onsum ers’ price index for m oderate-incom e fam ilies, b y city , for selected periods C onsum ers’ price index for m oderate-incom e fam ilies, by city and group of com m odities In dexes of retail prices of foods, by group, for selected periods Indexes of retail prices of foods, b y city A verage retail prices and indexes of selected foods In dexes of w holesale prices, b y group of com m odities, for selected periods Indexes of w holesale prices, b y group and subgroup of com m odities E.—Work Stoppages 307 T able E - l : W ork stoppages resulting from labor-m anagem ent disputes F.—Building and Construction N 308 309 T able F - l : T able F -2 : 310 T able F -3 : 311 T able F -4 : 312 T able F -5 : E xpenditures for new construction V alue of contracts awarded and force account work started on federally financed new construction, b y typ e of construction U rban building authorized, b y principal class of construction and by ty p e of building N e w nonresidential building authorized in all urban places, b y general ty p e and b y geographic division N u m b er and construction cost of new perm anent nonfarm dw elling u n its started, by urban or rural location, and b y source of funds o t e .— Earlier figures in many of the series appearing in the following tables are shown in the Handbook of Labor Statistics, 1947 Edition (BLS Bulletin 916). The Handbook also contains descriptions of the techniques used in compiling these data and information on the coverage of the different series. For convenience in referring to the historical statistics, the tables in this issue of the Monthly Labor Review are keyed to tables in the Handbook. Handbook M L R table table M LR table Handbook M L R table table Handbook M L R table table r— 1 i Q D -2 E - l ________________ A - l ________________ A-12 A -8________ ________ A-9 D -2 ________________ A -2------------------------0) B - l ________ ________ B - l D -3 ________________ D -2 F - l ________________ D -4 F -2 _______ 0 ) D -4 ________________ 0) C - l _________ _________ A -3________________ F -3 ________________ 0 ) D -5 ________ D -2 and D -3 A-4_........................ — 0) C -2________ -------------F -4 ........ D -6 ________________ D -4 ________ C-10 C -3......... — A -5......... —................... A-8 D -6 F -5 _____________ — 0) D -7 ______ A -6----------------(») C -4________ -------------________ D - l D -8 ________________ D -6 A -7________ A-7 >Not included in 1047 edition of Handbook. 895483— 50- -6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Handbook table E-3 H -l H -2 H -4 0) 1-3 262 A: E M PLO YM E N T AN D MONTHLY LABOR PAYROLLS A: Employment and Payrolls T able A - l : E stim ated T o ta l Labor Force Classified by E m p loym en t S tatu s, H ours W orked, and Sex Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and o v e r 1 (in thousands) 1950 Labor force June M ay Apr. Mar. 1949 Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov.J Oct. Sept.4 Aug. July 1 June Total, both sexes Total labor force 1................................................... 66,177 64,108 63,513 63, 021 63,003 62,835 63,475 64,363 64,021 64,222 65,105 65, 278 64,866 Civilian labor fo rce.............................................. U nemployment______________ ___ _____ Unemployed 4 weeks or less________ Unemployed 5-10 weeks____________ Unemployed 11-14 weeks___________ Unemployed 15-26 weeks ________ Unemployed over 26 weeks_________ Employm ent_________________________ N onagricultural... ________________ Worked 35 hours or m ore.......... _Worked 15-34 hours...... ... ............ . Worked 1-14 hours 4____________ W ith a job but not at work 4____ Agricultural_______________________ Worked 35 hours or more— .......... Worked 15-34 hours____________ Worked 1-14 hours 4____________ With a job but not at work > ___ 62,788 3,057 1,130 634 252 559 481 59,731 51, 669 43,033 5,149 1,949 1,537 8.062 5,970 1,613 292 187 62,183 3,515 1,130 686 521 705 475 58,668 51,473 41,143 6, 552 2,183 1,597 7,195 5,125 1,503 318 250 61, 675 4, 123 1, 229 1.143 580 722 449 57, 551 50,877 41,334 5, 715 2,102 1,725 6. 675 4, 551 1, 575 255 295 81,637 4,684 1,583 1, 456 547 650 448 56,953 50, 730 41,433 5,271 2,085 1,941 6,223 4,334 1, 271 300 317 61, 427 4,480 1,956 1,171 418 542 396 56,947 50, 749 40,839 6,251 1,974 1,686 6,198 3,979 1,459 329 431 62, 045 3, 489 1,399 971 302 456 361 58,556 51, 783 42, 260 6,126 2,049 1,349 6, 773 4,778 1,511 297 189 62,927 3,409 1,586 771 257 460 335 59,518 51,640 36, 766 11,383 1,991 1,501 7,878 6,205 1,256 238 179 62,576 3, 576 1,736 719 300 471 349 59,001 51,290 41,354 6,056 2,027 1,855 7,710 5, 462 1,604 365 279 62. 763 3, 351 1,327 757 395 507 368 59, 411 51, 254 27, 366 19,683 1,887 2,339 8,158 6, 294 1,455 269 140 63, 637 3,689 1,484 1,020 384 473 329 59, 947 51, 441 40, 407 5,231 1,509 4, 294 8, 507 6, 724 1,290 264 228 63, 815 4,095 1, 865 1,104 361 439 327 59, 720 50,073 27, 686 14, 701 1,438 6, 247 9, 647 7,326 1, 871 262 189 63,398 3, 778 1,925 808 299 483 261 59, 619 49, 924 40, 924 5, 425 1,525 2,051 9,696 7, 400 1,952 228 116 64,866 3, 384 1,629 664 181 474 439 61,482 52, 436 43,117 5,153 1,843 2,323 9, 046 6,975 1, 739 246 88 Males Total labor force • ............ ...................................... 46,718 45,614 45,429 45, 204 45,115 45,102 45,174 45,515 45,413 45, 759 46,613 46, 712 46,282 Civilian labor force.................................... .......... U nemployment.............................................. E m ploym en t.................................................. N onagricultural----------- ------ ------- Worked 35 hours or more............... Worked 15-34 hours____________ Worked 1-14 hours 4____________ W ith a job but not at work 4____ Agricultural_________________ _____ Worked 35 hours or m ore............ Worked 15-34 hours._______ _____ Worked 1-14 hours 4 ___________ W ith a job but not at work 4........ 44,316 2,130 42,186 35,597 30,860 2,829 874 1, 034 6,589 5,339 895 186 170 44,120 2,628 41, 492 35, 220 29, 722 3,483 999 1,017 6,272 4,891 925 251 205 43,879 3, 002 40, 877 34, 890 29. 562 3,156 958 1,214 5,987 4,380 1,146 188 274 43, 769 3,426 40,343 34, 698 29,336 2,909 922 1,531 5,645 4,176 942 228 298 43, 715 3,262 40,453 34,880 29,108 3,711 904 1,157 5, 573 3,817 1,094 262 399 43, 765 2,472 41, 293 35,369 30, 077 3, 424 884 984 5,924 4,497 1, 017 234 177 44,099 2,316 41,783 35, 484 26, 629 6,922 870 1,064 6, 299 5,335 638 152 173 43,988 2,563 41,426 35,123 29,631 3,234 901 1,359 6, 302 4,896 910 247 249 44,319 2, 233 42, 085 35,521 20, 498 12,663 810 1,551 6, 565 5,465 792 179 128 45,163 2,519 42,644 35, 549 29, 277 3,080 593 2,599 7,095 6,019 705 161 209 45, 267 2,845 42,422 34,799 20, 820 9,604 651 3, 723 7, 623 6,356 916 185 168 44, 832 2,598 42,233 34,796 29,889 3, 004 629 1, 274 7,438 6,453 731 148 105 45,429 2,200 43, 229 36, 216 31, 523 2,605 756 1,332 7,013 6,031 743 162 78 Females Total labor force *__________ ______________ 19,459 18,494 18,084 17, 817 17,888 17,733 18, 301 18,848 18,608 18, 463 18, 492 18, 566 18, 584 Civilian labor force_______________________ Unem ploym ent_______________________ Em ploym ent__________________ _______ N onagricultural________ ______ ____ Worked 35 hours or more_______ Worked 15-34 hours____________ Worked 1-14 hours 4___________ With a job but not at work »____ Agricultural---------------------- -----------Worked 35 hours or more_______ Worked 15-34 hours____________ Worked 1-14 hours 4___________ W ith a job but not at work . 19,437 1,184 18, 253 16, 220 11, 594 2, 548 1,087 991 2,033 944 996 84 10 18,472 927 17,545 16,072 12,173 2,320 1,075 503 1,473 631 718 106 17 18,063 887 17,176 16, 253 11,421 3,069 1,184 580 923 234 578 67 45 17, 796 1,121 16,674 15, 987 11, 772 2, 559 1,144 511 688 171 429 67 21 17,868 1, 258 16.610 16,032 12,097 2,362 1,163 410 578 158 329 72 19 17, 712 1,218 16,494 15,869 11, 731 2, 540 1,070 529 625 162 365 67 32 18,280 1,017 17,263 16,414 12,183 2,702 1,165 365 849 281 494 63 12 18, 828 1,093 17, 735 16,156 10,137 4, 461 1.121 437 1,579 870 618 86 6 18, 588 1,013 17,575 16,167 11,723 2,822 1,127 496 1,408 566 694 118 30 18,444 1,118 17, 326 15, 733 6,868 7,020 1,057 788 1,593 829 663 90 12 18, 474 1,170 17, 303 15, 892 11,130 2,151 916 1,695 1,412 705 585 103 19 18, 548 1,250 17, 298 15, 274 6,866 5,097 787 2,524 2,024 970 955 77 21 18, 566 1,180 17,386 15,128 11, 035 2,421 896 777 2,258 947 1, 221 80 11 1 Estimates are subject to sampling variation which may be large in cases where the quantities shown are relatively small. Therefore, the smaller estimates should be used with caution. Ail data exclude persons in institu tions. Because of rounding, the individual figures do not necessarily add to group totals. 1 Census survey week contains legal holiday. * Total labor force consists of the civilian labor force and the Armed Forces. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4 Excludes persons engaged only in incidental unpaid family work (less than 15 hours); these persons are classified as not in the labor force. * Includes persons who had a job or business, but who did not work during the census week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor dispute or because of temporary lay-off with definite instructions to return to work within 30 days of lay-off. Does not include unpaid family workers. Source: U S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 A: EM PLO YM EN T AND 263 PAYROLLS T able A-2: E m p loyees in N onagricultural E stablishm ents, b y In du stry D iv isio n and G rou p 1 [In thousands] Annual average 1949 1950 Industry group and Industry June Total employees________________________ Mining_____________________ ___________ M etal________________________________ Iron __________________ Copper____________ ______ _ _ Lead and zinc................. ............ Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June 1948 1949 43,865 43,312 42.913 42,295 41,661 42,125 43,694 42, 784 42,601 43,466 42,994 42,573 42,835 43,006 44,201 938 91.9 32.8 22.4 19.1 938 91.8 32.9 22.2 19.0 595 91.4 32.6 22.2 18.8 593 64.7 9.2 21.2 17.1 917 83.1 27.9 21.2 17.3 948 91.7 35.5 21.1 18.0 956 93.8 36.0 21.1 19.0 943 94.5 36.4 21.2 18.7 968 100.3 36.8 22.2 21.7 932 93.8 32.8 21.8 20.6 981 98.5 35.5 22.3 21.7 938 93.8 34.8 22.4 19.2 76.2 75.3 76.9 75.9 75.6 76.3 76.7 76.2 75.6 75.7 75.5 77.1 77.3 80.0 417.1 419.3 424.6 429.5 89.1 354.2 424.7 407.1 99.8 421.1 424.7 410.1 431.2 405.3 444.9 257.5 Crude petroleum and natural gas pro duction___________ ________ 861 91.4 33.2 22.1 18.4 940 91.6 33.5 21.7 18.4 941 94.7 Anthracite______________ _____________ B ituminous-coal.......................................... _ M ay 251.9 251.6 249.2 249.8 251.1 253.4 254.8 256.2 260.7 262.9 263.5 261.9 259.0 Nonmetallic mining and quarrying......... 99.5 97.2 94.7 90.2 88.6 88.9 93.6 95.7 95.9 98.7 99.1 99.1 97.8 06.3 100.1 Contract construction_______ ____________ 2,397 2,234 2,068 1,907 1,861 1,919 2,088 2,244 2,313 2,341 2,340 2,277 2,205 2, 156 2,185 Manufacturing_____ _____ ___ _____ ______ 14,645 14,416 14,167 14,103 13.997 13,980 14, 031 13, 807 13,892 14,312 14,114 13, 757 13, 884 14, 148 15,286 Durable goods 1_________________ 7,961 6,684 Nondurable goods *______. . . . . Ordnance and accessories______________ 23.9 Food and kindred products___________ 1,510 Meat products.. 1_______ ____ Dairy products_____________________ Canning and preserving________ _____ Grain-mill products_______ Bakery products____ _______ ________ Sugar______________________________ Confectionerv and related products___ Beverages___ ____ _________ . Miscellaneous food products.. . . . . Tobacco manufactures_________________ Cigarettes____________________ . . Cigars________ _________ Tobacco and snuff________ _____ _ Tobacco stemming and redrying______ 82 Textile-mill products____ _____ ________ 1,262 Yarn and thread mills ______________ Broad-woven fabric mills....................... Knitting mills . . ______________ Dveing and finishing textiles_________ Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings . . . Other textile-mill products................... 7,811 6,605 23.2 7,554 6,613 22.8 7,418 6,685 22.4 7,324 6,673 21.8 7,342 6,638 21.3 7,303 6,728 21.6 7,050 6,757 6,986 6,906 21.8 22.6 7,409 6,903 22.7 1,461 1,432 1,420 1,409 1,432 1,491 1,539 1,631 1,703 286.8 282.6 285.3 288.7 301.3 307.6 298.3 292.8 287.7 147.0 140.3 136.6 134.1 132.4 133.7 136.3 142.2 149.9 152.0 145.3 133.9 133.6 141.0 161.2 185.2 258.2 351.0 121.4 120.1 120.1 119.3 119.8 120.9 122.9 125.4 123.6 287.4 285.3 282.4 277.9 277.3 280.0 286.0 292.4 289.7 48.0 30.7 26.9 42.5 28.9 49.3 28.9 26.9 27.1 96.7 94.5 99.5 104.7 109.4 113.6 105.6 88.6 90.7 214.6 206.5 205.1 198.2 199.2 205. 4 211.3 215.0 222.4 134.7 133.8 135.3 133.2 132.3 135.4 139.9 142.9 142.5 83 25.5 39.7 12.1 5.7 83 25.5 39.3 12.4 5.5 85 25.4 40.9 12.6 5.9 88 25.5 42.3 12.7 7.4 92 26.3 42.4 12.8 10.8 94 26.8 43.2 12.9 10.7 96 26.9 45.5 12.9 10.2 99 26.9 45.7 13.1 12.9 101 27.0 45.2 13.1 16.0 7,302 6,812 22.6 7,255 6,502 23.8 7,392 6,492 7,465 6, 681 25.3 8,315 6,970 24.8 28.1 1, 718 1, 585 1,501 1,523 1,536 285.9 284.7 282.7 288.6 271.2 156.5 162.3 161.6 146.2 147.7 369.8 247.3 194.5 207.1 222.0 122.5 121.8 119.4 120.6 117.7 288.0 281.9 282.3 281.7 282.9 29.9 27.8 26.8 32.7 34.5 92.5 84.9 83.7 96.9 100.2 232.6 235.7 210.5 211. 4 218.6 140.2 140.0 138.6 137.6 141.3 98 26.9 44.3 13.1 14.1 89 27.0 42.9 12.5 6.7 91 26.9 44.4 13.0 6.7 94 26.6 44.5 13.0 10.1 100 26.6 48.3 13.7 11.2 1,252 1,261 1,272 1,273 1,265 1,274 1,272 1,256 1, 220 1,179 1,145 1,170 1,224 1,362 153.2 154.7 158.5 159.4 157.8 157.7 156.1 153.3 148.5 141.4 135.3 140.7 149.3 177.6 603.3 603.5 604.2 600.6 597.8 604.1 601.9 594.8 577.0 559.8 548.1 555.2 581.9 645.7 231.9 236.6 239.8 241.1 241.7 244.7 247.8 244.8 237.0 228.7 218.1 220.8 231.4 249.0 82.6 83.4 86.4 89.8 87.3 85.4 81.3 89.9 90.0 89.5 86.1 88.2 89.5 89.3 55.3 56.9 58.9 64.8 57.5 55.9 50.9 60.3 58.8 60.0 60.9 60.5 59.3 58.1 117.8 117.4 119.6 121.2 119.3 119.1 118.6 118.4 115.8 111.0 111.1 113.4 116.0 135.2 Apparel and other finished textile prod ucts____________________________ _ 1,093 1,092 1,117 1,174 1,180 1,146 1,156 1.144 1,199 1,198 1,155 1,055 1,073 1,136 1,162 143.4 146.2 149.2 148.9 143.5 140.7 130.6 141.5 146.5 143.5 128.8 134.7 141.5 154.4 M en’s and boys’ suits and coats M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work 255.4 257.9 262.2 260.8 258.5 264.5 269.6 270.5 264.5 253.1 239.3 253.8 257.8 269.1 cloth in g _____ __________ _________ 285.6 303.5 338.9 348.2 334.9 330.1 313.7 342.2 353.1 341.1 296.5 292.1 328.6 342.4 Women’s outerwear______________ . . 98.2 92.5 98.9 90.8 97.4 102.2 105.4 107.1 106.3 102.3 104.4 108.5 107.2 104.0 Women’s, children’s undergarments 23.1 20.4 17.3 22.3 23.8 24.0 22.9 24.2 22.3 20.9 26.5 18.5 19.0 26.5 M illinery_______________T........ ............ 62.3 67.3 63.4 63.4 68.2 67.9 59.5 64.5 68.4 65.6 63.3 65.8 62.7 68.5 Children’s outerwear . . . 91.1 86.4 88.2 98.4 84.7 90.1 95.5 90.0 83.6 80.0 85.5 82.9 95.9 82.8 Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel... ............ 138.3 136.8 138.4 137.9 137.3 139.1 141.7 146.8 142.2 137.9 131.0 133.7 135.8 125.6 Other fabricated textile products Lumber and wood products (except fur 814 niture) __________________________ Logging camps and contractors_______ Sawmills and planing m ills. . Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated structural wood products_____ _____ ............ Wooden containers___ ____________ Miscellaneous wood products________ 785 67.0 461.9 755 58.6 441.9 738 59.3 429.8 713 49.2 416.1 702 45.0 411.2 744 61.5 433.9 753 63.7 442.7 750 64.0 444.0 743 59.5 445.4 747 62.3 444.8 736 62.7 436.8 747 63.8 442.1 736 61.4 431.7 812 72.8 472.9 121.2 75.3 59.6 120.2 74.4 59.7 117.2 73.2 58.8 116.8 73.0 57.7 116.7 72.6 56.8 117.4 73.7 57.1 116.3 73.0 56.9 113.4 72.2 56.7 110.1 71.7 66.7 109.4 72.0 58.1 106.6 71.7 58.0 108.4 73.7 58.8 110.5 73.3 59.0 119.5 81.8 65.2 327 232.6 94.1 327 231.2 95.7 319 223.9 95.1 305 212.3 92.5 295 204.0 90.9 298 205.5 92.8 315 220.0 94.6 348 247.6 100.9 456 228.1 124.2 103.8 448 225.6 119.4 102.9 436 219.5 114.9 101.2 429 217.8 110.6 100.9 434 221.7 111.4 1UU. 8 447 226.9 J17.1 103.1 470 240.7 121.4 107.6 Furniture and fixtures____ _ __________ Household furniture_________________ Other furniture and fixtures. ........ ..... 345 348 248.6 98.9 347 249.0 98.0 344 247.3 97.1 341 244.9 96.1 333 238.1 95.1 332 236.8 95.5 Paper and allied products______________ Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills____ Paperboard containers and boxes_____ Other paper and allied products______ 464 459 231.7 121.4 105.7 458 231.6 121.4 105.3 455 230.2 120.5 104.7 453 229.3 120.0 103.7 451 228.4 119.8 102.5 458 455 229. C 229.3 123.1 125.6 102.7 102.8 1 See footnotes a t end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 264 A : EM PLOYM ENT AND PAYROLLS MONTHLY LABOR T able A -2 : E m p loyees in N onagricultural E stab lish m en ts, b y In du stry D ivision and G rou p 1— Con. [In thousands] 1950 Annual average 1949 Industry group and industry June Manufacturing—Continued Printing, publishing, and allied indus tries........................................................... Newspapers................................................ Periodicals.................................................. Books........................................................... Commercial printing............................... Lithographing............................................ Other printing and publishing.............. 739 Chemicals and allied products_________ Industrial inorganic chemicals_______ Industrial organic chemicals_________ Drugs and medicines............................... Paints, pigments, and fillers.................. Fertilizers..... .................................... ......... Vegetable and animal oils and fats___ Other chemicals and allied products— M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. 739 288.6 53.0 45.2 737 295. 51. 45. 197. 40.0 106.8 735 293.1 51. 45. 199.1 39. 105.8 734 291.6 52.0 45.2 199.2 40.1 106.3 732 289.5 52.1 44.8 198.5 40.1 106.7 730 285.7 52.3 45.0 200.4 40.1 106.8 670 71.8 196.0 93.4 69.3 35.9 50.0 153.9 675 70.5 194.1 93.4 69. 41.6 53.2 153.3 671 69.4 191.9 91.1 68.9 40.9 55.3 153.0 665 236 186.9 20.7 28.5 234 186.2 20.5 27.7 241 194.8 19.7 26.9 241 108.4 23.9 108.9 238 106.6 24.1 107.3 N ov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June 1949 1948 42.2 108.1 736 288.8 52.9 45.7 198.0 42.2 108.1 735 288.2 53.2 45.5 199.2 41.6 107.7 728 286.4 53.3 45.1 195.0 40.8 107.3 719 285.2 52.7 41.5 193.1 40.2 106.3 716 283.5 52.2 41.4 195.5 39.7 103.8 725 283.8 51.9 44.8 196.4 40.2 107.9 727 282.5 53.4 44.6 197.1 41.1 108.0 725 267.5 54.7 46.6 197.5 45.1 113.3 658 65.8 187.9 94.6 67.6 32.5 59.2 150.3 660 66.6 187.8 94.6 67.1 30.7 62.1 151.5 662 66.3 187.0 94.1 67.6 30.3 63.4 153.5 665 67.1 185.6 93.7 67.9 31.8 64.9 153.6 654 65.7 184.7 92.7 66.3 32.3 58.8 153.7 636 65.7 180.3 92.0 65.8 30.4 48.7 153.0 630 66.6 181 90.7 64.9 29.6 46, 150.1 642 68. 6 185.0 91.6 66.7 30.6 48.5 150.5 664 68.4 192.1 92.3 67.3 34 56 1 153.0 70.9 210.3 89.5 70.7 35.9 56.2 165.0 242 195.1 19.6 26.8 242 195.4 245 197.3 18.7 28.7 241 197.6 13.5 30.1 247 199.2 19.3 28.4 247 26.3 243 195.6 20.4 27.0 19.5 27.7 246 199.9 19.8 26.3 246 198.9 20.5 26.6 245 198. 7 19.5 27.1 250 199.1 20.0 30.8 237 106.3 24.2 106.1 236 105.8 23.6 106.2 234 105.0 24.9 104.1 234 104.3 27.0 102.7 233 103.5 27.0 102.4 234 103.5 26.4 104.1 209 82.5 25.9 100.9 227 103.5 25.2 98.3 224 104.9 24.9 94.0 230 234 106.6 26.4 100.5 259 24.6 95.0 68. 189. 91.4 68. 38.5 56. 152.4 201 Products of petroleum and coal................ Petroleum refining_________________ Coke and byproducts................. ............. Other petroleum and coal products___ 241 Rubber products......................................... Tires and inner tubes.............................. Rubber footwear___________________ Other rubber products______________ 245 Leather and leather products__________ Leather........................................................ Footwear (except rubber)....................... Other leather products............................ 382 374 49.4 240.6 84.2 380 49.5 244.6 85.8 396 50.0 257.4 88.4 395 50.1 257.4 87.9 388 49.4 254.9 83.2 382 49.4 247.2 85.5 372 49.7 232.4 90.2 390 49.4 249.2 91.2 395 49.1 255.5 90.1 397 48.3 259.4 383 47.4 250.9 84.3 380 49.0 247.7 83.4 388 49.7 251.0 87.2 410 54.2 260.1 95.4 Stone, clay, and glass products_________ Glass and glass products____________ Cement, hydraulic................................... . Structural clay products_____________ Pottery and related products................ . Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products. Other stone, clay, and glass products... 513 502 131.8 42.1 80.4 58.1 89.7 99.8 488 128.9 41.4 76.4 58.1 86.5 97.1 478 124.8 40.6 75.5 58.0 84.0 94.7 475 123.9 41.0 75.2 57.6 83.6 94.1 469 121.7 41.7 75.2 56.1 81.4 93.2 479 122.7 42.2 77.4 57.0 85.1 94.3 477 123.2 40.6 76.6 57.6 86.1 93.1 478 123.2 40.5 78.2 57.2 86.5 92.0 482 122.7 42.4 79.3 55.8 87.1 94.6 480 469 116.5 42.7 79.6 51.5 83.7 94.6 478 121.1 42.5 80.0 55.3 83.3 95.4 484 614 135.9 40.9 83.4 60.6 87.8 105.9 Primary metal industries........................... . Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills........................................................... Iron and steel foundries........ ................ . Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous m etals........................................ . Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous m etals......................................... Nonferrous foundries____ ___________ Other primary metal industries......... .. Fabricated metal products (except ord nance machinery and transportation e q u ip m en t)........................................... T in cans and other tinware_______ HI. Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware.. . Heating apparatus (except electric) and plumbers’ supplies................................. Fabricated structural metal products... M etal stamping, coating, and engraving. Other fabricated metal products______ Machinery (except electrical)................. Engines and turbines_____________ _ Agricultural machinery and tractors... Construction and mining m achinery... Metalworking machinery..................... Special-industry machinery "(except metalworking machinery)................ General industrial machinery________ Office and store machines and devices Service-industry and household ma chines..................................................... Miscellaneous machinery parts_______ Electrical machinery................................... Electrical generating, transmission, distribution, and industrial appa ratus........................................................... Electrical equipment for vehicles.......... Communication equipment.................... Electrical appliances, lamps, and miscellaneous products........ ............... See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1,205 1,189 606.5 220.2 1,171 599.3 215.7 54.6 923 1,144 1,137 583.3 208.6 587.5 203.6 54.4 54.1 92.4 83.3 20.2 1,121 1,112 200.2 122.2 42.5 79.5 54.9 85.8 94.9 110.2 122.6 41.8 79.8 57.5 84.6 97.1 121.1 29.6 107.9 891 703 580.4 198.8 392.3 195.8 191.3 198.5 572.5 200.5 572.0 205.5 51.1 49.6 46.2 47.9 51.0 50.3 51.5 54.0 52.3 55.6 89.0 79.0 119.0 88.1 78.4 117.1 76.9 74.4 105.4 85.5 76.3 103.5 83.0 74.0 116.1 79.9 71.1 113.1 78.4 70.5 109.3 81.1 71.9 116.3 87 0 75.8 118.4 103.8 85.2 130.7 843 49.4 135.2 826 47.7 133.1 836 47.1 138.0 859 45.8 142.3 976 48.7 154.4 132.0 198.5 147.9 192.4 165.8 215.9 172.2 219.0 584.8 198.3 1,097 1,092 94.9 87.4 125.6 93.2 84.2 123.9 121.6 90.6 80.8 120.8 898 45.6 155.1 876 44.6 153.3 863 43.5 151.2 851 41.8 147.3 846 41.2 145.2 841 42.1 142.9 820 43.8 139.1 829 46.4 140.2 863 48.9 137.4 145.8 193.1 162.4 195.6 144.2 190.5 156.2 187.6 140.4 187.6 152.9 187.7 137.8 185.1 152.1 187.0 133.0 186.2 151.2 188.9 136.8 186.2 147.0 186.1 138.3 178.9 141.6 178.2 141.3 173.0 148.4 179.4 134.6 124.5 202.1 201.8 151.6 188.2 146.6 185.1 1,095 581.3 204.4 1,135 599.1 212.3 117.4 118.6 201.1 202.6 142.9 184.2 142.5 187.3 1,101 550.4 217.0 1,247 612.0 259.3 1,338 1,327 1,306 1,283 1,261 ,238 1,229 ,209 1,223 1,236 1,229 1,241 1,285 1,311 1, 533 70.9 73.6 68.7 66.5 66.7 65.9 66.4 64.5 66.9 67.6 69.0 71.8 72.5 83.8 179.9 179.8 177.5 175.2 171.0 168.3 162.7 166.0 178.9 179.4 178.7 183.7 181.3 191.3 95.9 95.4 95.2 93.4 91.3 90; 6 89.2 90.5 91.1 88.8 95.6 101.9 101.3 122.6 207.3 204.9 201.6 198.4 196.7 196.0 195.6 197.9 199.1 197.4 198.2 205 8 208.7 239.5 162.4 160.7 158.7 157.1 155.9 156.6 157.0 158.8 161.5 161.8 163.8 169.3 171.8 201.9 181.3 178.8 175.7 174.0 172.8 173.1 173.2 175.9 177.6 177.9 179.7 184.0 186.4 209.8 88.3 88.0 87.0 85.4 84.7 86.2 87.5 88.8 88.5 86.8 87.8 89.7 90.6 109.1 181.8 175.0 169.3 163.9 155.2 149.3 139.0 136.4 130.2 126.0 126.4 133.2 145.4 156.3 152.4 149.3 147.0 143 9 142.9 138.5 143.7 143.5 141.3 142.2 145.3 153.2 191.3 183.4 820 803 779 793 772 762 762 750 753 734 712 712 725 759 869 308.2 67.9 289.4 302.9 66.7 288.5 300.0 65.1 283.2 298.1 65.5 279.7 294. 4 65.1 276.7 294.5 64.9 275.5 289.2 59.1 275.7 289.7 65.9 270.1 286.8 65.4 257.9 281.9 63.4 250.2 280.6 62.1 253.7 284.2 62.0 261.0 137.5 134.7 130.5 128.8 126.0 126.91 125. 7 127.0 124. O' 116.5 115.4 117.9 295.2 64.5 271.1 332.9 69.0 312.2 154.8 A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 265 T able A-2: E m p loyees in N onagricultural E stab lish m en ts, b y Industry D iv ision and G roup1— Con. [In thousands] 1950 Annual average 1949 Industry group and industry June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June 1949 1948 Manufacturing— Continued Transportation equipment------- ------------ 1,301 1,264 1,124 1,100 1,091 1,197 1,112 1,112 1,208 1,240 1,224 1,242 1,224 1,212 1,263 856.5 720.4 698.9 689.0 797.4 703.2 697.1 789.2 810.2 807.0 799.0 775.6 769.0 792.8 A utom obiles______________________ 254.8 254.0 252.4 251.7 251.9 252.5 252.3 255.4 258.3 252. 2 259.6 253.7 255. 6 228.1 Aircraft and parts____ _____ ________ _____ 169.3 168.1 166.5 166.1 166.8 167.0 166.8 168.8 171.2 171.7 172.8 169.3 169.7 151.7 Aircraft _______________________ 50.6 50.5 51.1 51.0 50.1 52.1 52.4 46. 2 52.3 53.1 50.2 51.2 51.8 46.7 Aircraft engines and parts ________ 7.9 7.9 8.0 8.0 8.2 8.2 8.1 8.2 8.0 8.1 8.1 8.1 7.9 Aircraft propellers and parts 7. 4 26.5 27.3 26.9 27.0 26.3 27.0 26.2 26.5 26.3 26.3 23.2 27.3 26.2 22.4 Other aircraft parts and equipment 80.4 80.3 80.2 79.4 82.8 88.6 94.6 100.6 103.7 100.3 140.7 81.2 85.3 82.7 Ship and boat building and repairing 72.3 91.3 66.5 67.2 68.3 68.9 72.4 77.9 88.8 83.3 74.8 70.0 88.2 124.2 Ship building and repairing8 ______ 64.2 81.2 58.5 61.8 59.2 60.6 68.2 71.2 59.3 73.3 65.3 76.1 60.1 Railroad equipment ___ _ 84.8 10.8 10.2 9.6 9.6 10.5 9.6 7.7 11.6 12.0 11.4 9.3 9.1 10.9 Other transportation equipment............ — 16.6 241 239 25.0 49.1 28.0 137.0 236 25.1 48.5 28.4 133.6 234 25.1 48.2 28.9 131.5 232 25.1 48.1 29.3 129.7 233 25.1 48.3 30.3 129.2 234 25.2 48.8 31.4 128.1 234 25. 6 49.1 31.9 127.7 235 25.8 49.7 32.2 126.9 233 26.0 49.5 31.7 125.8 230 26 2 50.1 30.6 123.3 231 26.2 51.2 29.4 123.7 236 27.0 53.0 30.6 125.8 238 26.8 52.6 31.4 127.1 260 28.2 60. 3 40.8 130.5 437 433 52.7 69.6 51.5 435 52.8 69.6 53.1 433 53.2 67.2 56.5 429 54.4 63.8 59.4 420 54.2 61.7 56.7 436 56.2 66.8 58.4 455 57.5 76.4 63.5 457 57.2 76.9 64.5 439 54.9 72.3 62.9 417 52.5 70.3 58.1 384 49.0 63.8 52.8 403 53.4 65.3 51.6 426 55. 4 68.7 57.7 466 60.3 80. 8 62.3 259.5 259.5 256.5 251.3 246.9 254.6 257.9 258.1 248.5 136.4 218.0 232.6 243.8 262.8 Transportation and public utilities________ 4,000 Transportation_______ ____ ________ ___ 2,794 Interstate railroads.................. Class I railroads____________ Local railways and bus lines . Trucking and warehousing_______ Other transportation and services 660 Communication____________________ Telephone Telegraph.. _ _________ _ 546 Other public utilities__________________ Gas and electric utilities_____________ Local utilities_____________ _________ 3, 887 2,688 1,299 1,135 149 562 678 659 610.7 46.9 540 515.4 24.9 3,927 2,733 1,356 1,188 150 554 673 657 609.2 46.9 537 512.1 25.2 3, 873 3,841 3, 869 3, 930 3, 892 3,871 3,959 8,992 4,007 4,031 3, 977 4,151 2,682 2,651 2,676 2, 732 2,689 2,664 2,739 2,760 2, 771 2,800 2, 754 2, 934 1,315 1,290 1,316 1,333 1,281 1,257 1,339 1,375 1,381 1,410 1,366 1, 517 1,148 1,123 1,148 1,149 1,114 1,090 1,166 1, 202 1,208 1,230 1,191 1,327 154 157 159 151 153 156 157 158 152 155 158 163 566 539 540 568 555 537 540 550 545 571 547 566 679 689 691 682 683 695 666 664 667 688 683 687 685 691 691 654 660 669 676 654 657 665 686 696 607.0 606.7 609.1 611.7 615. 5 618. 5 624.7 632.9 638.2 636.6 632.2 634.2 47.7 49.4 51.6 52.3 53.1 47.1 48.2 45.7 46.2 50.1 52.5 60.8 547 538 538 540 537 536 544 545 537 536 538 521 511.5 510.6 511.5 513.0 513. 5 513.7 518.7 521.4 520.0 515.2 512.0 497.0 24.6 25.3 24.8 24.8 24.7 24.9 25.0 25.0 25.1 24.6 24.6 23.7 9,333 2,474 6, 859 1,428 1,203 715 532 2,981 9,338 2,474 6,864 1,462 1,198 706 546 2,952 9, 206 2,484 6, 722 1,392 1,192 699 519 2,920 Instruments and related products............ Photographic apparatus __ . Watches and clocks............... . Professional and scientific Instruments. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries,. Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware Toys and sporting g o o d s ___ Costume Jewelry, buttons, notions __ Other miscellaneous manufacturing in dustries__________________________ Trade____ _ . ___________ ______ _____ Wholesale trad e..._________ __________ Retail trade_______________ _______ ___ General merchandise stores.____ _____ Food and liquor stores. ________ ____ Automotive and accessories dealers___ Apparel and accessories stores................. Other retail trade___________ ______ 9, 396 2, 495 6,901 1,424 1,199 732 533 3,013 9,152 2,495 6,657 1,360 1,185 700 496 2,916 9,246 2,511 6,735 1,392 1,187 701 513 2,942 10,156 9, 607 9, 505 9,409 2, 542 2, 538 2,554 2, 538 7, 614 7,069 6,951 6, 871 1,987 1,590 1,489 1,432 1,217 1,208 1,200 1,192 717 696 692 704 632 557 542 560 3,061 3,007 3,009 3, 013 9,213 2, 515 6,698 1,337 1,181 688 486 3,006 9. 220 9, 336 9. 438 9,491 2,472 2,491 2, 522 2,533 6,748 6,845 6, 916 6, 958 1, 356 1,401 1,480 1, 470 1,201 1, 208 1, 198 1,195 670 679 676 634 553 507 554 577 3,005 3, 013 3,008 3,081 Finance________ ____ _____ ____________ 1, 825 Banks and trust companies________ _ Security dealers and exchanges. ............... Insurance carriers and agents.................... Other finance agencies and real estate. . . 1,812 1, 803 1, 791 419 421 420 58.2 57.7 59.2 639 637 640 686 677 692 1,777 416 57.2 634 670 1, 772 415 56.1 630 671 1,770 416 55.4 630 669 1, 768 415 55.1 627 669 1,767 415 55.0 626 671 1,771 417 55.0 627 672 1,780 422 55.4 628 675 1.780 422 55. 7 624 678 1,774 417 55.3 616 686 1, 763 416 55.5 619 672 1,716 403 57.9 589 665 Service__________________ ______________ 4,829 Hotels and lodging places______________ Laundries___________________ _______ Cleaning and dyeing plants__________ Motion pictures________ _______ _______ 4,792 4, 757 4, 708 454 442 431 352.8 347.0 345.5 150.0 145.9 141.3 236 236 236 4,696 430 345.0 139.7 236 4, 701 428 346.9 141.1 235 4, 738 443 346.7 142.7 238 4, 768 444 347.7 144.7 238 4, 794 451 350.6 147.4 238 4, 833 475 355.8 146.9 236 4,836 504 358.0 144.2 238 4,851 511 364.0 150.6 239 4, 834 487 361.0 154.1 240 4, 781 464 352.2 146.9 237 4,799 478 356.1 149.0 241 Government.______ ____________________ 5, 832 F ederal............................................... ............ 1,851 State and local______________________ 3,981 5, 900 1,890 4,010 5, 915 1,939 3, 976 5, 769 1,802 3,967 5,742 6,777 6, 041 5, 783 5,866 5, 893 5,763 5, 738 5, 803 5,813 5,613 1,800 1,804 2,101 1,823 1,863 1, 892 1,900 1,905 1,909 1,902 1,827 3,942 3,973 3,940 3,960 4,003 4,001 3,863 3,833 3,894 3, 911 3,786 > The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ series of employment in nonagricultural establishments are based upon reports submitted by cooperating establish ments and, therefore, differ from employment information obtained by house hold interviews, such as the M onthly Report on the Labor Force (table A -l), in several important respects. The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ data cover all full- and part-time employees in private nonagricultural establishments who worked during, or received pay for, the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month; in Federal establishments during the pay period ending Just before the first of the month; and in State and local government during the pay period ending on or Just before the last of the month, while the M onthly Report on the Labor Force data relate to the calendar week which contains the 8th day of the month. Proprietors, self-employed persons, domestic servants, and personnel of the Armed Forces are excluded from the BLS but not the M R L F series. These employment series have been ad justed to levels indicated by Unemployment Insurance Agencies and the Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors Insurance data through 1947, and have been https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis carried forward from 1947 bench-mark levels, thereby providing consistent series. Revised data in all except the first f o u r columns will be identified by an asterisk (*) for the first month’s publication of such data. 1 Includes ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood products (except furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass products; primary metal industries; fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment); machinery (except electrical); electrical machinery; transportation equipment; instruments and related products; and miscellaneous manufacturing industries. 8 Includes food and kindred products; tobacco manufactures; textile-mill products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper and allied prod ucts; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and allied prod ucts; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; and leather and leather products. * Data by region, from January 1940, are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS 266 MONTHLY LABOR Table A -3 : P rod u ction W orkers in M ining and M anufacturing Industries 1 [In thousands] 1950 Annual average 1949 Industry group and industry June Mining: Metal ________________________ Iron - _____ ______________________ Copper __ ________________________ TiP.jul and zinc ... ____ M ay 82.8 31.3 19.8 16.6 Apr. 81.4 29.4 19.9 16.6 Mar. 81.5 29.6 19.8 16.6 Feb. 81.1 29.3 19.8 16.5 Jan. 80.7 29.8 19.6 16.0 Dec. 80.9 30.2 19.2 16.1 N ov. 72.6 24.7 18.8 15.0 Oct. Sept. 54.1 6.0 18.8 14.7 80.9 32.2 18.6 15.6 Aug. 82.8 32.6 18.6 16.5 July 83.3 32.8 18.8 16.1 June 89.5 33.4 19.8 19.1 1940 83.3 29.5 19.4 18.1 1948 88.6 32.6 20.0 19.2 71.6 70.7 72.3 71.4 71.1 71.8 72.1 71.6 71.1 71.2 71.0 72.7 72.8 75.8 ___ _________ 393.7 399.5 404.2 65.8 328.3 397.9 380.7 77.0 395.0 399.7 383.1 404.5 379.1 419.1 Crude petroleum and natural gas pro duction: Petroleum and natural gas production.. 123.9 123.3 123.3 123.3 122.9 123.9 124.7 126.1 128.7 131.6 131.1 130.0 127.1 127.1 84.8 82.3 78.3 77.3 76.7 80.1 82.8 83.2 85.8 86.0 85.8 85.9 83.7 87.6 Anthracite ______________________ Bitwninoos-ooal , Nonmetallic mining and quarrying........... ............ Manufacturing............................................... — 12,089 11, 837 11, 596 11, 549 11,460 11,449 11,504 11, 289 11,368 11,775 11,561 11,211 11, 337 11,597 12,717 Durable goods.. ----------------------- 6,585 Nondurable goods----------------------- 5,454 19.2 Ordnance and accessories______________ Food and kindred products----------------- 1,132 Meat products. _____________ ___ Dairy products__ _ _ _____________ Canning and preserving_______ ____ Drain-mill products ____ ___ "Rakery products. ________________ Sugar _____________________ Confectionery and related products----Beverages . __ ___ ___ ________ Miscellaneous food products— ............. — 75 Tobacco manufactures_________________ Cigarettes _ _ ____________ ___ Cigars _. ________________ - - ___ Tobacco and snuff---------------------------Tobacco stemming and redrying--------- Textile-mill products__________________ 1,172 Y am and thread m ills----------------------Broad-woven fabric m ills_________ _ _____ ___________ Knitting m ills__ Dyeing and finishing textiles_________ Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings___ Other textile-mill products...................... Apparel and other finished textile produ c ts... __________________________ M en’s and boys’ suits and coats--------M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work clothing —ç— _______________________ Women’s outerwear_________________ Women’s, children’s undergarments__ M illinery. _________________________ Children’s outerwear________________ Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel__ Other fabricated textile products.......... Lumber and wood products (except furniture)----------------------------------------Logging camps and contractors__ . . . Sawmills and planing mills---------------Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated structural wood products _________ Wooden containers.. . . . ___________ Miscellaneous wood products________ Furniture and fixtures.................... ............ Household furniture ______________ Other furniture and fixtures__________ See footnote at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 978 — 751 300 6,450 5,387 18.6 6,196 5,400 18.3 6,070 5,479 17.9 5,982 5,478 17.4 1,090 1,065 1,060 1,055 227.1 223.2 228.3 231.5 99.1 108.4 102.8 96.7 126.8 120.3 109.3 109.8 91.4 92.4 92.1 92.0 192.8 191.2 190.0 187.6 22.9 24.4 22.6 22.7 78.4 72.7 74.6 80.9 146.4 140.6 139.4 134.4 99.4 98.5 100.7 99.4 76 22.8 37.6 10.6 4.9 76 22.9 37.2 11.0 4.7 78 22.7 38.7 11.0 5.1 81 22.8 40.2 11.1 6.4 6.000 5,449 16.9 5,961 5,543 17.1 5,719 5,570 17.3 5,651 5, 717 6,060 5, 715 18.1 18.2 5,947 5,614 18.2 5,894 5,317 19.3 6, 022 5,315 20.7 6,096 5, 501 20.2 6,909 5,868 23.9 1,078 1,139 1,185 1,273 1,340 1,350 1, 224 1,153 1,172 1,197 243.7 251.0 242.2 236.0 230.4 228.5 227.2 225.6 231.3 215.8 95.1 98.9 104.0 110.4 116.3 122.1 122.1 107.9 111.0 96.1 116.5 135.6 159.8 232.2 321.5 339.1 220.1 169.0 180.8 195.3 93.2 96.9 100.3 96.9 96.8 94.3 95.3 93.6 98.0 95.0 186.1 189.8 194.7 199.4 196.4 194.1 190.5 191.7 191.2 195.5 24.9 23.7 25.7 22.8 28.5 44.7 43.5 26.7 30.0 38.1 84.6 69.9 95.3 99.2 91. 5 78.7 71.1 83.0 85.9 90.5 135.3 141.3 146.2 149.2 157.3 164.7 168.5 152.4 150.6 161.4 98.1 101.3 106.1 108.9 107.8 105.8 105.2 104.0 103.8 108.1 85 23.8 40.3 11.3 9.7 87 24.3 41.2 11.5 9.5 89 24.4 43.6 11.4 9.2 92 24.4 43.6 11.7 11.9 94 24.5 43.1 11.6 14.9 91 24.4 42.3 11.7 12.9 82 24.4 40.9 11.0 5.7 84 24.3 42.4 11.4 5.6 87 24.1 42.4 11.5 9.0 93 24.3 46.2 12.2 10.2 1,163 1,172 1,183 1,183 1,177 1,187 1,184 1,168 1,132 1,092 1,058 1,083 1,136 1,275 143.0 144.5 148.7 149.4 148.5 148.5 147.0 144.4 139.5 133.0 126.6 131.9 140.3 168.5 573.1 572. 7 574.0 570.5 567.9 573. 9 571.8 564.5 547.0 530.1 518.0 524.7 551.4 615.3 212.8 218.1 221. 4 222.5 222.8 226. 6 229.7 226.7 219.2 210.8 199.7 202.9 213.4 231.4 73.2 80.4 79.9 78.0 71.9 74.0 76.9 80.0 76.0 80.0 80.3 80.5 76. 5 78. 7 47.5 43.5 49.2 51.2 51.8 50.4 57.2 49. 7 48.1 53.4 53.0 51.3 52.6 52.8 97.7 97.9 100.5 102.8 121.7 104.6 104.5 106.3 107.8 105.8 105.7 105.2 105.1 102.6 977 1,003 1,058 1,065 1,032 1,040 1,028 1,083 1,082 1,040 129.2 132.0 135.5 135.2 130.3 127.3 117.6 128.6 133.4 130.6 942 115.9 959 1,022 1,049 121.5 128.1 140.1 237. 8 253.6 92.0 16. 5 57.1 74. 4 116.3 240. £ 271.1 95.4 18.3 57.9 72.1 115.2 244. £ 305.4 97.0 23.8 62.6 72. 6 116.6 243.6 315.2 96.5 23.4 62.7 72.1 116.2 240. £ 302.4 92.5 21.4 59.7 69.1 115.9 246. 8 296.1 94.5 19. 4 58.7 78. 7 118.3 251.3 279.5 98.2 15.6 60.1 84.2 121.6 252.4 308.3 97.5 20. £ 62.8 86.4 126.1 246.2 318.5 94.1 21.2 62.3 83.8 122.0 235.4 306.3 88.6 20.3 61.9 79.3 117.8 221.4 263.3 81.7 17.7 58.4 72.9 110.8 236.3 257.6 83.5 14.7 57.3 74.5 113.9 239.8 294.3 89.4 19.5 58.0 76.5 115.8 250.7 308.7 88.7 20.2 54.7 78.5 107.5 724 62. A 431.9 693 54.4 411.4 677 54. £ 399.3 652 45.0 385.7 642 40. £ 381.1 682 57.2 403.5 692 59.6 412.6 689 59. £ 413.8 684 55. S 416.0 686 58.6 414.5 676 58.7 407.1 686 60.1 410.3 676 57.6 401.3 752 69.5 442.0 106.1 69.6 54.0 104. 5 69.0 54.0 101. 7 67.9 53.5 101.5 67.6 52.4 101.6 67.2 51.2 101. £ 68.1 51.6 100.7 67.4 51.4 98.1 66.8 50.9 95.4 66.4 51.0 94.6 66.6 52.1 91. £ 66.3 51.9 93.7 68.5 53.0 95.7 67.9 53.1 105.0 76.0 59.2 303 221. 5 81.1 303 222.1 80.8 301 220. 9 79.9 297 218.2 78.7 289 211.7 77.6 289 211.0 78.1 283 206.5 76.6 284 205.6 78.3 277 198.5 77.7 263 187. ( 75.8 253 179. i 74.1 257 181.1 75.9 272 194. f 77.6 306 221 6 84.1 267 A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 T able A-3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries1—Continued [In thousands] 4- Annual average 1949 1950 ► Industry group and Industry June 4 May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June 1949 1948 Manufacturing—Continued Paper and allied products............................ 397 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills........ Paperboard containers and boxes.......... .. Other paper and allied products....... — 392 201.5 103.3 86.8 391 200.6 103.4 86.5 389 200.2 102.6 86.2 386 199.5 101.4 85.4 385 199.2 101.4 84.2 390 200. 2 105 3 84.8 393 200.6 107.7 84.8 392 199.6 106.4 85.8 384 197.0 101.9 84.8 371 190.5 97.4 83.4 365 188.2 93.3 83.1 369 191.7 94.2 83.3 382 197.6 99.6 85.2 405 210.8 104.6 89.4 Printing, publishing, and allied indus tries_______ ______________ ________ 499 Newspapers— ..........................................Periodicals_________________________ Books------------- ------- -------- --------------Commercial printing........................ ......... Lithographing...... ...................................... Other printing and publishing----------- 497 149.1 34.5 34.7 164.0 31.0 84.0 496 147.4 35.0 34.9 164.9 30.9 83.2 496 146.4 35.2 35.2 165.3 31.0 83.3 495 145.3 35.1 34.9 164.6 30.8 84.1 493 142.0 34.5 35 0 167.2 30.7 83.9 501 145.2 34.8 35 8 167.8 32 7 85.1 500 145.0 35.0 36.5 165.1 32.8 85.3 500 144.4 35.7 36.5 166.1 32.5 85.0 495 143.8 35.8 36.3 162.4 31.8 84.5 486 141.4 35.6 33.9 160.7 31.2 83.5 485 140.9 35.2 33.8 162.4 30.8 82.1 494 141.9 35.0 37.1 163.8 31.1 85.4 495 141.2 36.0 36.4 164.4 31.9 85.3 501 133. 5 37.3 38.6 165.5 35.1 91.0 Chemicals and allied products-------------Industrial inorganic c h e m ic a ls.............. Industrial organic chemicals.................... Drugs and m edicines.............................. Paints, pigments, and fillers-------------Fertilizers..... ..................- ............ ............. Vegetable and animal oils and fats----Other chemicals and allied products. 480 485 53.6 147.8 61.0 45.5 29.8 39.8 107.3 490 52.8 146.0 60.6 45.1 35.6 42.7 106.9 487 52.3 144.9 58.1 44.9 34.9 44.9 106.8 485 52.2 144.0 58.7 44.7 32.5 45.8 106.7 480 50.2 143.7 61.7 43.7 26.5 49.0 104.9 484 51.3 143. 7 61.9 43.6 24.9 51.9 106.2 485 51.2 142.9 61.5 43.8 24.6 53.1 108.2 488 51.5 141.4 61.6 43.9 26.1 54.6 109.2 478 49.9 139.8 60.7 42.3 26.6 49.1 109.1 458 49.8 135. 2 60 1 41.8 24.7 38.5 108.0 453 50.7 135.8 59.2 41.0 24.0 36.3 105.7 464 52.3 139.1 59.9 42.6 24.9 38.7 106.3 485 52.3 145.8 60.8 43.3 28.6 46.1 108.4 520 54.7 164.4 59.9 46.9 30.2 46.6 117.6 Products of petroleum and c o a l............... Petroleum refining..................................... Coke and byproducts.................. ........... Other petroleum and coal products---- 182 177 136.1 18.1 23.2 176 135. 5 17.9 22.3 182 142.8 17.0 21.8 183 144.0 16.8 21.8 184 145.4 17.4 21.3 185 145.7 17.6 22.1 188 147.6 15.9 24.1 185 148.4 10.9 25.3 189 149.2 16.7 23.5 190 149.9 17.0 22 9 189 150.3 17.3 21. 4 189 149.6 18. 0 21. 6 188 148.8 16.9 22.0 192 148.9 17.5 25.3 Rubber products....................... ................... Tires and inner tubes.............................. Rubber footwear...................................... . Other rubber products.............................. 197 194 85.7 19.1 88.7 190 84.0 19.3 86.8 189 83.4 19.4 86.2 188 83.1 18.8 86.3 187 82.6 20.1 84.5 187 82.1 22.1 83.1 186 81.3 22.2 32.8 187 81.1 21.5 84.4 167 64.3 21.1 81.4 180 80.9 20.3 78.6 177 82.0 20.2 74.5 181 86.3 19.8 75.3 186 83.6 21.6 80.9 209 96.2 24.6 88. 1 Leather and leather products..................... Leather------------------------------------------Footwear (except rubber)........ ............... Other leather products.............................. 342 336 44.9 217.8 72.8 341 45.0 221.6 74.5 357 45.5 234.5 77.3 357 45.5 234.5 76.7 348 45 0 231 4 71.9 343 44.9 223.7 74.2 332 45.2 208.0 78.5 349 44.9 224.3 79.4 354 44.6 230.2 78.8 356 43 8 234 2 77.5 342 43.1 226. 3 73.0 339 44. 5 222.5 72.1 347 45.1 226.2 75.8 368 49.5 234.8 83.5 433 116.1 36.0 73.5 52.7 76.1 78.2 419 112.8 35.4 69.1 52.8 73.5 75.8 410 108.9 34.5 68.5 52.7 71.3 73.9 408 108.2 35.0 68.3 52.2 71.3 73.2 403 106.2 35-8 68.6 50.7 69.5 72.6 412 107. 1 36.4 70. 5 51.6 73. 1 73.7 411 107.7 34.8 69.7 52.2 73.9 72.5 411 107.5 34.8 71.0 51.7 74.6 71.1 414 106. 9 36. 5 72.1 50.4 74.9 72.8 412 106. 6 36.7 72.1 49.7 73.5 72.9 400 101.1 36.9 72.1 46.3 71.5 72.1 409 105.4 36.6 72.8 50.2 71.2 73.2 416 106.8 36.0 72.5 52.2 72.4 75.6 448 119.6 35. 5 76.5 55.5 76.4 84.6 Stone, clay, and glass products................. Glass and glass products......................... Cement, hydraulic____ _____________ Structural clay products....................... . Pottery and related products_________ Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products. Other stone, clay, and glass products. _____ 443 Primary metal industries........................... 1,039 Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills_______ _______ ________ ______ Iron and steel foundries............................ Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals----------- ------------------Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals_______________ _____ Nonferrous foundries------------------------Other primary metal industries______ Fabricated metal products (except ord nance, machinery, and transporta tion equipment)--------------------- -----Tin cans and other tinware__________ Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware____ Heating apparatus (except electric) and plumbers’ s u p p lies..____ ______ Fabricated structural metal products.. Metal stamping, coating, and en graving...................................................... Other fabricated metal products.......... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 978 963 955 743 559 938 932 934 971 940 529.5 192.9 506.9 182.1 512.3 177.1 510.5 172.0 506.6 172.2 324.8 169.4 130.3 171.9 498.7 173.4 497.6 177.3 505.8 175.9 523.0 184.0 476.7 188.9 536.8 230.9 45.5 45.2 45.4 45.3 42.5 41.2 38.3 39.4 41.8 41.4 42.3 44.9 43.3 46.8 63.8 59.5 92.4 62.4 58.7 88.4 64.4 59. 5 95.2 70.6 63.3 97.1 86.0 73.2 109.1 1,007 1,083 78.9 73.5 105.1 77.1 70.7 103.4 76.5 69.8 101.2 75.0 67.8 100.0 73.7 66.0 97.9 72.8 65.9 95.8 62.6 62.4 85.0 70.0 64.1 83.5 67.2 62.0 95.1 764 741 39.8 130.8 721 39.0 129.2 709 38.0 127.6 698 36.3 123.7 693 35.9 121.2 688 36.6 119.3 666 38.2 115.6 677 40.6 116.3 708 43.2 113.7 688 43.6 111.4 671 41.8 109.2 679 41.0 113.8 701 39.9 118.4 812 42.2 131.6 _____ 119.0 148.1 117.6 145.6 114.0 142.7 112.3 140.6 107.4 141.5 111 1 142.2 113.0 133.6 116.2 129.0 109.6 155.8 99.7 155.4 91.8 155. 0 93.6 156.0 106.0 152.3 137.1 168.7 140.3 163.2 134.5 154.9 131.2 155.8 130.4 155.1 129.6 157.0 124.8 153.7 119.8 145. S 127.2 148.0 129.8 156.1 124.9 152.5 121.5 151. 5 120.7 154. 3 125.8 159.0 148.6 183.8 1,021 1,003 53.4 56.0 140.9 141.9 68.3 68.4 158.2 155.5 981 51.1 139.5 68.1 152.0 960 48.9 137.4 66.5 149.2 937 48.8 133.2 64. A 146.5 929 48. ( 130.6 63.7 146.4 922 908 46.7 48.4 125. C 127.8 63.7 62.3 145.9 148.0 935 49.3 139.9 62.3 149.1 927 49.0 140.4 64. 2 146.9 939 50.7 139.8 67.7 149.5 977 1,001 1,203 63.9 53.2 53. 9 145.2 142 4 151.7 72. 4 91.1 72.5 155.8 157.9 186.6 122.5 128.7 73.5 120.9 125.9 73.2 119.0 123.3 72.0 117.7 121.6 70. 116.8 120. ‘ 69.9 117.3 121.2 71.1 117.4 121.2 72.2 119.3 123.3 73.5 121.8 124.8 73.3 122.6 124. 71.7 124.0 125. 3 72.5 129.2 129.3 74.7 131.1 1 158.6 132. 31 154.3 75.4 93.0 148. £ 124. 143.3 120.4 137.8 118.2 132. 115. 124.0 112.5 118.7 111.5 109.1 106.8 107.9 112.2 98.5 98.3 101.9 112. 1 iuy. o¡ nú. o 104. 112. ! 115.4 Machinery (except electrical).................... 1,032 Engines and tu rb in e s_____ _____ ____ Agricultural machinery and tractors... Construction and mining m achinery... Metalworking m achin ery........... ......... Special-industry machinery (except metalworking machinery)--------------General industrial m achinery............... Office and store machines and devices. Service-industry and household ma chines.......... ............ ............................... Miscellaneous machinery parts.............. See fo o tn o te a t end o f tab le. 982 522.6 188.1 1,025 156. 3 268 A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS MONTHLY LABOR T a b l e A -3 : P rod u ction W orkers in M in ing and M anufacturing In d u strie s1— C ontinued fin thousands] 1950 Industry group and industry Annual average 1949 ____ June Manufacturing—Continued Electrical machinery..................................... 622 Electrical generating, transmission, distribution, and industrial appara tus........................................................................... Electrical equipment for vehicles_____ _____ Communication equipment______ _______ Electrical appliances, lamps, and miscellaneous products_____ _____________ Transportation equipment..........................1,073 Automobiles......................................................... Aircraft and parts....................................... ........... Aircraft............................................... Aircraft engines and parts................................ Aircraft propellers and p a r ts........................ Other aircraft parts and equipment_______ Ship and boat building and repairing........... . Ship building and repairing............................ Railroad equipment...................... ........... Other transportation equipment............ .......... ! Instruments and related products............. 179 Ophthalmic goods................................... Photographic apparatus..................................... I Watches and clocks____________ _______ ___ Professional and scientific in stru m en ts._____ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are... Toys and sporting goods..................... Costume jewelry, buttons, notions........ Other miscellaneous manufacturing industries.............................................. 363 M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 606 596 580 573 561 559 546 548 221.9 53.8 219.7 217.2 52.5 217.5 213.0 50.9 211.6 211.4 50.7 207.3 207.8 50.4 202.5 207.6 49.8 200.6 202.4 43.8 200.4 202.8 50.5 193.4 Sept. Aug. July June 1949 1948 505 518 552 656 200.1 46.3 181.4 210.7 49.0 191.8 251.4 54.6 224.4 100.8 125.5 531 507 200.8 49.6 182.4 196.5 47.0 173.4 195.6 45.8 175.5 90.1 110.8 108.4 104.8 103.3 100.6 100.8 99.3 101.0 97.9 88.4 90.6 1,041 730.7 185.8 124. 4 36.3 5.3 19.8 67.3 55.3 47.6 9.1 900 595.5 185.1 123.4 36.2 5.3 20.2 67.1 55. 8 43.5 8.6 879 575.6 184.0 122.2 36.0 5.4 20.4 66.9 56.9 44.2 8.0 872 567.1 184.0 122.4 35.7 5.4 20.5 67.6 58.5 45.4 7.5 978 675.4 184.3 122.9 35.8 5.4 20.2 66.1 57.5 46.1 6.1 896 585.1 184.0 122.7 36.0 5.4 19.9 69.0 60.5 49.9 8.1 898 582.1 183.7 122.3 36.7 5.4 19.3 71.3 62.8 50.6 10.1 986 666.1 187.9 125.4 37.6 5.5 19.4 68.5 60.2 53.2 10.5 1,017 686.3 190.7 127.6 37.9 5.5 19.7 74.0 65.4 56.2 9.9 998 1,014 678.0 669.5 185.3 192.4 128.6 129.5 31.9 37.9 5.2 6.5 19.6 19.5 79.5 85.5 70.4 75.7 46.5 68.5 8.8 7.7 995 646.1 187.1 127.2 38.5 6.4 16.0 88.2 77.8 65.6 7.8 987 1,031 643.5 ’ 657.6 188.5 166.6 126.6 111.5 37.4 33.6 5.3 4.9 19.2 16.6 85.0 123.2 75.0 109.3 61.0 69.6 9.2 14.5 176 20.2 35.4 23.6 97.0 174 20.2 34.8 24.1 94. 7 172 20.2 34.6 24.4 93.2 171 20.3 34.5 24.7 91.8 172 20.2 34.7 25.6 91.4 173 20.3 35.3 26.8 91.0 174 20.8 35.3 27.2 90.3 174 20.8 35.8 27.6 89.4 172 21.0 35.3 27.1 88.3 169 21.1 36.0 26.0 86.3 170 21.2 37.5 25.0 86.7 176 22.1 38.7 26.0 88.7 177 21.9 38.4 26.6 90.1 200 23.8 45.4 35.0 95.4 361 42.1 60.7 42.9 362 42.0 60.5 44.7 361 42.3 58.0 48.0 356 43.7 54.5 50.0 345 43.8 52.3 46.9 361 45.4 57.4 48.2 381 46.8 67.3 53.1 383 46.8 67.8 53.8 366 44.6 63.4 52.2 347 42.2 61.3 48.5 313 39.1 54.9 43.8 333 43.1 56.6 42.3 354 45.0 59.8 48.3 394 49.6 71.5 53.9 215.4 215.1 212.9 207.5 202.2 209.5 213.8 214.5 205.5 194.5 175.2 190.5 200.5 219.4 i Data are based upon reports from cooperating establishments covering both full- and part-time production and related workers who worked dur ing, or received pay for, the pay period ending nearest the 16th of the month. Data have been adjusted to levels Indicated by Unemployment Insurance Agencies and the Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors’ Insurance data through 1947 and have been carried forward from 1947 bench-mark levels, thereby providing consistent series. Comparable data from January 1947 are avail able upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Such requests should specify the series for which data are desired. Revised data in all except the first f o u r columns will be identified by an asterisk (*) for the first month’s publi cation of such data. T able A -4 : Indexes of Production-W orker E m p loym en t and W eekly P ayrolls in M anufacturing In d u stries1 [1939 average=100] Period 1939: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1944: 1945: 1946: Average....... ................ Average.................... ....... Average........... ................ Average______ ____ _ Average_______ ____ Average___ __________ A v era g e..___________ Average____ ____ ____ 1 See footnote 1, table A-3. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Employ ment 100.0 107.5 132.8 156.9 183.3 178.3 157.0 147.8 Weekly payroll 100.0 113.6 164.9 241.5 331.1 343.7 293.5 271.1 Period 1947: 1948: 1949: 1949: Average.......................... Average.................... . Average............. .............. J u n e............ ................... July........ August............................ September.................... October______________ Employ ment 156.2 155.2 141.6 138.4 136.9 141.1 143.7 138.8 Weekly payroll 326.9 351.4 325.3 315.7 312.8 323.0 335.1 320.9 Period 1949: N ovem ber...................... December...................... 1950: January............ .............. February....................... April________________ M ay................................. Em ploy ment 137.8 140.4 139.8 139.9 141.0 141.6 144.5 147.0 Weekly payroll! 313.9 329.3 329.2 330.0 333.5 337.2 349.0 y A REVIEW , AUGUST 1950 26$ A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS T able A -5 : Federal C ivilian E m ploym ent by Branch and A gency Group E xecutive1 Year and month Legislative All branches Defense agencies » Total Post Office Department Judicial All other agencies Total (Including areas outside continental United States) .................. .................. 2,066,152 2,100, 407 2,055,397 2,089,151 916,358 899,186 470,975 511,083 668,064 678,882 7,273 7,661 3,482 3, 595. 1949: June........... July............ A ugust----September. O ctober... November December. 2,114,767 2,106,242 2,094,877 2, 081, 793 2,047,312 1,999,681 2, 288,367 2,103, 698 2,095,156 2,083, 448 2,070, 269 2,035, 748 1,988,079 2, 276,635 934, 661 917,001 902,401 886, 890 860,286 814,848 799,888 482,447 485,196 491,408 494, 087 496,038 497,814 804,038 686, 590 692,959 689,639 689, 292 679, 424 675, 417 672,709 7,498 7,507 7,842 7,924 7,937 7,992 7,954 3, 571 3 ,579> 3, 587 3,600' 3,627 3. 610 3, 778 1950: Jan u ary... February.. March___ April.......... M a y _____ June........... 1, 976, 093 1,970,815 1,970,603 2,110, 903 2,061, 939 2,022,117 1, 964,246 1,959,063 1,958,806 2, 099, 036 2,050,132 2,010,286 791,048 782, 788 776, 324 773.711 775,769 780,614 503,106 503,815 504, 420 503,916 501, 911 497,394 670,092 672,460 678,062 821, 409 772, 452 732,278 8,063 7, 986 8,048 8,102 8,048 8,063 3, 784 3,766 3,740 3,765 3, 7593,768 1948 1949 Continental United States 1 9 4 8 -........................................... - .................... 1949............- ................ - .............. - ................ - 1,846,840 1,921,903 1,836.158 1,910, 724 734,484 761,362 469, 279 509,184 632,395 640,178 7, 273 7,661 3,409' 3,51» 1949: June____________________________ July_____________ ________ _______ A u g u st..................... .............. .............. September......... ............ ........................ October_________________________ November_______ _____ __________ December__ ____ ___________ ____ 1,929, 461 1,925,251 1,920,248 1,912, 227 1, 882,859 1,843, 246 2,134, 592 1,918,469 1,914,242 1,908,896 1,900, 780 1,871,372 1,831, 721 2,122,937 790,087 777, 454 770,034 760, 059 738,195 700, 374 688, 599 480,651 483,390 489, 562 492, 227 494,178 495,963 801, 008 647,731 653,398 649,300 648,494 638, 999 635,384 633, 330 7,498 7,507 7,842 7,924 7,937 7,992 7,954 3,494 3,502 3, 510 3, 523 3, 5503,533 3, 701 1950: January................................................... February________________________ March__________________________ April_____________ ____ _____ ____ M ay_______ _______ ________ _____ June............. .............. .......................—- 1,825, 245 1,820, 625 1,821,470 1,959, 746 1,910, 210 1,871,293 1,813,475 1,808,950 1,809, 750 1,947,956 1, 898,480 1,859, 539 683,018 675,316 670, 546 668,180 670,049 674,597 501, 257 501,969 502, 571 502,025 500,017 495,505 629,200 631, 665 636,633 777, 751 728, 414 689,437 8,063 7, 986 8,048 8,102 8, 048 8,063 3,707 3,689 3, 672: 3,688 3, 682 3,691 i Includes Government corporations (including Federal Reserve Banks and mixed-ownership banks of the Farm Credit Administration) and other activities performed by Government personnel in establishments such as navy yards, arsenals, hospitals, and force-acoount construction. Data, which are based mainly on reports to the Civil Service Commission, are adjusted to maintain continuity of coverage and definition with information for former periods. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5 Covers civilian employees of the Department of Defense (Secretary of Defense, Army, Air Force, and N avy), National Advisory Committee' for Aeronautics, the Panama Canal, Philippine AlieD Property Administra tion, Philippine War Damage Commission, Selective Service System» National Security Resources Board, National Security Council, War Claims Commission. 270 A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS M ONTHLY LABOR T able A -6 : Federal C ivilian Payrolls by Branch and A gency Group [In thonsands] Executive • Year and month All branches Defense agenciess Total Post Office Department All other agencies Legislative Judicial Total (Including areas outside continental United States) 1948 1949 .................. .................. $6, 223, 486 6, 699, 270 $6,176, 414 6, 647, 671 $2, 660, 770 2,782, 266 $1,399,072 1, 558, 741 $2,116, 572 2, 306, 664 $30,891 34,437 $16,181 17,162 1949 June_____ July—........ August___ September. October__ November. December. 574, 990 540, 440 574, 046 557, 436 539, 248 567, 296 610,344 570, 757 536, 210 569, 536 553,011 534, 992 662, 539 605,564 247,993 223, 458 239,178 230, 016 222, 221 230, 206 218,404 124, 673 124,914 125, 794 125, 064 125, 164 131, 577 186,462 198,091 187, 838 204, 564 197, 931 187, 607 200, 756 200,698 2,792 2,884 3,005 2,968 2,936 3,137 3,160 1,441 1,346 1,505 1, 457 1,320 1,620 1,620 1950: J an u ary... February.. March___ April.......... M ay_____ June_____ 553,090 521,041 583,186 539,430 577,915 551, 574 548,372 516, 525 578,339 534,757 573,026 546,748 214,670 198, 064 225,091 192,199 220, 044 210,416 132,177 131,085 133, 461 131,117 130,361 129, 051 201,525 187,376 219,787 211,441 222,621 207,281 3,148 3.083 3,222 3, 232 3,246 3,270 1,570 1,433 L625 1,441 X , 643 1,556 Continental United States 1948....................... 1949...................... $5, 731,115 6, 234,345 $5, 684, 494 6,183, 230 $2, 272, 001 2, 442,580 $1, 394,037 1,552,992 $2. 018, 456 2,187, 658 $30, 891 34, 437 $15,730 16,678 1949: June_____ J u ly .......... August___ September. O ctober... November. December. 533, 002 500, 642 532, 977 518, 493 501, 648 523, 694 573, 588 528, 810 496, 451 528, 509 514, 109 497, 431 518, 979 668,849 216, 532 194, 463 209, 583 202, 222 195, 446 196, 868 193,321 124, 210 124, 446 125, 321 124, 596 124, 700 131, 088 185,796 188, 068 177, 542 193, 605 187, 291 177, 285 191, 023 189, 732 2.792 2,884 3,005 2,968 2,936 3,137 3,160 1,400 1,307 1,463 1,416 1, 281 1, 578 1,579 1950: J an u ary... February.. March___ April.......... M ay........... June_____ 516, 707 488,138 546,866 506, 707 541,195 517,089 512,032 483,662 542,061 502,074 536,351 512,306 189,825 176, 371 201.071 171,555 196, 249 188,569 131, 669 130,599 132, 969 130,629 129,841 128, 528 190, 538 176,692 208,021 199,890 210,261 195, 209 3,148 3,083 3, 222 3,232 3,246 3,270 1,527 1,393 1,583 1,401 1,598 1, 513 1 See footnote 1, table A-5. s See footnote 2, table A-5. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Y A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS REVIEW , AUGUST 1950 271 T able A -7 : C ivilian G overnm ent E m p loym ent and P ayrolls in W ashington, D . C .,1 b y Branch and A gency Group ♦- Federal District of Total Columbia government government Year and month Executive 1 Total All agencies Legislative Post Office Depart ment Defense agencies * Judicial All other agencies Employment ► 1948................................. ........................ 1949.._________ ___________ _____ 231,239 241,812 18,774 19,511 212,465 222, 301 204,601 214,026 68, 509 70, 461 7.826 8,164 128, 266 135,401 7,273 7,661 591 614 1949: June............................................. July............. ................................. August--..................... ................ September_________ ______ October___________________ November ________________ December................... ............... 243, 896 245, 067 244, 743 242, 426 240, 886 240, 095 244,467 19, 767 19, 708 19, 736 19, 416 19, 504 20, 420 20,031 224,129 225,359 225,007 223, 010 221, 382 219,675 224,436 216,019 217, 237 216,546 214, 470 212, 828 211,064 215,840 72,440 72, 521 71, 246 69, 448 68, 069 66,121 65,860 7,749 7, 770 7,784 7. 773 7,749 7, 891 12,888 135,830 136, 946 137, 516 137, 249 137, 010 137,052 137, 092 7,498 7,507 7,842 7. 924 7,937 7,992 7, 954 612 615 619 616 617 619 642 1950: January....................................... February__________________ March___ ______ __________ April______________________ M ay______________________ June______ ______ __________ 238, 935 238, 713 238,933 239,754 240,066 238,710 20,110 20,245 20.168 20, 011 20, 227 20,038 218, 825 218, 468 218,765 219, 743 219,839 218,672 210,106 209, 817 210,056 210, 980 211,130 209,947 65,699 65,456 65,445 65,380 65, 603 64,766 7,859 7, 643 7,786 7,853 7, 826 7,742 136, 548 136, 718 136,825 137,747 137, 701 137,439 8,063 7,986 8,048 8,102 8, 048 8,063 656 665 661 661 661 662 Payrolls (in thousands) 1948............... ...................................... 1949____________________________ $817, 554 906, 842 $54, 248 60,602 $763,306 846, 240 $729,791 808,918 $233,589 253,433 $31, 298 33,488 $464,904 521,997 $30,891 34, 437 $2,624 2,885 1949: June______________________ July_______________________ August____________________ September______ _________ October.__________________ November__________ ____ December_________________ 74, 475 72,686 80,173 77, 040 73, 815 79, 552 80,004 4,748 3, 775 4,185 5,379 5,187 5,526 5, 503 69,727 68, 911 75,988 71, 661 68, 628 74, 026 74,501 66,695 65, 793 72, 733 68, 457 65,458 70, 621 71, 068 20,080 21,238 23,851 20, 921 20,137 21, 561 21, 274 2,678 2.691 2, 760 2, 737 2,685 2,809 3,829 43, 937 41, 864 46, 122 44, 799 42,636 46,251 45,965 2,792 2,884 3,005 2,968 2,936 3,137 3,160 240 234 250 236 234 268 273 1950: January ................................ . February_____________ ____ March_____________ . . . April___________ __________ M ay______________________ June______ ______ _________ 80, 747 73,142 83,331 74,469 84.018 81,026 5,531 5,218 5,699 5,029 5,705 5, 566 75, 216 67,924 77,632 69,440 78,313 75,460 71, 787 64,586 74,132 65,944 74, 785 71,917 22, 673 19,387 22,744 20,416 22,607 21,775 2,868 2,787 2, 926 2,786 2,872 2,829 46, 246 42,412 48,462 42,742 49,306 47,313 3,148 3,083 3,222 3,232 3,246 3,270 281 255 278 264 282 273 1 Data for the executive branch cover, in addition to the area inside the District of Columbia, the adjacent sections of Maryland and Virginia which are defined by the Bureau of the Census as in the metropolitan area. 1 See footnote 1, table A-5. * See footnote 2, table A-5. Table A-8: Personnel and Pay of the Military Branch of the Federal Government [In thousands] Personnel (average for year or as of first of m o n th )1 * Pay (all types—for entire month) Wear and month Army Air Force $3,442,962 3, 648, 239 s $2,136,384 J 2, 343, 312 (’) 0 23 24 24 24 24 23 24 291, 583 302,994 298,893 304, 426 331,472 328,637 334,301 * 186,302 113,244 112,192 116,312 123,001 123,380 124,985 24 24 23 23 23 23 327, 527 317, 939 314, 824 318,397 310,300 120,331 118, 530 117,266 117,495 115,734 Total Army Air Force N avy 1948__________ ______ _______ 1949________________________ 1,492 1,642 » 964 672 (>) 418 424 443 84 86 20 23 1949: June__________________ July................................... . August.................... ........... September____________ O ctober............................ November_________. . . December______ _____ 1,639 1,638 1,638 1,630 1,614 1,605 1,600 664 659 655 656 656 657 658 418 419 423 420 418 417 416 447 450 451 444 432 425 420 87 86 86 86 84 83 82 1950: January.............................. February_____________ M a rc h ..______________ April.______ __________ M ay____________ _____ 1, 573 1,534 1,510 1,496 1, 487 1,480 639 613 605 601 597 594 413 415 415 412 410 409 416 402 389 383 381 380 81 80 78 77 76 74 Marine Coast Corps Guard Total N avy Marine Corps Coast Guard $1,077,694 1,067,697 $173,368 177,102 $55,516 60,128 (’) $77,176 78,881 78,679 89,342 88,346 92,455 ( 86,706 92,881 87,722 88,911 98,199 96, 381 94,673 13,655 14,860 15, Oil 15,221 15,575 15,192 16,652 4,920 4.833 5,087 5,303 5,355 5,338 5,536 87,414 87, 344 87,500 85, 839 85,026 99,169 90,802 89,426 92,771 89,713 14,997 15, 585 15,300 16, 711 14, 552 5,616 5,678 5,332 5. 581 5,275 - • Represents persons on active duty as of the first of the month. Reserve personnel are excluded if on inactive duty or if on active duty for only a brief training or emergency period. Persons on terminal leave were included through October, 1947. Data for Army include Philippine Scouts. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 Separate figures for Army and Air Force not available. shown under Army, Combined data A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS 272 MONTHLY LABOR T a b l e A -9 : E m p loyees in N on agricultural E stab lish m en ts for Selected S ta te s 1 [In thousands] 1950 1949 State Annual average 1947 June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June Arizona_______________ _________ Arkansas_________________________ California________________________ Colorado--- ----------------------------- --Connecticut___________ ________ 153 288 3,078 338 742 153 286 3.043 328 734 154 283 3,019 332 726 153 279 *2,978 326 715 *152 272 2,952 318 710 150 273 2,960 323 712 155 289 3,062 340 729 152 285 3,015 337 720 151 283 3,052 332 717 149 277 3,068 344 147 282 3,054 344 147 275 3,008 342 150 278 3,008 336 148 283 3,035 331 773 Georgia,------- -------------------------- Idaho_________________________ - 764 129 763 123 760 121 751 119 745 116 746 119 Indiana2________- --- ---------Kansas------- --------------- ---------------- 1,231 459 1,206 452 1,182 445 1,156 *436 1,140 430 1,150 435 766 127 3,080 1,181 454 763 128 3,031 1,119 454 764 129 3,017 i; ii3 452 762 132 3,070 1 ,192 451 750 134 3,052 1,166 455 741 131 3,040 1,157 453 742 129 3,065 1,156 452 742 122 3,127 1 , 196 425 M a in e ______________________ -, Maryland ----------------- ------------- Massachusetts— ----------------------M innesota----- ------------- ------- --M issouri2 ________ ______ __ 258 700 1,639 783 249 686 1,615 774 1,114 239 682 1,606 764 1,103 237 *669 1,597 755 1,092 239 662 1,589 752 1,084 239 665 1,611 758 1,085 249 681 1,668 778 1,127 248 678 1,639 779 1,110 257 662 1,642 770 1,109 260 690 1,642 786 1,118 262 687 1,622 787 1,119 257 680 *1,610 775 1,116 257 681 *1,632 779 1,121 262 671 1,709 771 1,116 M ontana.------ ---------------------------Nebraska_________ , , Nevada_____ , ------------------------ N ew Hampshire _____________ N ew Jersey--------------------------------- 155 309 56 167 1,586 152 303 52 163 1,561 147 299 51 162 1,549 *1 141 294 49 161 ,526 140 293 49 161 1,518 141 296 49 160 1,523 148 309 50 164 1,574 149 309 50 163 1,554 150 313 51 164 1,563 153 313 53 167 1,563 152 312 53 170 1,562 151 312 53 167 1,542 151 311 54 163 1,559 136 296 53 1,614 N ew Mexico___________________ -, N ew York------------------ -North Dakota__________ ______ Oklahoma-----------------------------------Oregon--------- -- -------------- , -, 148 5, 522 113 464 438 146 5,496 109 459 422 144 5,472 106 457 409 142 5,442 104 450 *401 140 5,415 102 446 385 139 5,424 104 450 383 142 5,621 111 464 418 143 5,535 111 461 421 143 5,553 112 462 432 143 5,568 112 463 443 142 5,490 111 460 442 142 5,416 111 459 429 143 5,479 111 461 430 122 5,558 99 432 416 Pennsylvania_____________________ Rhode Island. ______________ ____ Tennessee_______________________ U tah_____________________________ V erm ont2. . . ---------- . . . --------- -- 3,550 280 708 186 96 3,470 275 702 180 94 3,474 276 704 178 93 *3,418 276 695 *173 91 3,296 276 684 *166 91 3,376 274 692 *170 91 3, 502 284 714 183 95 3, 354 281 701 182 94 3,190 *283 703 183 96 3,488 278 708 193 96 3,442 267 699 188 96 3,437 264 692 188 95 3,490 265 694 185 95 3,628 294 701 178 99 Washington______________________ Wisconsin________________________ W yom ing. ______________________ 668 998 89 661 986 84 648 967 80 635 958 *78 615 950 71 609 953 73 654 972 77 657 967 79 676 976 80 690 982 83 676 981 86 671 975 85 680 974 82 660 985 73 i Revised data in all except the first 3 columns will be identified by an asterisk (*) for the first month’s publication of such data. Additional data, January 1943 to date, are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Statistics or the cooperating State agency. See table A-10 for addresses of cooperating State agencies. 2 Revised series; not comparable to data previously published. 273 A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS REVIEW , AUGUST 1950 T a b l e A -1 0 : E m p loyees in M anufacturing Industries, b y S t a t e s 1 [In thousands] 1949 1950 State Alabam a3 ___ - _______________ Arizona__________________________ Arkansas_________________________ California 2_______ _____ ______ Colorado________________________ Cormecti cut Delaware 2_______________________ Florida___________________________ Georgia_________________________ Idaho________________ __________ Illinois 2 Indiana 3_______ _____ _ _ ______ Iowa_________ _________________ Kansas _________________________ K entu ck y3 Louisiana’__ ___ _ __________ M aine.-- ______________________ M aryland2_______________________ Massachusetts M ichigan.____________ ________ M innesota.___ ____ ______________ M ississippi_______________________ M issouri3, . _______ _ _______ M ontana________ ____ ___________ N ebraska3. _____________________ Nevada- . . ____________________ N ew Hampshire N ew Jersey_______________________ N ew Mexico______________________ N ew York_____ _________________ North Carolina3__ -- --North Dakota_______________ Ohio_____________________________ Oklahoma__________________ _____ Oregon__________________________ Pennsylvania_____________________ R hode Island_____________________ South Carolina__________ _____ ___ South Dakota____________________ Tennessee________________ _____ _ Texas____________________________ U tah_______________ ____ _________ V erm ont3_______________________ Virginia_________ ____ ___________ Washington___________________ _ . W est Virginia 3________________ - Wisconsin________________________ W yoming________________________ June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. 208.8 15.7 72.3 734.8 54.3 362.6 46.5 16.4 86.5 265.3 20.8 206.2 15.6 71.1 722.0 53.4 359.5 44.8 16.3 88.7 266.0 17.9 205.0 15.5 68.9 712.7 53.4 356.9 45.0 16.1 91.2 267.1 16.3 205.0 14.8 67.7 *697. 4 o2.5 354.4 *44.0 16.1 93.5 266.1 *16.2 204.3 14.5 65.6 684.0 51.9 350.5 43.5 16.0 95.6 264.0 16.2 207.2 14.5 66.1 683.0 52.2 348.2 42.9 16.1 94.9 263.8 17.2 523.2 527.2 524.8 557.1 538. 7 569.9 147.0 146.1 147.5 147.1 147.7 148.9 86.2 86.0 86.0 88.3 86.6 90.0 130.4 135.6 136. 7 131.3 130.3 135.0 133.4 132.4 129.1 132.4 128.8 128.7 98.3 95.9 98.4 99.3 101.6 108.3 203.9 203.0 209.3 207.7 *204. 2 213.5 639.2 636.2 642.4 639.8 644. 5 632.8 999.1 909.4 905.0 932.7 1,103.4 1,069.1 187.2 184.4 183.2 181.7 181.6 190.5 80.2 79.6 78.9 78.7 80.8 83.7 333.0 330.5 328.1 334.6 330.8 *17.3 *16.4 17.0 17.4 18.5 18.7 45.9 45.4 45.6 46.6 46.1 48.3 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.1 76.9 75.3 74.9 76.8 75.7 74.5 695.2 687.5 709.3 696.6 696.6 *698. 8 11.1 11.0 10.6 11.3 11.7 11.8 1,744.3 1, 739.0 1,742.1 1,775.0 1,773.6 1,753.8 4Q0.6 398.2 395.5 391.2 393.1 392.0 5.6 5.3 5.4 *5.3 5.5 5.8 1,150. 6 1,131.2 1,120.1 1,104. 6 *1,096.2 1,079. 4 62.1 62.8 63.0 65.0 63.7 66.0 106.7 120.9 *119. 2 110.6 129.0 137.6 1,379.2 1,362.1 1, 350.2 *1,340.3 1,343. 8 1, 333.1 133.4 136.7 133.4 135.8 131.6 134.5 199.4 200.5 199.6 200.6 200.6 200.8 10.9 11.0 10.8 10.8 11.4 10.9 235.8 236.7 237.4 238.9 *239.7 242.1 332. 5 330.0 331.9 337.4 337.0 330.7 *25.3 *25.0 26.0 *25.1 26.2 27.1 32.7 32.7 34.4 33.9 34.0 33.8 214.8 211.4 *212. 2 212.7 211.4 213.3 149.7 155.1 169.4 163.2 162.3 169.6 125.8 126.7 131.4 128.6 126.1 129.6 393.5 397.6 405.1 404.5 418.4 411.0 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.3 5.5 5.7 1 Revised data in all except the first 3 columns w ill be identified by an asterisk (*) for the first month’s publication of such data. Additional data, January 1943 to date, are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics or the cooperating State agency listed below. 2 The manufacturing series for these States are based on the 1942 Social Security Board Classification (others are on the 1945 Standard Industrial Classification). 3 Revised series; not comparable to data previously published. C o o p e r a tin g S ta te A g e n c ie s : Alabama—Department of Industrial Relations, Montgomery 5. Arizona—Unemployment Compensation D ivision, Employment Secu rity Commission, Phoenix. Arkansas—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor, Little Rock. California—Division of Labor Statistics and Research, Department of Industrial Relations, San Francisco 1. Colorado—Department of Employment Security, Denver 2. Connecticut—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor and Factory Inspection, Hartford 5. Delaware—Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 1, Pa District of Columbia—U SES for the District of Columbia, Washington, D . C. Florida—Unemployment Compensation Division, Industrial Commis sion, Tallahassee. Georgia—Employment Security Agency, Department of Labor, Atlanta 3. Idaho—Employment Security Agency, Boise. Illinois—Division of Placement and Unemployment Compensation, ►Department of Labor, Chicago 54. Indiana—Employment Security Division, Indianapolis 9. Iowa—Employment Security Commission, Des Moines 9. Kansas—Employment Security Division, State Labor Department, 1 Topeka. Kentucky—Bureau of Employment Security, Department of Economic Security, Frankfort. Louisiana—Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor, Baton Rouge 4. Maine—Employment Security Commission, Augusta. Maryland—Employment Security Board, Department of Employment Security, Baltimore 1. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Dec. 209.8 15.1 68.1 703.2 56.4 349.3 42.8 16.4 93.1 267.3 19.5 1,119.5 519.5 146.7 86.4 138.7 139.1 99.1 202.0 644.3 *931.7 184.5 78.9 328.2 18.3 47.7 3.0 74.9 693.7 11.0 1,781.0 401.0 5.8 1,078.3 63.9 123.1 1, 340. 7 135.1 200.8 11.1 236.4 335.6 27.7 34.5 218.5 163.3 126.0 388.0 6.7 Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. 206.9 203.0 185.0 193.5 14.1 14.3 15.2 14.7 68.9 68.5 69.6 69.7 758.4 754.9 711.7 737.6 56.9 55.1 51.9 56.6 344.0 347.5 46.6 45.6 41.7 42.8 16.1 16.3 16.4 16.3 81.1 82.9 88.0 83.9 264.3 258.1 267.6 268.9 24.1 23.3 22.1 21.7 1,107.5 1,095.9 1,125.3 1,116.2 519.0 538.3 474.9 476.7 143 6 143 6 145 8 144.7 88.8 87.5 87.0 87.7 128.3 130.4 127.5 127.1 136.3 137.1 140.6 136.7 108.7 106.3 107.7 99.9 215.0 214.6 207.5 192.0 634.2 645.2 642.6 647.3 986.9 1,009. 4 1,002.2 *906. 3 194.4 189.7 185.0 185.7 72.2 76.4 77.9 78.5 336.9 330.1 338.1 323.5 19.1 20.1 19.1 19.8 48.5 48.6 48.6 49.6 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.0 75.0 75.1 74.4 74.6 688.6 700. 2 693.7 693.7 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 1, 780.0 1,801.3 1,809.1 1,751.9 396.2 382.6 399.9 399.7 6.0 5.9 6.1 6.0 990.0 1,082. 4 1,079. 5 1,010.4 62.3 63.5 64.4 63.9 143.1 136.5 142.8 129.9 1, 249.3 1,176. 5 1, 340.6 1,319.0 123.9 131.8 136.3 135.9 199.9 199.0 201. 8 200.5 11.4 11.4 11.4 11.5 235.9 237.9 240.8 233.5 331.5 332.1 333.9 334.6 29.4 32.4 *27.0 27.7 33.6 34.0 35.0 34.7 218.9 213.5 219.4 220.9 175.5 183.6 176.9 168.1 127.2 125.3 121.1 120.5 404.2 410.5 398.2 392.0 7.0 7.4 6.9 7.2 July June 197.4 14.6 67.9 711.8 54.1 200.9 15.4 68.4 699.6 53.0 45.3 16.2 79.8 249.6 23.4 1,105.3 511.9 138 8 89.2 126.9 132.1 104.6 209.4 617.3 982.0 188.1 72.2 336.4 18.9 49.1 3.1 73.4 666.6 11.1 1, 670.7 361.1 6.0 1,063.0 64.0 135.3 1,315.1 122.5 194.8 11.5 233.0 327.4 30.0 32.8 208.0 171.8 120.5 405.8 6.9 44.6 16.3 81.9 250.6 22.6 1,117.0 509.2 140.7 88.0 126.6 133.2 106.4 211.1 629.3 976.6 184.8 75» 0 333.9 18.4 48.8 3.1 72.9 686.3 11.3 1,702.1 366.5 6.0 1,090. 7 64.4 137.1 1, 350.3 123.2 196.6 *11.4 232.2 328.7 27.1 33.4 211.9 180.5 125.9 402.9 6. 5 Annual average 1947 224.1 14.2 75.1 712.0 57.5 415.6 45.9 92.7 273.7 20.5 1,248.0 562.4 149.6 81.5 151.0 114.5 230.3 1,041.7 199.5 91.9 348.8 18.4 49.3 3.3 775.3 9.1 1,903.7 412.1 6.1 1,245.1 62.4 132.8 1, 524.5 153.5 202.1 11.3 253.6 *321.6 26.5 39.8 234.5 173.5 137.6 *433.1 6.3 Massachusetts—Division of Statistics, Department of Labor and In dustries, Boston 10. Michigan—Michigan Unemployment Compensation Commission, Detroit 2. Minnesota—D ivision of Employment and Security, Department of Social Security, St. Paul 1. Mississippi—Employment Security Commission, Jackson. Missouri—D ivision of Employment Security, Department of Labor and Industrial Relations, Jeflerson City. Montana—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Helena. Nebraska—Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor, Lincoln 1. Nevada—Employment Security Department, Carson City. N ew Hampshire—Employment Service and Unemployment Compen sation Division, Bureau of Labor, Concord. N ew Jersey—Department of Labor and Industry, Trenton 8. N ew Mexico—Employment Security Commission, Albuquerque. N ew York—Research and Statistics, D ivision of Placement and Unem ployment Insurance Department of Labor, N ew York 17. North Carolina—Department of Labor, Raleigh. North Dakota—Unemployment Compensation Division, Bismarck. Ohio—Bureau of Unemployment Compensation, Columbus 16. Oklahoma—Employment Security Commission, Oklahoma City 2. Oregon—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Salem. Pennsylvania—Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 1 (mfg.) ; Bureau of Research and Information, Department of Labor and Industry, Harrisburg (nonmfg.). Rhode Island—Department of Labor, Providence 2. South Carolina—Employment Security Commission, Columbia 10. South Dakota—Employment Security Department, Aberdeen. Tennessee—Department of Employm ent Security, Nashville 3. Texas—Texas Employment Commission, Austin 19. Utah—Department of Employment Security, Industrial Commission, Salt Lake City 13. Vermont—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Montpelier. Virginia—D ivision of Research and Statistics, Department of Labor and Industry, Richmond. Washington—Employment Security Department, Olympia. West Virginia—Department of Employment Security, Charleston. Wisconsin—Industrial Commission, Madison 3. Wyoming—Employment Security Commission, Casper. 274 A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS MONTHLY LABOR T a b l e A - l 1 : Insured U n em p loym ent U nder S tate U nem ploym ent Insurance Program s,1 b y G eographic D ivision and State [In thousands] 1950 Geographic division and State M ay April Mar. 1948 1949 Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May M ay Continental United States................... 1,700. 3 1,908.8 2,112.1 2,325.9 2,380. 9 2, 200.0 2,019.9 1,855.7 1,885.6 2,140.4 2,111.2 2,062.1 2,035.1 1,058.4 New E ngland........................................ M aine_______________________ _ New Hampshire..................... ......... Vermont................... ......................... M assachusetts...................... .......... Rhode Island.................................... Connecticut........ ............................. 224.6 19.6 15.6 4.0 124.8 33.6 27.0 225.1 22.7 16.3 4.6 123.6 25.9 32.0 162.5 17.5 13.1 4.5 78.0 15.4 34.0 181.5 19.5 12.3 5.5 89.6 16.3 38.3 202.8 21.8 13.1 6.1 101.4 19.2 41.2 191.2 20.9 12.9 5.5 99.2 17.1 35.6 180.9 16.9 12.2 4.0 95.1 17.4 35.3 174.9 11.2 10.9 3.4 89.6 20.2 39.6 207.9 12.0 12.2 3.9 106.1 27.5 46.2 269.9 16.7 15.4 5.6 137.3 33.2 61.7 281.4 16.6 15.2 5.3 146.8 37.7 59.8 303.4 19.0 16.2 5.2 155.8 48. 4 58.8 306.3 21.8 17. 7 5. 5 154 7 51 7 54.9 130.7 13.3 7.2 2.1 70.5 18.8 18.8 Middle Atlantic__________________ New York____________________ New Jersey........................................ Pennsylvania_________________ 481.5 269.2 79.6 132.7 526.0 292.2 84.9 148.9 594.2 319.3 88.3 186.6 622.2 343.1 92.1 187.0 685.5 379.1 101.5 204.9 678.3 385.9 91.4 201.0 663.7 378.3 84.4 201.0 637.4 361.3 78.5 197.6 631.8 355.5 82.1 194.2 692.9 386.4 94.5 212.0 680.4 413.7 96.7 170.0 614.1 361.0 98.2 154.9 558. 5 320 0 96 6 141.9 317.0 196.4 56.0 64.6 East North Central............................... Ohio........... ........................ .............. Indiana______________ ______ Illinois ______________________ Michigan_____________________ W iscon sin ... _________________ 304.0 81.6 19.2 147.6 42.7 12.9 373.4 103.5 26.7 148.1 75.9 19.2 417.6 130.9 34.6 133.2 94.6 24.3 462.3 146.9 38.6 148.4 98.6 29.8 477.9 157.4 38.8 158.4 89.3 34.0 510.9 141.6 40.3 141.1 150.7 37.2 462 0 144.9 37 1 133.4 114.5 32.1 384.6 135.2 30.9 134.3 62.0 22.2 371.4 112.9 29.7 149.0 58.7 21.1 409.1 113.5 37.3 166.2 67.4 24.7 390.0 100.8 37.9 160.7 68.8 21.8 393.1 93.4 37.9 159.4 80. 8 21.6 396.0 91.4 38.1 148.5 95 6 22.4 188.8 32.7 15.6 85.2 48.7 6.6 West North Central_______________ Minnesota....... ..................... ........... Iowa_________________________ Missouri______________________ North Dakota_______________ South Dakota_________________ Nebraska_____________________ K an sas.._______ ______ _______ 77.7 23.2 6.2 34.6 2.2 1.0 3.3 7.2 101.7 32.8 8.9 39.3 3.7 1.9 5.4 9.7 124.9 37.8 13.5 44.5 4.6 2.9 8.4 13.2 140.6 40.1 15.8 50.2 4.8 3.5 9.5 16.7 130.8 34.7 15.2 50.2 3.8 3.0 7.9 16.0 93.6 24.0 10.0 41.1 1.9 1.8 4.5 10.3 73.3 16.8 6.6 39.0 .6 .7 2.2 7.4 58.7 13.8 5.0 31.5 .2 .4 1.7 6.1 58.0 15.8 5.5 29.1 .2 .4 1.7 5.3 64.6 17.3 7.3 31.9 .3 .5 1.9 5.4 64.4 16.4 7.5 32.5 .3 .4 1.9 5.4 68.2 17.3 7.5 35.5 .3 .4 1.8 5.4 76 4 23.2 7.9 36. 2 5 2 1 6.0 48.0 10.6 4.0 27.4 .3 .3 1.4 4.0 South Atlantic___________________ D elaw are_________ __________ M aryland_____________ ____ _ District of Columbia__________ Virginia____ ______ ___________ West Virginia_________________ North Carolina____ ___________ South Carolina._________ ____ Georgia_________ ____ _________ F lorida......................................... 167.7 2.3 29.1 4.6 18.9 23.4 36.7 14.8 23.2 14.7 164.0 2.7 29.3 5.9 15.7 21.8 37.3 14.4 22.8 14.1 172.2 3.5 25.1 6. 5 20.9 26.2 34.1 15.5 25.0 15.4 181.1 3.8 29.6 6.6 21.6 27.6 32.5 15.9 26.5 17.0 180.3 3.8 31.8 5.0 20.6 28.7 30.3 15.8 24.7 19.6 168.3 3.8 30.8 4.4 18.2 25.4 27.7 16.5 22.2 19.3 161.4 3.2 28.6 4.3 15.8 28.2 26.7 15.1 19.5 20.0 163.3 3.4 27.2 4.3 15.9 27.9 26.2 14.8 19.0 24.6 181.5 3.1 28.8 4.7 17.8 26.6 31.2 17.0 23.5 28.8 220.0 3.4 36.3 4.4 26.5 30.9 38.2 20.8 28.1 31.4 219.7 2.6 38.6 4.4 28.2 28.7 39.8 20.5 28.4 28.5 206.4 2.3 36.3 4.2 29.3 22.7 41.0 20.5 28.2 21.9 192. 5 2. 5 37.3 4. 4 21.1 21.3 39. 7 20. 2 26. 8 19.2 82.3 1.3 15.1 3.6 9.0 8.5 16.2 5.3 11.6 11.7 East South Central............................... K e n tu c k y .................................... Tennessee................. ....................... Alabama________________ Mississippi....................................... 99.5 24.8 36.8 25.4 12.5 105.4 25.2 40.1 25.9 14.2 116.8 29.7 41.9 28.3 16.9 122.9 30.7 45.0 28.6 18.6 113.2 26.7 42.5 27.1 16.9 100.2 25.2 37.5 25.6 11.9 101.1 26.6 35.4 30.1 9.0 97.4 25.8 31.2 31.5 8.9 98.4 25.2 33.6 29.6 10.0 114.1 27.6 39.4 34.5 12.6 113.3 27.4 40.3 33.5 12.1 114.4 28.0 45.0 30.3 11.1 111. 7 26. 4 45. 7 27. 7 11.9 47.2 10.2 21.1 11.4 4.5 West South Central........ ...................... Arkansas........ ................ .............. Louisiana____________ ____ ___ O klahom a...................................... Texas____ ___________________ 83.4 14.0 25.8 14.8 28.8 95.0 17.6 29.9 16.9 30.6 107.6 19.9 33.4 19.2 35.1 116.4 23.2 36.4 21.7 35.1 100.4 20.4 30.0 20.1 29.9 73.3 13.3 23.5 14.8 21.7 63.7 10.8 21.6 12.7 18.6 64.2 10.3 22.5 12.2 19.2 67.8 10.1 23.1 13.0 21.6 73.8 11.0 24.3 14.5 24.0 68.2 10.3 22.3 13.2 22.4 67.0 10.5 20.6 12.9 23.0 73.4 12. 4 21.9 13.0 26.1 36.9 6.5 11.3 7.4 11.7 M ountain.............................................. M ontana___________________ Idaho............................. ............ W yom ing.__________________ Colorado__________________ . New Mexico___ _______ _____ Arizona______ ______________ U tah................. ................ ............. N e v a d a ...________ __________ 27.8 4.6 3.0 1.4 5.6 2.7 4.2 4.3 2.0 37.9 8.2 5.6 2.0 5.6 3.4 4.7 5.9 2.5 53.9 11.8 9.8 3.2 7.0 4.4 5.8 8.6 3.3 65.7 13.3 12.8 3.9 8.6 5.0 7.1 11.1 3.9 60.1 11.3 11.7 3.1 8.5 4.3 7.0 10.3 3.9 39.2 6.0 7.2 1.6 6.1 3.2 5.8 6.5 2.8 29.4 3.0 3.5 .9 6.7 2.2 5.5 5.2 2.4 27.9 2.1 2.6 .7 7.4 2.0 5.6 5.5 2.0 23.5 2.0 2.3 .5 4.0 2.3 6.1 4.3 2.0 25.2 2.1 1.9 .6 4.9 2.7 6.7 4.4 1.9 22.2 2.2 1.6 .6 4.6 2.3 5.3 3.9 1.7 19.7 2.2 1.3 .7 4. 8 1.8 4.9 2.5 1.5 22.1 2.8 2. 0 .7 5.3 2.1 4.8 2.7 1.7 13.5 2.0 1.5 .4 2.7 1.0 2.7 1.9 1.3 Pacific_______ ____ _____ ______ ___ W ashington__________________ Oregon ......................................... California.............. ................... . 234.2 23.9 12.3 198.0 280.4 36.0 20.6 223.8 362.7 54.3 35.0 273.4 432.9 82.6 57.1 293.2 430.1 87.4 56.8 285.9 345.3 62.9 36.3 246.1 284.3 48.0 27.7 208.6 246.8 36.4 21.1 189.3 245.1 30.6 17.7 196.8 270.9 31.4 18.1 221.4 271.3 25.5 15.2 230.6 275.3 22.4 10.2 242.7 298.3 26.7 13.4 258.2 194.3 21.8 8.9 163.6 1 Average of weeks ended In specified months. Figures may not add to exact column totals because of rounding. For a technical description of this series, see the April 1950 M onthly Labor Review (p. 382) Soubce: IT. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis F> B: LABOR TURN-OVER REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 275 B: Labor Turn-Over T able B - l: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Manufacturing Industries, by Class of Turn-Over 1 Class of turn-over and year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total accession: 1950 1949_________________ ____ _____ 1948___________________ ________ 1947___ _____ __________________ 1946_______ _______ ______ ______ 1945,......... .............................. ............ 1939 »__________________________ 3 6 3.2 4.6 6.0 8 5 7.0 4.1 3 2 2.9 3.9 5.0 6.8 5 0 3.1 3.6 3.0 4.0 5.1 7.1 4.9 3.3 3.5 2.9 4.0 5.1 6.7 4.7 2.9 2 4.2 3.5 4.1 4.8 6 1 5.0 3.3 4.4 6 7 5.5 6 7 5.9 3.9 3.5 4.7 4.9 7 4 5.8 4.2 4.4 5.0 5.3 70 5.9 5.1 4.1 5.1 5.9 7.1 7.4 6.2 3.7 4.5 5.5 6.8 8.6 5.9 3.3 3.9 4.8 5.7 8.7 4.1 3.2 2.7 3.6 4.3 6.9 2.8 Total separation: 1950 ___ . ___ 1949___________________ ________ 1948___________________________ 1947___________________________ 1946___________________________ 1945______________________ _____ 1939 * ________________________ 3.1 4.6 4.3 4.9 6.8 6.2 3.2 3.0 4.1 4.2 4.5 6.3 6.0 2.6 2. 9 4.8 4.5 4.9 6.6 6.8 3.1 2.8 4.8 4.7 5.2 6.3 6.6 3.5 2 3.1 5 2 4.3 5.4 6.3 7.0 3.5 4.3 4.6 4.7 5.7 7.9 3.3 3.8 4.4 4.6 5.8 7.7 3.3 4.0 5.1 5.3 6.6 17.9 3.0 4. 2 5.4 5.9 6.9 12.0 2.8 4. Ì 4.5 5.0 6.3 8.6 2.9 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.9 7.1 3.0 3.2 4.3 3.7 4.5 5.9 3.5 Quit: « 1950 1949_______ ____________________ 1948___________________________ 1947___________________________ 1946_________ ____ _____________ 1945___________________________ 1939»__________________________ 1.1 1.7 2.6 3.5 4.3 4.6 .9 1.0 1.4 2.5 3.2 3.9 4.3 .6 1.2 1.6 2.8 3.5 4.2 5.0 .8 1.3 1.7 3.0 3.7 4.3 4.8 .8 2 1.6 1.6 2.8 3.5 4.2 4.8 .7 1.5 2.9 3.1 4.0 5. 1 .7 1.4 2.9 3.1 4.6 5.2 .7 1.8 3.4 4.0 5.3 6.2 .8 2.1 3.9 4.5 5.3 6.7 1.1 1.5 2.8 3.6 4.7 5.6 .9 1. 2 2.2 2.7 3.7 4.7 .8 .9 1.7 2.3 3.0 4.0 .7 Discharge: 1950 1949______ _____________________ 1948___________________________ 1947_______________________ ____ 1946___________________________ 1945............. ................................... . 1939 s__________________________ .2 .3 .4 .4 .5 .7 .1 .2 .3 .4 .4 .5 .7 .1 .2 .3 .4 .4 .4 .7 .1 .2 .2 .4 .4 .4 .6 .1 2 .3 .2 .3 .4 .4 .6 .1 .2 .4 .4 .3 .7 .1 .2 .4 .4 .4 .6 .1 .3 .4 .4 .4 .7 .1 .2 .4 .4 .4 .6 .1 .2 .4 .4 .4 .5 .2 .2 .4 .4 .4 .5 2 .2 .3 .4 .4 .4 .1 Lay-off: * 1950 1949______ ____ ________________ 1948_______ _______ ____________ 1947____ _______________________ 1946___________________________ 1945.. _____________________ 1939 *_____________ ____ ________ 17 2.5 1.2 .9 1.8 .6 2.2 17 2.3 1.2 .8 1.7 .7 1.9 1. 4 2.8 1.2 .9 1.8 .7 2.2 1.2 2.8 1.2 1.0 1.4 .8 2.6 2 1. 1 3.3 1. 1 1.4 1.5 1. 2 2.9 2.5 1. 1 1.1 1.2 1.7 2.5 2.1 1.0 1.0 .6 1.5 2.5 1.8 1.2 .8 .7 10.7 2.1 1.8 1.0 .9 1.0 4.5 1.6 2.3 1.2 .9 1.0 2.3 1.8 2.5 1.4 .8 .7 1.7 2.0 2.0 2.2 .9 1.0 1.3 ] Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing Indus tries as indicated by labor turn-over rates are not precisely comparable to those shown by the Bureau’s employment and payroll reports, as the former are based on data for the entire month, while the latter, for the most part, refer to a 1-week period ending nearest the 15th of the month. The turn-over sample is not so extensive as that of the employment and payroll survey—proportionately fewer small plants are included. The major industries excluded are: printing and publishing; canning and pre serving; women’s, misses’ and children’s outerwear; and fertilizers. Plants on strike are also excluded. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2.7 1 Preliminary figures. * Prior to 1943, rates relate to wage earners only. 1 Prior to September 1940, miscellaneous separations were Included with quits. 1 Including temporary, indeterminate ( o f more than 7 days’ duration) and permanent lay-offs. 276 B: LABOR TURN-OVER T able MONTHLY LABOR B-2: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and Industries 1 Separation Total accession Total Industry group and industry M ay 1950 Apr. 1950 M ay 1950 Quit Apr. 1950 M ay 1950 Discharge Apr. 1950 M ay 1950 M ise., incl. military Lay-off Apr. 1950 M ay 1950 Apr. 1950 M ay 195Ö Apr. 1950 M a n u fa c tu r in g Durable goods8. . . ..................................... . Nondurable goods8........................................... 4.9 3.2 4.0 2.6 3.0 3.1 2.7 3.0 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.4 0.3 .2 0.2 .2 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.3 Ordnance and accessories__________ ____ Food and kindred products_____________ Meat products.......................................... Grain-mill products..... ........................... Bakery products....................................... Beverages: Malt liquors_______ ___________ Tobacco manufactures................................... Cigarettes________________ _________ Cigars.......................................................... Tobacco and snuff__________ _____ _ Textile-mill products___________________ Y am and thread mills............................ Broad-woven fabric mills____________ Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber_____ Woolen and worsted____________ Knitting m ills_____________________ Full-fashioned hosiery___________ Seamless hosiery_______________ K nit underwear................................ Dyeing and finishing textiles________ Carpets, rugs, other floor coverin gs... Apparel and other finished textile prod ucts........................................ .......................... M en’s and boys’ suits and coats_____ M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work clothing______________ ______ Lumber and wood products (except fur niture)____ ______ ___________________ Logging camps and contractors............. Sawmills and planing mills.................... Millwork, plywood, and prefabri cated structural wood products____ Furniture and fixtures____________ ____ _ Household fu rn iture............ ............. Other furniture and fixtures________ Paper and allied products........................ . Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___ Paperboard containers and boxes____ Chemicals and allied products___________ Industrial inorganic chemicals_______ Industrial organic chemicals_________ Synthetic fibers________________ Drugs and medicines_______________ Paints, pigments, and fillers.................. Products of petroleum and coal_________ Petroleum refining_________________ Rubber products................... ......................... Tires and inner tubes______________ Rubber footwear___________________ Other rubber products........................... Leather and leather products___________ Leather_________ ______ ___________ Footwear (except rubber)___________ Stone, clay, and glass products__________ Glass and glass products____________ Cement, hydraulic_________________ Structural clay products....................... Pottery and related products_______ Primary metal industries............. ................ Blast furnaces, steel works, and roll ing mills....................... .............. .......... Iron and steel foundries.......................... Gray-iron foundries............. ............ Malleable-iron foundries_________ Steel foundries................................... Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals: Primary smelting and refining of copper, lead, and zinc................... Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals: Rolling, drawing, and alloying of copper................. ............................. Nonferrous foundries............................. Other primary metal industries: Iron and steel forgings___________ 3.0 4.6 6.0 2.1 1.3 3.8 5.0 1.1 2.9 .8 3.5 4.4 2.7 .6 4.0 6.1 1.6 2.6 .3 1.6 1.5 1.4 .4 1.4 1.8 .7 1.4 .1 .3 .3 .4 .1 .2 .3 .1 .3 .4 1.5 2.5 .9 .1 2.3 3.9 .7 .8 5.5 2.1 1.0 3.1 1.4 2.8 3.2 3.3 3.0 5.0 1.9 1.8 2.3 1.2 1. 5 2.0 5.4 1.6 1.2 2.0 1.1 2.5 3.0 2.9 2.8 4.0 2.0 1.4 1.8 2.9 1.4 1.6 2.4 2.0 1.4 2.0 3.2 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.4 4.8 3.6 2.8 5.6 4.2 3.5 1.8 2.5 3.0 1.9 3.7 2.8 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.1 6.7 3.7 1.8 7.3 3.1 3.3 1.3 1.0 1.2 .7 1.5 1.2 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.9 .9 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.1 .9 1.0 1.4 .5 2.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.8 .8 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.9 .9 .8 .3 .1 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 .2 .2 .3 .3 .2 .2 .1 .1 .2 .2 .1 1.1 .6 .5 .4 1.6 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.1 3.4 1.8 .9 3.6 2.4 2.0 .8 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.0 5.4 1.9 .3 5.7 1.0 2.1 .4 3.6 3.5 3.0 2.6 4.2 3.9 3.6 3.9 2.4 1.2 2.2 1.7 .2 .1 .3 .1 1.6 2.6 1.0 2.0 0 0 3.7 3.3 4.1 3.4 2.6 2.5 .2 .2 1.3 .7 0 5.3 9.9 4.9 5.1 10.6 4.3 3.7 4.4 3.2 3.5 6.3 3.2 2.4 4.0 2.0 2.3 3.6 2.0 .3 .2 .1 .3 .5 .2 .9 .2 1.1 .9 2.0 1.0 3.5 3.9 3.8 4.2 2.9 2.3 3.4 2.1 2,9 2.0 1.3 1.4 2.9 1.3 .8 4.4 3.6 3.0 5.6 2.6 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.2 2.2 4.0 2.1 3.4 4.9 4.8 5.2 3.9 2.0 1.6 2.5 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.2 1.2 2.4 1.1 .7 3.3 2.5 2.9 4.2 2.0 1.5 2.0 3.6 3.6 2.5 4.6 2.0 3.3 4.0 4.3 4.7 3.2 2.1 1.3 3.1 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.3 .8 .6 3.1 1.8 3.7 4.3 3.8 4.0 3.7 2.4 3.7 1.3 2.3 2.5 2.0 3.2 4.2 4.8 2.7 2.1 1.4 2.5 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9 1.3 .7 .4 2.6 1.4 4.5 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.8 2.0 2.5 1.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.2 1.2 .8 1.8 .7 1.0 .6 .3 .7 .9 .4 .2 1.9 1.0 2.1 2.7 1.7 1.1 1.7 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.6 1.2 1.1 2.4 2.8 3.3 1.6 1.1 .7 1.5 .6 .6 .5 .4 .6 .7 .3 .2 1.5 .7 2.0 2.2 1.6 .9 1.7 1.0 1.0 .7 1.4 1.2 .9 .4 .5 .6 .3 .2 .1 .3 .1 .2 .2 .3 .5 .6 .3 .2 .1 .3 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .2 .2 .1 .3 .2 .1 .2 .2 .2 #2 .8 1.0 1.1 .6 .6 .3 .9 .6 .2 .4 .8 .3 .2 .2 .2 .9 .5 1.4 1.2 1.6 2.7 1.4 .9 1.9 .2 .2 .8 .5 .5 .8 .8 .7 .7 .5 .6 .4 .2 .3 .5 .2 .3 .2 .1 .9 .4 2.3 1.2 1.5 2.4 1.5 .7 1.3 .2 .5 .7 .7 2.6 5.2 4. 5 6.0 5.6 2.3 5.0 4.8 5.7 5.2 1.4 3.2 3.5 3.5 2.9 1.3 3.1 3.1 4.2 2.2 .8 1.9 1.8 2.6 1.7 .6 1.4 1.4 2.1 1.1 .1 .4 .4 .6 .4 .1 .3 .3 .5 .2 .3 .8 1.2 .2 .7 .4 1.3 1.2 1.5 .8 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .1 .1 1.8 2.5 1.0 2.0 .6 1.0 .2 .2 .1 .7 .1 .1 3.3 6.0 2.6 6.1 1.1 3.0 1.3 4.1 .6 1.6 .8 1.8 .1 .4 .1 .4 .3 .9 .3 1.7 .1 .1 .1 .2 3.5 3.6 3.1 1.8 1.5 1.0 .4 .3 1.1 ’.5 .1 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 0 0 0 0 .2 .1 .1 .1 .2 .2 .2 .3 .3 .2 .1 .2 .1 0 0 ,i ,i .1 .1 .2 .1 .1 .3 .2 .1 .2 .2 .3 .1 .3 .3 .2 0 0 .2 0 0 0 0.1 .1 0 0.1 .1 0 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 .3 .1 0 0 0 0 0 0 .3 .1 .1 .1 0 0 0 0 .2 0 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 0 .3 .1 .2 .1 0 .1 0 0 0 0 .1 .1 .1 .1 .2 .1 .1 .3 .1 .4 .1 .2 .2 .2 .2 0 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .2 .1 .1 .2 .1 0 .2 .1 .3 .1 .1 .1 0 0 .2 0 REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 T able - 277 B: LABOR TURN-OVER B-2: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and Industries 1—Continued * Separation Total accession Total Industry group and Industry M ay 1950 Apr. 1950 M ay 1950 Quit Ar>r. 1950 M ay 1950 Apr. 1950 M ay 1950 Mise., incl. military Lay-ofl Discharge Apr. 1950 M ay 1950 Apr. 1950 M ay 1950 Apr. 1950 r iV M a n u f a c t u r i n g —Continued Fabricated metal products (except ord nance, machinery, and transportation equipment)__________________________ 'Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware___ Cutlery and edge tools________ - Hand tools <• Hardware______________________ Heating apparatus (except electric) and plumbers’ supplies___________ Sanitary ware" "and plumbers’ supplies_____________________ Oil burners, nonelectric heating and cooking apparatus, not else where classified__ ______ ___ Fabricated structural metal products_____________________________ Metal stamping, coating, and engraving______ ____________________ M achinery (except electrical) ■ ► Engines and turbines_______________ Agricultural machinery and tractors.. Construction and mining machinery.. Metalworking machinery___________ Machine tools__________________ Metalworking machinery (except machine tools)________________ Machine-tool accessories_______ _ Special-industry machinery (except metalworking machinery)_________ General industrial machinery_______ Office and store machines and devices. Service-industry and household machines _____________ ____________ Miscellaneous machinery parts______ Electrical machinery___________________ Electrical generating, transmission, distribution, and industrial apparatus____________________________ Communication equipment_________ Radios, phonographs, television sets, and equipment__________ Telephone and telegraph equipm ent________________________ Electrical appliances, lamps, and m l seel Ian eons products T ransportation equipm ent. Automobiles_______________________ Aircraft, and parts Aircraft________________________ Aircraft engines and p arts ’ Aircraft propellers arid parts____ Other aircraft parts and equipm ent________________________ Ship and boat building and repairing.. Railroad equipment _______________ Locomotives and parts__________ Railroad and streetcars_________ Other transportation equipment____ In stru m en ts and related products Photographic apparatus Watches and clocks_________________ Professional and scientific instrum ents. ______________________ _ Miscellaneous manufacturing in d u stries.. Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware.. 5. 5 3.8 2.3 3.0 4.7 4.4 4.0 2.2 3.5 4.6 3.2 2.6 2.2 2.3 2.8 2.9 2.7 2.3 2.0 3.1 1.7 1.5 1.0 1.1 1.8 1.4 1.6 .8 1.0 2.1 .4 .3 .1 .2 .5 .3 .3 .1 .2 .4 1.0 .7 1.0 .9 1.1 .7 1.4 .7 .5 .5 5.2 4.9 3.8 3.0 2.2 1.6 .6 .4 .9 .9 4.5 3.4 3.7 2.6 2.5 1.5 .7 .5 .5 .5 5.7 6.5 3.8 3.3 2.0 1.6 .5 .3 1.2 1.3 2.9 2.8 1.4 1.1 .3 .2 1.2 1.4 2.8 1.2 1.6 1.7 1.0 1.2 .6 .3 .4 .3 .2 1.9 .7 1.1 .2 .3 .3 .2 .2 .3 .2 .1 1.6 1.5 4.5 3.9 10.0 3.5 5.5 5.6 3. 5 5.2 5.5 2.3 4.0 3.2 2.1 2.8 3. 2 4.1 4.1 3. 5 3.3 3. 7 3. 7 2.6 2.9 1.8 1.8 1.0 2.5 2.6 2.0 1.5 1.6 1.2 1.1 .6 3. 6 6.6 2.9 6.7 1.8 4.0 1.7 3. 5 1.2 2.4 3.3 3.1 1.6 3.1 3.3 2.2 2.1 1.9 2.0 2.2 1.8 1.5 1.0 .9 .9 .7 .7 .7 3.3 3. 8 4.2 4.1 3. 6 3. 6 2.7 2.1 2.5 2.0 1.7 2.2 1.5 1.1 1.2 3. 2 4.3 2.4 4.4 2.0 2.9 1.5 2.8 5.6 6.1 3.8 3. 7 1. 1 1.2 .1 1.0 .1 .3 j2 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 (4) (4) .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 (4) .1 .1 .1 .7 1.2 .7 1.1 .5 .6 .2 .1 .4 .1 .2 .1 .1 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .1 .3 .1 .1 .1 (4) .2 .1 .2 .7 .2 .6 .8 .7 .3 .2 .1 .2 .2 .2 .7 1.0 .6 1.2 .7 .5 1.1 .2 .4 .2 .2 .3 .2 .9 .5 .9 .4 .5 .8 .1 .1 .2 .9 1.4 .9 1.5 .1 .2 .1 .3 .8 1.1 .4 .9 .2 .2 1.6 1.9 .3 .4 1.7 1.3 .2 .1 1.2 2.1 .4 1.1 .8 (4) .1 .1 .1 .7 .5 1.2 1.2 .5 .4 .1 .1 .4 .5 .2 .2 5.0 9.1 10.2 2.7 2. 8 2.3 1.1 4.1 2.8 4.3 3.6 2.1 2.3 1.3 1.4 2.0 3. 5 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.3 1.7 1.6 1.9 2.2 1.2 1.3 .8 .6 1.1 1.0 .8 1.1 1.3 .3 .6 .8 .1 .1 .1 .1 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .8 1.7 .5 .8 .9 .3 .6 .6 2.1 .9 .9 .9 1.3 .7 .1 .1 .1 .1 .2 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 2.6 2.1 2.0 17.7 5.3 2.1 8.7 1.0 .2 .3 .5 .1 .8 3. 9 5.5 5.8 2.6 1.7 2.1 1.7 15.4 5.6 4.0 6.7 6.3 2.2 1.3 2.8 3. 5 1.8 5.9 .3 .4 .2 .4 .9 15.6 3. 8 1.1 6.7 .2 .4 .3 .5 3. 2 4.5 2.6 2.7 3.6 1.4 .2 1.6 .8 .4 1.9 1.7 .1 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 3.2 2.7 1.9 4.6 2.5 1.7 3.9 2. 8 4.9 4.0 1.4 .4 .4 .2 .8 .5 1.5 .8 1.8 .2 .3 .4 2.1 .3 .1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .3 .1 .1 .1 .1 0)4.8 5.1 4.6 2.7 3.1 1.6 1.5 .7 .7 1.3 .9 2.1 1.2 1.4 .7 1.9 .8 .5 .8 .7 1.5 .9 .6 1.1 .5 .8 .3 .9 1.4 4.1 2.0 1.6 3. 8 3.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.6 1.1 .1 .3 .1 .2 .1 2.4 1.6 1.8 3. 2 1.5 2.8 3.6 2.9 3.3 3. 5 1.7 3. 4 1.6 .7 1.3 2.1 2.2 .7 2.9 2.9 1.2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .4 .1 .1 .2 (5) 5.5 3.2 8.9 1.6 1.4 .8 1.4 (5) 0) .1 (4) .3 (4) (') .3 (4) (4) .1 .1 (4) .1 (4) .4 .1 (4) (4) .1 .1 .1 (5) .6 .5 .6 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .5 .4 6 (4) .1 .1 .1 N o n m a n u f a c tu r in g M etal m ining Iron_______________________________ Copper.. _________________________ Lead and zinc Anthracite mining_____________________ P ltiim lnons-coal m ining . . Communication: Telephone. Telegraph ........................................... («) (5) 1.7 1.3 1.4 « («) 1 See footnote 1, table B -l. Data for the current month are subject to revision w ithout notation: revised figures for earlier months will be indicated by footnotes. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1.3 1.3 .8 1.1 (5) («) (4) 1.0 .6 (4) .1 .1 1.1 (5) (0 (4) (4) « * See footnote 2, table A - 2. * See footnote 3, table A - 2. Printing, publishing, and allied industries are excluded. .2 .5 0) (s) ‘ Less than 0.05. 1 N ot available. .1 .2 278 C: EARNINGS AND HOURS MONTHLY LABOR C: Earnings and Hours T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1 Mining Metal Year and month Total: Metal Avg. wkly. earn ings 1848: Average............ $60.80 1949: Average............ 61.55 Avg. wkly. hours Avg. hrly. earn ings Iron Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn hours ings 42.4 SI. 434 $58.32 40.9 1.505 59.06 Coal Copper Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours 41.3 $1,412 $65.81 39.8 1.484 63.96 Lead and zinc Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. wkly. earn earn ings ings hours Anthracite Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. wkly. earn earn hours ings ings Bituminous Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. wkly. earn earn hours ings ings Avg. hrly. earn ings 45.2 $1.456 $61.37 42.3 1.512 64.79 41.3 $1. 486 $66. 57 41.4 1.565 56.78 36.8 $1.809 $72.12 30.2 1.880 63.28 38.0 32.6 $1. 898 1.941 1949: M ay.................. June.............. __ July................... August............. September___ O ctober.......... November___ December........ 63.72 60.53 58. 75 58.18 58.96 59.63 52. 73 *62.32 42.2 1.510 61.64 40.6 1.491 60.26 39.4 1.491 56.97 39.5 1. 473 57. 32 39.6 1.489 59.15 40.1 1.487 54. 46 35.7 1.477 38. 78 *41.6 *1.498 *58. 85 41.4 1.489 40.8 1.477 38.7 1.472 39.1 1.466 39.3 1.505 35.5 1. 534 26.6 1.458 *40.2 *1. 464 67.37 59.02 59. 43 56.20 58.27 59.20 59. 70 64.26 44.5 39.8 39. 7 38.0 39.4 40.3 40. 2 42.5 1.514 1.483 1.497 1.479 1.479 1.469 1.485 1. 512 66.03 63.27 61.41 59.87 60.34 61.95 61.99 67.68 41.9 40.9 39.9 40.1 40.2 40.7 40.7 43.3 1.576 1. 547 1.539 1.493 1.501 1.522 1.523 1.563 63.63 45.28 66.08 42.80 59.24 75.81 67.94 42.22 34.1 23.4 35.0 23.4 31.8 39.2 35.7 22.0 1.866 1.935 1.888 1.829 1.863 1.934 1.903 1.919 72. 98 59. 90 47.94 49.51 52. 46 63.10 68.17 48.74 37.5 30.7 25.1 26.1 27.0 31.9 34.1 25.4 1.946 1.951 1.910 1.897 1.943 1.978 1.999 1.919 1950: January_____ February____ M arch_______ April................. M ay........ ......... *63. 71 62. 81 61.81 63.29 62. 38 *42.0 *1.517 *58.68 41.9 1.499 59. 62 41.1 1.504 57. 57 41.5 1. 525 59. 81 41.2 1.514 58.11 *39.7 *1. 478 40.5 1.472 38.9 1.480 40.3 1.484 39.0 1.490 71.96 68.49 68. 58 69. 67 69.58 45.4 44.3 44.3 43.9 44.6 1.585 1.546 1.548 1.587 1.560 65.18 63.38 63. 45 64.17 63.79 42.3 41.7 41.8 41.4 41.5 1.541 1. 520 1.518 1. 550 1.537 44. 60 40.23 80.01 57. 25 68. 48 23.9 20.6 41.5 29.0 34.5 1.866 1.953 1.928 1.974 1.985 47. 36 49.83 78. 75 72.86 70. 01 24.5 25.4 39.2 36.0 34.9 1.933 1. 962 2.009 2.024 2.006 Mining—Continued Nonbuilding construction Nonmetallic mining and quarrying « Total: Contract construction Total: Nonbuilding construction Highway and street Other nonbuilding construction 1948: A verage.......... $66. 68 1949: Average........... 71.48 40.0 $1.667 $55.31 40.2 1.778 56.38 44.5 $1. 243 $68. 25 43.3 1.302 70.81 38.1 $1,790 $66.61 37.8 1.874 70.44 40.6 $1. 639 $62.41 40.9 1.723 65.65 41.6 $1.500 $68.67 41.5 1.583 73.66 40.0 40.5 $1. 716 1.820 1949: M ay.................. June.................. July................... August............. September___ October............ November___ December___ 71.78 70.59 72. 54 70.74 72.40 73.87 71.20 71.52 40.6 39.7 40.3 40.1 40.4 41.2 40.0 40.0 1.768 1.778 1.800 1.764 1.792 1. 793 1.780 1.788 58.17 57.82 56.77 57.86 56.68 57. 77 55. 77 55.08 44.3 43.8 43.4 44.3 43.2 44.2 42.7 42.4 1.313 1.320 1.308 1.306 1.312 1.307 1.306 1.299 71.70 71.41 71. 55 72.13 70.73 72.06 70. 12 69. 75 38.5 38.5 38.6 38.7 37.7 38.3 37.1 36.4 1.864 1.856 1.8.56 1.862 1.874 1.881 1.891 1.917 71.42 71.34 72.20 72.56 70.82 72.71 69.90 68.15 41.7 41.9 42.2 42.4 40.9 41.8 39.9 38.3 1. 712 1.704 1.712 1.712 1. 730 1.741 1.754 1.777 67.17 66.52 68.17 68. 55 66. 75 68. 37 65. 30 60.75 42.9 42.3 43.3 43.4 41.6 42.3 40.6 37.0 1.567 1.574 1.575 1.578 1.607 1.617 1.610 1.644 74.43 75.05 75.21 75.69 73. 81 75.83 72. 96 72.76 40.9 41.5 41.4 41.5 40.5 41.4 39.4 39.2 1.820 1.807 1.818 1.822 1.823 1.831 1.852 1.855 1950: January............ February........ M arch_______ A pril................ M a y ________ 76.24 71.88 70. 88 76.36 72. 84 41.8 40.0 39.8 42.4 41.2 1 824 1.797 1.781 1.801 1.768 53.36 54. 36 55.37 57.94 59.18 41.4 41.4 41.6 43.5 44.1 1. 289 1.313 1.331 1.332 1.342 68. 01 66. 89 68. 59 70. 70 73.13 35.2 34.3 35.1 36.5 37.5 1.932 1. 950 1.954 1.937 1.950 65.56 66.94 68. 34 70. 75 71.09 37.4 37.8 38.7 40.8 40.6 1.753 1.771 1.766 1.734 1.751 58. 43 61.96 63. 68 66.18 67.98 35.5 37.3 38.2 40.6 41.1 1.646 1.661 1.667 1.630 1.654 69. 57 69. 50 70. 76 73. 54 73.12 38.5 38.0 38.9 40.9 40.2 1.807 1.829 1.819 1.798 1.819 Contract construction *—Continued Building construction Special-trade contractors Total: Building construction 1948: Average. 1949: Average. $68.85 70. 95 1949: M ay___ June___ July___ August. General contractors Total: Special-trade contractors Plumbing and heating Painting and decorating Electrical work 37.3 $1.848 $64. 64 36.7 1.935 67.16 36.6 $1. 766 $73.87 36.2 1.855 75.70 38.0 $1.946 $76. 83 37.2 2.034 78.60 39.2 $1. 960 $69. 77 38.6 2.037 70.75 36.3 $1.925 $83.01 35.7 1.982 86. 57 39.8 39.2 $2.084 2.211 December. 71.81 71.44 71.28 71.95 70.69 71.80 70. 21 70.26 37.2 37.1 37.1 37.2 36.5 36.9 36.1 35.8 1.930 1.924 1.922 1. 932 1.938 1.944 1.947 1.964 68. 34 67.70 67.33 68. 02 66.64 67.89 66.34 65.99 36.8 36.7 36.6 36.8 36.0 36.5 35.7 35.1 1.858 1.846 1.838 1.848 1.854 1.861 1.856 1.880 76.29 76.43 76. 59 76.99 75.80 76. 51 74.81 75.15 37.7 37.7 37.7 37.8 37.2 37.5 36.4 36.5 2.023 2.026 2.032 2. 036 2.040 2. 041 2. 053 2.057 77.75 77.95 78.08 79.13 79.15 80.32 78.12 80.19 38.5 38.6 38.8 38.9 38.6 38.9 37.5 38.7 2.018 2.022 2. 013 2.033 2. 052 2.064 2.085 2.071 71.93 72.18 72.18 72.51 71.59 71.41 68.88 69.40 36.6 36.8 36.7 36.4 35.7 35.7 34.5 34.8 1.963 1.961 1.968 1.992 2.006 2.001 1.996 1. 997 87.01 87. 02 86.41 87.80 85.80 86. 49 85.28 86.85 39.2 39.3 39.2 39.7 38.8 39.0 38.2 39.2 2.220 2.215 2. 202 2. 210 2. 210 2. 215 2. 233 2.217 February.. M arch___ April____ M a y _____ 68. 76 67.00 68. 83 70. 70 73.60 34.8 33.7 34.5 35.6 36.8 1.976 1.988 1.995 1.986 2.000 63. 58 61.60 63. 80 65. 83 69. 41 34.0 32.8 33.9 35.3 36.9 1.870 1.878 1.882 1.865 1.881 73.49 71.00 72. 59 74. 43 77.13 35.5 34.3 34.9 35.8 36.8 2. 070 2.070 2. 080 2. 079 2.096 78.32 75.65 78. 02 78. 49 80. 64 38.0 36.9 37.6 37.7 38.4 2.061 2.050 2.075 2.082 2.100 67.49 67.16 66. 30 66. 70 69.25 33.9 33.8 33.5 34.4 35.1 1.991 1.987 1.979 1.939 1.973 86.88 87.58 83. 62 84.79 86. 33 38.7 38.7 37.0 36.8 37.7 2.245 2.263 2. 260 2. 304 2. 290 October . See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis * Contract construction * Crude petroleum and natural gas production Petroleum and na tural gas production Hi 279 C: EARNINGS AND HOURS REVIEW , AUGUST 1950 T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Em ployees1— Con. Contract construction *—Continued Building construction—Continued Special-trade contractors—Continued Year and month Other special-trade contractors Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn hours ings 1948: Average____. $09. 65 1949: Average............ 71.39 Plastering and lathing Masonry Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings hours ings 36.9 $1.888 $69.61 36.1 1.979 68. 72 Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours 35.4 $1.969 $78. 52 33.8 2.033 80.39 Roofing and sheetmetal work Carpentry Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours 36.1 $2.175 $67.98 34.9 2.301 67.14 Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn w kly. ings ings hours 37.9 $1.792 $62.47 36.6 1.837 62.86 Excavation and foundation work Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours Avg. hrly. earn ings 36.5 $1. 710 $66.44 35.7 1.759 69.66 38.9 37.8 $1.709 1.844 1949: M ay________ June_________ July ______ August - ____ September___ October______ November___ December....... 72.77 73.02 73.46 73.36 71.58 72.26 70.77 69.18 37.0 36.9 36.8 36.9 36.1 36.5 35.7 34.6 1.968 1.977 1.998 1.988 1.982 1.978 1.984 2.001 70.97 71.23 71.47 71.36 66.31 70.60 71.68 60. 92 35.2 35.0 35.1 35.3 32.9 34.7 35.0 29.8 2.018 2.034 2.037 2.021 2.015 2.035 2.047 2.044 79.88 83.73 84.59 83.13 84.39 81.11 74. 76 77. 50 34.7 35.8 36.0 35.7 36.3 35.0 32.5 33.5 2.303 2.338 2.352 2.330 2.322 2.316 2.302 2.311 67.09 67.00 66.40 66.45 67.22 68. 46 69. 57 67. 89 38.1 38.0 37.0 36.3 35.8 36.1 36.3 35.9 1.763 1.763 1.795 1.831 1.876 1.896 1.915 1.889 63.99 64.20 64. 50 64.53 62.95 65.96 63.73 61.30 36.9 36.9 36.8 36.7 36.0 37.1 35.9 34.1 1.735 1.739 1.753 1.759 1.750 1.777 1.775 1. 799 70.28 71.67 71.93 72.51 70. 58 72. 22 69.46 66.80 39.0 38.9 38.6 38.9 37.6 38.4 37.3 35.4 1.803 1.842 1.863 1.863 1.878 1.882 1.864 1.890 1950: January______ February____ M arch____ _ A p ril,.. . . . . M ay ________ 67.87 64.12 67.76 71.41 74. 80 33.4 31.6 33.1 34.9 36.1 2.032 2.029 2. 047 2. 046 2.072 61.68 54. 29 58. 00 67. 70 71.50 30.0 26.1 28.1 32.3 33.9 2.056 2.080 2. 064 2. 096 2.109 75.57 75. 44 81.09 83. 35 87.19 32.6 32.2 33.9 34.5 35.2 2. 318 2. 343 2. 392 2. 416 2. 477 66. 51 58.66 63. 49 64. 82 66.17 35.7 32.0 34.3 36.5 36.8 1.863 1. 833 1.851 1.776 1.798 58.50 53.64 57. 99 61.64 65. 84 32.3 30.0 31.9 34.0 35.9 1.811 1.788 1.818 1.813 1.834 65.57 62.62 67. 69 72.23 74.04 34.4 33.2 35.7 38.5 38.5 1.908 1.886 1.896 1.876 1.923 Manufacturing Food and kindred products îo ia i: ivlanuiacturing 1948: Average_____ $54.14 1949: Average_____ 64.92 Durable goods * Nondurable goods ‘ 40.1 $1.350 $57.11 39.2 1.401 58.03 40.5 $1. 410 $50.61 39.5 1.469 51.41 l utai. VAiuuauw and accessories Total: Food and kindred products 39.6 $1.278 $57.20 38.8 1.325 58. 76 41.6 $1.375 $51.87 40.0 1.469 53. 58 Meat products 42.0 $1.235 $58.37 41.5 1.291 57.44 43.3 41.5 $1.348 1.384 1949: M ay________ J u n e _______ J u ly ________ August______ September___ October______ November___ December___ 54.08 54. 51 54.63 54.70 55.72 55.26 54.43 56.04 38.6 38.8 38.8 39.1 39.6 39.7 39.1 39.8 1.401 1.405 1.408 1.399 1.407 1.392 1.392 1.408 57.21 57.82 57.31 57.89 58.69 58.17 56.82 59.19 39.0 39.2 38.8 39.3 39.6 39.9 39.0 40.1 1.467 1.475 1.477 1.473 1.482 1. 458 1.457 1.476 50.41 50.97 51. 55 51.31 52.59 52.47 52.07 52. 69 38.1 38.5 38.7 38.9 39.6 39.6 39.3 39.5 1.323 1.324 1.332 1.319 1.328 1.325 1.325 1.334 59.32 58.72 59.64 58. 44 59.76 59.97 59. 82 60.85 40.3 39.7 40.3 39.7 40.3 40.3 40.2 40.7 1.472 1.479 1. 480 1.472 1.483 1.488 1. 488 1.495 53. 44 53.62 54.69 53.00 53.63 53.83 54.16 54. 57 41.3 41.6 42.2 41.7 41.8 41.7 41.6 41.4 1.294 1.289 1.296 1.271 1.283 1.291 1.302 1.318 56.17 55.87 58.02 56.87 57.78 56.51 60.23 60.98 40.7 40.4 41.8 41.0 41.6 41.1 42.9 43.4 1.380 1.383 1.388 1.387 1.389 1.375 1.404 1.405 1950: January______ February____ M arch___ _ April________ M ay ________ 56.29 56.37 56.53 56. 93 57. 72 39.7 39.7 39.7 39.7 40.0 1.418 1.420 1.424 1.434 1.443 59. 40 59. 47 59. 74 60. 97 61.72 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.7 40.9 1.485 1.483 1.486 1.498 1.509 52. 91 53.06 53. 04 52. 21 52.87 39.4 39.3 39.2 38.5 38.9 1.343 1.350 1.353 1.356 1.359 60.70 60.88 61.31 61.43 61.54 40.2 40.4 40.6 40.6 40.7 1.510 1.507 1.510 1.513 1.512 54.94 54. 05 54. 42 54.18 55.02 41.4 40.7 40.7 40.4 41.0 1.327 1.328 1.337 1.341 1.342 60.19 55. 99 56.14 55. 68 57.10 42.9 40.4 40.3 39.8 40.7 1.403 1.386 1.393 1.399 1.403 M anufacturing—Continue d Food and kindred products —Continued Meat packing 1948: A verage.......... $59.15 1949: Average........... 58.02 Dairy products 43.4 $1.363 $52.26 41.5 1.398 54.61 Canning and preserving Grain-mill products 45.4 $1.151 $42.63 44.8 1. 219 43. 77 38.2 $1.116 $54. 53 38.8 1.128 56.94 Flour and other grain-mill products Prepared feeds 44.3 $1.231 $57.23 43.8 1.300 58.91 46.3 $1,236 $51.01 44.7 1.318 54.98 45.3 46.2 $1.126 1.190 1949: M ay________ June_________ July________ A u g u s t._____ September___ October......... . November___ December____ 56.64 56.44 58. 55 57.34 58.31 56.89 61.03 61. 99 40.6 40.4 41.7 40.9 41.5 40.9 42.8 43.5 1.395 1.397 1.404 1.402 1.405 1.391 1.426 1.425 54.47 55.23 55.71 54.72 55.28 54. 76 53.95 54.29 45.2 45.8 45.7 45.0 44.4 44.2 43.9 44.1 1.205 1.206 1.219 1.216 1. 245 1.239 1.229 1.231 43. 65 42.63 43. 59 44.27 44. 79 45.92 41.29 43.26 37.4 38.3 39.7 40.8 40.1 40.0 37.1 36.6 1.167 1.113 1.098 1.085 1.117 1.148 1.113 1.182 55.81 57.84 59.75 57.46 58.92 58.56 55.81 56. 76 43.6 44.7 45.4 44.0 44.3 44.4 42.8 43.1 1.280 1.294 1.316 1.306 1.330 1.319 1.304 1.317 55.90 58.10 61.13 58.70 62. 70 62.88 57. 77 59.54 43.6 45.0 46.1 44.3 45.8 46.0 43.4 44.1 1.282 1.291 1.326 1.325 1.369 1.367 1.331 1.350 55.88 57.36 57.14 55.75 56.57 55.67 54.49 54.10 47.2 47.6 47.7 46.3 47.1 46.7 45.6 45.2 1.184 1.205 1.198 1.204 1.201 1.192 1.195 1.197 1950: January........ . February____ M arch_______ April________ M ay.................. 61.16 56.50 56.92 56.32 57.55 43.1 40.3 40.4 39.8 40.5 1.419 1.402 1.409 1.415 1.421 55.67 54. 88 54. 63 54. 87 54. 98 44.5 43.8 43.7 44.0 44.3 1.251 1. 253 1.250 1.247 1.241 45.15 44.94 44.79 44.29 45.06 38.2 37.7 36.8 36.3 37.3 1.182 1.192 1.217 1.220 1.208 56.46 55. 48 56. 83 55.82 56. 26 42.9 42.0 42.6 42.1 42.3 1.316 1.321 1.334 1.326 1.330 60.03 58.02 58.28 56. 21 57.23 44.3 43.2 43.3 42.2 42.9 1.355 1. 343 1.346 1.332 1.334 53.22 51.37 54. 86 55. 93 55.76 44.5 42.7 44.6 45.4 45.0 1.196 1.203 1.230 1.232 1.239 See footnote* at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 280 C: EARNINGS AND HOURS M ONTHLY LABOR T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory E m p l o y e e s C o m Manufacturing—Continued Food and kindred products—Continued Year and month Bakery products Avg. Avg. wkly. earn wkly. ings hours 1948: Average___ 1949: Average___ . $49.35 51.67 1949: M ay............ June______ July............. August........ September.. October___ November. December.. 1950: January___ February... M arch......... April........... M ay______ Confectionery and related products Sugar Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours Avg. hrly. earn ings Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn ings hours Confectionery Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours Beverages Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours Bottled soft drinks Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours Avg. hrly. earn ings 42.4 $1.164 $52.04 41.7 1.239 56.01 41.8 $1.245 $44.00 42.4 1.321 45.12 40.0 $1.100 $41.46 40.0 1.128 42.63 39.6 $1,047 $61.43 39.8 1.071 64.21 41.9 $1,466 5S46.26 41.0 1.566 48.40 44.1 43.8 $1 049 1.105 51.61 52.29 52.62 61.83 52.88 52.29 62. 1 2 52.16 42.1 42. 2 42.2 41. 5 42.1 41.6 41.4 41.3 1. 226 1.239 1.247 1.249 1. 256 1.257 1.259 1.263 55.08 57.93 57.72 66. 63 59.17 63. 71 60.82 54.91 40.5 42.5 42.5 41.2 43.6 42.9 48.0 42.4 1.360 1.363 1.358 1.372 1.357 1.252 1.267 1. 295 42.86 44.76 43.69 45.39 47. 70 48. 52 45.86 45.35 38.1 39.3 38.8 40.2 42.1 42.6 40.8 40.6 1.125 1.139 1.126 1.129 1.133 1.139 1.124 1.117 40.60 42.38 41.39 42.80 44.03 44.83 43.44 42.98 37.8 1.074 39.2 1.081 38.9 1.064 40. C 1.070 41.3 1.066 41.7 1.075 40.9 1.062 40.7 1.056 64.54 65.59 68.79 66.24 64.92 64.40 63.60 63.12 41.8 42.1 42.7 41.4 40.7 40.5 40.1 39.7 1.544 1.558 1.611 1.600 1.595 1. 590 1.586 1.590 48.58 50.20 50.69 49. 88 48. 32 49.37 48.24 46.07 44.0 44 9 44.9 44.1 43 3 4 5 !0 43.7 42.0 1 104 111? 1 129 1 121 1110 1 097 52.07 52. 96 52.75 52. 44 53. 50 41.1 41.6 41. 5 41.1 41. 6 1.267 1.273 1. 271 1. 276 1.286 55.78 55.44 55. 92 55. 70 58.10 39.9 39.8 40.2 39.5 41.5 1.398 1.393 1.391 1.410 1.400 45.59 45. 26 45.19 43. 93 45.40 40.2 39.7 39.4 38.0 39.1 1.134 1.140 1.147 1.156 1.161 42.75 42.60 42.92 41. 59 43. 49 39.8 39.3 39.2 37.6 38.9 63. 52 64. 52 65.16 66. 71 67. 36 39.7 40.0 40.1 40. 7 41.2 1.600 1.613 1.625 1.639 1.635 46. 67 46. 98 46. 72 47. 78 48.40 42 5 42.4 41. 9 42. 4 1.074 1.084 1.095 1.106 1.118 4 3 .1 1 104 l! 097 1 098 1 108 1 115 1 127 1.123 Man ufacturing—Continued * Food and kindred products—Continued M alt liquors 1948: Average__ 1949: Average__ $66.40 69.46 1949: M ay.......... . June_____ July........... August___ September. October__ November. December. 1950: January.... February.. M arch____ April.......... M ay............ D isti led, rectified, and b ended liquors Tobacco manufactures Miscellaneous food products Total: Tobacco manufactures Cigarettes Cigars 42.0 $1.581 $54.92 41.1 1.690 57.00 40.5 $1.356 $49.74 39.2 1.454 52.17 42.3 $1.176 $36.50 41.9 1.245 37.25 38.1 $0.958 $44.51 37.1 1.004 46.33 38.6 $1.153 $32.71 37.7 1.229 32.41 37.6 36.7 $0.870 .884 70.85 71.74 75.60 72.02 69.46 69.33 67.52 68.14 42.5 42. 5 43.3 41.7 40.5 40.1 39.3 39.8 1.667 1.688 1.746 1. 727 1. 715 1.729 1.718 1.712 55.39 55.11 56.42 57.14 60.18 58.30 62.28 56. 77 38.9 38.7 39.1 38.9 40.2 39.5 41.3 38.0 1.424 1.424 1.443 1.469 1.497 1.476 1.608 1.494 51.71 51.41 52.33 53.04 52.50 53.38 53.13 53.00 41.7 41.8 42.3 42.5 42.2 42.5 42.1 42.0 1.240 1.230 1.237 1.248 1.244 1.256 1.262 1.262 36. 27 38.57 38.19 38. 58 38.39 37.86 38.46 38.76 35.7 38.0 37.4 38.7 38.9 38.2 38.0 38.0 1.016 1.015 1.021 .997 .987 .991 1.012 1.020 43.98 47.78 48.13 48.90 47.92 46.73 47.81 48.53 35.9 39.1 39.1 39.6 38.9 37.9 38.9 38.7 1.225 1.222 1.231 1.238 1.232 1.233 1.229 1.254 31.63 32.99 32.13 32.81 33. 71 33.45 34.16 32.60 35.7 37.4 36. 6 37.2 38 0 37.8 38.0 36.8 .878 .882 887 .88ñ 8QQ .886 68.52 69.32 70. 42 72. 72 73. 80 39.7 40.0 40.1 40. 9 41. 6 1.726 1.733 1. 756 1.778 1.774 59.70 58.67 58. 45 57. 59 57. 51 39.8 38.5 39.2 38.7 38.7 1.500 1.524 1.491 1.488 1.486 53. 21 52.65 53. 71 53.32 53. 25 41.8 41.1 41.6 41.4 41.6 1. 273 1.281 1.291 1.288 1.280 39.25 38. 48 39. 49 38. 59 39. 56 38.0 36.2 36.7 35.5 36.6 1.033 1.063 1.076 1.087 1.081 49.15 46.96 48. 65 48. 41 47.99 39.1 37.3 38.7 38.0 37.7 1.257 1.259 1.257 1.274 1.273 33.25 33. 87 33. 71 31.38 34.39 36. 5 35. 8 35.3 33. 0 36.2 .911 .946 . Qññ . 951 .950 Manufacturing—Continued Tobacco manufactures—Continued Tobacco and snuff 1948: Average__ 1949: Average__ $37.21 39.10 1949: M ay_____ June_____ July........... August___ Tobacco stemming and redrying Textile-mill products Total: Textile-mill products Yarn and thread mills Yarn mills Broad-woven fabric mills 37.7 $0.987 $34.24 37.2 1.051 34.20 40.0 $0. 856 $45.59 38.3 .893 44.83 39.2 $1.163 $41. 49 37.7 1.189 40.51 38.1 $1.089 $41. 42 36.4 1.113 40. 55 37.9 $1.093 $46.13 36.3 1.117 44.48 39.6 37.5 $1.165 1.186 November. December- 37.35 40.30 40.02 40.35 40. 92 39.81 39. 76 41.46 35.5 38.2 37.4 38.1 38.1 37.7 37.4 38.6 1.052 1.055 1.070 1.059 1.074 1.056 1.063 1.074 34.55 38.14 36.22 36.59 34.47 33.82 32.24 36.80 35.0 38.1 36.4 42.9 42.3 40.5 36.1 40.4 .987 1.001 .995 .853 .815 .835 .893 .911 41.91 42.98 43.26 44.37 45. 82 47.04 47.20 47.64 35.4 36.3 36.6 37.6 38.6 39.4 39.5 39.8 1.184 1.184 1.182 1.180 1.187 1.194 1.195 1.197 37. 56 39.10 39.73 40.33 42.07 43.00 43.46 44.08 33.9 35.1 35.6 36.5 37.9 38.5 38.8 39.5 1.108 1.114 1.116 1.105 1.110 1.117 1.120 1.116 37.66 39.32 39.84 40.33 41.88 42.97 43.46 43.98 33.9 35.2 35.6 36.4 37.7 38.4 38.7 39.3 1.111 1.117 1.119 1.108 1.111 1.119 1.123 1.119 40.52 42.09 42.87 44,41 45.74 47.52 47. 76 48.40 34.6 35.7 36.3 37.6 38.5 39.6 39.8 40.3 1.171 1.179 1.181 1.181 1.188 1.200 1.200 1.201 1950: January... February.. M arch___ A pril.......... M a y_____ 40.69 40.04 40.92 41.96 40.98 37.4 36.3 36.8 37.4 35.7 1.088 1.103 1.112 1.122 1.148 37.58 35.34 39. 58 39.14 37.19 41.8 35.3 38.5 38.0 36.5 .899 1.001 1.028 1.030 1.019 47.36 47.88 47. 39 45. 51 45. 63 39.4 39.6 39.2 37.8 37.9 1.202 1.209 1.209 1.204 1.204 43.67 43.84 42. 67 40. 80 41.66 39.2 39.0 38.0 36.4 36.9 1.114 1.124 1.123 1.121 1.129 43.60 43. 88 42.60 40. 65 41.80 39.0 38.9 37.8 36.1 36.8 1.118 1.128 1.127 1.126 1.136 48.16 48.16 47. 72 45. 81 45.85 40.0 40.1 39.8 38.4 38.5 1.204 1.201 1.199 1.193 1.191 September. October__ S ee fo o tn o te s a t end o f tab le. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C: EARNINGS AND HOURS REVIEW , AUGUST 1950 281 T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Em ployees1—Con. Manufacturing—Continued Textile-mill products—Continued Year and month Cotton, silk, syn thetic fiber * Avg. wkly. Avg. earn wkly. ings hours Avg. hrly. earn ings Woolen and worsted Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn ings hours Avg. hrly. earn ings Knitting mills Avg. Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. hrly. earn hours earn ings ings 1948: Average........... $44.36 1949: Average......... . 42.89 39.4 $1,126 $52.45 37.2 1.153 51.19 1949: M ay............... June________ J u ly ................ August______ September___ October......... N ovem ber___ December....... 39.02 39.78 40.46 42.71 44.24 46.09 46.56 47.19 34.2 34.8 36.4 37.2 38.3 39.6 39.9 40.4 1.141 1.143 1.143 1.148 1.155 1.164 1.167 1.168 47.88 51.64 52.25 51.16 51.94 53. 25 52.51 53.37 36.8 39.3 39.7 39.2 39.5 39.8 39.6 40.1 1.301 1.314 1.316 1.305 1. 315 1 33S 1.326 1.331 40.07 40.73 40.44 41.11 42. 22 43. 68 43.28 42.34 35.3 36.2 36.3 37.0 37.8 389 38.4 37.6 1.135 1.125 1.114 1.111 1.117 1.123 1.127 1.126 1950: January_____ February........ March_______ April________ M ay________ 47. 04 47. 07 46. 88 44.70 44.39 40.1 40.2 40.0 38.4 38.3 1.173 1.171 1.172 1.164 1.159 52. 92 52.51 51.00 50. 94 51.85 39.7 39.6 38.9 38.8 39.4 1.333 1.326 1.311 1.313 1.316 41.73 43.38 43. 55 40.60 40. 60 36.8 37.2 37.0 35.0 35.0 1.134 1.166 1.177 1.160 1.160 40.1 $1,308 $41.14 38.9 1.316 41.47 Full-fashioned hosiery • Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn hours ings 37.5 $1,097 $52.85 36.8 1.127 52.09 Avg. hrly. earn ings Seamless hosiery » Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn ings hours Avg. hrly. earn ings Knit outerwear Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn ings hours Avg. hrly. earn ings 38.8 $1,362 $30.27 37.5 1.389 31.45 35.2 $0 860 $39.75 35.5 .886 40.96 38.0 38.1 $1,046 1.075 50.87 51.11 50.26 51.56 52.72 55.02 54.86 53.15 36.6 36.9 36.5 37.5 38.2 39.5 39.1 37.8 1.390 1.385 1.377 1.375 1.380 1.393 1.403 1.406 29. 57 30.50 30.61 31.40 31.86 33. 76 33.68 33. 42 33.6 34.7 35.3 35.8 36.0 37.8 37.5 37.3 .880 .879 .867 .877 .885 .893 .898 .896 40.80 40.46 39.93 39. 61 40.69 42. 51 42.34 41.16 37.4 37.6 38.1 37.8 38. E 39.8 39.5 38.4 1.091 1.076 1.048 1.048 1.057 1.068 1.072 1.072 51.53 53.16 54. 25 48.99 49.69 36.6 37.2 38.1 35.6 36.4 1.408 1.429 1.424 1.376 1.365 32.92 34.50 33.29 31.75 31.10 36.3 36.2 34.5 32.8 32.1 .907 .953 .965 .968 .969 41.47 42.74 43.80 43.13 42. 71 37.8 38.3 38.9 38.2 37.9 1.097 1.116 1.126 1.129 1.127 Manufacturing—Continued Textile-mill products—Continued Knit underwear Dyeing and finishing textiles Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings Wool carpets, rugs, and carpet yam 1948: Average........... $37. 40 1949: Average............ 36.34 37.7 $0.992 $51.00 36.2 1.004 51.50 41.0 $1,244 $58.13 40.3 1.278 56.80 42.0 $1,384 $58.09 39.5 1.438 56.23 1949: M ay.................. June.................. Ju ly _________ A ugust______ September___ October______ N ovem ber___ December....... 34.04 35.80 36 00 36. 85 38.85 38. 78 37. 71 37.07 33.8 35.8 36.0 37.0 38.7 38.7 37.6 37.0 1.007 1.000 1.000 .996 1.004 1.002 1.003 1.002 49. 49 49.92 48.76 50. 59 52. 31 52. 69 52.91 53.84 38.6 39.4 38.7 39.9 40.8 41.2 41.3 41.9 1. 282 1.267 1.260 1.268 1.282 1.279 1.281 1.285 55.29 51.98 53.78 54.14 56.10 57. 26 58. 57 59.99 38.5 36.5 37.9 38.1 39.2 39.9 40.7 41.4 1.436 1.424 1.419 1.421 1.431 1. 435 1.439 1.449 1950: January........... February____ M arch_______ April________ M ay________ 37. 29 38. 42 38.40 35. 71 35.29 36.7 37.3 37.1 34.5 34.0 1.016 1.030 1.035 1.035 1.038 52.03 53.37 52. 42 50. 93 49. 25 40.3 41.5 40.7 39.6 38.3 1.291 1.286 1.288 1.286 1.286 60.44 60.80 60.99 59.15 60. 61 41.4 41.5 41.6 40.4 41.2 1.460 1.465 1.466 1.464 1.471 Other textile-mill products Fur-felt hats and hat bodies 41.7 $1.393 $47.96 38.7 1.453 47.89 39.7 $1,208 $49.17 38.9 1.231 49.21 36.5 35.3 $1.347 1.394 54.58 49.69 51.98 53. 24 55.40 57.31 68. 67 60.58 37.8 34.7 36.4 37.1 38.1 39.2 40.1 41.1 1.444 1.432 1.428 1.435 1.454 1. 462 1.463 1.474 46.24 47.39 47.66 47.48 49. 56 48. 87 48.18 49.64 37.9 38.4 38.5 38.6 39.9 39. 6 39.2 40.1 1.220 1.234 1.238 1. 230 1.242 1.234 1.229 1.250 47.81 52.67 52. 58 50.41 49. 49 45. 55 45.86 50.55 34.3 37.3 37.4 36.4 35.5 33.3 32.9 35.7 1.394 1.412 1.412 1.385 1.394 1.368 1.394 1.416 61.41 61.62 61.81 60. 48 61.68 41.3 41.3 41.4 40.4 41.2 1.487 1.492 1.493 1.497 1.497 49.80 50.91 49. 75 49. 37 49. 96 40.0 40.6 39.8 39.4 40.1 1.245 1.254 1.250 1.253 1.246 53.44 53.03 44.84 40. 02 48. 72 37.5 37.4 32.9 29.0 34.6 1.425 1. 418 1.363 1.380 1.408 Manufacturing—Continued Apparel and other finished textile products Total: Apparel and other finished tex tile products M en’s and boys’ suits and coats M en’s and boys’ fur nishings and work clothing Shirts, collars, and nightwear Separate trousers Work shirts 1948: Average_____ $42.79 1949: Average_____ 41.89 36.2 $1.182 $50.11 35.8 1.170 46.67 36.6 $1.369 $33.20 34.7 1.345 33.30 36.2 $0.917 $33.50 36.2 .920 33.37 36.1 $0.928 $35.31 36.0 .927 34.91 35.7 $0.989 $26.49 35.7 .978 27.44 35.7 35.5 $0,742 .773 1949: M ay.................. June.................. J u ly ................. August______ September___ October_____ November___ December___ 39.94 40.11 41.03 41.95 44.01 42.63 40.38 41.82 35.5 35.4 35.4 35.7 36.8 36.5 35.7 35.9 1.125 1.133 1.159 1.175 1.196 1.168 1.131 1.165 46.00 43.86 44.93 44.96 47.90 46.20 44.48 46.64 34.2 33.3 34.4 S3.5 35.4 34.3 32.9 34.7 1.345 1.317 1.306 1. 342 1.353 1.347 1.352 1.344 33.36 32.76 33.03 32.80 33.87 34.35 33.82 33.82 36.1 35.8 36.1 36.4 36.9 37.5 36.8 36.8 .924 .915 .915 .901 .918 .916 .919 .919 34.09 33.19 32.68 32.02 33.21 34.30 34.78 34.52 36.5 35.8 34.8 35.7 36.3 37.4 37.6 37.2 .934 .927 .939 .897 .915 .917 .925 .928 36.37 34.56 33.56 34.63 35. 79 34.13 33.60 34.14 37.0 35.3 35.4 35.7 36.6 35.4 34.6 35.3 .983 .979 .948 .970 .978 .964 .971 .967 25.91 26.80 27.60 27.33 28.19 28.27 28.22 27.58 33.3 34.9 35.7 36.1 36.7 27.1 36.7 35.4 .778 .768 .773 .757 .768 .762 .769 .779 1950: January-......... February........ March______ A p r il......... . M ay_________ 42.70 44. 48 43. 50 40. 87 41.30 36.0 36.7 36.4 35.2 35.7 1.186 1. 212 1.195 1.161 1.157 47.72 49.88 50.81 47. 06 48.67 35.4 37.0 37.5 35.2 36.4 1.348 1.348 1.355 1.337 1.337 33.63 35.64 35.62 34.94 35.33 36.2 36.4 36.2 35.4 35.9 .929 .979 .984 .987 .984 33.43 35.19 35. 40 34.92 34.81 35.6 36.2 36.2 35.6 35.7 .939 .972 .978 .981 .975 36.47 39.26 39.77 39.41 39.85 36.8 37.9 38.2 38.0 38.1 .991 1.036 1.041 1.037 1.046 27.80 30. 55 30. 43 29. 58 31.15 35.6 35.4 35.3 33.8 35.8 .781 .863 .862 .875 .870 See footnotes a t end o f table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C: EARNINGS AND HOURS 282 M ONTHLY LABOR T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Em ployees1—Con. Manufacturing—Continued Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued Year and month Women’s outerwear Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn hours ings Women’s dresses Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. wkly. earn earn hours ings ings Household apparel Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours 34.8 $1. 400 $31. 59 34.4 1. 372 32.23 Avg. hrly. earn ings Women’s suits, coats, Women’sand chfidren’s Underwear and night* wear, except corsets and skirts undergarments Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn hours ings 36.1 $0.875 $70. 60 36.5 .883 66. 38 Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours 35.0 $2.017 $35.32 33.8 1.964 35. 79 1948: Average........... $51. 49 1949: Average.......... 49.69 35.1 $1. 46 7 $48.72 34.7 1.432 47.20 1949: M ay.................. June.................. July...............— August.......... September___ October........... November___ December___ 45.61 46.33 48. 51 50. 40 53.13 49. 49 45.80 49.13 35.0 34.6 33.9 34.4 35.8 34.2 33.6 34.5 1.303 1.339 1.431 1. 465 1.484 1.447 1.363 1. 424 48. 65 46.06 42.66 46. 21 50.20 46. 98 44.99 47.40 35.2 34.3 33.2 34.1 35.4 33.7 33.3 34.5 1.382 1.343 1.285 1.355 1.418 1.394 1. 351 1.374 34.56 33.03 30.71 30.85 33.08 31.45 31.90 31.23 38.1 37.2 35.1 35.3 37.8 35.9 36.5 35.9 .907 .888 .875 .874 .875 .876 .874 .870 52. 42 59. 91 66.05 67. 61 69. 73 64. 88 58. 38 63.67 30.6 33. 3 34. 1 34. 3 35.2 33.0 30.6 33.3 1.713 1.799 1.937 1.971 1.981 1.966 1.908 1.912 34.57 35.32 34. 52 35. 48 37.24 38.10 37.45 36.36 1950: January......... . February......... March---------April________ M ay________ 50. 86 52. 63 49. 67 46.20 45.61 35.0 35.9 35.4 34.5 34.5 1.453 1. 466 1.403 1.339 1.322 48. 30 48. 89 49. 37 49. 62 48. 54 34.9 35.4 35.8 35.7 35.1 1.384 1.381 1.379 1.390 1.383 31.38 34. 95 35. 53 35.12 35. 51 35.1 . 37.1 37.4 36.7 36.5 .894 .942 .950 .957 .973 66. 97 69. 83 60. 70 50. 92 50. 36 34.7 35. 5 32.6 28.9 29.8 1.930 1.967 1.862 1.762 1.690 36. 58 37. 52 37. 87 36. 47 36. 39 Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings hours ings Avg. hrly. earn ings 36.6 $0. 965 $34.12 36.6 .978 34.08 36.3 36.1 $0.940 .944 35.6 36.3 36.0 36 8 38.0 38. 6 38.1 36.8 .971 .973 .959 .964 .980 .987 .983 .988 32.67 33.10 32. 25 33. 54 35.82 36. 25 36. 27 34. 45 34.9 35.4 34.9 36. 1 37.7 38.2 38.1 36.0 .936 .935 .924 .929 . 950 .949 .952 .957 36.8 37.0 36.8 35.2 35.4 .994 1. 014 1.029 1.036 1.028 34.78 36.03 35. 68 34.10 33. 99 36.5 36. 5 36.0 34.1 34.4 .953 .987 .991 1.000 .988 Manufacturing—Continued Lumber and wood products (except furniture) Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued Children’s outerwear M illinery 1948: 1949: Average........ Average........ $50.22 53. 55 34.8 $1. 443 $36. 72 35.3 1.517 37.06 Fur goods and mis cellaneous apparel 36.5 $1.006 $42. 21 36.3 1.021 42.05 Other fabricated textile products Total: Lumber and wood products (ex cept furniture) 36.7 $1.150 $38. 49 36.0 1.168 39. 74 38.0 $1. 013 $51.38 38.1 1.043 51.72 Logging camps and contractors 41.5 $1. 238 $60. 26 40.6 1. 274 61.31 38.7 39.1 $1,557 1.568 46. 48 46.06 51.35 August............ 54.40 September__ 64.40 October........ 53. 68 November___ 43.81 December..... 50. 35 31.9 31.7 34.6 36.1 39.8 35.6 29.5 34.7 1.467 1.453 1.484 1. 507 1.618 1. 508 1.485 1. 451 35.14 36.04 37.09 37. 38 38.18 37.75 36.89 37.07 36.0 35.9 36.8 36.9 37.1 36.9 36.6 36.2 .976 1.004 1.008 1.013 1.029 1.023 1.008 1.024 40.14 42.28 42.18 42.54 44.35 45. 31 43.85 43.57 34.1 35.2 35.0 36.3 37.3 38. 4 37.7 36.8 1.177 1.201 1.205 1.172 1.189 1.180 1.163 1.184 39.97 40 52 39. 61 39. 77 40 86 40.62 38. 73 39. 36 38.1 38.3 37.8 38. 2 38.8 39. 1 37.9 37.7 1.049 1.058 1.048 1.041 1.053 1.039 1.022 1.044 52.94 52.91 50.75 52. 87 52.83 54. 17 52.48 52.66 41.1 40.7 39.4 40. 7 40.7 41.7 41.0 41.3 1.288 1. 300 1.288 1.299 1.298 1.299 1.280 1.275 64.76 64 96 60.20 67. 16 64.08 65.00 61.58 62.13 40.5 40.0 37.6 41.1 40.0 40.6 39.2 39.8 1.599 1.624 1.601 1.634 1.602 1.601 1.571 1. 561 55.11 64. 36 62. 56 44. 55 45.79 36.4 40.2 39.2 30.6 31.8 1.514 1.601 1.596 1.456 1.440 38. 25 40.28 38. 76 35.94 37.73 36.5 37.3 36.5 35.3 36.7 1.048 1.080 1.062 1.018 1.028 40.23 40. 50 40. 76 39. 32 41.66 35.6 36.1 36.1 34.8 35.7 1.130 1. 122 1.129 1.130 1.167 40. 99 40. 84 40. 32 39. 73 40.69 38.2 38.1 37.4 37.1 37.4 1.073 1.072 1.078 1.071 1.088 48.02 50. 55 52. 24 53.36 54. 51 39.2 39.8 40. 4 40.7 40.8 1.225 1.270 1.293 1.311 1.336 50.23 54. 86 62.94 64. 51 67.18 37.4 37.6 38.4 39.0 39.8 1.343 1.459 1.639 1.654 1.688 1949: M a y................. June_______ July............. 1950: January-.......... February......... M arch_______ A p r il............... M ay________ Manufacturing—Continued Lumber and wood products (except furniture)—Continued Sawmills and planing Sawmills and planing mills, general • mills 1948: Average_____ $51.83 1949: Average........... 52. 37 Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated structural wood products 41.5 $1.249 $51. 87 40.6 1. 290 53.06 41.4 $1.253 $54. 95 40.6 1.307 55.06 Millwork 43.3 $1. 269 $53.40 41.9 1.314 54. 23 Wooden containers Wooden boxes, other than cigar 43.2 $1. 236 $41. 57 42.2 1.285 41.90 41.4 $1. 004 $42. 39 40.6 1.032 42.48 42.1 41.0 $1,007 1,036 1949: M a y ................ June................. July........... — A ugust______ September___ October_____ November___ December........ 53.76 53.56 51.25 53. 53 53.35 54. 54 62.89 52.31 41.1 40.7 39.3 40.8 40.6 41.6 41.0 40.8 1.308 1.316 1.304 1.312 1.314 1.311 1.290 1.282 54.42 54. 21 51.88 54.14 54.04 55. 29 53.63 53. 04 41.1 40.7 39.3 40.8 40.6 41.6 41.0 40.8 1.324 1.332 1.320 1.327 1.331 1.329 1.308 1.300 55.09 55.22 52. 74 54.19 55.66 57.68 56.18 58. 87 41.8 41.8 40.2 41.3 42.1 43.3 42.4 44.2 1.318 1.321 1.312 1.312 1.322 1.332 1.325 1.332 53.29 54.06 53.19 53. 71 54. 91 56. 51 55.94 57.82 41.7 42.1 41.2 41.7 42.4 43. 4 42.9 44.1 1.278 1.284 1.291 1.288 1.295 1.302 1.304 1. 311 41.66 42.19 42.40 42.03 43.04 43.38 42.02 43.37 40-8 403 40.3 39.8 40.6 41.2 40.4 41.3 1.021 1.047 1.052 1. 056 1.060 1. 053 1.040 1.050 42.11 42.82 43.31 42.91 43.89 44. 73 42. 92 43. 95 41.0 40.7 40.9 40.1 41.1 41.8 40.8 41.7 1.027 1.052 1.059 1.070 1.068 1.070 1.049 1.054 1950: January______ February____ M arch_______ April ______ M a y .. _____ 47.38 50. 59 51.85 53. 00 54.44 38.3 39.4 40.1 40.4 40.6 1.237 1.284 1.293 1.312 1.341 47. 77 51.17 52. 31 53. 72 55.16 38.0 39.3 39.9 40.3 40.5 1.257 1.302 1.311 1.333 1.362 56.14 57. 04 57. 74 59. 00 59. 36 42.4 42.5 42.9 43.0 43.2 1.324 1.342 1.346 1.372 1.374 56.07 55. 76 56. 49 57.51 57.84 42.9 42.4 42.7 42.6 43.0 1.307 1.315 1.323 1.350 1.345 41.27 42.82 42. 85 43. 66 44.16 39.8 39.5 39.6 39.8 40.0 1.037 1.084 1.082 1.097 1.104 41.94 43.05 43.30 45. 08 45. 21 40.4 39.9 40.2 41.4 41.4 1.038 1.079 1.077 1.089 1.092 See footnotes a t end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 283 C: EARNINGS AND HOURS REVIEW , AUGUST 1950 T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con. Manufacturing—Continued Lumber and wood products (except furniture)—Con. Year and month Miscellaneous wood products Avg. wkly. earn ings Avg. wkly. hours Furniture and fixtures Total: Furniture and fixtures Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours Avg. hrly. earn ings Household furniture Wood household fur niture, except up holstered Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn hours ings Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn hours ings 41.1 $1.192 $46. 76 40.1 1.234 47.04 Avg. hrly. earn ings 42.0 $1.049 $48.99 40.7 1.085 49.48 1949: May................... June_________ July_________ A ugust______ September___ October______ November___ December......... 44.08 43.68 43.02 43.52 43.96 45. 14 44.96 44. 54 40.7 40.0 39.4 40.0 40.0 41.0 40.8 40.9 1.083 1.092 1.092 1.088 1.099 1. 101 1.102 1.089 47. 59 48. 36 47.86 49.69 50.72 51. 42 50. 72 52. 50 38.5 39.0 38.6 40.4 41.0 41 7 41.2 42.2 1.236 1.240 1.240 1.230 1.237 1.233 1.231 1.244 44.92 45.70 44.80 47.23 48. 74 49.74 48. 86 50.88 38.0 38.6 38.0 40.3 41.1 41.9 41.3 42.4 1.182 1.184 1.179 1.172 1.186 1. 187 1.183 1.200 1950: January_____ February____ March_______ April.............. M ay________ 43.85 44.69 44.91 45. 37 44.89 40.3 40.3 40.5 40.8 40.3 1.088 1.109 1.109 1.112 1.114 51.13 52.29 52.17 51.67 51.42 41.1 41.7 41.7 41.3 41.2 1.244 1. 254 1. 251 1.251 1.248 49.36 50. 87 50. 70 49.89 50.09 41.2 41.9 41.9 41.2 41.4 1.198 1.214 1. 210 1.211 1.210 Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn ings ings Avg. wkly. hours Avg. hrly. earn ings Mattresses and bedsprings Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn hours ings Avg. hrly. earn ings 41.2 $1.064 $50. 33 40.0 1.092 50.18 40.1 $1. 255 $50.85 38.9 1.290 51.69 40.1 39.7 $1. 268 1.302 41.54 42.09 41.06 43.17 44.17 46.15 46.60 47.10 37.9 38.4 37.7 40.2 40.9 42.3 42.4 42.7 1.096 1.096 1.089 1.074 1.080 1.091 1.099 1.103 46.54 47.39 46.87 49. 82 52. 07 53. 83 55. 53 57.68 36.5 37.2 36.7 39.2 40.3 41. 5 42.1 43.3 1.275 1.274 1.277 1.271 1.292 1.297 1.319 1.332 49. 43 52.00 51.21 53.94 57.13 54.18 45.97 53. 85 38.2 40.0 39.7 41.4 42.6 41.2 36.4 40.7 1.294 1.300 1.290 1.303 1.341 1.315 1.263 1.323 46.08 46.70 47. 21 46. 40 47. 07 41.7 42.0 42.3 41.5 42.1 1.105 1.112 1.116 1.118 1.118 52.78 54. 95 54.60 54. 59 54.81 40.2 41.5 40.9 40.8 40.9 1.313 1.324 1.335 1.338 1.340 54. 54 57. 43 57. 03 54. 32 53.95 40.7 41.8 41.6 40.0 39.7 1.340 1.374 1.371 1.358 1.359 40.8 $1.146 $43. 84 39.8 1.182 43.68 1948: Average_____ $44.06 1949: Average......... - 44.16 Wood household fur niture, upholstered Manufacturing—Continued Furniture and fix tures—Continued Other furniture and fixtures Printing, publishing, and allied indus tries Paper and allied products Total: Paper and al lied products Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills Paperboard contain ers and boxes Other paper and al lied products 41.7 $1. 222 $49. 48 41.2 1.273 51.07 42.8 $1,291 $59. 88 41.7 1.342 59.83 44.0 $1. 361 $50.96 42.4 1.411 52.45 53.73 54.54 55.57 56.26 57.64 58.36 58.31 58.09 40.4 40. 7 41.1 41.8 42 6 43.1 43.0 42.9 1.330 1 340 1.352 1.346 1.353 1.354 1.356 1.354 57.58 67.95 59.65 60.32 61.06 62.10 62.09 62.09 41.1 41.1 41.8 42.6 43.0 43.7 43.6 43.6 1.401 1.410 1.427 1.416 1.420 1.421 1.424 1.424 49. 49 51.38 51.63 53.00 55.30 56.20 56. 20 55. 21 39.4 40.3 40.4 41.5 42.9 43.5 43.5 42.9 1.256 1.275 1.278 1.277 1.289 1 292 1.292 1.287 49. 51 50.13 50.90 50.82 52. 49 52. 54 52.11 51.99 57.56 57.80 58.06 58. 25 58.08 42.2 42.5 42.6 42.3 42.3 1.364 1.360 1.363 1.377 1.373 61.62 61.71 61.89 62. 51 61.86 43.0 43.4 43.4 43.2 43.2 1.433 1.422 1.426 1.447 1.432 53.57 54.17 54. 77 54.16 54.87 41.4 41.7 42.0 41.5 41.6 1.294 1.299 1.304 1.305 1.319 52.69 53. 03 53.20 53. 36 53. 22 1948: A verage.......... $54. 59 1949: Average_____ 55.47 41.7 $1.309 $55. 25 40.7 1.363 55. 96 1949: M ay________ Jun e_________ J u l y ............. . August______ September___ O cto b er.......... November___ December____ 54.13 54 86 55.44 55.94 55.91 55 91 55.90 56. 65 39.8 40 1 40.2 40.8 40.9 41.2 41.1 41.5 1.360 1.368 1.379 1.371 1.367 1. 357 1.360 1.365 1950: January_____ February____ March_______ April _______ M ay____ . . . 56.13 56.28 56.14 56.39 55.05 41.0 41.2 41.1 41.4 40.6 1.369 1.366 1.366 1.362 1.356 Total: Printing, pub lishing, and allied industries 41.3 $1.198 $66.73 40.6 1.258 70.28 39.3 38.7 $1.698 1.816 39.8 40.2 40.4 40.3 41.3 41.4 41.0 41.1 1.244 1.247 1.260 1.261 1.271 1. 269 1.271 1.265 70. 40 70.47 70.45 70.69 72.02 71. 22 70. 91 72.27 38.7 38.7 38.6 38.5 39.1 38.6 38.6 39.3 1.819 1.821 1.825 1.836 1.842 1. 845 1.837 1.839 41.2 41.4 41.5 41.3 41.1 1.279 1.281 1.282 1.292 1.295 70.49 70. 75 72.14 72.18 72.68 38.5 38.2 38.6 38.6 38.7 1.831 1. 852 1.869 1.870 1.878 Manufacturing—Continued Printing, publishing, and allied industries—Continued Newspapers Books Periodicals 40.6 $1. 713 $57.43 38.9 1.805 61.07 Commercial printing 38.7 $1. 484 $66. 33 38.6 1.582 69.44 40.3 $1.646 $64.15 39.7 1.749 69.17 1948: Average_____ $74.00 1949: Average_____ 78. 37 37.6 $1. 968 $69. 55 37.3 2.101 70. 21 1949: M ay___ _____ June________ July............ August______ September___ O ctober_____ November___ December....... 80.02 78.73 78.02 77.80 80.14 80.06 79.05 81. 50 37.8 37.4 37.1 36.8 37.5 37.5 37.2 38.1 2.117 2.105 2.103 2.114 2.137 2.135 2.125 2.139 68.62 68.91 70.21 70.90 74. 20 71.00 70. 21 70.67 38.4 38.8 38.6 39.0 40.0 38.8 38.6 38.7 1.787 1.776 1.819 1.818 1. 855 1.830 1.819 1.826 60.53 59.50 60.87 63.30 65.17 62. 48 61.05 61.83 38.7 37.8 38.5 39.1 40.3 39.0 37.8 38.5 1.564 1.574 1.581 1.619 1.617 1.502 1.615 1.606 69.51 70.80 70.05 69. 66 70.22 69. 84 69.36 71.17 39.7 40.0 39.8 39.6 39.9 39.5 39.3 40.3 1.751 1.770 1.760 1.759 1.760 1.768 1.765 1.766 1950: January_____ February____ March_______ A p r il___ _ M ay_______ 76.43 76.38 78. 42 79. 77 81.02 36.5 36.3 36.8 37.1 37.3 2.094 2.104 2.131 2.150 2.172 69.94 72.15 74.12 72. 65 72.06 38.6 39.3 39.7 39.1 38.7 1.812 1.836 1.867 1. 858 1.862 61.76 60. 50 62. 79 64.05 64. 25 38.1 37.3 38.5 39.2 39.2 1.621 1.622 1.631 1.634 1.639 70.80 70.70 71.56 70.84 71.72 40.0 39.3 39.6 39.4 39.8 1.770 1.799 1.807 1.798 1.802 See footnotes a t end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Lithographing Other printing and publishing 39.5 $1. 624 $59. 93 39.3 1.760 62.66 39.3 38.7 $1. 525 1.619 67.86 68. 87 67.75 71.22 73.71 73. 12 72.36 70.89 38.6 39.0 38.3 39.5 40.7 40.6 40.7 40.6 1.758 1.766 1.769 1.803 1.811 1.801 1.778 1.746 61.62 61.75 62.89 63.24 63.09 62. 05 63. 73 64. 59 38.2 38.4 38.7 38.4 38.8 37.7 39.0 39.6 1.613 1.608 1.625 1.647 1.626 1 646 1.634 1.631 69.03 70.07 71.34 71.62 71.91 38.5 38.8 39.2 39.2 39.6 1.793 1.806 1.820 1.827 1.816 64.48 64.77 65.16 64.41 63.46 39.2 38.9 38.9 38.8 38.3 1.645 1.665 1.675 1.660 1.657 284 G: EARNINGS AND HOURS M ONTHLY LABOR T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con. Manufacturing—Continued Chemicals and allied products Year and month Total: Chemicals and allied products Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn ings hours Industrial inorganic chemicals Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours Industrial organic chemicals Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours Avg. hrly. earn ings Plastics, except syn thetic rubber Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn ings hours Avg. hrly. earn ings Synthetic rubber Avg. wkly. Avg. earn wkly. ings hours Synthetic fibers Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours Avg. hrly. earn ings 1948: Average.......... $56. 23 1949: Average........... 58.63 41.5 $1.355 $62.13 41.0 1.430 63.90 40.9 $1.519 $57.69 40.6 1.574 60.83 40.4 $1. 428 $58. 75 39.5 1.540 60. 36 41.4 $1. 419 $62. 88 40.4 1.494 66.74 39.9 $1. 576 $53.05 39.8 1.677 55.20 39.5 38.6 $1. 343 1.430 1949: M ay................. June________ July.................. A ugust.......... . September___ October______ November___ December___ 58.20 59.08 59.44 58. 77 59. 66 59.51 59. 43 59. 78 40.7 40.8 40.6 40.5 41.4 41.7 41.5 41.6 1.430 1.448 1.464 1.451 1.441 1.427 1.432 1.437 62.59 65. 41 64.00 63.20 64.96 64.55 64.68 64. 99 40.2 41.4 40.3 40.1 40.7 40.8 40.6 40.8 1. 557 1. 580 1.588 1. 576 1.596 1.582 1.593 1. 593 60.09 60.56 61.50 60.68 62.33 62.20 62.44 62.75 39.2 39.2 39.3 39.2 39.8 39.9 40.0 40.2 1.533 1.545 1.565 1.548 1.566 1.559 1.561 1.561 58.21 59.68 59. 78 59.56 62.45 62.13 61.80 61. 55 39.2 39.6 39.8 40.0 41.3 41.2 40.9 40.9 1.485 1. 507 1.502 1.489 1.512 1.508 1.511 1.505 67.02 67.07 68. 21 67. 62 67.97 68.99 67. 78 68.27 39.8 39.9 39.0 39.8 39.7 40.7 40.2 40.3 1.684 1.681 1.749 1.699 1.712 1.695 1.686 1.694 55. 32 54.63 55.13 54. 02 55.96 55.63 56.20 56.37 38.5 38.2 38.1 37.7 38.7 38.9 39.3 39.5 1.437 1. 430 1.447 1. 433 1.446 1.430 1.430 1.427 1950: January............ February____ M arch........ . April________ M a y .. ______ 60.05 59. 96 60.09 60. 52 61.22 41.3 41.1 41.1 41.2 41.2 1.454 1.459 1.462 1.469 1.486 64.64 65.12 65.48 65. 77 65. 81 40.2 40.7 40.8 40.9 40.7 1.608 1.600 1.605 1.608 1.617 63. 63 62.64 62. 56 63.12 63.95 40.3 40.0 40.0 40.1 40.5 1.579 1.566 1.564 1. 574 1.579 63. 84 61.96 62.36 62.53 63.28 42.0 40.9 41.0 41.0 41.2 1.520 1. 515 1.521 1.525 1. 536 68. 48 68. 22 68. 93 70.96 70.48 39.7 40.2 40.5 41.4 41.0 1.725 1.697 1.702 1.714 1.719 56.45 55. 99 55. 97 56. 52 57.35 39.2 39.1 39.0 38.9 39.5 1.440 1. 432 1.435 1.453 1.452 M anufacturing—0 on tinued Chemicals and allied products—Continued and Drugs and medicines Paints, pigments, fillers 1948: Average__ 1949: A verage.... $53.71 56.60 1949: M ay............ June............ J u ly .......... . August___ September. October__ November. December. 1950: January__ February... March____ April......... M a y ........... Vegetable and animal Other chemicals and oils and fats allied products Fertilizers 40.6 $1.323 $58. 40 40.4 1.401 59.78 42.2 $1.384 $42.33 41.0 1.458 44. 72 56.68 56.28 56.40 56. 32 56.96 57.16 57.51 57. 21 40.4 40.2 40.0 40.0 40.4 40.6 40.7 40.6 1.403 1.400 1.410 1.408 1.410 1.408 1.413 1.409 59.22 59.90 59.31 59.51 60.88 60.90 60. 43 60.80 40.7 41.2 40.9 41.1 41.5 41.4 41.0 41.0 1.455 1.454 1.450 1.448 1.467 1.471 1.474 1.483 46.67 46.58 46.87 45.21 44.99 43.66 43.20 44.76 42.7 42.5 42.3 41.1 40.9 40.8 40.3 41.1 1.093 1.096 1.108 1.100 1.100 1.070 1.072 1.089 57.37 58.04 58.53 58.67 58.87 40.6 40.7 40.9 40.8 40.8 1.413 1.426 1.431 1.438 1.443 61.21 61.98 62.38 62.83 63.51 41.0 41.4 41.7 41.8 42.2 1.493 1.497 1.496 1.503 1.505 44.80 44.40 44. 84 46.31 47.96 40.8 40.7 41.1 41.8 41.7 1.098 1.091 1.091 1.108 1.150 41.5 $1.020 $50. 39 41.6 1.075 51.12 Soap and glycerin 47.4 $1.063 $57. 90 47.2 1.083 60.67 41.3 $1.402 $65. 90 40.8 1.487 66.54 42.0 40.9 $1. 569 1.627 51.30 52.12 52.69 52.30 51. 02 51.08 51.24 50.86 45.8 45.2 44.5 44.7 48.0 49.5 49.7 49.0 1.120 1.153 1.184 1.170 1.063 1.032 1.031 1.038 59.89 60.94 61.32 61. 02 62.12 62.57 61.58 62.02 40.6 40.9 40.8 40.9 41.3 41.6 41.0 41.1 1.475 1.490 1.503 1. 492 1.504 1.504 1.502 1.509 65.37 66.34 67.56 66. 79 68.30 68.97 67.20 67. 56 40.5 40.9 40.8 41.1 41.7 41.9 41.0 40.7 1.614 1.622 1.656 1. 625 1.638 1.646 1.639 1.660 49.89 50. 71 50. 82 51. 57 52.82 47.2 45.2 44.5 44.3 44.2 1.057 1.122 1.142 1.164 1.195 62.79 62.62 62.87 62.69 62.47 41.2 41.2 41.2 41.3 41.1 1.524 1.520 1.526 1.518 1.520 68.14 68.51 69. 50 68. 88 68.86 40.9 41.1 41.2 40.9 40.7 1.666 1.667 1.687 1. 684 1.692 Manufacturing—Continued Products of petroleum and coal Total: Products of petroleum and coal Petroleum refining 1948: Average_____ $69. 23 1949: Average_____ 72.36 40.7 $1.701 $72.06 40.4 1.791 75.33 1949: M ay_________ J u n e ................ July.................. August............. September___ October______ November___ December....... 72.12 71.84 73.59 72.38 74.47 74.09 72.12 71.74 40.7 40.2 40.7 40.3 41.1 41.0 40.0 39.9 1.772 1.787 1.808 1. 796 1.812 1.807 1.803 1.798 1950: January_____ February____ M arch__ ____ April________ M ay.......... ....... 73.79 71.64 71.54 73.73 73.32 40.7 39.8 39.7 40.8 40.6 1.813 1.800 1.802 1.807 1.806 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Rubber products petroleum and Coke and byproducts Other coal products Total: Rubber products Tires and inner tubes 40.3 $1.788 $58.56 40.2 1.874 61.07 39.7 $1. 475 $60. 59 39.3 1. 554 61.18 44.1 $1. 374 $56. 78 42.9 1.426 57.79 39.0 $1. 456 $62.16 38.3 1.509 63.26 37.2 36.4 $1.671 1.738 75.21 74.73 76.60 75.10 77.11 76.13 75.44 74.83 40.5 39.9 40.4 39.8 40.5 40.3 40.0 39.7 1.857 1.873 1.896 1.887 1.904 1.889 1.886 1.885 60.83 61.00 61.47 60.79 61.43 61.50 57.09 61.11 39.6 39.2 39.2 39.4 39.1 39.5 36.2 39.4 1.536 1.566 1.568 1. 543 1.571 1.557 1.577 1.551 60.09 60. 54 62.03 63. 26 67.43 67.36 62.36 59.14 42.8 43.0 43.9 44.3 46.6 45.7 42.8 41.3 1.404 1.408 1. 413 1.428 1.447 1.474 1.457 1.432 57.08 58. 29 58.37 57. 72 61.01 59. 57 57.91 59.04 37.7 38.2 38.4 38.3 40.3 39.4 38.4 39.2 1.514 1.526 1.520 1. 507 1.514 1.512 1.508 1.506 63.20 64.09 64.45 62. 32 69.95 64.83 63.91 64.79 36.3 36.6 36.6 36.0 39.1 37.3 36.9 37.3 1.741 1.751 1.761 1.731 1.789 1.738 1.732 1.737 77.41 74.84 74.88 76.99 75.77 40.7 39.6 39.6 40.5 39.9 1.902 1.890 1.891 1.901 1.899 61.93 61.17 58.90 62.60 61.89 39.8 39.8 38.1 40.0 39.8 1.556 1.537 1.546 1. 565 1.555 58.56 58.94 60.00 63.29 67.83 41.3 41.3 41.9 43.5 45.4 1.418 1.427 1.432 1.455 1.494 60.52 59.90 59.70 61.80 64.40 39.4 39.2 39.3 40.0 41.1 1.536 1.528 1.519 1.545 1.567 67. 70 67.22 65.26 69.23 74.68 38.4 38.3 37.4 39.0 41.1 1.763 1,755 1.745 1.775 1.817 REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 C: EARNINGS AND HOURS 285 T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Em ployees1—Con. Manufacturing—Continued Rubber products—Continued Year and month Rubber footwear Leather and leather products Leather and Otherrubberproducts Total: leather products Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. hrly. earn hours earn earn wkly. earn ings ings ings hours ings 1948: Average........... $51.75 1949: Average........... 48.94 1949: May............ 48.39 June.................. 60.36 July............. 48. 84 August______ 48. 78 September___ 51. 71 October______ 49.81 November___ 50.51 December____ 50. 23 1950: January............ 45.87 February____ 43. 06 M arch_______ 51.04 April________ 50.36 M ay ------ ------ 50. 20 41.8 $1,238 38.6 1.268 38.5 1.257 39.4 1.278 38.7 1.262 38.9 1. 254 40.4 1.280 39.1 1.274 39.9 1.266 39.8 1.262 35.7 1. 285 34.2 1.259 40.0 1.276 39. 5 1.275 39.4 1.274 $52.47 54.38 52.51 53.85 54.11 55.46 56. 50 57.06 54.04 55.66 57.04 56.43 56.16 57. 21 57.60 40.3 40.1 39.1 39.8 40.2 40.6 41.3 41.5 39.5 40.9 41.3 41.1 40.9 41.1 41.5 Otherleatherproducts Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. hrly. wkly. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn hours earn earn wkly. earn earn wkly. earn earn wkly. ings ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours $1. 302 $41.66 1.356 1.343 1.353 1.346 1.366 1.368 1.375 1.368 1.361 1.381 1.373 1.373 1.392 1.388 Footwear (except rubber) Leather 41.61 40.05 41.46 41.74 42.00 41.99 41.72 40.08 42.03 42.90 44.08 44.15 42.07 41.68 37.2 36.6 35.1 36.5 37.0 37.2 36.8 36.5 35.1 37.1 37.7 38.1 37.9 35.9 35.5 $1.120 $53. 26 39.6 $1. 345 $39. 71 1.137 54.11 38.9 1.391 39. 35 1.141 1.136 1.128 1.129 1.141 1.143 1.142 1.133 1.138 1.157 1.165 1.172 1.174 53.03 54.39 53. 19 54.34 54.76 55.09 54. 50 55.50 55.34 55. 29 54. 89 54.48 54.98 38.4 39.1 38.1 38.9 39.0 39.1 38.9 39.5 39.0 39.1 38.9 38.5 38.8 1.381 1.391 1.396 1.397 1.404 1.409 1. 401 1.405 1.419 1.414 1.411 1.415 1.417 37.37 39.24 39.93 40.04 39. 74 38.61 36. 40 39.20 40.77 42.22 42.15 39.32 38. 62 36.6 35.9 34.0 36.0 36.8 36.7 36.0 35.1 33.3 36.2 37.4 37.8 37.4 34.8 34.3 $1.085 $40.49 1.096 1.099 1.090 1.085 1.091 1.104 1.100 1.093 1.083 1.090 1.117 1.127 1.130 1.126 41.10 40.11 40.55 40.70 40.83 41. 46 42.72 41.66 42.29 42. 21 42.90 43.73 42.49 42.51 37.7 37.5 36.4 36.6 37.1 37.6 38.0 38.8 37.8 38.2 38.1 38.2 38.7 37.4 37.0 Avg. hrly. earn ings $1,074 1.096 1.102 1.108 1.097 1.086 1.091 1.101 1.102 1.107 1.108 1.123 1.130 1.136 1.149 Manufacturing—Continued Stone, clay, and glass products . Total: Stone, clay, and glass products 1948: Average_____ $53. 46 1949: Average_____ 54. 45 1949: May______ 53.90 June.................. 53. 58 July............. 52. 94 August______ 54.17 September___ 54.73 October______ 55.51 November___ 55. 28 December....... 55. 65 1950: January........ . 55.32 February____ 55. 56 March_______ 55. 70 April............... . 56. 56 M ay ________ 57.32 40.9 39.8 39.6 38.4 38.7 39.6 39.6 40.4 40.0 40.3 39.8 40.0 40.1 40.4 40.8 Glass and glass products Glass containers $1. 307 $54. 06 39.2 $1,379 $52.05 1.368 1.361 1.360 1.368 1.368 1.382 1.374 1.382 1.381 1.390 1.389 1.389 1.400 1.405 56.71 56.81 55. 98 55.22 56.08 55.89 57.04 57.19 58.16 59. 31 59.36 59.35 59.66 59. 79 39.0 39.1 38.9 37.9 39.0 38.2 39.5 39.2 39.7 39.7 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.4 1.454 1.453 1.439 1.457 1. 438 1.463 1.444 1.459 1.465 1.494 1.484 1.480 1.484 1.480 53.80 54.53 54.30 54.12 53.58 51.59 54.81 54.62 54.23 55.28 54.93 54. 79 55.38 54.98 39.7 39.3 39.8 39.9 39.3 39.6 37.3 40.3 39.9 39.5 39.6 39.6 39.7 40.1 40.4 Pressed and blown glass $1,311 $47.61 1.369 1.370 1.361 1.377 1.353 1.383 1.360 1.369 1.373 1.396 1.387 1.380 1.381 1.361 50.30 50.25 49. 08 47.80 49.15 50.53 50. 62 51.28 51.63 51.39 50.90 51.29 50.00 50. 96 38.8 38.6 38.3 37.9 36.6 38.1 38.9 39.0 38.7 39.5 38.9 39.0 39.3 38.7 39.2 Cement, hydraulic $1,227 $54.76 1.303 1.312 1.295 1.306 1.290 1.299 1.298 1.325 1. 307 1.321 1.305 1.305 1.292 1.300 57.49 57.68 58.80 58.07 58 36 59.16 59.40 57.66 57.81 57. 55 57.73 57.47 58.84 58. 99 41.9 41.6 41.8 42.0 41.1 41.6 41.6 42.1 41.1 41.5 40.9 41.5 41.2 41.7 41.6 Structural clay products $1. 307 $49. 57 40. 4 $1. 227 1.382 1.380 1.400 1.413 1.403 1.422 1.411 1.403 1.393 1.407 1.391 1.395 1.411 1.418 49.73 49.94 49.43 48.86 49. 51 50.04 49.83 49.59 49.92 49.52 49.37 49.90 52.33 53.36 39.0 1. 275 39.2 1. 274 38.8 1. 274 38. 5 1. 269 38. 8 1. 276 39.0 1. 283 38.9 1. 281 38.5 1. 288 39.0 1. 280 38.6 1. 283 38.6 1. 279 38.8 1. 286 40.1 1. 305 40.3 1. 324 Manufacturing—Continued Primary metal indus tries Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued Brick and hollow tile 1948: Average_____ $49. 05 1949: Average........... 49. 57 1949: May............ 49.66 June________ 50.01 July.................. 48.93 August______ 50. 40 September___ 50.68 October............ 51.36 November___ 50.53 December....... 49.39 1950: January............ 47.81 February......... 47.14 M arch_______ 48. 26 April________ 50.98 M ay_________ 53.40 42.5 41.8 41.7 42.2 41. 6 42.6 42.3 42.8 42.0 41.4 41.0 40.5 41.0 42.2 43.1 See footnotes a t end of table. 8954,83- 50- -7 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Pottery and related Concrete, gypsum, products and plaster products stone, clay, and Total: Primary metal Concrete products Other glass products industries $1.154 $49. 46 38.7 $1. 278 $56. 49 44.8 $1. 261 $56. 92 44.4 $1. 282 $55.10 1.186 48.85 36.4 1. 342 57.77 43.8 1.319 59. 31 43.8 1.354 54. 72 1.191 48.30 36.1 1.338 55.30 42.8 1.292 59.36 44.8 1.325 54. 05 1.185 46.59 34.9 1.335 56. 20 43.1 1.304 59.98 44.3 1.354 53.72 1.179 42.55 31.9 1.334 57.77 43.8 1.319 60.60 44.3 1.368 52.76 1.183 46.84 34.9 1.342 59.50 44.6 1.334 61 . 39 44.2 1.389 53.69 1.198 46.82 35.1 1.334 60. 30 44.8 1.346 62.62 44.7 1.401 1.200 50. 71 37.7 1.345 60.26 44.9 1.342 61.51 44.8 1.373 555.37 5. 34 1.203 50.97 37.7 1.352 59.85 44.5 1.345 57. 98 42.6 1.361 55.01 1.193 51.16 37.7 1.357 60.12 44.7 1.345 58.11 42.7 1.361 55. 36 1.166 48.99 36.1 1.357 58.16 43.6 1.334 56.80 42.2 1. 346 55.33 1.164 50.00 36.9 1.355 58.55 43.6 1.343 55. 71 41.3 1.349 55.69 1.177 50.37 37.2 1.354 59.13 43.9 1.347 57.48 42.2 1.362 55. 75 1.208 50. 57 37.1 1.363 59.40 44.0 1.350 59.10 43.3 1.365 56.38 1.239 50.43 37.0 1.363 60. 61 44.7 1.356 60.29 44.2 1.364 57. 82 41.0 39.2 38.8 38.7 37.9 38.6 39.1 39.5 39.1 39.4 39.3 39.3 39.4 39.4 40.1 $1. 344 $61.03 1.396 60. 78 1.393 1.388 1.392 1.391 1.416 1.401 1.407 1.405 1.408 1.417 1.415 1.431 1.442 60.08 59.82 58.63 59 45 60.42 58.35 57.48 62.92 63.79 63. 48 62.40 65.04 65. 61 40.1 38.3 38.0 37.6 36.9 37.6 37.6 37.5 36.4 39.4 39.5 39.6 38.9 40.4 40.5 $1. 522 1.587 1.581 1.591 1.589 1.581 1.607 1.556 1.579 1. 597 1.615 1.603 1.604 1.610 1.620 G: EARNINGS AND HOURS 286 MONTHLY LABOR T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Em ployees1—Con. Manufacturing—Continued Primary metal industries—Continued Year and month Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills Avg. Avg. wkiy. wkly. earn hours ings 1948: Average_____ $62. 41 1949: Average_____ 63.04 Avg. hrly. earn ings Iron and steel foundries Avg. wkly. earn ings 39.5 $1. 580 $58.45 38.3 1.646 55.09 Avg. wkly. hours Avg. hrly. earn ings Malleable-iron foundries Gray-iron foundries Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn hours ings 40.7 $1. 436 $57. 46 37.2 1. 481 54. 38 Avg. hrly. earn ings Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn hours ings Steel foundries Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours Avg. hrly. earn ings P rim ary sm e ltin g and refining of nonferrous metals Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn hours ings Avg. hrly. earn ings 40.9 $1. 405 $59.19 37.5 1.450 54. 30 40.4 $1.465 $59. 93 35.7 1.521 56.73 40.6 $1. 476 $58. 22 37.3 1. 521 60.36 41.0 40.4 $1. 420 1.494 1949: M a y ..- ............ June____ ____ J u l y . .. ............ August— ........ Beptember___ October........... November___ December___ 63.24 62.21 59.88 61.33 62.07 55.90 56.48 64.65 38.7 37.7 36.4 37.6 37.1 34.0 34.4 39.3 1.634 1.650 1.645 1.631 1.673 1.644 1.642 1.645 52.26 53.47 53. 62 53. 50 54. 39 54. 80 53.83 57. 22 35.5 36.2 36.3 36.2 36.6 36.9 36.3 38.3 1.472 1.477 1.477 1.478 1.486 1. 485 1.483 1.494 50.47 52. 67 52. 63 53.00 55.04 55.96 54. 31 57.25 35.1 36.4 36.4 36.6 37.8 38.3 37.3 39.0 1.438 1.447 1.446 1. 448 1. 456 1.461 1.456 1.468 51.60 53.70 53. 49 53.50 54.01 52.32 51.14 57.41 34.4 35.4 35.1 35.2 35.0 34.4 33.6 37.4 1.500 1.517 1.524 1.520 1.543 1. 521 1.522 1. 535 55.72 54.73 55. 57 54.50 53.41 53.99 54. 66 56. 61 36.8 36.2 36.8 35 9 35.0 35.4 35.7 37.0 1.514 1.512 1.510 1.518 1.526 1.525 1. 531 1.530 61.05 60.71 59.00 58. 39 59. 24 59.87 58.43 59.60 40.7 40.5 39.1 39.4 39.6 40.7 39.4 40.3 1.500 1.499 1.509 1.482 1.496 1.471 1.483 1.479 1950: January_____ February____ M a r c h ____ April________ M a y ________ 65.83 64. 81 61.84 65. 95 65. 86 39.3 39.3 37.5 39.9 39.7 1.675 1.649 1.649 1.653 1.659 58.17 59.11 60.33 62.37 63.38 38.7 39.2 39.9 40.9 41.4 1. 503 1.508 1.512 1.525 1.531 57.74 58. 91 59. 81 61.96 63.44 39.2 39.7 40.3 41.2 41.9 1.473 1.484 1.484 1.504 1. 514 59.25 59.25 61.70 63.49 63.40 38.3 38.6 39.6 40.7 40.8 1. 547 1.535 1.558 1.560 1.554 57. 75 59.83 60. 61 62.83 63.49 37.6 38.7 39.1 40.3 40.7 1.536 1. 546 1.550 1.559 1. 560 62.07 60. 24 61.13 61.65 61.98 41.3 40.4 40.7 40.8 40.8 1. 503 1.491 1.502 1.511 1.519 Manufacturing—Continued Primary metal industries—Continued Prim ary sm elting and refining of copper, lead, and line 1948: Average_____ $57.14 1949: Average........... 58.99 Primary refining of aluminum R olling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals R olling, drawing, and alloying of copper R olling, drawing, and alloying of aluminum Nonferrous foundries 40.9 $1.397 $58.95 40.1 1.471 61.95 41.4 $1.424 $57. 81 41.3 1. 500 58.05 40.2 $1.438 $60. 42 38.7 1.500 59. 29 40.8 $1. 481 $53.88 38.5 1.540 56. 21 39.1 $1.378 $59.96 38.9 1.445 60. 92 40.0 39.0 $1.499 1. 562 1949: M a y .. . ..........June................ July................... August_____ September___ October ......... November___ December........ 60.22 59. 85 57.77 56.76 57.51 57. 47 56.12 57.82 40.5 40.3 38.8 39.2 39.2 40.3 39.0 40.1 1.487 1.485 1.489 1.448 1.467 1.426 1.439 1.442 61.07 60.91 61.10 61.92 62.23 64.45 64. 83 61.87 41.1 41.1 41.2 40.9 41.1 42.4 40.8 40.6 1.486 1.482 1.483 1. 514 1.514 1.520 1.589 1. 524 53. 62 55.17 56.36 58.89 59.65 61.84 63. 57 62.28 36.5 37.3 37.9 39.0 39.5 40.5 41.2 40.6 1.469 1.479 1.487 1. 510 1.510 1.527 1. 543 1. 534 51.92 55.18 57.42 61.26 61.96 64.69 65.44 66.32 34.5 36.4 37.8 39.6 40.0 41.1 41.6 42.0 1.505 1.516 1.519 1.547 1.549 1.574 1.573 1.579 55.30 54.89 55.02 55. 48 55.83 57.41 58. 55 54.67 38.7 38.2 38.0 38.0 38.4 39.4 39.8 37.7 1.429 1.437 1.448 1.460 1. 454 1.457 1.471 1.450 59.01 59.94 60. 57 60 14 61.50 62.33 61.93 63.20 37.9 38.5 38.8 38.6 39.3 39.5 39.1 39.9 1.557 1. 557 1.561 1. 558 1.565 1.578 1.584 1. 584 1950: January_____ February___ M arch______ April________ M a y ________ 61.35 59. 00 59. 79 60.42 60.29 41.4 40.3 40.7 40.8 40.6 1.482 1.464 1.469 1.481 1.485 61.16 61. 66 62.25 62.03 62.73 40.8 41.0 40.9 40.7 41.0 1.499 1.504 1.522 1.524 1.530 61.97 63. 29 64. 29 64. 58 67.13 40.5 41.1 41.4 41.4 42.3 1.530 1.540 1.553 1.560 1.587 64.53 66.30 . 96 67. 87 71.32 41.1 41.7 41.9 42.1 43.3 1.570 1.590 1. 598 1.612 1.647 57.37 57. 91 59.54 58. 65 58.97 39.4 39.8 40.5 40.2 40.2 1.456 1.455 1.470 1.459 1.467 62.73 62. 29 63.04 64.03 65.36 39.0 39.5 40.1 40.5 40.9 1.584 1.577 1.572 1.581 1. 598 66 Manufacturing—Continued Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment) Primary metal industries—Continued Other primary metal industries 1948: Average_____ $63.08 1949: Average......... . 63.34 Iron and steel forg ings 40.8 $1. 546 $65.16 39.1 1.620 63.18 Wire drawing 40.6 $1.396 $54.07 39.6 1.460 56.24 40.9 $1.322 $54. 22 40.4 1. 392 54. 82 40.8 39.3 $1. 329 1.395 38.3 38.5 38. 2 38 1 38.4 38.8 37.8 40.5 1.612 1.625 1.620 1.618 1.628 1.622 1.613 1.629 61.96 62. 93 61.28 60.37 60.13 60.06 59. 42 64. 01 37.6 38.0 37.5 36.9 36.4 36.4 36.1 38.4 1.648 1.656 1.634 1.636 1. 652 1.650 1.646 1. 667 60.34 61.44 61.26 61.26 63.34 66.67 64. 55 69. 34 37.5 37.9 38.0 38.0 39.0 41.0 39.6 42.0 1950: January_____ February....... . M arch_______ April________ M ay. ---------- 65.44 67. 28 67.23 67. 61 69. 76 40.0 40.8 40.4 40.8 41.6 1.636 1.649 1.664 1.657 1.677 64. 89 . 94 . 75 . 97 72. 89 38.6 39.4 39.9 40.1 41.7 1.681 1.699 1.723 1.720 1.748 68. 05 71.06 68. 82 40.6 42.2 40.7 41.6 41.7 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware 40.5 $1. 535 $56.68 39.2 1.624 57.82 61.74 62.56 61.88 61.65 62.52 62.93 60. 97 65.97 See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table. Tin cans and other tinware 40.8 $1. 597 $62.17 38.2 1.654 63.66 1949: M a y ________ June.................. July_________ August__ .. September___ October_____ November____ December____ 66 68 68 Total: Fabricated met al products (except ordnance, machin ery and transporta tion equipment) 69. 85 70. 51 1.609 1.621 1.612 1.612 1.624 1.626 . 630 1.651 56.67 57.39 57. 61 58.13 59.25 58. 51 56. 88 59.66 39.0 39.2 39.3 39.6 40.2 40.1 39.2 40.5 1.453 1.464 1,466 1.46S 1. 474 1.459 1.451 1.473 54.06 55.68 59. 34 61.13 59.00 55.58 53.19 57.16 39.4 40.7 42.6 42.6 41.2 39.5 38.1 40.8 1.372 1.368 1.393 1.435 1.432 1.407 1.396 1.401 54. 51 53. 92 54.33 53.37 55.18 53.40 54.41 56.84 39.1 38.6 38.7 38 2 39.3 38.5 39.2 40.4 1.394 1.397 1.404 1 397 1. 404 1.387 1.388 1. 407 1.676 1.684 1.691 1.679 1.691 59.93 59. 68 59.64 60.52 60.77 40.3 40.3 40.3 40.7 40.7 1.487 1.481 1.480 1.487 1.493 56. 76 56.80 56.98 59.00 59. 60 40.4 40.2 40.3 40.8 41.1 1.405 1.413 1.414 1.446 1.450 57.55 58. 20 58.83 58.83 57.61 40.5 40.7 41.2 41.2 40.6 1.421 1.430 1.428 1.428 1.419 1 REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 287 G: EARNING,S AND HOURS T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con. Manufacturing—Continued Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—Continued Cutlery and edge tools Hand tools Year and month Avg. wkly. earn ings Avg. wkly. hours Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours Heating apparatus (except electric) and plumbers’ sup plies Hardware Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings hours ings Sanitary ware and plumbers’ supplies Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours 1948: Average_____ $51. 13 1949: Average............ 50. 84 41.3 $1. 238 $56. 07 40.0 1. 271 54.54 40.9 $1.371 38.6 1. 413 54.26 56. 28 40.4 $1.343 $57.53 39.3 1.432 57.04 40.2 $1.431 $60. 40 38.7 1.474 59.79 1949: M a y ________ June________ July_________ August______ September___ October______ November___ December........ 49.99 49.88 49. 68 49.87 52. 26 52. 51 53. 12 50.89 39.8 39.4 39.3 39.3 40.8 40.8 41.5 40.1 1.256 1.266 1.264 1.269 1.281 1.287 1.280 1.269 53.95 52.23 52. 25 51. 78 52.82 54. 03 53. 44 55. 04 38.4 37.2 37.4 36.8 37.3 38.4 37.9 38.9 1.405 1.404 1. 397 1.407 1.416 1.407 1.410 1.415 56. 43 56.04 56.67 55. 22 56.88 53. 35 54. 89 59.20 39.3 39.0 39.0 38.4 39.5 37.6 38.6 40.8 1.436 1.437 1.453 1.438 1.440 1.419 1.422 1.451 54.61 54. 72 54.85 57.63 59. 56 61.23 59.32 60.39 37.1 37.3 37.7 39.5 40.3 41.4 40.0 40.5 1.472 1.467 1.455 1.459 1.478 1.479 1.483 1.491 1950: January_____ February____ M arch .-. _ April-M ay________ 50. 79 51. 22 53. 07 53.49 52.16 39.9 40.3 41. 2 41.4 40.5 1.273 1.271 1.288 1.292 1.288 55. 92 55. 87 56. 77 57. 36 58.28 39.3 39.1 39.7 40.0 40.5 1.423 1.429 1.430 1.434 1.439 60.19 61.04 61.15 60.71 58.91 41.0 41.3 41.6 41.5 40.6 1.468 1.478 1. 470 1.463 1.451 59. 23 59.59 60.20 60. 33 60. 78 39.7 39.7 40.0 39.9 40.2 1.492 1.501 1. 505 1.512 1.512 Avg. hrly. earn ings Oil burners, nonelec tric heating and cooking apparatus, not elsewhere clas sified Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn ings hours Avg. hrly. earn ings 40.4 $1. 495 $55. 80 38.5 1.553 55.45 40.0 38.8 $1.395 1.429 57.55 55.94 58. 64 59. 25 60.14 63. 73 64. 56 65.20 37.2 36.3 38.3 38.5 38.6 40.8 41.2 41.5 1. 547 1. 541 1. 531 1.539 1. 558 1.562 1.567 1.571 52. 76 54. 26 53. 05 56. 82 59. 45 60.01 56.24 57.15 37.0 38.0 37.6 40. 1 41.2 41.7 39.3 39.8 1.426 1.428 1.411 1.417 1.443 1.439 1.431 1.436 62.24 63.54 63.86 63. 91 63.91 40.0 40.5 40.6 40.4 40.4 1.556 1.569 1.573 1. 582 1.582 57.14 56. 76 57. 62 58.56 59.23 39.6 39.2 39.6 40.0 40.4 1.443 1.448 1.455 1.464 1.466 Manufacturing—Continued Fabricated metal products (except ordnance machinery, and transportation equipment)—Continued Fabricated structural metal products Structural steel and ornamental metal work Boiler-shop products 1948: Average_____ $58.17 1949: Average_____ 59. 90 41.2 $1.412 $57. 68 40.5 1.479 60. 91 1949: M ay........ ......... June_________ July................... August______ September___ October______ November___ December____ 59. 90 59. 95 59 32 59. 83 60. 59 59. 45 57. 89 60.85 40.5 40.4 40.0 40.4 40.8 40.5 39.3 40.7 1.479 1.484 1.483 1.481 1.485 1.468 1.473 1. 495 60.75 61.13 60.13 62. 32 62.31 60. 97 57.95 63.34 40. S 41.0 40.3 41.8 41.9 41.7 39.5 42.2 1.489 1.491 1.492 1. 491 1.487 1.462 1.467 1.501 59.68 59.00 59. 75 59. 10 60.71 59.82 58. 97 59.18 40.3 39.6 40. 1 39.8 40.5 40.2 39.5 39.4 1.481 1.490 1.490 1.485 1.499 1.488 1. 493 1.502 1950: January.. . . . February____ March _ _. April________ M ay________ 60. 30 59. 81 60. 38 61.27 61.58 40.2 39.9 40.2 40.6 40.7 1.500 1.499 1.502 1.509 1.513 61.51 61.01 61. 43 62.24 62.35 41. 2 40.7 40.9 41.3 41.4 1.493 1.499 1.502 1.507 1.506 58. 62 58.45 58. 79 59. 54 59.80 38.9 39.1 39.3 39.8 40.0 1.507 1.495 1.496 1. 496 1.495 41.2 $1.400 $58. 79 41.1 1. 482 59. 78 Sheet-metal work Metal stamping, coat Stamped and pressed ing, and engraving metal products 40.6 $1.395 $56. 66 39.7 1.451 58.54 40.1 $1.413 $58.39 39.5 1.482 60.30 40.3 39.7 $1.449 1.519 57.93 57.63 58. 25 57.70 58.32 55.41 57. 98 58.28 39.9 39.8 39.9 39.6 40.0 38.8 40.1 40.0 1.452 1.448 1.460 1. 457 1.458 1.428 1.446 1. 457 57.11 59.35 58.08 60.06 60.78 58. 97 56.38 60.18 38.8 39.7 38.8 39.8 40.2 39.9 38.8 40.2 1.472 1.495 1.497 1.509 1.512 1.478 1.453 1.496 58.69 61.16 59. 59 61.88 63.02 60. 61 57.82 62.18 39.1 40.0 38.9 40.0 40.5 39.9 38.7 40.4 1.501 1.529 1.532 1.547 1.556 1.519 1.494 1.539 58.93 58. 89 58. 39 58. 77 60.26 39.9 40.2 39.8 39.9 40.5 1.477 1.465 1. 467 1.473 1.488 61.02 60. 67 60. 63 61. 23 61.39 40.2 40.5 40.5 40.9 40.6 1. 518 1.498 1.497 1.497 1.512 63.37 62. 35 62.59 62. 97 63.47 40.7 40.7 40.8 41.1 41.0 1.557 1.532 1.534 1.532 1.548 41. 2 $1.427 $56. 64 40.2 1.487 57.60 M anufacturing—Continued Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machin ery, and transportation e q u i p ment)—Con. Other fabricated metal products Machinery (except electrical) Total: Machinery (except electrical) Engines and turbines Agricultural machin ery and tractors 40.5 $1.496 $62. 05 39.3 1. 555 61.86 1948: Average_____ $56. 88 1949: Average_____ 58. 38 40.4 $1.468 $60. 52 39.5 1. 478 60. 44 41.2 $1. 469 $63. 50 39.5 1.530 63.13 40.5 $1. 568 $60. 59 38.9 1.623 61.11 1949: M s y ................. June____ ____ July................... A u g u s t........... September___ October______ November___ December____ 56. 44 58.15 59. 05 57. 92 59.15 59. 85 57.51 60.56 38.5 39.0 39.5 39.0 39.7 40.3 39.2 40.7 1.466 1.491 1.495 1.485 1.490 1.485 1.467 1.488 59.70 59. 94 59. 67 59.86 60.44 60. 21 59. 21 61.30 39.2 39.2 39.0 39.1 39.3 39.2 38.5 39.7 1.523 1.529 1.530 1.531 1.538 1.536 1.538 1.544 63.10 63. 58 61.72 62.93 62. 56 62.15 61.81 63. 84 39.0 39.2 38.1 38.8 38.5 38.2 37.9 39.0 1.618 1.622 1.620 1.622 1.625 1.627 1.631 1.637 60.26 61. 78 62.09 61.00 61.39 61.23 57. 61 60.96 39.0 39.5 39.7 39.1 39.1 39.4 37.0 38.9 1.545 1. 564 1.564 1.560 1.570 1. 554 1.557 1. 567 1950: January_____ February____ M arch___ April________ M ay................. 61. 51 60. 47 59.14 61. 23 62.23 40.6 40.5 39.8 40.9 41.1 1. 515 1.493 1.486 1. 497 1.514 61. 57 62. 55 63. 34 64. 33 65.13 39.8 40.3 40.6 41.0 41.3 1. 547 1.552 1.560 1.569 1.577 63.88 63.69 63.96 68. 72 68. 95 39.0 39.0 39.0 41.0 40.8 1.638 1.633 1.640 1.676 1. 690 61.58 63. 24 62. 92 63. 44 63. 92 39.1 40.0 39.6 39.9 40.0 1.575 1.581 1.589 1.590 1.598 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Agricultural machin ery (except tractors) Tractors 40.5 $1. 532 $58. 62 39.2 1.578 59.93 40.4 39.3 $1.451 1.525 60.80 62.57 63.68 62.25 61.69 61.39 58.02 61. 22 38.8 39.6 40.1 39.3 38.8 39.0 39.7 38.6 1. 567 1.580 1.588 1.584 1. 590 1.574 1.581 1.586 59. 51 60. 83 60.13 59. 48 61.03 60.70 57.00 60.48 39.2 39.4 39.2 38.9 39.5 39.7 37.4 39.3 1. 518 1.544 1.534 1 529 1.545 1.529 1. 524 1.539 61.92 64.28 63.92 65.12 65. 97 38.8 40.2 39.7 40.4 40.7 1.596 1.599 1. 610 1.612 1.621 60.91 61.93 61.66 61.00 61.74 39.4 39.8 39.5 39.2 39.5 1.546 1.556 1.561 1.556 1.563 C: EARNINGS AND HOURS 288 MONTHLY LABOR T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con. Manufacturing—Continued Machinery (except electrical)—Continued Year and month Construction and mining machinery Avg. wkly. Avg. earn wkly. ings hours Metalworking machinery Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. wkly. earn earn hours ings ings 42.1 $1,433 $62.94 39.8 1.476 61.11 Machine tools Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. wkly. earn earn hours ings ings 42.1 $1,495 $61. 57 39.5 1.547 59.15 Metalworking ma chinery (except machine tools) Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn ings ings 42.2 $1.459 $62.98 39.3 1.505 61.85 Avg. wkly. hours Machine-tool acces sories Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. wkly. earn earn hours ings ings 42.1 $1. 496 $65. 21 39.8 1.554 64.16 1948: Average____ 1949: Average____ $60.33 58.74 1949: M ay.......... . J u n e ............ July_______ August____ Septem ber.. October........ N ovem ber.. D ecem ber... 58. 67 58.61 56.97 57.00 57.11 57.07 55.90 59.34 39.8 39.9 38.6 38.8 38.8 38.8 37.9 40.2 1.474 1.469 1.476 1.469 1.472 1.471 1.475 1.476 60.72 59.79 59.10 59.87 60.37 60. 41 59.44 61.73 39.4 38.8 38.3 38.6 38.9 38.8 38.4 39.7 1.541 1.541 1.543 1.551 1.552 1.557 1.548 1.555 59.04 57.90 57.00 58.32 58.06 57.64 57.34 59.92 39.2 38.5 37.9 38.6 38.4 38.2 38.1 39.5 1.506 1.504 1. 504 1.511 1.512 1.509 1.505 1. 517 61.61 60.68 59.64 60.22 60.26 61.50 59.48 62.53 39.9 39.3 38.7 39.0 39.0 39.5 38.2 39.8 1.544 1. 544 1.541 1.544 1.545 1.557 1.557 1.571 1950: January___ February___ M arch_____ April______ M a y............ . 60.28 61.36 62.36 63.16 63.94 40.4 40.8 41.3 41.5 41.9 1.492 1.504 1.510 1.522 1.526 61.42 63.86 65.10 67. 41 68. 27 39.4 40.6 41.1 42.0 42.3 1.559 1.573 1.584 1.605 1.614 59.66 61.86 63. 00 64. 56 65. 25 39.2 40.3 40.8 41.6 41.8 1.522 1.535 1.544 1.552 1.561 61.94 66.17 67.10 70.11 69.48 39.3 41.2 41.6 42.8 42.6 1. 576 1.606 1.613 1.638 1.631 Special-industry ma c h in e r y (e x c e p t metalworking ma chinery) Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours Avg. hrly. earn ings 41.8 $1. 560 $60.62 39.7 1.616 60.57 42.3 40.3 $1. 433 1.503 62.80 62.52 62.38 62.09 65.27 64.85 63. 38 64.08 39.2 39.0 38.7 38.0 39.8 39.3 39.1 39.9 1.602 1.603 1.612 1.634 1.640 1.650 1.621 1.606 60. 57 59.98 60.02 59. 67 60.30 59.88 59.97 61. 72 40.3 39.8 39.8 39.7 39.8 39.5 39.4 40.5 1.503 1.507 1. 508 1.503 1.515 1.516 1.522 1.524 63.64 65.37 66. 95 70.39 72.12 39.6 40.6 41.1 42.2 42.7 1.607 1.610 1.629 1.668 1.689 61.45 61.80 62.26 62. 73 63.51 40.4 40.5 40.8 41.0 41.4 1.521 1.526 1.526 1.530 1.534 Manufacturing—Continued Machinery (except electrical)—Continued General industrial machinery Office and store ma Computing machines and cash registers chines and devices 41.2 $1.451 $61.49 39.5 1.507 62. 53 41.1 $1. 496 $66.54 39.5 1.583 67.87 Typewriters 41.1 $1,354 $58.98 39.0 1.437 60.66 40.4 $1.460 $58.29 39.7 1.528 59. 98 39.9 39.0 $1.461 1.538 56.55 56. 76 56.23 54.08 56.74 56.85 56.41 56.44 39.3 39.2 39.1 37.9 39.4 39.7 39.2 38.9 1.439 1.448 1.438 1.427 1.440 1.432 1.439 1.451 59.03 59.66 62. 58 62.48 63.71 60.99 60.49 62.61 39.3 39.3 40.9 40.6 41.1 39.5 39.2 40.5 1.502 1.518 1.530 1.539 1.550 1.544 1.543 1.546 58.86 59.02 62.78 62.91 64.14 59.32 58.01 61.76 38.8 38.5 40.4 40.2 40.7 38.2 37.5 40.0 1.517 1.533 1.554 1.565 1.576 1.553 1.547 1.544 55.77 56.41 56. 47 57.41 58.19 38.7 39.2 39.3 39.7 40.1 1.441 1.439 1.437 1.446 1.451 63.24 63.87 66.14 65. 32 67. 32 40.8 41.1 42.1 41.5 42.5 1.550 1. 554 1. 571 1. 574 1.584 62.16 63.65 66.12 65.18 67.46 40.1 40.7 41.9 41.1 42.4 1.550 1.564 1.578 1.586 1.591 41.2 $1.615 $55.65 39.9 1.701 56. 04 1948: Average........ 1949: Average------ $59.78 59.53 1949: M ay.............. June_______ July............... August.......... Septem ber.. October-----N ovem ber.. D ecember.. . 58.95 59.26 58.16 58.39 59.00 59.72 58.29 59. 96 39.3 39.3 38.8 38.9 39.1 39.5 38.5 39.5 1.500 1.508 1.499 1.501 1.509 1. 512 1.514 1. 518 62.21 62.73 62.45 60.87 62.69 62.53 62.77 64.32 39.3 39.6 39.3 38.6 39.5 39.5 39.5 40.0 1.583 1.584 1.589 1.577 1.587 1.583 1.589 1.608 66.70 67.28 67.86 67.15 67.93 67.89 67.91 69.97 39.4 39.6 39.5 39.5 39.7 39.7 39.6 40.4 1.693 1.699 1.718 1.700 1.711 1.710 1.715 1.732 1950: January-----February— M arch......... April______ M a y ............ - 60.04 59.93 60. 93 62.05 63.89 39.5 39.4 39.9 40.4 41.3 1.520 1.521 1.527 1. 536 1.547 63.84 63.64 63.16 63.64 63. 96 39.8 39.9 39.8 40.1 40.1 1.604 1.595 1.587 1. 587 1.595 69. 60 68.84 68.05 68. 56 69.20 40.3 40.0 39.7 40.0 40.3 1.727 1.721 1.714 1.714 1.717 Service-industry and Refrigerators and airhousehold machines conditioning units Manufacturing—Continued Electrical machinery Machinery (except electrical)—Continued Miscellaneous ma chinery parts 1948: Average-------- $57.62 1949: Average_____ 57.59 Machine shops ()ob and repair) 40.1 $1.437 $58.77 38.6 1.492 58.70 Total: Electrical machinery 40.2 $1.462 $55.66 39.0 1.505 56.96 Electrical generat ing, transmission, distribution, and industrial appara tus Motors, generators, transformers, and industrial controls 40.1 $1.388 $58.34 39.5 1.442 59. 61 40.4 $1.444 $59. 55 39.5 1.509 61.30 Electrical equipment for vehicles 40.4 $1.474 $56.77 39.7 1. 544 59.16 39.7 39.1 $1.430 1.513 1949: M ay________ June________ July_________ A ugust.......... September___ October............ November___ December___ 55.35 55.87 55.20 57.29 57.37 58.08 58.50 59. 45 37.3 37.7 37.2 38.5 38.4 38.9 39.0 39.4 1.484 1.482 1.484 1.488 1.494 1.493 1. 500 1.509 57.45 58.72 58.36 58.31 56.44 56.81 55.39 59.67 38.1 39.2 38.8 39.0 37.7 38.1 37.1 39.7 1.508 1.498 1.504 1.495 1.497 1.491 1.493 1.503 55.99 56.16 56.00 56.73 57.88 57.97 57.36 58.63 38.8 39.0 38.7 39.1 40.0 40.4 40.0 40.6 1.443 1.440 1.447 1.451 1.447 1.435 1.434 1.444 58.36 58.55 59.24 59.74 60.22 59.89 59.67 61.67 38.6 38.8 39.0 39.3 39.8 39.9 39.7 40.6 1.512 1.509 1.519 1.520 1. 513 1.501 1.503 1.519 60.06 60.21 61.23 61.62 62.16 61.51 61.06 63. 57 38.9 39.1 39.4 39.6 40.1 40.1 39.7 40.8 1. 544 1.540 1.554 1.556 1.550 1.534 1. 538 1.558 59.80 59.69 60.97 62.79 62.90 59.95 52. 65 57. 90 39.5 39.4 39.9 40.8 40.9 39.7 35.1 38.5 1.514 1.515 1.528 1.539 1.538 1.510 1.500 1.504 1950: January_____ February____ M arch___ __ April________ M ay________ 59.64 61.18 62. 01 63.13 62.59 39.6 40.3 40.5 41. 1 40.8 1.506 1.518 1.531 1. 536 1.534 59.86 60.79 60. 42 61.88 63.09 39.8 40.1 39.8 40.5 41.1 1.504 1.516 1.518 1.528 1.535 58.44 58.26 58.44 58.85 59.43 40.5 40.4 40.5 40.7 40.9 1.443 1.442 1.443 1.446 1.453 60.46 60.04 60.51 60. 81 61.50 40.2 40.0 40.1 40.3 40.7 1.504 1.501 1.509 1.509 1.511 62.02 61.16 61.79 62.18 63.00 40.3 40.0 40.1 40.3 40.8 1.539 1.529 1. 541 1.543 1.544 60.19 61.38 63. 73 64. 86 69.12 39.7 40.3 41.3 41.9 43.8 1.516 1.523 1.543 1.548 1.578 See footnotes at end of table, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 289 C: EARNINGS AND HOURS REVIEW , AUGUST 1950 T able C -l: H ours and Gross E arnings of Production Workers or N onsupervisory E m ployees 1— Con. Manufacturing—Continued Transportation equipment Electrical machinery—Continued Year and month Communication equipment Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn hours ings 1948: Average_____ $52.10 1949: Average_____ 53.56 Radios, phonographs, Telephone and tele Electrical appliances, lamps, and miscel television sets, and graph equipment laneous products equipment Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. kly. earn earn w ings hours ings 39.8 $1,309 $48. 53 39.5 1. 356 50. 68 Avg. hrly. earn ings Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn ings hours Avg. hrly. earn ings Avg. wkly. earn ings 39.2 $1. 238 $59. 54 39.5 1.283 61.43 40.7 $1. 463 $56. 08 39.3 1.563 56. 52 Avg. wkly. hours Total: Transporta tion equipment Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings hours ings 40.2 $1. 395 $61. 58 39.5 1.431 64. 95 Automobiles Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours Avg. hrly. earn ings 39.0 $1,579 $61.86 39.2 1.657 65.97 38.4 38.9 $1.611 1.696 1949: M ay________ J u n e .,.............. J u ly ________ August............. September___ October______ November___ December........ 52. 85 53. 35 51.54 52. 20 54.44 55. 66 55.69 55.69 38.8 39.2 37.9 38.3 40.0 41.2 41.1 41.1 1.362 1.361 1.360 1.363 1.361 1.351 1.355 1.355 49. 41 50. 42 47. 78 48.60 52.12 53. 46 53. 52 53. 52 38.6 39.3 37.5 38.0 40.5 41.6 41.3 41.3 1.280 1.283 1. 274 1.279 1.287 1.285 1. 296 1. 296 61.04 61.50 60.68 61.54 61.90 62. 33 62.92 63.12 39.1 39.4 38.8 39.2 39.1 39.4 39.5 39.5 1. 561 1.561 1. 564 1. 570 1.583 1.582 1.593 1.598 54. 58 54. 49 55.13 55. 77 56. 79 57.67 57. 71 58. 26 38.6 38.7 39.1 39.3 39.8 40.3 40.3 40.4 1.414 1.408 1.410 1.419 1.427 1.431 1.432 1.442 63.03 65.49 66.27 65.90 67.13 64.75 61.92 65.31 38.2 39.5 39.9 39.7 40.1 39.1 37.3 38.9 1. 650 1.658 1.661 1.660 1.674 1.656 1.660 1.679 63.22 66.94 68.67 67. 78 69.33 65.87 61.03 65. 44 37.3 39.4 40.3 39.8 40.4 39.0 36.2 38.2 1.695 1.699 1.704 1.703 1.716 1.689 1.686 1.713 1950: January______ Februarv____ March_______ April________ M ay________ 55.56 55.32 54.82 54. 27 53.93 41.0 40.8 40.7 40.5 40.1 1.355 1.356 1. 347 1.340 1.345 53.05 52.62 52.54 52.21 51.86 41.0 40.6 40.6 40.6 40.2 1.294 1.296 1.294 1.286 1.290 63. 68 63.63 62. 92 63.83 64.23 39.7 39.5 39.2 39.4 39.6 1. 604 1.611 1. 605 1. 620 1. 622 59.09 58.78 58.68 61.38 61.67 40.5 40.4 40.3 41.5 41.7 1.459 1.455 1.456 1.479 1.479 68.12 66.58 67.46 70. 38 69. 79 40.5 39.7 40.2 41.3 41. 1 1.682 1.677 1.678 1.704 1.698 70.14 67.64 69. 08 73. 64 71.84 40.9 39.6 40.4 42.2 41.5 1.715 1.708 1. 710 1.745 1.731 Manufacturing—Continued Transportation equipment--C ontinued Aircraft engines and parts Aircraii ana parts 1948: Average______ $61. 21 1949: A verage_____ 63. 62 41.0 $1,493 $60. 21 40.6 1.567 62.69 Aircraft propellers and parts 41.1 $1.465 $63. 40 40.5 1.548 65.24 40.9 $1. 550 $62.13 40.7 1.603 66. 83 Other aircraft parts and equipment Ship and boat buildin g and repairing 39.7 $1. 565 $63. 59 41.0 1.630 65.08 41.0 $1,551 $60. 68 40.4 1.611 61.67 38.7 38.0 $1.568 1.623 1949: M ay________ June............ ..... July_________ A u g u s t._____ September. October______ N ovember. . . December____ 62.98 62.94 62.08 62.07 63. 58 63. 67 66. 69 66. 41 40.5 40.5 39.9 40.2 40.6 40.5 41.5 41.2 1.555 1. 554 1.556 1.544 1.566 1.572 1. 607 1.612 62.26 61.90 60. 78 61.46 62. 26 62.42 66.15 66.16 40.4 40.3 39.7 40.3 40.4 40.3 41.5 41.3 1.541 1.536 1.531 1.525 1. 541 1.549 1.594 1.602 64.08 65. 52 63.80 61.66 65.72 64.64 68. 62 67.16 40.3 41.0 39.7 39.4 41.0 40.2 42.1 41.0 1.590 1. 598 1.607 1.565 1.603 1.608 1.630 1.638 68.14 67. 89 69. 88 66. 42 68.60 65. 73 64 27 67. 53 41.6 41.5 42.2 40.9 41.4 40.5 39.6 41.3 1.638 1.636 1.656 1.624 1. 657 1.623 1 623 1.635 63.53 63.52 65. 37 65. 98 66.83 69.17 67. 90 67.16 40.7 40.2 40.3 40.6 40.8 42.1 41.2 41.2 1.561 1.580 1.622 1.625 1.638 1.643 1.648 1.630 61.61 62. 82 61.94 60.05 61.00 59. 11 56.97 62. 86 38.1 38.4 38.4 37.3 37.7 36.4 34.8 38.4 1.617 1.636 1.613 1.61C 1.618 1.624 1.637 1.637 1950: January______ February____ March ______ April. ... M a y _______ 65. 20 65.69 65. 29 64.80 65. 77 40.7 40.7 40.5 40.2 40.8 1.602 1.614 1.612 1.612 1. 612 64. 63 65.00 64. 36 64. 24 64.88 40.7 40.6 40.3 40.2 40.6 1.588 1.601 1.597 1.598 1.598 65.00 66.34 66. 99 66.10 68.35 40.1 40.7 41.1 40.7 41.6 1.621 1.630 1. 630 1.624 1.643 68.88 70.18 66.65 67.06 63. 85 42.0 41.6 40.2 40.3 39.1 1. 640 1.687 1.658 1.664 1.633 67.40 67.81 67. 97 67.14 68 22 40.9 41.0 40.8 40.4 41.0 1.648 1.654 1.666 1. 662 1.664 61.46 61.16 62. 53 61. 66 63. 00 37.8 37.5 38.2 37.6 38.3 1.626 1.631 1.637 1.640 1.645 M anufacturing—Con tinued Instruments and re lated products Transportation equipment—Continued Shipbuilding and re pairing 1948: Average_____ $61.22 61.88 1949: A v e ra g e Railroad equipment 38.7 $1. 582 $62.24 37.8 1.637 63. 54 Locomotives and parts Railroad and street cars 40.0 $1,556 $63.80 39.2 1.621 65. 47 39.6 $1. 611 $60. 82 39.3 1.666 61.70 Other transportation equipment 40.2 $1. 513 $58.14 38.9 1.586 57.60 Total: Instruments and related products 40.8 $1.425 $53. 45 39.7 1. 451 55.28 40.1 39.6 $1.333 1.396 1949: M ay ________ J u n e ________ July_________ August -.......... September___ October______ November___ December.. . . 61.98 63.18 62.16 60.14 61.24 59.33 57.06 63.31 38.0 38.2 38.3 37.1 37.5 36.2 34.5 38.3 1.631 1.651 1.623 1.621 1.633 1.639 1.654 1.653 63. 39 62.71 60.32 62.05 61.84 62.49 63.16 63.39 39.2 39.0 37.7 38.4 38.1 38.5 38.3 38.7 1.617 1.608 1.600 1.616 1.623 1.623 1.649 1.638 66.21 64. 48 63. 65 66.62 64. 44 65.07 66.48 65.56 39.6 39.2 39.0 38.8 38.7 39.2 39.2 39.4 1.672 1.645 1.632 1.717 1.665 1.660 1.696 1.664 61.38 61.34 58.23 59. 93 59. 87 60.06 59.75 61.18 38.9 38.8 36.9 38.1 37.7 37.8 37.3 38.0 1. 578 1. 581 1.578 1.573 1. 588 1.589 1.602 1.610 56.83 56.87 54. 94 58.46 62. 85 63.11 59. 99 55.43 39.6 39.3 39.3 40.4 41.9 42.1 40.1 38.2 1.435 1.447 1.398 1.447 1.500 1.499 1. 496 1.451 54.83 54.61 54.37 54. 25 55. 26 56.08 56. 52 56. 84 39.5 39.2 39.0 39.0 39.5 39.8 40.0 40.0 1.388 1.393 1.394 1.391 1.399 1.409 1.413 1. 421 1950: January_____ February____ March _ ____ April M a y ................. 61.74 61.55 63. 30 62. 60 63. 54 37.6 37.3 38.2 37.6 38.0 1.642 1.650 1.657 1.665 1.672 61.60 64.89 64. 21 64. 52 64.87 38.0 39.4 39.2 39.2 39.7 1.621 1.647 1.638 1.646 1.634 63.29 67.48 67.42 67. 50 68.71 38.9 40.0 40.2 40.2 40.9 1.627 1.687 1.677 1.679 1.680 59. 77 62.07 60. 93 61.19 61.02 37.1 38.7 38.2 38.1 38.5 1.611 1.604 1.595 1.606 1.585 58. 67 60.03 58.13 58. 35 59.81 41.0 40.4 39.2 39.4 39.9 1.431 1.486 1.483 1.481 1.499 56.49 56.86 57.40 57.26 57.99 39.7 39.9 40.0 39.9 40.3 1.423 1.425 1.435 1.435 1.439 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 290 C: EARNINGS AND HOURS M ONTHLY LABOR Table C - l : H ours and Gross E arnings of Production W orkers or N onsupervisory E m p lo y e e s1— Con. Manufacturing—Continued Instruments and related products—Continued Year and month Ophthalmic goods Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn hours ings 1948: Average........ 1949: Average........ $45. 54 47.04 1949: M ay_______ June.............. J u ly ............. August.......... Septem ber.. October........ N ovem ber.. D ecem ber... 1950: January____ February___ March______ A pril............ M a y ............. . Photographic appa ratus Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. wkly. earn earn hours ings ings Watches and clocks Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. kly. earn earn w ings ings hours Miscellaneous manufacturing industries Total: Miscellaneous Jewelry, silverware, Professional and indus scientific instruments manufacturing and plated ware tries Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. wkly. earn earn hours ings ings Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. wkly. earn earn ings ings hours Avg. hrly. earn ings 39.7 $1.147 $58.64 39.6 1.188 59.91 40.5 $1.448 $48. 84 39.7 1.509 49.53 40.1 $1.218 $54.78 39.0 1.270 57.01 40.1 $1. 366 $50.06 39.7 1.436 50.23 40.9 $1. 224 $57. 25 39.9 1.259 55.06 43.6 41.4 $1.313 1.330 47. 24 46.29 46. 57 45. 47 47.64 47.60 47.80 48.20 39.7 38.9 39.1 38.6 39.9 40.0 40.1 40.2 1.190 1.190 1.191 1.178 1.194 1.190 1.192 1.199 58.78 58.24 58.84 58. 73 59.72 60.26 62.27 62.40 39.4 38.8 39.2 39.1 39.6 39.8 40.7 40.6 1.492 1.501 1.501 1.502 1.508 1. 514 1. 530 1.537 48.91 48. 91 48.15 48.43 49. 75 50.69 51.18 50.23 38.6 38.6 38.0 38.5 39.3 39.6 39.8 39.0 1.267 1.267 1. 267 1. 258 1.266 1.280 1.286 1.288 56.61 56. 85 56.13 56.43 56. 97 58. 17 57. 99 58.67 39.7 39.7 39.2 39.3 39.4 39.9 39.8 40.1 1.426 1.432 1.432 1.436 1.446 1.458 1. 457 1.463 48.83 49. 72 48. 75 48.51 50.57 51. 44 51. 70 52.23 39.0 39.4 39.0 38.9 40.2 40.7 40.9 40.9 1.252 1.262 1.250 1.247 1.258 1.264 1.264 1.277 51.52 51.10 50.00 50.13 54. 79 60.29 61.28 59.69 39.6 39.8 38.2 38.5 41.6 44.2 44.6 43.6 1.301 1.284 1.309 1.302 1.317 1.364 1. 374 1.369 46.88 47.60 47.15 47. 71 49.69 39.2 39.6 39.0 39.2 40.7 1.196 1.202 1.209 1.217 1.221 61.60 61.95 62.23 62.93 63.25 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.6 40.7 1.540 1.545 1.548 1.550 1.554 49.86 50.18 50. 57 49. 97 49.81 38.8 38.9 38.9 38.5 38.2 1.285 1.290 1.300 1.298 1.304 58.64 58.71 59. 55 59.03 59.70 40.0 40.1 40.4 40.1 40.5 1.466 1.464 1.474 1. 472 1.474 51.78 51.62 51.82 51.86 52.64 40.2 40.2 40.2 40.2 40.4 1.288 1.284 1.289 1.290 1.303 55.52 55.93 57. 25 56. 20 56.44 41.9 41.4 42.0 41.2 41.5 1.325 1.351 1.363 1.364 1.360 Manufacturing—Continued Transportation and public utilities Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—Continued Jewelry and find ings Silverware and plated ware Toys and sporting goods Costume jewelry, buttons, notions Other miscellaneous manufacturing in dustries Class I railroadsr 41.2 $1. 225 $62. 38 40.8 1.258 58.30 45.4 $1.374 $47. 24 42.0 1.388 47.00 40.1 $1.178 $45.36 39.1 1.202 46.06 40.0 $1.134 $50.39 39.3 1.172 51.20 40.7 $1. 238 $59.14 40.0 1.280 60.53 46.1 43.1 $1,284 1.414 49.76 49.92 48.56 48.11 51.09 54.19 54. 44 64.44 39.9 40.1 37.8 38.8 41.1 42.7 42.7 42.1 1.247 1.245 1.289 1.240 1.243 1.269 1. 275 1.293 52.99 52.02 50.94 51.88 57.53 65.85 67.23 64.13 39.4 39.5 38.5 38.2 41.6 45.6 46.3 45.0 1.345 1.317 1.323 1.358 1.383 1.444 1.452 1.425 45.96 46.25 44.76 45.67 47.60 48.36 49. 45 47.08 38.3 38.8 37.8 38.8 39.7 40.3 40.8 39.1 x. 200 1.192 1.184 1.177 1.199 1.200 1.212 1.204 44. 54 46. 93 46. 49 43.88 45.90 47. 48 46.18 46.93 38.6 39.4 39.4 37.5 39.2 39.5 39.3 39.5 1.154 1.191 1.180 1.170 1.171 1.202 1.175 1.188 50.06 51.07 50.24 50.11 51.75 51.55 51.77 53.35 39.2 39.5 39.4 39.3 40.3 40.4 40.6 41.2 1.277 1.293 1.275 1.275 1.284 1.276 1. 275 1.295 60.69 57. 27 60.37 62.64 60. 98 58.98 61.60 61.45 44.4 42.3 44.1 46.4 39.6 38.3 40.0 39.9 1.367 1.354 1.369 1.354 1.540 1.537 1.543 1.547 51.91 51.31 52.09 52.02 52.50 41.0 40.4 40.6 40.2 40.7 1.266 1.270 1.283 1.294 1.290 58.40 60. 21 61.42 59. 74 59.71 42.6 42.4 43.1 42.1 42.2 1.371 1.420 1.425 1. 419 1.415 48.06 48.47 49. 24 49.91 50.20 39.3 39.6 39.9 39.9 40.0 1.223 1.224 1.234 1.251 1.255 47.24 47.24 47. 63 47. 54 48. 06 39.4 39.3 39.2 38.9 39.2 1.199 1.202 1. 215 1.222 1.226 52.83 52. 59 52. 46 52.35 53. 42 40.3 40.3 40.2 40.3 40.5 1.311 1.305 1.305 1.299 1.319 61.69 62.37 63. 73 61.69 39.8 39.8 41.6 39.9 1.550 1.567 1.532 1.546 1948: Average____ 1949: Average____ $50. 47 51.33 1949: M ay_______ June............... July................ August........... Septem ber... October____ N ovem ber... D ecem b er.... 1950: January____ February___ March______ A pril.............. M ay_______ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis G: EARNWGS AND HOURS REVIEW , AUGUST 1950 291 T able C -l: H ours and Gross E arnings of Production W orkers or N onsupervisory E m ployees 1— Con. Transportation and public utilities—Continued Communication Local railways and bus lines' Telephone • Year and month Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn hours ings Avg. hrly. earn ings Avg. wkly. earn ings Avg. wkly. hours Switchboard oper ating employees 10 Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. kly. earn earn w ings hours ings 46.1 $1.339 $48. 92 44.9 1.439 51.78 39.2 $1.248 38.5 1.345 64. 48 66. 01 65. 21 64. 46 64. 55 64.31 64.17 65.10 44. 9 46.0 45.1 44.7 44.3 44.2 44.1 44.5 1.436 1.435 1.446 1.442 1.457 1. 455 1. 455 1.463 51.84 51.49 51. 90 51. 57 52.61 53.29 54.40 52.49 38.6 38.4 38.5 38.4 38.6 38.7 38.8 38.4 1.343 1.341 $44.30 1.348 44.81 1.343 44.23 1.363 45.37 1. 377 46.35 1.402 48.04 1.367 44.42 65.11 65.22 65.53 66.11 66.63 44.2 44.4 44.4 44.7 44.9 1.473 1.469 1.476 1.479 1.484 53.13 53.69 52.98 53.44 53. 76 38.5 38.6 38.5 38.7 38.9 1.380 1.391 1.376 1.381 1.382 1948: A verage... 1949: A verage... $61. 73 64.61 1949: M ay.......... June.......... July........... A ugust__ September October. _. November. December. 1950: January... February. March___ April_____ M ay........... 44.58 45.82 45.03 46.19 46.20 Line construction. installation, and maintenance employees n 36.3 36.8 36.7 37.4 37.5 Transportation and public utilities— Continued 1.228 1.245 1.227 1.235 1.232 72.46 72.33 70. 55 70. 76 71. 48 Gas and electric utilities Retail trade (except eating and drink ing places) 40.3 $1.088 $33.31 40.4 1.137 34.87 40.9 $1.359 $43.85 40.7 1.414 45.93 63.40 63.64 64. 02 63. 92 64. 75 65. 72 65.03 66.04 41.3 41.3 41.3 41.4 41.4 41.7 41.5 41.8 1. 535 1. 541 1.550 1.544 1.564 1.576 1.567 1.580 57.83 57. 49 58.18 57.10 67.35 68.36 57.86 58.20 40.7 40.6 40.8 40.7 40.7 40.9 40.6 40.9 1.421 1. 416 1.426 1.403 1.409 1.427 1. 425 1.423 45.98 46. 45 46. 95 46.87 46.58 46.06 45. 63 45.83 40.3 40.5 40.9 40.9 40.5 40.4 40.1 40.7 1.141 1.147 1.148 1.146 1.150 1.140 1.138 1.126 34.85 35.62 35.86 35. 75 35.17 34.65 34.30 36.12 66.09 65.08 64. 81 65. 09 65.01 41.7 41.4 41.2 41.3 41.3 1.585 1.572 1. 573 1.576 1.574 58.14 58.27 58. 56 58. 69 58. 74 40.6 40.3 40.3 40.2 40.4 1.432 1.446 1.453 1.460 1. 454 46.58 46.26 46.26 46.47 46.86 40.4 40.4 40.3 40.3 40.4 1.153 1.145 1.148 1.153 1.160 35.68 35.44 35.04 34. 56 35.24 1950: January... February.. M arch___ April........ . M ay_____ 44.7 44.7 $1.348 1.406 41.6 $1.647 41.6 1.660 41.6 1.664 41.7 1.681 41.6 1.691 41.7 1.711 41.8 1.696 63.69 62.96 63.97 63.64 62.83 62.97 62.05 62.23 45.2 45.0 45.4 45.1 44. 5 44.5 43.7 43.7 1.409 1.399 1.409 1.411 1.412 1.415 1.420 1.424 1.713 1.714 1. 696 1.701 1.710 62.84 62.97 62. 93 64.13 65. 38 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.6 45.4 1.425 1.428 1.427 1.438 1.440 42.3 42.2 41.6 41.6 41.8 General merchandise stores 41.8 $1.453 $55.58 41.5 1.542 57.55 1949: M a y .......... June.......... J u ly ........... August___ September O ctober... November. December- $60.26 62.85 Retail trade Wholesale trade $60. 74 63.99 Avg. hrly. earn ings Trade Other public utilities 1948: Average__ 1949: A verage... Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. wkly. earn earn hours ings ings Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. hours ings ings 36.7 $1.207 $68. 52 37.0 1.211 69.06 36.8 1.202 69.22 37.1 1.223 70.10 37.2 1.246 70.35 37.3 1.288 71.35 36.5 1.217 70.89 Telegraph l* D epartm ent stores and general mail order houses 36.6 $0. 910 $37.36 36.7 .950 39.31 37.7 37.8 $0.991 1.040 36.3 36.8 37.2 37.2 36.6 36.4 36.3 38.1 .960 .968 .964 .961 .961 .952 .945 .948 39.33 39. 95 39. 79 39. 58 39.48 38.90 38.75 42.12 37.6 37.8 38.0 37.8 37.6 37.4 37.4 39.7 1.046 1.057 1.047 1.047 1.050 1 040 1.036 1.061 36.9 36.8 36.5 36.3 36.4 .967 .963 .960 .952 .968 40.21 39.85 39. 57 39. 67 40.30 37.9 37.7 37.4 37.6 37.7 1.061 1. 057 1. 058 1.055 1.069 Trade—Continued Other retail trade Retail trade—Continued Food and liquor stores $47.15 49.93 1949: M ay............................... June.............. ................ July............................... August______ ______ September.................... October____________ November____ _____ December__________ 48.99 50.26 51.13 51.00 50.57 50.25 50.37 50.54 39.7 40.4 41.1 41.0 40.2 40.3 40.1 40.3 1.234 1.244 1.244 1.244 1.258 1.247 1. 256 1.254 1950: January......................... February...................... March............................ A p r il............................. M ay........................... 50.68 50.85 50.76 50.85 50.80 40.0 40.1 40.0 40.1 40.0 1.267 1.268 1.269 1.268 1.270 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Apparel and accèssories stores Furniture and appliance stores Lumber and hardware supply stores 42.7 $1.198 $49.37 43.4 1.228 51.84 43.5 43.6 $1.135 1.189 53.29 53.16 52.78 52. 82 53.37 53. 38 54. 32 56.70 43.5 43.5 43.3 43.4 43.6 43.4 43.7 44.4 1.225 1.222 1. 219 1. 217 1.224 1.230 1. 243 1.277 52.48 51.96 52.34 52.40 52.18 52.96 51.79 52.16 44.1 43.7 43.8 44.0 43.7 44.1 43.3 43.5 1.190 1.189 1.195 1.191 1.194 1.201 1.196 1.199 54.81 53.25 53.30 54. 24 55.10 43.6 43.4 43.3 43.5 43.8 1.257 1.227 1.231 1.247 1.258 51.58 51.72 51.89 53.05 53.91 43.2 43.1 43.1 43.7 43.9 1.194 1.200 1.204 1.214 1.228 45.4 $1. 235 $39.60 45.6 1.292 40.66 36.5 $1. 085 $51.15 36.7 1.108 53.30 60.00 59.70 59.83 59. 55 59. 51 59. 39 58. 78 58.26 45.8 45.5 45.6 45.6 45.5 45.9 45.6 45.8 1.310 1. 312 1. 312 1. 306 1.308 1.294 1.289 1.272 40. 92 40. 85 40. 37 40. 52 41.66 40.15 40.26 41.22 36.8 36.7 36.5 36.8 37.1 36.6 36.5 36.8 1.112 1.113 1.106 1.101 1.123 1.097 1.103 1.120 58.72 57.76 59. 22 60. 50 60.94 45.8 45.3 45.8 45.8 46.2 1.282 1.275 1.293 1.321 1.319 41.07 40.07 39.64 40.14 40.19 36.7 36.9 36.5 35.9 36.4 1.119 1.086 1.086 1.118 1.104 40.3 $1.170 $56. 07 40.2 1.242 58.92 1948: Average____________ 1949: A verage....................... . See footnotes at end of table. Automotive and accessories dealers 292 C: EARNINGS AND HOURS M ONTHLY LABOR T able C 1: H ours and Gross E arnings of Production W orkers or N on sup ervisory E m ployees 1— Con. Finance11 Service Banks Secu and rity Insur trust dealers ance com and ex carriers panies changes Year and month Average....... _.......... ..... Average___ ___ _____ 1949: May__________ . June............................. July____ __________ August_________ ___ September__________ October__ ___ ___ November____ _____ December___________ 1950: January____________ February________ March__________ April ___ __ . May ... ... . ___ 1948; 1949: Hotels, year-round u Avg. wkly. earn ings Avg. wkly. earn ings Avg, wkly. earn ings Avg. wkly. earn ings Avg. wkly. hours $41.51 43.64 $66. 83 68. 32 $54.93 56.47 $31.41 32.84 44.05 43.10 43.80 43.10 43.62 43.94 43.96 43.95 67.82 66.12 65.70 65.30 67.29 71.25 72.54 74.12 57.26 56.59 56.70 65. 54 55.33 56.04 55.89 56.52 45.29 45.52 45. 37 45. 81 45. 66 75.78 77.61 80. 08 82.80 82. 72 57. 78 57.68 57.19 57. 93 57. 98 Cleaning and dyeing plants Laundries Motion picture produc tion and distribu tion 13 Avg. hrly. earn ings Avg. wkly. earn ings Avg. wkly. hours Avg. hrly. earn ings Avg. wkly. earn ings Avg. wkly. hours 44.3 44.2 $0. 709 .743 $34.23 34.98 41.9 41.5 $0.817 .843 $39.50 40. 71 41.1 41.2 $0. 961 .988 $92.27 92.17 32.99 32.85 32.90 32.93 32.90 32. 84 33.13 33. 24 44.7 44.1 44.1 44.2 44.1 44.2 44.0 43.8 .738 .745 .746 .745 .746 .743 .753 .759 36.04 35.32 35.03 34. 27 34.69 34.57 34. 23 34. 77 42.4 41.6 41.5 40.8 41.2 41.1 40.9 41.2 .850 .849 .844 .840 .842 .841 .837 .844 43.17 42.17 40.43 38.63 41.28 40.15 39.96 40. 47 42.7 42.3 41.0 39.5 41.7 41.1 40.9 41.0 1.011 .997 .986 .978 .990 .977 .977 .987 90.96 94.73 95.52 92. 65 92.26 94.38 91.54 93. 39 33.06 33. 51 33.07 33.12 33.29 43.9 43.8 43.8 43.7 43.8 .753 .765 .755 .758 .760 35.15 34.39 34. 56 35. 55 36.32 41.5 40.8 41.0 41.1 41.8 .847 .843 .843 .865 .869 40.75 39. 26 40.40 40.16 43.43 41.2 39.9 40.6 40.2 43.0 .989 .984 .995 .999 1.010 87.82 88.94 91.01 91.23 94.37 1These figures are based on reports from cooperating establishments covering both full- and part-time employees who worked during, or received pay for, the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. For mining, manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants industries, the data relate to production and related workers only. For the remaining industries, unless otherwise noted, the data relate to nonsupervisory em ployees and working supervisors. All series, beginning with January 1947, are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Such requests should specify the series desired. Data for the two current months are subject to revision without notation; revised figures for earlier months will be identified by an asterisk (*) for the first month’s publication of such data. * Data relate to all construction workers, both on-site and off-site, engaged In actual construction work including pre-assembly and precutting opera tions. Both privately and publicly financed construction are included. Data are based on comparable but not necessarily identical samples. 1 Includes ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood products (except furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass products; primary metal industries; fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment); machinery (except electrical); electrical machinery; transportation equipment; instruments and related products; and miscellaneous manufacturing industries. 4 Includes food and kindred products; tobacco manufactures; textile-mill products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper and allied prod ucts; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and allied prod ucts; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; and leather and leather products. *Databyregion, North andSouth,fromJanuary1949,are ivailableuponrequest. 4Databyregion, SouthandWest, fromJanuary 1949, areavailableuponrequest. Avg. hrly. earn ings Avg. wkly. earn ings 7 These averages are based on reports summarized in the M-300 report prepared by the Interstate Commerce Commission, and relate to all hourly rated employees who received pay during the month. M ost executive, professional, and supervisory personnel are excluded. Switching and ter minal companies are excluded. The annual average data include retro active pay when such payments are made. M onthly data do not include retroactive payments. Beginning with September 1, 1949, data reflect the following changes for nonoperative employees (about, two-thirds of the total): (1) scheduled weekly hours were reduced from 48 to 40; (2) hourly rates were adjusted to maintain the former weekly earn tags for 48 hours; (3) an additional wage mcrease of $0.07 an hour was granted. 8 Data Include privately and municipally operated local railways and bus lines. I Through M ay 1949 the averages relate mainly to the hours and earnings of employees subject to the Fair Labor Standards Act. Beginning with June 1949 the averages relate to the hours and earnings of nonsupervisory employees. Data for June comparable with the earlier series are $51 47 38.5 hours, and $1,337. 10Data include employees such as switchboard operators, service assistants, operating-roominstructors, and pay-station attendants. II Data include employees such as central office craftsmen; installation and exchange repair craftsmen; line, cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers. 11 Data relate mainly to land-line employees, excluding employees com pensated on a commission basis, general and divisional headquarters per sonnel, trainees in school, and messengers. “ Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not available. 14 M oney payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and tips, not included. T able C -2 : Gross A verage W eekly E arnings of Production W orkers in Selected Industries, in Current and 1939 D ollars 1 Manufacturing Bituminous-coal mining Manufacturing Bituminous-coal mining Laundries Year and month Laundries Year and month Current 1939 Current 1939 Current dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars 1939 dollars 1948: Average__________ 1949: Average.................... $54.14 54.92 $31.43 32. 28 $72.12 63.28 $41.87 37.20 $34.23 34. 98 $19. 87 20. 56 1949: M ay........................... June........................... Ju ly ........................... 54.08 54. 51 54.63 54. 70 55. 72 31. 77 31.95 32.23 32. 21 32. 66 72.98 59.90 47.94 49. 51 52. 46 42.87 35.11 28.28 29.15 30.75 36.04 35.32 35.03 34.27 34.69 21.17 20.70 20.66 20.18 20.33 August _ ______ September_______ 1 These series indicate changes in the level of weekly earnings prior to and wter adjustment for changes in purchasing power as determined from the Bureau’s consumers’ price index, the year 1939 having been selected for the base period. Estimates of World War II and postwar understatement by the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Current 1939 Current 1939 Current 1939 dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars 1949: October__________ $55.26 N ovem ber........... ... 54. 43 December________ 56.04 1950: January__________ February.................. March_______ April. _________ M ay 2_ . ___ ______ 56. 29 56. 37 56. 53 56.93 57.72 $32.60 32.09 33. 26 $63.10 68.17 48.74 $37. 22 40.19 28.92 $34.57 34.23 34. 77 $20.39 20.18 20.63 33. 52 33. 65 33. 65 33.82 34.03 47.36 49. 83 78.75 72.86 70.01 28. 21 29. 75 46.87 43.29 41.28 35.15 34. 39 34. 56 35. 55 36.32 20.93 20.53 20. 57 21.12 21.41 consumers’ price index were not included. See the M onthly Labor Review, March 1947, p. 498. Comparable data from January 1947 are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Prelim inary. 293 G: EARNINGS AND HOURS REVIEW , AUGUST 1950 T able C -3 : Gross and N e t Spendable A verage W eekly Earnings of Production W orkers in M anufactur ing Industries, in Current and 1939 D ollars 1 N et spendable average weekly earnings N et spendable average weekly earnings Gross average weekly earnings Period 100) Cur Cur 1939 1939 rent rent dollars dollars dollars dollars $26.64 47.50 45.45 43.31 111.7 199.1 190.5 181.5 $25.41 39.40 37.80 37.30 $25.06 30.81 29.04 27.81 $26.37 45.17 43.57 42.78 $26.00 35.33 33.47 31.90 23.86 25.20 29.58 36.65 43.14 46.08 44.39 43.74 49.97 54.14 54.92 100.0 105.6 124.0 153.6 180.8 193.1 186.0 183.3 209.4 226.9 230.2 23.58 24.69 28.05 31.77 36.01 38.29 36.97 37.65 42.76 47.43 48.09 23.58 24.49 26.51 27.11 28.97 30.32 28.61 26.87 26.70 27.54 28.27 23.62 24.95 29.28 36.28 41.39 44.06 42.74 43.13 48.24 53.17 53.83 23.62 24.75 27.67 30.96 33.30 34.89 33.08 30.78 30.12 30.87 31.64 Index Amount (1939= 1941: January. 1945: January. July___ 1946: June___ 1939: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1944: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1948: 19491 Worker with 3 dependents Worker with no dependents Average. Average. Average. Average. Average. Average. Average. Average. Average. Average. Average. i Net spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from gross average weekly earnings, social security and income taxes for which the specified type of worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability depends, of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker as well as on the level of his gross income. Net spendable earnings have, therefore, been computed for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker with no dependents: (2) A worker with 3 dependents. The computation of net spendable earnings for both the factory worker with no dependents and the factory worker with 3 dependents are based upon the Gross average weekly earnings Period Worker with no dependents Worker with 3 dependents 100) Cur Cur 1939 1939 rent rent dollars dollars dollars dollars 1949: M a y ........................ $54.08 54.51 June_____________ July_......................... 54.63 A ugust..................... 54. 70 55.72 September_______ 55.26 October.................... 54. 43 November_______ December................ 56.04 226.7 228.5 229.0 229.3 233.5 231.6 228.1 234.9 $47.38 47.74 47.84 47. 90 48. 75 48.37 47.67 49.02 $27.83 27.98 28.22 28. 21 28. 57 28. 53 28.10 29.09 $53.12 53.48 53.58 53. 64 54. 50 54.11 53.41 54.77 $30.97 31.34 31.61 31. 59 31.94 31.92 31. 49 32.50 56.29 56.37 56.53 56.93 57.72 235.9 236.3 236.9 238.6 241.9 48.94 49.00 49.13 49.46 50.09 29.15 29. 25 29.24 29.39 29.53 54.70 54. 76 54.90 55.23 55.90 32. 58 32. 69 32.68 32.81 32.96 Index Amount (1939= 1950: January.. February. March___ A pril2___ M ay 2___ gross average weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing industries without direct regard to marital status and family composition. The primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative changes in disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers. That series does not, therefore, reflect actual differences in levels of earnings for worker s of varying age, occupation, skill, family composition, etc. Comparable data from January 1947 are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2 Preliminary. T able C -4 : A verage H ourly E arnings, Gross and E xclu sive of O vertim e, of Production W orkers in M anufacturing Industries 1 Durable goods Manufacturing Exclu ding overt ime Period Gross amount $1. 350 1.401 $1.310 1.367 1949: M a y_______ June_______ July............... August____ Septem ber.. October — 1.401 1.405 1.408 1.399 1.407 1.392 1.371 1.373 1.376 1. 366 1.369 1.353 Gross 207.0 $1. 410 $1.366 $1. 278 216.0 1.469 1.434 1.325 $1.241 1.292 1949: November_ December__ $1. 392 1.408 $1.357 1.368 1.294 1.293 1.298 1. 286 1. 290 1.287 1950: January___ February___ March______ April 2-_ __ M ay 2______ 1.418 1.420 1.424 1.434 1.443 1.380 1.382 1.385 1.392 1.399 216.6 216.9 217.4 215.8 216.3 213.7 Gross 1.467 1.475 1.477 1.473 1.482 1.458 1.437 1.443 1.447 1. 440 1. 444 1.419 1.323 1.324 1.332 1.319 1.328 1.325 • Overtime is defined as work in excess of 40 hours per week and paid for at time and one-half. The computation of average hourly earnings exclusive of overtime makes no allowance for special rates of pay for work done on holi- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Exclu ding overt ime Period Ex clud ing over time Durable goods Manufacturing Ex clud ing over time Index A m ount (1939= 100) 1948: Average____ 1949: Average........ Nondurable goods Gros? am ount Gross Index A m ount (1939= 100) Ex clud ing over time Nondurable goods Gross Ex clud ing over time 214.4 $1.457 $1.425 $1. 325 216.1 1.476 1.435 1. 334 $1.289 1.296 1.343 1.350 1.353 1.356 1.359 1.307 1.316 1.319 1.323 1.325 218.0 218.3 218.8 219.9 221.0 1.485 1.483 1.486 1.498 1.509 1.445 1.442 1.443 1.448 1.458 days. Comparable data from January 1947 are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2 Preliminary. 294 T a ble C: EARNINGS AND HOURS M ONTHLY LABOR C -5 : H ours and Gross E arnings of P roduction W orkers in M anufacturing Industries for Selected S tates and Areas 1 Alabama Arizona State State Year and month Phoenix Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. hrly. earn hours earn earn wkly. earn ings ings ings hours ings June_____ July---------August____ September__ October........ November__ December...... 1950: January____ February..... March____ April______ May........... June............. 1949: $42.29 43.08 42.88 44.43 43.15 43.09 45.49 38.1 $1.110 $57.83 38.5 1.119 57.49 39.3 1.091 57.72 40.5 1.097 58.49 40.9 1.055 58.61 40.5 1.064 57. 75 40.8 1.115 55.73 44. 61 44.85 *44.47 45.90 44.85 46.21 39.9 1.118 56.08 38.9 1.153 57.46 *38.6 *1.152 *59.10 39.6 1.159 59.82 38.8 1.156 59.60 39.7 1.164 60.50 42.4 42.0 *41.8 41.6 42.3 42.8 Los Ange es June______ July---------August____ September__ October____ November__ December...... 1950: January____ February___ March_... April........... May............ June______ $60.95 61.69 61.58 62.25 62.80 61.53 62.24 63.06 62.20 62.88 62.92 63.39 64.11 State 1.324 52.64 1.368 54.02 *1.42 *54.70 1.44 56.30 1.41 54.30 1.41 54.50 $38.82 38.35 39.7 $1.384 38.60 39.6 1.430 *38.32 40.2 1.419 40.04 40.1 1.403 39.90 39.3 1.364 39.33 38.7 38.3 37.6 38.3 38.3 37.8 1.360 38.88 1.404 39.70 1.45 *40. 60 1.47 41.65 1.43 41.01 1.46 45.52 San Francisco State $0.94 $40. 57 0.94 41.32 0.93 41.65 0.93 42.14 0.94 41.28 0.95 42.10 0.95 41.71 42.7 42.6 42.5 43.9 43.0 43.4 43.0 40.5 40.1 *40.6 42.5 40.6 42.1 0.96 39.81 0.99 41.28 1.00 *42.00 0.98 43.58 1.01 42.63 1.01 44.00 41.9 41.7 *42.0 41.9 40.6 41.9 37.8 38.2 38.2 39.9 40.3 40.4 40.6 $1.37 $48.55 1.37 48.50 1.37 47.63 1.36 48.53 1.37 45.88 1.38 48.10 1.38 49.53 39.0 38.9 39.3 39.3 39.4 39.6 38.2 38.6 38.7 38.4 38.6 39.3 40.0 40.4 40.6 40.6 40.8 41.1 1.38 52.10 1.38 50.14 1.39 *50. 54 1.40 49. 81 1.40 51.14 1.40 51.31 1.675 1.683 1.681 1.681 1.681 1,691 55.29 55.92 56.56 56.69 57.07 57.74 June........... July---------August......... September__ October____ November__ December__ 1950: January____ February___ March_____ April______ May___ ... June______ 1949: 37.5 37.9 38.9 39.9 39.9 39.8 40.2 $1.00 $4 .18 1.00 47.24 1.00 48.39 1.00 48.31 1.00 46.10 1.01 44.45 1.02 46.12 39.8 40.1 41.1 41.1 40.4 38.6 39.5 41.17 41.88 *41.99 42.93 41.85 42. 87 40.1 39.6 *39.2 40.1 39.4 39.8 1.03 46.84 1.06 46.87 1.07 *48. 71 1.07 49.12 1.06 47. 33 1.08 50.46 39.9 39.5 *40.1 40.2 39.1 40.9 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $0.95 $61.91 0.97 61.84 0.98 61.58 0.96 62.73 0.96 63.12 0.97 61.12 0. 97 62.33 0.95 0.99 1.00 1.04 1.05 1.05 62.31 62.89 63.06 62.94 63.53 65.10 Wilmington 39.3 38.6 *38.7 37.7 38.8 39.1 Savannah State $1.19 $37. 51 1.18 46.22 1.18 49.04 1.18 49.00 1.14 48. 66 1.15 47.65 1.17 48.09 35.5 41.1 42.6 42.0 42.9 42.4 43.0 39.4 39.4 39.9 39.8 39.9 39.2 40.1 47.39 47.69 46.83 47.36 49.61 50.73 42.5 41.9 41.3 40.9 41.7 41.5 1.17 1.19 *1.22 1.22 1.21 1.24 $1.06 $58. 58 1.12 58.65 1.15 58.80 1.17 59. 53 1.13 59.16 1.12 58.46 1.12 60.09 1.11 1.14 1.14 1.16 1.19 1.22 38.6 38.7 39.1 39.5 39.6 38.2 38.5 $1. 604 1.598 1.575 1.588 1.594 1.600 1.619 38.3 38.8 39.0 38.9 39.0 39.6 1.627 1.621 1.617 1.618 1.629 1.644 1.327 61.84 1.301 *59. 58 1.308 *59.93 1.320 59.66 1.319 60.34 1.313 62. 44 State 39.6 $1.461 $41.38 39.8 1.488 41.03 40.5 1.471 41.16 39.6 1.501 41.59 37.8 1.456 41.93 39.3 1.467 43.40 40.0 1.470 43.74 41.1 1.505 *40.5 *1.470 40.7 *1.471 40.1 1.488 40.7 1.483 41.3 1.513 44.35 43.90 44.16 44.74 44.89 45. 62 Illinois Atlanta $37.66 37.84 38.92 39.89 40.06 40.16 40.97 Avg. Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. hrly. earn hours earn ings ings Florida 38.5 $1.261 $57.93 38.4 1.264 59.32 41.5 1.147 59.70 40.7 1.193 59.28 39.0 1.177 54.96 38.3 1.255 57.45 38.6 1.283 58.87 Georgia State Avg. hrly. earn ings State Delaware State 38.1 $1.656 $51.72 38.2 1.646 52.21 39.1 1.609 52.32 39.9 1.625 54.77 39.2 1.645 55.15 37.0 1.667 55.78 38.5 1.676 56.07 63.99 64.96 65.05 64.55 64.89 66.46 Little Rock 41.3 40.8 41.5 41.2 42.6 42.0 41.4 Connecticut 38.5 $1.583 $63.09 38.8 1.590 62.88 38.9 1.583 62.91 39.1 1.592 64.84 39.4 1.594 64.48 38.7 1.590 61.68 38.8 1.604 64.53 1.617 1.599 1.600 1.601 1.609 1.619 California Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn hours earn earn wkly. earn earn wkly. ings ings ings hours ings ings hours 40.6 $1.423 40.6 1.416 41.2 1.400 $55.00 41.2 1.420 56.63 42.8 1.368 56.63 42.6 1.355 56.26 42.3 1.319 53.61 California—Continued 1949: Arkansas $0.990 1.018 0.999 1.007 0.989 44.4 42.1 41.5 41.4 42.0 41.8 0.999 1.043 1.064 1.080 1.070 1.091 1.000 1.001 Indiana Chicago $1.48 $59. 70 1.49 59.94 1.47 60.29 1.49 60.87 1.48 60.45 1.49 60.20 1.50 61.54 41.8 40.3 41.2 41.3 42.4 43.4 43.7 39.3 39.4 40.0 40.0 40.1 39.6 40.5 State $1.52 $59.89 1.52 59.99 1.51 59. 78 1.52 60.88 1.51 59.62 1.52 58.01 1.52 60.51 39.6 39.3 39.7 40.6 40.3 39.4 40.1 $1.51 1.53 1.51 1.50 1.48 1.48 1.51 61.52 61.38 61.71 62.91 63.94 64.94 40.3 40.2 40.4 40.9 41.2 41.4 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.57 G: EARNING8 AND HOURS REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 295 T able C -5 : H ours and Gross E arnings of P roduction W orkers in M anufacturing Industries for Selected S tates and Areas 1— C ontinued Kansas Maine Massachusetts Michigan State State State State Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. hours ings ings Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. hours ings ings Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. wkly. earn earn hours ings ings Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. w kly. wkly. earn earn hours ings ings Iowa Des Moines State Year and month Avg. wkly. earn ings Avg. wkly. hours Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. wkly. earn earn hours ings ings $54.67 57.89 57.24 57.00 55. 32 55.95 58. 57 194Q- Jim p. Julv A n g n st. S e p te m b e r O p.t.oher N o y p rn h p r T)pppTrihpr February___ M a rc h ____ _ April________ M ay________ June. _______ $.57 Kfi 42 1 55.93 55.86 55. 88 55.76 57.68 40.6 40.4 40.3 40.4 41.4 81 37 1 28 $5Q 17 l! 38 58. 48 1.38 1.39 1.38 1.40 58. 87 59.95 59.32 60.26 39 9 $1 48 39.7 39.8 40.6 40.3 41.0 1.47 1.48 1.48 1.47 1.47 59 73 56.62 56.80 56.93 56.68 58.05 41.1 $1.332 $44.52 42.4 1.364 43. 56 41.9 1.365 44.85 41.8 1.365 45.36 40.7 1.359 47. 53 40.6 1.376 44.92 42.3 1.385 46.82 42.1 40.6 40.8 40.9 40.9 41.5 1. 418 1.395 1.392 1.392 1.385 1.399 47.39 48. 80 48.76 47. 55 47.13 47.44 39.0 $1.140 $50. 86 38.3 1.138 51. 48 39.7 1.129 50. 59 39.3 1.153 52.31 41.0 1.158 51.51 38.8 1.159 51.64 40.5 1.157 53.07 40.9 42.1 41.4 40.2 40.2 40.4 1.158 52.90 1.158 53.55 1.177 *53.68 1.182 53.13 1.173 53. 56 1.174 54.40 Minnesota 1949: June________ $54. 37 J u ly ________ 54. 70 55.39 August_____ 55.28 Septem ber,.. 56. 21 October------55.49 November__ December___ 57. 34 39.8 40.4 41.7 40.3 40.9 40.3 41.0 57. 09 57. 36 56.60 56. 74 57. 50 58.56 40.3 40.6 40.1 40.0 40.4 41.2 1950: January_____ February___ March______ April_______ M a y ,............. J u n e - ............ $1.37 $55. 72 1.35 55. 48 1.33 56.11 1.37 55. 21 1.37 53.66 1.38 52.91 1.40 54.97 1.42 1.41 1.41 1.42 1.42 1. 42 58. 58 59. 24 58. 36 60. 07 59. 54 60.18 38.4 38.0 39.4 39.1 39.4 37.9 38.9 39.5 40.0 39.3 40.4 39.8 40.0 St. Paul Minneapolis Duluth State $1.45 $55. 22 1.46 55. 24 1.42 55. 44 1.41 57. 28 1.36 57. 04 1.40 55. 38 1.41 56.65 39.7 39.6 39.6 40.8 40.6 39.5 40.2 56.69 56. 36 57.14 57. 41 58. 67 59.50 39.7 39.3 39.8 39.9 40.7 41.3 1. 48 1.48 1.49 1.49 1.50 1.50 $1.39 $55.69 1.40 56.85 1.40 56.63 1.40 58.34 1.41 57.64 1.40 58. 62 1.41 59.19 1.43 1.43 1.44 1.44 1.44 1.44 58. 89 60. 49 60. 74 60. 77 59.99 62. 05 39.3 39.7 39.6 40.4 40.0 40.4 40.8 $1.42 1.43 $52.64 1.43 52.43 1.44 52. 25 1.44 51.67 1.45 50. 41 1.45 51.06 40.0 40.9 40.8 41.0 40.7 41.6 1. 47 52. 44 1.48 52. 24 1.49 *52. 51 1.48 53. 87 1.47 53. 67 1.49 56. 05 1949: June_______ July________ August—....... September-. . October------N ovem b er... December__ $58. 70 58.63 57.82 59.32 59. 00 59.13 60.64 1950: January____ February___ March_____ April_______ M ay_______ J u n e ............ 61.01 60. 80 61. 06 60.84 61.35 62.80 39.6 39.2 38.9 39.9 39.7 38.8 40.1 $1.44 $55. 73 1.44 56. 60 1.44 56.61 1.44 58. 24 1. 43 57.60 1.44 56. 74 1.44 57.98 38.0 38.1 37.9 38.7 38.7 38.4 38.6 1.505 1. 499 1. 503 1.509 1.508 1. 530 40.6 39.4 40.0 40.1 37.8 40.9 1.47 57. 64 1.46 57.92 1.46 *57.83 1.47 57. 24 1.48 57. 93 1.49 58.57 38.5 38.7 38.7 38.6 38.8 39.1 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 59. 56 57. 52 58.28 59. 07 55.79 61.02 Albany- SchenectadyTroy State rrenum 39.7 $1.467 $56.87 39.6 1.478 56. 41 39.3 1.469 55.82 40.1 1.477 57.50 39.8 1.483 56.89 39.9 1.481 55. 72 40.6 1. 494 57.62 40.5 40.5 40.6 40.3 40.6 41.0 $63.99 64. 54 64.03 65.03 64.03 59.90 61.50 39.6 39.3 39.7 39.9 39.7 37.4 37.8 $1.615 1.626 1.617 1.631 1.618 1.607 1,634 65.13 65. 04 66.19 68. 47 68. 04 70.13 40.0 40.1 40. 5 41. 4 41.1 42. 0 1.627 1.630 1.634 1. b53 1.652 1.666 Missouri New Hampshire State State $44. 79 45. 75 45.63 46. 57 45. 02 44. 71 46. 08 38.3 38.5 38.6 39.3 37.9 37.7 39.1 $1.17 1.19 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.18 39.3 1.334 46.76 39.2 1. 332 47. 48 *39.1 *1.343 *47.88 39.4 1. 367 46. 58 39.4 1. 362 45.09 40.6 1. 381 46. 92 39.9 39.9 *40.1 39.1 38.1 39.4 1.17 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.18 1.19 39. 5 $1.334 39.6 1.326 39.3 1.330 35.1 1.323 37.9 1. 330 38.7 1.318 N ew York N ew Jersey State ___ ....... ___ ___ ___ ___ Avg. hrly. earn ings $1.47 $56. 71 1.49 57.15 1.49 57.13 1.50 57.66 1.49 57.18 1.48 57. 56 1.50 58. S3 38.5 38.9 38.5 39.1 39.0 38.9 39.5 57.40 59. 60 59.11 59. 42 60.27 59. 76 39.2 39.7 39.3 39.4 39.9 39.3 1.50 1. 50 1.49 1.48 1.49 1.50 B inghamton-E ndicott-Johnson City $1. 47 $52.77 1.47 53.19 1.48 52.75 1. 48 53.24 1.47 54. 78 1.48 54.48 1.49 56. 08 37.4 36.9 36.9 37.1 38.2 37.6 38.2 53. 99 53.92 54. 62 54.90 55. 66 55.98 37.4 37.1 37.5 37.4 37. 8 38.2 1.47 1.50 1.50 1.51 1. 51 1.52 Buffalo $1.41 $61.35 1. 44 60.76 1.43 61.15 1.43 61.36 1.43 60. 62 1. 45 61.16 1.47 63.03 39.8 39.5 40.1 40.0 39.9 39.5 40.4 $1.54 1.54 1.53 1.53 1.52 1.55 1.56 62.92 63.15 63.60 64. 22 65.13 66.19 40.4 40.4 40.7 40.6 41.1 41.3 1.56 1.56 1.56 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.45 1. 45 1. 45 1. 47 1. 47 1. 47 296 G: EARNINGS AND HOURS M ONTHLY LABOR T able C -5 : H onrs and Gross E arnings of P roduction W orkers in M anufacturing Industries for Selected S ta tes and Areas 1— C ontinued New York—Continued KingstonNewburghPoughkeepsie Elmira Year and month Avg. wkly. Avg. earn wkly. ings hours 1949: June____ Ju ly________ A ugust__ September___ October______ N ovem ber___ December____ $58.46 58. 75 55. 74 57.43 56.07 56.19 57.01 41.0 41.2 39.8 40.1 39.5 39.4 39.7 1950: January. February____ March__ April M ay. June . . . 56.10 55.05 55. 51 57.13 56. 52 58.36 39.3 38.8 39.0 39. 7 39.2 40.1 N ew York City Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. wkly. earn earn hours ings ings Avg. hrly. earn ings $1.43 $51. 29 1.43 51.99 1.40 51.02 1.43 52.99 1.42 52.58 1.42 52.48 1.44 53.09 38.3 38.9 38.4 39.6 39.2 38.8 39.2 $1.34 $56.96 1.34 58.24 1.33 57.63 1.34 60.01 1.34 58.83 1.35 57.46 1.36 58.51 38.7 38.8 38.8 38.5 39.9 39.5 1.35 58. 50 1.34 58.73 1.35 *58.38 1.36 56.74 1.36 57.21 1.37 57.94 1.43 1.42 1.42 1.44 1.44 1.46 52.24 52.15 52. 47 52. 41 54.23 53.96 Avg. wkly. Avg. earn wkly. ings hours North Carolina State 35.9 $1.089 $52.16 3 36.6 31.045 53.53 38.6 1.033 53.61 39.5 1.035 53.85 40.1 1.045 53.96 39.9 1.050 54.67 40.0 1.056 54.17 1950: January_____ February_____ March „_ . _ April____ M a y ________ Ju n e __________ 39.5 39.2 *39.0 36.8 37.8 38.8 41.66 42.33 *42.11 39. 82 40. 78 41.91 1.056 54.94 1.079 54.02 1.081 *54.35 1.082 54.68 1.079 55.23 1.080 55.54 Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn ings ings Avg. wkly. hours 37.1 37.1 36.7 38.0 37.7 37.5 37.4 $1.54 $56.36 1.57 57.10 1.57 56.64 1.58 57. 51 1.56 57.63 1.53 58.20 1.56 59.19 38.3 39.1 38.8 39.4 39.4 39.6 39.8 37.3 37.5 37.5 37.2 37.3 37. 7 1.57 1.57 *1.56 1.53 1.53 1.54 39.8 39.5 39.9 39.9 39.9 40.2 59.20 58. 55 59.07 59. 59 59. 89 60. 51 Oklahoma City Utiea-R om eHerkimerLittle Falls 2 Syracuse Avg. hrly. earn ings Avg. wkly. Avg. earn wkly. ings hours $1.47 $53.92 1.46 52.64 1.46 54.89 1.46 55.94 1.46 56.15 1.47 54.73 1.49 56.32 1.49 1.48 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.50 55.92 57.10 57. 58 58.06 59.32 58.22 Oklahoma State 1949: June__ $39.09 July_________ 3 38. 21 A u gu st.._____ 39.89 September___ 40.85 October. 41.86 N ovem ber___ 41.89 December. 42.25 Rochester Tulsa 41.2 $1. 267 41.6 1.288 41.7 1.287 41.2 1.307 42.2 1.279 42.4 1.289 42.1 1.286 39.3 38.3 39.7 40.1 40.8 40.2 40.4 39.9 40.4 40.6 40.8 41.5 40.6 Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours $1.37 $50.89 1.37 51.12 1.38 51.09 1.39 51.91 1.37 56.30 1.36 55.48 1.39 55.43 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.42 1.43 1.43 55.13 55.82 55.99 56.04 56.38 56.94 42.4 $1. 242 $54. 57 41.4 1.239 54.20 42.6 1.239 55. 22 42.5 1.247 56.41 42.3 1.240 56.02 41.5 1.265 55.28 41.2 $1.326 40.8 1.328 40.7 1.356 41.9 1.347 41.1 1.363 40.5 1.365 60.72 64.15 66.53 68.79 69.47 $1.36 1.36 1.36 1.37 1.39 1.38 1.39 39. 7 40.3 40.0 40.2 39.7 40.0 1.39 1.38 1. 40 1. 40 1.42 1.42 Pennylvania State State 50 99 41.9 1.311 $52.65 41.6 1.300 51.31 *41.8 *1.301 52. 76 41.6 1.314 52.93 41.8 1.321 52.41 41.9 1.324 52.51 37.5 37.7 37.6 37.9 40.4 40.1 39.9 Oregon $50 94 $65 18 65. 00 67. 57 Avg. hrly. earn ings 50 51 3 9 n $1 671 49 38 2 1 700 49 39 5 1 711 *58 37.1 38.0 38.6 39.2 39.1 1.64 1.69 1.72 1.75 1.78 74 81 71 78 08 52.85 53.09 *51.91 *52.72 54.01 54.45 88 0 $1 340 87 5 1 338 87 Q 1 337 88 8 1 339 38 7 1 285 88 0 1 311 *3Q d *1 347 39.1 39.3 *38.5 38.6 39.4 39.6 1.353 1.352 *1.350 1.366 1.370 1.376 Pennsylvania—C ontinued AllentownBethlehem 1949: June________ J u ly -------------A ugust______ September___ October______ November___ December____ Erie Harrisburg Johnstown Lancaster Philadelphia $50. 58 49.28 Ö0. Ü3 51.92 49. 90 *52.04 54.53 36.6 $1.386 $54.76 35. 6 1.389 56.97 36.7 1.367 56.46 37.6 1.381 59.78 38.9 1.275 57.18 37.3 1.390 56. 51 38.8 1.404 *58. 77 38.2 $1.432 $49. 57 40.0 1.424 46.16 39.4 1.432 47.07 41.8 1.429 48.63 40.1 1.425 48.37 *40.3 1.403 46. 66 *40.8 1.441 47.90 38.3 $1.303 $53.72 35.9 1.293 52.05 37.2 1.286 51.49 38.0 1.284 53.23 40.9 1.187 39.79 36.8 1.269 53. 76 37.9 1.265 57.38 35.6 $1.513 $48.41 34.3 1.522 48.67 34.0 1.515 47.96 35.0 1.519 48.31 35.6 1.117 48.90 35.7 1.507 48.35 37.7 1.521 50.45 39.7 $1.220 $56.90 40.1 1.212 56.58 39.7 1.203 56.81 40.0 1.205 57.98 40.4 1. 209 57.56 39.7 1.216 57.13 40.8 1.229 *57.71 38.9 38. 6 38.7 39.3 39.4 39.3 39.8 $1, 463 1.468 1.470 1. 474 1 462 *1 456 *1.451 54. 65 53.1 2 *53. 51 54. 66 55.48 J n n 6 - _________ 55. 75 39.0 1.405 58.76 38.1 1.391 59.67 *38.4 *1.394 *64.35 38. 6 1. 416 58.79 38.4 1.442 63.12 38.5 1.447 64.89 40.3 1.459 50.16 40.9 1.460 51.14 *43.6 *1.476 *50.05 40.1 1.467 50.39 43.1 1.466 50.90 44.3 1.465 52.49 38.9 1.288 57.50 39.3 1.302 53.57 *38.5 *1. 299 *54.41 38.5 1.312 58.86 38.7 1.318 58. 58 39.2 1. 339 55.77 37.2 1.545 49.10 35.5 1.508 49.63 35.7 *1. 525 '50. 50 38.2 1.539 50.04 37.8 1. 549 51.52 35.8 1.557 52.90 39.7 1.230 58.13 40.0 1. 235 58. 44 40.2 *1. 250 *58.40 39.6 1.257 57.27 40.6 1.261 58.82 41.4 1.274 58. 99 39.6 39 7 *39.7 38. 7 39. 7 40.1 *1. 473 1. 477 1. 483 1.473 1950: January.. . . . February____ M arch_______ April . ______ M ay________ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 468 1 471 297 C: EARNINGS AND HOURS REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 Table C-5: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries for Selected States and Areas 1—Continued Pennsylvania—Continued Pittsburgh Rhode Island Scranton Reading-Lebanon State York-A dams Year and month Avg. wkly. earn ings Avg. wkly. hours Avg. hrly. earn ings Avg. wkly. earn ings Avg. wkly. hours Avg. hrly. earn ings Avg. wkly. earn ings Avg. wkly. hours Avg. hrly. earn ings Avg. wkly. earn ings Avg. wkly. hours Avg. hrly. earn ings Avg. wkly. earn ings Avg. wkly. hours 1949: June. . . ------------ - $59. 70 58.02 July________________ August_______ --- - 59.48 58.52 Septem ber,.- ____ . October_____________ 56.19 55.27 November. _ ______ December___------ 62.18 37.8 36.8 37.8 36.9 36.2 35.3 39.1 $1. 578 1.577 1.569 1.587 1.551 1.568 1.589 $51. 48 50. 79 52. 07 51.76 53.15 53.39 53. 76 37.9 37.7 38.4 38.2 39.3 38.9 38.8 $1.364 1.351 1.358 1.360 1.356 1.375 1.389 $42. 00 42.06 41.99 42.94 43.22 42.91 43. 57 37.7 37.7 37.8 38.5 38.7 38.7 38.7 $1,112 1.117 1.118 1.117 1.109 1.126 $43. 40 42.65 43.81 42. 72 44.96 44. 73 46.57 39.1 39.2 40.1 39.5 41.5 41.3 41.4 $1.127 1.113 1.116 1.106 $47.65 47.65 46.01 48.34 47. 27 48.96 50. 27 38.8 38.7 37.5 39.1 38.0 39.3 40.2 $1. 227 1.232 1.228 1.236 1.245 1.247 1.251 1950: Janu ary__________ . 62.43 February------------------ 62. 87 M a r c h ..___ _______ *57. 80 62. 70 April--. ___________ M ay________________ 64.10 June_____________ -_ 63.65 38.9 *39.5 *36.5 39.2 40.0 39.9 1.604 *1.589 *1.591 1.599 1.601 1. 595 52.29 54.44 *54.95 53.14 55.52 56. 73 37.7 39.0 39.2 38.3 39.6 40.4 1.388 1.397 *1. 406 1.390 1.405 1.403 43.79 *44. 71 *45. 24 43.34 44. 22 45.58 38.9 38.9 *38.8 37.2 38.5 38.9 1.125 1.149 *1.165 1.166 1.150 1.173 47. 02 47.18 47. 77 47.76 48.67 49.19 41.5 40.8 40.4 40.3 40.9 41.1 1.149 1.170 *1.197 1.203 1.204 50.33 50.37 *50.81 49.08 49. 34 50. 81 40.5 40.3 *40.6 39.4 39.4 40.5 1.243 1.249 *1.251 1.247 1.254 1.255 Tennessee Texas Utah State State State State State 57.50 54.94 54. 45 52. 21 53. 22 54. 54 44.4 43.2 42.6 41.5 42.3 43.1 1.128 39.2 37.8 39.2 38.8 39.1 38.8 39.1 1.142 1.153 *1.163 1.168 1.163 1.158 59.88 62. 20 65.49 66.56 66.93 67.68 35.9 37.2 38.8 39.2 39.3 39.6 $44.67 45.33 45.91 40.1 40.4 40.7 $1,114 1950: January____________ February_____ ______ March____________ *. April........ ..................... M ay________________ June________________ 46.02 45.89 *46.40 44. 97 45.36 46.55 40.3 39.8 *39.9 38.5 39.6 40.2 1.122 1.126 1.146 *1.156 1.155 1.17 1.16 55.60 55.15 *55.19 55.59 54.88 26.08 42.7 41.5 *41.4 41.8 41.7 42.2 1.302 1.329 *1.333 1.330 1.316 1.329 56.91 55.91 55. 95 57. 74 58.90 60.47 *39.6 39.1 39.4 40.1 40.9 41.7 1.43 1.43 1.42 1.44 1.44 1.45 39.8 39.4 *39.5 39.3 39.6 39.9 1.068 1.090 *1. 084 1.084 1.084 1.093 $64.29 61.84 64.25 62.78 63.97 64. 41 65.14 $1.42 1.35 1.39 1.30 1.37 1.36 1.41 44.81 45.15 *45.66 45. 39 46. 33 46.28 40.1 39.8 *39.5 38.8 38.5 39.6 1949* June July. August September _. ______ October_____________ November___ . December______ ____ 40.2 40.3 39.4 40.4 37.2 40.4 40.2 1.295 1.272 1.277 1.258 1.258 1.265 42.83 43.38 *42.82 42.06 41.73 43.28 State $57. 08 54. 41 54. 77 52. 52 50. 96 54. 94 56.68 1.216 1.205 1.216 1.285 $1. 200 State $1.263 1.291 1.275 1.283 1.273 1.286 1.287 $1.105 1.108 1.113 1.124 1.113 43.6 43.7 43.8 42.9 45.2 45.1 Washington 42.1 41.6 41.9 42.8 42.6 42.7 42.2 39.5 39.5 39.5 40.6 40.4 39.8 40.2 $52. 24 53.32 53.30 51.72 55.04 57.98 Virginia 1.108 $53.17 53.71 53.42 54.91 54. 23 54. 91 54.31 $43.65 43.77 43.96 45.63 44.97 44.18 44. 54 $1,031 1.035 1.031 1.044 1.046 1.058 1.061 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1.210 South Dakota 36.8 37.2 38.2 38.8 40.3 40.1 40.5 See footnotes at end of table. 1.102 1.096 1.140 South Carolina $37.94 1949: June 38.50 July________________ August______________ 39.38 Septem ber.-. ___ 40.51 42.15 October...... ............. 42.43 November. ______ D ece m b er ._____ - 42.97 1950: January_____ - ____ February_________ . . M arch____ _ ______ April_________ _____ M ay________________ June____________ -- . 1.112 1.220 Avg. hrly. earn ings 1.110 Wisconsin 1.640 1.636 1.639 1.618 1.636 1.660 1.666 1.668 1.672 1.688 1.698 1.703 1.709 La Crosse Kenosha State $56.69 55.24 54.57 56.47 57.31 56.10 57.94 40.3 40.3 40.0 40.5 41.0 40.2 41.1 $1. 407 1.372 1.363 1.395 1.397 1.395 1.410 $66. 97 62.17 59.40 63.91 62. IS 58. 71 65.30 41.6 39.6 38.2 40.8 39.9 37.7 41.7 $1,610 1.570 1.553 1.568 1.560 1.559 1.567 $58.86 58.12 59.37 61.16 60.13 55.60 61.68 40.0 40.6 40.8 41.5 40.8 39.2 41.8 $1.470 1.431 1.454 1.473 1.475 1.417 1.474 58.18 58.75 59. 42 60.59 61.35 61.04 40.7 41.2 41.5 41.8 42.1 41.9 1.429 1.426 1.432 1.449 1.459 1.458 63.50 67.09 67. 53 73.06 73.85 63.50 40.5 42.1 42.4 44.4 44.9 40.4 1. 568 1.594 1.591 1.644 1.645 1.570 63.12 58. 29 57.67 56.53 57.02 58.61 41.3 39.6 39.3 40.0 39.4 40.3 1.528 1.470 1.467 1.414 1.449 1.456 I MONTHLY LABOR G: EARNINGS AND HOURS 298 T able C-5: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries for Selected States and Areas 1—Continued Wyoming W isconsin—Continued State Racine Milwaukee Madison Year and month Avg. wkly. earnings Avg. wkly. hours Avg. hrly. earnings Avg. wkly. earnings Avg. wkly. hours Avg. hrly. earnings Avg. wkly. earnings Avg. wkly. hours Avg. hrly. earnings Avg. wkly. earnings Avg. wkly. hours Avg. hrly. earnings July August__________ ___ September________ --O cto b er______________ November____________ December------ ----------- $54.22 56.88 54.79 52.22 55.04 58.20 60.44 37.6 39.0 38.2 36.3 38.9 40.8 41.4 $1.443 1.457 1.435 1.437 1.417 1.427 1.460 $61.15 60.00 58. 96 60.79 60. 97 59.43 61.50 40.0 39.4 38.8 39.7 40.0 39.2 40.3 $1. 529 1.524 1. 521 1.530 1.524 1.515 1.525 $63.03 63.10 61.06 61.63 60. 95 57. 75 60.93 40.0 40.1 39.0 39.4 39.0 37.3 39.1 $1. 576 1.575 1.567 1.565 1.564 1.547 1.559 $64.99 64.71 61.60 68.82 67.99 39.2 37.3 37.4 42.5 40.9 $1.658 1.732 1.647 1.620 1.664 1950: January_______________ February_____________ March _____ . _ ____ April_________________ M ay_________ ______ June___ - ____________ 58.42 56.66 55.97 55.35 57.34 57. 90 40.5 39.4 39.1 38.7 39.4 39.6 1.441 1.437 1.431 1.431 1. 456 1.461 62.14 61.94 63.75 65.22 66. 28 65. 41 40.1 40.1 40.9 41.2 41.5 41.1 1.550 1.544 1.557 1.582 1. 596 1. 590 62.15 62.14 63.75 64.37 63. 64 64.71 39.4 39.4 39.8 40.3 40.0 40.6 1.578 1.578 1.601 *1.582 1.592 1. 595 67.08 68.38 65. 95 67.47 67. 98 66. 64 38.1 39.3 38.0 38.9 39.9 39.1 1.759 1.742 1.737 1.734 1.703 1. 706 1 State and area hours and gross earnings are prepared by various cooperat ing State agencies. Owing to differences in methodology the data may not be strictly comparable among the States or with the national averages. Variations in earnings among the States and areas reflect, to some extent, differences with respect to industrial composition. Revised data for all except the two most recent months will be identified by an asterisk (*) for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the first month’s publication of such data. A number of States also make available more detailed industry data as well as information for earlier periods which may be secured directly upon request to the appropriate State agency as listed in footnote 1, table A-10. 2 Revised series; not comparable with data previously published. 3 Revised series; not comparable with preceding data shown. 299 D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 D : Prices and Cost of Living T able D - l : C onsum ers’ Price I n d e x 1 for M oderate-Incom e Fam ilies in Large C ities, b y Group of C om m odities [1935-39=100] Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration * Year and month All Items Food Apparel Rent Total Gas and electricity Other fuels Housefurnishings Miscella neous • Ice 70.7 71.7 79.9 81.7 69.3 69.8 92.2 92.2 61.9 62.3 (‘) (4) 0 « (‘) (<) 59.1 60.8 50.9 52.0 December............................. J u n e .-_________________ Average________________ Average------------------------ 118.0 149. 4 122.5 97.6 149.6 185.0 132.5 86.5 147.9 209.7 115.3 90.8 97.1 119.1 141.4 116.9 90.4 104.8 112.5 103.4 0 (4) (*) (*) (‘) (*) (4) (‘) (4) (‘) (‘) 121.2 169.7 111.7 85.4 83.1 100.7 104.6 101.7 1939: Average________________ August 15_____ _________ 1940: A verage._______ ________ 1941: Average______________ January 1______________ December 15_______ ____ 99.4 98.6 100.2 105.2 100.8 110.6 95.2 93.5 96.6 105.5 97.6 113.1 100.5 100.3 101.7 106.3 101.2 114.8 104.3 104.3 104.6 106.2 105.0 108.2 99.0 97.5 99.7 102.2 100.8 104.1 98.9 99.0 98.0 97.1 97.5 96.7 99.1 95.2 101.9 108.3 105.4 113.1 100.2 100.0 100.4 104.1 100.3 105.1 101.3 100.6 100.5 107.3 100.2 116.8 100.7 100.4 101.1 104.0 101.8 107.7 1942: 1943: 1944: 1945: Average_____________ _ Average________________ Average__________ _____ Average.......... .................. . August 15................ ............. 116.5 123.6 125.5 128.4 129.3 123.9 138.0 136.1 139.1 140.9 124.2 129.7 138.8 145.9 146.4 108.5 108.0 108.2 108.3 (») 105.4 107.7 109.8 110.3 111.4 96.7 96.1 95.8 95.0 95.2 115.1 120.7 126.0 128.3 131.0 110.0 114.2 115.8 115.9 115.8 122.2 125.6 136.4 145.8 146.0 110.9 115.8 121.3 124.1 124.5 1946: Average._______________ June 15.............................. . November 15.................. 139.3 133.3 152.2 159.6 145.6 187.7 160.2 157.2 171.0 108.6 108.5 (') 112.4 110.5 114.8 92.4 92.1 91.8 136.9 133.0 142.6 115.9 115.1 117.9 159.2 156.1 171.0 128.8 127.9 132.5 1947: Average.......... ..... ................ December 15........... ............. 159.2 167.0 193.8 206.9 185.8 191.2 111.2 115.4 121.1 127.8 92.0 92.6 156.1 171.1 125.9 129.8 184.4 191.4 139.9 144.4 1948: Average.......... ...................... December 15....................... 171.2 171.4 210.2 205.0 198.0 200.4 117.4 119.5 133.9 137.8 94.3 95.3 183.4 191.3 135.2 138.4 195.8 198.6 149.9 154.0 1949: Average............................... June 15........ ......................... July 15_________________ August 16______________ September 15............. ......... October 15 . __________ November 15. .................... December 15........................ 169.1 169.6 168.5 168.8 169.6 168.5 168. 6 167.5 201.9 204.3 201.7 202.6 204.2 200.6 200.8 197.3 190.1 190.3 188.5 187.4 187.2 186.8 186.3 185.8 120.8 120.6 120.7 120.8 121.2 121.5 122.0 122.2 137.5 135.6 135.6 135.8 137.0 138.4 139.1 139.7 96.7 96.9 96.9 97.1 97.1 97.0 97.0 97.2 187.7 183.0 183.1 183.1 185.9 188.3 190.0 191.6 141.7 140.0 139.9 141.1 141.5 145.6 146. 6 145.5 189.0 187.3 186.8 184.8 185.6 185.2 185.4 185.4 154.6 154.2 154.3 154.8 155.2 155.2 154.9 155.5 1950: January 15________ _____ February 15......................... March 15_______________ April 1 5 . ________ ______ M ay 15_. ________ __ June 15------- ----------------- 166.9 166.5 167.0 167.3 168.6 170.2 196.0 194.8 196.0 196.6 200.3 204.6 185.0 184.8 185.0 185.1 185.1 185.0 122.6 122.8 122.9 123.1 123.5 123.9 140.0 140.3 140.9 141.4 138.8 138.9 96.7 97.1 97.1 97.2 97.1 97.0 193.1 193.2 194.4 195.6 189.1 189. 4 145.5 145.5 146. 6 146.6 146.6 146.6 184.7 185.3 185.4 185.6 185. 4 185.2 155.1 155.1 155.0 154.8 155.3 155.3 1913: Average____________ ___ 1914: Ju ly ---- -----------------------1918: 1920: 1929: 1932: i The “ Consumers’ price Index for moderate-income families in large cities,” formerly known as the “ Cost of living index” measures average changes in retail prices of selected goods, rents, and services weighted by quantities bought in 1934-36 by families of wage earners and moderate-income workers in large cities whose incomes averaged $1,524 in 1934-36. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin 699, Changes in Cost of Living in Large Cities in the United States, 1913-41, contains detailed description of methods used in constructing this index. Additional information on the consumers’ price index is given in a compilation of reports published by the Office of Economic Stabilization, Report of the President’s Committee on the Cost of Living. Mimeographed tables are available upon request showing indexes for each of the cities regularly surveyed by the Bureau and for each of the major groups of living essentials. Indexes for all large cities combined are available since 1913. The beginning date for series of indexes for individual cities https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (* ) varies from city to city but indexes are available for most of the 34 cities since World War I. * The group index formerly entitled “ Fuel, electricity, and ice” is now des ignated "Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration” . Indexes are comparable with those previously published for “ Fuel, electricity, and ice.” The subgroup “ Other fuels and ice” has been discontinued; separate indexes are presented for “ Other fuels” and “Ice.” • 1 The miscellaneous group covers transportation (such as automobiles and their upkeep and public transportation fares); medical care (including professional care and medicines); household operation (covering supplies and different kinds of paid services); recreation (that is, newspapers, motion pictures and tobacco products); personal care (barber- and beauty-shop service and toilet articles); etc. 4 Data not available. 4Rents not surveyed this month 300 D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING M ONTHLY LABOR T able D -2 : C onsum ers’ Price Index for M oderate-Incom e F am ilies, by C ity ,1 for Selected Periods [1935-39=100] City June 15, M ay 15 Apr. 15, Mar. 15 Feb. 15, Jan. 15, Dec. 15, Nov.15, Oct. 15, Sept. 15, Aug. 15, July 15, June 15, June 15 Aug. 15, 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1949 1949 1949 1949 1949 1949 1949 1946 1939 Average................................. 170.2 168.6 167.3 167.0 166.5 166.9 167.5 168.6 168.5 169.6 168.8 168.5 169.6 133.3 98.6 Atlanta, Qa______________ Baltimore, M d....... ................ Birmingham, Ala................... Boston, M ass_____________ Buffalo, N. Y _______ _____ Chicago, 111_______________ Cincinnati, Ohio__________ Cleveland, Ohio__________ Denver, Colo_____________ Detroit, M ich____ ______ Houston, Tex................... ....... 0 174.3 171.1 166.2 0 176.4 171.2 0 0 174.2 173.1 169.3 (2) 169.0 163.3 (2) 175.3 169.7 170.1 (2) 171.4 172.4 0 (2) 167.7 162.3 166.3 172.9 167.3 (2) 165.7 169.5 171.9 (2) 170.1 168.4 162.0 (2) 172.9 167.9 (2) (J) 168.3 172.9 168.3 0 166.4 160.7 0 172.0 167.2 168.7 0 168.1 172.0 0 0 166.9 161.5 164.8 172.3 167.7 0 164.5 168.5 172.8 0 170.9 168.4 162.7 0 173.2 167.8 0 0 169 1 173.2 170.5 0 170.5 164.0 0 175.3 168.3 170.3 0 169.8 173.3 0 0 170.3 164.1 167.4 174.4 168.7 0 164.6 168.7 172.0 (J) 174.0 171.8 165.4 0 175.8 170.8 0 0 170.4 171.4 172.3 0 171.1 163.8 0 174.4 168.8 171.6 0 169.9 170.4 0 0 171.0 162.6 169.4 173.9 168.7 0 167.8 170.4 170.4 0 174.2 172.1 163.3 (i) 175.9 170. 5 0 0 172.0 170.5 133 8 135 6 136.6 127. 9 132 6 130 9 132 2 135 7 131 7 136 4 130.5 98 0 98 7 98 6 97 1 98 5 98 7 97* 3 100 0 98* ft 98 ft m 7 Indianapolis, Ind_________ Jacksonville, Fla__________ Kansas City, M o_________ Los Angeles, Calif _______ Manchester, N . H ............ ........ Memphis. T e n n .____ _____ Milwaukee, W is_______ . . Minneapolis, M inn_______ Mobile, A la ................... ....... New Orleans, La_____ ____ New York, N . Y ............ ....... (2) 176.7 (2) 166.7 0 169.9 (2) 169.2 167.4 (2) 167.0 (2) (2) 0 166.7 (2) (2) 170.9 (2) (2) 171.5 165.4 170.9 (2) 161.1 166.9 167.1 (2) (J) 174.8 (2) 165.9 (2) 169.4 (2) 167.1 166.2 (2) 164.0 0 0 0 166.1 0 0 167.6 0 0 170.6 163.7 170.6 0 160.6 166.9 167.1 0 0 175.5 0 165.4 0 170.8 0 167.4 167.4 0 164.9 0 0 0 166.6 0 0 168.4 0 0 173.3 165.8 172.1 0 161.1 166.5 169.3 0 0 176.5 0 167.1 0 172.7 0 168.3 169.2 0 167.5 (l) 0 (J) 166.8 0 0 166.9 0 0 173.8 166.8 171.0 0 162.1 167. 2 170.0 0 167.1 0 174. 9 0 168. 7 0 173.5 0 169.1 170.3 (J) 167.0 131 p 138 4 129 4 1.3ft 1 134 7 134.5 131.2 129 4 132.9 138 0 135.8 98 0 98 ft 9R* ft 100 5 97 8 9L 8 97.0 QO 7 98! 6 99 7 Norfolk. Va........... ............... . Philadelphia. P a ................... Pittsburgh, P a ....................... Portland, M aine_____ ____ Portland, Oreg........................ Richmond, V a ....................... St. Louis, M o________ ____ San Francisco, Calif_______ Savannah, Q a ................ . . Scranton, Pa____ _____ ___ Seattle, Wash_____________ Washington, D . O ............ . (2) 169.7 173.4 164.5 (2) 0 169.7 173.1 (2) 170.9 167.1 172.0 (2) (2) (2) (2) (l) 0 167.3 171.8 165.2 0 167.3 170.3 162.8 0 0 167. 8 171.5 0 0 0 0 168.2 168.6 171.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 166.3 171.6 166.2 170.2 168.7 172.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 169.5 170.8 166.0 0 167.5 171.9 0 »175.1 164.4 0 0 173.3 0 0 0 0 169. 2 173 1 165.8 0 0 169.8 173. 7 0 0 0 135.2 132 5 134 7 128. 7 140 3 128 2 131.2 137. 8 140 6 132 2 137.0 133.8 97.8 97 8 98 4 97 1 100* 1 98 0 98.1 99 3 (2) (2) (2) 0 (2) (2) (2) 164.5 0 166.0 170.1 (2) 174.8 161.9 (2) (2) 170.9 (2) (2) 0 167.1 0 166.0 165.1 169.5 169.5 163.7 0 0 0 0 0 167.4 0 172.3 0 0 0 163.7 0 171.6 0 * 163.7 0 0 0 0 0 163.7 0 165.9 169.9 0 173.8 161.8 0 0 169.1 0 0 0 1 The indexes are based on time-to-time changes in the cost of goods and services purchased by moderate-income families in large cities. They do not Indicate whether it costs more to live in one city than in another. 1 Through June 1947, consumers’ price indexes were computed monthly for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 0 0 0 0 165.9 0 168.9 171.1 0 173.6 164.9 0 0 173. 4 0 0 0 0 169.6 172.3 164. 9 0 0 168.9 173.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 j 0 9 9 .0 99 3 9fi ft 10o' 3 98.’ 6 21 cities and in March, June, September, and December for 13 additional cities; beginning July 1947 indexes were computed monthly for 10 cities and once every 3 months for 24 additional cities according to a staggered schedule * Corrected. D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING REVIEW , AUGUST 1950 301 T able D -3 : C onsum ers7 Price Index for M oderate-Incom e F am ilies, b y C ity and Group of C om m odities 1 [1935-39=100] Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration Food Apparel Housefumishings Rent Total City Miscellaneous Gas and electricity June 15, M ay 15, Juno 15, M ay 15, June 15, M ay 15, June 15, M ay 15, June 15, M ay 15, June 15, M ay 15, June 15, M ay 15, 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 A verage.. __________ 204.6 200.3 185.0 185.1 123.9 123.5 138.9 138.8 97.0 97.1 Atlanta, Oa____ _____ Baltimore, M d _______ Birmingham, Ala_____ Boston, M ass................ Buffalo, N . Y ................ Chicago, 111-........... . Cincinnati, Ohio_____ Cleveland, Ohio______ Denver, Colo................. Detroit, M ich................ Houston, Tex....... ......... 197.5 218.7 195.0 198.4 203.2 211.1 206.9 213.7 207.0 205.2 207.3 194.7 211.0 193.1 191.7 195.9 208.2 202.9 206.3 203.8 198.7 205.5 0) 191.4 (9 127.8 146.9 149.2 131.9 151.4 148.6 133.0 146.7 147.0 112.9 149.4 98.4 146.9 149.2 131.6 149.9 148.1 133.0 146.7 147.0 112.9 149.5 98.4 83.4 125.3 79.6 117.i 110.0 83.5 101.9 105.6 69.2 89.3 81.8 83.4 126.2 79.6 117.2 110.0 83.5 101.9 105.6 69.2 89.7 81.8 Indianapolis, Ind_____ Jacksonville, F la........... Kansas City, M o_____ Los Angeles, Calif........ Manchester, N . H ... . Memphis, T enn______ Milwaukee, W is_____ Minneapolis, M inn___ Mobile, Ala.................... N ew Orleans, La_____ N ew York, N . Y .......... 199.5 207.0 190.1 200.3 200.9 206.4 207.6 194.9 201.1 211.6 204.3 197.1 202.7 187.3 199.8 197.5 204.3 203.9 192.2 199.5 209.3 200.1 157.2 147.6 127.2 100.1 151.4 140.3 142.7 139.1 129.3 113.1 140.2 157.6 149.4 127.2 100.1 8 149. 7 140.3 142.7 142.7 129.2 113.1 140.4 86.6 100.5 67.4 95.5 96.0 77.0 99.0 79.6 84.5 75.1 101.9 86.6 100.5 67.3 95.5 3 97.3 77.0 99.0 79.6 84.3 75.1 102.0 Norfolk, Va__________ Philadelphia, P a_____ Pittsburgh, P a_______ Portland, M aine....... .. Portland, Oreg_______ Richmond, Va_______ St. Louis, M o________ San Francisco, C a lif... Savannah, Ga...... ......... Scranton, P a.................. Seattle, W ash ........... Washington, D . C ____ 207.0 201.5 209.1 193.5 219.4 197.0 212.4 214.3 209.6 205.1 208.6 204.1 202.2 194.6 205.9 189.7 217.2 192.0 208.4 213.2 205.5 199.6 206.8 198.4 159.5 141.5 137.1 147.2 131.5 145.3 135.2 86.8 152.3 148.0 130.9 143.3 159.5 141.5 137.1 145.2 131.5 145.3 135.2 86.8 151.9 147.2 130.9 142.4 106.4 104.2 103.3 105.7 92.0 109.4 88.4 76.5 108.6 98.3 91.7 105.5 106.4 104.2 103.3 105.8 91.9 109.4 88.4 76.5 108.6 98.3 91.7 105.5 (9 194.2 174.7 190.1 183.9 190.1 184.2 182.5 142.4 116.2 181.5 194.9 181.6 195.2 129.9 145.8 129.9 144.5 (9 (9 (9 (9 143.9 (9 (9 (9 (9 131.4 (9 (9 0) 0) 0) 184.5 (9 181.5 (9 (9 203.1 190.6 186.9 (9 183.2 (9 181.6 214.6 187.9 (9 (9 188.6 181.2 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 181.8 (9 (9 183.9 (9 (9 197.1 183.7 178.9 181.8 213.4 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 193.5 182.3 209.4 120.1 154.0 119.6 (9 180.0 193.2 175.7 (9 (9 (9 (9 131.6 (9 (9 132.8 135.8 128.7 143.8 119.3 (9 142.3 115.9 129.4 (9 135.7 (9 (9 (9 115.9 108.9 (9 121.7 121.7 122.6 109.0 121.7 122.9 115.5 (9 (9 123.0 118.0 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 113.0 126.7 106.8 i Prices of apparel, housefumishings, and miscellaneous goods and services are obtained monthly in 10 cities and once every 3 months in 24 additional cities according to a staggered schedule. "*• I % 895483— 50 .p https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 185.2 185.4 155.3 155.3 (0 187.2 0 152.8 150.4 153.9 0 158.2 156.3 0 0 170.8 158.6 159.6 0 150.3 153.8 0 158.3 156.0 151.2 186.9 177.1 177.6 0 168.9 177.3 0 0 197.5 183.6 0 183.1 0) 182.2 0) (>) 172.0 176.2 167.2 0 173.8 0 192.0 187.6 178.6 0 0 167.0 158.3 0 0 0 0 0 178.0 178.2 0) 169.8 177.9 167.6 0 197.0 184.0 0) 0 0 183.2 0) 0 187.6 0 0 190.1 173.2 186.9 191.2 186.9 0) 0 0 0 0 0 168.0 189.7 196.0 0 163.0 0 151.8 0) 141.0 0 159.6 145.3 0 157.7 0) 152.4 149.9 152.6 0 0 144.5 165.7 0 0 0 0 0 168.1 158.4 0 0 0 151.9 0) 0 150.4 0 0 145.4 157.5 156.1 152.3 149.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 144.2 159.8 158.0 2 Rents are surveyed every 3 months in 34 large cities according to a staggered schedule, 8Corrected. 302 D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING M ONTHLY LABOR T able D -4 : Indexes of R eta il Prices of F ood s,1 b y Group, for Selected Periods [1935-39 = 100] Year and month Cere als Meats, All and poul foods bakery try. prod and Total ucts fish Meats Beef and veal Pork Fruits and vegetables Lamb Chick Fish ens Dairy prod ucts Eggs 136.1 141 7 143 ft 82 3 91.0 90.7 93.8 Total Fresh Can ned Dried Bever Fats and ages oils Sugar and sweets 169 5 210 8 173 6 226 2 124 ft 17A 4 162* 4 145.0 120.0 103 fi 94.5 92.4 96.5 lOn 9 95.1 92.8 97.3 91 1 92.3 91.6 92.4 91 9 9 3 !3 90.3 100.6 92.5 87.7 84. 5 82.2 100.6 95.6 96.8 Average______ 124.0 Average_____ 137.4 Average_____ 132.5 A v e ra g e .____ 86.5 95.2 A verage... . . . August. _____ 93.5 96.6 1940: Average_____ 105.5 115.7 107.6 82.6 94.5 93.4 96.8 101.2 117.8 127.1 79.3 96.6 95.7 95.8 96.6 95.4 94.4 101.1 99.6 102.8 88.9 88.0 81.1 99.5 98.8 99.7 93.8 94.6 94.8 101.0 99 6 110.6 129.4 127.4 131 0 84.9 95.9 93.1 101.4 1941: Average.......... December____ Average_____ Average_____ Average. ___ Average_____ August____ 105.5 113.1 123.9 138.0 136.1 139.1 140.9 97.9 102.5 105.1 107.6 108.4 109.0 109.1 107.5 111.1 126.0 133.8 129.9 131.2 131.8 106. 5 109.7 122.5 124.2 117.9 118.0 118.1 110.8 114.4 123.6 124.7 118.7 118.4 118.5 100.1 103.2 120.4 119. 9 112.2 112.6 112.6 106.6 108.1 124.1 136.9 134. 5 136.0 136.4 102.1 100.5 122.6 146.1 151.0 154.4 157.3 124.5 138.9 163.0 206.5 207.6 217.1 217.8 112.0 120.5 125.4 134.6 133.6 133.9 133. 4 112.2 138.1 136. 5 161.9 153.9 164.4 171.4 103. 2 110.5 130.8 168.8 168.2 177.1 183.5 104.2 111.0 132.8 178.0 177.2 188.2 196.2 97.9 106.3 121.6 130.6 129.5 130.2 130.3 106.7 118.3 136.3 158.9 164.5 168.2 168.6 101.5 114.1 122.1 124.8 124.3 124.7 124.7 94.0 108.6 119.6 126.1 123.3 124.0 124.0 106. 4 114 4 126 5 127.1 126 6 126. 5 126.6 1946: Average______ 159.6 •Tune_________ 145.6 November___ 187.7 125.0 122.1 140.6 161.3 134.0 203.6 150.8 120.4 197.9 150.5 121.2 191.0 148.2 114.3 207.1 163.9 139.0 205.4 174.0 162.8 188.9 236.2 219.7 265.0 165.1 147.8 198.5 168.8 147.1 201.6 182.4 183.5 184.5 190.7 196.7 182.3 140.8 127.5 167.7 190.4 172.5 251.6 139.6 125.4 167.8 152.1 126. 4 244.4 143.9 136.2 170.5 1923: 1926: 1929: 1932: 1939: 1942: 1943: 1944: 1945: 9 5 .5 9 4 .9 1947: Average______ 193.8 155.4 217.1 214.7 213.6 215.9 220.1 183.2 271.4 186.2 200.8 199.4 201.5 166.2 263. 5 186.8 197.5 180.0 1948: Average______ 210.2 170.9 246.5 243.9 258.5 222.5 246.8 203.2 312.8 204.8 208.7 205.2 212.4 158.0 246.8 205.0 195.5 174.0 1949: Average______ June____ .. J u ly .................. August______ September___ O ctober... ... November . December____ 201.9 204.3 201.7 202.6 204. 2 200.6 200 8 197.3 169.7 169.7 169.5 169.4 169.7 169.1 169.2 169.2 233.4 240.6 236.0 239.5 243.6 235.1 229.1 223.2 229.3 239.3 234.4 237.3 242.0 233.1 226.4 220.0 241.3 247.8 245.3 246.3 249.9 248.2 248.5 245.2 205.9 216.0 209.8 221.9 227.6 207.7 189.7 178.3 251.7 278.4 265.5 247.8 254. 7 246.1 242.0 236.1 191.5 184.4 182.8 191.5 192.5 184.6 184.5 179.5 314.1 312.6 307.7 308.9 311.9 306.8 300.6 299.0 186.7 182.0 182.2 184.9 185.3 186.7 186. 4 186.2 201.2 198.0 204.1 222.2 232.6 227.8 207 8 178.0 208.1 217.9 210.2 201.9 199.8 194.5 202 0 198.2 218.8 231.1 221.2 211.4 209.0 202.3 212 7 208.0 152.9 155.3 154.2 149.7 148.0 147.0 146.2 145.1 227.4 227.3 228.1 229.6 230.1 228.5 224.7 224.3 220.7 207.6 208.2 208.8 211.0 213.8 265.3 292.5 148.4 142.9 141.0 144.0 148.3 144.5 139. 7 136.7 176.4 176. 5 176. 2 176. 5 176.8 177. 5 178.9 178.8 1950: Jan u a ry ____ February.......... M arch........... A pril................. M ay............ ..... J u n e . . ______ 196.0 194.8 196.0 196.6 200.3 204.6 169.0 169.0 169.0 169.3 169.6 169.6 219.4 221.6 227.3 227.9 239. 5 246.7 217.9 220.5 224.5 224.8 239.9 248.4 242.3 241.9 244.5 245.8 260.0 270.5 177.3 184.0 188.9 185.9 204.2 210.4 234. 3 238.6 246.7 252.1 262.7 268.6 158.9 165.1 180.4 187.5 183.8 184.6 301.9 293.7 302.5 297.4 293.2 295.3 184.2 183.6 182.4 179. 3 177.8 177.1 152.3 141.1 150.2 150.5 144.4 149.1 204.8 199.1 195.2 200. 5 206. 5 217.2 217.2 210.0 204.8 211.8 219.6 233.4 143.3 142.6 142.8 142.6 142.6 143.2 223.9 222.4 222.5 223.4 224.7 225.1 299.5 304.5 311.6 307.6 299.2 295.6 135.2 133.5 134.2 135. 2 137.3 139.6 178. 9 178.0 176.9 175. 2 174.6 174.3 1 The Bureau of Labor Statistics retail food prices are obtained monthly during the first three days of the week containing the fifteenth of the month, through voluntary reports from chain and independent retail food dealers. Articles included are selected to represent food sales to moderate-income families. The indexes, based on the retail prices of 50 foods, are computed by the fixed-base-weighted-aggregate method, using weights representing (1) rela tive importance of chain and independent store sales, in computing city aver age prices; (2) food purchases by families of wage earners and moderate- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis income workers, in computing city indexes; and (3) population weights, in combining city aggregates in order to derive average prices and indexes for all cities combined. Indexes of retail food prices in 56 large cities combined, by commodity groups, for the years 1923 through 1948 (1935-39=100), may be found in Bulle tin No. 965, "Retail Prices of Pood, 1948,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor, table 3, p. 7. Mimeographed tables of the same data, by months, January 1935 to date, are available upon request. D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 303 T a b l e D -5: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods, by City [1935-39=100] Nov. 1949 Oct. 1949 197.3 200.8 200.6 194.7 208.1 190.5 189.5 197.0 197.7 211.9 197.2 193.2 200.3 199.9 211.5 197.2 193.7 198.2 189.8 194.1 200.3 185.3 199.9 189.3 194.1 200.3 187.9 202.2 193.2 199.8 203.4 189.2 208.3 195.1 200.2 201.2 190.5 206.5 196.8 201.8 177.7 197.6 196.2 197.4 202.6 177.2 198.4 196.8 197. 3 203. 2 179.3 201.9 196.2 198.7 206.0 180.8 205.0 200.2 190.8 192.3 208.3 193.0 196. 7 190.4 190.7 205.6 191.2 196.1 191.8 191.9 207.7 192.3 199.9 193.4 193. 8 210.5 194. 5 204.5 200.0 184.0 217.5 194.6 200.6 201.2 183.2 217.3 194.5 197.7 198.7 182.7 216 1 194.5 198.3 200.7 183.6 216. 7 196.4 201.4 188.9 197.5 204.3 203.9 192.2 183.4 192.1 201.3 197.6 187.9 184.2 193.1 202.7 198.2 188.1 183.1 189.9 202.2 196.6 188.3 201.1 203.2 201.3 211.6 204.3 199.5 197.2 195.7 209.3 200.1 199.1 193.4 191.5 209.3 197.1 198.6 192.0 191.1 207.9 195.7 Norfolk, V a . _____________ Omaha, N e b r __________ Peoria, 111___ ___________ Philadelphia, P a-------------Pittsburgh, P a .„ ------ -------- 207.0 199.1 220.4 201.5 209.1 202.2 197.3 214.3 194.6 205.9 197.0 190. 8 208.8 191.5 200.5 Portland, M a in e ________ Portland, Oreg ________ Providence, R . I. . . . . . .. Richmond, Va____________ Rochester, N . Y ---------------- 193.5 219.4 210.6 197.0 198.8 189.7 217.2 204.9 192.0 195.1 St. Louis, M o ...................... St. Paul, M inn___ _______ Salt Lake City, U tah--------San Francisco, Calif --------Savannah, Qa------------------- 212.4 192.7 201.8 214.3 209.6 Scranton, Pa...................... . Seattle, W ash_____________ Springfield, 111------- ---------Washington, D . C ------------- 205.1 208.6 214.3 204.1 210 4 197.5 Aug. 1939 204.2 202.6 201.7 204.3 145.6 93.5 206.9 216.4 201.9 197.1 204.8 203.9 215.4 199.8 194.6 201.1 198.3 211.5 198.6 194.2 200.3 200.5 216.2 201.4 195.9 205.0 141.0 152.4 147.7 138.0 139.1 92.5 94.7 90.7 93.5 93.2 198.2 201.4 205.2 193.0 212.1 199.5 200.8 203.9 193.9 209.2 200.2 202.1 205.1 190.3 207.4 199.6 206.7 211.2 195.4 211.6 140.2 139.7 148.2 140.8 142.8 94.5 94.1 199.7 209.2 183.6 204.8 196.0 205.4 211.1 187.9 207.0 200.2 201.6 210.4 186.2 205.3 199.1 200.5 208.9 182.9 204.8 204.5 204.2 211.2 185.4 204.9 208.2 141.4 149.3 136.4 142.4 145.3 90.4 93.6 88.1 91.7 92.7 195.5 198.1 212.7 196.9 206.5 192.4 198.7 212.4 198.9 204.4 197.4 201.7 212.2 200.5 206.0 197.2 201.2 211.6 199.3 205.5 197.9 199.3 211.0 195.7 207.8 201.5 201.1 211.8 200.5 205.5 145.4 138.1 144.0 141.5 150.6 90.6 95.4 97.8 90.7 202.8 184.5 220.0 197.0 197.2 206.9 186.9 223.3 198.8 200.5 205.9 186.0 223.6 198.2 200.6 208.5 190.7 227.3 201.4 202.8 206.0 187.2 226.5 201.6 201.7 207.0 188.5 222.3 196.8 202.3 208.3 190. 5 226.0 204.2 206.6 150.8 134.8 165. 6 139.1 154. 8 95.8 91.5 183.7 191.6 203.1 196.3 189.1 185.0 192.9 206.9 196.1 188.7 188.3 195.5 210.2 199.3 192.0 189.7 197.2 209. 7 199.4 191.1 194.3 203.3 213.0 203.7 192.8 192.4 202.1 214.3 200.0 190.1 189.4 200.3 217.1 201.6 190.6 194.1 205.2 215.3 205.6 194.3 135.6 144.4 153.6 144.3 137.5 92.1 94.9 89.7 91.1 95.0 194.8 190.3 189.6 206.9 195.3 196.4 192.4 190.6 209.6 195.9 201.3 196.1 193.1 211.7 198.8 203.6 198.6 2 198. 4 213.2 201.5 204.8 198.2 197.9 210.0 201.0 207.0 201.2 198.3 215.5 205.8 206.6 198.5 194.2 214.4 204.1 205.8 198.5 194.7 214.0 204.1 207.9 199.6 198-5 215.2 203.4 149.8 147.9 140.4 157.6 149.2 95.5 95.6 93.7 97.6 95.8 197.9 190.4 208.2 191.9 198.7 195.0 188.9 206.9 189.5 198.8 194.8 189.8 205.9 191.3 199.7 198.0 190.9 206.5 193.5 200.8 200.8 194. 7 210.0 196.8 205.4 203.5 195.7 211.9 197.9 204.8 208.9 197.9 214.4 199.9 208.0 206.1 196.4 214.9 198.3 207.9 202.0 196.2 214.6 195.2 205.3 206.9 201.1 218.9 198.7 208.8 146.0 139.5 151.3 143.5 147.1 93.6 92.3 93.4 93.0 92.5 187.8 213.0 200.2 188.2 189.6 190.8 211.1 199.4 190. 5 191.0 186.7 211.8 197.4 188.5 190.0 187.3 210.4 198.3 188.3 190.7 187.2 206.3 201.3 191.3 192.0 188.4 207.8 205.2 195.0 193.5 189.7 209.7 207.0 197.4 193.7 193.8 211.1 210.9 202.4 198.1 194.8 211.6 209.0 200.7 198.6 194.7 213.6 209.7 195.8 197.5 197.2 219.4 208.9 197.5 199.3 138.4 158.4 144.9 138. 4 142.5 95.9 96.1 93.7 92.2 92.3 208.4 190.4 198.4 213.2 205.5 202.5 186.9 195.1 212.9 200.5 204.5 187.5 196.5 211.6 200.9 202.9 186.8 199.4 212.2 197.1 204.6 186.4 198. 7 214.3 197.0 206. 2 186.0 196.6 210.1 201.8 208.6 187.9 202.0 212.9 207.1 207.5 187. 5 202.6 213.1 208.2 211.6 190.3 203.1 213.7 218.3 210.6 188.8 201.0 209.9 212.5 206.8 189.1 204.9 212.6 210.2 212.8 192.3 207.5 215.5 217.1 147.4 137.3 151.7 155_5 158.5 93.8 94.3 94.6 93.8 96.7 199.6 206.8 209.0 198.4 207 6 192.9 192.6 205.2 202.0 193.3 204. 2 191.5 193.5 204.2 201.5 193.6 206, 8 191.8 191.0 205.6 201.4 193.6 205.1 188.6 192.4 205.8 200.9 194.4 205.9 191.0 193.2 203.1 201.6 196.1 207.8 196.3 198.1 207.4 204.4 202.6 210.9 197.8 200.9 205.0 204.7 200.1 211.2 197. 5 208.3 208.0 209.6 203.8 211.8 200.6 206.1 205. 5 210.1 203.5 211.9 200.6 202.7 205.8 208.4 200. 4 210.7 198.9 204.1 208.5 214.0 202.2 216.4 200.6 144.0 151.6 150.1 145. 5 154. 4 145.3 92.1 94.5 94.1 94.1 M ay 195Ö United States------- ------------ 204.6 200.3 196.6 196.0 Atlanta. Qa______________ Baltimore, Md_ ............... Birmingham, Ala____ ____ Boston, Mass ____________ Bridgeport, C o n n ............ . 197.5 218.7 195.0 198.4 206.8 194.7 211.0 193.1 191.7 201.8 192.6 206.1 189.6 188.4 197.8 193.8 206.5 189.8 187.7 197.0 Buffalo, N . Y _____________ Butte, M ont . . __ _______ Charleston, S. C __________ Chicago, 111.............................. 203.2 206.9 212.1 189.4 211.1 195.9 201.3 208.6 186.7 208.2 193.3 198.5 202.3 185.2 201.5 193.0 195.9 201.9 186.1 201.5 Cincinnati, Ohio__________ Cleveland, Ohio - .................. Columbus, Ohio_________ Dallas, T e x ___________ Denver, Colo-------------------- 206.9 213.7 186.3 202.0 207.0 202, 9 206.3 183.3 199.8 203. S 196.7 203.1 179.1 196.3 198.6 Detroit, M ich____________ Fall River, M ass____ ____ _ Houston, Tex __________ Indianapolis, Ind............ ....... 205.2 203.4 207.3 199.5 200.0 198.7 197.2 205.5 197.1 199.7 Jacksonville, Fla_-.......... ....... Kansas City, M o -------------Little Rock, Ark -----------Los Angeles, Calif. ---------- 207.0 190.1 223.7 201.0 200.3 Louisville, K y ....................... Manchester, N . H ________ _______ Memphis, Tenn M il wäukee, W is - ________ Minneapolis, M in n ----------- Jan. 1950 Dec. 1949 194.8 196.0 190.0 205.0 184.5 184.8 192.5 192.5 206.6 186.4 186.6 195.5 189.6 194.8 201.0 183.3 198.6 197.9 201.6 179.0 196.3 198.9 194.2 193.7 205.1 192.6 198.0 202.7 187.3 220.5 197.4 199.8 194.1 200.9 206.4 207.6 194.9 Mobile, Ala ____________ Newark, N . J ____________ New Haven, Conn-----------New Orleans, L a .. .............. New York, N . Y --------------- * Estimated index based on hall the usual sample of reports. prices for N ew Haven. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1946 July 1949 June 1950 Winston-Salem, N . C .i------- June 1949 Aug. 1949 Apr. 1950 Mar. 1950 City Feb. 1950 Sept. 1949 95.1 92.3 94.0 94.6 Remaining reports lost in the mails. Index for December 15 reflects the correct level of food 304 D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING MONTHLY LABOR T able D -6: Average Retail Prices and Indexes of Selected Foods Commodity Average price June 1950 Indexes 1935-39=100 June 1950 C ereals and bakery products: Cereals: C e n ts Flour, w heat____ _____ 5 pounds.. 49.1 190.4 Corn flakes........... ...........11 ounces.. 16.6 176.3 Corn m eal....................... pound.. 8.7 180.6 Rice 1........... ............................. .d o ___ 16.5 92.8 Rolled oats *_________ 20 ounces.. 16.0 145.5 Bakery products: . Bread, w hite..........................pound.. 14.0 163.9 Vanilla co o k ies............ ...........do___ 44.7 191.1 M eats, poultry, and fish: Meats: Beef: Round steak___________ d o ...: 97.5 288.7 do___ 76.1 264.4 Rib roast................... Chuck roast____________ do__ 63.0 281.1 Hamburger 3___________ do__ 56.1 181.5 Veal: C u tlets._____ _________do___ 108.3 271.3 Pork: Chops....................................do__ 80.7 244.8 Bacon, sliced_____ _____ do___ 61.7 162.1 Ham, whole____________ do__ 63.5 216.0 Salt pork____ __________do___ 33.4 160.3 Lamb: Leg....................................... .d o __ 77.3 272.9 Poultry, ........................................ .d o ___ 184.6 Frying chickens: * New York dressed 8____ do___ 46.7 Dressed and drawn 7___ do___ 59.3 Fish: Fish (fresh, frozen)*...............d o___ 274.1 m Salmon, pink *____ 16-ounce ca n .. 42.6 325.3 Dairy products: Butter............................................pound.. 71.1 195.4 Cheese_______ do___ 51.1 226.2 Milk, fresh (delivered)________quart.. 19.6 160.1 Milk, fresh (grocery).....................d o ___ 18.2 161.6 Milk, evaporated____ 14^-ounce can.. 12.4 174.1 Eggs: Eggs, fresh-............................... dozen.. 51.6 149.1 Fruits and vegetables: Fresh fruits: Apples..................................... pound.. 16.1 307.5 Bananas__________________ do___ 16.4 272.2 Oranges, size 200_________ dozen.. 48.9 172.6 Fresh vegetables: Beans, green_____________ pound.. 16.8 153.9 Cabbage....... ............................. do___ 6.6 173.0 Carrots__________________bunch.. 9.8 181.5 Lettuce___________________ head.. 13.9 167.5 Onions------------------.p o u n d .. 7.7 186.3 Potatoes_____________ 15 pounds.. 79.6 220.6 (10) Spinach...................... pound.. (“>) Sweetpotatoes_____________ do___ 10.8 207.4 Tomatoes 11. ____ do___ 32.4 212.8 Canned fruits: Peaches.......................N o. V A can.. 27.0 140.0 Pineapple.......... ......................d o ___ 37.3 171.9 Canned vegetables: C orn.................................N o. 2 ca n .. 17.2 138.4 Peas13. _____________ N o. 303 ca n .. 20.9 114.3 Tomatoes.........................N o. 2 ca n .. 14.5 161.7 Dried fruits: Prunes...................p ou nd.. 24.2 237. 5 Dried vegetables: N avy beans..do___ 14.9 202.4 Beverages: Coffee................................... do___ 74.2 295.1 Fats and oils: Lard................ do___ 17.3 115.9 Hydrogenated veg. shortening « .d o ___ 32.1 155.2 Salad dressing_________________ p in t.. 34.4 142.2 Margarine________ pound.. 29.4 161.3 Sugar and sweets: Sugar.........................................5 pounds.. 47.1 175.2 May 1950 Apr. 1950 Mar. 1950 Feb. Jan. 1950 Dec. Nov. 1949 1949 Oct. Sept. Aug. 1949 1949 1949 July June 190.1 176.7 178.7 92.6 145.8 164.1 191.1 189.2 176.6 175.9 92.5 145.8 164.1 189.6 188.2 176.7 175.8 92.2 146.2 163.9 189.6 187. 7 177.3 175.8 92.4 146.2 J63. 9 190.0 187.3 177.8 177.7 92.2 146.4 163.8 189.9 186.6 177.9 178.2 93.5 146.7 164.0 190.6 186.3 177.7 178.2 94.1 147.4 164.1 190.4 184. 8 177.3 179.8 98.4 148.0 164.1 190.1 184.2 177.8 182.2 103.3 148.1 164.2 193.2 183.6 178.0 182.4 106.1 148.4 164.1 191.3 183.9 179.0 181.7 104.9 149.0 164.2 190.8 184.9 178.7 181.7 104.6 149.2 164.3 190.9 275.3 255.2 265.1 176.1 264.8 239.4 157.5 206.9 152.5 266.9 183.8 256.1 241.4 249.9 167.4 258.4 207.3 154.2 193.5 148.3 256.2 187.5 252.9 239.4 248.9 166.2 262.1 210.6 155.0 198.0 152.2 250.6 180.4 249.2 237.0 245.7 164.6 261. 4 201.4 154.6 195.2 149.9 242.4 165.1 252.1 238.5 245.1 164.6 255.8 186.9 154.7 192.5 153.2 238.1 158.9 257.5 242.1 254. 5 165.7 248.3 182. 7 160. 8 194. 2 169.0 239. 9 179.5 262.2 244.2 260.3 166.8 250.8 201.6 170.7 195.1 181.8 245. 8 184.5 260.8 243.7 261.3 166.8 252.1 228.3 183.9 208.5 176.1 250.1 184.6 269.2 241.7 253.8 168.0 254.6 264.0 177.6 233.0 171.3 258.7 192.5 264.7 237.8 248.1 167.2 252.6 253.6 173.5 232.7 169.5 251.7 191.5 263.1 237.0 249.6 167.2 249.7 234.6 169.4 222.5 163.1 269.7 182.8 264.6 239.6 252.0 168.4 254.7 252.4 168.4 218.6 161.9 282.8 184.4 1949 1949 Aug. 1939 82.1 92.7 90.7 (J) (3) 93.2 (‘) 102.7 97.4 97.1 (0 101.1 90.8 80.9 92.7 69.0 95.7 94.6 ( 4) (4 ) 270.6 327.8 196.0 227.7 160.5 162.5 174.1 144.4 276.0 328.2 197.5 228.9 161.7 165.0 174.4 150.5 281.2 332.1 200.6 230.1 165.4 168.4 174.9 150.2 265.1 345.6 201.5 230.7 166.9 169.7 174.8 141.1 272.2 355.9 201.8 231.1 167.9 170.2 175.1 152.3 267.1 359.8 201.9 232.2 171.1 173.4 175. 7 178.0 266. 4 367.9 201.3 232.4 171.3 174.2 178.1 207.8 268.4 385.7 200.4 232.2 172.3 175.6 176.3 227.8 260.1 428.8 200.1 230.2 169.8 174.1 177.3 232.6 254.4 434.1 198.5 228.6 169.8 174.6 177.5 222.2 251.1 439.0 192.9 225.8 168.4 172.2 179.2 204.1 252.2 454.4 193.2 226.4 167.9 171.6 180.5 198.0 98.8 97.4 84.0 92.3 97.1 96.3 93.9 90.7 260.0 274.8 167.9 211.4 172.4 178.3 189.5 161.2 208.9 (i°) 218.5 153.8 138.4 171.9 137.3 113.6 161.7 236.6 202.7 298.6 112.6 151.7 140.5 160.8 175.4 221.9 274.8 173.2 201.8 167.4 175.5 158.8 143.8 199.5 (10) 210.2 177.2 138.6 173.1 138.8 114.7 159.9 234.9 201.9 307.0 109.5 148.6 139.1 160.2 176.1 206.0 278.5 177.1 180.4 178.2 177.0 155.8 155.5 195.4 (10) 209.5 141.4 139.4 173.9 139.7 114.8 159.3 232.9 202.9 311.0 110.6 147.4 137.7 156.6 177.8 187.7 278.3 176.3 219.2 169. 6 184.3 170.9 184.8 195.6 (10) 205.5 157.4 140.1 173.6 142.1 114.0 157.7 231.7 204.3 303.9 110.0 146.3 138.0 154.4 178.8 178.6 273.1 156.5 274.9 173.9 202.6 220.1 216.9 196.5 (10) 205.6 165.3 141.8 174.2 144.1 113.1 158.2 232.5 206.9 298.9 113.1 148.8 138.3 155.3 179.8 174.9 273.9 146.8 245.9 164.0 206.8 158.3 220.9 195.3 (l0) 195.8 175.4 148.2 175.2 149.8 112.5 157.8 231.8 209.0 291.9 114.2 154.3 138.6 156.1 179.7 165.8 277.9 167.3 198.1 143.0 219.9 222.9 204.9 194.1 (to) 182.6 168.8 149.8 177.0 152.4 112.6 158.4 230.7 211.7 264.8 119.3 158.5 139.3 157.9 179.8 165.0 273.9 195.3 137.4 147.9 202.0 199.7 191.9 196.0 (10) 183.0 13100.0 152.4 179.4 153.1 112.8 158.4 232.0 219.2 213.4 130.4 159.1 140.9 161.0 178.4 184.7 271.4 183.4 156.4 168.1 197.0 254.7 179.3 208.4 206.8 206.1 192.1 275.0 200.1 154.1 176.3 191.3 209.3 160.3 222.1 193.0 270.8 248.1 280.7 215.5 168.5 164.2 187.2 156.5 186.6 233.5 177.2 322.6 309.9 284.3 209.0 175.0 170.0 188.9 131.8 204.3 259.7 143.8 330.4 81.6 97.3 96.9 61.7 103.2 84.9 97.6 86.8 91.9 118.4 115.7 1 July 1947=100. 8Index not computed. 1 February 1943=100. * N ot priced in earlier period. * New specifications introduced in April 1949, in place of roasting chickens. * Priced in 29 cities. 7Priced in 27 cities. * 1938-39=100. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1950 « 155.5 180.9 155.1 112.3 158.8 231.3 224.4 210.6 133.9 159.3 142.6 171.8 177.7 (*) (‘) (<) 158.3 183.0 155.3 112.9 161.4 230.2 224.7 208.4 129.4 158.9 139.3 163.0 177.4 161.6 183.7 155.7 113. 5 171.8 228.9 223.1 207.8 120.1 163.7 140.2 157.7 177.1 163.5 182.5 155. 7 113.8 174.5 226.9 223.9 207.2 121.4 165.4 143.0 159.0 177.4 « 92.3 96.0 88.6 89.8 92.5 94.7 83.0 93.3 65.2 93.9 93.6 95.6 (*) 8 Average price not computed. 18 Discontinued October 1949. 11 October 1949=100. 12 First inclusion in retail food price index. 13 No. 303 can fancy grade peas introduced in April 1950, in place of No. can standard grade peas. 11 Formerly published as shortening in othercontainera. 305 D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 T able D -7: Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group of Commodities, for Selected Periods [1926=100] Fuel Metals and and light metal ing prod mate ucts 1 rials Chem Houseicals furand nishallied ing prod goods ucts M is cella neous com modi ties All com Semi- Manu modi fac Raw manuextured ties mate faccept prod rials tured farm articles ucts 1 prod ucts * All com modi ties ex cept farm prod ucts and foods 1 Foods Hides and leather prod ucts Tex tile prod ucts 71.5 71.4 150.3 169.8 104.9 64.2 62.9 128.6 147.3 99.9 68.1 69.7 131.6 193.2 109.1 57.3 55.3 142.6 188.3 90.4 61.3 55.7 114.3 159. 8 83.0 90.8 79.1 143.5 155.5 100.5 56.7 52.9 101.8 164.4 95.4 80.2 77.9 178.0 173.7 94.0 56.1 56.7 99.2 143.3 94.3 93.1 88.1 142.3 176.5 82.6 68.8 67.3 138.8 163. 4 97.5 74.9 67.8 162.7 253.0 93.9 69.4 66.9 130.4 157.8 94.5 69.0 65.7 131.0 165.4 93.3 70.0 65.7 129.9 170.6 91.6 64.8 77.1 75.0 78.6 48.2 65.3 61.0 67.7 61.0 70.4 67.2 71.3 72.9 95.6 92.7 100.8 54.9 69.7 67.8 73.8 70.3 73.1 72.6 71.7 80.2 94.4 93.2 95.8 71.4 90.5 89.6 94.8 73.9 76.0 74.2 77,0 75.1 86.3 85.6 88.5 64.4 74.8 73.3 77.3 55.1 70.2 66.5 71.9 59.3 77.0 74.5 79.1 70.3 80.4 79.1 81.6 68.3 79.5 77.9 80.8 70.2 81.3 80.1 83.0 1941: Average_____ December___ 1942: Average_____ 1943: Average_____ 1944: Average_____ 87.3 93.6 98.8 103.1 104.0 82.4 94.7 105.9 122.6 123.3 82.7 90.5 99.6 106.6 104.9 108.3 114.8 117.7 117. 5 116.7 84.8 91.8 96.9 97.4 98.4 76.2 78.4 78.5 80.8 83.0 99.4 103.3 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.2 107.8 110.2 111.4 115.5 84.4 90.4 95.5 94.9 95.2 94.3 101.1 102.4 102.7 104.3 82.0 87.6 89.7 92.2 93.6 83.5 92.3 100.6 112.1 113.2 86.9 90.1 92.6 92.9 94.1 89.1 94.6 98.6 100.1 100.8 88.3 93.3 97.0 98.7 99.6 89.0 93.7 95.5 96.9 98. 5 1948: Average------A ugust_____ 105.8 105.7 128.2 126.9 106.2 106.4 118.1 118.0 100.1 99.6 84.0 84.8 104.7 104.7 117.8 117.8 95.2 95.3 104.5 104.5 94.7 94.8 116.8 116.3 95.9 95.5 101.8 101.8 100.8 100.9 99.7 99.9 1946: Average_____ June____ . . . November___ 1947: Average.......... 121.1 112.9 139. 7 152.1 148.9 140.1 169.8 181.2 130.7 112.9 165.4 168.7 137.2 122.4 172.5 182.4 116.3 109.2 131.6 141.7 90.1 87.8 94.5 108.7 115.5 112.2 130.2 145.0 132.6 129.9 145.5 179.7 101.4 96.4 118.9 127.3 111.6 110.4 118.2 131.1 100.3 98.5 106.5 115. 5 134.7 126.3 153.4 165.6 110.8 105.7 129.1 148.5 116.1 107.3 134.7 146.0 114.9 106.7 132.9 145.5 109.5 105.6 120.7 135.2 1948: Average_____ 165.1 188.3 179.1 188.8 149.8 134.2 163.6 199.1 135.7 144.5 120.5 178.4 158.0 159.4 159.8 151.0 163.9 164.6 163.2 161.3 162.0 160.4 160.4 159.5 150.2 146.5 146.0 147.9 147.8 145.3 145.1 144.7 151.2 150.6 149.8 149.4 150.1 149.1 148.2 147.9 152.4 151.1 150.6 150.6 151.2 150.3 150.3 150.1 147.3 145.5 145.1 145.0 145.3 145.0 145.0 145.4 159.8 162.4 162.8 162.5 166.3 167.7 144.8 144.3 144.1 143.9 145.6 148.1 148.2 149.1 148.9 149.4 152.2 153.5 150.5 151.1 151.0 151.2 153.7 155.2 145.8 145.9 146.1 146.4 147.6 148.8 All com modi ties 1 Farm prod ucts Average.......... July________ November__ M ay________ Average_____ 69.8 67.3 136.3 167.2 95.3 1932: A v e r a g e .,..-. 1939: Average_____ August______ 1940: A verage......... Year and month 1913: 1914: 1918: 1920: 1929: Build ing mate rials 1949: Average.......... Ju n e............. July________ August........ — September__ O ctober......... November___ December___ 155.0 154.5 153.6 152.9 153.5 152.2 151.6 151.2 165.5 168.8 166.2 162.3 163.1 159.6 156.8 154.9 161.4 162.4 161.3 160.6 162.0 159.6 158.9 155.7 180.4 178.8 177.8 178.9 181.1 181.3 180.8 179.9 140.4 139.1 138.0 138.1 139.0 138.0 138.0 138.4 131.7 130.0 130.1 129.6 129.9 130.6 130.2 130.4 170.2 167.1 167.9 168.2 168.2 167.3 167.3 167.8 193.4 191.4 189.0 188.3 189.4 189.3 189.6 190.4 118. 6 116.7 118.0 119.6 117.6 115.9 115.8 115.2 145.3 145.3 143.0 142.9 142.9 143. 0 143.4 144.2 112.3 111.0 110.3 109.8 109.6 109.0 109.7 110.7 1950: January____ February___ March______ April_______ M av ________ June....... . . 151. 5 152. 7 152. 7 152.9 155.9 157.3 154.7 159.1 159.4 159.3 164.7 165.9 154.8 156. 7 155.5 155.3 159.9 162.1 179.3 179.0 179.6 179.4 181.0 182.6 138.5 138. 2 137.3 136.4 136.1 136.8 168.4 131.4 131.3 168.6 168.5 131. 5 131.2 168.7 132.1 « 169.8 132.7 171.8 191.6 192.8 194.2 194.8 198.1 202.2 115. 7 115. 2 116.3 117.1 116.4 114.5 144.7 145.2 145.5 145.8 146.6 147.0 110.0 110.0 110.7 112.6 114.7 114.8 1 BLS wholesale price data, for the most part, represent prices in primary markets. They are prices charged by manufacturers or producers or are prices prevailing on organized exchanges. The weekly index is calculated from 1-day-a-week prices; the monthly index from an average of these prices. M onthly indexes for the last 2 months are preliminary. The indexes currently are computed by the fixed base aggregate method, with weights representing quantities produced for sale in 1929-31. (For a detailed description of the method of calculation see “ Revised Method of Calculation of the Bureau of Labor Statistics Wholesale Price Index,’’ in the Journal of the American Statistical Association, December 1937.) Mimeographed tables are available, upon request to the Bureau, giving monthly indexes for major groups of commodities since 1890 and for subgroups and economic groups since 1913. The weekly wholesale price indexes are https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis available in summary form since 1947 for all commodities; all commodities less farm products and foods; farm products; foods; textile products; fuel and lighting materials; metals and metal products; building materials, and chemicals and allied products. Weekly indexes are also available for the subgroups of grains, livestock, and meats. 5 Includes current motor vehicle prices beginning with October 1946. The rate of production of motor vehicles in October 1946 exceeded the monthly average rate of civilian production in 1941, and in accordance with the an nouncement made in September 1946, the Bureau introduced current prices for motor vehicles in the October calculations. During the war, motor vehicles were not produced for general civilian sale and the Bureau carried April 1942 prices toward in each computation through September 1946. 0 Corrected. 306 D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING MONTHLY LABOR T able D -8: Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group and Subgroup of Commodities [1926=100] 1950 1949 1946 1939 Aug Group and subgroup June M ay All commodities A 157.3 Farm products,..................... Grains________ ____ . Livestock and poultry. Livestock......... ....... Poultry__________ Other farm p rodu cts... Eggs »......................... Foods___________________ Dairy products.............. Cereal products........... Fruits and vegetables... M eats, poultry, and fish________ _______ M eats....................... Poultry..................... Other foods___________ Hides and leather products. Shoes_______________ Hides and skins.............. Leather _____________ Other leather products. Textile products__________ Clothing_____________ Cotton g o o d s ............ Hosiery and underwear. Rayon and nylon . Silk__________ 165.9 169.3 197.5 222.4 77.2 145.0 91.3 162.1 135.9 145.6 140. 5 Other textile products.. Anthracite....... .............. Bituminous coal........... Coke................................ . Electricity___________ _ Gas______ ____ _______ Petroleum and products Agricultural machinery and equipment.......... . Iron and steel___ Motor veh icles... Passenger ears_____ Trucks....................... Nonferrous m etals____ Plumbing and heating.. Building materials............... Brick and tile.................. C e m e n ti____________ Lumber____________ ’ ’ Paint and paint mate rials___ _____ Prepared paint__ I. Paint materials____ Plumbing and heating. Structural steel_______ Other building mate rials.............................. Chemicals and allied prod ucts___________________ C h em ica ls........ ....... Drug and pharma ceutical materials........ Fertilizer materials____ Mixed fertilizers_______ Oils and fats............. Housefurnishing goods____ Furnishings__________ Furniture______ ____ I] Miscellaneous......................... Tires and tu bes.” .” ! ” ] Cattle f e e d ...................... Paper and pulp............... Paperboard_______ Paper_______ _____ Wood p u lp ............... Rubber, c ru d e............... Other miscellaneous... Soap and synthetic detergents.............. Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. 155.9 152.9 152.7 152. 7 151.5 151.2 151.6 152.2 164.7 172.3 194.6 218.5 79.6 143.7 85.4 159.9 138.0 146.0 139.2 159.3 169.6 178.0 197.9 84.0 144.2 90.7 155.3 141.1 145.9 137.6 159.4 165.4 180.3 199.7 89.7 144.2 94.6 155.5 144.8 145.6 134.9 159.1 161.3 179.9 200.6 81.4 144.9 87.3 156.7 147.5 144.8 138.2 154.7 160.2 170.5 192.0 66.7 142.6 86.0 154.8 148.8 144.3 134.3 154. 9 160.9 167.0 187.0 71.1 145.0 99.1 155.7 154.4 144.6 132.4 156. 8 156.4 169.6 188.3 (4) 148.2 132.5 158.9 154. 7 144.6 130.7 159.6 155.3 177.7 197.6 (4) 148.8 147.5 159.6 154.6 144.6 128.0 223.7 217.1 241.4 234.0 91.5 90.0 133.1 130.9 182.6 181.0 184.8 185.0 202.1 « 194. 4 180.6 179.3 143.1 143.1 136.8 136.1 143.8 143.8 173.8 172.0 97.7 97.7 39.9 39.9 49.3 49.3 148.3 146.2 164.5 164.6 132.7 132.1 140.1 139.2 192.1 192.6 225.6 225.6 (3) (3) 87.2 (3) 113.9 112.6 171.8 » 169. 8 200.6 214.7 89.9 129.3 179.4 184.3 187.2 179.1 143.1 136.4 144.2 » 172. 8 97.7 39.9 49.1 146.1 165.8 131.2 142.6 193.4 225.6 67.8 86.8 109.5 168.7 200.0 213.6 92.7 129.8 179.6 184.3 190.4 177.9 143.1 137.3 143.5 176.5 98.0 39.9 49.1 146.3 166.9 131.5 141.9 198.5 224.7 67.9 88.3 108. 6 168.5 201.6 216.3 86.8 129.6 179.0 184.3 188.2 176.6 143.1 138. 2 143.1 178.4 98.6 39.9 50.1 147.2 170.3 131.3 139.3 196.7 223. 7 69.6 87.4 109.4 168.6 194.5 208.3 83.1 131.0 179.3 184.3 189.0 177.6 143.1 138.5 143.9 178.7 98.5 39.6 50.1 147.0 171.7 131.4 139.3 196.2 222.2 68.9 85.0 109.4 168.4 193.5 206.5 88.6 132.6 179.9 184.3 192.8 178.1 141.1 138.4 144.0 178.4 r98.4 39.6 49.9 146.9 171.5 130.4 139.3 194.1 222.2 69.6 87.2 108.5 167.8 198.9 212.9 (*) 139.6 180.8 184.3 199.5 177.0 141.1 138.0 144.2 177.9 98.4 39.6 49.5 146.0 169.0 130.2 139.3 192.4 222.2 70.3 88.3 108.5 167.3 205.0 219.6 (4) 137.4 181.3 183.4 205.6 176.5 141.1 138.0 144.6 176 5 98.4 39.6 49.2 145.1 175.6 130.6 139.1 191.2 222.2 70.1 87.8 109.9 167.3 143.6 145.9 169.2 175.1 185.2 133.0 148.4 156.3 202.2 164.3 134.9 322.7 143.5 145.8 168.6 ” 175.1 185.2 » 133. 0 136.3 156.4 198.1 c 163.9 134.9 310.8 143.4 145.8 168.9 175.1 185.2 » 132. 7 128.9 154.7 194.8 163.4 134.9 299.4 143.1 145.6 169.0 175.1 185.2 132.8 127.2 151.9 194.2 163.3 134.9 295.9 143.1 145.7 168.8 175.6 185.7 133.0 128.1 148.7 192.8 163.2 134. 9 292.1 143.0 145.7 167.3 176.5 186.7 133.8 128.6 151.7 191.6 163. 5 134.8 287.5 143.0 145.6 165.4 176.7 186. 7 134.7 129.2 154.6 190.4 161.9 134.5 285. 2 143.1 145.7 163.4 176.7 186.7 134.9 131.7 154.6 189.6 161.9 134. 5 283.5 137.7 138. 5 139. 5 156.3 191.6 136.8 138.5 137.6 156.4 191.6 136.7 138.5 137.3 154.7 191.6 138.2 138.5 140.5 151.9 191.6 139.0 138. 5 142.2 148.7 191.6 139.0 138.5 142.2 151.7 191.6 139.6 138.5 143.4 154.6 185.2 140.1 138.5 144.6 154. 6 178.8 175.1 172.7 172.0 172.2 171.1 170.5 169.2 168.6 168.1 114.5 117. 3 116.4 116.5 117.1 116.4 116.3 115.4 115.2 114.7 115.7 114.7 115.2 114.3 115.8 115.0 115.9 115.3 122.7 108.4 103. 5 111.9 147.0 154.4 139.3 114.8 67.0 213. 2 155.4 146. 6 150. 3 184. 7 63. 4 121.0 122.3 116.8 103.5 122.2 146.6 154.1 138.9 114.7 65.8 235.5 155.4 146.5 150.3 184.8 58.4 120.5 122.0 117.4 103.5 127.5 145.8 152.6 138.8 112.6 65.0 215.6 155.4 146.5 150.3 185.0 48.7 120.3 121.9 117.3 103.5 125.6 145.5 152. 2 138.6 110.7 64.3 193.7 155. 5 147.3 150.3 184.3 41.3 120.4 121.4 116.9 103.5 120.9 145.2 151.8 138.4 110.0 64.3 177.3 155. 6 147.3 150.5 183.8 41.1 120.4 121.5 117.4 104.6 122.7 144.7 151.5 137.8 64.3 179.3 155.9 147.3 151.0 183.8 39.1 120.5 121.6 117.9 106.5 118.2 144.2 151.2 137.0 110.7 64.3 192.3 156.0 147.5 151. 0 183.8 37.8 121.1 123.0 118. 3 107.0 118.3 143. 4 149.9 136.8 109.7 62.5 184.9 156.5 147.1 151.0 189. 7 35.4 121.2 123.1 120.2 107.1 115.6 143.0 149.2 136.7 109.0 60.7 182.1 156.5 146.4 151.0 190.5 34.8 121.2 122.1 122.8 122.9 122.9 123.0 123.1 126. 5 126.6 127.0 1 1 0 .0 in De^ember!10to Comx^ed'^' * ^ R e v ise d ^ 2’ tabie D ’ 7, 3 N'ot avallable> t Revised indexes for dates prior to August 1949 available upon request. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis * Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June June 153.5 152.9 o 153.6 154.5 112.9 76.0 163.1 156.4 186.6 207.5 m 149.8 158.3 162.0 153.5 143.7 126.9 162.3 150. 4 186.3 206.6 (4) 150.1 146.4 160.6 152. 7 142.8 130.3 166.2 154.1 188.5 209.4 (4) 155.0 138.7 161.3 149.2 146.1 145.4 168.*8 154.9 193.3 212.6 (4) 156.7 126.9 162.4 145.5 145.6 157.5 140.1 151.8 137.4 143.4 (3) 137. 5 97.3 112.9 127.3 101.7 136.1 61.0 215.1 230.4 (4) 137.8 181.1 183.8 204.8 175.5 141.1 139.0 144.8 174.8 98.4 39.6 49.2 150.4 181.5 129.9 138.6 190.5 222.2 68.9 89.3 109.1 168.2 210.7 224.4 Í4) 136.5 178.9 183.8 194.5 173.7 141.1 138.1 144.8 170.2 98.4 39.6 49.2 152.6 180.9 129.6 135.9 188.8 222.0 68.5 88.9 109.7 168.2 212.2 227.3 (4) 130.5 177.8 183. 8 184.7 175.4 142.4 138.0 144.8 167.3 98.4 39.6 49.2 157.6 178.8 130.1 135.4 188.9 222.0 70.0 89.5 110.2 167.9 215.5 230.3 (4) 127.8 178.8 184.1 186.0 177.1 144.4 139.1 145.6 169.3 99.5 39.6 49.2 159. 7 177.7 130.0 134.2 188.6 222.4 68.9 90.1 110.4 167.1 110.1 116 6 (3) 98.1 122.4 129.5 121.5 110.7 116.2 109. 2 120. 3 139. 4 75. 8 30.2 (3) 112. 7 112.3 10fi 1 139 8 133 fi 87 9 79 ß 64.0 112.2 77.2 84.0 97.1 67.8 81.5 65.6 61.6 28.5 44.3 75.5 63.7 72.6 72.1 96.0 104.2 75.8 86.7 51.7 93.2 143.6 146.3 163.3 177.0 187.0 135.0 131.5 154.6 189.3 161.8 134.5 282.0 143.8 146.4 164.0 177.1 187.0 135.3 135. 7 154.6 189.4 161.8 133.0 279.8 143.9 146.4 163.8 177.2 187.0 135. 7 135.9 154.7 188.3 161.5 133.0 277.4 144.0 146. 5 164.2 177.2 187.0 135.7 132.1 154.7 189.0 161.5 133.1 277.4 144.1 146.6 164.6 175.8 185.3 135.7 128.8 154.7 191.4 160.8 133.7 280.7 104 fi 104 9 110 1 135 5 142 8 104 3 99 2 106.0 129. 9 121. 3 102. 6 176.0 93.5 94.7 95.1 92.5 95.6 77.4 74.6 79.3 89.6 90.6 91.3 90.1 141.4 138.5 147.2 154.6 178.8 144.1 138.5 153.0 154.6 178.8 144.0 138.5 152.8 154.7 178.8 145.4 138.5 155.8 154.7 178.8 153.8 151.3 159.5 154.7 178.8 108. 6 99. 3 120.9 106.0 120.1 82.1 92.9 71.8 79.3 107.3 168.9 167.3 168.8 168.5 118.4 89.5 117. 6 117.2 119.6 117.8 118.0 117.9 116.7 116.7 96. 4 98.0 74.2 83.8 125.0 120. 4 108.2 118.4 142.9 149.1 136.6 109.6 60.6 190.3 156.5 146.4 151.1 190.5 37.2 121.2 125.0 121.8 107.9 130.3 142.9 149.1 136.6 109.8 60.6 197.9 156.8 146.2 151.4 190.5 35.6 121.1 124.7 120.7 108.3 118.5 143.0 149.1 136.8 110.3 60.6 204.7 156.8 146.4 151. 5 190.5 35.1 121.6 124.3 117.5 108.3 116.9 145.3 151.1 139.3 62.1 199.3 159.6 146.9 152.9 205.4 34. 5 121.9 109. 4 82. 7 86.6 102.1 HO. 4 114. 5 108.5 98.5 65.7 197.8 115. 6 115.6 107.3 154.1 46.2 77.1 65.5 73.1 40.6 85.6 90.0 81.1 73.3 59.5 68.4 127.0 126.3 129.0 131.3 Index based on old series not available. 1 1 1 .0 87 8 51.5 66.0 67.7 (3) 60.1 47.5 67.2 67.9 71.9 58.5 73.7 78.1 (3) 60.3 92.7 100.8 SO 0 66,2 1 0 1 .0 83.9 69.6 34.9 81.3 101.3 78.9 Revised series first used in index 307 E : W O R K STOPPAGES REVIEW, AUGUST 1950 E: Work Stoppages T able E -l: Work Stoppages Resulting From Labor-Management Disputes1 Workers involved in stoppages Number of stoppages M onth and year jJMJS JQ4fi 1947 1948 1949 Beginning in month or year ............... ________ In effect dur ing month Beginning in month or year In effect dur ing month 1,130, 000 3, 470,000 4, 600.000 2,170. 000 1, 960, 000 3,030. 000 2,862 4, 750 4,985 3,693 3, 419 3,606 M an-days idle during month or year Number Percent of estimated working tim® 16,900,000 38,000,000 116,000,000 34, 600,000 34,100,000 50, 500,000 0.27 .47 1.43 .41 .37 .59 ___________________ 1949' June July . _________________________ August _______________________________ September _ _______________________________ __ ________________________________ October November ___________ _______________ D ecem ber______________________________________ 377 343 365 287 256 197 170 632 603 643 536 475 388 323 572,000 110, 000 134,000 507, 000 570, 000 56,600 45, 500 673,000 249, 000 232, 000 603,000 977, 000 914, 000 417, 000 4,470,000 2,350, 000 2,140,000 6,270,000 17, 500,000 6, 270,000 1, 350,000 .61 . 35 .27 .87 2. 49 .93 .19 1950: January 3 February2 M arch5 A p ril2 M ay 2 June2 225 210 260 400 450 425 340 325 400 550 650 650 185,000 75,000 80,000 160, 000 325,000 260,000 300,000 515,000 530,000 300,000 500,000 400,000 2,600,000 7,850,000 3,750,000 3,150,000 3,000,000 2,750,000 .38 1.27 .49 .47 .40 .36 __ _______ _________________ _ __________________________ ___________________________ _ ____________________________ - ___________________________ _ ________________________ _ 1 All known work stoppages, arising out of labor-management disputes, involving six or more workers and continuing as long as a full day or shift are included in reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Figures on “ work ers involved” and “man-days idle” cover all workers made idle for one or https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis more shifts in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or secondary effects on other establishments or indus tries whose employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortages. 1 Preliminary estimates. 308 F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION MONTHLY LABOR F: Building and Construction T able F -l: Expenditures for New Construction 1 [Value of work put In place] Expenditures (in millions) Type of construction 1950 July 2 June8 M a y 3 Apr. Total new construction 4__________ ____ 1949 Mar. Dec, N ov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July Total Total 82 118 33 23 21 30 11 108 285 28 42 215 13 654 28 66 110 31 21 19 29 10 100 267 27 41 199 13 585 28 52 103 28 20 17 28 10 88 253 26 40 187 11 506 28 52 103 28 21 17 27 10 79 235 21 38 176 9 437 28 50 105 29 22 18 26 10 75 209 16 32 161 9 356 26 51 109 31 23 20 25 10 74 216 22 30 164 9 414 35 58 113 32 24 21 24 12 75 246 23 37 186 7 451 34 61 114 34 24 21 23 12 87 283 29 40 214 7 560 36 60 112 33 24 22 22 11 104 299 29 40 230 7 671 41 60 110 33 23 23 20 11 127 308 30 40 238 7 701 40 62 111 33 23 24 19 12 140 313 32 43 238 8 681 37 67 108 31 23 24 17 13 138 305 33 43 229 8 638 32 706 1,229 360 269 262 202 136 1,292 3,316 352 533 2,431 78 6,390 359 901 971 251 253 224 126 117 1.397 3,002 379 713 1,910 65 4,907 156 193 16 92 44 41 10 250 53 187 17 88 42 40 9 200 52 178 13 87 40 38 9 145 51 170 11 84 40 35 8 100 49 154 7 79 38 30 9 55 46 155 7 80 37 31 9 90 49 158 9 80 40 29 12 117 49 179 11 82 44 42 14 184 51 215 11 85 48 71 16 233 56 218 11 90 48 69 15 255 57 187 11 87 47 42 15 275 55 176 12 83 44 37 12 256 54 2,056 177 934 477 468 137 2,129 619 1,301 196 618 223 264 158 1,856 535 17 94 9 15 85 9 13 74 8 11 62 9 10 49 7 12 56 8 13 60 8 16 71 9 22 80 8 25 81 10 23 80 9 22 78 8 203 792 95 185 629 87 1 Joint estimates of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor, and the Office of Industry and Commerce, U. S. Department of Com merce. Estimated construction expenditures represent the monetary value of the volume of work accomplished during the given period of time. These figures should be differentiated from permit valuation data reported in the tabulations for building authorized (tables P-3 and F-4) and the data on value of contract awards reported in table F-2. The estimates shown in this table represent extensive revisions in the series as published prior to July 1950, primarily to include segments of ex penditures formerly omitted because of inadequate source data. The entire revised series (showing data annually from 1915, and monthly from 1939) is available on request. Preliminary. 3 Revised. Includes major additions and alterations. Includes hotels, dormitories, and tourist courts and cabins https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Jan. 1948 $2, 653 $2, 500 $2, 250 $1,959 $1,750 $1,618 $1,712 $1,852 $2, 044 $2,177 $2,214 $2,195 $2,119 $22, 594 $21,572 1,846 1,665 1,453 1,313 1,262 1.298 1,401 1, 484 1,506 1,513 1,514 1,481 16, 204 16,665 1,134 1,010 852 741 742 717 806 837 832 809 782 757 8,290 8,580 1,030 915 770 655 675 680 730 750 740 715 689 659 7,500 7,280 90 82 70 55 51 51 61 72 76 78 77 81 825 925 14 13 12 11 11 11 15 15 16 16 16 17 155 185 306 249 275 252 249 257 270 267 264 262 271 273 3,621 3, 228 78 73 70 69 70 69 68 68 68 69 71 72 972 1.397 110 76 92 77 77 79 86 88 84 83 89 93 1,253 1,027 28 26 24 25 27 28 28 27 24 23 27 26 321 352 Private construction__________ ______ _ 1,960 Residential building (nonfarm)_____ 1,215 New dwelling units ___________ 1,110 Additions and alterations_______ 90 Nonhousekeeping 8___ _______ 15 Nonresidential building (nonfarm)8. . . 325 Industrial__________ _____ _____ 83 Commercial_______ _____ _______ 118 Warehouses, office and loft buildings_________________ 32 Stores, restaurants, and garages___ ___________ __ 86 Other nonresidential building. . . . 124 R eligious.. ________________ 35 Educational_____ __________ 24 Social and recreational___ . . . 23 Hospital and institutional 7___ 30 Miscellaneous__ ____ _____ 12 Farm construction___________ _____ 113 Public utilities. _ _______ _______ 296 Railroad___ ______ _______ 29 Telephone and telegraph________ 45 Other public utilities____________ 222 All other private 8_____ ____________ 11 Public construction__________ _____ ____ 693 Residential building 9______________ 30 Nonresidential building (other than military or naval facilities)________ 198 Industrial10__ ______ __________ 16 E d u cation al_________ ________ 95 Hospital and institutional_______ 45 Other nonresidential___________ 42 Military and naval facilities_________ 12 Highways______________ _______ _ 275 Sewer and w ater.. . ________ 54 Miscellaneous public service enter prises 11_________ ___________ . 20 Conservation and development 96 All other public 12_____ _______ 8 2 4 8 Feb. 1949 6 Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential building are included under “ Public utilities.” 7 Includes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program. 8 Includes privately owned sewer and water systems, roads and bridges, and miscellaneous nonbuilding items such as parks and playgrounds. 9 Includes nonhousekeeping public residential construction as well as housekeeping units. 10 Represents primarily expenditures to construct facilities under the atomic energy program. 11 Covers primarily airports and publicly owned electric light and power systems and local transit facilities. 12 Includes publicly owned parks and playgrounds, memorials, etc. F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION REVIEW , AUGUST 1950 309 T able F -2 : V alue of C ontracts A w arded and Force A ccou n t W ork Started on F ederally Financed N e w C onstruction, b y T yp e of C o n stru ctio n 1 Value (in thousands) Conservation and development Building Period 1935...... .......................... 1936..........„ ...............__ 1937__________ . ____ 1938_______________ 1939,_______________ 1940________________ 1941______ _______ 1942................................ 1943________________ 1944_________ _____ _ 1945............................... 1946__________ _____ 1947.......... ................ — 1948____________ 1949________________ Total new con struc tion * Nonresidential Air ports 3 Total $442, 782 $1,478,073 (7) 56i; 394 i; 5 3 3 ; 4 3 9 w 344,567 990,410 (7) 1, 609, 208 676, 542 (7) 1, 586, 604 $4 , 7 5 3 669, 222 2, 316, 467 137,112 1, 537, 910 5,931,536 499,427 4,422,131 7, 775,497 579,176 6,130,389 2, 506, 786 243, 443 1, 698,079 1, 297,602 110,872 875,002 902, 265 41, 219 617,001 1,450, 312 15,068 564, 743 1, 298,015 25, 075 278,698 1, 722,157 55, 577 358,809 1,937,110 49,317 638,628 Resi den tial Hospital and institutional Total Total Ad minis trative and Veter Other gen ans eral 8 (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (*) (8) (8) $14, 281 101,992 263, 296 353,671 (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (*) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) $9,032 $5, 249 96,140 5,852 168,616 94,680 123,967 229, 704 Educa tional * $7,833 $434, 949 (8) 63, 465 497, 929 (8) 17,239 327,328 (8) 31,809 644, 733 (8) 231,071 438,151 (8) 244, 671 1, 293, 239 (8) 322, 248 4,099,883 (*) 549,472 5, 580,917 (8) 375, 471 1,322,608 (8) 101,491 773,511 (8) 53,133 563,868 (8) 445,647 119,096 $14,664 51,309 227,389 47,750 8,355 350,454 1, 424 30,317 608,311 1,041 1948: January______ February____ March_______ April........ ......... M ay____ ____ J u n e ________ Ju ly-.- ............ August______ September___ October______ November___ December____ 119,951 165, 435 149,480 161,316 120, 771 146,665 147, 509 136, 447 134, 778 146, 999 118, 263 174, 543 892 1,586 5,675 3,850 5, 634 4,930 5, 251 6, 616 8,142 3,678 3, 792 5,531 14,684 47,132 66, 262 10, 245 26,538 43,918 17,405 13,770 27, 699 44,369 21, 751 25,036 149 860 60 562 463 790 272 119 66 785 2,374 1,855 14, 535 46, 272 66, 202 9, 683 26,075 43,128 17,133 13,651 27, 633 43, 584 19,377 23,181 306 164 257 12 468 92 6 4 31 0 84 0 8,945 41,781 59,417 5,773 21, 783 19, 201 11,887 10,453 18, 711 36,316 11,830 17,199 8,626 41, 557 56. 214 5,049 20,044 13,876 1,697 872 13, 287 6,498 436 460 319 224 3, 203 724 1,739 5,325 10,190 9,581 5,424 29, 818 11,394 16, 739 1949: January______ February____ March_______ A p r il................ M ay_________ J u n e ________ Ju ly .................. A u g u s t........... September___ O ctober... November___ D ecem b er... . 94,454 5, 520 242 98, 637 176, 245 4,288 131,007 4, 212 238,444 7, 233 296,661 12, 262 140, 007 4,818 233, 211 3, 385 173, 519 1,902 102,474 3, 413 116,346 790 136,105 1,252 37,817 42, 397 38, 304 31,620 51,993 114, 534 35, 218 95,088 79, 526 35,576 25,964 50,591 101 1,970 1, 773 2,899 6,245 14, 955 821 49 446 672 9 377 37, 716 40,427 36, 531 28, 721 45, 748 99, 579 34, 397 95,039 79,080 34, 904 25, 955 50, 214 148 635 0 18 30 0 10 140 0 0 60 0 8,192 12,651 26,663 21,352 23,649 64,985 22, 756 43, 544 56,125 15,004 16, 600 42,150 428 5, 477 9, 612 1, 204 1,045 14, 814 202 25,492 26, 500 8, 737 7.387 23,069 7,764 7,174 17,051 20,148 22,604 50,171 22, 554 18,052 29, 625 6,267 9, 213 19.081 1950: January______ February___ March______ A piil- - .......... M ay 9_______ June 10______ 122, 600 111. 613 203,333 135,352 201, 404 217, 221 42,805 34,865 26, 584 43, 31C 43; 407 49, 447 86 127 1,036 717 1,109 1,453 42, 719 34,738 25,548 42, 593 42, 298 47, 994 144 138 20 70 0 1,368 27,477 30, 676 19, 901 35, 797 27, 558 29,670 19,328 17,302 14,391 21, 459 13, 299 7,263 4,383 2,899 7, 997 5, 556 3,258 (8) ’ Excludes projects classified as “ secret” by the military, and all con struction for the Atomic Energy Commission. Data for Federal-aid pro grams cover amounts contributed by both the owner and the Federal Government. Force-account work is done, not through a contractor, but directly by a government agency, using a separate work force to perform nonmaintenance construction on the agency’s own properties. 2 Includes major additions and alterations. s Excludes hangars and other buildings, which are included under “ Other nonresidential” building construction. 9 Includes educational facilities under the Federal temporary re-use educational facilities program. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Other nonresidential (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (9) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) $9, 713 $80,438 32, 550 45,097 29, 926 55,808 88, 856 164,743 1,974 3,310 1, 735 2,592 1,229 5,299 1,871 2,027 1,869 1,955 9,735 14,100 1.413 3,827 1,054 2,140 3,184 5, 707 3,312 3,956 891 6,572 1,659 4,323 Total Rec lama tion River, har bor, and flood control High ways All other6 $438, 725 $158,027 $280.698 $381,037 $215,529 189, 710 73, 797 115,913 511, 685 270,650 133,010 59,051 73, 959 360, 865 151, 968 303,874 175,382 128, 492 372, 238 256, 554 225,423 115,612 109,811 355,701 331, 505 197, 589 69,028 128,561 364,048 79,808 199,684 41,880 157,804 446,903 363,391 217,795 150, 708 67,087 347, 988 500,149 155,737 101, 270 54,467 161, 852 247, 675 112, 415 66. 679 45, 736 111,805 87,508 72,150 30, 765 41, 385 100,969 70, 926 290,163 149,870 140,293 534, 653 45,685 307, 695 75,483 232, 212 659, 645 26,902 494,871 147,732 347,139 767,460 45,440 501,937 189,183 312, 754 690,469 56,759 54,115 65,119 22, 439 84,888 10, 495 24, 564 41,947 22,505 29,191 37,158 35,409 67,041 4,876 1,229 6,639 56,984 4, 738 8,887 1,327 4, 269 2,959 19, 371 13, 895 22, 558 49, 239 63,890 15.800 27, 904 5,757 15,677 40,620 18, 236 26, 232 17,787 21,514 44,483 47,696 50,194 51, 582 58, 247 75, 645 68, 569 76,428 91,310 65, 975 65, 747 51,972 74,095 2,564 1,404 3, 522 4,086 2,459 4,684 6, 478 2, 246 3, 771 6,047 5,339 2,840 15,141 24,032 84,342 39,899 89, 536 80, 530 22,115 52, 304 25,059 12,914 42,186 13,879 7, 596 3,083 22, 546 18, 778 61, 537 26,603 6, 822 12, 375 14, 559 1,091 5,677 8, 516 7, 545 20,949 61, 796 21,121 27, 999 53, 927 15, 293 39, 929 10, 500 11,823 36, 509 5,363 34, 465 29,000 41, 646 52,099 83, 769 80, 348 75,448 79,020 63,035 49,910 38,100 63,629 1,511 2,966 7,665 3,177 5,913 8,987 2,408 3,414 3, 997 661 9,306 6, 754 8,149 12,805 2,293 25, 578 13,374 1,052 2,872 25, 537 5, 510 3, 457 2 ,17C 101, 266 14,338 2, 364 4, 362 19, 063 14, 259 2, 474 12, 266 67, 473 22, 407 8,520 8,436 47,131 17, 933 7,087 69, 797 2, 763 7,726 22, 298 7,645 40, 998 18, 450 42,357 31, 469 61,026 16,300 63, 453 59, 747 80,618 24, 833 110,372 8,836 5,955 6, 460 3, 970 6,648 10, 271 25, 008 22, 719 1,747 949 13,658 10, 564 2.018 969 538 4,333 5,308 1,045 4,368 4, 422 8,121 6, 402 8,411 24,030 9, 613 50, 386 22,417 15, 567 3,987 7,019 ! Includes post offices, armories, offices, and customhouses. Includes con tract awards for construction at U nited Nations Headquarters in New York City, the principal awards having been for the Secretariat Building (January 1949: $23,810,000), and for the Meeting Hall (January 1950: $11, 238,000). 6 Includes electrification projects, water-supply and sewage-disposal system s, forestry projects, railroad construction, and other types of projects not elsewhere classified, 7 Included in “ All other.” 9 Unavailable. 8 Revised. 19 Preliminary. F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION 310 M ONTHLY LABOR T able F -3 : U rban B uilding A uthorized, b y Principal Class of C onstruction and b y T yp e of B u ild in g 1 Number of new dwelling units—House keeping only Valuation (in thousands) New residential building Privately financed Housekeeping Period Total all classes * Privately financed dwelling units Total 1-family 2-fam ily* Multifamily 4 Publicly Nonfinanced housedwell keeping ing » units New nonresidential building Addi tions, altera tions, and repairs Total 1-fam ily 1942-.................... 1946 ._ .................. 1947 ....... 1948 ....... 1949 «................... $2,707,573 4, 743,414 5, 561,754 6,971, 576 7,379,899 $598, 570 2,114,833 2,892,003 3,422,937 3,717,215 $478,658 1,830, 260 2.362,600 2, 745,219 2,839,222 $42,629 103,042 156,757 181,493 132,332 1949: May........ June_____ July........... August___ September October__ November December. 665,644 748,048 598,943 683,898 722,056 678.540 619,910 559.540 359,364 356,816 307,631 368,133 401,433 376,556 353,262 276,820 254, 546 256, 544 231,617 278,286 302,265 297,200 292,227 218,851 13,446 10,547 8,711 11,004 12,119 13,893 10, 626 9,838 91,372 89, 725 67,303 78, 843 87,049 65,463 50,409 48,131 30,497 28,782 22,342 12,889 17,826 18, 987 18,482 10,350 3,084 3,850 3,937 3,074 3,144 3,635 2,662 4,669 186,151 259, 474 181,367 207,335 215,605 196, 076 181,081 212, 214 86,548 Ô9,124 83,666 92,467 84,049 83,286 64,423 55,487 54,199 55,331 48.425 57,051 63,316 57,320 52,357 43,363 36,563 36,947 34,324 40,340 43,982 41, 794 41, 562 31.349 1950: January.... February. March___ April ^ ___ M ay 8____ 558,374 572,464 855, 618 920,983 1, 054, 932 315,529 352, 248 545,665 577, 757: 643,358 243,446 283,164 442, 035 482, 238 534, 507 11,354 21,040 17, 778 19, 965 60,729 57,196 82. 590 77, 741 8,564 1, 506 9,197 13, 591 27,995 2,421 2,971 9,011 4,725 31,184 166, 233 156,049 205, 704 237,412 252, 229 65,627 59,690 86,041 87,498 100,166 49,128 52,818 79,408 81, 207 88, 567 36,041 40,200 59, 785 63,478 69.350 11,888 $77,283 $296,933 $22,910 $1, 510,688 $278, 472 184,892 181, 531 355,587 43,369 1,458,602 771,023 430,195 372,646 35,177 29,831 1, 712,817 891,926 503,094 496,225 139,326 38.034 2.366, 730 1,094,549 516,179 745,661 285,419 39,727 2, 400,693 936,845 574,190 88,886 1 Building for which building permits were issued and Federal contracts awarded in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken in some smaller urban places that do not issue permits. The data cover federally and nonfederally financed building construction combined. Estimates of non-Federal (private and State and local govern ment) urban building construction are based primarily on building-permit reports received from places containing about 85 percent of the urban popula tion of the country; estimates of federally financed projects are compiled from notifications of construction contracts awarded, which are obtained from other Federal agencies. Data from building permits are not adjusted to allow for lapsed permits or for lag between permit issuance and the start of construc tion. Thus, the estimates do not represent eonstruction actually started during the month. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 138,908 358,151 393,720 392,632 412,656 2-fam ily » Pub licly fi Multi- nanced fam ily 4 15,747 30,237 24,326 47, 718 34,105 75,269 36,306 87,341 26, 415 135,119 95, 946 98, 310 5,100 15,113 32,140 2,580 2,131 1,765 2,282 2,316 2, 747 2,095 1,984 15,056 16, 253 12,336 14,429 17,018 12,779 8,700 10,030 3,110 3, 373 2,791 1,507 2,116 2,254 2,037 1,287 2,287 2,377 4,209 3,203 .3,853 10,800 10, 241 15,414 14, 526 15,364 868 177 1,135 1,626 3,268 Urban, as defined by the Bureau of the Census, covers all incorporated laces of 2,500 population or more in 1940, and, by special rule, a small numer of unincorporated civil divisions. * Covers additions, alterations, and repairs, as well as new residential and nonresidentia. building. * Includes units in 1-family and 2-family structures with stores. 4 Includes units in multifamily structures with stores. ! Covers hotels, dormitories, tourist cabins, and other nonhousekeeping residential buildings. 1 Totals for 1949 include revisions which do not appear in data shown for January through December. Revised monthly data will appear in a subsequent issue of the M onthly Labor Review. 7 Revised. 8 Preliminary. F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION REVIEW , AUGUST 1950 T able F~4: 311 N e w N on resid en tial B uilding A uthorized in A ll U rban P laces,1 b y General T y p e and by G eographic D ivision 2 Valuation (In thousands) Geographic division and type of new nonresi dential building 1950 M ay 4 A pr.5 Mar. 1949 Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay 19498 1948 Total Total All types......... ................. $252, 229 $237,412 $205,704 $156,049 $166, 233 $212,214 $181,081 $196,076 $215,605 $207,335 $181, 367 $259, 474 $186,151 $2, 400,693 $2, 366, 730 16,817 j 15, 648 New England ____ 41,116 32,117 Middle Atlantic . . . 59, 074 68, 708 East North Central 23, 635 22,186 West North Central South A tlantic......... 33, 275 28,515 8,198 10,483 East South Central. 25,874 22,864 West South Central 7,310 6, 971 M ountain................. Pacific____________ 36,931 29, 921 20,893 18,962 Industrial buildings A 1,225 1,415 New England____ 5, 219 2, 734 Middle A tlan tic.. 6,955 6, 217 East North Central 2,200 1,329 West North Centra! 778 1,201 South Atlantic __ 234 1,708 East South Central 691 1, 664 West South Central. 288 330 Mountain__ ___ 3,302 2,363 Pacific_____ ____ 90, 609 83,198 Commercial buildings 7 6,327 6,241 New England........... 12,540 13, 228 Middle Atlantic . 18,857 15, 242 East North Central 10, 780 10,371 West North Central 11,678 10, 904 South Atlantic____ 4,060 3,512 East South Central 11,236 10,431 West South Central 3,662 3,639 Mountain_________ 11,469 9,631 Pacific. __________ Community buildings 8 106, 554 107, 270 8,040 5,757 New England_____ 19,158 12, 297 Middle A tlan tic.. 24,028 42, 280 East North Central 7,556 7,627 West North Central 18, 647 13,369 South Atlantic____ 3,749 3,037 East South Central 8, 679 7,273 West 8outh Central. 2,387 1,564 Mountain_________ 15,024 13,356 Pacific . . . . . . . . 4,607 5,556 Public buildings * _____ 542 90 New England....... . 415 734 Middle Atlantic___ 663 33 East North Central 15 425 West North Central. 90 1 , 337 South Atlantic____ 92 331 East South Central. 145 954 West South Central. 235 70 M ountain.............. 2,862 1,130 Pacific . . . ______ Public works and utility 5,404 6,681 buildings >°...... ........... 49 569 New England ___ 1,385 1,334 Middle Atlantic___ 2,348 424 East North Central. 318 760 West North Central. 592 540 South A tla n tic....... 221 80 East South Central 1,239 812 West South Central 41 406 M ountain________ 488 480 Pacific____________ All other buildings » ___ 22,885 17,022 1,086 1,724 New England_____ 1,792 2,400 Middle Atlantic. .. 6,223 4, 512 East North Central. 2,765 1,674 West North Central. 1,489 1,164 South A tlantic... 1,102 554 East South Centra! 3,884 1,730 West South Central 962 697 M ountain______ 2,962 3,786 Pacific___________ 10,377 25,617 47, 228 15,939 26,591 10, 637 22, 513 16,307 30, 496 15,353 431 3,000 5, 457 844 1,019 1,264 851 349 2,139 85, 507 4,348 11,071 16,952 8,209 11, 642 3, 395 10,144 5, 560 14,187 85, 294 4, 977 9, 544 20,053 5,101 12,586 5,155 8,798 9,787 9, 293 1,542 0 234 58 68 0 477 15 581 17, 552 20,195 28,422 10, 674 22,332 10, 506 16,080 5, 740 24, 548 11, 856 328 1. 406 4, 706 984 482 885 783 90 2,191 55, 559 1,379 10,059 9, 930 3, 454 10, 331 2, 893 6,290 4, 070 7,154 70, 844 15, 335 7,370 9,967 4,458 8,320 6,352 6, 728 1,142 11,173 4,159 0 52 177 300 1,823 0 71 56 1,682 5,558 236 532 2,287 319 366 308 663 2 845 12,450 385 1,360 2,245 1,408 910 516 1, 580 594 3,451 5,153 187 307 2,112 977 765 0 292 73 440 8,478 324 1, 002 1, 531 501 611 375 1,916 309 1, 909 no 17,361 13,095 32, 357 57,807 23, 663 39,623 6, 977 15,094 23, 464 21,362 12,586 9,124 23.529 16,894 3,078 10,478 23,219 28,737 14.008 14,852 190 321 3, 522 1,804 4, 455 8, 442 709 785 864 1.149 416 753 1,262 308 135 113 2, 454 1,178 61, 799 52,095 1,785 2,094 22, 522 10,388 7, 558 10,119 3,185 5, 818 5,411 6, 365 2, 747 2, 457 10,006 5,207 1,483 1,214 7,103 8,433 68. 718 105, 286 14,515 4,622 3, 744 44,000 10,150 15,451 2,503 4,438 15, 470 7,344 5,392 5, 613 7,061 8,613 746 7,692 9,137 7, 512 2,490 16, 223 158 2,040 552 264 268 2,792 192 1, 571 369 1,748 0 18 126 146 54 799 771 6,845 6,467 35,105 29,005 15,327 24,630 11,748 18,419 13, 789 26, 591 10,896 209 2,250 3,909 792 841 170 406 320 1,999 59,305 1,849 9,618 9,991 5,014 9,434 2, 756 9,399 1,446 9,800 74, 737 3,110 20, 452 10,110 7, 201 6, 942 5,609 6, 451 8,852 6,011 12, 790 185 747 332 284 5, 567 0 243 2.059 3, 372 7,178 35,337 50, 274 14,153 25,963 8,027 24,130 5,344 25,670 18, 792 202 5, 111 5,462 956 2,529 180 1,117 242 2,994 67,403 2, 953 9,125 16,635 4,170 8,420 2,879 11,680 1,393 10,148 73, 706 586 14,109 21,923 6, 609 7, 464 4,116 7, 499 2,940 8, 461 9,689 154 3,851 1,816 441 1,377 0 774 28 1,249 12,194 33,335 46,910 34, 351 23, 330 13,155 19, 598 10,256 22,476 17,160 706 2,201 8,275 2,328 942 796 249 345 1,319 73, 899 5, 513 14, 596 15,951 4, 604 9,291 1,976 10, 522 2,167 9,278 98,681 4, 783 13,731 16, 015 23,380 10,224 9, 422 7,074 5, 452 8,600 3,904 128 107 175 178 937 500 229 1,371 280 10,192 37,961 41,852 17,666 19, 614 15,638 29,701 7,676 27,033 15,617 352 2,743 5, 674 1,150 1,389 1,145 495 100 2,569 70,047 3,041 13,905 14, 542 4,732 9,502 3,231 9,022 3,059 9,013 96,164 5,385 15,845 15,428 7,823 7,050 10,887 18,432 3,722 11, 592 2,761 18 409 534 440 538 0 292 8,968 430 823 361 150 204 638 3,982 333 2,049 10,249 283 1,195 871 238 1,146 3,393 1,092 327 1,704 11,724 345 599 2,031 922 1,108 2,326 1,034 126 3,232 11,629 768 1,438 2,632 1,115 738 888 887 985 2,177 11,424 2,135 513 390 329 5,484 491 1, 357 138 586 15,061 1,147 2,628 4,050 1,647 689 362 1,703 604 2, 233 6, 527 53 319 1,828 1,994 1,031 112 700 219 270 15,435 1,010 2,382 4,665 1,867 906 349 825 703 2, 728 10,045 702 3, 467 1,839 2,004 459 70 499 164 840 12, 701 694 1,592 3,836 1,517 677 304 961 627 2,492 15, 474 3,615 544 920 1.735 4,070 41 1,663 121 2,765 8,284 404 808 1,899 747 685 241 957 538 2,004 1 Building for which permits were issued and Federal contracts awarded in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken in some smaller urban places that do not issue permits. Sums of components do not always equal totals exactly because of rounding. 7 For scope and source of urban estimates, see table F-3, footnote 1. * Totals for 1949 include revisions which do not appear in data shown for January through December. Revised monthly data will appear in a sub sequent issue of the M onthly Labor Review. 4 Preliminary. 1 Revised. # Includes factories, navy yards, army ordinance plants, bakeries, ice plants, industrial warehouses, and other buildings at the site of these and similar production plants. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5 526 6,683 13, 859 28,468 35, 246 38, 795 55, 772 17,824 19, 736 19, 536 28, 257 8,279 16,128 30,554 33, 808 6,847 17,729 24,381 38, 938 15, 645 16, 473 367 350 2,281 5,650 6,959 3,826 1, 995 780 910 715 612 775 533 645 329 142 2,489 2, 764 57,349 65, 896 3,195 2,137 8,333 7, 720 11,229 13,037 4,240 5,139 5,844 12,883 3, 268 2, 833 9,705 11, 453 2,436 1,467 8,798 9,529 83, 691 138,831 8,203 3,129 11,236 19, 215 19,317 30, 333 9,451 11, 976 8, 783 12,159 6,748 4,371 16,192 18,617 4,350 14, 205 6,860 17, 374 5, 270 12, 643 702 282 991 620 211 381 283 1,105 803 1,418 5,120 28 1, 731 361 55 121 2,746 954 8,508 129 1,986 1,309 442 1,039 0 1,234 243 2,128 10,903 657 1,256 2,733 907 1,737 271 670 525 2,146 13, 928 778 2, 743 1,813 208 799 20 2,431 177 4,960 11, 704 613 1, 683 3,420 1 , 035 703 360 793 526 2, 571 8,485 113,834 26, 378 434,807 38,941 491, 550 12, 255 203, 495 31, 298 306,418 8,897 129,686 14,088 269,915 7, 360 102, 208 38, 450 348,780 14, 358 202, 440 623 6, 357 2,410 40,367 4,889 77,037 1,122 15, 689 1,241 18,132 570 8,736 703 6,859 994 4, 264 1, 806 24,999 65, 862 751, 264 2, 956 36, 564 9,315 127,033 12, 616 147,620 4, 541 52, 907 10,092 105,106 3, 207 36, 020 5,594 101,025 2,688 25,094 14,853 119,895 88, 573 1,005,376 3, 445 42, 343 10, 360 176,009 14, 273 200,974 4, 649 100,396 8,007 101,126 4, 488 67, 423 6,706 135,128 2, 351 58,773 14, 296 123, 204 13, 277 150,075 55 4,803 575 33,568 1,149 8.156 55 9,532 10, 712 50, 094 0 6,257 42 5,041 39 5,327 649 27,297 148,039 393,374 511,794 173,152 2691 427 100,715 274,663 83, 458 412,108 299, 286 19,839 65,911 100,035 15, 993 27, 776 9, 054 15, 864 2, 770 42,044 926,551 55, 560 1331 219 177, 322 72, 808 121, 552 39l 391 126,064 35, 274 165, 361 788, 601 47,255 153, 423 154,846 54, 207 80,384 36,344 106,205 34, 577 121,360 74, 414 5,966 8, 680 11,352 5, 438 8, 875 8,936 6,132 3,965 15,070 10, 635 790 2,127 1,158 569 645 402 257 838 3, 850 13, 446 616 1, 591 4, 857 1,319 601 230 787 450 2,996 148,681 111 438 16,651 35,809 13,015 21,450 3,750 12,792 2,055 31,721 129,197 7l 981 15,490 32' 430 111 691 9,390 3,240 7,606 4,817 36,652 159,642 16,010 39, 494 22,303 11,337 22, 706 7,223 11,944 2,566 26,059 131,896 7,757 18,336 35,460 13,634 9,254 4,027 9,918 6,184 27,326 7 Includes amusement and recreation buildings, stores and other mercantile buildings, commercial garages, gasoline and service stations, etc. 8 Includes churches, hospitals, and other institutional buildings, schools, libraries, etc. * Includes Federal, State, county, and municipal buildings, such as post offices, courthouses, city halls, fire and police stations, jails, prisons, arsenals, armories, army barracks, etc. 10 Includes railroad, bus and airport buildings, roundhouses, radio stations, gas and electric plants, public comfort stations, etc. 11 Includes private garages, sheds, stables and bams, and other buildings not elsewhere classified. F: BUILD IF G AND CONSTRUCTION 312 T able F -5 : N u m b er and C onstruction C ost of N ew Perm anent N onfarm D w elling U n its Started, b y U rban or R ural L ocation, and b y Source of F unds 1 Number of new dwelling units started Estimated construction cost (in thousands)5 All units Privately financed Publicly financed Period Urban Rural non farm Total non farm Urban Rural non farm Total non farm Urban Rural non farm 937,000 1925»............ ........................... ............ 93,000 1933 *__________________________ 1941 »_ ________________________ 706,100 141,800 1944 «__________________________ 1946.______________ ____ ________ 670,500 1947_________ __________________ 849,000 1948.................................. - .............. - 931,600 1949 ............................................... 1,025,100 752,000 45,000 434,300 96,200 403,700 479,800 524,900 588,800 185,000 48,000 271,800 45, 600 266,800 369, 200 406,700 436,300 937,000 93,000 619,500 138, 700 662, 500 845, 600 913, 500 988,800 752,000 45,000 369,500 93,200 395,700 476,400 510,000 556,600 185,000 48,000 250,000 45, 500 266,800 369,200 403,500 432,200 0 0 86,600 3,100 8,000 3,400 18,100 36,300 0 0 64,800 3,000 8,000 3,400 14,900 32,200 0 $4,475,000 $4,475,000 0 285, 446 285,446 21,800 2,825,895 2,530,765 100 495,054 483, 231 0 3, 769, 767 3,713,776 0 5, 642,798 5,617,425 3, 200 7,203,119 7,028,980 4,100 7, 702,971 7,374,269 1948: First quarter--------- ------ — January__________ February ........ ....... March....................... Second quarter___________ April_________ . . . May........................... June........................... Third quarter........................ July.......................... . August...................... September................ Fourth quarter...________ October__________ November................ December________ 180,000 53,500 50,100 76,400 297,600 99, 500 100,300 97,800 264,000 95,000 86,700 82,300 190,000 73,400 63,700 52,900 103,000 30,800 29,100 43,100 166,100 55,000 56,700 54,400 144, 200 52,200 47, 700 44,300 111,600 41,300 38,100 32,200 77,000 22,700 21,000 33,300 131,500 44, 500 43,600 43,400 119,800 42,800 39,000 38,000 78,400 32,100 25,600 20,700 177,700 52, 500 48,900 76,300 293,900 98,100 99,200 96,600 259,300 93, 700 85,100 80, 500 182, 600 71,900 61,300 49,400 100,800 29,800 28,000 43,000 164,600 54,600 56,100 53,900 140,100 51,000 46,600 42, 500 104, 500 39,800 35,800 28,900 76,900 22, 700 20,900 33,300 129,300 43,500 43,100 42, 700 119, 200 42,700 38,500 38,000 78,100 32,100 25, 500 20,500 2,300 1,000 1,200 100 3, 700 1,400 1,100 1,200 4,700 1,300 1,600 1,800 7,400 1,500 2,400 3,500 2,200 1,000 1,100 100 1,500 400 600 500 4,100 1,200 1,100 1,800 7,100 1,500 2,300 3,300 100 0 100 0 2,200 1, 000 500 700 600 100 500 0 300 0 100 200 1,315, 287 383,634 368, 985 562, 668 2, 287,624 748, 976 769,369 769, 279 2,113, 496 750, 977 720, 523 641,996 1,486. 712 573,950 498, 296 414,466 1,296,612 374,984 359,420 562, 208 2, 252,961 736,186 758,635 758,140 2,065,770 738, 659 703,066 624,045 1,413,637 560,347 471,336 381,954 18, 675 8,650 9,565 460 34,663 12,790 10,734 11,139 47, 726 12,318 17,457 17,951 73, 075 13, 603 26,960 32,512 1949: F irst quarter......................... January_______ . . February _______ March __________ Second quarter...................... April.......................... M ay.......................... June.......................... Third quarter........................ July............. .............. August___________ Septem ber.............. Fourth quarter...................... October...... .............. November................ December............. ... 169,800 50,000 50,400 69,400 279,200 88,300 95,400 95, 500 298,000 96,100 99,000 102,900 278,100 104,300 95,500 78,300 94, 200 29,500 28,000 36,700 157,300 49,500 53,900 53,900 171,600 53,300 55,900 62,400 165,700 60,000 56, 700 49,000 75,600 20,500 22, 400 32,700 121, 900 38,800 41, 500 41,600 126,400 42,800 43,100 40, 500 112,400 44,300 38,800 29,300 159,400 46,300 47,800 65, 300 267,200 85,000 91,200 91,000 289,900 92, 700 96,600 100,600 272,300 101,900 93,400 77,000 84,100 25,800 25,500 32,800 147,800 46,700 50,600 50, 500 164,500 50,100 54,300 60,100 160, 200 57, 700 54,700 47,800 75,300 20, 500 22,300 32, 500 119,400 38,300 40,600 40,500 125, 400 42,600 42,300 40,500 112,100 44,200 38,700 29,200 10, 400 3,700 2,600 4,100 12,000 3,300 4,200 4,500 8,100 3,400 2,400 2,300 5,800 2, 400 2,100 1,300 10,100 3,700 2, 500 3,900 9,500 2,800 3,300 3,400 7,100 3,200 1,600 2,300 5, 500 2,300 2,000 1,200 300 0 100 200 2,500 500 900 1,100 1,000 200 800 0 300 100 100 100 1, 287, 228 374,020 382, 778 530,430 2,120, 637 666,969 733,967 719, 701 2,222,103 710, 341 743,389 768,373 2,073,003 776,674 723,097 573, 232 1,189,640 340,973 357, 270 491,397 2,007, 563 637,170 692,063 678,330 2,153,937 682,863 722,208 748,866 2,023,129 756,712 704,220 562,197 97, 588 33,047 25,508 39,033 113,074 29,799 41,904 41,371 68,166 27,478 21,181 19, 507 49,874 19,962 18,877 11,035 1950: First quarter 8......................... January___________ February_________ March 8___ _____ Second quarter_____ A pril. ___________ M ay 10________ . . . 278, 900 78,700 82,900 117,300 167,800 48 200 51,000 68,600 111, 100 30, 500 31,900 48, 700 276,100 77,800 82, 300 116, 000 165, 600 47,300 50,800 67, 500 110,500 30, 500 31, 500 48, 500 2,800 900 600 1,300 2,200 900 200 1,100 600 0 400 200 2,162,636 589,997 637,753 934, 886 2,138, 565 581,497 632,690 924,378 24, 071 8, 500 5,063 10, 508 1,012, 505 1,167,869 995,315 1,139, 269 17,190 28,600 Total non farm 126,000 140,000 0 0 0 0 124,100 136,700 1The estimates shown here do not include temporary units, conversions, dormitory accommodations, trailers, or military barracks. They do in clude prefabricated housing units. These estimates are based on building-permit records, which, beginning with 1945, have been adjusted for lapsed permits and for lag between permit Issuance and start of construction. They are based also on reports of Federal construction contract awards and beginning in 1946 on field surveys in nonpermit-issuing places. The data in this table refer to nonfarm dwelling units started, and not to urban dwelling units authorized, as shown in table F-3. All of these estimates contain some error. For example, if the estimate of nonfarm starts is 50,000, the chances are about 19 out of 20 that an actual enumeration would produce a figure between 48,000 and 52,000. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 0 0 0 0 1,900 3,300 0 0 0 0 Total Privately financed Publicly financed 0 0 $295,130 11,823 55,991 25,373 174,139 328,702 * Private construction costs are based on permit valuation, adjusted for understatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public construc tion costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for individual projects. s Housing peak year. 4 Depression, low year. * Recovery peak year prior to wartime limitations. 8 Last full year under wartime control. 7 Less than 50 units. 8 Revised. 8 Not available, 10 Preliminary. tt . 5 . GOVERNMENT P R IN TI NG O F F I C l i U N O