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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ETHELBERT STEWART, Commissioner
MONTHLY
LABOR REVIEW
VOLUME XXIII
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N U M BER 2
AUGUST, 1926
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1926
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C E R T IF IC A T E
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provisions o f the sundry civil act (41 Stats.
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S u b s c r ip t io n P r ic e ,
Y ear
Contents
Special articles :
p age
W elfare w ork in th e B ritish coal in d u s try ___________________________
1-8
O rganization a n d m em bership of A m erican trad e-u n io n s, 1926______ 8 -2 2
C ooperative w orkshops in th e U n ited S ta te s ________________________ 23-30
In d u s tria l rela tio n s an d lab o r conditions :
A s tu d y of villagers in th e U n ited S ta te s ___________________________ 31-34
M eeting of In te rn a tio n a l A ssociation of G o v ern m en tal L ab o r Officials- 3 5 , 36
C hina— C loth-w eaving in d u s try in N a n c h a n g _______________________ 36, 37
S o u th A frica— F a c to ry conditions in 1924__________________________ 37 33
W omen an d ch ild re n in in d u s try :
W’orking ho u rs of w om en in M ary lan d , 1925_______________________
39
C hild lab o r in M ary lan d , 1925_____________________________________
40
In d u s tria l accid en ts and h y g ien e:
In d u s tria l accid en t p rev e n tio n c o n feren ce____________________________41 -4 6
A re accidents increasing? by E th e lb e rt S tew art, U n ited S ta te s C om
m issioner of L abo r S ta tis tic s ______________________________________ 46-50
C oal-dust explosions in b itu m in o u s coal m ines______________________ 51-53
S afety a n d p ro d u ctio n s tu d y of A m erican E n g ineering C ouncil______5 3 , 54
A ccidents in th e P o rtla n d cem ent in d u stry , 1919 to 1925___________ 54, 55
C ancer sta tistic s in various tra d e s a n d professions___________ ;______ 55-58
P rev en tio n of lead poisoning in th e ru b b e r in d u s try _________________ 58, 59
Id a h o — M ine accid en ts in 1925_____________________________________
59
W orkm en’s co m pensatio n a n d social in s u ra n c e :
“ U nusual c a se s” u n d er M assach u setts com pensation a c t___________
60
C om pensation rig h ts of w orkm en p u rsu in g th e ir ow n e n d s __________ 60, 61
R e cen t com pensatio n re p o rts—
G eorgia-----------------------------------------------------------------6 1 ,6 2
Illin o is--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62-64
M assa c h u se tts________________________________________________ 64, 65
G erm any— C are of th e sick .under th e salarie d em ployees’ in su ran ce
system , 1913 to 1925 _________________________________ - __________65-68
Sw eden— S ta tistic s of sick funds, 1922 to 1924______________________69, 70
C ooperation :
P resen t p o sitio n of co o p erativ e m e v e m e n t__________________________ 71 ( 72
L abor organizations a n d c o n g resses:
Proceedings of A m erican S eam en’s C onvention, 1926_______________
73
A u stria— F ree unions in 1925________________________________________ 73-75
N ew Z ealand— G row th of tra d e -u n io n s_____________________________ 75, 76
W orkers’ ed u catio n an d tra in in g :
W isconsin F e d e ra tio n of L a b o r’s ed u catio n al conference____________ 77, 78
F in lan d — W orkers’ in s titu te s _______________________________________
79
F ran ce— A pplication of a p p ren ticesh ip ta x __________________________
80
R ehabilitation :
T rain in g a n d p lacem en t m eth o d s in civilian re h a b ilita tio n __________ 81-83
L abor law s a n d co u rt decisio n s:
W age p a y m e n t leg islatio n ___________________________________________ 84-87
“ C u rre n t ra te of w ag es” on p ublic w o rk s__________________________ 87, 88
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IV
CONTENTS
L abor law s and co u rt d ecisio n s— C on tin u ed .
Page
B olivia— L ab o r leg islatio n --------------------------------------------------------------- 88-90
G u atem ala— N ew la b o r la w ------------------------------------------------------------ 90, 91
In d ia— N ew tra d e -u n io n a c t----------------- , ---------------------------------------- 91-93
P eru— Law governing com m ercial em p lo y ees----------------------------------93
in d u s tria l d is p u te s :
In d u s tria l disp u tes in th e U n ited S ta te s, J a n u a ry to M arch, 1 9 2 6 .1 94-101
C onciliation w ork of th e D e p a rtm e n t of L ab o r in Ju n e , 1926------- 101-103
G reat B ritain — S trik es a n d lock o u ts in 1925--------------------------------- 104-107
W ages and h o u rs of lab o r:
H ours a n d earnings in th e m otor-vehicle in d u stry , 1922 a n d 1925_ 108-115
Id ah o — M ine w ages in 1925--------------------------------------------------------- 115, 116
A ustralia— W ages a n d h o u rs of lab o r in S ydney a n d M elbourne,
D ecem ber, 1925--------------------------------------------------116-119
D om inican R epublic— W ages a n d p ric e s--------------------------------------- 119, 120
G reat B ritain — E arn in g s a n d h o u rs in te x tile in d u strie s---------------- 120-123
Stabilization of em p lo y m en t:
G reat B ritain — R e g istra tio n of dock w orkers in B risto l---------------- 124, 125
T rend of em p lo y m en t:
E m p lo y m en t in selected in d u strie s in Ju n e, 1926------------------- ------ 126-137
E m p lo y m en t a n d earnings of railro a d em ployees, M ay, 1925, a n d
A pril a n d M ay, 1926------------------------------------------------------------------138
R ecen t em p lo y m en t sta tistic s—
S ta te rep o rts on e m p lo y m e n t----------------------------------------------- 139-147
Illin o is_________________________________________________ 139, 140
Io w a --------------------------------------------------------------------------------141
M a ry la n d _________________________________________________
142
M assac h u se tts------------------------------------------------------------------143
N ew Y o rk ______________________________________________ 143, 144
145
O klahom a________________________________________________
W isconsin______________________________________________ 146, 147
T h e increasing em p lo y m en t of In d ia n s___________________________ 147, 148
J a p a n — E x te n t of u n em p lo y m en t, 1925------------------------------------------148
P rices and cost of living:
R etail prices of food in th e U n ited S ta te s ________________________ 149-170
R etail prices of coal in th e U n ited S t a t e s . ______________________ 171-175
R etail prices of gas in th e U n ited S ta te s -------------------------------------- 176-178
R etail prices of elec tricity in th e U n ite d S ta te s ---------------------------- 179-185
in d e x nu m b ers of w holesale prices in Ju n e , 1926--------------------------- 185-187
A verage w holesale prices of com m odities, A pril to Ju n e , 1926--------- 187-197
C hanges in cost of living in th e U n ited S ta te s ----------197-210
E x p en d itu res for house fu rn ish in g s by fa rm fam ilies------------------------211
C hile— C ost of liv in g ---------------------------------------------------------------------212
Labor ag reem en ts, aw ard s, an d d ecisio n s:
A greem ents—B akers— L ynn, M a ss---------------------------------------------------------------213
B uilding tra d e s— M arysville, C a lif___ *.----------------------------------- 2 1 3 ,2 1 4
C ity em ployees— C oncord, N. H _______________________________
214
M achinists— C h icag o __________________________________________
215
N ew sboys— E v e re tt, W a sh ___________ _________________________
215
P av in g c u tte rs— R ed G ran ite, W is___________________________215, 216
S team engineers— C hicago_____________________________________
216
S tre e t railw ays— N ew burgh, N. Y ___________________________ 217, 218
Y east w orkers— B a ltim o re____ ______________________________ 218, 219
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CONTENTS
V
L abor a g reem en ts, aw ard s, a n d decisio n s— C on tin u ed .
A w ards a n d decisions—
p age
E lectric railw ays— Sham okin, P a ____________________________ 219, 220
L adies’ clothin g in d u s try — C lev elan d ________________________ 220-222
R ailroads— D ecision of T ra in Service B o ard of A d ju stm e n t for
th e E a ste rn R eg io n _________________________________________
222
R ailroads— D ecision of T ra in Service B o ard of A d ju stm e n t for
th e S o u th e a ste rn R eg io n __________________________________ 223, 224
Im m ig ra tio n :
S ta tistic s of im m ig ratio n for M ay, 1926__________________________ 225-231
F actory in sp ectio n :
Illin o is-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------232
K a n sa s____________________________________________
232
M a ry la n d __________________________________________________________
233
W hat State lab o r b u re a u s a re d o ing:
G eorgia, Id ah o , Illinois, Io w a, K ansas, M ary lan d , M assach u setts,
M issouri, N ew Y ork, N o rth D ak o ta , O klahom a, W isconsin_____ 234, 235
P u blications re la tin g to la b o r:
Official— U n ited S ta te s ________ _________________________________ 236, 237
237-239
Official— F oreign c o u n trie s__________
U nofficial..........................................................................
239
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This Issue in Brief
The British coal industry maintains very extensive health and recrea
tional j acidities for its workers, the cost being borne by a tax of a penny
a ton on all coal mined. The resulting funds are administered by
boards on which both the operators and the miners are represented.
Up to the end of 1925 the fund totaled approxim ately $22,000,000,
and the undertakings financed have been on a m ost extensive scale,
including recreation grounds, children’s playgrounds, com m unity
centers, pit-head baths, hospitals, convalescent and rest homes, and
research work in health and safety. Page 1.
The members of American labor organizations in the middle of 1926
numbered 443,528, of whom 3,383,997 were in organizations affili
ated with the American Federation of Labor and 1,059,526 were in
independent organizations. A bout 202,000 of these m em bers were
resident in Canada. These figures are the result of a recent survey
m ade by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics covering the
history, membership, form of government, jurisdictional boundaries,
and benevolent activities of American labor organizations. A sum
m ary of the report is given on page 8.
A survey of wages in the motor-vehicle industry, ju st completed by
the Bureau ot Labor Statistics, shows th a t in 1925 m ale employees
averaged <2.8 cents per hour and $36.62 per full-time week, while
female employees averaged 46.6 cents per hour and $36.62 per full
time week. These figures were from 5 to 10 per cent higher than
those reported in the 1922 survey. The average full-tim e hours per
week in 1925 were 50.3, as against 50.1 in 1922. Page 108.
Cooperative workshops, in which the workers themselves own and
operate the business, are few in num ber in the U nited States, b u t
represent an interesting phase of the cooperative m ovem ent. Such
workshops now exist in such diverse industries as cigar m anufacture,
fish canning, laundries, and the m anufacture of window glass, pottery, and shoes. In several cases the undertakings were started by
strikers. Page 23.
The Industrial Accident Prevention Conference held in W ashington
July 14-16, under the auspices of the Secretary of Labor, devoted
itself prim arily to the problem of devising better accident-reporting
methods. There was a large attendance, consisting of representatives
of State governors, insurance carriers, safety associations, industrial
and labor organizations, and others interested in the cause of indus
trial safety. A short account of the activities of the conference is
given on page 41.
Cost of living in the United States decreased 1.7 per cent between
December, 1925, and June, 1926, according to the regular semiannual
survey of the Bureau of Labor Statistics ju st completed. Every one
of the 32 cities for which reports were received showed a decline, the
average decline for all cities being 1.7 per cent. Details by cities
and oy principal items of family consumption are given on page 197.
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VII
VIII
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Recent 'price changes.—Between M ay and June, 1926, retail food
prices decreased slightly, while wholesale prices of all commodities
showed a small increase. Compared with the year previous, retail
food prices were 3 per cent higher, while wholesale prices of all com
modities were about 3 per cent lower. Page 149.
Employment in manufacturing industries in June, 1926, was very
slightly lower (0.4 per cent) than in M ay, b u t was 1.3 per cent higher
than in June, 1925. Page 126.
The practice of rock-dusting bituminous coal mines to prevent coaldust explosions has m ade considerable progress in the past two years,
a recent report showing th a t about 150 companies in the U nited
States and in C anada have equipped one or more of their mines
with the rock-dust safeguard. The efficacy of rock d u st in stopping
or lim iting coal-mine explosions has been proved by experim entation
and by actual use, and m any instances have been recorded both
in this country and in England where great loss of life and property
has been prevented by this means. Page 51.
A study of cancer statistics in different troAes and professions has
been m ade recently by the British M edical Research Council with
a view to adding to the inform ation on the effect of substances already
recognized as harm ful or perhaps showing th a t other substances
had similar injurious effects. The study confirmed some of the more
generally accepted views as to certain substances such as oils, tar,
and chemicals and certain of the light and heat rays being causative
factors in the developm ent of cancer b u t failed to show a relation
ship between the em ploym ent and the disease in m any of the forms
of cancer, particularly those localized internally. Page 55.
Social and economic conditions in the villages of the United States
have constituted a “ no m an ’s land of American sociology,” in the
words of a recent report of the In stitu te of Social and Religious
Research, yet the village population of the U nited States amounts
to approxim ately 13,000,000, or about one-eighth of the total popu
lation of the country, and conditions in these villages are found to be
almost as different from those of rural districts as they are from
those of city life. Page 31.
The results of curative treatment of insured employees under the
German salaried employees’ insurance system are described in a
recent official report. D uring the 13 years 1913-1925 treatm ent,
m ostly in sanatorium s and w atering places, was given to 303,801
persons. Page 65.
Data concerning the hours and earnings of over 1,000,000 workers in
textile industries in G reat B ritain in 1924 have recently been pub
lished in an official report. The average earnings of men through
four norm al weeks am ounted (in American money) to $12.53 weekly,
and of women, to $6.79. The great m ajority, 97 per cent, of the
workers had norm al weeks of 48 hours or less, b u t owing to short
time the hours actually worked averaged 45 per week. A part from
those entirely unemployed, over one-sixth of the workers were on
short time. Page 120.
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M 0 NT HLY L A B O R R E V I E W
VO L. XXIII, N O . 2
W A SH IN G T O N
AUG UST, 1926
Welfare Work in the British Coal Industry1
I
N 1919, when the so-called Sankey Commission m ade the first of
those investigations into the British coal-mining industry which
have figured so conspicuously in its postw ar history, the com
rnissioners were deeply impressed by the housing conditions which
they found in some of the mining villages and by the bareness and
drabness of the villagers ’ lives. This was not a m atter on which they
had been definitely instructed to pass, b u t it impressed them so
seriously th a t they went somewhat outside of their instructions to
suggest the plan of putting a levy of one penny 2 on every ton of coal
mined, the resulting funds to be used for im proving the housing and
amenities of each particular colliery district from which this sum was
raised. (See L a b o r R e v i e w , M ay, 1919, p. 114.) This suggestion
m et w ith general approval and when in 1920 the mining industry
act was passed by Parliam ent, it included a provision th a t for five
years every owner of a coal mine m ust, before M arch 31 each year,
pay a sum equal to a penny for every ton of the m ine’s o u tp u t during
the previous calendar year into a fund which was to be applied for
“ such purposes connected w ith the social well-being, recreation, and
conditions of living of workers in or about coal mines and w ith mining
education and research as the Board of Trade, after consultation with
any governm ent departm ent concerned, m ay approve.” In Decem
ber, 1925, the operation of this provision was extended for another
five years.
On this basis has grown up a system of welfare work which, consid
ering its scope and effectiveness, has attracted singularly little atten
tion. T he fund, m ade up of the penny-a-ton levy and of interest on
investm ents, has am ounted to nearly £5,000,000 (approximately
$22,000,000),2 and the work has covered a wide and constantly extend
ing field. Institutes, or com m unity centers, have been opened,
recreation grounds established, pit-head baths p u t into operation,
athletic, musical, and social organizations fostered, hospitals built,
convalescent and rest homes bought or built and endowed, visiting
nurses engaged in some districts, playgrounds for children and young
people opened^ swimming pools and gymnasiums m ade available,
research organizations aided, scholarships for research students
increased, vocational and training classes and schools for m ining stu
dents helped, assistance given to the solution of health problems in
mining, and in general, opportunities for a wider, healthier, and
fuller life offered to the mining villager in m ultitudinous ways.
1Except where other references are given, the material used in this article is taken from the annual reports
of the committee in charge of the Miners’ Welfare Bund, the latest of which covers the year ending Dec.
31 , 1925 .
2 Pound at par=$4.8665, shilling=24.33 cents, penny=2.03 cents; exchange rate approximately at par.
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2
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
M oreover, the whole m ovem ent has been on a democratic basis.
I t is n o t the result of a charitable effort on the p a rt of the well-to-do
to improve the condition of the poor. The funds are supplied in
large p a rt by the industry itself, the district schemes are undertaken
only on the initiative of the local bodies themselves, and the adminis
tration of a scheme is generally vested in the joint comm ittee of owners
and miners of the particular district concerned, though on occasion
it m ay be in the hands of some other local body, which has perhaps
in the past been trying to carry on some such work. The local
employers not infrequently add a contribution to the sums supplied
by the fund, b u t this does not im pair the fundam ental fact th a t the
work is not on a charitable basis and th a t the workers themselves
have either an equal or a dom inant voice in its adm inistration.
Management and Financial Position of the Fund
m anagem ent of the fund is in the hands of a committee,
j^nown as the M iners’ Welfare F und Com m ittee, appointed by
the Board of Trade, consisting of seven members, two of whom are
appointed after consultation with the M ining Association of G reat
B ritain (the employers’ association) and two after consultation with
the M iners’ Federation. The mine fields are divided into 25 dis
tricts, and it is provided th a t the comm ittee m ay allocate to each
district sums equal to four-fifths of the levy received from the mines
of th a t district, the other fifth being reserved to use for the national,
rather than the local, needs of the industry. The welfare committee
is to take into consideration any scheme subm itted by a district com
m ittee and m ay make grants in aid of such schemes in its discretion.
I t m ay, on occasion, invite the local authorities of a district to subm it
schemes, bu t in such a case, if the local authorities respond, the scheme
m ust be discussed w ith the district committee, if there is one, before
it can be adopted. The committee has wide discretion as to the kind
of work which m ay be indorsed and the conditions under which funds
m ay be allotted, bu t there is one very definite restriction in the terms
of the act w orth noting: In no case is any grant to be made out of
the fund for the building or repairing of dwelling houses.
A t the close of December, 1925, the total receipts from the levy
and from interest on investm ents am ounted to £4,740,339. The
total am ount which had been allotted to district projects up to th a t
date was £3,038,164, of which £2,539,531 had already been paid out.
The am ount allotted to the general fund was £254,266, of which
£181,571 had been paid out. The total am ount spent on adminis-.
tration by the M iners’ Welfare Com m ittee up to th a t date was
£11,076, or 0.34 per cent of the total allocations.
District Work
tT O U R -FIF T H S of the fund, as stated above, is to be spent in the
*
districts from which it was received, and the comm ittee has made
very few conditions as to the kind of project which m ight be under
taken. Its a ttitu d e is th a t the fund is intended to m ake life more
livable in each district, and th a t the people of th a t district are the
best judge of w hat will accomplish this purpose. I t has laid down,
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WELFARE WORK IN TH E BRITISH COAL INDUSTRY
3
however, two general principles: First, th a t grants are norm ally to
be made only for purposes of capital expenditure, leaving it to the
districts to m eet the running expenses of whatever form of work they
choose to undertake, and, second, th a t grants are to be m ade only
for the provision of new welfare facilities, not to aid schemes already
in existence.
Roughly, the schemes for which grants have been approved are
grouped under the heads of recreation, health, and. education. Recre
ation, for which grants totaling £2,027,565 have been made, is defined
in the com m ittee’s reports as including “ institutes and halls, parks,
recreation and sports grounds, playing fields, pavilions, games equip
m ent, swimming pools and baths, colliery bands, and challenge cups
for recreational or musical contests.’’ H ealth, to which allocations
of £958,772 have been made, comprises “ medical and nursing serv
ices of all kinds, hospitals and convalescent homes, ambulances,
challenge cups for ambulance competitions, pit-head baths, drying
rooms and shelters, slipper baths, and washhouses.” Education,
which has received grants to the am ount of £26,363, includes the
provision of buildings and equipm ent, help in providing textbooks,,
m aintenance grants, students’ traveling expenses, grants in aid of
scholarships, and the provision of courses of nonvocational lectures,
as well as strictly vocational instruction. About 67 per cent of the
total am ount granted to the districts has been used for recreational
purposes and 32 per cent for health.
Some idea of the extent and variety of the work done is gained from
the m onthly announcem ents published in the English magazine,
Industrial \\ el fare. In the issue for February, 1926, the opening of
two m iners’ institutes in different parts of the country is reported.
( In stitu te is a comprehensive term , indicating a kind of com m unity
center in connection with which m ultitudinous activities are carried
on.) In other places a district nurse has been engaged and a house
bought and furnished for her use; a course of lectures on industrial
evolution has m et with much success; a m iners’ welfare institute a t
Crossgates has introduced m otion pictures which have “ attracted
good houses and added to the revenue in no inconsiderable m anner” ;
in I orkshire a gift has been received from the fund of an addition to
the public park, with a new bandstand and a welfare recreation
ground, where tennis, bowling, and m iniature golf m ay be indulged in;
and in Fontllanfraifh the erection of a modern institute, a t a cost of
£26,000, has been decided upon. In the issue for M arch, negotiations
are reported for the purchase of Low Hall, near Scarborough, for use
as a convalescent home by the miners of South Yorkshire; a sports
pavilion costing £1,700 has been provided for the village of Greasborough; arrangem ents have been made to build an institute and hall
at W est Cornforth, and contracts let for a welfare institute a t Larkhall. In the April num ber, comment is m ade upon a series of lec
tures organized under the m iners’ supervision, comprising about 320
one-year courses, which has been so successful th a t it has been
extended for two years m ore; the opening of four institutes or m iners’
welfare halls is reported, and prominence is given to the fact th a t
“ with the aid of the m iners’ welfare fu n d ” the Glamorgan County
Council intends to erect five institutes in the county for the purpose
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M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
of teaching the principles of mining, a grant of £27,500 from the fund
having been m ade to help the plan along.
Apparently, the best liked forms of work for which the aid of the
fund is asked are institutes or welfare halls and convalescent homes.
W hat the people themselves think of the first is shown by a brief
account of one w ritten by a “ pit villager” and published in Industrial
Welfare, February, 1926.
“ O U R P E N N Y -A -T O N
HALL”
W hile our “ p en n y -a -to n ” h all w as being b u ilt th e re w ere m an y folk in o u r p it
village w ho h a d grave d o u b ts as to w h e th e r i t w ould really fill a fe lt w a n t.
W e h av e h a d o u r h all in fu ll use fo r th re e m o n th s now , a n d ju d g in g b y th e h u m
of life in it in th e evenings, th e d o u b ts of th e d o u b te rs h a v e been dispelled.
O ur hall is tru ly th e b e a tin g h e a rt of th e village. Socially i t h as en ab led us to
m ake g re a t strides. In th e read in g room , th e gam es room , th e b illiard s room ,
a n d th e lib ra ry , friend sh ip s h a v e been m ad e b etw een th e folk of o u r village who
nev er before h a d a n y th in g in com m on.
F o r fo u r shillings a q u a rte r, if h e d o esn ’t w ork a t th e p it, a n d fo r th re e a n d
th reep en ce a q u a rte r if he does w ork a t th e p it, a n y m ale villager m a y be a m em ber.
Of th e ap p ro x im a te £ 7 ,0 0 0 w hich th e in s titu te h a s co st to b u ild , th e su m of
£4,770 h a s com e from th e m in ers’ w elfare fu n d , e stab lish ed u n d e r th e m ining
in d u s try a c t of 1920. T h e rem a in d e r is being ra p id ly re p a id to th e b a n k b y th e
m em b ers’ subscriptio n s, fo r we h a v e fo u n d t h a t th e re v en u e w ith in th e h a ll h as
for th e first th re e m o n th s p a id th e w orking expenses.
I t is dem ocratically m an ag ed . In th e re ad in g room you m a y re a d ev ery class
of new spaper a n d periodical. In th e lib ra ry you m a y o b ta in “ T h e A u to b io g
ra p h y of a L ab o r L ea d e r” o r th e rem iniscences of a duke.
T he w elfare d e b a tin g society h a s m ad e a big h it. W e h a v e been a sto u n d e d a t
th e n u m b er of people w ho h a v e been w aitin g th e ir o p p o rtu n ity to express th e m
selves. Y oung m en w ho w ere reg a rd e d as being u n a b le to say “ b o o ” to th e
p ro v erb ial goose h av e p ro v ed th em selv es to be excellent d eb ate rs.
U p stairs we h av e a larg e h a ll th a t seats 500 folk. If th e D u k e of N o rth u m b e r
lan d w a n ts to ad d ress u s be Can sp eak th e re . If C ook com es he w ill sp eak th ere.
In sh o rt, o u r in s titu te h a s en ab led us to rev eal ourselves.
In ev ery w ay i t h as
justified th e prophecies of th o se far-seeing m en w ho said t h a t th e “ p e n n y -a -to n ”
fu n d w ould m ak e life in th e p it villages b e tte r a n d b rig h ter.
In this case,- the hall seems to have been designed m ainly for
adults, b u t provision is often m ade for boys and girls as well. Thus,
the Abercarn In stitu te includes “ a lending library and reading room,
a billiard room, a games room, recreation rooms for boys and ladies,
and two com m ittee rooms.” In South Wales in 1924 “ the sum of
£2,500 to build a bo 37s ’ club was added to the original allocation of
£5,000 m ade to the Ton Pentre Recreation Association.” The Denbeath In stitu te, opened in M arch,. 1925, included a bowling green,
three hard tennis courts, and a putting green, and a short distance
a w a y , a small children’s playground. A W est Yorkshire scheme
provided a m ain pavilion w ith facilities for gym nastics, social func
tions and the like in the w inter season, while the grounds, which
were being developed in 1925, were to include a cricket field, five
grass and four hard tennis courts, two bowling greens, a football
field, a children’s playground, bandstand and dancing area, junior
playing areas, small pavilions for tennis and bowls, and, as if this
were not sufficiently comprehensive, “ further developm ents are con
tem plated in accordance w ith a plan which provides for all sections
of the com m unity.”
A recent developm ent has been the provision of holiday camps for
boys and girls. The report on the fund for the year 1925 gives an
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TA L Y G A R N HOUSE, SOUTH WALES, NOW A M IN E R S ’ CO N V A LE S CE N T H O M E
WELFARE WORK IN T H E BRITISH COAL INDUSTRY
5
account of a perm anent camp a t St. Athans, to be used during the
summer m onths in giving a w eek’s holiday to hoys or girls, 100 a t a
time.
T h e in itia l cap ital cost of estab lish in g th is cam p w as a b o u t £5,500, a n d w as
m e t to th e e x te n t of £4,500 by a g ra n t from th e d is tric t fu n d ; i t is difficult to con
ceive of a m ore w o rth y o b ject. T h ere a re 9 acres of la n d a n d th e cam p consists
of p e rm a n e n t buildings of tim b e r a n d c o rru g a te d iro n , com prising th re e sleeping
h u ts, a h u t fo r dining a n d k itch en purposes, a h u t fo r in d o o r recreatio n a n d
canteen, a n d h u ts fo r staff, offices, a n d stores. T h e w eekly co st of m a in ten an ce
is e stim a te d a t a b o u t £77, to w hich each boy o r girl u n d e r 14 c o n trib u te s 15s.,
th o se over t h a t age pay in g a n e x tra Is. fo r each y e a r of th e excess.
Health Work in the Districts
A LTH O U G H allocations for health work form only 13 per cent of
“
the total num ber of allocations made for district purposes, they
account for 32 per cent of the total am ount so allotted, the health
projects being, as a rule, more costly than those connected with
recreation. In some instances, ambulances have been purchased
and equipped, district nurses have been installed, hospitals and acci
dent homes have been aided, and some other miscellaneous activities
have been forwarded, b u t the chief forms of health work undertaken
have been pit-head baths and convalescent homes, or rest homes, for
miners.
The establishm ent of pit-head baths is a form of work which the
comm ittee has approached cautiously, feeling th a t such baths ought
to form a p a rt of the capital investm ent of every mine, and to he
provided at the cost of the operators, precisely as the pum ping
m achinery or the ventilating systems are. Since this condition does
not as y et prevail, it has been thought well to do something in the
way of furnishing baths, while trying to educate public opinion up to
the point of demanding them as a m atter of course. Tw enty-two
schemes of this kind have been approved, and grants have been made
to the extent^of £120,408. This does not represent the whole cost
of the work, for in most cases the sites have been provided w ithout
cost by the coal companies, and in addition sums am ounting to
nearly £25,000 have been contributed from the same source. N ot
counting the value of the sites, the com m ittee calculates th a t the
present-day cost of pit-head baths is about £109 per bath, which
corresponds roughly to £11 per m an accommodated.
Under the general heading of convalescent work the comm ittee
includes the establishm ent of rest or conyalescent homes for miners,
sometimes w ith additional accommodations for their wives and daugh
ters^ the provision of special tru st funds to be used in purchasing
admission for miners to general homes of this character already in
operation, the purchase of surgical appliances, and some other minor
activities. T he convalescent homes account for the m ain p a rt of
the £958,772 allotted to health purposes. A t the close of 1925 seven
such homes were in operation. The usual plan has been to buy some
large hall or mansion and convert it to the uses of a hospital. Several
of the properties which have be6n thus acquired were really magnifi
cent homes w ith the noble proportions, beautiful fittings, and fine
grounds supposed to be characteristic of the ancient estates of
England. Talygarn House in South Wales is one of the m ost pictur-
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esque of these, and is described as one of the best convalescent homes
in all England. The amounts spent on it exemplify the com m ittee’s
plan of providing w ithout stin t where such expenditure m eets a
real health need. The n et purchase cost of the house and grounds
was £16,500, and some £10,000 was spent a t once on alterations,
furniture, and equipm ent. In the latest report of the committee
additional figures are given as follows:
In th e S o u th W ales d istric t, considerable a d d itio n a l ex p en d itu re h as been
in cu rred in connection w ith th e fu rth e r a d a p ta tio n a n d e q u ip m e n t of th e schem e
a t T a ly g arn , th e to ta l c a p ita l cost of w hich, w ith th e £7,750 allo cated d u rin g th e
y ear, now am o u n ts to £ 4 1,250; £50,000 w as a d d e d to th e en d o w m en t fu n d , w hich
now am o u n ts to £190,000, a n d th e nucleus of a reserve fu n d to m e e t d ep reciatio n
w as established b y a n allo catio n of £5,000. Also, th e deficit on m ain te n a n c e
(w hich, pen d in g th e com pletion of th e en d o w m en t fu n d , is m e t b y d irect g ra n ts
from th e fund) req u ired a g ra n t of £2,776 d u rin g th e year, m ak in g w ith prev io u s
g ra n ts a to ta l of £13,332 fo r t h a t purpose.
In respect to the convalescent homes, the committee, as the above
quotation shows, departs from the usual plan of furnishing only
capital cost, leaving the running expenses to be m et from the district.
An endowm ent fund is provided for each home, to be made up by
annual grants until the am ount considered necessary has been
reached.
Talygarn House has accommodations for 100 convalescents at a
time, and the normal duration of an inm ate’s stay is^ expected to be
a fortnight. The norm al cost of its operation, above its income from
fees, contributions from workmen and owners, etc., is expected to
be from £13,000 to £14,000 per annum, which will be m et from the
endowment fund.
The comm ittee has found by experience th a t it costs less to buy
and adapt than to build, b u t in addition it is felt th a t the old estate
possesses certain intangible benefits which could not be provided in
a new establishment. The following quotation from Industrial
Welfare, September, 1923, giving an account of a visit to Kirkmichael House, one of the first of the convalescent homes established,
illustrates this point:
As we w an d ered th ro u g h th e histo ric a n d b eau tifu l gro u n d s we could n o t help
dw elling u p o n th e c u m u la tiv e valu e of th e w elfare p en n y . Such a schem e as
th e K irk m ich ael H om e w ould h av e been im possible ex cep t as th e re s u lt of
co operative effort. * * * T h e hom e belongs to th e in d u s try a n d it is being
m a in tain ed b y th e in d u s try . An ailing m in er can look u p o n i t as his ow n a n d
he need no longer su b je c t him self to th e h u m ilia tin g process of w ritin g begging
le tte rs to convalescen t hom e subscribers. F o r th e schem e to h av e ab o lish ed th e
hideous “ su b scrib er’s l e t t e r ” sy stem is sufficient in itself to ju s tify its existence.
T he hom e is d is ta n t a b o u t 9 m iles fro m A yr a n d is situ a te d rig h t in th e h e a rt
of d elightful co u n try . I t is ap p ro a c h e d b y a long a n d b e a u tifu l driv e a n d is
su rrounded b y spacious law ns a n d m ag nificent trees. Before reach in g th e
m ansion th e dow er house is passed, a n d th is, as soon as i t h as been re d eco rated
a n d fu rn ish ed , w ill b e used as a co n v alescen t hom e fo r m in e rs’ w ives. T h e hom e
h as been th o ro u g h ly d eco rated , n o t lav ish ly , b u t well, a n d in excellent ta s te . * * *
B u t a d escrip tio n o f th e place c a n n o t convey th e im pression we w ould like
to give. F o r a m a n w ho h a s sp e n t his life, o r even a p o rtio n of his life, in a
tow n or m ining village, to lo o k o u t fro m his b edroom w indow u p o n as fair a scene
as can be fo u n d w ith in th is islan d , m u s t h av e a n in s ta n ta n e o u s effect u p o n his
m en tal outlook, a n d co n seq u en tly u p o n his p h y sical co n d itio n . K irk m ich ael
can n o t fail to c o n trib u te to th e m ens sa n a in corpore sana.
B,mining th ro u g h th e e sta te is a riv e r, a n d w h ilst we w ere in th e hom e a m in er
re tu rn e d from a fishing exped itio n b earin g w ith him a 10-pound salm on w hich
he h a d cau g h t. T h e angler, b eing lam e, w alked w ith th e a id of a stick , b u t
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WELFARE WORK IN TH E BRITISH COAL INDUSTRY
7
in spite of th is h andicap , a n d a ro d of seem ing in ad eq u a ten ess, he m an ag e d to
lan d his fish w ith o u t assistance. N eedless to say, th e e v e n t c reated th e g re a te st
excitem en t as well as pleasu rab le p isc a to ry a n tic ip a tio n .
Work of the General Fund
/"A N E -FIFT H of the levy is reserved, under the name of the general
^
fund, to be used for national rath er than local needs. A t the
outset the comm ittee planned to use this fund for two m ain lines of
work— the promotion of research into the health and safety problems
of mining, and the advancem ent of the higher forms of mining
education. The prelim inary and junior forms of mining education
were regarded as suitable for grants from the district fund.
W hen planning the work the comm ittee calculated th a t the gen
eral fund would probably reach, during the period for which the levy
was then expected to endure, approxim ately one million pounds.
Provisionally, therefore, £500,000 was allotted to research, £25,000
was allowed for miscellaneous services, and £475,000 was assigned
for providing buildings and equipm ent for the higher forms of mining
education. As the fund grew beyond anticipations, this la tte r am ount
was increased to £500,000, and in the beginning of 1926, in view of
the extension of the levy, the comm ittee was considering, as an
addition to the uses of this fund, the establishm ent of scholarships on
a national basis. These should be open either to working m iners or
to their sons and daughters and should be sufficient to enable the
holders to enjoy the full benefit of university life and to allow com
plete freedom of choice as to the studies to be pursued.
The sums allotted to research are given largely in grants to the
Safety in M ines Research Board to aid investigations carried out
under its supervision, though sometimes grants are m ade to inde
pendent investigators. Sums are also given to provide the plan t and
equipm ent necessary for carrying out experimental work in connec
tion with mine problems. Thus in 1922-23, grants to the extent of
£23,000 were m ade for providing equipm ent, and about £18,000 was
appropriated to m eet the cost of research work. F o r the 17 m onths
ending M arch 31, 1924, appropriations of about the same am ount
were m ade to finance the work of the Explosives in M ines Research
Com m ittee. In 1923—24, grants of £16,500 were made to further
research as follows:
1. R esearch w ork (b o th in th e field a n d in th e la b o rato ry ) on c o al-d u st a n d
fire-dam p explosions.
2. R esearch w ork on th e sp o n tan eo u s com bustion of coal.
3. R esearch w ork on th e safe a p p licatio n of electrical m ach in ery a n d on flam e
proof devices.
4. R esearch w ork on sa fe ty lam ps.
5. In v estig atio n s in re g a rd to th e su p p o rt of u n d erg ro u n d w orkings.
6. M iscellaneous elec trical researches.
7. R esearch w ork on m ech an ical appliances.
Ill addition, grants were made to finance six independent investi
gators working on sim ilar problems, and grants totaling between two
and three thousand pounds were m ade for researches into atm ospheric
conditions in deep and hot mines, safety lam p caps, a study of m iners’
dietaries and the nutritional requirem ents of miners, and of m orbidity
statistics.
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As grants were also m ade during this and the subsequent year to
w orkers’ educational associations and county education committees
for establishing courses of lectures and extending and equipping
county mining schools, and to the Industrial W elfare Society for
general expenses in advising on m iners’ welfare and for establishing
a special advisory branch, it will be seen th a t the field covered by
the work of the general fund is fairly wide.
Organization and Membership of American Trade-Unions, 1926
^^T^HIS article is a sum m ary of a forthcoming bulletin of the U nited
States Bureau of Labor Statistics entitled “ Handbook of
American Trade-U nions.” This bulletin is a compendium of
the organization, form of governm ent, and jurisdictional boundaries
of existing American trade-unions, and in addition gives,_for each
union, a brief account of its origin and history, an outline of its benev
olent activities, and the m ost recent and accurate membership figures
obtainable.
The study covers all bona fide labor organizations functioning
nationally, a bona fide labor organization being defined as “ a group
of wage or salaried workers organized for the purpose of employing
economic or political pressure to improve their m aterial condition.”
I t is a settled policy of some unions not to divulge their m em ber
ship. However, in the case of an organization affiliated to the Ameri
can Federation of Labor approxim ate membership can be determ ined
from its voting strength in the annual conventions of the federation,
its voting strength being based upon the num ber of members in good
standing for whom the union pays per capita tax to the federation.
Where more definite figures have not been reported by the union
itself, the figure recognized by the A. F. of L. as representing the
num ber in good standing is used in the bulletin as the total member
ship of the organization.
In the present study 156 organizations coming w ithin the defined
scope which have national entity and significance were found. Of
these 107 are affiliated to the American Federation of Labor and 49
function entirely outside the federation. Some of the unions which
are independent of the A. F. of L. have never been identified w ith it
in any way, and the field in which they operate has never been entered
to any appreciable extent by A. F. of L. unions. This is especially
true of railroad operation, in which the “ Big F o u r” brotherhoods
have always m aintained separate existence and exclusive control.
Except for the railroad brotherhoods, some of the organizations in
the U nited States Post Office, and the Loyal Legion of Loggers and
Lumbermen, the unions not affiliated to the American Federation of
Labor are seceders from, or “ d u a l” to, some organization within the
federation. These dual unions are found to some degree in all indus
tries, except the printing trades.
Building Trades
r^ IlA F T lines are strictly drawn in the building-trades organizations, and subdivision into craft unions is carried to a fine point.
The oldest organizations of building craftsm en are the Operative
Plasterers’ International Association, established in 1864, and the
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9
Bricklayers, M asons, and Plasterers’ Union, organized in 1865.
The Operative Plasterers became p a rt of the American Federation
of Labor early in the history of th a t organization, while the B rick
layers and M asons rem ained outside of it for m any years, affiliating
as recently as 1916. The entrance of the Bricklayers, M asons, and
Plasterers’ International Union into the federation necessitated
readjustm ents which affected the jurisdiction of several other
American Federation of Labor unions. M arble setters who had
been organized in the International Association of M arble W orkers
were transferred to the Bricklayers and M asons, and the In te r
national Association of M arble W orkers became an organization
of marble, stone, and slate polishers and sawyers. L ater this organ
ization resumed some of its former jurisdiction in building operation
by adm itting to membership, a t the request of the Bricklayers and
M asons, the m arble and tile setters’ unskilled helpers.
A t about the same time the American Brotherhood of Cem ent
W orkers was dissolved, the skilled men going to the Operative
P lasterers’ Union, which then became the Operative Plasterers’
and Cem ent Finishers’ International Union, and the cem ent mixers
and unskilled workers being absorbed by the H od Carriers, Building,
and Common Laborers’ International Union.
The history of the carpenters’ union has been one of absorption
rath er than of division. The organization which grew into the
present U nited Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners became a
national one in 1881 by consolidation of scattered groups of organ
ized house carpenters throughout the country. Shop carpenters
had an older organization, the International F urniture W orkers’
Union, founded in 1873. In 1895 th a t organization joined w ith the
M achine Wood W orkers’ International Union to form the A m al
gam ated Wood W orkers’ International Union, which affiliated with
the American Federation of Labor. As the U nited B rotherhood of
Carpenters and Joiners grew in num bers it extended its field to
shop and mill work, a move which involved it in a jurisdictional
conflict w ith the Am algam ated Wood W orkers which lasted for
nearly 20 years, and ended in 1912, by the absorption of the shop
men by the U nited Brotherhood and the dissolution of the Amal
gam ated Wood Workers.
A branch of the Am algam ated Society of C arpenters and Joiners
of G reat B ritain was in existence in the U nited States when the
U nited B rotherhood was founded, and for m any years both organiza
tions held m embership in the American Federation of Labor. The
U nited Brotherhood, however, was m ilitant for the policy of “ one
trade, one union, ” and secured the suspension of the Amalgamated
Society from the federation in 1912. While never arriving a t any
agreem ent w ith the Am algam ated Society looking tow ard a merger,
the U nited B rotherhood has gradually absorbed its membership.
To provide for the unskilled building trades workers who were
not eligible to m em bership in the craft unions, the American Federa
tion of Labor organized the H od Carriers and Building Laborers’
International Union in 1903. A t first it was composed only of
building-trades men, b u t later expanded its jurisdiction and its
nam e to include common labor in any field. In 1918 the Compressed
Air and Foundation W orkers’ International Union merged w ith the
Hod Carriers.
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The Brotherhood of Painters, Decorators, and Paperhangers of
America originated in 1887 as an organization of house painters and
decorators, later adding paper hanging to its jurisdiction. Its
scope has been extended to all kinds of painting and decorative art
work, absorbing in the process a num ber of craft unions, among them
the N ational Paperhangers’ Association, the N ational Union of
Sign Painters, and the Stained Glass W orkers’ Union.
The present organization holding jurisdiction over roofing, the
U nited Slate, Tile, and Composition Roofers, D am p and W aterproof
W orkers’ Association, is an amalgam ation, effected in 1919, of two
international unions— the International Slate and Tile Roofers’
Union and the International Union of Composition Roofers, D am p
and W aterproof W orkers.
There is only one dual or “ independent ” organization in the build
ing trades. T h a t is the Internation al Brotherhood of Steam Shovel and
Dredge M en, which was organized in 1896 and in 1915 am algam ated
w ith the Associated Union of Steam Shovelmen. The International
Union of Steam and O perating Engineers claimed jurisdiction over
the steam, shovel men, and in the resulting dispute the International
B rotherhood of Steam Shovel and Dredge M en was expelled from the
American Federation of Labor in 1918 for refusing to merge w ith the
steam engineers. I t has functioned independently since th a t time.
The membership of the building-trades organizations is 1,123,825,
distributed as follows:
A sbestos W orkers, In te rn a tio n a l A ssociation of H e a t a n d F ro st In su lato rs a n d _____ ________________________ , ________ ____________________ i 2, 400
B ricklayers, M asons a n d P la ste re rs’ In te rn a tio n a l U nion of A m erica___ 103) 600
B ridge, S tru c tu ra l a n d O rn a m e n ta l Iro n W orkers, In te rn a tio n a l A ssocia
tio n o f-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18, 350
C a rp e n te rs a n d Jo in ers of A m erica, U nited B ro th erh o o d o f_____________ 376, 400
E lectrical W orkers, In te rn a tio n a l B ro th erh o o d of_____________________ 140, 000
E le v a to r C o n stru cto rs, In te rn a tio n a l U nion o f________________________ 18, 000
E ngineers, In te rn a tio n a l U nion of S team a n d O p eratin g ______________
3 3 . 000
G ra n ite C u tte rs ’ In te rn a tio n a l A ssociation of A m erica________________
8, 500
H o d C a rrie rs, B uilding a n d C om m on L ab o rers’ In te rn a tio n a l U n io n __
65, 000
L a th e rs ’ In te rn a tio n a l U nion, W ood, W ire a n d M e ta l_________________ 17, 000
M arble, Stone, a n d S late Polishers, R u b b ers, a n d Saw yers, Tile an d
M arb le S e tte rs ’ H elpers, a n d T errazo W orkers’ H elpers, In te rn a tio n a l
A ssociation o f_______________________ __________ __________________
4 gpp
P a in te rs, D eco rato rs a n d P ap erh an g ers, B ro th erh o o d of_______________ 125) 000
P la ste re rs a n d C em en t F in ish ers’ In te rn a tio n a l A ssociation, O p e ra tiv e . . 32, 000
P lu m b ers a n d S teain fitters, U n ite d A ssociation of Jo u rn ey m en ._________ 60, 000
R oofers, D am p a n d W ate rp ro o f W orkers’ A ssociation, U n ited Slate,
T ile a n d C o m p o sitio n ________________________________________________
3 500
S team Shovel a n d D redge M en, In te rn a tio n a l B ro th erh o o d o f____________
l l ) 500
S tone C u tte rs ’ A ssociation of N o rth A m erica, Jo u rn e y m e n ______________
5,075
Metals and Machinery
M O S T of the organizations in the m etal trades date from the inceph
tion of the labor m ovem ent in the United States, one of them , the
International M olders’ Union, having been a pioneer in the move
m ent. T h a t organization has been in continuous existence since
1859, and was the first international union, extending its jurisdiction
to C anada in 1861.
S tructural changes w ithin the m etal-trades unions have been chiefly
in line w ith developments within the industry and have not been
1 Voting strength.
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im portant. The tendency is toward absorption of the smaller craft
bodies by the larger unions. The International H old ers’ Union
absorbed the Core M akers’ International Union and the brass molders
holding membership in the old M etal Polishers, Buffers, Platers, and
Brass W orkers’ Union. Various jurisdictional readjustm ents lim
ited the field of the latter organization to m etal polishing and electro
plating, and it became in 1917 the M etal Polishers’ International
Union. M etal engravers are organized separately.
One small craft union operates in the lim ited field of stove m ount
ing, and unskilled and common labor in foundries is controlled by the
International Brotherhood of Foundry Employees.
“ In d ep en d en t” organization in the m etal and machinery industry
tends toward industrial unionism. There are two independent unions,
the Am algam ated M etal W orkers of America and the U nited Autom o
bile, Aircraft, and Vehicle Workers. The former is a secession move
m ent oi machinists from the International Association of M achinists.
Shortly after it was organized a similar group of industrial unionists,
organized as the Brotherhood of M etal Workers, merged with it.
The Amalgamated M etal Workers did not report its membership,
b u t it is known to be only a small organization. The U nited A uto
mobile, Aircraft, and Vehicle Workers was originally the International
Union of Carriage and Wagon Workers, affiliated to the American
Federation of Labor. I t was an industrial union from the first, its
chartered jurisdiction extending to all kinds of work involved in
the making of wagons and carriages. When the industry changed
from carriage making to automobile m anufacture, the union under
took to expand with it. However, the m any craft organizations
involved protested against encroachment on their various jurisdictions
and the American Federation of Labor repeatedly upheld the prin
ciple of craft organization as applied to automobile m anufacture.
The International Union of Carriage, Wagon, and Automobile
Yv orkers was ordered to release its craft men to their respective organi
zations and to drop the word “ autom obile” from its title. I t refused
to do so and was expelled from the federation in 1918. I t reorganized
under its present title on a platform of industrial unionism. The
membership of the m etal trades-unions is as follows:
A utom obile, A ircraft a n d Vehicle W orkers, U n ite d ___________________
3, 000
B lacksm iths, D rop Forgers a n d H elpers, In te rn a tio n a l B ro th erh o o d of__ 15’ 000
B oilerm akers, iro n Shipbuilders a n d H elpers, In te rn a tio n a l B ro th e r
hood o f_________ __________ ________________________________________ 23, 000
D ra ftsm e n ’s U nions, In te rn a tio n a l F ed eratio n of T echnical E ngineers,
A rch itects a n d _____________________ ____ •_______ _______ ____________
500
E n g ra v e rs’ U nion, In te rn a tio n a l M e ta l____________________________ Cl I
140
F irem en a n d Oilers, In te rn a tio n a l B ro th erh o o d o f_____________________ 17, 000
F o u n d ry E m ployees, In te rn a tio n a l B ro th erh o o d o f____________________
3, 500
Iro n , Steel a n d T in W orkers, A m alg am ated A ssociation of____________
12, 500
M achinists,. In te rn a tio n a l A ssociation o f___________________ __________ 130, 000
M etal W orkers of A m erica, A m alg am ated ____________________________
(2)
M etal 'W orkers’ In te rn a tio n a l A ssociation, S h eet_____________________I 25, 000
M olders’ In te rn a tio n a l U n io n __________________ ______________________ 30 000
P a tte rn M ak ers’ L eague of A m erica______________________________ I__
S, 985
P olishers’ In te rn a tio n a l U nion, M e ta l________________________________
9. 000
S tove M o u n ters’ In te rn a tio n a l U nion of N o rth A m erica_________ CCCCC
1, 600
1 otai_ —
------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 279,225
2 Not reported.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T ransportation
A F the m any organizations of transportation workers, broadly
^
'speaking, those covering operation and adm inistration are
independent unions while the American Federation, of Labor unions
cover m aintenance and shopwork. In both the last-m entioned fields
and in train dispatching, however, there are independent unions
dual to the American Federation of Labor unions.
The American Brotherhood of Railway T rack Foremen and Allied
Brotherhood of Railw ay T rack Laborers organized independently in
1916, and in 1919 am algam ated w ith the American Federation of
Labor union holding th a t jurisdiction, the U nited Brotherhood of
M aintenance of W ay Employees. Five years later it withdrew and
reorganized as an independent rival union.
The American Federation of Railroad W orkers is a secession union,
formerly the International Association of Car W orkers. While it
is avowedly an industrial union its membership is chiefly among carshop workers.
Jurisdiction of train dispatching is claimed by an affiliated union,
the Order of R ailroad Telegraphers, and by the independent American
T rain D ispatchers’ Association.
Leaving o u t of consideration the “ Big F o u r” brotherhoods, m ost
of the independent railroad unions are small groups duplicating each
other in the same field. There are three organizations of express
workers, the largest of which, the Brotherhood of Railway and Steam
ship Clerks, Freight H andlers, Express, and Station Employees, was,
until a few m onths ago, affiliated to the American Federation of
Labor. I t was because the brotherhood was organizing expresswagon drivers over the protest of the International Brotherhood of
Team sters and Chauffeurs th a t its charter was revoked by the
federation. Station employees have two organizations in addition
to the clerks’ brotherhood to which they are eligible, and yardm asters have two, one of which split off the other. Colored railroad
workers have two general organizations and one union of sleeping-car
porters. M ost of the small railroad unions sprang up after the estab
lishm ent of the U nited States R ailroad Labor Board and functioned
chiefly in hearings before th a t body.
The railroad brotherhoods are among the oldest organizations of
labor in the country, the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers
dating from 1S63 and the Order of R ailroad Conductors from 1868.
Originally both of these organizations and the Brotherhood of Loco
m otive Firem en and Enginemen, founded in 1873, were benevolent
and tem perance societies rath er than labor unions. They fell into
line w ith the general trend of the labor m ovem ent, however, and the
youngest of the brotherhoods, the Brotherhood of Railroad T rain
men organized in 1883, has been an economic organization from the
first.
These organizations have always m aintained their position inde
pendent of the American Federation of Labor, and have so thoroughly
controlled their field th a t no question of jurisdiction or dual unionism
has arisen.
In w ater transportation there are three affiliated and three inde
pendent unions. The International Longshorem en’s Association and
the International Seamen’s Union, both affiliated to the American
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 228 ]
13
ORGANIZATION AND M EM BERSH IP OF TRADE U NIONS
Federation of Labor, are the only unions in their jurisdictions. The
third affiliated union, the N ational Organization of M asters, M ates,
and Pilots, has a rival organization among the independents in the
N eptune Association.
The other two independent unions, the N ational M arine Engi
neers’ Beneficial Association and the Ocean Association of M arine
Engineers, are dual organizations, the latte r having seceded from
the former. The N ational M arine Engineers’ Beneficial Association
was a t one time affiliated to the American Federation of Labor, but
withdrew because of lack of sym pathy w ith the federation’s opposi
tion to ship subsidy. Thereafter the jurisdiction of the International
Union of Steam and Operating Engineers was extended to cover
m arine and Diesel engines.
Listed according to their relation to the American Federation of
Labor, the transportation unions and their respective memberships
are:
A ffiliated:
C arm en of A m erica, B ro th erh o o d of R a ilw a y _____________________ 56. 000
2, 300
C onductors, O rder of Sleeping C a r----------------------------------------------L ongshorem en’s A ssociation, In te rn a tio n a l----------------------------------- 35, 000
M ain ten an ce of W ay E m ployees, B ro th erh o o d of-------------------------- 1 37, 400
9, 500
M asters, M ates, a n d P ilots, N a tio n a l O rg an izatio n of____________
18, 000
S eam en’s U nion, In te rn a tio n a l___________________________ _______
8, 000
Signalm en of A m erica, B ro th erh o o d of R a ilro a d -------------------- - - - S tre e t a n d E lectric R ailw ay E m ployees, A m alg am ated A ssociation
of_____________________________________________________________ 100, 000
9, 000
S w itchm en’s U nion of N o rth A m erica-----------------------------------------T eam sters, C hauffeurs, a n d H elpers, In te rn a tio n a l B ro th erh o o d of_ 100, 000
T elegraphers, O rd er of R a ilro a d ____________________ _____________ 75, 000
T u n n e l a n d Subw ay C o n stru c to rs’ In te rn a tio n a l U nion of N o rth
4, 000
A m erica------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------T o ta l__________________________________________________________
In d e p e n d e n t:
A gents, A m erican R a ilw a y _______________________________________
C lerks, F re ig h t H andlers,' E xpress a n d S ta tio n E m ployees, B ro th
erhood of R ailw ay a n d S team sh ip --------------------------------------------C onductors, B ro th erh o o d of D ining C a r--------------------------------------C o nductors of A m erica, O rder of R a ilw a y -----------------------------------E n g in eers’ Beneficial A ssociation, N a tio n a l M a rin e ------- _------------E ngineers, G ra n d In te rn a tio n a l B ro th erh o o d of L o co m o tiv e--------E ngineers, O cean A ssociation of M a rin e --------------- _----------------------F irem en a n d E ngin em en , B ro th erh o o d of L o co m o tiv e------------------E xpressm en, O rd er of R ailw ay ------- _-------------------------------------------E xpress W orkers, A m erican F e d e ra tio n of— -------------------------------N e p tu n e A ssociation_____________________ . - ---------- •- - - -------------P o rte rs, B rakem e n , a n d S w itchm en, A ssociation of T ra in 3----------P o rte rs, B ro th erh o o d of Sleeping C a r 3--------- ---------------- ---------------R a ilro ad S uperviso rs of M echanics, In te rn a tio n a l A ssociation of__
R ailro ad W orkers, A m erican F e d e ra tio n o f---------------------------------S ta tio n E m ployees a n d C lerks, B ro th erh o o d of R a ilro a d --------------T rack F o rem en a n d Allied B ro th erh o o d of R ailw ay T ra c k L a b o r
ers, A m erican B ro th erh o o d of R a ilw a y -------------------------------------T ra in D isp atch ers’ A ssociation, A m erican __--------------------------------T rain m en , B ro th erh o o d of L ocom otive T ra in m e n ------------------------T rain m en , A ssociation of C olored R ailw ay 3--------------------------------Y ard m asters of A m erica, R a ilro a d -----------------------------------------------Y ard m asters of N o rth A m erica, R a ilro a d -------------------------------- -----s Voting strength.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 Not reported.
[229}
8Negro organizations.
454, 200
200
135,
1,
60,
10 ,
88 ,
1,
106,
18,
15,
2,
000
700
000
000
200
500
800
000
000
500
1, 100
10, C00
16, 440
15, 000
(2)
27,
4,
180,
4,
4,
0
000
350
000
500
000
14
M O NTH LY LABOR REVIEW
Paper and Printing
Paper
HTPIEKE are three organizations in paper m anufacture, one of which,
the U nited W all Paper C rafts of N orth America, is confined to
wall-paper m anufacture, the jurisdiction of the other two specifi
cally excluding th a t product. The International Brotherhood of
Pulp, Sulphite, and Paper M ill W orkers originated by secession from
the International Brotherhood of Paper M akers. For three years
it was an independent, dual union, antagonistic to and drawing
membership from the parent body, b u t in 1909 a jurisdictional
adjustm ent, basing j urisdiction partly on skill and p artly on processes,
was arrived a t which m ade it possible for both organizations to func
tion amicably within the American Federation of Labor.
The membership of the unions in the paper industry is:
P a p e r M akers, In te rn a tio n a l B ro th erh o o d o f___________________________ 7, 000
P u lp , S u lp h ite a n d P a p e r M ill W orkers, In te rn a tio n a l B ro th erh o o d of__ 10, 000
W all P a p e r C rafts, U n ite d ____________________________________________
800
T o ta l_____________________________________________________________
17, 800
Printing
While in m ost industries the highly specialized craft unions are
passing, in the printing, industry ju st the reverse has taken place.
Organization has proceeded from the original comprehensive industrial
union, established in 1852, to individual unions in the various crafts
and even for special processes. The printing pressmen sta rte d the
m ovem ent tow ard craft division by seceding from the International
Typographical Union in 1889 and establishing the International
Printing Pressm en’s Union, later extending jurisdiction to the
assistants and changing the name of the union accordingly. T heir
example was followed by the bookbinders, who organized separately
in 1892, and thereafter by the remaining crafts in rapid succession,
which by agreem ent w ith the International Typographical Union,
were chartered by the American Federation of Labor, w ith clearly
defined jurisdictional divisions.
There are now eight unions in the printing industry. W ithin the
past year a merger of the International Steel and Copper Plate
Engravers’ League w ith the International Plain P rin ters’ and Die
Stam pers’ Union has elim inated one of the process unions. Included
among the eight printing unions is the International Association
of Siderographers, a union covering one process in plate printing.
The process is used alm ost exclusively in the printing of paper money,
and all the operators engaged in the work are members of the union.
Hence, while it is probably the smallest “ in te rn atio n a l” union in
the world, it is a 100 per cent organization.
The membership of the printing trades unions is as follows:
B ookbinders, In te rn a tio n a l B ro th erh o o d o f_________________ __________
E n g rav ers’ U nion of N o rth A m erica, In te rn a tio n a l P h o to _____________
L ith o g rap h ers of A m erica, A m alg a m a te d ___________ . ________________
Pressm en a n d A ssistan ts’ U nion, In te rn a tio n a l P rin tin g _______________
P rin ters, D ie S tam pers, a n d E n g ra v e rs’ U nion, In te rn a tio n a l P la te _____
Siderographers, In te rn a tio n a l A ssociation o f_________ :________________
S tereo ty p ers a n d E le c tro ty p e rs’ U nion, In te rn a tio n a l_________________
T y p o g rap h ical U nion of N o rth A m erica, In te rn a tio n a l________________
14,
7,
5,
45,
1,
000
400
400
000
000
80
7, 000
75, 000
T o ta l................................................... ................................................................ .. 154,880
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ORGANIZATION AND M EM BERSH IP OE TRADE U NIONS
15
Textiles and Clothing
]~~)UAL unionism reaches its greatest strengtn, both numerically
^
and economically, in the textile and clothing industries. Seces
sion m ovem ents as a rule are actuated by the philosophy of industrial
unionism— the revolt of radical elements against the principle of
craft organization. However, in the textile industry and in boot
and shoe m anufacture, organization is industrial in character and the
unions affiliated to the American Federation of Labor holding juris
diction over those fields are specifically chartered as industrial unions.
In both fields secession has frequently been along craft lines, and
while to a great extent the seceding craft unions have been reabsorbed
into industrial unions, some of the dual textile unions are still craft
unions.
Textiles
The U nited Textile W orkers of America is the largest organization
in the industry, and is affiliated to the American Federation of Labor.
I t was organized in 1901, and was the second a tte m p t to bring together
into one body the scattered small craft unions in textile mills. While
it is chartered as an industrial union it is more accurately a federa
tion of craft divisions w ithin the industry, since its organization is
subdivided into crafts and processes. One division w ithin the
U nited Textile W orkers, the American Federation of Full Fashioned
H osiery W orkers, is essentially a separate entity.
Two textile unions were in existence and affiliated to the American
Federation of Labor a t the tim e of the organization of the U nited
Textile W orkers—the International M ule Spinners’ Union, which
dates back to 1858, and the C hartered Society of Am algam ated Lace
Operatives, founded in 1892. In 1919 the U nited Textile W orkers
sought to enforce its jurisdictional claim to the industry by absorb
ing the older unions. B oth organizations refused to yield their
autonom y and were in consequence expelled from the American
Federation of Labor. They have continued since as independent
bodies.
Secession m ovements from the U nited Textile W orkers have been
num erous and frequent. Sometimes a craft division, such as the
loom fixers or carders, has w ithdraw n; at other times the workers in
the industry in a certain locality, such as Lawrence, M ass., have
seceded and started a new industrial union.
In 1916 these various scattered and somewhat sporadic groups
came together and organized the American Federation of Textile
Operatives, an organization identical in structure to the U nited
Textile Workers— th a t is, a federation of craft unions which function
more or less autonomously. M ore recently this organization has
joined w ith the International M ule Spinners’ Union, the C hartered
Society of Am algam ated Lace Operatives, and a small local union of
tapestry-carpet weavers in the city of Philadelphia, to form the Fed
erated Textile Union.
The U nited Textile W orkers does not perm it public statem ents of
its total membership. Its membership as represented by its voting
strength in the American Federation of Labor, is 30,000.
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M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T he membership of the Federated Textile Union is not definitely
reported, bu t is approxim ately 21,000, of which 11,000 is in the
American Federation of Textile Operatives, 8,000 in the International
M ule Spinners’ Union, and 1,600 in the Am algam ated Lace Opera
tives.
Boots and Shoes
Organization among shoe workers is almost as old as the country
itself, and shoe workers’ unions have had a m arked influence upon
the labor m ovem ent, particularly in connection w ith woman workers.
A national organization of shoe workers known as the K nights of
St. Crispin antedates the K nights of Labor. Shoemakers w ent from
the former into the la tte r and became a strong factor there in forming
their own national trade assembly in 1884. T hey followed the move
m ent into the American Federation of Labor, bu t kept th eir en tity
as an industrial union.
Secession m ovem ents of craft groups began about 1900 and con
tinued interm ittently for 10 years. From time to tim e these seceding
craft unions have come together to form industrial federations, each
new one absorbing its predecessor in the field. In this wise the
U nited Shoe W orkers and the Am algam ated Shoe W orkers of America
have come and gone, both now being p a rt of the Shoe W orkers’
P rotective Union, which is the “ independent” rival of the Boot and
Shoe W orkers’ Union.
A num ber of local craft unions exist in New England independent
of both the national organizations, and an industrial union called the
American Shoe W orkers’ Union operates in the shoe factories in New
York, owning its headquarters and claiming a membership of 6,000.
The Boot and Shoe W orkers’ Union does not divulge its m em ber
ship. Based on its voting strength it has 36,200 members in good
standing. The Shoe W orkers’ Protective Union gives 16,000 as its
total membership.
Garment Trades
In their early history, the structure of unions in the garm ent
trades was determined largely by developm ents w ithin the industry.
Tailors had a substantial organization a t the beginning of the nine
teenth century and the K nights of Labor m ovem ent was inaugurated
by garm ent cutters. The eldest of the present organizations is the
Journeym en Tailors’ Union, organized in 1883. I t was a prime mover
in organizing the American Federation of Labor, and is one of the
few rem aining strictly craft unions of skilled workers. As a m atte r
of fact, the m any organizations which succeeded the Journeym en
Tailors’ Union in the industry came into being largely because of the
attitude of the tailors toward the factory system of production.
Determ ined to keep their organization one of skilled workers in the
custom trade, they refused to adm it to membership the skilled and
semiskilled factory operatives, even after factory production had
begun seriously to threaten the custom trade.
The factory men organized separately into two unions, both of
which held m em bership in the American Federation of Labor, as
did the Journeym en T ailors’ Union. O ut of the various groups of
craft workers who organized from time to tim e according to the kind
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[232]
ORGANIZATION AND M EM BERSH IP OF TRADE U N IO N S
17
of work performed or the product m ade grew, in 1891, the United
G arm ent W orkers of America.
In 1900 an independent union in the women's garm ent industry
called the U nited Brotherhood of Cloak M akers and a num ber of
local unions of the U nited G arm ent W orkers, the members of which
were m aking women’s clothes, organized a third union in the industry,
the International Ladies’ G arm ent W orkers’ Union.
Secession from the U nited G arm ent W orkers in 1914 produced
the fourth union in the garm ent trades, the Am algam ated Clothing
W orkers of America, which is an industrial union in .th e m en’s gar
m ent trade, independent of the American Federation of Labor. I t
is the largest and m ost powerful of the so-called dual unions.
The mem bership of the garm ent trades unions is :
C lo th in g W orkers of A m erica, A m a lg a m a te d __________________________ 150, 000
G arm en t W orkers’ U nion, In te rn a tio n a l L adies’______________________
87’ 000
G arm en t W orkers, U n ite d ____________________________________________ SO’ 000
T ailo rs’ U nion, Jo u rn e y m e n __________________________________________
9’ 200
T o ta l--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 326, 200
Other Clothing Tracies
The hat-m aking trade has two organizations, the U nited H atters
of N orth America, and the Cloth H at, Cap, and M illinery W orkers’
International Union, both affiliated to the American Federation of
Labor. The jurisdictional boundaries are vague, b u t are based
principally upon the kind of fabric used in m anufacture. Juris
dictional disputes over millinery work (women’s hats) resulted in
1916 in the expulsion from the federation of the Cloth H a t and Cap
M akers. I t continued to function successfully, however, and. in
1923 was readm itted to the American Federation of Labor by agreem ent w ith the U nited H atters. These organizations are practically
equal in num erical strength, the U nited H atters claiming 11,500 and
the Cloth H a t, Cap, and M illinery W orkers’ International Union,
1 1 , 000 .
O ther unions in the clothing industry are the International F u r
W orkers’ Union, w ith 12,000 members, and the International Glove
W orkers’ Union, w ith a voting strength of 300.
Neckwear workers, while having no central organization, are
organized into six local unions in direct affiliation to the American
Federation of Labor, w ith an approxim ate mem bership of 1,000.
A nother needle trade, pocket-book making, is similarly organized,
with a membership of 6,000.
L eather workers n o t connected with clothing trades are organized
into two small unions, one of which, while calling itself an interna
tional, does not extend beyond M assachusetts. This is the In te r
national Union of U nited Leather W orkers of America, composed of
workers in the M assachusetts tanneries; it is unaffiliated and has a
membership of about 2,000.
The other organization in the leather industry, U nited Leather
W orkers’ International Union, is the result of a merger, effected in
1917, of two unions in the industry, the U nited Brotherhood of
Leather W orkers on Horse Goods and the T ravelers’ Goods and
Leather Novelty W orkers’ International Union. The U nited
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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18
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
L eather W orkers’ International Union is affiliated to the American
Federation of Labor and has 2,000 members.
Food, Liquor, and Tobacco
I N this group classification are six organizations affiliated to the
1 American Federation of Labor and two independent industrial
unions. One of the affiliated unions, the International Union of
U nited Brewery, Flour, Cereal, and Soft D rink Workers, is definitely
an industrial union, having waged a long and victorious struggle
within the American Federation of Labor for control of the various
craftsm en employed in the brewing industry. Prohibition resulted
in structural changes w ithin the organization, as well as in loss of
membership. Although so far it has no t m et w ith m uch success,
the union is trying to shift its field from brewing to certain branches
of the food industry. Extension of jurisdiction to soft drink and
yeast m anufacture was followed by an effort to secure control of
flour and cereal mills and grain elevators.
The Bakery and Confectionery W orkers’ International Union is
one of the old organizations. Starting in 1886 w ith journeym an
bakers, it has extended its field to candy and ice-cream m anufacture.
T he G erm an bakers of New York City withdrew from the Bakery
and Confectionery W orkers’ Union, and after several years of inde
pendent activity they joined w ith another independent group, the
H otel, R estaurant, and C aterers’ Federation, in 1921, to form the
Am algam ated Food W orkers of America. This is an industrial
union which aims a t control, not only of the m anufacture and dis
tribution of food, b u t of its service as well, a field which among the
American Federation of Labor unions is covered by the H otel and
R estau ran t Em ployees’ International Alliance. As a t present organ
ized, the Am algam ated Food W orkers encroaches to a lim ited degree
on the chartered jurisdictions of three American Federation of Labor
unions—the Bakery and Confectionery W orkers, the H otel and
R estaurant Em ployees’ International Alliance and B artenders’ In te r
national League, and the Am algam ated M eat C utters and B utcher
W orkmen. The last mentioned is an organization of workers in
slaughter and packing houses, which also claims jurisdiction over
m eat cutters and sausage m akers in wholesale and retail shops.
The membership of these organizations is 103,040:
B akery a n d C onfectionery W orkers’ In te rn a tio n a l U n io n _____________
B rew ery, F lo u r, C ereal a n d S oft D rin k W orkers, In te rn a tio n a l U nio n of
U n ite d --------------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------------------------1
F ood W orkers of A m erica, A m alg am ated _____________________________
H o tel a n d R e s ta u ra n t E m ployees’ In te rn a tio n a l A lliance a n d B a r
te n d e rs’ In te rn a tio n a l L e a g u e ______________________________________
M eat C u tte rs a n d B u tc h e r W orkm en, A m a lg a m a te d ---------------------------
24, 600
16, 000
12, 000
38, 240
12, 200
The Cigar M akers’ International Union has been in continuous
existence since 1864 and was largely responsible for the establishm ent
of the American Federation of Labor. I t began as a strictly craft
union of skilled hand workers, b u t the introduction of m achinery
into the industry has m aterially changed the m akeup of the union,
although it still lim its its field to the m anufacture of cigars and tobacco
cigarettes.
N
i Voting strength
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[234]
ORGANIZATION“ AND M EM BERSH IP OF TRADE U NIONS
19
There are two other small organizations in the tobacco industry,
one inside and one outside the American Federation of Labor. The
affiliated union, the Tobacco W orkers’ International Union, has
jurisdiction over the m anufacture of smoking and chewing tobacco
and paper cigarettes. _ The Am algam ated Tobacco .Workers is an
industrial union organized in 1921, which so far is composed chiefly
of machine workers in cigar factories. The Cigar M akers’ In tern a
tional Union has 24,000 members, the Tobacco W orkers’ In te rn a
tional Union. 2,000, and the Am algam ated Tobacco W orkers, 1,200.
Mining, Oil, and Lumber
y H E only organization in the field of coal mining is the U nited M ine
W orkers oi America, the largest labor union in the U nited States.
I t was founded in 1890, and is an industrial union.
In the field of m etal mining, such organization as is in opposition
to the affiliated union, the International Union of M ine, M ill, and
Sm elter W orkers, comes from the mining branch of the Industrial
W orkers of the W orld. Like the U nited M ine W orkers, the In te r
national Union of Aline, Mill, and Smelter W orkers is an industrial
union, covering all workers “ in and about the m ines.” I t was
formerly the W estern Federation of M iners, a radical organization
which held various affiliations, having a t one time w ithdraw n from
the American Federation of Labor and identified itself w ith the
In d u strial W orkers of the World. After a reorganization along
conservative lines it returned to the American Federation of Labor
and dropped its old. title. W ith the adoption of the new name, it also
extended its jurisdiction to smelters, refineries, and blast furnaces.
Tim ber workers are variously organized in branches of the Indus
trial Workers of the World, in local unions directly affiliated to the
American Federation of Labor, and in the Loyal Legion of Loggers
and Lum berm en. The last mentioned is an independent organi
zation. composed of both workers and. employers in logging and
lum ber m anufacture. I t was organized in 1917 and confines its
activities to Oregon, W ashington, and Idaho. There was a t one time
an American Federation of Labor union in this jurisdiction, the In te r
national Union of Tim ber Workers. I t collapsed as an international,
however, and such of the field as is controlled by the American
Federation of Labor is organized in local unions chartered by the
federation.
A small organization of oil-well workers was founded in 1917 and
affiliated, to the American Federation of Labor as the International
Association of Oil Field, Gas Well, and Refinery W orkers of America.
The membership of the national organizations in this group is
531,200:
Loggers a n d L um berm en, L oyal Legion of________________^ ___________
10, 000
M ine, Mill, a n d Sm elter W orkers, In te rn a tio n a l U nion o f_____________
20, 000
M ine W orkers of A m erica, U n ite d _________________________________ _
500, 000
Oil M eld, G as W ell, a n d R efinery W orkers, In te rn a tio n a l A ssn, o f____ 1 I, 200
_r Q uarry workers are organized in the Q uarry W orkers’ International
Union, an affiliated union with a membership of 4,000.
t
1 Voting strength.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Glass and Clay
E R E are six national organizations in the glass industry, four
affiliated to the American Federation of Labor and two independent. One union covers bottle making, another flint glass m anu
facture, and the rem aining four cover window-glass factories. The
window-glass organizations are dual so far as the craft is concerned,
b u t there is a division of processes and of establishm ents which limits
the activities of each. Two of them , the N ational Window Glass
W orkers and the Window Glass C utters and Fiatteners ’ Associa
tion, are affiliated to the American Federation of Labor. M em ber
ship in the la tte r organization is confined to machine operators. The
two independent unions of glass cutters and fiatteners, the Window
Glass C utters and F ia tten e rs’ Protective Association, and the
Window Glass C u tte rs ’ League of America, restrict their respective
activities to the plants of certain m anufacturers.
Union membership in the glass industry is as follows :
G lass B o ttle B low ers’ A ssociation of th e U n ite d S ta te s a n d C a n a d a ___
G lass C u tte rs a n d F ia tte n e r s ’ A ssociation, W indow ___________________
G lass*C utters a n d F ia tte n e r s ’ P ro te c tiv e A ssociation, W in d o w ________
G lass C u tte r s ’ L eague of A m erica, W in d o w _____________ _____________
G lass W orkers, N a tio n a l W in d o w ____________________________________
G lass W o rk e rs’ U nion of N o rth A m erica, A m erican F lin t.. _ _ _________
6, 000
(2)
600
500
2, 000
6, 900
16, 000
T o tal
The U nited Brick and Clay W orkers of America, formerly the
Brick, Tile, and T erra C otta W orkers’ Alliance, holds jurisdiction
over clay mining and the m anufacture of brick, tile, and terra cotta
for w hatever purpose used. I t is affiliated to the American Federa
tion of Labor, in which its voting strength represents 5,000 members.
The N ational Brotherhood of Operative P otters holds jurisdiction
over the pottery industry and is the only union in th a t industry.
I t is an affiliated body, w ith a membership of 7,900.
A small affiliated union with a membership of 2,400, the In te r
national Paving C utters’ Union, exercises jurisdiction over the
cutting of all stone used for paving purposes.
Wooclvvrorkmg
'OODYfORKING and kindred trades are covered by four organizations besides the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and
Joiners, which controls cabinetm aking, and the Loyal Legion of
Loggers and Lum berm en, which includes sash and door mills in its
jurisdiction. These four organizations are small, and are affiliated
to the American Federation of Labor. The International Wood
C arvers’ Association is a craft organization of highly skilled artisans
numbering 1,100. The Coopers’ International Union has suffered
from loss of trade, due partly to prohibition and partly to the sub
stitution of other m aterial in the m anufacture of barrels. I t now has
a membership of 1,215.
The International Union of Piano, Organ, and M usical In stru
m ent W orkers holds a charter for the entire industry, b u t the in
dustry is practically unorganized. The union has 600 members.
2 Not reported.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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ORGANIZATION AND M EM BERSH IP OF TRADE U NIONS
21
The largest organization in the group is the U pholsterers' In te r
national Union. Its jurisdiction is comprehensive and varied, in
cluding factory production of window and wall hangings and awn
ings and their installation; m attress and box-spring m aking; furni
ture and automobile upholstering, and laying floor coverings. The
membership of the organization is 12,000.
Public Service and Amusements
C O far as organization of “ white collar” worners and the pro*
fessions exists a t all, it is to be found chiefly in the theatrical
field and in public service, in which 417,430 workers are organized in
national bodies.
The theatrical profession is represented in the American Federation
of Labor by the Associated Actors and Artistes of America, an organ
ization embracing all public entertainers except musicians, with a
membership of 14,000.
One of the m ost.powerful and thoroughly organized unions in the
federation is the American Federation of M usicians, the jurisdiction
of which covers professional players of musical instrum ents. I t has
a membership of 125,000.
T he third organization in the theatrical field is not professional.
Stage hands^ and moving-picture-machine operators are organized in
the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees and M otion
Picture M achine Operators, a union with 22,000 members, affiliated
to the American Federation of Labor.
In the public service there are the American Federation of Teachers,
an affiliated union w ith a membership of 3,500 public-school teachers;
the International Association of Fire Fighters, also affiliated, with
20,000 m em bers; the N ational Federation of Federal Employees, an
American Federation of Labor union which includes Governm ent
clerks in the departm ental service to the num ber of 37,000; and the
m any organizations in the United States Post Office, including three
organizations of clerks, three of letter carriers, and five of postm asters
and other executive and supervisory officials.
Four of the organizations in the Post Office are affiliated to the
American Federation of Labor and nine are independent. The
affiliated group contains one organization of railway mail clerks, the
Railway M ail Association; one of the two unions of post-office clerks,
the N ational Federation of Post Office Clerks; one of the two unions of
rural letter carriers, the N ational Federation of R ural L etter Carriers;
and the only organization of city carriers, the N ational Association
of L etter Carriers.
D ual organizations in the ranks of the independents are the United
N ational Association of Post Office Clerks, a rival of the N ational
Federation of Post Office Clerks, and the N ational R ural L etter
C arriers’ Association, from which the affiliated union seceded in 1920.
A second organization in the Railway M ail Service is the N ational
Alliance of Postal Employees, a union of colored railway mail clerks
who are ineligible for membership in the Railway M ail Association
because of their race.
The other postal organizations in the following list are either of
postm asters of the different classes or supervisory officials, or are in
the mechanical branch of the service.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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22
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
The organizations in the U nited States Post Office are as follows:
L etter C arriers, N a tio n a l A ssociation of_______________________________
M ail A ssociation, R a ilw a y ____ ----------------------------------------------------------M ail Service, N a tio n al C ouncil of S upervisory Officials of tlie R a ilw a y .
P ostal Em ployees, N a tio n al A lliance o f.
— ^ . . . . ^ — ---------------P o sta l Supervisors, N a tio n a l A ssociation of----------------------------------------P o stm a ste rs of th e U n ite d S ta te s, N a tio n a l A ssociation of------------------P o stm a ste rs of th e U n ited S tates, N a tio n a l L eague of D is tric t------------P o stm a ste rs’ A ssociation of th e U n ited S tates, Service.-..--------------------P o st Office C lerks, N a tio n a l F e d e ra tio n o f____________________________
P o st Office Clerks, U n ite d N a tio n a l A ssociation o f-----------------------------P o st Office L aborers, N a tio n a l A ssociation o f _ _ . --------------------- -----------R u ra l L e tte r C arriers’ A ssociation, N a tio n a l--------------------------R u ra l L e tte r C arriers, N a tio n a l F e d e ra tio n o f-------------------------------------
50, 000
20, 000
330
1, 700
5, 500
1, 763
14, 000
_ 415
35, 000
35, 000
Î , 023
28, 600
1 300
T o ta l________ __________________________ — — _______ 193, 631
Two other organizations of public service employees m ay be listed,
in the International Union of Pavers, Hammermen, Flaggers, Bridge,
and Stone C urb Setters, an affiliated union w ith a membership, based
on its voting strength of 2,000; and the International Association of
Police Women, an independent organization established in 1915,
embracing policewomen, jail m atrons, and social service agents in
public employ. I t has 300 members.
There are 37 local unions of State, county, and city employees,
library attendants, and sanitary inspectors which are chartered
directly by the American Federation of Labor and have no national
organization.
Ollier “White Collar” Unions
'"TO T H E “ w hite collar” list m ay be added the R etail Clerks’
^ Protective Association, an American Federation of Labor union
covering the selling force of m ercantile and m ail-order estab
lishments. I t does not perm it publication of its exact membership.
xAs represented by its voting strength in the American Federation of
Labor, it has about 10,000 members.
A nother organization bordering on the professional class is the
American Registered Pharm acists, an organization of drug clerks
and licensed pharm acists founded in California in 1901. i t is an
independent union, and while it is national in scope so far as its aims
and form of organization are concerned, it has not yet extended beyond
California, where it has 2,500 members.
Organization of stenographers, bookkeepers, and office clerks is
confined to local unions chartered directly by the American Federa
tion of Labor.
Miscellaneous
I TNIONS in miscellaneous m anufactures not subject to classifiea^
tions in the foregoing industrial groups are:
B room a n d W hisk M a k e rs’ U nion, In te rn a tio n a l________________________
D iam ond W orkers’ P ro te c tiv e U nion of A m erica________________________
Jew elry W orkers’ U nion, In te rn a tio n a l__________________________________
Pow der an d H igh E xplosive W orkers of A m erica, U n ite d __________ _____
Saw sm iths’ U nion of N o rth A m erica______________________________ ______
W ire W eavers’ P ro te c tiv e A ssociation, A m erican ...............................................
2, 555
T o tal
1Voting strength.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 700
375
1 800
1 200
100
380
[238]
COOPERATIVE#^ORKSHOPS IN T H E UNITED STATES
23
Of these the Sawsmitils’ Union is the only one outside the Ameri
can Federation of Labor. I t was affiliated until 1923.
The American A ire W eavers’ Association, though small num eri
cally, is really a “ closed” union embracing all journeym en in the
trade, which is the m anufacture of the Fourdrinier wire used in the
paper-m aking industry. I t has rigid regulations governing the ad
mission of apprentices and a very high initiation fee for foreign
workers.
Various unclassified occupations are represented by the following
organizations, all of which are affiliated to the American Federation
of Labor:
B arb ers’ In te rn a tio n a l U nion of A m erica________ _____ ___________ _____ 50 282
Bill P o sters a n d Billers, In te rn a tio n a l A lliance of______________________
Q 000
200
B uilding Service E m ploy ees’ In te rn a tio n a l U n io n ______________________
H orseshoers, In te rn a tio n a l U nion of Jo u rn e y m e n __________________ ~_~I 1 2 000
L a u n d ry W orkers’ In te rn a tio n a l U n io n ____________________
_
o’ 500
T eleg rap h ers’ U nion of A m erica, C om m ercial.....................5 ’ 000
75, 982
industrial Workers of the World
1 H L Industrial W orkers oi the W orld now claim 30,000 members,
w ith active branches in the following industries: Agriculture,
lumber, m etal mining, oil, general construction (roads, bridges, etc.),
building construction, m achinery, foodstuffs, m arine transportation,
and railroads; and a group classed as “ small unions” which includes
textile workers.
Aggregate Membership
T T I E aggregate membership of all organizations covered bv the
study is 4,443,523, 3,383,997 in the American Federation of
Labor, and 1,059,526 in the independent organizations and the
Industrial W orkers of the W orld.4
These figures include the C anadian membership of the inter
national unions. The D epartm ent of Labor of C anada gives the
following figures of Canadian membership in American unions for
the calendar year 1924: 134,454 in the American Federation of
Labor unions, and 67,527 in independent unions, including 11,500 in
the Industrial W orkers of the W orld—a total of 201,981.
Cooperative Work simps in the United States
v | 'H E present study represents, so far as the bureau has knowledge,
J[
the first a ttem p t at an inclusive study of the workers’ produc
tive societies oi the country. Questionnaires were sent to 69
Workshops, of which 30 were found either to have gone out of business
or to have become ordinary joint-stock companies, while 21 of the 39
existing societies have furnished reports.
5V oting stren g th .
JThe above figures regarding the aggregate membership of all trade organizations exceed the sum of the
membership of the individual unions reporting membership. This is because, the aggregate membership
reported includes the membership of several organizations which reported confidentially-, and also..50,4db
workers organized into local trade and Federal labor unions chartered directly by the American Federation
of Labor, and having no connection with the international organizations.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1239]
M ONTHLY LABOE REVIEW
24
The geographical distribution of the existing societies and of those
reporting is as follows :
Existing
1
2
2
3
1
3
1
1
A lask a_______
Illin o is_______
In d ia n a ______
M assach u setts
M ic h ig a n ____
M in n e so ta ___
M isso u ri_____
N ew Je rs e y __
N ew Y o rk ___
O h io ________
O regon ______
P e n n sy lv a n ia .
W a sh in g to n . _
W est V irginia.
W y o m in g ____
1
4
5
1
T o tal
Reporting
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
11
2
1
9
39
21
1
1
General Characteristics of Workers’ Productive Societies
T H E “ id ea l” workers’ productive society is composed of worker
1 in the shop who have contributed ail the capital of the enter
prise and do all the work, the business being m anaged by men elected
by and from the members. The worker-owners work on a wage
basis, b u t receive in addition any profits m ade from the business, these
being divided among the members by various methods. The coop
erative workshop, however, is .exposed to a tem ptation not present
in other forms of cooperation. In the consumers’ society, for in
stance, it is to the interest of the members to enlarge^ the mem ber
ship, for each new m em ber helps, with the purchasing power he
brings in, to increase the business of the society. The increased
volume of business reduces the percentage of overhead expense and
increases the savings m ade in the business and therefore,_also, the
benefits accruing to each member. In the workers’ societies the
situation is exactly reversed. Every additional mem ber increases
the num ber who m ust share in the profits, though not necessarily
increasing the business done or the am ount of profits to be shared.
E ach new member, therefore, is a p t to be looked upon as reducing
the profits of the others. Especially if the society achieves business
success, there m ay develop an increasing tendency among the mem
bers to lim it their num bers so as to retain all the savings from the
business for themselves, and, if additional workers are needed, to
secure these as employees, not as members. The im petus to such an
attitude is also ail the greater in a workers’ productive organization,
inasmuch as the society represents the m em bers’ livelihood; and as
the m atte r is a serious one to them , an exclusive membership policy
is understandable and excusable. In direct proportion as this oc
curs, however, the society loses its cooperative character.
Some unavoidable lim itation upon membership is, of course, im
posed by the nature of the business or work carried on and this
becomes greater w ith the degree of skill required. Ii the principle
th a t all the members are to be workers in the business is lived lip to,
then obviously in a highly specialized undertaking, such, for instance,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[240]
COOPERATIVE WORKSHOPS IN UNITED STATES
25
as the m anufacture of hand-blown window glass, only persons skilled
in the various trades can be adm itted to the society as members.
The present study has disclosed all degrees of cooperativeness
among the workers’ productive societies. Some of these cooperative
companies are in reality more of the nature of trade-union or even
joint-stock enterprises than of cooperative workshops and this fact
is recognized by the companies themselves. Often the greater p a rt
of the capital has been furnished by the local trade-union of the
m em bers’ craft and in a num ber of cases only unionists are eligible
for membership in the company. One of the m ost successful fish
cannery societies has reached the point of being more nearly a
profit-sharing than a cooperative society, as only a small proportion
of the workers are stockholders and of the employees only the actual
producers— the fishermen—share in the profits.
These societies could not, therefore, be judged by the same strict
standard as the consumers’ societies. In the consumers’ movement,
while m aterial benefits from the enterprise are desired, there is usually
also a strongly ethical quality, a vision of something above and beyond
the shopkeeping activities, with shopkeeping simply a first step toward
a better ordering of society to be striven for patiently b u t hopefully in
the-interest of all consumers. This m ay not be true of individual
cooperators nor of each individual society, for m any have m aterial
benefit as their m ain and only object, bu t it is true of the consumers’
cooperative m ovem ent as a whole. This wider vision seems to be
less characteristic of the workers’ productive societies, and in some
instances com plaint is made of lack of cooperative spirit even in the
small sphere within the company. One report states th a t “ the
greatest difficulty is m aking the stockholders work toward the success
of the business and not ju st a job. I t is hard to convince them after
a few losing years th a t the success of the business will m ean theirs.
* * * A bout the easiest thing they do is vote for a raise in wages,
Some of us feel th a t we should be conservative and try to build up a
reserve instead of ju st getting b y .’’
To some extent, no doubt, this is due to the fact th a t the coopera
tive productive societies have no central organization whose duty it
is to work for the increase of cooperative knowledge and spirit
among the members. The shingle mills of W ashington had a central
organization, b u t this was a m arketing rather than an educational
body, and it failed a few years ago.
*
Year and Cause of Establishment of Society
'T 'H E S E societies average ju st under 10 years of age. Four were
started in each of the years 1915 and 1920, two each in 1916,1921,,
1922, and 1924, and one each in 1886, 1896, 1908, 1910, and 1925.
Three were started as a result of a strike or lockout in the industry.
Difficulty in coming to term s w ith the employers led to the opening
of a cooperative factory by the strikers to provide em ploym ent for
some, a t least, of their num ber. In one of these cases the form ation
of the new company was assisted by the local cham ber of commerce.
A fourth factory was started by the former employees of a cigar fac
tory which dealt almost exclusively w ith saloons. Upon the advent
of prohibition this outlet for the product was closed, sales fell off,,
2254°— 261
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[241]
26
M O NTH LY LABOR REVIEW
and more than 300 employees lost their positions. Certain of the
displaced workers organized the cooperative com pany w ith the hope
of providing em ploym ent for their members, and of "disposing of the
product through cigar and confectionery stores.
Six factories came into being because of the desire of the workers
to secure better wages and working conditions. A seventh states
sim ply: “ We wished to progress.” Two were organized to provide
steady employment for the workers, “ with profits a m inor factor” ;
in one case there was extreme depression in the industry and the men
had been idle for a year. One society puts the cause for its form ation
on a broader ground, “ the public convenience.”
Membership
A S A LREA D Y stated, a num ber of the societies lim it their mem1 *■ bership to trade-unionists in general, or to members of the
particular craft of the society. Others make no specific lim itation,
admission being open to anyone who purchases a share of stock,
though, except in a society doing unskilled work which anyone could
do, this could hardly be carried out cooperatively. One society
adm its to membership “ workers only,” and one society specifically
provides th a t—
N o p erson shall becom e o r rem ain a sto ck h o ld e r in th is c o m p an y unless he is
a c tu a lly engaged in w orking in som e c a p a c ity in a n d a b o u t o r fo r th e co m p an y ,
d e v o tin g his e n tire tim e , en erg y , a n d a tte n tio n to th e p ro m o tio n a n d co n d u c t
of th e bu sin ess of th e co m p an y , a n d sh all rem ain a sto c k h o ld e r only so long as
he co n tin u es in such connections a n d e m p lo y m en t of th e co m p an y unless excused
fo r a fixed period b y a m a jo rity v o te of th e tru s te e s of th e com pany.
Employment and Wage Policies
I_!O W far these societies have attained the state in which the work1 1 ing force and the owners are one and the same is shown by
Table 1 :
T able 1.—NUMBER OF MEMBERS AND EMPLOYEES OF WORKERS’ PRODUCTIVE
SOCIETIES, 1925
Shareholders
Society
Society No. 1_______
Society No. 2_______
Society No. 3_______
Society No. 4_______
Society No. 5...... ........
Society No. 8.............
Society No. 7........... __
Society No. 8_______
Society No. 9 ______
Socio,tv No. 10
Society No. 11.............
Society No. 12.............
Num
ber
200
650
8
69
110
150
203
25
80
16
11
Shareholders
NonshareNum holder
ber em employ
ployed
ees
in fac
tory
(i)
(3)
70
4
14
17
23
25
25
38
13
11
(2)
30
4
2
250
0
3
14
21
Society
Soeietv No. 13
Society No. 14
Society No. 15
Soeietv No. 16
Society No. 17
Socie,tv No. 18
Soeietv No. 19
Society No. 20
Society No. 21
1 Not reported.
210 per cent of working force.
8 This society has not yet started operation.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[242]
Total
Num
ber
NonNum share
holder
ber em employ
ployed
ees
in fac
tory
382
21
22
200
9
16
89
40
92
13
10
16
20
9
16
86
40
15
150
2,438
465
807
63
8
15
180
22
45
COOPERATIVE WORKSHOPS IK TJKITED STATES
27
I t is seen th a t in only three societies are the shareholders identical
with the workers. One of these is not a workshop, b u t an aggre
gation of fishermen who have combined to m arket their catch.
Two other societies employ no workers outside their own mem ber
ship, but the business is unable to give employment to all the mem
bers. Society No. 10 comes very near the standard, while Societies
Nos. 7, 16, and 21 show the m ost pronounced trend toward the
joint-stock practice. Society No. 10 follows recognized cooperative
practice quite closely in m ost respects, ranking high among the
societies studied. The besetting tem ptation of the workers’ pro
ductive society already mentioned—restriction of membership for
profit’s sake—has had little or no effect upon it. A special effort is
made to induce employees to become members. “ So far as possible
all the employees of the company shall be stockholders, holding one
share each of the capital stock.”
The 21 societies reporting give employment to nearly 1,300
workers.
All b u t four of them work the eight-hour day. One of these works
a day of seven hours, one of eight hours and 40 m inutes; in the
third the skilled workers have the eight-hour day, b u t the unskilled
workers have one of nine hours. The fourth society has a 48-hour
week, 5 hours being worked on Saturday and 8% hours on each of
the other days.
Fifteen societies pay the union scale of wages; 1 reports th a t it
pays the current rate, b u t th a t there is no union scale in the locality;
1 society pays more than the scale; 1 has not yet commenced business;
and 2 failed to report on this point.
Capitalization and Business
‘"TH E value of the share ranges higher in the workers’ productive
A societies than in the consumers’ organizations. The lowest
found was _$10, in one society; $100 was the common value, and
$200 the highest. One society allows an investm ent of $5,000 per
stockholder. In another, which is gradually paying off the indebt
edness on its plant, the worker-owners, in order to m eet these regular
paym ents, leave in the company 25 per cent of the am ount due
them in wages, this applying on the purchase of stock up to a limit
of $2,000. W hen the am ount so accum ulated to any stockholder’s
credit exceeds $2,000, under a refunding system the surplus is to be
returned, and this will continue until all members hold an equal
am ount of stock in the company. In four societies the stock is
divided equally among the members.
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28
M O NTH LY LABOR REVIEW
Table 2 shows the paid-in share capital and the am ount of surplus
and reserve accum ulated by the societies reporting:
T able 2.—PAID-IN SHARE CAPITAL AND SURPLUS AND RESERVE OF WORKERS’
PRODUCTIVE SOCIETIES, DECEMBER 31, 1925, BY KIND OF BUSINESS DONE
Number
of
societies
Kind of business done
Cigar factories____________ ___________ _______ ___
Fish canning and sales societies_____ ____ ___ _____
Glass (window) factories__________________________
Laundries___________________________ ___ ______
Potteries- ______________________________ ______
Shingle mills______ _____ _______________________
Shoe factories___________________________________
Veneer factories__________________________ _______
Total______________ . - _ ________________
Paid-in share
capital
Surplus and
reserve
4
3
2
2
1
6
2
1
$53, 952
208, 074
i 75,000
53, 283
71, 000
158, 500
140, 700
265, 000
21
4 1, 025, 509
11 society.
2 Not reported.
33 societies.
»$900
1 445, 677
(2)
14, 700
3 75,435
52,596
73,922
3653,590
420 societies.
8 9 societies.
Table 3 shows the am ount of business done in each of the six
years, 1920 to 1925, by the 18 societies reporting on this point:
T able 3 .—AMOUNT OF BUSINESS DONE BY WORKERS’ PRODUCTIVE SOCIETIES,
1920 TO 1925
Kind of business
Cigar factories____ _____
Fish canning and sales so
cieties_______________
Glass (window) factoriesLaundries
_ ________
Shingle mills,__________
Shoe factories__________
Veneer factories________
Total____________
12 societies. .
23 societies.
31 society.
Num
ber of
socie
ties re
porting
4
'
Amount of business
1920
1$45, 055
1921
1922
i $94,101 i $104, 570
1923
1924
1925
2$131,842
2$112,136 $141, 824
3601, 298 3 632, 812
8 723, 043
3438, 466 3 231, 653
3214, 334
125,142
123, 729
143, 495
4 640, 068 3 809,196
8 807, 450
3853, 509 1,191, 989 1, 301, 842
924, 812
536, 854
C)
19 73,834, 692 82, 752, 584 *3, 630, 803 43 4, 246,818
1668, 756 764,192
3 102, 398 295, 679
177, 711 175, 585
« 837, 903 992, 906
1, 262, 414 1, 419, 608
712, 275 743, 535
2 3 1, 019, 054
2 3 621, 548
2
144, 643
6 i 301, 781
2 3 1,702, 611
1
4 4 societies.
8 5 societies.
6 Not reported.
7 9 societies.
8 11 societies.
614 societies.
3,873, 593 4,533, 329
w 15 societies.
4116 societies.
Amount and Division of Profits
JN A D D IT IO N to the wages received, the stockholder employees
1 are also entitled to a share of any profits m ade by the business.
In all b u t two cases the societies studied divide the profits on the
basis, n o t of wages, b u t of stock, ju st as in a joint-stock com pany; in
one of the two exceptions, profits are divided according to the o u tp u t
of each worker-owner, while in the other they are divided equally.
In 1925, however, though profits aggregating 1248,804 were reported
by 12 societies, in only 4 were any returns from profits received by
the shareholders. These societies divided the sum of $109,470. The
other 8 societies retained all of the n et earnings for use in the business.
Some of the societies, even though now on a profit-m aking basis, are
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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COOPERATIVE WORKSHOPS IN UNITED STATES
29
in debt, due to deficits in previous years, to losses from fire, etc. The
shingle mills also lost money when their m arketing organization, and
later a logging association, failed.
The statem ent below shows the profits reported for 1925 by the
12 societies which were able to m ake a profit th a t year:
Societies reporting
profit or loss
C igar fa c to rie s_________________________________________
F ish can n in g a n d sales so cieties_________________________
G lass (window) fa c to rie s________________________________
L a u n d rie s_______ , ______________________________________
Shingle m ills___________________________________________
Shoe facto rie s__________________________________________
V eneer facto ries______ __________________________________
T o t a l _____________________________________________
2
1
1
2
6
2
1
15
Amount of profit
reported
1$861
27,017
2 9, 198
4, 858
8 18,331
143,346
54,391
4 248, 804
Marketing Problems
Y ¥7Q R K ER S’ societies are often handicapped by the fact th a t even
though the members be skilled workers in their trade, they have
had little or no knowledge of salesmanship or of m arket conditions.
They therefore are a t a disadvantage and sometimes experience
difficulty in disposing of their product. Inquiry was m ade as to
whether such was the case in the societies studied, and also as to the
channels through which they dispose of their output. Six societies
report th a t they have some trouble in disposing of their goods.
One of these societies found the m arketing of its products so serious a
problem th a t, notw ithstanding the fact th a t the officers served w ithout
salary, the sales did not cover the overhead expense and it was obliged
to close o u t its business early in 1926. Another attrib u tes its sales
difficulties to a “ prejudice against cooperation.” The rem aining
societies report no difficulty on this score.
Seventeen of the workshops sell their goods on the open m arket,
three others find an outlet also through consumers’ cooperative
societies, and only one society (which also sells to other cooperative
societies and on the open m arket) uses trade-union channels in selling
its goods.
Business Methods and Management
rT^HE final authority over the operation of the society lies, of course
in the general m eeting of stockholders where in the m ajority,
16, of the societies studied each stockholder has b u t one vote irrespec
tive of his capital holdings in the company, and in 9 no proxy voting
is allowed. The im m ediate responsibility, however, rests upon the
board of directors and upon the m anager. The m anager receives
his position by election—by the board of directors in 10 societies
and directly by the shareholders themselves in 9 societies. One
factory has no m anager, the affairs being carried on by the board of
directors and the officers. The rem aining society, which is ju st
building its factory, has not reached the point of selecting its m an
ager.
11 society; the other reported a loss of $10,148.
2 Loss.
35 societies; 1 other society reported a loss but did not state the amount.
4 12 societies.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1245)
MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW
30
Check is kept upon the m anager by the board of directors and by
audit of the books. All b u t two of the societies in operation in 1925
for which reports were received have a regular audit of accounts,
this being done by a professional accountant in 12, by a com m ittee
in 3, and by the board of directors in 1. Of the two factories which
do n o t au d it their books regularly, one has an occasional au d it by a
professional auditor and the other by a com m ittee of members.
Some indication of the financial statu s of the societies is given by
Table 4, which shows the percentage of working capital represented
by fixed assets (buildings, furniture, fixtures, lands, etc.), and bills
and notes payable and receivable, and the num ber of times the
capital was turned in sales, for 10 societies for which inform ation was
available:
T able 4 .—RELATION OF FIXED ASSETS, ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND RECEIVABLE,
AND SALES TO CAPITAL IN 10 WORKERS’ PRODUCTIVE SOCIETIES
Relation of—
Society
Society No. 2______ ____________ ____ ___
Society N o. 6_____________
__________
Society No. 7___ ______________ ______ ___
Society No. 10__________________ _ ____
Society No. 12 ________ ________ _____ ___
Society No. 13__________________________
Society No. 16___________________ ___ ___
..... ......... .........
Society No. 17......
Society No. 18______ ____ _____ _
Society No. 19_____________
Society No. 21___________________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Fixed assets Accounts and Accounts and
to
notes payable notes receiv
capital
to capital able to capital
P er cent
30. 8
10.8
45.8
92. 5
105. 9
61.3
29.4
52.4
105. 3
57.4
5.0
[246]
P er cent
32. 1
.3
13.3
23.4
108. 1
5.5
24. 1
16.8
26.6
1.3
Ratio of sales
in 1925
to capital
P er cent
78.5
25. 9
37.6
8. 5
12.9
14.7
9.9
16.6
5.9
7.3
[30.4
3.5
1.2
5.2
2.3
14.9
3.8
7.9
2.1
1.1
IN D U STR IA L R E L A T IO N S A N D LA B O R CO N D ITIO N S
A Study of Villagers in the United States
OCIOLOGISTS have paid little attention to villages in this coun
try, although, according to a recent report of the In stitu te of
Social and Religious Research,1 there are approxim ately 18,000
of these communities in the United States, covering nearly one-eighth
of its population, and the num ber and residents of these villages are
on the increase. The exploration of this “ No m an ’s land of American
sociology” was undertaken to show w hat m anner of people live in
villages, the social and economic forces th a t influence the lives of
villagers, and the contribution they make to the nation’s life.
The report which embodies the results of the study discusses some
of the findings under the following headings: How m any villagers
are there? Are village populations declining? W hat do villagers
do for a living? W hat functions do villagers perform? W hat are
the distinguishing characteristics of village populations?
A village, as defined in the study, is a place with a population
of from 250 to 2,500. As the census figures included only incor
porated villages, recourse was had to the 1921 edition of the R and
M cN ally Atlas, which reports 18,381 villages w ith a population of
12,858,521, or 12 per cent of the total population of the U nited States.
Increase in Village Populations
1900 to 1920 the num ber and population of incorporated
vmages in the U nited States increased 41 per cent. W ithin
these 20 years the total population of the U nited States showed an
increase of 39 per cent. In the same period the total num ber of
atlas villages, incorporated or otherwise, increased 45 per cent and
the total village population 48 per cent.
In 4 of th e 8 divisions, d u rin g th e decade 1910 to 1920, village p o p u latio n s
expanded m ore th a n th e p o p u la tio n of th e division itself. * * * I n 19 of th e
42 S ta te s o u tsid e of N ew E n g la n d th e p o p u latio n s of in c o rp o ra te d villages
d u rin g th e la s t census p erio d increased m ore th a n th e to ta l p o p u la tio n s of th e
resp ectiv e S tates.
Furtherm ore, during the same decade, 1910 to 1920, the popula
tion of incorporated villages increased 9.5 per cent, while the rem ain
ing rural population expanded only 2.2 per cent.
Com paratively few im m igrants settle in rural districts, and if the
im m igration factor could be eliminated, the rate of village growth
would probably be shown to be quite close to “ the average rate of
growth of very large cities and also of very small cities.” In fact,
the striking growth of villages makes it seem possible th a t a subUnstitute of Social and Religious Research, American Villagers, by C. Luther Fry. New York.
George II. Doran Co., 1926. 20 pp.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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31
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
32
stantial num ber of those deserting the open country have gone to
villages rath er than to the cities.
I t is conceivable, th a t the United States is “ a t the beginning of a
new agricultural era in which farmers, thanks to good roads and the
automobile, will come more and more to live together in villages to
enjoy greater social advantages.”
Kind of People Living in Agricultural Villages
The populations of the M iddle A tlantic villages are strikingly
homogeneous, being for the m ost p a rt native-born whites of native
parentage. The colored inhabitants were alm ost negligible, averag
ing only 0.7 per cent. * There is a notable preponderance of elderly
people in these villages also considerably more women th an men,
and the percentage of single men is unusually low. The average
family was smaller than in the villages of the other three regions.
In the southern region the negroes constitute on the average over
25 per cent of the village populations, b u t only 4 of the 44 Southern
villages included over 25 aliens in their respective populations. In
the villages of the South there are proportionately more young
persons, fewer old persons, and more large families than in the
villages of the other three areas. “ Educationally the southern villages
make a relatively poor showing, illiteracy being com paratively high
and school attendance low.”
The villages of the M idwest are characterized by the strikingly
large percentage of inhabitants from northw estern Europe or w ith
northw estern European antecedents. These comm unities “ seem to
have reached a high level of economic well-being.” Their record for
home ownership and for school attendance outstrips th a t of the
villages in the other regions.
The F a r W est villages reflect their recent emergence from a pioneer
period. Only 9 per cent of the native whites in their population
have m others who were born in the State of residence. Among
Middle A tlantic villagers the proportion is 80 per cent. In these
F ar W7est villages also there are more men th an women, and rela
tively more single men and fewer unm arried women than in the vil
lages of any other area. The com paratively high divorce rate in
these F ar W est centers indicates less regard for the conventions than
in the villages of the other regions. There are surprisingly few ori
entals among the F ar WTest villagers, only 323 orientals being reported
in a population of 42,838, and out of 34 of the villages in this area 15
had no Asiatic inhabitants.
Because of the great variation in the population of agricultural
villages from region to region, “ national generalizations about vil
lages should be made with great care.”
Gainful Occupation of Villagers
ANALYSIS of the occupations of the inh ab itan ts of the 177
agricultural villages revealed th a t alm ost 68 per cent of the
males 10 years of age and over in the M idw est villages were gainfully
employed in 1920, while in the three other regions the record was
about 75 per cent. The higher percentages of unoccupied young
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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STUDY OF VILLAGERS IN THE UNITED STATES
33
and old villagers in the M idw est would seem to reflect superior
economic conditions.
The ratio of females 10 years of age and over gainfully occupied to
the total female population of the Southern villages is com paratively
high (42 per cent) for negresses and low (14.4 per cent) for white
girls and women. The percentage of gainfully employed negro and
white girls from 10 to 15 years of age, however, in these communnities exceeds those for the villages of the other three regions.
The
women 65 years of age gainfully occupied range from 4.8 per cent
of the female village population in the M iddle W est to 12.3 per cent
in the South.
_Even if the negroes are not included in the tabulation for the
villages of the South, th a t region still shows a heavier proportion of
boys from 10 to 15 years and men over 65 in gainful employment
than is found in the other areas. The percentages of village boys
from 10 to 15 years of age gainfully occupied in the different regions
were as follows: M iddle A tlantic, 1.7; M iddle W est, 2.9; South
6.1; and F a r W est, 1.1. The village men 65 years of age and over
in gainful em ploym ent range from 37.7 per cent in the M iddle W est
to 64.1 per cent in the South.
The relatively large proportion of children and old men employed
in the South “ would seem to indicate th a t it is economic pressure,
a t least in part, th a t compels both groups to w ork.”
I t is rath er astonishing to find th a t in all four regions the largest
group of males 10 years of age and over in these agricultural villages
is in m anufacture, which combined w ith trade, transportation, and
agriculture, include more than 80 per cent of the gainfully occupied
males in such villages. For the females 10 years of age and over,
m anufacture leads only in the M iddle A tlantic area. In the rem ain
ing three areas the largest percentage of females is in domestic
service.
The findings on the social-economic status of the inhabitants of the
177 agricultural villages analyzed are as follows:
SOCIAL-ECONOMIC STATUS OF GAINFULLY EMPLOYED VILLAGERS 10 YEARS
AGE AND OVER, 1920, BY SEX AND REGION
Social-economic status
Males:
Proprietors, officials, managers_________
Clerks.- - _____ _
Skilled workers- __________ .
Semiskilled workers _ _____
Laborers ______
Servants_______ ...
Public officials. __ _____
Professional persons________ _ _
Females:
Proprietors, officials, managers____________ _
Clerks____ ________________
Skilled workers ______________
Semiskilled workers_____________
Laborers___ ________
Servants . _________
Public officials - __ ____
Professional persons__ ________ __________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[2 4 9 ]
OF
Middle
Atlantic
Middle
West
South
Ear West
P er cent
P er cent
P er cent
P e r cent
18. 7
10. 9
19.3
11. 6
31.0
1.6
1.3
5.6
12.2
20. 3
1.9
28.9
4. 5
16.0
.2
16.0
22. 7
11. 9
19.3
7.9
28.3
1.9
1. 7
6.3
11.8
27.8
.9
10.3
2. 5
20. 9
1.1
24.8
24.4
14.1
14.0
8.5
28.1
2.9
2.0
6.1
24.8
9.3
17.5
8.5
31.3
2.0
1.4
5.3
8.9
15.5
.3
7.9
7.8
44.3
.5
15.8
27.9
.6
14.7
2.0
15.3
1.1
1 4 .8
2 2 .7
MONTHLY LABOS REVIEW
34
Village Populations Compared with City and Open-Country Populations
CO M PARISON of certain data for the 177 agricultural villages
w ith parallel findings for 38 widely scattered medium-size
cities brought out the following facts concerning the villages:
Their population is more homogeneous.
The percentage of their native white inhabitants is higher.
T here are proportionately more old men and women.
Home ownership is more frequent.
The percentage of young persons in school is larger.
There are fewer wage-earning opportunities.
Industrial operations are on a smaller scale.
The proportion of men and women in agriculture is larger and in
m anufacture smaller.
The percentage of men in professional service is relatively high.
The proportion of men in clerical occupations is less im portant
than in cities.
The proportion of male proprietors, officials, and m anagers is 70
per cent higher th an in cities.
The proportion of professional women and women proprietors,
officials, and m anagers is higher than in the cities.
In contrasting the agricultural villagers w ith the open-country
dwellers it is stated th a t, aside from the com paratively large per
centage of m en and women from 20 to 45 years of age in the cities,
the age distribution of the villagers in a t least three of the areas
conforms more to th a t of the cities than to th a t of the open country.
The difference between the b irth rate of the open country and th a t
of the villages is m uch wider than th a t between the birth rate of the
villages and th a t of the cities.
Although there are no available statistics classifying the gainfully
employed in the open country by occupation it is highly probable
th a t such classification used as a basis of comparison would indicate
th a t from an occupational point of view “ villagers are more like
city dwellers th an are the inhabitants of the open country.”
These and other contrasts between villagers and open-country
populations cast doubt upon the practice of consolidating villagers
and open-country dwellers under the one classification “ rural.”
Professional Functions of Villagers
A N ANALYSIS of the professions represented in villages show
^ th a t the teacher, the clergyman, and the doctor are, generally
speaking, the only professional persons in the small village. An
increasing num ber of village residents brings the law yer and the
dentist, while the musician and the veterinary surgeon follow upon
further additions to the population. Finally the trained nurse
appears.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[250]
ASSOCIATION OF GOVERNMENTAL LABOR OFFICIALS
35
Meeting of international Association of Governmental Labor Officials
H E Association of Governm ental Labor Officials of the United
States and Canada held its thirteenth annual convention at
Columbus, Ohio, June 7 to 10, 1926. Representatives from
17 States and Provinces were present. The first business session of
the association was held Tuesday morning, June 8. The meeting
was called to order by the president, H erm an R . W itter, who pre
sented his annual report, which was followed by a detailed report of
the secretary-treasurer, Louise E. Schütz, which showed the Associa
tion to be in a very satisfactory condition. A roll call of States
then proceeded, th e 'S ta te representatives reporting the progress or
changes m ade in labor legislation in their respective States. The
various standing comm ittees also m ade their reports a t this session.
The keenest interest was m anifested in the report of the comm ittee
on statistics, which called forth spirited discussion. The com m ittee’s
recom m endation of the adoption of uniform m ethods of collecting and
compiling statistics was unanim ously concurred in by the association.
The com m ittee was continued, w ith instructions to form ulate and
present a t the next annual meeting an outline of uniform nomencla
ture.
•A t the session devoted to the subject of women and children in
industry, two papers were presented; “ The effect of labor laws
upon women in in dustry,” by M ary Van Kleeck, and “ Industrial
hygiene,” by D r. E. R. H ayhurst. R eports of special com m ittees on
industrial home work and m igratory children were presented to the
association and by resolution both of these committees were con
tinued.
The im portance of statistics in any plan for preventing unemploy
m ent was stressed by M ary Van Kleeck in a paper read at the employ
m ent session. She m ade it very clear th a t for the form ulation of any
effective plan to prevent unemployment in the future complete
statistical inform ation is necessary as to the location and extent of
em ploym ent and unem ploym ent in the various industries from m onth
to m onth, season to season, and year to year. The paper elicited
m uch discussion.
Probably no session proyed more interesting than the one devoted
to the subject of accidents and accident prevention. W. W. Adams,
statistician of the U nited States Bureau of Mines presented a paper
on “Accidents and accident prevention in bitum inous coal m ines,”
pointing out the danger points in the mines where the largest num ber
of accidents occur and discussing fully the precautions and safety
devices adopted to reduce the accident hazard. A t this session
H. R. W itter, director of the D epartm ent of Industrial Relations of
Ohio, furnished a dem onstration of first-aid work in mines, two prize
team s of five men each giving an exhibition of m ethods of render
ing first aid to seriously injured workers in mines.
A moving picture-— “ The fail of m a n ,” which depicted in a vivid
m anner the great im portance of the adoption of accident prevention
devices and the fatal results of ignoring their installation when the
accident hazard is known, was presented at this session.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[251]
MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW
36
The following resolutions were adopted:
1. R e s o lv e d , T h a t th e association e x te n d its ap p re c ia tio n a n d sincere th a n k s
to th e D e p a rtm e n t of In d u s tria l R elatio n s of Ohio, w hich, th ro u g h its u n tirin g
efforts, h as c o n trib u te d to th e p leasu re a n d w ell-being of th e delegates in con
v en tio n a t C olum bus.
2. R e s o lv e d , T h a t th e ap p re c ia tio n of th e co n v en tio n be given to th e press
for th e p u b licity given th e proceedings of th e association.
3. R e s o lv e d , T h a t H e rm a n R . W itte r, d ire c to r of th e D e p a rtm e n t of In d u stria l
R elatio n s of Ohio, be ex ten d e d a special v o te of th a n k s for his efficient a d m in is tra
tio n of th e office of p re sid e n t of th is association, a n d t h a t he be m ad e a n h o n o ra ry
m em b er of th e association.
4. As a s u b s titu te fo r th e recom m endations of th e co m m ittee on m ig ra to ry
children (see U. S. B u reau of L ab o r S tatistics, Bui. N o. 411, p. 157, resolution
N o. 7), be it
R eso lved l, T h a t th is co m m ittee be continued, a n d t h a t its stu d y be ex ten d e d
to include n o n m ig ra to ry children em ployed in in d u s tria l fo rm s of agi’icu ltu re.
5 . As a s u b s titu te fo r th e reco m m en d atio n of th e co m m ittee on in d u s tria l
hom e w ork (see U. S. B ureau of L ab o r S tatistics, Bui. No. 411, p. 157, reso lu
tio n N o. 8), be it
R e s o lv e d , T h a t th is co m m ittee be c o n tin u ed w ith th e view of enlarging th e
scope of its in v estig a tio n .
6. R e s o lv e d , T h a t th is association reaffirm its su p p o rt of th e child lab o r a m e n d
m e n t to th e F ed eral C o n stitu tio n .
7. R e s o lv e d , T h a t th e A ssociation of G o v ern m en tal L ab o r Officials ex ten d to
E th e lb e rt S tew art, C om m issioner of th e B ureau of L ab o r S ta tistic s, U n ited
S ta te s D e p a rtm e n t of L ab o r, its th a n k s fo r his co u rtesy in p rin tin g th e tw e lfth
a n n u a l re p o rt of th e proceedings of th e conv en tio n held a t S a lt L ake C ity , U ta h ;
be i t fu rth e r
R e s o lv e d , T h a t he be req u ested to p rin t th e proceedings of th e th irte e n th a n n u a l
convention held a t C olum bus, Ohio.
The concluding session was a business m eeting at which all un
finished business of the association was transacted. Paterson, N. J.,
was selected as the next place of meeting, and the following officers
were elected for the ensuing year:
P r e s i d e n t .— Jo h n S. B. D avie, of N ew H am p sh ire.
F i r s t v ic e 'p r e s id e n t. — R. H . L an sb u rg h , of P e n n sy lv an ia.
S e c o n d v ic e p r e s i d e n t . — R. T. K e n n a rd , of K e n tu c k y .
T h ir d - v ic e p r e s i d e n t .— M au d S w ett, of W isconsin.
F o u r th v ic e p r e s i d e n t . — H . C. H u d so n , of T o ro n to , C a n a d a .
F if th v ic e p r e s i d e n t . — M . H . A lexander, of C olorado.
S e c r e ta r y - tr e a s u r e r .— Louise E . S chütz, of M innesota.
Cloth-Weaving industry in Nanchang, China
H E Chinese Economic Bulletin, M ay 15, 1926, published by the
Chinese Governm ent Bureau of Economic Inform ation, con
tains an account of the cloth-weaving industry in Nanchang,
the capital of the Province of Kiangsi. C otton weaving in this
locality is both a household and a factory industry, a coarse cloth
being turned out by the native looms while in the cloth mills of the
city fine cloth is produced. The farm ers and their families usually
work a t cloth weaving during the winter m onths when they have
nothing to do on their farms, the weaving season lasting till the rice
planting begins in the late spring. Crude wooden looms are used.
Each piece of cloth turned out is from 24 to 32 feet long and from 13 to
20 inches wide (Chinese measure) and only plain fabric is woven.
T
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FACTORY CONDITIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA
37
The y am used is imported from Shanghai and much of it is sold to
the farm ers a t retail prices. The cloth is collected by dealers in
Nanchang, who usually have it smoothed, dyed, and sometimes
printed before selling it in the neighboring districts. The dye used is
either blue or green and since the war foreign indigo has again appeared
in the m arket, replacing the local product to a large extent. Over 70
dye works are operated in the city.
The _finer grades of cloth, such as sheetings, tablecloths, and
mercerized cotton goods, are m anufactured in the city mills. Only
two of the larger mills now rem ain open, however, the others having
been closed owing to the business depression. These two mills
together employ about 270 operatives. The wage rates of the workers
in these mills are low, those of the highest-paid workers in the
mercerized cloth departm ent and of designers in the sheeting and
tablecloth departm ent being about $201 a m onth, while the less
skilled workers in the mercerized departm ent earn from $12 to $13
a m onth.
Factory Conditions in South Africa in 1924
r " p H E report of the chief inspector of factories in South Africa,
covering the calender year 1924, dwells upon the business
activity which characterized the period. New industries
were introduced, new factories built, and old ones altered and en
larged. A t the close of the year the num ber of registered factories
was 4,679.
In the em ploym ent situation, the m ost im portant question related
to the extent to which white labor could be utilized. The tendency
differed in different p arts of the Union. In the T ransvaal and Orange
Free S tate there was a strong a ttem p t to employ white labor wherever
possible, while in the western Cape province cheap colored labor
was preferred by the m ajority of employers, and Europeans were
being displaced. Skilled white labor was scarce in some occupations,
and where unskilled labor was required, it was cheaper to employ
natives or colored workers. Possible openings for white labor were
being carefully considered, and broom making, tea packing, lumber,
leather, and pickle m anufacturing, and whaling are enum erated as
lines in which it m ight be employed more extensively.
The em ploym ent of women increased during the year, and in
m any cases the inspectors were not satisfied w ith the conditions
under which they were working. In fruit-canning factories and in
candy making, women for the m ost p a rt worked standing, and
conditions were in other respects unfavorable.
T he w om an inspector, W estern Province, co m m en ted on th e fa c t t h a t am ong
w om en receiving m a te rn ity g ra n ts in her d is tric t th e larg e st n u m b e r of stillb irth s
ag ain occurred am ong a p p lic a n ts from sw eets factories. T h e w ages in th is
in d u s try in th e W estern P ro v in ce w ere sm all a n d th e s ta n d a rd of living of o p era
tiv e s correspondingly low. T hese fac to rs, com bined w ith th e fatig u e of c o n sta n t
stan d in g , m ig h t acco u n t for a c e rta in n u m b e r of stillb irth s.
A survey of working conditions in the factories showed a difficulty
about the m atte r of seating for women. W here seats were provided,
1 The dollar unit generally used in China is the yuan, the exchange value of which fluctuates but is
approximately 50 cents in United States currency.
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MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW
they were of varied shapes and sizes, selected with little or no con
sideration of their adaptation to the individual need. Often they
were lacking, especially in laundries and candy factories. Rest
periods were secured, in m ost of the Provinces, through the custom
of stopping for tea in the middle of the morning and afternoon.
M anuf acturers in general encouraged the custom through a realiza
tion th a t “ a definite rest interval m akes for greater efficiency and
output, and does away w ith the num ber of irregular and unauthorized
stoppages of work which increase as the spell of work reaches the
5-liour lim it.” Accident prevention is receiving considerable a t
tention, b u t there was a m arked increase in casualties during the
year, the num ber of accidents rising from 190, of which 26 were fatal,
in 1923, to 256, of which 20 were fatal, in 1924. The highest num ber
of casualties (75) occurred in the m anufacture of food and drinks,
and the second largest (55) in woodworking, engineering and m etal
working standing third w ith 29. No accident rates are given.
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W OM EN A N D C H IL D R E N IN IN D U STR Y
Working Hours of Women in Maryland, 1925 1
I
N 3,410 M aryland establishm ents visited in 1925, 48,483 women
were employed, of whom 32,924 were in factories, 11,580 in
m ercantile establishm ents, and 3,979 in mechanical establish
m ents. M ore than 50 per cent of the women in m anufacturing
establishm ents were employed in the clothing industry. Almost
50 per cent of all the women were in departm ent and 10-cent stores,
and approxim ately 25 per cent in wholesale places. In the m echan
ical establishm ents nearly 33bs per cent worked in laundries.
The M aryland law provides th a t women m ay not be employed in
any m anufacturing, m ercantile, mechanical, printing, baking, or
laundry establishm ents for more th an 10 hours in any one day, and
if any p a rt of this work is done before 6 a. in. or after 10 p. m. they
m ay work only 8 hours. The following table gives the working hours
of 47,803 women in the State in 1925:
WORKING HOURS OF WOMEN IN MARYLAND, 1925
Number of women employed in—
Working hours
Manufacturing
establishments
Mercantile
establishments
Mechanical
establishments
Daily
Daily
Daily
Saturday
Saturday
Saturday
B a l t i m o r e C ity
Under 8 hours__________ ___________
8 hours________________ _____
Over 8 and under 9 hours.........................
9 hours................... ...................
Over 9 and under 10 hours________ ____
10 hours.........................................
Total...................... ............... .........
1,952
C, 597
6,444
7,680
2,136
650
22,683
807
2
342
2
17
4,002
1,679
393
395
1,992
287
5, 999
1,096
329
215
338
1,060
721
210
534
324
683
9
2,044
82
43
30
179
7
25,459
23,853
8, 748
9,037
2,481
2,385
382
756
1,383
2,482
8S9
1,573
7,045
111
3
30
13
50
744
867
142
441
20
39
528
307
58
141
129
1,262
118
261
105
861
8
44
1,088
170
13
49
3
32
C o u n t ie s
Under 8 hours............. ..............................
8 hours.___ __________ _______ _
Over 8 and under 9 hours...........................
9 hours______________ ____
Over 9 and under 10 hours________
10 hours......................................................
Total..................... .......... .............
Grand total.............................
7, 465
7, 252
2, 253
2, 425
1,397
1,355
32, 924
31,105
11,001
11,462
3,878
3,740
1Maryland. Commissioner of Labor and Statistics. Thirty-fourth annual report, 1925, .1926, 234 pp.
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Child Labor in Maryland, 1925
H E data given below are from the annual reports of the com
missioner of labor and statistics of M aryland for 1924 and
1925:
T
Item
1924
1925
Item
Inspections__________________
Children working ___________
Children working illegally_____
Violations___________________
1, 488
5,108
507
353
3,107
5,549
458
262
_________
Firms prosecuted
Parents prosecuted____________
Firms convicted. _ ___________
Parents convicted_____ ____
1924
1925
29
46
15
9
133
99
82
46
The following statem ent shows the num ber of work perm its issued
to children by the perm it departm ent in 1924 and 1925:
1924
Item
1925
General and vacation permits issued
_ ______________________ Newsboys’ badges issued
_ _ _ ________ __________ ________
Temporary general and vacation permits issued
_ _ _______________
Vocational permits issued
________________________________
Over 16’’ sta tern e.T\ts issued
_ _______________________ __________
10, 081
2,709
1, 234
1,314
696
12, 226
3, 033
1,094
1,113
1,394
Tnfpi permits and badges issued___ _ ______________________________
16, 034
18,860
_ _ _____________-______________
____________________________
358
79
440
76
............... .....................-................................... ........................
437
518
16, 471
19,376
Permits and badges refused
Applications made without results
Total refused _
Grand total handled
_ _________ __. _____ _____ «...--------------
t
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IN D U STR IA L A C C ID EN TS A N D H Y G IEN E
Industrial Accident Prevention Conference, Washington, D. C.
H E industrial accident prevention conference held, in W ashing
ton, D. C., July 14-16, was called by the U nited States Secretary
of Labor for the purpose of developing more effective coopera
tion among different organizations interested in accident prevention.
Approximately 270 delegates were present from 33 States, the D istrict
of Colum bia, C anada, and Argentina, including State officials having
to do w ith accident prevention and reporting and representatives of
safety organizations, of the large casualty insurance companies, and of
industrial enterprises which have led in the developm ent of the safety
m ovement. The general subject of the conference was the value of
statistics for accident prevention and its purpose was the form ulation
of a program by which uniform and comparable accident statistics
could be collected and compiled on a national scale.
A t the opening session, under the chairmanship of the U nited States
Commissioner of Labor Statistics, an address of welcome outlining
the aims of the conference was m ade by the Secretary of Labor who
read a letter from the President of the U nited States, commending the
purpose of the conference.
The im perative need in any accident-prevention program, which
was stressed by the Secretary of Labor in his address and by m any of
the other speakers, is a knowledge of the full extent of the accident
problem. This he believes can be secured through the establishment,
of a safety division in the U nited States B ureau of Labor Statistics
which would cooperate w ith other agencies in bringing together com
plete accident statistics regarding industries n o t now covered and
which would provide for the prom pt publication of accident data and
the transm ission of these d a ta to American industry. The value of
a national museum of safety to be located in W ashington as an
adjunct of the Bureau of Labor Statistics was also pointed out by
the Secretary of Labor who said th a t the objection th a t W ashington
is no t an industrial city loses much of its force when we consider
th a t the city is becoming more and more a national center and th a t
the im portance of such a museum in W ashington would not be con
ditioned by the num ber who came to see it; its value would be found
in no small degree in projecting to the public m ind the fact th a t the
N ational Governm ent takes an interest in the preservation of its
citizens from the hazards of their callings.
The advantages of a national museum of safety, which would thus
crystallize and center the efforts of employers in the field of accident
prevention, were discussed a t the first session by a num ber of speakers.
Louis Resnick, American M useum of Safety, gave an account of some
of the effective results accomplished by the museum both in the line
T
2254°— 2Gt-— 4
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MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW
of actual accident reduction and in furthering interest in safety,
particularly the educational work carried on among young persons
ju st entering industry. W hile the speaker considered th a t there was
much which could be accomplished by a similar museum developed
and m aintained by the Federal Governm ent, the question, he thought,
revolved wholly around the availability of funds, since to establish
and m aintain a national safety museum properly would require a
large initial outlay and impressive annual budgets.
Charles P. Tolm an, consulting engineer, in discussing M r. Res
nick’s paper, indorsed the idea of a safety museum located in the
D epartm ent of Labor, although he suggested the use of the word
“ in stitu te ” in place of “ m useum .” In his opinion “ the medical
research institutions and laboratories which supply the technical
basis for public health activities should have a parallel in a safety
museum or institute supplying a similar basis in support and exten
sion of the work of the D epartm ent of Labor, looking tow ard the
economic health of our industries as well as the physical health of
our industrial workers.”
A t this session, also, an account of the work of the New Jersey
Industrial Safety M useum was given by Charles H. Weeks, deputy
commissioner of labor, New Jersey.
Problem of National Accident Statistics
T H E problem of securing national accident statistics as a prerequisite in the campaign to reduce the enormous loss sustained by
the workers and by industry through industrial accidents was dis
cussed by Leonard W. H atch, director, bureau of statistics and infor
m ation, New York S tate D epartm ent of Labor.
N ational statistics, he said, are necessary for the guidance of indi
vidual industries or for comparison of one industry w ith another,
since few industries are confined, even in m ajor part, to any one
State. They are also necessary to enable the individual States to
compare experience within their borders w ith th a t in other States
and to afford comparison of one S ta te ’s experience as a whole w ith
th a t of other States. Accepting the necessity for national statistics
as being unquestioned, it is equally obvious, he said, th a t such sta
tistics m ust be secured by the Federal Governm ent. The U nited
States B ureau of Labor Statistics can obtain the necessary m aterial
in one of two ways, either directly from individual employers in the
various States or through the appropriate departm ents of S tate gov
ernments. This la tte r course is to be preferred, in the speaker’s
opinion, as to secure the inform ation directly from the employers
would require double reporting on their p art, since the S tates m ust
have the same sort of m aterial. The logical course, therefore, seems
to be the reporting of accidents by employers to S tate departm ents
and then by the la tte r to the United. States D epartm ent of Labor.
Standard definitions of terms, classifications for industries, m ethods
for m easuring exposure and for com puting frequency and severity
rates, and table forms for presenting the figures having already been
developed by the comm ittee on statistics of the International Asso
ciation of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions,1 the tec-h1 Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics as Bulletin 276: Standardization of Industrial Accident
Statistics.
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INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT PREVENTION CONFERENCE
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ideal means of securing such reports is already available. In spite
of this, however, the actual application of the plan in individual
States has n o t y et gone far enough to produce combinable uniform
figures, so th a t the general uniform ity necessary for anything like
national figures is still woefully lacking. There are several reasons,
lie stated, for this condition: First, differences in State laws or admin
istrative procedure; second, the needs of an individual State m ay
often be better m et by statistics which are adapted to its particular
conditions; and, third, S tate departm ents m ust compile other sta
tistics than those relating to accidents, and appropriations for sta
tistical work are notoriously difficult to secure from legislatures.
The problem a t the present time, therefore, seemed to the speaker a
general one of education to impress upon the S tate departm ents or
the S tate authorities back of them which control their policies and
funds the value of proper accident statistics of their own and the
greater value of such statistics when developed so th a t n o t only
state-wide b u t nation-wide comparisons can be made.
As y et accident rates per u n it of employment or exposure, by
industries, are alm ost wholly lacking, and such accident rates are
the only form in which accident figures will really tell us where we
are, how far we have come, and how far we have to go in safety
work. The Bureau of Labor Statistics has already m ade a beginning
in the collection of such statistics through a cooperative arrangem ent
with a num ber of the State departm ents for the collection of uniform
reports of employment from representative m anufacturing establish
m ents whereby the S tate collects the reports and supplies the bureau
with copies. Corresponding records of accidents from selected lists
of these firms are secured; and although it is only a partial and incom
plete solution of the problem of accident rates, it is along this line th a t
the ultim ate goal of complete accident rates for all firms m ay be
reached.
What is Being Done in the Collection of Accident Statistics
j p R E S E N T accomplishments in the collection and practical appli*
cation of accident statistics were discussed by various speakers.
L. W. Chaney, of the U nited States B ureau of Labor Statistics, told
of the work of the bureau in developing accident statistics in the iron
and steel industry and the results in the reduction of accidents in
the plants of the United States Steel Corporation. The com puta
tion of frequency and severity rates per 1,000,000 hours of exposure
and the analysis of these accidents by departm ents and by causes
have disclosed the places where there was need of special effort to
reduce accidents; they have shown whether or not progress was being
m ade, and have served to set standards of accomplishment. During
the period 1911 to 1924 the trend of severity rates, w hich are regarded
as the more exact measure of hazard, in the different departm ents of
the steel industry (except foundries) has been quite uniformly down
ward ; in foundries the rate m ay be regarded as stationary, and this
in spite of the fact th a t some companies have m ade excellent,records
which, however, are wholly concealed by the records of those com
panies th a t have made no progress.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
The statistical activities of various sections of the N ational Safety
Council were outlined by W. H. Cameron, m anaging director. The
council collects and presents the accident records of 11 groups; 6
other industrial groups report to other agencies, and no effort is
made by the council to duplicate their reports. Included in these
6 groups are steam railroads which report to the In terstate Commerce
Commission and mining companies which report to the U nited States
Bureau of Mines. Reports furnished to the council by the different
members give the average num ber of employees per year, the total
num ber of hours worked by all employees, the num ber of accidents
causing loss of time beyond the day or shift, and the num ber of days
lost because of accidents. The compilation of these statistics makes
it possible to trace the national trend of accidents within these indus
tries and leads to greater effort to ascertain the causes for increases
or decreases in the accident frequency and severity rates.
W. W. Adams, U nited States Bureau of Mines, told of the coopera
tion of the companies operating coal and m etal mines and quarries
with the bureau in the compilation of accident statistics during the
past 15 years. Statistics of national scope have been built up in
these industries in this way. Analysis of the figures collected shows
th a t accidents cause a loss to the coal and m etal mining industries
equivalent to between 8 and 10 per cent of the entire am ount of time
which these industries work, and between 5 and 6 per cent in the
stone quarrying industry, an economic waste which could be pre
vented since a num ber of mines and quarries have reduced their acci
dent rates practically to a minimum.
The im portance of accident statistics in the prevention of acci
dents has received recent recognition in the S tate of Ohio by the
enactm ent of a law in 1925 creating a bureau for the prevention of
industrial accidents and diseases. An account of the work of the divi
sion of safety and hygiene created under this law as it has been
planned and partly organized was' given by Carl C. Beasor, chief
statistician, in an address on recent statistical developments in the
Industrial Commission of Ohio, with special reference to accident
records.
The use of accident statistics in C anada was the subject of an
address by R. B. M orley, general m anager of the Industrial Acci
dent Prevention Association, Toronto, and the achievements of
American railways in accident reduction were reviewed by Lew R.
Palmer, of the E quitable Life Assurance Co., the figures presented
by him showing a rem arkable reduction in the losses due to acci
dents. W. N. Doak, of the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainm en,
who led the discussion of this paper, told of the work of his own
organization in safeguarding the men and of the cooperation of the
railroads. Statistics, he said, had been invaluable in building up
the work of safety im provem ent on railroad lines.
D avid Van Schaack, of the A etna Life Insurance Co., in an ad
dress on the interest of casualty insurance in accident prevention
statistics, discussed the necessity of a more complete system of col
lection and distribution of such statistics.
The accomplishment of a single industry in the reduction of acci
dents was shown by T. F. Jennings, representing the U tah Copper
Co., who reported th a t a foundry employing approxim ately 250 men
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INDUSTBIAL ACCIDENT PREVENTION CONFERENCE
45
and casting from 40 to 50 tons of m olten m etal per day, had oper
ated. during the past eight m onths w ithout a single lost-tim e acci
dent. This had been accomplished largely through the practice of
remedying conditions as they arise instead of deferring action until
an accident forces relief.
What Can Be Done to Develop National Accident Prevention Statistics
O IC H A R D H. Lansburgh, Secretary of Labor and Industry of
^ Pennsylvania, in an address on “ W hat State departm ents
can contribute to national accident prevention sta tistic s,” said
th a t the history of the organized safety m ovem ent has proved th a t
accident statistics form the groundwork of safety measures. The
State labor departm ents and the State inspection forces are in the
best position to collect, analyze, and distribute accident statistics,
b u t in m any States and in m any industries adequate records of acci
dents are n o t y e t available. In the development of S tate accident
statistics to be used as the basis of the industrial accident-preven
tion work of the N ation, the speaker outlined the following features
which are necessary if such statistical compilations are to accom
plish their end: (1) The presentation by industries m ust be so sub
divided as to group only similar hazards; (2) the accident cause
classifications m ust be so developed as to perm it specific prevention
work to be applied after the determ ination of exact causes; (3) some
m ethod of determ ining the exposure to which the accident statistics
apply m ust be found; (4) basically, all accident statistics m ust be
developed w ith the thought of how they are to be used in accident
prevention.
Other Phases of the Accident Prevention Problem
C E V E R A L addresses were made which related to specific hazards
or conditions which are of importance in the prevention of
accidents.
The relation of accident prevention to efficiency was the subject of
an address by Lewis A. DeBlois, of the N ational Bureau of Casualty
and Surety Underw riters, who pointed out the loss occurring through
interruption of the production cycle, both through the im m ediate
injury to the workm an and the time lost by fellow employees and
through the lowered morale resulting from the constant repetition of
accidents, and also the loss resulting from the noninjury accidents.
David J. Price, U nited States Bureau of Chem istry, addressed the
conference on dust-explosion hazards in industrial plants, laying
particular stress upon the need for prom pt reporting of such
accidents by State officials, insurance commissions, safety organiza
tions, and other interested agencies, so th a t the probable cause of the
explosion m ay be determ ined and control measures applied.
Im proved lighting as a factor in accident prevention was discussed
by W. H. Radem acher, illum inating engineer of the General Electric
Co., who said th a t a study of 91,000 industrial accidents m ade some
years ago showed th a t about 24 per cent could be traced either
directly or indirectly to improper lighting while more recent figures
place the num ber of such accidents a t one out of every eight. A
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MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW
recent report of artificial lighting conditions in 390 typical American
industrial establishm ents showed th a t only 15 per cent of these
plants were well lighted, th a t 29 per cent were fairly lighted, and
th a t 56 per cent were poorly lighted.
W hat the colleges are doing for accident prevention and hum an
safety was discussed by Prof. Stew art Robinson, N orth Carolina
S tate College. The w orkers’ interest in safety problems was the
subject of an address by F rank M orrison, secretary of the American
Federation of Labor.
Discussion of various papers was led by John P. Jackson, of the
New York Edison Co.; J. M . Larkin, of the Bethlehem Steel Co.;
D. T. M eany, of the International Paper Co.; L. L. Hall, of the
N ational Council on Compensation Insurance; J. E. H annum , of the
American Engineering Council; Joseph J. W alsh, secretary of mines
of Pennsylvania; R. E . Simpson, of the Travelers Insurance Co.;
E. B. P atto n , of the departm ent of labor of New York; and Thom as
P. K earns, of the division of safety and hygiene of Ohio.
Resolutions Passed by the Conference
I N SU M M IN G up the purposes for which the conference was called,
E thelbert Stew art, U nited States Commissioner of Labor S tatis
tics, stated th a t all the Bureau of Labor Statistics desires to do is to
serve as a, clearing house for the inform ation the States are gathering,
the m ost im portant consideration being the furnishing of these reports
so th a t the accident rates can be computed on a m an-hour or day
basis.
Resolutions passed by the conference recommended a unified,
standard system of reporting and distributing inform ation, and the
enactm ent by the different States of such legislation as shall be
necessary to provide for reports by employers which will allow the
compilation of accident frequency and severity rates. A resolution
providing th a t an annual conference should be held was referred by
the conference to the Secretary of Labor for his consideration and
such action as he considered advisable.
Are Accidents Increasing? 1
B y E t h e l b e r t St e w a r t , U n it e d St a tes C o m m issio n e r o f L a b o r S t a tistic s
r T H E answer to the question, “Are accidents increasing?” is
another question, which is : “ W hat do you m ean by increasing? ”
The crude num ber of accidents reported in one year m ight be
largely in excess of the accidents reported the year before, b u t this
would n o t necessarily m ean th a t accidents were increasing. In
order to answer this question we m ust have complete and accurate
reports on, first, the num ber of accidents; second, the am ount of
exposure to the hazards of industry.
The accidents of 1925 have apparently exceeded those of 1924 as
certainly the accidents of 1923 greatly exceeded those of 1922. A
1Abstract of paper read before joint session of American Association for Labor Legislation and American
Statistical Association, New York City, Dec. 30, 1925.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[262]
ARE ACCIDENTS INCREASING
47
careful statistician will ask two questions before he attem pts to
answer the question as to w hether or no t accidents are increasing:
F irst, “Are there more men a t work, or were men working more
hours in 1923 and 1924 than they did in 1921 and .1922?” In other
words, is there a greater m an-hour exposure and w hat is the relation
of the num ber of accidents to this m an-hour exposure? Second, “ Is
there m ore complete and better reporting of accidents and of m an
hour exposure now than form erly?” An increase in recorded acci
dents m ay mean a greater volume of men a t work. I t m ay mean
b etter reporting.
A t present we have no serious m achinery for the collection of
accidents and especially for the collection of the base upon which to
com pute a rate, this base, of course, being the m an-hour exposure
.in the various industries being studied.
On the face of it, accidents are increasing, y et in the only industry
about which we really know anything, th a t of iron and steel, accidents
are decreasing.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics has for a series of years collected
accident reports from the iron and steel industry in such a way th a t
we can tell for the industry as a whole and for the various d epart
m ents of the industry and by occupations w ithin the departm ents
w hether or not accidents are increasing or decreasing. T h a t is to
say, we get the m an-hour exposure in this detail and connect the
accidents w ith this exposure. The result of these figures is placed
in the hands of the industry, which several years ago began to take
the m atte r of accident prevention seriously and used these figures
for such purpose. The trend has been gradually and practically
continuously downward. I hesitate very m uch to apply these figures,
however, to industries which have not applied safety m ethods backed
up by an intelligent survey of w hat parts of the industry are dangerous,
or which have n o t applied such m ethods for such a length of tim e as
has been done in iron and steel.
' I do not believe th a t the present trend in iron and steel is applicable
to industry as a whole. M y own judgm ent is th a t accidents are on
the increase. The reasons for this are:
First. In every recovery from a depression large num bers of new
m en are taken on and the accident rate for new men is always very
m uch greater than for employees older in point of service.
Second, There is a general speeding up of workers, both skilled
and unskilled— a production per m an-hour increase which registers
a greater num ber of accidents—and this would probably especially
affect the accident rate among new men.
Third, D uring the w ar a great deal of safety work was done by a
large num ber of firms, and even where a safety engineer was not
added to the personnel of the establishm ent, the care and safety of
employees a t work was very generally m ade a function of the welfare
adm inistration. Since the w ar a great m any of these positions have
been abolished and m uch of the accident-prevention work which re
quires a mechanical engineer has been given to the welfare depart
m ents presided over by sociologists.
The interest of the LTnited States Bureau of Labor Statistics in
accident statistics is prim arily for the purpose of accident prevention.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[2631
48
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
The character of the figures collected and the m ethods used in
their collection m ust be correlated w ith the purpose of the investiga
tion in advance. I t is seldom th a t figures collected w ithout know
ing w hat they are to be used for can confidently be used for anything.
To analyze accident figures so as to be helpful in the m atte r of
accident prevention we m ust know where the accidents are greatest
in proportion to the men employed and to the occupation of the men
employed in these places. The crude accident rate m ust be based
upon the total employees and the num ber of hours they work in an
industry or an establishm ent. The refined rate m ust be based upon
these same factors as they apply to departm ents and occupations
within those departm ents. As stated above, statistical inform ation
m ust be compiled w ith a view to the purpose it is to serve.
The insurance carriers w ant to know' the num ber of accidents
in relation to the volume of pay roll. They are n o t interested in the
num ber of employees nor the m an-hour exposure except as they wish
to do accident-prevention work. Their prem ium rates are based on
a percentage of pay roll and this is the specific inform ation they
w ant and w ithout which they could not do business. There is abso
lutely no objection to the insurance companies having this inform a
tion and we are ready to aid them in any and every way in our
power, b u t we insist th a t these figures are worthless for accidentprevention purposes.
Wage increases which would swell the volume of pay roll w ithout
increasing the num ber of m an hours would show a decrease in acci
dents where no such decrease, m easured in fingers, thum bs, legs, and
arms, occurred a t all. In fact, there m ight have been an increase.
By the same token during a period of general wage reduction the
accidents per $1,000 of wages paid m ight greatly increase, bu t
this would not be true as measured by the num ber of men
actually exposed to the hazard. W hat the insurance companies
w ant is a ratio of accidents to wages for the purpose of determ ining
an insurance prem ium rate. On the other hand, w hat the cost-ofproduction m en w ant is the accidents based upon production, to enable
them to ascertain ju st how much the workm en’s compensation costs
per ton of coal or per ton of locomotives.
Here, again, there is not the slightest objection to a record being
kept of production nor is there any objection to its relation to the
accident cost. The only comm ent is th a t we do no t w ant to see
figures secured for one object and purpose used to show a condi
tion which can no t be shown by any sort of fair use of such figures.
The insurance com pany knows perfectly well th a t it can not use
volume-of-pay-roll figures to plan accident-prevention work intelli
gently. The mine superintendent or safety engineer derives no bene
fit, from his point of view, from the accident-cost figures which the
bookkeeper w ants to charge into the price of coal. In the first place,
it isn’t the coal th a t gets h u rt, and, in the second place, coal tonnage
or production can not be distributed over those p arts of the mine or
throughout those occupations in which hazards are greatest.
The B ureau of M ines since 1916 has been giving the actual num
ber of men a t work in the mines, both under ground and above ground;
in other words, the m an-hour exposure in addition to the num ber of
tons of coal per death.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[264]
ABE ACCIDENTS INCREASING
49
Because of the increase in productivity of labor in the coal mines
occasioned to some extent by the introduction of the machine, by
better m ethods of handling coal, and to some extent by the increase
in the productivity of labor itself the volume of coal produced per
m an (at least underground men) has m aterially increased. L et us
see w hat happens when we compare these two sets of figures, those
based upon ou tp u t with those based upon exposure.
There has been an increase in deaths per million tons of coal
produced from 3.77 in 1916 to 4.17 in 1924— an increase of 10.6 per
cent. The increase in deaths per million hours of hum an exposure
was from 1.31 in 1916 to 1.59 in 1924, or an increase of 21.4 per cent.
This contrast tells its own story.
I t is difficult to see why there should be cross currents or conflicts
here. Those who w ant compensation cost in its relation to produc
tion for the purpose of charging it into the price are ju st as interested
in reducing this cost as they are in reducing any other cost. We who
w ant these figures for accident-prevention purposes to reduce the
num ber of fatalities in coal mines, the num ber of injuries in not only
th a t b u t all other industries, w ant these figures to assist us in elimi
nating, so far as is hum anly possible, the killing and maiming of men
and women.
The effect of this accident prevention will be to reduce compensa
tion cost of production and to do it more effectively than it can be
done in any other way. I t will reduce the ratio of accidents to
volume of pay roll and hence the insurance cost. There is therefore
no reason why all should not work together and for each other.
I m ay say th a t the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in its attem p t to
secure an intelligent basis for accident rates, has m ade arrangem ents
with the firms th a t furnish the bureau w ith its volume of employ
m ent— the num ber of men on the pay roll at a given date— also to
supply their statistics on accidents, distinguishing only between fatal
and nonfatal. This gives us a t least a s ta rt tow ard developing an
accident rate by industries, though we are not yet prepared to attem pt,
outside of iron and steel, to show accident rates by departm ents
within an industry.
I have not as yet published any of the results of our efforts along
these lines, bu t will probably do so within a few m onths. This will
a t least give us a s ta rt on a comparison of accidents with hum an
exposure which will give us a chance to tell definitely some time
w hether or not accidents are really increasing.
I append an analysis of such figures on the coal industry as are
available.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[265]
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW
50
MEN EMPLOYED, AVERAGE PRODUCTION PER MAN AND PER DAY. MEN KILLED,
AND FATALITY RATES IN COAL MINES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1907 TO 1924
Men employed
Tons mined
(short tons)
Year
1907__________
1908__________
1909
1910__________
1911__________
1912__________
1913__________
1914__________
1915______ ____
1916__________
1917__________
1918__________
1919__________
1920__________
1921__________
1922__________
1923__________
1924__________
477,892, 536
409,309, 857
460, 807,263
501, 596^ 378
496, 371,126
534, 466, 580
570, 048,125
513, 525,477
531,619,487
590,098,175
651,402, 374
678,211,904
553, 952,259
658, 264,932
506, 395,401
476,951,121
657, 903, 671
571, 613,400
Average production
per man—
Equiva
Actual lent full- Per year
number
year
workers
674,613
678, 873
666, 535
725^ 030
728,348
722, 662
747, 644
763,185
734,008
720,971
757,317
762, 426
776, 569
784, 621
823, 253
848, 932
800, 560
779,613
Per day
708
603
691
692
682
740
762 .
673
724
818
860
890
713
839
615
565
764
733
519,452
441, 267
531,689
534,122
541,997
593,131
526, 598
511, 598
565,766
634, 666
654,973
542, 217
601, 283
474, 529
405,056
560,000
499,894
3.07
3. 09
3.14
3.10
3. 29
3.20
3. 25
3. 46
3. 48
3. 42
3. 45
3. 41
3. 65
3. 56
3. 92
3. 91
3. 81
Men
killed
Fatality Fatalities
rate ner
per
1,000,000 1,000,000
hours’
tons
exposure mined
3,242
2, 445
2, 642
2,821
2,656
2,419
2,785
2.454
2,269
2, 226
2,696
2, 580
2,317
2,271
1,987
1,979
2, 458
2, 381
2. 08
1.85
6. 78
5. 97
5. 73
5. 62
5. 35
4,53
4. 89
4. 78
4. 27
3. 77
4.14
3. 80
4.18
3.45
3.92
4. 15
3.74
4.17
1,77
1.66
1.49
1. 57
1,55
1.48
1.31
1,42
1.31
1.42
1.26
1.40
1.63
1.46
1. 59
FATALITIES AT COAL MINES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1916 TO 1924, BY PLACE OF
OCCURRENCE AND CAUSE
N um ber
1916
Cause
Underground:
Falls of roof or face---- ------------Cars and locomotives^..................
Explosions, gas or dust________
Explosives_________________
Electricity................,....................
Miscellaneous____ _______ ___
TotaL..................................... .
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
962 1,218 1, 294 1,100 1,132 1, 024
341
381
408
482
506
390
191
164
110
129
362
170
128
152
111
135
206
146
69
88
76
80
90
79
11S
112
239
127
129
130
905 1, 162
341
415
311
372
92
114
74
75
77
117
1,052
348
536
100
81
99
2,027 2,379 2,281 2, 077 2,020 1,831
1,800 2,255
2,216
S haft...................... ...................... —
49
52
52
63
56
36
41
46
29
Surface:
Haulage..----- ----------------------Machinery_________________
Miscellaneous_______________
75
26
49
114
51
100
118
47
82
93
28
66
78
29
88
45
17
58
54
23
61
59
26
72
70
8
58
Total....................................... .
150
265
247
187
195
120
138
157
136
1,987 1, 979 2,458
2,381
Grand to ta l................. ......... . 2, 220 2, 696 2, 580 2,317 2,271
R a te p e r 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 h o u r s ' e x p o s u r e
Underground:
Falls of roof or face___________
Cars and locomotives_________
Explosions, gas or dust----------Explosives_________________
Electricity_______ . .. -------M iseeilaneous..................... .........
Total_____________________
0. 57
.23
. 10
.09
.05
. 16
1.19
0. 64
.25
. 19
.06
.04
.07
1. 25
0.66
.26
.07
.07
.04
.00
1.16
0.68
.23
.12
. 13
.04
.08
1.28
0. 63
. 23
.09
.07
.04
.06
1. 12
0. 72
.24
.08
. 11
.06
.08
1. 29
0. 74
.28
.20
.08
.06
.06
1.48
0. 69
. 25
. 22
.07
.04
.07
1.34
0. 70
.23
.36
.07
.05
.07
1.48
Shaft...................................................Surface:
Haulage....................................... .
Machinery.... .............................. .
Miscellaneous...............................
Total....................................... .
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.02
.05
.02
.03
.09
.06
.03
.05
. 14
.06
.02
.04
.12
.05
.02
.04
. 11.
.04
.02
.05
. 11
.03
.01
.04
.08
.05
.02
.05
. 12
.04
.01
.04
.09
.05
.01
.03
.09
Grand total................................
1.31
1.42
1.31
1. 42
1.26
1.40
1.63
1.46
1.59
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[266]
MONTHLY LABOE KEVIEW
51
Coal-Dust Explosions in Bituminous Coal Mines
H P H E use of rock dust in coal mines to prevent or lim it coal-dust
explosions has been advocated by the United States Bureau
of M ines since its establishm ent in 1910, although a t first
it was suggested only as an alternative to watering. M uch experi
m ental work has been necessary to determ ine the relative explosibility
of different kinds of coal, the best kinds of rock to use for dusting,
the am ount of rock dust necessary to extinguish an explosion, and the
best m ethods of dusting. A recent study 1 of the m ethods and costs
of rock dusting coal mines, published by the Carnegie In stitu te of
Technology, contains a sum m ary of the principal facts regarding
coal-dust explosions established by this and earlier investigations.
.Prior to 1924, the report states, no companies had done any real
rock dusting and only a few rock-dust barriers had been erected.
The long series of tests conducted by the Bureau of M ines have deter
mined, however, th e best m ethods of application of rock dust to
secure_ the greatest efficiency and considerable progress has been
m ade in the past two years in rock dusting. In Septem ber, 1925, it
was reported th a t 102 companies in 12 States had instituted rock
dusting in 211 mines,2 while the rock dusting of a num ber of mines
by other companies was contem plated. These companies produced
approxim ately 11 per cent of the tonnage reported by all bitum inous
mines in the U nited States in 1924.
In July, 1924, the State Industrial Commission of U tah adopted
regulations m aking rock dusting compulsory, following the disastrous
explosion a t the Castlegate mine in th a t State. T he m ovem ent has
also been accelerated by the fact th a t in m any States additional credit
for rock dusting has been allowed by the com pensation-rating bureaus.
The B ureau of Mines tests have shown th a t it is necessary to cover
the ribs, roof, and floor w ith sufficient rock dust to render the coal
dust in ert to explosibility. As proof of the efficacy of rock dusting,
one of the m ost recent cases in which an explosion was stopped when
it reached the rock-dust barriers is cited in the report. This explo
sion occurred in a mine of the W est K entucky Coal Co. in June, 1925.
A m iner drilled into a strong gas feeder in an entry which had not yet
been rock dusted. The gas was ignited by his open-flame cap lamp
and an explosion followed which killed the 17 men in the" entry.
The explosion vras stopped, however, when it reached the rockdusted entries and the lives of about 130 men wTorking in other parts
of the mine were saved. There have been num erous other instances
both in this country and in Europe in which explosions have been
stopped or lim ited by rock dust, though tin's is one of the m ost recent
and the m ost definite.
Coal-dust explosions are caused by the rapid burning of coal-dust
particles suspended in air. The degree of explosibility is directly
affected by the size and q u antity of coal dust present and the ease
w ith which the coal dust is raised in a dense cloud. D ry pulverized
1Carnegie Institute of Technology. Methods and costs of rock dusting bituminous coal mines, by O. W
Owmgs and C. II. Dodge. _Pittsburgh, 1925.
2The American Association lor Labor Legislation has kept a record during the past three and a half
years of coal companies using rock dust to prevent coal-dust explosions. It is reported in the American
Labor Legislation Review, June, 1926 (p. 152), that on May 1, 1926, 150 companies in 16 States and in
Canada had equipped one or more of their mines with the rock-dust safeguard or had begun to install it.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1267],
52
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
dust is the most explosive, as it is easily raised to form a cloud and
contains a maximum am ount of particles and surface. Tests a t the
P ittsburgh Experim ent Station have shown th a t 0.0312 ounce of
pure 200-mesh Pittsburgh coal dust per cubic foot of entry would
propagate flame if ignited. There is usually a large excess of coal
dust present in mines, b u t before an explosion can occur there m ust
be an advance wave sufficiently strong to produce a dust cloud and the
more thoroughly the du st and air are mixed the greater will be the
force of the explosion. This factor is frequently overlooked, espe
cially if an explosion originates in rooms or near an area where the
pressure is reduced by passing into wide spaces. An explosion m ay
die out, therefore, through failure of the dust to be throw n into the
air in a sufficiently dense cloud to propagate the explosion. B u t this
fact is often disregarded and credit given to the absence of coal dust
or to efficient sprinkling when the absence of a dust cloud is the real
cause of the explosion being stopped.
Lim iting or preventing coal-dust explosions involves the preven
tion both of heat being carried from one particle of the combustible
m aterial to another and of the form ation of a dense cloud. The m ost
efficient m eans of preventing the first condition has been found to be
the use of rock dust. The fine rock-dust particles blown into the air
by the advance wave of an explosion surround the coal dust and
insulate it, and also by cooling the m ixture of air and dust below the
ignition point of the coal extinguish the flame. This condition ob
tains if the rock dust is dry, which is usually the case during the w inter
months. D uring the summer, particularly in the shallow mines,
both the coal dust and rock dust m ay become dam p and in th a t case
the dust will not rise into suspension so th a t an incipient explosion
vdll be stopped by the lack of m aterial upon which to feed.
The use of w ater a t the face where the m ost coal d u st is m ade is of
great value as a m easure supplem entary to the use of rock dust and
the use of MTater on the cu tter bar of mining machines, which is being
done by several companies, is advocated in the report. The coal
shot down by the m iner should also be w et thoroughly before loading
and all loaded cars should be w et before leaving the working face.
An autom atic sprinkler installed a t the parting to wet the top of loaded
cars and another located near the tipple or shaft to w et the em pty
cars before they are returned into the mine further reduce the am ount
of coal dust usually carried through the mine. These precautionary
measures, the report states, have been used successfully in Alabam a
and in several of the W estern States.
In addition to the efficiency of rock dust in lim iting explosions, it
has the advantage th a t it readily reflects light and increases the illu
mination. As coal absorbs 90 per cent of the light, the reflected
light given by rock dust reduces the num ber of accidents due to poor
illumination and the num ber of haulage accidents Mill be decreased
especially vffiere the roof has fallen on the track as the dark mass will
show against the white background or where the roof is weak and
cracks, the rock dust im m ediately directs attention to the crack.
Rock dust, because of its incom bustible character, m ay also be
utilized in fighting mine fires and one case is reported in which a fire
was extinguished by it. In this fire, rock dust taken from the V-trough
barriers Mras throw n tow ard the fire, the dust cloud effectively cooling
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[268]
SAFETY AND PBODUCTION STUDY
53
the air so th a t the men steadily advanced until the lire was reached,
when the rock dust was throw n on the burning coal. This smothered
the flame and cooled the burning mass so th a t it could be loaded into
mine cars and carried outside.
Safety and Production Study of American Engineering Council
H E American Engineering Council has under way a study of the
relationship between industrial accidents and economy of pro
duction.
A special com m ittee on safety and production is in charge of the
investigation, headed by A. W. Berresford, p ast president of the
American In stitu te of Electrical Engineers. The other members are:
L. P. Alford, vice chairm an, editor of M anufacturing Industries;
L. A. DeBlois, p ast president of the N ational Safety Council; John
Price Jackson, form er commissioner of labor and industry of Penn
sylvania ^Leonard W. H atch, director of the Bureau of Statistics and
Inform ation, New York State D epartm ent of Labor; Charles F.
Loweth, past president of the American Society of Civil Engineers;
and W. W. Nichols, vice president of Society of Industrial Engineers.
L. W. Wallace, executive secretaiy of American Engineering Council,
is secretary of the committee.
The study is_ under the direct supervision of Joshua E yre H annum ,
a research engineer, who has been doing research work for the past
three years for the Eyesight Conservation Council. P. E. Holden,
formerly assistant m anager of the departm ent of m anufacture, C ham
ber of Commerce of the U nited States, is also a m em ber of the staff.
The necessary factual data for the study is being gathered from
several thousand plants widely distributed throughout the United
States and representative of 10 basic industries, viz: Iron and steel,
mining, cement, steam railways, machine building, and m etal work
ing, woodworking, textile, paper and pulp, building construction,
and electric utilities.
_ There are two phases of the problem which will be studied inten
sively: (1) The accident rate and the production rate will be meas
ured from the experience records of plants, and the trend of accidents
and production will be studied and compared for individual plants,
groups of plants, and for each industry as a whole. (2) A study
will be m ade to determ ine exactly w hat takes place when industrial
accidents occur, as m easured in lost tim e and lost production.
The first p a rt of the survey is being made by a group of 15 field
engineers working for the American Engineering Council in Boston,
New Plaven, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, A tlanta, Syracuse,
Buffalo, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Cleveland, D etroit, Chicago, G rand
Rapids, and St. Louis. Local safety and production com m ittees are
being formed in each of these cities to assist the field engineers. The
membership of these committees consists of prom inent engineers,
industrial executives, and safety men.
The field engineers are: Ralph G. Wells, head of m anagem ent
departm ent, Boston University; H. L. Seward, associate professor of
mechanical engineering, Sheffield Scientific School, Yale U niversity;
T
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[269]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
54
Charles W. Lytle, director of industrial cooperation, New York
U niversity; H . E. W alter, assistant professor of mechanical engi
neering, U niversity of Pennsylvania; Lewis W. M cIntyre, professor
of civil engineering, U niversity of P ittsburgh; .Dorns P. Randall,
assistant professor of physics, Syracuse U niversity; R ichard R. D ry,
head of science departm ent, Buffalo Technical H igh School; Adelbert
A. H ausm ann, mechanical engineering departm ent, Case School of
Applied Science, Cleveland; W alter A. Baude, coordination d epart
m ent, College of Engineering and Commerce, U niversity of Cin
cinnati; H ugh H . Thrall, a mechanical engineer formerly w ith the
D epartm ent of Labor and In d u stry of M ichigan; George C. D ent,
secretary of the Society of Industrial Engineers in Chicago; B u rritt
A. P ark, m echanical engineer of G rand R apids; H arry G. Hake,
associate professor of electrical engineering, W ashington U niversity,
M issouri; and A. C. O liphant, assistant secretary of American
Engineering Council.
In addition to the advisory committees which will operate in the
investigation centers there are being formed over 50 similar com
m ittees in other im portant industrial cities. The function of these
com m ittees is to arouse the interest of industrial executives and
safety m en in the study and to solicit their cooperation so th a t a
large body of d a ta m ay be obtained.
Several hundred companies which are known to be more or less
actively engaged in accident-prevention work will be approached by
correspondence, since they are located outside the territory covered
by the field engineers and local committees.
A significant p a rt of the investigation is th a t which has to do w ith
the determ ination of w hat actually takes place when accidents occur.
Several hundred large firms throughout the country, representing a
wide range of industrial activities, have expressed their willingness
to cooperate w ith the American Engineering Council by m aking this
study. The observations m ade will determ ine the exact am ount of
tim e lost due to each accident th a t occurs, and the resulting curtail
m ent of production will be m easured by such factors as the absence
of the injured employee, the im pairm ent of the productive ability
of the employee when able to resume work, the distraction of the a t
tention of other workers from their work a t the time the accident
occurs, the effect of the accident upon morale of other workers, and
the inefficiency of the /new employee hired to replace the injured
worker.
All d a ta gathered will be carefully analyzed, and a statistical and
engineering report of the relation of industrial accidents to economy
of production will be prepared and published in book form.
Accidents in the Portland Cement Industry, 1919 to 1925
SU M M A RY of the accident statistics in the cem ent industry for
the seven year period 1919 to 1925 is given in the M ay-June,
1926, issue of the Accident Prevention Bulletin published by the
Portland Cem ent Association. These figures, which show the reduc
tion in accidents as a result of the intensive safety work of the associa-
A
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CANCER STATISTICS IN VARIOUS TRADES
tion, cover practically the entire cement industry of the U nited States,
Canada, Cuba, and South America.
The following fable shows the accident severity rates and the per
centage reductions in 1925 as compared w ith 19i9, the first year for
which accurate statistics were available:
ACCIDENT RATES (PER 100,000 MAN-HOURS) IN THE PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY,
1919 AND 1925, AND PER CENT OF REDUCTION THEREIN
Accident rates in—
All plants
Identical plants
Item
1919
Accidents................................................. ...............
Dayslost______ ________ __________________
Permanent disabilities________ ___ ____________
Fatalities...................................................................
4. 35
69.2
.14
.OS
1925
2.7
49.9
.08
.06
Per cent
of reduc
tion, 1919
to 1925
38
28
43
25
1925
2. 2
41. 0
.069
.060
Per cent
of reduc
tion, 1919
to 1925
50
41
50
25
Cancer Statistics in Various Trades and Professions'
STU D Y of cancer statistics in different trades and professions
has been m ade recently by the B ritish M edical Research
Council. In this study the occurrence of cancer in special
parts of the body has been considered in relation to the occupations
with the idea th a t a distribution of cases according to the p art
affected m ight add to the inform ation on the effects of substances
already recognized as harm ful, or m ight even show that* other
substances had sim ilar injurious effects.
D eath records from the office of the Registrar General for the
years 1910, 1911, and 1912 were studied. These records covered
42,970 deaths from m alignant disease, the inform ation including the
age, specific trade, and in m ost cases the site of the tum or, thus
affording a survey of the relation of cancer to occupation in greater
detail than has heretofore been attem pted. I t is stated, however,
th a t some of the evidence is not so convincing as m ight be desired,
owing to the fact th a t these cases are distributed among 132 occupa
tions or trades and in m any of them the num ber employed is
small, so th a t there is a possibility of considerable random error.
Reference is m ade to a num ber of statistical studies of cancer
m ortality based on standardized death rates which appear to show
th a t cancer m ortality decreases as the social scale rises. Life table
death rates, which are obtained by applying the appropriate death
rates for each group of eight social classes to the respective age
groups in a stationary population, however, show only small differ
ence in the death rates for these different classes, although three
groups— textile workers, agricultural workers, and miners, particu
larly coal miners—did show a definitely smaller am ount of cancer.
A
1Great Britain. Medical Research Council. An investigation into the statistics of cancer in different
trades and professions, by M. Young and W. T. Russell, London, 1920.
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MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW
Mortality Rates in Different Occupations
TA BULATION of the com parative m ortality figures in different occupations is based on the num ber of deaths from malig
n a n t disease from the age of 25 and upwards. The com parative
m ortality figure for cancer for all males, occupied and retired, in E ng
land and Wales for the period studied was 78, and the table shows a
num ber of occupations having a rate exceeding 110. These rates
and occupations were: Zinc workers, 178; barm en, 137; p a te n t fuel
workers, 131; beer bottlers and cellarmen, 128; brewers, 125; brass
and bronze workers, and messengers, watchm en, and porters, each
118; slaters and tilers, 117; laborers, 116; and seamen and railway
laborers, each 110. Those occupations w ith a m ortality rate con
siderably below the average were: Tobacco workers, 38; coke burners,
40; lithographers, and tallow, soap, and glue workers, each 41;
printers and machine compositors, 43; straw -plait and straw h a t
workers, 44; clergy, 45; m altsters, 47; electricity supply workers, 49;
and plate layers and gaugers, 50. Some of these figures, however,
are based on such small populations th a t their value is doubtful.
Factors in Cancer Causation
fT 'H E principal known facts and opinions in regard to the causes
which predispose to cancer are summarized in the report, p ar
ticularly in their relation to occupational cancer. The im portance
of certain agents which cause chronic or long-continued localized
irritation of the tissues in the causation of cancer is generally recog
nized, cancer having been produced experimentally on the skin of
animals b}^ the repeated application of coal ta r or its extracts, and
by various oils, while cancer of the internal organs has been produced
by artificial parasitic infection. The relation of chronic irritation
to cancer in the hum an subject is naturally m ost easily dem onstrated
on the surfaces of the body; i. e., on skin and mucous m em branes,
bu t it is believed th a t a similar association exists between cancer
of internal organs and substances producing a chronic irritation.
T he external irrita n ts which m ay cause cancer m ay be roughly
classified as chemical, mechanical, infective, and certain of the light
and heat rays. While it has been thought th a t .the ingestion of
metallic substances over a considerable period of tim e m ight be a
predisposing cause of cancer, the theory has recently been advanced
th a t lead salts are of value in the treatm en t of m alignant disease
and th a t persons exposed to lead poisoning show a reduced m ortality
from cancer. W hile some confirmation of this theory is found in
the m ortality statistics of plumbers, file m akers, lead workers,
painters, and glaziers, which show an increase in the m ortality from
cancer corresponding to the decrease in deaths from plumbism, on
the other hand some other occupational groups in which there is
no lead-poisoning hazard also show decided increases in the cancer
rate.
Cancer Sites in Relation to Occupation
IN the study of the 42,970 cases of cancer the num ber of cases which
occurred in each of the several sites affected in each occupational
group has been ascertained and compared. The 10 sites m ost com
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57
monly affected—skin, tongue, esophagus, stom ach, liver, intestines,
rectum , bladder, prostate, and larynx— accounted for more than 80
per cent of all deaths from the disease.
Cancer of the skin is the form of cancer which has been longest
associated w ith certain occupations. The highest incidence of
cutaneous cancer was found among chimney sweeps, who are p ar
ticularly liable to scrotal cancer, an excessive m ortality from this
type of cancer being found also among m anufacturing chemists and
mule spinners. In the first case it is considered to be caused by
some active principle in the soot not y et determ ined, and in the
others to lubricating oils and coal-tar dyes. An excess of skin cancer
is found among open-air workers, notably fishermen, who frequently
develop cancer on the face and the ear, due probably to contact with
tar, and among farm workers and gardeners, who are particularly
liable to cancer of the hand, caused, it is thought, by m anures in the
soil.
Cancer of the tongue and of the esophagus is found in excess among
groups of workers who are supposed to consume an excessive am ount
of alcohol, b u t it is no t possible to state positively th a t excessive
drinking or excessive smoking is responsible. Cancer of the eso
phagus is also found in excess among plumbers, brass and bronze
workers, tool, scissors and file makers, and electrical-apparatus
makers.
The stom ach is the m ost frequent site of cancer, accounting for
about 23 per cent of the to tal num ber of cases listed. The occupa
tions of mining and quarrying show an excessive num ber of these
cases, the rate being especially high among iron miners and quarriers,
lead miners, and workers in slate quarries. There is also a significant
am ount of cancer of the stom ach among the underground workers in
coal mines. The special environm ental feature, if any, which pre
disposed to gastric cancer among these workers has, however, not
yet been determ ined. G astric cancer is also found in excess among
cotton, wool and worsted weavers, and in the occupations of sorting,
carding and combing wool. I t has been suggested by Greenwood
and Collis th a t unfavorable conditions of work in the textile industry,
w ith a resulting disordered digestion, m ay contribute to the incidence
of cancer of the stom ach among these workers.
Intestinal cancer is found m ost frequently among lawyers, teachers,
clerical workers, etc., whose occupations m ay be classed as sedentary
and which perhaps, by predisposing to constipation and autointoxica
tion, contribute to the developm ent of cancer in this site. Cancer of
the bladder is found in excess among chemical workers and textile
dyers who use aniline dyes, the noxious principles of which are
believed to be benzidine and betanaphthylam ine.
The occurrence of cancer in the other p arts of the body which are
principally affected can n o t be related in any way to the occupations,
since they occur in excessive am ounts frequently in occupations in
which the conditions are in no way related.
Summary
IN SU M M IN G up the results of the study it is stated th a t it has
A confirmed some of the more generally accepted views as to the as
sociation of some types of cancer w ith exposure to particular risks
2254°— 26t---- 5
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58
connected with, the employment, as for example, chimney sweeps’
cancer and mule spinners’ cancer; b u t in regard to m any of the forms
of cancer, particularly those localized internally, the connection
between the em ploym ent and the disease can not be regarded as
more th an suggestive. Excessive indulgence in the habits of smoking
and drinking, which is perm itted or facilitated in some occupations,
seems to be the m ost im portant predisposing factor and n o t any
conditions inherent in the occupations themselves. The fact th a t
the study revealed an excessive m ortality from cancer in certain sites
for which no apparent explanation can be found in the industrial
risks shows, the report states, “ th a t occupational risk is only one of
several predisposing causes of cancer which are operative in different
instances or under different circumstances, and supports the view
th a t the discovery of any one specific factor is not likely to provide
a solution of the complex problem of the origin of the disease.”
Prevention of Lead Poisoning in the Rubber Industry
r y T I E prevention of lead poisoning in the india-rubber industry
through “ concentration of controlled ris k ” is the subject of
an article, by C. A. Klein, research chemist of the Associated
Lead M anufacturers (Ltd.), England, which appeared in the July,
1926, issue of the Journal of Industrial Hygiene.
A code of regulations adopted in England in 1922 was designed to
deal w ith the health of workers engaged in vulcanizing by the coldcure process or any other process involving the use of carbon bisul
phide, sulphur chloride, carbon-chlorine compounds, or benzol, and in
any process involving the use of lead, or lead compounds. These
regulations provide for a m inim um age of w orker; th e exclusion of
any female under 18 years of age; application of exhaust d raft for
the rem oval of lead dust a t (or as near as possible to) th e source of
origin; provision of lunch rooms; regular supply of clean overalls;
washing and locker facilities; periodic medical exam inations; regula
tions as to reem ploym ent after suspension by th e certifying surgeon;
and the provision of facilities for the sampling of m aterials by Govern-“
m ent inspectors. This last provision is necessary in order th a t an
inspector m ay determ ine w hether or not the m aterials in use are lead
compounds w ithin the m eaning of the regulations, a lead process
being one in which the test used shows an excess of 5 per cent of lead
oxide in any lead compound. The lead compounds used in the
rubber industry are litharge, basic sulphate of lead, red lead, and
white lead.
Before these regulations were issued lead compounds in the form
of powder were used in. adm ixture w ith other powders on the mixing
rolls, the dry powders being distributed by hand over the rubber as
it passed through the heated rolls. This process was productive of
much dust, owing to the current of hot air rising from the heated
rolls, and it was to m eet this danger th a t the regulations provided for
the use of an effective exhaust system.
As carrying o u t the provisions of the regulations imposed a heavy
expense on rubber m anufacturers, particularly those operating on a
small scale, a solution was found in the application of the principle of
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MINE ACCIDENTS IN IDAHO
concentration of controlled risk. This principle is based on the
theory th a t adequate protection is more easily provided and con
trolled when only a few workers are involved. This can be effected
by employing a small num ber of workers in the preparation of prod
ucts which are m uch less toxic than their separate constituents, and
which can be safely handled after m anufacture w ithout any special
precautions. The m ethod adopted in the rubber industry was for
the lead m anufacturer to produce m ixtures of lead compounds and
rubber which did not give rise to dust when handled by the operative
in the rubber factory or when used on the mixing rolls. The rubber
m ixtures now sold in the form of thin sheets contain 80 per cent of
lead compound w ith 20 per cent of wax or rubber and these sheets
readily incorporate w ith the other ingredients on the mixing rolls
w ith a complete absence of lead dust. The British factory d epart
m ent has ruled th a t the regulations need not be enforced when these
m ixtures are used.
These m ixtures are prepared in lead factories where the handling
of lead products is properly safeguarded and their use does not entail
any extra expense on the rubber m anufacturer b u t does free him from
the burden of the regulations as well as gives complete protection to
employees engaged in these processes. This m ay be regarded as an
example of m odern constructional hygiene which, instead of crippling
or even destroying an industry by imposing unnecessary expense,
allows its continuance while insuring hygienic conditions of employ
m ent.
Mine Accidents in Idaho, 1925
r I T IE following statistics on mine accidents in Idaho in 1925 are
taken from the tw enty-seventh annual report of the mining
industry of the S tate for th a t year (pp. 60-61):
MINING AND MILLING ACCIDENTS IN IDAHO IN 1925
Milling accidents
Mine accidents
Severity of injury
Fatalities
_________________
Permanent total disability______________
Permanent.partial disability____________
Slight injuries with time loss of—
Over 14 days............................. ..............
1 to 14 days____________ ______ ____
Under
ground Shaft
Sur Total
face
Auxiliary Total
Mill Smelt
er works
10
1
18
3
1
1
4
14
1
23
4
3
1
8
441
CIS
6
7
55
58
502
683
IS
23
9
5
6
11
33
39
There was a decrease in fatal accidents in 1925 as compared with
1924, b u t practically no difference in the num ber of m inor accidents.
When the total num ber of men employed is compared w ith total
num ber of accidents, a very low accident rate is shown, which is
attrib u ted in large degree to safety organizations, first-aid training
of the men, and continued effort and interest in safety work and close
supervision by supervisory officials.
A com parison of th e n u m b er of accid en ts w ith th e n u m b er of m en em ployed
shows th a t th e accid en t ra te is in d irect p ro p o rtio n to th e efforts given to m ain
ta in in g a n d enforcing safety provisions.
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W O R K M E N ’S C O M P E N S A T IO N A N D SOC IA L
IN SU R A N C E
“Unusual Cases” Under Massachusetts Compensation Act
N D E R the workm en’s compensation law of the State of M ass
achusetts, medical treatm ent is required for the first two weeks
after the injury, an additional allowance being possible in the
discretion of the industrial accident board in w hat are called “ unusual
cases.” N aturally, such language calls for construction, w ith all the
opportunity of diversities of opinion among different authorities.
One Galen M oore received an injury which was found to be the cause
of tuberculosis of the lungs, and the board m ade a ruling to the
effect th a t “ an unusual condition, such as tuberculosis, resulting
from injury, requires the best-known treatm en t,” and thereupon
ordered paym ent by the insurer to cover the cost of medical services
to the injured m an subsequent to the two weeks following the in
jury. From this decision the insurer appealed, and the supreme ju
dicial court of the State rejected the classification m ade by the board.
The board had requested authority of the legislature of 1914 to ex
tend medical benefits in unusual cases “ where the injury is so serious
as to require and w arrant such additional medical treatm en t.” The
clause above quoted was not embodied in the new legislation, bu t
added treatm en t was allowed in “ unusual cases.” In passing on
this language, the court in the instan t case (Moore’s Case (1926),
152 N. E . 66) held the language limited to cases “ which were not
ordinary or within the ordinary course of such injuries,” saying
again th a t “ the s ta tu te has reference to injuries which develop u n
expected or unusual complications, requiring the services of experts
or unusual tre a tm e n t.” I t found nothing unusual in the case a t
bar, as “ no unusual result or complication, no unexpected accident
or symptom , intervened to bring the case w ithin the sta tu te .” The
fact th a t such injuries “ do n o t occur under ordinary circumstances
or th a t recovery is prolonged” does not m ake the case unusual as
the words are used in the statu te. Judgm ent was therefore entered
for the insurer, the decree of the board being reversed.
U
Compensation Rights of Workmen Pursuing Their Own Ends
H E question of a due balance between harshness and liberality
of construction is still unsettled in the field of compensation,
as is to be expected w ith a law of recent introduction and
operative in a field in which the S tate courts differed widely in their
interpretations of the liability law formerly applicable. The differ
ences in the laws themselves add to the range of attitudes, b u t the
fact th a t w hat a somewhat detached student of the subject m ight
T
60
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61
class as extreme positions are to be found on both sides suggests
th a t a t least neither employer nor workm an can claim th a t the scale
is uniform ly turned against him. Instances have been noted from
time to tim e in which it seemed th a t the equities had been forgotten
in a technical construction, as in the case of the fireman injured by
freezing w ater, the incident being dismissed as a natural consequence
of the occupation, and compensation for death from pneum onia dis
allowed (Landers v. C ity of M uskegon (M ich.), 163 N .W . 43); or
where a workm an was shot by police officers while in and about his
place of employment, compensation being denied because .the injury
was n o t causally related to the em ploym ent (Sure Pure Ice Co. v.
Industrial Commission (111.), 150 N. E . 909). On the other hand
are cases in Pennsylvania where a workman was shot by a fellow
employee who had gone insane, and in Ohio where a disappointed
lover came into an office and killed a stenographer, compensation
being allowed in both instances.
A very recent illustration of w hat seems fairly entitled to be con
sidered as excessive liberality is a W ashington decision (Bristow v.
D epartm ent of Labor and Industries, 246 Pac. 573), in which a de
nial of compensation by the departm ent was reversed by th e supreme
court of the State. H ere a workman supposed to go on d uty a t
8 o ’clock a. m ., punched the time clock a t 7.25, and informed'fellow
employees th a t he was going fishing. The job was in a sawmill, and
a dam was on the premises. Bristow was not seen again until his
body was found ou t in the river and below the dam. His widow’s
claim for compensation was allowed by the court, though it ad
m itted th a t the injury did not arise out of or in the course of the
em ploym ent; nor was the workm an in the place of his service; b u t
as lie was none the less a workman and on his em ployer’s premises
he was held to be within the scope of the act one judge dissenting.
Recent Compensation Reports
Georgia
T
H IE fourth annual report of the Industrial Commission of Georgia
gives the experience under the State compensation act for the
year ending December 31, 1924. Besides d a ta for the year
nam ed, tables are given showing classifications of accidents and bene
fits paid by industries, covering the history of the act, from 1921 to
1924, inclusive. A t the tim e of the compilation of the statistics,
26,988 accidents had been reported as having occurred in 1924, an
increase in the num ber of compensable accidents amounting to 3,176
over the previous year.
There were 109 fatal cases involving compensation am ounting to
$175,671.97, besides medical benefits of $4,687 and funeral expenses,
$10,677. In 79 cases total dependents survived, in 12 only partial
dependents, while in 18 cases there was no dependency.
Three cases of perm anent disability, partial or to tal, called for
compensation of $6,047.50 in addition to $474.50 for medical aid.
Though the law provides seven d a y s’ waiting tim e, 34 cases of
tem porary disability for less than one week were regarded as com
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
pensable; 1,601 caused disability for over one to two weeks, and
1,574, over two to three weeks. Only 3 of the 5,947 cases of tem porary
total disability continued for over 44 weeks. M edical cost in these
cases exceeded the compensation benefits, bein°* $140,997.69 as against
$137,895.69. There were 478 cases of loss or loss of use of members.
Of these, 38 were cases of loss of eye, 16 of loss of arm, besides three
duplicate losses of arms or one hand and one arm, 15 losses of hand,
21 losses of leg and 5 losses of foot. There was one case of loss of
both hands, for which $1,692.17 was paid as compensation and
$469.50 as medical aid. The average in the case of the loss of both
a rm s or one a rm and one hand was still less, the total for the three
cases being b u t $2,333.38, w ith medical aid of $745.25. Paym ents
for loss of arms averaged approxim ately $1,000 per case, the 16
cases totaling $17,819.08; while am ounts for the loss of leg fell
below this, the 21 cases receiving b u t $15,546.53 in benefits.
Illinois
"T H E eighth annual report of the Illinois D epartm ent of Labor pre. sents compensation d a ta for the calendar year 1924. D uring
this year 54,184 compensable accidents were reported, as against
61,810 for the preceding year. The m ajority of cases were settled
by agreement between the parties w ithout either arbitration or the
form ality of a settlem ent contract. Claims presented for a rb itra
tion numbered. 12,079, or 22.3 per cent of the num ber of compensable
accidents; decisions were rendered by arbitrators in 3,603 cases, or
6.5 per cent of the total. A brief table shows the interesting tendency
of arbitrated claims to diminish as compared w ith those settled by
agreement. _ From 1918 to 1921 the percentage of claims subm itted
for arbitration advanced from 15 to 30, b u t since the la tte r date the
decrease has been constant, reaching 22.3 per cent in 1924. The
industrial commission states th a t “ this does not signify th a t the
w orkm en’s compensation act can ever be m ade self-administering,
iiu t it does m ean th a t as employers and employees more and more
acquaint themselves w ith the provisions of the law, they should
increasingly reach voluntary agreements which are m utually satis
factory and to which the industrial commission can give its approval
w ithout the necessity of alteratio n .”
. The statistical report presents first the statem ent th a t the reduc
tion ol 12.3 per cent in the num ber of compensable accidents in
1924, as compared w ith 1923, “ is undoubtedly attributable to the
somewhat lessened industrial activity, ” especially in m anufacturing
and coal mining. T he num ber of fatal accidents w as 655, as against
67 5 for the previous year. This is a t a lower rate (3 per cent) than
the rate of decrease for all accidents and is said to indicate a con
ditionnas to fatalities “ decidedly worse th an th a t for the previous
year, ” the m aterial decrease in the num ber of employees leaving still
practically the same num ber killed as during the previous year.
N aturally coal m ining is responsible for the largest num ber of
accidents (11,852), m etal products coming next w ith 6,973, followed
oy erecting w ith 4,194. The compensation paid in coal mining
amounted to $2,554,883, an average cost of $216 per accident. Of
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63
the accidents in this industry, 155 were fatal, 12 caused perm anent
to ta l disability, 281 specific loss, and 7,012 tem porary to tal disability.
T he highest average cost per accident was in quarrying, in which
there were b u t 1G9 accidents of which three were fatal, b u t the
average cost per accident was $257. In the 6,973 accidents in the
m etal products industry, compensation paym ents wTere made aggre
gating $1,252,644, an average of $180 per case.
The average period of disability in all classes of cases is 25 days, and
the average post per accident, $186. Some attention is given to the
relation between the cost of accidents as represented by compensa
tion paid and their cost as reported by wage loss. The statu to ry
basis of compensation is from 50 to 65 per cent of the average weekly
wage, the higher percentages applying if there are one or more
children under 16 years of age. A w aiting time of one week is pre
scribed, for which compensation is payable after 4 weeks of disability,
if it continues th a t long. There is also a lim itation by fixing the
weekly maximum a t $17 in .1924 ($19 a t present, to obtain which
there m ust be four or more children under 16). Taking all factors
into consideration, the report says “ it has been com puted th a t, in
general, compensation am ounts to 22 per cent of the actual and
prospective wage loss.” Assuming this basis as applicable in 1924,
it indicates a n et loss in wages for the year amounting to $35,783,657,
or an average wage loss per employee of $659. Since the average
compensation benefit am ounted to but $186, it m ight be suggested
th a t the term “ com pensation” is inappropriate.
T he m ost prolific cause of accidents was objects being handled,
w ith 13,025 cases; stepping on or striking against objects comingnext, w ith 12,360 cases; the third being falling objects, w ith 10,419
cases; these three being responsible for more th an one-half the total
num ber. Considering costs of various forms of injuries, it appears
th a t tem porary total disabilities called for the paym ent of $3,493,024
of the to tal of $10,092,543 paid out during the year. N ext in order
were p artial loss of use, $2,403,950; death, $2,010,861; specific loss,
$1,347,274; perm anent partial disability, $399,732; disfigurement,
$212,772; perm anent to tal disability, $184,512; and tem porary
partial disability, $40,418. By nature of injury fractures occasioned
the highest costs, bruises coming next, closely followed by cuts,
punctures and lacerations, and by crushings, traum atic am putations
being also in this group of injuries th a t caused more th an $1,000,000
compensation to be paid.
Of the total num ber of accidents, 52,680 wTere to male and 1,504
to female workers; only one of the latte r suffered a fatal injury and
none a perm anent total disability. The largest wage group was th a t
of $25 and under $30 per week (17,190), the next being $20 and under
$25 (9.087), while the third and fourth in order received $30 and
under $35 (7,758), and $35 and under $40 (5,752), respectively. The
following brief table shows the total and average cost of accidents
by extent of disability.
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64
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
TOTAL AND AVERAGE COST OF ACCIDENTS, BY EXTEN T OF DISABILITY
Number
of acci
dents
Extent of disability
D e a t h .............................................................................................................
P e r m a n e n t Iota!.-- _______ _______ _ ....................
L oss of m e m b e r _.................................................................
P a r tia l loss of u s e . . .....................................................
D isfig u rem en t
.............................................................
P e r m a n e n t p a rtia l......................................................................
T e m p o r a r y t o t a l _________________________________________
T e m p o ra ry p a r tia l______________ ___________________________
T o t a l . . . ..................................................................... ...............
Cost of accidents
Compen Average
sation paid
cost
655
23
2,040
5, 274
2,094
489
43, 390
219
$2,010,861
184, 512
1, 347, 274
2,403, 950
212,772
399,732
3, 493, 024
40,418
$3,070
8,022
600
456
102
817
80
185
54,184
10, 092, 543
186
Massachusetts
T H E D epartm ent of Industrial Accidents of the State of M assaA chusetts covers the year ending June 30, 1924, in its tw elfth
annual report. The total num ber of accidents reported during the
year was 164,746. However, b u t 60,439 were tabulatable, i. e.,
causing a loss of a t least one day or shift, usually eight hours. There
were 336 fatal cases, 8 cases of perm anent to tal disability, 1,193 of
perm anent partial disability, and 58,902 in which there was tem
porary to tal disability.
Costs aggregated $7,410,905.34, of which $2,370,530.59, or 32 per
cent of the total, covered medical aid; $964,772.12, or 13 per cent,
paym ents to dependents in fatal cases; and $4,075,602.63, or 55 per
cent, paym ents for disability. Average costs in each case were, for
medical aid, $22.08; for fatal cases, $3,226.66; and for nonfatal cases,
$ 100.
A weighted distribution of time loss is given, the total being 4,402,212 days, death being responsible for 45.8 per cent, tem porary
total disability 34.1 per cent, perm anent partial disability 19 per
cent, and perm anent total disability 1.1 per cent. T otal dependency
was involved in 232 of the 336 fatal cases, including 637 dependents.
In 53 cases 72 persons were partially dependent, while in the rem ain
ing 51 cases there was no dependency. Insurance existed in 284,
or 84.5 per cent, of the fatal cases; of all tabulatable injuries, 90.9
per cent'w ere insured.
Of the tem porary cases, 7,180 or 12.2 per cent, disability lasted
from 1 to 3 days; 14,551, or 25 per cent, from 4 to 7 days; 9,066, or
15.4 per cent, from 1 to 2 weeks, and 7,803, or 13.2 per cent, from 2
to 3 weeks. This accounts for 65.8 per cent of all tem porary dis
abilities, only 765 continuing more than 26 weeks and only 38 more
than one year. No compensation is due until seven days of in
capacity have elapsed, so th a t 37.2 per cent of the total were entitled
to nothing b u t medical benefits.
B y industries, iron and steel was responsible for the largest num ber
of tabulatable injuries^ 8,821, or 14.6 per cent of the total. T rade
was second, w ith 7,587 injuries, or 12.6 per cent of the to tal; followed
by textiles,_ 7,221; and building trades, 7,203, each 12 per cent;
transportation, road, etc., coming closely after w ith 7,062, or 11.7
per cent of the total. There is a sharp drop to 3,054, or 5 per cent
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GERM AN SALARIED E M PL O Y EE S * IN SU R A N C E
65
of the total, in the leather industry and 2,430 cases, or 4 per cent of the
total in lumber.
The greatest num ber of deaths was in transportation, road, etc.,
the num ber being 77, or 23 per cent of the total. Building trades come
next w ith 52 deaths, or 15.4 per cent, followed by trade w ith 38
cases of death, and iron and steel with 34. Though agriculture was
responsible for b u t 345 injuries, it had as m any deaths (6) as the
lum ber industry which had seven times as m any injuries. Though
textiles and the building trades had almost an equal num ber of
injuries, the former reported b u t 20 deaths and the la tte r 52.
However, the ratio is reversed when perm anent partial disabilities
are considered, textiles reporting 164 cases and the building trades
bu t 89. Injuries in agriculture involved an «average loss of 151 days
per case, “ others in tran sp o rtatio n ” coming next w ith 140 days,
chemicals following w ith an average of 104 days, and transportation,
road, etc., next with 101 days. The average in all industries was 72
days.
M ore than 10 times as many males were injured as females, the
num bers being 55,467 and 4,972 respectively. Of the fatal cases 328
were of males and 8 were of females.
The distribution of injuries by wages is given, the largest single
group reported, 4,852 (exclusive of the group receiving $30 and over),
receiving from $24 to $24.99 per week, the next higher group, num
bering 4,677, receiving from $25 to $25.99, while 3,095 received from
$22 to $22.99 and 3,029 from $27 to $27.99, M ore than 35 per cent
of the total (21,272) received $30 and over. The percentage of em
ployees who received $8 or less per week decreased from 0.8 p e rc e n t
in 1923 to 0.5 per cent in 1924. In the group “ $'30 and over,” there
was an increase from 26 per cent to 35.2 per cent in the corresponding
years.
O ther tables show location of injury (43.4 per cent being upper
extremities), nature (31.1 per cent being cuts, punctures, and lacera
tions), causes (30.2 per cent being due to the handling of objects), etc.
O ther tables show detailed distribution of machine accidents, con
dition of dependents, specific injury cases, etc.
As in other years, the report submits a brief statem ent as to unin
sured fatal cases, of which there were 52. In these such relief as was
obtained was by settlem ent, voluntary agreement, or legal procedure,
the actual am ount collected being $73,649, or 38.7 per cent of the
amounts called for by the workmen’s compensation act.
Care of the Sick Under the German Salaried Employees’ Insurance
System, 1913 to 1923
I
"1H E German salaried employees’ insurance system, which is com
pulsory for all salaried employees whose annual salary does not ex
ceed 6,000 m arks,1provides pensions for private salaried employees
who become superannuated or invalids. Like all other branches of
social insurance the salaried employees’ insurance also makes provi
sion for curative treatm ent. This treatm ent is the only voluntary
1 M a rk = 2 3 .8 cen ts.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
66
benefit granted to insured persons during the first 10 years insured.
I t is intended to prevent invalidity or to restore the working capacity
of persons already in receipt of an invalidity pension. Because of
the fear th a t owing to the depreciation of the currency the insurance
funds would not suffice even for the obligatory insurance benefits,
curative treatm en t was suspended for a short period in 1923, but
was resum ed on January 21, 1924, w ith the exception of dental tre a t
m ent and treatm ent of sexual diseases which were discontinued until
June 16, 1924.
The Germ an Statistical Office has recently published statistics on
curative treatm en t granted by the salaried employees’ insurance
based on a report of the directorate of the N ational Insurance In sti
tute, the carrier of salaried employees’ insurance.2 À sum m ary of
these statistics is given below.
T he num ber of requests for curative treatm ent disposed of and the
num ber of requests and kind of treatm ent granted during the period
1913 to 1925 are shown in Table 1 :
T able I . —R E Q U E S T S F O R C U R A T IV E T R E A T M E N T D I S P O S E D O F A N D R E Q U E S T S
G R A N T E D W IT H
M ANNER
OF T H E IR
D IS P O S A L , 1913 T O 1925
R e q u e sts g ra n te d
R e q u e sts
disposed
of
Y ear
lo is
_____ __________________
1921 ______________ ____ ________________-1922_____________________ ____ ____________
1923. ________________ _______ ____________
1924 _____________________________________
1925 _______ ____ ______________________
1913 to 1925. ........................ ....................... .........
9,125
55, 982
52,176
43, 376
38, 654
68, 362
469, 498
T re a tm e n t
in s a n a
to riu m s or
w ate rin g
places
D e n ta l
tr e a tm e n t
M ed icin es,
ap p lian ces,
etc.
4, 929
22,856
19,128
16, 323
19, 699
28, 963
213, 277
1,963
10,412
11,657
10,069
3,420
19, 038
85, 354
687
716
240
571
1,048
5,170
T o ta l
6,892
33, 955
31, 501
26, 632
23, 690
49, 049
303, 801
In considering the d a ta regarding requests for treatm ent it should
be noted th a t requests for curative treatm ent receive consideration
only if the insured person m aking the request has paid a t least 12
m onthly contributions during the three years preceding his request,
and th a t acute diseases, incurable cases, and cases in which restora
tion of working capacity can not be expected within a reasonable time
are excluded from curative treatm ent.
Table 1 shows th a t in •1924, following the period during which
curative treatm en t was suspended the num ber of requests for such
treatm ent fell off considerably as compared w ith preceding years.
In 1925, however, the num ber of requests m ade exceeded very con
siderably th a t of preceding years. The persons insured in the
salaried employees’ insurance num bered in round figures about
2 million in 1925, and one out of every 29 insured persons made
a request for curative treatm ent.
The curative treatm ents initiated in 1921 and 1922 were distributed
among the various age groups as shown in Table 2.
2 G e rm a n y .
S ta tis tis c h e s R e ic h s a m t.
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W irts c h a ft u n d S ta tis tik .
[ 282]
B erlin , M a y 14, 1926.
p p . 296-298.
GERMAN SALARIED EMPLOYEES INSURANCE
T able
2
67
.—D I S T R I B U T I O N O F C U R A T I V E T R E A T M E N T S G R A N T E D I N 1921 A N D 1922
B Y D IS E A S E G R O U P S , A G E G R O U P S , A N D S E X O F A P P L I C A N T S
P ersons tre a te d for—
O th e r diseases
D iseases of th e lu n g s
A ge gro u p
M ales
F em ales
M ale s
F e m a le s
N u m b e r P e r cent N u m b e r P e r cent N u m b e r P e r cen t N u m b e r P e r c e n t
16 to 19 y e a rs............................ . .
20 to 24 y e a rs______ ______
25 t o 29 y e a rs ...............................
30 t o 34 y e a rs .................................
35 to 39 y e a rs ______ __________
40 t o 44 y e a rs................................
45 to 49 y e a rs.................................
50 t o 54 y e a rs ................................
55 to 59 y e a r s ..............................
60 y e a rs a n d o v e r.............. .........
T o t a l. _______________
612
2,722
1, 823
1,073
638
477
355
206
107
29
7.6
33.9
22.7
13.3
7.9
5.9
4.4
2.6
1. 3
.4
915
3, 757
2,610
1, 253
674
297
124
49
20
4
9.5
39.1
27.2
13.1
6. 0
3.1
1.3
.5
.2
194
1,178
1, 366
1, 253
1, 073
1,094
1,171
1,002
766
365
2.1
12.4
14.4
13. 2
11.3
11.6
12.4
10. 6
8. 1
3. 9
450
3,308
3, 218
2,055
1, 258
883
639
401
222
68
3 .6
26.5
25. 7
16.4
10.1
7. 1
5. 1
3 .2
1.8
8, 042
100. 0
9, 603
100.0
9,462
100.0
12, 502
100. 0
According to Table 2, male insured persons 20 to 34 years of age,
who formed in 1921, and 1922, 46 per cent of all male insured persons,
accounted for 70 per cent of all the treatm ents for diseases of the lungs
and for 40 per cent of the treatm ents for other diseases granted to male
insured persons. The female insured persons of the same age groups,
who form ed 56 per cent of all female insured persons, accounted for
79 per cent of the treatm ents for diseases of the lungs and for 69 per
cent of the treatm ents for other diseases granted to female insured
persons.
Among persons insured in the salaried employees’ insurance the
sickness frequency is not only absolutely b u t also relatively greater
in the case of women th an in th a t of men—a situation also to be found
in the Germ an compulsory sickness insurance. This is indicated by
Table 3:
T able 3 . —S I C K N E S S F R E Q U E N C Y , B Y D IS E A S E A N D A G E G R O U P S A N D B Y S E X , 1922
of persons per 1,000 insured of
Number of per Number
respective age group to whom treat
sons insured
ment was granted for—
Age group
Diseases of the lungs
Males
Males
16 to 19 years.......................................... __
20 to 24 years................ ..........................
25 to 29 years.............. ......... ................... .
30 to 34 years.................. ............................
35 to 39 years__________________ ____
40 to 44 years...............................................
45 to 49 years..............................................
50 to 54 years.... .......................... ...............
55 to 59 years.......... .....................................
60 years a n d o v e r ................................................
Other diseases
Females
Females
Males
Females
204, 708
233, 710
159, 545
120,714
100,132
89, 317
78, 699
58, 635
42, 067
32, 831
253, 235
256, 237
133, 754
71,749
41, 749
27, 396
17, 989
10, 700
6, 406'
4,039
1.37
5. 58
5. 57
3.91
2. 90
2. 63
2.25
1. 67
.93
.37
1.80
7. 37
9. 50
8.35
6.32
5 . 00
2. 45
1.87
1. 87
.50
0.32
1.96
3. 56
4.39
4. 56
5. 09
6. 79
7. 62
8. 53
4. 96
0,62
5. 33
10.10
11.99
12. 36
12.96
15.12
14. 77
14. 36
5. 20
Total.................................. .............. 1,120, 358
823, 254
3.39
5. 70
3. 60
6.25
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68
M O N T H L Y LABOE BEV IEW
Table 3 shows th a t the frequency of curative treatm en t for diseases
of the lungs decreases w ith the increasing age of the insured person,
while th a t of treatm en t for other diseases increases. Fem ale insured
persons 25 to 34 years of age and male persons 20 to 29 years of age
are especially susceptible to tuberculosis of the lungs. B u t even
in the age groups of 20 to 24, and of 35 to 39 years the frequency of
diseases of the lungs among women exceeds the m aximum frequency
figure for men. In the case of women 35 to 39 years of age the rate
is over twice as great as in th a t of men of the corresponding age. _
Table 4 shows the clinical results of 142,021 curative treatm ents in
sanatorium s and w atering places (of which 57,270 were for diseases
of the lungs) covering the period 1913 to 1922:
T a b ie 4 . —C L I N I C A L R E S U L T S O F C U R A T I V E T R E A T M E N T S I N S A N A T O R I U M S A N D
W A T E R IN G
PLACES
GRANTED
D U R IN G
THE
P E R IO D
1913-1922
C ases d isch a rg ed as—
D isease
1913 to
1920
D iseases of th e lu n g s:
N u m b e r of cases tr e a te d ______________
P e r c e n t of cases t r e a t e d - ........................
O th e r diseases:
N u m b e r of cases t r e a t e d . . -------P e r c e n t of cases t r e a te d .. . . .
C u red
I m p ro v e d
U n im p ro v e d
1921 a n d
1922
1913 to
1920
1921 a n d
1922
1913 tó
1920
1921 a n d
1922
3,170
8.0
1,016
5.8
33,122
83.3
15, 227
86.9
3, 4 5 5
8.7
1, 280
7.3
1, 947
3. 1
513
2.4
47,101
74. 9
17, 353
79. 4
13, 851
22. 0
3, 986
18. 2
According to Table 4 the clinical results of treatm ents for diseases
of the lungs were far less favorable th an those of treatm ents for other
diseases. The table also shows th a t during the years_1921 and 1922
relatively more persons treated were discharged as im proved than
during the period 1913 to 1920, while the proportion of treatm ents
resulting in a complete cure was smaller in 1921 and 1922 than during
the period 1913-1920.
If the restoration to working capacity is considered, the results of
the curative treatm ents granted were much more favorable, as will be
seen from Table 5:
T able 5 .—R E S U L T S O F C U R A T I V E T R E A T M E N T I N S A N A T O R I U M S A N D W A T E R I N G
P L A C E S W I T H R E S P E C T T O R E S T O R A T I O N O F W O R K I N G C A P A C I T Y , 1913 T O 1922
C ases d isch a rg ed fro m tr e a tm e n t as—
D isease
U n a b le to w o rk
1913 to
1920
D iseases of th e lu n g s:
N u m b e r o f cases tr e a te d _____ _________
P e r c e n t o f cases tr e a te d ............................
O th e r diseases:
N u m b e r of cases tre a te d
......................
P e r c e n t of cases tr e a te d ...... ......................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1921 a n d
1922
W o rk in g c a p a c ity
d o u b tfu l
1913 to
1920
1921 a n d
1922
A b le to w o rk
1913 to
1920
1921 a n d
1922
3,948
9.9
1,291
7.4
2,280
5. 7
1,415
8. 1
33, 564
84. 4
14,816
84.5
2,149
3.4
527
2. 4
2,150
3. 4
743
3 .4
58, 579
93. 2
20, 582
94.2
[2S4]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
69
Statistics of Swedish Sick Funds, 1922 to 1924
H E R E is no State insurance against sickness in Sweden, such
insurance being provided for chiefly by the num erous sick-relief
funds founded on private initiative. Although m ost of these
funds have been founded within the last 50 years, they nevertheless
owe their origin, as in other European countries, to the old guild
institutions of the M iddle Ages. The Swedish sick-benefit funds
are regulated by and receive subsidies from the S tate through the act
of July 4, 1910, and the decrees of June 30,1913, and October 11, 1920.
One of the divisions of the social board registers and supervises the
sick funds and distributes the Governm ent subsidies.
In case of sickness, members receive either hospital, medical, and
pharm aceutical treatm ent, or a cash paym ent varying from 0.90 to 8
kronor.1 The cash paym ent is not granted unless the sickness lasts
more th an three days. D eath benefits, which m ay no t exceed 500
kronor, m ay be paid in addition to sickness and m aternity benefits.
The assessments of the members m ust be fixed in advance, b u t addi
tional contributions m ay be required if the receipts of the fund do
not cover the expenditures. No one is allowed to hold membership
in more th an one sick fund, but there are supplem entary funds which
pay benefits to members of sick funds who have exhausted their
rights to benefits from th a t source.
The social board has recently published a bulletin 2 giving statistics
on the operation of the sick funds during the years 1922-1924.
These statistics are briefly summarized below:
The num ber of Swedish registered sick funds steadily increased from
221^ in 1892 to 2,424 in 1909. Beginning w ith 1910 the num ber
of funds decreased considerably, by the end of 1924 the num ber of
registered funds being only 1,264, or about half the num ber registered
in 1909. The to tal membership of the funds, however, has steadily
increased from year to year, w ith the exception of 1911, 1915, and
1921, when there were slight decreases. In 1924 the average mem ber“
ship of the sick funds was 768,040, as compared w ith 742,365 in 1923,
with 728,004 in 1922, and with 24,735 in 1892. In 1920, the year of
the last Swedish population census, 17.2 per cent of the to tal popula
tion over 15 years of age was insured against sickness. Of the to tal
sick fund membership in 1924, 490,588, or 63.9 per cent, were males,
and 277,452, or 36.1 per cent, were females. Of the ordinary sick
funds in existence in 1924, 1,056 insured both men and women, 163
m en only, and 31 women only.
In addition to the ordinary sick funds, there were in 1924, 33 sup
plem entary funds w ith a membership of 89,342.
In 1924, 1,165 funds insured their members against both sickness
and death, and 99 against sickness only. According to the law gov
erning sick funds, those funds which grant death benefits only can
not be registered. This does not, however, prevent funds which
insure against both sickness and death from paying death benefits
only to certain members. In 1924, 618,521 members were insured
T
1Krona at par=26.8 cents; exchange rate approximately at par.
2Sweden. Social departementet. Socialstyrelsen. Sveriges officiella Statistik, Forsakringsvasen.
Registrerade Sjukkassor &ren 1922-1924. Stockholm, 1926. 113 pp.
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[285]
70
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
against both sickness and death, 130,086 against sickness only, and
19,433 against death only.
T h a t p a rt of the report under review which deals w ith m orbidity
statistics covers only those cases of sickness for which a pecuniary
benefit was granted. In 1924 the ordinary sick funds compensated
237,873 cases of sickness of an average duration of 26.3 days per case.
The corresponding figures for 1923 were 210,238 and 27.3. The sup
plem entary funds compensated in 1924, 2,246 cases of sickness of an
average duration of 71.8 days per case, as against 2,075 cases of an
average duration of 70.8 days in 1923. In the ordinary sick funds the
average duration of sickness per case in 1924 was 23.8 days for men
and 32.4 days for women, as against 24.9 and 33.1 days, respectively,
in 1923.
Of the registered sick funds in 1924, 486 provided m aternity bene
fits for their female members. These funds had 213,944 female
mem bers and compensated 9,356 cases of confinement of an average
duration of 29.1 days per case.
_ The following table shows the revenues and disbursements of the
sick funds in 1924 as compared with 1922 and 1923:
RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS OF SWEDISH SICK FUNDS, 1922 TO 1924
[Krona at par=26.8 cents; exchange rate was approximately at par in 1924]
Item
1
Ordinary
sick
funds
Supple
men
All sick
tary
funds
sick
funds
Item
R e c e ip ts
K ro n o r
K ro n o r
K ro n o r
18,134, 794 415, 577
18,405,336 440,159
18, 550,372
18' 845', 495
14, 737, 725 285, 420
2, 775, 059 69,061
15, 023,145
2, 844,120
1924:
Contributions of
members_____
State subsidies.._
Communal subsidies ______
Employers’ subsidies________
Interest .
__
Other receipts__
Total______
Supple
men All sick
tary
funds
sick
funds
D is b u r s e m e n ts
K ronor
1922___________
1923_____________
Ordinary
sick
funds
1922
1923
K ro n o r
K ronor
Ifi 739 99f)
i s ’ 693! 904 386! 700
16! OSo! 604
Sick benefits.
Hospital treatment. ______
Medical care ...
Medicines
Maternity bene. fits
Death benefits
Adm inistrative
expenses ____
Other expenses...
12,848, 351 311, 661
13,160, 013
54, 531
42, 970
2,261, 329
237, 335
Total____ _
17,102, 088 419, 556
17, 521,544
1924:
264, 516
82, 494
347, 011
270, 037
1,160, 039
581, 638
216
29, 378
6, 956
270, 253
1,189,416
' 588, 593
19, 789, 014 473, 524
20,202, 539
24, 593
333,958
111,408
1, 543
8, 750
309 058
i, 073! 557
309, 058
1, 073, 557
2, 208, 798
194,366
26,136
312, 709
111, 408
The net assets of both ordinary and supplem entary sick funds
combined am ounted in 1922 to 23,807,069 kronor, in 1923 to 26,451,487 kronor, and in 1924 to 29,132,735 kronor, or on an average
to 29.48, 32.00, and 33.98 kronor per mem ber respectively.
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C O O P E R A T IO N
Present Position of the Cooperative Movement1
H E R E are few m ethods better calculated to educate and dis
cipline the minds of the workers than cooperation. * * *
To-day the m ovem ent affects more than 50 countries, and
there are more th an 50,000 organizations which include thirty-five
or forty million members. D uring the last 10 or 15 years the num ber
of m embers of retail distributive societies has increased in some coun
tries to three tim es its original figure, for instance in Germ any, where
it reaches nearly 4,000,000, or in France or Sweden, while in Finland
the num ber has even quadrupled. In some countries again, e. g.,
Finland, G reat B ritain (4,702,868 m embers in 1924), and Switzer
land, 10 per cent of the population are members of consumers’
cooperative societies. The members are m ost frequently heads of
families, which implies th a t in these countries more th an one-third
of the population m akes p a rt of its purchases through cooperative
organizations. The English and Scottish Cooperative Wholesale
Societies are responsible for selling one-seventh of the total am ount of
tea and sugar consumed in G reat B ritain. The Swedish cooperative
societies already distribute 25 per cent of the dry bread consumed in
Sweden. To quote the m ost impressive of all the examples available,
the turnover of the B ritish retail cooperative societies is no t far short
of £200,000,009 and th a t of the cooperative wholesale societies
exceeds £90,000,000. The English Cooperative Wholesale Society
alone (w ithout including the Scottish Wholesale Cooperative Society)
is the largest commercial undertaking, the largest m anufacturer, and
the largest landowner in England. I t includes more than 100 under
takings in some 40 of the m ost varied branches of industry, and its
output, which has doubled within the last 10 years, is now nearly
£30,000,000. The cooperative societies in G reat B ritain employed,
in 1924, 207,211 employees and workers, whose annual wages
am ounted to £25,596,587.
N ot only in G reat B ritain, b u t also in Czechoslovakia, Finland,
France, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, and all the great European
countries, the consumers’ cooperative m ovem ent has become a large
employer of paid labor through its ever-expanding system of retail
shops and through its local, district, or national productive under
takings. All the different labor problems, all the problems with
which the [International Labor] Office deals, are raised directly one
after another in the working of these societies, large and small—on
their boards of m anagement, in national and international cooper
ative congresses, in connection w ith collective agreements, local or
national, or by means of proposed international agreements.
1Extracts from report by Mr. Albert Thomas, director of the International Labor Office, to the eighth
session of the International Labor Conference, May 26, at Geneva. From press release No. 36 of the
International Labor Office.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
I t is generally adm itted th a t cooperative societies have endeavored
to institute and m aintain model conditions of work for their staff.
So far as they are perm itted by com petition and the interests of their
members they have, w ith regard to hours of work, wages, insurance,
holidays w ith pay, and the prevention and settlem ent of disputes,
usually preceded and sometimes prepared the progress of labor legis
lation. By reason of the solutions which they have succeeded in
finding, solutions sometimes original b u t always based upon justice
and fair treatm ent between the various legitim ate interests, they
offer the different research services of the Office a rich field of observa
tion and social experiment.
The p a rt played by cooperation in all its forms since the revolu
tion in world (especially European) economic conditions, and the
services which it has rendered to the working classes and even to
public adm inistrations, the im portance of which can scarcely be
overestim ated, surely deserve to be carefully recorded. D uring the
war, in practically all the belligerent and in m any of the neutral
countries of Europe, the public authorities, faced suddenly w ith the
serious and complicated problem of feeding the populace, hastened
to turn to the cooperative societies, in which they recognized the
best and frequently the only means of large-scale distribution, and
the Governm ent departm ents appealed to their disinterested help in
distributing the provisions directly bought by the S tate or in helping
to keep down prices. Since then, practically and unobtrusively the
cooperative societies have continued and developed their beneficial
work.
I t is in those countries which have been m ost seriously affected by
the economic crisis th a t the p a rt played by the cooperative move
m ent is m ost noticeable.
The position of the cooperative m ovem ent in all its forms has been
won by recognition of the em inent services which it has rendered, the
value of which has more particularly appeared during recent years,
of its undeniable educative value from the economic and social point
of view, of the huge num bers comprised w ithin its organizations, and
of work done by the men of vision and the adm inistrators who have
been engaged and trained in the m ovem ent, and it is now more and
more called upon to take its p a rt in those increasingly frequent assem
blies where the different interests of the com m unity are represented
or in which expert bodies collaborate to assist the public authorities
or help in the economic adm inistration of the country.
In its work for economic reconstruction based on respect for the
rights of labor and the principles of justice for the workers, the co
operative m ovem ent will play its p a rt side by side with the em
ployers’ or workers’ associations in the general activities of the
International Labor Office. Cooperation stands firmly for security
and progress.
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r28Sl
LA B O R O R G A N IZA TIO N S A N D C O N G R ESSES
Proceedings of American Seamen’s Convention, 1926
M ONG the m atters discussed in the reports of Andrew Furuseth,
President of the International Seamen’s Union of America, to
the 29th annual convention of th a t body, held in Baltim ore,
January 11-19, 1926, were the employing of orientals on vessels oper
ated by the U nited States Fleet Corporation, recent m erchant marine
conferences, employers’ liability or workm en’s compensation with
reference to seamen, sea power and how it is developed, the smug
gling of im m igrants and narcotics, congressional bills concerning
seamen, and court decisions of interest to seamen, especially the ‘one
upholding section 2 of the seam en’s act, and reversing Federal lower
courts which had ruled th a t “ a seaman was guilty of desertion if he
left a vessel th a t did not observe the law .” 1
The vital im portance of the International Seafarers’ Federation to
the members of the International Seamen’s Union of America was
emphasized by Victor A. Olander, secretary-treasurer of the latter
organization, who declared th a t th a t federation “ is the one effective
m edium by which we can m aintain direct and continuous affiliation
w ith the N ational Sailors’ and Firem en’s Union of G reat B ritain and
the trade-union organization of seamen in continental E urope.”
M r. Olander also stressed the im portance of his organization’s being
represented a t the International Labor Conferences dealing with the
interests of seamen and pointed out th a t the proposed international
code for seamen would not only be disadvantageous to European
seamen b u t would be “ extremely dangerous” to American seamen
as, if adopted, it would greatly interfere w ith the seam en’s act even
if the code were not accepted by the United States.
I t was stated at one of the sessions th a t sooner or later the In te r
national Seam en’s Union of America m ust set itself to carrying out
the program , indorsed at several previous conventions, for the im
provem ent of the standards of seamenship and skill in the American
M erchant M arine.
Reports were read on the conditions of various constituent unions.
The com m ittee of the whole directed the legislative comm ittee to
work for the passage of a Federal seam en’s compensation law, pro
vided, how ever,'that such act “ shall not modify any existing rem edy.”
A
Austrian Free Unions in 1925
H p i I E A ustrian Federation of Free Social-Democratic Unions
(Reichsgewerkschaftslcommission) 1ms recently issued its annual
report, for the year 1925, on the developm ent of the member1Seamen’s Journal, San Francisco, February, 1926, p. 39.
2254°— 26t-
6
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
74
ship of its affiliated unions and on their finanical condition.1 In the
year under review A ustria underw ent the worst economic crisis since
the end of the war, and unem ploym ent reached unprecedented levels.
These conditions are reflected in the report. They caused a further
decrease in the to tal m embership of the affiliated unions, and it is a
notew orthy fact th a t ever since 1919 the curve of the membership
m ovem ent of the federation has had an upw ard tendency whenever
the unem ploym ent curve m anifested a downward tendency and vice
versa, as m ay be seen from the following table:
MOVEMENT OF MEM BERSHIP OF FREE UNIONS AND OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN
AUSTRIA, 1919 TO 1925
Membership at end of year
Year
Male
19191.. 1___________ ____ _____ ______
1920______________________ _____
1921__ ___________________
1922__________________________
1923______________________
1924____________
1925____________________ ______
578,983
685, 645
818, 237
817, 237
692, 839
:637,104
621, 593
Female
193,163
215,175
261, 540
232,712
203, 924
190,984
185,922
Total
772,146
900, 820
1,079, 777
1, 049, 949
896, 763
828, 088
'807, 515 :
Average
number of
registered
unem
ployed
147,192
32, 217
32,418
79, '094
143, 962
126, 518
183, 626
T he preceding table shows th a t the m em bership of the free unions
in A ustria reached its highest level in 1921 when unem ploym ent
was very low. In 1922 the membership began to decrease slightly,
w ith increasing unemployment. In 1923 unem ploym ent increased
rapidly and the m em bership of the free unions fell to 896,763,
as com pared w ith 1,079,777 in 1921. In 1924 there was an apparent
im provem ent in the economic situation b u t it was of short duration
and a t the end of the year unem ploym ent was m uch more extensive
than a t its beginning, and the union membership fell a t the end of the
year to 828,088. In 1925 the economic situation grew still worse
and the m embership decreased to 807,515, a loss of 20,573 members
(2.5 per cent) as com pared w ith 1925. I t should, moreover, be noted
th a t in 1925 the federation of communal em ployees w ith 30,205
mem bers affiliated w ith the federation of free unions. If these
30,205 members are not included in the total membership, the mem
bership loss of the free unions for the year 1925 am ounts to 50,778
members (6.1 per cent).
Of the 807,515 members of the free unions, 521,967 were m anual
workers, 105,855 were private salaried employees, and 179,693
were public employees. The m embership was distributed among
45 central federations and 8 State or local unions. The local unions
num bered 3,050. The following unions had the largest mem bership:
M etal workers (114,619), railroad men (86,399), building trades
(62,249),_ public employees (50,743), textile workers (40,836), and
workers in food industries (40,100).
The financial report shows th a t in spite of the unfavorable general
economic situation the revenues of the free unions am ounted to
20,582,452 schilling 2 as compared w ith 14,936,214 schilling in 1924.
*UewerteduMbcomnds^on Oesterreichs. Arbeit und Wirtschaft. Vienna, June 1, 1926, pp. 458-486.
2 Schillings 14.125 cents.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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TRADE-UNIONS IN NEW ZEALAND
75
The expenditures increased, however, at a higher ratio than the
revenues, 16,884,170 schilling, having been disbursed in 1925, as
against 10,454,795 in 1924. Of the total disbursements of the unions,
24.6 per cent w ent for benefits (exclusive of strike benefits th e ¡amount
of which is not shown in the report) to members, 2.5 per cent for
legal aid, 7.6 per cent for publications (official organs, etc.), 1.6
per cent for educational purposes, 13.7 per cent for organization and
propaganda, 24.4 per cent for adm inistration (salaries, rents, supplies,
etc.), an d 25.6 for miscellaneous purposes.
According to the census of M arch 7, 1923, the A ustrian Republic
had a population of 6,526,661 inhabitants. Since the free unions
had a m embership of 807,515, in 1925, one out of every eight persons
of the population was a mem ber of a free union.
Growth of Trade-Unions in New Zealand
R A D E -U N IO N ISM has had a legal status in New Zealand,
according to the official Yearbook of th a t country for 1926,
since 1878, when a trade-union act was passed exempting
unions from liability to criminal prosecution for conspiracy on the
ground th a t they were acting in restraint of trade. U nder this act
unions were to be registered and to subm it annual returns as to
finances, membership, and the like, bu t in deference to their desire
to keep their affairs private their membership returns were never
published. Consequently, there is no record of their growth up to
1900. In th a t year an amended and consolidated act was passed,
setting up m achinery for conciliation and arbitration, and providing
for annual returns from all unions registered under the act. The
mem bership returns . furnished in accordance w ith this provision
have been regularly published by the departm ent of labor.
The figures thus secured show th a t the num ber of unions has
risen from 175 in 1900 to 402 at th e close of 1924, arid the m em ber
ship from 17,989 to 96,822. There are probably some duplications
in the m embership figures, as a worker m ay belong to more than one
union, b u t it is believed th a t this factor of error is not sufficiently
large to affect the general accuracy of the returns. The m em ber
ship showed a steady growth from 1900 to 1914, in which year it
reached 73,991. The breaking out of the w ar was followed by an
im m ediate drop to 67,661 in 1915, succeeded by a rise to 71,587 in
1916. Around this figure it fluctuated till 1919, when it began to
rise rapidly, reaching its highest point, 97,719, in 1921. In 1924
it stood a t 96,822.
The various industrial groups differed widely in the num ber and
m embership of their unions, as shown in the following ta b le .
T
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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MONTHLY LABOE EEVIEW
76
NUMBER AND MEMBERSHIP OF REGISTERED UNIONS, DECEMBER 31, 1924
Num
ber of Mem
ber
regis
ship
tered
unions
Industrial group
___________
Food, drink, etc
Clothing, boots, etc . ________
Textiles and weaving _
Building
_ ________
Wood manufacture
__
Paner manufacture and printings.
Metal works and engineering____
Other manufactures
45
21
9
63
21
15
35
38
9,998
5,814
1,850
13j 095
5,610
2,562
5,410
1,953
Num
ber of Mem
regis bertered ship
unions
Industrial group
Mining, etc___ _____ _ _______
Agricultural and pastoral_______
Land transport______________
Shipping and cargo working____
Hotels, restaurants, etc..................
Miscellaneous....... .........................
19
12
23
31
13
57
2, 599
2, 428
16,820
10j 661
7, 772
10, 250
Total__________________
402
96,822
Land transport, which is exceeded in num ber of unions by five
industrial groups, shows decidedly the largest m em bership, due to
two railroad unions which together have a m em bership of 11,964.
The building trades lead in the num ber of unions and sta n d second
in m embership, followed a t a considerable distance by shipping and
cargo working, and by the trades connected w ith food and drinks.
The actual num ber of trade-unions and union members in an
industrial group are of course less significant than the proportion
which the unionized workers in th a t group bear to its total workers.
This ratio can not be brought up to date, for the latest figures as to
the industrial distribution of wage earners are those of the census,
taken in April, 1921. Comparing w ith these d a ta the membership
of the registered unions on December 31, 1920, the following ratios
are obtained:
RATIO OF REGISTERED TRADE-UNIONISTS TO TOTAL WAGE EARNERS
W age
earn ers
In d u s tria l group
F o o d , d rin k , e t c . _____ ____________________________ ____ _______
C lo th in g a n d d ra p e ry m a n u fa c tu re ___________ ______ ____ :_______
T ex tiles a n d w e a v in g ____________________ . _ . . ___ ____________
B u d d in g c o n s tru c tio n , e t c _______________________________ _________
S aw m illing, fo re stry , e t c . . __________________________________ _____
P a p e r m a n u fa c tu re a n d p r in tin g _______ _________________________
M e ta l w o rk in g a n d en g in eerin g _____________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
O th er m a n u fa c tu re s __________ ____________________ _ _
______
M in in g a n d q u a rry in g ________________________________ _ __ ____
A g ric u ltu ra l a n d j> astoral________________________ _____ __________
H o tels, re s ta u ra n ts , e t c ____________________________________________
L a n d tr a n s p o r t- - _ _ _
________
_
_ _
__ _______
S h ip p in g a n d cargo w o rk in g ___________________________________ _
19,127
15j 848
3^ 427
18,480
12, 904
, 366
10, 838
10, 757
7,485
55, 549
36, 058
24,161
16,474
6
R eg istered
tra d e -u n
io n ists
12,467
6,846
1,618
9,914
4, 656
2, 279
5, 111
2,026
4,049
1,798
, 757
13,150
14, 079
8
P ercen tag e
u n io n ists
form of
w age
ea rn e rs
65
43
47
54
36
36
47
19
54
3
24
54
85
Shipping and cargo working show by far the largest proportion of
union members, furnishing, also, the largest single group of tradeunionists. W orkers connected w ith the food and drink trades stand
second in percentage of membership, while land transport, building
and construction, and mining and quarrying all show the same per
centage (54) of unionists. Agricultural and pastoral workers, who
far outnum ber any other group, have only 3 per cent of their num ber
on the union rolls. The group of “ other m anufactures” shows 19
per cent, and hotel and restau ran t workers 24 per cent of union
members, no other group being less than one-third unionized, and
the proportion runs up to over four-fifths.
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[292]
W O R K E R S’ E D U C A T IO N A N D TR A IN IN G
Wisconsin Federation of Labor’s Educational Conference
H E purpose of the Wisconsin Federation of Labor in calling a
State-wide conference on education held in M ilwaukee April 9
and 10, 1926, is set forth as follows in the published proceed
ings 1 of the m eeting:
T
1.
T o b rin g to o u r m em bers a n d to th e w orkers generally a b e tte r u n d e rs ta n d
ing of all ed u catio n al ac tiv itie s a n d to fam iliarize th e m w ith th e purposes, fu n c
tions, a n d value of th e different p ublic in s titu tio n s of learning.
2.
T o create a g re a te r recognition of th e need of c o n sta n t a tte n tio n to th e
various b ran ch es of edu catio n .
3.
T o afford every person th e a d v a n ta g e of know ing w h a t p a rtic u la r b ra n c h or
school is b est su ited to his p a rtic u la r needs.
4.
T o em phasize th e need of ev ery person to m a in ta in co n tin u o u s c o n ta c t
w ith som e school by creatin g a general desire for le arn in g on th e p a rt of a d u lts
as well as m inors.
5.
T o exchange ideas to w a rd possible im p ro v em en t in th e general sy stem of
ed ucation.
6. To co n tin u e la b o r’s tra d itio n a l leadership in e d u catio n al endeavor.
7.
To bring a b o u t th e g re a te st degree of cooperation in th e develo p m en t of
our schools.
N ot only were all local unions, city and State labor bodies, and
women’s labor auxiliary organizations asked to designate delegates
to attend the conference, b u t invitations were extended to experts
in special lines of education to take p a rt in the program , which was
a very broad one. The subjects of the addresses ranged from the
kindergarten to the S tate university and included discussions on the
new elem entary school, the junior high school, the library as a sup
plem ent to education, training teachers for the new education,
financing our schools, a square deal for the country child, and the
money value of education.
Among the titles of the papers correlated more closely with labor
problems were ‘‘Part-tim e education,” “ Reclam ation by rehabili
ta tio n ,” “Apprenticeship an indispensable branch of education,”
and “ W orkers’ education.”
In tracing the growth and development of part-tim e education,
D r. R . L. Cooley, director of the Milwaukee Continuation School,
stated th a t w hat is now known as the part-tim e school was inaugu
rated in the U nited States in Wisconsin under an act passed by the
legislature of th a t State in 1911. He also m ade the following inter
esting comparison:
W here o th e r S tates h a v e followed W isconsin’s lead th e y h a v e failed in m an y
in stan ces to see t h a t w h a t W isconsin h a d p la n n e d w as a d u lt ed u catio n . T hey
failed to see th e in s titu tio n as th e first ro u n d of th e la d d e r of a d u lt e d u catio n
in stead of th e la s t ro u n d in th e la d d e r of childhood ed u catio n . T h e re s u lt w as
th a t th e young people felt in such in s ta n c e s t h a t th e y w ere being forced b ack
in to sh o rt p a n ts one d ay each w eek. W here, how ever, th e W isconsin conception
prevailed, th e y could be exp ected to feel— a n d we h av e in th e m ain n o t been
d isap p o in ted — t h a t th e y h a d em b a rk e d upo n a d u lt life.
1American Federation of Labor (Wisconsin branch). Proceedings of educational conference under
auspices of Wisconsin State Federation of Labor, Milwaukee, Wis., Apr. 0 and 10, 1926. Milwaukee, 1926.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Referring to the frequent opposition to part-tim e schools on the
ground th a t they decrease the earning power of the student group
during the years of attendance at such schools, he said this objection
was not founded on fact, b u t if it were, the instruction received
m ight even be w orth the tem porary money loss. H e declared th a t
if the M ilwaukee vocational school were to close “ it would be the
equivalent of turning 2,500 young people out, full tim e, upon the
child labor m arket. U ndoubtedly the young people would be
working the six days for w hat they now receive in five.”
M r. Joseph H. Brown, assistant supervisor of civilian rehabilita
tion emphasized the im portance of inculcating m oral courage in
handicapped persons and also the value of vocational guidance to
individuals who have little or no comprehensive knowledge regarding
their aptitudes or their opportunities.
A m uch larger percentage of high school graduates is going into the
trades th an formerly, according to M r. W alter Simon, supervisor of
apprenticeship under the Wisconsin Industrial Commission. He
called, attention to the growing realization th a t in the industries an
enormous am ount of technical and other knowledge m ust be acquired
in order to succeed.
T his m ass of know ledge is still in a chaotic s ta te as c o m p ared to th e o rd erly an d
w ell p la n n e d cu rricu la of o u r schools. In m o st in d u strie s th e id e a still p rev ails
t h a t th e young m a n e n te rin g th e m as a life’s w ork m u st re ly on him self alone to
learn th e business. If he h a s th e rig h t stu ff in h im he w ill succeed a n d if n o t he
w ill rem ain a t th e b o tto m . B ecause of t h a t th e o ry , th e th e o ry t h a t he m u st leave
all guidance a n d encou rag em en t b eh in d him w hen lie leaves school, m a n y rem ain
a t th e b o tto m to th e d e trim e n t of th e in d u stry .
M r. Lloyd M . Crosgravc, assistant secretary of the W orkers’ E d u
cation Bureau, listed seven of the m ost im portant activities of
organized labor th a t are f undam entally educational in purpose, as fol
lows: (1) W orkers’ colleges; (2) open forums and lectures a t regular
union m eetings; (3) workers’ libraries; (4) educational articles in labor
publications; (5) labor chautauquas and sim ilar groups; (6) the two
lull-tim e labor colleges—Brookwood and Com m onwealth; (7) edu
cational activities of labor federation conventions. His address,
however, was m ainly devoted to workers’ colleges and the workers’
education bureau. The former, he declared, were giving the in
dividual worker a norm al intellectual activity, m aking him more
useful to his union and the comm unity, and aiding him to become a
better bargainer in the labor m arket.
Prof. John R. Commons m ade some valuable suggestions regarding
the possibilities of cooperative constructive research by labor organi
zations and students of the U niversity of Wisconsin. As a result of
“d ig -it-u p ” activities of this kind, he thinks th a t we shall “ be in a
position in this S tate to have as fine a workers’ education m ovem ent
as we can find anywhere in the world.”
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WORKERS' EDUCATION AND TRAINING
79
Workers’ institutes in Finland 1
I
N FIN L A N D the average laborer was unable to avail himself of
the public extension colleges of his country because of the time
and expense involved. In order to m eet their educational needs,
therefore, the workers began about 1899 to set up their own institutes
in the cities and towns, the m ovem ent being stim ulated by the cur
tailm ent, under Russian rule, of certain rights and privileges which
had been granted under the Finnish constitution. I t was felt th a t it
was “ m ost im portant th a t every m an in the country be educated to
live in freedom, although apparently robbed of i t.” Brief lecture
courses were inaugurated for the workers, who were so eager to learn
th a t ordinary classroom work was also started.
New legislation of 1906 accorded every m an and woman in F in
land the franchise. Education wms regarded as im perative. E xist
ing workers’ institutes were overrun w ith students and additional
institutes were organized. D uring the W orld W ar the m ovem ent
was, oi course, retarded, b u t after the civil w ar which broke out in
I inland in 1918, the workers’ educational m ovem ent expanded con
siderably. Before 1918 there were 10 workers’ institutes, and at
present there are approxim ately 40. They show a tendency to
spread ail over the country. The total membership is close to 20,000,
the small institutes having from 50 to 150 members, while the larger
undertakings average from 300 to 500 or more members. The
Helsinki W orkers’ In stitu te has a membership of from 5,000 to 6,000.
The Union of W orkers’ In stitu tes endeavors to extend the move
m ent and acts as a central agency in various m atters for its affiliated
undertakings.
The institutes are open in the evenings, so that all who wish can attend them
while pursuing their daily occupations. They provide popular lectures, classes in
the principal elementary subjects, instruction in handwork and domestic economy,
a. library, evenings for discussion, social evenings, popular festivals and excur
sions, and in general try to interest their members in educational pursuits. They
keep out of social, political, and religious party quarrels, accepting as members
citizens of every denomination.
As a rule the institutes are the property of the comm unity, although
some of them are owned by special guaranty associations and some
by industrial firms.
i hese educational undertakings are m anaged by comm ittees upon
which there are ordinarily workers’ representatives. Every insti
tute has a director who m ay or m ay not devote his whole time to the
office. Some of the institutes also have directoresses for women’s
education. A ssistant lecturers and teachers are drawn from the
teaching forces of the local schools. Roughly speaking, the terms
of the institutes run from Septem ber 15 to December 15 and from
January 15 to April 15.
Fhe Governm ent appropriates funds to m eet approxim ately 50
per _cent oi the expenses of the institutes, such enterprises being
subject to the inspection of the board of schools.
I/1 I hdand there is an ever-broadening realization of the immense
social significance of the m ovem ent for adidt workers’ education.
1Workers’ Education. New York, May, 1926. Adult Education in Finland, by Viile Hynynen, pp. 1-5.
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Application of the Apprenticeship Tax in France 1
N A P P R E N T IC E S H IP tax was provided for in article 25 of
the French financial law passed July 13, 1925. By the terms
of the law a so-called apprenticeship tax is imposed on every
person or organization engaged in industrial, commercial, or mining
enterprises, w ith certain exceptions, whose annual pay roll amounts to
more than 10,000 francs.
The tax is to be used to extend the work of trade, commercial, and
industrial schools, of the national vocational schools, and of occupa
tional or other courses which have for their object the restoration of
* apprenticeship training or the preparation of young people for a com
mercial or industrial occupation, and also to extend the development
of scientific laboratories.
A decree dated January 9, 1926, fixes the conditions under which
the law is to be carried out. By the term s of this decree the head of
each enterprise subject to the tax is required to furnish a statem ent to
the prefect of the departm ent before M arch 1 of each year showing the
total am ount paid out in wages, salaries, and bonuses during the
preceding year; the num ber of workers over 18 years, and the num ber
under 18, including the num ber of apprentices; and the am ounts
paid out in connection with the m aintenance of occupational and
technical courses for the employees of the establishment.
If the am ounts expended for educational purposes seem to be suffi
cient to justify a claim for exemption from paym ent of all or p a rt of
the tax, the D epartm ental Com m ittee of Technical Education, which
has charge of the enforcement of the law, makes an investigation
through its own inspectors, the labor inspectors, or mining engineers,
to determine w hether or not the exemption is justified. This com
m ittee fixes the am ount of the tax due from each enterprise after
examining all the data subm itted to it. The com m ittee is required
to hold a special session each year before the first of June, for the
purpose of m aking up the tax registers, a t which meeting an equal
num ber of employers and employees from the different industries are
represented.
A
'Bulletin du Ministère du Travail et de l'Hygiène, July-September, 1925, pp. 110-112; JanuaryMarch, 1926, pp. 15-20.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
/
R EH A B ILITA TIO N
Training and Placement Methods in Civilian Rehabilitation
M
E TH O D S of training and placement are outstanding subjects
in the report of the proceedings of the N ational Conference
on Vocational R ehabilitation of' the Disabled Civilian, which
was held a t Cleveland Septem ber 29-October 2, 1925, and the pro
ceedings of which have been recently published.1
Training
C R E A K IN G on the feasibility of training methods, W. W. G rant,
supervisor of rehabilitation in Iowa, m ade a distinction between
the cases of young or im m ature persons and those of m ature per
sons. The m ature disabled should, in his judgm ent, be restored
to em ploym ent a t the earliest possible m om ent “ either with or with
out lim ited practical training.” If they have had stable employment
their retu rn to work will be facilitated by friendly employers and
fellow workmen. The difficulties of getting good results from per
sons who have been unstable in em ploym ent are emphazised. I t is
because these unstable trainees are troublesome and therefore con
spicuous th a t m any think of them “ as our largest group.”
H e considers it inadvisable to pursue the policy of lim ited training
w ith the younger group, which has the natu ral advantage of youth.
In dealing w ith this group it seems very im portant, however, “ th at
all hands think in term s of ultim ate jobs rath er than courses of
stu d y .” E ach case is a problem in itself. The greatest differences
in disabled persons are in “ the push and am bition and ‘the will to d o 7
and their natu ral opportunities for doing it.” U nfortunately, many,
even after they are trained, lack self-confidence, personality, morale,
social contact, initiative, and faith.
Russell R. Clarke, assistant supervisor of rehabilitation, Illinois,
defined supervision as “ the acts of assisting the client in selecting the
proper vocation, in securing the right preparation, in seeing th a t he
receives the best possible training available; th a t he obtains the job
for which he is prepared; th a t he takes full advantage of his oppor
tunities; and th a t he does not take advantage of his State and Gov
ernm ent.”
A trainee in an average business house or factory requires closer
supervision by the rehabilitation officer than a trainee in school.
Although training on the job is not so extensively used as school
training, the former m ethod has in m any cases produced highly
satisfactory results. Air. G rant questioned w hether it showed
sound judgm ent to have a great variety of training. He suggested
the advisability of studying the m arket. If the disabled m an is
trained for an unusual occupation, a change of conditions m ay throw
1Proceedings published by the Federal Board for Vocational Education.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
V
him out of work perm anently. The possibility m ight also serve as a
caution against too free use of correspondence courses.
T he m ost critical stage in supervision is th a t of the adjustm ent of
the réhabilitant to the job he takes after having finished his training.
Field agents’ visits should continue long enough after placem ent to
m ake sure rehabilitation is actually completed.
S. S. Riddle, of the Pennsylvania Bureau of Rehabilitation, reported
th a t the average age of registrants in his S tate is about 40 years.
A very large percentage of these applicants are illiterate in English
and m any are foreign born. The training under this bureau in m ost
cases is superficial and merely fits the disabled person for some work
which is com paratively easy to do after a short period of instruction
on the job. The fact th a t so m any disabled persons have family
responsibilities necessitates brief training periods and precludes
am bitious programs.
Placement
T R IE sym pathetic appeal to employers in connection with the places
m ent of réhabilitants, although often successful, is not a desirable
procedure, according to Helen M . Alvord, secretary of the Toledo
Industrial B ureau of Social Research, who spoke on m ethods of
placem ent in large cities. She held th a t “ vocational rehabilitation
work has a program so constructive th a t it does n o t have to rely
upon an appeal to one’s emotion for results.” Industries should be
given a true conception of the aim and scope of rehabilitation. This
understanding is especially necessary for foremen and employment
managers.
In Toledo an advisory comm ittee for the local rehabilitation bureau
was selected from the personnel m anagers of the m ost im portant
business and industrial establishm ents of the city. This comm ittee
was brought in actual contact w ith rehabilitation cases about which
the com m ittee m embers were consulted. In this way these m anagers
became fam iliar w ith vocational rehabilitation activities and this
knowledge was passed on to other industrial managers.
In Rochester, N . Y., however, the advisory-com mittee scheme has
not been especially successful, as the im portant m en on this com m ittee
are so busy th a t it has been difficult to get them together for a con
ference on rehabilitation. In th a t city, therefore, the rehabilitation
agents have had to rely m ainly on personal contacts with employers
through visits to industrial establishments.
Placem ent in small towns where there are few industries is par
ticularly difficult, H . W. Nichols, rehabilitation supervisor, K entucky,
pointed out. He suggested th a t the opportunities in such towns
should be listed and the special characteristics of these communities
taken into consideration in deciding upon a training program.
The three principal barriers which employers raise in connection
with the taking on of disabled workers are, M rs. M elba Roach TipJ ctt, rehabilitation agent, Wisconsin, declared: (1) Incredulity as
to disabled persons’ possibilities for usefulness; (2) the fear th a t the
réhabilitant is likely to be injured a second tune; (3) the insistence on
physical examination.
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Speaking of the responsibility of governm ent in vocational re
habilitation programs, Hon. Jam es J. Davis, U nited States Secretary
of Labor, said:
R estoring an d -reclaiming th e ab ilities of d isabled w orkers h as been a n a tio n
wide u n d e rta k in g since 1920. T h e n , as now, i t w as realized t h a t a n u n p ro d u c tiv e
group in o u r citizenry is a serious financial loss to th e N atio n . T h e p o ssibility
of utilizing th e w orking abilities of all m em b ers of society should be looked upon
as a co m m u n ity or G overn m en t obligation. L ittle a rg u m e n t is needed to show
th a t it is n o t only b a d economics., b u t also in h u m a n to p e rm it im p erfe ct persons
to rem ain d ep en d en t upo n relativ es, fam ily , or society. M aking i t possible fo r
each m em ber of society to p a y his ow n w ay is a m o ral ob lig atio n of organized
g o v ern m en t a n d should be developed on t h a t basis, ra th e r th a n on th e basis of
im pulsive c h a rity or m isd irected sen tim en t.
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LA BO R LAWS A ND C O U R T DECISIONS
Wage Payment Legislation
N 1776 Adam Sm ith wrote th a t wages are dependent on contracts
between two parties “ whose interests are by no means the same.
The w orkm an desires to get as m uch, the m aster to give as
little, as possible.” M uch earlier was the com plaint of Jacob made
to his wives th a t his father-in-law, Laban, “ h a th deceived me and
changed my wages ten tim es.” No legislation existed to which
he could appeal, b u t in these modern days legislatures and courts
have combined to protect the parties to a contract for hire against
arbitrary action and oppression on the one side and default on the
other, b u t w ith such incompleteness of success th a t new measures
are sought out from tim e to time and attem pts increasingly made by
collective action to accomplish through bargaining w hat legislators
and judges have failed to attain. Alleged equality of status and the
dignity of m anhood rights have been the background of a bargaining
theory th a t still fructifies into such decisions as th a t of the Supreme
C ourt overthrowing a minimum wage law for women (Adkins v.
Children’s H ospital (1923), 261 U. S. 525, 43^Sup. Ct. 394), denying
the power of the State to intervene in behalf of a class of workers
assumed by Congress to be entitled to the benefits of protection on
account of certain differences of needs and capabilities and rejecting
argum ents in favor of such legislation from the standpoint of a public
policy which would establish legal standards on grounds of health
and morals.
The fact remains th a t there have been numerous legislative in ter
ferences and lim itations on the free action of both men and women
in respect of contracts for private employment, including the wage
term. Some of these concern the am ounts of wages, b u t the greater
num ber confine themselves to questions of paym ent— times, forms,
medium, status as compared w ith other debts, security from seizure,
etc. Bulletin No. 408 of the U nited States B ureau of Labor Statistics
collected in some 150 pages texts of laws, summ aries of decisions, and
an enum eration of certain standardized requirem ents th a t relate to
the paym ent of wages in the various States of the LTnion, with some
provided by congressional action.
I
interference with freedom of contract
A S A LREA D Y intim ated, legislation of this class is clearly an
interference with the freedom of contract, its evident purpose
being to protect the weaker p arty to the bargain against the disadvan
tage of his inferior position, such regulation being regarded as a m atter
of public welfare. A strict interpretation of the principle of freedom
of contract would eliminate all legislation of this type. Thus a justice
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of the Supreme C ourt felt justified in saying th a t “ it is from the nature
of things impossible to uphold the freedom of contract and right of
private property w ithout a t the same time recognizing as legitim ate
those inequalities of fortune th a t are the necessary result of the
exercise of those rights.” (Coppage v. K ansas (1915), 236 U. S. 1,
17; 35 Sup. C t. 240, 244, 245.) H ere a law attem pting to build up a
platform on which the workm an should negotiate his contracts was
declared unconstitutional. The opposite view was expressed by a
British labor union in 1871, when it said: “ I t is a sound principle of
universal law, established by the wisdom of more than 2,000 years,
th a t where :in the necessary imperfection of hum an affairs the parties
to a contract or dealing do not stand on equal footing, b u t one has
an undue power to oppress or mislead the other, law should step in
to succor the weaker p a rty ” ; and as phrased by a more recent writer,
“ W herever the economic conditions of the parties concerned are
unequal, legal freedom of contract merely enables the superior in
strategic strength to dictate the term s.” A study of the laws and
decisions set forth in the bulletin noted suggests th a t a middle course
has been adopted, b u t obviously a straight line has n o t been drawn.
Different courts have taken diverse attitudes on identical points,
while the same court, perhaps differently constituted, has a t different
times largely modified its position. The extent to which such regu
lative legislation can go is far from settled. Various laws have been
declared unconstitutional as departing from fixed principles, while
constructions have been accepted in some cases which have apparently
established doctrines previously rejected.
Few attem pts have been made a t fixing the actual rate of wages to
be paid in private employments, though in some privately owned
public-service activities, notably interstate commerce, a m easure of
control has been undertaken and sustained; b u t for private employ
m ents generally a definite barrier against the fixing of rates seems to
exist, a t least so long as the doctrine in the Adkins case prevails,
though in almost every other aspect regulative laws have been upheld.
Employment on Public Works
W /H E B E the em ploym cut is on public works, the funds for paym ent
^
of wages being raised by taxation, the power of the State or
its agency to prescribe the term s of the contract, including the rate
of wages, has been sustained after some conflict. Thus in 1901 the
New York C ourt of Appeals held th a t a law requiring contractors on
public works to pay no t less than the current rate of wages in the
locality was an invasion of the rights of liberty and property, placing
undue restriction on both the city and the contractors. L ater (1904)
this court concluded th a t the city m ight be bound by a State law,
b u t th a t the contractor was a t liberty to contract freely with his
workmen despite the law. The Supreme C ourt of Indiana likewise
denied the power of the legislature to bind either cities or contractors
(1903); b u t in the same year the U nited S tates Supreme C ourt
declared m unicipalities to be agents of the S tate for the performance
of certain duties relegated to them as a m atter of governm ental con
venience, so th a t the S tate law could dictate to the city, and the
contractor m ust m eet the requirem ents of the other p arty if he
wishes to do business with it.
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The foregoing decision apparently established the doctrine of State
control as to public employments, b u t a factor of uncertainty has
been introduced by a Supreme C ourt decision of 1926, in which the
custom ary phrase “ cu rren t rate of w ages” was said to be too vague
and uncertain to furnish a basis for the enforcement of a penal law,
the term “ locality” being also capable of a fatally indefinite range of
interpretations.
W hat effect _this recent decision will have on similar laws in
other jurisdictions can only be surmised. The phrase has been
regarded as sufficiently definite by the courts of New York and
others, b u t w ith this precedent any p a rty inclined to raise objection
will feel strongly fortified in his a ttem p t to overthrow the law. The
consequences of a similar declaration have been more fully realized in
the case of m inim um wage legislation, which is the m ost elaborate
and extensive effort as to wage-rate regulation ever attem pted in the
U nited States. S tate courts in rapid succession m aintained the
validity of such laws in their application to women and children, one
decision being a t least countenanced by the Supreme C o u rt in a four
to four decision, one mem ber not voting; b u t when a case came up
w ith reference to the act of Congress applicable to the D istrict of
Columbia, au adverse decision of the local court was affirmed by the
Supreme C ourt in the Adkins case already noted. Subsequent action
by S tate and Federal courts has dem onstrated the disastrous conse
quences of such an influential ruling as th a t m ade by the Supreme
C ourt so far as the elem ent of compulsion is concerned; the validity
of the M assachusetts law, which lacks any coercive provision, is
unaffected.
The foregoing series of laws and decisions illustrates the difficulties
th a t m ust be overcome if a new idea in legislation is to a tta in accept
ance. As to minimum wage laws, defeat is the present verdict, while
as to rates of wages on public works the question relates to a suffi
ciently definite form ulation of a rule rath er than to the vindication of
a principle. In other words, while the Supreme C ourt has upheld
the principle, it has condemned one form a t least of its attem pted
application, and the way out is not entirely clear.
M ore or less closely corresponding histories could be w ritten of
laws requiring paym ent for all coal mined, i. e., previous to or regard
less of grading by screen; laws prohibiting the paym ent of wages in
scrip, time checks, or tokens; laws directing wages to be paid weekly
or biweekly; laws providing penalties for the nonpaym ent of wages
on the term ination of the employment, etc. The principle involved
in each class of lav/ nam ed m ay be said to be generally recognized,
but only after traveling a road beset w ith judicial obstacles and w ith
occasional reversals. _ In some instances the courts waxed eloquent
in ironical denunciation of interference w ith the freedom of contract
and the placing of adult men under tutelage as if incom petent to
contract for paym ent a t times and in m ediums acceptable to them
w ithout the intervention of legislative guardianship.
rl he principle seems well established a t the present tim e, however,
th a t the public welfare is served by the frequent paym ent of wages
so th a t cash purchases m ay be m ade of the necessaries of life; and th a t
the S tate is likewise justifiably interested in the m atter of the m edium 1
of paym ent, so th a t non transferable scrip or store orders payable]
only to the designated establishm ents m ay be forbidden.
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Reason for Wage Payment Legislation
ER TA IN LY no less protective of the rights of the worker, and
^
more specifically of those dependent on him, are laws th a t
regulate the assignment of wages or exempt certain am ounts from
execution. Such laws have regard for the economic needs of the
workers and their families, and while they directly interfere w ith an
assumed free action by the worker th a t m ight involve the complete
sequestration of his earnings for the benefit of an urgent or artful
creditor, they likewise serve notice on all creditors th a t there is a
lim itation set by law, on grounds of public policy, restricting the
am ounts which m ay be obtainable from a workman within any given
period of time.
I t is obviously the needs of the worker, dependent on relatively
small and constant income, th a t furnishes the basis for laws provid
ing for the preference of wage debts over the general liabilities of the
employer. The claim of the laborer to a return for his services by
reason of the benefit conferred upon the object worked upon has long
been recognized, the common law giving a lien on the property,
enforceable by sale, from the returns of which claims of the workmen
are to have first settlem ent. In practically every State sta tu to ry
enactm ents exist defining and enforcing the right, which extends to
both real and personal property. Such right belongs to the worker
as such, though in general an assignment m ay be m ade; and the
statem ent has been m ade th a t the preference given by the Federal
bankruptcy act affects the debt and n o t the person owed, following
the wage claim into the hands of an assignee. This position of the
Supreme C ourt is in contravention of th a t taken by some State
courts, which have declared the preference granted by a priority
sta tu te to be a personal right and have denied subrogation where
the president of a corporation advanced private funds for the pay
m ent of wage debts, seeking to recover from the general assets on
the basis of the employees’ preference.
These are some of the questions discussed and. the classes of laws
considered in the bulletin noted. A summ ary of selected decisions,
w ithout attem pting an exhaustive treatm ent, constitutes the first
section; while the second p a rt is m ade up of texts and abridgm ents
setting forth the specific provisions of existing laws., followed by an
index giving references to the subjects presented. W hat is here set
forth is one phase of the labor law, not indeed addressed to the
subject of the physical safety of the worker., as is so large a p a rt of
the statu tes enacted in the general field, b u t none the less protective
in its purport, th e in ten t being to secure the paym ent and safeguard
the possession of the worker’s earnings, even though the State is
powerless to indicate their am ount in so far as private industry is
concerned.
“Current Rate of Wages” on Public Works
N T E R E S T attaches to a recent decision of the m unicipal court of
New York C ity (Campbell C ity of New York, 216 N. Y. Sapp.
M l), involving the question of constitutionality of the wage law
of th a t State by reason of its relation to a decision of the Supreme
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C ourt in the same field. A provision of th a t law requires th a t wages
for laborers, workmen, and mechanics employed upon the public
works of the State or its m unicipalities shall be n o t less than the
prevailing rate for a d ay ’s work in the same trad e or occupation in
the locality where the work is done. F rank Cam pbell had rendered
service as a painter between M ay 21, 1923, and Jan u ary 7, 1925,
receiving therefor u n ifo rm ^ the sum of $9 per day. D uring a p art
of the tim e the prevailing rate for painters in the city was $10 per
day, while for the last year it was $10.50. An action was brought to
recover the difference between the am ount paid and the standard
rate claimed.
In defending the action, the city relied on the decision of the
Supreme C ourt in the case of Connally v. General C onstruction Co.
(1926), 269 U. S. 385, 46 Sup. C t. 126 (see M onthly Labor Review,
February, 1926, pp. 198, 199). In th a t case the Supreme C ourt had
declared unconstitutional an Oklahoma s ta tu te of sim ilar effect,
though penal in its n ature and entailing severe penalties for violation.
The court there held th a t there was “ a double uncertainty, fatal to its
validity as a crim inal s ta tu te ,” because the phrase “ current rate of
w ages” indicated no definite sum or am ount, while the word “ lo
c a lity ” was so lacking in accuracy as not to be a sufficient basis for
criminal law.
The New Y ork court stressed somewhat the penal aspect of the
Oklahoma sta tu te , and pointed out th a t the action here was simply
for a recovery of a balance claimed due as wages. The history of the
New York sta tu te was discussed briefly, involving an early similar
enactm ent held unconstitutional under the term s of the S tate con
stitution. Subsequent am endm ent of this docum ent was followed
by the enactm ent of a new sta tu te which had been sustained by the
State court of appeals in various cases, relying in p a rt on the decision
of the Supreme C ourt in the case of A tkin v. Kansas, 191 U. S. 207,
24 Sup. C t. 124, in which a law fixing an eight-hour day on public
works was held valid. I t was further pointed out th a t “ the term s
‘prevailing rate of w ages’ and ‘locality’ have been defined by the
courts of this S ta te ,” in view of which decisions by the highest court
of the S tate, the municipal court felt constrained to conform and
apply the law as valid for the purposes of the present litigation.
A somewhat unusual sequel to this decision was the com putation
of the plaintiff’s recovery by the court in an am ount in excess of his
claim. The claim was for $595 as the difference between the wages
received and those payable under the law. N othing was allowed for
certain days for which the wages were not protested, but, com puting
protested periods, the court found a total of $610.38 due, besides
interest from the date of filing the notice of the claim am ounting to
$40.97, the total judgm ent being for $651.35.
Labor Legislation of Bolivia
C O M PE N D IU M of the im portant labor laws of Bolivia (Legisla
ción Social, Leyes Protectores de Em pleados y Obreros) has
been received recently by this bureau from the U nited States
Am bassador to Bolivia. Among the laws contained therein are a
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w orker’s compulsory savings law 1 and a law regulating the working
conditions of commercial and industrial employees.2
Worker’s Compulsory Savings Law
’“T H E Bolivian law m aking saving compulsory for workmen covers
railroad and street railway workers, miners, and salaried workers
in general, exceptions being made in the case of those receiving a
salary of less than two bolivianos 3 a day and domestic servants.
Em ployers are to deduct 5 per cent of the daily wages of their
workmen, m aking deposits of these sums in the local banks to the
credit of the individual employees, specifying the names, addresses
and am ount belonging to each worker. The latte r is given a bank
book showing his account, which is nontransferable and which draws
interest a t the legal rate.
W ithdraw al of the entire savings account or of a p a rt thereof
m ay be m ade (1) when the worker is physically disabled due to an
accident or to old age; (2) upon the death of the w orker’s spouse or
children; (3) upon the m arriage of a daughter; (4) when the worker
leaves the country for a t least a year; (5) when he is out of work due
to a shutdown, not because of a strike; (6) upon the w orker’s retire
m ent and for the purpose of investing the money at a higher rate of
interest; or (7) for the purpose of establishing a business or acquiring
property. Upon the death of the worker his savings are distributed
among his legal heirs.
An employer who violates this law by defrauding the laborer shall
be penalized in proportion to the am ount illegally withheld.
Law Regulating Working Conditions of Commercial and industrial Employees
nTH E law regulating the labor conditions of commercial and indus* trial employees, includes salaried employees of State or private
railway enterprises and mine workers.
Besides providing for an 8-hour working-day the law specifies th at
all overtim e work shall be paid for a t twice the ordinary rate.
In the event of an employee’s illness, if caused by or in any way
resulting from the work in which he is engaged, the employer is
obliged to furnish medical and pharm aceutical attention until his
recovery and in the event of death to defray the funeral expenses.
However, if the employee’s death is not connected 'with his employ
m ent the employer is required only to pay the equivalent of one
m o n th ’s pay.
The employees are to receive an annual bonus of at least one m onth’s
salary, provided their employer has made during the year net profits
sufficient to w arrant said payments.
If the duration of the employment has not been fixed in writing,
the employer m ay give the employee a w ritten notice 90 days in
advance to term inate the contract. An employee has a right to give
up his position provided he gives the employer 40 days’ notice. In
the former case, if the employee’s service was continuous, the employer
1Passed Jan. 25, 1924.
2 Passed Nov. 21, 1924.
8The average exchange rate of the boliviano for the year 1624=29.68 cents.
2254°— 26t--- 7
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
is obliged to pay him compensation based on his previous pay accord
ing to the following scale: For 3 m onths to 1 year's service, 1 m onth’s
salary; for 2 to 5 year’s service, 3 m onths’ salary; for 5 to 10 years’
service, 6 m onths’ salary; for 10 to 20 years’ service, 1 year’s salary;
for 20 to 25 years’ service, 16 m onths’ salary; and for 25 to 30 years’
service, 20 m onths’ salary. If an employee is dismissed owing to a
reduction in the em ployer’s force as a result of business losses, only
half the above compensation shall be paid. In the event of an
employee quitting his job voluntarily or as a result of illness or serious
misconduct, he is not entitled to any compensation.
All differences arising between employers and employees regarding
the work or wages are to be settled by a special court a t a single
hearing, from which there is no appeal. N either the rights conferred
by this law on employees nor the benefits paid under it m ay be
renounced or attached.
New Labor Law of Guatemala
PO N its publication in the official
G uatem alteco, on M ay 13, 1926,
Republic (No. 1434), after having
lative Assembly, became effective. The
are given below.
U
journal of G uatem ala, El
the new labor law of th a t
been adopted by the legis
m ost im portant provisions
Employment of Women and Children
law forbids the employment of children under 15 years of age in
industrial or commercial establishm ents. I t prohibits children
under 18 years from working in dangerous and unhealthful occupa
tions and a t night between the hours of 7 p. m. and 7 a. m. Boys
under 15 years of age and unm arried girls under 18 years m ay not
be engaged in em ploym ent which is carried on in streets, parks, or
public places.
Among the occupations which are forbidden to young persons under
21 years of age are the following: All underground work, the sweeping
of city streets, the cleaning of m achinery while in motion, and work
in establishm ents which sell intoxicating liquors. W ork such as the
repairing or painting of buildings where the use of scaffolding is
required is prohibited for minors under 18 years.
Industrial and commercial establishments m ay no t employ women
for five weeks after their confinement. An expectant m other, upon
presentation of a doctor’s certificate m ay absent herself from work
four weeks before the estim ated date of her confinement w ithout
losing her position, and for this time and for the five weeks following
childbirth, her employer m ust pay her 75 per cent of her regular
wages. Such woman workers are to be allowed a 15-minute nursing
period every three hours. If a woman who has complied with her
employment contract is discharged within a period of three m onths
before or after childbirth, she is entitled to three m onths wages.
Violations of provisions regarding the employment of women and
children are punishable by fines of from 25 to 50 quetzales.1
11 qu8tzal=60 pesos or $1.
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[3061
TRADE-UNION ACT OF INDIA
91
Wages and Hours
A LL wages shall be paid in legal currency; paym ents, however,
m ust no t be m ade on days of rest nor in places where alcoholic
beverages are sold. No employer m ay make deductions of more
than 10 per cent from a worker’s wages for loans. W orkers in indus
trial plants are to be paid weekly, while all others are to be paid at
least once a m onth.
The law establishes the m aximum 8-hour day and 48-hour week
in both public and private industrial and commercial establishments,
and also one rest day for every six days of work. I t specifies th a t
the weekly rest day shall be preferably on Sunday and shall cover a
period of 24 consecutive hours. However, if the Sunday rest day
interferes w ith the norm al functioning of an establishm ent which
affects public service, another day during the week m ay be selected,
or the rest day m ay extend from Sunday noon to M onday noon, or
the shift system of work m ay be employed.
Contracts of Employment
m ay be m ade for a fixed period or for a specified
tasjx. i i the duration of the employment is n o t stated in the
contract, it shall be regulated by the customs of the locality or the
special circumstances surrounding the industry or business contem
plated. Services for an indefinite period m ay be term inated a t the
will of either of the contracting parties on giving 15 dajW notice.
Upon the completion of the contract the employer or his representa
tive shall furnish the worker w ith a certificate bearing the date of
the beginning and of the ending of the work and the type thereof.
Labor Disputes and 1heir Settlement
of strikes or lockouts in all public services is to be pubusiied two weeks in advance and in all other instances one
week in advance. The penalty for acts of intim idation or violence
against persons or property by the participants in a strike shall be
one-third greater th an woidd ordinarily be imposed.
The law provides th a t differences and disputes between employers
and workers shall be subm itted for settlem ent to a conciliation board.
In case the parties then fail to agree they m ay if they so desire pre
sent their claims to an arbitral tribunal which shall announce its
award w ithin eight days. Such decisions are m ade binding for
from one to three years. Em ployers are prohibited from suspending
work or dismissing workers during the period of conciliation and
arbitration.
N e w In d ian T ra d e -U n io n A c t
C C O R D IN G to the All-India Trade-U nion Bulletin of M ay,
1926, the Indian Assembly and Council of S tate have passed
a trade-union act providing for the registration and defining
the legitim ate activities of trade-unions. Trade-unionists have been
pressing for such a bill for four years, b u t there has been strenuous
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MONTHLY
LABOR REVIEW
opposition, and the original text of the bill had to be greatly modified
before if could be passed.
Under the term s of the bill, each local governm ent is to appoint a
registrar of trade-unions for its Province. On the application of
seven or more members of a union, the registrar is to examine the
organization, and if it is found to comply with the term s of the law
he m ust register it and issue to its officers a certificate of registration.
Unions thus registered m ust comply w ith certain regulations as to
m ethods of bookkeeping, audits, etc., and a t least half of their officers
m ust be persons actually engaged or employed in an industry with
which the trade-union is connected. There are a num ber of minor
regulations in the act, b u t the m ost im portant provisions concern the
objects for which a registered union m ay use its funds, and the
activities in which it m ay engage w ithout exposing its officers and
members to the risk of trial for conspiracy or to action for civil
damages.
The objects for which funds m ay be used include all adm inistrative
expenses, legal costs in suits over trade-union rights and activities,
the conduct of trade disputes on behalf of the trade-union or any
mem ber thereof, benefit features of every kind, the carrying on of an
insurance business confined to union members, educational, social,
or religious work for and among members and their dependents,
publications devoted m ainly to discussions concerning workers and
employers as such, and contributions to any cause intended -to
benefit workmen in general.
I t will be noticed th a t political activities are not included among
the objects of legitim ate expenditure, bu t a registered trade-union
m ay provide for these by establishing a special fund devoted to
advancing the civic and political interests of its members. C ontri
butions to this fund m ust be voluntary, and no member m ay be
penalized in any m anner for a failure or refusal to contribute. The
purposes for which it m ay be used include the paym ent of election
expenses of candidates, the m aintenance of any person elected to a
legislative body, the holding of political meetings, distribution of
political literature, and the like.
As to activities perm itted to registered unions, it is specially
provided th a t no officer or mem ber shall be liable to a charge of
criminal conspiracy because of action undertaken by agreem ent in
furtherance of a trade dispute, “ unless the agreem ent is an agreement
to commit an offense.” In other words, action which would be per
missible for an individual does not become a conspiracy when planned
by a union. M oreover, no officer or m em ber of a trade-union is to
incur any legal liability because of action taken in furtherance of a
trade dispute wffien the only com plaint which can be m ade against
such action is th a t it “ induces some other person to break a contract
of employment, or th a t it is in interference w ith the trade, business or
employment of some other person or with the right of some other
person to dispose of his capital or of his labor as he wulls.” A regis'
tered trade-union is n o t to be held liable for any wrongful act done
in furtherance of a trade dispute by its agent if it is proved th a t
the agent acted w ithout the knowdedge of, or contrary to express
instruction given by the executive of the trade-union. Finally:
Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being
in force, an agreement between the members of a registered trade-union shall not
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[308]
PERUVIAN LAW GOVERNING COMMERCIAL EMPLOYEES
93
be void or voidable merely by reason of the fact that any of the objects of the
agreement are in restraint of trade:
Provided that nothing in this section shall enable any civil court to entertain
any legal proceeding instituted for the express purpose of enforcing or recovering
damages for the breach of any agreement concerning the conditions on which any
members of a trade-union shall or shall not sell their goods, transact business,
employ, or be employed.
P e ru v ia n L a w G overning C o m m ercial E m ployees
H E following is a digest of the more im portant provisions of a
Peruvian law 1 which regulates the working conditions and
protects commercial employees as distinguished from in
dustrial workers.
If the duration of the employment or service is not fixed by con
tra c t, either of the parties ihay term inate the employment, the em
ployer by giving the employee 90 days' notice and the employee by
giving the employer 40 days’ notice. In the event of an employee’s
dismissal he will be entitled to compensation according to the follow
ing scale: U nder two years’ service, 1 salary paym ent; from 2 to 5
years, 2 salary paym ents; from 5 to 10 years, 4 salary paym ents;
from 10 to 20 years, 8 salary paym ents; from 20 to 25 years, 10 salary
paym ents; and from 25 to 30 years, 12 salary p a y m e n ts./
If an employee leaves his employment w ithout notifying his em
ployer he loses all the rights and benefits conferred by this law. If
an employer, on account of a decline in business, has to reduce his
force and dismisses an employee, he is required to pay the latte r only
half of the compensation otherwise provided.
Any disputes which m ay arise between employers and employees
shall ‘be settled by an arbitral tribunal, consisting of one m em ber
nom inated by the employer, one by the employees concerned in the
dispute, and one Governm ent representative, whose decision is to be
rendered w ithin 30 days and from which there shall be no appeal.
An employee who has rendered four years’ continuous service w ith
the same employer is entitled to a life insurance policy, taken out
by his employer, in an am ount equal to one-third of the to tal am ount
of his salary during the four years’ service, and the employer shall pay
the premiums as long as such employee rem ains in his service. On
the death of the employee, his wife and descendants are to receive
the am ount of the policy, and if there are none such surviving the
unm arried sisters and brothers under 18 years of age shall be the
beneficiaries. If an employee dies before he has worked the four
years necessary to acquire the policy, the employer is to pay his
funeral expenses and, in addition, an am ount equivalent to the salary
of the deceased for two pay periods to the widow or nearest relatives.
If an employee is perm anently disabled and it is clear th a t this has #
occurred in the course of his employment, the employer shall pay
him one-fifth of his salary for the rest of his life. If only tem porarily
incapacitated he shall receive his full salary during the first two m onths
and thereafter a reduction of 20 per cent per m onth until a peiiod
of six m onths has elapsed from the date of his illness.
Employees sharing in the profits of the em ployer’s business are
not entitled to the benefits conferred by this law. The rights granted
thereby m ay not be renounced nor attached.
T
• Law (No. 4916) enacted Jan. 28, 1924.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[309]
IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S
Industrial D isputes in th e U n ite d S tates, J a n u a ry to M a rc h , 1 9 2 6
C C O R D IN G to inform ation received by the U nited States
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 249 industrial disputes resulting
in strikes or lockouts occurred in this country during the first
qu arter of 1926.
Since, in some instances, the reports do not reach the bureau until
some time after the stoppages occur, the num ber of strikes occurring
during the quarter was perhaps a little larger than the above figure.
Complete data relative to m any of these strikes have no t been re
ceived by the bureau, and it has not been possible to verify all th a t
have been received. The figures in the following tables should
therefore be regarded as preliminary.
The statem ent following shows the num ber of disputes beginning
in the first quarter of 1925 and 1926, by m onths:
A
1925
1926
J a n u a r y _________________________________________________________
F e b ru a ry ________________________________________________________
M a rc h __________________________________________________________
M o n th n o t s ta te d ________________________________________________
94
89
85
22
72
76
80
21
T o ta l_____________________________________________________
290
249
Important Strikes
*
n p H E two industrial disturbances of m ajor im portance during the
quarter were the fur workers’ strike beginning in F ebruary and
the Passaic textile strike or strikes beginning in January.
The fur workers of New York C ity were called out on general strike
effective a t 10 o ’clock a. m. February 16, 1926. The strike order
applied to some 12,000 workers of both sexes in about 2,000 shops.
This action followed the lockout order of the Associated F u r M anu
facturers’ Association (Inc.) of February 11, affecting 5,000 or more
workers in the shops it controlled. The strike order of the union,
however, included not only the m anufacturers’ association, b u t the
independent m anufacturers, who im niediately declared a lockout.
The agreement under which the furriers had been working expired
J a m m y 31, 1926, and th e two sides had been unable to get together
upon the term s of a new agreement, in which the union w anted to
include a 40-hour week, a contribution from the employers of 3 per
cent of their pay rolls for the establishm ent of a fund to insure all
workers against periods of unemployment, and an equal division ofthe work during the year to minimize the slack season and the lay-off.
An agreement, subject to ratification by the respective organiza
tions, was finally reached on June 11, 1926, and ratified on June 15.
The workers began to return on the 16th, more than four m onths
after the disturbance began.
94
[310]
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INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES---UNITED STATES
95
By this strike the workers gained a minimum wage increase of 10
per cent and a 40-hour week during eight m onths of the year, “ over
tim e ” during September, October, November, and December, con
sisting of four hours on Saturday, being perm itted, to be paid for at
single-time rate.
The following full account of the settlem ent is taken from the June
issue of The F u r W orker, the “ official organ of the International
F u r W orkers’ Union of the U nited States and C anada” :
A fter a p ro tra c te d conference on T h u rsd a y , Ju n e 10, la stin g u n til F rid a y ,
Ju n e 11, 3.30 a. m ., th e 17-w eek-old strik e of th e N ew Y ork fu rriers w as finally
settled . F or som e d ay s p rev io u sly o u tsid e m ed iato rs h a d been iro n in g o u t th e
p o in ts accep tab le to b o th p arties. T h e m ain difficulty seem s to h av e been w h a t
p o in ts th e union sho u ld b a rte r aw ay in o rd er to gain a 40-hour w eek fo r eig h t
m o n th s in th e y ear. In th e e d ito ria l a n d o th e r colum ns in th is issue th e new
agreem ent is closely analyzed. H ere th e changes are given w ith e x p la n a to ry
notes.
T h e tw e lv e p o i n t s
1. One collective ag reem en t in th e in d u stry .
(N o t e .— U n til now th e re w as only one collective agreem en t w ith th e A ssociated
F u r M an u factu rers, w hile all th e in d ep e n d e n ts signed in d iv id u a l ag reem en ts
w ith th e u nion. M ost of th e se em ployers w ere re q u ire d to d eposit c ash se cu rity
as g u a ra n ty for th e ir com pliance w ith provisions, a n d th e un io n officials w ere free
to visit th e ir shops a t a n y tim e fo r p u rp o se b f con tro l. T h e y could n o t v isit an y
association shop save in co m p an y w ith th e ap p o in te d official, of th e association.
Since tw o new associations h a v e re c e n tly sp ru n g u p , m ost of th e em ployers
w ill now seem ingly e n jo y u n u su a l privileges.)
2. A greem ent to te rm in a te J a n u a ry 31, 1929.
3. H o u rs of w ork, 40 p e r w eek; five-day week.
4. N o ov ertim e ex cep t t h a t d u rin g th e m o n th s of S ep tem b er, O ctober, N ovem
b er, D ecem ber, m an u fa c tu re rs a re p e rm itte d to w ork 4 hours on S a tu rd a y .
Single tim e to be p a id fo r su c h hours.
(N o t e .— B y th ese te rm s th e w orkers lose th e benefit of tim e -a n d -a -h a lf p a y m e n t
for overtim e. In o th e r w ords i t m ean s t h a t d u rin g th e fo u r b u sy m o n th s th e re
w ill be a six-day w eek consisting of 44 hours. So t h a t th e unio n did n o t secure a
clear g ain of th e five-day 40-hour week.)
5. L egal holidays, 10; N ew Y ear, L incoln’s B irth d a y , W a sh in g to n ’s B irth d a y
shall n o t be p aid for.
(N ote .— T hus th e w orkers lose th re e d a y s’ w ages a year.)
6. M inim um w age in crease 10 p e r cen t. Second-class w ork rev ised a n d lim ited
to follow ing skins: A ngora, a s tra k h a n (com m on), buffalo, coneys, dog, h a m ste r,
horse, jack a l, kangaro o , llam a, lion, m ice, m ufflon, A m erican opossum , ra b b its
(all ty p e s ), sheep, sw an, th ib e t, w allab y , w o m b a t, a n d zebra.
7. F orem an sh ip : E a c h firm is allow ed one fo rem an for n ailing, o p eratin g ,
a n d c u ttin g , a n d one fo rem an (h ead finisher) fo r finishers. A. firm , one of whose
m em bers is actu a lly co n tin u o u sly m an ag in g th e sh o p , is n o t e n title d to a fo rem an
for o p eratin g , nailing, a n d c u ttin g unless i t em ploys a t least 10 w orkers excluding
finishers. F o r finishers t h a t in te n t is n o t to lim it th e em p lo y m en t of a fo rem an
in such a case.
T he conference co m m ittee sh a ll h av e a u th o rity to legislate on th is su b ject as
th e needs of th e s itu a tio n m a y d em and.
8. N o ap p ren tices be p e rm itte d u n til F e b ru a ry 1, 1928.
9. N o w orker sh all be disch arg ed in a w eek p receding a h o lid ay week.
10. T he en tire g arm e n t sh all be m ad e on th e sam e prem ises a n d no section of a
g arm en t shall be given o u t to co n tracto rs.
P a ra g ra p h 3 of artic le 28 to re a d : F irm s giving o u t m erch an d ise fo r th e p ro
du ctio n of com plete g arm e n ts to be m ad e b y a n y o th e r firm sh a ll im m ed iately
file th e nam es of su ch firm or firm s w ith th e conference co m m ittee. I t is u n d e r
stood t h a t in th e exercise of th e rig h t of th e m a n u fa c tu re r to give su c h w ork to
o th er firm s first con sid eratio n a n d preference sh all be given to th e w orkers em
ploy ed directly b y th e firm .
(N o t e .— T he changes in th is p rovision im p ly a m ere change of w ords. T he
w ords “ p a r t of a g a rm e n t” in th e old ag reem en t a re rep laced b y th e w ord
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MONTHLY LABOE BEVIEW
“ m e rc h a n d ise ” a n d th e w ords “ o u tside shop or c o n tr a c to r” are rep laced by th e
w ords “ an y o th e r firm or firm s” .)
11. E lim in a te article 31 of th e agreem en t.
(Note.— T his im plies th e loss of th e u n em p lo y m en t in su ra n c e fund.)
12. P en alties: (a) F o r v io latio n of o vertim e—■
F irst offense: T he w orker p a y s th e am o u n t ea rn e d a t tim e a n d a half— the
em ployer th e sam e am o u n t.
Second offense: D ouble th e a m o u n t of first offense.
(b) F o r v iolation of m in im u m scale—•
F irst offense: T he w o rk er p a y s th e am o u n t u n d er th e scale collected. The
em ployer p ay s th e sam e a m o u n t.
Second offense: D ouble th e a m o u n t of first offense.
(c) F or violation of c o n tra c tin g reg u latio n s—■
F irst offense: A m axim u m of $150.
Second offense: M axim um $300.
T h ird offense: Suspension or expulsion.
M e th o d o f im p o s i n g p e n a ltie s
I t shall be th e d u ty of th e conference co m m ittee to reco m m en d to th e asso
ciation or th e union, as th e case m ay be, th e im p o sitio n of pen alties in accordance
w ith th e above schedules u p o n firm s or w orkers fo u n d g u ilty of violations of these
regulations. ,
T he m oneys so collected shall be tu rn e d over to th e conference co m m ittee an d
proper se p a ra te acco u n ts k e p t. T h e m oney shall be disposed of as follows:
M oneys collected from m a n u fa c tu re rs shall be disposed of as th e m em bers of
th e conference co m m ittee rep re se n tin g th e asso ciatio n shall deem proper.
M oneys collected from w orkers sh all be disposed of as th e m em bers of th e con
ference co m m ittee rep re se n tin g th e un io n sh all deem proper.
S ubject to ra tificatio n b y th e resp ectiv e org an izatio n s. D a te d Ju n e 11,
3.30 a. m.
The disturbance among the woolen and worsted textile workers
of Passaic, N. J., and vicinity began on January 25 a t the B otany
W orsted Mills, when some of the employees struck in response to the
call of the so-called U nited F ront Com m ittee. On the following
day other employees quit, bringing the num ber of strikers as reported
up to 2,550, according to the company, while the union placed the
num ber at 4,000. They demanded “ th a t the 10 per cent cut in
wages made last summer be returned; th a t overtim e be paid for at
the rate of 50 per cent extra, and th a t there be no discrimination
against members of the U nited F ro n t C om m ittee.”
O ther mills gradually became involved, but reports as to the total
number of strikers have been conflicting, ranging from about 7,500
to 14,000. The larger figure probably includes several thousand who
were made idle because of the disturbance. The strike is still in
progress.
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industrial ; disputes ---UNITED states
97
Locality of Disputes
'"THE data in the following table relate to the 249 disputes reported
A to have occurred in the three m onths under consideration.
.
T able t - N U M B E R O F D I S P U T E S I N S T A T E S H A V IN G T W O O R M O R E L A B O R D I S
P U T E S I N T H E F I R S T Q U A R T E R O F 1926, B Y M O N T H S
Number of disputes
State
California...............
Colorado________
Connecticut_____
Florida_________
Illinois_________
Indiana____ ____
Iowa,. __.............
Massachusetts___
Michigan
Montana................
Number of disputes
State
Month To
Jan Feb
ru March not
uary ary
stated tal
2
2
1
3
2
5
30
New Hampshire__
New Jersey __
New York
Ohio.
Pennsylvania
Tennessee..
WYst Virginia
14 other States.......
2
Total__
7
2
2
2
1
1
3
4
4
11
1
2
12
1
1
1
8
1
3
6
]
2
3
1
4
Month
Jan Feb
ru March not To
uary ary
stated tal
3
10
23
2
8
12
13
25
7
9
16
2
14
7
3
7
3
38
69
1
2
17
35
2
i
3
3
2
6
3
14
4
72
76
80
21
249
Of these 249 disputes, 215 occurred east of the Mississippi River
and north of the Ohio and Potom ac Rivers, 22 occurred west of the
Mississippi, and 12 occurred south of the Ohio and Potom ac Rivers
and east of the Mississippi River. Sixty-nine per cent of these
disputes occurred in the States of New* York, New Jersey, Pennsyl
vania, and M assachusetts.
As to cities, New York City leads with 60, followed by Boston
writh 14, Passaic w ith 12, Philadelphia with 10, Cleveland and Lynn
with 6 each, Garfield, N. J., with 5, Chicago and P ittsburgh with 4
each, and Los Angeles, Paterson, and Des Moines w ith 3 each.
Sex of Strikers
TO sex of strikers involved, the distribution was as follows:
M ales alone were involved in 135 disputes, females alone in 12,
and both males and females in 85. In 17 disputes the sex of strikers
was not reported.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
98
Industries Involved
HTABLE 2 shows the num ber of disputes reported as occurring in
A the industries specified.
T able 2 .—N U M B E R
O F D IS P U T E S IN S P E C IF IE D IN D U S T R IE S O R O C C U P A T O N S
R E P O R T E D A S O C C U R R I N G I N T H E F I R S T Q U A R T E R O F 1926, B Y M O N T H S
Numb*3r of dispui es beginni ng in—
Industry or occupation
January February March
Autos, carriages, and wagons___ _______________
Bakers _ __ ___________________________ *__
Building trades________________________ ___
Chauffeurs and teamsters______________ *___ _
Clothing_________ _________ _____________ . . . .
Furniture _ . _______________________ _____
Glass______ _ ______________ ____________
Hotels and restaurants._ ____ _ . . . _ __ ___ _ _
Leather.. __________________________ ___
Longshoremen_________ ____________________
Metal trades_____________ _
Miners, c o a l..____
_ _ _ ______________
Motion picture and theater employees..... ...............
Paper and paper goods____ .
___ ___ __
Printing and publishing..... .......................................
Stone_______ ________________ ■____________
Textiles_____ ____ ___________ ______ _______
Miscellaneous ...................................................... ......
Total_________________ _______ ___ ____
1
2
7
1
2
9
1
29
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
5
14
2
72
30
4
1
1
1
13
8
2
1
80
21
249
9
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
2
4
1
11
5
76
Total
4
7
31
3
82
8
4
2
2
2
12
17
2
4
7
6
35
21
2
3
14
2
14
4
9
6
Month
not
stated
1
2
2
1
Union Affiliation
IN 186 disputes the employees were reported as being connected
* w ith unions; in 22 disputes they were n o t so connected; in 2 dis
putes both union and nonunion employees were involved; in 7 dis
putes the strikers were unionized after the strike began; and in 32
disputes the question of union affiliation was not reported.
Persons Involved
IN 179 disputes only 1 employer was concerned in each disturbance;
A in 9 disputes, 2 employers; in 1 dispute, 3 employers; in 3 disputes,
4 employers; in 1 dispute, 5 employers; in 23 disputes, more than 5
employers; and in 33 disputes the num ber of employers was not
reported.
In the 179 disputes for which the num ber of persons involved was
reported there were 87,902 employees directly involved, or an aver
age of 491 per dispute. In 20 disputes in which the num ber involved
was 1,000 or more, the strikers num bered 64,486, thus leaving 23,416
involved in the rem aining 159 disputes, or an average of 147 each.
By m onths the figures are as follows: January, 17,546 persons in
44 disputes, average 399 per dispute, of whom 7,346 were in 40
disputes of less th an 1,000 persons each, average 184; February,
43,523 persons in 60 disputes, average 725 per dispute, of whom 8,037
were in 52 disputes of less than 1,000 persons each, average 155;
M arch, 26,308 persons in 66 disputes, average 399 per dispute, of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[3 1 4 ]
INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES— UNITED STATES
99
whom 7,508 were in 58 disputes of less than 1,000 persons each,
average 129. In 9 disputes, involving 525 persons, the m onth in
which the strike began was not reported.
Causes oi Disputes
r“jHABLE 3 shows the causes of disputes so far as reported:
T able 3.—PRINCIPAL CAUSES OF DISPUTES REPORTED AS OCCURRING IN THE
FIRST QUARTER OF 1926, BY MONTHS
Numb er of dispu ;es beginn ng in—
Matter in dispute
January February March
Increase of wages....................................... ...
Decrease of wages____ ______ _____
Increase of wages and decrease of hours__
Wages and agreement ________
Wages not otherwise specified___
Decrease of hours____________
Recognition of union _. ................
Recognition and wages___________
Recognition, wages, and hours............
Increase of hours________ ______
Genera! conditions.................... ......
Conditions and wages.........................
Conditions and recognition________ _
Conditions, recognition, and wages_____
Discharge of employees______ ____
Employment of nonunion men_____
Objectionable persons hired________
Discrimination.. ___ ____
Open or closed shop_____________
Closed shop and other causes______
In regard to agreement._________
New agreement... ___________ .
Sympathy ____ ____________
Jurisdiction. ________
Miscellaneous_________
Not reported________________ .
15
5
2
9
19
3
6
8
2
1
1
1
3
2
4
3
1
6
1
6
3
1
2
2
1
2
1
8
4
4
6
6
4
1
2
9
4
i
4
3
1
1
3
5
1
1
5
Total.................... ..............
72
Month
not
stated
3
3
7
6
2
2
1
J
1
2
I
1
4
2
11
5
17
4
7
9
49
7
1
12
2
15
3
1
4
I
1
q
12
13
2
4
46
20
4
1
I
1
Total
5
6
3
3
76
80
21
3
10
19
249
Date of Termination
I T IS often difficult to determine exactly when a strike term inates,
since m any strikes end w ithout any formal vote on the p a rt of
the strikers. The bureau has information of the ending of 154
strikes during the quarter, including several in which the employees
returned to work or the positions were filled, w ith probably little or
no interruption of work. The following statem ent shows the num ber
of disputes ending in the first quarter of 1925 and 1926, by m onths:
1923
1926
J a n u a r y _________________________________________________________
F e b ru a r y ____________________
M a rc h ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------M o n th n o t s ta te d _______________________________________________
6S
66
65
2
37
47
66
4
T o ta l___________ _________________________ _______________
201
154
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1315]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Results of Disputes
T able 4 —RESULTS OF DISPUTES ENDING IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF 1926, BY
MONTHS
Number of disputes ending in—
Result
January February March
Total
20
27
7
1
1
5
8
9
2
10
1
1
47
61
15
3
28
37
47
66
4
154
In favor of employers
_____ -____________
In favor of employees
_ __________________
p,omprom isp.ii
_____ ___________
Employees rpt.nrrm.fi pending arbitration _______
biot reported
_____________ -____
12
.............................
Total
Month
not
stated
14
3
14
19
Duration
HPHE next table gives the duration of disputes ending in the first
* quarter of 1926, by classified periods of duration:
T able 5.—DURATION OF DISPUTES ENDING IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF 1926, BY
MONTHS
rT I I E num ber of days lost in the industrial disputes ending in the
1 first quarter for“'th e 126 reporting duration was approxim ately
3,791. The average duration of these was 30 days. The average
duration of the disputes lasting less than 90 days was 15 days.
Bv m onths the record is as follows: January, 869 days lost, average
31 days; February, 1,472 days lost, average 36 days; M arch, 1,450
days lost, average 25 days.
Of the 154 disputes ending during the quarter, 126 reported dura
tion, and of this num ber 112 reported the num ber of employees
involved, aggregating 181,713, an average of 1,622 employees per
dispute.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[316]
CONCILIATION SERVICE
101
Of the 154 disputes reported as ending during the quarter, 124
reported the num ber of employees involved, aggregating 182,610, an
average of 1,473 employees per dispute.
Conciliation Work of the Department of Labor in June, 1926
B y H ugh L. K e r w in , D ir ec to r of C o n c il ia t io n
H E Secretary of Labor, through the Conciliation Service, exer
cised his good offices in connection w ith 47 labor disputes
during June, 1926. These disputes affected a known total
of 16,765 employees. The table following shows the name and
location of the establishm ent or industry in which the dispute
occurred, the nature of the dispute (whether strike or lockout or
controversy not having reached strike or lockout stage), the craft
or trade concerned, the cause of the dispute, its present status, the
term s of settlem ent, the date of beginning and ending, and the
num ber of workmen directly and indirectly affected.
On July 1, 1926, there were 47 strikes before the departm ent for
settlem ent and, in addition, 9 controversies which had not reached
the strike stage. T otal num ber of cases pending, 56.
T
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1317]
LABOR DISPUTES HANDLED BY THE U N ITED STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR THROUGH ITS CONCILIATION SERVICE, JUNE, 1926
O
to
Men involved
Duration
Company or industry and location
Nature of
controversy
Craft concerned
Musicians, Jamestown, N. Y____
Strike............
Musicians.........
Laundry workers .
Street-car workers, Indianapolis, ___ do_____
Ind.
Telephone operators, Harrisburg, .......do............
Traction men___
Pennsylvania Mutual Life Insur ___ do............
ance Co., Wilkes-Barre, Pa.
Egyptian Transportation Co., ___ do....... .
Marion, 111.
Structural-iron work, Chicago, 111.. ___ do_____
Agents_________
111.
[313]
Ornamental-iron workers, Chicago, ___ do—.......
111.
Ford’s Porcelain Works, Perth ___ do..........
Amboy, N. J.
Pennsylvania & Ohio Electric Co., ___ do_____
Youngstown, Ohio.
Beaver Mills, North Adams, Mass. ___ do_____
Telephone service.
Mechanics_____
Iron work on
buildings.
___ do_____ ____
___ do...........
Controversy .
Printing.
Juilding, Tacoma, Wash_______
Strike_____
Building.
111.
Building, Aberdeen, Wash.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Strike...
___ do.._
___ do...
.do.
Asked $9 per week increase. Adjusted. Allowed $5 per week in
crease; $50.
Asked 1 cent and 2 cents in Pending........... ..................... ...........
crease for ironing shirts.
Wages and working condi
.do.
tions.
Union supervisor dis Adjusted. Company agreed to rein
charged.
state supervisor.
Asked increased wages....... Adjusted. Special salaries; 2 per cent
on all ordinary premiums collected.
Working conditions; 9-cent Unable to adjust__________ ______
cut.
Asked $1.50 per hour____ Adjusted. Returned; will receive
$1.50 per hour on Oct. 1, 1926.
.do.
-----do.......................... . .....................
Porcelain work__ Asked 5 cents per hour in Adjusted. Allowed 5 cents per hour
crease.
increase; 10 -hour day.
Linemen.......... . Asked 10 cents.per hour in Unclassified. Mediation not required.
crease.
Spinners_______ Working conditions......... Unclassified. Settled before commis
sioner’s arrival.
Building trade__ Asked 5 cents per hour in Adjusted, increase granted_______
crease.
Pending_____ ___ ____ _______ __
Cigar making___ 0 Weaving woolens. Complained of poor mate Unclassified. Settled before com
rials.
missioner’s arrival.
Building............. 0 ___ do...______________________
Cigar making___ Going out of business
Unclassified. Business discontinued.
Common labor__ 0 ----- -- Pending-............................................
New Jersey Terra Cotta Co., Perth
Amboy, N. J.
Cigar makers, Perth Amboy, N. J_.
Liberty Woolen Mills, Jersey City,
N. J.
Building trades, Greenwich, Conn.
Rohde & Co., Cincinnati, Ohio__
Montrose Construction Co., New
York City.
Typographical workers, Marion,
___ do_____
Controversy-
Present status and terms of settlement
_do.
Begin
ning
In
Ending Direct direct
ly
ly
1926
1926
May 15 June 1
900
0
June 2
0
Apr. 17 June 4
11
15
May 29 June 9
0
11
June 1 June 2
700
...do___ June
10
400
May 21 May 26
225
June 2 June 10
84
May 27 May 28
12
May 29 June 5
200
0
May 27 May 29
May 21 June
0
Asked $2 per week increase. Adjusted. Increase granted............. June
June
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Hand laundries, New York City... .......do_____
Cause of dispute
8
0
0
71
8
11
Asked $1 per day increase.. Pending. “American plan ” in effect; May
70 per cent of contractors paying the
increase, $9 per day.
___ do................. ............. Unclassified. Compromised before -..do___ June 3
commissioner’s arrival on $8.50 per
day.
500
500
15
40
Totals.
1 Not reported.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Pending................... ......... ................. . June
(i)
8
Adjusted. Returned on same condi
June 21
0)
tions as before strike.
-----do............................. ........
May 26 June 6
Adjusted. Compromised on $10.50 till June
October 1 ; then $11 per day.
Pending........... .................... ...... .........
(!)
8
June 16
Adjusted. Company agreed to em
ploy union sheet-metal workers.
Adjusted. Adlowed $33 per week and
50 per cent of all takings over $47.
-----do.__________ ______________
___do.___ _____________________
Pending........... ...........................
.do.
Adjusted. Allowed 1 2 % cents pe
hour increase.
Partially settled. Men working___
Adjusted. Terms not reported.........
Adjusted. Agreed on scale of wages..
300
0)
75
15
30
48
500
75
4,000
1, 500
(!)
(‘)
1, 800
150
3
(!)
(1)
15
June 24 ___do___
420
__do___
...d o ___ __do___
June 25
600
105
July
100
6
10
2
500
60
120
(!)
(:)
(>)
250
(i)
0)
0)
150
1,900
June 17 June 24
0)
75
18
Adjusted. Allowed 10 cents and 15 June 10 June 24
cents per dozen increase finishing
machine-made hats.
Adjusted. All demands granted____
June 28
0)
Adjusted. Company will abide by June 15 June 17
agreement; no wage cut.
Pending______ _________________ Apr. 15
Adjusted. Agreement concluded___
June 23
0)
Adjusted. Company agreed to abide
July 2
0)
by local “ adjustment plan.”
Pending_____________ ________
0)
Adjusted. Allowed $1 and $1.25 per
June 29
0)
1,000 according to grade of cigar.
Pending___________ ____ _______
(1)
Adjusted. Arbitration agreed upon... May 16 June 24
Pending.
0)
___ do__
50
(»)
CONCILIATION SERVICE
[319]
Terra-cotta workers, Columbus, ___ do........... . -----do................... 0)-—.........................
Ohio.
Girard Model Co., Girard, Pa___ ___ do______ Metal-toy work... Wage cut and working
conditions.
Riley &' Tanner Construction Co., ___ do______ Road and bridge Asked union agreement
Harrisburg, 111.
work.
and increase.
Plumbers and steam fitters, Colum ___ do........... Building_______ Asked $11 per day— $1 in
bus, Ohio.
crease.
J. A. Haefer, building contractor, .......do______ Painting_______ Working conditions........ ..
Reading, Pa.
Pelt-hat makers, New York City... ...... do........... . Hat work______ Wages and working condi
tions.
Italian bakers, Boston, Mass..........
.do.
Baking industry.. Asked $5 per week increase
and 10-hour day.
Dresswell Leather Goods Co., Chi
.do.
Leather trade___ Proposed wage cut______
cago, 111.
Ponemah Mills, Taftsville, Conn... ___ do______ Textile industry.. Working conditions_____
Glaziers, Gary, Ind____________ ___ do______ Glazing windows. ___ do________________
Quaker Oats Co. Building, Cedar T h reaten ed Common labor__ Union working conditions
Rapids, Iowa.
strike.
asked.
Italian bakers, Philadelphia, Pa__ Strike______ Baking trade___ 0 ) — - .....................................................
P. D. Graves & Son, New Haven, ___do______ Cigar making___ Wage increase__________
Conn.
Cotton mills, Adams, Mass_____
.do.
Textile industry.. Working conditions_____
Standard Coal Co., Wheatland,
.do.
Mining.............. Discharge of pump man__
Ind.
ICurtz Furniture Co., Fullerton,
_do.
Furniture trade... Union men laid off...........
Pa.
Mount Sinai Hospital Building,
_do_
Carpenters and Jurisdiction of metal domes.
Cleveland, Ohio.
sheet-metal men,
Lazarus Building, Columbus, Ohio.
.do.
Sheet-metal work. Nonunion metal workers...
Barber shops, Yorkville, N. Y___
.do.
Barber trade........ Wages, hours, and condi
tions.
Barber shops, West Harlem, N. Y. ___do______ ___do__
-----do_____ ____ ______
Barber shops. East Harlem, N. Y.. ___do______ ___do__
___do...___ __________
Kresge Building, Columbus, Ohio.. T h reaten ed Building.
Nonunion labor employed..
strike.
Painters and glaziers, Hammond, Controversy. _
.do.
(')— ..... — -...
Ind.
Electricians, Hazleton, Pa............ Strike__
.do.
Asked wage increase_____
Gamewell Co., Newton Upper Lockout.
Fire-alarms manu Company taking inventory.
Falls, Mass.
facturing.
Cloth Headwear Co., Chicago, 111.. Strike..
Cloth-cap making. 0).
Tile and marble setters, Indian ___do.
Building............... Asked wage increase.
apolis, Ind.
July 7
June 24
0,ol9
O
CO
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
104
Strikes a n d L ockouts in G re a t B ritain in 1925
D E T A IL E D account of strikes and lockouts occurring in G reat
B ritain and northern Ireland in 1925 is given m the m inistry
of Labor G azette (London) for June, 1926. The num ber of
disputes beginning in 1925 was 604, the num ber of workpeople
involved, directly and indirectly, was 445,300, and the duration of
the disputes, in working-days, was 7,966,000. The corresponding
d a ta for 1924 show 710 disputes, 616,100 workpeople involved, and
a loss of 8,424,000 working-days.
D isputes in the coal-mining and textile industries accounted for
more than tw o-thirds of all the workpeople involved and over 80
per cent of the tim e lost in 1925. “ The building, etc., and transport
industries were com paratively free from large disputes, whereas in
the previous year more th an half of all the workpeople involved in
disputes were in these industries. The num bers involved in disputes
in the engineering, shipbuilding, and other m etal industries in 1925
were less th an in any year since 1909.”
The m ost im po rtant dispute of the year was a disagreem ent in the
wool textile industry, of which some account was given in the Labor
Review for February, 1926 (p. 226). In this, 165,000 were involved,
and the num ber of working-days lost was approxim ately 3,105,000.
Among the disputes in the coal industry were several which were
protracted for m onths, running well into the present year. “ In the
case of three such disputes which began in the sum m er of 1925 in the
D urham coal field, involving in all 12,000 workpeople, no general
settlem ent had been effected when the general stoppage of the coal
mines began in M ay, 1926.”
A
Cause of Disputes
HPABLE 1 shows the proportion of the workpeople directly involved
in disputes beginning in 1925, distributed by the cause of the dis
pute. As those indirectly involved are not included, the total num
ber shown differs from th a t given above. A dispute having several
different causes is classified according to w hat appeared to be the
principal m atter of disagreement.
T able 1.—CAUSES OF DISPUTES, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1925
Industry group
Per cent directly involved in disputes over—
Number
directly
Em
involved
ploy Work
in dis
of
ar Trade- Other
putes be Wages ment
particu ing
causes
range union
ginning
ism
lar
class
ments
in 1925
es or
persons
6.5
5. 0
.5
14.3
1. 5
9.4
16. 1
12.7
6. 5
.9
40.3
26. 1
19. 3
9. 0
7.5
1.3
Mining and quarrying______ _ __________
Metal, engineering and shipbuilding________
Textile___ _______ ________ --- - ___
Clothing.________________ _____________
Building, decorating, contracting, etc ---------Transport............. .............................................
Other industries
____________________ .
116, 500
18, 400
169,400
2,900
4, 400
27, 400
62, 500
42.4
20.4
98. 3
8.3
41.4
61. 8
58.8
All industries, 1925..____ ____________
401, 500
6 8 .6
14.2
5.6
7.7
3.9
All industries, 1924________________ .
558, 000
75. 6
6. 2
4.7
3.3
10 .2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[320]
30.9
66 . 8
.2
33.0
13.7
9.4
6 .8
.1
4. 1
17.3
.1
9.3
STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS---GREAT BRITAIN
105
I t will be seen th at wage questions were the principal ground of
disputes during the year and th a t in the textile industry all other
causes were insignificant. N early four-fifths of the workpeople
involved in all wage disputes were resisting cuts, actual or pro
posed. “ This high proportion was largely due to the preponderat
ing influence of the dispute in the wool textile industry, b u t even
ap art from this stoppage nearly as m any workpeople were involved
in disputes caused by wage reductions as in all other wage dis
putes.” In other words, the energies of the workers during the
year were directed rather to avoid a worsening of conditions than to
secure an improvement.
The next m ost im portant cause of dispute concerned the employ
m ent of particular persons or classes of persons. This included
Such m atters as dem arcation of work, the replacem ent of skilled men
by unskilled, or by women or juveniles, the reinstatem ent of workers
who had been discharged unjustifiably, as their comrades thought,
and the like.
I n th e m etal, engineering, a n d sh ipbuilding group th ese q u estio n s w ere a
n oticeably m ore im p o rta n t source of friction, a n d in th e m in in g a n d q u a rry in g
group th e y w ere little less im p o rta n t, th a n w ere w age questio n s. In all, 141
d isp u tes in 1925 arose from su ch causes, affecting a b o u t 14 p er c e n t of th e to ta l
w orkpeople directly involv ed in all d isp u tes. T he la rg e st d isp u te in th is c a te
gory involved 20,000 coal m iners, etc., in th e a n th ra c ite d is tric t of S o u th W ales,
a n d arose in th e first in stan ce from th e dism issal of a collier’s helper.
Results of Disputes
’" TABLE 2 shows, by groups of industries, the proportion of workers
involved in disputes, classified according to their results. Dis
putes classed as resulting in favor of the employers or the work
people are those in which the given side was entirely successful, or
practically so; those in which one side was partly b u t not wholly
successful are classed as compromised. Those classed as “ unsettled”
were still active in June, 1926.
TABLE
3.—RESULTS OF DISPUTES, BY INDUSTRY GROUP, 1925
Industry group
Number Per cent directly involved in disputes,
results of which were—
directly
involved
in dis
putes be In favor In favor Compro
Un
ginning of work of em
mised
settled
people ployers
in 1925
Mining and quarrying------------------Metai, engineering, and shipbuilding,.
Textile............ .................................... .
Clothing.............. ................................
Building, decorating, contracting, etc.
Transport.......... ...................................
Other industries...................................
116, 500
18, 400
169, 400
2, 900
4, 400
27, 400
62, 500
21. 4
32. 6
98. 7
41. 6
15.7
34. 2
5. 6
31. 0
15.0
.4
13.2
16. 4
25. 8
16.3
29. 5
31. 2
.9
45. 2
67. 9
32. 7
77. 3
All industries, 1925.....................
401, 500
53.0
14.4
25. 7
All industries, 1924.....................
558, 000
9. 7
18. 0 j
72. 3
18.1
2 1 .2
7.3
.8
6.9
Of the 589 disputes which originated and were settled in 1925, 252
were compromised, 154 were settled in favor of the workpeople, and
183 in favor of the employers, b u t classified by the percentage of
2254°—26f— 8
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1321]
106
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
workers involved instead of by the num ber of disputes the results
show a very different order. As the table shows over one-half of
the workers won their point, this being due to the dom inating char
acter of the wool textile dispute, in which the workers successfully
resisted a cut in wages. In m ost of the other industries a large pro
portion of the workpeople were involved in disputes which ended in
compromises. A num ber of disputes were not y et settled.
I n th e case of 8 disputes, d irectly inv o lv in g 15,100 w orkpeople, w ork had
been resum ed pen d in g fu rth e r n eg o tiatio n a n d a final se ttle m e n t h ad n o t y e t
been rep o rted , a n d in th e case of 7 d isp u tes, d irectly in v o lv in g 12,300 w orkpeople,
w ork h a d n o t been resu m ed a t th e tim e of going to press.
Methods of Settlement
rT'A B LE 3 shows the m ethod of settlem ent used in the case of
the 589 disputes of the year which had been finally adjusted
before June, 1926.
T able 3 —METHODS OF SETTLING DISPUTES
Workpeople di
rectly involved
Disputes
Method of settlement
cent
Per cent
Number Per
of total Number of total
By direct negotiation between the parties or their agents,.
By conciliation____ _ ______________
. .. _______
By arbitration___________ __________ . . _____ _____
By return to work on employers’ terms without negotiation__
Other .
_________ __.._________________________ __
423
44
72
7
10
68
2
12
T o ta l................. ............... ................................................
589
44
7
164, 800
26, 200
165,900
9, 700
7, 500
44
7
44
3
100
374,100
100
2
D irect negotiation between the disagreeing parties was by far
the commonest m ethod of settlem ent, b u t since the chief dispute
of the year (th at in the wool textile industry) was settled through a
court of investigation, the proportion of workpeople involved
directly in disputes settled by arbitration was the same as th a t in
volved in disputes settled by negotiation.
Of th e 44 d isp u tes se ttle d b y o th e r m e th o d s * * *, strik e rs w ere rep laced by
o th e r w orkpeople in th e case of 29 d isp u tes, th e strik e of seam en, of w hom 5,000
are e stim a te d to h a v e b e e n in v o lv ed in B ritish p o rts, bein g th e only case of an y
m a g n itu d e w hich w as so co n c lu d e d ; in th e case of th re e sm all d isp u tes th e e sta b
lishm ents or d e p a rtm e n ts concerned w ere closed dow n.
Comparative Figures for Recent Years
IN T H E early p a rt of the present century the num ber of disputes
was relatively small, b u t in 1911 they showed a m arked increase,
and in 1913 reached the num ber of 1,459, involving a total of 664,000
workers, and a loss of 9,800,000 working-days. W ith the outbreak
of the w ar the num ber and m agnitude of the disputes diminished,
and in 1916 there were only 532, involving a to tal of 276,000 workers
and a loss of 2,450,000 working-days. Then they began to increase
again, and from 1917 onward they stood as follows:
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[322]
S T R IK E S AND LO CK O U TS— GREAT B R IT A IN
107
T able 4 .—NUMBER OF DISPUTES, WORKERS INVOLVED, AND DAYS LOST, 1917 TO 1925
Disputes
beginning
in year
Year
1917
_ _ _____________ ______ •....... .................
............-.............................................. ...........
1918
1919
_________________ __________________________
1920 _ w ......................... ..................... ....................................
1921
.................. ...................................... -..............1922
......................................................................... .........
i cm
_ _ _ ..... ........................
1924
.............................................................. ............
1925
......................-...........-.................-----................. -
730
1,185
1, 352
1,607
763
576
628
710
601
Workers in Working-days
volved in
lost in dis
disputes be
putes in
ginning in progress dur
year
ing year
872,000
1,116,000
2, 591, 000
1,932, 000
1,801, 000
552, 000
405, 000
613, 000
442, 000
5, 650, 000
5, 880, 000
34, 970, 000
26,570, 000
85, 870, 000
19, 850,000
10, 670,000
8,420, 000
7, 970, 000
T he heavy losses of time in 1919 and 1920 m ark the troubled period
of readjustm ent im m ediately following the war, while the record
loss of 85,870,000 days in 1921 was largely due to the coal troubles
of th a t year. Since then there has been a m arked dim inution in the
num ber of disputes, the num ber of workers involved, and the num ber
of days lost, 1925 showing a smaller figure for this last item than
any year since 1918.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[323]
W AGES A N D H O U R S O F LA B O R
Hours and Earnings in the Motor-Vehicle Industry, 1922 and 1925
H E Bureau of Labor Statistics has ju st completed a study cover
ing wages, hours of labor, and. earnings of 144,362 wage earners
in the motor-vehicle industry in 1925, sum m ary figures for
the results of which are given below. Similar data in much greater
detail will be available later in bulletin form.
T he study was lim ited to plants located in Illinois, Indiana,
M ichigan, New Jerse}^, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wis
consin as, according to the 1923 census, 91 per cent of the employees
engaged in the m anufacture of m otor vehicles, bodies, and p arts were
in these 8 States. The 1925 d a ta gathered covered a total of 140,930
male and 3,432 female wage earners in 99 plants distributed as
follows: 47 m anufacturing automobiles, 12 assembling m otor vehicles,
15 building automobile bodies, 3 m anufacturing sheet-m etal stam p
ings, 1 m aking radiators, 14 m aking automobile forgings, transm is
sions, gears, and axles, and 7 m anufacturing automobile motors.
The num ber of wage earners covered represents 35.6 per cent of the
to tal num ber reported in the 1923 census for the mo tor-vehicle and
the bodies and parts industries combined.
T he study covers all employees engaged in m anufacturing processes
(except those working on electric starters, generators, or magnetos),
beginning w ith those who receive the raw m aterials and ending with
those who load the finished product for shipm ent. Executives,
power-house employees, office clerks, and employees engaged in the
m aintenance or construction of buildings and in the engineering,
drafting, or experim ental departm ents are not included.
The 1925 data are for a pay period in October, November, or,
December of 80 of the 99 plants and for approxim ately 87 per cent
of the wage earners covered in th a t year and, therefore, are represent
ative of conditions in these m onths. F or a few large plants only a
representative p a rt of the total num ber of employees was taken, as
the inclusion of the to tal num ber of wage earners therein would have
tended to im pair the representative character of the averages for the
States in which the plants are located.
Table 1 below shows, for each occupation and for the industry,
average full-tim e hours per week, average earnings per hour, and aver
age full-time weekly earnings in 1925; for purposes of comparison
sim ilar d a ta are also given for 1922. Average earnings per hour for
each occupation were com puted by dividing the to tal earnings of all
employees in the occupation by the total hours worked by all em
ployees; average full-tim e hours per week, by dividing the total
full-tim e hours per week of all employees by the total num ber of em
ployees; and average full-tim e earnings per week by m ultiplying the
average earnings per hour by the average full-time hours per week.
T
108
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
l [324]
WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOR
109
The average earnings of males in all occupations combined
increased from 66.2 cents per hour in 1922, to 72.9 cents per hour
in 1925, those of females from 43.8 to 46.7 cents, and the average for
the industry as a whole from 65.7 to 72.3 cents. I t is also seen th a t
the average full-tim e earnings per week of males in all occupations
increased from $33.19 in 1922 to $36.67 in 1925, those of females
from $22.05 to $23.40; and those of males and females combined
from $32.92 to $36.37.
The average full-time hours per week for the industry increased
from 50.1 in 1922 to 50.3 per week in 1925.
In 1922 the highest average earnings per hour for males were
93.1 cents for “ letterers, stripers, and varnishers,” and the lowest,
“ ap p ren tices” excepted, 49.5 for “ laborers.” In 1925 “ dingm en”
m ade the highest average earnings per hour ($1.037), and “ laborers”
earned the lowest average per hour (57 cents). The earnings of fe
males in 1922 ranged from 35.2 cents for “ inspectors” to 68 cents per
hour for “ other skilled occupations,” and in 1925 ranged from 36.1
cents per hour for “ inspectors” to 69.6 cents for “ lathe operators.”
T able
1
.—A V E R A G E F U L L - T I M E H O U R S P E R W E E K , A V E R A G E E A R N I N G S P E R
H O U R , A N D A V E R A G E F U L L -T IM E W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S F O R A L L O C C U P A T IO N S
I N T H E M O T O R - V E H I C L E I N D U S T R Y , B Y O C C U P A T IO N , S E X , A N D Y E A R , 1922 A N D
1925
Occupation
Sex
Apprentices..................-.....................-............ Male...
__ _do__
Assemblers, axle _____ - ______________ ___do _
__ _do___
Female
Assemblers, body frame 1------------------------- Male...
Assemblers, chassis______________________ ___do
_do___
Female
Assemblers, final__________ ________ ____ Male...
__do__
Female
_do_._
Assemblers, frame............... -................... ......... Male...
_do_ __
Assemblers, m otor__ ___________________ _ _do
__ _do___
Female
_do__
Automatic lathe and screw-machine operators . Male...
__do__
Female
Bench hands, machine shop. _____________ Male...
-__do_ _
Female
__-do__
Blacksmiths--------- ------------------------------ Male...
__ _do___
Bodv builders__ ___________________ __do
Boring-mill operators.......... .............................- -__do- _
_--do_ __
Bumpers 2 ____________________________ __ .do__
Crane operators 3 __________________ ___ __do
Cutters, (doth and leather 4 _ ______________ __do_ _
Female
Die setters 3 . . . .. ----------- ----------------- Male...
-__do.
Dingmen 2
__ _____ ________________
.do—
Door hangers 1_________ _____________ _
Aver Aver
Num
full age
ber of Number age
time
earn
Year estab of em hours
per
lish ployees
per ings
ments
week hour
Aver
agefull
time
weekly
earn
ings
52. 5 $0. 385
.512
50. 0
49. 8
. 675
50.3
.729
50.0
.496
.739
50.8
50.2
.647
.694
49.9
50. 0
.520
.672
50.3
.731
50. 1
. 621
49. 1
.507
49.8
.673
49.0
.753
50.0
.661
50. 0
.747
49.8
52. 5
.485
.489
50. 0
.6 8 8
50. 2
.764
49. 7
49. V .493
.670
50. 0
.716
50. 2
49. 6
.546
49.3
.568
50.0
.810
49. 6
.957
50. 7
.718
.701
50. 2
.765
50.6
.945
49.8
49.7
.726
.803
50.5
.517
51.8
49.9
.797
50.6 1.037
.827
51.2
$20. 21
25.60
33. 62
36.67
24.80
37.54
32.48
34.63
26.00
33. 82
36. 62
30. 52
95. 25
33. 01
37. 65
33.03
37.20
25. 47
24. 45
34.56
37. 97
24. 50
33. 47
35.94
27.10
28.00
40.54
47. 47
36. 41
35.22
38.71
47.06
36.08
40.55
26. 78
39. 77
52. 47
42. 34
1922
1925
1922
1925
1925
1925
1922
1925
1925
1922
1925
1922
1925
1922
1925
1922
1925
1922
1925
1922
1925
1925
1922
1925
1922
1925
1922
1925
1922
1922
1925
1925
1925
1925
1925
1925
1925
1925
19
45
30
45
2
49
41
54
3
46
74
7
18
29
47
41
61
2
6
34
65
4
35
70
4
8
34
80
26
30
53
35
29
44
5
19
32
32
1In c lu d e d in b o d y b u ild e rs in 1922.
2I n c lu d e d i n s h e e t-m e ta l w o rk ers, sk illed , in 1922.
2I n c lu d e d i n o th e r sk ille d o cc u p atio n s or in o th e r em ployees in 1922.
<*I n c lu d e d in tr i m b e n c h h a n d s in 1922;
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[325]
300
544
703
1, 922
24
3,091
1,357
2,902
34
3,108
7, 400
170
318
364
1,115
2,147
4,851
2
48
1, 673
2,622
6
2,176
2,439
14
35
388
1,040
1,604
392
828
323
145
219
18
274
209
659
no
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
1.— AVERAGE FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK, AVERAGE EARNINGS PER
HOUR, AND AVERAGE FULL-TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS FOR ALL OCCUPATIONS
IN THE MOTOR-VEHICLE INDUSTRY, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND YEAR, 1922 AND
1925—Continued
T a b ie
Occupation
Sex
Aver Aver
Num
full age
ber of Number age
time
Year estab of em hours
earn
lish ployees
per
per ings
ments
week hour
Drill-press operators.............................. ........... Male-...' 1922
- . .do__ 1925
: Female 1922
__do— 1925
Forge-shop helpers.................................... ...... Male-... 1922
-- -do — 1925
Gear-cutter operators___________________ .. do. _ 1922
L-__do__ 1925
_do___ 1922
Grinding-machine operators______________
___do__. 1925
Female 1922
_do_-_ 1925
Hardeners________ _________________
Male... 1922
___do__ 1925
Helpers_____ ____________________
___do __ 1922
___do__ 1925
Female 1925
Inspectors.......................... .......................
Male... 1922
___do__ 1925
Female 1922
___do__ 1925
Laborers________________ ,________ Male... 1922
__.do__ 1925
Female 1922
___do__ 1925
Lacquer rubbers 8_ ...............................
Male... 1925
Lathe operators....................................
___do
1922
___do__ 1925
Female 1922
-__do__ 1925
Letterers, stripers, and varnishers.......
Male... 1922
___do__ 1925
Machinists.......................................
___do
1922
___do__ 1925
Metal finishers 1 _________________
___do__ 1925
Metal panelers 1.................................
__-do_ _ 1925
Milling-machine operators..... ......... ........
_ _do
1922
___do__ 1925
Female 1922
___do__ 1925
Molders 1.......................... ...... ...... . . . . . .
Male . 1925
Painters, general__ ____ ________
__do_ . 1922
--.do__ 1925
Female 1925
Paint sprayers_________________
Male... 1922
___do _ 1925
Planer and shaper operators............
___do_ _ 1922
___do__ 1925
Platers 3_________ _________
„ _do-_ 1925
Polishers and buffers__________
__do__ 1922
___do__ 1925
Punch-press operators_______ _
-_.do__ 1922
___do__ 1925
Female 1925
Sandblasters.................................. .
Male... 1922
__do __ 1925
Sanders and rough-stuff rubbers 6__
__do__ 1925
Sewing-machine operators___
__do
1922
___do__ 1925
Female 1922
_ _do_ _ 1925
Sheet-metal workers, skilled___
Male... 1922
Sheet-metal workers_______
_ do__ 1922
...d o — 1925
Female 1925
Straighteners 3.............................. .
Male... 1925
Testers, final and road.......................
do__ 1922
___do__ 1925
1 Included in body builders in 1922.
3 Included in other skilled occupations or in other employees in
5 Not found in 1922: Process developed since.
6 Included in “ Painters, general,” in 1922.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[326]
42
84
5
17
34
55
30
48
38
69
2
3
29
54
43
81
2
44
93
7
24
47
97
5
13
38
41
72
3
5
37
56
41
73
32
39
74
3
4
19
47
77
5
34
69
21
32
27
28
35
27
61
6
32
51
44
11
14
27
48
32
35
60
3
42
41
45
1922.
3,443
8,6 8 8
44
99
656
1,-661
497
1,331
2, 574
5, 422
3
9
667
945
1,042
3,019
25
2,808
7,676
197
437
. 5,982
16, 592
46
105
709
2,950
6, 260
12
41
762
990
1, 291
3, 604
3,397
1, 655
1,591
3, 549
14
20
266
2,114
1,934
16
177
993
165
308
181
564
1,095
1,096
4,416
103
480
954
1,937
101
378
505
1,113
779
1,304
3, 111
39
628
666
741
49.6 $0. 644
50.3
.712
51.4
.447
49.8
.573
49.6
.698
51.0
.753
50. 2
. 678
50.6
.746
50.0
.710
50: 1
.765
52. 9
.572
49.9
.471
51.7
.676
53. 7
.725
50. 8
. 531
50.9
.603
.491
50.0
50. 1 . -608
50.1
.682
.352'
51.2
49.6
.361
50. 2.
.495
50.4
.570
50. 5
.385
50.2
.403
50. 2
. 871
49. 5
. 689
50.0
.762
52.0
.463
49. 8
.696
50.8
.931
50. 1
.996
50. 0
. 715
50.0
.806
50. 6
. 851
51. 5
.770
50.0
. 659
50.4
.737
50. 7
.394
.469
48.7
51.0
.823
50. 7
. 733
50.6
.776
47.8
.519
50. 8
. 723
50.0
.850
49. 3
.738
49. 7
.786
50. 1
. 734
50. 4
. 756
48.8
.908
49. 4
.715
49.6
.718
50.0
.457
50.6
.618
50.8
.680
50. 5
.843
49. 0
. 748
48.4
.718
50. 5
.442
50. 7
.472
50.7
.780
50. 2
50.3
.783
49.5
.490
50.9
.753
50. 5
. 610.639
50.8
Aver
age full,
time
weekly
earn
ings
$31. 96
35.81
22. 99
28. 54
34. 62
38. 40
34. 07
37. 75
35. 47
38. 33
30. 28
23. 50
34; 97
38. 93
26. 95
30.69
24. 55
30145
34. 17
18103
17. 91
24.86
28. 73
19.46
20. 23
43. 72
34.13
38.10
24.07
34. 66
47. 26
40. 90
35. 78
40.30
43. 06
39- 66
32.94
37.14
19. 98
22. 84
41. 97
37.17
39. 27
24. 81
36. 56
42. 50
36.40
39.06
36. 77
38.08
44. 31
35.31
35.61
22. 85
31. 29
34.54
42. 57
36. 65
34. 75
22. 32
23. 93
39. 53
32. 92
39. 38
24. 26
38. 33
30. 80
32.48
111
WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOE
1.—AVERAGE FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK, AVERAGE EARNINGS PER
HOUR, AND AVERAGE FULL-TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS FOR ALL OCCUPATIONS
IN THE MOTOR-VEHICLE INDUSTRY, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND YEAR, 1922 AND
192£H-Continued
T able
Occupation
Sex
AverNum
fullber of Number age
time
Year estab of em hours
lish ployees
per
ments
week
Testers, motor.................................................... Male...
___do—
Tool and die makers___________ _________ __do
__.do_-_
Top builders. _______________________ _
do
___do__
Female
__-do__
Trim bench hands..................... ..................... Male...
.--do__
Female
___do-__
Varnish rubbers................................................. Male...
-__do-__
Welders and braziers 3....... .............................. .
do
Welders, spot and b u tt 3____ ____ ____ ___ _do
Woodworking-machine operators 1 _________ _-do _
Other skilled occupations..................................
do
___do_-Female
-_-do_„_
Other employees................................ ...... ......... Male...
-_-do__
Female
-__do—
1922
1925
1922
1925
1922
1925
1922
1925
1922
1925
1922
1925
1922
1925
1925
1925
1925
1922
1925
1922
1925
1922
1925
1922
1925
38
48
40
so
36
64
5
14
19
35
18
26
25
34
63
33
42
37
91
3
3
47
97
All occupations_________ ___________ Male...
...d o ...
Female
-_-do_-_
1922
1925
1922
1925
49 54, 930
99 140, 930
29
1,379
59
3,432
All occupations, male and female______
1922
1925
49
99
11
26
489
1,433
1,097
3,689
1 410
4 ,415
18
155
182
473
202
474
501
553
783
677
1,942
1, 659
3, 771
15
8
3,611
10,171
137
305
56 309
144 ,362
Aver
age
earn
ings per
hour
51.2 $0. 633
.712
50. 5
50 0
. 769
50.2
.873
50 8
778
! 808
50.6
51. 8
.468
51.4
.481
49.4
.595
.754
49.2
.438
50.6
49. 7
.479
50. 9
.870
.901
50.3
50 3
810
50 9
*792
! 074
51 2
¿9 5
710
.774
5o! o
49.0
.680
.536
50.0
49.9
.644
.692
49.9
49.0
.461
49. 6
. 450
50. 1
50. 3
50.3
50. 1
50 1
50.3
,662
.729
.438
.467
657
! 723
Aver
age full
time
weekly
earn
ings
$32.43
35. 96
38 47
43.82
39 55
40.88
24. 26
24.72
29.40
37.10
22. 14
23. 81
44.27
45. 32
40 74
39 76
34 51
35 15
38l 70
33. 34
26. 80
32.13
34. 53
22. 59
22. 32
33.19
36: 67
22. 05
23. 40
9 9 Q9
36.37
i Included in body builders in 1922,
3 Included in other skilled occupations or in other employees in 1922.
Average hours and earnings are shown in Table 2 for each State
for 18 of the m ost im portant occupations for which d a ta are shown in
Table 1. In these 18 occupations are found 55.5 per cent of the
male workers and 70 per cent of the female workers included in the
1925 study. In explanation of the d a ta for assemblers, axle, male,
it will be observed th a t the average full-tim e hours per wTeek range
from 48.0 in New Jersey and Ohio combined to 53.7 in Illinois; th a t
average earnings per hour range from 59.8 cents in Pennsylvania to
75.5 cents in M ichigan; and th a t average full-tim e earnings per week
range from $29.84 in Pennsylvania to $38.43 in M ichigan,
The averages for the other occupations in this table m ay be read in
like m anner -
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[327]
112
M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW
T able 2.—AVERAGE FULL-TIME
HOURS PER WEEK, AVERAGE EARNINGS PER
HOUR, AND AVERAGE FULL-TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS FOR 18 SELECTED OCCU
PATIONS IN THE MOTOR VEHICLE INDUSTRY, BY OCCUPATION, SEX. AND
STATE, 1925
’
’
State
Aver
Num Num age
ber of ber of full
estab em
time
lish
hours
ments ployees per
week
Aver Aver
age Num
age
full ber of
earn time
ings weekly estab
lish
per
earn ments
hour
ings
A s s e m b l e r s , a x le , m a l e
Illinois___________
Indiana_____ _______
Michigan __________
New Jersey_______
New York....................
Ohio . . . .
Pennsylvania............ .
Wisconsin__ ____
New Jersey and Ohio__
3
53
7
109
15 1,147
(0
0)
4
171
0)
(>)
3
34
3
71
10
337
Total....................
45 1, 922
.729
36. 67
3
7
11
3
9
9
4
3
Total....................
5
168
7
167
16 1,461
2
6
11
3
4
112
273
458
131
132
54 2,902
.694
34. 63
3
19
106
539
47
35
185
164
6
14
2
4
10
5
3
20
47 1,115
A u to m a tic
Illinois___________
Indiana_______ _____
Michigan.... .................
New Jersey...........
New York....................
Ohio... .............
Pennsylvania-...............
Wisconsin........... . . ..
Total....................
Total.....................
50. 8
.739
50. 0
37. 65
.753
la th e a n d s c r e w - m a c h in e
o p e r a to r s , m a l e
6
10
22
52. 8 $0. 650
50. 7
. 667
49. 4
.813
50. 0
. 840
50. 3
. 699
47. 9
.802
50.7
.593
53.2
.644
61 4,851
49.8
65 2,622
49.7
37.20
75
312
1, 451
3
49
8
339
7
241
4
110
5
45
52. 5 $0 . 621 $32. 60
50. 8
.636 32.31
50. 3
. 743 37. 37
50. 1
.735 36. 82
50. 5
.652 32. 93
47. 4
.720 34.13
52. 7
. 555 29. 25
53. 4
. 642 34. 28
84
50.3
.712
.764
$34. 32
33. 82
40.16
42. 00
35.16
38. 42
30. 07
34.26
37.97
D r i l l - p r e s s o p e r a to r s , f e m a l e
7
215
12
538
24 5,594
4
150
9
428
15
901
7
450
6
412
8 , 688
37.54
$30.27
41. 30
40. 35
36. 70
35. 91
36. 95
29.43
32.21
52. 0 $0. 718 $37. 34
51. 0
.727 37. 08
49. 5
.770 38. 12
48. 2
.812 39. 14
50. 4
.711 35. 83
48. 9
.693 33. 89
52. 9
.636 33. 64
52.3
.694 36. 30
. 747
$41. 05
36. 30
38.12
34. 65
39. 86
37. 28
36.41
37. 95
49. 7 $0. 609
50. 3
. 821
50. 0
.807
49. 6
. 740
53. 2
. 675
48. 3
. 765
51. 1
.576
53. 5
.602
4
127
242
18 3,025
4
188
6
258
11
710
4
135
4
166
10
D r i l l - p r e s s o p e r a to r s , m a l e
Illinois________ ____
Indiana__________
Michigan_____ ______
New Jersey_________
New Y ork..............
Ohio___________
Pennsylvania.................
Wisconsin__________
Illinois and Ohio............
50. 0 $0. 821
50. 7
. 716
51. 1
.746
48. 8
.710
51. 7
.771
49. 7
. 750
49. 6
.734
55. 0
.690
A s s e m b le r s , fr a m e , m a le
49.2 $0. 661 $32. 52
49.4
.646 31. 91
49. 9
.740 36. 93
48. 8
.718 35. 04
51.4
.634 29. 34
48. 9
.652 31. 88
50. 0
. 600 30. 00
52. 2
.637 33. 25
49. 9
172
625
1,039
389
287
280
109
190
49 3,091
A s s e m b l e r s , c h a s s is , m a l e
Illinois..........................
Indiana_______ ____ _
Michigan_____ ___
New Jersey......... .........
New York__________
Ohio.. ..... .........
Pennsylvania_______ _
Wisconsin..................
Aver Aver
age
age
full
earn time
ings weekly
per
hour earn
ings
A s s e m b le r s , body fr a m e , m a le
53. 7 $0 . 662 $35. 55
51. 2
.6 8 6
35.12
50. 9
.755 38. 43
0)
(!)
0)
49.5
.634 31. 38
(>)
0)
(!)
49. 9
.598 29. S4
50. 7
.709 35. 95
48. 0
.730 35. 04
50.3
Aver
age
Num full
ber of time
em
ployees hours
per
week
35.81
(>)
(0
2
16
59
2
2
6
10
(0
9
0)
(>)
0)
50. 0 $0. 531
49. 5
.604
50. 0
.660
49. 2
.483
(i)
(0
(>)
$26. 55
29. 90
33.00
23. 76
(0
2
8
52.9
.480
25.39
17
99
49.8
.573
28.54
1 Data which were obtained in this occupation for but one establishment in a State were combined with
data for one or more other States, averages for which were approximately the same, to avoid publishing
data for a single plant.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[328]
WAGES A5TD HOUES OF LABOE
113
2 .—AVERAGE FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK, AVERAGE EARNINGS PER
HOUR, AND AVERAGE FULL-TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS FOR 18 SELECTED OCCU
PATIONS IN THE MOTOR-VEHICLE INDUSTRY, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND
STATE, 1925—Continued
T able
S ta te
A v er
N um N um
age
fu ll
b er of b e r of
e s ta b e m
tim e
lish
ho u rs
ployees
per
m e n ts
w eek
A v e r
age
e a rn
ings
per
hour
A v er
age
fu ll
tim e
w eek ly
e a rn
ings
A v er
N um N um
age
b er of
fu ll
e s ta b b e r of tim e
em
lis h
h o u rs
ployees
m e n ts
p er
w eek
A v er
age
e a rn
in g s
p er
hour
A v er
age
fu ll
tim e
w eek ly
e a rn
in g s
In s p e c to r s , m a le
G r i n d i n g - m a c h i n e o p e r a to r s , m a l e
Illin o is..............................
I n d i a n a . . .............................
M ic h ig a n ......... ..................N ew J e r s e y ------------------N ew Y o r k _____________
O h i o . . . _____ __________
P e n n s y lv a n ia ................... ..
W isco n sin .......................
7
129
7
343
24 3,461
2
114
7
515
506
10
7
202
152
5
52.7 $0. 653 $34.41
.655 33.14
50. 6
50.2
.793 39. 81
.791 39. 55
50. 0
.712 35. 81
50.3
46. 9
.806 37. 80
53.4
.596 31.83
52.1
.715 37. 25
9
158
11
486
28 4,544
6
249
13
713
982
13
7
362
182
6
51. 9 $0. 656
49.4
.580
50. 1
.711
51. 1
.697
50. 4
.623
.708
48.6
52.2
.576
52.7
.558
$34. 05
28.65
35. 62
35. 62
31. 40
34.41
30.07
29.41
T o t a l ....... ............. .
69 5,422
50.1
.765
93 7,676
50.1
.682
34.17
38.33
I n s p e c to r s , fe m a le
Illin o is...................................
I n d ia n a .................................
M ic h i g a n ...........................
N e w J e r s e y . . ________
N ew Y o r k . ....................... .
O h io ______________ ___
P e n n s y lv a n ia __________
W isc o n sin _______ _______
Illinois, N e w Y o rk , a n d
W isc o n sin ____
T o ta l ___________
0)
2
15
(!)
35
347
(9
0)
2
2
(9
19
22
(9
(9
(9
L a b o re rs, m a le
(9
50.0 $0. 313 $15. 65
49. 8
.364 18.13
(9
(9
46.0
50.8
.429
.349
(9
19. 73
17. 73
(9
(9
3
14
48. 7
. 340
16. 56
24
437
49.6
.361
17. 91
(9
6
807
14 1,185
13 1,783
8
807
399
6
52.1 $0.487
.472
50. 9
.604
50. 1
. 553
50. 0
. 522
51.3
48.9
.558
53.9
.450
53.4
. 511
$25.37
24.02
30. 26
27. 65
26. 78
27.29
24.26
27. 29
97 16, 592
50.4
.570
28.73
9
12
29
L a t h e o p e r a to r s , m a l e
L a b o re rs, fe m a le
Illin o is _________________
I n d ia n a ______ _________
M ic h ig a n ______________
N e w J e r s e y __
N e w Y o r k _____________
O h io .. .............................
P e n n s y lv a n ia __________
W isc o n sin ______________
T o t a l . . .....................
9
79
12
50.8 $0.388 $19. 71
51.4
.395 20. 30
2
14
42.8
13
105
50.2
2
_______
.463
19. 82
.403
20.23
L e t te r e r s , s t r i p e r s a n d v a r n is h e r s , m a l e
I l l i n o i s .- ..............................
I n d ia n a ______ __________
M ic h ig a n ______________
N ew J e r s e y ......... ...............
N ew Y o r k . ____ _______
O h io .. _ ............................
P e n n s y lv a n ia ................ ..
W isco n sin............ ...............
T o ta l _ __________
50.0
.762
50.0
56
990
50.1
$33.55
35. 75
39.18
38.18
35.91
37.54
32. 30
35.74
38.10
M a c h in is ts , m a le
73 3,604
188
16
14
.996
72 6,260
111
49. 90
3
120
52. 1 $0. 644
51.0
.701
.782
50. 1
.762
50. 1
50. 5
.711
.809
46. 4
52. 1
.620
53. 1
.673
6
52. 1 $0. 638
.705
50.5
49.9
.847
.764
50.1
50.3
.715
48.2
.765
51.9
.678
.719
51.3
10
1
34
111
471
36
6
253
24 3, 888
4
309
10
468
724
12
239
5
5
268
82
6
4
89
26 2,463
54
5
12
326
11
302
223
6
65
3
50.0 $0. 941 $47. 05
50.9
.822 41.84
50.0 1.017 50. 85
.932 45. 30
48.6
62.4
.936 49. 05
48.5 1.123 54.47
.807 40. 35
50.0
51.8
.966 50.04
2
9
18
4
9
337
1.074
10,200
.806
$33. 24
35. 60
42.27
38.28
35.96
36. 87
35.19
36.88
40. 30
1 Data which were obtained in this occupation for but one establishment in a State were combined with
data for one or more other States, averages for which were approximately the same, to avoid publishing
data for a single plant.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[329]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
114
TABliE 2 .—AVERAGE FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK, AVERAGE EARNINGS PER
HOUR, AND AVERAGE FULL-TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS FOR 18 SELECTED OCCU
PATIONS IN THE MOTOR-VEHICLE INDUSTRY, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND
STATE, 1925—Continued
State
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Aver
age
Num full
ber of time
em
ployees hours
per
week
Aver
Aver Aver
age Num Num age
age
full
ber
of
full
earn time estab ber of time
ings weekly lish em hours
per
ments ployees per
hour earn
ings
week
M i l l i n g - m a c h i n e o p e r a to r s , m a l e
Illinois___ ____ _____
Indiana________ ____
Michigan_____ _____
New Jersey__________
New York _____. .. _
Ohio___________ ...
Pennsylvania _______
W isconsin
____ ___
Illinois, Indiana, and
Ohio _ ____ ____
84
7
208
8
25 2,216
3
109
7
180
12
421
209
7
122
5
51. 2 $0. 645 $33. 02
.635 32. 58
51. 3
50. 4
. 775 39. 06
. 748 37. 40
50. 0
51. 0
.680 34. 68
. 734 34. 94
47. 6
52. 8
.570 30. 10
53.4
. 656 35.03
Total__________
74 3, 549
50.4
.737
S e w i n g - m a c h i n e o p e r a to r s , m a l e
0
0
5
2
(>)
37. 14
4
3
7
16
2
7
8
2
3
11
117
653
72
38
165
18
39
48 1,113
T otal._______ . . . .
4
9
20
4
9
11
4
3
129
261
2, 307
332
287
499
45
495
64 4,415
Total__________
Total__________
3
7
7
3
48. 1
. 725
34. 87
48. 4
.718
34. 75
T o o l a n d d ie m a k e r s , m a l e
7
103
149
10
26 2,451
5
123
9
297
11
390
114
6
6
62
52. 0 $0. 754
51. 2
. 739
49. 8
.918
51. 1
.788
50.9
. 770
49. 4
.870
.678
52.6
54.8
. 675
.472
80 3,689
50. 2
23. 93
.8 0 8
0
0
5
3
8
0
0)
40.88
)
3
0
0
50.9
. 511
26. 01
51.4
.481
24. 72
T r im bench h a n d s , fe m a le
0
38. 74
7
32
50. 2
. 785
39. 41
35
473
49. 2
.754
37.10
1
$25. 15
24. 50
9
0
.731
0
0
155
0
0
50. 0 $0. 503
51.8
.473
0)
0
3
0
53.0
43. 82
14
(?)
3
4
5
27
119
0
0
273
0
.873
$39. 21
37.84
45. 72
40. 27
39. 19
42.98
35. 66
36. 99
T o p b u i ld e r s , f e m a l e
50.1 $0.133 $36. 72
51.0
.837 42.69
50. 1
,807 40. 43
49. 0
.773 37. 88
51.4
.862 44.31
49. 3
.877 43. 24
49. 8
.645 32. 12
54. 6
. 753 41. 11
50.6
0
23
50.0 $0. 400 $20 . 00
. 492 24. 60
50. 0
.471 24. 35
51. 7
49. 7
. 445 22 . 12
51. 3
.487 24. 98
48. 6
.480 23. 33
49. 7
.461 22. 91
47. 8
.471 22. 51
50; 7
0
0)
$34. 61
36. 70
35. 89
378
49. 6 $0.684 $33. 93
51. 6
. 726 37. 46
48. 8
. 752 36. 70
48. 2
. 679 32. 73
(>)
0)
0
48.9
.770 37. 65
22
43
65
33
10
0)
0
48. 4 $0. 715
48. 1
. 763
49. 3
. 728
0
0)
0
0
3
T r im bench h a n d s, m a le
Illinois.................. .........
Indiana_____________
Michigan __________
New-Jersey_______. . . .
New Y oik _. _ _____
Ohio . . . . . . . . ___
Pennsylvania.............
Wisconsin____
. .
Illinois, New Jersey, and
Pennsylvania ..
New York and PcnnsylVania..........................
329
16
14
T o p b u i ld e r s , m a l e
Illinois______________
Indiana..._____
Michigan. . . . __ ___
New Jersey-----------New York. _________
Ohio . ___________
Pennsylvania. ______
Wisconsin
_ . .
New Jersey and New
York .....................
0)
0
C1)
S e w i n g - m a c h i n e o p e r a to r s , f e m a l e
Illinois.................. .........
Indiana__ __________
Michigan. _ _________
Nhw Jersey____ ____
New York. ... _____
Ohio__________ ____
Pennsylvania________
Wisconsin.....................
Aver Aver
age
age
full
earn time
ings weekly
per
hour earn
ings
0
0
2
11
3
34
266
0
15
121
0
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2 1 21
0
49.6 $0. 544
50. 1
. 484
52. 0
48. 7
47.5
. 591
. 456
.386
0
$28. 98
24. 25
30. 73
18. 34
3
22
49. 6
.441
21. 87
26
474
49. 7
.479
23. 81
D a ta w h ich w ere o b ta in e d in th is o c c u p a tio n for b u t one e s ta b lis h m e n t in a S ta te w ere c o m b in ed w ith
d a ta for one o r m o re o th e r S ta te s , av erag es for w h ic h w ere a p p ro x im a te ly th e sam e , to a v o id p u b lish in g
d a ta for a single p la n t.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[330]
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
115
Regular Hours of Operation
.
T H E regular or custom ary hours of an establishm ent are the norm al
hours of work as established by a fixed tim e for beginning work
and. for quitting work, less the time off d u ty for lunch or dinner. " Regu
lar hours per day in different plants m ay vary and y e t the full-tim e
hours per week be the same; th a t is, one plan t m ay operate all de
partm ents three 8-hour shifts on each of six days; another m ay oper
ate only a day shift of 8)^ hours M onday to Friday and 5 ^ hours on
Saturday. In either of these cases the full-time hours per week are
48. Also, the regular hours of one departm ent in an establishm ent
m ay differ from the regular hours of other departm ents in th e same
establishm ent. Such variations as to hours of operation were found
in all b u t a few of the plants covered. Allowance was m ade for
these variations in com puting average full-time hours of the em
ployees in each occupation.
Overtime Work
Q \ E R T I M E work is usually regarded as work performed outside
of the regular hours of operation, and in m ost automobile plants
is expected at certain seasons of the year. In 1925 a few plants, on
account of heavy orders, were operated overtime alm ost every week
in the year. Regular hours of operation were to be resumed, how
ever, as soon as sufficient building space could be added to increase
the production capacity.
The straight or regular rate for all overtime was paid by 39 of the
99 plants covered in 1925. An increase over the straight rate was
paid to all employees by 38 plants and to the tim e workers by 9 plants
for overtim e and for work on Sunday or holidays, usually a t the rate
of tim e and a half. One plan t paid one and one-fifth tim es the reg
ular rate to the employees in one occupation. Two plants paid time
and a half for overtim e on week days and double tim e for Sunday
and holiday work. Of the remaining 10 plants, 2 paid extra to all
employees for work on Sunday and holidays only and the other 8
plants lim ited extra pay for overtime to the employees of a depart
m ent, of a few occupations, or by a specified time or num ber of hours
per day, after which extra pay begins.
Mine Wages in Idaho, 1925 1
T T H E close of 1925, practically all the producing mines in
Idaho were in operation, the pay roll being one of the largest
reported for a num ber of years.
All through 1925 there w7as a surplus of labor and consequently a
small labor turnover. The average num ber on the pay roll, accord
ing to reports furnished, wras 4,500,. and it is estim ated th a t there
were 1,500 additional workers employed by small companies, lessees,
and prospectors th a t sent in no reports. A total of 6,000 workers is
therefore thought to be a conservative figure.
A
1 Idaho. Inspector of Mines. Twenty-seventh annual report of the mining industry of Idaho for the
year 1925. [Boise, 1926?], pp. 62-63.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[331]
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
116
The following wage scales were in force in Idaho in 1925:
WAGES I N THE MINING INDUSTRY OF IDAHO, 1925, BY OCCUPATION
Occupation
Miners........... .........
Shovelers ----- -- ...
Timberroen------------Timber heipers_____
Machinists_________
Machinists’ helpers—
Carmen___________
Motormen _______
Trainmen_._ ---------Main hoist men_____
Small hoist men_____
Nipper rnen_____ _.
Pump and compressor
men_____________
Wage scale in
Coeur d’Alene
District
Average
wage
through
Jan.lto Feb. 1 to
out
State Feb. l; May 1;
May 1 to Nov. 16 to
Nov. 16 Dec. 31
Occupation
$5. 25
4. 75
5. 50
4. 75
6. 00
5. 00
4. 75
5. 00
4. 75
5. 75
5. 25
4. 75
$5. 50
5. 00
6. 00
5. 25
6. 25
5. 50
5. 00
5. 25
5. 00
6. 25
5. 75
5. 25
$6. 00
5.50
6. 50
5. 75
6. 75
C. 00
5. 50
5. 75
5. 50
6. 75
6. 25
5. 75
Surface laborers_____
Ore sorters_________
Gagers.........................
Pipe and track m en...
Shift bosses________
Blacksmiths. .. . ...
Blacksmiths’ helpers..
Electricians________
Millmen........... ...... .
Mill repair m e n
Mill swampers______
Carpenters.......... ........
5. 50
5. 75
6. 25
W age scale in
Coeur d’Alene
District
Average
wage
through
Jan.1 to Feb. 1 to
out
State Feb. 1; May 1;
May 1 to Nov. 16
Nov. 16 to Dec. 31
$4. 75
4. 50
5. 25
5. 25
6. 50
6. 00
5. 00
5. 50
5. 00
6. 00
4. 50
6. 00
$4. 75
4. 75
5. 75
5. 75
6. 75
6. 25
5. 25
5. 75
5. 25
6. 25
4. 75
6. 25
$5. 25
5. 25
0. 25
6. 25
7. 25
6. 75
5. 75
6. 25
5. 75
6. 75
5. 25
6. 75
Wages in the Coeur d ’Alene region are regulated by a bonus rate
“ based on the average per pound selling price of lead in New Y ork.”
From January 1 to November 16, 1925, the bonus was determined
on a rate established in 1916. As both “ the basic wage and sliding
scale had become practically inoperative” a new basic wage and a
new bonus rate were m ade effective Novem ber 16, 1925. This new
basic wage for miners is $3.75 a day when the price of lead is 5H>
cents a pound. There is a wage adjustm ent on the first of each
m onth, the bonuses accorded ranging from 25 cents per day when
lead is selling for 5 and under 6 cents per pound, to $2.75 when lead
is selling for 103^2 and under 11 cents per pound.
M any of the companies have built houses and rented them to their
m arried workers, and certain of the more im portant companies have
aided their employees to construct homes.
In 1925 the average cost of board and lodging a t company boarding
houses, hotels, and private homes was from $1.25 to $1.50 a day.
Wages and Hours of Labor in Sydney and Melbourne, December, 1925
H E table below, compiled from data furnished in mimeographed
form by the Australian Commonwealth Bureau of Census and
Statistics, shows the minimum weekly rates of wages and cus
tom ary hours of labor of adult workers in the occupations specified,
in Sydney (New South Wales) and M elbourne (Victoria), as of
December 31, 1925. The wage rates are those of the latest award,
determ ination, or agreement in force at th a t date.
T
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
13-32]
I
WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOR
H 7
MINIMUM WEEKLY RATES OP WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR OF ADULT WORKERS
IN SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONS IN SYDNEY AND MELBOURNE, DECEMBER 31, 1925
Sydney
Melbourne
Sex and occupation
Wages
s.
s.
00
Molders, iron....... .................______
Sheet-metal machinists...... .........
Board hands, bakeries. ...................
Ovenmen, bakeries_____ _____
Shoemakers.......... ..........................
Cutters, custom-made clothing___
Pressers, custom-made clothing___
Tailors, custom-made clothing___
Cutters, ready-made clothing____
Pressers, coat, ready-made clothing.
Tailors,, ready-made clothing..........
Carders, woolen textiles_________
Dyebouse men, woolen textiles___
Scourers, woolen’textiles________
Spinners, woolen textiles................
Compositors, newspaper:
Day work__ ______________
Night work_______ ________
Machinists, newspaper:
Day work____ ____ ________
Night work_______ ________
Proof readers, newspaper:
Day work________ ________
Night w ork............ .............
Stereotypers, newspaper:
Day work..................................
Night work________ _____
Compositors, job work______,___
Linotype operators, job work------Machinists, job work. ....................
Proof readers, job w o rk .................
Stereotypers, job w ork...................
Wheelwrights....................... ...........
Bricklayers _....... .........................
Carpenters.......................... ............
Masons, stone. ............ .......... ........
Painters...........................................
Paper hangers..................................
Plasterers-.......................................
Plumbers__________ ___ _____
Engineers, stationary, first-class__
44
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
48
48
48
48
44
42
127
140
6
0
44
44
114
124
0
0
44
42
117
135
7
3
44
42
119
134
0
0
44
42
127
130
6
0
44
44
44
111
42
122
44
110
44
126
44
110
44
116
44
110
48
no
46
123
44
120
40
120
44
104
44
104
o
46 /\ n118
46
121
48 \1 101
104
98
48 11 101
48
98
f 90
\ 95
9
1
0
0
0
0
0
6
9
1.
0
0
44
42
48
44
48
48
48
48
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
6
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
2
4
11
0 }
0
0 }
0
0
0
6
G
0 }•
3
0
0
0
0 }
0
0
6
0
48
48
oo
[333]
48
44
0
0
00P
T
Fireman, stationary, first-class.......
Fireman, stationary, second-class ...
d.
108 6
99 6
105 6 ]■
97 6
103 6 }•
111 6
97 6
87 6
111 6
I 103
6
l HI 6 }104 0
106 0
111 6
111 6
120 6
I 97
0
1 116 6
/ 97 0
\ 116
6
98 6
120 0
120 0
96 0
111 6
101 6
101 6
} 101 6
101 6
101 6
84 0
84 0
84 0
85 0
/
l
/
\
114
124
106
111
110
122
110
116
110
111
113
121
120
108
108
108
116
/ 100
\ 103
/ 97
\ 100
94
1 91
\
92
Engineers, stationary, second-class.
Hours
GO OO
Sawyers, circular................ ............
Boiler m a k e r s .______ _______
Boiler makers’ helpers - ..................
Boiler makers’ laborers_________
Brass finishers.................................
Brass molders.................. ...............
Electric linemen. ______ _______
Electric wiremen........ ................. .
Blacksmiths______ ___________
Coppersmiths____________ ____
Patternmakers.................................
Coremakers, iron...........................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
d.
102 0
48
/ 105 6 |
44
\ 107
6
/ 97 6 }
44
\ 105
6
48
117 6
99 0
48
48
93 0
48
112 6
/105 6 ]
48
\109 6
48
109 0
48
109 0
48
112 6
48
112 6
48
121 6
48
109 6
/ 105 6
\ 117
6
f 84
0
48
1 90 6 I
46
102 6
107 6
46
44
96 0
110 0 46M. 48
44
101 6
44
101 6
/
46H
100 0 \
48
44
101 6
44
101 6
48
85 0
48
85 6
84 6
48
48
84 6
Cabinetmakers................................
Sawyers, band or jig - - ....................
Wages
OO
M ales
Hours
118
M O NTH LY LABOR REVIEW
MINIMUM WEEKLY RATES OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR OF ADULT WORKERS
IN SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONS IN SYDNEY AND MELBOURNE, DECEMBER 31, 1925—
Continued
Sydney
Melbourne
Sex and occupation
Wages
Hours
F em a les
Wages
s.
Shoe operatives..____ _____ ________ _
Dressmakers..... ....................... _....... . ____
Milliners___________ _______________
Shirt makers......................... ................. .
Machine operator's, custom-made clothing:
Coat.__________ ____ ___________
Trousers and vest_________________
tPailoresses, custom-made clothing:
Coat.________ __________________
Trousers and vest_________________
Machine operators, ready-made clothing:
Coat___________________________
Trousers and vest. ___________ ____
Tailoresses, ready-made clothing:
Coat.________ _______ _____ ___ _
Trousers and vest__________ ____ _
Comb minders, woolen textiles_________
Drawers and menders, woolen textiles........
56
51
56
51
0
0
0
0
51
49
51
47
45
f
49
\ 54
' 49
54
53
Warpers, Woolen textiles____ . . . . . . ------...
Weavers, loom, woolen textiles________ _
0
6
9
9
Hours
d.
46
44
44 { 46
67
44 { 46
49
44 I 46
50
9
0 |
0
0 |
0
0 }0
44
44
44
44
56
51
0
0
44
44
44
44
56
51
0
0
44
44
44
44
51
49
0
0
44
44
44
44
48
48
51
47
42
42
0
6
0
0
44
44
48
48
48
48
45
46
6
0
48
48
44
44
A comparison of these figures w ith the similar data for June, 1925,
given in the Labor Review for December, 1925, shows no changes in
hours in either city covered. For male workers, the 48-hour week
was the m ost common in both cities, 26 of the trades in Sydney and
30 of those in M elbourne having these hours. The 44-hour week was
norm al in 19 of the Sydney and 23 of the M elbourne trades. In the
two cities the woman workers covered had a 44-hour week, except the
four groups of woolen textile operatives, whose week was 48 hours
long.
A comparison of wages shows th a t the level had risen during the
six m onths, and th a t this m ovem ent had been more m arked in Syd
ney than in M elbourne. T hirty-three trades in Sydney and 23 in
M elbourne had received increases, the am ount varying w ith the city
and the trade. In August, 1925, the board of trade in Sydney set
the living wage for adult males a t £4 4s.1 a week, and increases to
bring the m inimum wage up to th a t figure became necessary in the
cases of the sheet-m etal m achinists and the scourers and spinners in
woolen textile mills. The greatest increases were found among those
whose wage was well above the minimum , the largest gains being
made by the linotype operators on job work, whose weekly wage rose
from 108s. 2d. to 122s., and by the printing trade m achinists on job
work, whose wages in June ranged from 89s. to 98s. a week, while in
December th ey had a flat rate of 110s. a week. For the m ost part,
wages in the building trades rem ained stationary, though the plumbers
gained an increase of 10s. Id. and the stationary engineers and firemen
1 Pound at par=$4.8665, shilling=24.33 cents; exchange value was approximately at par.
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[334]
WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOR
119
an increase of 2s. a week. In M elbourne the increases were smaller
as well as fewer. The largest was received by the bricklayers, whose
wage rose from 110s. to 123s. 9d. a week. Idere, as in Sydney, the
boilerm akers’ helpers received increases larger than those of m ost of
the unskilled or semiskilled workers, 11s. per week in Sydney and
8s. in_ M elbourne. F or the woman workers included, there were no
wage increases in M elbourne, while in Sydney the dressmakers, millin
ers, and lowest paid shirt m akers received an increase of 6d. per week,
and the four groups of woolen textile workers an increase of Is.
per week.
While these wage changes were taking place, the retail price index
rose in Sydney from 1746 to 1801, and in M elbourne from 1746 to
1759.
Wages and Prices in the Dominican Republic
CO M M U N IC A TIO N from the American consul a t Santo D o
mingo, dated M ay 3, 1926, shows figures on the cost of liv
ing and wages in the Dominican Republic. The table below
shows the^ maximum and minimum wages paid and the average
length of the working-day in specified occupations.
A
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN TOE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, BY OCCUPATION
[Wages are given in U. S. currency]
Wages per day
Occupation
Maxi
mum
Carpenters___
Masons_____ _______
Painters..............
Plumbers. ,_w_.
Electricians_____
Mechanics...
Stevedores and longshore
men______
Common laborers...
1 Estimated;
$3 .0 0
2. 50
15 .OO
4. 00
4.00
$2 .0 0
1. 25
1. 50
14,00
3. 50
3.00
8-10
8-10
8-10
(D
(3)
8-10
1.75
.80
1. 00
.50
10
8-10
3 .0 0
work by the job.
Wages per day
Hours
per
Mihi- day
mum
Occupation
Maxi
mum
Seamen...
Chauffeurs.. _
Clerks,,grocery.. . _
Clerks, dry goods and
hardware ______ .
Clerk's, office__
School teachers, cities
Schoolteachers, country.
School Drineipals___
2 Common rate; per month.
Mini
mum
Hours
per
day
2$20.00 2$15. 00
240. 00 220. 00
2 30. 00 220. 00
(3)
(3)
(3)
280. 00 250. 00
2175. 00 240. 00
260. 00
230. 00
280. 00
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
a Hours not given.
The following statem ent showTs the average retail prices of certain
staple articles:
Price per pound
in U. S. currency
P o rk _ ;_______
Codfish, dried
Fish, fre sh ___
R ice_________
Y am s________
F lour, w h e a t,.
Sugar, refined.
$0.
.
.
.
25-$0.
11- .
12- .
07- .
.
30
12
15
09
06
. 10
. 07
Price per pound
in U. S. currency
Sugar, brow n (best grade)
$0. 05
Coffee, com m on g ra d e __ $0. 2 0 - . 22
B u tte r ----------------. 70- . 80
C heese-------------------------. 6 0 - 1. 00
Eggs------------------------
1
B a n a n a s............................
t 1 6 - .2 0
1Per dozen.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[335]
. 24- . 36
120
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW
The report further states th a t a native-m ade pair of shoes costs
from $2.25 to $6, while Am erican-m ade shoes cost from $4.50 up to
$15. W orkm en’s shirts cost from 60 cents to $2.50 and trousers
range in price from $2.50 to $6. In m ost cases the common laborers
instead of buying shoes wear slippers, m ade by Dom inican shoe
makers, which retail a t from 50 to 70 cents a pair. M any of the
H aitian and W est Indian laborers wear sandals m ade from discarded
autom obile tires.
Houses having two or three rooms ren t for between $18 and $25
per m onth, while houses of from three to five rooms range in price
from $35 to $45 per m onth. These houses are constructed very
simply and as a rule have no sanitary equipm ent.
Earnings and Hours in English Textile Industries
N 1925 a general inquiry into the earnings and hours of workpeople
in G reat B ritain and N orthern Ireland was instituted by the
English M inistry of Labor, some of the results of which, relating
to the textile industries, are given in the M inistry of Labor Gazette
(London) for June, 1926. The inquiry was combined w ith one
undertaken in 1924 by the Board of Trade, and was carried out
with the cooperation of the national confederation of emplojmrs’
organizations. Schedules were sent out to employers asking data
concerning the num ber of workers employed, the hours worked, and
the earnings received for each of four weeks in 1924, the weeks
selected being those which ended, respectively, on January 19,
April 12, July 12, and October 18. The inform ation asked for
included the num ber of workers by sex when this could be given, the
total wages paid them , the hours of labor, exclusive of mealtimes, in
a full ordinary week, the num ber of workers on short time, w ith the
average num ber of hours they lost, and the aggregate num ber of
m an-hours worked. The term “ w orker” was to include the whole
force of operatives (including foremen, carters, warehousemen, and
the like) employed during the selected weeks, b u t to exclude m an
agers, clerks, typists, commercial travelers, and salaried persons
generally, as well as home workers.
A total of 7,693 returns dealing with the textile industries was
received, giving inform ation concerning over 1,000,000 workers.
The num ber employed rose during the year from 999,185 in the week
ending January 19 to 1,033,969 in the week ending October 18.
The num ber employed in each of the industries during this final
week and the percentage which each sex formed of the total are
shown in Table 1 :
I
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[336]
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
121
T able 1 —NUMBER OF WORKERS EMPLOYED IN WEEK ENDING OCTOBER 18, 1924,
AND PER CENT OF EACH SEX
N um ber
em p lo y ed
In d u s tr y
C o tto n ____ ___________________ ____________________________________
W oolen a n d w o rste d _______________________________________________
L a ce__________ ____ ________________________________________________
S ilk ....................................... .......................................................................................
L in e n _________________________________________________________
J u t e ................................................................................................................ ..............
H o sie ry ____________________________________________________________
C a r p e t___________ ____ _________________________ _________________
B leach in g , p rin tin g , d y ein g , a n d fin ish in g _________________________
M a k in g -u p a n d p a c k in g ___________________________________________
O th e r te x tiles >.T..................................... ........................... ...................................
T o ta l________________________________________________________
P ercen tag e P ercen tag e
of m ales
of fem ales
443, 765
217, 510
11,990
33, 838
69, 962
32, 940
72, 513
15, 719
88, 659
8,984
38,089
36.4
41. 3
34.7
37.3
24. 6
33. 5
16. 3
42. 6
80. 0
63. 4
32.0
63.6
58. 7
65. 3
62. 7
75.4
66. 5
83.7
57.4
20. 0
36. 6
68.0
1,033, 969
40.2
59.8
1Including hemp, rope, twine, and net, elastic webbing, coir mat, hair, fiber, etc.
I t will be noticed th a t except for the two groups, bleaching, p rin t
ing, dyeing, and finishing, and making-up and packing, women are
in the m ajority in each of the industries, and sometimes in a very
large m ajority.
Average Weekly Earnings
'T 'H E weekly earnings, averaged for the four weeks covered, are
1 shown in Table 2, by sex of worker, and also for the group of
employees as a whole. Under the heading “ N um ber of work
e rs’' is given the average of the force employed in each of the
four weeks. Some of the firms replying were not able to show sepa
rately the wages paid to male and female workers, so the totals of
the employees, by sex, as given in the first two parts of the table, do
not always correspond w ith the num bers in the third:
table
3 .—AVERAGE WEEKLY EARNINGS FOR FOUR WEEKS ENDING JANUARY 19,
APRIL 12, JULY 12, AND OCTOBER 12, 1924, BY INDUSTRY AND SEX
[Shilling at par=24.33.cents, penny=2.03 cents; exchange value was about par]
Males
Industry
Females
Both sexes
Number Average Number Average Number
Average
of
of
of
workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings
Cotton.........................................................
Woolen and worsted.................... .............
Lace......................................................
Silk..... ..................................................... .
Linen..........................................................
Jute................................ ..........................
Hosiery........................................................
Carpet................................................... .
Bleaching, printing, dyeing, and finishing.
Making-up and packing............................
Other textiles....... „................................ .
80, 698
60, 496
3,780
10, 075
11,816
6, 769
7,876
3,535
58, 793
4, 389
9,607
s. d.
47 0
53 10
52 1
59 10
41 0
41 6
54 8
49 11
56 9
56 6
47 11
140, 912
86,001
7,123
16, 924
36, 210
13,423
40, 425
4, 761
14, 725
2,534
20, 421
28
30
24
28
22
28
28
26
27
28
24
Total..................................................
257, 834
51 6
383, 459
27 11 1,017,381
2254°—2 6 t-----9
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[337]
s.
d.
3
7
5
0
9
7
8
0
3
3
0
435, 448
216, 392
12, 215
31, 325
68, 209
32, 698
71, 203
15, 650
87, 831
8, 661
37, 749
s.
d.
36 10
40 5
34 2
39 1
27 7
33 0
34 9
35 10
50 2
45 0
31 5
37 9
122
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
-
I t will be'noticed th a t for m en the highest weekly earnings, eqniva-lent to $14.56 in U nited States money, were found in the silk industry,
the lowest, $9.98, in the linen mills, and the average for all textiles
was $12.53. For women, the woolen and worsted industry showed
the highest earnings, $7.44 a week, the linen industry the lowest,
$5.54, and the average for all textiles was $6.79.
Normal Weekly Hours of Labor
rT vHE d a ta concerning norm al hours showed variations within the
1 separate industries, as well as between one industry and another.
Table 3 shows for each industry the proportion of work people
employed under different norm al schedules. The hours represent
the working time, exclusive of stops for meals, and are based on the
returns for the week ending October 18, 1924. The num ber of
workers is the average of those employed in the four separate weeks.
T able
3.—NORMAL WEEKLY HOURS OE LABOR
Number of
workers
Industry
Per cent of employees whose
normal hours were—
Under 48
Cotton............................. .........
Woolen and worsted^__ ......... .........
Lace_____ _____ _________
Silk.. ___________
Linen _ _______
Jute________________ . . .
Hosiery............ ..................
Carpet.___________ ______ .
Bleaching, printing, dyeing, and finishing___
Making-up and packings___ . . . . . . ........
Other textiles..........................
. . .................
Total_______________ .
4S
Average
weekly
normal
Over 48 hours
443, 698
217, 454
11,954
32, 671
69, 882
32, 940
72, 014
15, 719
88, 524
8, 984
37, 981
3.1
2,7
22.4
18.4
24. 5
1.1
20.7
3. 0
6.0
37.0
37.4
96.1
95. 8
57, 8
63.9
70.9
98. 8
74.4
95. 7
87.4
62. 1
57.5
0. 8
1. 5
19.8
17.7
4.6
.1
4.9
1.3
6.6
.9
5.1
47.9
48.0
48.0
48.0
47.3
48.0
47.6
48.0
48.0
46,8
47.4
1,031, 821
8.1
89. 0
2.9
47.9
While this shows 48 hours as the commonest week, a considerable
proportion of the workers have shorter hours, the percentage varying
in the different industries. Of the whole 1,031,821 workers, 3.6 per
cent have a week of 44 hours or less, b u t such a week prevailed for
8.3 per cent of those employed in lace m anufacture, 7.3 per cent of
those in silk, 12.9 per cent in linen, and for 20.1 per cent of those in
m aking-up and packing.
Hours Actually Worked and Average Hourly Earnings
QSHORT tim e was prevalent in the textile industries in 1924 and
there was a m arked difference between the norm al hours and
those actually worked. N ot a single industry worked its norm al
week in any of the four weeks covered, though jute, in which the
average hours worked ranged from 47 in the week ending April 12
to 47.8 in the week ending July 12, came very near to its norm.
For the whole group of textile industries the average hours worked
in three of the selected weeks were 44.9, and in the final week they
were 45.3. The average of the whole group for the four weeks was
45 hours. Table 4 shows the average hours worked for each industry
and the average hourly earnings.
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[338]
WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOR
123
T able 4.—HOURS WORKED AND AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS
Number
of workers
Industry
Cotton________________________________________________
Woolen and worsted______________________________________
Lace__________________________________________________
Silk
________ ______________ ___
. .... . __....
Linen __
________________________ _ __ _
Jute_ . _ _ -- ____________________________________
Hosiery________________________________________________
Carpet
____ ________ ______ -___
Bleaching-, finishing, etc__________________________ _
Malting-up and packing..
_ ........ ....
Other textiles___________ ____ ______-_________„.
. .
Total_______________ -____________ ___ ___
Average
Average
hours
hourly
worked
earnings
in the
in the
four weeks four weeks
243,371
122, 961
4, 574
13,901
35,815
20, 724
22,336
7,385
59, 498
6,142
22, 861
44. 6
45. 5
42.0
46.3
45.8
47. 5
44.2
46. 9
44.1
45.9
45. 6
559,.56»
45.0
d.
9.8
10.7
9.4
10.8
7.4
8.4
9.2
9.3
13.9
12.1
8.2
10.2
The hourly earnings shown here do not correspond exactly to the
average weekly earnings shown in Table 2, since the num ber of
workers covered differs and the firms reporting are not identical,
b u t the relative standing of the industries in respect to the wages
earned is very close.
<
Extent of Short Time
I7 0 R 934,891 workers the returns sent in by employers showed
1
the proportion who were on short time during the weeks studied
and the average am ount of time lost by those whose hours were thus
curtailed. For the week ending October IS, 1924, these results
were as shown in Table 5:
T able 5 .—PER CENT WORKING SHORT TIME AND HOURS LOST PER WORKER,
WEEK ENDING OCT. 18, 1924
P er cent
o n sh o rt
tim e
N um ber
of w ork ers
I n d u s tr y
C o tto n __________________________ ___,_______________________ ____
W oolen a n d w o rste d ___________ _
L a ce__________________________________ _______...______ _______
S ilk ................. ........................................................... ............................................... .
L in e n __________________ ____________________ ... _
J u te
_____ ____ _
. . __ __
.
H o siery
_ _
________ ww„ , __ ______ _
__
C a rp e t. ______________ ___________________________________________
B le ach in g , p rin tin g , e tc _____________________________ ...___ ____ ____
M a k in g -u p a n d p a c k in g - - .___________________ ___________ . ... . _
O th e r te x tile s . ~_____ ~ ___ _
_
______________
A v erag e
h o u rs lo s t
b y th o se
o n s h o rt
tim e
405,046
207, 603
9,323
25,350
63,839
31,111
50,901
14,088
84, 239
8,509
34,882
17.2
18.2
37. 3
9. 6
10. 2
.7
11. 0
6. 2
39. 7
9. 2
12. 2
14.0
10.6
14 4
14.1
6.9
16.6
12. 4
9.4
10.0
8.3
9.5
934, 891
17.6
11.9
In considering these figures, it m ust be borne in m ind th a t they do
n o t include any of those who were wholly unemployed during the
selected week. To appear in the returns, a worker m ust have been
employed for a t least a p a rt of the week.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1339]
/
STA B ILIZA TIO N O F E M P L O Y M E N T
Registration of Dock Workers in Bristol, England
T
^HE problem of regularizing the supply of casual labor at the
docks demands attention a t all the English ports of any con
siderable size, and different m ethods of solving it have been
tried a t different localities. The plan adopted at Liverpool was
described in the Labor Review for August, 1925 (p. 151). A some
w hat different scheme worked out a t Bristol is outlined in the M inistry
of Labor G azette (London) for June, 1926.
A t the close of the war the p ort labor com m ittee registered the men
then employed a t the docks, and no additions to this pool of workers
were perm itted, except in the cases of former dockers returning from
service abroad. I t is estim ated th a t about 3,000 men are needed for
the work of the port. In January, 1921, the num ber registered was
4,790, b u t a gradual reduction naturally took place as men died,
moved away, or w ent into other work, so th a t the num ber on the list
in M arch, 1926, was 3,088.
The m ethod of registration now in use consists in the issuance to
each worker of a record book which m ust be renewed every six months,
and in which are entered various particulars identifying the worker,
with a space for recording employment on each day of the period for
which the book is current. W hen a docker is engaged, this bookis
handed to the employing agent, who retains it until the job is com
pleted and then gives it back, stam ped with entries showing the num
ber of days worked. If a t the end of the six m onths the employment
thus shown falls below a certain percentage of the am ount possible,
the worker is liable to be dropped from the register, unless he can
show to the satisfaction of the port comm ittee th a t his failure to do
more is due to age, illness, or some other sufficient cause.
The percentage required is fixed w ith relation to the am ount of
work to be done a t the port and differs w ith the age of the worker,
less being expected from the elder men. In case of m isconduct on
the p a rt of a worker, the employing agent retains the book and makes
a full report to the p ort labor inspector, who is employed by the
employers and the men jointly. After a prelim inary investigation
the inspector either returns the book to the worker or sends it to the
port com m ittee for a decision as to the penalty to be inflicted.
Alleged breaches of the rules by employers are investigated in a
similar m anner by the p o rt committee.
Calls for labor are m ade in the first instance a t the ship’s side. If
a sufficient supply is not to be had there, notice is sent to a central
surplus labor stand, established in a convenient place. Registered
men who do not obtain work a t the first call are required to report
a t this stand, where they hold themselves in readiness to fill vacancies
124
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[340]
stabilization of employm ent
125
reported from other parts of the dock. “ This procedure was found
necessary in order to insure sufficient m obility of registered workers
and. to avoid delay in the commencement of work wherever required,
and it has proved effective in safeguarding the interests of both
employers and workers.’’
All registered workers are required to be members of the T ransport
and General W orkers’ Union, and the agreements between the union
and. the Em ployers’ Labor Association m ust be strictly observed.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[341]
TREN D O F EM PLOYM ENT
Employment in Selected Industries in June, 1926
M PL O Y M E N T in m anufacturing industries decreased 0.4 per
cent in June as compared w ith M ay, while pay-roll totals
decreased 0.1 per cent, according to a prelim inary report b}^
the B ureau of Labor Statistics of the D epartm ent of Labor. These
very slight decreases indicate a considerable check in the decline in
m anufacturing reported in M ay, when the decrease in employment
was three tim es as large as in June.
Em ploym ent in June showed also an im provem ent of 1.3 per cent
over the same m onth of 1925, pay-roll totals showed an im provem ent
of 4.1 per cent, and per capita earnings a gain of 2.8 per cent.
The bureau’s weighted index of employment for June is 91.3 as
compared w ith 91.7 for M ay, 1926, and. 90.1 for June, 1925; the index
of pay-roll totals for June is 95.5 as compared w ith 95.6 for M ay, 1926,
and 91.7 for June, 1925.
This report is based on returns from 10,004 establishm ents, in 54
industries, having in June 2,981,672 employees whose combined
earnings in one week were $79,782,238.
E
Comparison of Employment and Pay-Roll Totals in May and June, 1926
rP H E Volume of em ploym ent increased in June, as compared with
1 M ay, only in the two groups of W est C entral States and. in the
M ountan States, each of the six other geographic divisions regis
tering decreased em ploym ent ranging from 1.7 per cent in the New
England States to 0.2 per cent in the E a st N orth C entral States.
Pay-roll totals, however, increased slightly in the M iddle A tlantic
States and considerably in the Pacific States, in addition to the three
divisions noted as showing increased employment.
Three groups of industries—tobacco, food, and stone, clay, and
glass—show m arked im provem ent in em ploym ent in June, while two
other groups—iron and steel and lum ber—show slight increases. In
addition to these groups the leather and miscellaneous industry
groups also gained in pay-roll totals. The noticeable decreases were
in the textile, m etal, other th an iron and steel, and vehicle groups, 15
of the 16 industries in these groups registering losses in em ploym ent
and 13 decreased pay-roll totals.
Tw enty-three of the 54 separate industries m ade em ploym ent gains
in June, b u t aside from the seasonal ice cream (9.1 per cent), m en’s
clothing (5.1 per cent), cem ent (3 per cent), and brick (2.1 per cent),
the increases were small except in the cigar and cigarette industry,
which owing to the term ination of a strike shows an increase of 3.8
per cent. Em ployees’ earnings gained in 25 industries, the o u tstan d
ing gain, aside from those in the industries m entioned, being one of
7.7 per cent in the boot and shoe industry.
126
[342]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
EMPLOYMENT IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES
127
For convenient reference the latest figures available relating to all
employees, excluding executives and officials, on class I railroads,
draw n from Interstate Commerce Commission reports, are given at
the foot of Table 1 and Table 2.
T a b l e ! .—C O M P A R I S O N O F E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y -R O L L T O T A L S I N I D E N T I C A L
E S T A B L I S H M E N T S D U R I N G O N E W E E K E A C H I N M A Y A N D J U N E , 1926
[T h e p e r c e n t of changé for each of th e 12 gro u p s of in d u s trie s , a n d for th e to ta l of all in d u s trie s , are w eig h ted ]
Industry
F o o d a n d k in d r ed p r o d u cts-
Slaughtering and meat packingL------------ •------— —---Confectionery. . ----- --------Ice cream..................... .........
Flour ............... ........---------Baking__ ______________
Sugtutrefining, cane... . . . .
T extiles a n d th eir p r o d u cts. . .
Cotton goods,.. __ -.. ...
Hosiery and knit goods.____
Silbgoods.. . . . . . .. . .. ..
Woolen and worsted goods:...
Carpets and rugs..
_____
Dyeing and finishing textiles .
Clothing, men’s _______
Shirts and collars ______ _
Clothing, women’s. --------Millinery and lace goods-----
Amount of pay roll
Number on pay roll Per
Per
Estab
cent
cent
lish
of
of
ments May, .1926 June,1926 change May, 1926 June, 1926 change
1,463
SOI, 931
206, 402
172
265
178
334
498
15
79, 658
29, 341
8, 775
14, 068
58, 867
1-1, 222
81, 613
28, 838
9,573
14, 267
60, 802
11, 309
!, 835
488
240
193
189
30
89
271
84
175
76
iron an d steel a n d th eir p rodnets _____
. . . . 1, 774
214
Iron and steel -----~ ..
47
Cast-iron n ip e.-..------ -- .
152
Structural ironwork---- . ...
Foundry and machine-shop
915
products_________ _ . .
67
Hardware . . . , __
168
M aeliine tools_______
Steam fittings and steam and
hot-water heating apparatus. - 117
94
Stoves_______ _______ ..
+2.2 S5.219, 871 $5, 340, 794
2, 056, 257
550, 934
301,193
368, 239
1,600, 611
342, 637
+2. f;
2,112, 753
549,152
326,153
374, 472
1,638,830
339,434
+2. V
-0.3
+8.3
+ 1.7
+2.4
+0.9
571:, 253
224; 363
77, 904
53, 505
58, 839
22, 278
28, 955
54, 815
21,015
17, 502
12, 076
561,344 -2.0 18, 839,230 10, 688, 435
218, 763 -2. 5 3, 474, 851 3,369, 735
1,455, 275 1, 413,094
76; 808 -1.4
52,319 —2. 2 1,133, 723 1,078, 731
1,
285, 752 1, 295,106
58, 526 -0. 5
557,806
554, 837
21, 322 -4.3
685,221
658, 995
28, 549 -1.4
57, 626 +5. 1 1, 230,306 1,386, 143
344,
739
330,
590
20, 576 —2: 1
403, 592
370, 271
16,318 -6. 8
267,
965
228,
933
10, 537 -12. 7
-2.0
-3.Ü
^2.9
-4.9
+0.7
-0.5
-3.8
+12.7
-4. 1
-8.3
-14.6
683, 866
289,820
14,138
23, 032
682, 689
284, 959
14, 335
23,-450
+0. 2
-1.1
+1.0
+2.7
230, 436
36, 028
32,185
234, 519
35,055
32,002
+0.2 20, 303, 900 29, 338, 589
—1. 7 8, 792,022 8, 698, 961
347, 230
350, 661
+1.4
667,153
684, 845
+1.8
6,939, 725 7,059,104
+1.8
911, 421
875, 516
-2. 7
982, 768
979, 744
-0.6
41,752
16,475
42,010
16,359
~j”0. 6
-0. 7
1, 205,141
458,440
1, 241, 362
446, 396
+3.0
-2.6
+2. 5
-1.7
+9. 1
+1.4
+3.3
+0.8
+1. 7
-3.9
-0.3
L ush her a n d its p r o d u cts_____
Lumber, sawmills.................
Lumber, millwork . ____ __
Furniture-----------------
1, 033
399
241
392
203, 678
113,100
31, 594
57, 984
202, 463
114, 062
31, 530
56,871
+0.2
+0.9
-0. 2
-1.9
4, 526, 858
2,375,480
779,775
1,371, 603
4, 583, 254
2, 438,816
787,160
1,357, 278
+1.7
+2.7
+0. G
-1.0
L eath er a n d its p r o d u c ts _____
Leather. ___ . .. . ______
Boots and shoes...................
353
140
212
115, 331
28, 579
86,752
114,872
27, 751
87, 121
-0.5
-2.9
+0.4
2, 520,147
723, 421
1, 796, 726
2, 637, 921
702,573
1, 935,348
Paper a n d p r in tin g ___. . . . .
Paner and' p u lp ............------Paper boxes. ...
. -------Printing, book and job_____
Printing, newspapers.____ __
883
207
176
289
210
166, 813'
56,359
18, 955
44, 844
46, 664 :
166, 633
56, 098
18, 979
45,198
46,358
. 1
—0; 5
+0. 1
+0. 8
-0 .6
5, 393, 929
1,-505,806
424, 064
1, 559, 472
1,904,497
5, 386,428
1, 509, 610
418, 605
1, 573, 991
1,884, 222
+4.2
-2.9
+7.7
-ft. 3
+0.2
-1.3
+0.9
-1.1
C h em icals a n d allied p r o d u cts.
248
92
101
55
81, 241
23, 833
6,892
50;516
81,183
23, 960
5, 658
51, 565
-1. 7
+0. 5
—17. 9
+2.1-
2, 410, 163
623,891
134; 004
1, 652, 205
2,443, 282
631, 265
114,641
1, 097, 376
0)
+1.2
-14.-5
+2.7
S to n e , «lay, a n d glass prod nets
Cement _______ _ _____
638
96
363
58
121
113, 895
26,432
35,181
12, 803
39,479
116, 00S
27,-218
35, 905
12,846
40, 040
+1- 7'
+3.0
+2. 1
+0.3
+1-4
3, 039, 229
775,4Ö2
914, 035
338, 163
1,011,569
3,120, 072
819, 623
947, 693
333, 982
1, 018, 774
+5.7
+3.7
-1 .2
4"0. 7
204
63
53. 036
19, 679
51, 836
19,070
-2,2
-3.1
1, 423, 482-
470, 434
1, 391, 219
461y795
-2.4
-1.8
141
33,357
32j1-766
—1.8
953,048
929,424
—2. 5
Chemicals;__ ____________*
Fertilizers. . . ___________
Petroleum defining..., .. _......
Brick, tile, and terra cotta...
Pottery______ ______ ______
Glass__ •____________ ____
M etal products, o ther th a n
ir o a a n d s te e l___ ___________
Stamped and enameled ware -
Brass, bronze, and copper
prodüets:_____ ___ ______
1No change:
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[343]
0
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
128
T abie 1 —COMPARISON OF EMPLOYMENT AND PAY-ROLL TOTALS IN IDENTICAL
ESTABLISHMENTS DURING ONE WEEK EACH IN MAY AND JUNE, 1926—Contd.
Number on pay roll Per
Amount of pay roll
Per
Estab
cent
cent
lish
of
of
ments May, 1926 June,1926 change May, 1926 June, 1926 change
Industry
T ob acco p r o d u c ts________
...
Chewing and smoking to
bacco and snuff- . . . ___
Cigars and cigarettes......... .
V ehicles for Sand tr a n sp o r ta
tio n
...................
. ___
Automobiles____________
Carriages and wagons ---------Car building and repairing,
electric-railroad________
Car building and repairing,
steam-railroad____ _______
M iscella n eo u s In d u stries_____
Agricultural implements.__
Electrical machinery, appara
tus and supplies__ _ __
Pianos and organs_________
Rubber boots and shoes------Automobile tires__________
Shipbuilding, steel________
Al! In d u str ie s___________
199
42, 529
43, 832
+3.2
S736, 663
$782,329
+6.4
32
167
8, 759
33, 770
8,779
35,053
+0.2
+3.8
137, 209
599, 454
141,391
640, 938
+3.0
+6.9
957
206
64
507, 859
340, 050
1,884
500, 333
334, 931
1,822
-1.5 16, 311. 896 15, 661, 678
-1. 5 11, 393, 529 10, 704,241
-3.3
44,170
42, 879
-2 .2
-6. 1
-2.9
209
17, 862
17,444
-2.3
529,961
524,362
-1.0
478
148,063
146,136
-1.3
4, 344, 236
4, 390, 588
m
99
256, 086
28,607
254, 076
27, 816
7,414, 791
823, 908
7, 412, 245
795,141
165
35
15
65
42
116,518
7, 566
18, 599
56,016
28, 780
116, 491
7, 581
18, 038
55,512
28, 638
-0. 7
-2 .8
_(2)
+0. 2
-3. 0
-0. 9
-0. 5
+1.1
+0.1
-3.5
3, 375,821
223, 860
452,183
1, 704, 234
834, 725
3,457, 730
219, 706
414, 449
1, 687, 447
837, 772
+2.4
-1.9
-8.3
-1.0
+0.4
-0. 4 80,140,159
79, 782,238
-0.1
-1. 7 $10,162, 719 $9, 989, 790
-0. 7 23,987, 415 24, 044, 549
- 0 . 2 29,630,117 29, 243, 000
+ 1.4 3,904, 487 3,985, 729
-0. 4 5, 022, 586 5,013, 275
-1. 5 2,072,166 2, 055, 699
1, 580, 207 1, 612,403
+3.8
717, 576
740, 958
-1..1
3,062, 886 3,096, 835
- 1 .7
+ 0 .2
-1 .3
- 0 .2
-0 .8
+ 2 .0
+ 3 .3
+ 1 .1
- 0 .4
- 0 .1
10, 094 2, S96, 516 2, 981, 072
R e c a p i tu l a t i o n b y G e o g r a p h ic D i v i s io n s
GEOGRAPEIC DIVISION
New England ___ .. ____ ._
Middle Atlantic________ ____
East North Central___________
West North Central_________ .
South Atlantic______ ____ .
East South Central___________
West South Central__________
Mountain__________________
Pacific............................................
AH d iv isio n s_____________
1,336
2, 435
2, 641
943
1,096
434
364
159
596
422,093
853, 037
983, 522
153, 301
269, 303
105, 701
72, 349
25, 988
111, 222
415, 012
847,100
981, 283
155,414
268,157
104,164
73, 518
26, 986
110, 038
10, 004 2, 996, 516 2, 981, 672
80,140,159
79, 782,238
+2.1
E m p l o y m e n t o n C la s s I R a i l r o a d s
Apr. 15, 1926_____ ________
May 15', 1926...................... . _________ I
1, 766, 615
lj 79li 922
2Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
+ 1.4
9$235, 478,375
9 239,058,065
9Amount of pay roll for 1 month.
Comparison of Employment and P ay-R oll Totals in June, 1925, and June, 1926
E M P L O Y M E N T in m anufacturing industries in June, 1926, was
1.3
per cent greater than in the same m onth of 1925 and em
ployees’ earnings were 4.1 per cent greater.
The volume of em ploym ent in this 12-month period increased
about 4.5 per cent in both the South A tlantic and W est South C entral
States and 3 per cent in the E a st N orth C entral States. Small in
creases were m ade in the M iddle A tlantic and the Pacific States, and
the W est N orth C entral division shows no change. The New E ng
land division lost 0.7 per cent of its employees, the E a st South Central
division 1.4 per cent, and the M ountain division 2 per cent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[344]
129
#
Seven of the 12 groups of industries show m arked im provem ent
over 1925, the iron and steel group coming first with increases of 6.9
per cent in em ploym ent arid 10.7 per cent in pay-roll totals.
4
In the five groups which are less prosperous than they were a year
ago the largest decreases were 4.3 per cent in em ploym ent and 4 per
cent in pay-roll totals in both the textile and tobacco groups.
The fertilizer_and the machine-tool industries have both gained
about one-fifth in each of the two items. Agricultural implements,
electrical goods, foundry and machine-shop products, structural iron
work, glass, chemicals, petroleum refining, and shipbuilding have all
m ade noticeable gains also in the year’s interval.
The industries which show the heaviest losses over a year ago are
woolen and worsted, millinery and lace, and silk goods, automobile
tires, cigars, and ice cream.
E M P L O Y M E N T IN
SELECTED IN D U ST R IE S
T able 2.—COMPARISON OF EMPLOYMENT AND PAY-ROLL TOTALS, JUNE, 1926, WITH
JUNE, 1925—Continued
[The per cents of change for each of the 12 groups of industries, and for the total of all industries, are weighted]
Per cent of
change—June,
1926, compared
with June, 1925
Per cent of
change—June,
1926, compared
with June, 1925
Industry
Industry
Number Amount
on
of
pay roll pay roll
Slaughtering and meat
packing...........................
Confectionery-............ ......
Ice cream_____________
Flour..................................
Baking..___ ____ ____ _
Sugar refining, cane............
Cotton goods.......... ......
Hosiery and knit goods.
Silk goods. .1___ _____
Carpets and rugs.
Clothing, men’s....... ......... .
Shirts and collars............... .
Clothing, women’s______
Millinery and lace goods__
Iron and steel and their
products......... ......................
Iron and steel................. .
Structural ironwork______
Foundry and machine-shop
products......................... .
Hardware.____________
Machine tools__________
Steam fittings and steam
and hot-water heating
apparatus........................
Stoves....... ...........................
Lumber and its products.
Lumber, sawmills..........
Lumber, millwork...__
Furniture........................
Leather and its products.
Leather.........................
Boots and shoes............
Paper and printing........
Paper and pulp______
Paper boxes..................
Printing, book and job.
Printing, newspapers...
-0.7
+0. 6
-3.4
+2.0
-6 .4
-2 .9
+2.9
-4.8
-1.9
+5.8
-4.8
-1.6
+4.3
-4. 5
-4.3
-3. 5
-0. 5
-7 . 1
-12.2
-4 .9
+0.3
-2. 5
-4.9
+0.9
-18.3
-4.0
-3. 7
+4.8
-5.9
-10.1
-4. 9
-0.2
-6.2
-4 .2
+1.9
-21.7
+6. 9
+4.0
+7.5
+10.7
+7.9
+8.7
+9.2
-5. 1
+19.3
+13.9
+1.1
+22.2
+4.6
+2.5
+13.5
+2.1
-1.7
-2 .8
-1. 2
+1.4
-0. 7
—1. 0
—0. 6
+3.1
+2. 8
+2.3
+3.2
+3.7
-0.2
-2.0
-0 .5
+6.3
+0.5
+1.9
-0.1
+8.0
+6.7
+5. 5
+10.2
+7.8
Number Amount
on
of
pay roll pay roll
Chemicals and allied prodnets____________________
Chemicals______ _ __
Fertilizers. _
Petroleum refining...... ....
Stone, clay, and glass prodnets
.......... ......................
Cement____________ ..
Brick, tile, and terra cotta
Pottery
Glass__________________
Metal products, other th a n
iron and steel
Stamped and enameled ware
Brass, bronze, and copper
products................ ..........
Tobacco products_________
Chewing and smoking to
bacco and snuff _ _____
Cigars and cigarettes_____
Vehicles for land tran sp o rta tio n __________________
Automobiles........................
Carriages and wagons____
Car building and repairing,
electric-railroad______
Car building and repairing,
steam-railroad..................
+7. 7
+3.3
-5.1
+ 1. 6
+0.7
+9.6
+0.4
+1.5
(9
+ 0.9
+9.6
+23.5
+7.4
+ 6.0
-
1.6
+
12.0
+3.0
+6.7
+0.5
-
1.0
+ 1.1
-4 .3
-4.0
+5.6
-5 .5
+3.8
-4.9
+ 2.0
+2.3
-2.3
+5.3
+1.9
+4.3
-1 .9
-0.3
+ 2.2
+6.4
Miscellaneous industries___
Agricultural implements__
Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies........
Pianos and organs...............
Rubber boots and shoes___
Automobile tires________
Shipbuilding, steel...............
+4.3
+10.7
+16.1
All industries......... ........
+1. 3
i No change.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
+7.6
+4.8
+ 20.1
[3451
+11.7
+ 2.1
+6.3
-9.3
+5.0
+ 8.1
+13.3
+0.7
+0.7
-7.3
+
11.6
+L1
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T able 2.—COMPARISON OF EMPLOYMENT AND PAY-ROLL TOTALS, JUNE, 1920, WITH
JUNE, 1925—Continued
R e c a p i tu l a t i o n
P e r c e n t of
ch a n g e—J u n e ,
1926, c o m p a re d
w ith J u n e , 1925
P e r c e n t of
ch an g e—J u n e ,
1928, c o m p a re d
W ith J u n e , 1925
I n d u s tr y
I n d u s tr y
N um ber A m ount
oh
of
p a y ro ll p a y roll
g e o g r a ph ic d iv isio n —c o n td .
GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION'
--------------
N ew E n g la n d ..
ATi ri il 1 A tla n tic
_____ _______
■Rftst N o rth C e n tra l __________
W e st N o r th C e n tr a l___________
S o u th A tla n tic ________________
E a s t S o u th C e n tra l__________
p,
N um ber A m ount
on
of
p a y r o l l p a y ro ll
.
—0, 7
+0. 6
+ 3 .0
(0
4-4.4
- 1 .4 -
+ 1 .2
+ 4 .8
+ 3 .3
+ 2 .4
+ 6 .7
+ 1- 2
W est S o u th C e n tr a l___________
M o u n ta in ___
____________
P acific_______ _____
____
___
____
Ail d iv is io n s _______
+ 4 .6
- 2 .0
+0. 4
+ 6 .8
- 0 .7
+ 2 .2
+1.3
+4U
E m p l o y m e n t o n G la s s I r a i l r o a d s
Number on Per cent Amount of pay Per cent
roll
pay roll
of change
of change
Month and year
May 15,1925
May 15^ 1926 _
______________
. ________ _________ i No change.
L 750, 841
li,791, 922
+2.3
8$230, 556, 672
8239, 058, 065
+3.7
8 Amount of pay roil for one month.
Per Ccipita Earnings
D E E , C A PITA earnings in June were 0.3 per cent higher than in
*
M ay, 1926, and 2.8 per cent higher than in June, 1925.
T h irty of the fifty-four separate industries show increased per
capita earnings in June as compared w ith M ay, leaving 24 industries
w ith decreased earnings per employee. Boots and shoes and m en’s
clothing both show increased per capita earnings of 7.2 per cent, while
the outstanding decreases were 5.5 per cent in rubber boots and shoes
and 4.6 per cent in automobiles.
The improved condition in m anufacturing industries in June, 1926,
as compared w ith June, 1925, is shown by the fact th a t 42 industries
show increased per capita earnings in the 12-month comparison.
This list is headed by steam fittings w ith an increase of 9.3 per cent,
followed by book and job printing, steel shipbuilding, hardware,
pottery, hosiery, and k n it goods, agricultural implem ents, foundry
and machine-shop products, and chemicals, in the order named.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
13461
131
EM PLO YM EN T IN SELECTED’ IN DU STRIES
T able
3.—COMPARISON OF PER CAPITA EARNINQS, JUNE, 1928, W ITH MAY- 1928
AND JUNE, 1925
’
Industry
Per cent of
change—June-,
1926, compared
with—
May,
1926
Boots and shoes______________
Clothing, men’s.................... . __
Fertilizers..... ................... .........
Carpets and rugs_________ ___
Cigars and cigarettes__________
Chewing and smoking tobacco
and snuff ______ _ . _____
Cement____
____ ____
Electrical machinery, apparatus,
and supplies. ____________ _
Car building and repairing,
steam-railroad__________ ___
Steam fittings and steam- and hotwater heating apparatus______
Lumber, sawmills____________
Brick, tile, and terra cotta __ _
Confectionery
__ ___ ____ _
Car building and repairing, elec
tric-railroad. ___
. . . __ _
Stamped and enameled ware_____
Woolen and worsted goods____
Lumber, millwork.. _______
Furniture___________________
Shipbuilding, steel__________
Structural ironwork___ _ ____
Paper and pulp___________ __
Chemicals. ____________
Iron and steel________
Petroleum refining__________
Carriages and wagons _______
+7.'2
+7. 2
+4. 2
+3.9
+3.0
+0.8
-3.3
+2.9
+0.1
+0.6
+2.9
+2.6
-1.9
+3.6
+2.5
+1.6
+2.4
+3.6
+2.4
+ 1.8
+ 1.6
+1.4
+9.3
+0.9
+1. 5
+3.8
+1.3
+1.9
-2.6
+2.4
+0.6
+4.4
+6. 5
+0.8
+3.6
+4.5
+4.0
+ 1.3
+ 1.2
+0.9
+0.9
+0.8
+0. 6
+0. 6
+0. 6
+0.4
Industry
June,
1925
-
0. 1
+1.3
Per cent of
change—June,
1926, compared
with—
May,
1926
Flour_______ _____
Machine tools _.................. ...........
Slaughtering and meat packing.__
Printing, book and job________
Leather___ ____________ _
Automobile tires __ __ __ _
Foundry and machine-shop prod
ucts__________________
Cast-iron pipe_________ ____
Printing, newspapers..... ........
Cotton g o o d s ______
Agricultural implements___ ___
Brass, bronze,and copper products.
Glass_________ _______
Ice cream_______________
Baking________________
Hardware__________
Paper boxes___ ___ __
Hosiery and knit goods____ _
Clothing, women’s_______...
Pottery _ ____ ____
Sugar refining, cane_______ ___
Stoves___ _________
Shirts and. collars____ ____
Millinery and lace goods___
Pianos and organs-_______
Dyeing and finishing textiles.
Silk- goods_______________
Automobiles_______ ____ _
Rubber boots and shoes___
1 Less than one-tenth o£ 1 per cent.
+0.3
+0. 3
+0.3
+0.1
+ 0)
—0.1
—0 1
-0. 4
-0 4
—0. 6
—0. 7
-0.7
-0. 7
—0. 7
—0. 9
—1. 3
-1. 4
—I. 5
—1 6
—1 6
—i. r
-1.9
2.0
2.1
-2 1
-
-2. 5
-2 .7
-4. 6
—5. 5
June,
1925
+ 1.0
+ 2.6
+ 2.0
+7.0
+2.7
+ 2.2
+4.4
-0.5
+4.9
+
1.1
+ 2. 2
+ 2.1
+1.5
+ 6. 2
+3.4
+5.1
+0.9
+5.7
+0.4
-0 .3
+0.8’
-3 .9
-1.4
-
+
0.6
1.2
-4 .2
-5 .4
J Data not yet available.
Wage Changes
Q N E hundred and six establishments in 27 industries reported
W wage-rate increases for the m onth ending June 15. These in
creases, averaging 7.2 per cent, affected 8,166 employees, being 33
per cent of the total employees in the establishm ents concerned.
N early three-fourths of the 106 establishm ents were in industries of
the food, iron, and steel, and paper groups of industries.
W age-rate decreases were reported by only three establishm ents,
each in a separate industry. These decreases averaged 2 per cent and
affected 937 employees, or 70 per cent of the employees in the estab
lishm ents concerned.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[347]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
132
T able 4.—WAGE ADJUSTMENT OCCURRING BETW EEN MAY 15 AND JUNE 15, 1926
Per cent of increase
or decrease in
wage rates
Establishments
Employees affected
Per cent of employ
ees
Industry
Number
Total reporting
num increase
ber re or dein
porting crease
wage
rates
Range
Average
Total
number
In estab
lishments
reporting
increase
or de
crease in
wage
rates
In all
estab
lish
ments
report
ing
Increases
Slaughtering and meat packing.
Ice cream_____ ____________
Flour_____________________
Baking.......................................
Silk goods.___ ____________
Clothing, women’s.................
Iron and steel______________
Structural ironwork ________
Foundry and machine-shop
products_________________
Machine tools______________
Steam fittings and steam and
hot-water heating apparatus..
Lumber, sawmills __________
Lumber, millwork............. ...
Furniture...............................
Paper and pulp_______ _____
Printing, book and job......... .
Printing, newspapers________
Chemicals______ __________
Cement_______ ____ _____ _
Brick, tile, and terra cotta____
Glass..........................................
Brass, bronze, and copper
products............ ....................
Cigars and cigarettes............... .
Automobiles__ ___________
Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies________
Pianos and organs___________
Shipbuilding steel___________
1. 3-12.1
5 -50
4
1 -10
5
5 - 5. 8
1. 5
7 -10
6.8
6.5
4.0
8.8
5.0
5. 1
1. 5
9. 7
114
69
46
30
209
193
340
80
7
19
92
16
100
66
48
15
(«)
(»)■
0)
1 -25
4
7. 1
4.0
712
17
15
11
(0
(')
10
5 -6
5 -12
8. 4-14. 3
2
4. 7-10
3.5-24
6 -10
7
5 -15
33.5
10.0
5. 3
7. 2
10. 4
2.0
5. 5
12. 4
6.9
7.0
* 9.8
33. 5
8
244
19
32
68
51
544
390
200
566
12
9
91
6
5
16
9
26
20
79
71
75
(0
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
1
2
3
12.2
6 -7
5 -10
12.2
6.9
6.9
4
1,007
216
14
87
11
(0
4
1
1
1 -10
9. 2
5. 0
5.0
1, 436
9
1,550
44
5
100
0)
172
178
334
498
193
175
214
152
6
6
1
6
2
5
1
5
915
168
25
1
117
399
241
392
207
289
210
92
96
363
121
2
2
2
5
1
5
9
2
I
6
1
141
167
206
165
35
42
5
5
0)
1
l
0)
(0
(>)
1
2
1
2
3
C1)
1
5
Decreases
Cotton goods_______________
Millinery and lace goods_____
Foundry and machine-shop
products.......... ......................
488
76
1
1
2
5
2.0
5.0
865
22
94
21
(>)
0)
915
1
0.9
0.9
50
17
0)
i Less than one-half of 1 per cent.
Indexes of Employment and Pay-Roll Totals in Manufacturing Industries
IN D E X num bers for June, 1926, and for M ay, 1926, and June,
A 1925, showing relatively the variation in num ber of persons
employed and in pay-roll totals, in each of the 53 1 industries sur
veyed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, together w ith general
indexes for the combined 12 groups of industries, appear in the
following table.
The general index of employment for June, 1926, is 91.3, this
num ber being 0.4 per cent lower than the index for M ay, 1926,
i The total number is 54, but data for computing indexes for cast-iron pipe are not yet all available.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[348]
EMPLOYMENT IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES
133
and 1.3 per cent higher than the index for June, 1925. The general
index of pay-roll totals for June, 1926, is 95.5, this num ber being
0.1 per cent lower than the index for M ay, 1926, and 4.1 per cent
higher than the index for June, 1925.
In com puting the general index and the group indexes the index
num bers of separate industries are weighted according to the im
portance of the industries.
T able 5.—INDEXES OF EMPLOYMENT AND PAY-ROLL TOTALS IN MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRIES, JUNE, 1925, AND MAY AND JUNE, 1926
[Monthly average, 1923=100]
Employment
Industry
General index________________
June,
1925
May,
1926
Pay-roll totals
June,
• 1926
June,
1925
May,
1926
June,
1926
90. 1
91. 7
91.3
91. 7
95.6
95. 5
Food and kindred products_________
Slaughtering and moat packing_____
Confectionery______________ ___
Icecream________ ____________ _
Flour_______ __________________
Baking_______________ ________
Sugar refining, cane..............................
89. 3
82. 5
75.0
121. 4
84. 8
100.3
102. 1
86.8
77.8
77.8
104. 1
81. 2
99.9
96.5
88.7
79. 7
76. 5
113. 6
82.3
103.2
97.2
93. 3
85. 2
80.7
128. 0
86. 3
104. 2
104. 2
91.8
81.4
85. 6
112.6
83.5
106. 1
100.4
93.9
83.6
85.4
121.9
84.9
108.7
99.5
Textiles and tlicir products.......... . ...
Cotton goods____________________
Hosiery and knit goods___________
Silk goods______________________
Woolen and w o r s te d goods___ _____
Carpets______ ____ ______ _____
Dyeing and finishing textiles_______
Clothing, men’s.. ________________
Shirts and collars.................................
Clothing, women’s_________ ______
Millinery and lace goods......................
87.8
84.7
97. 6
102. 7
87. 0
94.3
95. 6
86.5
86. 9
74. 9
82.4
85.7
83. 8
98.4
97.6
76. 8
93.8'
97.3
80. 2
84. 4
81. 1
77.0
84.0
81. 7
97. 1
95. 4
76. 4
89. 7
95.9
84. 3
82. 6
75. 6
67.3
84.8
80.4
103. 1
105. 2
83. 1
89.8
94.4
82.9
86.6
69.6
84.7
83. 1
79.8
111.2
104.1
74. 1
85.8
97.9
69. 1
86.6
77.3
77.6
81.4
77.4
108.0
99.0
74.7
85.4
94.2
77.8
83.0
70.9
66.3
Iron and steel and their products.. __
Iron and steel . _ ______________
Structural ironwork______ ___ ._
Foundry and machine-shop products..
Hardware______________ ___ ___
Machine tools___________________
Steam fittings and steam and hotwater heating apparatus_________
Stoves.............................. ....................
86. G
93. 5
92. 8
81.3
91.3
85.1
92.4
98.9
98.0
87.2
89.0
. 102.1
92. 6
97. 2
99.8
88.8
86. 6
101.5
88. 7
94. 5
100. 6
82. 2
94. 4
91.7
98. 0
103. 1
106. 5
92. 1
99.3
112.4
98.2
102.0
109.4
93.6
95.4
112.1
93.8
83.3
97.6
86.0
98.1
85.4
93.2
83.8
102.7
87.9
105.8
85.6
Lumber and its products.____ ______
Lumber, sawmills___ ____________
Lumber, millwork_______________
Furniture___ ____ ______________
93. 7
92.9
99. 9
92.7
91. 9
89. 5
98.9
95.9
92. 1
90.3
98. 7
94.0
100. 2
101. 0 ‘
107.3
93.0
98. 3
96.4
105.9
99.9
100.0
99. 0
106.8
98.9
Leather and its products__________ _
Leather________________________
Boots and shoes............... .......... .........
85. 9
87. 6
85.3
85. 7
89.3
84.5
85.3
86. 7
84.8
82.3
87.3
80.3
79. 4
91. 6
74. 5
82.7
89.0
80.2
Paper and printing____________ ...
Paper and pulp__________________
Paper boxes_________ ____ _______
Printing, book and job____________
Printing, newspaper______________
89.4
93.3
95. 5
99.6
106.8
102. 6
96. 4
97. 6
102.0
111.4
102. 5
95.9
97. 7
102. 8
110.7
102. 6
96. 4
99. 4
102. 8
109. 2
111. 0
102. 7
106.3
112. 2
119.0
110.8
102.9
104.9
113.3
117. 7
Chemicals and aiiied products______
Chemicals______ ______ _______ _
Fertilizers ... .......... ........................
Petroelum refining............... ................
87. 1
90.3
62.3
93.7
95.3
94. 1
91. 2
98.8
93. 7
94. 6
74. 8
100. 9
91. 0
94.8
67.2
93.5
100. 0
102. 7
97. 1
97.8
100.0
103.9
83.0
100.4
Stone, clay, and glass products.......... .
Cement___________ ________ ___
Brick, tile, and terra cotta...................
Pottery..................................................
Glass........... .........................................
160. 7
100. 7
106. 8
107.8
92.0
102. 3
92.8
106.3
108.3
99.4
104. 0
95.6
108.5
108.6
100.8
106. 0
105. 5
113. 1
110. 7
98.3
110. 1
98. 2
112.3
119. 5
109.3
112.4
103.8
116.5
118.1
110.1
Metal products, other than iron and
steel___________ ..
Stamped and enameled ware_______
Brass, bronze, and copper products__
95. 9
91.9
97.7
98. 5
96.3
99.5
96. 3
93.3
97.7
97.0
89. 8
99.6
99. 9
90. 5
103.3
97.5
88.9
100.7
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[349]
134
MONTHLY
LABOR REVIEW
T able 5.—INDEXES OE EMPLOYMENT AND PAY-ROLL TOTALS IN MANITFACTURINQ
INDUSTRIES, JUNE, 1925, AND M AY AND JUNE, 1926—Continued
Pay-roll totals
Employment
Industry
May,
1926
June,
1925
84. 0
90. G
Tobacco products............... -........... ......
Chewing and smoking tobacco and
snufT__ ______ _____ __________
Cigars and cigarett'esi...^..--^^.^..,---Vehicles for land transportation_____
Automobiles____________________
Carfiages and wagons. ____ ______
Car building and repairing, electricrailroad_____ . . . _________ ___
Car building and repairing, steamrailroad......................... i ---------
88.9
90.8
93.7
82.7
93.9
85.8
98.0
91.6
90.3
93. 5
110. 2
90.5
92. 1
10 8 . 5
87.5
92. G
111. 1
88.2
89.6
90.0
87.9
80.2
83.1
82.0
90. 9
88.7
95. 5
101.0
86.6
91.9
81. 1
117. 7
85. 5
96.7
93. 6
88.9
107. 8
90.3
106. 5
83.9
Miscellaneous Industries'.. . . . _____ .'
Agricultural implements.....................
Electrical machinery, apparatus, and
supplies....____ ____ . . . . . ----- -Pianos and-org-ans. .
______. . . . .
Rubber boots and shoes___________
Automobile tires . . . . . __ . . . . ____
Shipbuilding, ste e l....___ . . . . ___
92.3
86. 7
June,
1926
May,.
1926
June,
1925
June,
1026
83.3
88.6
98:7
81.5
101. 7
87.1
96.8
94. 7
11 5 . 5
108. 5
93.5
90.8
91.6
92.2
91.3
81.0
85.2
86.2
94. 8
98. 2
92.8
96.3
100.2
115.8
100.3
111.8
96. 7
93. 8
86. 2
106. 8
89.8
91.1
99. 9
88.9
113.6
85.4
100. 8
102. 5
97. 6'
111. 1
94.9
103.2
100. 6
89.0
110.0
95.3
The following tables show the general index of em ploym ent in
m anufacturing industries from June, 1914, to June, 1926, and the
general index of pay-roll totals from November, 1915, to June, 1926:
T a b l e 6 . — GENERAL
INDEX OF EMPLOYMENT AND OF PAY-ROLL TOTALS IN MAN
UFACTURING' INDUSTRIES
E m p l o y m e n t { J u n e , 1 9 1 4 , to J u n e , 1 9 2 6 )
[Monthly average, 1923=100]
Month
January___
February__
March ___
April
May______
J Tini3»'
July_ _____
August __
September...
October___
November
December...
1914
1915
1910
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921 1922
1923
1924 1925 1926
98. 9
95.9
92.9
94.9
94.9
93. 9
92. 9
91. 9
92. 9
93. 9
93.9
94.9
95. 9
94.9
95. 9
98.9'
108. 8
103,8:
105. 9
104. 6
107. 4
109. 6
109. 0
109. 5
110. 0
110. 3
110.0
111.4
112. 9
114. 5
115. 1
117.0
117. 5
117.4
115.0
115. 1
114. 8
114. 2
112. 7
110. 7
113. 2
115. 6
117. 2
115. 5
114. 7
116. 5
115. a
114. 0
113. 4
114. 6
114. 5
114: 2
111. 5
113. 4
113: 5
110.1
103. 2
104. 0
103. 0
106. 3
108. 7
110. 7
109. 9
112. 1
106. 8
110.0
113. 2
116.1
115. 6
116.9
117. 1
117.4
117. 9
110. 0
109. 7
107. 0
102. 5
97. 3
SI. 1
76.8
82. 3
83. 9
83. 0
84. 5
84. 9
84. 5
85. 6
87. 0
88. 4
89. 4
89. 9
98.0
99. 6
101.8
101. 8
101. 8
101. 9
100.4
99. 7
99. 8
99. 3
98. 7
96. 9
95.4
96. 6
96.4
94. 5
90. 8
87. 9'
84.8
85. 0
86. 7
87.9
87.8
89. 4
97.0
110.4
445. 0 444. 2 108. 2 109. 9 85. 1 88.4
Average. i 94. 9
87.0
87. 7
83. 2
82. 4
84. 3
87. 1
86. 8
88.0
90. 6
92. 6
94. 5
96. 6
90.0
91. 6
92.3
92.1
90.9
90.1
89.3
89.9
90.9
92. 3
92. 5
92. 6
93.3
94.3
93. 7
92.8
91.7
91.3
100. 9 90. 3 91. 2 292.9
P a y - r o l l t o t a l s { N o v e m b e r , 1 9 1 5 , to J u n e , 1 9 2 6 )
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1021
1922
1923
1924
1925
January
__
February.. . . . .
M arch.. ...__
April
i .
ivfay_____
June. ______
.Tnly
August______
September
October
„„
November___ 53.8
December..__ 56.0
52. 1
57. 8
60. 0
59. 7
62. 1
62. 5
58. 7
60. 9
92.9
85. 5
69.2
71.0
69. 8
70. 5
73. 6
09. 4
75. 8
76. 1
73. 1
75. 0
74.4
82. 2
87. 4
87. 8
79:. 6
79, 8
88. 2
88. 8
94 ; 5
94; 3
97; 5
105. 3
106. 6
110. 3
104: 1
111.2
104. 2
95. 0
95. 4
94. 5
96. 7
100. 2
102. 5
105. 3
111. 6
105. 5
111. 3
121. 5
126. 6
124. 8
133. 0
130. 6
135. 7
138.0
124. 9
132. 2
128.2
123.0
111.3
102.4
80:6
82. 4
83. 3
82.8
81. 8
81.0
76. 0
79: T
77.8'
76. 8
77.2'
81. 5
71. 5
76. 7
74. 2
72. 6
76. 9
82.0
74. 1
79. 3'
82. 7
86. 0
89. 8
92.9
91.8
95. 2
100. 3
10L 3
104. 8
104.7
99. 9
99. 3
100.0
102. 3
101.0
98:9
94. 5
99.4
99.0
96.9
92.4
87. 0
80. 8
83. 5
86.0
88. 5
87. 6
91. 7
90.0
95. 1
96. 0
94. 2
94. 4
91.7
89. 6
91.4
90. 4
96. 2
90. 2
97.3
94.9
98.9
99.1
97.2
95.6
95.5
354. 9
61. 9
76. 3
96.7 103. 6 135. 9
80. 0
79. 9 100.0
90. 6
93.6
2 06 ; 9
Month'
Average.
1915
1 Average for 7 months.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2Average for 6 months,
[350]
3Average for 2 months,
1926
GENERAL INDEXES OF EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLL TOTALS
IH MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
A V ER A G E
1923=100,.
E MPLOYMEN T W
M O N TH LY
IS O
140
130
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
no
ipO
\
90
80
70
&o
SELECTED INDUSTRIES
1'TSS.I
130
50
CO
Cn
136
M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW
Proportion of Time Worked and Force Employed in Manufacturing Industries in
June, 1926
D E P O R T S from 7,606 establishm ents indicate th a t the plants in
operation in June were employing an average of 85 per cent of
a norm al full force of employees who were working an average of
92 per cent of full time. These averages show a decrease of 1 per
cent both in num ber of employees and in average tim e worked as
compared w ith M ay.
One per cent of the reporting establishm ents wrere idle, 65 per cent
were operating on a full-time schedule, and 34 per cent on a part-'
time schedule; 43 per cent had a norm al full force of employees,
and 56 per cent were operating w ith reduced force.
T able 7-ESTA BLISH M EN TS WrORKING FULL AND PART TIM E AND EMPLOYING
FULL AND PART "WORKING FORCE IN JUNE, 1926
Per cent of
Per cent of Average
establish
establish per cent
ments operat
of full
ments
ing with—
operating— time
operated
in estab
lish
Part
Full
Total Per Full Part ments
num cent time time operat normal normal
force
force
ber idle
ing
Establish
ments
reporting
Industry
Food and kindred products______ 1,146
129
Slaughtering and meat packing__
Confectionery........................ ........ 211
137
Ice cream.... ....................................
291
Flour.............................................
365
Baking........ ...................................
13
Sugar refining, cane.......................
Lum ber and its p roducts.... ...........
Lumber, sawmills..........................
Lumber, millwork.... .....................
Furniture........................................
0)
3
1
4
1
2
6
7
(0
1
10
849
2G0
Paper an d p rin tin g ...........................
Paper and pulp..............................
Paper boxes............... .....................
Printing, book and job...............
Printing, newspapers.... .............. .
i Less than one-half of 1 per cent.
553
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2
106
154
115
105
192
141
88
28
77
69
53
45
46
46
59
59
32
35
68
79
71
33
51
54
37
40
68
65
30
21
23
60
65
35
1
0)
(0
i
i
[352]
50
6
42
46
76
46
43
86
87
92
91
79
86
93
97
93
76
55
45
35
36
27
23
42
53
43
11
93
31
51
50
93
58
53
24
54
55
86
90
67
91
83
95
92
84
42
55
61
63
73
77
55
47
51
82
88
83
69
81
85
83
74
79
85
89
84
65
88
92
90
97
26
46
35
73
44
65
64
55
83
36
45
17
93
96
97
31
22
19
69
78
81
79
84
68
35
32
65
96
82
49
35
51
65
89
81
29
95
40
75
79
59
23
21
40
67
33
68
32
74
1
41
43
1
88
48
38
46
14
89
52
1
88
93
92
98
70
94
97
61
44
86
70
i
2
40
36
45
12
71
23
31
54
l
l
332
199
318
Leather and its products.................
Leather..........................................
Boots and shoes.............................
64
1
Textiles and their products............. 1, 374
412
Cotton goods................................
184
Hosiery and knit goods.... .............
155
Silk goods..................... .................
165
Woolen and worsted goods............
22
Carpets and rugs_______ ______
81
Dyeing and finishing textiles.........
Clothing, men’s.............................
177
43
Shirts and. collars.... .......................
Clothing, women’s_______ ____
90
45
Millinery and lace goods...............
Iron and stcei and their products . 1,426
159
Iron and steel..................... ..........
48
Cast-iron pipe................................
113
Structural ironwork......................
Foundry and machine-shop prod
773
ucts.............................................
49
Hardware.......................................
128
Machine tools________________
Steam fittings and steam and hot81water heating apparatus.... ........
75
Stoves.... .....................................
60
i
Average
per cent
of normal
full force
employed
by estab
lish
ments
operat
ing
99
10
48
59
57
26
97
97
92
90
99
85
96
97
87
96
100
59
52
92
83
68
88
90
45
37
36
63
64
31
25
35
68
75
65
82
80
83
60
40
94
40
6
»2
94
82
92
99
41
35
60
59
65
89
84
EMPLOYMENT IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES
m ABLE
7
137
.—E S T A B L I S H M E N T S W O R K I N G F U L L A N D P A R T T I M E A N D E M P L O Y I N G
F U L L A N D P A R T W O R K I N G F O R C E I N J U N E , 1926— C o n tin u e d
E s ta b lis h
m e n ts
re p o rtin g
P e r c e n t of
e sta b lis h
m e n ts
o p e ra tin g —
I n d u s tr y
T o ta l
num
b er
Per
cent
id le
F u ll
tim e
P art
tim e
A verage
per cent
of fu ll
tim e
o p e ra te d
in e s ta b
li s h
m e n ts
o p e ra t
ing
P e r c e n t of
e s ta b lis h
m e n ts o p e ra t
in g w ith —
A v erag e
p e r ce n t
of n o rm a l
fu ll force
em p lo y ed
b y e s ta b
lish
F u ll
P art
m e n ts
n o rm a l n o rm a l
o p e ra t
force
force
in g
C h em icals a n d allied p r o d u cts ------
206
1
76
23
96
37
62
C h em ica ls ______________________
F e rtiliz e rs ..
________ _________
P e tro le u m re fin in g ------- -------------
72
92
42
2
65
82
83
35
16
17
92
97
99
58
64
42
90
36
S to n e , clay, a n d glass p r o d u c ts___
512
4
64
32
93
54
42-
91
C e m e n t __ ______________________
B ric k , tile, a n d te rra c o tta ________
P o tte r y ______________ ______ ____
G lass.............. ........................................
81
279
44
108
5
60
45
G5
34
55
30
97
92
89
93
53
58
43
47
47
37
67
47
93
92
85
36
63
82
95
95
25
40
75
59
79
83
M etal p r o d u cts, o th er th a n iron
a n d s te el_______ . _____ ______
6
88
12
8
72
92
47
93
88
87
163
1
S ta m p e d a n d en a m ele d w a re ...........
B rass, b ronze, a n d co p p er p ro d u c ts
40
123
1
7Í
75
70
28
25
29
T ob acco p ro d u cts___________ _____
104
4
63
33
94
32
64
84
C h ew in g a n d sm o k in g tobacco
a n d sn uff
--- ------C ig ars a n d c ig a re tte s _____________
25
79
5
52
67
48
28
93
95
32
32
68
63
83
84
78
67
21
96
92
92
53
49
34
46
50
66
87
83
72
V ehicles for la n d tr a n s p o r ta tio n ...
A u to m o b ile s _________ ___________
C arriag es a n d w a g o n s ------------------C a r b u ild in g a n d re p airin g , elect r i e - r a i l r o a d . . ___
__________
C ar b u ild in g a n d rep airin g , s team r a ilr o a d ________________________
M iscellan eo u s in d u s tr ie s _____
A g ric u ltu ra l im p le m e n ts ________
E le c tric a l m a c h in e ry , a p p a ra tu s ,
a n d s u p p lie s ____ ______ ______ _
P ia n o s a n d organs
__________ i __
R u b b e r b o o ts a n d shoes___
A u to m o b ile tir e s _________________
S h ip b u ild in g , s te e l..............................
727
150
50
(>)
1
31
34
125
89
11
99
54
46
94
402
81
19
97
57
43
89
69
30
94
35
65
59
40
91
14
84
80
70
80
63
29
48
96
37
71
52
4
20
97
93
89
88
100
46
47
29
33
17
63
53
71
67
83
84
80
82
63
65
34
82
43
56
85
286
58
1
2
132
19
7
46
24
i
Ail in d u str ie s________________ 7,606
i
1 L ess t h a n one-half of 1 p e r cent.
2254°— 2 6 t----- 10
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
66
[3531
86
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
138
E m p lo y m e n t a n d E arn in g s of R a ilro a d E m ployees, M ay , 1925, a n d
A p ril a n d M a y , 1926
H E following tables show the num ber of employees and the
earnings in various occupations among railroad employees in
M ay, 1925, and in April and M ay, 1926.
The figures are for Class I roads; th a t is, all roads having operat
ing revenues of $1,000,000 a year and over.
T
E M P L O Y M E N T A N D E A R N I N G S O F R A I L R O A D E M P L O Y E E S —M A Y , 1925, A N D A P R I L
A N D M A Y , 1926
[F ro m m o n th ly re p o rts of I n te r s ta te C o m m erce C o m m issio n . A s d a ta for o n ly th e m o re im p o r ta n t o ccu
p a tio n s are sh o w n se p a ra te ly , th e g ro u p to ta ls are n o t th e s u m of th e ite m s u n d e r th e resp ectiv e g ro u p s;
for th e g ra n d to ta ls see p p . 128 a n d 130]
N u m b e r of e m p lo y ees a t
m id d le of m o n th
T o ta l e a rn in g s
O c c u p a tio n
M ay,
1925
A p ril,
1926
281,175
166, 289
25, 060
283(631
166, 606
25, 359
284, 083 $37, 983, 436 $38, 790, 883 $38, 854, 643
166, 79Q 21, 243,070 21, 557, 495 21,.591,825
3, 036, 309
3,122, 423
25,42Y
3,104; 449
M a in te n a n c e o f w a y a n d structures^ 409, 787
63,9 IT
493, 858
62,383
438, 542
73,169
37, 099, 264
4r 872,026
37. 351, 227
4,.819,207
40,171, 828
5, 84i; 736
215, 220
208, 451
225, 937
15, 615, 974
15, 317, 478
16,603, 470
518, 886
113, 81®
61,064
113, 616
522,613
113,178
61, 523
114,, 876
516, 302
111, 985
60, 694
113, 600
86, 070, 474
67. 998, 806
16, 615, 582
9, 731,957
12, 627,811
87, 014, 934
16,394, 762
9, 511, 866
12,407, 083
43, 051
43, 342
42,450
4,107, 741
4, 026, 247
4, 060,149
58, 686
60, 804
60,085
4,. 684,120
4,955, 718
4, 859; 801
206,195;
31, 090
207, 308
30, 697
207, 414
30, 675
24, 963, 840
4, 729, 828
25, 047, 242
4, 712, 569
25, 398. 249
4,746,761
P ro fessio n a l, clerical, a n d g e n e ra l ___
C l e r k s __ __
__ _
. _____
S te n o g ra p h e rs andi ty p i s t s __________
L a b o re rs,.e x tra g ang a n d w o rk tr a im
L a b o rers,, tra c k a n d ro a d w a y secti o n _______ _________________'_____
M a in te n a n c e o f e q u ip m e n t a n d
sto res__________ _____ ____ _
___________________ ____
C a rm e n
M a c h in is ts
___ _________________
S k illed tra d e s h e lp e rs , _____
___
L a b o re rs (shops,, e n g in e houses,
p o w er p la n ts , a n d s to re s ), ______
C o m m o n la b o rers (shops, e n g in © h o u ses,
p o w er p la n ts , a n d s to re s )_________
T ra n sp o rta tio n , o th e r t h a n tr a in ,
e n g in e , a n d y a rd ______________
S ta tio n ag e n ts _ _
______ __ __
T e le g ra p h e rs, te le p h o n e s , a n d tow erm en _
_ ________ ____ _______
T ru c k e rs (s ta tio n s , w areh o u ses, a n d
p la tfo rm s )___
______ __________
C ro ssin g a n d b rid g e flag m en a n d
g atem en __ ___________________
T ra n sp o rta tio n
(y a r d m a s te r s ,
sw itc h te n d er s, a n d hostlers) __
M ay,
1925
M ay,
1926
16, 258,090
9, 340, 321
12, 076,. 903
A p ril,
1926
M ay,
1926
25,991
25, 799
25, 615
3,868,110
3, 806, 026
3, 881, 068
37, 858
39,105
38, 559
3, 465,331
3,605,142
3, 575,159
22, 745
22, 371
22, 340
1, 711, 775
1, 668, 745
1, 684, 452
23, 809
24, 045
24, 014
4, 389, 778
4, 419, 776
4,490, 318
T ra n sp o rta tio n , tr a in a n d e n gine___ 310, 989
325,160
36,474
73, 944
54, 407
43, 495
45, 214
323, 567
36, 757
73, 998
53, 979
43, 504
45,003
60, 049, 880
8,187, 098
12,068,192
, 399, 923
10, 941, 639
8,158, 251
61, 872, 351
, 284, 685
12, 215, 976
, 915, 222
11,117,373
, 257, 821
63,128, 088
, 513,154
12, 531, Î04
9,004, 698
11,434,782
, 493, 369
R oad
R oad
Y a rd
R oad
R oad
c o n d u c to rs -_ __
_ ________
b ra k e m e n a n d flag m en
____
b ra k e m e n a n d y a r d h e lp e rs ___
en g in eers a n d m otorm en___ _
fire m en a n d h e lp e rs .....................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
35, 594
71, 590
50, 888
42, 045
43, 763
1354]
8
8
8
8
8
8
VOLUME OF EMPLOYMENT---ILLINOIS
139
R e c e n t E m p lo y m e n t Statistics
State Reports on Employment
Illinois
H E data given below, from the Labor Bulletin of June, 1926,
published by the Illinois D epartm ent of Labor, show changes
in employment in respresentative factories of th a t State in
M ay, 1926:
T
C H A N G E S I N V O L U M E O F E M P L O Y M E N T I N M A Y , 1926, A S C O M P A R E D W I T H A P R I L ,
1926, A N D M A Y , 1925
P e r c e n t of ch an g e
M a y , 1926
I n d u s tr y
N um ber
o f firm s
rep o rtin g
N um ber
of e m
ployees
A p ril, 1926, M a y , 1925,
to M a y ,
to M a y ,
1926
1926
S to n e, c la y a n d glass p ro d u c ts:
M iscellan eo u s s to n e a n d m in e ra l p ro d u c ts -------------L im e , c e m e n t, a n d p la s te r ________ ____ _____ _____
B ric k , tile , a n d p o tte r y ________________________
G l a s s - - .............- .......................................................................
35
17
10
493
5,765
5 , 007
+ 8 .8
- 5 .2
+ 1 0 .1
- 6 .1
+ 2 .6
+ 1 6 .7
27
2, 028
+ 3 .6
2
T o t a l......................- ............................................. .................
89
13,293
+ 2 .0
+ 8 .6
M e ta ls , m a c h in e ry , conveyances:
Ir o n a n d s te e l---------------------------------------- - ....................
S h e e t-m e ta l w o rk a n d h a rd w a re --------------- - .............
T o o ls a n d c u tle r y --------------------------------------------------C o o k in g , h e a tin g , v e n tila tin g a p p a ra tu s ------- ----B ra s s , co p p e r, zinc, b a b b i tt m e ta l
------C a rs a n d lo c o m o tiv e s---------------------------------------------A u to m o b ile s a n d accessories _ _ ---------------------------M a c h in e ry --- ...............................................- ................. --E le c tric a l a p p a ra tu s -----------------------------------------------A g ric u ltu ra l im n le m e n ts - - ----------- -------------------------I n s tr u m e n ts a n d a p p lia n c e s ----------------- ---------- ------W a tc h e s , w a tc h cases, clocks, a n d je w e lry --------------
117
34
17
25
24
13
28
52
30
30
9
15
37,991
, 860
1,473
4,576
2,830
, 288
11,968
18,598
35,668
1. 999
7, 787
-2 .4
9
- 3 .3
+ 1 .8
—7 5
+6. 4
+ 1 .6
- .9
+2. 6
—. 3
—3. 2
—1. 6
-3 .4
- 5 .0
+ 6 .7
—7.4
-1 3 . 2
+ 1 4 .2
+ 1 4 .0
+ 10. 7
+ 1 3 .9
—9. 9
+ .5
T o t a l------------------------------------------------------- ---------- -
394
153, 060
+.1
+ 4 .1
31
42
16
—. 4
—5. 6
-4 . 7
-2 . 2
+ .3
- 3 .3
“E6. 8
7
2,798
6,804
2, 777
2,383
774
+ 1 .9
+ 14. 5
118
15, 536
- 3 .7
- 2 .3
10
7
29
9
1,926
61
11, 078
1,507
- 8 .6
- 1 5 .3
-1 . 4
- 5 .8
- 1 2 .3
+ 2 3 .5
”K 5
- 3 0 .1
55
14, 572
-3 .0
-1 .5
20
24
12
10
66
2, 055
2,565
5,414
4,037
- 1 .8
- 3 .3
—1.3
—3. 9
-3 .8
+1. 8
+ 12. 6
+ 7 .3
14,071
- 2 .5
+ 5 .8
40
16
73
4,284
, 086
, 047
3,783
1,418
- 1 .3
—2. 2
—2. 4
—1. 6
+ 7 .1
+ 3 3 .8
—
R1. 5
*4“4.9
+ 34. 0
149
18, 618
-1 .3
+ 9 .1
W o o d p ro d u c ts:
S aw m ill a n d p la n in g m ill p r o d u c ts -----------------------F u r n itu r e a n d c a b in e t w o r k .- ._ _ ---------- -------P ia n o s , o rg an s, a n d o th e r m u sic a l in s tr u m e n ts --------M iscellan eo u s w ood p ro d u c ts
---------------------- -H o u se h o ld fu rn is h in g s ------------------------------ ---------T o t a l....... ................... - ------------------------------ ------------F u r s a n d le a th e r goods:
L e a th e r . . .
-----------------------------------------------------F u r s a n d fu r goods--------------------- - ----------------------B o o ts a n d s h o e s ._ ------------- ----- --- - -------- --M iscellan eo u s le a th e r g o o d s_________ — ..................
T o t a l----------------------------------------------------- ------- -----C h em ica ls, o ils, p a in ts , e tc .:
D ru g s a n d e h e m ica ls---------- . . . - --------------------P a in ts , d y e s , a n d colors ----------------- -------------M in e ra l a n d v e g e ta b le o i l . . - - - ----- M iscellan eo u s ch e m ica l p ro d u c ts . -------------------T o ta l ----------- ---------------- -----------------------------------P r in tin g a n d p a p e r goods:
P a p e r boxes, b ag s, a n d t u b e s . --------- ----------------------M iscellan eo u s p a p e r g o o d s------------------ -------- --- -Jo b p r in tin g .
...
_ - ------------------------------N e w sp a p e rs a n d p erio d icals. --------------------------- -E d itio n b o o k b in d in g . _ -------------- . . . ------------- T o t a l................................. .....................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[3551
22
12
8
8
11
10,022
1
8
+.2
-.6
MONTHLY LABOS REVIEW
140
CHANGES IN VOLUME OF EMPLOYMENT IN MAY, 1926, AS COMPARED WITH APPAL.
1926, AND MAY, 1925—Continued
May, 1926
Industry
Number
of firms
reporting
Per cent of change
Number
of em
ployees
April, 1926, May, 1925,
to May,
to May,
1926
1926
Textiles:
Cotton and woolen goods ............ ...........................
Knit goods, cotton and woolen hosiery__________
Thread and twine- _ ___________ _______ ___
9
8
7
1,400
3,399
596
-2.6
+5.9
-. 2
-7.0
+18.5
-9.6
Total___________________________________
24
5, 395
+2.9
+6.3
Clothing, millinery, laundering:
Men’s clothing_______ _ __________________
Men’s shirts and furnishings__________________
Overalls and work clothing________ __________
_____________ ___ ...
Men’s hats and caps
Women’s clothing_______________ . . .. ____
Women’s underwear___ ___ _____ _ ____ ___
__ _ _
Women’s hats _________________
Laundering, cleaning and dyeing _____________
7
5
10
2
20
10
7
32
9, 014
1,076
560
57
1,222
810
603
2,744
-6.3
+8. 6
-3. 6
+14. 0
-8.3
+.2
-3.1
+2.7
+10. 6
-4. 2
-10. 6
-16. 7
+6.8
+41. 2
+2.4
+9.1
Total. ..... ................. ......... .............. .................
93
16, 086
-4.4
+7.2
Food, beverages and tobacco:
Flour, feed and other cereal products___________
Fruit and vegetable canning and preserving...
Miscellaneous groceries__ . _________________
Slaughtering and meat packing __ __________
Dairy products . _______ _____ _______ ___
Bread and other bakery products ____________
Confectionery___ _________ _______ ___ ___
Beverages______________________ ____ ___ _
Cigars and other tobacco products ___________
Manufactured ice _______________ _____ . ..
Ice cream. ____ _______________ __________
20
14
29
19
10
17
20
17
12
22
16
900
4, 399
20,173
3,803
2,482
2,185
1, 535
1,173
266
959
+2.6
+8.6
-3.6
+1.8
+3.0
+5.2
+9.4
+5.9
+4.9
+16. 7
+26. 9
+14.5
-44. 1
-1.6
-1.4
+6.2
+.8
Total ____________________
____________
Total, all manufacturing industries
_________
Trade—wholesale and retail:
Department stores.. --------------------------------Wholesale dry goods________________________
Wholesale groceries _______________ _______
Mail-order houses______ ____________________
Total
545
+5.5
+2.4
-, 2
196
38, 430
+2.8
+6 2
1,184
289, 061
- .3
+4.3
26
5
6
5
2,958
487
772
12, 697
+1.7
+4.9
-1.6
+21. 1
-4.4
+2.5
-13.8
___ ___________ __________________
42
16, 914
- .8
-7.9
Public utilities:
Water, light, and power.................................. .........
Telephone ______ _____________ __________
Street railways____________ _________________
Railway-car repair shops..........................................
7
8
26
24
15, 701
29, 256
27, 058
11,727
+3.4
+1.4
+1.9
+.7
+8. 6
+8.5
+3.7
+5.7
Total......................................................................
65
83, 742
+1.8
+6.0
__________ ____________ ________
58
13, 402
-15.4
+ 12. 0
Building and contracting:
Building construction.......... ...... ..............................
Road construction.................................................
Miscellaneous contracting................. ......................
116
12
27
7, 516
563
2, 278
+16.1
+161. 9
+33.1
+38.2
-13.1
+98.2
155
10, 357
+23.3
+46. 7
1, 504
413,476
+.0
+4.7
Coalmining
Total............................ ......................................
Total, all industries
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
...........................................
[356]
VOLUME OE EMPLOYMENT— IOWA
141
io w a
The following figures from the June, 1926, issue of the Iowa Em ploy
m ent Survey, published by the bureau of labor of th a t State, show
changes in volume of em ploym ent in Iowa from M ay to June, 1926:
CHANGES IN VOLUME OF EMPLOYMENT IN IOWA, MAY TO JUNE, 1926
Employees on
pay roll June,
1926
Industry
Num
ber of
Per cent
firms
of in
re
crease
(+)
port Num or de
ing
ber crease (—)
compared
with
May, 1926
Food and kindred produets:
Meat packing______
Cereals.--_____ ___
Flour_________ -___
Bakery products.........
Confectionery ______
Poultry, produce, Putter, etc.. _______
Sugar, starch, syrup,
glucose, etc
___
Other food products,
coffee, etc________
8 6, 550
2 1,073
4
117
6
838
8
367
+0.9
-2.2
+2.6
+1.8
-4. 4
842
-1.3
4 1,504
+9.1
9
355
+6.9
46 11, 646
+1.5
8
2
761
125
-2.3
-f13 5
3
5
8
560
677
623
+2.2
+.6
-8.1
26 2, 746
-. 2
5
Total____________
Textiles:
Clothing, men’s.........
Clothing, women’s,
and woolen goods__
Hosiery, awnings, etc..
Buttons, pearl- ____
Total..
________
Employees on
pay roll June,
1926
—
Industry
Leather products:
Shoes____ . .. _____
Saddlery and harness
Fur goods and tanning
Gloves and mittens. Total
Paper products, printing
and publishing:
Paper products
Printing and publishinf?___________ _
Total
Patent medicines
compounds__
Total
__________
Lumber products:
Millwork, interiors,
etc________ _____
Furniture, desks, etc..
Refrigerators ______
Coffins, undertakers’
supplies__________
Carriages, w a g o n s,
truck bodies______
Total. _______ ..
and
Stone and clay products:
Cement, plaster, gpysum_____________
Brick and tile (clay) . _
Marble, granite, crushed rock, and stone...
Iron and steel works:
shops
____ . ..
Biass, bronze prodnets, plumbers’ supplies. .. ______
Autos, tractors and
engines. __ _
Furnaces...... ............
Pumos
___ ____
Agricultural im p le ments___________
Washing machines___
Num
ber of
Per cent
firms
of in
re
(+)
port Num crease
or
de
ing
ber crease (—)
compared
with
May, 1926
T o ta l................. .
28 2, 422
4
3
4
4
5
354
128
95
356
+2.9
—15.9
-8.7
+6.0
16
933
—1. 3
5
314
+12.1
15 2,235
+.9
20 2 549
+2.2
8
406
+9.4
7 1,900
13 1,133
+3.1
+3.0
3
84
+7.7
23 3. 117
+3.2
+1.3
Tobacco and cigars
__
Railway car shops ____
6
397
5 7, 936
4-1. 8
+8.5
5
159
5
235
6 2, 397
4 L 422
19 '995
10
310
16 2,136
-4 .2
.0
—3. 3
—.4
+.5
-1.6
+2.4
227
-5.4
6 2, 748
4 ' 366
4
416
+2,1
- .8
+7.2
8
980
7 2,092
-4.9
+4.9
Various industries:
Brooms and brushes _.
Laundries_________
Mercantile _______
Public service______
Wholesale houses___
Commission houses__
Other industries-------
61 9, 251
+1.6
Total. __________
7, 654
—, 6
Grand total....... ......
316 50, 995
+1.8
18 3, 044
852
9
3
156
+2.3
-20.0
-8.2
4
155
+.6
6
153
-12.9
40 4, 360
-4.0
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[357]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
142
M a ry la n d
The following rep o rt on volume of em ploym ent in M aryland, from
M ay to June, 1926, covering 42,258 employees and a pay roll totaling
$1,089,764, was furnished by the commissioner of labor and statistics
of M aryland.
CHANGES IN EMPLOYMENT IN IDENTICAL ESTABLISHMENTS IN MARYLAND IN
JUNE, 1926
Employment
Industry
Per cent
Per cent
Estab
of in
of in
lishments Number crease
(+)
crease (+)
reporting of em
or
de
Amount
or
de
for both ployees crease (—)
June, crease (—)
months
June, compared 1926 compared
1926
with
with
May,
May,
1926
1926
B a k e ry __________ ______ _________
B ev e rag es a n d so ft d r in k s _________
B o o ts a n d s h o e s____ - _____________
B oxes, fa n c y a n d p a p e r.......................
B oxes, w o o d e n .......................................
B ra s s a n d b ro n z e ____ _____ _______
B ric k , tile , e t c __ ________ _________
B r u s h e s ______ _________ __________
C a r b u ild in g a n d re p a irin g _______
C h e m ic a ls ______________ __________
C lo th in g , m e n ’s o u te r g a rm e n ts __
C lo th in g , w o m e n ’s o u te r g a rm e n ts.
C o n fe c tio n e ry ____________________
C o tto n g o o d s_____________ ________
F e rtiliz e r_________________________
F o o d p re p a ra tio n _________ ____ _
F o u n d r y _____________ ____________
F u rn is h in g goods, m e n ’s__________
F u r n itu r e ____ ____ _______________
G lass m a n u fa c tu re ______ ____ _____
Ice e re a m ________ _________________
L e a th e r g o o d s________ ___________
L ith o g ra p h in g ____________________
L u m b e r a n d p la n in g ............................
M a ttre s se s a n d sp rin g b e d s________
P a te n t m e d ic in e s --____ ___________
P ia n o s____________ ______ - ...............
P lu m b e r s ’ su p p lie s________________
P r in tin g __________________________
R u b b e r tir e m a n u fa c tu rin g .............
S h ip b u ild in g ________ ______________
S h ir ts _____________________________
S ta m p e d a n d e n a m e le d w a re ______
T i n w a r e .................. ................................
T o b a c c o ______________
U m b re lla s _________________________
M isc e lla n e o u s____________ ________
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Pay roll
3
4
7
9
5
4
5
5
3
6
4
7
7
3
4
4
7
5
10
3
3
6
3
8
4
3
3
4
9
1
3
5
4
4
7
3
19
[358]
181
188
1,007
493
328
2,433
712
701
4,411
1,241
2,408
995
955
1,638
442
161
629
893
886
663
194
694
500
592
142
868
945
. 1,581
1,261
2, 610
688
805
773
2,832
772
335
4,197
- .6
+• 5
+7-9
-1. 6
-1 .0
-1.0
+1.5
Hr-1
H-l. l
+7.8
+5.8
-. 2
-3 .5
-4 .7
-10. 9
+5. 9
- .5
-10.1
+9.2
-1 .4
+1.5.
-3. 1
+4. 4
+ 11.8
+4.4
- .2
+2. 5
-2 .3
-1 .6
-14.3
-4. 2
+3.0
- .4
+1-1
-2. 1
-2 .9
$4,823
5, 739
18,898
7,283
6,244
59,309
19,413
13,333
154,099
33,999
46,626
13,125
13, 397
27, 656
9, 764
4,164
16,987
12,109
19, 257
14, 521
5,841
14,199
14,868
15,185
3,152
13, 500
27,155
49, 769
44, 321
149,898
21,215
10,622
15,710
61, 784
11,877
5, 293
101,080
+2.3
+6. 2
+29.0
—3. 7
-1 .5
+2. 7
+4.8
■+. 001
+5. 6
+20.4
- .7
-5 .9
-8 .2
-11.0
+12.9
-3 .3
-4 .9
-5.1
-4. 7
+2.6
+4.2
+.7
+4.2
+5.5
+.3
-3. 5
+11. 6
-3 .6
+5.0
-14. 7
-5 .9
+3.3
-3.4
-3 .6
-3 .9
+1.5
VOLUME OF EMPLOYMENT;— MASSACHUSETTS
143
M a ssa c h u se tts
A press release from the D epartm ent of Labor and Industries of
M assachusetts shows the following changes in volume of em ploym ent
in various industries in th a t S tate from April to M ay, 1926:
NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN 983 MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS IN MASSA
CHUSETTS, WEEK INCLUDING OR ENDING NEAREST TO APRIL 15, AND MAY 15,
1920
Numb er of wage earners employed
Number
of es
tablish
ments
Industry
Automobiles, including bodies and parts -----------Bookbinding_______________-................................
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings.........................
Boots and shoes....................................................... .
Boxes, p a p er..__ ___________________ ______
Boxes, wooden packing............................ ...................
Bread and other bakery products.................. .............
Carpets and rugs____________________________
Cars and general shop construction and repairs,
steam railroads____ ________________________
Clothing, men's.... ................................... ..................
Clothing, women’s. _______ __________________
Confectionery ..... .............. ......... ............................
Copper, tin, sheet iron, etc .....................................
Cotton goods_____________ ______ ___________
Cutlery and tools ______________ ___ ________
Dyeing and finishing textiles ________________
Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies_____
Foundry products___ ______ _________________
Furniture — _____ .. . . . .. -------------------------Gas and by-products_______________ _________
Hosiery and knit goods._____________ ________
Jewelry_________ ____ . ..
------------------Leather, tanned, curried, and finished__ ____ ...
Machine-shop products----------------- ----------------Machine tools.. ___________________________
Musical instruments ------------------------------------Paper and wood pulp ... ------------------------Printing and publishing, book and job----------------Printing and publishing, newspaper.. . . ____
Rubber footwear
Rubber goods. . .. ____________ ____________
Silk goods ______ _ . .. .................................... ......
Slaughtering and meat packing___ _______ _____
Stationery goods _ _ _______________________
Steam fittings and steam and hot-water heating
apparatus_______ ___ ___________ ________
Stoves and stove linings__________ _____________
Textile machinery and p a r ts __________________
Tobacco_______________ ______ .. _________
Woolen and worsted goods .............. ............... .........
All other industries................................. .................. .
T o ta l...............................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[359]
May, 1926
April,
1926
Full
time
Part
time
Total
17
15
45
68
27
13
51
5
4,832
972
1, 928
20, 574
2,043
1,180
3,929
3,778
1,272
619
659
6,171
1,009
1,025
3,150
1,357
2,899
352
1,237
14, 344
1,010
129
952
2,395
4,171
971
1,896
20, 515
2,019
1,154
4,102
3, 752
4
29
34
13
15
54
25
8
13
27
32
13
12
34
24
44
22
12
21
39
19
3
7
10
5
8
2,883
3, 951
1,698
2, 924
444
41, 321
5, 367
6, 853
12, 969
2,948
3,452
1,185
5,125
2,818
4,106
8,318
1,974
1, 297
6, 022
3, 364
2, 395
10, 295
2, 503
4,085
1, 469
1,353
2, 731
2, 823
1,320
2,490
428
18, 286
4, 728
909
10, 329
2,082
2, 448
1,176
1,541
1,756
2,504
7,297
1,505
711
4, 430
2, 965
2, 375
9,998
1,247
4,044
212
1,402
153
1,022
347
430
2
21,483
638
5, 824
1, 620
893
972
2,884
3,845
1, 667
2,920
430
39,769
5, 366
6, 733
11, 949
2, 975
3, 420
1, 176
5,025
2,813
3,820
8, 379
1,973
1,237
5, 971
3, 403
2, 375
9, 998
2,434
4, 076
1, 504
1,402
8
5
14
5
56
127
1, 820
1, 771
5,123
240
18, 885
30, 533
1,182
510
2,972
241
6,392
15,062
469
1,188
1, 870
16
11,622
14,994
1,651
1,698
4,842
257
18,014
30,056
983
238, 727
133, 358
99, 284
232,642
3,484
1,057
1, 316
1,082
468
526
1,541
438
1,187
32
1,292
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
144
New Y ork
The following statistics on changes in em ploym ent and pay rolls
in New York S tate factories in M ay, 1926, are furnished by the New
York State D epartm ent of Labor. The table is based on a fixed list
of approxim ately 1,700 factories, whose weekly pay roll for the middle
week of M ay was $14,298,627.
CHANGES IN EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLL IN NEW YORK STATE FACTORIES
FROM MAY, 1925, AND APRIL, 1926, TO MAY, 1926
Per cent of increase (+) or decrease (—)
April, 1926, to
May, 1926
Industry
Employ
ment
Cement............................................. ..............................
Brick................................................................ ................
P ottery..-------------------------------- --------------------Glass.________ _____ __________ _______________
Pig iron....................................... .............. ....................
Structural iron_______ _______ ________________
Hardware_____ _______ ______________________
Stamped ware........................ ............ ............................
Cutlery___ ________________ _______________
Steam and hot water______ ______ _____ _____ _
Stoves__ ______ _______ ____ _______________
Agricultural implements_________ ______________
Electrical machinery, etc. ___________ __________
Foundry________ _________ ______________ ____
Autos and parts_____________ __________________
Cars, locomotives, etc____ _______ ______________
Railway repair shops______________ ______ ______
Millwork.
__ ______________________ ...
Sawmills... __________ ________ . . _________
Furniture and cabinet_____ .
___________ ___
Furniture... _. _________ ______________ _____
Pianos . _____________ ____________ ______ ___
L eather______. .. . . .. _______ ._ _ ____ __
Boots and shoes_________ ________ _____________
Drugs_______________________ ______________
Petroleum
__ _ _ __________________ ______
Paper boxes..___ _____ ___________ . _____
Printing:
Newspapers_______________________________
Book and job____ . .. ______ _ __ _ _ ..
Silk goods__________ . ________________ _______
Carpets _________ . ________________ _
Woolens
______________ _____ . __
Cotton goods________ ___________________ ____
Cotton and woolen______ ___ _____ ______ ______
Dyeing__ __________ . .. .. ..... .......................... .
Men’s clothing_______ ______ ________ ______
Shirts and collars__ ____ ______ _____________ ..
Women’s clothing__ ____________ ________
Women’s headwear ________ _____ ___ ________
Flour________________ ______________________
Sugar.......... ...................... ................... .............. _ . .
Slaughtering____________________ ___ ________
Bread..... ...................... .............................. ...........
Confectionery__________ ___________
Cigars........... ..........................................
Total.............. ...................... .
.
1Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[360]
+1.8
+29.7
-2.3
+2.6
-. 7
+.8
-8.3
-5 .8
-1 .9
-4.3
-3.1
-4.2
-2 .0
- .5
-2 .9
-1.4
-2.4
+.3
+2. 4
-3 .6
-4 .0
-1 .6
-2.0
-6. 1
+1.9
-. 1
+ .7
Pay roll
+2.1
+71.4
+1.4
+3.0
+. 4
- .3
-8.7
-4 .4
-1 .8
-2.1
-7.4
-4 .9
-1 .4
(!)
-3.4
- .6
-4.3
+2.2
+3.3
-3 .0
-3.1
-3 .6
+1. 4
-17.8
+3.0
+1.3
May, 1925, to
May, 1926
Employ
ment
+9.1
+30. 3
-1.8
+1.8
+18.0
+. 1
+1.9
-1 .2
-3.4
+11.8
+4.1
-2.3
+4.4
+5.8
-6.5
+29.7
+1.0
+1.5
-13.9
+5.4
+4.4
+6.3
+16.3
-11.1
+7.6
-6.2
+4. 2
Pay roll
+12.0
+51. 6
+5.2
+22.0
+2.3
+.7
-2.1
-1 .1
-7.0
-6 .6
+7.9
+13.5
-6.6
+41.1
(0
+7.2
-10.3
+9.8
+7.4
+10.8
+32.3
-25.1
+10.0
-5 .4
+7.9
+.3
- .3
-6.7
-5.0
-12.1
-2.3
-4.9
—. 5
-9.8
-2.0
—5. 6
-5.6
- .9
+.3
- .1
-2 .9
-2.3
+2.1
-1 .8
-6.1
-8 .3
-11. 1
-12. 8
-7.1
-5.1
-12.3
-7 .0
-10.7
-7 .7
- .4
-1.1
- .9
+7.1
+.9
+1.7
+3.6
-24.4
+4.6
+5.9
-10.0
-13.8
+9.0
-7 .7
-4 .4
—2.1
-5 .6
-11.4
+5.7
+31. 1
-6 .3
- .8
-4.9
+3. 2
+3.7
-21.0
-2.1
-2.7
+• 8
+3.0
+1.8
+1.9
-8.0
-6.3
+5.8
-3.3
-3 .2
-1.1
-1. 7
-10.3
+4.0
+7.7
-3 .6
-3 .0
-4 .7
VOLUME OF EMPLOYMENT---OKLAHOMA
145
O k lah o m a
The data given below, from the June 15, 1926, issue of the Okla
hom a Labor M arket, show the changes in em ploym ent and pay roils
in 710 establishm ents in Oklahoma from April to M ay, 1926:
CHANGES IN EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS IN 710 INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISH
MENTS IN OKLAHOMA, APRIL TO MAY, 1926
May, 1926
Employment
Industry
C o tto n se e d oil m ills .....................................
F o o d p ro d u c tio n :
B ak e ries....................................................
C o n fectio n s.......... ....... ...........................
C ream eries a n d d a irie s........................
F lo u r m ills ...............................................
Ice a n d ice c re a m ...................................
M e a t a n d p o u lt r y .................................
L e a d a n d zinc:
M in e s a n d m ills ....................................
S m elters.................. ..................................
M e ta ls a n d m a c h in e ry :
A u to re p a irs, e tc __________________
F o u n d rie s a n d m a ch in e s h o p s ____
T a n k c o n s tru c tio n a n d erec tio n ___
O il in d u s tr y :
P ro d u c tio n a n d gasoline ex tractio n .
R e fin eries................... ......... ......... ..........
P rin tin g : Jo b w o rk __________ _________
P u b lic u tilitie s :
S te a m ra ilro a d s h o p s - ............... .........
S tre e t r a ilw a y s ....... ......... ...................
W a te r, lig h t, a n d p o w e r....................
S to n e, clay , a n d glass:
B ric k a n d t i l e . .......................................
C e m e n t a n d p la s te r ______________
S to n e ______________ _______________
G lass m a n u fa c tu rin g ............................
T e x tiles a n d cleaning:
T e x tile m a n u fa c tu rin g .........................
L a u n d rie s a n d c lean in g ......................
W oodw orking:
S a w m ills ....... ...........................................
M ill w o rk , e tc ....................... .................
Total, all industries.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Number
of plants
reporting
Per cent of
increase
(+) or de
Number of crease
(—)
employees
as com
pared with
April, 1926
Pay roll
Amount
Per cent of
increase
(+) or de
crease (—)
as com
pared with
April, 1926
13
243
-24.1
$4,222
-35.6
35
7
44
33
14
535
44
172
349
407
1,542
+.6
-4.3
+52.2
+1. 5
+28.0
+15.1
14,145
736
3,141
7; 996
10, 560
34, 564
+1.8
-8 .0
+31.9
+1.1
+20.5
+4.6
46
17
2,952
2,099
- .8
+4.6
83, 320
56, 863
- .7
+1.6
29
38
16
1,213
996
696
-1.4
+7.3
-1.8
38, 515
27, 839
17,398
+2.0
+8.2
+ .9
123
4,745
5,848
265
+6.0
-2.8
+.4
137,972
204,665
8,040
+ .5
+6.0
- .7
1,809
696
1,237
+ .8
- .4
+20.7
49,303
17,956
32,501
- .4
+1.7
+10.6
6
6
9
447
1,064
272
1,020
+6.7
+7.7
+ 1. 5
-11.2
9,157
27,263
4, 672
22,451
+18.6
+23.4
-2.7
-24.7
9
52
453
1,389
-4 .0
+ .8
6,354
24,815
-26.8
+1.7
14
20
347
353
-6.5
-1.4
5,343
8,891
-12.2
-8.1
710
31,193
+2.1
858,684
+2,0
11
66
24
11
6
50
11
f361]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
146
W isconsin
The June, 1926, issue of the Wisconsin Labor M arket, issued by
the State Industrial Commission, contains the following d a ta on
volume of employment in Wisconsin industries in M ay, 1926:
PER CENT OF CHANGE IN NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES AND IN TOTAL AMOUNT OF
PAY ROLL IN IDENTICAL ESTABLISHMENTS IN WISCONSIN INDUSTRIES FROM
MAY, 1925, AND APRIL, 1926, TO MAY, 1926
Per cent of increase (+) or decrease (—)
April to May, 1926
Industry
Employ
ment
Pay roll
May, 1925, to May, 1926
Employ
ment
Pay roll
M anual
Agriculture___________________________________
Logging..... ......... .............
.................. .....................
Mining_____________________________ ___ ____
Lead and zinc_____________________________
Iron.. __________________________________
Stone crushing and quarrying____________________
Manufacturing, . _________________ _______ ____
Stone and allied industries,. _______________
Brick, tile and cement blocks________ ____
Stone finishing____________ _____ _______
M etal_______________ ______________ ___
Pig iron and rolling mill products__________
Structural iron w o r k , _______________
Foundries and machine shops______________
Railroad repair shops ___________________
Stoves _____________________ ______ ___
Aluminum and enamel ware............................
Machinery_____________________________
Automobiles_______ _____________ ___
Other metal products . . _________________
Wood_________________
___________
Sawmills and planing mills , ____________
Boxfactories T___ ______________________
Panel and veneer mills.. _________________
Furniture__
__ ______ ______________
Sash, door, and interior finish__________ . ..
Other wood products___ _____ ___________
Rubber. _____________ .
Leather
___ ______________________ ____
Tanning ____________________ ____
Boots and shoes _______________
• __
Other leather products_________ ____ ____
Paper____ ________________ ____
Paper and pulp mills _______________
Paper boxes. ______ _________ _______ _
Other paper products_______________ ____
Textiles__ ____
___ .
Hosiery and other knit goods______________
Clothing . _______ ___________
Other textile products_______ ___ ________
Foods_____ ________
Meatpacking__ ______ _____
Baking and confectionery................... ..............
Milk products____
Canning and preserving..................... ................
F lourm ills......................
Tobacco manufacturing ______ ___________
Other food products_____________________
Light and power...
Printing and publishing__
___ _______
Laundering, cleaning, and dyeing . ______
Chemical (including soap, glue, and explosives)__
Construction:
Building....................
Highway..................................
Railroad______ ____
Marine, dredging, sewer digging ..
Communication:
Steam railways_____ . .
Electric railways_______ _______ .
Express, telephone, and telegraph________
Wholesale trade....................
Hotels and restaurants...........................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[362]
-17.1
-8.6
+1. 5
+13.3
-1.4
+31. 6
+108.1
+6.6
-4. 1
-16. 7
-. 7
-7.4
.0
-6.3
-5. 5
-3. 7
-. 8
-2. 0
-3. 9
-5. 8
-. 8
-4. 0
-5. 3
-2. 2
-. 3
-1. 0
-1. 2
-1. 6
-. 2
-2. 3
+1.6
+3.0
-. 1
-3. 8
+2.0
-1.1
+20.4
-18. 9
+2.4
+.3
+.9
-. 3
+24.0
-2. 6
-1. 7
+4.8
+15.1
+1.0
+4.0
- .4
+23. 7
+118. 3
+33. 4
+8.-9
+5.7
+1.8
+1.6
+7. 5
+3.1
-2. 0
-6. 4
+7.4
+26.8
-1. 5
+34.7
+126. 4
+15. 5
-4. 6
-12. 4
+2. 5
-8. 1
—1. 0
-8. 0
-6. 1
—5. 8
+4. 6
—4. 6
—8. 3
-3. 8
-1. 0
-7. 4
+1.0
-4. 1
—1. 8
—1. 7
—3. 6
-. 3
-. 1
+1.8
+1.3
+2.3
+3. 6
+8. 7
-2. 8
+48.4
—15. 5
+2. 5
+ .9
+2.4
+4. 5
+22.9
—1. 7
-6. 3
+. 6
+18.6
+. 3
+11.0
+.4
+18.6
+40.7
+23.3
+3.3
+3. 7
+1.3
—8 1
-1.3
+20. 6
+9. 2
+10. 9
+5. 7
—14. 7
+.4
—15. 4
-14. 4
-16. 1
+2.9
-28. 1
+22.3
+5.0
-6. 2
+10.3
-3. 8
+12.6
+9. 3
-3. 1
-]. 2
-8. 0
+12.0
+12.8
+1. 2
—1. 3
+• 8
—10. 2
-2. 6
—8 4
—2. 2
+7.8
+4.0
+5. 8
+2.2
—2. 7
—1. 5
+1.4
—1. 4
—12. 2
—4. 9
-16. 8
-2. 4
—15. 1
-13. 9
+24.9
+3. 8
+9.1
+12. 7
+7.0
+2. 1
-6.3
+2.6
+1.7
+4.4
—13. 0
+1.5
—10. 8
—9. 6
—11. 2
+4.1
—29 2
+24.8
+1.0
—2. 6
+18. 7
-4.1
+12.0
+12.8
+1.1
—3 7
—9. 3
+2.1
+4.7
—4
+.8
—10. 8
-18.6
+4.9
+1.0
+10.0
+4.8
+7.5
+8.7
+6.1
+2.1
—2 1
—3. 6
+3.5
—10. 5
—2 2
—12 0
+6.2
-6 .2
—26. 7
+2.3
—1.3
+7.5
+16.1
+5.5
+4.3
-4 .8
—10 8
—10. 9
+11. 1
+188. 9
—6
—9 7
+12.5
+334.9
—5
+5.0
—2. 6
+5. 5
-2 .2
+4.0
—3. 5
—2
-8 .5
INCREASING EMPLOYMENT OF INDIANS
147
PE R CENT OP CHANGE IN NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES AND IN TOTAL AMOUNT OF
PAY ROLL IN IDENTICAL ESTABLISHMENTS IN WISCONSIN INDUSTRIES FROM
MAY, 1925, AND APRIL, 1926, TO MAY, 1926—Continued
Per cent of increase (+) or decrease (—)
April to May, 1926
Industry
Employ
ment
Pay roll
May, 1925, to May, 1926
Employ
ment
Pay roll
Nonm anual
Manufacturing, mines, and quarries.________ _____
Construction ____ ____ ____ ________ ___ ____
__________________
Communication____ __
Wholesale trade_______ . . . . . . ______ . . . _____
Retail trade—sales force only___________ ______ ___
Miscellaneous professional services:________________
Hotels and restaurants__________ ___________ . ..
.
-0.2
+2.1
+3.4
- .5
-3.3
- .6
-3.3
-0.2
+1.8
+1. 5
-2 .0
+4.8
-5 .0
+4.7
-3. 2
+3. 3
+2. 3
+8.2
+6.8
-8.7
+5.4
+2.(1
+4.8
+1.0
+6.S
+9.4
The increasing Employment of Indians
T HAS been diffiult to develop individual enterprise in American
Indians, according to the annual report of the Commissioner of
Indian Affairs for the fiscal year 1924-25, b u t they have learned
th a t they m ust have concentrated initiative if they are to render their
highest service to themselves or to their race. This is evidenced no t
only in the increasing tendency tow ard stable home life with con
veniences and comforts b u t also in the desire of the young Indians to
seek em ploym ent in various m odem lines of activity.
System atic 5-year program s w ith definite objectives have been
adopted on a num ber of the reservations, to encourage the Indians
to industrial progress. The Governm ent schools have been under
taking to some degree the vocational guidance of Indian students.
The Indian boys and girls being industrially trained are becoming
interested and skillful in various occupations, the curricula of the
schools including, among other lines of work, dairying, poultry
raising, gardening, crop production, and farm mechanics. School
m others and teachers of home economics direct the domestic science
training of the Indian girls. The older pupils also have the advantage
of w hat is called “ outing service” or vacation employment, through
which they obtain varied experience among white people, make
friends, and are stim ulated to equip themselves further for rem uner
ative activities. The earnings of such students aggregate approxi
m ately $125,000 per annum.
M any of the boys thin and hoe sugar beets as a vacation service.
The following extract is from a letter from the vice president of the
G arden C ity Co., K ansas, to the supervisor of Indian em ploym ent:
I
T h e la s t of th e 220 In d ia n s w ho w ere fu rn ish ed b y y o u fo r w ork in th e G a rd en
C ity b e e t fields h av e been re tu rn e d to th e ir v ario u s schools a n d reserv atio n s.
W e a re w ritin g you th is le tte r— a w ord of p raise fo r th e boys, a n d y o u r d e p a rt
m e n t as a whole— because of th e sp len d id w ork th e y perfo rm ed d u rin g th e tw o
m o n th s th e y w ere h ere. F o r y o u r in fo rm a tio n , n o t one w ord of co m p lain t
w as received ag ain st th e ir w ork from over 200 grow ers fo r w hom th e y perfo rm ed
labor.
In the W est, Indians are being used more extensively as day
laborers on railroad, irrigation, and other construction work and in
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[363]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
148
the mines and cotton fields. Some hold responsible business positions
and others are engaged in professions. The truck fleet inaugurated
in 1924 ha,s since been doubled and workers from the different reser
vations can now be transported a t m inimum rates. The employ
m ent official has charge of the centrally-located headquarters for the
trucks, which include ‘‘reconditioning shops” , to be used as an auto
mobile school where Indians will be tau g h t how to handle, run, and
repair m otor-driven vehicles.
Extent of Unemployment in Japan, 1925 1
H E increasing im portance of unem ploym ent problems in Japan
and the complete lack of inform ation as to the extent of
unem ploym ent in the country led to the provision by the 1925
session of the D iet for an unem ploym ent census on a national scale.
The census was taken October 1, 1925, this date being chosen
because it was a tim e when the conditions were m ost nearly normal
and also because the population census was to be taken on th a t date.
The 21 m ost im portant industrial cities and the three m ost im portant
mining centers and their outlying districts were covered in the survey,
which included both wage earners and salaried workers. There was
no age lim itation for those enum erated b u t apprentices and pupils
who received no wages were not counted in the enum eration nor
were foreigners included. Of the salaried class only those whose
m onthly income was less th an 200 yen 2 were considered.
For the purpose of the census, unem ploym ent was defined as “ a
state in which one who had been a wage earner or a salaried person
though having capacity and will to work had secured no chance to
work.” This definition was adopted for the reason that, as the
num ber of skilled workers in Jap an is com paratively small, a stricter
construction of the term would have m ade the investigation less
practicable. Persons who were incapacitated for work because of
age or infirm ity and those who were voluntarily idle were not re
garded as unemployed, while persons out of work because of strikes
or lockouts and those only partially unemployed were considered as
employed.
The prelim inary figures issued as a result of the enum eration
show th a t the aggregate population in the districts included in the
unem ploym ent census was 11,505,077, while those subject to the
enum eration num bered 2,355,096, of whom 634,412 were salaried
workers, 1,502,954 wage earners, and 217,730 casual laborers. The
num ber of unemployed was 105,595, or 4.5 per cent of the total
num ber of workers. Of these, 20,178 were salaried workers, 44,065
were wage earners, and 41,352 were casual laborers, the percentage
of unem ploym ent among these three classes being, respectively,
3.2, 2.9, and 19.0.
'Japan. Cabinet. Bureau of Statistics. Preliminary report of unemployment census in Japan,
1925. Tokyo, 1926.
8Yen at par=49.85 cents; exchange rate in 1925 averaged about 41 cents.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[364]
P R IC E S A N D C O S T O F LIVING
Retail Prices of Food in the United States
H E following tables are compiled from m onthly reports of
actual selling prices 1 received by the Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics from retail dealers.
Table 1 shows for the United S ta tes'retail prices of food, June 15,
1925, and M ay 15 and June 15, 1926, as well as the percentage
changes in the year and in the m onth. For example, the price per
pound of b u tter was 52.7 cents on June 15, 1925, 50.0 cents on M ay
15, 1926; and 50.3 on June 15, 1926. These figures show a decrease
of 5 per cent in the year and an increase of 1 per cent in the m onth.
The cost of the various articles of food combined shows an increase
of 3.0 per cent on June 15, 1926, as compared w ith June 15, 1925,
and a decrease of 0.9 per cent on June 15, 1926, as compared w ith
M ay 15, 1926.
T
1 .— AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES OP SPECIFIED POOD ARTICLES AND PER
CENT OP INCREASE OR DECREASE, JUNE 15, 1926, COMPARED WITH MAY 15 1926
AND JUNE 15, 1925
’
T able
[Percentage changes of five-tenths of 1 per cent and over are given in whole numbers]
Average retail price on—
Article
Unit
June 15, May 15,
1925
1926
C e n ts
Sirloin steak....................
Round steak,..............
Rib roast.........................
Chuck roast.....................
Plate beef......................
Pound
__ do.
....d o .
__ do.
__ do.
Pork chops........... ..........
Bacon_______________
Ham................................
Lamb, leg of............... .
Hens.................... ...........
.do.
.do.
do.
do.
.do.
36.2
47.0
53.0
38.4
36.9
___ do_____
Quart..........
15-16 oz. can.
Pound____
.......do..........
31.3
13. 7
11.3
52.7
30.3
Salmon, canned, red___
Milk, fresh___ ________
Milk, evaporated______
Butter______________
Oleomargarine (all butter substitutes).
41.0
35.2
29.8
21. 8
13.8
C e n ts
41. 5
35.8
30.4
22.5
14.6
June 15,
1926
Per cent of increase
(+) or decrease
(-), June 15,1926,
compared with—
June 15, May 15,
1925
1926
C e n ts
42. 0
36. 2
30. 6
22.7
14.6
+2
+3
+3
-1-4
+6
+1
+1
+1
+1
0
40.3
49.3
55.9
39.9
41.0
42.0
51. 5
59. 7
41. 9
40. 2
+16
+ 10
+13
+9
+9
+4
+4
+7
+5
_2
37.9
13.9
11.5
50.0
30.2
38. 1
13.8
11. 5
50. 3
30.1
+22
+i
-i
0
Cheese....................... .
___ do.
36.5
36.0
35.7
Lard________________
22. 9
___ do.
21. 5
22. 6
Vegetable lard substitute.
___ do.
25. 8
25. 6
25. 8
Eggs, strictly fresh..........
Dozen.
42. 3
38.9
40.6
Bread...............................
Pound
9. 4
9.4
9. 4
1I n addition to retail prices of food and coal, the bureau publishes the prices of gas and
each of 51 cities for the dates for which these data are secured.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[365]
+2
-5
-1
-0.3
-2
-1
-1
0
+1
-4
+4
0
0
electricity from
149
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
150
1 .— AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES OP SPECIFIED FOOD ARTICLES A.ND PER
CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE, JUNE 15, 1926, COMPARED WITH MAY 15, 1926,
AND JUNE 15, 1925—Continued
T able
Average retail price on—
Article
Unit
June 15, May 15,
1925
1926
C e n ts
C e n ts
Flour__ _ ____ __ __ ___ _____
Corn meal______________________
Rolled oats . . . ______ ___
Corn lakes__ ______ _ . ______
Wheat cereal....... .............. ..................
Pound __
___ _do........
__ __do____
8-oz. pkg...
28-oz. pkg...
Macaroni_________________ ____
Rice __________________________
Beans, navy__________
Potatoes___ ___________
Onions_________
Pound__
___ do_____
__.do...
__ do__
__ do__
20. 5
11. 0
10. 3
3. 5
9. 9
20. 3
11. 7
9. 2
6. 0
7. 7
Cabb age . __________
Beans, baked _ . .. _ . _ ________
Corn, canned.. _______________ _
Peas, canned____________________
__do___
No. 2 can__
__ do_____
__ do..........
6. 0
12.4
18. 2
18. 4
6.1
5. 4
9. 2
11.0
24.6
6. 1
5. 1
9.1
11.0
25.4
June 15,
1926
C e n ts
6.1
5.1
9.1
10. 9
25.4
May 15,
1926
20. 3
11. 7
9. 2
5. 0
7. 4
o
o
0
-1
0
o
o
o
—17
—4
6. 2
11.9
16. 5
17. 5
6. 1
11.9
16. 4
17. 4
+2
-4
—10
—5
—2
0
—1
—1
—14
—4
+1
+0 4
—1
+1
—2
—17
o
+3
+1
o
o
0
_| i
—5
+3.0
-0 .9
_ _ do____
Pound
__ _do___
__ do___
13. 8
T. 2
75. 8
50. 8
11. 9
6. 7
76. 4
51. 0
11. 9
6. 9
76. 9
51. 0
Prunes_______ ____________
Raisins_______ _________ ___
Bananas____________ .
Oranges,____ _____ _______ _____
__ do__
_do
Dozen
__ do__
17. 3
14. 5
36. 5
60. 9
17.1
14. 7
35. 4
53. 1
17.1
14. 7
35 9
50. 4
__
June 15,
1925
0
—6
—1
-i
+3
-1
H-6
—11
+43
—25
Tomatoes, canned__ ______ ____ _
Sugar, granulated ._
Tea ______ _______ __________
Coffee..______________________
All articles com bined...__
Per cent of increase
(+) or decrease
(—), June 15,1926,
compared with—
Table 2 shows for the U nited States average retail prices of speci
fied food articles on June 15, 1913, and on June 15 of each year
from 1920 to 1926, together w ith percentage changes in June of
each of these specified years, com pared w ith June, 1913. F or ex
ample, the price per dozen strictly fresh eggs was 27.9 cents in June,
1913; 53.6 cents in June, 1920; 35 cents in June, 1921; 34.1 cents in
June, 1922; 35.4 cents in June, 1923; 36.1 cents in June, 1924; 42.3
cents in June, 1925; and 40.6 cents in June, 1926.
As compared w ith June, 1913, these figures show increases of 92
per cent in June, 1920; 25 per cent in June, 1921; 22 per cent in June,
1922; 27 per cent in June, 1923; 29 per cent in June, 1924; 52 per
cent in June, 1925; and 46 per cent in June, 1926.
The cost of the various articles of food combined showed an increase
of 63.3 per cent in June, 1926, as compared w ith June, 1913.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
£3661
RETAIL PRICES
OP POOD
151
3.—AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES OF SPECIFIED FOOD ARTICLES AND PE R CENT
OF INCREASE OR DECREASE JUNE 15 OF CERTAIN SPECIFIED YEARS COMPARED
WITH JUNE 15, 1913
[Percentage changes of five-tenths of 1 per cent and over are given in whole numbers]
T able
Average retail price on June 15—
Article
Unit
Per cent of increase June 15 of each
specified year compared with June
15,191»
1913 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926
C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts.
78
88
73
71
56
54
58
48
33
16
48
48
40
23
6
55
53
43
25
3
57
54
46
30
8
58
56
48
34
13
62
60
52
39
20
20.8 40.8 34.1 33.9 29.9 30.2 36. 242.0 96
27. 3 53.9 42.9 40.4 39.0 36.2 47.0 51. 5 97
27.3 57.7 48.9 51.9 45.4 44.6 53.0 59.7 111
19.4 41.5! 35. 0 38.0 38.1 38.7 38.4 41.9 114
21. 946.0 38.6 36.9 35.4 35.9 36:9 40.2 110
64
57
79
80
76
63
48
90
96
68
44
43
66
96
62
45
33
63
99
64
74
72
94
98
68
102
89
119
116
84
Sirloin steak............
Round steak______
Rib roast . . _____
Chuck ro a s t.._____
Plate beef„...............
Pound . 25.9 46.1 40.0 38.4 40.1 40. 741.0 42.0
___do___ 22.6 42.6 35.6 33.5 34. 534.8 35. 236.2
...d o ___ 20.1 34.8 29.8 28.2 28.8 29.4 29.8 30.6
___do___ 16.3 27.8 21.6 20.1 20.4 21.2 21. 822.7
...d o __ _ 12.2 19.0 14.1 12.9 12.6 13.2 13.8 14.6
Pork chops________
Bacon____ ____ '. . .
Ham. . __________
Lamb, leg of. ____
Hens_____________
...d o ___
__do___
...d o ___
___do___
__do___
Salmon, eanned, red
Milk, fresh._
.
Milk, evaporated
Butter . . ___ _
Oleomargarine (all
butter substitutes).
_ do
138.037. 532. 231.1 31. 231.3 38.1
Q uart... 8.8 16.2 14.2 12.. 5 13.5 13. 5 13:7 13.8
15.0 13.8 10. 9 12. 2 11. 6 11. 3 11. 5
(2)
Pound . 35.2 67.2 40. 244.9 50.0 48.6 52.7 50.3
do
39. 228. 227.1 28. 3 29.1 30. 3 30. 1
Cheese______
.
Lard.. ...
Vegetable lard substitutes.
Eggs, strictly fresh...
Bread... _________
84
61
42
53
53
56 57
91
14
28
42
38
50 43
__do__ __ 21. 841. 829. 531.1 36.1 34.4 36. 535. 7
__do__ 15.8 29.3 16. 2 17. 2 17.2 16.9 22.9 22. 6
__do
36. 621. 222. 4 22. 724. 9 25.8 25. 8
92
85
35
3
43
9
66
9
58
7
67 64
45 43
Dozen. _27.9 53.6 35.0 34.1 35.4 36.1 42.3 40.6
Pound.. 5.6 11.8 9.8 8.8 8.7 8.7 9.4 9.4
92
111
25
75
22
57
27
55
29
55
52 4fi
68 68
Flour. __________ __-do___ 3.3 8.8 5.9 5.3 4.8 4.6 6.1 6.1 167
Corn meal________ -__do___ 2.9 6. 9 4. 5 3.9 4. 0 4.4 5.4 5.1 138
Rolled oats
do
10. 5 9. 9 8. 7 8. 8 8. 8 9. 2 9.1
14. 4 12. 3 9. 9 9. 7 9. 711.0 10.9
Com flakes
(3)
(4)
30.
229. 8 25. 8 24. 4 24. 3 24. 625.4
Wheat cereal
79
55
61
34
45
38
39
52
8.5 85
86 76
Macaroni
Pound
20. 9 20. 7 20. 0 19. 7 19. 5 20. 520. 3
Rice_________
_-_do___ 8.6 18. 7 8.8 9. 6 9:4 9.9 11.0 11.7 117
do
Beans, navy
11. 8 7. 9 10: 6 11. 4 9. 7 10. 3 9.2
Potatoes _______ ___do___ 1.8 10.3 2. 7 3. 5 3.2 3.3 3. 5 5.0 472
Onions.
.do
8.1 5. 7 8.0 8.1 6. 8 9. 9 7.4
Cabbage
Beans, baked
Corn, canned
Peas, canned
do
(5)
(5)
(5)
_do
do
Dozen
_do
12
9
15
28 36
94
78
83
94 178
47
26
20
34 109
25 28
21 27
57
30
42
36 30
39 41
70 71
7. 4 0. 0 5.1 6.2 5.8 6. 0 6.1
16. 8 14. 4 13. 213:0 12. 7 12.4 11.9
18. 7 15. 9 15. 5 15:4 15.8 18. 2ll6. 4
19. 3 17.. 6 17. 8 1 7 .5 18.1 18. 4 17.4
(5)
Tomatoes, canned
15. 2 11. 3 13. 9 13.0 13. 0 13.8 11.9
Sugar, granulated__ Pound
5.3 26.7 7.8 7..1 11.1 8.3 7. 2 6.9 404
Tea____
___ -_-do___ 54.4 74. 168.3 68.0 69:5 70.9 75.8 76.9 36
Coffee____ _______ -__do___ 29.8 49. 2 35.7 36.1 37.8 42.3 50.8 51.0 65
Prunes
Raisins
B ananas__
Oranges .
2
50
28. 2 18. 520. 6 19. 3 17.4 17. 3 17.1
?7 730. 9 24. 117. 6 15. 4 14. 5 14.7
46.. 341. 6 36. 3 38: 1 35.8 36.. 535.9
63. 949. 963.5 53.9 45.1 60. 9 50.4
123.7 47.7 44.0 47.6 45.7 58.6 63.3
All articles combined6
1 Both pink and red.
215-16 ounce can.
38-ounce package.
4 28-ounce package.
6 No. 2 can,
6 Beginning with January, 1921, index numbers showing the trend in the retail cost of food have been
composed of the articles shown in Tables 1 and 2, weighted according to the consumption of the average
family. From January, 1913, to December, 1920, the index numbers included the following articles: Sir
loin steak, round steak, rib roast, chuck roast, plate beef, pork chops, bacon, ham, lard, hens, flour, corn
meal, eggs, butter, milk, bread, potatoes, sugar, cheese, rice, coffee, and tea.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[3 6 7 ]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
152
Table 3 shows the changes in the retail prices of each of 22 articles
of food for which prices have been secured since 1913, as well as the
changes in the am ounts of these articles th a t could be purchased for
$1 in specified years, 1913 to 1925, and in M ay and June, 1926.
3.—AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES OF SPECIFIED ARTICLES OF FOOD AND
AMOUNT PURCHASABLE FOR $1, IN SPECIFIED YEARS, 1913 TO 1925, AND IN MAY
AND JUNE, 1926
T able
Sirloin steak Round steak
Year
1913............
1920_________
1921.................
1922___ _____
1923 ________
1924..................
1925_________
1926: May____
June... .
C e n ts
p e r lb.
25. 4
43. 7
38.8
37.4
39. 1
39.6
40.6
41. 5
42.0
L bs.
3.9
2.3
2. 6
2. 7
2. 6
2. 5
2. 5
2.4
2.4
C e n ts
p e r lb .
27.0
52. 3
42. 7
39.8
39. 1
37. 7
40. 7
49.3
51.5
C e n ts
p e r lb.
15.8
29. 5
18. 0
17. 0
17. 7
19. 0
23.3
21. 5
22.6
L bs.
3. 7
1. 9
2.3
2. 5
2. 6
2. 7
2. 1
2.0
1.9
C e n ts
p e r lb.
1. 7
6. 3
3. 1
2. 8
2. 9
2. 7
3. 6
6. 0
5. 0
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
22. 3
39. 5
34.4
32.3
33. 5
33.8
34. 7
35. 8
36.2
L bs.
4. 5
2. 5
2.9
3. 1
3. 0
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.8
C e n ts
p e r lb .
26.9
55. 5
48. 8
48.8
45. 5
45.3
52. 6
55.9
59. 7
L b s.
6.3
3.4
5.6
5.9
5.6
5.3
4. 3
4. 7
4.4
L bs.
58. 8
15. 9
32. 3
35. 7
34. 5
37. 0
27. 8
16. 7
20. 0
C e n ts
p erd o z.
L bs.
3. 7
1.8
2. 0
2. 0
2. 2
2.2
1.9
1.8
1.7
2.9
1. 5
2.0
2.3
2.2
2.1
1.9
2.6
2.5
Sugar
C e n ts
p e r lb .
5. 5
19. 4
80
7. 3
10. 1
9. 2
7. 2
6. 7
6.9
L bs.
19.8
33.2
29. 1
27. 6
28. 4
28.8
29. 6
30. 4
30.6
5.1
3. 0
3.4
3.6
3. 5
3. 5
3.4
3.3
3.3
C e n ts
p e r lb.
21. 3
44. 7
39. 7
36. 0
35. 0
35.3
36.6
41. 0
40.2
L b s.
IS 2
5. 2
12 5
13. 7
9. 9
10. 9
13. 9
14. 9
14. 5
C e n ts
p e r lb .
5 .6
L bs.
4. 7
2. 2
2. 5
2. 8
2.9
2.8
2. 7
2.4
2,5
17.9
8.7
10.1
11. 5
11.5
11.4
10.6
10. 6
10.6
Tea
C e n ts
p e r lb.
54 4
73. 3
69. 7
68.1
69. 5
71. 5
75. 5
76. 4
76. 9
L bs.
6.3
3. 8
4. 7
5. 1
5. 0
4.8
4.6
4.4
4. 4
Plate beef
C e n ts
v e r a t.
8. 9
16. 7
14. 6
13. 1
13. 8
13. 8
14. 0
13. 9
13.8
C e n ts
p e r lb .
3.3
8.1
5.8
5. 1
4. 7
4.9
6.1
6.1
6. 1
18
1. 4
1. 4
1. 5
1. 4
1.4
1. 3
1. 3
1. 3
C e n ts
p e r lb .
29.8
47. 0
36. 3
36.1
37.7
43.3
51. 5
51. 0
51. 0
C e n ts
p e r lb .
12. 1
18. 3
14.3
12.8
12. 9
13. 2
13.8
14.6
14.6
L bs.
8.3
5. 5
7.0
7.8
7. 8
7.6
7. 2
6.8
6.8
Butter
Q ts .
11. 2
6.0
6. 8
7. 6
7. 2
7. 2
7. 1
7.2
7. 2
C e n ts
p e r lb.
38. 3
70. 1
51. 7
47. 9
55. 4
51. 7
54. 8
50.0
50.3
L bs.
2. 6
1. 4
1.9
2. 1
1. 8
1.9
1.8
2.0
2.0
Corn meal
L bs.
30.3
12.3
17. 2
19. 6
21.3
20.4
16.4
16. 4
16.4
Coffee
L bs.
1368]
16. 0
26. 2
21. 2
19. 7
20. 2
20.8
21.6
22. 5
22. 7
Flour
L bs.
11. 5
9.9
8. 7
8.7
8. 8
9.4
9.4
9.4
C e n ts
p e r lb.
Milk
Bread
D ozs.
34. 5
68.1
50.9
44. 4
46. 5
47. 8
52. 1
38.9
40.6
C e n ts
p e r lb.
Hens
Eggs
Potatoes
1913
1920 .
1921
1922
1923_____ ___
1924_________
1925
1926: May
June____
C e n ts
p e r lb.
Ham
Lard
1913_________
1920_________
1921_________
1922_________
1923________
1924_________
1925_________
1926: May___
June.......
Chuck roast
Pork chops
AverAverAverAverAverAverage Amt. age Amt. age Amt. age Amt. age Amt. age Amt
retail for $1 retail for $1 retail for $1 retail for $1 retail for $1 retail for $1
price
price
price
price
price
price
Bacon
1913_________
1920_________
1921_______
1922_________
1923_________
1924___ _____
1925____ _____
1926: May___
June____
Rib roast
L bs.
3. 4
2. 1
2.8
2. 8
2. 7
2. 3
1.9
2.0
2. 0
C e n ts
p e r lb .
3.0
6.5
4.5
3.9
4.1
4.7
5.4
5.1
5.1
L bs.
33.3
15. 4
22. 2
25.6
24. 4
21.3
18. 5
19.6
19.6
C e n ts
p e r lb .
21.0
42. 3
34.9
33.0
30. 4
30.8
36. 6
40.3
42. 0
L bs.
4.8
2.4
2.9
3.0
3. 3
3.2
2.7
2. 5
2.4
Cheese
C e n ts
p e r lb.
22. 1
41. 6
34. 0
32.9
36. 9
35.3
36. 7
36.0
35.7
L bs.
4. 5
2.4
2.9
3.0
2.7
2. 8
2. 7
2.8
2.8
Rice
C e n ts
p e r lb.
8.7
17.4
9.5
9. 5
9. 5
10.1
11. 1
11. 7
11. 7
L bs.
11.5
5.7
10.5
10. 5
10. 5
9.9
9.0
8. 5
8.5
RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD
153
Index Numbers of Retail Prices of Food in the United States
IN TA BLE 4 index num bers are given which show the changes in
A the retail prices of specified food articles, by years, from 1907
to 1925,2 and by m onths for 1925, and for January, through June,
1926. These index num bers, or relative prices, are based" on the
year 1913 as 100 and are computed by dividing the average price
of each comm odity for each m onth and each year by the average
price of th a t comm odity for 1913. These figures m ust be used with
caution. For example, the relative price of rib roast for the year
1923 was 143.4, which means th a t the average money price for the
year 1923 was 43.4 per cent higher than the average money price
for the year 1913. The relative price of rib roast for the year 1922
was 139.4, which figures show an increase of 4 points, b u t an increase
of slightly less than 3 per cent in the year.
In the last column of Table 4 are given index num bers showing
changes in the retail cost of all articles of food combined. Since
January, 1921, these index num bers have been com puted from the
average prices of the articles of food shown in Tables 1 and 2, weighted
according to the average family consumption in 1918. (See M arch,
1921, issu e,p . 25.) Although previous to January, 1921, the num ber
of food articles has varied, these index num bers have been so com
puted as to be strictly comparable for the entire period. The index
num bers based on the average for the year 1913 as 100.0 are 161.1
for M av and 159.7 for June, 1926.
The curve shown in the chart on page 155 pictures more readily
to the eye the changes in the cost of the food budget than do the
index num bers given in the table. The chart has been draw n on the
logarithmic scale, because the percentages of increase or decrease
are more accurately shown than on the arithm etic scale.
2For index numbers of each month, January, 1913, to December, 1920, see February, 1921, issue, pp.
19-21; for each month of 1921 and 1922 see February, 1923, issue, p. 69; and for each month of 1923 and 1924
see February, 1925, issue, p. 21.
2254°—26t11
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[369]
T able 4 .—INDEX NUMBERS SHOWING CHANGES IN THE RETAIL PRICES OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF FOOD IN THE UNITED STATES, BY
YEARS, 1907 TO 1925, AND BY MONTHS FOR 1925 AND JANUARY THROUGH MAY, 1926
[Average for year 1913=100.0]
Year and month
Qji
Sirloin Round Rib Chuck Plate Pork Ba Ham Hens Milk But
Corn
Pota
steak steak roast roast beef chops con
ter Cheese Lard Eggs Bread Flour meal Rice toes Sugar Tea
1907,_____ __________
1908________________
1909______ _________
1910________________
1911________________
1912________________
71.5
73.3
76.6
80.3
80.6
91.0
68.0
71. 2
73. 5
77. 9
78. 7
89.3
76.1
78.1
81.3
84.6
84.8
93.6
1913______ _____ ____
1914________________
1915________________
1916________________
1917________________
1918________________
1919________________
1920________________
1921________________
1922________________
1923________________
1924________________
1925___ ___ ________
100.0
102.0
101.1
107.5
124.0
153. 2
164. 2
172.1
152. 8
147. 2
153.9
155. 9
159. 8
100. 0
105.8
103.0
109. 7
129. 8
165. 5
174.4
177. 1
154. 3
144.8
150.2
151. 6
155.6
100.0
103.0
101.4
107.4
125.5
155.1
164.1
167.7
147. 0
139.4
143.4
145.5
149.5
100. 0
104. 4
100. 6
106. 9
130. 6
166. 3
168.8
163. 8
132. 5
123. 1
126. 3
130. 0
135.0
1925: January ______
February .
March.- . ______
April___________
May___________
June,-- _ . , __
July___________
August___ ___
September.- _ . _
October _ -. ____
November______
December_______
152. 4
151.6
155.9
159.1
180.6
161. 4
166.1
165.4
163.8
162. 2
158. 7
158.7
147. 1
146.6
150. 7
155. 2
157.0
157.8
163. 7
162. 3
159. 6
158. 7
154.3
154.3
143.9
143.4
147.0
150.0
150. 5
150. 5
153. 5
153.0
152.0
151. 5
149.0
149. 5
1926: January_______
F ebruary_____
March__________
April.. ________
May__ -- ______
June________
160. 6
159.8
160.2
161. 8
163. 4
165.4
157.0
156. 1
156. 5
157.8
160. 5
162. 3
151.5
148.0
151.0
152.5
153.5
154.5
74. 3
76.1
82. 7
91. 6
85.1
91. 2
74. 4
76.9
82.9
94. 5
91. 3
90.5
75. 7
77.6
92.0
91. 4
89.3
90. 6
81. 4
83.0
88. 5
93. 6
91.0
93. 5
87. 2
89. 6
91. 3
94. 6
95. 5
97. 4
85. 3
85. 5
90.1
93. 8
87. 9
97. 7
100.0
104.1
100.0
106.0
129. 8
170.2
166. 9
151. 2
118. 2
105.8
106. 6
109. 1
114. 1
100.0
104.6
■90. 4
108. 3
151.7
185.7
201.4
201.4
166. 2
157. 1
144. 8
146. 7
174.3
100.0
101.8
.99.8
106. 4
151. 9
195.9
205. 2
193.7
158. 2
147. 4
144.8
139.6
173. 0
100.0
101. 7
97. 2
109.2
142.2
178.1
198.5
206. 3
181.4
181. 4
169. 1
168.4
195. 5
100.0
102. 2
97.5
110.7
134. 5
177. 0
193. 0
209.9
186. 4
169.0
164. 3
165. 7
171.8
100.0
100. 5
99.2
102. 2
125.4
156. 2
174.2
187.6
164. 0
147.2
155. 1
155. 1
157.3
100.0
94.4
93.4
103.0
127.2
150.7
177.0
183.0
135.0
125.1
144. 7
135.0
143.1
128.1
127.5
131. 3
135. 0
138. 1
136. 3
140.0
138. 1
137. 5
137. 5
135. 0
135. 6
109.9
109. 1
111.6
114. 1
115. 7
114. 0
115. 7
114. 9
114. 9
116. 5
116. 5
116. 5
146. 2
144.3
178. 1
175. 2
171.4
172. 4
186. 7
190. 5
192.4
186. 2
178. 6
170.0
149. 3
150.4
164. 4
172. 6
171. 9
174. 1
180. 4
182. 6
183. 0
183. 7
182.2
180.0
177.0
178.8
190. 3
198.0
197. 0
197. 0
202. 2
204. 1
204. 1
201. 9
198.9
197.4
168.1
169. 5
173. 2
177. 9
177.9
173.2
171.8
170.0
171.8
171. 4
168. 1
171.4
156.2
156. 2
155. 1
155. 1
153. 9
153. 9
155. 1
156. 2
159. 6
160. 7
160. 7
160. 7
138.1
138. 1
138.1
139.4
140. 6
141.9
119.8
120.7
120. 7
121. 5
120. 7
120. 7
173.8
172. 9
177. 1
182. 4
191. 9
200.0
178. 5
181.1
179.3
179. 6
182. 6
190. 7
198. 1
199.3
200. 7
202. 6
207. 8
221.9
181.2
182. 6
185. 0
190. 1
192. 5
188. 7
159.6
159. 6
157. 3
156.2
156. 2
155. 1
130 articles in 1907; 15 articles 1908-1912; 22 articles 1913-1920; 43 articles 1921-1926.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
80. 7
80. 5
90.1
103. 8
88.4
93. 5
84.1
86.1
92. 6
97. 7
93. 5
98. 9
95 0
101. 5
109. 4
108. 2
101. 6
105. 2
87. 6
92. 2
93. 9
94.9
94. 3
101. 6
100.0
103.6
105.0
110. 7
150.4
162. 4
192.8
188.2
153.9
148. 9
167.0
159. 7
166.1
100.0
98.6
93.4
111.0
174.9
210.8
233. 5
186. 7
113.9
107. 6
112. 0
120.3
147.5
100.0
102.3
98.7
108.8
139.4
164.9
182.0
197.4
147.5
128.7
134. 8
138.6
151.0
100.0 100.0
112. 5 103. 9
125.0 125. 8
130.4 134.6
164.3 211.2
175.0 ■203. 0
178.6 218.2
205.4 245. 5
176.8 175. 8
155.4 154. 5
155.4 142. 4
157. 1 148.5
167.9 184.8
100. 0
105.1
108. 4
112.6
192. 2
226.7
213. 3
216. 7
150. 0
130.0
136. 7
156. 7
180.0
136.0
132.1
144.9
139.2
135. 5
137. 6
138. 9
141.3
145. 7
155. 1
155.9
153.0
162.4
164. 7
165. 2
165. 2
164. 3
165.2
165. 6
166. 5
167.4
168. 3
169.2
169.7
144. 3
144. 3
146.2
146. 8
143.0
144. 9
148. 7
153. 8
151. 9
152. 5
147. 5
143.0
204.4
154.8
113.3
110. 4
113.9
122. 6
133.9
141.7
150. 4
174. 8
201.2
191.9
164.3
169. 6
167. 9
167.9
167.9
167.9
167.9
167.9
167. 9
167.9
167.9
•167. 9
181.8
193.9
193.0
184.8
184.8
184. 8
184.8
184.8
184.8
178.8
181.8
184.8
144. 6
142.3
139.9
132. 9
130. 5
131.3
170.1
169. 7
168.3
165. 2
162. 9
161. 5
141. 1
140. 5
138. 6
136. 1
136. 1
143.0
156.2
127.0
111. 6
111.9
112. 8
117. 7
167. 9
167.9
167.9
167.9
167.9
167. 9
187.9
190. 9
187.9
184. 8
184.8
184.8
All
Cof arti
fee cles 1
82 0
84 3
88 7
93 0
92 0
97 fi
105. 3
111. 2
112. 3
101. 0
130 5
132.1
105. 3
107. 7
106. 6
109.3
111. 4
115.1
100.0
101.2
104.3
104. 6
119.0
148.3
173. 6
200.0
109.2
109.2
109. 2
116.1
127.6
100.0
108.3
88.9
158. 8
252.7
188.2
223. 5
370.6
182.4
164. 7
170. 6
158.8
211.8
100.0
108.2
120. 1
146. 4
169. 3
176. 4
205. 5
352. 7
145. 5
132. 7
183. 6
167. 3
130.9
100.0
101.4
100.2
100.4
106.9
119.1
128.9
134.7
128.1
125. 2
127.8
131.4
138.8
100.0
99.7
100. 6
100.3
101.4
102.4
145. 3
157.7
121.8
121. 1
126. 5
145. 3
172.8
100.0
102.4
101.3
113.7
146.4
168.3
185.9
203.4
153.3
141.6
146.2
145.9
157.4
180.0
183. 3
183. 3
183. 3
180.0
180.0
180. 0
180.0
180. 0
176. 7
176. 7
173.3
123.0
124. 1
125.3
126.4
126.4
126.4
128. 7
129. 9
129.9
129. 9
131. 0
131.0
147.1
152.9
147. 1
141. 2
158.8
205. 9
258.8
258.8
211. 8
217. 6
305.9
305.9
147.3
140. 0
140. 0
136.4
130. 9
130. 9
129. 1
127. 3
127. 3
123. 6
120. 0
121.8
136.4
137.5
138.1
138.8
139.0
139. 3
139.3
139.5
139.3
139.3
139.2
139.3
173.2
174.8
175.5
174.8
175. 2
170. 5
170. 5
170.8
171. 4
171. 5
171.8
172.1
154.3
151. 4
151.1
150.8
151.6
155.0
159.9
160.4
159.0
161.6
167.1
165.5
173. 3
173. 3
173. 3
170.0
170. 0
170.0
133.3
133. 3
134. 5
134.5
134. 5
134. 5
341.2
335.3
329.4
394. 1
352. 9
294. 1
121.8
121.8
121.8
120.0
121. 8
125. 5
139.9
139.9
139.9
140.3
140.4
141.4
172.1
172.1
172. 1
171. 5
171. 1
171.1
164. 3
161.5
159.9
162.4
161.1
159.7
op
R e ta il
P r ic e s o p F ood in
the
U n ited
States, J anuary,
1917,
to
June,
1926
400
375
350
325
300
275
250
225
200
175
B
RETA IL PRIC ES OF FOOD
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T rend
40
I— *•
Ctt
Qj i
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
156
Retail Prices of Food in
A V ERA G E retail food prices are shown in Table 4 for 40 cities
For 11 other cities prices are shown for the same dates w ith the
bureau until after 1913.
T able
5.—AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES OF THE PRINCIPAL
[Exact comparisons of prices in different cities can not be made for some articles,
Baltimore, Md.
Atlanta, Ga.
Article
Unit
Sirloin steak_________
Round steak________
Rib roast_ _________
Chuck roast..................
Pound..
___ do_____
__ do_____
.......do_____
Plate beef.____ ______ ___ do_____
Pork chops. _________ __do_____
do
Bacon
Ham. _____________ ___ do_____
June 15—
June 15—
May June
May June
May June
15, 15,
15, 15,
15, 15,
1926 1926
1926
1926
1926
1926
1925
1913
1913 1925
1913 1925
June 15—
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
41. 6
37. 6
31. 7
22.7
40. 3
36.4
30. 1
22.0
C ts .
C ts .
23.3
22. 0
18.7
15.7
C ts .
C ts .
40. 9
36. 5
31. S
24. 2
39.0
34. 2
28. 4
22.6
40. 0
34. 9
27.8
22.8
10.4
22. 5
32. 0
29. 0
13. 5
34. 7
44. 9
54. 1
13.6
37. 3
47. 5
54. 6
13. 6
39. 2
48. 8
58.8
12.8
18. 7
23. 7
31.0
15.0
36. 7
43. 3
55.2
14.4
39.5
45. 3
59.1
15.0
41. 7
47. 4
61.0
10.5
19. 5
33. 8
30.0
14.4
34.3
46. 7
53. 3
15.5 14.2
37. 9 38.8
48. 8 5 1 8
55.5 58.4
40. 7 18.5 39.9
38.1 22.4 39. 1
37.8
27.7
20.0 8.8 13.0
42.4
43.2
36. 7
13.0
43.6 21. 7 36. 5 38. i
41. 9 18. 7 33. 5 37. 6
32. 0. 41. 5
36.7
13.0 10.3 19.0 20.0
24.0 .37.8
21. 4 34. 7
19. 6 28. 7
15.4 21.3
40.8
36. 3
31.8
24.6
Lamb, leg of
___ 1 ___ do_____ 20.0 35. 7 36.4
Hens. __________ ___ __ do____ 20. 5 32. 2 38. 1
Salmon, canned, red
32. 6 38. 1
do _ .
Milk, fresh_____ _____ Quart_____ 10.0 16.0 20.0
Milk, evaporated . . . . . .
Butter______________
O leom argarine (all
butter substitutes)___
Cheese.............. ............
Birmingham, Aia.
C ts .
40. 5
36. 5
30. 3
22.0
26.8
22. 5
19. 9
16.8
C ts .
C ts .
40.5
35.1
28. 5
23.2
39.0
37.3
41.3
20.0
12. 5 12.6 12.5
11.0 11.3 11.3
13.3 13.5 13.5
15-16 07,. can.
Pound____ 37.9 56.5 54.5 55.5 38.3 57.4 54.2 55. 3 40.0 56.1 56.1 56. 6
35.3 36. 2 35.9
28.6 30.8 30. 3
___ do_____
31. 2 32.5 32.6
___ do.......... 25. Ö 34.9 34.3 33.9 22.0 36.1 34.4 34. 1 21. 8 36.4 35.1 35.3
22.8 14.1 21.9 19. 7 21.4 15.4 23.4 22.3 24.0
Lard__ _ . ____ .. ___ do_____ 15.5 22.8 21.4
Vegetable lard substi24. 8 24. 2
tute -__
do
Eggs, strictly fresh___ Dozen____ 24.2 40. 6 39.0
Bread........................ .
Pound___ _ 6.0 10.3 10.2
22. 2 22. 0 22. 1
25. 3 24. 1 24. 3
23. 7
39. 1 24. 7 39.4 36. 2 38. 7 27.0 39.4 38.9 40.0
10.9 5.4 9.4 9.8 9.8 5. 3 10.4 10. 2 10.2
Flour............................
Corn meal___________
Rolled oats__________
Corn flakes__________
___ do_____
___ do_____
__ do
8-oz. pkg__
3.8 7.0
2. 5 4. 7
9. 6
11.4
7.0
4.0
9. 7
11.3
6.9 3.2 5. 6 5.8
4. 0 2. 5 4. 5 3. 9
8. 8 8. 4
9. 5
10.2 10. 2
11. 3
Wheat cereal.___ ____
Macaroni___________
R ice_______________
Beans, navy_________
28-oz. pkg...
Pound____
__do
___ do..........
25. 8
22. 0
8. 6 10. 6
12.8
26. 2
21. 6
11. 3
10. 5
26. 2
21. 6
11. 3 9. 0
10. 5
23. 2
19. 5
10. 3
9.4
24. 4
19. 0
10. 8
7. 9
4. 2
10. 2
5. 7
12.3
7. 5
8. 5
6. 2
11.7
5.9 2. 1
8. 0
5. 4
11. 7 —
3. 7
10. 4
6. 3
11.2
18. 1
18. 8
13. 9
7.6
17. 7
19. 2
11. 3
7.2
17. 7
19. 2
11. 2
7.3 4. 5
17. 3
16. 5
12. 1
6. 6
7. 1
4. 5
9. 8
12.1
7. 3
4. 2
10. 1
12. 1
7. 2
4. 1
9. 7
11.9
26. 6
18. 9
12. 1
11. 1
27.2
19. 1
12. 2
11.0
6.9
7. 9
6. 6
10.6
25. 3
19. 2
11. 2
12. 7
ft
5.4 2. 3 5. i
7.4
9. 6
5.4
6. 5
12. 8
10.6 —
7. 7
8. 7
6.8
12. 5
5.9
8.8
5.9
12.7
15. 5
15. 7
9. 9
6.0
15. 4
15.4
9.9
6.3 5. 2
18. 0
21. 9
11. 0
7. 2
IS 4
21. 4
10.8
7.4
Tea................................. _ __d.o____ 60. 0 100. 9 103. 7 106. 6 56. 0 77.1 74. 6 75.0 61.3 93.0 95. 5
Coffee.......... ...... ......... . ___ do_____ 32.0 50.3 50. 7 51. 1 25. 2 48. 0 47. 7 47.8 28.8 53.8 54.3
19. 6 19. 0
Prunes_______ .______ __do
16. 2 14. 5 14. 5
18. 2 18. 7 18. 7
15.4 15.0
Raisins_____________ ___ do........ .
13. 1 13.4 13.4
15. 3 17. 6 17. 5
38.6 37. 2
Bananas____________ Dozen
26. 7 25. 8 25. 8
28. 0 30. 0 28. 5
60.0 52. 7
Oranges............... ......... ....... do_____
62. 4 55. 0 49.3
67.3 48. 8 48. 7
96.2
54.2
19.6
Potatoes._____ ______ ___ do_____ 2.0
Onions______________ __do
Cabbage____________
_do____
Beans, baked________ No. 2 c a n ... .......
Corn, canned________ ___ do__
Peas, canned_________ __do
Tomatoes, canned_____
do__
Sugar, granulated........ Pound......... 5.4
5.8 3. 8
3.9 2.2
8. 5
10.2
24. 6
19. 1
10. 8 8. 2
8.0
19. 1
22. 4
13. 1
7.5
15. 2
37. 5
1 The steak for which prices are here quoted is called “ sirloin ” steak in this city, but in most of the other
cities, included in this report it would be known as “ porterhouse ” steak.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[372 j
RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD
157
51 Cities on Specified Dates
for June 15, 1913 and 1925, and for M ay 15, and June 15, 1926.
exception of June, 1913, as these cities were not scheduled by the
ARTICLES OF FOOD IN SI CITIES ON SPECIFIED DATES
particularly meats and vegetables, owing to differences in trade practices.]
Bridgeport,
Conn.
Boston , Mass.
Juno 15—
May June June May June
Buffalo, N. Y.
Butte, Mont.
Charleston, S C.
June 15—
May June June May June
May June
15,
15,
15,
15, 15,
1913 1925 1926 1926 1925 1926 1926 1913 1925 1926 1926 1925 1926 1926 1913 1925 1926 1926
C ts .
137.0
34.0
25.0
18.0
C ts .
i 61. 7
50. 2
39. 0
26.0
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
i 65.0
51. 4
39.0
27. 3
165. 7
51. 5
39. 5
27.4
47. 7
40. 2
35.8
25.7
48. 5
41. 5
36.9
27. 0
49. 8
41. 7
36. 7
27. 1
17. 2 18.6
24. Ö 38.4 43. 6
25. 4 45. 4 47.0
31. 8 57.2 60. 3
18. 2
45.0
49. 4
66.0
10.9
38.3
51.0
59.4
11.4
42. 5
52. 9
59. 9
11. 6
44. 7
53. 6
66.9
14.3
42. 5
45. 4
55. 4
23.0 40. 2
20.2 40. 3
31.0
8.9 13.3
46. 6
44. 4
38. 6
13.9
40. 1
40. 7
29. S
15.0
40. 6
45.0
34. 2
16.0
46. 5 18.7 34.8 36.4
44. 3 21. 7 38. 1 41. 7
35. 4
29. 1 37. 7
15.0 8.0 13.2 13.0
42.3
45. 2
37.9
14.9
22. 8
19. 8
17. 5
15. 5
39. 8 40.8
34. 2 34. 2
30. C 30. 1
22.2 22.9
11.8
20. 3
23.3
26.3
12. 7
38. 5
44. 1
50.4
11.6 12. 3 12. 3 11. 1 11. 4 11. 6
11. 1 11. 3
54. 5 50.2 51. 3 53.5 50.1 50.9 32.9 52. 7 49.4
28. 6 29. 7 29.2 28.9 29. 5 29.3
29.1 28.8
21. 4 38.3 37. 4 37.1 38.7 39.4 39.3 19.0 37. 5 37. 5
35.3
C ts .
41. 1
34. 8
30. 3
23.3
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
1. 7
.........
5. Í
2. 4 5. 5 4. 5
10. 2 7.7 7.9
7.7 7. 4 7. 5
14. 1 13.4 13. 3
C .s .
32. 5
28. 8
28. 1
20. 1
22. 3
21. 0
21. 3
15.0
33. 6
30. 5
27.9
20.0
14.0
44. 9
47. 7
60. 2
12.9
34. 4
56.0
57. 3
12. 9
37.4
57. 1
59. 6
12.9
39.0
58. 8
64. 6
11. 9
22.5
25. 8
28. 3
14. 3
34. 1
43. 2
49.1
14.9
37. 3
43. 7
51. 9
15.2
38. 9
45. 8
54. 1
39. 6
41. 7
37. 9
13.0
40. 6
35. 3
28. 8
14.3
40. 3
39. 8
32. 5
14.3
39.4 21. 3 41. 3
37. 6 21. 4 36. 8
31 9
30. 8
14.3 11. 7 18.0
42. 5
42. 3
39. 2
18.0
42.5
44.0
39 1
18.0
33. 4
30. 9
27. 5
20. 4
34.5
31. 5
27.0
20.5
11. 3 10. 9 11. 2 11. 2
11. 3 12. 0 12 0
49. 8 48.0 48.3 47.3 35. 2 52. 5 49.4 49.3
28. 5 32.7
31.0 31. 7 31.7
36. 7 35.8 37. 1 36. 5 2Q. 0 33.2 31.7 31.6
23.3 21.0 22.9 22. 5 20.9 22.6 14.2 22.3 20.2 21.4 26.6 24,6 24. 7 15.0
25. 8 25.1 25.4 25. 2 25.6 25.8
26. 4 25.8 26. 2 29.0 29. 6 29.3
34. 4 55.7 52. 0 54. 7 51.8 48. 6 50. 1 25. 8 42.8 41. 3 41. 4 51. 1 42. 2 44. 0 25. 3
5. 9 9.0 9. 1 9. 1 8.9 9.0 8.8 5. 5 8.9 9.0 9.0 9. 7 9.8 9.8 5.9
3. 7 6.6 6. 6 6. 5 6.0 6. 2 6. 1 3.0 5. 6 5.6 5.6 6. 5 5.9 5.9 3.7
3. 6 6. 5 6. 5 fi. 1 7. 6 7. 7 7. 7 2. 6 5. 5 5. 5 5. 5 6.3 6.0 5.9 2. 4
9.4 9. 4 9. 3 8. 8 8. 6 8. 5
9. 0 8. 8 8. 6 7. 8 7. 4 7. 3
11. 1 10.7 11.0 10. 5 10. 5 10. 5
10. 4 10. 4 10. 5 12. 3 12. 3 12.3
24.9 24. 8 23. 7 24. 6 24. 6
22. 9 22. 8 22. 9 22. 7 22. 7
12.7 12.9 10.9 11.9 11. 2 9.3
10. 0 9.9 10.8 9.9 9.9 —
C ts .
31.8
27.3
27. 9
19.0
16.0
. 24. 5
23.2
9. 2 11. 6
10.9
C ts .
32, 2
27. 9
27.8
19. 0
26. 9
19. 7
11. 6
11.4
28. 8
18. 9
12. 2
10. 6
23.4 22.9 24.0
24. 4 23.9 24.3
40. 5 39. 6 43. 6
10.8 10. 6 10.6
7.3
4. 1
93
11.9
7.3
3.9
94
11. 8
7.3
4.0
94
11. 8
23. 9
21. 9
10.8
10. 1
24. 6
21. 8
11. 4
9. 1
24. 6
21. 5
11.5
8. 7
28. 4
19. 1
12. 2 5. 5
10.6 —
25. 0
18.9
8. 7
10.7
26. 0
18. 9
9.5
10.0
26. 7
18. 9
9.5
10.0
2.9
9.8
6. 3
11.9
6. 2
8.9
8. 0
11.3
4. 9 1.8
8. 2
7. 5
11.3 —
2.6
10. 4
6. 5
10.3
6. 2
8. 7
6. 8
10.3
5.4 3. 5 4.6 3.8 2.4
8.3 9.0 5.6 6. 7
6. 7 7. 2 7. 8 7.0
10.1 14.7 14. 6 14.7 —
3.1
8.9
3. 5
10.3
7.2
8. 4
4. 6
10.0
4.3
7.3
3. 7
10.0
20.6 19.0 19. 1 20. 5
21.4 20. 6 20. 6 21. 7
13. 5 12. 1 12. 1 14. 5
7. 1 0. 7 6.8 0. 5
19. 3
21. 1
13. 2
6. 4
19.4
21. 2
13. 2
6. 4 5.2
17. 5
17. 1
14. 7
6.7
15. 6
15. 9
13. 6
6.3
15. 6 17. 1 15. 8 15. 7
15. 9 16. 9 14. 5 14. 3
13. 7 14. 4 12. 8 13.3
6. 6 8.8 7.9 8.1 5.0
17. 8
18. 9
11.8
6.6
15. 0
17. 9
10. 1
6. 2
15. 0
17. 9
9.9
6.4
58. 6 75.2 75.3 75.9 60.9 60.3 59. 8 45.0 68. 2 71.9 72. 4
33. 0 54. 9 55. 4 55.8 47.8 48.3 48. 6 29.3 48. 2 48. 7 49. 7
17.1 16. 5 16. 5 17.0 16. 0 16. 2
16. 7 16. 4 16.8
13. 9 14. 1 14. 0 14. 1 13. 9 14. 1
13. 7 14. 2 14. 1
48. 3 46. 3 44. 4 36. 4 36. 1 36. 4
44. 2 41, 8 42. 2
70.4 56. 8 53.0 64. 2 55. 2 55. 4
62. 8 56. 8 52. 1
2 Per pound.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[373]
80.9 83. 5 83.8 50.0 73. 6 76.7 76. 7
55. 7 57.0 57.0 26.3 45. 3 46.8 46.8
17. 5 17. 3 18. 4
16. 5 15. 5 15. 5
15. 4 15. 9 15. 8
2 15. 9 1 14. 8 214. 8
52. 9 49. 1 45. 8
14. 4 14. 2 14. 2
39. 3 37.9 39.3
67. 0 49.4 49.4
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
158
T able
5.—AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES OP THE PRIN CIPAL ARTICLES
Chicago, 111.
Article
Unit
Cincinnati, Ohio
Cleveland, Ohio
June 15—
June 15—
June 15—
May June
May June
May June
15, 15,
15, 15,
15, 15,
1926
1926
1926
1926
1925
1925
1913
1913
1913 1925 1926 1926
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
Sirloin steak_________ Pound____
Round steak___ _____ ----- do_____
Rib roast__________ _ ___ do_____
Chuck roast_________ ----- do-------
23.4
20.3
20.0
15.9
43.0
34.0
33.8
22. 7
43.4
35.7
34.2
24.9
43.8
35.5
34.1
25.0
23.9
21.3
19.4
15. 8
38.2
34.5
29.7
20.7
38.1
33.5
29.7
21. 5
38.8
34.6
29.8
21.3
25.2
22.0
20.0
17.2
39.6
33.3
27.5
22. 0
39.2
33. 1
28.0
23.3
39.6
33.9
28.3
23.6
Plate beef___________
Pork chops. ________
Bacon, sliced ..______
Ham, sliced.......... .........
___ do_____
----- do------___ do_____
----- do-------
11.2
18.8
32.0
32.4
13.2
33.9
50.0
53.1
14.8
38.9
53.7
55.0
14.8
39. 5
54.8
57.7
12. 5
19.6
26.4
29.2
15.8
33.5
41.8
52.9
15.5
38.8
44. 6
55.8
15.3
40.6
46.2
59.5
12.5
20.7
28.6
36.0
13.1
37.3
47.9
57.0
13.7
42.6
50.6
59.3
13.9
44.3
52.7
63.0
Lamb..... ........................
nens___ _____ ____
Salmon, canned, red
Milk, fresh__________
----- do_____ 20.2 37.1 40.2 42.3 16.5 39.9 39.1 41.5 19.2
___ do_____ 20.3 37.2 41.6 40.2 24.9 39.6 43.3 40.3 22.3
__ _do___
29.5 37.0 36.5
33.0 39.6 39.3
Quart_____ 8.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 8.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 8.0
36.9
39.3
31. 0
13.8
39.2
43. 7
39.1
13.7
39.5
41. 8
39 2
13.7
Milk, evaporated. ___
B utter...........................
O le o m a rg a rin e (all
butter substitutes)!
Cheese______________
15-16 oz. can.
10.7 10.9 11.0
10.8 10.8 10.8
11.0 11.2 11.2
Pound____ 32.7 50.9 47.2 48.0 35. Î 52.5 49.1 49.2 36.2 54.4 51.9 52.1
31. 5 31.7 31.8
___ do..
30.5 29.6 29.6
27. 2 26.7 26. 9
----- do_____ 25.0 40.1 41.4 40.8 21.0 36.9 35.0 35.1 23.0 35.6 37.3 36.3
Lard.. . . . . . . . . ____
Vegetable lard substitute
Eggs, strictly fresh____
Bread______ _______
----- do_____ 15.0 22.2
__ do__
26. 5
Dozen____ 24.3 43.1
Pound____ 6.1 9.9
Flour______ ___ ____
Corn meal__________
Rolled o a ts .___
Corn flakes_____ _
___ do_.
___ do_____
___ do__
8-oz. pkg___
Wheat cereal_________
Macaroni_____ _____
Rice_________ . . .
Beans, navy__
28-oz.pkg___
Pound____
___ do_ ____
___ do_____
20.8
26.3
41.-5
9.8
21.7 14.2 21.5
25. 9
26. 4
42.4 21.3 37.6
9.8 4.8 9.2
19.4
25.4
35.0
9.1
21.6 16.5 24.2
25.8
27 4
35.5 27.6 43.3
9.2 5.5 8.0
22.5
27 1
39.8
8.0
23.4
27 3
4o!e
7.9
2.8 5.5 5.5 5. 6 3.3 5. 8 6.3 6.3 3.2 6. 0
2.9 6.4 6.0 6.0 2.7 4.7 4.1 4. 1 2.7 5.7
8.9 8.6 8.7
8.7 8.3 8. 3
93
10.1 9.9 10.1
10.3 10.3 10.4
11.3
24.1 24.4 24. 6
23.8 24. 7 24.9
24. 8
19.8 19.1 19.1
19.7 18.3 18.1
21 7
8.7 11.4 11.9 11 9 8.8 10. 9 11. 5 11.2 8.5 11 1
9.9 9.1 9.2
8 8 7. 6 7.7
9J)
6.1
5.2
94
11. 3
62
5.1
94
11 2
25. 3
21. 9
12 1
77
25 5
21 9
12 0
78
5.4 1.5 4.2 6.4
6. 8
10 5 8 3
6. 5
6. 5 6 0
10.9
13 3 12. 8
6.1
78
03
12. 8
17.1
17! 8
13.7
7.1
Potatoes____________ ___ do_____
Onions___________ _ ___ do._
Cabbage____________ .. ..d o ..
Beans, baked________ No. 2 can__
1.2 3.8
9. 7
6. 8
12. 7
5.7
7.9
6.3
12. 7
5.4 2.3 3.9 6.5
7.1
10 2 7. 6
6. 1 5.9
6.4
11.4 10. 9
12.6
___ do__ _
.......do_____
.......do_____
Pound.........
18.3
17.8
15.1
4.9 6.8
17.1
16.8
13.7
6.4
16.7
17.2
14.1
6.6 5.0
Corn, canned________
Peas, canned... ............
Tomatoes, canned____
Sugar, granulated........
16. 7
18. 0
13.7
7.1
T ea..___ __________ ___ do_____ 53.3 74.4 72.3 72.3 60.0 75.6
Coffee___ _________ . ___ do_____ 30.7 51.2 51.7 51.5 25.6 45.3
Prunes_____________ ___ do___ _
17.8 18.1 18.8
18. 0
Raisins.___ _______ ___ do___
15.5 15.3 15.4
14. 6
Bananas_________ ___ Dozen. __
41. 0 41. 4 42. 9
39. 0
Oranges_____________ __ _ do____
64. 6 56.8 51.6
58.4
15. 6
17.2
11.8
6.8
15. 5
17. 0
12.0
6.9 5.0
18 0
18 6
14.7
7.3
17 3
17 8
13.3
6.9
78.0 78.0 50.0 79.9 81.0 82.5
46. 5 46.5 26.5 52.8 54.1 54.7
17. 7 17. 8
19. 0 17 4 17 l
14.7 14.9
38. 8 40.0
54. 9 51.3
14. 5 14 6 14 7
52 5 50 0 47 5
64.2 53.1 50.6
1 The steak for which prices are here quoted is called “ rump ” in this city, but in most of the other
cities included in this report it would be known as “ porterhouse” steak.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[374]
RETAIL PRICES OE FOOD
OF FOOD IN
51 CITIES ON SPECIFIED DATES-Continued
Columbus, Ohio
C ts .
Dallas, Tex.
June 15—
Denver, Colo.
Detroit, Mich.
Fall River, Mass.
June 15—
June 15—
J une 15—
May June
May June
May June
1926
1926
1913 1925 1926 1926 1913 1925 1926 1926 1913 1925 1926 1926 1913 1925 1926 1926
June May June
m b
159
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts.
May June
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
40.0
34.6
29.9
24.3
38.6
34. 2
30. 5
24.4
39.6 2 2 .5 34.7 36.8
35. 2 20.8 31.9 32.3
30.7 19.2 28.0 28.6
24.9 16.3 21.7 21.9
35. 8
32. 5
28.1
21.4
24.2
22. 1
17.8
15.8
34.5
31.2
24.9
19.6
33.8
29. 6
24.4
19.5
35.2
31.6
25.1
20.3
24.2
19.4
19.4
15.0
41.6
34.0
29.6
22.1
41.5
34.8
30.8
22.6
42.4 134.5 159.9
35.4 27.5 43.5
30.7 23.5 28.8
23.2 19.0 22.1
15.9
35.0
48.5
55.0
15.6
37.3
49. 1
55.4
15.4
39.5
51.8
57.7
12.8
21.7
38.0
31.3
16.4
36.3
46. 9
56.7
17.0
37.9
43.6
59.3
17.0
38.7
50.6
63.8
9.4
20.3
28.0
30.0
10.7
34. 5
49. "8
55.9
11.6
39.1
49.1
55.9
11.8
39.7
52.4
59.5
11.5
19.2
24.0
25.5
13.7
38.3
48.5
56.7
14.3
42.4
52.0
60.9
44.7
37.1
33.0
11.0
45.0
41.9
40.3
11.0
45.0 22.0
39. 9 18.3
40.8 ______
11.0 10.0
42.9
30. 5
33.0
15.0
42.0
33.8
42. 1
12.3
42.0 17.8 35.7 36.8 37.5 17.4
33.1 21.2 31.3 36.0 33.8 21.6
41.5
33.5 38.4 38.4
12.3 8.4 10.5 12.0 12.0 8.0
39.9
39.2
32.4
14.0
41.6
43.8
39.8
14.0
14.4
13.3 12.9 13.0
44.4 22.0 35.6 39.5 41. 2
54.8 25. 8 43.1 45. 7 45. 8
64.2 32.7 51.2 54.2 58.7
44.8 21.0 41.1 42.5 45. 9
42.8 24.5 42.3 46.3 46.0
39.9
31.4 39.3 39.5
14.0 9.0 13.0 14.0 13.5
11.2 11.3 11.4
13.4
51.3 48. 0 48.4 36. Ö 51.9
29.6 29.2 29.5 ....... 32.9
35.9 35.3 34.9 20.0 37.1
161.0 161. 0
46.1 46. 9
31.9 31.9
23.2 22.6
20.4
25.9
36.4
8.1
18.7
25.8
33. 5
8. 1
20.3 17.5
26.0 ______
34.3 22.0
8.1 5.4
24.3
25.1
39.0
8.5
13.2 13.0
10.9 11.0 10.9
10.9 11.1 11.1
12.6 12.6
48.9 49.5 34.3 48. 7 45. 4 45.9 34. Ö 53.2 51.3 51.0 35.4 51.9 49. 7
33.8 33.8 —
29.6 29.2 29.4 —
29.2 29.0 28.8
31.6 30.4
34.3 34.7 26.1 39.0 37.6 36.9 20.3 38.0 37.4 36.4 23.4 38.5 37.7
25.0 25.3 16.3 24.4 22.5 23.4 16.1 23.9 22.2 22.6 15.0 22.1 20.4
24.2 24.9
24.7 23.8 24.9
26.9 27.3 27.1
26.9 27.0
33.4 35.1 25.0 36.4 35.0 36.1 26. 0 43.4 39.0 40.8 33.6 53.2 49.0
9.5 9.5 5.4 8.3 8.4 8.4 5.6 8. 7 8.4 8.4 6.2 9.1 9.3
6.2
4. 5
9.4
10.7
6. 1
3. 8
9.3
11.0
6.1 3.3
3.7 2. 7
9.3 ______
10.9 —
5.9
5.0
10.6
11.3
6.0
4. 5
10.0
11.0
5.8 2.6 5.2 5.1
4.3 2.4 4.3 4.2
10.2
8.9 8.8
11.1 —
12.0 11.7
5.1 3.1
4.3 2.8
8.6
11.2 —
6.0
6.0
9.7
10.7
6.0
5.8
9.4
10.6
23.9
22. 5
12.3
9.3
25.0
22.0
13. 9
7.7
25.0
23.0 __ 13.4 9.3
7.7 —
26.1
21.6
13.0
12.8
27.4
21. 1
12.9
10.1
27.4
21.3
13.1 8.6
10.3 —
24. 5
19.1
11.3
10.8
26. 0
20.5
11.7
10.2
25.4
20.5
11.6 8.4
10.1 .......
24. 7
21.8
11.5
9.1
25. 9
21.9
12.1
8.3
6. 0 3.3 6. 1
5. 7 3.4 7.5
9.3
9.7
10.6 —
11.2
25. 9
2fi 0
21.8
24.4
12.3 10.0 11.3
8.2 —
10.5
3.2
9.8
6. 7
13.6
6.1
8.5
7. 0
12.5
5.4 2.2 5.0 7.0
8.7 ___ 9.0 8.1
6.7
6.1 5.4
12.5 ....... 14.9 13.9
6.0 1.4
6.6 ___
5.2
13.3 —
4.4
10.5
6. 7
14.2
5.2 4.8 1.5
7.2 7.2
5.2 5.9
12.2 12.3 .....
3.2
11.5
6. 5
12.0
5.2
7.6
6. 3
11.5
5.0 2.1 2.4 6.1
7.4
10.5 8.3
6.1
7. 9 7 9
11.7 ..... 12 .4 12.3
17.4
16.5
14.6
7.7
15.7
15.4
12.3
7.0
15.8
15.0 .............
12.3
7.0 5.7
18.3
21.4 ___
11.6
7.8 5.4
19.9
17.4
14. 6
8.1
15.6
15.9
13.1
7.5
21.2
21.6
14. 5
8.2
18.0
21.6
11. 6
7.4
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[375]
38.3
21.0
26. 7
52.2
9.3
6.4 6.2
6.9 6.9
9.5 9.5
11.6 11.5
25 5 25 5
24.8 24 I 2
12.4 12.4
9.9 1 0 .0
4 .9
8.6
81
12.0
15.0
19.1 15.9 15.4
17.5 17.2 16.8
15.5
17.7 16.5 16.4
19.0 19.0 18.8
12. 5
11.9
11.9
14.0
13. 7 12 7 11 9
7.6 5.0 7.1 6.9 7.0 5.3 7.3 6.8 6 .9
89.1 89.3 89.7 66.7 103.9 106.6 106.6 52.8 66.8 67.1 68.9 43.3
52.1 51.6 51.6 36.7 60. 1 59.9 60.0 29.4 51.2 51.9 51.5 29.3
17.6 18.0 17.6 ..... 21.0 20.9 21.1 ....... 18.5 18.1 17.8 .......
15.0 15.0 14.9
16.8 16.6 16.7
14.6 14.8 14.9
40.0 37.8 37.8 ______ 30.0 35.0 35.0
212. 3 212.0 212.0
58.9 54.4 46.3 —
58.9 56.6 57.5 —
55.6 47.5 58.0 —
2 Per pound.
12. 6
49. 5
30.4
73.5 73.3 71.8 44.2 59.7
52.0 51.9 51.8 33.0 53.1
19.0 18.0 18.3 ....... 15.2
15.0 15.2 15.4
14.4
38.6 35.3 36.4
210.3
61.9 54.7 51.8 ..... 59.9
59.6 60.0
52.4 52.4
15.6 15.6
14.3 14.3
29. 6 29. 6
55.3 49.7
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
160
T able 5.—AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES
Houston, Tex.
Article
Unit
Sirloin steak........ ............... __
Round ste ak ______ _
Rib ro a st_______________
Chuck roast______________
Pound____
__ do_____
___ do_____
___ do..........
31.4
30. 4
23. 6
19.0
Plate beef________________
Pork chops______________
Paeon, sliced____ ______
Ham, sliced_______ ______
___ do_........
__ do_........
___ do_____
__ do_____
T.am'n _ ______________ __ do_____
Hens . ________ ______ ___ do_____
Salmon, canned, red_____ __ ___ do_____
Milk, fresh ______ _____ Quart_____
Indianapolis, Ind.
Jacksonville, Fla.
June May June June 15— May June June 15— May J un e
15, 15, 15,
15, 15,
15, 15,
1925 1926 1926
1926 1926
1926 1926
1913 1925
1913 1925
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
15.7
34. 1
48. 0
51. 4
17. 5
37. 5
49. 4
52. 1
17.9
38. 3
50. 8
53. 3
12. 5
21. 3
29. 0
31. 2
15. 1
36. 1
44. 6
54. 9
15. 4
39. 5
46. 0
57. 5
15. 2
41. 1
49. 1
61. 9
35.0
31.4
31. 1
16.0
37. 0
39. 2
37. 1
15. 8
35.0 21. 7 40. 0
35. 2 20. 8 36. 3
37. 1
33. 6
15. 8 8. 0 11.0
41.4
41. 8
36. 1
12.0
33.2
31.9
26. 3
20.-2
32. 8
31. 5
26. 7
20.2
24. 7
23. 3
17. 8
16. 4
38. 0
36. 3
28.9
24.6
C ts .
38.6
37. 4
29. 8
24. 6
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
35.8
30. 5
26. 3
19. 3
C ts .
C is .
26. 0
20. 3
23. 3
14. 0
10. 3
21. 3
26. 3
28. 3
11. 6
32. 1
43. 8
52. 1
13. 2
39. 2
47. 3
53. 3
12. 5
40. 0
51. 4
59. 4
44.2 19. 3 34. 5
40.0 22. 0 35. 5
36. 1
30. 8
12. 0 12. 5 18. 8
40. 3
40.6
38. 7
22. 0
40. 0
41. 3
38.9
22.0
39. 2
37. 8
29. 6
24.8
37.4
32. 8
27.9
20. 8
37. 1
31. 9
28. 1
20. 0
15-16 oz. can 11.9 11. 5 11. 5
10. 4 10. 7 10. 8
12.0 11.9 11. 8
Pound____ 52. 6 46.9 48. 7 34. 7 51. 0 48. 4 49. 2 39. 2 54. 8 52. 7 51. 6
___ do_____ 31.5 31.2 30. 5
29.9 30.0 30.0
30. 4 31.5 31. 1
Milk, evaporated__ _
Butter
-- ____
____
Oleomargarine (all butter substitutes).
Cheese _______________
___ do_____ 34. 1 30.9 30.4 20.5 37. 5 35. 8 35. 5 22. 5 34.6 31.9 32. 8
L a r d ____ -- - - ______
Vegetable lard substitute___
Eggs, strictly fresh________
Bread __ „______________
___ do........ 22. 8 22. 2
___ do_____ 18. 8 19. 4
Dozen____ 37. 1 32. 8
Pound..... .
8.9 9.0
23. 3 15. 2 21. 1
26. 8
20. 5
34. 7 22. 5 36. 6
9. 0 5. 1 8. 1
19. 2
26. 7
34. 1
8. 0
20. 7
26. 7
35. 7 30. 0
8. 0 6. 5
23. 2
24. 6
43. 8
11. 2
23. 1
24. 4
39. 1
11. 0
24. 1
25.0
41.8
11. 0
Flour
_____
- - __
Corn meal_______________
Rolled oats__
Corn flakes______________
___ do_____ 6.2
___ d o ____ 5.0
_ __do____
9. 5
8-oz pkg___ 11.9
6. 0 3. 2 5.9
4. 1 2. 4 4. 7
8.9
8. 2
11. 7
10. 3
5. 9
4. 2
8. 1
10. 2
5.9 3. 8 6. 8
4. 2 3. 0 4. 4
9. 2
10. 0
li. 2
10. 2
7. 0
4. 1
9. 3
11. 3
6.9
4. 1
9. 2
11 4
Wheat cereal - - ___
Macaroni_______ _ ___ Rice - ________ _______
Beans, navy_____________
28-oz. pkg__ 24.9 26. 0 25. 8
Pound____ 19. 0 18. 3 18. 3
____do.......... 9.8 10. 3 10. 2 9. 2
__ do.......... 11. 4 9.5 9. 6
24. 6
19. 0
11. 7
7.9
24. 6
19. 0
11. 8 6. 6
7. 6
24. 8
20, 6
10. 2
11. 2
24.9
19 7
11. 2
10. 4
24. 9
19 7
11. 3
10 3
4.9 2.6 3. 1
8. 2
8. 8
4.9
6. 2
10.0 ....... 11.3
7.4
8. 3
53
10.9
6.8
80
54
10.9
15.0
20. 8 19.9
14.8
20. 5 18. 9
11. 5
12. 5 10. 5
7.2 5.9 7.4 7.0
20. 2
18.9
10.5
7.1
Tea. ___ _ ______________ ____do_____ 76.8 80. 8 80. 8 60.0 80.4 87.0 85. 7 60. 0 95.9 98. 4
C offee__________________ ___ do_____ 44. 4 44. 8 44. 8 30. 5 51. 7 50.9 50.9 34. 5 51. 3 50. 2
Prunes_________________ ___ do........ . 17. 2 16. 0 16. 0
19. 4 19. 3 19. 3
17.9 18. 8
Raisins_________________ ___do_.......... 15. 3 14. 6 14. 6
15. 5 15.9 15.9
15. 3 15. 6
31.4 28. 5 30. ni
Bananas_________________ Dozen___
30. 8 30. 9 31.8
27. 1 28.0
Oranges_________________ __ do_____ 52. 7 42. 5 4ß. 1
54.9 49. 5 50. 3
56. 9 48. 8
97.5
49. 8
Potatoes_________________ ___ do ___ 5.1
Onions__________________ ___ do.......... 9.9
_do......... 5. 5
Cabbage ______________
Beans,“baked_____________ No. 2 can__ 12.6
6. 0
3.9
8.9
11. 7
6.4
6. 5
3. 7
11.6
24. 6
20. 4
11. 2
9. 1
5.7 1.4 3.1 5. 6
5. 7
10. 7 8. 6
3.9
6. 7 5. 5
11. 7 10. 1
11.6 —
Corn, canned______
_ __ ___ do_____ 18.6 15. 7 15. 6
Peas, canned_____________ ___ do........ . 18. 1 14. 2 14. 2
__do........ 13.6 10. 2 9. 8
Tomatoes, canned___
Sugar, granulated_________ Pound....... . 7.2 6.7 6.9 5.6
17. 6
17.0
14. 4
■7.4
14. 8
14. 8
11. 1
7.0
16. 4
29.0
51. 7
1 The steak for which prices are here quoted is called “ sirloin” in this city, but in most of the other
cities included in this report it would be known as “ porterhouse” steak.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[376]
161
RE TAIL PRICES O F F O O D
OF FOOD IN 51 CITIES ON SPECIFIED DATES—Continued
Kansas City, Mo.
Little Rock, Ark.
Los Angeles, Calif.
Louisville, Ky.
Manchester, N. H.
June 15— May June June 15— May June June 15— May
June June 15— May .Tune June 15— May June
15, 15,
15, 15,
15, 15.
15, 15,
15, 15,
1926 1926
1926 1926
1926
1926
1926 1926
1926 1926
1913 1925
1913 1925
1913 1925
1913 1925
1913 1925
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
24. 7
21. 6
18. 2
15.0
39. 7
34. 7
26. 7
19. 6
38.9
33.9
26. 7
19.9
39.0 26.3
34.1 19.9
27. 1 19. 4
19.9 16.3
33.8
30. 5
26. 2
20.7
11. 7
18. 7
28.8
27.8
12. 5
34. 4
49. 0
54.3
13.6
38.7
51. 0
56.1
13.3 13.5
40. 7 21. 3
52. 737.0
61. 331.3
19. 2 35. 4
18.0 32. 4
34.6
____
8. 7 13.0
34.9
35.8
38.9
13.0
36.7 21. 3
34.3 20.0
38.9 ____
13.0 10.0
C ts .
C ts .
C ts.
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
44.0 21. 5 38.4 38.9
39.9 25. 3 42.9 44. 7
38.7
31.0 38.4
12.0 8.0 12.0 14.0
40.9
45.5
38.9
13.0
16. 1
37.3
50.0
52.9
16. 1 12. 1
38. 325. 4
52. 5 33. 8
56.8 35.8
13.7
41. 7
53.8
63.0
14.5
45.4
58. 3
66.8
13.9 12.8
48.5 19.6
62.0 29.1
72. 0 29. 4
14.5
32.5
44. 1
47.5
16.1
38. 8
49.4
52.3
16.1
15.7
38. 6 20. 2 36. 8
51. 5 23. 7 42. 4
55.5 28.8 45.8
41.4
28.8
31.7
15.3
40. 7
33. 2
41.7
15.0
41.9 19. 2
32.5 26.6
42.9
15.0 1Ö.Ö
36.2
42. 1
29. 1
15.0
35.8
45.9
36. 5
15.0
37. 4|18. 1
45. 0Î23. 2
36.0
15.0 8.8
40.0
38. 6
29. 4
12.0
41.0
39.6
38.4
12.0
27.1
20.3
11. 1
9. 2
27.1
20. 5
11. 4 8. 3
9. 3 —
24.7
21. 7
10.0
10.0
25.3
19. 7
10.7
9.5
1. 5 3.1
9. 8
5. 0
—
13.7
5. 2
8. 0
5.4
13.3
5.0 1.7
7.9 __
5. 2 __
12.9 ----
3. 5
10.8
4. 1
12.0
6.8
7.9
5.3
11. 3
17.7
16.7
14. 5
5.5 7.6
14.3
15. 1
12. 2
7.3
15.0
15. 6 ____
12.3 __
7.4 5.5
20.5
19. 2
13.7
7.9
16. 5
17. 5
11. 4
7.4
1
16.3
40.8
43.4
50.9
15.4
32.9
47. 2
50.9
25.0
21.4
8.7 10.3
— - 10. 1
31 1
16.7
39. 2
42. 8
47. 4
35.4 135. 8 258. 4 1 56. 6 158.1
31. 7 28.8 46. 3 45. 5 45.5
27.3 20. 7 29. 4 28. 2 28.4
19. 4 16.8 23.3 23.5 23.4
5.9 3.6 6. 7 6.9
5.1 2.4 4.4 4.1
9. 3 __ 10. 3 10.8
12.1 —
12. 2 12.1
54.0 82. 1 82.7 83.5 50.0
27.8 52.8 53.5 54. 130.8
... .
17.7 17.7 18.0 ---15.7 15.5 15.6
.
310. 9 31!. 6 __
58. 1 51.7 48.4 —
... .
C ts .
35.4
31.7
27. 3
19. 2
6.0
5.0
9. 2
12.2
....
C ts .
34.2
30.8
25.7
19. 2
6. 0
2. 5 5. 7
9. 5
12.2
____
____
C ts .
37.1 23. 6
30.3 20.0
29.6 18. 3
19.7 15.6
23. 4 15. 8
27.3 _____
36.6 27.5
10.0 6.0
____
____
C ts .
36.9
30. 3
29.9
19.5
21. 1
26.8
35.9
10.0
____
C ts .
36.8
30.3
28.6
18.9
16.2 22.9
27.3
22. 2 37. 6
6. 1 9.7
3. 0
C ts .
35.0 24.0
31. 520.8
27.3 20. 0
21.2 15.8
11.9 11.7 11.8
12.0 12.3 12. 3
9.9 9.9 10.0
34.8 52. 2 47.6 49. 0,37. 9 51.9 50.9 48.8 34.5 55.9 50.4 50. 4| 35. 4
27.4 27 7 27.6 . . . . 30. 5 30.3 31.1 ---- 30.8 31.0 30.8 . . . .
... .
21.8 36.6 35.1 35.7 21.7 37.6 35. 1 34.6 19.5 37.3 38.9 39.1 20.8
____
C ts.
34.4
31.4
27. 7
21.6
23.9
23.9
37.9
8.7
23.5
23. 7
34.8
9.5
11.9 11. 5 11.5
J2.9 12.8 12.9
53. 5 49. 1 50.2, 37.2 56.1 51. 3 51.8
30.7 33. 2 32.5 —
27.3 26.0 26.3
35.9 36.6 36.0 21. 5 37.1 36.1 36.3
24. 2 15.3 21. 7 21.2 21.4 16.0 22. 2 20.8 21.8
26.1
28. 2 28. 5 28.8
26.2 25.2 26.1
41.7 20.8 37. 3 34.0 35.1 30.0 47.8 44.7 47.5
8.6 5.7 9. 3 9.4 9.4 6.1 8. 5 8. 7 8.7
6. 9 3.6 5.9 5. 6 5. 6 3. 7 6. 8 6.9 6.5 3. 4 6. 2 6. 4 6.3
4. 1 3.2 5.6 5.3 5.3 2.4 4.5 3.7 3.8 3. 6 5. 4 5.3 5.3
10.8
9.9 9. 6 9.8
8. 7 8. 5 8.4
8.9 8.8 8.8
12.0
10. 1 10.0 10.1 —
10. 6 11.0 10.6
11.3 11.0 11.3
25.0
23.7 24.9 24.8
24.1 24.3 24.2
24. 6 25.6 25.6
20. 5
17.5 17.6 18. 1
18. 4 19. 5 19. 5
24. 5 24. 1 23.9
10.9 7. 7 11. 1 11. 4 11.3 8.1 10.9 11.3 11. 6 8. 5 10. 7 11.2 11.2
9.4 . . . . 10.4 9.3 9.3 —
9. 5 7.7 7.6 ..... 9.8 9.0 8.9
5. 5 1.6 4.6 5.7 3.8 2.0 3.6 7.0 5. 6 1.9 1.9 4.9 4.1
7.5
8. 5 6.4 5.7
10. 2 8. 1 7. 6
9.7 7.0 7.0
5.4
3.9 4. 7 4. 6
5. 5 6.0 6.6
7.8 7. 5 7. 6
10.1 . . . . 11.7 11.5 11.7 —
11. 2 10.9 10.9 —
14.3 14.3 14.0
16.5
17.9 16.2 16.2
19.8 16.6 16.8
18.6 17.5 17.7
17.5
18.8 17. 2 17.4
17. 7 15.6 16. 1
20.4 19.1 18.9
10. 6
215. 4 215. 6215. 7
12.8 9.8 9.9
14.4 11.5 11.4
7. 5 5.3 6.7 6.4 6.6 5.1 7.4 7.0 7.2 5.1 7.5 7.0 7.1
24.1 18.0
23.9
34.9 30. 5
9.5 6.0
23.3
25.4
45. 5
9.3
23. 2
26.3
39.8
8.6
99.9 105.1 107. 154. 5 75.0 76.8 75.3 62. 5 77.6
53.9 55.5 55. 3 36.3 51.3 54. 3 54.4 27.5 50. 2
19.1 18. 5 17.6 . . . . 15.5 16.2 16.0 —
17.0
17.1 15.8 15.8
12.0 13.2 13.5
14.9
3 7.8 39.0 39. 3
39. 5 310.1 310. 3
37. 5
55.4 49.9 53.5 . . . . 53.0 46.1 46.4 . . . . 53.6
2 No. 2% can.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
79.9 82. 6 46. 3 61. 5 63.9 63.6
49.5 50.0 32.0 51. 6 51.8 51.3
16.9 16.8 ..... 16.0 16.2 16.5
15.7 15.9
36.3 36.3
47.7 50.0
3 Per pound.
[377]
14.3 14.4 14.3
39.4 38.6 39. 6
64.3 50.2 48.9
162
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
T able 5 —AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES
Memphis, Tenn.
Article
Unit
Milwaukee, Wis.
Minneapolis, Minn.
June 15—
June 15—
June 15—
May June
May June
May June
15, 15,
15, 15,
15, 15,
1926
1926
1926
1926
1913 1925
1913 1925
1913 1925 1926 1926
C ts .
Sirloin steak...............
Round steak..............
Rib roast__________
Chuck roast________
22.5
19.4
20.4
15. 5
34.9
30.9
25.7
18. 3
35. 9
33.6
26.9
19.1
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
36.1
33. 6
26.8
19.1
22. 5
21.0
18.5
16. 5
C ts .
Pound.......
___ do_____
___ do___
___ do»___
38.0
33.6
27.4
23. 1
38. 2
33. 7
28.3
24. C
39.0
34.6
28.4
24.3
23.5
21.0
20. 5
16. 5
33. 1
29.8
25.4
19. 7
33.6
30.4
25.3
20. 3
33.4
30. 6
25. 4
20. 4
Plate beef..................
Pork chops...................
Bacon, sliced................
Ham, sliced..................
___ do........ .
___ do_____
___ do_....... .
___ do..........
12.2
20.0
30.0
30.0
14.2
29.4
41. 5
49.6
15.5
36.6
43.3
53.3
15.2
38.0
45.2
58.3
11.5
19. 5
27.3
27.8
13.4
35. 0
45.4
49.0
14. 6
39.8
48. 2
51.7
14.5
41.6
50.2
56.4
10.1
18.3
26. 7
28.3
11.1
34.5
49.9
52.0
12.4
38.5
49.9
53.4
12.8
40.0
54. 1
58.1
Lamb..........................
Hens______________
Salmon, canned, red..
Milk, fresh.................
___ do_____ 20.8 38.7 40.0
_ _ do__ -- 19. 7 31. 4 34. 8
__ __do____
32. 3 33.3
Quart.......... 10.0 15.3 15.0
44.4 17.0 36.4
36. 9 18. 2 32. 3
33. 3
33.8
11.0 7.0 11.0
36.3
36. 2
39.5
11.0
37.4
33.8
39. 3
11.0
Milk, evaporated____
Butter_____ ! ..............
Oleomargarine (all blit
ter substitutes).
Cheese...........................
11.4 11.3 11.3
15-16 oz. can.
11.2 11.2 11.2
11.3 11.8 11.6
Pound......... 37. i 49.6 48. 1 49.3 32.8 49. 5 46.5 47.1 31.8 47.8 45.7 46.2
___ do_____
26.3 27.7 26. 9
28. 0 27. 2 27.1
28.0 28. 2 28. 7
Lard______________
Vegetable lard substi
tute.
Eggs, strictly fresh___
Bread______________
___ do_____ 15.5 21.0 19.4 21.4 15.4 23.4 21.3 22.6 15.4 22.1 19.9 21.4
----- do.......... —
22. 3 23.0 23.7
27.5 27.2 27.4
26. 7 26.5 26.6 —
Flour_____
Corn meaLRolled oats..
Corn flakes .
__do
__ do_____
__ do ___
8-oz. pkg__
3.6 6. 8
2.0 4. 2
9.3
11.1
6. 9
3. 7
9.4
11.1
6.8 3.1 5. 3
3.8 3. 0 5. 5
9. 4
8. 7
11.1
10. 5
5. 6
5. 6
8. 5
10. 3
5. 6 3. 0 5. 6
5. 7 2. 5 5. 5
8. 5
8. 5
10. 8
10. 3
Wheat cereal.
Macaroni___
Rice........ .....
Beans, navy..
28-oz. pkg...
Pound.........
----- do_____
___ do........
24.2
19. 5
8.0 10.2
9.8
25.7
19. 5
10.8
9.4
25.7
23.8
19. 5
18.6
10.8 9.0 11.1
9.4
9.5
24. 5
18. 0
11.8
8.3
24.7 25.7 25.4
24.7
17.9
18.6 19.3 19. 4
11.9 9.1 11.3 11.9 12.0
9. 6 9. 1 9.1
8. 3
Potatoes....... .
Onions..........
Cabbage____
Beans, baked.
----- do..........
__ do. _
__ do__.......
No. 2 can__
1.7 4.0
7.9
4. 6
—
12.1
7.0
6. 3
4.8
11.8
5.4 1.1 2.7
5. 9
11. 1
5. 0
6.8
11.7 —
11.4
5.0
8. 3
6. 0
10.9
4.5 0.8 1.9
7.5
10. 5
6.0
5.0
13.6
11.0 —
Corn, canned___
Peas, canned____
Tomatoes, canned.
Sugar, granulated.
___ do_____
__ do____
__ _do_.........
Pound.........
17.4
18.3
12.6
5.2 7.1
16.1
18.1
10.8
6.9
15.7
18.1 15.5 15.7
17. 0
17. 0 16. 2 16. 4
10.5
15. 0 13. 0 13.1
7.0 5.3 6.8 6.4 6.6 5.6
Tea.......................
Coffee..................
Prunes..................
___ do ___
63.8 95. 4 96. 7 96. 7 50. 0 71. 6 71. 2 70. 7 45. 0 62. 3 62. 8 60.6
___ do_____ 27.5 50. 1 50.9 51.0 27.5 47. 5 47.0 47.0 30.8 53.4 54.0 53.8
___ do_____
17. 5 17. 2 17.1
16.3 17.5 17.1
17. 4 IV. 2 17.1
Raisins..
Bananas.
Oranges..
___ do_____
Dozen.........
.......do.. __
i Whole.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
40.0 19.5 39.3 39.6
34. 4 21. 5 33. 9 39. S
34. 0
30. 5 32. 1
15.0 7.0 10.0 11.0
C ts .
___ d o ____ 21.3 33.1 31.9 32.4 21.3 34. 8 33.2 32.7 20. 0 35.3 33.5 32.5
Dozen_____ 24.3 36. 4 35.7 37.6 22. 2 37.4 34.5 35.4 22.0 35.4 35.0 35.4
Pound....... . 6.0 9.6 9.7 9.7 5.6 9.0 9.0 9.0 5.6 10.1 9.9 9.8
14. 7 15.8 15.6
31. 0 32. 5 33.8
59.9 52.1 52.0
14. 7 14.8 14. 7
29. 2 29. 8 29. 9
58. 7 51.0 49.-0
16. 6
16. 5
15. 2
7.4
5. 7
5. 6
8. 4
10. 6
5. 7
5. 6
8.4
10.7
4.9
7.9
5.4
12.9
4.6
8. 5
7.1
12.1
14.8
15. 6
14. 2
6.8
15.5
15. 3
13.9
7.0
14. 6 15. 3 15.1
2 11.4 2 10.7 211.5
58.7 50.9 45.9
163
RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD
OF FOOD IN 51 CITIES ON SPECIFIED DATES—Continued
Mobile, Ala.
Newark, N. J.
New Haven, Conn.
New Orleans, La.
New York, N. Y.
June 15—
June 15—
June 15—
June 15—
May June
May June
May June
May June
June May June
15, 15,
15,
15,
1925 1926 1926 1913 1925 1926 1926 1913 1925 1926 1926 1913 1925 1926 1926 1913 1925 1926 1926
C ts .
C ls .
C ts .
C ts .
27.2
26.8
21.6
18.0
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
32.4
29.6
24.2
19. 2
C ts .
52.6
43.1
35.4
26.2
C ts .
45.8
43.2
34.8
24.0
44.9
41.7
35.3
23.5
46.5
43.8
35.5
24.4
53.6
44.1
36.1
26.7
12.4
36.1
43.3
50.5
13.1
39.5
46.1
54.8
13.5
14.3 15.8
42.4 23.2 35.8 39.6
48.3 28.8 46.9 50.2
57.3 33.4 57.8 59.6
C ts .
C ts .
22.5
19.5
19.4
14.5
33.6
30.0
28.9
20.3
35.8
30.8
30.5
21.4
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
15.5
41.6
52.3
64.2
10.9
21.9
29.7
26.8
15.5
33.9
43.6
49.5
16.9
39.8
47.5
52.9
16.8
41.0
49.4
58.8
15.3
21.5
26.0
29.5
18.8 20.2 20.1
39.3 42.8 44.6
46.5 51.1 52.3
57.3 61.2 63.2
54.0
43.8
36.0
26.7
C ts .
35.9
31.0
30.2
21.1
26.3
25.3
22.5
16.4
44.3
42.0
38.1
23.3
C ts .
46.0
43.8
38.9
24.6
C ts .
46.1
44.2
39.0
24.5
31.2
32.9
28.1
22.1
34.6
34.2
28.8
24.2
35.0
34.2
29.2
23.8
17.1
37.5
45. 9
50.4
18.1
40.8
46.9
51.2
18.2 12.8
42.5 21.8
50.4 24.4
54.2 120.8
38.1
36.4
29. 7
17.8
42.1
39.0
41.0
18.5
41.4 21.2 37.9 40.2 44.5 20.8 40.2 40.4 43.9 21.3 37.3 39. 6 41.0 17.2 36.3 38.5 41.3
39. 0 23.8 37.6 41.9 41.9 23.7 41.5 45.6 44.8 20.0 35.0 39.7 39.6 22.1 39.3 43.4 44.9
37.4 37.4 38.1
29.7 34.7 34.1
29.6 36.4 36.0
27.7 37.0 37.1
41.0
18.5 9.0 14.0 15.0 15.0 9.0 15.0 16.0 15.0 10.0 12.3 14.0 14.0 9.0 14. 0 15.0 15.0
11.7 11.7 11.7
11.9 12.1 11.9
10.8 11.1 11.1
10.8 11.3 11.1
11.0 11.1 11.1
55. 6 53.2 53.9 36.4 53.8 50.8 51.0 34.2 52.4 50.6 49.2 35.0 52.9 49.7 50.8 34.5 52.6 50.3 50.9
29.4 29.9 29.6
31.5 31.3 30.9
31.0 31.6 31.5
30. 5 30. 6 30.5
30. 6 30.3 30.3
36.0 35.3 34.6 24.2 38.8 40.2 40.2 22.0 37.9 39.2 38.3 22.0 35.4 33.9 33.8 19.4 37.3
22. S 21.5 22.3 15.8 23.0 21.3 22.3 15.7 22.8 21.4 22.5 14.9 21.7 20.9 21.9 16.1
22.4 22.4 23.1 .......
25.4 25.6 25.7 —
26.1 26.1 25.8 —
21.0 21.7 22.1 —
38.6 35.3 36.7 34.6 51.3 48.3 49.3 35.0 52.1 47.1 50.3 25.6 39.7 37.1 39.2 32.8
9.5 9.6 9.7 5.6 9.1 9.4 9.3 6.0 8.8 9.1 9.2 5.2 8.9 8.9 8.9 6.2
51.9 49.1 51.1
9.6 9.7 9.6
6.8
4.4
8.8
11.2
6.7 6.7 3.6 6.0
3.9 3.8 3.6 6.6
8.3
8.6 8.7
9.9
11.3 11.3
6.1
6.6
8.4
10.1
6.2 3. 2
6.0 3.0
8.4
10.0
6.0
6.7
9.5
11.2
6. 2
6.8
9.4
10.6
6.1 3.8 7.4 7. 5 7. 5 3.3 6.2
7.0 2.6 4.5 3.9 3.8 3.5 6.6
9.4
8.7
9.1 9.1 9.1
10.8
10.6 10.4 10.4
10.0
24.2
19.8
10. 1
10.3
25.5
21.1
11. 2
8.9
25.8
21.4
11.3 9. 0
8.7 —
24. 3
21.1
11.3
9.8
24.3
21.1
11.3 9.3
9.7 —
23.9
23.2
11.5
10.1
24.9
22.8
12.1
9.5
24.8
24.0 24.7 24.6
22.0
9.7 9.6 9.4
11.9 7.4 9.9 10.1 10.1 8.0
9.5 ....... 9.6 8.2 8.5 —
4.0
8.1
3. 7
11. 6
7.2
7.6
3.9
10.9
17.5
16.9
12.7
7.2
17.5
16.2
10.9
6.7
4.9 2.9 4.1 7.4 5.6 2.0 2.7 5.9 4.9 2.0 4.1 6.2
10.5 8.5 8.1
6.7 5.2
6.3
10.8 9.5 7.9
4.1 4.5
7. 2 7.4 6.9
4. 0
6. 5 7.7 6.6
11.6 11. 5 11.4
12.0 10.9
11.5 10.8 10.8
10.7
19.4 18.3 18.5
18.5 14.4
18.2 16.4 10.6
17.7
20.2 19.5 19.5
17.1 17.2
17.9 17.2 17.2
16.1
13.4 10.1
13.8 12. 3 11.9
11.0
12.1 10.9 11.2
6.9 5.1 6.7 6.2 6.2 5.1 7.1 6.5 6.7 5. Î 6.4 6.0
23.5
21.1
10.4
10.5
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[3 7 9 ]
6.2 6.1
6.5 6.3
8.6 8.5
10.0 10.0
23.0 24.0 23.9
21.1 20.8 20.9
10.5 10.8 10.7
11.3 10.4 10.1
3.6 2.8 3.6
4.0
10.1
4.4
6.7
10.9
11.4
7.2 5.4
8.5 7.1
7.6 6.9
11.0 10.9
13.9
17.4 15.3 14.9
17.2
17.0 15.6 15.4
12.9 10. 6 10.5
10.0
6.2 4.8 6.2 6.0 6.1
79.3 81.5 81.5 53.8 62.2 63.5 63.8 55.0 57.9 59.7 58.9 62.1 83.6 82.2 82.6 43.3
51.0 50. 3 49.5 29.3 49.6 49.9 50.3 33.8 52. 2 53.5 52.5 26.7 37.5 36.3 36.3 27.5
17.3 17.3 17.2
17.5 16.3 16.4 ______ 18.2 18.4 18.1
16.0 15.8 15.7
14.1 14.4 14.3
14.2 14.0 14.1
15.3 14. 5 14. 6
13.8 14.1 14.0
18.4 17.5 16.3
35.8 34.6 34.5
38.3 37.5 37.5
25.7 25.2 23.9
54.4 50.3 .......
52.1
53.6
55.0 54. 7 50.5 ....... 67.8 56.3 55.2 ....... 66.7 57.0
.......
3 Per pound
38.3 37.8
23.3 22.0 23.2
26.0 25.9 26.0
64.1 65.0 65.0
45.9 47.7 47.7
15.6 16.0 15.8
14.2 14.5 14.6
40.4 39.3 39.2
76.0 63.8 59. 1
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
164
T able
5.—AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES
Norfolk, Va.
Article
Sirlion steak
Round ste a k ,___
Rib roast__
Chuck roast, __
Plate beef Pork chops_________
Bacon_____ _________
Ham. .
Unit
Pound..
. _do___
. _do___ _
__ do____
__ do__ _
___ _do__ _
___ do__ __
___ do__
Omaha, Nebr.
Peoria, III.
June 15—
June May June
May June June May June
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
1925 1926 1926 1913 1925 1926 1926 1925 1926 1926
C ts .
40. 2
33. 6
31. 7
21. 8
C ts .
41. 1
34. 7
32. 6
23. 1
C ts .
41. 2
34. 1
32. 4
22. 9
C ts .
25.1
22.0
18.1
15. 1
C is .
C ts .
38. 3
35. 3
25. 4
21. 8
37.1
34. 0
26. 1
22. 0
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
37. 7
34. 9
26. 3
21. 9
35. 6
33.1
24. 7
21. 4
35, 2
33. 3
24 5
21 0
C ts .
35
34
25
21
2
6
6
1
15. 5
33. 6
43. 1
43. 5
16.1
38. 4
46.1
48.1
15. 7
39. 8
49. 5
49. 6
11. 2
35. 4
51. 2
56. 3
12. 7
37 8
52. 4
57.1
12. 6
40. 1
54. 6
61. 1
13 6
32. 7
48 4
53 4
13
37
51
53
8
2
1
8
13
37
52
57
8
7
3
Q
Lamb, leg of__ _ - _ __ do_____
Hens
____ ___do______
_ _ do____
Salmon, canned, red
Milk, fresh..
Quart_____
40. 6
36. 7
31.4
17. 0
41.4
41.3
37. 2
17. 5
41.1 17. 8 38. 5
41. 1 17. 6 31. 3
37. 8
33. 9
17. 5 7.9 11. 6
38. 4
35. 3
39. 2
10 3
40. 7
34. 2
39. 2
10 3
37 8
33. 6
32. 8
12 0
39 2
36 8
39. 1
11 3
43
36
39
11
3
4
8
3
Milk, evaporated______
Butter__
Oleomargarine (all butter substitutes).
Cheese__________ ____
15-16 oz. can.
Pound__
___ do_____
10.9 11.3 11. 2
11. 5 11. 9 11. 8 11. 5 11. 5 11 5
53. 8 53. 0 53. 6 34. 0 48. 9 47. 2 46. 5 49. 5 46. 1 47 7
28.7 28.6 29.2
29.9 30.3 30.0 29.8 29.5 29.8
34.0 33. 0 32. 3 22. 3 36 0 34. 2 34. 2 35. 9 34 7 34 2
Lard__ _ _ ..
___
Vegetable lard substitute.
Eggs, strictly fresh____
Bread_______________
___ do...
21. 3 21. 0 21. 3 17. 3 24. 5
___ do_____ 22.4 22. 0 22.3
26.4
Dozen___ _ 41.8 38.1 39.9 22.8 36.2
Pound..
9. 4 9. 5 9. 9 5. 2 9. 8
__ do __
Flour____ ___________ ___ do___
Corn meal- ____ _____ ___ _do.__ _
Rolled oats__ ________
_ do
Corn flakes___________ 8-oz. pkg__
Wheat cereal__ ,
. 28-oz. pkg-..
Macaroni......................... Pound _Rice __
__do__
Beans, navy ____ ___ ___ do___
Potatoes_______
___ do.__
Onions____ ____
.......do___
Cabbage _____
___do _
Beans, baked.... .......... . No. 2 can__
Corn, canned
.
Peas, canned .
-.........
Tomatoes, canned_____
Sugar, grahulated.........
___ do ___
___ do_____
_ ___do___
Pound____
Tea_________ ____ _
__ do___
Coffee__ ________ .. __ do __
Prunes...................
__ do___
Raisins_________
Bananas_____
Oranges.. . .. ______
**
_ __do__.
Dozen..
___ do.......
10. 4
18. 7
27. 5
29 0
23. 9
27.8
33.3
10.1
24. 3
27.6
34.3
10.1
23.1
27.3
36.3
10. 0
22 0
27.3
32.4
10 1
22 7
27.3
35.1
10 1
6. 2 6. 3
2. 8 5 4 5 4 5. 3 5 9 5 9 5 Q
4. 8 4. 4 4. 3 2. 3 5. 2 4. 9 4. 9 5. 3 4 8 4 8
8.9 8. 3 8. 4
10. 9 10. 3 10 3 9. 4 8 9 8 9
10.4 10.4 10.3 —
12.1 12. 5 12.4 12.2 11.8 11.8
23.9 24.0 24.1
24. 6 28.3 28.3 25. 8 25.4 25.3
18. 9 19. 1 19. 1
21. 5 21.0 21. 0 20. 9 20. 2 20 2
11. 7 12. 0 12 0 8.5 10 2 11 8 11 7 11 1 12 0 11 Q
9.8 8. 2 8. 2
10. 2 9. 7 9. 7 9. 7 8. 4 8 5
3.3 6. 6 5. 5 1. 8 3 4
4. 8 2 6 5 3 4 9
8.8 7.3 7. 6
10 7 8 9 9. 0 12. 0 8 4 8 3
4. 5 6.1 4. 9
5. 7 5. 7 6. 1 6.1 6 4 6 5
10.1 10.0 10.0 —
14.6 13.7 13.7 12.0 11.6 11.9
17. 8 15.3 15. 5
16. 3 16.1 15. 8 16. 6 15. 6 15 6
21. 6 20. 1 19.7
16. 4 16. 5 16. 4 19. 3 18. 0 18 0
12. 0 10.1 10. 3
15. 1 14 1 14.1 15. 4 13. 8 13 8
6.4 6.2 6.5 5.7 7.8 7.1 7.1 8.1 7.4 7.6
93.1 88. 8 88 8 56 0 76 8 80 3 78 5 63 4
66 7
51. 0 50. 3 50 2 30.0 57 6 57 5 57 5 52 1 51 6 51 8
16. 2 16. 7 16. 8
17. 8 17. 7 17. 7 19 3 20 0 20 0
14. 1 14. 0 14. 4
33. 8 33. 3 33. 8
55. 7 57. 5 51.1
16. 3 15 7 15 8 15 1 14 9 15 2
4 10 9 4 11 4 411 7 4 10 1 4 9 9 4 10 4
50. 9 44.2 43.4 49.9 47.f 47.0
5The steak for which prices are here quoted is called “ sirloin” in this city, hut in most of the other
cities included in this report it would he known as “ porterhouse” steak.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B E TA IL P R IC E S OP FOOD
165
OF POOD IN 51 CITIES ON SPECIFIED DATES—Continued
Philadelphia, Pa.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Portland, Me.
Portland, Oreg.
Providence, R. I.
June 15—
June 15—
June 15—
June 15—
May June
May June June May June
May- June
May June
15, 15,
15, 15, 15, 15, 15,
15, 15,
15,
15,
1926
1926
1926
1926
1925
1926
1926
1926
1926
1913 1925
1913 1925
1913 1925
1913 1925 1926 1926
C ts .
C is .
C is .
C is .
! 30. 0 154. 1154. 8 '56. 3
25. 4 40. 5 41.4 42.3
22. 3 35. 8 37. 1 37. 7
17. 6 22.3 24.9 25. 7
12.3
20. 8
27. 1
31.6
C ts .
C ts .
C is .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
27. 2
23. 7
22. C
17.0
46. 2
38. 8
33. 2
23.8
46.6
38.9
34.0
24. 2
48. 0 '60.4 '62. 2 163. 0
39. 5 46. 5 47.3 47.0
34. 4 29. 7 30.6 31.0
24. 8 20. 1 21.4 21.8
11. 5
22. 0
29. 0
29.6
C is .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
23. 5
21. 2
19. 5
16.9
28.9
26.6
24 8
17.9
29. 5
26. 8
25. 3
18.3
29.4 '39. 6 '69.4
26.9 31.0 48.2
25.2 23.8 37. 6
18.3 18.8 28.1
13.9
2j. 6
30. 6
30. 8
C ts .
C ts .
1 72.9 1 73.0
50. 3 50.3
38. 7 38. 5
28.8 29.4
10. 8
40. 2
44. 9
57.9
12. 4
45. 1
47. 8
60. 1
12. 7
47. 0
49. 5
65. 7
11.3
38. 2
49. 1
59. 5
12. 7
43. 1
53.9
62.0
12. 4
45. 3
56. 1
68.0
15. 2
37. 5
43. 6
54.8
17.2
41.6
44. 8
56.9
16. 7
42. 1
46.0
60.0
12.8
36. 7
50.5
53.6
13 3
38. 8
54. 2
56.1
13.1
18. 8
43. 1 21. 8 39.8
57. 1 23. 4 45.6
58.3 32.3 57.2
18.4
43.5
44.6
58.8
18.0
46.2
46.4
63.6
21.4 40. 1
23.2 40. 5
28.6
8.0 12.0
42.2
44. 6
38.0
12.0
46. 2 21.4 40. 7
44. 0 24.8 44. 0
38. 1
29.0
12.0 8.6 14. 0
41. 7
45. 3
37. 5
13.0
44. 5
44. 6
37. 7
13.0
37.4
40. 7
29. 4
13.0
41.8
42. 1
39. 1
13. 5
42.8 18. 1 33. 5
42.9 20 0 33. 3
32. 1
39.4
13. 5 9.3 11. 7
37.4
37. 7
37. 1
12. 2
36. 6 20.0 41. 5
36. 3 24. 8 41. 6
36. 5
30.6
12. 2 9.0 13. 2
44.0
45.8
37.6
14.7
47. 1
45. 7
37.9
13.8
__
11.4 11.5 11.4
11.0 11.6 11.5 12. 3 12.4 12.4
39.7 55. 7 53.3 54.4 36. 7 54.8 51.3 51.9 56.0 51.6 52.8 35. 0
30.8 29. 9 29.6 —
30.8 30.5 30.2 29. 6 29.4 29.4 —
25.0 39.2 39.8 39.2 24.5 38.6 38. 2 38.3 37. 5 37. 9 37.9 20. 5
—
11.6 12.2 12.2
10. 1 10.4 10.4
50. 0 47. 4 47. 2 36. 2 52. 7 51.1 51.6
29. 7 30.3 30. 2 ..... 29. 6 29.7 29.4
36.0 37. 1 37.4 21.7 35. 4 36.3 36.1
15.3 22. 4
__ 25. 6
27. 7 43. 9
4.8 9. 1
21. 1
25. 5
41. 8
9.4
22.4 15. 5 22.3
25. 5
26. 6
44. 2 25. 5 43.3
9.4 5.4 9.2
20.9
26. 6
40.4
9.3
22 2
26. 8
42. 4
9.3
23. 2 20. 1 21.6 18. 2 24. 5
25. 4 24. 4 24.8
28. 6
45. 2 43. 3 45. 2 26. 3 39.3
10.4 10. 1 10. 1 5. 6 9.6
__
3.2 5.9
2. 7 5. i
8. 7
10. 0
6. 1
4. 7
8.6
10.0
6.0 3.2
4. 7 2. 7
8.6 __
10. 0
5.8
5. 6
9.2
10. 5
5.9
5.9
9. 2
10. 5
5.8
5. 9
9.. 3
10. 7
6. 1
5. 5
7.6
11. 5
6. 1
5.0
8. 1
11. 6
6.0 2.9 5.8 5. 2
5. 1 3. 3 5. 7 5. 2
10.3 10. 2
8.0
11. 3 11.3
11. 6
23.9
21. 6
9.8 12. 1
—
10. 2
24. 3
21.0
12. 2
8.8
24.3
21. 0 __
12. 3 9.2
8.9 —
25.2
23.6
11.6
9.5
25. 3
22. 7
12. 2
8.0
25. 1
23. 3
12. 6
8.0
25. 0
24.6
1!. 6
10.3
25. 8
25.4
12. 8
9.4
25.9
24. 7
12.9 8. 6
9. 5 —
2.5 4. 5
10. 0
6.6
11.0
7.0
8. 5
7.0
10.6
5.6 1.7
7.2 ___
7.0 ___
10.5
3.9
10. 3
6.3
12.8
5.9
8.6
6. 5
12.9
5.6
8. 1
6.9
12. 7
2.0
10. 4
6. 0
15. 2
5.2
7. 8
7.4
15. 2
4.4 0.6 4.3 4. 4
7.6
8.2 5. 2
6. 5
5. 5 5. 2
14. 6 13. 9
15. 4
16.5
15.9
12.6
4.9 6.2
14. 6
14.3
11.0
6.2
14.6
17.6 17.2
14. 5 ___ 18.6 17. 6
13.9 11.9
11.0
6.6 5.5 7.3 6.8
__
___
26. 4
17.9
11. 1
11. 1
23. 8
28.0
32. 8
9.4
26.9
18.0
11.0
9.6
24.0 15. 2
28. 0
36. 3 32.8
9.4 5.9
5.2 3.5 6. 5 6. 5 6. 5
6.0 2.8 5. 2 5. 1 5. 1
10. 2
9. 3 9. 2 9 . 3
11. 3
10. 8 10. 8 10. 8
26. 5
24. 3 24. 8 24. 9
17. 7
24. 1 23. 5 23.1
11. 2 9.3 10. 9 11.9 12.0
9. 5 —
10.6 9.-2 9. 1
4.0 1.8 2.6 5. 1
5.6
9.6 7.9
4. 1
6. 8 6.9
13. 4
11. 7 11. 2
17.0 17.9 16. 2 16. 1
20. 7 19. 7 19. 2
16.8 19. 7 18. 3 18.4
19.7 19.4 19.2
316. 8316. 9 316. 9
12.0 223. 9 220. 0 220. 3
7.0 7. 1 6.6 6. 8 6.2 7.3 7.0 7.3 5.0
54.0 69.6 71.9 72.7 58.0 81. 6 85. 7 85.9 61.2 60.3 61. 3 55.0 76.8 76.6 76. 6 48.3
25.0 45.5 44.6 45.2 30.0 51. 4 50.9 49. 7 53.8 53.4 53.6 35. 0 51. 7 52.3 52.6 30.0
14. 7 14.4 14.7
19. 3 18.9 18. 5 16. 0 15. 6 15. 6
12. 3 14. 4 14. 3
___
—
13.5 13. 7 13.8
14. 3 14. 6 14. 4 13.4 13.8 13. 7
33.6 30.6 31. 1
40. 9 38. 3 40.0 411.0 410. 6410. 6
70.8 58. 6 58.3 ....... 64. 5 54.2 49.8 67.5 59.9 56.8 —
2 No. 3 can.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3No.
[3 8 1 ]
can.
22.5 20.6 22.3
27. 0 26. 7 26. 8
50.6 47.2 49. 1
9. 2 9.2 9.2
13.5 13.8 14.0
413. 3 413. 1412. 9
52. 7 51. 3 44.4 —
4.8
7.7
6.4
11. 3
18. 6 17.8 17.6
19.7 19.5 19.5
15. 1 13.3 13.6
6.8 6.5 6. 7
61. 5 61.5 61.9
53.8 54. 2 54. 2
17. 6 16. 5 16. 4
13.9 14.2 14.0
32.9 34.3 33.0
70. 1 61.2 59.2
4 Per pound.
166
M O NTH LY LABOR REVIEW
T able
5.—AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES
Richmond, Va.
Article
Sirloin steak.
Round steak.
Rib roast___
Chuck roast..
Plate beef...
Pork chops .
Bacon____
H a m .........
Lamb, leg of..... ........
Hens____________
Salmon, canned, red.
Milk, fresh_______
U n it
Pound.
___ do..
___ do..
___ do..
.do.
.do.
.do.
-do.
___ do..
___ do..
___ do..
Quart. .
Rochester,
N. Y.
St. Louis, Mo.
June 15— May June June May
June 15— May June
15, 15, 15, 15, 15,
15, 15,
1926
1926
1925
1926 1926 1913 1925 1926 1926
1913 1925
39.1 39.5 39.8 41.2
19.6 34.3 35.2 35.1 33.6
18.9 31.5 32.1 32.1 30.4
15.3 22.1 23. 23.3 23.2
41.9
34.9
30.9
24.5
23.7
22.2
18.3
14.3
37.8
35. 3
29.8
20.8
C ts .
Cts.
36.8
35. 1
29.9
20.7
37.5
36.3
30.7
21.1
12.3 15.4 16.3
37.0 40. 6
25.0 42.6 44.6
25.7 43.1 45.1
16.5 12.6
41. 9 39. 2
47.1 43.1
48.0 52.5
13.2
42. 7
44.5
55.4
10.7
18. 2
26. C
27.3
12.9
32. 2
45. 8
50.4
13.7
37.5
46.7
53.3
14.0
38.9
48.8
58.0
19.3 43.5 45.
21.3 35.5 41.2
32. 7 35. 7
14.0 14.0
46.1
39.8
36.2
14.0
41.1
45.4
38.3
12.5
18.0 38.9 38.8
18.5 34. 4 39. 5
32.4 38.9
8.0 13.0 13.0
39.7
38.6
39.1
13.0
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts
C ts
21.8
20.8
Milk, evaporated..... ......... .
15-16 oz. can.
Butter__________________ Pound____
Oleomargarine (all butter sub
stitutes)___ ____ ______
_do..
Cheese_____ ____________
-do._
39.4
41.1
30.7
12. 5,
C ts
C ts .
C ts .
12.2 12.7 12.5 11.5 11.6
57.3, 56.1 56.4 53.1¡ 49.0
10.3 10.4 10.4
34.4 53.2 50.8 51.1
30.4 31.9 31.9 30. 7 30. 6
36.4 36.0 35.9 37.9 37.6
27.2 28.3 28.3
19.3 35.0 32.5 32.5
Lard___ ____________
Vegetable lard substitute.
Eggs, strictly fresh_____
Bread________ .*______
___ do..
___ do..
Dozen..
Pound.
Flour_____
Corn meal...
Rolled oats.
Corn flakes..
___ do___
___ do___
.-...do___
8-oz. pkg_.
Wheat cereal.
Macaroni......
Rice_______
Beans, navy..
28-oz. pkg.
Pound___
___do___
___do___
25.
20.7
12.7
11.4
Potatoes____
Onions_____
Cabbage____
Beans, baked.
___ do__
___ do__
___ do___
No. 2 can.
4.2 7.7 6.2
9.2 7.8 8.1
5.3 6.9 4.9
10.7 10.1 10.0
Corn, canned__ _
Peas, canned____
Tomatoes, canned.
Sugar, granulated..
__ do.
__ do..
__ do..
Pound.
16.3 15.3 15.3 17.9 16.6 16.0
17.1 16.0 16.3
20.7 20.1 20.1 19.3 18.4 18.4
16.8 16.9 16.9
13.4 11.3 11.6
12.3 10.0 10.0 14.0 13.8 13.3
6.5 6. 8, 6.4 6.2 6.3 5.0 7.2 6.8 7.0
5.0
.do.
.do.
-do.
56.0 87. 8 88.1 90.4 66.6 66.9 66.9 55.0 71.0 73.0 73.9
26.8 49.9 49.6 49.9 50.0 48.1 48.6 24. 3 47.8 47.9 47.7
19.3 18.1 18.8 19.1 17.4 17.7
19. 7 19.2 19.3
Tea___
Coffee..
Prunes.
Raisins .
Bananas.
Oranges..
1 No. 2 %
__ do.
D ozen.
___ d o .
15.0 21.
25.9
25.0 41.1
5.4 9.4
3.3
2.0
6.0 6.1 6.0
4.
5.2 4.
9.4 9.0 9.1
11.1 11.2 11.1
25.4
20.4
13.3
9. 1
25.8
20.2
13.3
9.1
21.1
[382]
13.6 19.1
26.0
21.4 36.9
5.5 9.5
17.8
26.1
35.5
9.8
19.6
26.2
35.9
9.8
5.8
3.0 5. 7 5. 7 5.7
6.3
2.2 4.8 4.3 4.3
9.6 9.2
8.9 8.8 8.7
10.7 10.3 10.3
10.3 10.1 10.1
24.3 25.0 24.9
23.8 24.3 24.3
22. 3 22.3 22. 5
21.7 20.8 21.0
11.2 10.8 10.6 8.3 10.3 11.1 10.8
9.1 7.4 7.6
10.0 9.1 9.5
2.5 5.7 5.1 1.7 3.7 6.1 5.8
10.8 8.2 7. 7
9. 5 6.3 6.4
6.8 6.7 6. i
5.0 5.3 5.7
11.0 10.5 10.5
11.0 10.6 10.8
6.0
6.6
13.9 14.4 14.7 14.1 14.2 14.2
37.7 36.8 37.3 41.7 38.2 37.7
62.1 56.5 55.8 63.8 50.6 49.5
c a ,n .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
21.4 22.0 22.3 20.1
25.9 25.7 24.7 24.1
37.1 40.1 40.8 37.4
9.5 9.5
14.6 14.7 14.7
35.4 33.5 32.3
56.5 48.8 45.2
RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD
OF FOOD
IN 51 CITIES
St Paul, Minn.
167
ON SPECIFIED DATES—Continued
Salt Lake City,
Utah
San Francisco,
Calif.
Savannah, Qa.
Scranton, Pa.
June 15— May June June 15— May June June 15— May June June May June June 15— May June
15,
15, 15,
15,
15, 15,
1913 1925 1926 1926 1913 1925 1926 1926 1913 1925 1926 1926 1925 1926 1926 1913 1925 1926 1926
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
25.9
23.0
21.0
17.1
36. 2
30.5
28. 9
22.9
36.0
31.0
29.6
23.5
36.8
31.9
29.7
23.9
22.1
20.0
19.9
15. 7
30.8
27.8
23. 4
18.7
30.0
26.9
23.6
18.2
30.5
27.2
23. 4
18.5
20.7
19.0
21.0
14.6
32.0
28.8
30.9
19.4
32.1
29. 5
29.9
19.1
31.7
29.0
29.6
18.5
33.4
27. 1
27. C
17.6
10.8
18. t
26. 7
28.3
12. 1
33.9
46. 5
50. 5
13.2
38. 1
49. 3
50.9
13. 5
40.3
51.7
56.6
12.0
23. 1
31. 7
30.7
12.9
35.6
47.5
52. 8
12.8
37.5
48.1
55.8
11.9
39. 3
50.2
58.1
13.3
23. 7
33.9
30.0
15.3
41.5
57.5
59.6
14. 7
43.8
62.0
64.3
14.3
44.8
64.2
67.3
19. 1 33. 7
20.3 32.0
34. 2
6.4 11.0
35.8
35.6
36.9
11.0
37.3 18.8 35.1 34.0 37.2 16.7 37.2 37.2 38.2
34. 1 24.3 30.8 33/9 33.5 23.4 41.7 45.2 45.3
33.4 34.4 35.9
37.8
28. 3 36.5 36.8
11.0 8.7 11.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 14.0 14.0 14.0
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
36.0
29.0
27.5
19.6
36. 5
28. 5
27.0
18.8
25.8
21. 5
23. 5
17.5
50. 5
41.4
36.3
27.0
14.1
30.4
41. 7
42.3
16. 5
36.1
45. 7
45.5
15. 2
37.8
46. 8
47.1
12.1
20. C
27. 5
31.0
11.2 12.3 12.3
40.6 45.1 45.8
48.4 50. 1 52.1
58.2 60.0 63.9
40.0
33.9
30.4
17.5
41. 0
37.6
41.3
17.0
41.0 20.0 46.8
37.3 24.2 44.4
31. 4
40.2
17.0 8.4 12.0
50.8
41.8
36.6
28.3
47.5
48.3
36.0
12.0
51.2
41. 8
36.8
28.5
49.4
47. 7
37.1
12.0
10.2 10.6 10.6
11.8 12.1 12.1
10.0 10.1 10.2 10.8 11.3 11.3
11.8 11.9 11.8
32.9 46. 7 46.4 46.3 34.4 50.4 46.6 47.3 34.6 56.4 50.3 50.4 56.3 53.7 53.5 35.3 51.8 49.7 50.1
29.9 29.3 29. 7
28. 2 27.6 28.3
29.2 30.8 30. 8 33.8 35.7 34.9
29.4 29.4
21.0 33. 7 33.6 34.2 23.3 30.6 29.9 29.9 19.0 37.2 38.4 37.7 35.2 34.8 34.1 18.3 35.5 35.3 35.1
15.0 22. 9
27. 8
22. 5 36. 1
5.9 10. 2
20.6
27. 1
33.8
10.2
3.1 5. 9
2. 5 5. 5
10. 0
12.4
—
5.8
5.3
9.6
12.1
22. 1 19.2 25.1 23.9
27.2
29.7 29.4
35. 5 24.4 39.0 30. 7
10.2 5.9 10.8 9.8
5.9 2. 6 5. 2 4. 7
5.4 3.3 5. 7 5. 2
9.6
8.8 8.9
12.0 —
12.0 12.4
25.0
18.9
ÏÔ. 0 10. 5
— 9.8
.9 1.7
10. 6
5.6
....... 13.9
26.6
18. 7
12.1
9.3
26.4
18.7
12.1 8.2
9.2 .......
24.9
19.7
11.4
10.9
5.3
7.1
5.9
13.9
4.5 1.2
8.0
6.4
13.4 —
16.4
16.9
14. 8
5.4 7.7
15.3
16.1
14.2
7.2
15.2
16.1
14.3
7.4 5.9
22.1
19.3
40.5
10.2
22.3
19. 5
38.7
10.6
7.0
4.1
9. 1
10.3
7.0 7.0 3.5 6. 5 6. 5 6.4
7.4 7.5 7.5
3.5 3.5
10. 0 10.0 10.1
8.9 8.9
10.3 10.2 —
10.8 11.1 11.1
25.4
20.4
11.3
9.6
25.1 18.4 25.0 24.1 24.7
29.4
28.4 28.1 27. 9
33.5 29.6 44.6 36.4 40.0
9.8 5.9 9.9 9.8 9.8
4.6 3.4 6. 5 6.0 5. 9
5.2 3.4 5.8 6.3 6.4
8.9
9.8 9.6 9.5
12.1 ....... 10.7 10.5 10.6
25.4
24. 6 25.3 25.5
14. 4 14.9 16.1
20.3
11.4 8.5 11.0 11.9 12. 0
10.0 —
10.5 9.5 9.6
23.7
18.1
9.8
11.6
24.4
18.1
10.6
10.5
24.4
18.4
10.6 8.5
10.6 —
26.2 25.8 25.8
23.0 23. 5 23.7
11.1 11.6 11.6
12.4 11.3 11.1
4.6
9. 9
6.6
14.5
4.0
7. 2
6. 1
14.3
4.3 2.1 4.4 5.9 4.3
7. 5
6. 9 4.7 4. 6
6.0
14.1 ............. 14.1 13.5 14.1
3.1
8. 7
4.3
12.4
7.5
8. 0
4. 8
12.3
5.5 1.7
8.1
4. 6
12.5 .............
3.7
11.3
6.1
12.1
17.6
16.9
16.2
8.0
15.9
16.2
14.9
7.5
15.5
18.8 18. 5 18.6
15.9
18.9 18.8 18.9
1 16.2 115.4 115.2
14.8
7.6 5.3 7.1 6. 6 6.7
19.5
17.8
11.6
6.9
16.1
16.0
9.7
6.7
16.2
18.2 17.2 17.2
16.9
19.0 17.9 17.7
9.9
13. 7 11.9 11.9
6.8 5.3 7.0 6.5 6.7
45.0 72.4 69.6 69.6 65.7 84.4 87.5 87.3 50.0
30.0 52.9 52.5 52.2 35.8 56.8 56.8 56.6 32.0
17.5 16.8 17.5 —
16.2 15.7 15.3 .......
15.1 15.8 15.7
13.3 14.3 14.3
211.4 210.9 212.0
214.9 215.2 215.0
..... 58.8 51.9 49.9 ..... 53.3 47.6 43.4 .....
—
68.4 68.6 68.8 77.6 77.4 79.6 52.5
51.7 52.6 53.6 48.8 48.7 48.9 31.3
14.8 15.3 15.4 15.7 16.3 16.3 .......
13.0 12.7 13.0 13.6 14.6 14.5
35.6 34.4 33.9 32.7 32.3 34.3
57.6 49.8 47.1 66.0 49.9 49.7 —
2Per pound.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
23.-4 15.6 23.2
20. 6
26.8
41.1 26.5 42.9
10.6 5. 6 10.2
[383]
21. 7
26.2
41.3
10.4
22.5
26.2
43, 1
10.4
6.4 5.3
8. 5 8.1
7.4 7.0
11.0 11.0
66.6 66. 7 66.8
53.5 52.6 52.4
17.8 18.1 18.3
14.3 14. 5 14.9
35.6 33.0 34.0
63.8 59.6 54.2
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
168
T able 5 .—AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF FOOD IN
51 CITIES ON SPEC IFIED DATES—Continued
Seattle, Wash.
Article
Unit
Springfield, 111.
Washington, D. C.
June 15— May June June May
June June 15— May June
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15, 15,
1913 1925 1926 1926 1925 1926 1926 1913 1925 1926 1926
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
Sirloin steak_________ Pound........ 23.8 33. 6
Round steak,................ ___ do_____ 21. 5 29. 3
Rib roast_______ __... ..........d o .............. 20. 0 20. 0
Chuck roast.................. . ___ do_____ 16.8 18.7
33.8
29. 6
27. 0
19.6
34. 1
30. 5
27. 1
20.0
34.9
34. 5
23. 9
20.7
35.9
35.2
23. 9
22. 2
27. 5
23.9
21.6
17.9
45. 6
39. 1
34. 0
23.6
46. 6
40. 1
34.8
24.4
47. 2
4Ö. 4
34. 6
24.3
Plate beef___ _______
Pork chops...________
Bacon______ ,_______
Ham_______________
14.5
39. 0
54. 2
57.3
15.0
41. 0
57.0
60.2
15.1
45. 0
61.4
63.3
13.2 13.9 13.9
33.6 37. 2 38. 5
47.4 47. 5 49.6
51.0 52. 1 56.4
12. 1
20. 9
26.8
30.0
12. 5
40.9
47.2
59.4
13. 5
43.9
50. 0
60.0
13.8
45.5
53.2
62.0
Lamb, leg of_________ -----do......... 20.8 35.0
Hens___ ___________ -----do_____ 24.3 34.7
Salmon, canned, rod__ ___ do_____
32. 4
Milk, fresh_____ ____ Quart........ 8.5 12.0
38. 1
36.7
38. 5
12.7
37.6
36. 0
38. 8
13.0
39.0
35. 4
33. 7
12.5
40.5 44.0 20.9
36.8 36. 6 22. 6
41. 4 4 .9 4
12. 5 12.5 8.0
41.6
39.9
20 1
14.0
44.6
45.1
37 0
14. 0
48.1
44.9
37 0
14.0
Milk, evaporated_____
B u tte r...___________
Oleomargarine (all but
ter substitutes).
Cheese...........................
----- do_____
----- do_____
.......do..___
-----do_____
13.0
24. 2
31.7
30.8
35. 4
34.9
24. 1
22.3
15-16 oz. can.
10.4 10.7 10.8 11.8 11.7 11.8
11.7
Pound____ 35.0 49.4 49.7 49. 7 51. 1 48.8 49.3 37.4 55.4
___ do_____
29.8 30. 7 30. 7 30. 8 29. 8 30 3
29. 6
-----do_____ 21.7 34. 5 38.3 36.0 35.9 35.6 35.8 22.8 39.1
11.9 12.0
53.4 54.3
31. 3 31 4
38.5
-----do_____ 17.7 24. 0 23.9 24.3 22.9 20.6 22.8 14.8 22.6 20. 9
___ do_____ ----- 29. 2 28.7 27.9 28.4 28.0 28.0 ....... 25.0 25.1
Dozen____ 28.5 41.7 35.3 37. 2 36. 7 33.1 35.7 25.6 44.0 39. 9
Pound____ 5.5 9.9 9.7 9.7 10.3 10.1 10.1 5.7 8. 1 8.1
Flour______________ -----do_____ 2.9 5.7 5.1 5.0 6.2 6.2 6.3 3.8 6. 5 6. 6
Corn meal__________ -----do_____ 3. 1 5.5 4.9 5.0 5.5 5.1 5.2 2. 5 5.3 5. 2
Rolled oats__ _______ -----do_____
9. 0 9. 0 8. 9 10. 3 ¡0. 0 10 0
95 92
Corn flakes__________ 8-oz. pkg____ —
12.0 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.8 —
10.8 10.6
Lard_______________
Vegetable lard substi
tute.
Eggs, strictly fresh____
Bread__ ___ _______
37.8
22.8
25.6
43.9
8.2
6.7
5. 1
9_2
10.6
Wheat cereal_________
Macaroni__ ________
Rice___________ ___
Beans, navy_________
28-oz. pkg___
Pound____
-----do_____ 7.7
-----do_____
26.7
18. 3
12. 4
11.3
27. 3
18. 3
13.0
10.4
Potatoes____________
Onions________ ____
Cabbage........................
Beans, baked________
-----do_____ 1.1
-----do_____
___ do_____
No. 2 can__
4.5
9.3
6.3
14.4
4.8 4.0 3.1 5.8 5. 1 1.9 4.3 7.5 5.8
5. 6
11. 6 9. 5 8 9
10.1 7. 8 8 0
7.0 5. 0 6. 3
0. <8
64 5 9
10 8 10 7 If) 413. 6 13. 2 11. 8 11. 0 11 5
Com, canned.................
Peas, canned____ ____
Tomatoes, canned____
Sugar, granulated_____
-----do_____
19.7 19. 0 19.0 18.9 15. 7
-----do..........
20.8 20.5 20.1 18.6 16. 7
-----do...'___
118. 5 117.9 U7. 8 15. 3 13. 6
Pound__ _ 5.9 7.6 7.0 7.1 7.8 7.4
-----do_____ 50.0 79.5 78.3 78.2 78.0 76.1
-----do_____ 28.0 51.5 52. 2 52.7 52.9 53.1
-----do_____
15.1 15.3 15. 6 16.6 17.4
-----do_____
14.4 14. 6 14. 7 15. 3 15. 3
Dozen_____
213. 8 213. 5 213. 6. 28. 4 210. 0
57.9 50.5 46.9 66.2 56.5
-----do..........
Tea________________
Coffee............ ...............
Prunes..... ............ .........
Raisins............. ............
Bananas.........................
Oranges.........................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 No.
‘¿ 'A ,
can.
27.5 26.2 26.9 26.4
24.1
18. 3 20. L 19. 1 19.1
23 7
12. 9 10.8 11.6 11.2 9.6 11.8
10. 2 9. 7 8. 0 8 0
9. 6
15 0
17. 0
13. 7
7.5 4.9
15 0 10 0
16 7 16. 7
10 2 10 5
6.5 6.8
79.3 57.5 87.4 89.2 91.1
52.9 28.8 46. 5 48.3 48.6
17. 3
18. 2 18. 4 18. 5
15 4
210.3
50.3
2 Per pound.
[384]
17 1
17. 7
12 4
7.0
24.9 24.9
23. 8 23 7
13. 0 13.0
8. 0 8 7
13 0 14 5 14 8
34. 7 34 4 36 7
69.7 55.8 53.3
RETAIL PRICES OP POOD
169
Comparison of Retail Food Coils in 51 Cities
r"TABLE 5 shows for 39 cities the percentage of increase or decrease
* in the retail cost of food 2 in June, 1926, com pared w ith the
average cost in the year 1913, in June, 1925, and in M ay, 1926.
For 12 other cities comparisons are given for the one-year and the onem onth periods. These cities have been scheduled by the bureau at
different dates since 1913. The percentage changes are based on
actual retail prices secured each m onth from retail dealers and on the
average family consum ption of these articles in each city.3
6.—PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN THE RETAIL COST OP POOD IN JUNE, 1926,
COMPARED WITH THE COST IN MAY, 1926, JUNE, 1925, AND WITH THE AVERAGE
COST IN THE YEAR 1913, BY CITIES
T able
City
Percentage increase
June, 1926, com
pared with—
1913
June,
1925
Percent
age de
crease
June,
1926, com
pared
with
May,
1926
City
Percentage increase
June, 1926, com
pared with—
1913
62.1
Atlanta _______
Baltimore_______
Birmingham
Boston- __ . __
Bridgeport______
65.1
68. 0
67.3
58.4
5. 7
2. 8
2. 4
4. 9
4. 3
0. 5
0.9
1.6
1. 2
2.2
Minneapolis ___
Mobile___ ______
Newark _ _____
New Haven_____
New Orleans_____
Buffalo__ _______
Butte __
Charleston, S. C
Chicago______ __
Cincinnati______
66.3
5.9
11. 1
3. 2
3. 6
• 3.4
0. 5
0. 7
2. 6
0. 1
1.4
New York_______
Norfolk _______
Omaha________
Peoria- _ __ _ _
Philadelphia_____
62. 8
Cleveland _ ___
Columbus_______
Dallas_____
Denver- _
Detroit___ ______
63.9
4. 0
4. 1
0
1. 5
3. 1
0
0. 0
0. 8
20. 6
20.3
Pittsburgh____ __
Portland, Me--- __
Portland, Oreg...
ProvidenceRichmond_______
61. 8
1. 6
0. 3
0. 2
20. 3
20. 7
Rochester_______
St. Louis______
St. Paul_________
Salt Lake City__
San Francisco____
1.3
2. 4
1. 3
1. 1
1.0
0.3
Savannah __ ____
Scranton___
Seattle __ . ____
Springfield, 111
Washington, D. C—
61. 5
71. 6
62. 1
54. 3
46. 4
70. 8
55. 8
Pail River ______
Houston__
Indianapolis...........
Jacksonville __
Kansas C i ty __ -
57.3
59. 3
60.4
5. 7
i 1.3
5. 0
8.2
4.6
Little Rock______
Los Angeles-..........
Louisville______
Manchester __ Memphis-. __ _
Milwaukee______
52. 3
42. 9
57. 1
53. 2
52. 9
63. 5
4. 0
12.7
2. 7
4.4
3. 2
5. 2
53.4
56. 7
52.6
57.9
63. 7
40. 1
59. 3
70. 2
66.5
36. 1
50.6
64.9
48.0
69.3
June,
1925
Percent
age de
crease
June,
1926, com
pared
with
Mav,
1926
6. 6
1. 8
4. 3
4. 2
0. 5
20.4
22
4.7
5. 4
2. 1
4. 3
3.5
2. 6
0.5
1. 0
20. 5
0.9
2.8
4. 4
i 1. 4
5.2
4. 1
20. 7
0. 5
20. 1
0.3
1. 2
4.1
5.4
7.3
15.4
12.3
0. 2
20.4
0
2 1. 6
1.9
5.8
3.2
11.0
4.2
3.9
1.9
1. 2
0. 5
0.2
0.2
2. 3
2. 0
2. 7
1 Decrease.
2Increase.
2 For list of articles see note 6, p. 151.
3 The consumption figures used from January, 1913, to December, 1920, for each article in each city were
given in the November, 1918, issue, pp. 94 and 95. The consumption figures which have been used for each
month beginning with January, 1921, were given in the March, 1921, issue, p. 26.
2254°—2 6 t----- 12
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[385]
MONTHLY LABOE EEVIEW
170
Effort has been made by the bureau each m onth to have all sched
ules for each city included in the average prices. For the m onth
of June 99.1 per cent of all the firms supplying retail prices in the
51 cities sent in a report prom ptly. The following-named 40 cities
had a perfect record; th a t is, every m erchant wTho is cooperating
w ith the bureau sent in his report in tim e for his prices to be included
in the city averages: A tlanta, Baltimore, Birmingham, Boston,
Bridgeport, Buffalo, B utte, Chicago, Cincinnati, Columbus, Dallas,
D etroit, Houston, Indianapolis, Jacksonville, K ansas City, L ittle
Rock, Los Angeles, Louisville, M emphis, M ilwaukee, Minneapolis,
Newark, New Haven, New Orleans, Norfolk, Omaha, Peoria, Phila
delphia, Pittsburgh, Portland, M e.; Portland, Qreg.; Providence,
Richmond, Rochester, St. Paul, Salt Lake City, Savannah, Scranton,
and W ashington, D. C.
The following sum m ary shows the prom ptness wuth which the
m erchants responded in June, 1926.
RETAIL PRICE REPORTS RECEIVED DURING JUNE, 1920
Geographical division
Item
Percentage of reports received______
Number of cities in each section from
which every report was received______
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
United
States
North
South
Atlantic Atlantic
North
Central
South
Central
Western
99.1
99.0
99.4
99. 2
99.4
99.0
40
11
7
11
7
4
[3S6]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
171
Retail Prices of Coal in the United States a
n p H E following table shows the average retail prices of coal on
Jan u ary 15 and July 15, 1913, June 15, 1925, and M ay 15
and June 15, 1926, for the U nited States and for each of the
cities from which retail food prices have been obtained. The prices
quoted are for coal delivered to consumers but do not include charges
for storing the coal in cellar or coal bin where an extra handling is
necessary.
In addition to the prices for Pennsylvania anthracite, prices are
shown for Colorado, Arkansas, and New Mexico anthracite in those
cities where these coals form any considerable portion of the sales
for household use.
The prices shown for bitum inous coal are averages of prices of the
several kinds sold for household use.
AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES OF COAL PER TON OF 2,000 POUNDS, FOR HOUSEHOLD
USE, ON JANUARY 15 AND JULY 15, 1913, JUNE 15, 1925, AND MAY 15 AND JUNE 15, 1926
1913
1925
1926
City, and kind of coal
Jan. 15
United States:
Pennsylvania anthracite—■
Stove.. _ __
__ ______ _
Chestnut
__ _
_____
Bituminous
$7. 99
8.15
5. 48
July 15
$7. 46
7. 68
5.39
June 15
$15. 05
14. 84
8. 61
May 15
June 15
$15.41
15.18
8. 76
Atlanta, Ga.:
Bituminous_____________________
5.88
4.83
6. 67
7.37
Baltimore, Md.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—■
i 7. 70
i 7. 24
Stove____ _ ___________ . ..
1 15. 75
1 16. 00
Chestnuts _
__
17.93
i 7. 49
1 15. 25
1 15. 50
Bituminous ______________ ____
*7. 55
7. 71
Birmingham, Ala.:
Bituminous___ _______ ________
4. 01
4. 22
6. 82
7.05
Boston, Mass.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove. _ _
. _____ ____
7 ' 50
8. 25
15.75
16.00
Chestnut ___________________
8.25
7. 75
15.50
15.75
Bridgeport, Conn.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
15.00
Stove _ ___________________
15.00
Chestnut____________________
15.00
15.00
Buffalo, N. Y.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove
_________ _______
13.48
13. 75
6. 75
6. 54
Chestnut_______ ___________
13.39
6.99
6.80
13.14
Butte, Mont.:
Bituminous_____________________
11.07
10.83
Charleston, S. C.:
Bituminous_________ .
1 6. 75
11.00
i 6. 75
1 11.00
Chicago, 111.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove
_____ __
______ _
8.00
16.84
7.80
16. 30
Chestnut __
__ ______
16. 67
8. 25
8. 05
16.11
Bituminous__ ____________ _
4. 65
8.12
4.97
8.23
Cincinnati, Ohio:
Bituminous_______________
3.50
6. 56
3.38
6. 50
Cleveland, Ohio:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
14. 75
Stove...
_ __
14. 52
7. 50
7. 25
Chestnut______
__ ______
14. 37
14. 75
7. 50
7.75
Bituminous__________________ _
8. 57
4. 14
4.14
7.93
Columbus, Ohio:
Bituminous__________
______ _
6.04
6. 59
1 Per ton of 2,240pounds.
° Prices of coal were formerly secured semiannually and published in the March and September
Since June, 1920, these prices have been secured and published monthly.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[387]
$15 40
15 18
8. 67
7.37
1 16.00
1 15. 50
7.58
7. 08
16.00
15. 75
15.00
15.00
13. 75
13.46
11.07
11.00
16.84
16. 63
8.13
6.57
14.75
14. 75
8.56
6.58
issues.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
172
AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES OF COAL PER TON OF 2,000 POUNDS, FOR HOUSEHOLD
USE, ON JANUARY 15 AND JULY 15, 1913, JUNE 15, 1925, AND MAY 15 AND JUNE 15, 1926—
Continued
1913
1925
1926
City, and kind of coal
Jan. 15
Dallas, Tex.:
Arkansas anthracite—
Egg _____ ______ _____ ... ...
Bituminous ______ _
Denver, Colo.:
Colorado anthracite—■
Furnace, 1 and 2 m ixed___
Stove, 3 and 5 mixed.. ________
Bituminous ................. ................
Detroit, Mich.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove... . . ..
__________
Chestnut _ . ..
. . . . . . __
Bituminous . __________ __
Fall River, Mass.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove... _. __________ .
Chestnut____________________
Houston, Tex.:
Bituminous
_____________
Indianapolis, Ind.:
Bituminous
_______ _ _.
Jacksonville, Fla.:
Bituminous ___________
Kansas City, Mo.:
Arkansas anthracite—
Furnace _ ____ __________ _
Stove No. ^
__ ____ _
Bituminous
____ __________
Little Rock, Ark.:
Arkansas anthracite—
Egg ____________ _____
Bituminous . .............................
Los Angeles, Calif.:
Bituminous.. __ _______
Louisville, Ky.:
Bituminous _______________
Manchester, N. H.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove________ _____ _____
Chestnut_____ ________
Memphis, Tenn.:
Bituminous_____________ _ .
Milwaukee, Wis.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove... ______ ____
C hestnut___ __________
Bituminous.
Minneapolis, Minn.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove______________
Chestnut__ _ _________
Bituminous _____________
Mobile, Ala.:
Bituminous. _____________
Newark, N. J.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove__ .
_____
Chestnut _____
New Haven, Conn.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
S to v e ..______ _
Chestnut____________ ____
New Orleans, La.:
Bituminous
___
New York, N. Y.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove ______________
Chestnut ______ ________
Norfolk, Va.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove. . __________
Chestnut. . . . . . .
Bituminous. ___
2 Per 10-barrel lot (1,800 pounds).
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
July 15
June 15
May 15
June 15
•
$8. 25
$7. 21
$15.13
11. 56
$15. 17
11. 72
$14. 50
12. 22
8. 88
8. 50
5. 25
9. 00
8. 50
4. 88
15. 58
15. 83
9. 61
15. 50
15. 56
9. 19
15. 69
15. 69
9. 41
8.00
8. 25
5. 20
7. 45
7. 65
5. 20
15. 08
15. 08
8. 70
16.00
15. 50
9. 33
16. 00
15. 50
S. 24
8. 25
8. 25
7. 43
7. 61
15. 54
15. 38
16. 75
16. 25
16. 75
16. 25
11.17
11. 50
11. 00
3. 81
3. 70
6. 56
6. 56
6. 72
7.50
7. 00
12. 00
13. 00
12.50
4. 39
3. 94
13. 50
15. 00
8. 07
13. 50
15. 33
7. 84
13 50
15. 33
7. 48
6. 00
5. 33
10. 30
14. 00
10. 00
9. 85
13. 52
12. 50
15.13
15. 31
15.31
4. 20
4. 00
6.17
6. 33
6.31
10. 00
10.00
8. 50
8. 50
16. 50
16. 00
17. 00
17.00
17 00
17. Off
24. 34
24. 22
6. 85
6. 75
6.75
8. 00
8. 25
6. 25
7. 85
8. 10
5. 71
16. 50
16. 35
9. 08
16. 80
16. 65
9. 43
16.80
16. 65
8. 90
9. 25
9. 50
5.89
9. 05
9. 30
5.79
17. 80
17. 65
10 87
18 10
17. 98
11. 09
18. 10
17.95
11.02
8. 90
9. 23
9. 37
6. 50
6. 75
6. 25
6. 50
13. 50
13. 00
14. 00
13. 50
14. 00
13.50
7. 50
7. 50
6. 25
6. 25
14. 55
14. 55
15. 05
15 05
15. 05
15. 05
26. 06
26. 06
9. 21
9. 32
9. 46
7.07
7. 14
6. 66
6.80
14. 12
13. 78
14. 75
14. 50
14 75
14 50
15 00
15. 00
8. 52
15. 50
15. 50
8. 46
15. 50
15 50
8.41
[3881
RETAIL PRICES OP COAL
173
A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R I C E S F O R C O A L P E R T O N O F 2,000 POUNDS, F O R H O U S E H O L D U S E , O N J A N U A R Y 15 A N D J U L Y 15, 1913, J U N E 15, 1925, A N D M A Y 15 A N D
J U N E 15, 1926— C o n tin u e d
1913
1925
1926
City, and kind of coal
Ja n .15
Omaha, Nebr.:
Bituminous __
Peoria, 111.:
Bituminous ___ _
Philadelphia, Pa.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove_____
Chestnut____________
Pittsburgh, Pa.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Chestnut______________ _____
Bituminous _____ _______
Portland, Me.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove__ _ __ _
Chestnut____
Portland, Oreg.:
Bituminous......... .............. __
Providence, R. I.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove_________ ______
Chestnut.__ __________ __
Richmond, Va.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove __ ............... ...........
Chestnut
Bituminous __ ___
Rochester, N. Y.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove______
_ ..........
Chestnut___ _
St. Louis, Mo.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove_____________
Chestnut.__ _________ ____
Bituminous- ___
St. Paul,, Minn.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—.
Stove ___
Chestnut__
Bituminous
Salt Lake City, Utah:
Colorado anthracite—
Furnace, 1 and 2 mixed.............
Stove, 3 and 5 mixed____ _
Bituminous___
San Francisco, Calif.:
New Mexico anthracite—•
Cerillos egg_ __
Colorado anthracite—
Egg------------------------------ ------Bituminous __ _
Savannah, Ga.:
Bituminous __
Scranton, Pa.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove
Chestnut__
Seattle, Wash.:
Bituminous___
Springfield, 111.:
Bituminous. ___
Washington, D. C.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—•
Stove__ ._
Chestnut_____ ____
Bituminous—
Prepared sizes, low volatile _ _
Prepared sizes, high volatile. _.
Run of mine, mixed ............
$6. 63
July 15
$6.13
June 15
May 15
June 15
$9. 50
$9. 46
$9.42
6. 37
6.93
6.96
17.16
17.38
i 6. 89
i 7.14
1 14. 61
1 14.14
i 15. 79
1 15. 54
4 15. 79
4 15 54
18. 00
33.16
i 7.44
3 3.18
14. 63
6.69
15.25
6.13
15.13
5. 63
Ifi OS
16.08
10 50
ie! 56
16. 56
9. 79
9. 66
12.96
12. 27
11. 74
48. 25
4 8. 25
4 7.50
4 7. 75
4 15. 75
4 15. 50
4 16. 25
4 16. 00
4 16. 25
4 16. 00
8. 00
8. 00
5. 50
7. 25
7.25
4. 94
15.13
15.13
8.00
15. 00
15. 00
8. 68
15. 33
15. 50
8. 66
14 20
13. 85
14 on
14.15
14.
15
8. 44
8. 68
3.36
7. 74
7.99
3.04
16.20
15.95
6. 01
16. 70
16. 45
5. 87
16. 73
16.45
5. 87
9.20
9. 45
6. 07
9. 05
9. 30
6. 04
17. 80
17. 65
11.20
18.10
18.04
11.32
18.10
17. 95
11. 26
11.00
11.00
5. 64
11.50
11. 50
5. 46
18. 25
18.25
8. 41
18. 00
18. 00
8. 43
18. 00
18. 00
6. 62
17.00
17. 00
25.00
25. 00
25. 00
17. 00
12. 00
17. 00
12. 00
24. 50
16. 39
24. 50
16.22
24. 50
16. 22
{ 10. 25
4. 25
4.50
4.31
4. 56
7. 63
7. 70
i 7.50
i 7. 65
i 7. 38
17.53
10. 32
10.23
1
10. 88
10.92
10. 67
1
10. 88
10. 92
10. 67
9. 81
8. 21
8. 51
4. 38
4. 38
4. 35
i 15. 27
1 14. 75
1 15. 53
1 15. 22
4 15. 53
4 15. 22
1 10. 46
i 8. 38
i 7. 44
1 11. 08
49. 00
1 7. 75
1 10 67
19. 00
4 7. 75
1 P e r to n of 2,240 p o u n d s .
3 P e r 25-bushel lo t (1,900 p o u n d s ).
4 50 c e n ts p e r to n a d d itio n a l is ch a rg e d for “ b in n in g .” M o st c u sto m ers r e q u ire b in n in g or b a s k e tin g
th e coal in to th e cellar.
5 A ll coal sold in S a v a n n a h is w eig h ed b y th e c ity . A charge of 10 ce n ts p e r to n or h a lf to n is m a d e . T h is
a d d itio n a l charge h a s b e e n in c lu d e d in th e a b o v e prices.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[3 8 9 ]
400
375
359
200
175
150
[8 9 0 ]
125
100
75
50
40
1917
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1918
1919
!920
¡92!
¡922
¡923
¡924
¡925
isze
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
325
300
275
250
225
BETAIL PRICES OF COAL
175
The following table shows for the U nited States both average and
relative retail prices of Pennsylvania white ash anthracite coal, stove
and chestnut sizes, and bitum inous coal in January and July, 1913,
to 1924, and for each m onth of 1925 and January to June, 1926.
An average price for the year 1913 has been m ade from the averages
for January and July of th a t year. The average price for each
m onth has been divided by this average price for the year 1913 to
obtain the relative price.
The trend in the retail prices of coal since 1916 is shown in the
chart on the preceding page.
A V E R A G E A N D R E L A T IV E P R IC E S O F C O A L F O R T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S O N S P E C I
F I E D D A T E S F R O M J A N U A R Y , 1913, T O J U N E , 1926
Bituminous
Pennsylvania anthracite, white ash
Year and month
Average
price
1913Average for y e a r _____
January __________ _
July...'..____ _________
1914—
January______________
July ....................... ......
1915—
January............................
July...'._____ _________
1916—
January _ ____________
July I ______________
1917—
January ___________
July...'................ ..............
1918—
January______________
July ' _______ _______
1919—
January________ _____
July_____________ ____
1920—
January______________
July _______________
1921—
January______________
July . '...............................
1922—
January ____________
July ' ............................
1923—
January______________
July ' ______________
1924—
January________ _____
July
________ _____
1925—
January ____________
February______ ______
March_______ ______
April ________ ______
May ___________
June. _______ ______
July
______________
August
________ .
September_______ _
October_________ ____
November____________
December_____________
1926—
January _____________
February_____________
March..'............................
April
______________
May_________________
June_________________
Chestnut
Stove
Relative
price
Average
price
Relative
price
Average
price
Relative
price
$7. 73
7.99
7.46
100.0
103.4
96.6
$7. 91
8.15
7. 68
100.0
103.0
97.0
$5. 43
5.48
5.39
100.0
100.8
99.2
7. 80
7.60
100.9
98.3
8.00
7. 78
101.0
98.3
5.97
5.46
109.9
100.6
7.83
7. 54
101.4
97.6
7.99
7. 73
101.0
97.7
5.71
5.44
105.2
100.1
7.93
8.12
102.7
105.2
8.13
8. 28
102.7
104. 6
5.69
5.52
104.8
101.6
9.29
9.08
102.2
117.5
9.40
9.16
118.8
115.7
6. 96
7. 21
128.1
132.7
9.88
9. 96
127.9
128.9
10.03
10.07
126.7
127.3
7.68
7.92
141.3
145.8
11. 51
12.14
149.0
157.2
11.61
12.17
146.7
153.8
7.90
8.10
145.3
149.1
12.59
14.28
162.9
184.9
12.77
14.33
161.3
181.1
8.81
10.55
162.1
194.1
15. 99
14.90
207.0
192.8
16.13
14.95
203.8
188.9
11.82
10.47
217.6
192.7
14.98
14. 87
193.9
192.4
15.02
14.92
189.8
188.5
9.89
9.49
182.0
174.6
15.43
15.10
199.7
195.5
15.46
15.05
195.3
190.1
11.18
10.04
205.7
184.7
15.77
15.24
204.1
197.2
15.76
15.10
199.1
190.7
9. 75
8.94
179.5
164.5
15.45
15.43
15.41
15. 02
14.98
15.05
15.14
15.35
15. 64
15.87
200.0
199.7
199.4
194.4
193.8
194.8
196.0
198.6
202.4
205.4
15. 37
15. 34
15.32
14.83
14. 78
14.84
14. 93
15. 07
15.48
15.72
194.2
193.9
193.6
187.4
186.8
187.5
188.6
190.4
195. 7
198.6
9.24
9. 36
9.16
8. 75
8.63
8.61
8. 61
8. 69
9.11
9.24
9. 71
9. 74
170.0
172. 2
168. 6
161.0
158.8
158.4
158.5
159.8
167.7
169.9
178.6
179.2
9.74
9. 72
9.25
9.11
8. 76
8. 67
179.3
178.8
170.2
167.6
161.2
159.5
0
0
0
0)
0
«
«
0
0
0)
16.12
(1)
(1)
20S.6
t1)
0
0)
0
15.54
15.41
15.40
201.2
199.5
199.3
15.91
15.37
15.18
15.18
201.1
194.2
191.8
191.8
-
1 In su fficien t d a ta .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[391]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
178
Retail Prices of Gas in the United States
H E net price per 1,000 cubic feet of gas for household use in
each of 51 cities is shown in the following table. In this
table the average family consumption of m anufactured gas
is assumed to be 3,000 cubic feet per m onth. In cities where a
service charge or a sliding scale is in operation, families using less
than 3,000 cubic feet per m onth pay a somewhat higher rate than
here shown, while those consuming more than this am ount pay a
lower rate. The figures here given are believed to represent quite
closely the actual m onthly cost of gas per 1,000 cubic feet to the
average wage-earner’s family. Prices for natural gas have been
quoted for those cities where it is in general use. These prices are
based on an estim ated average family consumption of 5,000 cubic
feet per m onth. For Buffalo and Los Angeles prices are given for
natural and m anufactured gas mixed.
T
M E T P R I C E P E R 1,000 C U B IC F E E T O F G A S B A S E D O N A F A M I L Y C O N S U M P T I O N
O F 3,000 C U B IC F E E T , I N S P E C I F I E D M O N T H S F R O M A P R I L , 1913, T O J U N E , 1926, B Y
C IT IE S
M a n u fa c tu r e d gas
City
I
|
I
Apr. Apr. Apr. 'Apr. Apr. Apr. 'Apr. Apr. May|Mar. Mar. Mar. Juno June Dec. June
15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, I 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15,
1913 1914 1915'1916 1917 1918 ! 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 T924 1924 1925 1925 1926
|
!
|
.
Atlanta_______ $1.00 $1. 00 $1. 00 $1. 00 $1. 00 $1. 00 $1.15 $1. 15 $1. 90 $1. 65 $1. 65 $1. 55 $1. 55 $1. 55 $1. 55 $1. 55
Baltimore. ____ . 8( . 8C . 81 .75 . To . 75! . 75 . 75 .75 .92 .92 .85 .85 .85 .85 .85
Birmingham___ 1.00 .95 .95 . 95 .95 . 95l . 95 .95 .88 .88 .80 .80 .80 .80 .80 .80
____ .81 .81 . 8( . 8( .81 .86 1. as 1. 01 1. 4t 1. 31 1. 25 1.20 1. 20 1. 18 1. 18 1. 18
Boston.
B r i d g e p o r t _____ 1. 00 1.00 1. Ot 1.00 1.00 1.001 1.10 1.10 1.47 1.60 1.50 1. 50 1. 45 1. 45 1.45 1.45
B u ffalo_______ __
B u t t e ___________
C h a r l e s t o n . ____
C h icago _________
C le v e la n d .. ______
1.00
1. 49
1. 10
. 8C
.80
1. 00
1. 49
1. 10
.80
.80
1.00
1. 49
1. 00
.86
.80
1.00
1.49
1.10
. 72!
.80
1.45
1.49
1. 10
. 90
.80
D e n v e r ________
D e tr o it__________
F a ll R iv e r ____ .
H o u sto n _______
In d ia n a p o lis ____
.85
.75
.80
1.00
.60
.80 .80 .80 .80
.75 75 .75 . 75
.80 .80 .80 .80
1.00 1. 00 1.00 1. 00
.55 .55 .55 .55
.85
.75
.95
1. OC
. 55
.95 . 95 .95
.79 .7 9 .85
.95 1. 05 1.25
1. 00 1. 09 1. 09
.60 . 60 .90
J a c k s o n v ille ____
M a n c h e s te r_____
M e m p h is _______
M ilw a u k e e _____
M in n e a p o lis _____
1. 20
1. 10
1. 00
. 75
.85
1. 20
1. 10
1.00
.75
.80
1.00
1. 49
1. 10
. 8C
.80
1. 15
1. 00
1.00
. 75
.80
1. 00
1. 49
1. 10
. 8C
.80
1. 15
1. 00
1. 00
. 75
.77
1. 15 1. 25 1. 25
1. 00 1. 06 1. 18
.93 .93 .93
. 75
. 75
75
.77 . 77 .95
1. 45
1. 49
1. 25
.87
.80
1. 50
1. 18
1. 27
. 75
.95
1.45
2. 10
1. 55
1. 2C
.80
1. 75
1. 58
1.35
.90
1.28
1. 45
2. 10 2. 10
1.55 1. 55
1. 07 1. 07
.80 .80
.95
.79
1. 15
1. 09
.90
.95
.79
I. 15
1. 09
1. 20
2. 10 2. 10 2. 10 2. 10
1. 55 1.55 1.55 1.55 1. 55
1. 02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02
1. 25 1. 25 1.25 1.25 1.25
.95 .95 .95 .95 .95
.79 .82 .82 .82 .79
1. 15 1. 15 1. 15 1. 15 1.15
1. 09 1.09 1.05 1. 05
1. 15 1.15 1. 10 1.10 1.05
1. 75
1. 48
1.35
.90
1. 02
1. 65
1. 48
1. 20
.86
1. 03
1. 97
1. 38
1. 20
.82
1. 00
1.97
1. 38
1. 20
.82
1. 01
1. 97
1. 38
1.20
.82
.95
1. 97
1.38
1.20
.82
.93
1.97
1. 38
1.20
.82
.97
M o b i l e . . _______ 1. 10 1. 10 1. 10 1.10 1. 10 1.10 1. 35 1. 35 1. 80 1.80 1. 80 1. 80 1. 80 1.80 1. 80 1.80
N e w a rk . _______ 1. 00 .90 .90 .90 .90 . 97 .97 1. 15 1.40 1. 40 1. 25 1. 25 1. 20 1. 20 1. 20 1 20
N ew H a v e n ___ _ .90 .90 .90 .90 .80 1. 00 1. 00 1. 10 1. 27 1. 27 1. 18 1. 18 1. 18 1. 13 1. 13 1. 13
N ew O rlean s____ 1. 10 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 30 1. 30 1. 30 1. 45 1. 30 1.30 1. 30 1. 30 1. 30 1.30
N ew Y o rk ______
.84 .84 . S3 .83 .83 .83 .85 .87 1. 40 1. 32 1. 23 1. 23 1.23 1. 23 1.23 1.23
N o rfo lk _______
1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 20 1. 20 1. 60 1.40 1. 45 1. 40 1 40 1. 40 1 40 1 40
O m a h a ______________ 1. 15 1.15 1. 15 1. 00 1. 00 1. 15 1.15 1.15 1. 47 1. 27 1. 18 1. 18 1.18 1. 08 1.08 1. 08
P eo ria___________ .90 .90 .90 . 90 .85 . 85 .85 .85 1. 20 1. 20 1. 20 1. 20 1. 20 1. 20 1. 20 1. 20
P h ila d e lp h ia ____ 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1.00 1. 00 1.00 1. 00 1.00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1.00 1. 00 1.00 1.00
P i t t s b u r g h ........... 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1.00 1.00
P o rtla n d , M e ___ 1. 10 1. 00 1. 00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1. 40 1. 40 1. 85 1. 75 1. 55 1. 55 1. 55 1.55 1. 55 1. 50
P o rtla n d , O r e g ... .95 .95 .95 .95 .95 .95 .95 .95 1. 38 1. 25 1. 16 1. 16 1. 16 1. 16 1. 16 1. 19
P r o v id e n c e ........
.85 .85 .85 .85 .85 1. 00 1. 30 1. 30 1.42 1.42 1. 27 1 . 22 1. 22 1. 17 1. 17 1. 17
R ic h m o n d ___
.90 .90 .90 .80 .80 .80 1. 00 1. 00 1. 30 1.30 1. 30 1. 30 1. 30 1. 30 1.30 1 30
R o c h e ste r...........
.95 .95 .95 .95 .95 .95 .95 .95 1. 18 1. 10 1. 05 1. 00 1.00 1. 00 1.00 1. 00
St. L o u is________
.80 .80 .80 .80 . 75 . 75 . 75 .85 1. 05 1. 05 1. 00 1.00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00
St. P a u l_________
.95 .90 .90 .85 .85 .85 .85 . 85 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 .85 .85 .85 .85 Qi)
S alt L a k e C i t y . . . .87 .87 .87 .87 .87 .87 1. 15 1.35 1. 57 1. 57 1. 57 1. 57 1. 57 1. 53 1. 53 1.53
.75 .85 .85 .85 .85 .85 .95 .9 5 1. 05 1. 04 .92 1. 00 1. 00 1. 05 .95 . 95
S an F ran cisc o ___
S a v a n n a h ______
1. 25 1. 60 1. 60 1. 45 1. 45 1. 45 1. 45 1. 45 1 45
S c ra n to n ................. .95 .95 .95 .95 .95 1. 15 1. 30 1. 30 1. 70 1. 70 1. 60 1. 50 1. 50 1. 50 1.50 1.50
S e a ttle . ________ 1.00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 20 1. 20 1. 45 1. 45 J. 45 1. 45 1. 45 1. 45 1. 45 1. 45 1.45
S pringfield, 1 1 1 ... 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1.00 1. 10 1. 10 1. 40 1. 40 1. 40 1. 35 1. 35 1.35 1.35 1. 25
W a sh in g to n , D .C
.93 .93 .93 .93 .80 .90 .95 .95 1. 25 1. 10 1. 05 1. 00 1. 00 1.00 1.00 1. 00
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[392]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
178
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW
NET PRICE PER 1,000 CUBIC EEET OF GAS, BASED ON A FAMILY CONSUMPTION
OP 5,000 CUBIC FEET, IN SPECIFIED MONTHS FROM APRIL, 1913, TO JUNE, 1926, BY
CITIE S—Continued
N a tu r a l gas
Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. May Mar. Mar. Mar. June June Dec. June
15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15 15,
1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1924 1925 1925 1926
City
Buffalo__ ____ $0.30 $0.30 $0.30 $0. 30 $0.30 $0.30 $0.35 $0.35 $0.35 $0. 42
Cincinnati_____ .30 .30 .30 .30 .35 . 35 .35 .35 .35 .50 $0. 50 $0. 50 $0. 50 $0. 75 $0. 75 $0. 75
Cleveland........ . .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .35 .35 .35 .40 .40 .55 .55 .55 .60 .60
Columbus __ __ .30 .30 .30 .30 30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .45 .45 .45 .45 .55 .55 .55
Dallas. ______ .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .68 .68 .68 .68 .68 .74 .74 .74
Kansas City, Mo. . 27 .27 . 27 .27 .30 .60 .80 .80 .90 .90 .95 .95 .95 .95 .95 .95
Little Rock____ .40 .40 .40 .40 .40 .40 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .65 .65 .65 . 65 .05
Louisville_____
.45 .45 .45 .45 .45 . 45 . 45 .45 .45 .45 .45 . 45 . 45 . 45 . 45
Pittsburgh_____ .28 .28 .28 .28 .28 .28 .35 .35 .45 .50 .50 .53 .53 .60 .60 .60
M a n u f a c tu r e d a n d n a t u r a l g a s m ix e d
B u f f a l o ____________
L o s A n g e l e s ______
—
I I
_
!
!
$ 0 . 6 2 Î$ 0 .62 $0. 60'$0. 00'$0. 6<i !$0. 65
_____ j$0. 68|$0. 68|$0. 68 $0. 68j$0. 75 $ 0 . 7 5 j$ 0 .75 $0. 70| . 68| ' . 6 8
. 681 . 681 . 68| . 68
From the prices quoted on m anufactured gas average prices have
been com puted for all of the cities combined and are shown in the
next table for April 15 of each year from 1913 to 1920, and for M ay
15, Septem ber 15, and December 15, 1921, M arch 15, June 15,
Septem ber 15, and December 15, 1922, 1923, and 1924, June 15,
and December 15, 1925, and June 15, 1926. These prices are based
on an estim ated average family consumption of 3,000 cubic feet
instead of the first 1,000 cubic feet as heretofore published.
Relative prices have been com puted by dividing the price of each
year by the price in April, 1913.
The price of m anufactured gas in June, 1926, showed an increase •
of 29.5 per cent since April, 1913. From December, 1925, to June,
1926, there was no change in the price of gas.
The trend in the retail prices of m anufactured gas since 1916 is
shown in the chart on page 177.
AVERAGE AND RELATIVE NET PRICE PER 1,000 CUBIC FEET OP MANUFACTURED
GAS, BASED ON A FAMILY CONSUMPTION OF 3,000 CUBIC FEET IN SPECIFIED
MONTHS OF EACH YEAR, 1913 TO 1926
Date
Apr. 15,1913....... .............. .
Apr. 15,1914___________ _
Apr. 15,1915______________
Apr. 15,1916________ _____
Apr. 15,1917..___ ________
Apr. 15,1918______________
Apr. 15,1919____________ _
Apr. 15, 1920______________
May 15,1921____________ _
Sept. 15,1921_____________
Dec. 15,1921.......... .................
Mar. 15, 1922........................
June 15, 1922.................... ........
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Average
net price
Relative
price
$0.95
.94
. 93
.92
.91
. 95
1. 04
1. 09
1. 32
1. 31
1. 30
1. 29
1.27
100. 0
98.9
97. 9
96. 8
95.8
100. 0
109. 5
114. 7
138. 9
137. 9
136. 8
135. 8
133. 7
Date
Sept. 15, 1922 ............... ........
Dec. 15/1922 .
Mar. 15, 1923 ....................
June 15/1923
Sept. 15, 1923 __________
Dec. 15/1923
Mar. 15,1924
June 15,1924
Sept. 15,1924
Dec. 15,1924
June 15", 1925
Dec. 15/ 1925
..... .........
June 15/ 1926______
[394]
Average Relative
net price price
$1. 26
1. 25
1. 25
1. 24
1. 24
1. 25
1 24
1. 24
1. 24
1. 24
1. 23
1. 23
1. 23
132 6
131. 6
131 6
130 5
130. 5
131 0
130 5
130. 5
130 5
130 5
129 5
129. 5
129. 5
M O N T H L Y LAB Oil BE V IEW
179
Retail Prices of Electricity in the United States
H P H E following table shows for 51 cities the net rates per kilow atthour of electricity used for household purposes for specified
m onths, from 1913 to 1926. For the cities having more than
one tariff for domestic consumers the rates are shown for "the schedule
under which m ost of the residences are served.
The consum ption per m onth is expressed in hours of demand for
several of the cities from which prices for electricity have been ob
tained. Since the dem and is determined by a different m ethod in
each city, the explanation of these methods is given on page 184.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[395]
NET PRICE PER KILOWATT-HOUR POR ELECTRICITY FOR HOUSEHOLD USE IN SPECIFIED MONTHS, 1913 TO JUNE, 1926, FOR 51 CITIES
l—i
OO
‘— >
City
Atlanta.
Baltimore 2_________
Birmingham_______
Boston:
Company A___
Company B .
Bridgeport_____
Buffalo 2 __
Measure of consumption, per month
First 100 kilowatt-hours
First 20 hours’ use of demand
Next kilowatt-hours up to 800______
First 100 kilowatt-hours__________
De De
cem cem
ber, ber,
1913 1914
De
cem
ber,
1915
1 7. 0
*8. 5
Cents Cents
1 7. 0 i 7 0
38. 5 3 8. 5
68. 5
e 8. 5
C ents
58. 5
First 1,000 kilowatt-hours________ 610. 0 8 10. 0 6 10. 0
___ do____ _____ _____________ _ 610. 0 610. 0 9 10. 0
All current.. ______ . .. _______
9. 0
7. 0
8. 0
First 60 hours’ use of demand _ . __
7. 0
7. 0
7. 0
Next 120 hours’ use of demand. ____
5.0
5.0
4.0
Excess.. ._ . . ___ ________...
1. 5
1. 5
1. 5
First 25 kilowatt-hours______ _____ 89. 5 89. 5 89. 5
Butte_______
Next 25 kilowatt-hours___________
Charleston__
First 50 kilowatt-hours___ ________ 910. 0 9 10. 0 910. 0
Next 50 kilowatt-hours
8. 0
80
80
*o Chicago 2_____________ First 30 hours’ use of demand _____ 10. 0 10. 0 10. 0
35
Next 30 hours’ use of demand___ _ _ 5.0
5.0
5.0
Excess___ . .. __________________
4.0
3.0
3.0
Cincinnati2___
First 30 hours’ use of demand___
9. 5
9. 5
8. 5
Next 30 hours’ use of demand__ . .. .
6.7
6. 7
6. 5
Excess.... ......................... .......... .........
3.8
3.8
3. 5
Cleveland:
Company A . . __
First 500 kilowatt-hours___________ i° 10. 0 i° 10. 0 1» 10. 0
Excess__
_. ______________
5. 0
5. 0
5. 0
All current. _____ ____________ ii 8. 0
Company B ..
3. 0
3. 0
Next 690 kilowatt-hours
5. 0
Columbus . ..
First 75 kilowatt-hours_________
6 7. 0 « 7. 0 6 7. 0
First 800 kilowatt-hours__ _______ 10. 0 10. 0 10. 0
Dallas____
Denver_____
All current.
_ _. __
....
8. 0
8. 0
8. 0
Detroit_______________ First 3 kilowatt-hours per active room.. » 12. 6 is 12. 6 is 12. 6
Excess.. . .................. ....... . ...
3. 6
3. 6
3. 6
Fall River.. _________ First 25 kilowatt-hours __________ 1<9. 5 » 9. 5 ii 8. 6
Next 975 kilowatt-hours
1« 12. 4
8. 1
8. 1
Houston2
First 30 hours’ use of demand..
4. 5
7.0
4. 5
Excess__________________ ______
Indianapolis:
First 50 kilowatt-hours____________ I? 7.5 17 7.5 is 6. 5
Company A
>95. 0
Next 150 kilowatt-hours
First 50 kilowatt-hours____________ » 7.0 u 7. Ò is 6. 5
Company B
Next 150 kilowatt-hours _ _
19 5. 0
7.Ó
7.0
7.0
Jacksonville...................... All current.................................... ......
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
De De
cem cem
ber, ber,
1916 1917
De De
cem cem
ber, ber,
1918 1919
De
cem
ber,
1920
De
cem
ber,
1921
De De
cem cem
ber, ber,
1922 1923
De
cem June,
1925
ber,
1924
De
cem Juno,
1926
ber,
1925
C ents
C ents
17.0
C ents
8. 0
3 8. 0
C en ts
C ents
C ents
C en ts
C en ts
38. 0
7. 7
C en ts
C en ts
C ents
7.7
7.7
7.7
10. 0
«9. 5
69. 5
7.5
6. 0
4.0
1. 5
8.0
4. 0
10. 0
9.5
9.5
7.0
6.0
4.0
1.5
8.0
4.0
10.0
9. 5
9. 5
6. 5
5.0
4.0
1.5
8.0
4.0
10.0
8. 5
8.5
6. 5
5.0
4.0
1. 5
8.0
4.0
10.0
9. 0
5.0
3. 0
8. 5
6. 5
3.5
G. 0
5.0
3.0
8. 5
6. 5
3.5
8. 0
5.0
3.0
8. 5
6. 5
3.5
8.0
5:o
3.0
8.5
6.5
3.5
8.0
5.0
3.0
8. 5
6. 5
3. 5
8.0
5.0
3.0
8.5
6.5
3.5
6 5.0
9 5. 0
6 5. 0
6 5.0
« 5.0
8 5.0
« 5.0
5. 0
3. 0
3. 0
3. 0
3.0
87. 0 87. 0 67. 0 97. 0 57. 0 « 7. 0 67. 0
6. 0
6. 0
10. 0 10. 0
7. 0
6. 0
6. 0
8. 0
8. 0
8.0
8. 0
8. 0
8. 0
8.0
« 12. 6 13 12. 6 1312. 6 13 12. 6 12. 6 12. 6 10.8
3. 6
3. 6
3. 6
3. 6
3. 6
3. 6
3. 6
» 8. 6 11 8. 6 i*9. 5 is 10. 5 1* 10. 5 I* 10. 5 15 9.5
« 7.0
6.0
8.0
10.8
3. 6
9.0
8. 5
7. 2
4. 5
87.0
6.0
8.0
10.8
3.6
9.0
8.5
7. 2
4. 5
67.0
6.0
8.0
10.8
3. 6
9.0
8. 5
7. 2
4. 5
67.0
6.0
8. 0
10.8
3.6
9.0
8. 5
7.2
4.5
7.0
6. 0
8.0
9.0
3. 6
8.5
7.5
7.2
4. 0
7.0
7.0
6. 5
7.0
6. 5
7.0
6.8
6.3
6.8
0.3
7.0
6.8
6. 3
6.8
6.3
7.0
6.8
6.3
6. 8
6. 3
7.0
8. 0
38. 0
8. 1
38. 0
8. 1
38. 0
7. 7
7. 7
6 10. 0 6 10. 0 7 11. 2
8 10. 0 8 10. 0 711. 5
7. 0
7. 0
8. 0
7. 0
7. 0
7. 0
4.0
4.0
4.0
1. 5
1. 5
1. 5
89. 5 89. 5 89. 5
7 n. 4
7 11.4
8. 0
7.0
4.0
1.5
7 11. 8 7 11. 0
7 11. 8 7 11. 0
8. 5
8. 5
7.0
7. 0
4.0
4. 0
1. 5
1. 5
89. 5 8 9. 5 89. 5
89. 5
89. 5
7. 5
7. 0
4.0
1. 5
s 9. 5
9 10. 0 9 10. 0 910. 0
8. 0
8. 0
8. 0
9. 0
9. 0
9.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
3.0
3.0
3 .0
8. 5
8. 5
8. 5
6. 5
6. 5
6. 5
3 .5
3. 5
3. 5
10. 0
10. 0
10. 0
9. 0
5.0
3.0
8. 5
6. 5
3.5
9.0
5.0
3.0
8. 5
6.5
3.5
1010. 0
5. 0
3. 0
i° 10. 0 i° 10.0
5. 0
5 .0
3 .0
3. 0
8.1
4.5
19 10. 0
5. 0
3. 0
7. 7
8. 1
4. 5
7. 2
4. 5
is 6. 5 is 6. 5 186. 5 is 6. 5 18 7.5 18 7.5
205. 0 20 5. 0 196. 0 i" 6. 0 197 . 0 I« 7. 0
I«' 6. 5 is 6. 5
« 6. 5 187. 5 is 7. 5
19 5. 0 19 5. 0 19 5. 0 19 5. 0 18 7. 0 19 7. 0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
6. 5
7.0
6. 5
7.0
8. 1
4. 5
1
4.5
8.
8. 1
4. 5
7. 7
8. 1
38. 0
8. 1
4. 5
3. 1
1 8.0
7.0
6. 5
7.0
S. 1
4 8.0
C en ts
8. 1
8.0
4.0
7.7
17 0
38. 5
57 7
8. 1
48. 0
8.1
8.0
4.0
7.7
8. 5
8.5
' 6. 5
5.0
4.0
1. 5
8.0
4.0
10.0
_____
S.O
5.0
3.0
8.5
6- 5
_____
3.0 42 3.0 12 3.0 42 3. 0
g
S
2
H
5
a
Y
^
M
td
O
Sd
<3
g
H
<
24 9.9 249. 9 249.9 24 7.6 228.4
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
5. 0
2. 5
10. 0
5.0
2. 5
10.0
5. 0
2. 5
10.0
5. 0
2. 5
10. 0
5.0
2.5
10.0
5. 6
5. 6
5. 6
5. 6
9. 5
7. 6
12. 0
6. 0
8. 0
5. 0
8. 6
7. 6
12. 0
6. 0
8. 0
5. 0
8. 6
7. 6
12. 0
6. 0
8. 0
5. 0
7.6
7. 6
12. 0
6. 0
8. 0
5. 0
7.6
7. 6
12. 0
6. 0
8. 0
5. 0
7.6
7. 6
12. 0
6. 0
8. 0
5.0
7.6
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
1.9
1.9
1.9 28 2.7 282. 7 262.7
3.8
3.1
3.1
3. 1
7. 6
9. 5
8.6
8.1
9. 5 10. 5
9.5
9. 5
8. 6
9. 5
5.7
5. 7
7. 1
7. 1
495. 7 495. 7
7. 1
7.8
7. 1
7.1
7.0
7. 0
8. 0 11. 7
9. 9
8.0
9. 0
9. 0
7. 0
9. 0
4810. 0 4810. 0 4810. 0 4810. 0 4810. 0 4310. 0 4810. 0 4810. 0 48 9. 0 489.0
3.1
9. 5
7. 1
9. 0
9.0
8.0
7.0
9. 1
7.8
3. 1
9. 5
7. 1
9. 0
9.0
8.0
6. 5
9. 1
7.8
3.1
9. 5
7. 1
9. 0
9.0
8.0
6. 5
9.1
7.8
3.1
9.5
7.1
9.0
9.0
8.0
6. 5
9.1
7.8
4. 5
10. 0
4. 5
10. 0
4.8
10.0
5.2
10. 0
5. 6
10. 0
5. 4
10. 0
5. 4
10. 0
5.5
5. 5
5. 5
5. 5
5. 5
5. 5
6. 2
6. 2
5.5
5. 5
5. 5
5. 5
5. 5
6. 2
6. 2
7. 6
7. 6
7.6
7. 6
7. 6
7. 6
7. 6
7. 6
« 11. 4 811. 4 8 11.4 6 11. 4 23 12. 0 23 12. 0 23 12. 0 23 12. 0
23 6. 0 23 6. 0 23 6. 0 23 6. 0
8 10. 0 910. 0 610. 0 24 6. 0 24 6.0 24 6.0 39.0 39. 0
25 10. 5 2810. 5 28 9.5 289.5 2810. 3 2810. 3 2810. 3
284. 8 294. 8 29 4.8 29 4.8 28 5.6 28 5. 6 285.6
8. 0
3912. 0
49 6.0
7. 0
7.0
6.0
1 First 150 kilowatt-hours.
2 For determination of demand see explanation following table.
3 First 50 kilowatt-hours.
4 First 40 kilowatt-hours.
5 The gross rate is 10 cents per kilowatt-hour with discounts of 10 per cent for a monthly
consumption of 1 to 25 kilowatt-hours and 15 per cent for a monthly consumption of 25
to 150 kilowatt-hours. The average family used 25 or more kilowatt-hours per month.
6 All current.
7 All current. Price includes a coal charge, and surcharges of 10 per c'ent from Decem
ber, 1918, through December, 1919, and 5 per cent from December, 1920, through
December, 1921.
8 First 100 kilowatt-hours.
8 First 25 kilowatt-hours. .
10 First 36 hours’ use of demand. For determination of demand, see explanation
following table.
11 First 10 kilowatt-hours.
12 Service charge 30 cents per month additional.
43 First 2 kilowatt-hours per active room.
14 First 200 kilowatt-hours.
15 First 500 kilowatt-hours.
16 First 2 kilowatt-hours per 16 candlepower of installation.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4. 5
10.0
22 9.0 24S.7 248.7 21 8. 7
7. 0
7.0
6.0
7.0
7.0
6.0
8.0
9. 1
7.8
8. 0
9. 1
7.8
8. 5
9. 1
7.8
8. 5
9.1
7.8
5. 4
10. 0
5. 6
8. 0
9. 1
7.8
7. 5
9.1
7.8
17 All current. This rate applies to a 5-year contract with a minimum charge of $1
per month. For a 1-year contract, the rates per kilowatt-hour are 10 cents without a
minimum charge, or 9% cents with a minimum of $1 per month.
18 First 1.5 kilowatt-hours per socket for not less than 10 sockets, 1 kilowatt-hour per
socket for the next 10 sockets, and 0.5 kilowatt-hour per socket for excess sockets.
49 Excess.
20Next 1.5 kilowatt-hours per socket for not less than 10 sockets, 1 kilowatt-hour per
socket for the next 10 sockets, and 0.5 kilowatt-hour per socket for excess sockets.
21 First 3 kilowatt-hours per active room; minimum, 3 rooms.
22 First 3 kilowatt-hours per room; minimum, 3 rooms. Price for December, 1918,
includes a surcharge of 10 per cent, and December, 1919, a surcharge of 14 per cent.
23 Surcharge, 25 cents per month additional.
24 First 80 kilowatt-hours. There is an additional charge of 30 cents per month, with
a refund the end of the year any amount paid in excess of 73^ cents per kilowatt-hour.
25 First 4 kilowatt-hours for each of the first 4 active rooms and the first 2H kilowatthours for each additional active room.
26 Same schedule as in December, 1917, plus a surcharge of 8 mills.
27 And the first 2Y i kilowatt-hours for each additional active room.
28 Additional energy up to 100 kilowatt-hours.
28Additional energy until a total of 7 kilowatt-hours per active room shall have been
consumed.
30 First 30 hours’ use of connected load.
R E TA IL PR IC E OP E LE C T R IC ITY
Kansas City............ ......... First 5 kilowatt-hours per active room. 249. 9
(minimum, 3 rooms).
Next 5 kilowatt-hours per room. ___
4.5
Excess...
.. ______ _______
Little Rock__
First 200 kilowatt-hours___________ 513. 5
Los Angeles:
First 100 kilowatt-hours___________
5. 5
Company A
Company B .
d o .._________ ______________
5. 5
1 to 149 kilowatt-hours____________
7. 6
Louisville.
First 25 kilowatt-hours____________ 611. 4
Manchester.
Next 50 kilowatt-hours _______ ...
First 6 kilowatt-hours per room_____ « 10. 0
Memphis____
Excess.
____ _____ ___________
Milwaukee__________ _ First 5 kilowatt-hours for each of the 2811.4
first 5 active rooms.27
Additional energy up to 9 kilowatt- 284.8
hours for each active room.
Excess_____________ _____ ____
3.8
First
3 kilowatt-hours per active room. 8.6
Minneapolis__________
Next 3 kilowatt-hours per active room. 49 5. 7
First 50 kilowatt-hours____ _______
Mobile .
7. 0
N ew ark______ _
First 20 kilowatt-hours____ _______ 4810. 0
Next 480 kilowatt-hours.___ ___ _
New Haven.
All current.
___ _ __________ 9. 0
First 20 kilowatt-hours 23_............... . 3013. 0
New Orleans__
Next 30 kilowatt-hours....................... 48 6.0
oo
NET PRICE PER KILOWATT-HOUR FOR ELECTRICITY FOR HOUSEHOLD USE IN SPECIFIED MONTHS, 1913 TO JUNE, 1926, FOR 51 CITIES—Continued
City
New York:
Company A_.
Company B..
Company C 2
Norfolk_____ _
Omaha........ .......
Peoria......... ......
Philadelphia:
Company A.
Company B .
Pittsburgh 2_.___
Portland, M e...
Portland, Oreg.:
Company A.
Company B
Providence____
Richmond____
Rochester_____
St. Louis:
Company A
Company B
St. Paul.
Salt Lake City..
San Francisco:
Company A.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Measure of consumption, per month
First 1,000 kilowatt-hours__________
All currents 3L_„.______ . . . . . . . . . __
First 60 hours’ Use of demand______
First 60 kilowatt-hours____________
All current__________________ __
Next 125 kilowatt-hours. . . _________
First 5 kilowatt-hours for each of the
first 2 rooms.35
Second 5 kilowatt-hours for each of
the first 2 rooms.35
De
cem
ber,
1913
C e n ts
De
cem
ber,
1915
De
cem
ber,
1916
De De
cem cem
ber, ber,
1917 1918
De
cem
ber,
1919
De De
cem cem
ber, ber,
1920 1921
De De
cem cem
ber, ber,
1922 1923
De
De
cem June, cem June,
ber, 1925 ber, 1926
1924
1925
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
33 10. 0
10.0
11. 0
89. 0
3011. 4
18 5. 7
369.9
34 10. 0 32 8. 0 32 8. 0
10.0 10. 0 10. 0
11.0 11. 0 11. 0
89. 0 89. 0 89.0
38 10. 5 88.0 «8.0
485. 7
6.0
6.0
389. 9 38 9. 9
9.0
—
—
First 12 kilowatt-hours____________ 6 10. 0 8 10.0
Next 36 kilowatt-hours____________
First 20 kilowatt-hours..___________ 4510. 0 4510. 0
Next 480 kilowatt-hours___________
First 30 hours’ use of demand_______ «10.0 8 10.0
Next 60 hours’ use of demand_____ _
All current............. .......... .............
9.0
9.0
First 9 kilowatt-hours__ _______ . . . .
7. 6
7. 6
Next kilowatt-hours 38____________ 48 6. 7 48 6. 7
Next 50 kilowatt-hours..___ _______ 44 5. 7 44 5. 7
First 13 kilowatt-hours____________ 42 9. 0 42 9.0
Next 7 kilowatt-hours____________ 43 7. 0 43 7.0
Next 50 kilowatt-hours____________ 484. 0 48 4.0
All current..___ _______ __________ 10.0 10. 0
First 60 kilowatt-hours____ ________ 8 9. 0 8 9.0
All current............... .......... ................. 8.0
8.0
First 9 kilowatt-hours per active room. 259. 5 25 9. 5
Additional energy up to 9 kilowatthours per room.
Excess............ ....... ......... ....................
5. 7
5.7
First kilowatt-hours42_____________ 489.0 489.0
Next kilowatt-hours______ _____ _
Excess.________________ _______
5. 7
5.7
First 3 kilowatt-hours per room_____ 529. 9 52 9. 9
Next 3 kilowatt-hours per room_____
Excess_________________ ________ 6. 6
6. 6
First 250 kilowatt-hours__________ _ 9.0
9.0
First 10 kilowatt-hours.........................
to
De
cem
ber,
1914
87.0
37.0
—
OO
6.0
7.0
10.0
8. 0
89.0
46. 0
C e n ts
7.0
10.0
8.0
89.0
4 6.0
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
7.0 337.9 33 7.7 337. 6 337. 5 33 7.4 337. 3
10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
S. 0 339. 0 338. 7 33 8. 6 338.5 33 8. 3 337. 8
89.0 «9.0 89. 0 8 9.0 89.0 89. 0 8 9.0
46.0 46.0 46.0
5. 5
5. 5
5. 5
5. 5
C e n ts
C e n ts
10.0
337. 8
8 9. 0
5. 5
33 7. 2
10.0
33 7.8
9. 0
5. 5
337.2
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
810.0
9.0
9. 0
9.0
9. 0
9.0
9.0
8.0
377.0 877. 0 37 7 0 377, 0 37 7 D 377 O
4510. 0 4510. 0 4510. 0 4510. 0 4510. 0 45m o 4510. 0 459.' 0
«10.0 «9.0 8 9.0 6 9. 0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
fi 0
60
8. 5
8.0
8. 0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
7. 6
7. 6
7. 6
7. 6
7. 6
7. 6
7.6
7. 6
48 6. 7 48 6. 7
6. 7
6. 7
6. 7
6. 7
6.7
6.7
44 5. 7 44 5. 7
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
42 9. 0 42 8. 6
7. 3
7. 3
7. 3
7.3
7.3
7.3
43 7. 0 43 6. 7 44 6. 7 44 6. 7 44 6. 7 44 6.7 44 6. 7 44 6.7
484. 0 48 3.8
2.9
2.9
2.9
2. 9
2.9
2.9
10. 0 10. 0
9.0 45 7. 5 457. 5 45 7. 5 45 7.5 45 6. 9
89.0 89. 0 89. 0 89. 0 89. 0 89. 0 89,0 89.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
258.6 258. 1 25 7. 6 25 7.6 487.6 48 7. 6 48 7. 6 48 7. 6
295, 7 285.7 28 5. 7 28 5.7
5.7
5. 7
5. 7
5. 7
2.9
2.9
2. 9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
48 8. 6 58 7. 6 58 7. 6 587. 6 587.6 587. 6 587.6 547. 6
48 5. 7 58 5.7 58 5.7 58 5. 7 58 5.7 58 5. 7 585. 7 545. 7
2.9
2. 9
2. 9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
529.9 529.9 529.9 529.9 529. 9 529.9 529. 9 529. 9
6. 6
6. 6
6.6
6. 6
6.6
6. 6
6. 6
6.6
8.1
8. 1
8. 1
8. 1
8. 1
8.1
8.1
8.1
87.0 «7.0 37.0 38.0 38.0 52 9.2 38. 5 38. 5
8. 0
8.0
8.0
459.0
9 .0
8. 0
9.6
80
8. 0
R0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
9.
0
RO
9.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
7. 6
7.6
7. 6
7. 6
6.7
6. 7
6. 7
6. 7
2.9
2. 9
2.9
2.9
7. 3
7. 3
7.3
7. 3
44 6. 7 44 6. 7 44 6. 7
6.7
2. 9
2.9
2.9
2.9
45 7.0 45 6. 9 45 6. 9 45 6. 8
«9.0 8 9. 0 89.0 89. 0
8. 0
8.0
8.0
8.0
7. 6
6. 7
2. 9
7. 3
6. 7
2.9
45 6.8
9.0
8.0
6.7
6. 7
6.7
6.7
6.7
2.4
6. 7
2.4
6. 7
2.4
6.7
2.4
6.7
2.4
6.7
2. 4
2. 4
2.4
2. 4
529.9 52 9.9 82 9. 9 52 9.9
2. 4
9.5
71
6.6
8.1
6. 6
8. 1
6.6
8.1
6.6
8.1
8.1
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
2.9
&
o
H
H
Ki
w
td
<
w
fcd
Si
Company B _
Savannah :
Company A.
Company B .
Scranton.
Seattle:
Company A.
Company B.
Springfield:
Company A.
Company B__
Washington, D. C.2
Next 40 kilowatt-hours,.,__ _
First 10 kilowatt-hours__ . .. .
Next 40 kilowatt-hours,.,.......
First 60 kilowatt-hours,.
Excess______________
First 100 kiloWatt-hours.
Excess___ ________ _
First 150 kilowatt-hours.
First 40 kilowatt-hoUrs __
___ do-------- -------- ---First 30 kilowatt-hours...........
Next 70 kilowatt-hours______
First 30 kilowatt-hours___ ....
Next 70 kilowatt-hours______
First 120 hours’ use of demand.
« 7. 0
87.0
8 8.0
6.0
9.0
¡8.0
6. 0
12. 0 » 10. 8 ii 10. 8
6. 0
6. 4
u 12. 0 ii 12. 0 n 12. 0
6. 0
«
5.4
0.0
60.0
«9,0
34 6. 0
6.0
6.0
«9.0
55 5. 5
55 5. 5
346.0 si 6 .0
*«10. 0 5«10. 0 5 10 0
» 10.8
9. 0
9. 0
8 7. 2
87. 2
8 7. 2
12. 0
6.0
8.0
9.0
'mo'
I 'O
55 5 . 5
55 5 . 5
55 5. 5 55 5. 5 55 5. 5
55 5. 5 555. 5 55 5. 5
10.0
10.0
10. 0
10.0
10.0
6.0
9.0
6.0
6. 0
9. 0
6.0
6.0
9.0
6.0
9.0
5.4
»
«
.
56 10. 0 55 10. 0 56 10. 0 56 10.0
” 7. 0 6? 7.0 517.0 517.0 51 7.0 51 7, 0 51 7.0
6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
is 3.0 19 3 . 0 19 3.0 19 3. 0
1 First 150 kilowatt-hours.
2 For determination of demand see explanation following table.
3 First 50 kilowatt-hoUrs.
6 All current.
8 First 100 kilowatt-hours.
9 First 25 kilowatt-hours.
u First 10 kilowatt-hours.
i5 First 500 kilowatt-hours.
I®Excess.
25 First 4 kilowatt-hours for each of the first 4 active rooms and the first 2 } 4 kilowatthours for each additional active room.
28 Additional energy until a total of 7 kilowatt-hours per active room shall have been
consumed.
30 First 30 hours’ use of connected load.
31 First 250 kilowatt-hours.
32 First 900 kilowatt-hours.
33 Price includes a coal charge.
34 A discount of 5 per cent is allowed on all bills of $2 or over when payment is made
within 10 days from date of bill.
33 And 4 kilowatt-hours for each additional active room.
361 to 200 kilowatt-hours.
17 Next 75 kilowatt-hours.
38 Next 48 kilowatt-hours.
39 The number of kilowatt-hours paid for at this rate is that in excess of the first 9 kilo
watt-hours’ until 100 hours’ use of the demand is reached. After 100 hours of demand
have been consumed the lower rate can be applied. For determination of demand see
explanation following table.
40 Next 70 kilowatt-hours.
41 Next 100 kilowatt-hours.
42 First 6 per cent of demand. For determination of demand see explanation following
table.
43 Next 6 per cent of demand. For determination of demand see explanation following
table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
87.0
87.0
9. 0
9.0
9. 6
9.0
'ÏO.'O
'mo
‘m o
"mo
10.0
5»6. 0
5. 5
5. 5
5. 5
5. 5
5. 5
5. 6
5. 5
5.5
6.0
3. 0
6.0
3.0
6.0
3.0
6.0
3.0
6.0
3.0
6.0
3.0
6.0
3.0
7.5
6.0
3.0
6.0
3.0
7.0
55 6.0
65 6.0
5« 6. 0
55 6. 0
5«10. 0 56 10. 0
51 7 . 0
6.0
19 3 . 0
10.0
51 7. 0
6.0
19 3. 0
10.0
5» 6. 0
6. 0
3. 0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
44 For an installation of 800 watts or less 7 kilowatt-hours will apply. For each 30
watts of installation in excess of 600 watts 1 additional kilowatt-hour will apply.
45 Service charge, 50 cents per month additional. Reductions under the fuel clause
were 1 mill in December, 1922, December, 1924, and June, 1925, and 2 mills in December,
1925, and June, 1926.
46 First 5 kilowatt-hours for each of the first 5 active rooms and the first 23^ kilowatthours for each additional active room.
47 For a house of 4 rooms or less, 18 kilowatt-hours; for 5 or 6 rooms, 27 kilowatt-hours,
and for 7 or 8 rooms, 36 kilowatt-hours.
48 For a house of 6rooms or less 15 kilowatt-hours; for a house of 7 or 8 rooms 20 kilowatthours.
49 For a house of 8 rooms or less 15 kilowatt-hours at the primary rate and 5 at the
secondary rate. For a house of 7 or 8 rooms 20 kilowatt-hours at the primary rate and
10 at the secondary rate.
80For a house of 4 rooms or less 8 kilowatt-hours at the primary rate and 6 at the
secondary rate. For a house of 5 or 6 rooms 12 kilowatt-hours at the primary rate and
9 at the Secondary rate. For a house of 7 or 8 rooms 16 kilowatt-hours at the primary
rate and 12 at the secondary rate.
{1 For a house of 4 rooms or less 10 kilowatt-hours at the primary rate and 8 at the
secondary rate; for 5 or 6 rooms, 15 kilowatt-hours at the primary rate and 12 at the sec
ondary rate; and for 7 or 8 rooms, 20 kilowatt-hours at the primary rate and 16 at the
secondary rate.
62 First 30 kilowatt-hours.
63 First 15 kilowatt-hours.
54 First 60 kilowatt-hours.
86 First 45 kilowatt-hours,
56 First 30 hours’ use of demand, For determination of demand see explanation
following table.
57Next 30 hours’ use of demand, For determination of demand see explanation
following table.
OO
CO
184
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Determination of Demand
C E V E R A L cities have sliding scales based on a variable num ber of
^
kilow att-hours payable a t each rate. The num ber of kilow atthours payable a t each rate in these cities is determ ined for each cus
tom er according to the w atts of installation, either in whole or in
part, in the individual home. The num ber of w atts so determ ined is
called the custom er’s “ dem and.”
In Baltim ore the dem and is the maximum norm al rate of use of
electricity in any half-hour period of time. I t m ay be estim ated
or determ ined by the com pany from time to tim e according to the cus
tom er’s norm al use of electricity and m ay equal the total installation
reduced to kilow atts.
In Buffalo the dem and consists of two parts—lighting, 25 per cent
of the to tal installation, b u t never less th an 250 w atts; and power,
2 y2 per cent of the capacity of any electric range, w ater heater, or
other appliance of 1,000 w atts or over and 25 per cent of the rated
capacity of m otors exceeding one-half horsepower b u t less than 1
horsepower. The installation is determined by inspection of premises.
In Chicago the equivalent in kilow att-hours to 30 hours’ use of
dem and has been estim ated as follows: For a rated capacity of 475
to 574 w atts, 11 kilow att-hours; 575 to 674 w atts, 12 kilow att-hours;
675 to 774 w atts, 13 kilow att-hours; and 775 to 874 w atts, 14 ldiowatt-hours. Although the equivalent in kilow att-hours to 30 hours’
use of dem and of from 1 to 1,500 w atts is given on the printed tariff,
the equivalent is here shown only for installations of from 475 to 874
w atts; the connected load of the average w orkingm an’s home being,
as a rule, w ithin this range.
In Cincinnati the dem and has been estim ated as being 70 per
cent of the connected load, excluding appliances.
In Cleveland, from December, 1913, to December, 1919, inclusive,
Com pany A determ ined the dem and by inspection as being 40 per
cent of the connected load. From December, 1919, to the present
time there has been a flat rate for all current consumed.
In H ouston the dem and is estim ated as 50 per cent of the con
nected load, each socket opening being rated a t 50 w atts.
In New York the dem and for Com pancy C, when not determined
by m eter, has been com puted a t 50 per cent of to tal installation in
residences, each standard socket being rated a t 50 w atts and all
other outlets being rated at their actual kilow att capacity.
In P ittsburgh since December, 1919, the dem and has been deter
mined by inspection. The first 10 outlets have been rated at 30
w atts each, the next 20 outlets a t 20 w atts each, and each additional
outlet at 10 w atts. Household utensils and appliances of not over
660 w atts each have been excluded.
In Portland, Oreg., the dem and for Com pany A has been estim ated
as one-third of the connected lighting load. Ranges, heating devices,
and small power up to rated capacity of 2 kilow atts are not included.
For Com pany B the demand, when not based on actual m easure
m ent, was estim ated a t one-third of the connected load. No demand
was established a t less than 233 w atts.
In Springfield, Ilk, the dem and for Com pany A from December,
1913, to September, 1922, was the active load predeterm ined as
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[400|
WHOLESALE PRICES
185
follows: 80 per cent of the first 500 w atts of connected load plus
60 per cent of th a t p a rt of the connected load in excess of the first
500 w atts—m inimum active load, 150 w atts.
in W ashington, D. C., the dem and is determ ined by inspection
and consists of 100 per cent of the connected load, excluding small
fans and heating and cooking appliances when not perm anently
connected.
index Numbers of Wholesale Prices in June, 1926
A F U R T H E R slight increase in the general level of wholesale
A \ prices from M ay to June is shown by inform ation gathered
A
in representative m arkets by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
of the U nited States D epartm ent of Labor. The bureau’s weighted
index num ber, which includes 404 commodities or price series, regis
tered 152.3 for June, compared w ith 151.7 for M ay, an increase of
four-tenths of 1 per cent. Compared with June, 1925, with an index
num ber of 157.4, there was a decrease of 3pt per cent.
F arm products were slightly lower in price than in M ay, due to
declines in the prices of grains, sheep, poultry, cotton, hay, and to
bacco. Clothing m aterials, building m aterials, house-furnishing
goods, and miscellaneous commodities also averaged lower than in
the m onth before, while increases were reported for food, fuels, and
chemicals and drugs. M etal products showed practically no change
in average price.
Of the 404 commodities or price series for which comparable infor
m ation for M ay and June was collected, increases were shown in
100 instances and decreases in 138 instances. In 166 instances no
change in price was reported. The large increases in the im portant
group of food products were responsible for the increase in the general
price level.
INDEX NUMBERS OF WHOLESALE PRICES, BY GROUPS OF COMMODITIES
[1913=100]
1926
Commodity group
.Tune, 1925
May
Farm products................. .................................................... .............
Foods __ _ ___________ ____
Clothing m aterials-.___ .
__ . . . . . .. _ ___ _______ ___
F u e ls__ _______ _________ ___ ____
Metals and metal products____________ . . .. . _____ _______
Pi ilding materials". . .. _____. _______ ... _______ ____
Chemicals and drugs ____ _
. .......
. ________
House-furnishing goods__________________ . _______ _____
Miscellaneous. .1..___________ _________________________ _
A11 commodities_____________________ ___________ _____ _
155. 4
155. 3
188. 2
172. 6
126. 1
170. 7
132.8
169. 9
137. 8
157.4
144. 2
153. 8
176. 1
178. 7
125.2
171. 6
130. 7
162. 2
124. 7
151. 7
June
143.7
156. 6
175.1
179.2
125. 1
171.2
131.1
161. 7
122. 5
152. 3
Com paring prices in June with those of a year ago, as m easured by
changes in the index num bers, it is seen th a t large decreases took
place in farm products, clothing m aterials, and miscellaneous com
modities, with smaller decreases in m etals and m etal products,
chemicals and drugs, and house-furnishing goods. Foods, fuels, and
building m aterials, on the other hand, averaged higher than in June
of last year.
2254°— 26t ------ 13
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[401]
00
05
T ren d of W h o lesa le P r ic e s in t h e U n it e d S t a t e s , J a n ua ry , 1917, To J u n e , 1926
400
375
360
325
300
275
250
225
^
200
175
I ! SI
1317
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
a8 ¡3£
¿8
i9 !8
!9 Í9
ISSO
«8 ¡3£ M ág.
ISSI
1922
8
£
4 ¿8
¡923
>§ &
13 24-
$
¡9 2 5
I I I
13 26
WHOLESALE PRICES
187
Agricultural and Nonagricultural Commodities
HTHE figures in the folio whig table furnish a comparison of'wholeA sale price trends of agricultural and nonagricultural commodities
during_ the period from January, 1923, to June, 1926, inclusive.
These index num bers have been m ade by combining into two groups
the weighted prices of all commodities included in the bureau’s
regular series of index numbers. Roughly speaking, all articles origi
nating on American farm s have been placed in the first group, while
all rem aining articles have been p u t in the second. The five-year
period 1910-1914, instead of the year 1913, forms the base in "this
presentation.
INDEX NUMBERS OF WHOLESALE PRICES OF AGRICULTURAL AND NONAGRICUL
TURAL COMMODITIES, BY MONTHS, JANUARY, 1923, TO JUNE, 1926
[1910-1914=100]
1923
Year and month
Average for year.. ________
January_____ _______
February____________
March______________
April__________ ____ _
May------------------------June________________
July__ _______ ______
August... ___________
September...___ ____
October________ _____
November_____ ___
December____________
Agri
cul
tural
142.8
141.3
141. 9
144.0
143.5
142.4
140.6
138.3
139.3
146. 2
146.7
146.4
145. 5
1924
Non
agricul
tural
171.3
176.6
177.7
179.4
180.4
176.1
172.4
168. 8
166. 7
166.9
165. 0
163.2
162. 0
Agri
cul
tural
144.2
144.3
142. 7
139. 7
138.7
137.6
135.2
141.1
146. 6
145.3
150.'8
150. 5
156.4
1925
Non
agricul
tural
161.6
163.7
166.3
165.8
163. 7
161. 8
159. 3
158. 4
158.9
158.2
158. 1
160.2
162.8
Agri
cul
tural
158.4
160.8
159. 4
162. 0
155.4
1.54.3
156.9
160. 9
162. 5
161. 5
156. 0
154. 9
152. 8
1926
Non
agricul
tural
165. 3
164.7
167.3
165.4
162.3
161.3
163.2
164 3
163 7
163. 3
164. 5
165. 9
Agri
cul
tural
Non
agricul
tural
152.7
150.9
146. 7
147.8
148. 5
149.9
164. 7
164.5
161.6
159.5
160. 2
159.9
Average Wholesale Prices of Commodities, April to June, 1926
N C O N TIN U A T IO N of the plan of publishing each quarter in
the L a b o r R e v i e w a detailed s ta te m e n t. of wholesale price
changes, there is presented herewith a list of the more im portant
commodities included in the bureau’s compilation, together w ith the
latest record of price changes available a t the tim e of its preparation.
For convenience of comparison w ith pre-war prices, index num bers
based on average prices in the year 1913 as 100 are shown in addition
to the money prices wherever such inform ation can be supplied.
Index num bers for the several groups and subgroups also are included
in the table. To show more m inutely the fluctuation in prices, all
index num bers are here published to one decimal fraction. Figures
are given for April, M ay, and June, 1926.
I
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[403]
188
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
WHOLESALE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, APRIL TO JUNE, 1926
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Average prices
Commodity
April,
1926
May,
1926
Anr il,
1926
Mav,
1926
F A R M P R O D U C T S ______________
144 9
144 2
l£ 3 7
G ra in s__________________ ____________ ______ ______
154. 1
110. 2
150. 7
109.9
145 0
109. 1
Barley, malting, per bushel, Chicago______ ______ $0. 689
Corn, per bushel, Chicago—
Contract grades.._____________ ____________
.728
No. 3, mixed_______________________________
.709
Oats, contract grades, per bushel, Chicago______ _
.425
Rye, No. 2, per bushel, Chicago______________ ._ .892
Wheat, per bushel—
No. 1, northern spring, Chicago------------------------ 1. 670
No. 2, red winter, Chicago____________ _______ 1. 686
No. 2, hard winter, Kansas City----------------------- 1. 606
No. 1, northern spring, Minneapolis____________ 1. 610
No. 1, hard white, Portland, O reg._____ _______ 1.493
Livestock a n d poultry________ ________ _ ____
Cattle, steers, per 100 pounds, Chicago—
Choice to prime_____________________ ____ 9. 969
Good to choice_____________________________ 9.125
Hogs, per 100 pounds, Chicago—
Heavy____ ______________ _____________ 11.744
L ight.. ______________ ____ ___ ________ 12. 931
Sheep, per 100 pounds, Chicago—
Ewes, native, all grades_____ ________________ 8. 531
Lambs, western, medium to good--------------------- 13. 531
Wethers, fed, good to choice__________________ 9. 719
Poultry, live fowls, per pound—
Chicago.____ ____________________________
.308
New York____________________ ______ ___
.345
Other farm products________________ . . .
Beans, medium, choice, per 100 pounds, New York.. 5. 094
Clover seed, contract grades, per 100 pounds, Chicago. 31. 000
Cotton, middling, per pound—
New Orleans__________________________ ____
. 181
New York_______ ._ . . . . ____ _ . . .. ..
. 192
Cottonseed, per ton, average price at gin_______
31. 510
Eggs, fresh, per dozen—
Firsts, western, Boston ------------------ . ...
.306
Firsts, Chicago_________ _______________ ._ .
.286
Extra firsts, Cincinnati . . .. ____ _ _______
.276
Candled, New Orleans______ . .. . .. . ________
.295
Firsts, New York. _. .. _ _. ______ ________
.317
Extra firsts, western, Philadelphia_____________
.323
Extra, pullets, San Francisco____________ _ .
.232
Flaxseed, No. 1, per bushel, Minneapolis................... 2. 344
Hay. per ton—•
Alfalfa, No. 1, Kansas City .................... .............. 25. 063
Clover, mixed, No. 1, Cincinnati...____ _____
24.000
Timothy, No. 1, Chicago___ ________ _______
24.125
Hides and skins, per pound—
Calfskins, No. 1, country, Chicago_______ _____
.165
Goatskins, Brazilian, New York_____ _____ ___
.704
Hides, heavy, country cows, No. 1, Chicago_____
.090
Hides, packers’, heavy, native steers, Chicago
. 114
Hides, packers’, heavy, Texas steers, Chicago___
. 113
Hops, prime to choice, per Dound—
New York gtate, New York __ _____ _______
.575
Pacifies, Portland, Oreg_____________________
.239
Milk, fluid, per auart—
Chicago ______________________________
.069
New York....... ........................ .................
.076
San Francisco______ ______
.068
Onions, yellow, per 100 pounds, Chicago______
3. 250
Peanuts, No. 1, per pound, Norfolk, Va___ ______
.047
Potatoes—
White, good to choice, per 100 pounds, Chicago___ 4. 575
Sweet, No. 1, per five-eighths bushel, Philadelphia. 2. 175
Rice, per pound, New Orleans—
Blue Rose, head, clean...
.065
Honduras, head, clean __
.076
Tobacco, leaf, per ICO pounds—
Burley, good leaf, dark red, Louisville, Ky______ 25. 000
Average warehouse sales, Kentucky... ______
5. 672
1No 1913 base price.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[4 0 4 ]
June,
1926
$0. 688 $0. 683
June,
1926
.715
.693
.418
.844
.715
.689
.407
.911
116.4
115. 3
113. 2
140.2
114. 3
112. 6
111. 3
132. 6
114. 3
111. 9
108. 2
143. 1
1.641
1. 659
1. 563
1. 583
1.408
1. 532
1.480
1.537
1.586
1.406
182.8
171.0
183. 2
184.3
160.7
179.7
168. 2
178. 3
181.3
151. 5
167.8
150. 1
175.3
181.5
151.4
133. 1
138. 2
143 5
9.825
9.055
10. 231
9. 588
111.7
107.3
110.0
106.4
114. 6
112.7
13. 290 13. 963
13. 875 14. 413
140.4
153.0
158.9
164.1
166. 9
170. 5
7. 050 5.313
14. 200 16.125
8.710 7.406
182.0
173.6
181.8
150.4
182.2
162. 9
113.3
200. 9
138.5
.267
.296
199. 9
206.1
194. 7
200.9
173. 3
170.8
5. 081 5. 140
30. 520 29. 654
127.7
187.7
127.4
184.8
128. 8
179.5
. 176
. 180
. 186
. 189
30. 840 31. 890
142.4
149.7
144. 6
141.9
147.6
141.5
138.7
145.1
140.4
.302
.283
.277
.298
.302
.336
. 249
2.312
121.5
126.8
123. 2
125. 9
127.4
122. 5
86. 6
173.7
123.0
127. 5
122. 9
123.8
122. 7
126. 1
89.2
170. 1
119.9
125.5
123.8
127.2
121.1
127.6
92.9
171.4
23. 850 16.813
24. 000 21. 100
24.900 24.125
176.7
154. 0
150. 5
168.1
154.0
155.3
11&. 5
135.4
150.5
.300
.336
150. 4
.309
.288
.275
.290
.306
.333
.239
2.294
145. 3
141. 6
. 168
.675
.093
. 129
.126
. 167
.662
.091
. 133
. 124
87.5
98.9
59.6
61.9
62.2
88.8
94.9
61.3
70.0
69.4
88.5
93. 1
60.3
72.3
68.5
.575
.293
.575
.300
215.9
138.9
215.9
170. 2
215.9
174. 5
.062
.076
.068
3. 438
.047
.062
.076
.066
3. 675
.052
162. 1
170. 7
158. 1
206. 7
132.1
143.9
170. 7
158. 1
218. 7
132. 1
143.9
170.7
155.3
233. 7
146.8
3.394
2.406
3.185
2. 333
446.9
450.7
331. 5
498. 6
311.1
483.5
.066
.073
.063
.073
0)
148.9
(0
144.8
(O
143.0
22. 600 21.000
6. 070 5. 769
189.4
63. 7
171. 2
68. 1
159.1
64.8
W H O L E S A L E PR IC ES
189
WHOLESALE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, APRIL TO JUNE, 1926—Continued
Average prices
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Commodity
April,
1926
May,
1926
June,
1926
April,
1926
May,
1926
June,
1926
FAEM PEODUCTS—Continued
O ther fa rm products—Continued.
Wool, per pound, Boston—
Ohio, grease basis—
Fine clothing. .......... ........................................... $0. 390 $0. 380 $0. 390
Fine delaine.-.................... ..................................
.440
.460
.450
Half blood....... .................................................
.460
.430
.440
Qne-fourth and three-eighths grades.............
.450
.420
.430
South American, grease basis—
Argentine crossbreds, straight, quarter blood__
.285
.285
.279
Montevideo, 50s .................... ..........................
.375
.359
.343
Territory, scoured—
Fine and fine medium, staple....... .....................
1.150 1.129 1.114
Half blood______ r ............................................... 1.050 1.011
.983
FOODS______________ ____
170.8
192.6
181.0
178.5
166.3 170.8
184.3 188.4
169.2 -173. 1
166.6 170.6
83.8
105.9
83.8
101.4
82.0
96.7
204.7
204.3
201.0
196.7
198.3
191. 2
153. 2 153. 8
M eats________________
152.8 156.3
Beef, fresh, per pound—
Carcass, good, native steers, Chicago......................
.160
. 160
.160 123.6 123.6
Sides, native, New York....... ................................. .
. 161
. 150
.151 128.3 119.8
Beef, salt, extra mess, per barrel (200 pounds), New
York___ ___ ______________ _____________
25. 250 19. 875 19. 000 133.4 105.0
Hams, smoked, per pound, Chicago............................
.301
.310
340 180.9 186. 5
Lamb, dressed, per pound, Chicago___________
.236
.290
.328 158. 7 195.0
Mutton, dressed, per pound, New York____
. 154 175.6 154.9
. 180
. 159
Pork, fresh, per pound—
Loins, Chicago. ______________________ .
.285
.303
.301 191.8 203.6
Loins, western, New York_____________ .
.273
. 295
. 300 179.3 193.7
Pork, cured—
Mess, salt, per barrel (200 pounds), New York___ 35.000 37. 750 41. 750 155.8 168.0
Sides, rough, per-pound, Chicago.. _________
. 193
.229 155.7 164.6
.203
Sides, short, clear, per pound, Chicago__________
. 189
.229 148.7 158.0
.201
Poultry, dressed, per pound—
Hens, heavy, Chicago________ . _____ ____
. 291
(2)
(2)
Fowls, 48-54 pounds to dozen, New York_____ . . . 364
.355
.331 199.5 194.6
Veal, dressed, good, per pound, Chicago . ________
. 172
. 184 185.0 204.9
. 191
Bu t ter, cheese, an d m il k _____________
145. 0 142. 6
Butter, creamery, extra, per pound—
Boston___________________________________
.411 125.4 128.7
.395
.408
Chicago___ _____ .. .. ______ _____ _ ____
.385
.394
.390 123.9 126.9
Cincinnati3____________ 7__________________
.358
.366
.380
(0
(0
New Orleans___________ ____________ _____
.444 134.6 132.4
.453
.445
New York________ ______________ _______
.396
.409 122. 7 126.3
.407
Philadelphia______________________________
.402
.421
.424 123.3 129.3
St. Louis________ ___ ___ _________________
.393
.405
.403 127. 1 131.1
San Francisco... _____________ _____ ________ .404
.405 127.4 126.6
.401
Cheese, whole milk, per pound—
American, twins, Chicago____________________
.193
. 191
.200 136.4 134.9
State, fresh, flats, colored, average, New York____
. 196
. 193
.208 126.9 125.3
California, flats, fancy, San Francisco_________
.216
.208 135.5 131.0
.209
Milk, fluid. (See Farm products.)
Milk, condensed, per case of 48 14-ounce tins, New
York.________________ ____ __________
5.925 5.863 5.855 126.1 124.7
Milk, evaporated, per case of 48 16-ounce tins, New
York_____________________________________ 4.363 4.338 4. 325 123.4 122.7
O ther foods ________________________ ____
157.1 157. 2
Beans, medium, choice. (See Farm products.)
Bread, per pound, before baking—
Chicago______________ _ ._ _____ ___ ______
.075 174.5 174. 5
.075
.075
Cincinnati. ___ ______ ____________________
.071
.071
.071 199.7 199. 7
. New Orleans___ _______ __________________
.075
.070 244.9 229.5
.070
New York __________________________ . . ._ .070
.070
.070 165. 1 165. 1
San Francisco_________ _______ . . . __ ___ _ .078
.078
.078 194.5 194.5
Cocoa beans, Arriba, per pound, New Y o rk ...___
93.5 102.1
. 143
.156
.178
Coffee, per pound, New York—
Rio, No. 7»___________ .. _______________
.201 164.2 178.3
. 183
.198
Santos, No. 4......... ........................... .......... ...........
.221
.228 168.0 171.1
.225
Conra, South Sea, sun-dried, per pound, New York..
.061
58.4
.060
.060
57.6
Eggs, fresh, per dozen. (See Farm products.)
' 1 No. 1913 base price.
2 No quotation.
« As to score.
156 C
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[405]
163.8
123. 6
120.2
100.4
204. 6
220.2
150. 2
202.8
197.0
185.8
185.5
179.6
201. 2
181.5
197.8
142. 6
129.4
125.5
0)
132. 1
126.9
130.0
130.2
127.7
141. 0
135.0
130.2
124.6
122.4
158.8
174.5
199.7
229. 5
165. 1
194.5
115.9
180.2
173.4
57.9
M O N T H L Y LABOE REVIEW
190
WHOLESALE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, APRIL TO JUNE, 1926—Continued
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Average prices
Commodity
April,
1926
May,
1926
June,
1926
April,
1926
May,
1926
June,
1926
F O O D S — Continued
O th er fo o d s—Continued.
F is h Cod, large, shore, pickled, cured, per 100 pounds,
Gloucester, Mass”_______________ _________ $7. 500
Mackerel, salt, large 3s, per barrel, Boston - ----- 13. 860
Salmon, canned, Alaska, red, per dozen, factory------ 3. 650
5.419
Flour, rye, white, per barrel, Minneapolis—. ..........
Flour, wheat, per barrel—
Winter patents, Kansas City--------------------------- 8.438
Winter straights, Kansas City------------------------- 7. 513
Standard patents, Minneapolis— . ----- ----------- 8.756
Second patents, Minneapolis------------- ------------- 8. 419
Patents, Portland, O reg.----- --------------------- - 8. 259
Patents, soft, winter, St. Ljuis------ ------------------ 8.500
Straights, soft, winter, St. Louis..................... ........ 7. 631
Patents, Toledo_________________________ ___ 8.388
Fruit, canned, per case, New York—
Peaches, California, standard 2 y 2s --------------------- 1.825
Pineapples, Hawaiian, sliced, standard 234s--------- 2.150
Fruit, dried, per pound, New York—
. 123
Apples, evaporated, State, choice---------------------.100
Currants, Patras, cleaned............... ................... ......
.079
Prunes, California, 60-70s----- -----------------------.086
Raisins, coast, seeded, bulk— ----------- ------------Fruits, fresh—Apples, Baldwin, per barrel, Chicago----------------- 3. 750
Bananas, Jamaica, 9s, per bunch, New York-------- 2.550
Lemons, California, choice, per box, Chicago------- 5.188
Oranges, California, choice, per box, Chicago------- 6. 094
Glucose, 42° mixing, per 100 pounds, New York------ 3.410
Hominy grits, bulk, car lots, per 100 pounds, f. o. b.
m ill__ ______
__ - __________________ 1. 525
Lard, prime, contract, per pound, New York......... — .145
Meal, corn, per 100 pounds—
White, f. o. b. mill-. _______________________ 1.525
Yellow, Philadelphia_______________ . .. ---- 2.530
.483
Molasses,New Orleans, fancy, per gallon, New York..
Oatmeal, car lots, in sacks (90 pounds), per 100 pounds,
New York— ------ — ------------------------------- 3. 070
Oleomargarine, standard, uncolored, per pound, Chi.233
cago___ ____ ______________ ________ ______
. 124
Olectori, extra, per pound, Chicago_______ ______
.226
Pepper, black, per pound, New York— -------------Rice. (See Farm products.)
Salt, American, medium, per barrel (280 pounds),
Chicago________________ ____ _____________ 2.195
Sugar, per pound, New Y ork—
.052
Granulated, in barrels_______________________
.041
Raw, 96° centrifugal..- . .. --------------------------.093
Tallow, edible, per pound, Chicago __ _ --------...
.355
Tea, Formosa, fine, per pound, New YorkT----------Vegetables, canned, per dozen, New York—
.850
Corn, Maryland, standard-----------------------------Peas, State and western, No. 5------------------------- 1.375
Tomatoes, New Jersey, standard, No. 3----- -------- 1.400
Vegetables, fresh. (See Farm products.)
Vegetable oil—■
. 120
Coconut, crude, per pound, New York.. --------. 114
Corn, crude, in barrels, per pound, New York-----Cottonseed, prime, summer, yellow, per pound,
.124
New York. ----- -------------------- .. ------------Olive oil, edible, in barrels, per gallon, New York.. 1.850
. Ill
Peanut, crude, per pound, f. o. b. m ill------ ----. 125
Soya bean, crude, In barrels, per pound, New York.
Vinegar, cider, 40-grain, in barrels, per gallon, New
.190
York_____________________________________
1No 1913 base price.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[406]
$7. 500 $7. 250
12.870 11. 880
3.525 3.495
5.206 5.680
111.8
124.9
249.9
173.5
111. 8
116. 0
241. 4
166.7
108.1
107. 1
239. 3
181.9
8. 230
7. 400
8. 488
8.194
7.940
8.310
7.655
7.980
8.200
7. 388
8. 680
8. 420
7.807
7. 744*
7.313
7.500
210.3
195. 3
191.0
190.4
183.7
186. 2
179.4
177.5
205. 2
192. 4
185. 2
185. 3
176. 6
182. 0
180.0
168.4
204.4
192. 0
189.4
190.4
173. 7
169. 6
171.9
158.7
1.900
2.150
1.900
2.150
120.3
104.7
125. 2
104.7
125.2
104. 7
.119
.100
.077
.091
.119
.100
.079
.095
171.5
130.5
121. 0
118.9
165.5
130.5
117. 7
125. 7
166.2
130.5
120. 1
130.2
5. 406
2. 550
6.688
5.719
3. 410
6.250
2. 755
5. 575
5.925
3.410
118.2
165. 7
89.9
137.9
159.5
170.4
165. 7
115. 8
129. 4
159. 5
196.9
179.1
96. 6
134.1
159. 5
1. 513
.159
1. 565
.170
92.4
131.7
91.6
144.1
94.8
154.0
1. 513
2. 525
.506
1.565
2. 475
.520
95.3
176.5
126.7
94.5
176. 1
lo3. 0
97.8
172. 6
136. 5
3. 097
3.045
124.0
125.1
123.0
.225
. 127
.245
.225
. 135
.2-14
143.4
107.0
208. 2
138.5
109. 7
226. 1
138. 5,
116. 6
224.4
2.195
2.195
215.2
215.2
215.2
.055
.042
.097
.355
.054
.041
.109
.355
121.0
117.1
116.6
143.0
127.6
119.7
121. 7
143. 0
126.7
118.3
137.4
143.0
.850
1.375
1.400
.875
1.375
1. 400
134.0
158.7
107.7
134.0
158. 7
107.7
138.0
158. 7
107.7
. 120
. 127
.121
. 140
89.2
187.5
89. 2
209. 2
90.1
230. 6
.145
1.850
. 115
. 125
.156
1.850
.120
. 128
170.9
109.6
(0
204.3
199.9
109.6
(0
204. 3
215.0
109.6
(0
208. 3
. 185
.185
170.2
165.7
165.7
W H O L ESA L E FE IG E S
191
WHOLESALE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, APRIL TO JUNE, 1926—Continued
Average prices
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Commodity
Aprii,
1926
May,
1926
June,
1926
CLOTHING MATERIALS________
and s h o e s _________ ___________________ _
Children’s, per pair, factory—
Child’s, gun metal, polish, high cut, rubber heel...
Little boy’s, gun metal, blucher______ ___ . _
Misses’, black, vici, polish, high cut, rubber heel...
Youth’s, gun metal, blucher_____________ . .
Men’s, per pair, factory—
Black, calf, blucher- ............ ...................................
Black, calf, Goodyear welt, bal_____________
Black, dress, Goodwear welt, side leath er__. .
Black, vici kid, Goodwear welt. _________
Chocolate, elk, blucher___ ___ _ . _____
Gun metal, Goodyear welt, blucher.- _______ _
Mahogany, chrome, side, Goodwear welt, bal. Tan, dress, Goodyear welt, calf.
_______
Tan, dress, Goodyear welt, side leather.. ______
Women’s, per pair, factory—
Black kid, dress, welt, lace, oxford
___ _____
Black kid, McKay sewed, lace, oxford_____
Colored, calf, Goodyear welt, lace, oxford__
Patent-leather pump, McKay sewed__________ _
B o o ts
$1. 663 $1. 663 $1. 663
L 615 1. 615 1. 615
1.948 1.948 1.948
1.473 1.473 1.473
[407]
May,
1926
June,
1926
176. 8
176 1
186.0
186.0
185.8
181.7
166.5
173.2
143.4
181.7
166.5
173.2
143.4
181. 7
166. 5
173. 2
143.4
175 1
6. 400
5. 000
3. 250
6.000
3. 698
4. 600
3. 600
5.000
3. 400
6. 400
5. 000
3. 250
6.000
1. 692
4. 600
3. 600
5. 000
3. 400
6.400 205.6
4.983 157.9
3.239 145.3
6.000 - 209. 3
1. 692 119. 1
4. 600 235. 3
3.600 223.3
4. 983 157. 9
3. 394 152.0
205.6
157.9
145.3
209.3
118.8
235. 3
223. 3
157. 9
152.0
205. 6
157.3
144. 7
209.3
118.8
235.3
223. 3
157.3
151.7
4.150
3. 600
4. 150
3. 600
4.150
3. 600
4.150
3.600
4.133
3. 600
4.150
3. 600
148.1
241. 7
190. 9
261.8
147. 5
241. 7
190.9
261.8
C otton goods _ _ _______ ..
Denims, Massachusetts, 2.20 yards to the pound, per
yard, factory___________ _____________ _
. 181
. 175
. 167
Drillings, brawn, per yard, factory—
Massachusetts, D standard, 30-inch______
. 135
. 132
. 134
Pepperell, 29-inch, 2.85 yards to the pound_______ . 130
. 126
. 124
Flannels, per yard, factory—
Colored, 4.20 yards to the pound______________
. 125
. 125
. 125
Unbleached, 3.20 yards to the pound....................
. 175
. 175
.175
Ginghams, per yard, factory—
Amoskeag, 27-inch, 6.37 yards to the pound____
.090
.090
.090
Lancaster, 263^-inch, 6.50 yards to the pound_____
. 124
. 124
.124
Hosiery, per dozen pairs, factory—
Men’s half hose, combed yarn_______ ________ 1. 650 1.650 1. 600
Women’s, cotton, silk mercerized, mock s e a m .__ 2. 400 2. 343 2. 325
Women’s, combed yarn, 16-ounce______________ 1.715 1.715 1.715
Muslin, bleached, 4/4, per yard, factory—
Fruit of the L oom _________________________
. 173
. 164
.164
Lonsdale. . ______________________________
. 157
, 152
.147
Rough R id er___ _____________ ___________
. 146
. 141
. 138
Wamsutta nainsook . ______________ _______
.229
.229
.229
Print cloth, per yard, factory—
27-inch, 7.60 yards to the pound. _____
____
. 053
.051
.050
38J/2-inch, 5.35 yards to the pound_____ ____ ___
.077
.076
.073
Sheeting, brown, 4/4, per yard, factory—
Indian Head, 2.85 yards to the p o p n d ..... ..............
.125
. 125
. 125
Pepperell, 3.75 yards to the pound_____________
.133
. 127
. 124
Trion, 4 yards to the pound__________________
.098
.095
.093
Thread, 6-cord, J. & P. Coats, per 200 yards, factory.
.073
.073
.073
Underwear, factory—
Men’s shirts and drawers, per dozen garments____ 6. 930 6. 930 6. 930
Women’s union suits, carded yam, per dozen____ 10.000 10. 000 10. 000
Yarn, per pound, factory—
Carded, white, mulespun, northern, 10/1, cones___
.339
.330
.320
Carded, white, mulespun, northern, 22/1, cones___
.374
.357
.349
Carded, weaving, 40/1______ _______________
. 52S
.513
.500
Twisted, ordinary weaving, 20/2__________ ____
.337
.326
.314
Twisted, ordinary weaving, 40/2________ ____
.487
.473
.471
Woolen an d worsted goods_________ ... ______
Flannel, white, 4/4, Ballard Vale, No. 3, per yard,
factory_________ _______ _____ _ _________ 1. 040 1.040 1.040
Overcoating, 30 to 31 ounces, per yard, factory........... 3.000 3. 000 3.000
Suiting, per yard, factory—■
Clay worsted, diagonal, 16-ounce........................... 2. 745 2.745 2. 745
Middlesex, wood-dyed, blue, 16-ounce__________ 3.510 3. 510 3.285
Serge, h^-ounce.......... .........................................
1.440 1.440 1.440
Serge, 11-ounce............. .......................... ............... . 2. 273 2. 373 2. 273
Trousering, cotton warp, 11-ounce, per yard, factory. _ 1.550 1.550 1. 550
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
April,
1926
148.1
241.7
190.9
261. 8
164 3
161.5
158.8
141.1
136.4
129.6
163.0
158.0
161.9
153.3
160.0
151.0
171.2
195.7
171.2
195.7
171.2
195. 7
138. 5
200. 6
138.5
200.6
138.5
200. 6
205. 1
135. 5
171.4
205.1
132. 3
171.4
198.8
131.3
171.4
203.3
194.1
182.2
248.9
192. 1
188.2
175. 7
248.9
192. 1
181.9
172. 3
248.9
153. 9
145.6
148. 7
143.1
145. 8
138.2
148.5
180.8
159. 6
186.0
148. 5
173. 0
154.9
186.0
148. 5
168. 5
151.6
186.0
193.8
164.9
193.8
164.9
193.8
164.9
153.2
151.1
156.8
145. 2
127. 1
149. 2
144. 2
152. 2
140.4
123.3
144.4
141.0
148.4
135.0
123.1
196. 1
194. 8
193. 6
224.4
173.0
224.4
173.0
224.4
173.0
198. 6
227. 2
226.0
201. 0
137.0
198.6
227. 2
226.0
201.0
137.0
198. 6
212. 6
226. 0
201.0
137.0
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
192
WHOLESALE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, APRIL TO JUNE, 1926—Continued
Average prices
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Commodity
April,
1926
May,
1926
June,
1926
April,
1926
May,
1926
153. 2
309.6
153.2
309.6
153.2
309.6
171. 6
219. 7
178. 6
211.8
192. 4
171. 6
219. 7
178. 6
211. 8
192. 4
171. 6
219.7
178.6
211.8
192. 4
186.7
167. 9
198.0
180. 3
163. 5
192. 1
180. 3
160.4
192.1
June,
1926
CLOTHING MATERIALS—Continued
Woolen and worsted goods—Continued.
Underwear, factory—
Merino shirts and drawers, per dozen garments----- $30. 000 $30. 000 $30. 000
30.380 30. 380 30. 380
Men’s union suits, 33 per cent worsted, per dozen
Women’s dress goods, per yard, factory—
2. 255 2. 255 2. 255
Broadcloth, 9^-ounce, 54-56-inch........................ .
.725
.725
. 725
French serge, 35-inch............. ......... .........................
.450
.450
.450
Serge, cotton warp, 36-inch............... ........................
.685
.685
.685
.Sicilian cloth, cotton warp, 50-inch.........................Storm serge, double warp, 54-inch............................ 1. 175 1.175 1. 175
Yarn, per pound, factory—
Crossbred stock, 2/32s............................................... 1.450 1.400 1.400
Half blood, 2/40s_________ ______ ____________ 1.875 1.825 1. 791
Fine, domestic, 2/50s................................................. 2. 088 2.025 2. 025
Silk, etc________________________ ______ ______
Linen shoe thread, 10s, Barbour, per pound, New
York_________ j>...................... ........................... .
Silk, raw, per pound, New York—
China, Canton, filature, extra extra A................... .
Japan, Kansai, No. 1.......... ......... ....... .................... .
Japan, special, extra extra................ .......................
Silk yarn, per pound, New York—
Domestic, gray spun, 60/1.... .................................. .
Domestic, gray spun, 60/2, No. 1.......................... .
149. 4
154.2
157.8
1.946
1.946
1.946
217. 9
217.9
217.9
4. 305
5. 488
5. 733
4. 472
5. 733
6. 076
4. 679
5.880
6.223
123.0
150. 8
140.8
127. 8
157.5
149.2
133.7
161. 6
152.7
4. 753
6.076
4. 606
5.880
4.596
5. 870
163.0
175.3
157.9
169.6
157.6
169.3
FUELS.........................................
174. 0
178. 7
179.2
A nthracite coal_________________ _________ __
Average spot price for 8 cities, per gross ton—
Chestnut...............................................................
Egg.......- -------------------------- -------------- -------Pea_____ ___________________ _____________
Tidewater, New York, average sales realization, per
gross ton—
Broken........ ...................... ....................................
Chestnut........................ ....................................
Egg.--------------- ------------------ -----------------Stove............................................................. .
224.9
223. 7
222.9
B itum inous coal..... ............................. ......................
Baltimore, per net ton, mine run, pools 1-11-71........
Birmingham, per net ton—
Mine run, Jagger district............. ............................
Prepared sizes, Jagger district............................ ......
Screenings, Jagger district.................................... .
Chicago, per net ton—
Mine run, southern Illinois...................................
Prepared sizes, southern Illinois......... .................
Screenings, central Illinois. ......................................
Cincinnati, per net ton—
Mine run, K anaw ha..............................................
Mine run, New R iver............................ ............... .
Cleveland, per net ton—
Mine run, Ohio, Pittsburgh, No. 8.____ _______
Prepared sizes, West Virginia, high volatile....... .
Screenings, Ohio, Pittsburgh, No. 8 ..__________
Indianapolis, mine run, per net ton___ ____ _____
Norfolk, Va., mine run, Pocahontas, per gross ton__
Pittsburgh, prepared sizes, per net ton.................... .
St. Louis, per net ton—
Mine run, southern Illinois. ________ _____ ____
Prepared sizes, southern Illinois..._____ _______
Screenings, southern Illinois........ ...........................
O ther fuels________ ____________________ ____
Coke—
Alabama, foundry, per net ton, at oven...............
Connellsville, furnace, per net ton, at oven______
Fuel oil, f. o. b. refinery—
Oklahoma, 24-26, per barrel__________________
Pennsylvania, 36-40, per gallon................................
1 No 1913 base price.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[408]
13. 709 13. 621 13. 565
13. 198 13. 118 13. 108
10. 660 10. 634 10. 589
(0
(0
CO
(0
(0
(0
11.490
11.477
11.483
11. 724
10. 840
11.478
11.474
11.717
11.490
11.474
11.484
11. 722
258.4
216. 0
226. 8
231. 6
243.8
216.0
226. 6
231. 5
258. 4
215.9
226.8
231.6
4.690
4. 053
4. 740
195. 6
(0
196. 1
(0
196.2
(0
2. 790
3. 440
540
2. 690
3. 590
2. 290
(0
(0
(0
(0
(0
(0
(0
(0
(0
4.425
4. 480
3.138
4.400
4. 480
3. 300
4. 400
4. 480
3. 188
3. 390
3. 990
3. 390
3. 990
3. 578
4. 640
3. 228
3. 380
4. 500
3. 750
2.790
3.290
2.540
2.
(0
(0
(0
3. 390
3. 990
(0
(0
(0
154. 1
165.4
(0
(0
(0
154. 1
165.4
(0
(0
(0
154.1
165.4
3.495
4. 550
3. 050
3.340
4. 750
3. 750
3. 503
4. 546
2. 978
3. 303
4. 625
3. 750
(0
(0
(0
(0
150. 0
(0
(0
(0
(0
(0
158.3
(0
(0
(0
(0
(0
154.2
(0
3. 060
3. 473
2. 635.
3.010
3.410
2. 660
3.010
3.410
2. 600
0)
(0
(0
149.6
(0
(0
(0
159. 1
(0
(0
(0
160.4
5.438
3.125
5. 250
2. 944
5. 900
2.835
(0
128.1
(0
120.7
(0
116.2
1. 381
.064
1.335
.069
1.225
.066
153.1
(0
148.0
(0
135.8
(0
WHOLESALE PRICES
193
WHOLESALE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, APRIL TO JUNE, 1926—Continued
Average prices
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Commodity
April,
1926
May,
1926
June,
1926
April,
1926
May,
1926
112.9
120.0
0)
«
(0
(0
0)
314.3
192. 7
149.0
(0
314.3
203.4
149.0
0)
314.3
219.4
149.0
190.4
159. 5
203.5
203.3
212.7
203.3
126. 5
125. 2
125 1
135 5
134 2
133 7
June,
1926
FUELS—Continued
O ther fuels—Continued.
Gasoline—
Motor, per gallon, tank wagon, New York______ $0.190 $0. 202 $0. 210
Motor, per gallon, f. o. b. refinery—
Oklahoma, 58-60............................. ......................
. 102
. 117
. 113
Pennsylvania, 58-60__ ___ ________________
. 141
. 127
. 142
Natural, Grade B, per gallon, f. o. b. refinery, Okla
homa____________________ _____ ________
.081
.103
.088
Crude petroleum, per barrel, at well—
California, 20° to 20.9°................... ...................... .
1.100 1. 100 1.100
Kansas-Oklahoma, 33° to 33.9°............................
1.800 1. 900 2.050
Pennsylvania___ _____ ____ _______ _______
3. 650 3.650 3. 650
Refined petroleum, per gallon, f. o. b. refinery—
Standard white, 110° fire test................................ . .080
.086
.089
Water white, Pennsylvania............... ..................
.098
. 125
.125
METALS AND METAL PRODUCTS.......
Iron an d steel.................................... ......... .................
Iron ore, per ton, lower Lake ports—
Mesabi, Bessemer, 51^ per cent_______________
Non-Bessemer, 51J^ per cent................................
Pig iron, per gross ton—
Basic, valley furnace____________ _________ _
Bessemer, Pittsburgh...............................................
Foundry, No. 2, northern, Pittsburgh.....................
Foundry, No. 2, southern, Birmingham, Ala_____
Ferromanganese, seaboard______ _____________
Spiegeleisen, 19 and 21 per cent, furnace_________
Bar iron, per pound—
Best refined, Philadelphia____________________
Common, Pittsburgh___________ ____________
Bars, reinforcing, per 100 pounds, Pittsburgh______
Nails, wire, per 100 pounds, Pittsburgh.....................
Pipe, cast-iron, 6-inch, per net ton, New York_____
Skelp, grooved, per 100 pounds, Pittsburgh...... .........
Steel billets, per gross ton, Pittsburgh—
Bessemer_______ ____ _____________________
Open hearth_______________________________
Steel, merchant bars, per 100 pounds, Pittsburgh___
Steel plates, tank, per pound, Pittsburgh...... ............
Steel rails, per gross ton, Pittsburgh—
Bessemer, standard._________ _______________
Open hearth, standard_________ _____ _______
Steel sheets, per pound, Pittsburgh______________
Steel, structural shapes, per 100 pounds, Pittsburgh__
Terneplate, 8 pounds, I. C., per base box (220 pounds),
Pittsburgh____________________ ___ ________
Tin plate, domestic coke, per 100 pounds, Pittsburgh.
Wire, per 100 pounds—
Barbed, galvanized, Chicago................ ......... .........
Plain, fence, annealed, Pittsburgh.......... ...............
124.8
(')
(>)
4. 400
4. 250
4. 400
4. 250
4. 400
4.250
114.3
125.0
114.3
125.0
114.3
125.0
18. 625
21. 385
20. 760
22. 000
88. 000
33. 000
18. 375
21. 135
20. 635
22. 000
88. 000
33. 000
18. 000
20. 760
19. 710
21. 200
88. 000
33. 000
126. 7
124. 8
129. 7
188. 2
151.0
132.0
125.0
123. 4
128. 9
188. 2
151. 0
132. 0
122.4
121.2
123.1
181.3
151.0
132.0
.029
.029
. 029
.030
.030
.030
2. 050 2. 000 1.900
2. 750 2. 750 2. 750
51. 600 51.600 51. 600
1.900 1. 900 1. 900
153. 1
181.8
149. 0
151. 2
220. 8
136. 7
153.1
181.8
145. 4
151. 2
220. 8
136.7
153.1
181.8
138.1
151.2
220. 8
136.7
35. 000 35. 000 35. 000
35. 000 35. 000 35. 000
2. 000 1.950 2. 000
.019
.019
.019
135.7
134. 1
129. 2
128.4
135.7
134. 1
125. 9
125.7
135.7
134.1
129.2
127.0
43. 000 43. 000 43. 000
43. 000 43. 000 43. 000
.032
.031
.031
1. 950 1.950 1.850
153.6
143.3
147.9
129. 1
153. 6
143. 3
142. 5
129. 1
153.6
143.3
139.3
122.5
11. 700 11. 700 11.700
5. 500 5. 500 5.500
168.7
154.6
168. 7
154. 6
168.7
154.6
3.400
2. 650
147.2
175.2
147.2
175.2
147.2
175.2
Nonferrous m etals________________________ _
Aluminum, per pound, New Y o rk ...........................
.270
.270
.270
Copper, ingot, electrolytic, per pound, refinery..........
. 137
. 136
. 137
Copper, sheet, per pound, New Y o rk .......................
.215
.215
.215
Copper wire, bare, per pound, m ill............................
. 161
. 160
. 160
Lead, pig, per pound, New York..................... ..........
.080
.078
.080
Lead pipe, per 100 pounds, New York........................ 9. 512 9.310 9. 555
Quicksilver, per pound, New York..... ........................ 1. 195 1.224 1.220
Silver, bar, fine, per ounce, New Y o rk ......................
. 651
.648
.658
Tin, pig, per pound, New York.................................
.634
.627* .607
Zinc, sheet, per 100 pounds, factory............................. 10. 592 10.150 10.150
Zinc, slab, per pound, New York................................
.074
.075
.071
1 No 1913 base price.
106. 7
114.2
87.2
101. 5
96.0
181.6
187.2
211.5
105. 7
141. 4
146.2
127.1
105.3
114.2
86.5
101. 5
95.6
176.1
183.2
216.6
106.8
139.7
140. 1
122.5
106.2
114.2
86.8
101.5
95.6
182. 5
188.0
215.9
107.4
135.2
140.1
128.0
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[409]
3. 400
2. 650
3.400
2. 650
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
194
WHOLESALE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, APRIL TO JUNE, 1926—Continued
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Average prices
Commodity
April,
1926
May,
1926
June, •April,
1926
1926
May,
1926
173.2
171. 6
186. 3
184.4
183. 4
$16. 500
34. 000
53. 500
34. 000
179.2
201.9
258. 7
161.3
179.2
201. 9
258. 7
161.3
179.2
196.2
258. 7
161.3
57. 000 57. 000
189.1
189. 1
189.1
65. 000 66. 200
50. 000 50.000
175.6
171.1
175.6
171.1
179.0
171. 1
96. 000 96. 000
217.5
215.3
215.3
22.150
45. 760
27.100
55. 000
33.250
5.080
22.110
44. 630
27. 010
55.000
33. 063
4.840
175.4
203.5
189. 4
166.5
153. 4
166.2
173.9
198.6
185.2
166.5
153. 4
167.1
173. 6
193.7
184.6
166.5
152. 5
159.2
5. 650
2.700
5. 650
2. 660
159.5
141.4
159.5
137.3
159.5
135.3
204.9
204.9
204. 3
204.9
175.2
204.9
176.4
204. 3
176.0
129.1
129.1
122.5
161.1
159.3
161.2
B U IL D IN G M A T E R IA L S
L u m b er
________
___ __
Douglas fir, per 1,000 feet, mill—
No. 1, common boards__ _______ ____________ $16. 500
No. 2 and better, drop siding
---------------------- 35. 000
Gum, sap, firsts and seconds, per 1,000 feet, St. Louis. 53. 500
Hemlock, northern, No. 1, per 1,000 feet, Chicago___ 34. 000
Maple, hard, No. 1, common, 4/4, per 1,000 feet,
Chicago__ _____ _____
____ ____
____ 57. 000
Oak, white, plain, No. 1. common, 4/4, per 1,000 feet,
Cincinnati . _______________ . .
65. 000
Pine, white, No. 2 barn, per 1,000 feet, Buffalo, N. Y__ 50. 000
Pine, yellow, flooring, long leaf, B and better, per
1,000 feet, New York
__ _ . ----------------- ... 97. 000
Pine, yellow, southern, per 1,000 feet, mill—
Boards, No. 2, common, 1X8...
_______ _____ 22. 340
Flooring, B and better. ______________ . ___ 46. 880
Timbers, square edge and sound . _.
27. 720
Poplar, No. 1, common, 4/4, per 1,000 feet, Cincinnati. 55. 000
Spruce, eastern, random, per 1,000 feet, Boston __
33. 250
Lath, yellow pine, No. 1, per 1,000, mill__________
5. 050
Shingles, per M, mill—
Cypress, 16 inches long. _____________________ 5. 650
Red cedar, 16 inches long_____________________ 2.780
Brick
_.
$16. 500
35. 000
53. 500
34. 000
___ _
Common, building, per 1,000—
Simple average of 82-yard prices ------------------- 13.917 13. 917 13. 880
Run of kiln, f. o. b. plant, Chicago_____________ 8. 650 8. 710 8. 690
S tru ctu r a l ste el_______________
O th er b u ild in g m a teria ls .
. ________________
. . .
___ .
Cement, Portland, per barrel, f. o. b. plant—
Simple average of 6 plant prices in Pennsylvania,
Indiana, Minnesota, Texas, and California . . _
Buffiington, Ind. __________ . . . . .. . . .. .
Northampton, P a ... ______________________ _
Crushed stone, 1Li-inch, per cubic yard, New York .
Gravel, per ton, f. o. b. pit, simple average of 28 plant
■prices______ _____ ________ _______ ______
Hollow tile, building, per block, Chicago______ .
Lime, common, lump, per ton, f. o. b. plant, simple
average of 15 plant prices _______________________
Roofing, prepared, per square, f. o. b. factory—
Medium weight . .............. .............. ............... .........
Shingles, individual_____________________________
Shingles, strip________ _____ . . . . . _ _ . . .
Slate surfaced___________________ ________
. .
Sand, building, per ton, f. o. b. pit, simple average of
31 plant prices_____
. . _______
____
Slate, roofing, per 100 square feet. f. o. b. quarry
Glass, plate, per square foot, New York—
3 to 5 square feet
__ _ . ___ . . . _______. ..
5 to 10 square feet__ _ ___ ______ ___ _______
Glass, window, f. o. b. works, per 50 square feet—
Single A ___ . . _______ ________ . _ ___ . . .
Single B_ . . . . .. _______ _________ ____________
Linseed oil, per pound, New York ____ _ ________
Putty, commercial, per pound, New York __ ______
Rosin (B), per barrel, New Y ork... __ ___ _ _
Turpentine, southern, barrels, per gallon, New York.
White lead, American, in oil, per pound, New York...
Zinc oxide (white zinc), per pc*md, New York______
Pipe, cast-iron. (See Metals and metal products.)
Copper, sheet. (See Metals and metal products).
Copper wire. (See Metals and metal products.)
Lead pipe. (See Metals and metal products.)
Nails. (See Metals and metal products.)
Reinforcing bars. (See Metals and metal products.)
Roofing tin (terneplate). (See Metals and metal
products.)
Zinc, sheet. (See Metals and metal products.)
1 No 1913 base price.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[410]
June,
1926
171.2
1.750
1.650
1.750
1.750
1. 750
1. 650
1.750
1. 750
1. 750
1.650
1. 750
1. 750
168.4
163.2
196.6
194.4
168.4
163.2
196.6
194.4
168.4
163.2
196.6
194.4
.955
.075
.949
.075
.941
.075
193.1
117.2
191.7
117.2
190.4
117.2
9.031
8. 960
8. 959
218.9
217.1
217.1
1. 701
5.649
4. 810
2.110
1. 708
5. 649
5.173
2.110
1. 708
5. 649
5.295
0
«
0
0)
168.4
302.7
0
(0
(0
0
165.6
302. 7
0
(0
0
0)
166.0
302.7
.400
.480
169.0
150.8
169.0
150.8
169.0
150.8
3. 900 3. 900
3. 072 3. 072
. 108
. 112
.040
.040
8. 431 11.190
.869
.861
. 153
. 153
.071
.071
171.5
138.3
174. 5
150. 9
185.0
226.0
225.6
148. 7
171.5
138.3
174.6
150. 9
175.0
201. 3
225. 6
132. 5
171. 5
138.3
181.8
150. 9
232.3
203. 1
225. 6
132.5
2.110
.631
. 632
.642
14. 000 14. 000 14. 000
.400
.480
3. 900
3. 072
.108
.040
8.913
.967
. 153
.080
.400
.480
WHOLESALE PRICES
195
WHOLESALE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, APRIL TO JUNE, 1926—Continued
Average prices
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Commodity
April,
1926
May,
1926
June,
1926
C H E M IC A LS A N D D R U G S ___
C h e m ic a ls _________________ ____ ________ ____
Acids, per pound, New York—
Acetic, 28 per cent.............................................. ...... $0. 033 $0. 033 $0. 033
Muriatic, 20° ________________________
.009
.009
.010
Nitric, 42°................ ...........................................
.063
.064
.065
Salicylic, U. S. P..............................................
.338
.300
.300
Stearic, triple pressed....................................... ........
.165
.165
. 165
Sulphuric, 66°. ... ..... ................................
.007
.007
.008
Alcohol, per gallon, New York—
Denatured, No. 5, 188 proof_______ ____
.340
.340
.325
Wood, refined, 95 per cent.. - _ ______ ____
.550
. 550
.550
______
Alum, lump, per pound, New York.
.034
034
.034
Ammonia, anhydrous, per pound, New York___ _
.130
. 130
! 130
Benzol, pure, per gallon, f. o. b. works__ .
.238
.248
. 250
Bleaching powder, per 100 pounds, New York_____
2.000 2.000 2. 000
Borax, crystals and granulated, per pound, New Tork.
.050
.050
.050
Coal-tar colors, per pound, New York—
Black, direct__ . .. __________ ___
.300
.300
.300
Brown, sulphur _____________________ .
.200
.200
.200
Indigo, 20 per cent___ __ _______
. 140
.140
. 140
Copper sulphate, 99 per cent crystals, per uound___
.046
.048
.048
Copra, South Sea. (See Foods.)
Creosote oil, grade 1, per gallon, f. o. b. works____
. 140
. 140
. 140
Formaldehyde, per pound, New York______
.090
.090
.090
Oil, vegetable—
Coconut, crude. (See Foods.)
Corn, crude. (See Foods.)
Palm kernel, crude, per pound, New York.............
.097
.099
. 105
Soya bean, crude. (See Foods.)
Potash, caustic, 88-92 per cent, per pound, New York,. _ .071
.071
.071
_
Sal soda, per 100 pounds, New York__ ___ __
1.100 1.100 1.100
Soda ash, 68 per cent, light, per 100 pounds, New
1 ork
_____ . _______ ___ . .. . .
2.290 2.290 2. 290
Soda, bicarbonate, American, per pound, f. o. b.
wfirks ........ ......... ......... .
.019
.019
.019
Soda, caustic, 76 per cent, solid, per pound, New
j: o rk __ __ .
.038
.038
.038
Soda, silicate of, 40°, per 100 pounds, f. o. b. works__
.800
.800
.800
Sulphur, crude, per gross ton, f. o. b. w o rk s__ __
19. 000 19. 000 19. 000
Tallow, inedible, packers’ prime, per pound, Chicago...
.086
.086
.093
Fertilizer m a ter ia ls_______
Acid phosphate, 16 uer cent basis, bulk, per ton, New
York____ _
Ammonia, sulphate, double bags, per 100 pounds
New York, . . .
Ground bone, steamed, per ton, Chicago ...
Muriate of potash, 80-85 per cent, K. C. L. bags, per
ton, New Y o rk .___ ______________
Phosphate rock, 68 per cent, per ton, f. o. b. mines._.
Soda, nitrate, 95 per cent, per 100 pounds, New York.
Tankage, 9 and 20 per cent, crushed, per ton, f. o. b.
Chicago.____ _________________
D rugs a n d p h a r m a c e u tic a ls . . .
[411]
May,
1926
J une,
1926
130 3
130 7
110 6
117 5
131 1
118 7
167. 5
69.2
128. 1
119. 1
124. 5
70. 0
167. 5
71. 5
131. 1
105. 9
124. 5
73.0
167. 5
73.1
133.2
105. 9
124.5
75.0
92.9
115.0
194 3
52.0
87. 2
169.5
133.3
92.9
115.0
192 fi
52.0
91. 0
169. 5
133.3
88.8
115.0
191 4
52.0
91.7
169. 5
133.3
93. 8
90.9
77.8
88. 9
93.8
90.9
77. 8
91.2
93.8
90.9
77.8
91.7
(')
106.7
(i)
106. 7
(0
106.7
97. 8
103.7
199.1
183.3
199. 1
183.3
199.1
183.3
392.6
392.6
392. 6
175.0
175.0
175.0
257.5
125. 8
86. 4
122.1
257. 5
125.8
86.4
122. 1
257.5
125.8
86.4
130.8
113 4
111. 8
108. 1
9. 600
135.2
131.0
124.8
2. 700 2. 600 2. 563
26. 000 27. 200 28. 000
86.3
129.2
83. 1
135.2
82.0
139.1
34. 900 34. 900 34. 900
3.175 3.150 3. 150
2.680 2.624 2. 538
91.5
93.2
108.6
91.5
92.4
106.3
91.5
92.4
102.8
133.8
133.8
141.0
181. 5
182. 4
10. 400 10. oso
31. 250 31. 250 32. 938
Acid, citric, domestic, crystals, per pound, New York
.450
.445
.448
Acid, tartaric, crystals, U. S. P., per pound, New York
.290
.293
.295
Alcohol, grain, 188 proof, U. S. P., per gallon, New
York.
. . . . . . . _ __
4. 855 4. 855 4. 855
Cream of tartar, powdered, per pound, New York. . .
.220
.214
.210
Epsom salts, U. S. P., in barrels, per 100 pounds, New
Y ork.___
2. 500 2. 500 2. 500
Glycerin, refined, per pound, New York ..
.234
.279
.248
Opium, natural, U. S. P., per pound, New Y o rk __ 12. 000 12.000 12. 000
Peroxide of hydrogen, 4-ounce bottles, per gross, New
Y o rk __ ._ _______
7. 500 7. 750 7. 750
Phenol (carbolic acid), U. S. P., per pound, New York
.220
.220
.220
Quinine, sulphate, manufacturers’ quotations, per
ounce, New Y ork.............................................
.400
.475
.400
1 No 1913 base price.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
April,
1926
184.4
103. 5
95. 1
102.9
96.2
102.3
96.7
194.3
92.3
194.3
89.9
194.3
88.3
227.3
118.6
199.4
227.3
125.8
199.4
227.3
141.5
199.4
187. 5
200.0
193.8
200.0
193.8
200.0
216.3
182.1
182.1
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
196
WHOLESALE PRICES OP COMMODITIES, APRIL TO JUNE, 1926—Continued
Index numbers
(1913=100)
A.verage prices
Commodity
April,
1926
May,
1926
June,
1926
June,
1926
April,
1926
May,
1926
163. 4
162.2
161.7
141.3
HOUSE-FURNISHING GOODS
142.8
141.5
$30.935 $30. 803
6. 219 6. 219
40. 814 40. 619
7.063 7. 063
(0
(0
0)
0)
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
36. 677 36. 677
48. 364 48. 364
31. 227 31. 227
(9
(9
(9
33. 500 33. 500
16. 500 16. 500
<9
(9
(9
(9
0)
6. 500 6. 500 6. 500
Table, porcelain top, each_________ ____ ____
Living room, average price, factory—
41. 167 41. 167
41.167
Chair, each... _ ______--_ . ______________
Davenport, each------------------------ - _ ------ - 65. 471 65.150 65.150
18.972 18. 972
18.
972
Table, each___ ____ ___ _________________ -
(9
(9
0)
0)
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
F u rn itu re
_______ _______________
Bedroom, average price, factory—
Bed, each------ ------------------------------------------ $31. 702
6. 219
Chair, each-------------------------- ----------------Dresser, each______ ___. ______ ______ ______ 41. 237
7.063
Rocker,- each______________________________
Dining room, average price, factory—
Buffet, each______________ ______________ 36. 990
Chairs, set of six - .......... .................................... 48. 909
Table, extension, each_____________ _________ 31. 500
Kitchen, average price, factory—
Cabinet, each. . ..
_ __ . - ------------- 33. 500
Chairs, per dozen__________ ___ _ ________ 16. 500
(9
(2)
(2)
230. 5
230. 0
228.4
I. 235
1.367
1.235
1.367
1.235
1.367
204. 1
178.6
204.1
178.6
204.1
178.6
3. 120
3. 072
5. 088
3.120
3. 072
5.088
3. 120
3. 072
5.088
232.9
237. 8
211.3
232.9
237.8
211.3
232.9
237. 8
211.3
1. 350 1. 350 1.350
12. §00 12. 500 12. 500
22. 950 22. 950 21.335
180.0
217.4
156.5
180.0
217.4
156.5
180.0
217.4
145.4
.408
1.140
183.4
294. 5
174.2 170.6
294.5 ' 294. 5
19. 860 19. 860 19. 860
45. 700 45. 700 45. 700
.200
.200
.200
2. 250 2. 250 2. 250
. 180
. 180
. 180
.980
.980
.980
1.260 1.260 1.260
196. 4
181.8
281.3
150. 0
211.5
221.0
196.4
181.8
281.3
150. 0
211.5
221.0
196.4
181.8
281.3
150.0
211. 5
221.0
.200
6. 564
152.6
163.8
148.6
163.8
148.6
159.8
MISCELLANEOUS
126. 5
124. 7
122.5
Cattle feed
.
................
Bran, per ton, Minneapolis______ _____________
Cottonseed meal, prime, per ton, Memphis_______
Linseed meal, per ton, New York
. . __ .
Mill feed, middlings, standard, per ton, Minneapolis..
114.4
126.8
103. 4
169. 6
111.8
111.0
115.4
105.0
163.6
110. 5
Furnishings
.
______________
Blankets, factory—
Cotton, colored, 2 pounds to the pair, per p a ir----Wool, 4 to 5 pounds to the pair, per pound.-- ___
Carpets, per yard, factory—
Axminster, Bigelow_______
____ Brussels, Bigelow. ________________________
Wilton, Bigelow__________ ________________
Cutlery, factory—
Carvers, 8-inch, per pair--------------------------------Knives and forks, per gross.. ________ _ -------Pails, galvanized-iron, 10-quart, per gross, factory__
Sheeting, bleached, 10.4, per yard, factory—
Pcpperell __ _______ ___ _ ... __ _
Wamsutta, P. L ____ ______________________
Tableware, factory—•
Dinner sets, per set—
Semivitreous, 100 pieces.................. .....................Vitreous, 104 pieces___ ___ _______________
Glass nappies, 4-inch, per dozen... _______ .- __
Glass pitchers, ^-gallon, per dozen. __ __________
Glass tumblers, y 6- pint, per d o zen ...--------Plates, white granite, 7-inch, per dozen_________
Teacups and saucers, white granite, per dozen____
Ticking, Amoskeag, A. C. A., 2.05 yards to the pound,
per yard, factory___________ ______ ________
Tubs, galvanized-iron, No. 3, per dozen, factory____
Leather
Calf, chrome, B grade, per square foot, Boston.-----Glazed kid, black, top grade, per square foot, Boston..
Harness, California, oak, No. 1, per pound, Chicago..
Side, black, chrome, B grade, per square foot, Boston.
Sole, per pound—
Oak, in sides, middle weight, tannery, run, Boston.
Oak, scoured backs, heavy, Boston_____________
Union, middle weight, New York_________ ____
.439
1. 140
.205
6. 725
.417
1.140
.200
6. 725
[412]
(9
0)
24. 969
29. 750
49. 000
24. 250
23. 281
29. 250
48. 200
21. 750
21. 200
29. 750
46. 500
21. 500
124.0
136.0
105.0
172. 4
124.7
.460
.675
.441
.260
.450
.675
.441
.250
.450
.675
.441
.250
139.6
170.6
269. 6
109.9
101.6
137. 1
166. 9
269. 6
109.9
97.7
136. 0
166.9
269.6
109.9
97.7
.360
.460
.431
.350
.450
.420
.350
.430
.420
120.7
102. 5
107.5
117.4
100.3
104.7
117.4
95. 8
104.7
175.3
175. 3
175.3
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
Pancr and pulp
Box board, per ton, f. o. b. mill—
Chip___ ___ _____ _______________ ______ 42.132 39. 850 36. 329
Manila lined chip__________ _______ _______ 52. 032 49. 845 46. 229
85-pound test liner .................... .............................. 61. 875 59.400 59. 400
Paper—
.035
.035
.035
Newsprint, roll, per pound, f. o. b. mill----- -------Wrapping, manila, No. 1, jute, per pound, New
. 114
. 114
. 114
York................... .................... ............................
1 No. 1913 base price.
:No quotation.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
<9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
166.8
166.8
166.8
233.2
233.2
233. 2
CHANGES IN COST OP LIVING
197
WHOLESALE PRICES OF COMMODITIES, APRIL TO JUNE, 1926—Continued
Average prices
Index numbers
(1913=100)
Commodity
April,
1926
May,
1926
June,
1926
April,
1926
May,
1926
132.6
132.6
107 6
109.1
June,
1926
MISCELLANEOUS—Continued
Paoer and p u lp —Continued.
Wood pulp, sulphite, domestic, unbleached, per 100
pounds, New York................ ..........
$2. 950 $2.950 $2. 950
O ther miscellaneous___________ .
Burlap, 10Mi-ounce, 40-inch, per yard, New York
.096
.088
.089
Cylinder oil, gallon, refinery—
Oklahoma, medium, filtered stock__
. 180
.180
.180
Pennsylvania, 600, filtered, D _ _ _ _ _ _
.265
.265
.259
Hemp, manila, fair, current, shipment, per pound,
New York___ __ _______________
. 133
.131
. 124
Jute, raw, medium grade, per pound, New York
. 105
.105
.073
Lubricating oil, paraffin, 903 gravity, per gallon, New
> ork__ _________________ __ ........
.240
.240
.240
Rope, pure manila, best grade, per pound, New York.
.270
.260
.260
Rubber, per pound, New York—
Para, island, fine. ________ ________
.395
.383
.344
Plantation, ribbed, smoked, sheets______
.513
.485
.434
Sisal, Mexican, current, shipment, per pound, New
A ork...................... _...................... ......
.093
.093
.093
Soap—
Laundry, per 100 cakes, Cincinnati_________
4.125 4.125 4.125
Laundry, per 100 cakes, Philadelphia____
4.851 4. 851 4. 851
Starch, laundry, bulk, per pound, New York___
.060
.060
.058
Tobacco—
Plug, per pound, New York_________
.696
.696
.696
Smoking, 1-ounce bags, per gross, New York.
8. 320 8. 320 8. 320
ALL COMMODITIES (494 price scries)
108 5
119.3
132.6
104 f;
110. 7
(i)
(1)
143.4
157.0
140.7
157.0
133.6
108.4
168.4
184.0
168.4
177.2
168.4
177.2
48.9
62.5
47.4
59.1
42.6
52.9
(0
(!)
0)
(i)
214.1
214.1
214.1
133.8
137.5
163.0
133.8
137.5
163.0
133.8
137.5
157.5
179.0
147.5
179.0
147.5
179.0
147.5
151. 1
151.7
153.3
1 No 1913 base price.
Changes in Cost of Living in the United States
H E B ureau of Labor Statistics has secured data on cost of liv
ing for June, 1926. These d ata, together with the d a ta th a t
have been given in previous reports, are shown in the tables
following. The inform ation is based on actual prices secured from
m erchants and dealers for each of the periods named. The prices of
food and of fuel and light (which include coal, wood, gas, electricity,
and kerosene) are furnished the bureau in accordance w ith arrange
m ents m ade w ith establishments through personal visits of the bu
reau’s agents. In each city food prices are secured from. 15 to 25
m erchants and dealers, and fuel and light prices from 10 to 15 firms,
including public utilities. All other data are secured by special
agents of the bureau who visit the various m erchants, dealers, and
agents and secure the figures directly from their records. F our quo
tations are secured in each city (except in G reater New York, where
five are obtained) on each of a large num ber of articles of clothing,
furniture, and miscellaneous items. R ental figures are secured for
from 400 to 2,000 houses and apartm ents in each city, according
to its population.
Table I shows the changes in the to ta l cost of living from June,
1920, June, 1925, and December, 1925, respectively, to June, 1926,
in 32 cities, and in the U nited S tates as determ ined by a consolida
tion of the figures for the 32 cities.
T
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
14131
MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW
198
T able 1 .—CHANGES IN TOTAL COST OF LIVING IN SPECIFIED CITIES FROM JU N E ,
1920, JUNE, 1925, AND DECEMBER, 1925, TO JUNE, 1928
Per cent of increase (+) or
decrease (—) from—
Per cent of increase (+) or
decrease (—) from—
City
Atlanta______
Baltimore_____
Birmingham__
Boston_______
Buffalo_______
Chicago______
Cincinnati____
Cleveland____ _
Denver_______
Detroit_______
Houston______
Indianapolis___
Jacksonville___
Kansas City___
Los Angeles___
Memphis_____
Minneapolis___
June,
1920, to
J une,
1926
-20.0
—16.8
-17.2
-19. 5
-17. 5
-17. 1
-16. 7
-17.4
-20.4
-21.7
-20.3
-18.8
-16. 0
-22. 7
-15. 1
-18. 1
-16.6
June,
1925, to
June,
1926
Decem
ber, 1925,
to June,
1926
+0.9
-1.4
-1.5
-1.4
-2. 9
-1. 1
-1. 6
- .3
- .4
-2.3
-1. 7
—3_0
-1. 9
+.6
+ .5
+2.3
+1.7
+ .4
+.4
+• 8
+1.2
+. 1
-1 .2
+6. 4
+. 3
+3.2
-. 5
+1.7
+.1
-1.
-3.
-1.
-.
2
5
8
6
City
June,
1920, to
June,
1926
June,
1925, to
June,
1926
Decem
ber, 1925,
to June,
1926
Mobile. __ _
_
New Orleans_____
New York_____
Norfolk--------- _
Philadelphia-. - _
Pittsburgh _- _ - - _
Portland, Me -Portland, OregRichmond____ St. Louis.-- - ___
San Francisco.-- Savannah- - ____
Scranton ______
Seattle __ _______
Washington-.........
-19.7
-15.4
-18. 5
-22. 1
-15.4
-15. 4
-19. 4
-22. 9
-16. 8
-16.7
-18.0
-23.3
-14. 9
-19. 5
-17.8
+1.4
+.1
+1. 6
+ .7
+1.7
+• 2
+1.2
-. 8
+2. 6
+1.4
+.9
+ 1.7
+1.6
-. 6
+ .9
-1.4
-2.1
-2 .5
-1 .9
-1.1
-1 .8
-1.8
—1.5
—.9
- .7
-2. 4
—1.4
-2.3
-1.3
-1.1
Average, U. S.
-19.3
+.7
-1.7
Table 2 shows the changes in each of six groups of items in 19 cities
from December, 1914, to June, 1926.
In studying this and the following tables it should be borne in mind
th a t the figures for the 19 cities in Table 2 are based on the prices
prevailing in December, 1914, the figures for the 13 cities in Table 3
are based on the prices prevailing in December, 1917, while the figures
for the U nited States, shown in Table 4, are a sum m arization of the
figures in Tables 2 and 3, computed on a 1913 base.
I t will be noted th at, from the beginning of the studies to June,
1920, there was, w ith an occasional exception, a steady increase in
prices, becoming m uch more decided during the la tte r p a rt of th a t
period. In June, 1920, the high-water m ark of prices was reached,
the average for the U nited States on th a t date being 116.5 per cent
higher than the average prices for 1913.
From June, 1920, to September, 1922, with few minor exceptions
prices decreased.
From Septem ber, 1922, to June, 1924, in m ost cities the fluctuations
were slight, sometimes showing a decrease and sometimes an increase.
In a few cities, however, there was a considerable increase during this
period, the average change for the country as a whole being from
66.3 per cent to 69.1 per cent over the average for 1913.
D uring the period from June to September, 1924, the changes ranged
from a decrease of 0.6 per cent to an increase of 1.8 per cent, the
average for the U nited States being an increase of 0.9 per cent.
There was an increase in the price of food in every city except two;
a decrease in the price of clothing in every city. R ents increased in
12 cities and decreased in 17. Fuel and light increased in 22 cities,
house-furnishing goods decreased in 24 cities, and miscellaneous item s
increased in 11 cities and decreased in 17 cities.
From Septem ber to December, 1924, there was an increase in
every city except one, where there was a decrease of nine-tenths of
1 per cent. The increases ranged from 0.1 per cent to 2.4 per cent.
The average for the U nited States was an increase of 1.1 per cent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[414]
CHANGES IN COST OF LIVING
199
D uring the period from December, 1924, to June, 1925, the changes
ranged from an increase of 3.8 per cent to a decrease of 0.1 per cent,
the average being an increase of 0.6 per cent. Twenty-five cities
showed an increase during this period; in 5 there was a decrease and
in 2 there was no change.
Food showed an increase in 28 cities and clothing showed a decrease
in 27 cities; rents increased in 12 cities and decreased in 19. Fuel and
light decreased in 29 cities, furniture and house furnishings decreased
in 23 cities, and miscellaneous item s increased in 20 cities.
D uring the year from June, 1924, to June, 1925, the total cost of
living increased in every city, the average increase being 2.6 per cent.
From June to December, 1925, the cost of living increased in each
of the 32 cities, the increase ranging from 0.3 to 6.3 per cent, the aver
age being 2.5 per cent. These increases were largely due to the higher
price of food in every city. This fact, together w ith the comparatively
heavy weight of food in the family budget, overbalanced the reductions
th a t took place in some of the other items of expenditure.
The cost of fuel and light increased in 29 of the 32 cities, and the
cost of miscellaneous items increased in 19 cities.
On the other hand, the price of clothing decreased in 29 cities;
rents (housing) decreased in 20 and increased in 11 cities; while
house-furnishing goods increased in 15 and decreased in 14 cities.
The average cost of living in December, 1925, based on data from
the 32 cities, was 77.9 per cent higher than the average for 1913.
From December, 1925, to June, 1926, the cost of living decreased
in all b u t 1 of the 32 cities, the decreases ranging from 0.3 per cent
to 3.5 per cent, the average for the 32 cities being 1.7 per cent. One
city, Jacksonville, showed an increase of 0.1 per cent.
[ The great m ajority of the 32 cities show decreases in each of the
groups, except miscellaneous, th a t go to make up the cost of living.
In food, all of the cites except Cleveland show decreases.
( In clothing, 29 cities show decreases ranging from 0.1 per cent to
2.4 per cent, while 1 city, Mobile, shows an increase of 0.1 per cent
and 2 cities show no change.
In rents, 25 cities show decreases ranging from 0.1 per cent to
3.7 per cent, 5 cities show increases ranging from 0.1 per cent to 7.3
per cent, and 2 cities show no change.
Due m ainly to the coal strike of 1925-6, the figures for fuel and
light show an extremely wide variation. Twenty-five cities show
decreases ranging from 0.2 per cent to 13.3 per cent, while 7 cities
show increases ranging from 0.1 per cent to 4.4 per cent.
In house-furnishing goods, 31 cities show decreases ranging from
0.4 per cent to 4.7 per cent, while only 1 shows an increase, this
increase being 0.4 per cent.
In miscellaneous, the trend is rather evenly divided. Fourteen
cities show decreases ranging from 0.2 per cent to 2.8 per cent, while
15 show increases ranging from 0.1 per cent to 1.7 per cent. Three
cities show no change.
For all of the 32 cities combined, each group shows a decrease
between December, 1925, and June, 1926. Food shows a decrease
in the past 6 m onths of 3.5 per cent, clothing 0.7 per cent, housing
1 per cent, fuel and light 3.3 per cent, house-furnishing goods 1.8
per cent, and miscellaneous 0.1 per cent. For all items, taken as a
whole, as stated above, the decrease vras 1.7 per cent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[415]
3.—CHANGES IN COST OF LIVING IN 19 CITIES FROM DECEMBER,
1914,
TO JUNE,
200
T able
1926
B altim ore, M d .
Per cent of increase from December, 1914, to—
item oi
expenditure
Dec., Dec., Dec., Dec., June, Dec., June. Dec., May, Dec., Mar., June, Sept., Dec., Mar., June, Sept., Dec., Mar., June, Sept., Dec., June, Dec., June,
1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1919 1920 1920 1921 1921 1922 1922 1922 1922 1923 1923 1923 1923 1924 1924 1924 1924 1925 1925 1926
64.4
52. 1
3. 0
25.5
96.4
107.7
13. 8
46.0
91.1
128.9
16. 8
37.1
92.5
177.4
25.8
48.1
110.9
191.3
41.6
57.6
75.6
159.5
49.5
79.0
43.4
123. 2
63.0
70.9
46.9
88.6
64. 7
85.5
38.3
82. 0
65.2
85.5
39.9
78.9
65.4
84.8
39.4
77.8
65. 6
90.9
46.1
80. 5
66.9
94.9
42.6
81.6
67.6
95.5
46.5
81.4
69. 6
91.6
52.0
92. 9
70.4
88.2
50.6
81. 8
71. 9
93.5
43.9
81. 6
71. 7
93.5
44. 0
78.3
72.4
84.8
48.1
76.2
72.4
88.9
53.0
76.2
72.2
88.7
57.7
76. 0
72.0
85.3
66.2
76. 2
72.2
90.9
62.2
73.0
71.3
89.8
60.8 122.3 134. 6 167.0 191.8 181.9 147.5 123.7 115.0 113. 3 114.2 116.6 125.0 127. 5 129.5 130.2 132. 7 129.4 124.8 125.7 122.8 122.1 112.8
51.3 78.7 82.8 99.4 111.4 112.9 111.8 108.6 106. 9 104.4 103. 8 102.6 103.2 103.8 104.0 105. 2 105. 6 109.9 106. 1 107.1 111. 0 111. 6 111.2
All items.. i 1.4 18.5 51.3 84.7 84. 0 98.4 114.3 96.8 77.4 73.2 67.9 67. 6 67.2 70.9 70.2 72.0 74.7 74.8 71.9 71.9 72.5 74.8 77.3 81.2
78.4
[416]
B o ston , M a s s .
Food................. 10.3 18.0 45.8 74.9 67.9
Clothing__ ___ 6.6 21.9 47. 5 117. 5 137. 9
Housing______
i.l
. 1 i.l 2.8 5. 1
Fuel and light__ 1.1 10.5 29.2 56.6 55.0
House-furnishing
goods_______ 8.4 26.3 58.4 137.6 153. 7
Miscellaneous__ 1.6 15.7 38.1 62.0 64.8
All items..
80.8
192.4
12.2
63.2
105. 0
211. 1
16.2
83.6
74.4
192. 7
25.8
106.0
41.9
150. 3
29.8
97.8
50.4
106.3
33.8
98.5
34.3
98.9
33. 9
93. 9
32. 5
96. 7
34.4
92.5
37.4
92.4
34. 9
91.7
44.9
92. 0
36. 7
99.9
41.2
92.6
37.2
97.7
39.7
93. 0
40.2
88.8
47.9
93.4
44.3
92.8
48.8
92. 6
47. 0
97.0
39.3
92. 0
49. 1
91.1
37.9
91.2
50.7
90.7
44.7
88. 7
51.3
94.5
47.8
89. 1
52. 4
93.7
44.5
88. 9
52.9
90.4
60.6
87.8
54. 0
107.2
51. 5
85.9
53.2
94.4
198.7 233.7 226.4 171.2 136.9 128.1 124.2 124.0 133.6 142.5 150.5 148.7 148.2 147.0 136. 9 135.5 138.1 136.9 136. 7 133.1
81. 1 91.8 96.6 96.2 93. 0 91.6 89. 5 89.3 87.8 88.4 89.2 89.2 93. 0 90.3 88. 0 87.6 85.9 86.3 91.0 92.1
1.6 15.7 38.1 70.6 72.8 92.3 110.7 97.4 74.4 70.2 61.2 59.6 60.9 65.1 63.9 63.5 67.9 69.4 64.6 63.2 66. 0 67.3
65.8 74.7
69.6
B u ffalo, N . Y .
Food_________ 2.4 30.1
Clothing.... ........ 8.9 29.6
Housing______ 1.2 4.7
Fuelandlight__ 1.3 9.3
House-furnishing
goods_______ 7.1 24.1
Miscellaneous__ 3.5 24.4
64.1
58.5
9.4
23.5
87.8
123.1
20.7
49.3
82. 9
140. 7
28. 0
51.9
94.7
190.8
29. 0
55.7
115. 7
210.6
46. 6
69.8
78.5
168.7
48. 5
74.9
37.7
131. 6
61.1
73.9
50.8
98. 5
61. 7
79.7
39.4
87.7
61.9
78.8
38.5
83.6
64.7
78.8
41.2
79.4
64. 7
122.1
48.8
81.4
64.9
115.7
41.5
83. 0
64.9
119.5
41.6
83.4
70. 0
119.1
50.9
84. 9
70.9
116.7
51.9
83.8
71.8
120.4
42.3
83.2
72. 0
122.2
39.5
81.7
76.3
116.6
45.4
80.8
76.3
117.9
51.6
79.9
76.8
117.9
52.0
80.3
79.1
115.5
66.5 60.9
79.8 76.7
79.5 78.1
117.9 127.3
50.2 106.3 118.1 165.4 199.7 189.2 151.3 124.7 115.5 108.0 107. 8 112.8 121.3 127.9 127.0 127.5 125.7 121. 0 120.8 121.0 119.5 118.2 113.6
51.1 76.0 78.7 90.3 101.9 107.4 107.8 103.0 99.5 97.9 97.9 97.5 98. 7 100.5 102. 7 102.5 102.5 101.9 101. 1 100. 9 107.7 107. 9 110. 6
All item s.. 3.5 24.4 51.1 80.9 84.2 102.7 121.5 101.7 80.3 76.8 69.9 68.6 71.0 73.9 72.5 74.1 78.2 78.6 75.1 73.9 75.7 77.8 79.7 84.8
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
82.8
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW
Food_________ 14.1 20.9
Clothing _____ 2.7 24. 0
Housing______ 1.2
.9
Fuel andlight--. .5 9.1
House-furnishing
goods.___ _ 5.6 26.4
Miscellaneous__ i 1.4 18.5
C h i c a g o , III.
!254°— 26 t—
Food_______
2.7
Clothing____
7. 5
Housing. ____ i . i
Fuel andlight... 1.9
House -furnishing
goods. ______ 5.9
Miscellaneous__ 3. 0
All items..
25.2 53.4 78.7 73.3
24.2 50. 6 138.9 157. 1
.7 1. 4 2.6 8. 0
6.6 19.3 37.1 35.7
93.1
224. 0
14. 0
40.1
120.0
205.3
35.1
62.4
70.5
158. 6
48. 9
83.5
41.9
122.7
78.2
65.3
48.3
74.3
83.9
69.4
38.3
66.8
84. 1
54.8
41.6
63.0
87.4
55.4
40.7
65. 8
87.6
64.3
44. 8
67. 5
88.9
65.6
42. 2
71.2
89. 1
62.4
45. 1
72. 2
92. 1
54.9
52.7
76.0
92. 1
57.1
52.5
76.0
95.4
59.3
48.3
74.9
95. 8
57.7
47.9
72.6
104. 4
53.0
52.1
70.9
104.2
53.9
56.2
67.8
105.8
56.1
61.4
65.8
105.6
53.9
69.4
65.3
104. 4
65.8
67.2
62.7
99.5
55. 4
20.0 47. 5 108. 9 126. 9 176.0 215.9 205.8 162.4 133.7 114.5 108.5 107.5 120.4 127.2 133.1 133.8 132.9 131.7 122.2 121. 5 121.9 118.1 118. 5 112.4
19.5 41. 8 58.7 61.7 84. 3 87.5 96. 5 98.5 94.5 92.7 87.9 87.3 86.7 87.3 87. 7 88. 1 88. 1 88.1 90.7 90. 7 90. 7 93.9 93.9 94.3
3.0 19.5 41. 8 72.2 74.5 100. 6 114.6 93.3 78.4 72.3 65. 1 65.0 65.6 68.0 68.0 69.6 73.2 83.7 72. 0 72.6 73.7 75.3 77.1 80.6 77.8
[417]
Food_________
Clothing______
Housing______
Fuel andlight___
House-furnishing
goods_______
Miscellaneous__
1.4 26.4 54.3 79.4
2.0 18.0 43.7 102.6
.1
.9 11.3 16.5
.3 10.0 26.8 51.9
79.7
125.2
21.8
47.9
92.9
171.2
39.9
62.9
118.7
185.1
47.3
90.3
71.7
156.0
80.0
94. 5
37.4
124.0
88.1
89.6
40.9
85.8
81. 2
103.8
29.8
77. 4
72. 0
102.2
.34.6
72.4
69.6
102. 2
32.3 41.1
69. 5». 70.9
70.il ■74 .0
113.T 116.3
37.1
77. 1
73.8
118.0
42.1
77.6
73.8
151.6
47.0
79. 6
74.7
150.8
43.6
79. 6
78. 7
147.0
38. 2
79.1
79. 1
145.3
37.2
78.4
77.7
142.6
44. 6
75. 2
77. 9
143.1
46.2
72.9
78. 6
144.1
53.8
71.9
76.8
143.9
58.3 60.0
71.9 70.7
75.6 71.6
168.8 162.3
4.7 19.7 47.8 102.4 117.0 165.5 186. 5 176.8 133.6 100. 8 88.4 87.8 92.3 104.8 118.7 129.6 130. 5 129.3 122. 7 118.0 112.8 113.4 111.9 113.4 106.1
1.4 19.1 42.9 67.1 74.7 85.9 117.9 134.0 129.6 123. 2 111. 1 110.7 109.4 109.4 109.4 108.1 110.8 113. 1 112.7 112.7 112.5 112.1 112.3 111. 5 111.9
All items. _ 1.4 19.1 42.9 71. 4 77.2 98.2 120.3 107.3 87.5 78.8 68.5 68.9 68.1 72.9 73.3 77.1 79.9 79.6 77.3 75.9 77.9 78.1 80.4 82.7 si.;.
D e tro it, M ic h .
Food. .............
Clothing______
Housing______
Fuel and light...
House-furnishing
goods_______
Miscellaneous__
All items..
4. 1 26.5 59.7
2. 3 18.9 46. 7
2. 1 17.5 32.6
1. 6 9.9 30.2
82.5
113.8
39.0
47.6
86.4
125. 2
45.2
47.6
99.5
181.8
60. 2
57.9
132.0
208.8
68.8
74.9
75.6
176.1
108. 1
104.5
41.1
134. 1
101.4
83.6
47.3
92. 5
91.1
77.5
36.5
82.7
88.0
74.0
43.1
81.4
86.9
75.2
39.8
81. 2
87. 6
90.3
44.8
79.9
92. 1
95.5
42.6
83. 1
92. 3
93.3
46.7
84.0
96. 9
87.3
54.2
84.2
99.1
86.0
47.5
85. 3
107. 5
84.9
43.4
84.7
107.3
81.4
45.5
82.3
105. 6
81.8
47.8
78.1
104.2
82.3
49.7
76. 1
103.8
82.7
60.6
75.2
98.7
78.9
68.1
74. 8
97. 7
101.1
65. 7
73. 4
95. 5
76. 4
8. 7 24.5 50.4 107.3 129.3 172.6 206.7 184.0 134. 0 96.8 82.6 76.0 80.0 81.1 100.5 105.7 104.9 105. 3 106. 7 103.4 9S. 1 98. 1 94.1 93.7 91. 8
3. 5 22.3 49.9 72. 6 80.3 100.1 141.3 144.0 140.1 130.7 126.3 121.3 122. 2 121. 5 123.5 124. 2 128.2 128.4 127.7 127.2 123.8 125.4 124.7 122.5 122.5
3. 5 22.3 49.9 78.0 84.4 107.9 136. 0 118.6 93.3 82.4 74. 6 75.3 75.6 79.4 79.4 81.7 85.5 84.7 83. 0 82.8 81.7 82.2 84.5 87.8 84.7
CHANGES IN COST OF LIVING
14
C l e v e l a n d , O h io
1Decrease
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
to
o
K-4.
T able
2
fcO
.—CHANGES IN COST OF LIVING IN 19 CITIES FROM DECEMBER, 1914, TO JUNE, 1926—Continued
O
H o u sto n , Tex.
expenditure
U.O 19.9 57.3 86.1 85.7 97.5
2.7 25. 0 51.5 117.3 134.8 192. 0
12.3 17.3 17.7 i 1.7 1.9 13.4
1.9 8.3 22.7 47.5 37.6 60.0
6.1
1.3
All items.. 1.3
107.5
211.3
25.3
55.1
83.2
187. 0
35.1
74.2
45.6
143. 4
39.4
46.0
50.1
104.9
39.8
39.4
40.2
98.8
39. 5
34.4
38.9
98.4
38.5
32.9
38.5
97.8
38. 1
35.7
45.0
98.2
37.3
39.2
39.1
100.4
37.0
33.6
41. 2
100.4
36.7
36.5
43.5
102.6
36.7
40.2
46.4
102.6
36.4
55.8
40.8
102.0
35.7
56.4
37.3
100.8
34.9
45.0
46.1
96.2
34. 8
45.0
54.4
95.6
34.7
44.3
57.3
95.6
34.3
38.7
65.8
92.5
33. 0
45.2
55.0
91.2
32. 9
35.2
39.6 62.3 119. 9 144.5 181.8 213.9 208. 2 173.7 148.2 137. 5 133.7 131.8 140.4 146.7 150.2 149.2 148.2 148.2 143.7 142.0 143. 0 142.5 143.2 188.6
16.4 44. 9 67.6 72.3 88.2 90.4 103.9 100.8 99.0 96.0 94.0 93.0 93.0 92.8 91.5 91.9 93.2 90.1 89.5 89.1 88.0 87.8 88.0 87.4
16.4 44.9 75.7 80.2 101.7 112.2 104.0 79.7 73.6 67.2 65.9 65.4 68.4 66.5 67.2 68.7 70.6 67.7 65.0 67.6 70.5 71.1 74.3 89.1
[418]
J a c k s o n v ille , Fla.
Food_________
Clothing............
Housing______
Fuel and light—.
House-furnishing
goods..............
Miscellaneous__
10.3
10.5
16.9
(2)
15.1
1.3
All items..
1.3
17.6
33.7
i 18.2
2.3
50.8 76.2 74.2 80.9 90.1
71. 9 130. 5 39.8 217.2 234.0
i 18.7 5.9 9,7 22.0 28.9
15.1 55.2 49.2 64. 1 72.6
65. 6
209.3
34. 1
92. 6
32.6
167. 5
36.5
80.7
40.6
117. 9
38.3
68.9
30.0
104.8
37.6
61. 6
30.6
99.9
35.3
58.9
28.9
99. 1
34. 2
58AL
34.8
99.3
35.1
65. 7
31.0
101. 3
35.2
65.9
32.0
101.1
34.3
63.6
35.1
104. 9
33.0
62. 1
39.9
104.5
33. 4
75.1
33.5
103. 7
33.3
75.1
30.2
102.7
33.0
72.1
35.6
98-4
33.0
71.4
40.0
94.6
33.5
72.9
41.8
94.0
33.5
69.3
58.3
93.6
55.3
87.1
53.4
93.4
66.6
95.3
43.4 73.7 126. 5 140.0 186.2 224.2 222. 3 182.7 134.9 122.0 115. 3 117.# 127.1 134.6 137.9 139. 6 139.4 140.6 132.9 133.6 132.4 134.0 135.6 134.7
14.7 41. 6 60. 5 65.9 80.9 102.8 105. 6 107.5 99.3 98.7 95.5 95.! 94.7 95.3 95.3 97.8 96.6 97.0 95.0 99.3 99.1 99.3 105.3 105. 5
14.7 41. 6 71.5 77.5 101.5 116.5 106. 2 85.8 75.1
68. 0 65.7
65.0 67.8 67.4 67.7 69.9 71.9 69.7 67.3 69.5 70.4 70.9 81.7
81.8
L os A n geles, C alif.
Food_________
Clothing______
Housing______
Fuel and light...
House-furnishing
goods_______
Miscellaneous. _.
14.1 0.4 33.4 61.8 60.7
2.8 14.3 45. 0 109.1 123.3
12.7 12.5 i . 6 4.4 8.7
.4 2.3 10.4 18.3 18.6
71.0
107.6
26.8
35.3
90.8
184.5
42. 6
53.5
62. 7
166. 6
71. 4
53. 5
33.2
127.4
85.3
52.7
38.4
94.3
90.1
52.7
27. 5
84.4
96.0
48.4
30.6
81.3
95.6
39.1
34. 0
78.2
94.4
35.9
39.4
78.0
94.8
35.6
29.9
83.2
97. 1
34.5
36.2
82.5
97.7
33.7
40. 5
83. 6
99.3
33.8
42.1
83. 0
100.9
34.1
37. 5
83. 2
103.7
34.0
35.2
81.4
99.4
33.6
41.6
80.9
96.8
34.3
38.8
80.4
93.3
34.4
44.1
79. 0
83.6
34.0
48.7
77.7
73.7
34.4
39.9
75.7
67.4
34.1
56.4 118.5 134.2 175.5 202. 2 202. 2 156. 6 143.2 133.7 128.8 128.1 138.1 148.6 153.6 152.3 152. 0 147. 0 136.1 134. 4 137.7 133.9 133.7 126.7
28.9 52.0 59. 1 76.9 80.6 100.6 96.8 99.6 104. 0 103.8 102.2 101.2 101.4 100.8 101.0 104. 2 105.0 105.4 104. 8 104. 2 108.9 110.6 104.7
7.7 28.9 58.0 65.1 85.3 101. 7 98.7 78.7 76. 4 72.4 72.5 72.4 74.5 72.9 75.1 77.1 78.8 77.4 75.1 77.0 75. 4 76. 9 77.4 71.2
6.3 23.1
11.9 7.7
All items _. 11.9
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Food_____ ___
Clothing______
Housing_____
Fuel and light...
House-furnishing
goods____ ____
Miscellaneous.
Dec., Dec., Dec., Dec., June, Dec., June, Dec., May, Dec., Mar., June, Sept., Dec., M ar., June, Sept., Dec., M ar., June, Sept., Dec., June, Dec., June,
1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1919 1920 1920 1921 1921 1922 1922 1922 1922 1923 1923 1923 1923 1924 1924 1924 1924 1925 1925 1926
M obile, A la .
Food. _______
Clothing______
Housing..... ........
Fuel and light..
House-furnishing
goods.._____
Miscellaneous__
i 1.0
2.0
11.9
(2)
4.1
1.4
All items..
1.4
19.9
9.0
14.3
8.8
57. 3
38.8
13.6
27.1
80.6
86.0
11.2
57.1
83.6
94.0
11.9
66.6
98.4
123.7
29.6
75. 6
110.5
137.4
34.6
86.3
73.5
122.2
53.6
122.3
39.1
90.6
53.3
102.1
42.4
57.7
49.9
98.2
32.3
50.3
48. 4
86.1
33.2
49.7
47.7
84.4
32.9
51. 0
47.3
90.9
39.1
50. 8
43.8
96.4
36.2
51. 3
43.1
95.6
37.7
51. 8
42.5
93.3
41.3
55. 4
42.5
91.0
44.7
55.4
42. 6
9S. 1
38.2
55. 2
42.3
98.1
33.4
54.3
41.4
91.4
41.9
53. 4
41. 0
91.0
49.7
53. 4
40.9
90.2
50.3
52.0
40.1
85.6
59.0
49.4
40. 4
89.1
53.1
49.5
39.7
94.6
15.3 42.8 108.3 113.9 153.3 177.9 175.4 140.7 116. 9 98.2 97.8 93.1 97.9 108.6 114.0 114.2 114. 8 114.4 109.3 107.2 107.2 104.3 103.7 100.8
13.8 43. 2 72.4 75.3 87.0 100. 3 100.7 96.9 94.3 89.6 87.5 87.3 91.0 90.4 89.8 89.8 91.3 88.8 93.7 94.3 94.3 95.5 102.0 102.2
13.8 43. 2 71.4 76.6 94. 5 107.0 93.3 70.8 63.6 55.8 55.3 55.5 58.8 58. 0 58.6 60.5 62.6 59.5 58.0 60.9 63.9 63.9 68.5 66.2
£419]
Food_________
Clothing______
Housing_____
Fuel and light-,.
House-furnishing
goods_______
Miscellaneous__
All items. .
1.3 16.3 55. 3 82.6 75.3 91. 0 105.3
4.8 22. 3 54. 2 131. 3 151.6 219. 7 241. 4
2. 6 6. 5 13.4 23.4 32.4
1. 1
11.0 19.9 45.5 45.4 50.6 60.1
1.1
1.1
73.5
201. 8
38. 1
87.5
42. 5
159. 5
42. 2
95.9
51.8
117.8
53. 7
90.7
36.5
107.1
54. 5
89.4
40.0
103.0
55. 7
89.0
38.8
98.1
56. 2
97.7
49. 5
93. 3
56.7
95.7
43.0
100.9
58.4
93.2
44.4
100.7
59.4
89.1
48. 2
102.5
60.8
94.6
52.0
102. 7
62.4
94. 2
41. 2
102. 7
63. 5
93.2
41. 1
100.7
64.5
88.8
43. 2
99. 1
65.8
92.0
50.0
97. 7
67.1
93.3
48.9
97. 5
67.8
91.0
62.6
95.9
69. 5
126.0
56.0
94.7
69.5
95.9
8.4 27.6 56. 5 126.5 136. 6 172.9 205.1 185.9 156. 5 132.0 122. 3 118.3 117.9 121. 6 128. 0 130.3 131.7 131. 5 125. 5 121.4 119. 6 119. 4 110. 6 110. 4 106.6
2.0 14.9 44.7 70.0 75. 1 95.8 111.9 116.3 117. 6 116.9 113.2 112.8 112.4 111.6 111.0 110.8 112.9 113. 5 113. 5 115. 0 114. 6 116.7 116.9 118. 2 117.3
2.0 14.9 44.7 77.3 79.2 103.8 119. 2 101. 4 81.7 79.3 69.9 70. 7 69.7 74.2 72.2 72.6 75.4 77.3 72. 7 72.5 73.3 76.5 75.8 83.2 78.6
N o rfo lk , V a.
Food________
Clothing—_____
Housing. . ___
Fuel and light-.House-furnishing
goods. . ____
Miscellaneous__
All item s..
0.8 22.4 63.9 86.2 89.8 91. 5
.8 6.0 31.6 94.6 104.8 158.4
.1 1 1.7 1 1.7 39.0 46. 5 63.3
(2) 17.0 33.3 74.6 69.7 89.9
.6 8.7 39.0 105.5 110.7 143.6
.0 14.7 45. 2 76.8 83.7 97. 5
.6
107. 6
176. 5
70.8
110. 6
76. 3 45.4
153. 6 121. 6
90.8 94.6
128.9 97.3
43.4
90. 2
93.4
91.6
31.9
81.8
91.7
93.5
33.5
77. 6
88. 1
87.7
32.4
74. 6
82.5
97.8
38.6
73.2
77. 2
106.5
32. 4
78.0
74.7
114.8
36.9
79.1
73.0
102.1
41.3
80.4
70.1
100.3
40.7
80.8
67.0
96.9
36. 1
80. 8
66. 2
101.0
33. 1
78. 6
64. 2
94.4
37.6
76.8
63. 2
97. 1
46.0
75. 4
59.4
99. 1
60.8 56.0
74.0 73.0
53.0 52.1
107.9 102.5
165.0 160.5 129.0 106.1 95.0 88.4 86.7 89.1 96.3 101. 0 104.4 103. 8 105.0 100.1 97.9 102. 1 96.0 96.8 93.7
108.4 106.3 106. 3 109.3 102. 6 100.8 100.6 99.6 99.8 102.2 105. 2 104.4 103.8 103.0 103.0 103.4 103.4 103.8 100.5
14.7 45.2 80.7 87.1 107.0 122. 2 109.0 88. 1 79.2 71.3 69.5 68.1 69.9 69.5 71.1 73.4 72.4 70.9 68.4 69.4 72.1
1Decrease.
71.9
76.4
73.1
2 No change.
203
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
47.9
74. 7
58. 4
96.7
CHANGES IN COST OF LIVING
N e w Y ork, N . Y .
2 —
CHANGES IN COST OF LIVING IN 19 CITIES FROM DECEMBER, 1Ö14, TO JUNE, 1926—Continued
204
T able
P hiladelph ia, P a.
Per cent of increase from December, 1914, to—
Item of
expenditure
Dec., D e c . , Dec., Dec., June, Dec., June, Dec., May, Dec., Mar., June, Sept., Dec., Mar., June, Sept., Dec., Mar., June, Sept., Dec., June, Dec., June,
1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1919 1920 1920 1921 1921 1922 1922 1922 1922 1923 1923 1923 1923 1924 1924 1924 1924 1925 1925 1926
Food.. . . . ___ 0. 3
Clothing______ 3. 6
Housing.._ .. . i . 3
Fuel andlight... i.8
House-furnishing
goods___ ... 6.9
Miscellaneous__ 1. 2
All item s..
18.9 64.4 80. 7 75. 5
16. 0 61. 3 111. 2 135. 9
i . 7 2. 6 8. 0 11.3
5. 4 21.5 47.9 43.3
87. 2
190.3
18. 7
51.3
101.7
219.6
28. 6
66.8
68.1
183. 5
38. 0
96. 0
37.8
144. 7
44. 2
85.6
43.9
104.6
48. 1
92.0
34.4
96. 2
48. 7
89.7
38. 1
89. 5
49.6
85.7
32.7
87.4
51. 1
86.3
43.4
87. 6
52.9
93.0
38.3
88.0
54. 7
94.4
42.7
87.6
58.1
89.9
46.3
88.4
62. 4
95.0
45. 1
88. 2
66.9
102. 2
38. 2
87.4
69.9
98.0
39.3
85. 5
72. 4
91.7
40.0
84. 6
74.3
92.9
46.4
84.4
75.3
94.8
51.3
83.8
76.0
87.0
62.0
83.6
77. 1
100.5
56.6
82.5
77.1
98.3
19.9 49.8 107. 7 117.8 162.8 187. 4 183. 4 135. 5 101. 6 91. 7 90. 0 89. 1 96.9 108.1 110.8 110.8 111. 6 108.8 102.3 99. 1 100.5 98. 9 97.9
14.7 43.8 67. 5 71.2 88.6 102.8 122. 3 119. 2 116. 2 113.8 112. 3 111.5 110.7 112. 0 112.4 112.0 112. 0 112.0 110.7 111. 3 117.6 117.6 117. 6 120.6
1.2 14.7 43.8 73.9 76. 2 96. 5 113.5 100. 7 79.8 74.3 68. 2 68.2 65.5 70.7 69.8 72.1 74. 2 74.7 71.9 71.5 72.0 76.1 77.6 82.6 80.6
P o rtla n d , M e.
o
~J Food___ _____ i 2.0
2.1
Clothing__ ...
Housing . _____ .2
.4
Fuel and light...
House-furnishing
goods.._ . ._ 6.2
Miscellaneous__ 1.4
All items..
1.4
18.6 49.8 86.8 80.6
9.7 32.8 85.8 103. 8
.6 2.4 2. 5 5.7
11.4 28.9 67.7 58.4
91.9
148. 5
10.7
69.8
114.5
165.9
14.5
83.9
78. 7
147. 8
20. 0
113.5
46.7
116. 3
23.1
96.8
54.8
88. 1
26. 6
94.0
39. 2
81.0
27. 0
93.8
39.9
76.7
24.8
96.1
44. 5
74.8
26. 3
96.7
49.1
74.8
30.7
94.7
48.1
76.2
31. 1
94.9
45.3
77.3
27.3
94.9
51.7
77.8
27.4
94.9
52.3
76.7
31.7
100.0
45.9
76. 5
31.6
100.0
44.1
75.4
27.4
96.2
50.4
74. 7
27.5
97.8
52. 4
75.0
28.8
99.6
52. 2
75.0
25. 5
95.8
64. 5 58.7
74.0 71.7
24.4 23.7
100.3 100.5
20.9 43.5 110.8 126.4 163. 7 190.3 191.2 152.2 123.6 110. 6 108.1 106.4 114.2 122.6 129.7 130.4 130.2 127.4 126.7 126.2 126.0 126. 0 126.9
13.8 38. 0 65.6 72.1 83.2 89.4 94.3 94.1 91.2 89.5 88.2 88.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 87.6 89.3 88.7 87.9 87.0 87.2 87.8 87.6
13.8 38.0 72.2 74.3 91.6 107.6 93.1 72.1 69.2 60.7 59.7 61.5 64.1 64.4 63.3 65.8 66.9 64.1 62.4 64.8 66.0 65.3 70.3
121.7
88.4
67.3
P o r t l a n d , O reg.
43.2
57.0
40. 1
60.0
38.6
56.5
32.9
50.9
2.9 18.0 54. 5 109.0 122.1 145.1 183.9 179.9 148.0 121.9 104. 6 101. 9 100.3 102.9 109.4 109.8 109.6 109.0 106. 3 102.2 101.4 102.2 98.6 100. 6
i 3. 1 6.1 31. 2 57.9 62.3 71.6 79.7 81.1 81.1 80.0 78.9 78.5 80.5 79.4 78.1 75.8 76.3 79.6 78.7 73.0 72.5 74.4 73.0 73.0
All items.. i 3.1 6.1 31.2 64.2 69.2 83.7 100.4 80.3 62. 2 58.3 52.3 52.1 54.2 56.1 54.6 54.6 56. 4 57.8 55.3 52.8 54.5 55.8 55. 8 56.9
94.6
74.2
Food ___ ____
Clothing...........
Housing______
Fuel and light...
House-furnishing
goods ______
Miscellaneous. . .
i 3. 8 9.8 42.2
3.0 15.8 44. 4
>10.9 U9.6 122. 2
11.0 3.4 20.2
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
70.6
96. 6
12.3
30.9
67.1
115. 5
20.2
31.3
81.6
142.1
27.7
42.3
107.1
158. 6
33.2
46.9
60.9
122.1
36. 9
65.9
26.0
91. 2
42.9
67.1
33. 1
65. 3
43.3
59.4
24.6
55.5
43.2
56.2
26. 5
53.2
43.3
50.3
30.1
53.4
43. 7
59.0
34.3
54.9
43.6
65.7
26.5
60.3
43.5
70.2
29.5
61.3
42.5
61.3
34.1
61.8
42.6
62.1
35. 1
61.8
42. 7
67.1
28.6
62.1
43.4
65.3
28.5
61. 1
43.3
55.5
34.8
58. 7
42.9
57.2
36.1
59.2
42.9
62.4
40. 6
57. 6
40.9
52.2
54.6
w
Ph
f!
k!
t-1
>
td
O
5»
w
|
<3
m
W
S a n F ran cisco a n d O aklan d, C alif.
Food________
Clothing_____
Housing______
Fuel and light.
House- furnishing
goods______
Miscellaneous__
i 4.3 9.6 35. 9
2. 5 14. 5 43.6
1.7 i 2. 5 i 4. 0
4.6 14.4
i.l
66. 2 63.3 74. 2 93.9
109.0 134. 6 170.4 191. 0
13.9 1 3. 5 4.7 9.4
30. 1 28.9 41.3 47.2
64.9
175. 9
15.0
66.3
33.3
140. 9
21.7
63.3
40.4
106.3
25.8
65.3
29.6
97.8
27.7
65.3
31.1
90. 7
29.4
59. 5
34. 6
86.1
30.3
52.0
38.8
85. 4
30.0
52.5
29.0
90.0
31.7
48.4
34.2
92.1
33.4
42.6
40.5
93.8
34.1
46.2
42.3
94.4
36.0
48.8
35.3
94.4
37.0
53.6
35.0
91. 5
38. 0
49.9
39.7
90. 9
38.3
53.0
42.1
90. 5
39.4
53.5
47.6
90. 5
40. 1
54.3
53.3
89.7
40. 0
50.8
44.3
88.4
39.6
48.5
6. 0 21.7 48. 2 103.4 116.6 143.8 180.1 175.6 143.9 113.9 105. 6 104.4 103.8 105. 4 116. 5 116.7 117.1 116. 9 115.8 113.4 111.3 114.7 115.1 115. 7 105.6
i 1. 7 8.3 28. 6 50.5 61.0 74.7 79. 6 84.8 84.4 86.8 84.4 83.7 83.5 84.2 84.8 79.4 79.2 81.2 72.7 73. 2 72.7 72.7 72.9 74.6 75.3
All items _. i 1.7 8.3 28. 6 57.8 65. 6 87.8 96.0 85.1 66.7 63.6 57. 5 56.8 57.1 58.8 56.5 57.6 60.4 62.1 58.0 57.3 59.0 60.1 62.2 64.7 60. 7
S a v a n n a h , G a.
76. 2
133. 6
5.9
37.5
74:2
146.3
10. 2
35.5
80.9
195.9
22. 0
52. 2
91. 7
212. 1
33. 5
65.3
63. 5
171. 5
58.6
94. 4
28.7
133. 2
61.9
74.2
33. 7
84. 2
60.9
66.1
16. 7
74.1
58.8
65.3
22. 7
71.7
57.8
55.2
19.8
77.4
56.5
60.6
27. 6
76. 2
52.7
68.3
24. 0
81. 7
51. 5
67.8
22. 6
81. 2
49. 5
61.9
24. 3
82.4
48. 2
62.2
25. 0
80. 9
47. 5
64. 1
19. 4 17. 5
81. 1 79. 1
46. 5 45. 3
63.6 59.7
20. 8
77.8
44. 3
59.2
25. 1
75. 8
41.0
62.2
31. 5
75. 1
39. 7
59. 1
44. 9
73. 7
38. 6
62.9
39. 1
73. 7
38. 0
61. 9
128.6 136.5 182.1 207.2 206. 6 175.9 133.7 126.0 120.1 121.6 123.8 133. 6 135.9 135.0 133.4 132. 2 130.6 129.2 128. 7 128. 2 128. 9 126. 6
67.3 71.2 82.0 83.8 91. 5 93.0 87.4 84.6 81. 1 80.9 79.5 78.8 77.5 77. 2 76. 7 77.9 77.5 77. 5 77. 5 77. 5 79.1 79.5
75.0 79.8 98.7 109.4 98.7 77.6 66.2 56.9 56.8 57.2 59.2 59.2 57.9 58.3 58.2 56.3 54.8 55.4 56.3 57. 9 62.9 60.6
[421]
Seattle, W a s h .
Food_________ 1 2. 8 8.5 38. 7 72. 5 69.3
Clothing_____
1.2 11.3 36.4 88. 0 110. 2
Housing______ 1 2. 4 1 5.4 1 . 6 44. 3 51.5
Fuel and light..- 1 . 2
2.9 23.9 51.8 51.8
House-furnishing
goods_______ 8 . 5 27.4 52.3 141.5 154.4
Miscellaneous. _- 1 1.0 7.4 31.1 58.5 71.4
All items.. 1 1.0
7.4 31.1
80.9
154. 5
71.5
63. 8
102.3
173.9
74.8
65.8
54. 1
160. 5
76. 7
78. 7
27. 1
128. 7
74.8
78.7
30. 5
88. 7
69.2
69.0
27. 1
79.8
67.0
67.5
30.0
78.0
64. 7
64.0
31. 6
73.9
63. 4
62.7
33.9
74.2
63. 1
59.6
28. 1
75. 6
62.8
60.9
31.0
76. 7
62. 3
58.0
36. 1
77. 6
62. 6
58.2
35. 8
77. 6
62. 9
59.1
32. 7
77.4
63.2
57.7
33. 1
76. 2
64.0
56.8
34. 6
74.4
63. 5
59.0
35.8
74. 4
63. 7
59.6
43. 7
74. 6
64. 7
57.8
47.3
74.8
63. 7
58. 1
42.3
74.8
62.6
49.4
201.0 221.2 216. 4 177.2 149.9 142.4 137.3 134. 7 136.1 140.3 143. 9 144.4 144.2 147. 6 140.7 139. 7 141.1 141. 6 142. 1 139. 4
86.8 90.4 95.5 105.5 102.6 99.2 97.6 97.4 96.4 82. 5 96. 6 96. 6 96. 6 92. 5 94. 6 95. 0 •96.4 96.4 97. 0 97.0
69.9 76.9 97.7 110. 5 94.1 80.2 71.5 67.4 67.0 66. 5 66.7 61.9 66.4 68.4 68.5 66.3 66.7 67.0 67.8 70.5 71. 7 69.4
CHANGES IN COST OF LIVING
Food_________ ‘ 0.3 17.6 50.8
Clothing_____
. 8 24. 1 56. 6
Housing______ 1 1. 4 13.0 1 4. 3
Fuel and light-,- 1 1.3 1 1.7 121.1
House-furnishing
goods_______ 1.8 12.8 50. 7
Miscellaneous__ 1.2 14. 5 42. 5
All items.. 1 . 2 14.6 42.5
W a s h i n g t o n , D . C.
Food____ ____ 0. 6
Clothing______ 3. 7
Housing______ 1 1. 5
Fuel and light... (2)
House-furnishing
goods_______ 6.3
.4
Miscellaneous-
61.1 90.9
60. 1 112. 6
13.4 1 1.5
24.9 40.9
51. 1
87. 1
30.4
49.9
40.8
79.8
31.3
47. 1
44.3
77. 5
31.4
44.5
42.5
75.5
32. 1
49.0
49. 2
74.8
32. 6
55.1
43.0
77.8
33.0
53.2
48.8
78.9
33.9
51.2
52.7 52.3
80.3 81. 2
34.0 34.3
49.4 47.0
43.5 43.7
81.4 78. 9
34.8 35. 7
46.4 42.9
49.0
76. 0
36. 4
43.2
53. 6
75.8
36. 7
44.9
57.2
75.4
37. 7
39.8
65.6
73. 5
40.3
48. 7
63.3
73. 3
38.6
41.7
30.5 72.1 127.4 126.0 159.3 196.4 194.0 149.0 122. 4 110.4 108.1 109.3 112.6 123.4 i29. 0 130. 4 128.8 129. 5 124. 5 122.3 125. 2 119.8 115.0 112.6
15. 3 44. 3 55.9 57.4 62. 7 68.2 73.9 72. 0 75.8 73. 7 73.7 73.7 72.0 72. 2 72. 5 73. 2 74.9 75. 2 75. 0 72. 7 76. 5 76. 5 75. 4 75.0
1.0 14. 6 j 47. 3 73.8 71.2 87. 6 101.3 87.8 67. 1 63.0 56.8 57. 6 56.9 59.5 58.2 60. 9 62.9 63. 2 59.9 59.2 60. 2 63. 1 64. 0 67.3 65. 5
i Decrease.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 No change.
3Figures in this column are for April, 1919.
4 Figures in this column are for November, 1919.
205
All items..
15.7
23. 2
1.3.7
7.3
0
0
84. 6 93.3 108.4 79.0 47.4
109. 5 165. 9 184.0 151. 1 115. 9
1 1.4
5.4 15. 6 24.7 28.8
41.8 42.8 53.7 68.0 57.1
Table 3 shows the changes in the cost of living from December, 1917, to June, 1926, for 13 cities. T he table
is constructed in the same m anner as the preceding one and differs from it only in the base period and in the length
of time covered.
^
o
T able 3.—CHANGES IN COST OF LIVING IN 13 CITIES FROM DECEMBER, 1917, TO JUNE, 1926
A t l a n t a , G a.
Per cent of increase from December, 1917, to—
Item of expenditure
19.0
29.1
14. 0
17. 0
24.9
14.8
18.0
40.7
14. 5
17.9
30. 1
21. 5
27.9
66. 9
32. 6
30. 8
49.9
31. 7
34.0
80. 5
40. 4
61.0
65. 0
34. 6
12.8
56. 5
73. 1
66.8
58. 4
39. 7
18.9
35. 2
78.8
56. 1
38.0
40.5
[422]
All items_______ 19.7 23. 3 37.9 46.7 38.5 25. 2
i 7. 2 i 11.9 i 10. 5 i 12. 3
8. 3
1.9
.4
3. 1
75.4 72.2 68. 1 63. 2
43. 7 34. 8 39. 1 58.7
23. 0 16. 1 15. 2 13. 9
39. 7 36. 1 34. 5 34. 2
i 8. 9 i 11.8 i 10. 3
2.8
5. 4
5.9
62. 7 61.9 61. 4
57. 6 56. 5 42.7
17.4 21. 6 23.9
34. 1 34. 1 32.8
i 6.9
6. 7
62.5
42.4
23.7
33. 6
i 6.3 i 11.2 ‘ 10.2
6.9
6.9
5. 7
62.2 60.9 60.1
39. 3 38. 2 32.0
23. 5 22.0 20. 4
33.3 33.8 33.8
i 8.6
5.0
57. 7
31.9
20.0
33. 7
i 5. 5
4.9
56.9
33. 1
20.4
33. 7
i 1. 2
4. 5
55. 5
26. 2
19.9
34. 9
6. 5
4.3
49. 3
34. 7
18.8
35. 6
4. 5
3.9
44.4
36. 6
17. 4
34.0
18. 7
15. 1
13.8
13. 7
13.9
14. 6
14. 2
15.9
16.0
13.8
13.6
13.7
14.9
16. 2 19.0
17.3
1.5
1.9
66.5
41.0
13. 5
B irm in g h a m , A la .
Food___________
17.7 18. 3 26. 5 36. 4 11.9 19.1
Clothing__________
23.9 29.8 57. 6 66. 4 45. 1 24. 8
Housing__ __________ 8. 1 12.8 34.9 40. 3 68. 5 77.4
Fuel and light______ _ 22. 8 31. 9 39.8 55. 3 74. 2 54. 3
House-furnishing goods.. 19.4 20. 2 45. 1 55. 6 48. 1 32. 0
Miscellaneous............ . _ 13. 8 16. 3 26.8 28. 7 30. 4 33. 8
All items______
17.0
19. 8 84. 3 41.9 33.3 22.1
i 8. 5
i.4
79.9
44. 1
12. 0
i 14.0
i 5. 2
67. 5
29. 8
3.0
i 13. 1
i 6. 1
67. 0
25.0
3. 3
i 14. 5
i 1.2
66. 0
40.0
5. 4
19.9
i 1. 7
62. 3
49. 9
8. 9
i 12. 5
1. 0
62. 6
49. 8
14.9
i 9. 9
1.8
63. 1
40. 7
17. 8
i 8. 3
3.7
64. 6
46. 0
18. 6
i 6. 6
3.8
67.9
50. 2
19.7
i 11. 1
4.0
68.4
48. 1
17. 7
i 12.6
3 .2
68. 6
40. 5
14.3
18.3
2. 7
68. 6
43. 0
14. 3
i 3. 1
1. 6
68. 6
45. 7
14. 9
1 0 .9
1. 5
68. 3
33.8
15. 5
4. 5
1 .3
68.0
41.4
15. 5
16.2
11.0
10.7
11.4
13.2
12.9
13.6
14. 4
16.0
14.2
13.1
14.8
16.8
16.9
19. 2
17.5
i 8. 3 i 12.4
13.9
6. 7
28. 5 30. 3
42. 4 35. 6
22.3 16. 7
47. 3 44. 4
i 8.9 » 12.7 i 10.4 i 11.9
4.9
5. 5
5. 5
8.7
31.0 33. 6 35. 2 38. 3
35. 2 58. 2 61.0 58. 6
15.8 15. 7 17. 2 21. 3
44.0 43. 6 42.7 43. 1
i 9. 3
8. 8
40. 7
51. 9
24. 3
42.8
17. 1
9. 2
42. 2
51. 6
25. 8
43. 4
i 6.7
9.2
45. 6
53.0
26. 2
43. 3
i 9. 4 i 10.2 i 10.9 i 8.3 »0.9
7.8
6.4
3. 6 1. 5 1. 2
48. 7 49.3 50. 3 50. 1 51.2
49.3 39.3 38. 7 44. 5 61. 1
26. 5 23.2 23.3 23. 2 23. 4
46.2 46.9 52.0 52.3 55.0
3.9
» 1. 1
51.8
70. 4
21. 3
49.9
2.7
» 1.2
54.8
62.2
17.7
50.5
15. 3
12. 7
15. 5
16.8
17.7
17.2
17. 6 22. 1 23.0
22.6
35. 5
31.8
30.4
29. 6
29. 6
29. 3
28. 5
25. 7
27.2
27. 2
27. 2
27. 3 27.3 27.2 27.8
26.9
C i n c i n n a t i , O h io
Food_______________
Clothing____________
Housing____________
Fuel and light___ __ _
House-furnishing goods. _
Miscellaneous________
All items..
15. 3
33.8
.2
10. 0
25. 7
20. 4
18. 1
48. 3
.8
5. 6
30. 5
21. 8
22.9
84. 2
12. 8
11. 0
51. 1
40. 3
38. 7
96.7
13. 6
26.9
75. 5
47. 6
10.3
73. 5
25.0
34. 1
66. 7
53. 4
i 7.4
49.0
27. 6
15. 7
39.7
52. 3
17.3 21. 1 35. 2 47. 1 34.7 21.7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
11. 8
12.5
13.8
14.2
16. 3
16.7
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Food__ ____ ________
Clothing.-____ ______
Housing......... ...... .........
Fuel and light____ . _
House-furnishing goods..
Miscellaneous________
Dec., June, Dec., June, Dec., May, Dec., Mar., June, Sept., Dec., Mar., June, Sept., Dec., Mar., June, Sept., Dec., June, Dec., June,
1918 1919 1919 1920 1920 1921 1921 1922 1922 1922 1922 1923 1923 1923 1923 1924 1924 1924 1924 1925 1925 1926
D e n v e r , C olo .
Food..............................
Clothing________ ___
Housing__ _________
Fuel and light_____ ..
House-furnishing goods.
Miscellaneous____ . .
20.0
40. 1
12. 8
8. 1
22. 6
14. 8
20.7
53. 2
21. 8
8. 4
31. 3
17.7
26.0
82. 1
33.5
19. 6
46.3
32. 3
41. 5
90. S
51. 9
22. 3
60.2
35.4
7.9
78.3
69. 8
47. 1
58. 9
38. 8
113.1
53.9
76.9
37.5
42. 5
42.8
All items_______ 20. 7 25.3 38.2 50.3 38.7 26.9
18.8 1 17. 6 1 14.2 117.2
27.7 18.3 15. 3 15.9
82.6 84.4 84.8 85.0
39. 7 33.1 32. 8 41.4
27,9 21. 1 20.4 20.0
43.1 40.2 38.1 37.7
19.0 1 14. 6 111.5 1 10.4
16.6 16.9 16.9' 17.5
86.9 87.1 85.4 80.7
40.7 38.0 30.4 37.6
21.2 24.7 26.1 26.7
37.6 37.9 37.1 37.5
1 8.7 1 13.9 1 13.5 1 13.5
17.9 17.2 16.1 15. 3
88.9 87.6 84.4 84.2
37.2 16.3 19.7 23.9
27.0 26.2 23.8 24.2
36.8 36.5 35.1 35.6
24.5
21.6
22.1
18.5
17.8
18.5
18.8
18.1
17. 8
15.1
84.0
25.4
24.2
35.6
1 1.3
13.8
18.1 20.2 21.1 22.5
19.7
15.3
14.5
82.5
27.0
24.8
35.6
13.1
78.5
37.4
25.2
35.6
12.4
71.9
25.3
24.2
35.1
19.7
19.9
1 10.3
1 8.0
14.2
13.1
45. 9
54.3
23.6
49.9
‘ 6.5
13.4
47.1
41. 5
24.0
49.2
1 9. 8
1 10.0
11.9
46.5
38.2
21.4
51.5
‘ 6.7
10.8
46.8
36.7
21.4
53.5
4.4
7.5
41.7
44.9
21.8
54.4
2.6
7.4
38.3
35.9
20.6
51.9
19.7
19.4
22.2
20.6
19.3
19.3
20.7 21.4 21.5 24.3
22.0
21.2
In d ia n a p o lis, Ind.
All items____ ...
‘10.1
45.8
37.4
49.4
35. 3
47.4
‘ 8.4
16.2
43,8
42. 5
22.5
46.2
1 13.4
19.1 21.1 36.5 50.2 37.6 23.9
19.3
15.3
17.8
32.4
1. 6
19. 8
18. 9
21.9
16.4
40.1
2.6
16.7
24.8
26.8
28. 2
73.8
11. 6
27.3
48.4
38.2
49.0
87.9
18.9
45. 6
67. 5
40.5
11.0
72. 3
32. 9
60. 3
03. 0
47. 5
10.9
42. 2
34.8
13.9
45.8
1 9.9
7.9
41.3
41.9
13.7
45.4
16.4
‘ 13.2 ‘ 11.1
8.3
8.6
41. 7 44.1
71.3 73.4
14.2 16.7
46.0 46.7
17.1
18.8
11.5
44. 5
69.1
21. 5
47.1
11.6
44.6
54. 9
23.2
46.1
12.8
47.2
42.6
24.4
48. 5
‘ 4.9
10.4
46.7
41. 5
21. 5
53.3
‘ 2.3
9. 8
44. 1
33.9
20.6
53.8
K a n s a s C ity, M o.
‘ 8.3
52.3
65.0
43.3
50.0
40.4
1 6.6
1 15.7
All items_______ 19.6 20.6 38.2 51.0 39.5 27.3
22.5
15.3
Food_______________
Clothing______ ____
Housing______ ___
Fuel and light_______
House-furnishing goods.
Miscellaneous____ ____
17.3
40.7
5.4
18.0
31.1
15.6
15.1
44.7
6.7
9.6
37.9
20.8
24. 5
89. 9
26.0
27.5
61.8
31.5
44.9
104.5
29.4
35.2
73.0
37.1
10.2
76.3
63.9
55.1
68.7
40.3
24.1
69.7
42.6
26.2
37.6
17.4
64. 8
36.0
15.2
33.1
1 13.
5
15. 9
59.4
36.3
11.0
32.3
15.0
1 16.
1
14.7
57. 8
47.1
10.3
32.4
1 12.0
14.6
61.4
40.2
12.1
33.3
1 12.9
14. 5
61.1
38.6
21.2
33.4
1 12. 5
14.5
53. 7
36. 1
22. 5
33.8
‘ 12.1
15. 3
53. 9
35. 1
23. 0
34.6
1 10.2
1 12.2
1 12.7
1 11.3
1 7.7 1 3.9
2.0
12.1 12. 0 11.4 9.7
47.7 46.2 40. 6 39.5
34.8 32.9 32.8 32.3
16.1 16.1 15.6 14.1
34.6 34.3 36.4 36.3
0. 5
9.2
35.9
29.4
12.8
36.3
14.2
16.2
16.0
15.3
15.5
17.2
15.8
14.3
14.2
6.7
72.5
68.5
12.2
37.4
‘ 15.3
9.5
72.3
70.5
20.3
38.2
1 13.9
1 11.7
1 11. 2
11.0
72.5
65.0
23.4
37.3
>14.1
10.0
72.2
66. 2
22.3
36.6
1 17.1
1 14.0
18.6
19.6
19.9
20.0
21.0
19.5
18.2
15. 2
56.8
36.7
22.6
36.2
14. 3
55.1
35.9
21. 5
35.4
13.3
49. 5
34.5
16. 8
35.3
15.3 16.3
18.1
16.7
1 7.1
1 2. 0
5.3
60.4
71.4
20.1
37.8
‘ 4. 1
4. 6
57.0
63. 3
78.2
36.7
19. 1 20.4 20.5 22.1
19.9
M em p h is, Tenn.
‘14.2
36.1
79.7
64.5
29.9
42.9
1 11. 2
. . 18.3 23.3 35.2 46.4 39.3 26.7
23.2
Food..... .............. . .. .
Clothing. _______ ...
Housing__ _______ .
Fuel and light.
.. ..
House-furnishing goods
Miscellaneous...........
*
All items___
1Decrease.
20.3
27.7
(2)
26.8
25.4
16.1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
22.7
38.3
8.2
23.4
30.7
20.9
28.4
66.2
23.1
34.1
53.2
28.3
38.8
77.5
35.9
49.7
67.1
38.8
7.0
59.0
66.2
105.4
53.9
43.2
15.3
77.3
67.1
14.7
42.3
1 16.1
9.3
75.5
61.8
8.9
39.9
19.2
1 15.1
7.3
74.8
56.3
6.8
37.8
18.2
1 17.7
7.0
73.9
70.4
7.8
37.8
17.9
1 14.9
9.8
72.3
62.8
23.2
38.1
10. 9
72.0
62.1
22.1
37.3
9.5
72.4
66. 2
18.6
36.3
8.0
70.5
66. 2
18. 4
37.5
19.2
6.4
68.6
66.2
20.1
37.4
5.9
66.4
55.7
20.1
38. 5
CHANGES IN COST OF LIVING
Food____ : ..................
Clothing____________
Housing____________
Fuel and light___ __ .
House-furnishing goods.
Miscellaneous________
208
T able 3 . —CHANGES IN COST OF LIVING IN 13 CITIES FROM DECEMBER, 1917, TO JUNE, 1926—Continued
M in n ea p o lis, M in n .
Per cent of increase from December, 1917, to—
Item of expenditure
17.7
33.5
i.1
14.7
18. 1
12.3
21.4
40.1
12.0
13.4
23. 6
15.9
34.1
67.0
8.0
22.4
45.6
25.4
50.0
76. 7
10. 7
36. 9
65. 5
31.3
13.0
63. 6
36. 8
60.3
65. 8
37.6
i 7.9
41.0
39.0
52.8
43. 3
37.9
All items_______ 15,8 18.8 32.7 43.4 35.7 23.7
i 4.0 1 10.0
14.3
9.7
46.7 46.7
50.2 43.7
27. 9 21.9
37.4 34.5
i 6.0
7.9
44.6
43.7
21.4
32.6
19.9
6.0
46.2
44.8
21.3
32. 5
15.3
6.5
46.8
47.0
22.5
32.6
i 7.6
8. 7
46.8
48.0
26.7
32. 5
i 6. 4
9.2
42. 5
44.9
29.7
32.8
i 5.0
9.4
43. 4
43.0
27.8
32.3
i 4.7
9.3
47.4
45.6
28.2
32.0
i 6.7
9.4
47.4
44.4
26.5
31.7
17.9
7.4
44.7
42.2
22.8
31.3
i 7.8
7.0
43.3
42.5
22.4
31.2
6.9
4. 4
41. 0
42. 6
22.1
30. 6
5.8
3.4
36.8
45.9
19. 9
32. 8
20.7
17.3
15.9
18.0
17.8
17.4
17.8
18.8
17.9
16.2
16.0 17.3 17.6 20.3
19.6
i 9.3 i 12.0 112.8 i 13.7 i 10.5 i 12.5 i 13.2
24.9 18.9 15.6 15. 4 16.2 16.4 17.8
57.9 58.2 58. 5 58.7 54.7 54.7 55.5
40.4 31.8 33.4 30. 7 38.5 35. 2 32.9
28.5 20.8 17.9 17.7 26.2 29.9 34.8
60.2 59.1 58.6 55.6 51.9 50.1 50.1
19.9
19.0
55.8
34.4
33.7
50.3
i 8.7 i 11.0 i 14.6 i 10.0
19.5 19.1 18.6 17.1
57.4 57.9 57.1 57.4
37.1 34. 5 32.9 32.2
33.6 32.0 29.2 29.6
50.3 49.4 48.7 47.4
0.9
15.9
56.8
34.2
27. 5
47. 9
i 5.2
15.7
57.0
39.6
26.6
46. 7
17.0
i 4.3
5. 6
44. 9
43.2
23. 3
31. 2
i 0. 8
4.9
40. 7
40.9
23. 2
31.1
[424]
N e w O rlean s, L a .
t o -----------------------------1—1 Food_______________ 16.6
Clothing. _________ 36.8
Housing__ _______ ... (2)
Fuel and light.... ____ 19.7
House-furnishing goods.. 23.8
Miscellaneous................ 15.9
17.4
48.8
.1
20.8
30.0
17. 5
21.1
83.2
10.8
24.7
57.7
35.1
28.6
94. 9
12. 9
36. 3
75. 9
42. 8
10.7
69.4
39. 7
41. 5
63. 9
57.1
U0.7
45.0
46.7
29.2
47.7
58.2
All items............... 17.9 20.7 33.9 41.9 36.7 23.8
22.7
19.9
18.9
17.8
i 5.7
17.2
57.2
36.2
30.0
48. 7
i 5.7
17.0
57.0
33.7
27.0
48.3
17.6
17.7
19.4
20.2
18.8
16.8
18.2 20.6 20.2 22.7
20.1
i 5.4
13.1
56.7
72.8
25. I
42.8
i 8.1
13.9
56.9
73.1
27.0
44. 1
i 5.4
14. 8
60.4
68.4
29.4
44.1
i 4. 2
15.9
60.7
69. 1
29.4
45. 7
i 2.1
14.9
60.7
76.9
29.0
43.1
i 7.9
14.0
61.0
76.2
30.8
45.7
i 7.5
13.7
71.8
74.8
29.0
45.3
i 6.7
12.9
71. 6
93.0
28.0
46. 5
6.2
10.5
75. 2
89. 9
28. 0
46.8
2.6
7.8
75.4
88.0
25.3
46.1
20.1
19.6
21.3
22.3
22.9
20.8
22.4
23.3 24.9 26.0 2S. 5
26.2
18.6
P itts b u rg h , P a .
Food _____________
Clothing......... .... ...
Housing
. - ___
Fuelandlight
House-furnishing goods..
Miscellaneous—-............
18.8
35.9
7. 6
9. 2
26. 3
16.3
16. 2
45.3
13. 5
9. 4
34. 1
16. 7
25. 1
82.8
15. 5
9. 8
63. 1
28.3
36. 5
91.3
34. 9
31. 7
77.4
41. 2
14.3
75.4
35.0
64.4
78.1
46.3
18.8
50.7
55.5
59.8
58.2
48.6
All items_______ 19.8 21.8 36.2 49.1 39.3 27.7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
i 5. 6 i 14.4 i 12. 2 i 11.7
23. 6 19.3 17.3 14. 0
55. 3 55.3 56. 7 56. 7
66. 2 66.0 66.0 73.0
31. 6 23. 7 20.1 22. 0
48.0 44.4 43. 4 42.8
22.8
17.4
17. 8
17.6
12.4
11. 2
72.1
92. 2
29. 8
46. 6
i 0.2
11.1
75. 2
91. 2
27.7
46. 7
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
Food_______________
Clothing. __________
Housing__ _________
Fuel and light . . . ____
House-furnishing goods.
Miscellaneous___ ____
Dec., June, Dec., June, Dec., May, Dec., Mar., June, Sept., Dec., Mar., June, Sept., Dec., Mar., June, Sept., Dec., June, Dec., June,
1918 1919 1919 1920 1920 1921 1921 1922 1922 1922 1922 1923 1923 1923 1923 1924 1924 1924 1924 1925 1925 1926
R ic h m o n d , Va,
Food.......... ......
C lothing.____ _ __
Housing__ __________
Fuel and light__ _____
House-furnishing goods..
Miscellaneous___ _____
20.5
33.8
1.0
11. 8
26. 3
9.0
20.6
42.3
3. 6
11.4
28. 6
13. 5
23.1
78. 6
9.8
18. 7
55.9
24.0
36.1
93. 6
12. 5
36. 1
75. 4
32. 4
11.9
69.0
25. 9
62. 2
70.0
36. 0
i 7.4
43.8
29.4
47.1
48.8
38.7
All items___ ___ 17.9 20.6 32.0 43.8 33.3 20. 2
i 2.9 i 10.2
21. 2 15.9
34.1 34.2
46.8 36.7
33.0 28.1
38.4 35. 5
i 7.8 i 10.8
12. 9 10.6
34.5 35.4
33. 4 44.5
27.6 27.5
34.7 34.6
i 6.3
10.6
35.3
54.2
29.4
33.5
i 9.0
11.8
35.7
59.9
34.7
33.9
i 7.2
12.5
35.7
52.7
40.0
33.9
i 5.1
13.4
39.1
54.7
40.4
34.7
i 4.8
12.9
39.4
61.2
40.5
35.4
i 8.9 i 11.3
12.7 11.9
39. 5 39.5
60.7 49.1
40.8 37.8
35.8 35.8
i 7.6
10.9
41.0
49.2
38.6
34.8
i 3.3
8.9
41.3
47.9
38. 5
35. 7
i 2.4
8.6
41.4
44. 2
38.2
36.0
4.8
8. 4
40.4
53.6
39.2
39.1
1.6
8.1
39.6
51.0
38.1
40.8
18.3
13.2
14.4
14.3
14.9
16.6
17.1
15.5
13.5
15.0
16.5
16.7 20.8
19.7
19.5 i 12.7 i 11. 5
6.3
9.0
9.0
68.0 70. 2 74.6
48.9 47. 5 30.8
14.9 27.5 29.8
33.4 33.5 33.4
i 8.6
9.5
77.4
31.7
31.0
35.8
i 7.5 i 10.6 l 11.4
9.6
9.5
8.6
79.5 SO. 9 83.4
32.1 31. 3 21.6
30.5 30.6 26. 2
35.8 35.8 35. 7
i 9.8
8. 1
83.6
21. 6
26. 1
35.7
i 6. 5
7.9
83.4
24. 6
27.4
35.8
i 2. 5
7. 4
85. 2
19.5
28. 0
36.6
3.4
6.9
85. 4
26.9
27.9
37.0
2. 8
6. 8
84. 7
18. 3
27. 1
36 6
17.3
17.7
19.9
20.6
19.4
18.8
19.3
20.7 22.4 25.0
24.1
» 1.6
21. 1
68. 6
75. 7
34. 6
53.7
12.9
12.1
S t . L o u i s , Mo~
18.0
32.4
2. 7
4.8
21.8
14.5
16.1
39.3
3.8
3.7
32.5
15.7
26. 2
78.1
16.8
8.2
52.9
30.3
46. 2
89.7
29.8
19.6
73.1
37.6
8.8
70.0
42. 4
42.6
70. 2
43. 2
i 10.1 i 11.6 i 14.0 i 12.1 i 13.8
43. 8 17.2
9.1
7.9
6.2
52.5 63.8 64.1 65.7 67.0
30.9 33.4 30.9 32.3 44.3
43.5 19.2 14.3 12. 8 12. 3
42.1 40.6 34.7 33. 2 33.1
All items_______ 16.7 17.9 34.2 48.9 35. 4 23.1
18.5
14.7
15.1
15.0
17.0
■S c r a n t o n , P a .
Food______________ .
Clothing________ ___
Housing... •_______
Fuel and light____ ___
House-furnishing goods..
Miscellaneous________
21. 3
34.4
.5
24.7
27.0
21.4
18.1
49.6
6.2
25. 7
35. 6
24.9
26.9
82.1
2.4
31. 5
48.9
34. 7
41.4
97.7
17.2
43.5
62.8
47.9
17.8
76.5
18.5
67.3
62. 0
50.4
i 4.0
54.3
41. 5
62.8
48.6
54.6
4. 1
29. 1
44.6
67.1
30.7
52.4
i 6.8
25.2
46.6
65.8
25.7
50.1
i 6.7
24.2
52.8
68.0
24. 2
49.9
i 9.0
21. 1
53.1
69.3
25.4
49.3
*2.1
20.7
53.6
68.6
28.5
49.3
i 5.5
21.5
53.6
65.2
31.8
51.4
i 5.1
21.7
59.0
65.2
34.7
51.4
i 1.3
23.3
59.5
65.4
34.4
51.4
0.2
23.2
60.8
75.3
34.9
51. 7
i 6. 7
23. 1
61.0
73.9
35.4
52.8
i 8. 7
22. 2
67. 6
68.9
31.6
53. 7
i 5.4
21. 6
68. 1
74.0
33. 0
53. 9
9.6
20. 2
70.5
99. 8
33.9
55.4
4.7
19.5
71.4
77.8
34.4
55.9
All items.. _ ____ 21.9 25.0 37.1 51.5 39.1
28.2
26.3
20.4
20.9
19.4
22.4
21.6
22.4
24.4
25.8
22. 9
22.4
24.1 25.8 27.0 32.0
29.0
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 Decrease.
1.4
20.3
71. 0
70.3
33.9
54.8
CHANGES IN COST OF
Food..............................
Clothing____ ________
Housing__ __________
Fuel and light__ _____
House-furnishing goods__
Miscellaneous_______
1No change.
to
o
210
The following table shows the increase in the cost of living in the U nited States from 1913 to June, 1926.
These figures are a summarization of the figures for the 32 cities, the results of which appear in the preceding tables,
computed on a 1913 base.
T able 4 .—CHANGES IN COST OF LIVING IN THE UNITED STATES, 1913 TO JUNE, 1926
Per cent of increase from 1913 (average) to—■
Item of
expenditure
Dec., Dec., Dec., Dec., Dec., June, Dec., June, Dec., May, Dec., Mar., June, Sept., Dec., Mar., June, Sept., Dec., Mar., June, Sept., Dec., June, Dec., June
1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1919 1920 1920 1921 1921 1922 1922 1922 1922 1923 1923 1923 1923 1924 1924 1924 1924 1925 1925 1926
59.7
68. 2
66. 4
80.7
4.0 10.6 27.8 50.6 113.6 125.1 163.5 192.7 185.4 147.7 118.0 106.2 102.9 102.9 108.2 117.6 122.2 122.4 122.4 121.3 116. 0 114.9 116.0 114.3 114.3
3.0 7.4 13.3. 40.5 65.8 73.2 90.2 101.4 108.2 108.8 106.8 103.3 101.5 101.1 100.5 100.3 100.3 101.1 101.7 101.1 101.1 101.1 101. 7 102. 7 103. 5
All items. 3.0 5.1 18.3 42.4 74.4 77.3 99.3 116.5 100.4 80.4 74.3 66.9 66.6 66.3 69.5 68.8 69.7 72.1 73.2 70.4 69.1 70. 6 72. 5 73.5 77.9
Electricity 2__ 3.7 6.2 8.6 11.1 6.2 6.2 7.4 7.4 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 6.2 6.2 7.4 7.4 7. 4 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 9.9 9.9
110.4
103. 3
5.0 5.0 26.0 57.0 87.0 84.0 97.0
1.0 4.7 20.0 49.1 105.3 114.5 168.7
0) 1.5 2.3 . 1 9.2 14.2 25.3
1.0 1.0 8.4 24.1 47.9 45.6 56.8
‘ i > U Uildilge.
119.0
187.5
34.9
71.9
78.0
158.5
51.1
94.9
44.7
122. 6
59.0
81.6
49.9
84.4
61.4
81.1
38.7
75. 5
60.9
75.8
40.7
72.3
60.9
74.2
39.7
71.3
61. 1
83.6
46.6
71.5
61.9
86.4
41.9
74.4
62.4
86.2
44.3
74.9
63.4
80.6
49.3
76.5
64.4
81.3
50.3
76.3
66.5
84.0
43.7
75.8
67.0
82.2
42.4
74.2
68.0
77.3
46.8 51.5
72.3 71. 3
68.0 68. 2
79.1 80. 5
55.0
70. 6
67. 4
76. 5
,
74.8
11.1
. , ,
,
2 This line shows the per cent of decrease in the price of electricity on the dates named as compared with the price in December, 1913. These figures are based on the weigntea
averages of consumption at the various rates charged.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
[426]
65.5
69. 4
57. 1
86. 9
Food.........
Clothing_____
Housing
Fuel and light..
House-furnish
ing goods___
Miscellaneous.
CHANGES IN COST OF LIVING
211
Expenditures for House Furnishings by Farm Families
^ U R C IIA S E S of house furnishings and equipm ent by 1,299 farm
families in Ohio, K entucky, M issouri, and K ansas am ount to
an average yearly expenditure of $44.42 for such goods, accord
ing to an advance statem ent of the results of a survey conducted by
the U nited States D epartm ent of Agriculture.
All typical farm hom es w ithin the areas studied were included in
the survey, the figures showing th a t owners spent only slightly more
than tenants for house furnishings. E ight hundred and seventytwo owner families spent an average of $44.98 for the year, and 427
tenant families spent an average of $43.27.
Of the 1,299 families, 1,059 reported total living costs ranging from
$600 to $2,100 a year. The figures include both actual living ex
penses and food and shelter furnished by the farm , and are com
parable w ith the income of wage earners in th a t class.
The purchases of furnishings and equipm ent by the 1,059 families
ranged from an average of $11.50 to,$48.60 per family. Of the entire
group of 1,299 families the average expenditure for furnishings and
equipm ent by States varied from about $31 per family in K entucky
to more than $64 per family in Missouri.
The survey showed th a t the average expenditure for furnishings
and equipm ent increased somewhat irregularly, from $8.70 per
family to $102 per family, with a rise in the average value of all
family living from about $475 per family to alm ost $4,335.
The variety of house furnishings and equipm ent included canning
equipm ent; cleaning equipm ent such as brooms, brushes, and vacuum
cleaners; house furnishings such as bedding, curtains, portieres, fur
niture, carpets, rugs, household linens, musical instrum ents, tableware; laundry equipm ent, including ironing boards, tubs, and wash
ing machines; sewing equipm ent, including dress forms and sewing
m achines; and miscellaneous purchases, including electric appliances,
portable gas engines, stoves, trunks, suit cases, and refrigerators.
Only 34 families of the 1,299 bought vacuum cleaners in the year
covered, 63 bought musical instrum ents, 73 washing machines, 33
sewing machines, and 44 electric appliances. The average expendi
ture for vacuum cleaners by the families th a t bought such equipm ent
was $15.70, musical instrum ents $65.50, washing m achines $36.30,
sewing machines $31.50, and electric appliances $24.20.
The survey is p a rt of a larger farm standard of living study being
conducted jointly by the Bureau, of A gricultural Economics and the
Bureau of Home Economics of the D epartm ent of Agriculture, cover
ing the cost of all the family living in approxim ately 4,000 farm
homes. The various States in which the studies were m ade cooper
ated in obtaining the records, most of the field work being done*
either by advanced students of the State agricultural college or uni
versity, or by county home dem onstration agents.
I
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW
Cost oí Living in Chile
H E problem of the high cost of living is the subject of an article
by D r. Moisés Poblete Troncoso, head of the Chilean Labor
Office, which appears in the Jan u ary 31, 1926, issue of El
M ercurio, Santiago. According to the figures compiled by the
Chilean Bureau of Statistics and cited by D octor Troncoso, the index
num ber for retail prices in Chile in 1925 was 202 while in the United
States it was 173, 1913 being the base year in both cases. Index
num bers of the general cost of living in Chile for the years 1913 to
1924 are given in the following table:
T
IND EX NUMBERS OF COST OF LIVING IN CHILE, 1913 TO 1924, BY YEAR
[1913=100]
:________________________________
F u e l a n d D o m estic Im p o rte d
lig h t
food
food
Y ear
100
1913.............................. ..........................
1914................ .......................................
1 9 1 5 .................... ..................................
1 9 1 6 _____________ _____________
1917__________________ _________
1 9 1 8 ___ _____________________
1919 -- ___________ __________
1920____________________________
1921
. _ ___________________
1922____________________________
1923........................- ............................
1924........_..............................................
106
108
106
101
108
128
151
174
184
186
191
100
116
128
109
112
110
132
165
151
146
152
153
B e v e r
ages
C lo th in g
T ra n s
p o rta tio n
100
102
100
101
111
100
108
120
110
112
343
168
109
173
176
179
100
100
100
106
110
100
112
136
144
141
151
238
256
230
227
236
241
128
140
147
155
177
207
208
229
230
236
no
no
127
136
131
131
131
T o ta l
109
107
106
117
118
121
126
138
138
138
The article also contains d ata on the average prices of 10 food
articles of prime necessity in Chile for the 14-year period from 1912
to 1925, as follows:
AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES PER KILOGRAM OF SPECIFIED ARTICLES OF FOOD IN
CHILE, 1912 to 1925 BY YEAR
[The exchange value of the peso was about 12 cents at the end of 1925. 1 kilogram=2.2 pounds]
Year
Rice
Sugar
Coffee
Meat
Flour
Maize
Bread
Pota Kidney Wheat
beans
toes
P esos
P esos
P esos
P esos
P esos
P esos
P esos
P esos
1912_____________
1913______ ____
1914_____________
1915_____________
1916_____________
1917_____________
1918_____________
1919_____________
1920_______ _____
1921..........................
A922_____________
*923_____________
1924_____________
1925____ ________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0.62
.71
.69
1.16
1. 02
1.08
1.12
1.44
2.10
1. 59
1. 77
1.40
1.61
1. 65
0. 74
.77
.73
1.11
1.27
1.22
1. 09
1.36
2.79
2. 09
1.31
1. 59
1.87
1.50
2.73
2. 78
2. 65
3.33
3.15
3. 09
2.49
3.35
4. 59
3. 72
4. 68
4.59
6.16
6. 90
1.23
1.41
1. 48
1.53
1.59
1.54
1.60
1.60
2.18
2.10
1. 70
2. 01
2.08
3.02
[4281
0. 33
.34
.39
.75
.47
.51
.55
.59
.96
.83
.86
.67
.70
.87
0.29
.29
.25
.39
.28
.37
.32
.30
.45
.38
.35
.34
.47
.62
0. 48
.48
.58
.94
.60
.72
.65
. 73
1. 07
1. 00
1. 03
.93
.96
1.11
0. 26
.25
.24
.31
.25
.28
.26
.26
.32
. 21
.23
.27
.32
.39
P esos
0.40
.36
.46
.66
.49
.76
.60
.58
.66
.51
.64
.67
.77
.95
Pesos
0.29
.27
.29
_Tv.
.32
.35
.34
.38
. 58
. hi
. 59
.48
. 47
.64
LA BO R A G R E EM EN TS, A W A RD S A N D DECISIONS
A G R E E M E N T S
B akers— L y n n , M ass.
N A G R E E M E N T was made by Hebrew Bakers Local No. 183,
of L ynn,_M ass., effective for one year from M ay 1, 1926,
and requiring employers to hire members of th a t local only.
O ther provisions of interest are as follows:
A
S e c t i o n 2. T h a t said m em bers shall n o t be re q u ire d to w ork m ore th a n 8
h o u rs p er day , 6 days to c o n stitu te a w eek’s w ork; all w ork to be done b y day
(day w o rk ); tim e for w ork to be called a t 5 a. m. n o t before; all o v ertim e to be
p a id a t th e ra te of tim e a n d one-half p er h o u r— n o t less— to all h an d s.
S e c . 3. P a rty of th e first p a r t will n o t req u ire m em bers of th e second p a r t to
perform an y lab o r on L ab o r D ay a n d Jew ish holidays, a n d for w hich th e y shall
receive th e ir p a y in full.
N o p a y shall be d ed u cte d for a n y Jew ish holiday, expect P assover. If th e p a rty
of th e second p a rt is req u e ste d to w ork on a Jew ish holiday, th e y shall receive
double pay .
S e c . 4. T he p a rty of th e first p a rt h ereb y agrees n o t to discharge th e p a rty of
th e second p a rt tw o w eeks before L ab o r D ay or an y Jew ish holidays.
S e c . 5. P a rty of th e first p a r t agrees to p a y all forem en $65; second h a n d s $60;
n o t less. T h e w eek’s w ork sh all be finished on T h u rsd a y , a n d th e m em bers of
th e p a rty of th e second p a r t sh all be p a id in cash a t th e e n d of th e week.
S e c . 9. L ocal U nion 183, p a rty of th e second p a rt, shall h av e a rig h t to send
a s u b s titu te fo r every one of its m em bers, a n d said su b s titu te m u st be accep ted
b y th e p a rty of th e first p a rt.
S e c . 11. P a rty of th e first p a rt agrees t h a t he or she shall a t all tim es keep th e ir
b ak ery in p ro p er sa n ita ry conditions to m eet th e re q u irem en ts of local b o a rd of
h e alth .
S e c . 13. W here th e firm consists of p a rtn e rs, only one p a rtn e r shall be allow ed
to w ork a t th e bench, oven, o r a t a n y o th e r p a r t in th e m a n u fa c tu re of bread,
or if th e firm is a co rporatio n , only one sto ck h o ld er of th e co rp o ra tio n sh all be
allow ed to w ork a t th e bench, oven, or a t a n y o th e r p a r t in th e m a n u fa c tu re of
b read. T h e person t h a t sh all so w ork shall be th e one t h a t shall sign th is agree
m e n t on behalf of th e p a r ty of th e first p a rt.
T h is ag reem en t shall be in full force a n d effect from M ay 1, 1926, u n til a n d in
cluding A pril 30, 1927, a n d th e re a fte r u n til a new ag reem en t (th e te rm s of w hich
shall be re tro a c tiv e from a b o v e given d ate ) h as been co n su m m a te d a n d signed;
or th is ag reem en t has, u p o n notice, been canceled or te rm in a te d b y th e em ployer;
or b y th e local union w ith th e san ctio n of th e B akery a n d C o nfectionery W o rk ers’
In te rn a tio n a l U nion of A m erica.
Building Trades—Marysville, Calif.
A N A G R E E M E N T between the Y uba and S u tter Building Trades
Council and certain contractors in M arysville, Calif., relative to
wages in several trades, M arch 4, 1926, reads as follows:
T his is to certify t h a t th e Y u b a a n d S u tte r B uilding T ra d e s C ouncil, p a rty
of th e first p a rt, a n d th e h ere in a fte r n a m e d c o n tra c to rs w hose nam es h av e by
them selves been affixed, p a rtie s of th e second p a rt, do jo in tly agree as follows:
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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214
M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW
B eginning A pril 1, 1926, a n d c o n tin u in g for one y ear to A pril 1, 1927, th e fol
low ing schedule of w ages fo r th e resp ectiv e c rafts m en tio n ed shall by m u tu a l
ag reem en t be ad o p te d , ap p ro v ed , a n d becom e o p erativ e:
C a rp e n te rs______________________$9. 00 T e a m ste rs:
P a in te rs _______________________ 9. 00
D riv er, 2 h o rse s__________ $5. 00
P lu m b e rs______________________ 10. 00
9. 00
M an a n d te a m — 8 h o u rs__
H od carriers___________________ 8. 00
T ru c k d riv ers—•
L a th e rs_______________________ 11. 00
1 to 2 to n s ___________
5. 00
B uilding lab o rers______________ 6. 00
2 to 3 to n s ___________
6. 00
C em ent w orkers_______________ 7. 50
3 to n s or o v e r________
7. 00
I t is fu rth e r agreed t h a t a n y w ork com ing w ith in th e scope of th is ag reem en t
upon w hich a c tu a l co n stru c tio n h a s been beg u n on o r before th e d a te of th e sign
ing of th is ag reem ent, w ill be com pleted a t no ad v an ce in th e cost of la b o r on ac
co u n t of an y w age-scale advance.
T h e sam e to be ta k e n care of b y a sy stem of re b a te from th e B uilding T rad es
C ouncil to th e c o n tra c to r w ho h as p a id a d v an ce scale on w ork u p o n w hich a c tu a l
co n stru ctio n h a d begun before th e signing of th is a g reem en t, said re b a te to be
p a id w eekly or m o n th ly , as m ay be agreeable to all p a rtie s concerned.
T he full a m o u n t of w age-scale a d v an ce will be collected b y th e B uilding T rad es
C ouncil a n d it is agreed t h a t such ad v a n c e in w age scale will be p a id to d uly
au th o rized rep resen ta tiv e s of th e Y u b a a n d S u tte r B uilding T rad es C ouncil by
said vario u s c o n tracto rs p ay in g such ad v an ce.
Said collections to be placed in th e tre a su ry of th e B uilding T rad es C ouncil
as re b a te fund. Such collections b y th e council from th e c o n tra c to rs shall con
tin u e to be collected in full a n d so placed in th e tre a su ry u n til a sufficient sum has
been collected to insu re th e p ro p er p a y m e n t of all reb a te .
City Employees—Concord, N. H.
T T I E following extracts are taken from an agreement now in force
1 between the Board of Public W orks and the C ity Em ployees’
Union No. 15501:
A r t i c l e 1 . N ine h o u rs shall c o n stitu te a d a y ’s w ork five days of th e w eek a n d
five hours on S atu rd a y .
A r t . 2. T h e m inim u m w age fo r w orkers shall be: Sw eepers, $3.85 p er d ay ;
garbage m en a n d ro a d builders, $4.50 p e r d a y a n d u p ; te a m ste rs, $4.68 a n d up.
O vertim e shall be p a id a t th e ra te of tim e a n d one-half. T h e follow ing holidays
are to be considered as overtim e, a n d p a id a t th e ra te of tim e a n d one-half:
M em orial D ay, Ju ly 4 th , L ab o r D ay , T hanksgiving, a n d C hristm as. W ork
perform ed on S unday shall be p aid a t d o uble-tim e rate.
W ages shall be p aid every T h u rsd a y fo r w ork p erform ed for th e week ending
th e previous S atu rd a y .
A rt . 3. Before an y ab le-bodied city em ployee can receive less th a n th e m in
im um w age specified in th is a g reem en t th e questio n m ay be ta k e n u p by th e
su p erin ten d e n t of stre e ts a n d th e re g u la r grievance c o m m ittee fo r a d ju stm e n t.
A r t . 4. A ny reg u lar city em ployee whose n am e is k e p t on th e p ay roll an d
th ro u g h no fa u lt of his ow n is n o t assigned to som e d u ty a fte r re p o rtin g daily
shall receive in full th e four h o u rs’ p ay for S a tu rd a y p. m . specified in th is agree
m ent.
A r t . 5. I t is agreed t h a t m em bers of C ity E m ployees’ Local No. 15501, p ro
vided th e y are citizens of th e U n ited S ta te s a n d ta x p a y e rs of th e city of C oncord,
shall h av e preference of em ploym ent, a n d all em ployees of th e s tre e t d ep a rtm e n t,
are e n title d to be m em bers of local union, w ith th e exception of th e th re e forem en.
A r t . 6 . W henever p racticab le a place shall be pro v id ed to w arm d inners a n d
dry clothes, an d w here a n em ployee is obliged to w ork one m ile o r m ore from th e
city sheds, tra n s p o rta tio n shall be fu rn ish ed to a n d fro m place of em ploym ent.
A r t . 7. A ny questions arising betw een th e p a rtie s to th is a g reem en t shall be
ta k e n up betw een th e h ead of th e d e p a rtm e n t in w hich th e questio n arose a n d a
d u ly a u th o riz e d a g e n t of th e em ployee.
A r t . 8. Should e ith e r p a rty to th is ag reem en t desire to m ak e a n y change
th ey m u st give th e o th e r p a rty 30 d a y s’ n otice in w riting.
[430]
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A G R EE M E N T S— PA Y IN G GUTTERS
215
M ach in ists— C h ic a g o
HPHE agreement of D istrict No. 8, M achinists, Chicago, M ay 1, 1926,
'*■ for one year, is practically the same as th a t for 1925, extracts from
which appeared in the Labor Review for Septem ber, 1925 (pp. 88,
89). The new wage scale calls for an increase of 3 cents per hour for
all journeym en and apprentices, except automobile repairm en whose
wages rem ain unchanged.
Newsboys—Everett, Wash.
nT H E Newsboys’ Union No. 17519 of E verett, W ash., has made an
A agreement with the newspapers of Seattle applying to newsboys
in the business districts of the city reading as follows:
All re ta il d istrib u tio n of said new spapers in E v e re tt shall be c o n d u c te d b y
m em bers in good sta n d in g of N ew sboys’ U nion No. 17519. R o u te carriers a n d
new s sta n d s shall n o t be in clu d ed in th is ag reem en t, a n d i t is u n d e rsto o d specilically t h a t no interference w h atev er w ith carriers shall be u n d e rta k e n b y N ew sboys’
U nion N o. 17519.
All d isp u tes arising b etw een th e p a rtie s hereto, w hich can n o t be a d ju s te d b y
m u tu a l consent, shall be referred to a n a rb itra tio n b o a rd u p o n w ritte n re q u e s t
of e ith e r p a rty h ereto. T h e a rb itra tio n b o ard shall be m a d e u p as follow s:
E ach p a rty h ereto shall a p p o in t a n a rb itra to r w ith in five d ay s a fte r service of
such Avritten re q u e st for a rb itra tio n , a n d th e tw o a rb itra to rs so a p p o in te d shall
choose a th ird a rb itra to r w ith in 10 d ay s a fte r th e ir a p p o in tm e n t. T h e th ird
a rb itra to r shall be selected in th e follow ing m a n n e r: E a c h of th e tAvo first a rb i
tr a to rs ap p o in te d shall sim u ltan eo u sly p re se n t a n d exchange lists b e a rin g th e
nam es of 10 citizens of E v e re tt sa tisfa c to ry to th e side p re se n tin g th e sam e, from
w hich th e o th e r side m ay choose one to a c t as th ird a rb itra to r. If th e first lists
do n o t co n tain th e nam e of a n accep tab le person, th e process sh all be re p e a te d
u n til a choice is m ade. T h e th re e a rb itra to rs so a p p o in te d shall p roceed im m e
d iately to h ear a n d decide th e con tro v ersy , a n d th e decision shall be bin d in g
u p o n th e p a rtie s hereto.
All coverage of doAvntown stre e t corners, daily a n d S u n d ay , h o lid ay s a n d v a c a
tions, shall be fu rn ish ed b y N ew sboys’ U nion No. 17519. D o w n to w n corners
shall be fully covered daily fro m 3 p. m . to 6.30 p . m ., S u n d ay s o nly excepted.
F u ll coverage shall be given for th e S u n d ay editio n s on S a tu rd a y n ig h ts a n d
S undays.
All pap ers shall h av e eq u al rep re se n ta tio n .
T his ag reem en t shall expire M ay 1, 1927, a n d shall n o t b e in effect in case of
a n d d u ring a strik e or lo ck o u t.
Paving Cutters—Red Granite, Wis.
IN C O N N EC TIO N w ith the bill of prices of Branch No. 17 of the
* Paving C u tters’ Union at Red Granite, Wis., effective M ay 1,
1926, are articles calling for a 44-hour week, pay day every other
Saturday, and miscellaneous articles as follows:
A r t i c l e 6. P av in g stock will be q u a rrie d as n ear to size as p ra c tic a l a n d rough
sto ck to be bull w edges an d d is trib u te d if needed to p re v e n t idleness, pro v id in g
drillers a re available.
R eg u lar ru n of stock shall be supplied p a v in g tra c k s, a n d sto n e shall n o t be
ta k e n from derricks o p eratin g for p a v in g to such e x te n t as to be d e trim e n ta l to
c u tters.
No m ore c u tte rs to be em ployed th a n can be k e p t a t ste a d y w ork.
A r t . 7. E ach c u tte r to h a v e a b e rth w ith 16-foot fro n t, w hich is to be k e p t
reaso n ab ly clear of grout.
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M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW
T he com pany will fu rn ish each c u tte r w ith a sufficient n u m b e r of tools, except
ham m ers, a n d keep th e m a n d th e c u tte rs ’ ham m ers in good re p a ir w ith o u t
charge.
A r t . 9. I t is u n d ersto o d t h a t th e P av in g C u tte rs ’ U nion reserves th e rig h t to
call its m em bers o u t on strik e a t a n y tim e i t is p ro v en th e y a re used to d efeat th e
purpose of m em bers on strik e in th is or o th e r d istric ts.
Steam Engineers—Chicago
lowing two-year agreement was made between the Chicago
M erchants Association (Inc.) and the executive board of
the International Union of Steam and Operating Engineers of
Chicago, April 1 , 1926.
In consideration of th e follow ing ag reem en t b y th e p a r ty of th e first p a rt, th e
p a rty of th e second p a r t h e reb y agrees fo r its m em b ers:
1. T h a t th e y shall keep th e m ach in ery u n d e r th e ir charge in good ru n n in g
order, excepting rep a irs t h a t can n o t be p ro p e rly ex pected of an engineer.
2. T h a t th e y sh all obey all o rders of th o se in a u th o rity a n d c o n d u ct them selves
in a resp ectfu l a n d g en tlem an ly m a n n e r a n d w ork in ev ery w ay to th e b est
in te re st of th e ir em ployer.
3. T h e em p lo y m en t of a firem an on a crane shall be o p tio n al w ith th e em ployer.
T he p a rty of th e first p a r t h ereb y agrees:
1. T h a t only th o se reg u larly engaged in th e o p eratio n of steam , gas, o r electri
cally a c tu a te d cranes shall com e u n d e r th is ag reem en t a n d all such m en shall be
m em bers in good sta n d in g of th e In te rn a tio n a l U nion of S team a n d O perating
E ngineers.
2. T h e ra te of w ages fo r engineers shall be $1.25 p er hour. E ig h t hours p er
day or n ig h t shall be considered a d a y ’s o r n ig h t’s w o rk ; all tim e in excess of
eig h t hours shall be considered o v ertim e a n d shall be p a id fo r a t th e ra te of $1.25
per h o u r for th e first a n d second h o u r of o v ertim e on an y d a y ’s or n ig h t’s w ork,
a n d a t th e ra te of tim e a n d one-half fo r all tim e th e re a fte r. In th e e v e n t an
engineer rep o rts for wrc.rk a n d s ta rts e q u ip m e n t t h a t he o p erates he shall be p aid
for one-half day. If he co n tin u es a n d wrorks a fra c tio n of th e aftern o o n he shall
be p a id fo r a full day . T h is provision shall also a p p ly to engineer th a t is reg u larly
em ployed nights. S u n d ay s a n d h olidays shall be p aid fo r a t th e ra te of double
tim e on th e basis of a c tu a l h o u rs w orked.
3. N o w atch shall begin betw een th e hours of 12 o ’clock m id n ig h t a n d 6 a. m .,
except in case of em ergency, w hen w atch m ay begin or end a t th e tim e b est su ited
to th e em ergency.
4. A ny engineer nowTin th e em ploy of th e p a rty of th e first p a rt, who is receiving
a higher ra te of w ages th a n specified in th is agreem ent, shall suffer no red u ctio n in
his wages d u rin g th e life of th is c o n tra c t.
A nd it is fu r th e r m u tu a lly agreed by an d betw een said p a rtie s:
1st. T h a t d u rin g th e life of th is ag reem en t th e re shall be no fu rth e r dem ands
m ade u pon e ith e r p a rty .
2d. Should a n y difference arise betw een p a rties h ereto w hich can n o t be
settled b y th e ir rep re se n ta tiv e s, such difference shall be su b m itte d to a rb itra tio n .
E ach side sh all select tw o a rb itra to rs o th e r th a n th e re p re se n ta tiv e s who have
failed to agree a n d th e fo u r shall select a fifth. Such b o ard shall m e e t w ith in six
days, an d a decision of th e m a jo rity of th is b o ard shall be accep ted by b o th
p a rtie s hereto.
3d. D u rin g such a rb itra tio n -work shall proceed as usual.
4-th. W henever a n y em ployer requires th e services of an o p e ra to r he shall call
upon th e union for su ch o p erato r. T h e un io n agrees to fu rn ish such o p e rato rs in
so fa r as th e y are available. W hen n o t possible fo r th e unio n to fu rn ish such
o p erato rs th e em ployer m a y secure th e o p e ra to r him self a n d in such cases, if th e
o p erato r so secured is n o t a m em b er of th e union, th e u n io n shall, a t th e re q u e st
of th e em ployer in d u c t him in to th e union p ro v id ed he is qualified fo r m em b ersh ip
therein.
5th. N o change shall be p e rm itte d in th is a g reem en t by a n y m em ber, local or
rep resen tativ e, w ith o u t th e w ritte n ap p ro v a l of th e local jo in t ex ecutive b o a rd of
th e In te rn a tio n a l U nion of S team an d O p eratin g E ngineers of Chicago, 111.
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Street Railways—Newburgh, N. Y.
following extracts are taken from the agreement m ade M ay 1,
x926, between Division No. 388 of the Am algam ated Asso
ciation of Street and Electric Railway Employees and the Newburgh
Public Service Corporation, Newburgh, N. Y.
S e c t i o n 1. T h a t all bus d riv ers in th e em ploy of th e co rp o ra tio n a re to becom e
a n d rem ain m em bers of th e association in good stan d in g , a n d w hen new m en are
em ployed as bus o p erato rs in th e fu tu re , th e y are to becom e a n d re m a in m em bers
of th e association in good sta n d in g d u rin g th e life of th is ag reem en t, w ith th e
ex cep tio n t h a t call m en w ho do n o t w ork m ore th a n one d a y a w eek will n o t be
considered as reg u lar em ployees a n d will n o t be re q u ired to becom e m em bers of
th e union.
S e c . 2. T he selection of ru n s shall be in accordance w ith seniority.
O n all lines ow ned a n d o p erated by th e p a rty of th e first p a rt, th e ir sen io rity
will d a te fro m th e ir contin u o u s em p lo y m en t w ith th e com p an y , p ro v id e d th e y
becom e a m em ber of th e association a t th e first re g u la r m eetin g a fte r th e ir em
p lo y m en t.
I n case one or tw o reg u lar ru n s are open, senior e x tra m en a re to fill v a c a n t
ru n s u n til n ex t change of ru n s; in case of m ore th a n tw o reg u lar ru n s being open,
all ru n s shall be picked again.
A ny d riv er em ployed a t o th e r th a n a c tu a l o p erativ e p assenger or fre ig h t service
for th e co m p u tiv e period of over 90 day s in a n y 12 consecutive m o n th s shall lose
his seniority rig h ts.
S e c . 3. T h e w ages of re g u lar bus a n d fre ig h t o p erato rs shall be $5 p e r day .
All bus o p erato rs o p eratin g snow plow s or perfo rm in g e x tra or a d d itio n a l w ork
shall be p aid a t th e ra te of 55 cen ts p er h o u r fo r such e x tra or a d d itio n a l w ork;
m eals to be fu rn ish ed b y th e c o rp o ratio n to m en engaged in snow plow w ork
w hen such m en are un ab le to receive m eals a t home.
T he co rp o ratio n will fu rn ish d u rin g th e life of th is ag reem en t to each o p e ra to r:
(a) A w eekly sick benefit b y s ta n d a rd in su ran ce policy of $15 p er week.
(b) Also a $1,000 d e a th benefit policy effective a fte r th re e m o n th s’ service.
Sec. 4. Straight runs shall consist of 9 hours of labor to be performed in 9 con
secutive hours.
All sw ing ru n s shall consist of n o t m ore th a n 9 h o u rs’ lab o r to be perfo rm ed in
12 consecutive hours, excep t in ex trem e cases in a n y one d a y of 24 hours.
N o bus o p e ra to r shall be com pelled to w ork o v ertim e in co n n ectio n w ith th e
reg u lar discharge of his d u tie s ex cep t in ex trem e cases, such as h olidays, S u n d ay s
a n d so fo rth , for w hich o v ertim e he shall be p aid a t th e ra te of 5 5 cen ts p e r h o u r.
N o bus o p e ra to r a fte r h a v in g co m pleted his d a y ’s w ork, shall be called u p o n to
p erfo rm e x tra w ork except in ex trem e cases, a n d if he is o rd ered to p erfo rm such
lab o r in case of em ergency, he shall be p a id a t th e ra te of 55 cen ts p e r h o u r, such
tim e being co m p u ted from th e tim e he is o rdered to re p o rt for d u ty as aforesaid,
ex cep t in cases w here his tim e is n o t continuous, th e n he shall be p a id a m in im u m
of 2 hours.
S e c . 7. In case of suspension or discharge, a n y bus o p erato r, w ho a fte r
in v estig atio n is found n o t to be a t fa u lt, shall be re in sta te d to his form er positio n
a n d p a id for th e tim e lo st a t th e sam e ra te of p a y he w ould h av e received h a d he
been reg u larly em ployed in his p ro p er position.
S e c . 8 . S u s p e n s i o n or d i s c h a r g e o f b u s o p e r a t o r s s h a l l n o t b e m a d e p u b l i c .
S e c . 9. All b u s o p erato rs shall be g ra n te d free tra n s p o rta tio n over all lines
ow ned by th e co rporation.
S e c . 10. D u rin g th e life of th is ag reem en t tw o uniform s, one p a ir of p u tte e s
a n d one cap w ill be supplied each o p e ra to r b y th e co rp o ratio n , sam e to rem ain
th e p ro p e rty of th e co rp o ratio n . O p erato rs will be re q u ired to keep sam e
cleaned an d pressed a t least once each m o n th ; a n in sp ectio n sy stem by th e co rp o
ra tio n is to be m ain tain e d . O p erato rs will be req u ired to fu rn ish th e ir ow n
w in ter coats.
S e c . 11. T h e association will be p e rm itte d to m a in ta in a b u lle tin b o a rd a t
th e b u s b a rn for th e guidan ce a n d in stru c tio n of its m em bers, a n d such b u lle tin
b o ard shall be m a in tain ed in th e w aitin g room p ro v id ed for th e b u s o p e ra to rs.
S e c . 13. I t is fu rth e r u n d ersto o d a n d ag reed betw een th e p a rtie s h e re u n to
t h a t in consideration of th e foregoing, th e asso ciatio n will w ork a t all tim e s for
th e b est in terests of th e co rp o ratio n , a n d t h a t th e y will stric tly observe a n d obey
2254°— 26t--- 15
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all orders w hen n o t _conflicting w ith th e p ro v isio n s of th is ag reem en t. T h ey
fu rth e r agree a t all tim es to p ro te c t th e p ro p e rty of th e co rp o ra tio n fro m in ju ry
a t th e h an d s of o th e rs w hen in th e ir pow er to do so, a n d to use ev ery effort to
p re v e n t in ju ry to th e p ro p e rty a n d persons of th e tra v e lin g public.
S e c . 15. E x tra b u s o p e ra to rs first to w ork sh all h a v e th e p reference of e x tra
w ork d u rin g th e d a y a n d a il ru n s o r specials or o th e r w ork w hich th e official in
charge know s t h a t calls fo r e x tra m en shall be p o ste d on th e b u lle tin b o a rd in th e
bus o p erato rs’ w aitin g ro o m before each roll call. A m in im u m of tw o h o u rs w ill
be p a id for e x tra passenger w ork.
S e c . 16. N o strik es o r lo ck o u ts shall be p e rm itte d d u rin g th e life of th is
ag reem en t, _b o th p a rtie s th e re to recognizing th e ir d u ty to th e p ublic. I n th e
e v e n t a strik e or lo ck o u t shall be th re a te n e d a n d th e p a rtie s to th is ag reem en t
fail to reach a n ag re e m e n t b y m eth o d s w hich a re p ro v id ed in th is agreem en t,
th e n , in t h a t e v e n t th e q u estio n a t issue shall be su b m itte d to th re e a rb itra to rs
chosen in th e follow ing m a n n e r: One shall be chosen b y th e p a rty of th e first
p a rt, one to be chosen b y th e p a rty of th e second p a rt, a n d th e th ird to be selected
b y th e tw o th u s chosen, a n d b o th p a rtie s agree to a b id e by th e re s u lt of such
a rb itra tio n . I n th e e v e n t of failu re to choose a th ird a rb itra to r in th e m an n er
h ereinbefore described, b o th p a rtie s to th is c o n tra c t shall confer w ith th e a p
p o in te d a rb itra to rs a n d a rra n g e fo r such selection. T h e b o a rd w hen organized
shall proceed w ith its in v e stig a tio n w ith in five d a y s th e re a fte r a n d shall proceed
d ay b y d ay u n til a final a w ard is m ad e, w hich a w a rd w hen so m ad e sh all be
bin d in g u p o n b o th p a rtie s. T h e expense of such a rb itra tio n sh all be b o rn e as
follows: E ach p a rty sh all b e a r th e expense of its ow n a rb itra to r a n d th e p re s e n ta
tio n of its ow n case, th e expense of th e th ird a r b itr a to r a n d such o th e r leg itim a te
expenses as are necessary successfully to carry o n th e a rb itra tio n shall be b o rn e
jo in tly by th e p a rtie s to th is agreem en t.
Yeast Workers—Baltimore
'"THE Federal Y east Corporation, m anufacturer of compressed
yeast and vinegar, a t Baltim ore, M d., has two agreements
w ith its employees, each for two years from M arch 13, 1926.
The agreements are similar, except for the wage sections, and call
for an eight-hour day, w ith overtime at the rate of tim e and a half.
O ther sections taken from the agreement with Local No. 323,
Brewery W orkers, read as follows:
S e c t i o n 1. O nly m em b ers in good sta n d in g of th e ab o v e-m en tio n ed local u nions
an d bran ch es can be em ployed. S hould th e co m p an y h av e non u n io n m en in its
em ploy a t th e tim e th is ag re e m e n t is ex ecuted, th e n all such n o n u n io n m e n sh all
apply, w ith in tw o weeks, fo r m em b ersh ip in th e resp ectiv e union o r b ra n c h
hav in g jurisdiction:
S e c . 2. Should a n y local u n io n or b ra n c h a t a n y tim e be u n ab le to fu rn ish a
m em ber of th e union, th e n in t h a t case th e co m p an y sh all h a v e th e rig h t to e m
ploy a co m p e te n t m a n w ho shall m a k e ap p lic a tio n fo r m em b ersh ip in th e u n io n
or b ran ch h av in g ju risd ic tio n w ith in th e tw o w eeks of th e tim e of his em p lo y m e n t.
Should th e u n ion b e u n a b le to fu rn ish help u p o n d e m a n d , e x tra h elp m a y be
em ployed as long as su ch em p lo y m en t does n o t cause a n y lay-off to u n io n m en .
All such e x tra help shall h a v e a p e rm it c ard issued b y th e lo cal u n io n o r b ra n c h .
A p e rm it card is good fo r one m o n th only, b u t can be renew ed, e x cep tin g w hen a
good-standing m em b e r of th e In te rn a tio n a l U nion of U n ite d B rew ery, F lo u r,
Cereal, a n d Soft D rin k W orkers re p o rts fo r w ork, th e n th e la s t p e rm it c a rd m a n
p u t on shall, on th e la s t d a y of th e m o n th on w hich his c a rd expires, be la id off
an d a union m em b er sh all ta k e his place. A p e rm it c a rd m a n sh all receive th e
w ages p aid to union m en in th e d e p a rtm e n t in w hich th e y a re em ployed.
S e c . 3. A ny em ployee u n ab le to w ork on ac c o u n t of sickness shall, u p o n
recovery, receive his form er position. A s u b s titu te shall be considered te m
p o rary help.
The wage section provides for the following minimum weekly
wages •
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F e rm en tin g d e p a rtm e n t: F irs t m a n _______________________________________ $34
33
T itr a to r s __________________________________________________________________
S ettlin g t a n k s ___________________________________________________
F ilte r m e n _________________________________________________________________ 32
S e p arato rs: F ir s t m a n _____________________________________________________
32
M ash d e p a rtm e n t: F ir s t m a n ______________________________________________ 34
M illers____________________________________________________________________
34
R elief m e n _________________________________________________________________ 35
S cru b b ers__________________________________________________________________ 32
P re s s ro o m : F ir s t m a n on each s h ift_______________________________________
34
All o th e r m e n _____________________ •__________________________________ 32
V inegar d e p a rtm e n t:
F irs t m a n ____________________________________________________________ 35
Second m a n __________________________________________________________ 34
All o th e r m e n ________________________________________________________ 32
D istilling d e p a rtm e n t:
F ir s t m a n ____________________________________________________________ 40
Second m a n __________________________________________________________ 34
S p ro u t m a n ________________________________________________________________ 32
G eneral h e lp _______________________________________________________________ 34
S hipping d e p a rtm e n t:
F ir s t m a n ____________________________________________________________ 34
Second m a n __________________________________________________________ 32
W ashing a n d steam in g d e p a rtm e n t_________________________________________ 32
C h au ffeu rs_________________________________________________________________ 34
W a tc h m a n _________________________________________________________________ 35
T ru c k d riv ers a n d s ta b le m e n ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
M olding a n d w rap p in g d e p a rtm e n t:
F irs t m a n ____________________________________________________________ 34
All o th e r m e n ________________________________________________________ 30
M olding a n d w rap p in g d e p a rtm e n t:
F irs t w o m a n _________________________________________________________
27
21
All o th e r w o m en _____________________________________________________
I f stead y em p lo y m en t to a n y y a rd m e n ____________________________________ 32
The provisions shown in sections 1, 2, and 3, quoted above, are
practically the same in the agreement with Engineers, Firemen, and
Oilers Local Union No. 177, Brewery W orkers. The minimum
weekly wages for this local are as follows: Chief engineers, $45;
assistant engineers, $40.50; firemen, $36; oilers, $37; helpers, $36.
A W A R D S
A N D
D E C IS IO N S
Electric Railways—Shamokin, Pa.
SO M EW H AT vigorous statem ent relative to the duties of electrie-railway companies and their employees in regard to in
toxication of employees is made in an arbitration award between
Division No. 641, Am algam ated Association of Street and Electric
Railway Employees and the Shamokin & Edgewood Electric Railway
Co.
A certain conductor had been discharged for intoxication, and
appeal had been m ade to a board of arbitration consisting of D avid
Williams, J. A. Shipman, and Victor M ariotta, of Shamokin, Pa.
Their report is dated April 25, 1926. They found the testim ony of
the 8 witnesses for the company and 13 for the conductor “ con
flicting ” w ith “ a great difference of opinion among th e m ” as to
whether the conductor was intoxicated while on d uty M arch 3,
A
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1926. The following extracts are taken from the decision of the
board:
F ro m th e evidence, th e b o ard h as concluded t h a t M r. M. ap p e a re d to be
p a rtly u n d e r th e influence of in to x ic a tin g d rin k on t h a t day .
T h e te stim o n y also show s t h a t M r. M . h a d n e v er been disciplined by th e
co m p an y p rio r to M arch 3, 1926, a lth o u g h he h a d been em ployed b y th e com
p a n y fo r a b o u t 18 y e ars a n d is re p u te d to be th e old est co n d u cto r in th e em ploy
of th e co m p an y in le n g th of service.
A ssum ing t h a t M r. M . w as n o t in to x ic a te d , b u t h a d ta k e n one d rin k of in
to x ic a tin g liq u o r on t h a t d a y , he still h a d v io la te d th e w orking rules of th e
co m p an y according to sectio n 47, p ag e 31, of said rules, w hich re a d s as follows:
‘‘T h e use of in to x ic a tin g d rin k on th e ro a d or a b o u t th e p rem ises of th e com
p a n y is stric tly forb id d en . N o one w ill be em ployed, o r co n tin u e d in em ploy
m en t, w ho is know n to fre q u e n t saloons, or is in th e h a b it of using in to x ic a tin g
liq u o rs.”
O n th e o th e r h a n d , th e w orking a g reem en t b etw een D ivision No. 641 a n d th e
co m p an y pro v id es fo r th e suspension a n d disch arg e of em ployees fo r v io latio n
of th e w orking rules in section 14 of th e ag reem en t, a n d th is section re a d s in
th is m a n n er:
“ T h e book of ru les is to govern all m o to rm en a n d co n d u cto rs. T h e violatio n
of said rules to be cause fo r suspension a n d re p e a te d a n d co n tin u e d violatio n
cause for disch arg e.”
Since th is w as th e first tim e M r. M . h a d been disciplined, i t a p p e a rs from
th e provisions of th e w ork in g a g reem en t t h a t his first offense should h av e b ro u g h t
a suspension in ste a d of a d ischarge fro m th e service of th e com pany.
F ro m th e evidence p re se n te d in th e case, i t is safe to s ta te th e re h as been a
very lax en forcem en t b y th e c o m p an y of m a n y of th e w orking ru les in th e p a st.
Som e rules can be ig n o red w ith o u t d a n g e r to th e p u b lic, b u t th e ru le fo rb id d in g
th e use of in to x ic a tin g d rin k should be rigidly a n d im p a rtia lly enforced. To
allow one em ployee to v io late th is ru le w ith o u t censure a n d th e n to p u n ish
d ra stic a lly a n o th e r em ployee fo r a sim ilar violatio n , is n o t a ju s t m eth o d of en
forcing w orking rules.
T h e p u b lic is e n title d to th e service of sober, efficient em ployees on th e p a rt
of every public-service co rp o ratio n . T h e w elfare, safety , a n d lives of w om en
a n d ch ild ren sh ould n o t be jeo p ard ized b y a n y p a rtly in to x ic a te d m o to rm a n or
co nductor. I t is th e jo in t d u ty of th e co m p an y a n d D ivision N o. 641, p a rtie s
to th e w orking ag reem en t, to a m e n d sectio n 14 of th is ag reem en t, to p ro v id e
for im m ed iate disch arg e of a n y em ployee w ho uses in to x ic a tin g liquors. T hen,
a s tric t observance of th e ru le should be in sisted u p o n b y b o th th e un io n a n d
th e com pany.
T h e a rb itra tio n b o a rd , in th e p re se n t case, believes i t only fair to give M r. M.
th e sam e co n sid eratio n as i t u n d e rsta n d s h as been given o th e r em ployees. H is
18 years of service w ith o u t a re p rim a n d justifies a decision from th is b o a rd
changing his discharge to a suspension.
T h e decision of th e b o a rd , th erefo re, is t h a t M r. M . sh all be re in sta te d b y th e
S ham okin
E dgew ood E lectric R ailw ay Co. as of A pril 26, 1926. All th e
seniority rig h ts, sta n d in g a n d privileges enjoyed b y M r. M . u p o n th e d a te of
his discharge shall be re sto re d to him . T h e re q u e st of D ivision No. 641 t h a t
M r. M . be p aid for all tim e lo st since M arch 3, 1926, is d enied b y th e b o a rd .
Ladies’ Clothing Industry—Cleveland
rT 'H E decision of the board of referees in the Ladies’ G arm ent
1 W orkers In dustry, Cleveland, Ohio, June 6, 1926, was as follows:
T he reg u lar w age h earin g scheduled fo r D ecem ber, 1925, w as p o stp o n e d u n d er
an ag reem en t betw een th e m a n u fa c tu re rs a n d th e u n io n u n til A pril, 1926, a n d
th e n ag ain p o stp o n ed b y m u tu a l co n sen t u n til th is tim e. T h erefo re in d e te r
m ining th e w age schedule w hich w ill o b ta in u n til o u r n e x t re g u la r m e e tin g th e
b o ard is o b ligated to ta k e in to co n sid eratio n g en eral bu sin ess co n d itio n s, n a tio n a l
a n d local w age levels b o th w ith in a n d w ith o u t th e lad ies g a rm e n t in d u s try , th e
s ta tu s of th e local g a rm e n t in d u s try , as w ell as su ch change as m a y h a v e occurred
in living costs since o u r la s t co n sid eratio n of th e w age scale. I n fixing ra te s th e
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b o a rd necessarily h as in m in d n o t only th e situ a tio n as it is on th e specific d a te
w hen th e h earin g is held b u t such v a ria tio n s in th e level of prices a n d w ages as
h a v e occurred d u rin g th e in te rv a l since th e p re se n t scale w as estab lish ed as well
as th e a p p a re n t tre n d fo r th e p eriod betw een now a n d th e n e x t w age h earin g .
I n th is in sta n c e th e u n io n is asking fo r a v e ry co nsiderable a n d specific w age
increase, b asing th e ir re q u e s t on th e h ig h er co st of liv in g a n d on w h a t a p p e a rs to
th e m to be a fav o rab le business o u tlook a n d a b e tte rm e n t in th e lo cal g a rm e n t
in d u stry as well as a n increase in th e o u tp u t fo r in d iv id u a l w orkers d u e to a stiffen
in g in th e sta n d a rd s. T h e em ployers h a v e a rg u e d stre n u o u sly a g a in s t a n y raise
d u rin g th is perio d of w h a t th e y concede m a y be one of re tu rn in g p ro sp e rity to
th e C leveland m a rk e t. T h e y h a v e arg u ed t h a t d u e to th e g u a ra n te e d 40 w eeks
of w ork a n d th e p re se n t scale th e C leveland w orkers now receive h ig h er a n n u a l
re tu rn s th a n th o se of a n y o th e r m a rk e t. T h e m a n u fa c tu re rs— p e rh a p s n o t v ery
stren u o u sly — arg u ed fo r a re d u c tio n of p re se n t ra te s.
W e feel t h a t ev e ry th in g considered th e re a re n o t sufficient gro u n d s fo r a n y
general in crease in re a l w ages a t th is tim e. L ocal a n d n a tio n a l business condi
tio n s do n o t w a rra n t to o po sitiv e assu m p tio n s as to w h ith e r we a re going o r w here
w e w ill be six m o n th s from now o r a t th e tim e of th e n e x t w age a d ju s tm e n t. W e
a re hopeful t h a t th e u n io n ’s p red ictio n m a y be fulfilled. H ow ever, i t h a s been
established t h a t w h a te v e r h a v e been th e u p s a n d dow ns in liv in g costs since
A pril, 1923, such costs are now in th e neighborhood of 5 p er c e n t h igher th a n th e y
w ere th e n a n d we are ord erin g a n in crease in th e schedule w hich will a d ju s t
fo r th e change as follows:
Occupation
Present
C loak in d u s try :
scale
O perators, m a le __________________________________________ $44. 00
O perators, fem ale_____________ ___________________________ 30. 00
Sam ple tailo rs, m ale____________________________ _____ : __ 40. 00
P a tte rn g ra d e rs__________________________________________ 42. 00
C u tte rs __________________________________________________ 41. 00
L ining c u tte rs ___________________________________________
39. 00
40. 00
F inish p ressers-__________________ ^ -------------------------------F ore p ressers_______________ __________ ___________________ 3 6 .0 0
M achine pressers___________________________ _____________
34. 00
Skilled finishers, fe m a le __________________________________ 26. 50
C lass B finishers, fe m a le -_ _ _____________________________
23. 00
B asters a n d felling h a n d s . ______________________________ 21. 50
20. 00
B u tto n sew ers___________________________________________
D ress in d u s try :
P a tte rn g rad ers__________________________________________ 42. 00
F u ll skilled c u tte rs _______________________________________ 41. 00
39. 00
L ining c u tte rs ___________________________________________
Skilled m ach in e o p era to rs, m a le__________________________ 44. 00
Sam ple tailors, m ale __________ __________________________
35. 00
F u ll skilled pressers______________________________________ 40. 00
F ore p ressers____________________________________________
34. 00
F inish m ach in e p ressers__________________________________ 32. 00
Skilled m ach in e o p erato rs, fem ale________________________ 30. 00
Sam ple tailo rs, fe m ale___________________________________
28. 00
H an d sewers, fem ale_____________________________________
20. 00
B eginners’ ra te s:
M ale—•
F irs t 6 w eeks________________________________________ 16. 00
N ex t 4
mo n t h s ____________________________________ 20. 00
N ext 6 m o n th s______________________________________ 23. 00
Fem ale—
F irst 6 w eeks________________________________________ 14. 00
N ext 4 j^ m o n th s____________________________________ 16. 00
N ext 3 m o n th s______________________________________
18. 00
N ex t 3 m o n th s______________________________________
20. 00
INew
scale
$46. 00
32. 00
42. 00
44. 00
43. 50
41. 50
42. 00
3 8 .0 0
36. 00
28. 00
24. 50
22. 50
21. 00
44.
43.
41.
46.
37.
42.
36.
34.
32.
29.
21.
00
50
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
50
00
16. 50
21. 00
24. 00
15.
17.
19.
21.
00
00
00
00
Classified w orkers n o t inclu d ed on th e ab o v e schedule will receive a 5 p er
c e n t increase to w here i t produces a n even half-d o llar ra te or to th e n earest
h alf-dollar ra te above.
T h e u n ion h as asked fo r “ a n a w ard of a p ro p o rtio n a te increase for w orkers
receiving w eek-w ork w ages ab o v e th e m in im u m because of th e ir p ro d u c tiv e
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222
MONTHLY
LABOR REVIEW
a b ility .” As a m a tte r of p ra c tic e th e b o ard h as alw ays found, it im possible
to do m ore th a n esta b lish th e m in im u m . W e h av e in th is decision raised th e
m inim um . W e can re g iste r a n opinion t h a t e q u ity d em an d s th e a d ju s tm e n t
in ra te s w hich h av e been fo r good reaso n fixed ab o v e th e m in im u m , w hen th e re
is a g eneral ad v an ce in m in im u m s. B u t i t is n o t feasible to do m o re th a n th is.
T h e sam e also app lies to th e case of th e unclassified w orkers. As w e h av e
p ro v id ed for a n increase in th e m in im u m , i t seem s reaso n ab le to suppose th a t
em ployers w ill m ak e co rresp o n d in g changes ab o v e th e m in im u m fo r such u n
classified w orkers. T h e referees, how ever, as s ta te d ab o v e, can n o t d e p a rt from
th e ir prev io u s refu sal to in te rfe re in th e a c tu a l w ages of unclassified w orkers.
I t w ould be in ex p ed ien t to do so. W e agree w ith th e c o n te n tio n of th e union
t h a t th e re should n o t be a gro u p of unclassified w orkers fallin g o u tsid e th e p ro
te c tio n of th e ag reem en t. W e sug g est t h a t th e unio n a n d th e m a n u fa c tu re rs
m ake a n effort to w o rk o u t som e m u tu a lly sa tisfa c to ry schem e fo r brin g in g
th ese w orkers u n d e r o u r ju risd ictio n . In case of fa ilu re w e re q u e st a list of such
w orkers to g e th e r w ith th e ir co m p en satio n s be b ro u g h t before us a t o u r n ex t
m eetin g for such ac tio n as m a y th e n seem wise.
Railroads—Decision of Train Service Board of Adjustment for the
Eastern Region
IN D O C K ET No. 330, decided June 3, 1926, the Train Service
Board of A djustm ent for the E astern Region considered the «
question of w hat constituted an additional day.
The Baltim ore & Ohio R ailroad Co. owns and operates a line of road
from Connellsville, Pa., to Clarksburg, W. Va., over which the
com pany operates through trains between P ittsburgh and C larks
burg. A bout 30 miles from Clarksburg is Fairm ont, a divisional
point where crews are changed though the engine continues through
on the run.
On M ay 11, 1924, owing to trouble on an adjoining division, train
No. 70, which was due a t the F airm ont passenger station a t 9.35
p. m. was detoured via the B. & N. Railroad from Connellsville to
M organ M ines, a junction point w ith the B. & O. 6 miles west
from F airm ont passenger station. The engineer regularly assigned to
pilot this train from F airm ont was directed to deadhead on street
car to the junction and pilot this train from M organ Mines to F air
m ont, prelim inary to his regular assignment.
For this he claimed pay as an extra day b u t the company refused to
pay him more than the regular overtim e rate of pay.
Appeal was m ade to the board claiming an additional d ay ’s pay
because the train from M organ M ines to Clarksburg was an extra
train and “ outside his regular assignm ent” and pointing to a sta te
m ent of the vice president of the road Septem ber 19, 1916, as follows:
T he p rinciple of ru n n in g crew s th ro u g h a te rm in a l, w here i t is n o t a reg u lar
p ractice to do so, is in v o lv ed , a n d th is engine crew w ill be allow ed a d a y for
th e trip from G a rre tt to A lbion a n d re tu rn in a d d itio n to th e ir re g u la r m ileage
allow ance betw een G a rre tt a n d C hicago Ju n c tio n .
I t w ill be u n d ersto o d th e decision in th is case w ill n o t change th e p ra c tic e of
ru n n in g crew s th ro u g h te rm in a ls w here it has fo rm erly been p e rm itte d u n d e r th e
w age schedule.
The decision of the board was “ Claim sustained.”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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A W A R D S A N D D E C I S I O N S -- R A I L R O A D S
223
Railroads—Decision of Train Service Board of Adjustment for the
Southeastern Region
Flagman
IN D O C K E T No. 221, M ay 26, 1926, the board settled a claim of
* the flagmen on the Pontchartrain Railroad for switchm en’s rate of
pay. This railroad is a short railroad 5 miles long, all lying within
the New Orleans yard limits. The regular service consists of a tu rn
around passenger run which occasionally handles a freight car, b u t
does no switching a t either end of the line. The flagmen on this
run are paid in accordance with section (a) article 3, which reads as
follows:
T rain m en on sh o rt tu rn -a ro u n d passenger ru n s, no single tr ip of w hich exceeds
80 m iles, in clu d in g su b u rb a n a n d b ra n c h line service, sh all be p a id o v ertim e for
all tim e ac tu a lly on d u ty , o r held for d u ty , in excess of 8 h o u rs (co m p u ted on
each r u n from th e tim e re q u ired to re p o rt fo r d u ty to th e en d of t h a t ru n ) w ith in
10 co nsecutive h o u rs; a n d also for all tim e in excess of 10 consecutive h o u rs com
p u te d co n tinuously from th e tim e first re q u ired to re p o rt to th e fin al release a t
th e en d of th e la s t ru n . T im e shall be co u n ted as c o n tin u o u s service in a ll cases
w here th e in te rv a l of release from d u ty a t a n y p o in t does n o t exceed one ho u r.
T his ru le applies regardless of m ileage m ade.
F o r calcu latin g o vertim e u n d e r th is ru le th e m a n a g e m e n t m a y d esig n ate th e
in itia l trip .
The committee contended th a t as the services were all within the
lim it of the New Orleans yard, the rate applicable to yardm en should
be paid for the service. The Louisville & Nashville Railroad, which
controls the Pontchartrain Railroad, a railroad built to transport
passengers and freight between New Orleans and Lake Pontchartrain
a t a tim e when sea shipping to New Orleans was by this route,
contended th a t as there had always been separate provisions for the
employees on the Pontchartrain road, the trainm en were properly
paid as passenger trainm en and the contention for switchm en’s rate
of pay was w ithout foundation.
The decision of the board was as follows;
P rio r to th e issuance of S u p p lem en t N o. 16 to G en eral O rder N o. 27, th e
tra in m e n on th e P o n c h a rtra in R ailro ad w ere considered in p assenger service a n d
p a id a m o n th ly ra te . W ith th e ap p lic a tio n of th e su p p lem en t, th ese ra te s were
increased to conform to th e s ta n d a rd p assen g er ra te s, a n d th e r u n in q u estio n
w as placed u n d e r th e sh o rt tu r n aro u n d passenger ru le, b y ag reem en t. Since
th e ap p licatio n of th e su p p le m e n t th e re h a s been no reclassification of ra te s
agreed upo n by th e p a rtie s, a n d th e b o a rd u n d e rsta n d s no change in th e class of
w ork perform ed. T herefore, th e b o ard denies th e claim of th e co m m ittee for
th e ap p licatio n of y a rd ra te s to th is service.
Yard Helper
In Docket No. 216, decided M ay 27, 1926, the board considered
the claim of a yard helper for one d ay ’s pay. His crew regularly
reported for work a t 7 a. m. b u t the caller was instructed to notify
m embers th a t this crew would no t work on December 29, 1924. _ One
mem ber who had left his home before the arrival of the caller did not
learn th a t his crew would n o t work on th a t date until after he had
reported for work. Though he did no work on th a t day the company
offered him one-fourth d ay ’s pay which he declined, demanding a fullday’s pay.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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MONTHLY
LABOR REVIEW
The position of the comm ittee was in p a rt as follows:
T he basic d ay ru le is offered in su p p o rt of th e claim . T h ere is no ru le w hich
pro vides p a y m e n t of a q u a rte r of a d ay to y a rd m e n w hen th e y a re called to
rep o rt, a n d in th e case of a re g u la r m an , do re p o rt fo r d u ty a n d a re n o t used.
U n d er th e p ractices a n d rules on th e N orfolk & W estern R ailw ay , a ll reg u larly
assigned y ard m en m u s t re p o rt fo r th e ir assig n m en ts w ith o u t being called. T h e re
fore, w hen th e ir assig n m en t is n o t w orked fo r a d ay , o r th e y a re n o t needed, a n d
th e y are n o t notified before th e ir re g u la r re p o rtin g tim e a n d h av e so re p o rte d , th e
position of th e co m m itte e is th e y a re e n title d to a d a y ’s pay .
The position of the m anagem ent was in p a rt as follows:
T h e m an ag e m en t ta k e s th e p o sitio n t h a t th e claim of th e co m m ittee fo r a
m inim um d ay fo r y a rd h elp er in th is in stan ce u n d e r th e basic d ay ru le is n o t
justified. T h e basic d ay ru le p rovides t h a t 8 h o u rs o r less shall c o n stitu te a
d a y ’s w ork a n d co n tem p lates th e p erform ance of service, w hereas in th is case C.
perform ed no w ork w h atev er.
We h av e in o u r schedule a called -an d -n o t-u sed ru le w hich p rovides fo r th e
allow ance of o n e-fo u rth d a y w hen tra in m e n a re called fo r d u ty an d , fo r a n y reason
o th e r th a n th e ir ow n actio n , a re n o t needed, p ro v id ed th e y h a v e re p o rte d a t th e
registering place. T h is ru le, how ever, is ap p licab le to ro a d m en only, th e y a rd
regulations co n tain in g no ru le covering p a y m e n t to be m ad e to y a rd m e n w hen
th e y re p o rt fo r d u ty a n d a re n o t needed.
I t h as been o u r practice, how ever, in cases of th is k in d to m ak e th e sam e allow
ance to y a rd m e n as is m ad e to roadm en. W e believe th is to be em in e n tly fair,
realizing, how ever, t h a t a tec h n ic a l sta n d could be ta k e n to th e effect t h a t y a rd
m en in such cases a re e n title d to n o th in g in view of th e fa c t t h a t th e re is no
rule u n d er w hich th e y could m ak e a claim . I t w ould be m an ifestly u n fair, how
ever, to decide t h a t y ard m e n should be p aid a full d a y w hen it is recognized by
rule t h a t it is ju s t a n d p ro p e r to allow ro a d m en o n e-fo u rth day.
Decision.— Claim sustained.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[440]
IM M IG RA TIO N
Statistics of Immigration for May, 1926
B y J . J. K
unna
, C h ie f S t a t is t ic ia n U n it e d S t a t e s B u r e a u
of
I m m ig r a t io n
H E num ber of aliens adm itted to the United’S tates during M ay,
1926, was the largest for any one m onth since the present quota
law became effective on July 1, 1924. The to tal influx during
M ay last was 52,777, an increase of 1,820 over the preceding m onth of
April, the next largest m onth, and 9,827 greater than for M ay, 1925,
when 42,950 aliens were adm itted.
The exodus of aliens a t this season of the year is usually Larger
than during the earlier m onths, which largely accounts for the in
creased num ber of departures during M ay compared to the few pre
ceding months. A to tal of 19,521 aliens left the country this m onth,
b u t over two-thirds, or 13,660, were of the visiting class, either here
tem porarily or going abroad for a short stay. The rem aining 5,861
departures during M ay, 1926, were em igrant aliens leaving for per
m anent residence abroad; 8,403 of the same class left in M ay, 1925,
a decrease of over 30 per cent.
Of the 52,777 aliens adm itted during M ay, 1926, the im m igrants
comprised 33,533 and the nonim m igrants 19,244. The principal
races contributing im m igrant aliens this m onth were the German
7,340, M exican 6,118, Irish 5,006, English 4,266, Scotch 2,872, French
2,168, and Scandinavian 1,466. The other 33 races or peoples in the
im m igration statistical list furnished less th an 1,000 each. Of the
5,861 em igrant aliens who departed during the same m onth, the
Italian, English, and German lead the list w ith 787, 615, and 608,
repectively.
Aliens refused admission to the U nited States in M ay, 1926, num
bered 1,731 (1,245 male and 486 female). The m ajority of these
aliens were rejected a t the international land boundaries, 1,201 from
C anada and 234 from Mexico having been turned back for various
causes under the im m igration laws. The other 296 aliens debarred
this m onth were denied admission a t the seaports. Aliens deported
from the U nited States after landing reached a total of 1,063 in
M ay, 1926. A bout one-half (518) of these deportees were returned to
countries in Europe; 285 w ent to Mexico; 172 to C anada; and less
than 30 each to the other countries. The principal cause for depor
tation this m onth was entering the country w ithout first obtaining
im m igration visas from the American consul.
Of the 52,777 aliens adm itted during M ay last, 20,722 were born
in E urope; 1,878 in Asia; 96 in Africa; 489 in A ustralia, New Zea
land, and the Pacific Islands; and 19,592 were natives of countries
on the W estern Hemisphere. About one-third (17,448) of the total
adm itted this m onth were im m igrants charged to the quota; 16,185
were natives of nonquota countries, principally C anada and Mexico;
T
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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225
226
MONTHLY
LABOE REVIEW
7,748 were residents of the U nited States returning from a visit
abroad; and 9,485 came in tem porarily for business or pleasure or
were passing through the country. The rem aining 1,911 aliens ad
m itted this m onth under the im m igration act of 1924 came in as Gov
ernm ent officials, wives and children of U nited States citizens, stu
dents, ministers, and professors, etc.
T able
1.—INWARD AND OUTWARD PASSENGER MOVEMENT, JULY
MAY 31, 1926
1, 1925,
TO
Outward
Aliens
Aliens
de
de
Aliens departed
Aliens admitted United
United
ported
barred
States
States
after
from
citi
citi
land
enter
zens Total ing 2
zens Total ing 1 Emi Non
Non
Immi immi
de
emi
Total
ar
Total
grant grant
grant grant
parted
rived
Inward
Period
1925
July................August _____
Seotember___
October_____
November___
December____
18, 590
22, 421
26, 721
28, 685
26, 642
21, 089
14,177
17, 052
23, 081
19, 427
14, 860
11, 216
32, 767
39, 473
49, 802
48, 112
41, 502
32, 305
26, 326 59,093
49, 922 89, 395
68, 500 118, 302
35, 413 83, 525
23,118 64, 620
18, 027 50, 332
2,000
1, 774
1,429
1,965
1.951
1,932
8, 784
7,539
7, 200
7, 674
6, 555
8,840
17, 715
12, 978
12, 485
13, 264
11,915
12, 663
26, 499
20, 517
19, 685
20, 938
18, 470
21, 503
66,136
37,185
24, 369
24, 227
18, 039
19, 274
92, 635
57, 702
44, 054
45, 165
36, 509
40, 777
19, 072
20, 041
29, 504
33, 400
33, 533
10, 661
10, 632
15,182
17, 557
19, 244
29, 733
30, 673
44, 686
50, 957
52, 777
19, 695
23, 687
29, 987
28,931
22, 719
1, 662
1,453
1,404
1,470
1, 731
5,286
3, 232
3, 457
4, 989
5,861
9, 795
8,451
8, 982
10, 780
13, 660
15, 081
11, 683
12, 439
15, 769
19, 521
25,987
29,108
25, 215
26, 312
28, 913
532
41, 068
40, 791
342
37, 654
938
42, 081 1,052
48, 434 1,063
919
940
855
909
835
595
1926
January______
February____
March______
April________
May.................
49, 428
54, 360
74, 673
79, 888
75, 496
Total___ 279, 698 173,089 452, 787 346, 325 799,112 18, 771 69, 417 132, 688 202,105 324, 765 526,870 8, 980
1 These aliens are not included among arrivals, as they were not permitted to enter the United States.
2 These aliens are included among aliens departed, they having entered the United States, legally or
illegally, and later being deported.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[442]
IM M IG R A T IO N
227
T a b l e 2 . — IMMIGRANT
ALIENS ADMITTED TO AND EMIGRANT ALIENS DEPARTED
FROM THE UNITED STATES DURING MAY, 1926, AND FROM JULY 1, 1925, TO MAY
31, 1926, BY RACE OR PEOPLE, SEX, AND AGE GROUP
Immigrant
Race or people
May, 1926
Emigrant
July, 1925,
July, 1925,
to
May, 1926
to
May, 1926
May, 1926
African (black)____ ____
______ __________
Armenian.. ..
. . .. ____ _______ ______
Bohemian and Moravian (Czech)________________
Bulgarian, Serbian, and Montenegrin_____ ___
Chinese----------------------- .. . _______________
Croatian and Slovenian__ ___________ .. ._
Cuban. ___ _ .. _ ____
___ _ ..
Dalmatian, Bosnian, and Herzegovinian . ___
Dutch and Flemish __ ._ .. ___________
East Indian. _ ______________ _ __________
English______ .. ____ ________ ___
Finnish______
... . . .. _ ____ _
French_____ ___ . . . . . . . . . . . ___ _
German_______ . ____ _____ ____ ____
Greek_____ ______ ______ . . ______
Hebrew_________ ____________
. .. _
Irish_________ ________ ____________ _
Italian (north)__________ __________ ___ _
Italian (south)___ _ _. .. . .. ______ ___
Japanese_________ ____ ____________ .
Korean___ ___________ __________ _ _
Lithuanian____________________ ... ___ _ .
Magyar---------------------------------------------------------Mexican.____ _____________ _____ ______ _
Pacific Islander.. ___ ____ _______ __ _
Polish .. ... _. . __________ . . . . . _ _____ .
Portuguese... .. ._ _______________ . ________
Rumanian_________________ _____ _ _ _____ _ _
Russian
_
..........................
Ruthenian (Russniak)__________________ ___ _
Scandinavian (Norwegians, Danes, and Swedes) . . ..
Scotch________ . ______ . ______________ __
Slovak..
. . . ____ ___ _____ . . . _
Spanish. _
_ . . . . ............................
Spanish American_________ ____. . . ___________
Syrian___ _______ . .. _________ ________ _
Turkish.. _ . .. . . .. ______________ ____ . _
Welsh ... . . . _______ _______ . ________
West Indian (except Cuban)__ .. ______________
Other peopies__________ ___ ______ _______ ____
108
40
146
28
120
52
160
10
305
2
4, 266
34
2,168
7, 340
77
909
5, 006
155
824
51
7
28
74
6,118
376
48
23
06
33
1,466
2,872
16
59
314
23
7
133
21
48
840
676
2,416
459
1,263
647
1, 234
74
2,970
43
40, 667
635
20, 594
55,186
1, 216
9, 666
38, 628
1,342
7,181
539
47
371
1,014
36, 878
2
2,955
754
290
872
468
18, 440
25, 437
526
617
2,254
418
190
1,252
302
335
30
3
238
129
187
51
60
39
107
1
615
81
148
608
346
43
74
147
640
84
2
98
118
290
258
102
129
52
4
547
146
100
176
91
12
16
3
61
25
825
88
1,139
1, 476
2,647
548
1,203
449
865
67
6,095
418
1,091
3,765
4, 881
322
1, 068
2,717
15,891
1,114
27
381
919
2,861
1
2, 532
2,847
1,140
530
60
3, 610
1, 690
787
2,721
1, 219
247
178
71
625
302
T otal.._ ____________________ __________
33, 533
279, 698
5,861
69,417
Males... . . . . _____________________ _ ...
Females________________________________ ____
19,877
13, 656
155, 710
123, 988
3,640
2,221
50,554
18,863
Under 16 years__________ . ____ ______ ____ _
16 to 44 years. ____________ ____________ ___ _
45 years and over________ ____________ ___ ___
4, 772
25,623
3,138
43, 693
209, 711
26, 294
219
4, 406
1,236
2,977
52,419
14, 021
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[443]
228
MONTHLY
LABOR REVIEW
3.—LAST PERMANENT RESIDENCE OF IMMIGRANT ALIENS ADMITTED TO
AND FUTURE PERMANENT RESIDENCE OF EMIGRANT ALIENS DEPARTED FROM
THE UNITED STATES DURING MAY, 1926, AND FROM JULY , 1925, TO MAY 31, 1926,
BY COUNTRY
[Residence for a year or more is regarded as permanent residence]
T able
1
Immigrant
Country
May, 1926
Albania______ ____ _______ _______________ _______ - .........
Austria, - - - - - ___________________________
Belgium___ - _ . - _________ _ , _________
Bulgaria__________________________________ _______
Czechoslovakia____ _ _________________________
Danzig, Free City of . _______________________
Denmark_______________ . _ _ _ __________________________
Esthonia__________________ . ______________________________
Finland.. _________________________
- - ___________________________
France, including Corsica. _____ ___________________________________
Germany________ _________________ . . ________ ___________
Great Britain and Northern Ireland:
England,. _____ _____________________________
- . ..
Northern Ireland . . ______ __ ____ ____________________
Scotland__ ___ ________________________________ _______________
W ales___________________________________
Greece______________________ _ _ ______________________
Hungary_________ _ ________ _________ _______ ______
Irish Free State . . .
__
___ ______ ________
Italy, including Sicily and Sardinia_______________
Latvia...................................................... - - . ____________________ ________
Lithuania _________
. _ ____________________________________________
Luxemburg . . .
___________ _______________ . . ________ _______
Netherlands___________ _____________________________________ ____________
Norway.. _________________________________________________________ ________
Poland________ __ __________ __ ____________________________________ ________
Portugal, including Azores, Cape Verde, and Madeira
Islands... _ _ _ _ _ ________________________________ _______________
Rumania___________________________________________________ _________ _____
Russia... ___________ ___________________________________________ ___________
Spain, including Canary and Balearic Islands______________
Sweden_______________________________________ ___________ _________________
Switzerland________ . __________ ________ ___ _______ ____
Turkey in Europe_____________________ __________ _
Yugoslavia__ __________ : _________________________________________________
Other Europe.................................................... ............................................ .............. ...........
Total, Europe____ __________ _________________ ___________________
Armenia_____________________________________________
China_________________________________ ___________ _____________ ____
India ________________ _______ _____________ _______ ___________ ____
Japan ___________ _______ ___________________________________ .
Palestine......................... ......................................... .................
Persia........................................ .. ............................. .................
Syria__________________________________________________________
Turkey in Asia__________ _____________ ________________
Other Asia................... ..........................................................................
Total, Asia................................................................................................
Canada. ___________ _______ ______________ _ _
N ewfoundland____________ _____________ ______________
Mexico__________________
Cuba ........... ........................................................
Other West Indies........... ................
Central America___________________________
Brazil___________ _____ _
Other South America_____________________________
Other America_________________ __________
Total, America............................................................ ..............
.
Egypt----------------------------------------------------------Other Africa......................................
Australia_____ _________
New Z ealand___
Other Pacific islands............................
Total, others................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
122
1,054
687
160
2, 876
197
2, 399
114
475
3, 908
47, 522
29
41
51
9
346
975
53
1,751
99
49
65
3, 278
867
12
32
15
172
268
789
9,853
407
12, 890
1,202
980
849
22, 092
7,499
279
607
118
1,670
5,417
6, 705
397
11
90
2
345
100
43
774
6
92
1
35
311
250
4,856
734
706
18, 586
45
362
6
338
1,889
2,592
32
81
124
20
793
204
6
70
46
632
1,080
1, 691
291
8,191
1,877
184
955
288
97
144
24
127
166
71
4
169
5
2, 788
1, 239
145
2,272
876
410
29
2,101
39
17, 487
145, 271
4, 536
53, 836
1
137
6
56
5
16
1,624
85
596
215
54
379
18
128
1
1
16
17
44
71
126
555
196
8
85
20
6
12
283
386
404
85
1, 909
1
604
13
379
885
3,206
4, 261
189
1,185
33
43
2,755
111
1,127
166
26
198
110
44
240
3,115
327
4,580
8, 327
404
6,164
216
77
178
73
261
83, 903
2,035
37, 492
1, 951
844
1,268
816
1,976
6
274
30
294
120
122
41
72
1, 995
249
2, 897
1,771
, 808
'484
196
1,090
15, 700
130, 291
964
10, 491
11
36
39
17
201
273
348
170
29
7
15
11
3
33, 533
[4 4 4 ]
July, 1925,
July, 1925,
to
May, 1926
to
May, 1926
May, 1926
35
120
81
12
149
23
281
6
25
359
6, 595
106
Grand total, all countries...............
Emigrant
11
1
1
1
37
84
240
130
19
021
34
510
279, 698
5, 861
69, 417
1
,
IMMIGRATION
229
T able 4 .—ALIENS ADMITTED TO THE UNITED STATES UNDER THE IMMIGRATION
ACT OF 1924 DURING MAY, 1926, AND FROM JULY 1,1926, TO MAY 31,1926, BY COUNTRY
OR AREA OF BIRTH
[Quota Immigrant aliens are charged to the quota; nonimmigrant and nonquota immigrant aliens are
not charged to the quota]
Admitted
Country or area of birth
Annual
quota
Quota immigrant
July 1,
1925, to
May 31,
1926
Total, Europe_________
l 161,422
Afghanistan___ ___ _ ____
Arabia_______________ _
Armenia._________________
Bhutan________________ .
China____________________
India_____________________
Iraq (Mesopotamia)_________
Japan___ _______ _ . . ...
Suscat____________________
Nepal__ ___ ___
Palestine__________ ______
Persia____________________
Siam . ____ _.
Syria____ ___ _ . _______
Turkey in Asia .
Other Asia________________
100
100
124
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
(!)
0)
Total, Asia____ _______
1,424
July 1,
1925, to
May 31,
1926
May,
1926
Albania __________............ .
92
100
1
Andorra. ____________ ____
100
Austria___________________
879
785
Belgium_________ ______
i 512
495
Bulgaria.. ____________ ___
97
100
Czechoslovakia_______ ____
3,094
3,073
Danzig, Free City of ______
209
228
Denmark . . . ___ _ . . ..
2,562
12, 789
Esthonia__________________
124
101
Finland __ ______________
471
453
France___________________
3,504
13, 954
Germany_________________
47, 940
51, 227
Great Britain and Northern
Ireland:
___ _ _
England_____
! 11,983
Northern Ireland... ____
907
Scotland_______________ 1 134, 007 1 13,947
Wales. ________________ J
l 1,274
Greece____________________
99
100
Hungary. ________________
538
473
Iceland_____________ _____
100
57
Irish Free State. __________
28, 567
24,936
Italy-------------------------------13,845
3, 541
Latvia___ _______________
142
132
Liechtenstein______________
11
100
Lithuania _______________
344
368
Luxemburg..____ ______ ._
100
88
Monaco.. __________ _____
100
6
Netherlands.. . __________
i 1, 648
1,514
Norway. _____________ ___
5, 751
6, 453
Poland____ _ ____ _______
5, 982
6,134
Portugal___________ _______
478
i 503
Rumania__________________
636
603
Russia____________________ i 2,248
1,956
San Marino ... _________ __
100
56
Spain_____________________
139
1 131
Sweden_____ ___ *.__ _____
8, 798
9, 561
Switzerland_______________
2,081
1,803
Turkey in Europe___ _______
90
i 100
Yugoslavia________________
537
671
Other Europe. _______ ____
239
0
Nonimmigrant
and nonquota
immigrant
May,
1926
Total
during
May,
1926
Grand
total
July 1,
1925, to
May 31,
1926
463
3
1,297
1,444
141
2,493
34
1,914
73
1,198
5, 205
10, 771
36
62
107
133
10
158
3
213
6
119
352
1,148
218
189
17
342
29
485
12
143
713
7,771
555
4
2,176
1,939
238
5, 587
243
4, 476
174
1,651
8, 709
58, 711
1,127
102
1,810
112
8
40
8
3, 575
316
8
1
26
14
1
147
278
715
9
47
127
30
11
822
191
3
35
13
22, 524
468
7, 668
883
2,675
1,366
27
4, 617
25,129
184
2,341
64
727
83
197
101
3
366
3,961
20
613
82
11
2, 090
3,187
4,942
2, 608
1,328
3,017
1
4, 716
3, 305
2,141
988
2, 078
162
40
6
3
168
351
469
462
109
319
566
328
213
86
164
18
3,468
166
2, 537
195
205
141
11
3,941
4,277
28
1
66
20
4
315
629
1,184
471
156
446
30
577
1,150
404
89
199
31
34, 507
1,375
21, 615
2,157
2, 774
1,904
84
29, 553
28, 670
316
11
981
170
17
3,604
8,938
11, 076
3,086
1,964
4,973
57
4,855
12,103
3,944
1,078
2,615
401
17, 272
121,846
13, 450
30, 722
267, 291
7
53
1
5
2
3
137
8
1
13
2
10
190
116
95
29
19
7
8
1
1
7,391
490
19
5,406
1
1,075
80
5
528
1,082
88
6
529
7,507
585
48
5,425
1
96
100
2
14
16
5
18
19
78
24
244
23
237
102
22
860
349
208
51
21
23
55
21
46
333
202
22
938
373
452
861
66
15,227
1,812
1, 878
16,088
145,445
26
111
56
7
184
26
272
6
24
361
6, 623
4
i Annual quota for colonies, dependencies, or protectorates in Other Europe, Other Asia, Other Africa,
Other Pacific, and in America is included with the annual quota for the European country to which they
belong. Quota for Turkey in Asia is included with that for Turkey in Europe.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[445]
230
T
M O NTH LY LABOR REVIEW
4 —ALIENS ADMITTED TO THE UNITED STATES UNDER THE IMMIGRATION
ACT OF 1924 DURING MAY, 1926, AND FROM JULY 1,1925, TO MAY 31, 1926, BY COUNTRY
OR AREA OF BIRTH—Continued
able
Admitted
Country or area of birth
Annual
quota
Quota immigrant
July 1,
1925, to
May 31,
1926
Cameroon (British)_________
Cameroon (French)_________
Egypt----- .................................
Ethiopia.. - ______________
Liberia___________________
Morocco.-. --. -- __________
Ruanda and Urundi— ______
South Africa, Union o f ---------Smith West, Africa ________
Tanganyika,.. - ___________
Togoland (British)___ ______
Togo!and (Branch) _ ________
Other Africa........ ..................
(0
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Nonimmigrant
and nonquota
immigrant
July 1,
1925, to
May 31,
1926
May,
1926
Total
during
May,
1926
May,
1926
Grand
total
Julyl,
1925, to
Mhy 31,
1926
1
91
1
2
17
4
126
1
1
135
3
9
19
17
1
1
2
8
283
3
29
37
409
4
58
12
1
106
23
35
1
164
1
21
1
226
4
11
36
Total, Africa---------------
1,200
296
25
560
71
96
856
Australia._______ __________
Nauru____________________
New Zealand. _ ____________
New Guinea_______________
Samoa.- __________________
Yap
. ______________
Other Pacific............................ -
121
100
100
100
300
100
142
5
2,679
324
329
2,821
99
10
943
126
136
20
5
1
14
147
6
13
6
18
Ì, 042
1
14
167
621
261
20
0)
Total, Pacific_________
Canada________________ ___
Newfoundland_____________
Mexico. ______________ -.
Cuba_____________________
Dominican Republic________
Haiti_____________________
British West Indies_________
Dutch West Indies____ _____
French West Indies...... ............
British Honduras___________
Canal Zone______ _________
Other Central America.............
Brazil.. __________________
British Guiana......................... .
Dutch Guiana_____________
French Guiana_____________
Other South America________
Greenland___________ _____
Miquelon and St. Pierre............
(')
0)
58
2
(1)
570
17
25
(0
38
2
0)
( 1)
0)
57
2
3
(1)
(>)
14
3,784
469
489
84,338
3’612
53,458
8j 567
‘792
165
3,823
121
44
8, 682
577
7, 528
795
73
21
527
9
3
8,682
577
7,528
'795
73
21
585
11
3
97
14
2,825
15
17
487.
487
9
1 191
4,045
84 328
2 61?
52’468
8 667
’ 7Q9.
165
4 ,393
138
69
135
14
825
1.121
' 133
38
1
4,601
138
20
138
23
650
650
1190
40
1
4 601
6
28
2
2
6
42
Total, America...............
723
65
163,784
19, 527
19, 592
164, 507
Grand total, all countries.
164, 667 2 147, 586
17,448
305, 201
35,329
52, 777
452, 787
1Annual quota for colonies, dependencies, or protectorates in Other Europe, Other Asia, Other Africa,
Other Pacific, and in America is included with the annual quota for the European country to which they
belong. Quota for Turkey in Asia is included with that for Turkey in Europe.
2Includes aliens to whom visas were issued during the latter part of the fiscal year ended June 30, 1925,
and charged to the quota for that year. (Nationality for quota purposes does not always coincide with
actual nationality. See see. 12 of the immigration act of 1924.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[446]
IMMIGRATION
231
T able 5.—ALIENS ADMITTED TO THE UNITED STATES UNDER THE IMMIGRATION
ACT OF 1924, DURING MAY, 1926, AND FROM JULY 1, 1925, TO MAY 31, 1926, BY SPECI
FIED GLASSES
[The number of immigrants appearing in this table and in Table 4 is not comparable with the number of
statistical immigrant aliens shown in the other tables, by races, etc.]
Admissible classes under immigration act of 1924
July,
May, 1926 1925, to
May, 1926
N o n im m ig r a n ts u n d e r s e c tio n S
Government officials, their families, attendants, servants, and employees............ .
Temporary visitors for—
Business____________________________ ____ _______ _____ _____
Pleasure. . . . . . _ __ . . . __ _ . _______________________ ____
In continuous passage through the United States___ ___ ___ _______ ____ ____
To carry on trade under existing treaty______________ ____________________
Total
____________ ____ _____ ______________ ____ _______
N o n q u o ta im m ig r a n ts u n d e r s e c tio n
_____
Quota immigrants under section 5 (charged to quota)
5,084
17, 760
31.192
22, 887
797
10,088
77, 720
599
412
7, 748
6,161
3,895
77, 574
116,185
103
15
48
19
37
6
69
1 135,541
875
171
(ill
218
403
145
36
23
1, 828
25, 241
227, 481
J
Wives of United States citizens_____________________________ _____ _
Children of United States citizens.. ________ __
_______________
Residents of the United States returning from a visit abroad__________
Natives of Canada, Newfoundland, Mexico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Canal
Zone, or an independent country of Central or South America_______
Their wives__________________ ____ _________ ___ ___
Their children. ______ _______________ _______________
Ministers of religious denominations ______________ ______
Wives of ministers_______ ..
_ . ________________ ____
Children of ministers___________ ___________ ____ _
Professors of colleges, academies, seminaries, or universities________ _
Wives of professors____ ______ ______________ _
Children "of professors________________________ _____
Students............................................................... .........
Total. ____________________
487
2,272
4,140
3,073
116
. _____________
Grand total admitted under the act__________________
17, 448
147, 586
52, 777
452, 787
1Does not include aliens born in nonquota countries who were admitted as Government officials, visitors,
transits, etc.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[447]
F A C T O R Y IN S P E C T IO N
Illinois
'“T H E statem ent below, showing the inspection work of the D epart*■ m ent of Labor of Illinois for the year ending June 30, 1925, is
taken from the eighth annual report of th a t office. The figures do
not include 863 inspections throughout the S tate m ade under the
so-called “ structural-iron law .”
Chicago
of
and Cook Rest
State
County
Class of inspection
Inspections under—
Phil cl labor law
_______ ____________________________
Women’s 10-hour law
_ _ ______________________ ________
Blower law
______ ____________________________
Washhouse law
__
_ _ __ _______ ____________ _______________
Bedding law
_ ___________________________________________
Health, safety, and comfort law _
________________________________
Total-
_
_ _______________ __________
______________
918
5, 574
221
29,877
13,249
32
35
681
1, 637
97, 937
45, 511
61, 776
28,486
962
The violations and prosecutions for the above-mentioned period
under five Illinois laws are presented as follows:
VIOLATIONS AND PROSECUTIONS UNDER ILLINOIS LABOR LAWS, 1924-25
Rest of State
Chicago and Cook County
Prosec utions
Viola Number
Viola
tions
of prose
tions
reported Number Number reported cutions 1
dismissed
Basis of prosecution
Child labor law-------- .. __________________
Women’s 10-hour law__ ____ _ _____________
Bedding law
Health, safety, and e o m f o r t law
Structural-iron law..
Total____ ___________________ _____ ____
387
416
803
148
38
1
3
2
24
20
192
49
11
108
24
7
119
31
3
2
1 None of these prosecutions was dismissed by the court.
Kansas.
IN the calendar year 1925 the factory inspectors of the Labor D epart1 m ent of K ansas visited 106 towns in the State and inspected 3,199
factories, governing the welfare of 60,868 employees, of whom
54,019 were males and 6,849 females. Of the 1,575 orders issued
for changes and improvements, all had been complied w ith a t the
time the report was made except 275, which were “ in process of
completion. ”
232
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[448]
FACTORY INSPECTION
233
Maryland
HpHE following record of inspection activities in M aryland for the
* calendar year 1925 is taken from the 34th annual report of the
commissioner of labor and statistics of th a t S tate:
14, 543
N u m b er of estab lish m en ts visited
Inspections—
F a cto ry in sp ectio n s-------------10-hour law in s p ectio n s-------C hild la b o r in sp ectio n s--------G eneral in sp ectio n s--------------
1,
3,
3,
8,
17, 204
T o ta l inspections
2254°— 2 6 t----- 16
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
983
410
107
704
[449]
W H A T S T A T E LA B O R B U R EA U S A R E DOING
A M O N G the activities of the labor offices of the various States,
the following, reported either directly by the offices themselves
or through the medium of their printed reports, are noted in this
issue:
Georgia.—R eport of operations under the State workm en’s com
pensation act, page 61.
Id a h o — W ages in the mining industry, 1925, page 115; and mine
accidents in 1925, page 59.
Illinois.—R eport of operations under the State workm en’s com
pensation act, page 62; changes in em ploym ent and pay rolls in
industries in the State, page 139; and factory inspection, page 232.
Iowa.— Changes in volume of em ploym ent in the State, page 141.
Kansas.1—-The Labor D epartm ent of the K ansas Public Service
Commission is n o t authorized by law to collect wages. The statu tes
provide, however, th a t a small debtors’ court for wage claims m ay be
set up by the m ayor or commissioners of any city or by the county
commissioners. The judge of a court of this kind is restricted to
the collection of am ounts of $20 or less where the defendant is a
resident of such judge’s jurisdiction, which is confined to “ the city
or county in which it was established.”
Only a few K ansas cities or counties have set up small debtors’
courts, b u t alm ost every day working people m ake com plaint to the
labor departm ent. Despite the lim itations imposed upon th a t office,
it has been able to aid m any claim ants in the collection of their
wages.
Frequently workers request the departm ent to assist them to col
lect wages due them in am ounts exceeding $20, bu t yet not large
enough to w arrant employing an attorney and taking the case to
court, w ith the consequent delay. U nder the existing laws m any
w orthy workers lose their hard-earned wages.
In order to rem edy this condition it is suggested th a t the county
attorney be charged with the d uty of representing workers with
labor claims for less th an $75. Unless the employer has a just
reason for no t paying the sum claimed, the fact th a t the com plainant
can have the services of the county attorney free of cost will ordi
narily lead to a quick adjustm ent of the m atter a t issue. This scheme
has been tried by the departm ent of labor w ith the aid of the county
attorney of Shawnee County. Two or three cases have been re
ferred to him, w ith prom pt and satisfactory results.
The factory inspection work in the State is noted on page 232 of
this issue.
1Kansas, Public Service Commission, Labor Department. Annual report for the year ending Dec.
31, 1925. Topeka, 1923, pp. 8 and 9.
234
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[450]
WHAT STATE LABOE BUREAUS AEE DOING
235
Maryland.—W orking hours of women in 1925, page 39; and child
labor in the same year, page 40; changes in volume of employment,
page 142; and factory inspection, page 233.
Massachusetts.—R eport of operations under the State workm en’s
compensation act, page 64; and changes in volume of employment
in industries in the State, page 143.
M issouri?—In 1925 there were 17 fatal accidents in the m etal
and nonm etal mines of the State. The fatalities for 1924 were 19,
while in 1923 they num bered 29. This recent reduction in the fatal
accident record is “ the result of efforts p u t forth by the mining com
panies of the S tate to protect their employees from hazard.”
The hearty cooperation of the mining industries of the State with
the State Bureau of Mines and its inspectors is highly commended,
the chief mine inspector reporting th a t every suggestion m ade by
the departm ent in the interest of sanitation and safety was, when
feasible, p u t im m ediately into effect.
Labor conditions in 1925 were exceptionally satisfactory—not one
strike in the whole year. Employers and workers have shown an
eagerness to preserve harmonious industrial relations; “ as the min
ing industries of the State have regained their prosperity, they have
been willing to share their prosperity w ith the employees.”
The operators realize how dependent the continuance of their
good fortune is upon their workers.
New York.—Changes in employment and pay rolls in various indus
tries, page 143.
North Dakota.—The seventh annual report of the Coal M ine
Inspection D epartm ent of N orth D akota shows th a t during the
year ending October 31, 1925, coal produced from the mines of the
State am ounted to 1,357,408 tons, as compared w ith 1,029,449 tons
in 1923-24. The valuation of the coal o u tput for 1924-25 was
$2,601,807, exceeding th a t of the preceding y e a r l y $325,984.
Four fatal and 227 nonfatal accidents occurred in connection with
coal mining in the State during the year ending October 31, 1925.
Oklahoma.—Changes in volume of employment in industries in the
State, page 145.
Wisconsin.—Changes in employment and pay rolls in various
industries in the State, page 146.
2 Missouri. Bureau of Mines, Mining and Mine Inspection. Thirty-eighth annual report, for the
year ending Dec. 31, 1925. Jefferson City [1926], pp. 6,10,11.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[451]
PU B LIC A TIO N S R EL A T IN G T O LA B O R
Official—United States
.— In d u s tria l Com m ission.
F o u r th a n n u a l re -p o rt, f o r th e y e a r e n d in g
D e c e m b e r 8 1 , 1 9 8 4 , a n d r u le s a n d r e g u la tio n s o f th e I n d u s t r i a l C o m m is s io n .
A tla n ta , 1 9 2 5 .
35 pp.
G
e o r g i a
A brief review of th is re p o rt is given on page — of th is issue.
Id
.— In sp e c to r of M ines.
T w e n ty - s e v e n th a n n u a l r e p o r t o f th e m i n i n g i n d u s
t r y o f I d a h o f o r th e y e a r 1 9 2 5 .
[ B o is e , 1 9 2 6 1] 2 7 0 p p ; c h a r ts , i l lu s .
a h o
S ta tistic s of m ine a c cid en ts a n d of m in e w ages in Id a h o a re show n on pages 59
a n d 115, respectively , of th is issue.
I l l i n o i s .—
B oard for V o cational E d u catio n . B u l l e t i n N o . 3 5 : A n n u a l d ir e c to r y
a n d p r o g r a m o f a g r ic u ltu r a l e d u c a tio n , 1 9 2 5 - 2 6 .
S p r in g f ie ld , 1 9 2 5 .
63 pp.
A ccording to th e ab o v e re p o rt th e re w ere a t th e b eginning of th e y e a r closing
Ju n e 30, 1926, d e p a rtm e n ts of v o catio n al a g ric u ltu re in 162 h igh schools in Illinois
w ith a n enrollm ent of 4,081. T h e to ta l p ro je c t earn in g s fo r th e y e a r en ding Ju n e
30, 1925, w ere $227,544.36.
------- D e p a rtm e n t of L abor.
S p r in g f ie ld , 1 9 2 6 .
202
A d m i n i s t r a t i v e R e p o r t.)
E ig h th a n n u a l r e p o r t, J u l y 1 , 1 9 2 4 , to J u n e 3 0 , 1 9 2 5 .
p p . , i l l u s . a n d c h a r ts .
( R e p r i n t e d f r o m th e E ig h th
S tatistics from th is re p o rt, re la tin g to w o rk m en ’s co m p en satio n a n d to fa c to ry
inspection, are p u b lish ed on pages 62 a n d 232 of th is issue.
K
a n s a s
.— P ublic
Service Com m ission.
th e y e a r e n d in g D e c e m b e r 3 1 , 1 9 2 5 .
L ab o r D e p a rtm e n t.
T opeka, 1926.
A n n u a l re p o rt fo r
87 pp.
D a ta from th is p u b lic a tio n are given on page 234 of th is issue.
M
a r y l a n d
.—
C om m issioner of L ab o r
r e p o r t, 1 9 2 5 .
B a ltim o r e , 1 9 2 6 .
and
S tatistics.
T h ir ty -fo u r th
annual
v iii, 2 3 4 p p .
D a ta from th is re p o rt a re pu b lish ed on pages 39, 40, a n d 233 of th is issue.
M
a s s a c h u s e t t s
D e p a rtm e n t of In d u s tria l A ccidents.
.—
y e a r e n d in g J u n e 3 0 , 1 9 2 4 .
m ent N o. 105.
B o s to n
[1 9 2 5 ].
89
A n n u a l r e p o r t, f o r th e
p p . , c h a r ts .
P u b lic d o cu
D a ta from th is re p o rt a p p e a r on page 64 of th is issue.
M
issouri
.— B u reau
of M ines, M ining, a n d M ine In sp ectio n .
n u a l r e p o r t, f o r th e y e a r e n d in g D e c e m b e r 3 1 , 1 9 2 5 .
8 4 p p ., illu s .
T h ir ty - e ig h th a n
J e f f e r s o n C i t y [ 1 9 2 6 ].
Some sta tistic s on m ine accid en ts from th e ab ov e p u b lic a tio n are given on
page 235 of th is issue.
N
o r t h
D
a k o t a
1925.
W
.—
C oal M ine In sp ectio n D e p a rtm e n t.
B is m a r c k , 1 9 2 5 .
S e v e n th a n n u a l r e p o r t,
31 p p .
C ertain d a ta from th is re p o rt are p u b lish ed on page 235 of th is issue.
.— In d u s tria l C om m ission.
T h ir te e n th a n n u a l r e p o r t o f th e C i t i z e n ’s
isconsin
C o m m itte e o n U n e m p l o y m e n t a n d th e P u b l i c E m p l o y m e n t O ffice o f M i l w a u k e e ,
J u l y 1 , 1 9 2 4 , to J u n e 3 0 , 1 9 2 5 .
[M a d is o n , 1 9 2 5 f]
12 pp.
C ontains sta tistic s on volum e of e m p lo y m en t a n d la b o r d e m a n d a n d su p p ly
in th e city of M ilw aukee fo r th e p erio d covered by th e re p o rt.
U
nit ed
St
a t e s
.—
D e p a rtm e n t of A griculture.
nom ics.
B u reau of A g ricu ltu ra l E co
A g r i c u l t u r a l e c o n o m ic s b ib lio g r a p h y N o . 1 4 - F a c to r s a f fe c tin g p r ic e s ;
A s e le c te d b i b l i o g r a p h y , i n c l u d i n g s o m e r e fe r e n c e s o n th e th e o r y a n d p r a c tic e o f
p r ic e a n a l y s i s , c o m p ile d b y L o u is e O . B e r c a w .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 2 6 .
40 pp.
236
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[452]
P U BL IC AT IO NS R E L A T I N G TO L A B O R
U
237
S t a t e s .— D e p a rtm e n t of L abor.
B u reau of L ab o r S ta tistic s. B u l l e t i n
N o . 4 0 6 : P r o c e e d in g s o f th e tw e lf th a n n u a l m e e tin g o f th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Assoc ia tio n o f I n d u s t r i a l A c c i d e n t B o a r d s a n d C o m m i s s i o n s , h e ld a t S a l t L a k e C i t y ,
U ta h , A u g u s t 1 7 - 2 0 , 1 9 2 5 .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 2 6 .
v i, 2 1 8 p p .
n i t e d
A brief a c c o u n t of th is m e e tin g a p p e a re d in th e L ab o r R eview fo r O ctober,
1925 (pp. 122-126); th e p re s id e n t’s ad d ress on th e w ork of th e asso ciatio n was
p u blished in th e sam e issue (pp. 1-7).
------ D e p a rtm e n t of L ab o r.
m ills ;
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 2 6 .
B u l l e t i n N o . 1^10: S a f e t y c o d e f o r p a p e r a n d p u l p
v . 8 7 p p . , il l u s .
------ F ed eral B oard for V ocational E d u catio n .
B u l l e t i n N o . 1 0 4 : P r o c e e d in g s o f
th e N a t i o n a l C o n fe r e n c e o n V o c a tio n a l R e h a b i l i t a t i o n o f th e D i s a b le d C i v i l i a n s ,
h e ld a t C le v e la n d , O h io , S e p te m b e r 2 9 - O c to b e r 2 , 1 9 2 5 .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 2 6 .
x i, 1 5 2 p p .
E x tra c ts from som e of th e addresses m ade a t th is conference are given on
page 81 of th is issue.
Official—Foreign Countries
A
.—
K am m er fü r A rb eiter u n d A ngestellte in W ien.
L e h r lin g s s c h u tz u n d
L e h r lin g s f ü r s o r g e d e r ö s te r r e ic h is c h e n A r b e ite r k a m m e r n .
B e r ic h t d e r L e h r
lin g s s c h u tz s te lle n f ü r d a s J a h r 1 9 2 5 , v e r f a s s t v o n A n t o n K i m m l .
V ie n n a , 1 9 2 6 .
pp.
u s t r i a
24
A re p o rt on th e a c tiv itie s in 1925 of th e A u strian cham bers of lab o r in th e
m a tte r of p ro tectio n of a n d w elfare w ork fo r ap p ren tices. Justified com plaints
received from ap p ren tices in 1925 n u m b ered 12,979 a n d w elfare w ork was done
for 24,043 ap prentices.
B e l g i u m . — M inistère d e l ’In té rie u r e t d e
B e lg iq u e e t d u C o n g o B e lg e , 1 9 2 8 - 2 4 .
o u s p a g in g .
l ’H ygiène.
A n n u a i r e s t a t i s t iq u e d e la
Tom e X L I X .
B r u s s e ls , 1 9 2 6 .
V a r i
T he s ta tis tic a l y earb o o k of B elgium a n d th e B elgian Congo for th e year
1923-24. I t c o n tain s sta tistic s of m u tu a l in su ran ce a n d co o p erativ e societies,
a n d of in d u s tria l accid en ts, strik e s a n d lo ck o u ts, wages, p ro d u ctio n , a n d voca
tio n a l ed ucation.
C
(Al
a n a d a
b e r t a
).—
E d m o n to n , 1 9 2 6 .
C om m issioner of L ab o r.
A n n u a l r e p o r t f o r th e y e a r 1 9 2 5 .
8 2 p p . ; c h a r ts .
T h e sta tistic s of tr a d e a n d in d u stries for A lb erta for 1925 show a n im p ro v e
m e n t in business co nditio n s in co m p ariso n w ith th e figures for 1924. R ep o rts
from 1,271 e stab lish m en ts co vered 23,391 em ployees a n d 318 a p p ren tices. T he
to ta l p a y ro ll of su ch esta b lish m e n ts w as $31,596,105.26 of w hich $27,389,022.52
w as p a id to w age earners.
----- ( N
o v a
S
cotia
).— F acto ries
S e p te m b e r 8 0 , 1 9 2 5 .
In sp e c to r.
H a lifa x , 19 2 5 .
A n n u a l r e p o r t f o r th e y e a r e n d e d
18 pp.
T h e period covered b y th is p u b lic a tio n holds th e reco rd for th e low est n u m b er
of accidents in factories since com plete re p o rts becam e availab le. I t is also
s ta te d t h a t conditions co ncerning child lab o r in th e m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u stries
of N ova S cotia are satisfa c to ry , few persons u n d er 16 years of age being em ployed
in factories.
G
( H a l l e ).— S tatistisch es A m t.
B e itr ä g e z u r S t a t i s t i k d e r S t a d t H a lle .
H e f t 8 4 : D i e W o h n u n g s z ä h lu n g v o m 3 . M a i 1 9 2 5 . H a lle , 1 9 2 6 . 7 2 p p . , m a p .
e r m a n y
A b u lletin of th e s ta tistic a l office of th e G erm an city of H alle, giving th e
resu lts of a housing census of M ay 3, 1925, a n d co m p arin g th ese re su lts w ith
th o se of th e housing census of N ovem ber 1, 1910.
----- ( W
ü r t t e m b e r g
).— [G ew erbe-
J a h r e s b e r ic h te f ü r 1 9 2 5 .
u n d H an d e lsa u fsic h tsa m t u n d B ergbehörde.]
S t u t tg a r t , 1 9 2 6 .
100 pp.
T he re p o rt fo r th e y ear 1925 of th e W ü rtte m b e rg F a c to ry a n d M ine In sp ec
tio n Services on th e ir activ ities a n d th e o b serv atio n s m ad e d u rin g inspections.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[453]
238
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW
G r e a t B r i t a i n .— C o m m ittee on
1926.
14 pp.
( C m d . 2 6 3 8 .)
Legal A id for th e P oor.
F i r s t r e p o r t.
London,
T his re p o rt deals w ith th e existing facilities fo r th e legal assistan ce of poor
crim inals. T he conclusion is th a t , on th e w hole, th e p re se n t sy stem w orks
satisfacto rily in crim in al cases. Im p ro v e m e n ts m ig h t be m ad e, b u t th e re is no
im p erativ e need fo r th em .
------ In d u s tria l F a tig u e
R esearch B oard. R e p o r t N o . 3 5 : A p h y s io lo g ic a l
s t u d y o f th e v e n t i l a t i o n a n d h e a tin g i n c e r ta in f a c t o r i e s , b y H . M . V e r n o n a n d
T . È e d fo r d .
L ondon, 1926.
iv , 8 4 p p .
A com parison of c e rta in ty p e s of v e n tila tin g a n d h e a tin g system s in a c tu a l
use is m ade in th is re p o rt, w hich also gives extensive d a ta show ing th e re la tio n
of different atm o sp h eric conditions to sen satio n s of com fort a n d to h ealth .
----------— ■ R e p o r t N o . 3 7 : F a n v e n tila tio n i n a h u m i d w e a v in g s h e d , b y S . W y a t t,
J . A . F r a s e r , a n d F . G . L . S to c k .
London, 1926.
v, 3 3 p p .
A series of stu d ies h as been m ad e u n d e r th e d irectio n of th e M edical R esearch
C ouncil in to th e effects of artificial h u m id ity on th e h e a lth a n d com fort of th e oper
ativ es in co tto n w eaving sheds. T h e p re se n t s tu d y w as m ad e fo r th e pu rp o se of
determ in in g th e effect on th e o p erativ es of increased a ir m o v em en t th ro u g h th e
use of electric fans. T he in v estig atio n show ed t h a t th e use of fan s h a d a
favorable effect b o th upo n th e com fort of th e o p erativ es an d on th e ir efficiency.
T his w as p a rtic u la rly tru e on d ay s of high te m p e ra tu re a n d h u m id ity w hen it
w as found th a t th e fan s increased th e cooling powder of th e a ir to su ch a n e x te n t
t h a t th e operatives w ere able to w ork w ith as m uch facility as on d ay s of m u ch
low er te m p e ra tu re or h u m id ity , w hile th e in creased a ir m o v em en t h a d no sig
n ifican t effect upon th e n u m b e r of w arp breakages.
— — M edical R esearch C ouncil.
S p e c i a l R e p o r t S e r i e s N o . 9 9 : A n in v e s tig a tio n
in to th e s t a t i s t ic s o f c a n c e r i n d if f e r e n t tr a d e s a n d p r o f e s s io n s , b y M a tth e w
Y o u n g a n d W . T . R u s s e ll, w ith J o h n B r o w n le e a n d E . L . C o llis .
London,
1926.
50 pp.
A digest of th is re p o rt is given on page 5 5 of th is issue.
------- M ines D e p a rtm e n t. S afety in M ines R esearch B oard.
P a p e r N o. 21:
F la m e - p r o o f e le c tr ic a l a p p a r a t u s f o r u s e i n c o a l m in e s .
S e c o n d r e p o r t— p e r
f o r a t e d p l a t e p r o te c tio n , b y C . S . W . G r ic e a n d R . V . W h e e le r .
L ondon, 1926.
3 0 p p ., illu s .
T his re p o rt deals w ith th e p rev e n tio n of p ro p a g a tio n of flam e b y electrical
a p p a ra tu s th ro u g h th e use of gauze or p erfo ra te d p la te s th ro u g h w hich flame
can n o t pass.
I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o r O f f i c e .— S t u d i e s a n d R e p o r ts , S e r i e s B (e c o n o m ic c o n d i
t i o n s ) , N o . 1 5 : R e fu g e e s a n d la b o r c o n d itio n s i n B u l g a r i a .
G en eva, 1 9 2 6 .
v iii, 3 8 p p .
A re p o rt co n tain in g th e findings of a com m ission of in q u iry se n t b y th e I n te r
n a tio n a l L abor Office to B u lgaria to stu d y th e pro b lem of th e u n fav o rab le influ
ence of refugees on lab o r conditions in t h a t co u n try as a re s u lt of th e B alk an w ars
an d of th e W orld W ar. T here are now in B u lgaria a b o u t 180,000 B ulgarian
refugees from T hrace, M acedonia, th e D o b ru d ja a n d th e d istric ts of T zaribrod;
Bossilegrad, T rn , a n d K u la. In ad d itio n , B u lg aria w as also com pelled to give
asylum to 40,000 R ussian a n d 20,000 A rm enian refugees w ho h a d le ft th e ir
hom es as a re su lt of th e R ussian rev o lu tio n a n d th e d istu rb e d cond itio n s in Asia
M inor.
J a p a n .— C ab in et.
B u re a u de la S ta tis tiq u e G énérale. R é s u m é s t a t i s t iq u e de
l ’E m p i r e d u J a p o n .
T o k y o , 1 9 2 6 . x , 1 6 9 p p . , c h a r ts .
T he general sta tistic a l yearb o o k of J a p a n fo r 1926. On m a tte rs re la tin g to
labor it contains sta tistic s of w ages, strik es, co o p erativ e societies, a n d social
insurance an d poor relief, th e la te st figures in m o st cases being fo r th e y e a r 1924.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[454]
PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR
J a p a n . C a b in et.
B ureau
cen su s in J a p a n , 1 9 2 5 .
of S tatistics.
T okyo, 1926.
239
P r e l i m i n a r y r e p o r t o n th e u n e m p lo y m e n t
11 p p .
A digest of th is re p o rt is given on page 148 of th is issue.
N ew
Z e a l a n d .— Office o f C ensus a n d
S tatistics.
W e llin g to n , 1 9 2 5 . x i i i , 9 8 9 p p . , m a p s a n d c h a r ts .
O ffic ia l
yearbook
1926
G ives a D i i e f h isto ry of th e d ev elo p m en t of N ew Z ealand, a n d a su rv ey of
th e p re s e n t situ a tio n , social, financial, a n d in d u stria l, in clu d in g d a ta re la tin g to
wages a n d h o u rs of lab o r, re ta il a n d w holesale prices, em p lo y m e n t a n d u n em p lo y
m ent^ trad e-u n io n s, in d u stria l d isp u tes, a n d in d u s tria l accid en ts. Som e d a ta
from its s tu d y of trad e-u n io n s a re given on page 75 of th is issue.
oland.
M inistère du
1a c tiv ité
1925.
T ra v a il e t de
d e s in s p e c te u r s r é g io n a u x d u
898 pp.
l ’A ssistance
Sociale. R a p p o r t s s u r
tr a v a il p o u r l ’a n n é e 1 9 2 4 .
W a rsa w
’
T his re p o rt, w hich is pu b lish ed in Polish, w ith a F ren ch su m m ary , covers
th e a c tiv ities of th e facto ry in sp ectio n service of P o lan d , w ith th e exception of
Polish U pper Silesia, for th e y e a r 1924. I t includes th e re p o rts of th e visits
of insp ecto rs in th e different d istric ts, a n d sta tistic s of accid en ts a n d strik es,
an d of th e collective agreem en ts concluded d u rin g th e y ear.
S w e d e n .— S o ciaid ep artem en tet.
1 9 2 2 -1 9 2 4 ■
S to c k h o lm , 1 9 2 6 .
Socialstyrelsen. R e g is tr e r a d e s j u k k a s s o r â r e n
113 pp.
A sta tistic a l re p o rt b y th e Sw edish Social B oard on th e a c tiv itie s of reg istered
sick fu n d s d u rin g th e years 1922-1924. A digest of th is re p o rt is to be found
in th e p re se n t issue, page 69.
S w i t z e r l a n d — F in an z- u n d Z o lld ep artem en t.
S tatistisch es B u reau . S t a t i s tis c h e s J a h r b u c h d e r S c h w e i z , 1 9 2 4 .
S3. J a h rg a n g .
B ern , 1 9 2 5 .
v iii, 4 1 8 p p .
T he th irty -th ird issue of th e sta tistic a l y earbook of S w itzerland, p u b lish ed by
th e F ed eral sta tistic a l b u re a u of th a t c o u n try a n d covering 1924 a n d preceding
>ears. Of special in te re st to la b o r are th e tab les on th e o ccu p atio n al a n d social
d istrib u tio n of th e p o p u latio n , in d u stria l p ro d u ctio n , b uilding a c tiv ity , prices,
cost of living, wages, trad e-u n io n s, social in surance, a n d co o p erativ e societies.
U n i o n o f S o u t h A f r i c a .— D e p a rtm e n t of L abor.
A b r id g e d a n n u a l re p o rt of
th e c h ie f in s p e c to r o f f a c t o r i e s , c a le n d a r y e a r 1 9 2 4 • P r e t o r ia , 1 9 2 6 .
30 p p.
Some d a ta from th is re p o rt are given on page 37 of th is issue.
Unofficial
A m er ic a n F e d e r a t io n of L a b o r .
W isconsin B ran ch . P r o c e e d in g s o f e d u c a
t i o n a l c o n fe r e n c e u n d e r a u s p ic e s o f W i s c o n s i n S t a t e f e d e r a t i o n o f la b o r M i l
w a u k ee , W is ., A p r i l 9 a n d 1 0 , 1 9 2 6 .
M ilw a u k e e , 1 9 2 6 .
53 pp.
A review of th is m eeting is pu b lish ed on page 77 of th is issue.
C a r n eg ie I n stitu te of T ech n o lo g y .
B u l l e t i n 1 8 : M e th o d s a n d c o s ts o f ro c k
d u s t i n g b itu m in o u s c o a l m in e s , b y C . W . O w in g s a n d C . H . D o d g e .
P itts b u r g h
19£o.
x v , 1 9 2 p p . ; i l l u s t r a t i o n s a n d c h a r ts .
A su m m ary of p a rt of th e findings of th is s tu d y is given on page 51 of th is issue.
T he b u lletin co n tain s d eta ile d specifications covering th e m eth o d s of ro ck d u stin g
a n d concerning costs, a n d th e re a re illu stra tio n s of d ifferent ty p e s of pulverizing
p lan ts, ro ck -d u st d istrib u to rs, b arriers, etc.
I n s t i i i j t e o f fooc iA L a n d R e l i g i o u s R e s e a r c h .
A m e r i c a n v illa g e r s , b y C
L u th e r F r y .
N e w Y o r k , G e o rg e PI. D o r a n C o ., 1 9 2 6 .
201 p p ., d ia g r a m s .
A brief review of th is volum e is pu b lish ed on page 31 of th is issue.
I n t e r n a t i o n a l S e a m e n ’ s U n i o n o f A m e r i c a . P r o c e e d in g s o f th e 2 9 th a n n u a l
c o n v e n tio n , h e ld a t B a ltim o r e , M d . , J a n u a r y 11 to 1 9 , 1 9 2 6 .
C h ic a g o \1 9 2 6 \
1 8 3 pp.
A brief review of th e ab o v e re p o rt is given on page 73 of th is issue.
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