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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS"
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ETHELBERT STEWART, Commissioner
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MONTHLY
LABOR REVIEW
VOLUME XV
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
NUMBER 2
AUGUST, 1922
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1922
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C E R T IFIC A T E .
This publication is issued pursuant to the
provisions of the sundry civil act (41 Stats.
1430), approved March 4, 1921.
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OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM.
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Contents.
Special articles:
Page.
Immigration under the per centum limit act, by W. W. Husband, Com
missioner General of Immigration............................................................... 1-10
“ 1913=100,” by Ethelbert Stewart, United States Commissioner of Labor
Statistics....................................
11,12
Industrial relations and labor conditions:
Constitutional government in American industries....................................... 13-19
Working conditions of agricultural wage earners: A survey......................... 20-23
Prices and cost of living:
Retail prices of food in the United States.................................................... 24-45
Retail prices of coal in the United States.................................................... 46-49
Retail prices of gas in the United States.................................................... 49-52
Retail pricesof electricity in the United States............................................. 52-55
Retail prices of dry goods in the United States............................................. 56-63
Changes in cost of living in the United States.............................................. 64-72
Wholesale prices of commodities, April to June, 1922.................................. 72-80
81
Index numbers of wholesale prices in June, 1922.........................................
Problem of distribution and suggestions for its solution................................ 82-84
85
Germany—Purchasing power of wages in 1914 and 1922..............................
Philippine Islands—Average retail prices of certain foodstuffs in Manila,
1918 to 1921................................................................................................... 85,86
Wages and hours of labor:
Wages and hours of labor in the petroleum industry.....................................87, 88
Regular weekly hours of work in manufacturing industries of the United
States, 1909, 1914, and 1919......................................................................... 88, 89
New York—Average weekly earnings of State factory workers in May, 1922. 89, 90
Average hourly wages of metal workers in various European countries in
1921.............................................................................................................
90
Belgium—Relation of wages to selling prices in the coal industry.............. 90, 91
Colombia—Cotton-mill wages in Cartagena....................................................
91
Fraffce—Application of the 8-hour day in industry...................................... 91-93
Great Britain—
Wages in selected industries, 1914 to 1921............................ ................. 93-97
Wage reductions and employment in the coal industry.......................98-101
Italy—Wage rates of Italian marine labor and of port labor in Naples___101-103
Japan—Wages in specified industries, 1911 to 1920................................... 103-105
Latvia—Wages in specified industries........................................................ 105,106
New Zealand—General wage reduction.......................................................
106
Philippine Islands—Wages in Manila, 1919 and 1920...................................
107
Switzerland—Agricultural wages................................................................ 107,108
Productivity of labor:
Labor efficiency and production................................................................ 109,110
Belgium—Production and output in coal mines........................................ 110, 111
Japan—Operation of coal mines, 1910 to 1919................................................
Ill
New Zealand—-Coal industry during 1920.....................................................
112
South Africa—Output in coal mines............................................................
112
Minimum wage:
Mercantile wages in the District of Columbia, by Elizabeth Brandeis,
secretary, Minimum Wage Board, District of Columbia........................ 113,114
Saskatchewan—Order relating to employees in hotels, restaurants, and
refreshment rooms........................
115
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hi
IV
C O N T E N T S.
Labor agreements, awards, and decisions:
Page.
Decision of Railroad Labor Board re wages of clerical and station employees
and others....................... ......................................................................... 116-120
Electro typers—New York City................................................................... 121,122
Hat and cap industry—New Haven........................................................... 122,123
Shoe industry—Lynn, Mass......................................................................... 123,124
Employment and unemployment:
Employment in selected industries in June, 1922..................................... 125-127
Enlarging the scope of statistics on volume of employment...................... 128,129
Changes in employment reported by United States Employment Service.. 129
Recent statistics of employ ment—•
California...................................................... ........................................ 129,130
Connecticut...............................................................................................
131
Illinois.................................................................................................... 131,132
Iowa...........................................................................................................
132
Massachusetts......................................................................................... 132,133
New York............................................................................................... 133,134
134
Ohio..........................................
Pennsylvania....... .....................................
134
Wisconsin............................................................................... ...............134,135
Cleveland—Experience under employment guaranty in garment industry. 135-138
Government construction contracts............................................................. 138-147
Unemployment in foreign countries........................................................... 148-154
Denmark—Unemployment in 1920-21...........................................................
155
Japan—Employment in factories................................................................ 155,156
Vocational education:
Canada—Progress in vocational education.................................................. 157-159
Czechoslovakia—Vocational guidance...........................
159
Mexico—New educational opportunities for workers..................................... 160
South America—Two recent educational projects.........................................
160
Housing:
Louisiana—Recommendations of State Housing Commission................... 161,162
162
South Africa—Increase in home ownership, 1918 to 1921........................... .
Industrial accidents and hygiene:
Study of the number and causes of fatal industrial accidents......................
163
New York—Code for industrial lighting..................................................... 164,165
Workmen’s compensation and social insurance:
166
New Jersey—Report on workmen’s compensation..................................
Netherlands—Governmental expenditures for the benefit of labor.......... 166,167
Scandinavia—Cooperation in health insurance.......................................... 167,168
Labor laws and court decisions:
Rights and status of employees injured in commerce, byLindley D. Clark. 169-179
New York—Test of hazard under compensation law................................. 179-183
Constitutionality of statutes requiring service letters............................
183,184
Belgium—Modifications of 8-hour law........................................................ 184,185
Czechoslovakia—New emigration law......................................................... 185-187
Japan—Law creating employment exchanges............................................... 187
Latvia—Law establishing the 8-hour day......................................................
188
Turkey—Labor legislation...............................................................................
188
Labor organizations:
Forty-second annual convention of the American Federation of Labor___189-193
Eighth biennial convention of the National Women’s Trade-Union League
of America................................................................................................. 193-195
International Trade-Union Congress, 1922................................................. 195,196
Australia—Union labor developments............................................................
196
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C O N T E N T S.
V
Labor organizations—Concluded.
Page.
Germany—Trade-union rules for conducting labor disputes........................
196
Great Britain—
197
Annual conference of Labor Party..........................................................
National conference of labor women.......................................................
198
Sweden—Trade-union activities, 1920...........................................................
198
Strikes and lockouts:
Strikes and lockouts in the United States, January to March, 1922......... 199-203
Bohemia—Strike of metal workers..............................................................
203
Finland—Strike and lockouts, 1921............................................................ 203, 204
Great Britain—Disputes in engineering and shipbuilding industries---- 204-209
Conciliation and arbitration:
Conciliation work of the Department of Labor in June, 1922, by Hugh L.
Kerwin, Director of Conciliation.................................................. .......... 210, 211
Norway—Colnpulsory arbitration................................................................ 211-213
Cooperation:
Condition of the consumers’ cooperative movement in the United States 214-220
Farm women’s marketing associations............................................................ 220
Cooperation in certain foreign countries—
Canada—New cooperative law in Ontario..............................................
220
Czechoslovakia—Cooperative societies in 1920.................................... 220, 221
Finland—Cooperative movement in 1921...............................................
221
Great Britain—Wages award for cooperative employees.................... 221, 222
India—Cooperation in 1920-21............................................................. 222, 223
Japan—Cooperative societies, 1911 to 1920.............................................
224
Norway—Operations of National Cooperative Union for 1921...............
224
Switzerland—Report of Swiss Union of Consumers’ Societies for 1921. 224-225
Movement to establish cooperative trade with Russia..................................
225
Immigration:
Statistics of immigration for May, 1922, by W. W. Husband, Commissioner
General of Immigration............................................................................ 226-231
Emigration from Austrian Burgenland to the United States.................... 231, 232
Immigration to Canada................................................................................ 232,233
German oversea emigration in 1921............................................................. 233, 234
What State labor bureaus are doing:
Massachusetts................................................................................................ 235-237
New Jersey.................................................................................................... 237-240
New York......................................................................................................
240
Pennsylvania................................................................................................ 240-241
Current notes of interest to labor:
Labor resolutions adopted at Genoa Conference on Economic Reconstruc
tion ............................................................................................................ 242. 243
A move to standardize international labor statistics.....................................
243
An international clearing house of labor information................................ 243, 244
Cooperation between International Labor Office and Solvay Institute.........
244
Bryn Mawr summer school for working girls..................................................
244
Austrian trade boards act in operation........................................................ 244, 245
Work of British Institute of Psychology.........................................................
245
Agricultural training courses in Army of Yugoslavia....................................
245
Program of business men’s group of New York Ethical Culture Society---- 246
Official publications relating to labor:
United States................................................................................................ 247, 248
Foreign countries.......................................................................................... 248,249
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
IN MEMORIAM.
Mr. E. H. Downey, workm en’s compensation rating expert for the
Insurance D epartm ent of Pennsylvania, died July 9, 1922. For five
or six years Mr. Downey was chairm an of the comm ittee on statistics
and compensation insurance costs of the International Association
of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions and in this position
was responsible largely for the valuable reports on the standards of
accident statistics and com pensation insurance costs which this
comm ittee produced.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
vo l
.
xv
—n
o
.2
WASHINGTON
au g u st,
1922
Immigration Under the Per Centum Limit Act.1
By W. W. H u s b a n d , Com m issioner G en era l
op
I mmigration .
F
OR somewhat more than a quarter of a century consideration of
the im m igration question has very largely taken the form of
discussions of restriction against antirestriction. During all or
m ost of this time the weight of public sentim ent, as reflected in the
press and otherwise, seemed to be with the restrictionists. Congress
was usually of the same m ind, although a t times both Houses were
no t in accord, b u t until the present adm inistration every Executive
having to pass upon the question took a more or less em phatic
stand against restriction. In 1892 a joint comm ittee of Congress,
charged w ith investigating the operation of our im m igration laws,
considered the advisability of restricting imm igration, and a m aj ority
of the com m ittee proposed the adoption of a literacy test for arriving
aliens as a means to th a t end. The proposal was not adopted and,
indeed, it does not appear th a t Congress gave it any very serious
consideration, b u t from th a t time on the exclusion of illiterates was
the chief plank in the platform of the restrictionists.
In the closing days of his second adm inistration, President Cleve
land vetoed an im m igration bill because it provided for the literacy
test, and later President T aft took similar action, although the adoption
of this bill had been recommended by the U nited States Im m igration
Commission which had ju st spent three years in an exhaustive study
of the problem. President Wilson vetoed two sim ilar measures, b u t
in 1917 Congress, exercising a little-used prerogative, passed such a
bill, Executive disapproval to the contrary notw ithstanding, and thus,
after an alm ost continuous struggle of 25 years, illiterate aliens, w ith
some exceptions, were barred from admission to the U nited States.
I t is very doubtful whether the literacy provision solely as a quality
test for im m igrants would have developed any considerable volume
of support either in or out of Congress, b u t the fact th a t it gave a
theoretical promise to check im m igration from southern and eastern
Europe, w ithout unduly interfering w ith a norm al m ovem ent from
northern and western Europe, seems to have been the chief basis of
its great popularity. Statistics showed th a t somewhat more than
one-third of all who came from the first-nam ed sections were unable
to read, b u t th a t the percentage of illiteracy among im m igrants from
the northern and western countries was very small. Accordingly it
was believed th a t the application of the reading test would, in a
considerable measure at least, bring about the desired results.
1 T he m aps published w ith th is article were prepared u n d e r th e direction of Col. Law rence M artin,
G eographer, S ta te D ep artm en t, b y Miss R u b y P . Jo hnston, of th e U nited S tates B ureau of L abor Statistics.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[231]
1
2
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
H ad it not been for the World W ar it is quite probable th a t the
adoption of the literacy test would have removed im m igration from
the category of imm ediate problems, b u t the war created a situation
which brought it to the forefront as perhaps the m ost pressing
question of the time. We had built up elaborate and effective
barriers to, keep out m ental, moral, and physical undesirables of all
classes, and we also had the literacy test as a partial safeguard against
numbers, b u t there was nothing with which to stem the expected
unprecedented tide of war-stricken peoples who could m eet the tests
of the law. Almost overnight mere opposition to im m igration
changed to alarm ; strong advocates of a liberal im m igration policy
became ardent restrictionists, and seemingly the sentim ent of the
country was overwhelmingly in favor of total exclusion.
In December, 1920, the House of R epresentatives passed a bill
which provided for suspending practically all im m igration for a
period of 14 m onths, only 40 votes being recorded against it. The
Senate, however, was more conservative and after extended hearings
adopted in a modified form the Dillingham per centum lim it plan as
a substitute for to tal suspension, and eventually this prevailed. This
per centum lim it plan was first proposed by Senator Dillingham in
1913 in a bill which provided th a t the num ber of aliens of any nation
ality who m ight be adm itted to the U nited States in any fiscal year
should be lim ited to 10 per cent of the num ber of persons of such
nationality who were resident in the United States, according to the
census of 1910. A t the tim e it was presented this bill represented a
rather extrem e attitu d e of restriction, b u t how m aterially sentim ent
changed during and after the w ar is reflected in the fact th a t when
the idea was finally incorporated into law the lim it was fixed at 3
instead of 10 per cent as originally proposed.
The Senate bill prevailed, almost unanimously, bu t Executive
approval was withheld, resulting in a “ pocket veto,” which obviously
reflected President W ilson’s opposition to 'imm igration restriction
quite as clearly as did his two previous vetoes of the literacy test bill.
The measure was again introduced in the special session which
followed President H arding’s inauguration, passed both Houses almost
w ithout opposition, and became a law on May 19, 1921.
The principal provisions of the per centum lim it act are as follows:
1. The num ber of aliens of any nationality who m ay be adm itted
into the U nited States in any fiscal year shall be lim ited to 3 per cent
of the num ber of foreign-born persons of such nationality resident in
the U nited States as shown by the census of 1910; and not more than
20 per cent of the annual quota of any nationality m ay be adm itted
in any m onth.
2. N ationality is determ ined by country of birth, provision being
m ade for population and quota adjustm ents in the case of new
countries and countries the boundaries of which were changed sub
sequent to 1910; such adjustm ents to be m ade by the Secretary of
State, the Secretary of Commerce, and the Secretary of Labor.
3. In effect the law is applicable only to im m igration from Europe,
Persia, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, the territory form erly compris
ing Asiatic Turkey, and certain islands of the A tlantic and Pacific
Oceans. Im m igration from countries of the New W orld and the
m ajor p a rt of Asia is, generally speaking, not within the scope of the
act.
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[232]
IM M IG R A T IO N U N D ER T H E PE R C E N T U M L IM IT ACT.
3
4. The law does not apply to aliens of the following classes: Govern
m ent officials, their families, attendants, servants, and employees;
aliens in transit through the U nited States, or from one p a rt of the
United States to another through foreign contiguous territory;
tourists or tem porary visitors for business or pleasure; aliens under
the age of 18 who are children of citizens of the U nited States.
5. The following classes of aliens are counted against a quota so
long as the quota exists, bu t m ay be adm itted after such quota is
exhausted: Aliens returning from a tem porary visit abroad, aliens
who are professional actors, artists, lecturers, singers, nurses, ministers
of any religious denomination, professors for colleges or seminaries,
aliens belonging to any recognized learned profession, or aliens em
ployed as domestic servants.
6. Preference shall be given as far as possible to the wives, parents,
brothers, sisters, children under 18 years of age, and fiancees (1) of
citizens of the U nited States, (2) of aliens now in the U nited States
who have applied for citizenship, or (3) of persons eligible for United
States citizenship who served in. the m ilitary or naval forces of the
U nited States at any time between April 6, 1917, and November 11,
1918, both dates inclusive, and who have been separated from such
forces under honorable conditions.
7. The Commissioner General of Im m igration, w ith the approval
of the Secretary of Labor, shall prescribe rules to carry the provisions
of the act into effect, and shall publish each m onth a statem ent show
ing the status of the quotas of the various nationalities, which state
m ent shall be issued weekly after 75 per cent of the annual quota
of any nationality is exhausted.
8. The provisions of the act are in addition to and not in substitu
tion for the provisions of the im m igration laws.
The act of May 19, 1921, expired by lim itation on June 30, 1922,
b u t under a joint resolution approved May 11, 1922, its operation
was extended to June 30, 1924. The joint resolution further amended
the lav/ by imposing on transportation companies a fine of $200 for
each alien brought to the U nited States in violation of the act and,
as an additional penalty, it is required th a t the offending company
shall refund the passage money of each alien unlawfully brought in
excess of the quota. The original act imposed no penalty for its
violation and it is certain th a t a considerable p a rt of the difficulties
which have arisen during the past year would have been avoided had
violations of the law resulted in m onetary loss to the carriers con
cerned. Under the original act aliens were exem pt from the quota
provision after one year’s residence in a country of the New World,
b u t as amended a five years’ residence is now required. This am end
m ent was prom pted by the fact th a t several thousand Europeans,
who because of quota lim itations and other obstacles could not come
to the U nited States, emigrated to Cuba, Mexico, and South America
with the obvious intention of coming here at the expiration of one
year. The law, however, does not prohibit the entrance of such
aliens w ithin five years b u t only th a t they shall be subject to the
quota law if they apply for admission within th a t period.
The operation of the quota law has necessitated the introduction
of a new, although fortunately limited, series of im m igration statis-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[233]
4
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW .
tics, which are not comparable w ith existing statistics. This is due
to two principal causes:
1. In the quota law figures country of birth rules, whereas country
of last perm anent residence is regarded as country of origin in our
ordinary im m igration tables.
2. B oth im m igrant and nonim m igrant aliens m ay appear in quotalaw statistics, or, by reason of exemptions already referred to,
arriving aliens of both classes m ay not be considered in such statis
tics a t all.
The statistical record of operations under the quota law, how
ever, is a very simple one, the story of the fiscal year ending June
30, 1922, being shown in a single table as follows:
T a b l e 1 . — IM M IG R A T IO N
O F A L IE N S IN T O T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S U N D E R T H E P E R
CEN TU M LIM IT ACT O F MAY 19, 1921, D U R IN G T H E FISC A L Y E A R 1921-22.
N um ber
Total
a dm itted
adm issible and charged P er cent
during
to quota
of quota
fiscal year during the adm itted.
1921-22.1
fiscal year
1921-22.2
C ountry or place of b irth .
A lb a n ia ...............................................................................................................
A ustria. .
...................................................................................................
B elgium .............................................................. ................................................
B u lg aria..
.................................................................................. - ................
Czechoslovakia............................................................................- ....................
D anzig....................... ..........................................................................................
D enm ark................................ ................................... .........................................
F in la n d ..............................................................................................................
F ium e...................................................................................................................
F ra n c e .................................................................................................................
G e rm a n y ..................................... .............. ........................................ ..............
Greece..................................................................................................................
H u n g a ry ......
................................................................................ .
I ta ly . . ..
.................................................................................................
L u x e m b u rg ........................................................... ............................................
N eth erlan d s.....................-........................................... ....................................
N orw ay .
. .
P olantf {including eastern G alicia).........— .............................................
P o rtu g al (including Azores a n d M adeira Islands)-..................................
R u m a n ia .
............................................................................................
R ussia (including Siberia).............................................................................
Spain. .
..............................................................................................
Sweden__
. . . ...... .................... ................ ................................
Sw itzerland.......... ............................................................................................
... .............................- .......... ..... ..........., . ...... . .
Yugoslavia
O ther E urope (including A ndorra, G ibraltar, Liechtenstein, M alta,
Memel, Monaco, San M arino, a n d Icelan d )...........................................
A rm enia...........
_
_
_ _ ..............................................................
P alestin e...........................................................................................................
S y ria ....................................................................................................- ...... .
T urkey (E urope a n d Asia, including Sm yrna D istrict)........................
O ther Asia (including Persia, Rhodes, C yprus, a n d territo ry other
th a n Siberia, w hich is n o t included in th e A siatic b arred zone.
Persons b o rn in Siberia are in clu d ed in th e R ussia q u o ta )-------- Afri ca . .
.
................. ................................................. ............... ..
A u stra lia .............................................................................................................
New Z e a la n d ............................ .................... ....................................... ...........
A tlan tic islan d s (other th a n Azores, M adeira, an d islands adjacent
to th e A m erican c o n tin e n ts)............................ .................. ......................
Pacific islands (other th a n New Z ealand an d islands ad jacent to
th e A m erican co n tin en ts)...........................................................................
T o ta l............... .........................................................................................
288
7,451
1,563
302
14,282
301
5,694
3,921
71
5, 729
68,059
3,294
5,638
42,057
92
3,607
12,202
25,827
2, 520
7,419
34,284
912
20,042
3,752
77,342
6,426
280
4,797
1,581
301
14,248
85
3,284
3,038
18
4,343
19,053
3,447
6,035
42,149
93
2 ,40S
5,941
26,129
2,488
7,429
28,908
888
8,766
3,723
42,670
6,644
97
64.4
101. 2
99.6
99.8
28.2
57.6
77.5
25.3
75.9
28
104.7
107.2
100.2
101.1
66.8
48.7
101.1
98.6
100.1
84.4
97. 4
43.8
99.2
55.2
103.5
86
1,5S9
56
906
656
144
1,574
214
1,008
1,096
167.4
99
382.1
111.2
166.9
81
122
279
54
528
195
279
75
651.9
159. 8
100
138.9
65
83
127.7
26
13
356,995
243,953
50
68.3
1 The quotas here given differ in some instances Irom th e figures as originally published, the differences
being due to th e inclusion of th e foreign-born p o p u latio n of A laska, H aw aii, a nd Porto Rico in a revision
of th e basic p o p u latio n .
.
, ,,.,.
, , . .
.
,, ,
2 Subject to possible slight revision due to pending cases in which additional adm issions chargeable to
th e quotas of th e fiscal y ear 1921-22 m ay occur.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[234]
IMMIGRATION UNDER THE PER CENTUM LIMIT ACT.
5
The admissions in excess of quotas shown in the above table, the
total num ber being 2,508, represent a theoretically tem porary dis
position of cases in which absolute and immediate rejection would
have inflicted great hardship on innocent imm igrants. Reference to
the sources of the principal excesses—Other Asia, Turkey, H ungary,
Poland, and Yugoslavia—is probably sufficient to explain and also
to justify the action of the Secretary of Labor in exercising leniency
in these cases. Nearly all of the excess admissions occurred during
the first six m onths of the fiscal year, before the seriousness of the
law had been fully realized, and the arrival of these aliens after
their respective quotas were exhausted represents in p a rt the eager
ness of the aliens themselves to get in before the gates were closed,
and in p a rt the efforts of competing steam ship lines to carry as much
as possible of the limited im m igrant business of the year. The
la tte r seems to have bfcen by far the more im portant factor. The
last group admission in these excess cases occurred under a d epart
m ental order of December 23, known as the Christmas order, which
saved upw ard of one thousand im m igrants from imm ediate deporta
tion. Following this a more rigid application of the law was inau
gurated, and a considerable num ber of aliens were rejected and
deported, w ith the result th a t com paratively few excess-quota cases
arose during the la tte r m onths of the fiscal year.
The adm inistration of the quota law during its initial year devel
oped many problems, and, especially during the first six m onths of
its operation, greatly overtaxed the m achinery of the service and
particularly the facilities a t Ellis Island; b u t now th a t it is possible
to review its accomplishments, unaffected by its discouragements, I
do not hesitate to say th a t the per centum lim it law has accomplished
the purpose for which it was obviously enacted w ith a degree of
success which few anticipated.
A glance at the foregoing table will clearly show th a t while the
countries of southern and eastern Europe, including Asiatic Turkey
and the new nations created out of Turkish territory since the W orld
W ar, have in the m ain exhausted, and in several instances exceeded,
the quotas allotted to them, the opposite is true of nearly all of the
countries of northern and w estern Europe, which, for the purpose of
this discussion, include the British Islands, Scandinavia, Germany,
Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and France. The statu s of
these two areas, as well as th a t of all other countries which are w ithin
the scope of the quota law are interestingly shown in the table which
follows:
T a b l e 2 .—IM M IG R A T IO N O F A L IE N S IN T O T H E
U N IT E D ST A TES U N D E R T H E P E R
CEN TU M LIM IT ACT OF MAY 19, 1921, D U R IN G T H E FISC A L Y E A R 1921-22, B Y S P E C I
F IE D A R EA S.
N um ber
T otal n u m a d m itte d
ber adm issi and charged P er cent
of quota
ble during to q u ota
fiscal year during th e adm itted .
1921-22.1 fiscal year
1921-22.2
Area.
N orthern an d w estern E u ro p e ......................................................................
Southern an d eastern E urope a n d Asiatic T urkish te rrito ry ...............
O ther .................................................................................................................
1 See note 1, Table 1.
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198,082
158,200
713
2 See note 2, Table 1.
[235]
91,862
150,774
1,317
46.4
95.3
184.7
6
M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW .
This table needs little comment, b u t it is interesting to note th a t
the older sources of immigration, in northern and western Europe,
have exhausted less than one-half of their quotas during the fiscal
year, while on the other hand Russia is the only country of southern
and eastern Europe for which any considerable p a rt of a quota
remained on June 30. In other words, the m ovem ent of the year
from the older sources is apparently a perfectly normal one, although
considerably smaller than it was prior to the World W ar, b u t it is
impossible to say how m any aliens would have come from southern
and eastern Europe and Turkey had it not been for the lim itation
afforded by the per centum lim it act. Reference to Table 1 will
show th a t the large percentage of the excess admissions coming from
“ Other sources” is in the m ain due to the influx from “ O ther Asia,”
528 being adm itted from this source tem porarily and otherwise,whereas
the total quota for the year was only 81. I t m ay be explained th a t
the excess in this instance is for the m ost p art attributable to the
coming of groups of so-called Assyrian refugees, who were forced to
take refuge in Mesopotamia after fleeing from their homes in Persia
during the war and who later applied for admission at various A tlantic
and Pacific ports.
As already explained, the per centum law directed the Secretary
of State, the Secretary of Commerce, and the Secretary of Labor to
allot quotas to countries concerned on a population base established
by the United States census of 1910, and in so doing to take into
account countries th a t were created and boundaries th a t were changed
subsequent to th a t year. To assist in this task an advisory board
was created, consisting of the following officials of the three depart
m ents concerned: Representing the Secretary of State, H arry A.
McBride and Col. Lawrence M artin; representing the Secretary of
Commerce, Dr. Joseph A. Hill, A ssistant Director of the Census, and
William C. H unt, chief statistician; representing the Secretary of
Labor, W. W. H usband, Commissioner General of Im m igration, and
E thelbert Stew art, Commissioner of Labor Statistics.
The difficulties attending this task will be appreciated when it is
considered th a t among the countries and areas in Europe and Asiatic
Turkey to which quotas were allotted only 8 had emerged from
the w ar period w ith the same boundaries, while 9 had been newly
created and the boundaries of 13 others changed. The problem, of
course, was to redistribute the European-born population of the
U nited S tates as shown bj^ the census of 1910 to the credit of the vari
ous countries and areas of Europe as they existed in 1921. For
example, it was necessary to transfer parts of the German-born popu
lation to France, Belgium, Denm ark, Poland, the free city of Danzig,
and Memel region, while a basic population for newly created Poland
was drawn from resident natives of A ustria and Russia, as well as
from Germany.
The partition of the Turkish-born population in the LTnited States
among the various countries which participated in th a t Em pire’s
dism em berm ent was the m ost complex of the m any problems under
taken, and the task of establishing a basic population for such coun
tries as Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia was also a very difficult one.
F ortunately Congress provided for estim ates onty in such cases, and
while every effort was made to insure a fair and equitable distribu-
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2476°—22.
(To face page 7.) No. 1
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2476o—22. (To face page 7.) No. 2
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IM M IG R A T IO N U N D E R T H E P E R C E N T U M L IM IT ACT.
7
tion of the available quotas, it is realized th a t in m any cases the results
could be nothing b u t estimates.
The accompanying m ap A, which is based on Table 1, shows the
quotas allotted to various countries of Europe and Asiatic Turkey
for the fiscal year 1921-22, and the num ber of im m igrants adm itted
and charged against such quotas.
Revised Quotas for 1922—23.
\W H E N the quota law, which as before stated expired by lim ita^
tion on June 30, 1922, was extended for two years, certain
changes which had occurred during the year necessitated some
revision of the basic population of various countries. G erm any’s
quota was somewhat reduced and P oland’s correspondingly increased
through the partition of Upper Silesia. Separate quotas were estab- »
lished for areas known as Pinsk, E sthonian, L ithuanian, L atvian, and
Bessarabian regions, all of which territory was included w ith Russia in
the quota allotm ent of 1921-22. A separate quota was given to R us
sian Armenia, and Turkish Armenia and the Sm yrna region were
merged w ith Turkey. Iceland and the Memel region, which were
included w ith “ O ther E urope” last year, now have separate quota
allotm ents. The quotas of New Zealand and Pacific Islands were
merged, and other m inor changes made. The following table and
map B show revised quotas and also the num ber admissible per m onth,
under the provision th a t not to exceed 20 per cent of the annual
quota of any country m ay enter in any m onth:
T a b l e 3 . — N U M B E R O F A L IE N S A D M ISSIB L E U N D E R T H E ACT OF MAY 1 9 ,1 9 2 1 , E N T IT L E D
“ AN ACT TO L IM IT T H E IM M IG R A T IO N IN T O T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S ,” AS E X T E N D E D
B Y P U B L IC R E S O L U T IO N N O . 55, S IX T Y -S E V E N T H C O N G R ESS, A P P R O V E D M AY 11,
1922.
C ountry or region of b irth .1
A lbania......................................................................................................................
A rm enia (R u ssian )....................................................................................................
A u stria ..................) ..............................................
B elgium .....................................................
B ulgaria.......................................................................................................................
Czechoslovakia......................................................................................
D anzig, Free C ity o f.......................................................................................
D e n m ark ............”.............................. ...............................................................
F in la n d ....................................................................................
Fium e, Free S ta te o f 2. ............................................................................................
F ran c e ......................................................................................
G erm an y .........................................................................................
Greece. .~..................................................................................................
H u n g a ry .................................................
Iceland I ........................................................................ ..................................
Ita ly ............................................................................................................................
L uxem b u rg ...............................................................................................................
Memel reg io n 3..................................................................................................
N etherlan d s.......................................................................................................
N orw ay........................................................................................................................
N um ber ad
m issible a n
nually.
288
230
7,451
1,563
302
14,357
301
5,619
3 , 921
71
5,729
67,607
3,294
5 638
75
42,057
92
150
3.607
12,202
H ighest n u m
ber adm issible
in a ny m o n th .
58
46
1,490
313
61
2,871
60
1 124
784
14
1 146
13 521
659
1,128
15
8,411
19
30
721
2,440
1 The im m igration quotas assigned to th e various countries a n d regions listed below should n o t be regarded
as having a n y political significance w hatever, or as involving recognition of new G overnm ents, or of new
boundaries, or of transfers of territo ry , except as th e U nited S tates G overnm ent has already m ade such
recognition in a form al a n d official m anner.
* Given u p b y H u n g ary a n d b y A ustria, a n d therefore can n o t b e included in th e quota of either of these
countries.
3 G iven up b y G erm any, b u t n o t y e t allotted to a n y other country.
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8
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW ,
T a b l e 3 . —N U M B E R O F A L IE N S A D M IS S IB L E U N D E R T H E ACT O F M AY 19,1921, E N T IT L E D
“ A N ACT TO L IM IT T H E IM M IG R A T IO N IN T O T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S /' AS E X T E N D E D
B Y P U B L IC R E S O L U T IO N N O . 55, S IX T Y -S E V E N T H C O N G R ESS A P P R O V E D M AY 11,
1922—C oncluded.
N um ber ad
m issible an
nually.
C ountry or region of b irth .
P o la n d ........................................................................................................................
E astern Galicia 4............................ .
. . .
P in sk reg io n &..............................................................
Po rtu g al (including Azores a n d M adeira Islan d s)............................................
R u m a n ia ........................................................ ...........................................
B essarabian region 6.........................................................................................
R ussia (E uropean a n d A siatic)7...........................................................................
E sth o n ian reg io n 8............................................................................................
L a tv ia n reg io n 9......... ......................................................................................
L ith u an ian region 10..........................................................................................
Spain (including C anary Is la n d s)........................................................................
Sw eden..............7 ...........'................ ...........................................................................
Sw itzerland...............................................................................................................
U nited K in g d o m .................................................................................................
Y ugoslavia.“...............................................................................................................
O ther E urope (including A ndorra, G ibraltar, L iechtenstein, M alta,
Monaco, a n d San M arino)...................................................................................
P alestine....................................................................... -............................................
Syria.............................. ...............................................................................................
T u rk ey (E u ro p ean a n d A siatic, including S m y rn a region a n d T urkishA rm enian reg io n )...................................................................................
O ther Asia (including C yprus, H edjaz, Ira q (M esopotamia), Persia,
Rhodes, a n d a n y o th er A siatic te rrito ry n o t included in th e barred
zone. Persons b o rn in A siatic R ussia are included in th e R ussia
q u o ta ).................................................................................................................
Africa............................................. ....................................................................
A tlantic Islan d s (other th a n Azores, C anary Islands, M adeira, and
islands adjacent to th e A m erican c ontinents)...............................................
A u stra lia .....................................................................................................
New Z ealand a n d Pacific Isla n d s...... .............................. ..................................
T o ta l...........................................................................................
?H ighest n u m
ber adm issible
in a n y m o n th .
21,076
5 786
4 ,284
2,465
7,419
2,792
21 613
1,348
1 540
' 2 ,310
912
20,042
3,752
77 342
6,426
4 215
L 157
857
493
1,484
558
4 323
'270
308
462
182
4 008
750
15,468
1,285
86
57
928
17
12
186
2 388
478
81
122
16
25
121
279
80
24
56
16
357, 803
71,561
4 Given up b y A ustria, b u t n o t y et allotted to an y other co u n try.
6
The area bounded b y th e so-called (a) Curzon line, (&) tre a ty of R iga line, (c) P olish-L ithuanian neutral
zone northw est of V ilna, a n d (d ) eastern Galicia.
6 T h e la n d area b o unded b y (a) th e P r u th a n d D niester R ivers a nd th e eastern boundary of B ukovina.
7 E xcluding th e barred zone; a n d w ith o u t th e B essarabian, E sthonian, L a tv ia n , L ith u an ian , a n d
P in sk regions, w hich are special im m igration areas.
8 T he la n d area, w ith adjacent islands, b o unded b y th e so-called (a) R ussian-E sthonian boundary, a nd
(6) E sth o n ian -L atv ian bo u n d ary .
9 T he la n d area bounded b y th e so-called (a) E sth o n ian -L atv ian boundary, (6) R ussian-L atvian boun
dary , an d (e) L atv ian -L ith u an ian b o u n d ary .
10 T he la n d area bounded b y th e so-called ( a ) L atv ian -L ith u an ian boundary, (5) Polish-L ithuanian
n eu tral zone no rth w est of V ilna, (c) G erm an frontier, an d (d ) b ou n d ary of Memel region.
The somewhat curious patchw ork of legislation under which im
m igration to the U nited States is now regulated is graphically illus
trated by the accompanying m ap of the world (map C) which shows
the areas included under the operation of the quota lim it law; the
Chinese exclusion act; the im m igration agreem ent with Jap an ; and
the so-called Asiatic barred zone provision of the general im m igra
tion law.
The first Chinese exclusion law was enacted in 1882 and although
reenacted and amended a t various times its provisions have been
substantially the same from the beginning. Although difficult of
rigid enforcement from the beginning, as any restrictive imm igration
law m ust necessarily be, nevertheless the census records testify to its
effectiveness, as the following figures giving the num ber of natives of
China in the population a t various census periods will show :
1890................................................
106,701
1900............................................................................................................. 81,534
1910............................................................................................................. 56,756
1920............................................................................................................. 43,560
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IM M IG R A T IO N U N D E R T H E PE R C E N T U M L IM IT ACT.
9
The only class of Chinese aliens who are admissible to the country
under the present law are teachers, students, m erchants, and their
lawful wives and m inor children, travelers for curiosity or pleasure,
persons returning from a tem porary visit abroad, officials of the
Chinese Governm ent and their body and household servants.
The general im m igration law of 1907 contains the following pro
vision :
Whenever the President shall be satisfied th at passports issued by any foreign
Government to its citizens to go to any other country than the United States or to
any insular possession of the United States or to the Canal Zone are being used for
the purpose of enabling the holders to come to the continental territory of the United
States to the detriment of labor conditions therein, the President may refuse to permit
such citizens of the country issuing such passports to enter the continental territory
of the United States from such other country or from such insular possessions or from
the Canal Zone.
On authority of this provision President Roosevelt on March 14,
1907, issued a proclam ation excluding from continental U nited
States “Japanese or Korean laborers, skilled or unskilled, who have
received passports to go to Mexico, Canada, or Hawaii, and come
therefrom .” In the same year an agreement known as the “gentle
m an’s agreem ent” was entered into between the U nited States and
Japan. While it is understood th a t the term s of this agreem ent have
never been m ade public, the following extract from the report of the
Commissioner General of Im m igration for 1908 quite fully explains
its term s and purpose:
* * * an understanding was reached with Japan that the existing policy of dis
couraging the emigration of its subjects of the laboring classes to continental United
States should be continued and should, by cooperation of the Governments, be made
as effective as possible. This understanding contemplates that the Japanese Gov
ernment shall issue passports to continental United States only to such of its
subjects as are nonlaborers or are laborers who, in coming to the continent, seek to
resume a formerly acquired domicile, to join a parent, wife or children residing
there, or to assume active control of an already possessed interest i n a farming enter
prise in this country; so that the three classes of laborers entitled to receive pass
ports have come to be designated “ former residents,” “ parents, wives or children
of residents,” and “ settled agriculturists.”
While the agreem ent relates only to im m igration to continental
U nited S tates its provisions were voluntarily extended to im m igra
tion to H aw aii so th a t all im m igration of Japanese labor is subject to
its term s. Commenting on th e effect of the agreem ent of im m igra
tion from Ja p an the Commissioner General in his report for 1919
makes the following s ta te m e n t:
During the 10 years prior to the agreement, or during 1899-1908, a total of 142,656
Japanese immigrants were admitted to the United States and Hawaii, compared with
80,532 admitted in the 11 years 1909-1919, and while there has been a considerable
numerical reduction in the influx under the agreement, there is still a considerable
immigration from Japan. On the other hand, it is only possible to conjecture what the
extent of such immigration might have been had it not been for the restraining effects
of the agreement. Japanese immigration reached the high-water mark in 1907, when
30,824 of that race were admitted, and it is altogether probable that in the absence of
some restrictive measure i t would have continued and very likely increased, par
ticularly during the years when the influx from Europe was so greatly reduced by the
war.
In 1909, the first full year under the agreement, only 1,596 Japanese were admitted
to continental United States, but the number increased quite regularly, year by year,
until it reached 7,671 in 1919. Immigration to Hawaii has fluctuated considerably
during the period since the agreement, 1,679 being admitted in 1909, 4,062 in 1914, and
2,385 in 1919. The influx as a whole, that is, to Hawaii and the mainland combined,
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10
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
increased from 3,275 in 1909 to 10,056 in 1919, or more than threefold. Considering
the two periods of time in another manner, i t is pointed out that the annual average
Japanese immigration to continental United States during the 10 years prior to the
agreement was 7,261, compared to an annual average of 4,670 in the 11 years following.
The average annual admissions to Hawaii during the same periods were 10,006 and
2,651, respectively, and to the United States and Hawaii together, 17,267 and 7,321,
respectively.
I t will be noted from the foregoing th a t the agreem ent with Japan,
which concerns only laborers, generally speaking, restricts rather than
excludes immigration from th a t country.
While measures to control and lim it im m igration from China and
Japan were no t taken until the m ovem ent from those countries had
reached considerable proportions, steps were taken to thw art the
threatened influx from India and other Asiatic countries while the
im m igration m ovem ent from them was still relatively unim portant.
This was accomplished through the creation of the so-called Asiatic
barred zone, the boundaries of which are clearly shown on map C.
The history of this legislation is also given in the report of the Com
missioner General of Im m igration for the year 1919, as follows:
The Pacific Coast States were for a time face to face with an influx of East Indian
laborers which, if it had not been checked, would have created another serious prob
lem. Nine immigrants of this race were admitted in the year 1900, but the number
increased until in 1910 it had reached 1,782. This was not a large number as immigra
tion goes, but the coast States had seen other oriental immigration begin in a small
way and develop to large proportions. Insistent demands for exclusion were made,
and the Immigration Service utilized the then existing law to the fullest extent in
an effort to check the incipient movement until some means of stopping it altogether
could be found. These efforts met with some measure of success, for the number
admitted in 1911 was only 517, compared with 1,782 in the previous year, while in
the next six years (1912-1917) a total of only 756 came. During this period Canada
also restricted the immigration of East Indians to a very small number annually,
and the attitude of the Dominion helped materially to reduce the number coming
to the United States, for it undoubtedly served to discourage the promoters of the
movement from India to the western world.
Various laws were proposed as a barrier against possible future immigration from
India, and this was finally accomplished through the so-called “barred zone” pro
visions in section 3 of the immigration act of February 5, 1917. This provision ex
cludes from the United States natives of the territory included within such zone
not belonging to the exempted classes specified. The zone includes India, Siam,
Indo-China, parts of Siberia, Afghanistan, and Arabia, the islands of Java, Sumatra,
Ceylon, Borneo, New Guinea, Celebes, and various lesser groups with an estimated
population of 500,000,000. The exempt classes consist of Government officials,
travelers for curiosity or pleasure, and persons of certain specified professional classes,
so that in effect laborers only are prohibited. The actual boundaries of the barred
zone include a portion of China, but the act provides that where immigration regu
lation, or rather exclusion, is “ provided for by existing treaties” the geographical
exclusion is not applicable; hence, China is not within its scope.
From the foregoing explanation and m ap G it will be observed th at
im m igration restriction in one form or another now applies to all
foreign territory except countries of the American continents and
islands adjacent thereto, which are practically, although no t specifi
cally, exem pt from the operation of the Dillingham quota law.
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c
M A P
OF
S
Im m ig r a t i o n
h
o
. WO R L D
w
i n
restricted
g
areas
19 21
-
19 2 2
“
1913= 100:
’
By E th elbert S tew a rt , U nited S tates Com m issioner
of
L abor S tatistics .
D
OES the fact th a t the Bureau of Labor Statistics uses the average
of the year 1913 as the base in its computations of percentages
of price or wage changes in subsequent years m ean th a t the
bureau considers the year 1913 as the norm toward which, com
m ercially and industrially, we should strive ?
The above inquiry, stated in various ways, is the burden of a large
num ber of letters received by the bureau, and in addition personal
protests have come from a num ber of persons who assume from the
mere fact of the bureau basing its data on 1913 th a t the bureau does
stand for 1913 as the norm tow ard which our efforts should be
directed. To answer this criticism, once and for all, is the purpose of
this article. The Bureau of Labor Statistics stands for nothing of
the sort, and the Commissioner has frequently, in public addresses
and otherwise, so stated.
Originally the “ base lin e ” adopted by the bureau was the average
for the 10-year period from 1890 to 1899 and this was used for a
num ber of years. The reasons for changing this base line were th a t
the figures for the earlier p a rt of the decade 1890 to 1899 were not
sufficiently comprehensive, th a t the more recent figures were m uch
more satisfactory from every point of view, and th a t under ordinary
conditions the base line should be a reasonably recent period, the
old base line, 1890 to 1899, being looked upon as being too far in the
past.
W hen this 10-year period base line was dropped, a plan was adopted
of taking the average of the last completed year as the base line.
The difficulty w ith this is th a t such an index does not give one a
comparison over any desired stretch of time. I t is desirable to have
some standard not affected by present and intervening disturbing
conditions when we w ant to know how this price or th a t wage rate
compares w ith the price or the rate before the war, and the bureau
has and will continue to compute its percentages^ and establish its
indexes upon such a basis. From the beginning of the war, August,
1914, to the present time there has been no period uninfluenced
by unusual conditions and which could be accepted as a base line.
The year 1913 as a base gives only a sufficient backw ard look to
cover all the essential requirem ents of an index. I t gives one as
the desired starting point the last full year free from unusual dis
turbances, b u t this m ust not be confused w ith our ideas or ideals of
normal. In an address before the eighth annual convention of the
Association of Governm ental Labor Officials of the U nited States and
Canada, I said:
T h e sooner we realize th a t th e W orld W ar h a s m ad e n ecessary a new w orld norm
th e sooner we w ill be a b le to a rriv e a t a basis u p o n w h ich econom ic co n d itio n s can be
sta b ilize d a n d a norm al c o n d itio n a ttu n e d to th a t basis m ay b e re ac h ed . I am of th e
op in io n th a t th e p h rase, “ g e ttin g b a ck to n o rm a l,” is a n u n h a p p y a n d a n u n fo rtu n a te
one, if b y g e ttin g b a ck to norm al is m e a n t th e c o n d itio n s in 1913- P e rso n a lly 1 do
n o t b e lie v e i t is possible. * * * I am as desirous as an y o n e of re a c h in g a n o rm al,
b u t I w ould reach forw ard a n d n o t b ack w a rd for it. Before we c an re a d ju s t to a new
norm al we m u st know w h a t we m ean b y norm al.
11
2476°— 22----- 2
[241]
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M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW .
On several other occasions, both in public and in correspondence of
the bureau, I have taken occasion to reiterate this position; and the
fact th a t the bureau continues and probably will continue to use
1913 as equaling 100 does not m ean th a t it considers 1913 as equaling
normal. I t is a false deduction to assume, because the statistician
m ust have a definite base for his percentages and his index num bers,
th a t therefore he considers th a t base as either fixed, normal, or rela
tively good. Wages were not fixed in 1913. They were going up and
had been going up. Taken over a long stretch of years the increase
in wages in the U nited States had been about 2 per cent a year up to
1913; and no statistician by taking the average for 1913 as his base
line would think for a m inute th a t he was thereby fixing a wage level.
The same is true of prices. They have been going up for half a century,
taking price levels as a whole.
The Secretary of Labor, in a series of articles in the Chicago Daily
Tribune, m ade it perfectly plain th a t the D epartm ent of Labor does
not recognize the conditions of 1913 as being applicable to the present
tim e nor as being a condition toward which we should strive. Presi
dent H arding a t an annual m eeting of the U nited States Chamber of
Commerce on M ay 18, 1922, said:
There never will be a time when you can go back completely to the old order of
American industry and exchanges in trade. I say this because at the very moment we
are on the threshold of a new era. Undoubtedly there is more than a mere business
revival in sight. Our country is finding itself again.
Again on June 9, 1922, in an inform al address at Trenton, N. J., he
s a id :
There must be a readjustment, but it must be fair readjustment. We must say to
capital that wages must not go back, and ought not to go back, entirely to pre-war level.
I t is in the very nature of an index num ber th a t where the base is
known, it can be shifted and a new index num ber formed on any other
year as a base by the sim plest m athem atical process; and for this
reason and because it gives the situation from year to year over a
considerable period and reaches back to a tim e before the present
world disturbances began, this base line will be retained.
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Constitutional Government in American Industries.
H E bureau is in receipt of a constructive paper by W. M. Leiserson, calling attention to the im portance and significance of
trade agreements as a field for labor research very promising
for political economy as well as for the other social sciences.1 A
study of these agreements “ promises us new knowledge not only on
the m ost outstanding problem of industrial relations, b u t also on
problems of distribution of wealth, governm ent, social psychology,
and social evolution and revolutions.”
The w riter draws a significant analogy between constitutional
forms of governm ent created by trade agreements and the constitu
tional governm ent in the State. H e sees in trade agreements a con
stitutional governm ent in industry and in their developm ent a
tendency to repeat the history of constitutional governm ent in the
State.
The analogy begins with the struggle within the individual shop.
H ere the worker finds the employer has absolute right to m ake and
change and enforce rules which govern conditions of work, ju st as the
absolute m onarch could arbitrarily force obedience to his laws.
The worker finds th a t before these conditions can be changed the
right of absolute authority m ust be contested. This can be done only
by m aintaining a continuously functioning organization, which
knows the conditions and the rules of the industry, and which is strongenough to m ake the employer talk about those rules, discuss their
reasonableness, and compromise when he finds the wage earners m ay
veto his acts by going out on strike. “ Thus governm ent by discussion
enters into industry (as it did in the State) when the ruler can no
longer arbitrarily force obedience to his laws and m ust get the con
sent of those who are to obey regulations.”
The next step is the joint conference—the parliam ent—“ a talking
place, if you please, in the form of periodical conferences or conven
tions of the employers and the wage earners.”
T
The employers come to these meetings in their own right, as the lords of the indus
try, the wage earners come by their representatives; so that a parliamentary form of
government is organized with the employers acting as a sort of house of lords and the
union representatives as a house of commons.
Every trade-union, whether conservative or radical, business or revolutionary,
whether organized on a craft or on an industrial basis, when it becomes strong enough
to contest the power of the employers in the industry in which it operates, enters into
joint conferences or conventions with them. Ordinarily it is the employers who
refuse to meet the union representatives and they have to be forced to confer by means
of a strike. Sometimes, however, when a union grows suddenly strong, it attempts
to substitute its dictation for that of the employers. In such cases the latter usually
i Leiserson, W . M.: C onstitutional G overnm ent in A m erican In d u stries, re p rin ted from th e A m erican
Economic Review , Supplem ent, Vol. X II, No. 1, M arch, 1922.
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M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW ,
shut down their plants, and thus the revolutionary unions are forced by the employers
to hold conferences and jointly determine conditions of employment.
The condition that always brings these conferences about is the equalizing of bar
gaining power between the wage earners and the employers. Each may veto the
act of the other. And the result of these conferences is always the same, an agreement
of some kind, verbal or written, which, because of the mutual power to veto, must
necessarily be a compromise. The agreement lays down the conditions of employ
ment, fixes wages and hours, stipulates rules of discipline and workmanship, pro
vides for settlement of complaints and disputes, and for some form of judicial inter
pretation of the agreement.
We have, then, in these trade agreements nothing less than constitutions for the
industries which they cover; constitutions which set up organs of government, define
and limit them, provide agencies for making, executing, and interpreting laws for
the industry, and means for their enforcement.
There are hundreds of these agreements now operating in this
country. They m ay be found in all the stages of constitutional
development th a t political scientists have found in the evolution of
political constitutions.
The author outlines the nature of the field available for study,
indicates the m ethods of approach th a t are m ost promising, and calls
attention to some of the problems which present themselves.
Such approach as has been m ade to the study of agreements has
been from the historical and descriptive point of view. This m ethod
the author feels is not m ost conducive to significant results. “ W hat
they are, w hat they really do, w hat they mean, and w hat they por
tend for industry and for society can be ascertained only by studying
the kind and nature of the laws th a t they m ake for industry, by
tracing the developm ent of the organs of governm ent th a t make and
enforce the laws, and by following the grow th and the shifting of
power and sovereignty among the various groups and interests th a t
make up the body politic of the industrial states which the trade
agreements have set u p .”
i rade Agreements as Industrial Constitutions,
trade agreements contain clauses to the effect th a t the right
ui initiative in m anagem ent rem ains w ith the employer and he
m ay make any changes in m ethods of work and in the use of m achinery
for m anufacturing th a t he sees fit. B u t there is usually provision
also for the protection of workers against loss in wages, or demotion,
or other injury which m ay result from such acts of management.
“ Here we have the establishm ent or recognition of the executive
branch of industrial governm ent, defining its power and describing
its lim itations.”
The absolute right of the executive to discharge has been lim ited in
some agreements by the statem ent th a t the power to discharge
remains w ith the m anagem ent, b u t it m ust be exercised w ith justice,
with due regard for the rights of the workers, and w ithout discrimi
nation. In some contracts provision is m ade for judicial review of
discharges. A few agreements provide for a trial before the employer
m ay be authorized to discharge. A nother lim itation commonly
made is th a t the employer m ust hire all of his help through the union
em ploym ent office.
Although the legislative authority is rarely defined or described
in trade agreements, it is plain th a t legislative power lies in the joint
conferences which fram e the agreements and “ the lim itation on the
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power is th a t both employers and union m ust agree on the legislation,
which is in effect th a t the law m ust pass a legislature of two houses.”
The joint meetings of employers and union representatives are like
the English Parliam ent, being both constitutional conventions and
statute-m aking legislatures. They m eet annually or biennially and
enact the fundam ental constitutional law. New questions and new
problems frequently arise during the life of the agreements. In the
State these are settled by statutes enacted by the legislature. Under
trade-union agreements they are usually settled by the joint grievance
or arbitration committees which the “ agreements set up, and any
rules adopted by such joint committees are really industrial statu te
law as distinguished from the constitutional law of the agreem ent.”
I t is in the lack of a properly developed judicial departm ent th a t
the w riter feels the constitutional governm ent established by tradeunion agreements shows its greatest weakness. “ W hen the question
is not one of new legislation b u t merely a m atter of interpreting the
law already in existence, and applying it to particular cases, then
compromise and conciliation m ay prove dangerous. In all cases
which involve merely judicial interpretation of the agreement or the
rules m ade under it arbitration by a third p arty is not only a sound
policy, it is well-nigh inevitable. Most of the early agreements
provided no judicial m achinery for interpreting the agreements other
than the joint grievance or arbitration committee consisting of
employers and union representatives. Appeal to the presidents of
the two national organizations which entered into the agreement was
usually provided for. In most cases they reached a deadlock sooner or
later, and the m ajority of agreements now provide for arbitrators to
be called in when the parties to the agreement can not adjust their
difficulties. A rbitration thus provided for in the trade agreement
is absolutely essential, in the author’s opinion, to the proper working
out of all such agreements, for w ithout im partial interpretation each
p a rty itself becomes interpreter of the law. “ And because the
parties interpret the same agreement differently, w ithout any means
of resolving the differences, disruption often follows when one side
or the other attem pts to enforce its interpretation.”
Experience with outside arbitrators, however, has been quite
unfortunate, the w riter thinks.
They usually are not familiar with the questions they have to decide, and quite
often their own decisions are unsatisfactory, tending in a direction opposite to the
development of the joint agreements. This has caused employers as well as unions
to distrust arbitration more than ever and to avoid it whenever possible.
The arbitrators, like the employers and the unions, rarely distinguish between
arbitration which is based merely on the arbitrator’s opinion of what is fair and just,
and arbitration which consists of judicial interpretation, by a third party, of the law
made by the employers and the unions themselves. If the arbitrator or judge has
only his own sense of justice to guide him, this kind of arbitration may well be dis
trusted and condemned, for it is government by men and not by law. Even though
the man is an impartial arbitrator instead of an employer, his rule may be just as
arbitrary. If, however, the judge or arbitrator is bound by the trade agreement or the
law made by the workers and employers themselves, then, if he is an ordinarily honest
and competent person, his decisions will represent not his own personal ideas of
what is fair and just, but the sense of justice of the management and the workers in
the industry, as embodied in the laws which they have jointly enacted. And such
decisions may often represent more completely the will of the parties to the agreement
when they made it than their own decision would be when they have the grievance
of a particular case before them.
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Judicial m achinery as a perm anent feature of the trade agreement
was first added by the clothing unions through the appointm ent of
a so-called im partial chairm an to interpret and apply to all particu
lar cases the constitution and laws of the industry.
A constitutional governm ent established by trade agreement with
executive, legislative, and judicial departm ents is not necessarily
a democracy, warns the author. “ I t m ust be rem embered th a t only
those wage earners are given rights of citizenship in industrial gov
ernm ent who are organized and articulate through their union repre
sentatives.” I t m ay be an aristocratic governm ent if only a small
portion of the wage earners in the industry are organized.
In fact this has usually been the case, the skilled mechanics only being covered by
the agreement, with the majority, the unskilled and semiskilled, left out. A strong
employer has sometimes used these unorganized people against those who have
achieved citizenship to destroy the industrial government and set up his absolute
rule again. This happened in the steel industry when the agreements with the
skilled mechanics were broken and unskilled, unorganized workers under guidance
of foremen were used to do the skilled work. And in this we have but repetition of
the Tudor kings of England using the common people against the nobles to reestablish
absolute monarchy.
Such reversals, however, are only temporary. Soon the movement for a parliament
and a constitution is resumed again, with the lower grades of workers included in the
movement, as it was in the recent attempts in the steel and packing-house industries.
And sooner or later constitutional government with a wider basis of citizenship in the
industry is established. At first the tendency even under such a more democratic
constitution is to give the skilled wage earners, and those in strategic positions, more
rights and greater privileges than the masses enjoy, but gradually the pressure of the
numbers of unskilled establish equal rights before the law, and then the movement
continues, all the wage earners together as the commons in industry getting more and
more rights and power at the expense of the lord of the industry. This, however, is
a very slow process analogous to the years and years it has taken to extend political
suffrage until every adult may have a voice in the State.
Development of Constitutional Law in Industry.
E70R an illustration of the nature of the laws which constitutional
* governm ent in American industries is developing, the experience
in the m en’s clothing industry of Chicago is draw n upon. Here
again “ it is not conciusions of research th a t we offer, b u t merely
examples of the kind of m aterial th a t m ay be found and the light
they throw on the problems of labor and industrial m anagem ent.”
The interpretations and decisions which the judicial authorities,
set up by the agreement in this m arket, have handed down relative
to such questions as scope of the government, the jurisdiction of
the im partial boards, the rights of the workers, of m anagem ent, etc.,
are discussed. “ Ju st as the power of the Federal Governm ent of the
U nited States over certain activities of citizens of States was ques
tioned in our early history, so the power of the governm ent set up
by the agreements in Chicago over certain individuals was ques
tioned early in its history.”
Upon the question of the scope of the industrial governm ent the
trade board rendered an “ opinion th a t the agreement sets out only
those m atters presented to the conference by one side or the other
and agreed upon, and th a t in general other conditions and rights
were to continue as before.” On the question of jurisdiction the
tendency is for the board to assume jurisdiction over all cases and
controversies.
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Questions of discipline and discharge have frequently been before
the board for interpretation.
While the ordinary employee may be disciplined by summary action of the em
ployer the trade agreement gives him also certain constitutional rights, privileges,
and immunities of which he may not be deprived without due process of 1aw• th is
is best illustrated in the clauses which most agreements contain limiting the em
ployer’s right to discharge. Discharge from an industrial establishment is equivalent
to expulsion from a political community. As long as a person may arbitrarily oe
exiled or deported from the community of which he is a part, he is subject to an autoc
racy or czarism. In industry workers achieve citizenship when they are protected
against such arbitrary action. Most agreements provide, therefore, that discharge
shall be for cause only. The employer may suspend a worker, but if the latter teels
he has been unjustly dismissed he may petition for a trial and the arbitration board
or joint grievance committee may reinstate him witn pay for all time lost when the
employer can not show just cause.
,
In unorganized industries it is common to use the periods when worx is slack to
eliminate the less efficient workers. These are laid off or discharged and the best or
the fastest workers are kept to do whatever work is available. When a trade agree
ment sets up a government in industry, obviously the constitution must protect the
rights of all the workers who come within its jurisdiction, regardless of the speed at
which they work or the efficiency of their performance, bo most agreements provide
that in the slack periods work shall be divided as equally as possible among all em
ployees. Of course a worker who is proved incompetent may be discharged, but the
employer is not the sole judge of competence. The wage earner may have the question
of his competence reviewed by a joint committee or by the judicial board.
Such a board, however, rules almost universally that when an employer has had a
two or three weeks’ period during which to try out the worker, and he has chosen to
keep bim after this trial period, "then it must be assumed that the employer has de
cided the worker is competent, and he can not thereafter be discharged merely because
he happens to be less speedy or less efficient than other workers. _ However, if the
employee should become careless and do bad work after he has received fail warning,
then his discharge is upheld.
.
j
xx
,
The wage earner’s job is protected not only against discharge but against transier to
other work with loss of earnings. The employer must have freedom of management,
says the Chicago trade board, but it limits this to cases where no injury results to the
worker. Thus when a man was transferred from one kind of work to another, at
reduced wages, though this was the legal pay for the new work, restoration of former
wages was ordered with back pay for lost earnings. But when a worker was trans
ferred to another shop at a higher wage and later returned to his original place at his
old wage, the board ruled he might elect which of the two jobs he preferred.2
In every industry where trade agreements are in effect decisions
are constantly being made and precedents established which do n o t
differ essentially from those above cited Although these decisions
are more commonly ma.de by the joint grievance comm ittee or bjr
the presidents of the national union and the national em ployers’
association, instead of by an im partial arbitrator, they none the less
define the powers of the m anagem ent and the wage earners m the
industry, lim iting the freedom of the executives and enlarging the
rights of the workers.
* * * The title to the industry remains in the hands of the stockholders, but
the power to govern the human beings who make up the labor force of the enterprise
is being taken out of the hands of the owners and managers.
This shifting of sovereignty in the industrial organization and the developing of
industrial law which accompanies it deserves first attention from students of labor
"The question is raised: ‘Can shop discipline he maintained when the employer’s power to discharge
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e can prevent his employees from maintaining a union. In such cases shop discipline is 01 course most,
difficult to maintain, just as it is in a nonunion shop when jobs are plentiful. —L ieseesoh .
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M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW .
questions. For in spite of the present temporary loss in membership and prestige
by the trade-unions, due to the industrial depression, there can be no doubt of their
growing influence in the country. And, as we have tried to show, whatever their
ostensible aims, all trade-unions, when they gain power, tend normally to create a
constitutional form of government in their industries, and present a legal develop
ment such as we have described.
The conclusions arrived at by the author follow in full:
Assuming that further researches in this field verify the observations here recorded
and establish beyond dispute that trade agreements do create constitutional forms
of government, then what conclusions may be drawn from such a development of
constitutional law?
In the first place, industrial disputes and strikes appear in a new aspect when
viewed from this angle. They appear not so much as interruptions of industry, but
more as incidents in a long struggle for representation of labor in the government of
industrial enterprises. And the settlement of such disputes becomes not so much a
matter of establishing or maintaining peace in industry, but more a problem of deal
ing with what Mr. G. D. H. Cole has aptly characterized as the wage earners’
‘‘encroaching control.” 3
What impresses the student of government in industry as well as in the State is the
constant insistence on the part of the subjects of absolute monarchs that the laws of
the ruler be written down. Whether carved on stone by an ancient monarch or
written in a Magna Charta by a King John, or embodied in collective agreement
between a union and employer, the intent is the same, to subject the ruler to definite
laws to which subjects or citizens may hold him when he attempts to exercise arbi
trary power. And as groups of the populace organize and gain power in the com
munity they keep on encroaching on the prerogatives of the monarch until every
adult becomes a sovereign citizen.
We have already pointed out that the mere establishment of a constitutional
government does not necessarily mean that it is a democratic government. It may
be aristocratic, as when a comparatively small number of skilled, mechanics are
included under the agreement, and the unskilled majority are left without. Or it
may establish an oligarchy when corrupt employers unite with corrupt union officials
to exploit consumers and wrage earners alike. The' latter are the exceptional cases,
but the general tendency of constitutional development in American industries is
apparently to repeat the history of constitutional government in the State. At first
the number with a voice in the government is small, and gradually this is increased
to include all adults.
While trade agreements do not necessarily establish democratic government in
industry, but merely tend in that direction and make it possible, it appears also
that some form of constitutional government similar to that created by trade agree
ments will be necessary under any system of industry that may be substituted for
private capitalism. Government ownership, cooperative industry, socialism, syndi
calism, or bolshevism must all meet the same difficulties that bring trade agreements
into existence. For, however the form of ownership may change, there will ever4
be, if not wage earners, at least workers who must obey orders, and directors or managers
with authority to issue orders. These occupational groupings develop different
points of view among the people in the different groups; and those in the managerial
group become psychologically unified into a social class with divergent views from
those of the other who likewise achieve a consciousness of kind. Unless the two
classes jointly embody their ideas of the rights and privileges of individuals in con
stitutions and laws, those who have the power to command will act arbitrarily or
autocratically. But this is just the absolutism against which workers rebel whether
the ruler is Burleson in a Government post office, Gary in a capitalistic trust, or
union officials acting as directors of a workers’ cooperative enterprise. Even in
bolshevistic Russia we are informed by an observer recently returned that the tradeunions exist side by side -with the soviets, and these unions complain that the Soviet
Government does not consult them enough about its industrial management policies,
just as unions in this country do against the capitalistic managers of privately owned
industries.
But the mere fact that trade agreements establish constitutional government in
industry and tend toward industrial democracy, will not make such arrangements
3Cole, G . D . H .: Chaos and Order in In d u s try , Ch. V II.
4 “ ‘ E v e r’ is a long tim e, an d it is conceivable th a t a tim e w ill come w hen none w ill order an d none will
obey, b u t all w ill freely cooperate an d a ll decisions be u n anim ous. B y ‘ev er7 we m ean only u n til this
h a p p y s ta te of affairs arriv es.”
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survive if in competition with other forms of labor management and control they
prove less efficient. It has been pointed out that an industrial establishment which
has a national union to deal with is an imperfect form of industrial organization
because the loyalty of the wage earner is in the, first instance to 5 his national union
rather than to the industrial enterprise of which he is a part. As long as the tradeunion remains an outside body there can be no question that industries which have
to deal with it are in an imperfect form of organization. But whether they sign agree
ments or not, few employers are free from the influences of trade-unions. If, how
ever, the union and its entire membership are established by the trade agreement
as one of the organs of constitutional government in the industry, then have we not
here the promise of a more unified and more perfect form of industrial organization
than has hitherto obtained?
In recent years there has been a widespread movement among open-shop employers
to establish employee representation plans, variously known as shop committees,
industrial councils, or company unions; and the defect of divided loyalty between
union and employer has been most frequently urged in defense of these plans.
Whether company unions will prove a more efficient form of industrial government
than trade agreements time alone can tell. It is obvious, however, that if these
employee representation plans are mere frauds and give no real voice to the wage
earners in industrial government they can not survive.
It is true that these company unions are formed to avoid recognition of the regular
trade-unions in the industry. But the fact that open-shop employers find it necessary
to develop substitutes for unionism, itself shows that the idea of a constitution for
industry is permeating their nonunion employees. They merely attempt to control
the movement by promulgating constitutions of their own. Some economists have
scoffed at this movement in much the same way that trade-unionists do on the ground
that democracy can not be handed down from the top. They have charged that the
employees are often indifferent to the employers’ industrial democracy plans, and
that the representatives have to be hand picked. But were not the early parliaments
in England similarly handed down to the people, and were not the burgher representa
tives from the towns hand picked? On this point Edward Jenks writes:
“ Only by the most stringent pressure of the Crown were parliaments maintained
during the first century of their existence; and the best proof of this assertion lies in
the fact, that in those countries in which the Crown was weak, parliament utterly
ceased to assemble. The notion that parliaments were the result of a spontaneous
democratic movement can be held by no one who has studied, ever so slightly, the
facts of history. ” 6
May not the constitutions of these employee representation plans and the decisions
under them develop democratic governments and democratic lawmaking in much
the same way that European parliamentary government has developed? History
will not permit us to assume that there is but one road to democracy. The employers
promulgate their own constitutions in the form of employee representation plans be
cause there is insistent demand for representation in industry. If these plans fail to
establish real constitutional government they will not survive in competition with
an effective trade-unionism. If they do survive it will be because these plans, al
though promulgated in the first instance by employers, also develop into a real con
stitution for industry similar to trade agreements. It is therefore important to study
the rules and decisions made under the employee representation plans, along the
same lines that we have here sketched for the study of union agreements, to see if here
too sovereignty is shifting, and democratic constitutional government is being
established.
The movement for more control by wage earners over the conditions of their em
ployment, over wages, hours, and shop rules has been going on for so long a time, and
in so many industries and widely-separated countries, that it can not be put down as
a mere momentary claim of labor during a period of industrial unrest. In the words
of Professor Cheyney:
“ Such a continuous movement as this, so analogous to the movement for political
democracy, so wide in its extent, can not be expected to_ stop short of some great
epoch-making change. It obviously has all the characteristics of evolution in human
society. It is part of the organic growth of the community.” 7
5 MacGregor, D . H .: T he E v o lu tio n of In d u stry , p. 120. “ T he lo y alty of th e em ployee of a firm (if he
is a union m em ber) is due in th e first in stan ce no t to his firm b u t to his labor organization, a nd this prior
claim stan d s out a t once w hen, on th e occasion of a d isp u te b etw een em ployer an d employee, a th ird p a rty
steps in —th e trade-union organization—an d takes u p o n him self th e settlem en t of a question which has
arisen w ith in a n organization of w hich th e trade-union secretary is in no w ay a m em ber.”
6 H istory of Politics, p. 133.
.
■t A nnals of th e Am erican A cademy, July, 1920, p . 9. “ T h e T ren d Tow ard In d u stria l D emocracy,” by
E . P . Cheyney.
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
Working Conditions of Agricultural Wage Earners: A Survey.1
H E discussion of the 8-hour day and other conditions affecting
workers in the agricultural industry a t the International Labor
Conference which convened in Geneva in October, 1921, was
preceded, on the p a rt of the International Labor Office, b y a technical
survey of the agricultural labor questions coming up for consideration
a t the conference. The purpose of the office in m aking the survey
was to collect such inform ation of this character from various coun
tries as would throw light upon the agricultural questions announced
in the agenda, and, furtherm ore, would be of assistance to the dele
gates in reaching decisions regarding them .
The m aterial presented is both official and unofficial, is based upon
investigation and research, and is practically world-wide in its
application. The subjects treated fall into two principal groups.
The first group, dealing w ith the adaptation of the decisions of the
W ashington conference to agricultural labor, includes regulation _of
hours of labor, the prevention of unem ploym ent, and the protection
of woman and child workers. In the second group are special
measures for the protection of agricultural workers, among which
are technical agricultural education, living-in conditions (housing),
guaranty of the rights of association and combination, and protection
against accident, sickness, invalidity, and old age.
The universal im portance of questions dealing w ith agricultural
labor is shown in the fact th a t 51.4 per cent of all occupied men and
boys, and 4S.7 per cent of all employed women and girls, or 50.6 per
cent of all workers in the principal countries of the world, are engaged
in agricultural pursuits. And the large agricultural populations of
Russia, China, Serbia, H ungary, Argentina, and Brazil are no t
included in these rem arkable percentages.
Regulation of the hours of labor in agriculture, a question which
occasioned a spirited debate a t the beginning of the International
Labor Conference and settlem ent of which was consequently deferred
to a future conference, has, the survey shows, been effected in various
ways in different countries, and the different means employed fall
generally into five principal classes: (1) D irect regulation by the
State, as seen in Ecuador, Esthonia, and Spain; (2) regulation by
collective agreement enforced by law or in accordance w ith a standard
laid down by the State, as in A ustria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, and
Poland; (3) regulation by collective agreem ent only, as in D enm ark,
Italy , Scotland, Sweden; (4) regulation by wages boards consisting
of equal num bers of representatives of employers and of employed
together w ith some official members, as in England during the w ar;2
(5) regulation by custom, as in Chile and Japan.
I t was noted th a t in only a few instances had rigid lim its been
placed on the num ber of hours worked, liberal overtime usually being
allowed where a basic day was fixed by law or agreement. A few
countries, however, had passed protective legislation or had adopted
m ethods of some sort to protect agricultural workers against excessive
hours.
T
1 In tern atio n al Labor Office. Technical survey of agricultural questions. Geneva, 1921. 623 p p .
2 These boards, however, were abolished b y th e repeal of th e corn production act a nd conciliation com
m ittees have tak en th eir place, for a fuller explanation of w hich see Monthly L abor R eview , Ju ly ,
1922, p . 75.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[250]
IN D U ST R IA L R E LA TIO N S AND LABOR C O N D IT IO N S.
\
21
The placem ent of agricultural wage earners and the stabilization
of their employment have been questions of special interest in recent
years. Because of the great fluctuations in agricultural work and of
its irregularity and m ultiplicity as well, because of the necessity
for greater m obility of agricultural labor, and the poverty prevailing
among large num bers of agricultural workers, associations of employ
ing land owners and chambers of agriculture advise the extension of
national systems of employment exchanges to agriculture as a m eans
of securing a more satisfactory distribution of workers. In the
developm ent of such systems, however, regard should be had also
to the special needs of agriculture, which follow:
(1) National labor should be as mobile as possible, so that workers may be trans
ferred quickly and successfully from one district to another.
(2) There eventually should be transport facilities for foreign seasonal workers, and
information should be supplied to them.
(3) Recruiting of the workers required for busy seasons should be facilitated.
(4) Measures should be taken to check the rural exodus as far as possible and to
induce agricultural workers to remain on the land.
(5) Agricultural workers who do occasional spells of other work should be induced
to return to agriculture.
Details of the m ost interesting experiments in the distribution of
agricultural labor through public employment agencies are given for
a few countries. Schemes for stabilizing employment undertaken
b}7 the various countries reporting include soldier settlem ent, the
passing of acts for closer settlem ent, Government loans to those de
siring to take up land, small holdings acts, cooperative holding of
land by agricultural workers, the adoption of an intensified and a
diversified type of agriculture requiring more labor, and the pro
vision of supplem entary employment for farm workers.
The questions of the employment and the protection of women and
children in agriculture is covered in the survey in some detail. E x ist
ing legislation, both direct and indirect, relating to these two classes
of agricultural workers is given to show w hat progress has already
been m ade in different countries and their subdivisions for their
protection. E ight countries have a t present legislation relating to
m aternity protection and benefits. The employment of children, it
was found, is governed more commonly through the operation of
compulsory school attendance laws than through legislation bearing
directly upon employment.
A detailed outline of the present facilities for agricultural educa
tion shows w hat is being done throughout the world to prom ote a
very practical knowledge of a very practical subject. Included in
the outline are agricultural colleges, experim ent stations, and S tate
and other agricultural services. Em phasis is laid upon w hat m ay be
term ed the extension m ovem ent in agricultural education, which has
for its object the placing “ within the reach of the men and women
and boys and girls who actually live and work on the land, facilities
for instruction and training in agriculture which shall include, in
addition to agricultural colleges, experim ent stations, and agricul
tural high schools, such extension courses and practical dem onstra
tions in agricultural and home economics as shall tend to encourage
and to assist the agricultural workers to b etter living, to more helpful
education, and to more profitable m ethods of w ork.7’
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[251]
22
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
This extension work is being carried on through the m edia of
special agricultural high schools; the introduction of agriculture into
the curricula of the secondary schools; w inter schools; special short
courses a t convenient places; the employment of local agricultural
experts, such as county agents, county organizers, directors of agri
cultural services, etc.; the organization of chambers of agriculture,
farm bureaus, women’s institutes, boys’ and girls’ clubs; and in other
ways which constitute a more or less direct contact between the farm
worker and the means of obtaining knowledge about his work.
In the U nited States and Canada the problem of taking technical
agricultural education to the farm has been solved through the passage
of the Sm ith-Lever Act of 1914 in the U nited States and the agricul
tural instruction act of 1913 in Canada. A report of the States Rela
tions Service of the U nited States D epartm ent of Agriculture for 1919
reviews the progress made in extension work since 1914. Cooper
ative extension work had a t th a t tim e been introduced into 2,400
counties, and 2,874 men were employed as county agents and assist
ants in agricultural work, and 1,705 women in the dem onstration of
home .economies. There were also 500 men and women employed
as leaders of boys’ and girls’ clubs, and 1,500 extension specialists,
who supplem ented the work of the county agents and assisted them
in various ways, were m aintained by the colleges and the U nited
States D epartm ent of Agriculture. Upon the county agent m uch of
the success of this special phase of agricultural education depends.
Tie is at once an employee of the Governm ent and of the local farm
bureau and is depended upon both by the departm ent and by the
farm ers’ organizations to lead educational undertakings relating to
farm work and management.
In the United States the county organization for extension work in 1918 included
[in addition to the work done among men and boys] 6,391 clubs for rural women with
a regular membership of 325,229; 9,028 clubs for girls, with a membership of 146,102;
1,563 clubs for rural negro women, with a membership of 37,913; and 1,962 clubs for
negro girls, with a membership of 50,995. The work is organized on much the same
basis in all the States, and there is a woman in charge of the work in each. Home
demonstration agents provide the same service for women and girls on the farm that
the county agent performs for the men and boys.
In Canada about two-thirds of the annual Dominion g ran t of
$1,100,000 to supplem ent the provincial appropriations is devoted to
“ agricultural extension.” The agricultural representatives are
leaders of the m ovem ent there as the county agents are in the U nited
States, and 45 per cent of the total am ount spent on agricultural
extension goes for the m aintenance cf these men as scientifically
trained leaders in farm ing communities.
As an example of the enthusiasm with which the movement has met, the Province
of Ontario has a resident agricultural representative in practically every county and
district, some 48 in all. Each representative has a well-equipped office in a centrally
located town. Around these offices center most of the local activities of the Dominion
and provincial departments of agriculture in relation to animal and field husbandry.
Here the farmers come to secure the latest bulletins on agriculture or to hold their
association and club meetings. The agricultural representative is the leading spirit
in organizing and directing boys’ and girls’ clubs, women’s institutes, etc. The office
is also linked with the provincial employment service, and in this way is able to
cooperate in securing labor for the farms.
W omen’s institutes, which originated in Canada about 25 years
ago and thence spread to the U nited States and G reat B ritain, are
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[252]
IN D U ST R IA L RELA TIO N S AND LABOR C O N D IT IO N S.
23
w orthy of m ention. Their aim is to develop com m unity spirit and
to raise the standard of rural life and intelligence. They are largely
supported by grants from the provincial governments. The activi
ties prom oted by these groups of women have a widely extended and
highly beneficial influence.
The agricultural extension m ovem ent is by no means confined to
the U nited States and Canada. W ork of this character is done in
other countries, b u t it is too varied to adm it of more than mere
m ention in a brief review.
Living-in conditions of agricultural workers, discussed in P a rt II,
Chapter II of the survey, deal largely with housing accommodations
of one kind and another provided by the employer, though reference
is m ade in several instances to rural housing in general. The chapter
contains, in addition, inform ation regarding the classification of
workers in different countries and the various kinds of wage con
tracts and wage paym ents. Housing accommodations furnished
agricultural workers vary considerably, b u t generally speaking they
are inadequate, inconvenient, uncomfortable, insanitary, and in
consequence in m any instances demoralizing. They constitute one
very im portant reason for the exodus of the laboring class from m any
rural districts.
The report states, however, th a t there is a m ovem ent for the im
provem ent of rural lodging. The Chilean Government has a bill
pending dealing w ith the im provem ent of workers’ dwellings in
agriculture, while a Danish law provides for dry, clean, warm lodg
ings. They m ust also be sufficient in number. Labor organizations
in a num ber of countries are demanding changes in this respect.
Protective measures against accident, sickness, invalidity, and old
age do not as commonly apply to agricultural workers as to industrial
workers, because, the report suggests, organization has not taken as
firm a hold among farm workers as among workers in other fields
of industry. The many-sided wage question does not appear in the
survey, probably for the reason th a t it did not have a place on the
agenda of the conference. Taken as a whole, the results of the survey
constitute a valuable contribution of information, in a compact form,
regarding an im portant subject about which there is a very lim ited
am ount of literature.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[253]
PR IC ES A N D C O ST O F LIVING.
Retail Prices of Food in the United States.
H E following tables are based on figures which have been received
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail dealers through
m onthly reports of actual selling prices.1
Table 1 shows for the U nited States retail prices of food on June
15, 1921, and on May 15 and June 15, 1922, as well as the percentage
changes in the year and in the m onth. For example the price of rice
was 8.8 cents per pound on June 15, 1921; 9.5 cents per pound on
May 15, 1922, and 9.6 cents per pound on June 15, 1922. These
figures show an increase of 9 per cent in the year and 1 per cent in
the m onth.
The cost of the various articles of food,2 combined, showed a de
crease of 2 per cent in June, 1922, as compared w ith June, 1921, but
an increase of 1 per cent in June, 1922, as compared w ith May, 1922.
T
T a b l e 1 . — A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F S P E C IF IE D FO O D A R T IC L E S AN D P E R
C EN T
OF IN C R E A S E OR D E C R E A S E JU N E 15, 1922, C O M PA R ED W IT H JU N E 15, 19 21, A N D MAY
15, 1922.
[Percentage changes of five-tenths of 1 p er cent a n d over a re given in whole n u m b e rs .]
A verage retail price on—
A rticle.
U n it.
Ju n e 15,
1921.
M ay 15,
1922.
Ju n e 15,
1922.
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
P er cent of increase
( + ) or decrease
( - ) June 15,1922,
com pared w ith —
June 15,
1921.
M ay 15,
1922.
38.4
4
40.0
37.7
+ 2
Sirloin s te a k ............................................ P o u n d .............
_ 6
35.6
32.5
33.5
+ 3
........do ...............
R o u n d s te a k ..
__
28.2
27.9
5
........d
o
...............
29.8
+
1
R ib ro a s t.....
....................................
_ 7
20.1
21.6
19.8
+ 2
Chuck ro a s t............................................. ........do ...............
_
1
14.1
12.9
13.0
9
........do
...............
P la te beef.
................................
_ 1
- 1
34.1
34.4
33.9
P o rk chops.............................................. ........do ...............
—
40.4
39.8
6
42.9
+
2
B aco n ........................................................ ........do ...............
52.0
6
48.9
51.3
+ 1
H a m .......................................................... ___.d o ................
- 3
39.2
38.0
35.0
+ 9
L am b........................................................ ....... do ...............
-2
4
38.6
36.9
37.7
H en s.......................................................... ....... d o ...............
_
32.2
14
- 0.3
37.5
32.3
Salm on, canned, r e d . . . .
. ..d o ...............
_ 12
14.2
12.5
0
12.5
Milk, fre s h ............................................... Q u a rt...............
—
- 1
10.9
21
11.0
13.8
Milk, e v ap o rated .................................... 15-16 oz. c a n ...
0
40.2
44.9
44.9
+ 12
B u tte r
........................................... P o u n d ..............
0
27.5
8
29.9
27.5
....... do ................
O leom argarine............
__ 0.4
0
26.7
26.7
26.8
........do ................
N u t m arg arin e__
31.1
30.8
+ 1
29.5
+ 5
Cheese....................................................... ....... do ................
16.2
17. 2
17.0
+ 6
+ 1
L ard
............................................. . ........do................
22.4
21.2
22.2
+ 1
+ 6
Crisco
................................................... ....... do................
33.5
34.1
3
+ 2
35.0
Eggs, strictly fre s h ................................ D ozen...............
—
0
8.8
10
8.8
9.8
B read ..........I ............................................ P o u n d ..............
1 In addition to m o n th ly re ta il prices of food an d coal, th e bureau secures prices of gas and dry goods
from each of 51 cities a n d for electricity from 32 cities. These prices are published a t quarterly intervals
in th e M ont lily L ab o r Review ,
2 The following 22 articles, weighted according to th e consum ption of th e average family, have been used
from Ja n u a ry , 1913, to D ecem ber, 1920: Sirloin steak, round steak, rib roast, chuck roast, plate beef, pork
chops, bacon, h am , la rd , hens, flour, corn meal, eggs, b u tte r, m ilk, bread, potatoes, sugar, cheese, rice,
coffee, a n d te a . The rem ain d er of th e 43 articles sh o w n in T ab les 1 an d 2 have beenincluded in th e w eighted
aggregates for each m o n th , beginning w ith Jan u ary , 1921.
24
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[254]
25
B E T A IL P R IC E S OF FOOD.
T a b l e 1.—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S OF S P E C IF IE D FO O D A R T IC L E S A N D P E R C EN T
O F IN C R E A S E OR D E C R E A S E J U N E 15, 1922, C O M PA R E D W IT H JU N E 15, 1921, A N D MAY
15, 1922—Concluded.
Average retail price on—
Article.
U n it.
Ju n e 15,
1921.
F lo u r..............................................
Corn m eal.................................................
Rolled oats...............................................
Com flakes...................................
Cream of W h eat..................................
M acaroni.........................................
R ice............................................
Beans, n a v y ...........................
Potatoes . A ..............................
Onions...........................................
Cabbage..........................................
B eans”b a k ed .......................
Com, canned...........................................
Peas, cann ed...........................................
Tomatoes, can n ed ..................................
Sugar, g ra n u la te d ............................
T ea. . . 7 ..........................
Coffee........................................................
P runes.......................................................
R aisins...........................................
B an a n a s....................
Oranges.....................................................
P o u n d .........
__ do ................
.d o ...
8-oz. p ackage..
28-oz. package.
Pound
.d o ..
. .d o ..............
do
.d o __
.d o ...
No. 2 can
........d o ...............
. .d o .. . .
___d o ...............
P o u n d ..
.do
. .d o ..............
. . .d o .. .
.d o ...
D ozen..
........do...............
All articles com bined 1
C e n ts.
5.9
4.5
9.9
12.3
29.8
20.7
8.8
7.9
2.7
5.7
6.0
14.4
15.9
17.6
11.3
7.8
68.3
35.7
18.5
30.9
41.6
49.9
May 15,
1922.
C e n ts .
5.3
3.8
8.7
10.0
25.8
20.1
9.5
9.7
3.0
9.8
5.7
13.1
15.5
17. 8
13.7
6.6
67.9
35.9
20.4
24.2
36.2
62.0
June 15,
1922.
P er cent of increase
( + ) or decrease
( —) Ju n e 15,1922,
com pared v/ith—
Ju n e 15,
1921.
May 15,
1922.
C e n ts .
5.3
3.9
8.7
9.9
25.8
20.0
9.6
10.6
3.6
8.0
5.1
13.2
15.5
17.7
13.9
7.1
67.9
36.1
20.6
24. I
36.3
63.6
+
+
+
~b
+
+
+
+
+
10
13
12
20
13
3
9
34
33
40
15
8
3
1
23
9
1
1
11
22
13
27
2
0
+ 3
0
- 1
0
- 0.4
+ 1
+ 9
+ 20
-1 8
-1 1
+ 1
0
- 1
+ 8
0
+ 1
- 0.4
+ 0.3
+ 3
+ 1
1 See note 2, p. 24.
Table 2 shows for the U nited States average retail prices of specified
food articles on June 15, 1913 and 1914, and on June 15 of each year
from 1917 to 1922, together w ith the percentage changes in June of
each of these specified years compared w ith June, 1913. For example,
the price of corn m eal per pound was 2.9 cents in June, 1913; 3.1
cents in June, 1914; 5.5 cents in June, 1917; 6.7 cents in June, 1918;
6.3 cents in June, 1919; 6.9 cents in June, 1920; 4.5 cents in June,
1921; and in June, 1922, 3.9 cents. As compared w ith the average
price in June, 1913, these figures show the following percentage in
creases: 7 per cent in June, 1914; 90 per cent in June, 1917; 131 per
cent in June, 1918; 117 per cent in June, 1919; 138 per cent in June,
1920; 55 per cent in June, 1921; and 34 per cent in June, 1922.
The cost of the various articles of food, combined, showed an in
crease of 44 per cent in June, 1922, as compared w ith June, 1913.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[255]
26
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW ,
T a b l e 3.—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S
IN C R E A SE OR D E C R E A S E
W IT H JU N E 15, 1913.
OF S P E C IF IE D A R T IC L E S AN D P E R C EN T OF
JU N E 15 OF C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D Y E A R S C O M PA R ED
(Percentage changes of five-tenths of 1 p er cent and over are given in whole numbers.]
Average retail price Ju n e 15—
Article.
U n it.
P er cent of increase ( + ) or decrease
(—) June 15 of each specified year
com pared w ith June 15,1913.
1913 1914 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1914 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922
Sirloin stea k ..........
R ound s te a k ..........
R ib ro ast.................
Chuck ro a s t...........
P la te b e ef...............
P ork chops.............
B acon.......................
H a m .........................
L am b .......................
H en s............. «.........
Salmon, canned,
re d ........................
Milk, fresh ............
Milk, e v ap o rated ..
B u tte r. ‘...............
O leom argarine___
N u t m arg arin e___
Cheese.....................
L a rd ...................
Crisco.......................
Eggs, strictlv fresh.
B read .......................
F lo u r................
Corn m eal...............
Rolled oats.............
Corn flak es............
Cream of W h e a t...
M acaroni.................
R ice.........................
Beans, n a v y ...........
P o ta to e s..................
Onions.....................
Cabbage...................
Beans,“b a k e d ........
Corn, canned.........
Peas, canned..........
Tom atoes, c an n ed .
Sugar, granulated.
T e a ...........................
Coffee.............
P ru n es.....................
R aisins....................
B an an as..................
Oranges............... ..
Pound.
. .. d o —
. .. d o .. ..
. ..d o —
. ..d o —
.. .d o —
. .. d o —
. .. d o —
. . .d o —
. .. d o __
C ts . C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
25.9 26.3
22.6 23.7
20.1 20.5
16.3 16.7
12.2 12.5
20. S 21.6
27.3 27.0
27.3 27.0
19.4 20.0
21.9 22.0
32.8
30.2
26.1
21.9
16.6
31. 0
42.6
39.1
30.4
28.9
42.6
40.6
33.5
29.5
22.7
37.2
51.5
46.5
37.4
37.6
43.1
40.4
33. 8
28.1
21.0
42.4
57.2
55.2
38.4
42.6
46. 140.0 38.4
42.6 35.6 33.5
34.8 29.8 28.2
27.8 21.6 20.1
19.0 14. 1 12. S
40.8 34. 1 33. S
53.9 42. 9 40.4
57.7 48,9 52.0
41.5 35. 0 38. C
46.0 38.6 36. t
C ts . C ts .
.. .d o __
i 26.3 i 29.6 i 32.0 138.0 37.5 32.2
Q u a rt.. 8.8 8.9 10.6 13.0 14.9 16.2 14.2 12.5 + 1
(2).........
15.0 13. 8 10.1
P o u n d . 35.2 33.5 47.1 ¿i. i 63.3 67.2 40. 2 44.9 - 5
.. .d o ....
41, 4 42.8 29. 9 27.5
.. .d o __
35.4 36.1 26. 8 26.7
.. .d o __ ¿ i.8 22.7 33.8 33.2 42.4 41.8 29. 5 31.1 + 4
.. .d o __ 15. 8 15.4 28.0 32.6 40. 2 29.3 16, 2 17. 2 —3
.. .d o __
35.3 36.6 21. 2 22.4
Dozen.. 27.9 28.2 41.1 42. 5 53.5 53.6 35. 0 34.1 + 1
P o u n d . 5.6 6. 2 9. 6 10. 0 9. 9 11. 8 9. 8 8. 8 + 11
.. .d o __ 3.3 3.3 8.1 6.7 7. 5 8. 8 5. 9 5.3
o
.. .d o __ 2.9 3.1 5.5 6.7 6.3 6.9 4. 5 3. 9 + 7
. . .d o __
8. 5 10.5 9. 9 8.7
o ) .........
14.0 14.4 12. 3 9.9
(4).........
25.1 30. 2 29. 8 25. 8
Pound.
59.3 20.9 20. 7 20. 0
.. .d o __ 8.6 8.7 io. 9 12.5 13.8 18.7 8.8 9.6 + 1
.. .do__
19.5 17.5 12. 1 11. 8 7. 9 10. 6
. ..d o — 1.8 2.2 6.2 2.9 3.8 10.3 2. 7 3.6 +22
.. .d o __
7.0 4. S 11. 2 8.1 5. 7 8.0
... d o .. ..
6. 8 7.4 6. 0 5.1
(5).........
17.3 16. 8 14. 4 13.2
(5).........
19.1 18.7 15. 9 15.5
(5).........
19.0 19.3 17. 6 17.7
(S).........
15.9 15. 2 11.3 13.9
P o u n d . 5.3 5.1 9.4 9.1 10.6 26.7 7. 8 7.1 - 4
.. .d o __ 54.4 54.7 56. 7 64. S 70. i 74.1 68. 3 67.1 + 1
.. .d o — 29.8 29.7 30. 1 30.2 42.6 49.2 35.7 36.1 - 0 . 3
. . .d o __
15. 7 16.6 25. 4 28. 2 18. 5 20.6
.. .d o __
14.6 15.1 16. 8 27.7 30. 9 24.1
D ozen..
38. 2 46.3 41. 6 36.3
. .. d o .. ..
54.4 63.9 49 9 63.6
A ll.articles cornb in e d ........ ...........
1 P in k .
2 15-16 ounce can.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
+2
+5
+2
+2
+2
+4
-1
-1
+3
+ 0 .4
+2
8 8-ounce package.
* 28-ounce package.
[256]
+27
+34
+30
+34
+36
+49
+56
+43
+57
+32
+ 64 + 66 +78 + 54 +48
+80 +79 +88 +58 +48
+ 67 +68 +73 +48 +40
+ 81 +72 +71 + 33 +23
+86 +72 +56 + 16 + 6
+ 79+ 104 +96 + 64 + 63
+891 + 110 +97 +57 + 48
+70 + 102 + 111 +79 +90
+93 + 98 + 114 + 80 +96
+72 +95 + 110 +76 +68
+20 +48 +69 +84 +61 +42
+34 +45 +80 +91 + 14 +28
+55 +52 + 94 +92 +35 +43
+77 + 106 + 154 +85 + 3 + 9
+47 +52 +92 +92 +25 +22
+71 +79 +77 + 111 +75 +57
+ 145 + 103 + 127 + 167 -1-79 -1-61
+90 + 131 + 117 + 138 -i- 551+34
+27 +45 +60 + il7 + 2 + 12
+244 +61 +111 +472 +50 100
+77 +72 + ioo + 404 +47 +34
-1-4 + 19 +29 +36 +26 +25
-i-i + i +43 +65 +20 +21
+55
+88 + 124 +48 +44
* No. 2 can.
27
RETA IL PR IC E S OF FOOD,
Table 3 shows the changes in the retail price of each of 22 articles
of food 3 as well as the changes in the amounts of these articles th a t
could be purchased for $1, each year, 1913 to 1921, and in June, 1922.
T a b l e 3 . — A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F S P E C IF IE D A R T IC L E S O F FO O D AN D AM O U N T
PU R C H A S A B L E FO R $1, IN EA C H Y E A R , 1913 TO 1921, AN D IN JU N E , 1922.
Sirloin steak. R ound steak .
Y ear.
R ib roast.
Chuck roast.
P la te beef.
P ork chops.
A ver
A ver
Aver
A ver
A ver
A ver
A m t.
age
age
A m t.
A m t.
A m t.
age
age
age
A m t.
age
A m t.
retail for $1. retail for $1. retail for $1. retail for $1. retail for $1. retail for $1.
price.
price.
price.
price.
price.
price.
P e r lb .
L bs.
L bs.
Cheese.
L b s.
P e r qt.
Potatoes.
L bs.
1913..................... $0.017
1914..................... .018
1915..................... .015
1916..................... .027
1917 ................... .043
1918..................... .032
1919..................... .038
1920..................... .063
1921..................... .031
1922: Ju n e .......... .036
L bs.
P e r lb.
P e r lb.
P a lb.
11.2 $0.056
11.2
.063
11.4
.070
.073
11.0
.092
9.0
7.2
.098
6.5
.100
6.0
.115
6.8
.099
8.0
.088
L bs.
L bs.
P a lb.
P e r lb.
17.9 $0.033
.034
15.9
.042
14.3
.044
13.7
.070
10.9
10.2
.067
.072
10.0
.081
8.7
.058
10.1
11.4
.053
L b s.
P e r dz.
4.7 $0.345
4.6
.353
.341
4.8
4.2
.375
.481
3.5
2.7
.569
2.4
.628
2.2
.681
2.5
.509
.341
2.7
P e r lb.
30.3 SO. 030
.032
29.4
23.8
.033
.034
22.7
14.3
.058
.068
14.9
.064
13.9
12.3
.065
17.2
.045
.039
18.9
L bs.
4.8
4.5
4.9
4.4
3.1
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.9
2.9
B u tte r.
D ozs.
P e r lb.
L b s.
2.6
2.8
2.8
2.5
2.1
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.9
2.2
2.9 SO. 383
.362
2.8
.358
2.9
.394
2.7
2.1
.487
.577
1.8
1.6
.678
.701
1.5
.517
2.0
2.9
.449
Corn m eal.
L bs.
P e r lb .
8.3 $0. 210
.220
7.9
.203
8.3
.227
7.8
6.4
.319
.390
4.9
.423
5.0
.423
5.5
7.0
.349
.339
7.8
L bs.
Rice.
P e r lb.
33.3 $0.087
31.3
.088
.091
30.3
.091
29.4
17.2
.104
.129
14.7
.151
15.6
15.4
.174
22.2
.095
.096
25.6
L bs.
11.5
11.4
11.0
11.0
9.6
7.8
6.6
5.7
10.5
10.4
Tea.
L b s.
18.2 $0.298
.297
16.9
15.2
.300
12.5
.299
.302
10.8
.305
10.3
.433
8.8
5.2
.470
12.5
.363
.361
14.0
L b s.
Eggs.
Flour.
L bs.
P a lb .
6.3 SO. 121
. 126
6.0
.121
6.2
5.8
.128
.157
4.8
.206
3.8
.202
3.7
.183
3.8
.143
4.7
5.0
.129
6.3 SO. 213
6.4
.218
.208
6.8
.236
5.7
3.6
.286
.377
3.0
.411
2.7
3.4
.447
.397
5.6
.369
5.8
Coffee.
P e r lb.
L bs.
H ens.
B read.
Q ls .
P a lb .
5.1 SO. 160
4.9
.167
. 161
5.0
4.7
.171
.209
4.0
.266
3.3
.270
3.1
.262
3.0
3.4
.212
.201
3.5
3.7 $0.158
3.7
. 156
.148
3.8
3.4
.175
.276
2.6
2.1
.333
.369
1.9
.295
1.8
.180
2.0
1.9
.172
Sugar.
58.8 $0.055
55. 6
.059
.066
66.7
.080
37.0
.093
23.3
31.3
.097
. 113
26.3
.194
15.9
.oso
32.3
.071
27.8
L bs.
L ard.
Milk.
4.5 $0.089
4.4
.089
4.3
.088
.091
3.9
.112
3.0
.139
2.8
.155
2.3
2.4
. 167
.146
2.9
3.2
.125
1913..................... $0. 221
1914..................... .229
1915..................... .233
1916..................... .258
1917..................... .332
1918..................... .359
1919..................... .426
1920..................... .416
1921..................... .340
1922: J u n e .......... .311
P e r lb.
P e r lb.
P e r lb .
4.5 $0.198
4.2
.204
.201
4.3
.212
4.1
3. 4
.249
.307
2.7
2.6
.325
.332
2.5
.291
2.9
.282
3.0
3.7 $0.269
3.6
.273
.261
3.7
.294
3.5
2.4
.382
.479
1.9
.534
1.8
.555
1.9
2.3
.488
.520
2.5
1913..................... $0. 270
1914..................... .275
1915..................... .269
1916..................... .287
1917..................... .410
1918..................... .529
1919..................... .554
J920..................... .523
1921..................... .427
1922: J u n e .......... .404
P e r lb.
L bs.
H am .
Bacon.
P e r lb.
P e r lb .
3.9 80.223
3.9
.236
.230
3.9
3.7
.245
3.2
.290
2.6
.369
2.4
.389
.395
2.3
.344
2.6
2.6
.335
1913
. . . . $0.254
1914..................... .259
1915..................... .257
1916..................... .273
1917..................... .315
1918..................... .389
1919..................... .417
1920..................... .437
1921..................... .388
1922: J u n e ......... .384
P e r lb.
3.4 $0.544
3.4
. 546
.545
3.3
.546
3.3
.582
3.3
.648
3.3
.701
2.3
.733
2.1
.697
2.8
.679
2.8
L b s.
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.4
1. 4
1.5
a A lthough m o n th ly prices of 43 food articles hav e been secured since J an u a ry , 1919, prices of only 22
of these articles hav e been secured each m o n th since 1913.
2476°— 22------3
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[257]
28
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
index Numbers of Retail Prices of Food in the United States.
I N TABLE 4 index num bers are given which show the changes in
* the retail prices of each of 22 food articles,4 by years from 1907 to
1921, and by m onths for 1921, and for January, February, March,
April, May, and June, 1922.5 These index num bers, or relative prices,
are based on the year 1913 as 100 and are com puted by dividing the
average price of each comm odity for each m onth and each year by
the average price of th a t commodity for 1913. These figures m ust
be used w ith caution. For example, the relative price of rib roast
for the year 1920 was 168, which means th a t the average money
price for the year 1920 was 68 per cent higher than the average money
price for the year 1913. The relative price of bacon for the year
1919 was 205 and for the year 1920 194, which figures show a drop
of 11 points but a decrease of only 5 per cent in the year.
In the last column of Table 4 are given index num bers showing the
changes in the retail cost of all articles of food combined. From
January, 1913, to December, 1920, 22 articles have been included in
the index, and beginning w ith January, 1921, 43 articles have been
used.4 For an explanation of the m ethod used in m aking the link
between the cost of the m arket basket of 22 articles, weighted accord
ing to the average family consumption in 1901, and the cost of the
m arket basket based on 43 articles and weighted according to the
consumption in 1918, see M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w for March, 1921
(p. 25).
The curve shown in the chart on page 30 pictures more readily to
the eye the changes in the cost of the fam ily m arket basket and the
trend in the cost of the food budget than do the index num bers
given in the table. The retail cost of the food articles included in
the index has decreased since July, 1920, until the curve is brought
down in June, 1922, to approxim ately where it was in April, 1917.
The chart has been drawn on the logarithmic scale,6 because the
percentages of increase or decrease are more accurately shown than
on the arithm etic scale.
i
See note 2, p. 24.
5 For in d ex num bers of each m onth, Jan u a ry , 1913, to Decem ber. 1920, see Monthly L abor R eview
for F e b ru a ry , 1921, p p . 19-21.
6 F o r a discussion of th e logarithm ic ch art, see article on “ Comparison of arithm etic a nd (ratio charts”
b y L ucian W . Chaney, M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w for M arch, 1919, pp. 20-34. Also, “ The ‘ra tio ' c harts,”
b y Prof. Irv in g iis h e r, rep rin ted from Q u arterly P ublications of th e A m erican S tatistical Association,
June, 1937, 24 pp.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[258]
T able 4 .—IN D E X N U M B ER S SH O W IN G CH A N G ES IN T H E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S O F FO O D IN T H E U N IT E D ST A TES B Y
Y E A R S 1907 TO 1921, AND B Y M ON TH S F O R 1921 AND A P A R T O F 1922.
[Average for year 1913=100.]
R ound R ib Chuck P late Pork B a
B u t
Corn
Pota Su
Y ear and m o n th. Sirloin
steak. steak. roast. roast. beef. chops. con. H am . Lard. Hens. Eggs. ter. Cheese. Milk. B read. Flour. m eal. Rice. toes. gar.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
71
73
77
80
81
91
100
102
101
108
124
153
164
172
153
159
151
154
157
158
157
158
157
153
147
141
139
68
71
74
78
79
89
100
106
103
no
130
165
174
177
154
163
153
157
160
160
160
161
160
154
148
139
138
76
78
81
85
85
94
100
103
101
107
126
155
164
168
147
157
148
152
154
153
151
148
147
144
139
135
135
100
104
101
107
131
166
169
164
133
148
138
141
140
138
135
129
130
128
124
120
120
139
139
141
143
148
151
136
135
138
141
146
150
135
134
136
138
141
142
119
118
121
122
124
126
100
104
100
106
130
170
167
151
118
140
129
130
127
124
117
109
112
110
109
106
106
74
76
83
92
85
91
100
105
96
108
152
186
201
201
168
171
156
168
177
167
162
163
181
179
171
152
145
74
77
83
95
91
91
100
102
100
106
152
196
205
194
158
171
166
155
164
161
159
160
162
159
153
147
143
76
78
82
91
89
91
100
102
97
109
142
178
199
206
181
180
179
181
183
181
182
190
197
191
180
170
165
81
80
90
104
88
94
100
99
93
111
175
211
234
187
114
141
131
124
116
106
103
106
115
113
109
105
101
81
83
89
94
91
93
100
102
97
111
134
177
193
210
186
200
201
203
202
194
181
182
183
179
175
168
168
84
86
93
98
94
99
100
102
99
109
139
165
182
197
148
229
139
121
99
97
101
122
138
146
171
201
204
85
86
90
94
88
98
100
94
93
103
127
151
177
183
135
159
148
150
145
111
105
122
134
132
139
139
136
100
104
105
117
150
162
193
188
154
175
174
176
169
143
133
133
148
148
149
151
149
96
97
100
100
99
102
125
156
174
188
164
183
173
171
167
162
160
157
161
158
160
161
158
106
106
107
107
107
107
137
140
149
157
164
161
139
140
144
147
147
150
164
173
185
188
191
193
97
101
109
107
108
109
173
173
177
177
177
173
145
140
92
92
97
99
118
120
120
118
117
117
149
149
149
145
139
141
153
148
146
143
140
140
87
90
91
100
113
125
130
164
175
179
205
177
193
189
188
184
177
175
173
173
171
170
166
163
95
102
109
108
102
105
100
104
126
135
211
203
218
245
176
203
197
194
179
173
179
176
173
170
164
155
152
88
92
94
95
94
102
100
105
108
113
192
227
213
217
150
173
167
160
153
150
150
147
150
147
143
140
137
157
154
155
155
157
157
148
155
161
161
161
161
130
130
130
130
127
130
All
Tea. articles
com
bined.
100
101
104
105
119
148
174
200
109
176
121
113
106
101
101
100
101
103
107
108
107
105
111
112
101
180
125
100
108
89
159
253
188
224
371
182
176
153
147
135
129
159
200
247
235
206
188
182
117
115
100
108
120
146
169
176
205
353
145
176
162
176
176
153
142
129
136
133
125
122
118
100
100
101
100
101
102
145
158
122
129
126
125
123
121
120
120
119
119
119
119
119
100
100
100
100
107
119
129
135
128
133
131
131
129
129
126
127
127
127
127
127
124
100
102
101
114
146
168
186
203
153
172
158
156
152
145
144
148
155
153
153
152
150
107
107
107
' 108
109
110
194
194
182
171
176
212
113
116
118
122
120
129
120
119
119
120
120
121
125
125
124
124
125
125
142
142
139
139
139
141
102
107
84
89
93
92
B E TA IL PR IC E S OF FOOD.
1907...........................
1908...........................
1909...........................
1910...........................
1911...........................
1912...........................
1913...........................
1914...........................
1915...........................
1916...........................
1917...........................
1918...........................
1919...........................
1920..........................
1921: A v. for y ear.
J a n u a ry ...........
F e b ru a ry ........
M arch ..............
A p ril................
M a v ..................
J u rie .................
J u l y ..................
A u g u st............
S ep tem b er___
O ctober............
N o v em b er___
D ecem ber........
1922:
Ja n u a ry ...........
F e b ru a ry ........
M arch ..............
A p ril................
M a y ..................
J u n e ...... ..........
Cof
fee.
to
o
03
O
T R E N D IN T H E R E T A IL COST O F A L L A R T IC L E S O F FO O D , C O M B IN E 1, F O R T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S , B Y M O N T H S,-JA N U A R Y , 1913, TO J U N E , 1922.
[Average cost for 1913=100.]
200
175
[260]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
150
125
100
75
50
40
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW ,
400
376
350
325
300
275
250
225
R E TA IL P R IC E S OE COAL.
31
Retail Prices of Food in 51 Cities on Specified Dates.
A V E R A G E retail food prices are shown in Table 5 for 39 cities for
June 15, 1913, for May 15, 1922, and for June 15, 1922, and
June 15, 1921. For 12 other cities prices are shown for the same
dates w ith the exception of June, 1913, as these cities were n o t
scheduled by the bureau until after 1913.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[261]
32
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW ,
T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S
[The prices shown in th is table are com puted from reports sen t m o n th ly to the bureau by retail dealers.
A tlan ta, Ga.
Article.
Sirloin ste a k .
R oun d steak .
R ib ro a st.......
Chuck r o a s t..
P late beef___
P o rk cro p s..................
B acon............................
H a m ............... ..............
L am b ............................
H en s..............................
U n it.
Pound.
___do..
___do..
___do..
___do..
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
B altim ore, Md.
B irm ingham , Ala.
15— May June Ju n e 15— May June June 15—
May June
15,
15,
15, 15,
15,
1922.
1922.
1922.
1922.
1922.
1922.
1921
1913 1921
1913 1921
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
24.0
21.4
19.6
15.4
10.4
36.5
34.5
27.7
20.5
12.8
35.7
32.1
28.1
19.2
13.1
35.4
32.5
27. 5
19.7
13.1
23. 3
22.0
18.7
15.7
12.8
39.0
35.8
30.3
22.1
15.0
38.0
32.9
29. 0
18.9
12.5
36.8
33. 2
28.9
19. 1
12.5
26.8
22.5
19.9
16.8
10.5
39.3
35.0
28.9
22.6
14.3
34. 8
30.5
25.3
20.0
13.0
34.8
30.7
25.5
19.5
12.7
22.5 33.3 33.1
32.0 42.8 38.8
29.0 46.3 49.7
20.0 37.1 40.5
20.5 33.0 30.6
33.4
39.3
51.1
36.3
30.1
18.7
23.7
31.0
18.5
22.4
31.4
35.7
53. 2
36.2
41.5
34.0
33.5
54.9
39.2
38.7
33.2
34. 0
55. 6
38. 5
38.6
19.5
33.8
30.0
21.7
18.7
30.8
47.9
50.5
37.3
33.9
32.0
42.0
50.4
39.0
30.9
32.3
42.2
51.7
37.0
30.5
32.6
30.6
15.7 8.8 12.0
13.2
13.2
46.6 38.3 43.9
29.5
27.9
27.1
12.0
10. 4
50.2
24.9
26.6
39.0 30.9 31. 2
12.0 10.3 20.0 20.0 20.0
10.3
15.1 12.2 12.2
49.1 40.0 40.6 47.1 44.6
25.3
33.7 31.8 32.6
Salmon, canned, red.
Milk, fresh...................
Milk, ev ap o rated ........
B u tte r ...........................
O leom argarine............
___ do ...........
Q u a rt........... 10.0 20.0
15-16 oz. can.
15. 2
P o u n d .......... 37.1 42.0
34.3
___ do............
N u t m arg arin e........
Cheese.......................
L a rd ..........................
Crisco.........................
Eggs, strictly fresh.
___ do.
___ do.
___ do.
___ do.
Dozen.
B read..........
F lour...........
Corn m e a l..
Rolled oats.
Corn flakes.
P o u n d ___
___ do........
___ do........
___ do........
8-oz. p k g ..
Cream of W heat.
M acaroni.............
R ic e ....................
Beans, n a v y .......
P otatoes..............
30.6
15.7
13.4
47.5
28.9
28.0 25.8
25.0 27.1 29.6
15.5 16.9 18.1
19.7 22.1
24.2 30.7 32.0
26.0
25.9 25.7 25.6
29.7 27.5 28.1
30.7 22.0 29.2 30.7 30.9 21.8 27.7 29.0 29.5
18.3 14.1 14.7 15.8 16. 4 15.4 16.5 17.2 17.7
22.2
18.7 20.3 20.4
26.1 21.6 21.2
30.7 24.7 32.7 31.0 31.4 27.0 31.4 30.6 30.0
11.1 10.0
6.2 5.8
3.5 2.8
11.3 9.8
13.5 9.7
10.0
5.5
2.9
9.8
9 6
5.4
3.2
2.5
28-oz. p k g .
P o u n d .......
___ do........
___ do........
___ do........
31.9 27.2
22.0 21.9
7.5 9.3
10.0 11.0
3.9 4.4
27.0
21. 9
9.3
11.1
4.7
27.6 24.6 24.9
21.0 18.7 17.9
9.5 9.2 9.4
7.8 9.2 10.1
2.1 2.9 3.4 3.8
O nions........... .
Cabbage...........
Beans, baked.
Corn, canned..
Peas, c a n n e d ..
....... do ___
....... do ___
No. 2 can.
___ do ___
___ do___
6.5
2.9
14,0
15.8
17.8
10.4
4.4
13.3
16.2
17.4
9.5
3.3
13.5
16.2
17.2
Tom atoes, canned.
Sugar, g ran u lated .
T ea...........................
Coflee.......................
....... d o ..
P o u n d ..
___ d o ..
___ d o ..
10.1 14.1
5.4 7.9 7.2
60.0 91.1 88.2
32.0 33.0 35.8
P ru n e s ...
R aisins...
B ananas.
O ranges..
___ do.
....... do.
Dozen..
___ do.
18.9
35.0
30.9
50.0
6.0
3.
2.5
21.1
25.3
27.0
59.5
C ts .
9.2
5.9
3.6
9.5
11.1
8.6
5.1
3.1
8.4
9.7
8.6
5.1
3.1
8.0
9.0
9.0
6.0
4.5
13.0
15.5
16.2
10.0 7.6
4.7 3.9
11.7 12.1
14.3 14.4
16.4 16.3
5.3
3.8
2.2
9.6
6.6
3.2
11.4
13.6
9.2 9.2
5.9 5.8
2.8 2.8
9.6 9.3
9.8 10.1
31.8 26.8 27.1
22.3 18.6 19.3
8.3 9.0 9.2
9.0 10.3 10.8
2.3 4.5 4.2 4.3
8.2
7.2
4.1
15.9
16.9
21.2
10.9 9.7
5.1 4.3
15.0 15. 1
16.6 16.6
20.5 20.5
13.9
9.8 11.4 11.3
10.1 13.1 13.1
7.4 4.5 6.9 5.8 6.3 5.2 7.9 6.7 7.2
88.4 56.0 65.9 66.1 66.1 61.3 85.8 79.7 79.7
35.9 25.2 31.3 31.0 31.3 28.8 36.9 36.4 36.5
21.6
25.3
26.6
66.4
18.1
28.9
30. 5
55.4
18.6
22.6
24.5
65.4
18.3
22.8
24.5
70.9
20.8
32.0
42.9
50.3
22.0
25.1
33.8
57.3
22.7
25.1
34.5
62.7
1 T he steak for w hich prices are here q u o ted is called “ sirloin” in this city, b u t in m ost of th e other
cities included in th is report it would be know n as “ porterhouse” steak.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[262]
33
R E T A IL PR IC E S OF COAL.
O F FO O D F O R 51 C IT IE S ON C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D D A TES.
As some dealers occasionally fail to report, th e n um ber of quotations varies from m o n th to m onth.]
B ridgeport,
Conn.
Boston , Mass
June, 15—
1913
1921
C ts .
C ts .
Charleston, S. C.
B u tte, Mont.
Buffalo , N . Y.
June 15— May June
May June June May June June 15— May June June May June
15, 15,
15,
15,
15,
1922. 1922. 1921. 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922. 1921. 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922.
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
137.0 159.9 158.3 158.8 44.7 41.9 43.1 22.8
34.0 53.5 47.6 49.2 40.9 35.9 37.1 19.8
25.0 35.8 34.1 34.8 33.8 32.7 33.4 17.5
18.0 24.4 23.0 23.0 23. 9 22.1 23.3 15. 5
16.1 14.6 14.8 10.7 9.9 10.1 11.8
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
38.1
32.8
28.7
21.0
12.8
35.5
29.6
26.6
19.2
11.7
36.8
30.9
27.6
19.5
11.4
32.1
27.2
24.9
18.7
12.6
32.0
27.6
25.7
17.9
12.9
33.0
28.5
26.3
18.3
12.8
22.3
21.0
21,3
15.0
11.9
38.8
37.8
31.4
24.2
17.1
36.8
35.4
30.0
22.5
15. 5
37.9
36.3
30.8
24.2
15.4
C ts .
C ts .
38.4
38.5
56.0
40.2
46.3
38.4
36.2
59.8
41.9
41.9
36.8
36.6
59.3
41.6
41.4
34.3
47.4
56.2
39.0
43.6
35.8
44.3
62.9
41.1
40.6
35.1
43.7
63.5
40.4
41.0
35.6
33.3
48.3
29.7
38.3
37.0
32.7
50.2
34.9
38. Ö
36.3
34.2
50.6
34.6
36.9
34.2
51.9
54.1
30.1
39.2
34.8
50.0
57.1
32.7
37.4
34.6
50.0
58.3
33.6
35.0
22.5
25. 8
28.3
21.3
21.4
38.4
42.9
47.9
38.3
42.9
33.8
36.0
50.7
45.5
38.2
34.5
35.5
48.9
43.9
39.4
36.2
15.3
14.4
40.0
30.9
30.9
12.9
11.5
46.3
29.6
31.2
12.5
11.4
46.3
29.6
39.3
14.0
14.0
39.6
29.2
32.8
12. C
10.9
45.7
25.5
33.3
34.2
12.0 8. 0 13.0
10.6
12.6
45.6 32.9 38.5
29.3
25.5
27.5
12.0
10.1
44.1
27.1
27.7
12.0
10.1
44.0
26.5
42.3
14.3
13.5
37.9
32.5
36.1
14.0
11.5
44.3
30.0
36.5
13.7 Ü .7
11.3
44.2 35.2
30.0
34.1
20.7
12.9
39.1
30.4
28.0
18.7
10.7
45.1
26.6
28.0
18.7
10.5
45.1
26.7
27.3
32.0
16.2
21.0
53.4
20.7
33.9
17.5
22.3
44.6
26.7
33.1
18.0
22.8
47.8
28.1
33.i
15.1
20.0
46.6
24.0
32.1
16.1
21.1
42.4
26.1 26.1 28.1
24.0
32.6 19.0 27.9 29.4 30.3
16.6 14.2 14.3 15.5 15.9
19.2 19.6 19.9
21.3
43.2 25.8 35.1 33.8 34.4
29.7
35.7
21.4
25.6
40.8
30.0
34.9
20.9
25.1
34.4
29.8
29.0 28.0 28.0
33.8 20.0 24.9 27.3 28.2
20.9 15.0 18.8 18.3 18.4
20.4 22.0 22.3
25.8
35.5 25.3 31.5 32.5 32.6
9.9
6.7
5.9
8. 8
12.3
8.5
6.1
4.4
8.2
10.4
8.5 10.8
6.0 6.0
4.8 8.2
8.3 10.2
10.2 11.4
8.3
5.3
7.1
8.3
9.5
8.6
4.9
3.7
7.7
9.5
9.6
6.5
4.9
8.7
14.3
9.8
5.9
4.0
6.9
12.1
29.4
24.4
10.4
7.8
25.9 28.9 25.3 25.4
23.9 25.0 24.5 24.5
10.6 9.8 9.8 9.8
10.2 8.9 10.1 10.4
2.1 2.5 2.7 3.6
27.9 24.9 24.9
22.3 22.3 22.0
9.3 8.3 9.3 9.5
7.5 8.9 9.8
1.2 2.4 3.2
i.8
34.2
22.1
9.5
9.1
1.3
29.3
22.6
9.6
9.3
1.5
29.2
23.2
9.7
9. 5
1.6
26.0
23.9
10.3
9.3
2.3
7.4
7.0
16.5
19.5
20.4
10.2
7.2
14.5
18.6
21.4
8.5 5.4 8.9 7.7
6.0 6. 1 6.6 5.5
14.4 13.2 11.5 11.7
18.7 20.1 18.4 18.3
21.4 20.6 19.9 19.5
5.5 9.4 8.0
5.7 5.6 5.1
11.5 10.8 10.9
15.5 14.5 14.4
15.7 16.7 16.9
3.1
8 .2
6 .3
20.5
17.2
17.2
12.9
6.3
19.3
17.3
16.8
5. i
58.6
33.0
11.9
7.5
66.5
41.4
14.0
6.4
67.3
41.0
11.7 13.7 13.7
14.5 11.6 13.4 13.4
6.8 7.5 6.1 6.7 5.2 7.4 6.3 6.7
67.6 58.1 56.4 56.4 45. 0 63.4 58.4 58.4
42.7 34.9 34.6 34.4 29.3 33.1 33.8 34.1
13.3
9.6
76.2
47.9
78.8
45.2
..........
18.5
30.7
50.4
54.9
20.4
21.6
45.3
69.8
20.6
21.9
44.5
69.6
24.0
25.4
31.8
23.0
26.2
8.9
35.3
......
21.4
16.0
34.4
5.9
3.7
3.6
9.2
1.7
18.1
31.2
39.4
53.4
20.0
24.2
35.9
64.9
8.3
5.5
6.8
8.3
9.5
20.3
23.3
26.3
18.7
21.7
5. 5
3.0
2.6
....
20.4
23.9
37.3 _
66.5 ........
8.6
5.0
3.6
7.4
9.3
8.8
5.6
4.3
8.2
10.9
18.1
29.9
48.3
54.7
19.4
20.9
43.]
66.6
2 P er pound.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[263]
6.8
16.4
8.6
9.7
5.8
4.1
11.9
1 .4
19.1
17.3
16.9
5.9 11.3 9.5 9.5
3.7 6.7 6.1 6.1
2.4 3.1 3.0 3.0
11.1 9.8 9.8
12.9 10.5 10.5
30.3 25.0 25.0
20.3 19.8 19.8
6.0 6.7 6 .8
10.2 10.1 10.3
2.4 2.7 3.5 3.3
5.5
5.1 9.3 8.5
2.6 3.2 3.2
12.0] 11.3 11.3
14.3 14.7 14.7
19.0 20.0 20.0
16. 5
10.0 12.0 12.0
8.9 5.0 7.0 6.0 0.6
78.6 50.0 75.2 74.6 74.6
45.6 26.3 32.4 32.3 32.9
19.6 18.8 20.7 21.0
20.2 32.3 27.7 27.5
42.8 2 15.6 2 14.8 2 15.0
63.1 41.9 57.9 56.5
17.4
31.0
43.3
48.8
20.0
24.9
33.0
58.8
20.7
24,8
33.0
70.0
34
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW .
T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S
Chicago, 111.
Article.
U nit.
P ork chops..
B acon...........
H a m ..............
L am b ............
H ens.............
P o u n d ......
. .. d o ...........
. .. d o ...........
. .. d o ...........
. .. d o ...........
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
Cleveland, Ohio.
15—
June 15—
June 15—
May June
May June
May June
15, 15,
15, 15,
15, 15,
1922.
1922.
1922.
1922.
1921
1913 1921
1913 1921 1922. 1922.
C ts.
C ts.
C ts.
C ts.
C ts.
C ts.
C ts.
C ts.
C ts.
37.7
29.5
28.9
19.3
11.7
23.9
21.3
19.4
15.8
12.5
36.4
33.2
30.0
20.1
15.9
33.6
30.1
27.7
17.9
13.4
34.9
31.8
27.9
18.5
13.3
25.2
22.6
20. C
17.2
12.5
38.5
32.9
27.6
21.3
12.9
35.0
28.9
24.7
19.1
11.4
35.7
29.7
24.8
19.2
10.5
18. 29.8 32.4 29.8
32.0 51.6 46.4 46.4
32.4 51.3 50.9 51.7
20.2 35.1 39.1 36.8
20.3 34.6 35.2 33.9
19.6
26.4
29.2
16.5
24.9
31.3
36.6
51.5
34.7
39.6
35.2
32.3
53.7
38.8
38.1
32.4
34.3
54.3
37.0
37.0
20.7
28.6
36.6
19.2
22.3
32.9
43.3
52.5
33.3
37.1
34.6
38.5
51.0
36. 4
37.7
33.8
39.1
52.4
35.0
3.95
28.1
12.0
10.3
42.0
28.1
28.0
36.7
12.0 8.Ó 13.0
10.2
13. 2
41.1 36.2 41.7
28.0
29.0
30.7
11.0
10.4
46.0
27.8
30.5
11.0
10.2
45.8
27.6
C ts.
Sirloin steak.
R ound steak
R ib ro ast__
Chuck ro ast.
P la te b e ef...
Cincinnati, Ohio.
C ts.
C ts.
23.4 37.6 36.7
20.3 31.3 28.4
20.0 30.0 29.0
15. 20.1 19.0
11.2 13.3 11.6
Salmon, canned, red .
Milk, fresh ...................
Milk, evaporated.......
B u tte r..........................
O leom argarine............
....... do............
36.8
Q u a rt............ 8.0 14.0
15-16 oz. can.
13.1
P o u n d . . . . . . 32.7 37.2
24.9
........do............
32.7
12.0
10.0
41.1
23.1
32.2
35.7
12.0 8.0 13.0
9.9
13.6
41.3 35.1 39. C
28.4
23.3
N u t m arg arin e........
Cheese.......................
L a rd ...........................
Crisco.........................
Eggs, strictly fresh.
....... do.
........do.
....... do.
........do.
Dozen.
23.5
34.5
15.4
20.7
33.4
22.5
32.9
16.3
21.9
34.0
22.9
25.8 26.5 27.2
27.3 25.9 26.1
33.3 21.0 32.8 31.7 31.4 23.6 26.9 29.4 29.4
16.2 14.2 13.4 14.7 15. C 16.5 16.8 17.4 17.5
22.1
19.8 20.8 21.2
20.7 21.6 21.5
34.5 21.3 29.0 29.8 28.6 27.6 34.3 33.7 33.4
B read..........
F lo u r..........
Corn m e a l..
Rolled oats.
Corn flakes.
P o u n d ___
........do........
....... do........
........do........
8-oz. p k g ..
9.9
5.4
6.0
9.1
11.3
9.7
4.9
5.0
8.0
9.5
Cream of W h ea t...
M acaroni.................
R ice.........................
Beans, n a v y ..........
P otato es..................
28-oz. pk g .
P o u n d ___
....... do........
....... do........
....... do........
Onions.............
Cabbage...........
Beans, b ak ed .
Corn, canned..
Peas, c an n e d ..
. . . . . d o ___
___ do___
No. 2 can .
___ do___
___ do___
Tomatoes, canned.
Sugar, g ran u lated .
T e a ...........................
Coffee.......................
___ do..
Pound.
___ do..
___ do..
P ru n e s...
R aisin s...
B an an as.
O ranges..
___ do.
___ do.
Dozen..
___ do.
6.1
2.
2.9
9.7
4.8
5.1
7.9
9.5
4.8
3.3
2.7
9.8
6.6
3.5
10.2
11.6
8.4
5.3
2.8
8.3
9.6
8.4
5.3
2.8
8.4
9.6
5. 5
3.2
2.7
9.1 7.9 7.9
6.0 5.3 5.3
4.7 3.4 3.5
9.8 8.7 8.4
12.7 10.6 10.4
28.2 24.7 24.9
19.2 18.3 18.2
9.0 9.9 10.1
7.6 9.4 10.5
1.2 3.0
2.8 3.6
29.6 24.6 24.6
18.9 17.0 16.9
8.7 9.5 9.3
6.4 9.0 11.3
2.3 4.3 3.6 4.6
28.3 25.6 25.4
21.0 20.5 20.1
8.2 8.9 9.1
6.8 9.4 11.1
1.5 2.5 3.1 4.4
5.5 8.5 7.3
6.7 5.4 5.0
14.6 12.6 12.4
14.7 14.3 14.7
14.9 15.6 15.7
6.1 8.9 8.0
6.3 5.3 5.0
13.1 11.2 11.6
15.2 14.6 14.2
17.2 17.0 17.1
5.5 9.7 7.2
6.4 6.0 5.3
13.4 11 9 12.1
17.8 15.8 15.9
17.8 17.8 17.8
8.7
8.8
8.5
11.7 14.1 14.3
10.9 13.8 14.1
12.3 13.9 14.0
4.9 7.2 6.2 6.7 5.0 7.7 6.6 7.0 5.0 7.7 6.7 7.1
53.3 65.4 62.0 63.1 60.0 71.0 69.1 69.1 50.0 68.0 65.2 65.2
30.7 32.9 34.2 34.1 25.6 31.2 31.2 31.5 26.5 36.1 35.8 36.0
19.5
30.8
39.4
46.4
20.8
24.7
35.3
58.6
21.3
24.5
35.2
03.5
22.0
30.9
42.4
48.9
20.1
22.1
37.0
64.2
20.1
21.9
37.5
58.6
17.1
29. 2
49.7
51.4
19.5
22.3
43.7
61.2
19.3
22.7
45.2
60.3
1 The steak for w hich prices are here quoted is called " ru m p ” in this city, b u t in m ost of th e other cities
included in th is report i t w ould be know n as " s irlo in ” steak.
3 Per pound.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[264]
35
RETA IL P R IC E S OF FOOD.
O F FO O D F O R 51 C IT IE S ON C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D D A TE S—Continued.
Columbus,
Ohio.
Dallas , Tex.
June May June
June 15—
D etroit Mich.
Denver, Colo.
May June
June 15—
May June
June 15—
F all R iver, Mass.
May June
June 15—
May
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,' 15,
15,
1921. 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922.
C ts.
C ts.
C ts.
C ts.
C ts.
C ts.
C ts.
C ts.
C ts
C ts.
C ts.
C ts.
C ts.
C ts.
C ts.
C ts.
36.5
31.8
29.4
23.6
14.5
33.9
29.1
26.3
19.9
12.4
34.1
29.7
26.9
20.6
13.6
22.5
20.8
19.2
16.3
12.8
36.6
34.3
29.9
23.9
19.2
37.2
34.6
28.9
22.3
18.3
37.2
35.0
29.3
22.7
17.9
24.2
22.1
17.8
15.8
9.4
32.8
29.0
24.2
18.2
11.3
30.5
25 . 7
23.7
17.3
10.2
32.1
27.7
24.2
17.8
9.8
24.2
19.4
19.4
15.0
11.5
38.9
32.2
29.0
21.2
13.3
35.4
27.5
26.6
18.0
11.5
36.9 134 5 1 56.2 153.5 1 5 5 . 6
29 . 4 27 5 44.1 40.8 41.8
27.4 23.5 28.8 27.5 26.8
19.2 19.0 22.3 20.6 20.2
15.0 11.9 12.4
11.5
29.7
39.5
49.6
38.0
35.2
32.1
36.9
51.5
35.8
34.8
31.8
37.2
51.7
38.8
34.8
21.7
38.0
31.3
22.0
18.3
34.5
48.2
52.3
39 . 0
31.8
35.8
45.9
55.4
44.2
32.3
35.2
47.0
55.4
42 0
31.5
20.3
28.0
30.0
17.8
21.2
31.3
46.4
53.5
32.4
37.0
32.1
43 2
56.4
36.2
33.8
32.5
44.8
56.1
35.9
32.9
19.2
24.0
25.5
17.4
21.6
33.1
40.3
54 5
35.0
38.2
35.1
39.5
56.2
40.4
38.1
33.9
40.9
56.1
40.6
36.9
37.4
12.0
14.7
39.3
27.5
31.9
11.0
10.0
42.3
24.6
32.1
11.0 10. Ó
10.0
42.5 36.0
24.7
37.5
15.0
15.4
41.1
28.5
31.9
12.0
12.6
44.4
28.0
32.0
38.9
12.0 8.4 10 8
127
12.7
43.2 34.3 37.0
27.0
31.9
36.0
9.8
10.6
39.8
29.0
35.6
9.8 8.0
10.4
40.0 34 . Ò
28.8
37.5
13.0
13.7
38.8
29.1
30.2
12.0
10.5
43.3
25.6
37.3
29.8
12.0 9.0 13.0
15.1
10.5
44.2 35.4 39.7
31.8
25.9
25.3
24.9
12.6
21.5
25.8
24.2
27.5
14.1
22.0
27.8
27.5 28.0
29.0 29.4 29.4
24.4
28.7 20.0 30.7 30.7 31.1 26.1 30.9 32.7
14.8 17.5 21.2 20.4 20.7 16.3 17.9 18.7
1 9 2 21.2 21.4
21 9 23 4
22.2
26.7 22.0 28.4 29.5 30.5 25 . Ò 31.0 31.9
10.4
5.6
3.8
m 5
12.2
8.0
4.9
3.1
22.0
25.8
32.7
21.0
24.5
C ts.
June
15.
1922.
C ts .
a s .
33.3
39.9
50.3
37.5
48.7
33.7 33.5
38.5 39.4
54.0 54.4
40.8 40.9
44.4 44.8
30.9
13.0
12.4
45.1
28.5
30.0
26.8 25.2 25.1
28.2
33.3 20.3 28.1 28.8 29.5 23.4 31.6
15.0
14 9
16.4
16.9
18.8 16 1 15.1
21.5
24.5
20 5 21.7 21.7
32.1 26.6 36.3 33.7 37.1 33 6 51.9
31.5
13.0
12.1
45.1
28.5
31.8 30.7
33.5 33.1
16.1 16.5
21.8 22.0
43.8 45.8
6.2 10.7
3.3 6.0
3 .4 6.7
11.1
13.7
9.5
5.6
5.9
9.7
11.0
9.3
5 .6
6.1
9 .6
10.5
29.9
25.4
9 .8
7 .5
1.8
27.7
24.0
10.1
9.4
2.4
27.7
24.0
10.1
10.1
2 .8
6.7
6.9
14.5
16.8
18.3
10.3
7.3
13.3
16.1
17.8
9 .0
5 .9
13.3
16.0
17.8
12.2
11.9 13.3 13.3
11.1 13.4 13.4
12.7 14.5 14.5
11.0 14.7 13.8
7.6 6.8 7.1 5.7 8.7 7.3 7.4 5.4 8.5 7.4 7.9 5 .Ò 7.4 6 .5 6 .8 5.3 7 .8
84.2 78.1 77.7 66.7 86.8 90.6 90.6 52.8 71.0 69.6 68.8 43.3 63.2 61.3 60.9 44 . 2 56.3
34.8 34.4 34.7 36.7 38.2 41.1 41.3 29.4 36.0 35.8 35.7 29.3 34.7 35.5 35.7 33.0 40.5
13.4
6.7
54.0
38.2
13.4
6.9
54.7
37.9
Qn
9.6
5.4 10.2 9.1 9.1
3.3 5 . 6 5.0 4.9
2.7 3.9 3.4 3.4
8 Q
11. 7 10.6 10. 6
13.4 11.7 11.4
9.6
8.1
4.9
3.1
30.4 25.8 25.6
20.5 20.0 19.9
10.1 11.0 10.8
7.0 9.7 11.9
1.8 3.0 3.9
7.5
7.8
14.2
13.4
15.5
17.9
30.7
42.7
47.9
10.3 9.6
6.3 5.9
12.8 13.1
12.9 13.2
15.4 14.9
19.6
23.4
37.3
60.2
21.1
23.0
38.5
63.5
31.7
21.6
9 3 8.9
9.2
2.2 4.8
26.0
21.0
10.3
10.5
3.8
25.7
21.2
10.9
10.7
4.5
6.3 9.9 7.9
5.4 5.7 6.4
16.3 15.6 15.5
18.0 17.8 17.7
22.2 22.1 21.8
21.7
33 7
35.0
48.5
23.5
26.5
35.6
64.4
23.5
26.2
35.6
69.3
5.4 10.3 8.2 8.2
2.6 4.5 4.2 4.0
2.4 3.4 3.1 3.2
9.6 9 4 9.2
12.7 10.4 10.2
29.5 25.5 25.5
20.0 21.2 21.3
8.8 10.0 9.9
8.8 9.9 10.0
Ì.4
3.1 2.7 3.6
8.6
4.9
7.3
16.6
15.3
17.9
19.1
32.8
2 13.9
48.5
10.6 8 3
6.9 6.5
14.2 14.4
14.8 14.9
17.1 17.1
21.1
24.9
2 11.7
59.2
21.6
25.3
2 12.6
59.8
2 P er po u n d .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[265]
5.6
3.1
2.8
9.4
5 .8
5.1
10 4
11.5
8.6
5.0
4.1
9.5
9.3
8.6
5 .0
4.2
9.5
9.1
29.9 25.1 25.1
19.7 18.9 18.9
8.2 9.6 9.7
6.4 9.3 10.9
i.5
1.3 2.5 3.7
8.4
io .o
2. i
5.7 8.9 7.5
7.1 5.6 5.1
12.7 11.5 11.8
15.3 14.7 14.8
17.1 16.6 16.5
19.2
28.7
37.1
48.4
20.9
23.3
33 9
59.2
20.8
23.4
33.9
60.6
....
..........
17.4
29.3
2 11.6
51.4
2
18.5
24.4
10.4
62.4
2
18.5
24.0
10.4
59.3
36
M ONTHLY
L A B O R R E V IE W .
T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S
H ouston, Tex.
U n it.
Article.
-
Indianapolis, In d .
Jacksonville, F la.
June May Ju n e Ju n e 15— May June J u n e 15— May June
15, 15, 15,
15, 15,
15, 15,
1921. 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922.
1913 1921 1922. 1922.
C ts .
C ts .
C ts.
C ts .
C ts .
C ts.
C ts .
C ts .
P o u n d ..........
. ___ d o ......... .
........ d o ...........
........ d o ...........
........ d o ...........
33.1
32.7
26.9
22.5
18.0
32.5
31.6
26.1
21.6
16.7
24.7
23.3
17.8
16.4
12.5
35.0
33.2
26.1
21.0
14.0
36.6
34.3
26.6
21.6
14.1
C ts .
32.9
32.0
25.2
20.8
16.2
37.2
35.8
27.1
22.2
14.3
C ts . C ts.
Sirloin steak ................................
R ou n d ste a k ...............................
R ib ro a st......................................
Chuck ro a st.................................
P la te beef.....................................
26.0
20.3
23.3
14.0
10.3
36.3
31.5
27.3
18.8
11.3
36.7
31.3
27.3
18.5
10.2
35. 0
30. 5
26.2
17.9
10.3
P o rk ch o p s..................................
B acon. _______ ________ ____
"FTam ............................................
B om b ....................................
TTp.ns ....................... ......................
........ d o . ____
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
33.3
52.1
51.5
36.3
30.0
29.4
50. 2
51.4
37.5
31.1
30.9
49.4
52.0
38. 8
30.0
21.3
29.0
31.2
21.7
20.8
31.7
41.4
52.4
35.7
34.9
33.2
38.5
55.4
41.4
35.4
32.5
39.1
56.4
40.8
34.6
21.3
26.3
28.3
19.3
22.0
33.7
4B 8
48. 6
32. 5
36.1
34.2
36 0
50. O
39.2
34.6
34.1
36 7
50 O
37 5
34. 0
Salmon, canned, re d ............... ........ d o ........... 37.5
Milk, fresh................................... Q u a rt........... 16.0
Milk, e v ap o rated....................... 15-16 oz. c a n . 14.1
B u tte r......... . .............................. P o u n d .......... 39. 0
O leomargarine.......................... ........ d o ........... 33. 0
31.8
14.8
11.5
43.8
31.6
18.7
31.5
15.0 8.0 12.0
13.8
11.4
43.8 34.7 38.2
28.2
31.3
39.3
10.0
10.1
42.1
27.1
38.5
38.3
10.0 12.5 20.0
10. C
13. 8
40.9 39.2 40.0
26.8
28.6
31.0
14.7
11.4
46.1
26. 8
30 8
Ì4.7
11 9
45 7
27 7
N n t m arg arin e....................
Cheese...........................................
Bard ........................................
Crisco ....................................
Eggs, stric tly f r e s h ...................
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
. . . . .d o ..........
___.d o ............
D ozen...........
28.6
27.7
18.1
24.4
28.1
26.2 26.2 26.6
28.6
28.6 20.5 29.6 30.9 30.8 22.5
15.2
13.0 14.5 14.5 15.5
17.9
21.2 21.7 21.9
24.0
29.2 22.5 25.8 28.5 27.3 30.0
27 0
27 8
17 3
22 5
33.7
96 7
98 8
18 0
99 4
34. 6
B re a d ........................................
F lo u r.........................................
Corn m e a l..................................
R olled o a ts..............................
Corn flakes...................................
P o u n d .......... 8.7 7.0
........ d o ........... 6.1 5.4
........d o ........... 4.0 3.6
........d o ........... 10.4 8.7
8-oz. p k g ___ 12.9 10.1
6.5 10 4 10 7
3. 8 6 6 6 1
3.0 3 5 3 O
10 9 9 7
12. 9 10 0
10 7
6 1
3 0
Q3
9 8
Cream of W h e a t.........................
M acaroni........ .............................
Rice...............................................
B eans, n a v y ..........................
P otatoes....................................
28-oz. p k g . . 29.7 24.8 24.8
P o u n d .......... 20.4 20.3 20.1
........ d o ........... 6.6 8.1 8.1
........d o ........... 8.7 9.8 9.9
........ d o ........... 3. 8 4.4 3.9
O nions.................................. .......
Cabbage........................................
B eans, b a k ed ..............................
Corn, c a n n e d ..............................
Peas c a n n e d ..................... .....
........ d o ........... 4.9 8.7 7.1
___d o ............. 4.2 4.4 4.9
No. 2 c an ___ 13. 2 13.7 14. 0
---- d o ............. 13.1 14.0 14.3
........ d o . . . . . . 17.6 19.0 18. 8
Tom atoes, c an n e d .....................
Sugar, g ra n u la te d ......................
T e a ._____. . . ..... .........................
C oflee...........................................
........d o ........... 19.5 13.9 13.9
11.6 14.7 15.1
10.0 12.8 13.3
P o u n d .......... 7.2 6.5 6.9 5.6 8.2 7.0 7.5 5.9 7.9 7.0 7.3
........ d o ........... 70.5 73.9 73.9 60.0 81.1 74.2 74.2 60 0 86 7 86 5 86 5
........ d o ........... 29.7 30.8 31.3 30.5 38. 8 36.6 36.6 34.5 37 2 38 2 38 9
P ru n e s ..........................................
R aisin s.........................................
B an an as............... .......................
O ranges........................................
........d o ...........
........ d o ...........
D ozen...........
........d o ...........
28.3
25.3
18.0
21.2
28.3
18.1
32.6
34.7
46.1
23.5
24.3
29 6
56.4
6.8
5.3
3.5
8.7
9.8
23.4
24.4
30.0
52. 7
5.1
3.2
2.4
8.6
5.7
3.4
9.5
12.0
31.8
20.4
9.0
6.9
1.4 1.9
9.2
8.1
5.0
2.9
7.9
9.6
8.1
4.8
2.9
7.8
9.2
26.3 25.9
19.1 18.8
10.0 9.9
10.3 11.9
2.7 4.0
6.6 9.4 9.1
7.0 5.7 5.1
14.2 13.0 13.0
13.7 14.3 14.3
14.6 15. 3 15.4
20.2
33.8
33.0
48.2
21.2
25. 8
30.3
60.2
20.8
25.9
31.0
61.9
29 8
25. 0
20 0
20 6
34.3
30.6 27.4 97 4
20.6 19 1 18 6
7 3 8 9 Q9
Q 2 10 5 11 2
2.6 3 6 4 0 4 4
6.6
4 6 QQ
4.1 3.9
13 3 11 7
16.6 15.5
19 1 17 8
16 O
33. 6
34.3
51.3
9,0 3
94^ 7
26 5
54. ö
8 8
4.3
11 8
15! 8
17 7
21 5
95 6
99 4
60.3
1 T h e steak for w hich prices are here quoted is called “ sirlo in ” in th is city, b u t in m ost of th e other cities
included in this rep o rt i t w ould be know n as “ p o rterhouse” steak.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B E TA IL P R IC E S OF FOOD,
37
O F FO O D F O R 51 C IT IE S ON C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D D A T E S—C ontinued.
K ansas City, Mo.
L ittle Rock, A rk.
Los Angeles, Calif.
Louisville, K y.
M anchester, N. H .
June 15— May
June Ju n e 15— May June J u n e 15— May June Ju n e 15— May June Ju n e 15— May June
15, 15,
15, 15,
15, 15,
15, 15,
15, 15,
1922.
1922.
1913 1921
1913 1921 1922 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922 1913 1921 1922 1922 1913 1921 1922 1922.
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts . C ts .
C ts.
24.7
21.6
18.2
15.0
11.7
37.3
33.4
26.9
17.9
11.7
35.6
31.2
25.1
17.4
11.0
C ts .
37.4
32.5
25.2
17.9
11.1
C ts .
C ts
C ts .
26.3
19.9
19.4
16.3
13.5
36.3
33.8
29.8
22.9
16.0
33.2
30.7
26.6
20.9
15.0
24. (
20.8
20.0
15.8
12.1
C ts .
35.1
30.4
29.6
19.5
15.1
C ts . C ts
C ts .
34.1
31.8
27.0
20.1
15.0
C ts.
35.0
28.7
28.2
18.3
12.7
C ts.
34.4
28.5
28.2
17.9
12.6
23.6
20.0
18.3
15.6
12.8
33.5
31.5
26.4
21.2
18.2
31.3
28.6
23.4
17.9
13.3
32.3
29.4
23.8
18.2
13.0
18.7
28.8
27.8
19.2
18.0
30.6
50.0
51.2
31.8
30.7
30.9
45.2
54.3
34.0
32.8
30.6
46.1
55.0
34.3
31.8
21.3
37.0
31.3
21.3
20.0
35.0
49.6
52.7
36.6
30.3
33.4
42.9
52.9
44.3
30.4
42.2
54.4
39.3
29.8
as. 325.4
38.9
,54.2
59.5
30.8
41.1
38.0
52.4
62.7
32.9
42.5
38.3
52.0
62.7
32.6
41.3
19.6
29.1
29.4
18.1
23.2
31.1
37.4
47.3
34.0
31.4
30.8
35.1
45.9
38.8
34.0
30.8
35.5
47.5
36.0
32.4
35.2
32.8
48.4
39.9
44.6
33.6
33.9
49.5
37.3
45.0
34*3
8.7 14.3
14.4
34." 8 38.7
27.8
31.8
12.0
11.2
43.6
27.6
31.6
41.2 31.7 31.5
45.6 40.7 40.9
12.0 ió.ò 15.0 13.0 13.0 io.o 16.0 14.0 14.0 8.8
10.8
15.0 12.0 11.7
11.9 10.1 9.9
44.0 37.9 43.3 47.5 46.0 34.5 43.8 45.5 51.2 35.4
28.1
33.0 33.3 33.3
31.9 30.0 29.7
32.2
11.0
14.3
40.3
28.5
30.4
9.0
ILO
44.3
28.8
30.0
35.6 31.2
9.0 8.0 15.0 12.0
10.9
15.6 13.0
44.8 37.2 44.0 49.9
28.9
29.8 27.6
31.7
12.0
12.9
49.6
28.3
27.5
33.2 2Ì.7
17.7 15.8
24.3
29.4 27.5
26.8
25.3
12.7
21.3
25.2
26.0
27.2
14.6
22.0
26.0
26.5
25.3 24.0 23.6
27.7 21.5 32.0 32.3 32.1
14.9 16.0 15.9 17.2 17.3
22.1
23.7 22.5 22.6
25.7 30.0 46.4 40.9 41.1
9.1 5.7 8.9
5.1 3.7 6.1
4.3
2.6
9.9
10.2
9.9 2.4 12.1
8.8
5.5
2.5
8.0
9.7
27.0 27.6
21." 8 29.1 32.5
16.2 17.0 17.6
22.9 24.0
222 28.5 29.1
6.1
3.0
2.5
9.8
5.6
5.0
10.0
13.1
7.7
4.9
4.4
8.4
9.9
28.5
29.3
19.3
20.5
29.2
29.1
31.5
19.7
23.1
28.8
33.8
35.8
19.2
26.6
27.8
25.7 27.7 27.5
31.6 19.5 33.4 34.1 34.8 20.8
20.0 18.0 16.8 18.7 18.4 15.3
23.1
21.2 23.1 23.4
31.9 30.5 36.0 34.5 35.8 20.8
7.7 6.0 9.5 8.4 8.4 6.0 9.2 9.1
4.9 3.6 6.2 5.6 5.5 3.6 5.8 5.0
4.3 2.4 3.0 2.8 2.8 3.2 5.2 4.3
8.1
11.5 10.2 10.1
10.7 9.9
9.9
12.5 9.8 9.8
12.7 10.2
8.8
5.4
2.5
8.2
9.6
30.5 26.7 26.4 . . . . 31.8 26.8 26.5
29.0 24.7 21.8
29.8 24.6 25.1
22.4 21.7 22.1
21.8 22.0 22.3
17.5 16.5 16.6
20.1 17.9 17.9
8.6 9.0 9.3 8.3 7.5 8.3 8.6 7.7 9.7 9.4 9.6 8.1 8.3 9.0 9.0
8.2 10.7 11.7
8.4 11.5 11.4
8.0 9.0 9.5
6.2 8.9 10.5
i. 5 2.4 3.0 3.6 i.7 4.0 3.6 3.5 i. 6 3.5 2.9 3.2 2.0 2.4 2.9 3.8
8.7
6.3 9.9 8.3
6.1 5.7 4,6
15.1 13.9 14.2
12.8 13.8 13.3
14.9 15.4 15.3
.-. .
____
6.3
5.6
14.1
15.4
18.2
10.8 9.7
6.1 5.0
13.7 13.5
15.5 15.0
19.9 19.5
4.0
3.6
16.3
17.1
18.2
10.1 6.0
4.1 4.1
13.7 13.8
16.9 17.1
19.8 19.6
C ts .
C ts .
135.8 155.2
28.8 47.1
20.7 28.1
16.8 23.9
18.0
20.2
23.7
28.8
21.5
25.3
6.1
3.4
3.6
35.9
36.6
45.8
36.7
50.1
8.6
6.3
5.6
9.8
13.2
C ts.
C ts .
151.9 !52.5
42.5 44.1
26.2 26.9
21.4 21.9
15.0 15.5
8.0 8.0
5.7 5.7
4.7 4.6
8.8 9.0
9.8 10.0
29.0 26.4 26.4
25.4 25.2 25.0
8.4 9.1 9.2
7.7 9.5 11.1
1.9 1.5 2.1 2.0
8.5
4.9 9.9 6.1
4.7 5.2 4.4
12.7 11.9 11.9
15.6 15. 0 15.2
17.0 16.9 16.4
6.8 9.4 7.5
7.5 7.3 5.9
15.9 15.4 14.9
18.9 18.2 18.4
21.5 21.9 22.1
10.6 14.3 14.3
11.8 14.6 14.7
213.2 216.0 216.1
11.2 13.3 13.6
318.5 314.3 314.3
5.5 8.3 7.0 7.4 5.5 8.9 7.5 7.8 5.3 7.5 6.8 7.3 5.1 7.9 6.7 7.1 5.1 7.9 6.7 7.4
54.0 79.0 76.8 78.1 50.0 91.5 91.5 92.5 54.5 68.9 70.3 72.3 62.5 77.8 76.5
46.3 60.4 56.8 56.6
27.8 37.1 36.6 37.1 30.8 38.5 40.1 39.8 36.3 37.2 37.8 38.2 27.5 34.5 34.9 34.2 32.0 38.2 38.3 38.6
....
17.7 21.5 21.6
21.3 21.3 21.5
17.4 20.0 20.0
22.6 20.1 19.5
18.6 19.7 19.9
34.1 27.4 27.2
34.0 25.0 24.6
30.0 24.1 24.2
30.0 23.7 24.3
31.7 22.4 22.2
—
413.7 412.0 411. 8
412.3 4 9.6 4 9.7
413.6 <11.0 410.8
39.0 36.8 36.5
412.3 4 9.8 410.1
—
50.2 60.6 59.9
54.4 61.3 67.8 —
29.0 39.6 40.0
46.4 54.1 46.3
49.9 69.5 67.4
2 No. 2¿ can.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
s No. 3 can.
[267]
4 Per pound.
38
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW ,
T able 5.—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S OF T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S
Memphis, T enn.
Milwaukee, W is
M inneapolis, M inn.
June 15— May June June 15— May June June 15— May June
15, 15,
15, 15,
15, 15,
1922. 1922.
1922. 1922.
1922. 1922.
1913 1921
1913 1921
1913 1921
A rticle.
U nit.
C ts
C ts
C ts.
C ts
C ts
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts
C ts .
C ts .
C ts.
Sirloin ste a k .....................
R ound ste a k ....................
R ib ro ast.............
Chuck ro a s t.......................
P late beef................... ......
P o u n d ..........
........do...........
........d o ..........
........do...........
........do............
22.5
19.4
20. 4
15. 5
12.2
33.2
30.2
26.3
18.9
13.8
31.7
27.9
23.0
16.6
12.2
31.7
28.0
24.1
16.8
12.2
22.5
21.0
18. 5
16.5
11.5
37. 7
337
29.1
23 6
13.5
36.0
31.7
26.7
20.8
12.1
37.5
33.2
27. 0
21.3
12.4
23.5
21.0
20.5
16.5
10.1
33.1
29.4
25.9
19.7
9.8
31.3
27.6
24.3
18.8
9.0
33.1
30.2
25.0
19.2
9.1
P o rk chops........................
B a c o n ...* ...........................
H a m ....................................
L a m b ..................................
H en s....................................
........ do...........
........do...........
........do...........
........do ...........
........do...........
20.0
30. 0
30.0
20.8
19.7
29.5
42.6
47.9
35.8
31.3
30.5
380
51.0
38.6
31.1
28.9
38.1
51.7
36.8
31.5
19.5
27.3
27.8
19.5
21.5
32.8
45.1
47.5
38.1
34.9
33.8
42.5
49.8
4 '.0
36.6
32.4
42.8
49.1
39.3
33.5
18.3
26. 7
28.3
17.0
18.2
30.6
44. 5
49.2
32.4
29.6
33.1
42.7
52.7
36.7
33.7
33.2
43.9
52.8
33.8
30.6
Salmon, canned, r e d . . . .
Milk, fresh ........................
Milk, ev ap o rated __
B u tte r................................
O leom argarine.. . .
........do...........
39.1 38.4
Q u a rt........... 10.0 17.3 15.0
15-16 oz. can .
15 1 12.0
P o u n d .......... 37.1 39.1 41.6
........do...........
29.2 30.6
44.8
36.3
15.0 7.0 9.0
11.8
14. 5
41.9 32.8 36.6
30.6
25.7
32.1
9.0
10.5
41.5
24.4
32.1
43.1
9.0 7.0 10.0
10.4
14.5
40.9 31.8 35.0
24.4
29.0
38.9
10.0
11.5
40.3
26.1
38.6
10.0
11.4
40.7
26.3
N u t m a rg a rin e .................
Cheese.................................
L a rd ....................................
Crisco..................................
Eggs, strictly fresh ..........
26.6
........do ...........
........do ........... 21.3 25.3
........do............ 15.5 14. 8
19.2
........do ............
Dozen........... 24.3 30. 3
25.2 23.9 23.7
28.8
25.1 24.5 24.6
28.6 21.3 24.8 27.5 28.0 20.0 27.2 29.3 29.4
16.1 15.4 16.9 17.2 17.4 15.4 15.0 16.4 16.7
22.2 21.7 21.8
21.7 23.1 23.3
22.3
28.9 22.2 27.9 29.3 30.0 22.0 29.1 28.7 29.8
B read ..................................
H o u r...................................
Corn m eal..........................
Rolled o ats.......
Corn flakes........................
P o u n d ..........
........do............
........do ...........
........do...........
8-oz. p k g ___
6.0 10.3 9.2
3.6 6.3 5.6
2.0 2.8 2.7
10.7 9.5
12. 8 10.1
'C ream of W h ea t__ ____
M acaroni............................
Rice ................................
Beans, n a v y . . .
P o tato es.............................
28-oz. p k g ...
P o u n d . . . __
____ do............
........do ...........
........do............
8-0
O nions__
C abbage__
Beans, b a k ed ....................
Corn, c an n ed .......
Peas, can n ed .........
........do ...........
........do............
No. 2 c an __
........do............
........do...........
Tomatoes, can n ed__
Sugar, g ra n u la te d ............
T e a ......................................
Coffee..................................
........do...........
10.8 13-7 13.7
12.7 14.7 14.7
14.3 14.9 15.2
P o u n d .......... 5.2 7.8 6.8 7.0 5.3 7.5 6.4 6.8 5.6 8.0 6.8 7.3
........do........... 63. 8 89.5 87.1 86.2 50.1 68.7 69.1 69. C 45. C 65.3 62.9 62.7
........do........... 27.5 35.8 37.7 37.6 27.5 31.9 32.4 32.8 30.8 38.6 40.1 40.5
P ru n es................................ ........do...........
R aisins............................... ........do...........
B an an as............................. Dozen...........
Oranges.............................. ........do...........
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
28.0
26.5
16.2
22.2
30.0
9.2
5.5
2.7
9. 4
9.8
29.2 26.7 26.4
17.4 '7 .3 17.3
6.5 8.3 8.6
7.5 10.6 11.0
1.7 3.6 3.5 4.0
5.6
3.1
3.0
9.4
5.6
4.9
7.0
11.8
9.1
5. C
3.7
6.9
9.4
9.3
5.0
3.7
7.2
9.3
29.6 25.0 25.3
19.1 17.1 17.4
9.9 10.0 10.0
7.2 9.6 10.6
1.1 1.5 2.4 2.9
9.0
6.2 9.4 7.8
4.9 8.1 6.8
5.1 4.3 4.0 ........ 7.5 5.8 5.4
12.9 11.1 11.3
14.3 13.3 13.6
14.2 14.6 14.7
14.9 14.6 14.7
15.9 18.7 18.9
15.4 15.5 15.6
21.3
34.9
40.5
51.9
20.9
26.4
34.4
63.2
21.2
26.3
33.6
70.6
19.1
29.8
a 12.0
48.6
20.9
24.7
3 9.6
63.0
a No. 3 can.
i W hole.
[268]
21.4
24.5
39.8
57.9
5.6
3.6
2.5
9.6 8-9 9.0
5.9 5.3 5.1
4.4 3.9 3.8
8.0 7.7 8.3
12.7 10.2 10.2
29.9 25.6 25.4
17.1 17.5 18.0
8.5 9.3 9.3
8.3 9.6 9.9
.8 1.5 2.6 3.3
9.1
7.0
6. 8
16.6
13-9
14.8
11.1 8.6
5.8 5.7
14.0 14.7
133 13.6
15.6 15.6
18.4 21.5 22.1
30.4 25.1 25.0
3 12.7 3 10.6 3 10.7
52.9 64.7 67.3
39
R E TA IL PR IC E S OF FOOD.
O F FOOD F O R 51 C IT IE S ON C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D D A TE S—C ontinued.
Mobile, A la .
N ew ark, N . J.
N ew H av en , Conn.
New Orleans, L a.
New Y ork, N Y .
Ju n e 15— May June Ju n e 15— M ay
June Ju n e 15— May June June 15— M ay June
June May June
15, 15,
15, 15,
15, 15,
15,
15,
15, 15, 15,
1921. 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922.
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts.
C ts.
33.0
33.0
27.0
21.7
17.0
30.8
29.8
25. 8
20.2
16.2
31.2
30. 4
26.1
21.2
16.6
27.2
26.8
21.6
IS. 0
12.8
43.4
42.0
34.3
23.1
12.3
40.2
38.9
33.1
19.2
11.5
41.2
39. 6
32.8
19.7
11.4
32.4
29.6
24.2
19.2
48.6
41.5
35.7
26.4
16.5
45.8
37.9
33.0
22.8
13.7
46.8
38. 5
34.1
23.8
14.0
22.5
19.5
19.4
14.5
10.9
32.1
29.3
28.3
20.4
16.2
32.8
29. 0
28.4
20. 5
15.8
32.6
30. 3
27.7
19.7
15.4
26.3
25.3
22.5
16. 4
15.3
42.7
42.0
36.7
23.2
19.0
40.3
39.4
35. 5
20.8
18.2
42.0
40.2
35.8
21.3
17.8
34.6
45.9
47.3
34.4
38.0
34.2
39.8
46.7
33.1
37.3
33.8
40.3
49.2
34.3
34.7
21.8 36.7
24.4 37.2
120.8 132.4
21.2 37.8
23.8 43.8
34.7
36.1
135.1
41.2
40.6
34.9
37.1
135.0
38.1
40.1
23.2
28.8
33.4
20.8
23.7
34.6
45.8
54.2
37.6
46.2
34.5
40.7
58.2
42.2
42.2
34.4
41.1
59. 1
41.4
42.5
21.9
29.7
26.8
21.3
20.0
34.4
43.6
48. 2
36.4
37.2
37.2
41. 1
52.1
42.8
38.9
36.0
42.2
51.5
39.9
37.8
21.5
26.0
29.5
17.2
22.1
37.8
40.3
52.5
33.1
41.9
36.4
37.5
56.7
37.6
39.1
36.6
37.8
57.7
35.0
39.1
37.0
18.0
13.8
39.5
30.6
31.7
15. 0
11.5
50. 1
30.2
35.5
31.1
15.0 9.0 15.0
12.5
11.4
47.9 33.4 41.1
29.2
29.7
28.4
14.3
10.2
44.9
28.4
28.4
39.3
14.3 9.Ö 14.0
10.2
13.5
44.3 34.2 38.2
28.4
28.5
35.0
14.0
11. 1
44.7
28.3
35.1
14.0 io. 0
11.0
44.4 35.0
28.3
41.0
16. 5
13. 2
39.8
28.0
36.1
14.7
10.7
45.9
27.5
39.3
35.3
14.0 9.Ò 14.3
12.6
10.5
45.4 34.5 39.9
27.4
29.8
29.6
13.0
10.0
44.6
27.4
29.5
13.0
10.0
44.4
27.6
27.9
25.8
16.0
19.3
32.0
27.4
29.4
16.9
21.8
32.3
26.6 25.4 25.4
26.9
30.5 24.2 34.6 33. 3 33.3 22. Ò
16.9 15.8 14.7 16.1 16.6 15.7
19.0 21.0 21.2
22.6
31.6 34.6 44.7 42.3 43.8 35.0
26.8
32.2
14.9
19. 8
48.9
26.4
32. 2
16.2
20.2
40.4
26.3
26.2
26.8 26.2 26.4
32.1 22.0 27.9 31.0 30.9 19.4 32.2
16.4 14.9 15.7 16.3 16.5 16.1 16. 9
19.9
21.7 23.2 23.7
20.6
43.6 25.6 31.8 30.2 31.2 32.8 44.6
25.2
32.4
17 2
21.1
41.5
25,5
32.9
17.6
21.2
42.6
9.5
5.9
3.1
10.2
12.4
8.2
5. 5
3.0
9.6
9.7
9.5
6.1
6.1
10.0
10.7
8.1
5.3
5.8
9.0
9.5
6.2 10.0
3.3 6.0
3.5 6.4
8.3
10.6
8.9
5.4
5.3
7.8
8.9
9.7
5.5
5.4
8.0
8.9
8.2
5.4
3.2
9.2
9.6
5.6
3.6
3.6
9.3
5.7
6.4
8.4
10.5
8.6
5.4
5.8
7.3
8.9
8.6
5.4
6.0
7.4
8.9
6.0
3.2
3.0
8.1
5.3
5.9
9.1
9.6
5.2
3.8
2.6
8.3 8.1
6.6 6.0
3. 1 2.9
9.2 8.7
10.9 9.6
8.0
5.8
2.9
8.9
9.7
28.8
22.0
8.7
8.5
2.8 3.7
24.9 25.0
20.8 21.0
9.1 9.1
9.6 10.7
4.3 4.8
6.3
5.9
13.1
15.2
16.3
8.5 7 4
6.6 5.1
11.7 11.7
13.8 13.6
16.6 16.2
10.3
11.2 13.4 13.6
2 22.2 222.5 2 21.8
9.9 12.9 13.1
10.4 13.6 13.7
7.9 7.2 7.5 5.1 6.8 5.8 6.3 5. 1 7.5 6. 4 6.7 5. 1 7.0 6.2 6.7 4.8 6.9
74.0 73.4 73.4 53. 8 48.6 48.3 48.6 55.0 54.5 56.7 56.3 62.1 71.9 72.5 72.0 43.3 53.3
32.3 34.7 34.1 29.3 31.1 32.6 32.8 33.8 37.5 37.5 37.9 26.7 30.2 30.4 30.7 27.5 32.4
12.5 12.4
5.8 6.3
49.3 49.5
32.7 32.6
18.8
30.4
43.1
58.4
19.7 19.7
22.1 21.8
40.4 41.8
68.8 74.6
29.2 25.4 24.9
19.6 20.2 20.2
7.5 8.6 8.5
8.5 10.4 10.9
3.0 3.8 3.6
4.9 9.8 7.4
5.3 3.2 3.9
13.6 13.5 13.5
14.9 16.1 16.1
17.6 17.2 16.5
16.8
29.7
27.5
51.3
22.7
26.5
23.3
63.0
22.7
25.5
28.3
69.0
28.5 25.2 25.3
21.9 21.5 21.4
8.1 8.8 8.9
7.6 9.3 10.3
2.9 3.6 3.2 4.4
9.0
7.8 9.3 8.1
5.9 5.8 5.3
12.1 11.0 11.1
16.1 15.3 15.4
17.5 18.2 17.8
16.9
29.6
47.1
57.5
18.4
21.6
38.9
71.9
18.6
21.3
40.6
72.5
28.9 24.8 24.8
21. 8 22.2 22.0
9.0 9. 5 9.8
7.4 9.5 10.7
2.Ò 1.8 2.4 2.5
29.5 24.8 24.7
9. 8 10.0 9.8
7.4 8.5 8.8
7.1 9.7 10.5
2.Ö 3.0 3.9 3.7
6.6 9.4 8.4
6.4 6.4 5.2
14.4 11.9 12. 3
19. 5 18. 2 18.2
22.0 21.5 21.3
3.6 4.9 4.7
4.8 5.3 3.2
14.0 12.7 12.7
13.6 13.3 13.4
18.5 16.5 16.9
9.3
17.9
29.2
38.5
49.6
18.6
22.5
35.4
66.8
1P er p ound.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[269]
19.0
22.7
35.4
68.9
7.4
17.4
30.6
21.0
49.0
21.3
25.5
25.0
62.5
21.8
25.3
22.0
62.9
8.0
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW ,
40
T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S
A rticle.
U nit.
Peoria, 111.
O m aha N ebr.
Norfolk, Va.
June May June
15,
15,
15,
1921. 1922. 1922.
June 1 5 —
1913
1921
C ts .
May June June May June
15,
15,
15,
15,
15.
1922. 1922. 1921. 1922. 1922.
C ts.
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
Sjrinin <?t,eak ...................
Round st-o.ak .............
R ib ro ast.................... .........
f'Vhllc'k' racist .....................
Pl&tp Ttppf
______
P o u n d ..........
........do............
........do............
........do............
___do............
42.5
37.0
34.8
22.0
16.1
38.1
31.3
30.5
18.5
13.3
38.1
32.0
30.1
18.5
12.9
25.1
22.0
18.1
16.1
10.4
36.5
33.3
26.8
20.6
11.5
33.0
30.5
24.6
18.8
10.5
35.8
33.1
24.9
19.1
10.5
34.9
33.3
25.6
21.9
14.4
ai. o
32.0
24. 0
20.2
12.5
34.3
32.8
24.2
20.1
12.1
P ork phops
PftC^Tl
__________
.... ....................
TTJl.TTl
RamT>
..........................
TTpt)S
........do............
........do............
........do............
........do............
........do............
33.5
41. 0
44.3
40.0
41.4
31.8
35.1
43.7
40.6
37.1
32.3
36.3
45.0
40.9
38.0
18.7
27.5
29.0
17.8
17.6
31.9
52.4
52.6
32.9
32.9
31.8
46.3
55.0
40.0
31.6
31.0
46.3
55.4
40.8
31.3
30.5
46.0,
50.7
35.6
33.4
31.2
42.0
51.7
36.5
34.2
30.1
42.7
52.0
35.0
33.1
Salmon pannod. rod. __
...................
Milk frPsTi
Milk pvap o r a t e d .............
Blltt-Pr
.........................
O leom argarine...................
........do............
Q u a rt............
15-16 oz.can.
P o u n d ..........
........do............
33.5
20.0
14.0
44.9
25.0
29.8
17.0
10.3
47.8
27.0
29.4
17.0
10.3
46.4
27.0
37.'6
11.9
14.4
37.5
29.6
33.2
11.0
10.8
41.6
29.8
3a s
11.0
10.7
42.2
28.8
35.4
12.5
14.9
37.9
29.1
33.1
10.4
11.0
41.6
27.4
3a 5
10.2
10.9
41.2
27.6
M ut m argarine .................
r,h pp,se
..........................
................................
Bard
Prison
................... .
Mgcrc; strip,t.ly fresh............
........do............
....... do............
........do............
........do............
D ozen...........
25.0
27.1
16.8
19.6
33.1
27.5
26.8
16.7
21.3
32.9
27.8
28.2
17.0
21.0
34.1
26.9
29.7
18.2
22.0
26.8
27.9
29.9
19.6
24.3
28.6
28.2
30.0
19.4
24.6
29.2
27.3
29.7
16.7
23.1
26.1
27.0
30.2
16.6
22.7
2a 5
26.5
30.6
17.3
23.4
2a 3
Broad ................................
Flour ..................................
Porn m pal
.....................
Rnl]pd oats .....................
Porn fl a k p s ...... ..................
P o u n d ..........
........do ...........
___do............
........do............
8-oz. Dkg___
9.7
6.1
3.9
10.1
12.0
7.9
5.2
3.2
7.9
9.4
7.9
5.1
3.2
8.0
9.5
11.1
5.1
4.4
11.2
14.1
9.8
4.7
3.5
10.1
10.6
9.8
4.7
3.5
10.4
10.8
10.5
5.9
4.0
11.1
13.8
8.9
5. i
3.5
8.8
10.0
a6
5.2
3.7
8.8
10.0
Pr pam of TVheat........... .....
Map.arnni .........................
RifiP
_______________
Rpqns navy
P ot a t ops
_______ - ___
28-oz.pkg___
P o u n d ..........
........do............
___do............
........do............
28.8
19.8
10.0
8.2
3.5
24.8
19.8
9.8
9.8
3.6
25.7
20.0
9.8
10. 1
3.4
31.0
20.6
8.2
7.6
2.4
26.1
20.4
9.0
10.2
2.9
26.3
20.5
9.0
11.2
3.4
30. 6
20.1
8.8
7.2
1.8
27.3
20.0
10.0
10.0
2.7
27.3
20.0
10.3
13.0
3.7
........do______
Onjons
Pablvagn
..................... ___do............
B eans baked ................. No. 2 can__
Porn nan n o d ..................... ........do............
Poas pan n o d ..................... ........do............
6.6
3.9
11.8
17.1
21.1
10.2
4.1
10.3
14.5
19.7
8.6
2.9
10.5
14.7
19.2
6.7
6.6
17.1
14.3
14.8
9.8
5.5
14.9
15.7
16.6
8.4
5.3
15.9
16.4
16.4
6.0
6. 8
14.9
14.8
16.3
10.9
7. 0
8.6
ia i
14.5
16.8
13.1
14.8
16.8
Tom atoes, panned______ ........do............
Sugar, g ra n u la te d ............. P o u n d _____
Tea ......................... ........do............
Coiïee......................... ........do............
11.2
7.5
82.8
40.2
12.9
6.4
73.8
36.8
12.9
6.5
74.6
35.9
11.5
8.1
74.6
37.8
14.7
7.0
70.6
38.5
14.8
7.3
72. i
40.0
11.9
8.3
64.6
34.3
15.3
7.2
61. 7
34.3
15.5
7.6
61.7
34.4
Primps ........ ................ ..
R aisins.................................
Bananas
.........................
Oranges ............. ..............
17.5
32.0
38.6
49.4
19.5
23.6
34.1
61.2
19.6
23.3
33.6
60.9
........do............
........do............
D ozen...........
........do............
7.9
34.0
22.3
17.3
22.8
5.2
2.8
2.3
8.5
1.8
5.7
56. (
30.0
19.9 20.8 20.8 23.8 22.4 22.9
33.7 27.4 27.5 32.0 26.5 26.3
<12.9 <10.0 *10.1 <12.3 <10.5 <10. 2
55.0
46.0 56.1 60.8 47.9 61.
i T he steak for w hich prices are here quoted is called “ sirloin” in th is city, h u t in m ost of th e other cities
included in th is report i t w ould be know n as “ porterhouse” steak.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41
R ETA IL P R IC E S OF FOOD,
O F FO O D F O R 51 C IT IE S ON C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D D A T E S —C ontinued.
Philadelphia, Pa.
June 15—
P ittsburgh, Pa.
P o rtland, Me.
Portland, Oreg.
Providence, R . I.
Ju n e 15—
Ju n e 15—
May June June May June
May June
M ay June
15,
15, 15,
15,
15,
1922.
1922.
1922.
1922.
1922.
1921.
1922.
1922.
1922.
1922.
1922.
1913 1921
1913 1921
1913 1921
1913 1921
C ts .
C ts .
May June
C ts .
130.0 150.0 146.7
25.4 41.3 37.5
22.3 34.9 31.2
17.6 20,8 19.4
12.3 11.9 10.2
20.8
27. i
31.6
21.4
23.2
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts.
C ts .
27.2
23.7
22.0
17.0
11.5
44.2
.37.6
33.0
22.5
11.4
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
147.5
39.0
31.9
19.9
10.3
40.4
33.0
30. 1
20.0
10.6
C ts .
40.8 457.6 155.C 155. 2
34.0 45.7 43.4 44.6
30. 0 30.0 27.9 28.0
20.7 19.4 18.6 18.6
10.2 16.0 13.6 14.6
23.5
21.2
19.5
16.9
13.9
31.0
28.6
26.3
18.2
13.8
29.6
26.4
25.3
18.2
13.6
30.1
27.2
25.6
18.5
13.5
22.0
29.0
29.6
21.4
24.8
21.6
30.6
30.8
18.1
20.0
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
139.6 165.3 1 61.9 1 63.0
31.0 49.6 44.5 45.3
23.8 37.2 34.1 34.2
18.8 28.9 24.4 24.7
19.1 16.3 16.3
36.4
38.5
54.5
39.8
44.4
36.7
37.7
57.7
42.3
42.0
37.1
37.8
58.1
42.1
42.0
34.6
45. 5
54.5
37.7
43.6
33.7
40.5
56.1
41.6
42.7
33.8
40.9
56.7
39.8
42.2
36.5
40.3
49.4
36.9
48.9
37.3
36.9
57.0
39.9
45.0
35.0
36.8
57.6
40.1
43.8
34.4
46.3
48.3
26.7
33.0
31.0
45.6
49.7
34.8
36.7
31.8
45.9
31.1
33.8
34.5
38.7
37.0
57.0
41.7
47.6
39.6
35.7
57.3
44.9
43.7
36.4
35.5
57.6
43.2
42.4
31. 4
8.0 11.0
13.9
39.7 46.5
29.0
28.2
11.0
11.0
51.0
28.3
28.6
36.8
11.0 8.6 14.0
11.0
13. 5
50.2 36.7 42.2
28.0
27.9
29. 4
12.0
10.2
45.2
24.9
29.2
12.0
10.1
45. 5
25.0
35.5
15.5
14.7
45.8
34.7
28.7
13.0
12.1
49.4
30.8
28.8
42.0
13.0 9.3 13.0
11.9
12.9
49.5 35.0 38.2
30.5
28.3
41.8
11.8
11.6
42.9
29.5
41.8
39.9
11.8 9.0 15.0
11.5
14.2
45.5 36.2 41.3
29.0
32.3
32.2
13.0
11.6
46.2
30.0
31.7
13.0
11.6
45.5
29.8
26.0
24.5 25.3 25.3
34.8 24.5 31.0 30.9 31. i
15.9 15.5 13.5 15.0 15.2
20.6
20.1 20.0 20.8
35.6 25.5 34.7 33.1 34.8
27.8
31.7
15.4
22.1
44.5
27.8
33.7
17.2
22.5
39. 0
27.9
27.4 27.9 27.7
27.5
31.7 20.5 29.7 33.3 33.1 21.7 29.9
17.4 18.2 21.6 19.8 20.0 15.2 15.5
22.6
24.2 25.0 24. 8
21.7
39.8 26.3 30.5 26.4 27.6 32.8 48.9
27.6
31.8
16.5
22.5
42.5
27.5
30.7
16.6
22.6
42.7
8.2 10.0
5.2 6.1
4.2 4.8
8.9 7.7
9.5 12.5
9.1
5. 5
3.9
7.0
9.9
8.9
5.9
3.8
9.4
9.8
8.9
5.8
3.8
9.4
9.8
27.3 26.5
25.6 34.6 33.9
15.3 14.5 15.5
19.6 20.5
27.7 36. 5 35.4
4.8
3.2
2.7
9.0
5.9
4.4
9.2
11.0
8.7
5.3
3.6
7.8
9.3
8.7
5.4
3.6
8.0
9.5
5.4
3.2
2.7
9.4
5.8
4.4
10.8
11.6
8.1
5.3
4.1
9.1
9.5
9.4
5.5
3.9
6.8
9.8
5.6
2.9
3.3
21.8
23.4
32. 3
20.0
24.8
9.5 9.4 9.4
5.1 4.8 4.8
4.7 3.4 3.4
9.4 9.3 10.0
13.7 11.3 11.6
5.9 10.6
3.5 6.4
2.8 4.8
10.4
12.2
32.0 28.7 28.6
17.8 17.5 17.4
9,4 10.3 10.2
6.9 9.0 9.2
6.6 1.8 2.0 1.9
30.0
23.0
9.3 10.1
8.1
1.8 1.6
26.4 26.3
22.5 22.5
9.6 9.5
9.9 10.4
2.4 2.7
5.7
6.0
13.9
18.1
19.9
9.3 8.8
5.9 4.8
12.5 12.8
17.4 17.3
20.1 20.4
10.6 13.0 13.0
11.1 13.6 13.4 219.3 223.1 222.4
313.8 315.5 315.5
13.1
4.9 7.2 5.8 6.4 5. 5 7.7 6.5 6.9 7.8 6.6 7.1 6.2 8.6 7.1 7.5 5.0 7.6
54.0 61.6 59.8 60.3 58.0 77.0 76.3 76.3 58.1 57.0 56.8 55.0 64.7 62.2 61.9 48.3 60.3
25.0 29.9 30.7 31.0 30.0 35.8 36.2 36.2 39.1 38.8 39.8 35.0 38.0 36.9 37.2 30.0 39.4
14.2 14.4
6.4 6.8
60.1 60.1
39.5 40.1
28.4 24.9 24.9
21.8 21.2 21.0
9.5 10. 2 10.0
8.0 9.0 9.8
2.5 3.4 4.0 4.6
9.8
.....
29.6 25.4 25.5 29.8 26.5 25.9
22.6 21.1 20.9 23.8 24.0 23.9
9.8 9.5 9.6 10. 2 10.4 10.6
7.2 9.6 10.9 7.6 9.7 10.5
1.7 3.3 2.7 3.8 1.3 2.0 1.9
9.2
5.1 8.2 6.5
5.1 5.3 4.5
12.7 11.6 11.8
15.2 14.7 15.0
15.9 16.7 16.7
17.4
28.8
38. 8
55 3
17.3
23.0
32.7
68.9
17.9
22.4
32.9
69.8
2 No. 3 can.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6.3 9.1 8.0 6.3 9.9 8.0
7.0 5.8 4.9 6.3 6. 1 5.1
14.2 12.5 12.8 16.9 15.3 15.4
15. 1 14.6 14.2 17.0 16.0 15.8
16.2 15.4 15.5 19.0 20.5 20.8
20.4
28.5
47.0
53.9
21.2
24.8
41.8
62.1
20.7
24.3
42.5
62.7
17.0 19.4 19.3
29.5 22.5 21.9
413.0 410. 2 410.5
54.8 69.8 75.6
3 No. 24 can.
[271]
8.6
3.2
5.3
18.9
18.9
17.8
9.1
30.0
414.0
50.3
11.3 6.9
6.2 6.0
17.5 17.3
17.7 17.7
18.3 18.4
18.3 19.0
24.6 24.6
413.6 413.7
59.7 56.7
4 P er pound.
19.4
29.9
42.5
59.5
20.0 19.9
22.8 22.9
36.4 36.3
75.1 76.3
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW .
42
T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S
St. Louis,
Mo.
Rochester,
N. Y.
R ichm ond,
V a.
A rticle.
U n it.
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
Sirloin stea k ................................
P o u n d steak
B ib roast.
...........................
Chuck roast ............................
PI a,to hoof ................................
P o u n d ..........
........do ............
........do ............
........do ............
........do ............
21.8
19.6
18.9
15.3
12.3
41.3
37.2
32.2
24.8
19.1
39.2 39.2
34.0 34.4
30. 3 30. 0
23. 31 23. 0
17.2 17.2
39.5
34.8
30.2
23.8
12.6
35.9
30.9
26.6
21.4
11.6
37.6
33. 0
27.8
22.1
11.4
23.7
22. 2
18.3
14.3
10.7
37.0
35.0
30.0
19.1
12.8
33.0
30.2
26.5
18.9
12.8
33.5
30.6
26.1
18.5
12.8
P o rk ch o p s..................................
Paeon
......................................
H am ...........................................
T,?\.m h
..................................
TTon s
.... .................................
........do ............
........do ............
........do ...........
........d o ...........
........do............
20.8
25.0
25.7
19.3
21.3
35.2
37.2
43. 2
42.5
40.4
34.4
35. 0
44.8
47.9
36.6
34.5
35. 7
47.2
44.3
37.1
36.6
34.9
48.8
36.2
44.2
36.7
31.5
50.4
39.2
42.1
36. 6
33.9
51.4
38.4
40.8
18.2
26. 0
27.3
18.0
18.5
30.5
40.1
48.9
32.9
35.2
30.5
39.6
49.4
38.8
33.7
29.0
39.8
50.8
35.0
32.6
1 16.9 i 14.5 i 14.2
. .d o ...........
Salmon canned rod
M ilk; frosh................................... Q u a rt........... 10.0 14.0 13.0 13.0
14.7 12.2 12.3
15-16 oz. can.
Milk evaporated
P u tte r
.................................. P o u n d .......... 38.6 46.6 52.9 52. 4
31.3 30.1 30.2
........do............
Ol enm argari n e
36.7
12.0
14.3
38.4
29.4
29.9
11.0
11.3
45.6
28.5
36.4
28.9
11.0 8.0 13.0
12.8
11.1
44.4 34.4 40.2
28.4
28.1
32.8
10.0
9.8
45.2
26.2
32.8
10.0
9.8
45.3
26.1
28.6 27.9 28.0
. .d o ...........
“Mut m argari n e
Cheese ...................................... ........do ............ 22.3 30.0 31.0 30.8
L ard ........................................... ........d o ........... 15.0 17.2 17.7 17.8
21.6 21.7 21.7
.. .d o ...........
Cri sen
Eggs, stric tly fresh.................... D ozen........... 25.0 33.5 33.7 33.9
25.8
29.5
16.0
18. 9
34.6
26.5
32.4
16.7
21.0
34.1
26.2
25.8 25.2 24.9
31.3 19.3 26.5 26.7 27.7
16.9 13.6 12.1 13.1 13.5
20.6 20.8 21.0
20.8
34.4 21.4 30.0 29.4 29.5
5.4 10.7 9.1 9.1 8.5
3.3 6.1 5.4 5.6 5.8
2.0 4.2 4.1 4.2 5.3
11.0 10.1 10.1 8.0
12.6 10.0 10.0 12.2
8.1
5.3
4.8
7.0
9.8
June 15—
May June
May June June May June
15, 15,
15, 15, 15, 15, 15,
1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922.
1922.
1921.
1922.
1913 1921
Ju n e 15—
C ts .
B re a d ............................................
F lour ...........................................
Corn meal __
Polled oats
Corn flakes..................................
P o u n d ..........
........do ............
........do............
.. .d o ...........
8-oz. p k g ___
Cream of W h e a t.........................
Macaroni
R i c e .............................................
P ean s n a v y ___
P o tato es.......................................
30.8 27.1 27.1 29.2 25.0
28-oz. p k g . . .
23.2 21.7 21.3 2 0 .4 19. C
P o u n d ..........
........do ........... 10.0 10.1 11.8 11.9 8.6 9.5
8.8 10.1 10.3 7.9 9.5
___d o . . . . __
2.1 3.1 4.1 4.9 1.0 2.3
........do ...........
Onions ...................................... ........do...........
Cabbage
___do............
Pean,s baked
No. 2 c a n __
Corn canned
___ do ............
Peas canned
........do ...........
Tomatoes, c a n n e d .....................
Sugar, g ran u lated ....................
T e a .............................................
Coffee ......................................
25.0
19.1
9.6
10.8
3.2
11.7 9.2 6.8 10.3 8.6
5.7 2.2 6.5 6.1 5.1
11.9 12.2 11.9 11.3 11.3
15.5 15.5 15.7 15.3 15. 5
19.6 19.6 18.7 18.8 18.2
5.5 10.6
3.0 5.3
2.2 3.4
9.6
10.9
9.4
4.8
2.9
8.0
9.3
9.3
4.8
3.0
8.2
9.2
30.0 24.9 24.6
20.9 20.8 20. 5
8.0 8.9 9.1
6.8 9.6 11.1
1.7 3.8 3.2 4.4
8.3
4.8 7.8 7.0
4.9 4.9 4.7
12.0 11.0 11.4
14.9 14.9 14.7
15.9 16.6 16.3
10.4 13.9 14.1
11.6 12.8 12.8 11.5 13.4 13.5
........do ...........
P o u n d .......... 5. ( 7.1 6.7 7.1 7.3 6.3 6.7 5.1 7.5 6.5 6.9
........do ........... 56.0 84.6 80.7 81.5 59.: 60. 1 60.9 55.0 69.7 68.1 67.5
........do............ 26.8 36.7 36.1 35.9 33.9 32.9 33.3 24.3 32.5 34. 5 34.8
P runes .................................... ■. ........do............
R aisins
.......................... ........do ...........
P a n an a s .................................... D ozen.........
O ranges..................................... ........do ...........
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6.8
3.1
11.5
15.0
20.5
8.1
5.3
4.7
7.0
9.6
21. 22.1 22.2 20.
31.4 23.1 22.9 30.
45. 37.1 37.1 44.9
47. 64. 66.3 48.
i P in k .
[272]
19.7
24.7
42.3
57.
20.1
19.0 20.9 21.2
30.8 24.9 26.0
23. C
41. ( ..... 37.1 31.7 32.0
57.9 ..... 47.2 56.8 56.5
43
RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD,
OF FOOD FOR 51 CITIES ON CERTAIN SPECIFIED DATES—Continued.
St. P au l,
M inn.
Ju n e 15—
S alt L ake C ity,
U ta h .
San Francisco,
Calif.
S avannah,
Ga.
Scranton,
Pa.
Ju n e 15—
Ju n e 15—
Ju n e 15—
Mav June
May Ju n e Ju ne May June
May Ju n e
15,
15, 15, 15, 15,1922.
192Ì
1922.
1922.
1922.
1922.
1921.
1922.
1922.
1922.
1922.
1913 1921
1913 1921
1913 1921
1913 1921
May Ju n e
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts.
C ts .
25.9
23.0
21.0
17.1
10.8
36.7
31.0
29.1
21.5
11.0
C ts .
35.5
30.5
28.6
20.9
10.1
22.9
20.0
19.9
15.7
12.0
31.2
28.1
25.5
19.8
13.4
C ts .
34.8
28.8
27.3
20.9
10.7
28.5
24.8
21.7
17.4
12.6
C ts .
C ts .
20.7
19.0
21.0
14.6
13.3
29.9
27.8
27.7
18.1
14.1
C ts .
C ts .
29.4
26.3
22.6
17.9
11.8
C ts .
30.9
28.0
28.5
19.1
14.4
30.7
27.7
28.2
18.6
13.5
34.2
30.0
26.1
19.0
16.7
30.9
27.1
25.0
18.0
15.4
30.7
27.9
25.3
17.7
15.8
25.8
21.5
23.5
17.5
12.1
49.8
40.2
35.6
26.2
12.7
47.3
37.3
34.9
24.7
10.9
47.4
36.8
35.1
25.2
10.8
18.9
26.7
28.3
19.1
20.3
30.2
44.2
47.8
32.5
31.0
33.8
41.1
50.6
37.7
32.9
33.4
42.2
51.7
36.6
30.3
23.1
31.7
30.7
18.8
24.3
34.4
45.8
46.5
29.8
37.0
32.3
39.7
49.7
33.9
35.8
33.8
40.0
49.7
33.6
34.1
23.7
33.9
30.0
16.7
23.4
37.9
55.0
53.3
29.9
41.3
38.7
52.5
56.2
34.7
40.5
38.8
54.3
57.9
35.4
39.5
33.8
41.1
42.5
40.0
34.3
31.1
35.5
41.8
40.8
33.1
31.7
35.6
43.5
39.0
33.5
20.0
27.5
31.0
20.0
24.2
38.1
41.4
53.0
44.0
48.4
37.5
43.1
57.3
46.8
46.5
38.2
43.5
57.7
45.7
45.1
39.6
6.4 10.0
14.2
32.9 34.6
29.1
36.8
10. 0
11.6
40.0
26.8
36.2
38.1 35.0 33.9
32.9
10.0 8.7 12.5 9.0 9.0 iü.Ô 14.6
11.9
12.7 10.7 10.5
12.2
40.6 34.4 38.8 40.7 43.7 34.6 46.6
28.7
35.0
24.6
27.9
13.0
10.1
45.1
26.7
27.8
13.0
10.1
48.8
26.3
42.0
20.0
13.4
41.2
34.2
36.6
18.0
10.2
45.9
30.9
36.3
41.5
18.0 8.4 12.5
10.2
13.7
45.7 35.3 39.3
30.2
29.3
37.6
12.0
11.3
44.8
25.8
36.9
12.0
11.3
44.2
26.0
27.3
26.3 28.9 28.8
29.6 23.3 25.3 26.6 27.3 19. Ò
17.4 19.2 18.5 19.0 18.8 18.4
24.3
26.0 25.1 25.3
30.2 24.4 30.3 28.1 28.1 29.6
27.2
33.8
19.3
24.0
30.5
27.4
33.7
19.2
24.1
32.6
28.5
28.7
15.6
19.3
34.9
27.5
27.9
17.8
20.1
33.1
27.4
27.4
28.5 18.3 28.9
17.7 15. 6 16.6
20.3
21.4
33.0 26.5 37.2
26.5
30.6
17.7
22.0
34.5
21.0
30.0
17.8
22.3
35.1
9.6 8.5 8.5 10.6
6.3 5.4 5.4 6.3
5.2 4.6 4.5 3.0
10.5 9.6 9.5 11.1
12.7 10.5 10.7 11.8
8.7
5.7
2.6
8.6
8.9
26.9 26.2
Ó 28.2 30.0
15.0 16.1 16.8
23.8 24.3
22.5 28.2 29.5
21.
5.9
3.1
2.5
9.5 9.3 9.3
5.8 5.5 5.4
4.5 3.5 3.7
9.1 8.7 8.6
13.8 10.0 10.0
5.9
2.6
3.3
9.8 9.4 9.5
3.7 3.5 3.5
4.3 3.6 3.5
9.5 9.7 9.7
14.4 12.6 12.5
5.9
3.4
3.4
25.6
26.5
19.3
21.8
33.4
C ts .
5.6 10.2
3.5 6.7
7.7
11.0
12.7
9.4 9.2
5.8 5.8
6.1 6.2
9.9 9.8
10.2 10.2
29.6
24.0
9.6
9.8
i. 7 2.6
26.9 27.1
23.2 23.2
9.8 9.8
10.3 10.8
3.0 3.8
5.7
5. 9
13.6
16.3
17.3
9.4 8.5
fi 2 Ft 1
12.5 12.4
16.9 16.6
17.2 17.2
13.5 14.0 14.8
10.6 14.1 14.1
*11.3 213.8 213. 5 10.3 12.4 12.6
11.6
5.4 8.4 6.9 7.5 5.9 8.8 7.8 8. 1 5.3 8.0 6.5 6.9 7.4 6.2 6.8 5.3 7.9
45. 0 71.5 63.5 65.0 65.7 82. 5 80.9 78.1 50.0 58.8 56.7 56.7 69.7 66.5 66.5 52.5 62.4
30.0 40.8 40.0 39.6 35.8 46.2 44.1 44.1 32.0 34.9 34.9 35.2 31.2 31.3 31.9 31.3 39.3
13.8 13.8
6.8 6.9
59.7 59.7
37.5 37.7
29.8 26.2 26.2
19.2 18.5 18.6
8.8 9.4 9.6
8.6 9.7 10.3
Ó.9 1.3 2.7 2.7
io.ò
4.8
6.5
17.8
16.6
16.3
19.5
32.5
313.2
53.5
11.9
5.8
14.0
15.0
16.3
......
32.7 26.3 26.6
21.8 21.3 21.2
8.3 8.8 8.8
...... 9.0 9.3 9.2
1.2 2.1 2.0 2.3
8.2
10.2
5.2
14.0
14.5
16.3
21.8 22.3
27.0 26.7 . . . .
3 11.3 3 11.4
66.9 67.7
4.6
7.4
17.5
16.8
16.0
11.0 8.2
6.0 5.7
17.0 17.0
14.9 14.8
15.7 15.9
15.8 19.7 20.4
25.2 25.3
317.8 3 16.1 317. 5
46.5 51.3 54.8
_ 30.2
.....
28.9 24.9 24.9 29.7 25.5 25.1
14.3 12.8 12.9 20.1 18.6 18.7
8.9 8.9 8.8 7.8 8.4 8.6
6.8 8.3 8.8 9.6 10.4 10.8
2. Ì 3.2 3.3 4.0 3.1 3.3 3.6
8.5
1.9 9.4 4.8 6.6
3.2
17.0 Î5.Ô 14.8 13.6
17.9 16.6 16.7 15.3
18.9 18.0 17.8 17.7
15.6
29.4
42.9
47.8
* No. 2£can.
2476°— 22------4
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8.7
5.6
2.7
8.1
8.9
18.6
22.2
39.3
60.0
19.1
22.4
37.9
60.4
18.3
31.0
44.5
58.1
10.4 9.0
4. 8 4. 8
12.3 12.3
14.1 14.5
17.2 16.9
18.9
22.8
27.9
69.0
19.1
22.9
31.4
86.0
» Per pound.
[273]
8.5
17.2
30.6
37.6
49.1
18.5
24.6
35.3
64.1
18.6
24.7
35. 6
66.1
44
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
T able 5.—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S O F FO O D F O R
51 C IT IE S ON C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D D A T E S—Concluded.
Seattle , W ash.
Article.
U nit.
June 15—
—
1913 1921
Springfield, 111.
W ashington, D. C.
May June June May June June 15— May June
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15. 15,
1922. 1922. 1921. 1922. 1922.
1913 1921 1922. 1922.
C ts.
C ts.
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
Sirloin s te a k ...................... P o u n d ..........
R ou n d ste a k ..................... ........d o ...........
R ib ro a s t........................... 1........d o ...........
Chuck ro a st.......................: ........d o ...........
P la te beef.......................... ........d o ...........
C ts .
C ts.
C ts .
C ts.
C ts .
23. 8
21.5
20.«
16.8
13.0
32.3
29.1
26.4
18.1
13.8
31. 4
27.8
24.7
17.7
13.8
31.5
27.6
25.4
17.2
13.4
38.3
36.8
25.1
21.0
13.9
33.9
33.2
22.7
19.6
13.2
33. 9
33.5
23.2
20.6
13.4
27. 5
23.9
21.6
17.9
12.1
47.0
41.2
36.1
24.9
14.7
42.1
35.3
34.2
22.4
12.9
42. 2
36.9
33.5
23.1
13. 3
P ork chops........................
Bacon..................................
H a m ................. . ................
L a m b ..................................
H ens.......................... .........
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
........d o ...........
24.2
31.7
30. 8
20.8
24.3
35.8
53.1
52.6
29.3
33.9
34.5
50.7
53. 8
35.0
36.4
34.4
51.3
53. 9
34.3
34.9
32.8
40.3
48.9
35.0
36. 0
31.6
38.3
51.1
40.7
34. 3
31.2
39.0
52.1
40.6
34. 3
20.9
26.8
30. 0
20.9
22.6
37.9 37.7
40.8 37.4
57.2
42.7 46.8
44. 4 41.6
37.9
37.2
58. 3
43.9
41.6
Salm on, canned, re d ___
Milk, fresh........................
Milk’ e vaporated.............
B u tte r................................
Oleom argarine..................
........d o ...........
Q u a rt............ 8.5
15-16 oz. can
P o u n d .......... 35.0
........d o ...........
34.8
12. 0
12.2
38. 7
25.7
30.9
12.0
10.3
43.5
27.5
31.0
12.0
10.3
44. 9
27.5
40.7
12.5
15. 2
40.9
29. 2
34.5
11. 1
11.6
43.9
28.3
33.9
37. 5
11. 1 8.0 13.7
11.4
14.3
44.3 37.4 42. 6
27.8
28. 8
N u t m arg arin e................. ........d o ...........
C h e e s e . .......................... ........d o ...........
L a rd .................................... ........d o ...........
Crisco.............................. .. ........d o ...........
Eggs, strictly fresh.......... Dozen ___
B read.................................. P o u n d ..........
F lo u r................................... ........d o ...........
C orn m eal.......................... ........d o ...........
Rolled o a ts........................ ........d o ...........
C om flakes......................... 8-oz. p k g ___
C ream of W h eat............... 28-oz. p k g . . .
M acaroni............................ P o u n d . .
R ice................................. . . ........d o ...........
Beans, n a v y ...................... ........d o ...........
P o ta to e s............................. ........d o ...........
O nions................................ ........d o ...........
C abbage............................. ........d o ...........
Beans,“b a k e d .................... No. 2 can__
Corn, c an n e d ..................... ........d o ...........
P eas’ c an n e d ..................... ■........d o ...........
Tom atoes, can n ed __
........d o ...........
Sugar, g ra n u la te d ............ P o u n d ..........
T e a ...................................... ........d o ..........
Coflee.................................. ........d o ...........
P ru n es................................ ........d o ...........
R aisins................................ ........d o ...........
B an a n a s............................. D ozen...........
Oranges.............................. ........d o ...........
21.7
17.7
28.5
5.5
2.9
3.1
7.7
1.1
5.9
50.0
28.0
25.7 28.3 28.1 26. 9 27.4 27.1
29.3 32.0 31.3 30.1 32.7 32.5
19. 9 18.6 18. 6 15.9 16. 8 17. 0
23.1 25.1 25.3 22. 2 22.4 22. 8
31.8 30. 8 31. 2 27. 8 29. 8 29. 3
9.9
9.9
9.9 10.4
9.7
9. 6
5.2
5.2
5. 0
6.1
5. 6
5. 5
4.6
3.7
3.7
4.4
4.2
4.0
9.0
8. 6 11. 1 10. 2 10. 4
8.5
13.7 11.8 11.5 14.3 10.1 10.1
30.7 26.9 27.0 30.5 27.4 27.6
18. 5 18. 8 18.9 22. 4 20. 2 20. 3
9. 4 10. ! 10.3
9. 6 10. 6 11.0
9.2
7.0
9. 6
7.5 10. 7 12. 8
2.2
2.3
3. 0
3. 9
2.1
2.8
6. 8 12 1 10. 8
8. 0
3. 4 11.9
6. 6
7 1 6 4
6. 5
6. 5
8. 4
17. 4 16.1 16.0 15. 0 13.3 13. 4
16.9 17.5 17.4 14.7 14 6 14 6
17.2 18.6 18. 7 16. 7 17 0 17 3
112.4 115.4 115.4 12.0 15.5 15.4
8.7
7.1
7.5
8.4
7.3
7.8
64.5 63. 8 64. 2 77 5 73 0 72 5
37.4 39.2 39. 0 36 5 36 5 35 5
16.4 21.3 21.4 20.9 20. 7 20 Q
30.3 24.5 24.5 33 7 24 8 25 6
216.9 215.0 215.0 211. 9 2 9 8 2 9 8
41.7 59.0 60.6 50.7 56.0 64.2
29. 7
13. 0
10. 9
49. 0
26. 9
30.3
13. 0
11.1
48.5
26.4
28.2 26. 7
22. 8 31.5 32. 6
14.8 15. 7 16. 7
20.9 21 7
25 6 35 4 35 7
5. 7 10. 2 8 6
3. 8 6. 3 5 6
2.5 3.7 3.6
11. 4 Q 4
11.9 q Q
29.1 25 4
22 4 29 9
9.6 10 2 Q Q
7 9 9 7
1.9 3 3 4 2
7 1 io 7
5 5 52
12. 5 11 2
14 0 14 6
15 5 17 6
11.3 12.9
4.9 7.6 6.5
57 5 74 0 79 9
28.8 33 6 39 q
20 8 9.1 5
30 1 94 3
44 7 3 7 2
51.7 68.2
26. 2
33 2
16. 9
21.8
35 7
87
5 5
3.5
q 3
9. 6
25.7
21 8
10 1
10 8
4 4
8 8
4 2
11 7
14 9
16 q
13.1
6.8
79 2
33 3
91 2
94 3
36 5
65.6
2 p e r pound.
1 No. 2 j can.
Comparison of Retail Food Costs in 51 Cities.
rT’ABLE 6 shows for 39 cities the percentage of increase or decrease
1 in the retail cost of food 7 in June, 1922, compared w ith the
average cost in the year 1913, in June, 1921, and in May, 1922. F or
12 other cities comparisons are given for the one-year and the onem onth periods. These cities have been scheduled by the bureau a t
different dates since 1913. These percentage changes are based on
actual retail prices secured each m onth from retail dealers and on
the average family consumption of these articles in each city.8
7 For list of articles, see note 2, p . 24.
s The consum ption figure used from Jan u ary , 1913, to D ecember, 1920, for each article in each city is
iven in th e Monthly labor R eview for Novem ber, 1918, p p . 94 and 95. The consum ption figures w hich
ave been used for each m o n th beginning w ith January, 1921, are given in th e Monthly L abor R eview
for March, 1921, p . 26.
g
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[274]
45
RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD.
Effort has been made by the bureau each m onth to ha^e perfect
reporting cities. For the m onth of June 99.2 per cent of all the
firms reporting in the 51 cities sent in a report prom ptly. The fol
lowing were perfect reporting cities; th a t is, every m erchant in the
following-named 42 cities who is cooperating w ith the bureau sent in
his report in time for his prices to be included in the city averages:
A tlan ta, Baltim ore, Boston, Bridgeport, Buffalo, Charleston, Chicago,
Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Dallas, Denver, D etroit, Fall River,
Indianapolis, Jacksonville, Kansas City, L ittle Rock, Los Angeles,
M anchester, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Newark, New H aven, New
York, Norfolk, Omaha, Peoria, Philadelphia, P ittsburgh, Portland,
Me., Portland, Oreg., Providence, Richmond, Rochester, St. Louis,
St. Paul, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Savannah, Scranton, and
W ashington, D. C.
The following sum m ary shows the prom ptness w ith which the
m erchants responded in June:
R E T A IL PRICE R E PO R T S R E C E IV E D D U R IN G JU N E .
Geographical division.
United
States.
Item.
of reports received.......................
Number of cities in each section from which
South
North
Atlantic. Atlantic.
North
Central.
South
Central.
Western.
100
99.7
96
99
8
13
2
5
99.2
100
14
42
T a b l e 6 . —PER C ENTA G E CHANGES IN TH E R E T A IL COST OF FOOD IN JU N E , 1922, COM
PA R E D W ITH TH E COST IN MAY, 1922, JU N E , 1921, A N D W ITH T H E A V ER A G E COST
IN T H E Y E A R 1913, B Y C ITIES.
_____________
City.
Atlii.Tlt.fl.
B altim ore............
B irm in g h a m ___
Percent
age in
crease,
June, 1922,
compared
w ith year
1913.
C leveland...........
flnlnm hiis
38
D e n v er................
D e tro it................
41
31
48
Pflll R iver
40
In d ian ap o lis___
Jacksonville........
K ansas C ity.......
L ittle R o ck ........
Los Angeles........
T^iniflvillp.
43
44
22
1
3
2
4
2
i1
1
2
2
New O rleans___
New Y o rk ..........
N orfolk...............
O m aha.................
Peoria..................
40
46
2
1
3
3
22
3
3
1
2
4
P h ilad e lp h ia ___
P ittsb u rg h ..........
P o rtlan d , Me__
P o rtlan d , O reg..
Providence.........
44
39
2
3
21
1
3
1
i1
3
1
2
R ic h m o n d ..........
R ochester...........
St. Louis.............
St. P a u l...............
Salt Lake C ity . -
55
10.1
2
0.4
»0.2
0.3
San Francisco-..
S a v a n n a h ...........
Scran to n .............
S e a ttle .................
Springfifield, 111.
W a s h in g to n ,
D . C . . . . ........
37
43
rVhiP.fl,gn
38
36
38
36
33
31
38
35
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
City.
M ilw aukee..........
M inneapolis........
M obile.................
N ew ark ...............
New H a v en ........
1
1
4
6
5
47
45
44
Percent
age in
crease,
June, 1922,
compared
w ith year
1913.
0
1
i0 .2
10.4
2
41
45
43
39
B ridgepo rt..........
B uffalo................
■Rnt.te
Percent
P ercent
age in
age de
crease,
crease,
June, 1922, June, 1922,
compared compared
w ith June, w ith May,
1922.
1921.
4
2
1
5
3
1 Decrease.
2 Increase.
[275]
37
37
42
28
41
42
22
47
35
50
P ercent
age de
crease,
June, 1922,
compared
w ith June,
1921.
22
24
2
2
2
P ercent
age in
crease,
June, 1922,
com pared
w ith May,
1922.
2
2
11
3
i
0.2
1
8
1
2
11
3
i 0.4
2
1
21
5
4
0.2
6
1
3
0.2
0.2
i 0.4
0.3
22
5
24
5
1
2
3
2
4
1
22
1
2
2
1
1
2
3
2
0.4
46
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
Retail Prices of Coal in the United States.1
H E following table shows the average retail prices of coal on
June 15, 1921, and on May 15, and June 15, 1922, for the
U nited States and for each of the cities included in the total
for the U nited States. Prices for coal are secured from the cities
from which m onthly retail prices of food are received.
In addition to the prices for Pennsylvania anthracite, prices are
shown for Colorado, Arkansas, and New Mexico anthracite in those
cities where these coals form any considerable portion of the sales
for household use.
The prices shown for bitum inous coal are averages of prices of the
several kinds used. The coal dealers in each city are asked to quote
prices on the kinds of bitum inous coal usually sold for household use.
The prices quoted are for coal delivered to consumers, b u t do not
include charges for storing the coal in cellar or coal bin where an
extra handling is necessary.
T
A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O P COAL, P E R TO N O F 2,000 P O U N D S, F O R H O U S E H O L D
U SE , ON JU N E 15, 1921, A N D ON MAY 15 A N D J U N E 15, 1922.
1921
1922
City, and k in d of coal.
June 15.
U n ite d S ta te s :
P en n sy lv an ia an th racite—
Stove...................................................
C h e stn u t............................................
B itu m in o u s.....................................................
A tla n ta , Ga.:
B itu m in o u s..........................................
B altim ore, Md.:
P en n sy lv an ia a n th racite—
Stove......................................................
C h estn u t..............................................
B itu m in o u s...............................
B irm ingham , A la.:
B itu m in o u s...............................
Boston, M ass.:
Pen n sy lv an ia anth racite—
Stove...........................................
C h estn u t.................................
B ridgeport. C onn.:
P en n sy lv an ia an th racite—
Stove...........................................
C h estn u t.........................
Buffalo, N. Y .:
P en n sy lv an ia an th racite—
Stove.......................................
C h estn u t............................................
B u tte, M ont.:
B itu m in o u s...............................
C harleston, S. C.:
Pen n sy lv an ia anth racite—
Stove................................
C h estn u t................................
B itu m in o u s...............................
Chicago, 111.:
P en n sy lv an ia an th racite—
Stove...........................................
C h estn u t.............................
B itu m in o u s...............................
C incinnati, Ohio:
P en n sy lv an ia a n th racite—
Stove.....................................
C h estn u t.........................
B itu m in o u s..........................................
May 15.
June 15.
$14. 766
14.834
10.385
$14,844
14.901
9.504
8.813
7.058
14.500
o l4 .500
8.125
o l5 .000
014.750
7.750
n1K
AA
u 10. A
uuu
nu l1iA '7C
/ DA
U
7.950
8.625
5.802
o. U48
15.000
15.000
15 000
15 000
1K. U
AU
AU
A
id
110.
KA
AA
uuu
a
14.000
14.000
ft. loo
1QK
Ö
10. /OU
13. 750
12. 820
12.820
12. 813
12 813
12.003
11. 458
o l7 .000
o l7 .100
12.000
a 17. 000
14.990
15.140
8.634
Q1Q
© ii. O/Q
01
«Id• Q
«741
Q
dfiß
*7- SÖO
1O Old
010
14.
10
do
14. Old
1i i.
1 syu
/4AA
17! . A
ua L
UA
UA
U
a 17- 100
1 O AAA
14. U U U
]5
360
8 683
1
K Odo
COO
Id.
t10.
R 4A0CA
U
co. oO“
CC4t
1 K CAA
15.333
10. 0 U U
15. 750
15.667
6. 786
6.577
6.769
1 Prices of coal were formerly secured sem iannually a n d published in th e M arch an d Septem ber issues of
t o P er io n o f ^ 2 4 0 ^ u m i s EW * S*nce ^Ulle,
these prices have been secured a n d published m onthly.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[276]
47
RETAIL PRICES OE COAL.
A V ER A G E R E T A IL PRICES OF COAL, P E R TON OF 2,000 PO U N D S, FO R H O U SE H O L D
U SE, ON JU N E 15, 1921, A N D ON MAY 15 AN D JU N E 15, 1922.
1921
1922
City, a n d kind of coal.
June 15.
Cleveland, Ohio:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
Stove..........................................................................................
C h estn u t...................................................................................
B itu m in o u s.....................................................................................
Columbus, Ohio:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
C h estn u t...................................................................................
B itu m in o u s.....................................................................................
D allas, Tex.:
A rkansas anthracite—
E g g ............................................................................................
B itu m in o u s....................................................... .............................
Denver, Colo.:
Colorado an thracite—
Stove, 3 and 5 m ix e d ............................................................
Furnace, 1 a n d 2 m ix ed ........................................................
B itu m in o u s’ ...................................................................................
D etroit, Mich.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
Stove..........................................................................................
C h estn u t...................................................................................
B itu m in o u s....................................................................................
F all River, Mass.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove........................................... .............................................
C h estn u t...................................................................................
B itu m in o u s..............................................................................
H ouston, Tex.:
B itu m in o u s.....................................................................................
Indianapolis, Ind.:
Pennsylvania anth racite—
Stove....................................: ....................................................
C h estn u t....................................................................................
B itu m in o u s........................................................................
Jacksonville, F la.:
Pennsylvania a n th racite—
Stove.................................................; .......................................
C h estn u t..................................................................
B itu m in o u s.....................................................................................
K ansas City, Mo.:
A rkansas an th racite—
F u rn ac e ....................................................................................
Stove, or No. 4 ........................................................................
B itu m in o u s.....................................................................................
L ittle Rock, A rk.:
A rkansas an th racite—
E g g .............................................................................................
B itu m in o u s.....................................................................................
Los Angeles, Calif.:
B itu m in o u s.....................................................................................
Louisville, K y.:
B itu m in o u s.....................................................................................
M anchester, N . H.:
Pennsylvania a n th racite—
Stove........................ . .............................................................
C h estn u t.................................................................................
B itu m in o u s.....................................................................................
Memphis, Tenn.:
Pennsylvania anth racite—
Stove.......................: .................................................................
C h estn u t..................................................................
B itu m in o u s.....................................................................................
Milwaukee, W is.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
Stove............. ...........................................................................
C h estn u t..................................................................
B itu m in o u s.....................................................................................
Minneapolis, Minn.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove..........................................................................................
C hestnut.............................................................
B itum inous.....................................................................................
Mobile, Ala.:
B itu m in o u s.....................................................................................
Newark, N. J.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove..........................................................................................
Chestnut...................................................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[277]
May 15.
June 15.
$14.125
14.138
8.517
$14.375
14. 438
7.956
$14.375
14. 438
8.014
15.000
7.567
14.750
6.645
14. 750
6. 750
17.084
14.000
18.125
15.154
16.300
14.692
16.100
16.100
10.882
15.917
15. 917
10.243
15.750
15.750
10.211
14.450
14.550
10.067
14.563
14.563
8.688
14.563
14.563
8. 844
15.250
15.083
11.500
15.250
15.000
9.000
15.250
15. 000
9.000
12.800
10.667
10.333
15. 250
15. 417
8.638
15. 625
15.667
6.989
15.625
15.667
7.182
16.000
16.000
12.250
17.500
17.500
13.000
17. 500
17.500
13.000
16.714
17.438
9.633
16. 286
17.063
8.766
16.429
17.063
8.734
16.000
11.808
15.000
12.067
15.000
11.688
18.000
18. 000
14.000
7.808
6.620
7.315
16.500
16.500
11.333
16.000
16.000
10.500
16.000
16.000
10.500
18.000
18.000
8.071
18.000
18.000
7.786
18.000
18. 000
7.786
15.900
15.900
10.644
15.980
15. 950
9.759
15.990
15.950
9. 620
17. 580
17.600
12.303
17.750
17.750
11.950
17.750
17.750
11.948
10.875
8.719
8.813
12. .500
12.500
12.750
12.750
12.750
12.750
48
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
A V ER A G E R E T A IL PRIC ES OF COAL, P E R TON OF 2,000 PO U N D S, FOR H O U SEH O LD
U SE , ON JU N E 15, 1921, A N D ON MAY 15 A N D JU N E 15, 1922—Continued.
1922
1921
C ity, a n d k in d of coal.
June 15.
May 15.
June 15.
N ew H aven, Conn.:
Pennsylvania a n th racite—
$14,000
$14.000
$13.792
Stove....
.................................................................
14.000
13.792
14.000
C h estn u t..................................................................................
New Orleans, La.:
Pennsylvania anth racite—
16.750
17.000
16.500
Stove.......................... .............................................................
16.833
17.000
16. 500
C h estn u t...... ...........................................................................
8.786
8.357
10. 250
B itu m in o u s....................................................................................
New Y ork, N . Y .:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
13.142
13.142
13.242
S to v e ... . ...............................................................................
13.142
13.242
13.142
C h estn u t...................................................................................
Norfolk, Va.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
14. 000
14.000
14.000
Stove..........................................................................................
14.000
14.000
14.000
C h estn u t...................................................................................
9.429
9.619
11.464
B itu m in o u s.....................................................................................
O m aha, N ebr.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
22.000
22.000
22.000
Stove.......................................................... ...............................
22.000
22.000
22.000
C h estn u t...................................................................................
11.857
12.281
11.857
B itu m in o u s.....................................................................................
Peoria, 111.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
15.500
15.375
Stove
....................................................................................
15.500
15.250
15.500
C h estn u t...................................................................................
6.696
6.625
6.438
B itu m in o u s.....................................................................................
Philadelphia, P a .:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
i 14. 094
114.094
1 13.938
Stove..........................................................................................
i 14. 094
1 14.094
1 13.938
C h estn u t...................................................................................
P ittsb u rg h , P a.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
i 15. 750
1 15.750
1 15.750
Stove..........................................................................................
i 15.667
1 15.667
1 15. 950
C h estn u t...................................................................................
6. 750
6. 750
7.250
B itu m in o u s.....................................................................................
Portland, Me.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
15.120
15. 843
15.843
Stove..........................................................................................
15.843
15.843
15.120
C h estn u t...................................................................................
Portlan d , Oreg.:
13.194
13.194
13.100
B itu m in o u s................................................ ....................................
Providence, R. I.:
Pennsylvania an th racite—
3 15.000
3 15.000
3 15.000
S to v e ...
.................................................................. ......
3 15.000
3 15.000
3 15.000
C hestn u t........... .......................................................................
Richm ond, Va.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
14.250
14.250
13.750
Stove..........................................................................................
14. 250
14. 250
13.750
C h estn u t.....
..................................................................
8.692
8.692
B itum inous.....................................................................................
10.447
Rochester, N . Y .:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
13.183
13.450
S to v e .......................................................................................
13.450
13.450
13.450
13.183
C h estn u t...................................................................................
St. Louis, Mo.:
Pennsylvania an thracite—
16.000
16.063
15.938
Stove..........................................................................................
16. 250
16.125
16.188
C h estn u t..................................................................................
6. 816
6.855
0.868
B itu m in o u s.................................................................................
St. Paul, M inn.:
Pennsylvania a n th racite—
17. 533
17.750
17.750
Stove..........................................................................................
17. 567
17.750
17.750
C h estn u t...................................................................................
12.384
12.374
13.053
B itu m in o u s.....................................................................................
S alt Lake City, Utah:
Colorado an th racite—
19.300
19.125
19.125
Furnace, 1 a n d 2 m ix ed ........................................................
20.000
20.000
20.000
Stove, 3 an d 5 m ix e d .............................................................
8.580
8.567
9.250
B itu m in o u s......................................................................................
1 Per ton of 2,240 pounds.
3 Fifty cents per ton additional is charged for binning. Most customers require binning or basketing the
eoal into the cellar.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[278]
49
RETAIL PRICES OF COAL.
A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F COAL, P E R TO N O F 2,000 PO U N D S, F O R H O U S E H O L D
U SE , ON JU N E 15, 1921, AN D ON MAY 15 A N D JU N E 15, 1922—Concluded.
t
1922
1921
City, and kind of coal.
June 15.
San Francisco, Calif.:
New Mexico anthracite—
Cerillos egg..............................................................................
Colorado anthracite—
E g g .........................................................................................
Hi t,ii m ilions..... ............................. ............
Savannah, Ga.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove..........................................................................................
..................................................................
C h estn u t....
Bitum inous............................................................... .
Scranton, Pa.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove..........................................................................................
Chestnut...................................................................................
Seattle, Wash.:
Bitum inous.................................................. - .................................
Springfield, 111.:
Bitum inous.....................................................................................
Washington, D. C.:
Pennsylvania anthracite—
Stove..........................................................................................
Chestnut...................................................................................
Bitum inous......................................................................................
June 15.
May 15.
$26.500
$27.250
$27.250
26.000
18.455
26.250
18.038
26.250
18.038
117.100
117.100
112.767
1 16.100
1 16.100
110.100
1 16.100
1 16.100
1 10.100
9.517
9.517
9.700
9. 700
10,183
10'. 183
a 11.597
2 10.080
210.043
4.425
4.675
4.725
3 14.414
3 14.286
3 10. 068
3 14.679
» 14.607
3 8.871
3 14.629
3 14.607
3 8.854
1 All coal sold in Savannah is weighed b y th e city. A charge of 10 cents per to n or half to n is m ade. This
additional charge has been included in th e above prices.
2 Prices in zone A.
T he cartage charges in Seattle range from $1.75 to $3.15, according to distance.
s P er to n of 2,240 pounds.
Retail Prices of Gas in the United States.1
H E following table shows for 51 cities the net price for the first
1,000
cubic feet of gas used for household purposes. Prices are,
in m ost cases, for m anufactured gas, b u t prices for natu ral gas
have also been quoted for those cities where it is in general use.
For Los Angeles prices are given for n atural and m anufactured gas,
mixed. The prices shown do not include any extra charge for service.
T
N E T P R IC E F O R T H E F IR S T 1,000 CUBIC F E E T O F GAS, F O R H O U S E H O L D U SE , ON
A P R IL 15 O F EA C H Y E A R , 1913 TO 1920, AN D ON MAY 15, S E P T E M B E R 15, AN D D EC EM
B E R 15, 1921, A N D M ARCH 15 AN D JU N E 15, 1922, B Y C IT IE S .
Apr.
City.
15,
1913.
A pr. A pr. A pr. A pr. A pr. A pr. A pr. May Sept. Dec. Mar. June
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1921. 1921. 1922. 1922.
A tla n ta , G a ................ $1.00 $ 1 .00 $1 .0 0 $1.00 $ 1 .00 $1.00 $1.15 $1.15 $1.90 $1.65 $1.65 $1.65
.92
.92
.92
.75
.75
.75
.75
.8 0
.7 5
.7 5
.8 0
B altim ore, M d........... .9 0
.88
.88
.88
.88
.95
.95
.9 5
.95
.9 5
.9 5
.9 5
B irm ingham , A la__ 1.00
.8 0
.85 1.02 1.07 1. 42 1.35 1.34 1. 34
B oston, M ass.............
.8 2
.8 2
.8 0
.8 0
Bridgeport, C onn___ 1.00 1.0 0 1 .0 0 1.0 0 1 .0 0 1.00 1.10 1.10 H .30 1.60 1.60 1.60
Buffalo, N . Y ............ 1.00
B u tte, M ont............... 1 .5 0
C harleston, S. C ........ 1.1 0
Chicago, 111..............
.8 0
Cleveland, O hio........ .8 0
1 .0 0
1 .5 0
1 .1 0
.8 0
.8 0
1.0 0
1 .5 0
1.1 0
.8 0
.8 0
1.0 0
1 .5 0
1 .1 0
.8 0
.8 0
1 .0 0
1 .5 0
1 .0 0
.8 0
.8 0
1.00
1. 50
1.10
.755
.80
1.45
1.50
1.10
.94
.80
1.45
1. 50
1.25
.90
.80
1.45
2.10
1.55
1. 29
.80
1.45
2.10
1.55
1.29
.80
1.45
2.10
1.55
1.29
.80
1.45
2.10
1. 55
1.20
.80
$1.65
.92
.88
1.32
1.50
1.45
2.10
1.55
1.20
.80
.95
.95
.95
.95
.95
.95
.95
.8 0
.85
D enver, Colo.............. .8 5
.8 0
.8 0
.8 0
.85
.79
.79
.85
.85
.79
.79
.7 5
.75
D etroit, M ich............. .7 5
.7 5
.7 5
.7 5
1.15
.95 1.05 1. 25 1.15 1. 15 1.15
.8 0
.8 0
.95
F all R iver, Mass....... .8 0
.8 0
.8 0
1.09
H ouston, T e x ............ 1.00 1 .0 0 1.0 0 1.00 1.0 0 1.00 1.00 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09
.90
.90
.60
.90
.90
1.20
.60
. 55
.55
Indianapolis, I n d __
.6 0
.55
.55
.55
1
R etail prices of gas have heretofore been secured in A pril of each year a n d published in th e J u n e issues
of th e Monthly L abor R eview . For 1921, prices on gas w ere secured in May, Septem ber, a nd Decem
ber a nd w ere published in th e Ju ly a n d November, 1921, issues an d in th e F ebruary, 1922, issue of th e
Monthly L abor R eview .
a
P lus 50 cents per m o n th service charge.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[279]
50
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
N E T P R IC E F O R T H E F IR S T 1,000 CUBIC F E E T O F GAS, F O R H O U S E H O L D U SE , ON
A P R IL 15 O F EA C H Y E A R , 1913 TO 1920, AN D ON M AY 15, S E P T E M B E R 15, A N D D E C E M
B E R 15, 1921, AN D M ARCH 15 A N D JU N E 15, 1922, B Y C IT IE S —Concluded.
City.
Apr. A pr. A pr. Apr. Apr. A pr. A pr. A pr. May Sept. Dec. Mar. June
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
15,
1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1921. 1921. 1922. 1922.
Jacksonville, F la ___ 1.20
M anchester, N . H . . . 1.10
M emphis, T e n n ........ 1.00
Milwaukee, W is........ .75
M inneapolis, M inn... .85
1.20
1.10
1.00
.75
.80
1.15
1.00
1.00
.75
.80
1.15
1.00
1.00
.75
.77
1.15
1.00
1.00
.75
.77
1.25
1.00
1.00
.75
.77
1.25 1. 50 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75
1.65
1.10 1.10 2 1.50 21.50 21.50 21.40 2 1.40
1.00 11.10 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35
1.20
.75
.75
.90
.90
.90
.90
.90
.95
.95 1.28 1.11 1.11 1.02
1.02
Mobile, A la................. 1.10
N ew ark, N . J ............. 1.00
New H aven, C o n n ... .90
New O rleans, L a ___ 1.10
New Y ork, N . Y ___
.84
1.10
.90
.90
1.00
.84
1.10
.90
.90
1.00
.83
1.10
.90
.90
1.00
.83
1.10
.90
.90
1.00
.83
1.10
.97
1.00
1.00
.83
1.35
.97
1.10
1.30
.85
1. 35 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80
1.15 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40
1.10 11.10 i l . 10 U . 10 i l . 10
1.30 1.30 1.45 1.45 1. 45
.87 81.36 81.28 31.28 31. 28
Norfolk, V a ................
O m aha, N e b r............
Peoria, 111...................
Philadelphia, P a ___
P ittsb u rg h , P a ..........
1.00
1.15
.90
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.15
.90
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.15
.90
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
.90
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
.85
1.00
1.00
1.20
1.15
.85
1.00
1.00
1.20
1.15
.85
1.00
1.00
1.60
1.15
.85
1.00
(4)
1.45
1.40
1.20
1.00
(1)
1.40
1.35
1.20
1.00
(4)
P o rtland, Me............. 1.10
P o rtland, Oreg.......... .95
Providence, R. I ....... .85
R ichm ond, V a........... .90
Rochester, N . Y ........ .95
1.00
.95
.85
.90
.95
1.00
.95
.85
.90
.95
1.00
.95
.85
.80
.95
1.00
.95
.85
.80
.95
1.00
.95
1.00
.80
.95
1.40
.95
1.30
1.00
.95
1.40 1.85 1.85 1.75 1.75
.95 1.67 1.50 1.50 1.50
1.30 11.25 11.25 i l . 25 U .25
1.00 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30
.95 61.05 51.05 1.10 1.10
1.65
1.50
i 1.25
1.30
1.10
.80
.95
.90
.75
.80
.90
.90
.85
.80
.90
.90
.85
.80
.85
.90
.85
.75
.85
.90
.85
.75
.85
.90
.85
Scranton, P a .............. .95
Seattle, W ash ............ 1.00
Springfield, 111........... 1.00
W ashington, D. C . .. .93
.95
1.00
1.00
.93
.95
1.00
1.00
.93
.95
1.00
1.00
.93
.95
1.00
1.00
.80
1.15
1.25
1.00
.90
St. Louis, Mo.............
St. Paul, M in n ..........
Salt Lake City, U tah .
San Francisco, C alif.
Savannah, G a ............
1.40
1.53
1.20
1.00
(<)
1.35
1.45
1.20
1.00
(i)
1.35
1.45
1.20
1.00
(4)
1.80
1.25
1.45
1.45
3 1.27
.75
.85 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05
1.05
.85
.85 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00
1.10 21.30 21. 52 21.52 2 1.52 2 1.52 2 1.52
.95 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.04
1.02
.95
1.25 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60
1.45
1.30
1.25
1.10
.95
1.30
1.55
1.10
.95
1.70
1.55
1.40
1.25
1.70
1.55
1.40
1.25
1.70
1. 55
1.40
1.10
1. 70
1.50
1.40
1.10
1.60
1.50
1.40
1.05
Natural Gas.
Buffalo, N. Y ............ 10.30 $0.30 $0.30 $0.30 $0.30 $0.30 $0.35 $0.35 $0.35 .$0.40 $0.40 $0.42 $0.42
C incinnati, Ohio.......
.30
.30
.30
.30
.30
.35
.35
. 35
.35
.35
.50
.50
.50
Cleveland, O hio........
.30
.30
.30
.30
.30
.30
.35
.35
.35
.35
.45
.40
.40
Columbus, O hio........
.30
45
.30
.30
. 30
.30
Dallas, T e x ................. .45
.45
.45
.45
.45
.45
.45
.45
. 674 . 67J .674 167§ .674
K ansas City, Mo.......
L ittle Rock, A rk . . . .
Louisville, K y ...........
P ittsburgh, P a ..........
.27
.40
.28
.27
.40
.62
.28
.27
.40
.65
.28
.27
.40
. 65
.28
.30
.40
.65
.28
.60
.40
.65
.28
.80
.45
.65
.35
.80
.45
.65
.35
L80
.45
. 65
.45
1.80
.45
65
.45
1.80
.45
.50
1.80
.45
65
.50
1.80
.45
.50
Manufactured and natural gas, mixed.
Los Angeles, Calif.
$0.68 $0.68 $0.68 $0.68 $0. 75 $0.75 $0.75 $0.76 $0.76 $0.76
1 Plus 50 cents per m o n th service charge.
2 Plus 25 cents per m o n th service charge.
3 The prices of tw o com panies included in th is average have a n a d ditional service charge of 24 cents
per day.
* Sale of m anufactured gas discontinued.
6 Plus 40 cents per m o n th service charge.
From the prices quoted on m anufactured gas in 43 cities average
prices have been computed for the 43 cities combined and are shown
in the next table for April 15 of each year from 1913 to 1920 and for
May 15, Septem ber 15, and December 15, 1921, March 15, and June
15, 1922. Relative prices have been computed by dividing the price
of each year by the price in April, 1913.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[280]
T R E N D IN R E T A IL P R IC E O F GAS, FO R T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S , A P R IL , 1913, TO J U N E , 1922.
400
375
350
325
200
175
150
[281 ]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
125
100
75
50
40
RETAIL PRICES OF GAS
300
275
250
225
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
52
As m ay be seen in the table, the price of m anufactured gas changed
b u t little until 1921. The price in June, 1922, showed an increase
of 36 per cent since April, 1913. There has been no change since
March, 1922.
A V E R A G E 1 A N D R E L A T IV E P R IC E S O F M A N U F A C T U R E D GAS, F O R H O U S E H O L D U SE ,
P E R 1,000 CUBIC F E E T , ON A P R . 15 O F EA C H Y E A R , 1913 TO 1920, A N D ON MAY 15,
S E P T . 15, A N D D EC. 15, 1921, A N D M AR. 15, A N D JU N E 15, 1922, F O R A L L C IT IE S COM
B IN E D .
[Average prices in A pril, 1913=100.]
D ate.
A pril 15, 1913...............................
April
A pril
A pril
A pril
A pril
15, 1915...............................
15, 1916..........
15, 1917
15, 1918 .
................
15' 1919...............................
Average
price.
Relative
price.
$0.95
.94
.93
.92
.92
.95
1.04
100
99
98
97
97
100
109
D ate.
Average
price.
A pril 15, 1920.............................
M ay 15, 19211...............................
Septem ber 15,1921....................
December 15, 1921.....................
March 15, 1922............................
Ju n e 15, Î922.............................
$1.09
1.32
1.31
1.30
1.29
1.29
Relative
price.
115
139
138
137
136
136
1 N et price.
Retail Prices of Electricity in the United States.
H E following table shows for 32 cities the net price per kilow att
hour of electricity used for household purposes. R ates for these
cities are shown for certain specified m onths; for 19 cities from
December, 1914, to June, 1922, and for 13 cities from December,
1917, to June, 1922.
T
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[282]
N E T P R IC E P E R K IL O W A T T H O U R F O R E L E C T R IC IT Y , F O R H O U SE H O L D U SE , IN S P E C IF IE D M O N T H S, 1914 TO 1922, F O R 32 C IT IE S.
1918
City.
F irst 100 kilow att ho u rs...........
F irst 50 kilow att hours.............
F irst 100 kilow att h o u rs...........
[283]
All c u rre n t...................................
........do.............................................
F irst 60 hours’ use of d e m a n d ..
N ext 120 h o u rs’useof d e m a n d ..
Chicago..................... F irst 30 hours’ use of d e m a n d ..
N ex t 30 h o u rs’ use of d e m a n d ..
Over 60 hours’ use of d em an d ..
F irst 30 hours’ use of d em an d ..
C incinnati..............
N ext 30 hours’ use of d e m a n d ..
Over 60 hours’ use of d e m a n d ..
Cleveland:
Com pany A — F irst 36 h o u rs’ use of d e m a n d ..
E xcess................... . .................
Com pany B ___ All cu rren t...................................
D enver............
........do........
............................
D e tro it...................... F irst 2 k ilo w att hours per
active room.
E xcess...........................................
H o u sto n ................... F irst 30 hours’ use of d e m a n d ..
E x cess...........................................
Indianapolis:
Com pany A ___ F irst 15 kilow att h o u rs.............
Over 15 kilow att hours
C om pany B __ F irst 15 kilow att h o u rs.............
Over 15 kilo w att h o u rs.............
Jacksonville............. All cu rren t...................................
K ansas C ity ............ F irst 3 kilow att hours per room
(m inim um , 3 rooms).
Over 3 kilow att hours per
room.
Decem Decem Decem Decem
ber,
b er,
ber,
ber,
1914.
1915.
1916.
1917.
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
8.5
8.5
8.5
7.0
8.0
8.1
10.0
10.0
7.0
4.0
10.0
5.0
3.0
10.0
10.0
7.0
4.0
10.0
5.0
3.0
10.0
10.0
7.0
4.0
4.0
5.0
3.0
10.0
5.0
3.0
10.0
5.0
3.0
10.0
•5.0
3.0
12.6
12.6
3.6
8.1
4.5
3.6
8.1
4.5
7.0
1 Price includes a surcharge of 5 per cent and a coal charge.
2 F irst 1,000 kilow att hours.
3 A il current.
4 F irst 3 k ilo w att hours p e r active room.
6 F ir s t 35 kilo w att hours.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7.0
June.
1919
Decem June.
ber.
Decem June.
ber.
1922
1921
1920
Decem May. Septem Decem M arch.
ber.
ber.
ber.
June.
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
8.0
8.1
8.0
8.0
8.1
8.0
8.0
7.7
8.0
8.0
7.7
8.0
8.0
7.7
8.1
8.0
7.7
8.1
8.0
7.7
8.1
8.0
7.7
8.1
8.0
7.7
8.1
8.0
7.7
8.1
8.0
7.7
10.0
10.0
7.0
4.0
9.0
5.0
3.0
8.5
6.5
3.5
10.0
10.0
7.0
4.0
9.0
5.0
3.0
8.5
6.5
3.5
111.2
1 11.5
7-0
4.0
9.0
5.0
3.0
8.5
6.5
3.5
1 11.5
1 11.5
7.0
4.0
9.0
5.0
3.0
8.5
6.5
3.5
111.4
111.4
7.0
4.0
9.0
5.0
3.0
8.5
6.5
3.5
1 11.8
1 11.8
7.0
4.0
9.0
5.0
3.0
8.5
6.5
3.5
1 11.8
1 11.8
7.0
4.0
9.0
5.0
3.0
8.5
6.5
3.5
1 11.3
1 11.3
7.0
4.0
9.0
5.0
3.0
8.5
6.5
3.5
1 11.2
1 11.3
7.0
4.0
9.0
5.0
3.0
8.5
6.5
3.5
111.0
111.0
7.0
4.0
9.0
5.0
3.0
8.5
6.5
3.5
10.0
10.0
7.0
4.0
9.0
5.0
3.0
8.5
6.5
3.5
10.0
10.0
7.0
4.0
9.0
5.0
3.0
8.5
6.5
3.5
2 10.0
5.0
3.0
8.0
12.6
2 10.0
5.0
3.0
8.0
12.6
2 10.0
5.0
3.0
8.0
12.6
2 10.0
5.0
3.0
8.0
12.6
3 5.0
3 5.0
3 5.0
3 5.0
3 5.0
3 5.0
3 5.0
12.6
2 10.0
5.0
3.0
8.0
12.6
3.0
8.0
12.6
3.0
8.0
4 12.6
3.0
8.0
« 12.6
3.0
8.0
4 12.6
3.0
8.0
4 12.6
3.0
8.0
412.6
3.0
8.0
4 12.6
3.6
8.1
4.5
3.6
8.1
4.5
3.6
8.1
4.5
3.6
8.1
4.5
3.6
8.1
4.5
3.6
8.1
4.5
3.6
8.1
4.5
3.6
8.1
4.5
3.6
8.1
4.5
3.6
8.1
4.5
3.7
8.1
4.5
3.6
7.2
4.5
3.6
7.2
4.5
6.5
5.0
6.5
5.0
6.5
5.0
7.0
8.4
6.5
5.0
6.5
5.0
7.0
8.4
6.5
5.0
6.5
5.0
7.0
9.0
6.5
5.0
6.5
5.0
7.0
8.7
7.5
7.0
7.5
7.0
7.0
8.7
7.5
7.0
7.5
7.0
7.0
8.7
7.5
7.0
7.5
7.0
7.0
8.7
7.5
7.0
5.0
7.0
7.6
6.5
5.0
6.5
5.0
7.0
7.6
7.5
7.0
7.5
7.0
7.0
8.7
7.0
6.5
7.0
6.5
6 7.0
8.7
4.8
4.8
5.2
5.2
5.6
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
7.0
C e n ts .
7 .0
7 .5
7 .0
7 .0
8.7
C e n ts .
RETAIL PRICES OF ELECTRICITY.
A tla n ta .....................
B altim ore........
B irm in g h am ...........
BostonT
Com pany A ___
Com pany B __
Buffalo. : ...................
Measure of consum ption,
per m onth.
Ox
N E T PR IC E P E R K IL O W A T T H O U R F O R E L E C T R IC IT Y , F O R H O U SE H O L D U SE , IN S P E C IF IE D M ON TH S, 1914 TO 1922, F O R 32 C IT IE S—Concluded.
_____________
City.
Measure of consum ption,
p e r m onth.
Los Angeles:
Company A ___
Company B . . ..
M em phis...."...........
M inneapolis.............
C e n ts .
F irst 20 kilo w att hours.............
N ext 16 kilow att hours.............
6.0
5.5
C e n ts .
5 .5
5 .5
C e n ts .
5 .5
5 .5
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
5 .5
5 .5
C e n ts .
5 .5
5 .5
C e n ts .
5 .5
5 .5
C e n ts .
5 .5
5 .5
6 6.0
7.6
6 6.0
7.6
6 6.0
9.5
6 6.0
9.5
5.5
5.5
6 6.0
9.5
5.7
5.7
7.1
7.1
7.1
1922
1921
Septem Decem March.
ber.
ber.
June.
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
6 6.0
9.5
6.2
6.2
9.0
1 10.5
6.2
6.2
9.0
9.5
6.2
6.2
9.0
9.5
6.2
6.2
9.0
9.5
6.2
6.2
9.0
9.5
7.1
1 7.8
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
9.0
9.1
7.8
9.0
9.1
7.8
9.0
9.1
7.8
C e n ts .
5 .5
5 .5
^
5.6
5.6
9.0
9.5
7.0
7.0
7.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
«11.7
9.1
7.8
8 11.7
9.1
7.8
8 10.8
9.1
7.8
8.0
9.1
7.8
8.0
9.1
7.8
9.0
9.1
7.8
9.0
9.1
7.8
10.0
10.0
11.0
8.0
9.0
10 8.0
10.0
11.0
8.0
9.0
2 8.0
10.0
11.0
8.0
9.0
2 7.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
9.0
2 7.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
9.0
2 7.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
9.0
2 7.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
9.0
2 7.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
9.0
2 7.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
9.0
n 7.9
10.0
is 9.0
is 7.0
9.0
n 7.9
10.0
is 8.8
13 6.8
9.0
n 7.7
10.0
13 8.8
13 6.8
9.0
n 7.7
10.0
13 8.7
13 6.7
9.0
u 7.5
10.0
is 8.4
13 6.4
9.0
n 7.4
10.0
13 8.4
is 6.4
9.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
1* 9.0
15 7.0
10.0
i< 9.0
15 7.0
10.0
8.0
n 9.0
15 7.0
10.0
8.0
u 9.0
« 7.0
10.0
8.0
K 9.0
15 7.0
10.0
8.0
9.0
8.5
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
11 9.0
15 7.0
10. 0
I« 8.0
u 6.0
8.0
n 9.0
is 7.0
10.0
16 8.0
» 6.0
8.0
14 9.0
15 7.0
10.0
is 8.0
1/ 6.0
8.0
14 9.0
15 7.0
10.0
16 8.0
11 6.0
8.0
14 9.0
15 7.0
10.0
16 8.0
U 6.0
8.0
14 9.0
15 7.0
10.0
16 8.0
12 6.0
8.0
14 9.0
is 7.0
10.0
16 8.0
12 6.0
8.0
14 8. 0
15 7.0
10.0
16 8.0
12 6.0
8.0
7.6
6.7
7.6
6.7
7.6
6.7
7.6
6.7
7.3
6.7
2.9
9.0
7.6
6.7
7.3
6.7
2-9
9.0
7.6
6.7
7.3
6.7
2.9
9.0
7.6
6.7
7.3
6.7
2-9
9.0
7.6
6.7
7.3
6.7
2.9
9.0
7.6
6.7
7.3
6.7
2.9
9.0
7.6
6.7
7.3
6.7
2.9
9.0
7.6
6.7
7.3
6.7
2.9
9.0
7.6
6.7
7.3
6.7
2.9
9.0
7.6
6.7
7.3
6.7
2.9
9.0
7.6
6.7
7.3
6.7
2.9
9.0
7.6
6.7
7.3
6.7
2.9
9.0
s. 0
6.0
K. 0
6.0
s 0
6.0
X. 5
6.5
7.6
5.7
7.6
5.7
7.6
5.7
7.6
5.7
7.6
5.7
7.6
5.7
7.6
5.7
7.6
5.7
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
[284]
F irst 100 kilow att ho u rs...........
........d o ......................................
F irst 50 kilow att hours...........
F irs t 3 k ilo w att hours p er
active room.
N ex t 3 kilow att hours per
active room.
M obile....................... F irst 50 kilow att hours.............
New O rleans5.......... F irst 20 kilow att h o u rs.............
N ex t 30 kilow att hours.............
New York:
Company A __ F irst 250 kilow att hours...........
Company B 12.. A ll c u rren t...................................
Company C ___ F irst 60 hours’ use of d e m a n d ..
N ex t 60 h o u rs’ use of d e m a n d ..
N orfolk..................... F irst 100 kilow att ho u rs...........
Philadelphia:
Company A ___ A ll c u rre n t.................................
........d o ..........................................
Company B ___ F irst 500 kilow att h o u rs...........
P ittsb u rg h ..
All c u rren t.........
___d o ....................
Portland, Me........... ........d o ............................................
Po rtlan d ' Oreg.:
Company A __ F irst 9 kilow att h o u rs...............
N ext 70 kilow att hours.............
Company B ___ F irst 13 kilow att hours.............
N ext 7 k ilo w att hours...............
N ext 50 kilow att hours.............
R ichm ond, V a ....... F irst 100 kilow att h o u rs...........
St. Louis:
Company A ___
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1920
1918
1919
Decem Decem Decem D ecem
ber,
ber,
ber,
ber,
1917.
1914.
1915.
1916.
May.
June. Decem
June. Decem
June. Decem
ber.
ber.
ber.
Or
Com pany B ..
San Francisco:
C om pany A ...
Com pany B ...
Savannah:
C om pany A . ..
F irst 50 kilow att hours.
F irst 50 kilow att hours.
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
F irst 10 kilow att hours.
Over 10 kilo w att hours.
All c u rre n t..........
10.8
5.4
6.0
10.8
5.4
6.0
10.8
5.4
6.0
F irst 60 kilow att hours.
F irst 45 kilow att hours.
F irst 120 hours’ use.
6.0
5.5
10.0
2i 5.5
5.5
10.0
2i 5.5
5.5
10.0
7.6
5. 7
7.6
5.7
7.6
5.7
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
8.0
8.0
7.6
5.7
2.9
7.6
5.7
2. 9
7.6
5.7
2.9
7.6
5.7
2.9
7.6
5.7
2.9
7.6
5.7
2.9
7,6
5.7
2.9
7.6
5.7
2.9
7.6
5.7
2.9
is 8.0
is 8.0
1« 8.0
18 8.0
is 8.0
is 8.0
is 9.2
9.2
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
is 9.0
“ 9.0
» 9.0
i»9.0
19 9.0
19 9.0
19 9.0
io 9.0
19 9.0
i9 9.0
19 9.0
i9 9.0
197.2
8.0
197.2
9.0
is 7.2
10.0
19 7 . 2
19 7 . 2
10.0
10.0
19 7.2
10.0
19 9.0
10.0
209.0
10.0
209.0
10.0
209.0
10.0
29 9.0
10.0
20 9.0
10.0
21 5. 5
5.5
10.0
2i 5.5
5.5
10.0
si 5.5
5.5
10.0
2i 5.5
5.5
10.0
21 5. 5
5. 5
10.0
21 5.5
5. 5
10.0
21 6.0
6.0
10.0
21 6.0
6.0
10.0
21 6.0
6.0
10.0
21 6.0
6.0
10.0
21 6.0
6.0
10.0
21 6.0
6.0
10.0
[285]
2 F irst 1,000 k ilo w att hours.
6 P lu s an a d d itio n al charge of 30 cents per m o n th . A t th e end of the year there is a refund of any am ount paid in excess of 7J cents per kilo w a tt ho u r.
7 Price includes a 10 per cent surcharge.
8 F irs t 100 k ilo w a tt hours.
9 T here is an additional service charge of 25 cents per m o n th in New Orleans.
10 F irst 900 kilow att hours.
11 F ir s t 1,000 k ilo w att hours. Price includes a coal charge.
12 T his com pany allows a discount of 5 per cent on all bills over S2 when paym ent is m ade w ithin 10 days.
13 P rice includes a coal charge.
14 F irst 12 kilo w att hours.
16 N e x t 75 k ilo w a tt hours.
16 F irst 30 h o u rs’ use of dem and.
17 N ex t 60 h o u rs’ use of dem and.
18 F irst 30 k ilo w att hours.
19 F irst 50 kilo w att hours.
29 F irst 100 kilo w att hours.
F irs t 45 kilow att hours.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
RETAIL PRICES OF ELECTRICITY.
C om pany B .. .
Scran to n .................
Seattle:
C om pany A ...
C om pany B . ..
W ashington, D. C.
F irst 20 kilow att hours.
N ext 15 kilo w att hours.
F irst 12 kilow att hours.
N ext 9 kilow att hours.
Over 21 kilow att hours.
Oi
cn
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
56
Retail Prices of Dry Goods in the United States.1
H E following table gives the average retail prices of 10 articles
of dry goods on the 15th of February, May, August, and
October, 1921, and on the 15th of March and June, 1922, by
cities. The averages given are based on the retail prices of standard
brands only.
T
i R etail prices of d ry goods a rep u b lish ed in th e A pril, Ju ly , O ctober, a n d D ecem berissues of th e Monthly
L abor R eview .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 286 ]
A V E R A G E
R E T A IL
P R IC E S
O F
10
A R T IC L E S
O F
D R Y
G O O D S
ON F E B R U A R Y
A N D J U N E 15,
15
15, M
1922.
Aug.
15.
Oct.
15.
15,
A N D
O C T O B E R
Mar.
15.
June
15.
15.
May
15.
Aug.
15.
1922
Oct.
15.
A N D
O N
M ARCH
Birmingham, Ala.
1921
Feb.
15, 1921,
Mar.
15.
June
15.
1921
Feb.
15.
May
15.
1922
A ug.
15.
Oct.
15.
Mar.
15.
SO. 125 SO. 093 $0.100
Y a rd ...
SO. 150
SO. 200 SO. 217 SO. 217
.261
.250
.256
.235 SO. 244 SO. 258 SO. 250
.. .d o __ SO. 275 SO. 250 SO. 251 SO. 257
.263 SO. 257 SO. 243 SO. 238
.238
.238
.154
.161
.149
.156
.148
.140
.147
.158
.175
.. .d o __ .161
.183
.181
.171
.178
.161
.161
.158
.242
.243
.251
.249
.246
.241
.243
.236
.. .do..,. .238 .245 .246 .254 .254 .253 .234 .238 .241
.419
. 454
.503
.376
.490
.471
.459
.471
.349
.385
.375
.361
.413
. ..d o .... .484
.453
.368
.483
.226
.212
.175
.166
. 185
.177
.211
.212
.225
.194
.. .d o __ .222
.187
.204
.211
.216
.208
.214
.591
.639
.649
.739
.695
.629
.693
.748
.604
.558
.647
.735
.728
.673
.673
.d o .... .662
.668
E a c h ... 1.599 1.591 1.583 1.594 1.646 1.652 1.754 1.736 1.707 1.762 1.718 1.655 1.517 1.469 1.395 1.550 1.469
.205
.219
.223
.223
.216
.245
.210
.207
.202
.212
.221
.252
.223
.218
.210
Y a rd ... .265
.248
.952 1.096
.974
.980
.930
.868
1.077 1.080 1.140 1.008 1.000
. ..do__ 1.250 1.117 1.000 .950 .950
Pair.... 3.240 4.740 3.937 3.868 3.913 3.868 6.113 5.894 4.711 4.479 4.131 4.479 4.804 4.154 4.066 4.143 4.183
Boston, Mass.
Bridgeport, Conn.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
s o . lo o
.245
.170
.257
.463
.177
.648
1.482
.205
.923
4.183
Buffalo, N, Y.
SO. 113 SO. 119 SO. 106 $0.110 SO. 106
Vard
$0 150 $0.150 SO. 150 $0.150 SO. 142 SO. 142
.262
.257
.285
.259
.263
.241
.252
.257
.261 $0.278 $0.255 SO. 245 SO. 248 SO. 246 SO. 245
.246
.. .d o __ .266
.174
.196
.160
.158
.163
.182
.166
.170
.181
.162
.173
.185
.170
.206
.172
.170
.. .d o __ .178
.227
.242
.257
.280
.267
.266
.237
.242
.239
.253
.230
.260
.245
.245
.238
. .. d o __ .240
.248
.491
.522
.522
.506
.533
.462
.474
.488
.496
.450
.559
.488
.488
.499
.521
.490
.. .d o —
.504
.221
.229
.227
.226
.216
.221
.223
.258
.249
.252
.241
.208
.200
.244
.258
.238
- . .d o __ .262
.689
.709
.681
.676
,705
.708
.669
.677
.677
.673
.678
.681
.660
.659
.661
.680
.d o __ .666
Sheets, bleached, 81 b y 90................ E a c h ... 1.663 1.698 1.619 1.664 1.659 1.685 1.855 1.855 1.741 1.774 1.786 1.773 1.789 1.718 1.702 1.668 1.739
.249
.211 .212 .300 .252 .225 .225 .238 .274 .297 .231 .228 .226 .212
.259
.240
O uting flannel, 27 to 28 in c h ........... Y a rd ... .251
.865
.865
.850
.865
891
.700
.700
.750
.670
891
927
.880
.880 1.250
B lankets, cotton, 66 by 80................ Pair__ i . 735 4.368 4.483 4.588 4.000 3.995 6.050 5.850 5.000 5.063 5.042 5.150 5.530 5.416 5.384 5.210 4.796
Percale..................................................
G ingham , apron, 27 to 28 in c h ........
G ingham , dress, 27-inch...................
G ingham , dress, 32-inch...................
Muslin bleached
..................
June
15.
SO. 113
.263
.179
.261
.482
.216
.674
1.674
.240
RETAIL PRICES OF DRY GOODS.
[2871
Sheets, bleached, 81 b y 90................
O uting flannel, 27 to 28 in c h ............
Flannel, white, wool, 27-inch..........
B lankets, cotton, 66 by 80...............
May
15.
A U G U ST
/
Feb.
15.
Cadeo, 24 to 25 in ch ..
P e rc a le .. .........................................
Gingham , apron, 27 to 28 in c h ........
G ingham, dress, 27-inch...................
Gingham, dress, 32-inch...................
.............
Muslin bleached .
1922
1921
U nit.
15,
Baltimore, Md.
Atlanta, Ga.
Article.
A Y
.895
4.474
Ox
A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F 10 A R T IC L E S O F D R Y GOODS ON F E B R U A R Y 15, MAY 15, A U G U ST 15, AND O C T O B E R 15, 1921, A N D ON M A R C H
15 AND JU N E 15, 1922—Continued.
.
Butte, Mont.
Article.
Feb.
15.
Aug.
15.
1922
Oct.
15.
Mar.
15.
June
15.
Feb.
15.
May
15.
Aug.
15.
Oct.
15.
Mar.
15.
Cleveland, Ohio.
Yard... SO. 173 $0.150 SO. 150 SO. 150 $0.129 SO. 132
SO. 125 SO. 125 SO. 131 SO.133
.. .do__ .276 .268 .245 .254 .246 .244 SO. 276 .249 .263 .259 .259
. ,.do.... .165 .145 .139 .144 .149 .155 .175 .174 .140 .157 .167
.. .do__ .244 .242 .252 .237 .237 .240 .238 .229 .243 .247 .242
. ..do.... .574 .561 .549 .525 .511 .490 .528 .508 .516 .538 .553
.. .do__ .213 .208 .195 .201 .198 .196 .252 .238 .229 .244 .239
. . .do__ .643 .639 .629 .654 .625 .629 .676 .696 .666 .676 .682
Each... 1.604 1.617 1.550 1.695 1.667 1.650 1.558 1.523 1.525 1.613 1.675
Y a rd ... .237
.215 .209 .206 .202 .200 .234 .204 .205 .203 .229
Flannel, w hite, wool, 27-inch___
.d o __ 1.250
.983 .873 .910 .926 .926 1.250 1.000 1.000 1.117 .983
Blankets, cotton, 66 by 80.............. Pair__ 4.920 4.771 4.211 3.979 3.903 3.976 5.420 4.779 4.529 4.756 4.550
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June
15.
Feb.
15.
May
15.
Aug.
15.
1922
Mar.
15.
Oct.
15.
Yard... $0.150 SO. 150 SO. 150 $0.133 SO. 133 SO. 133 SO. 133 SO. 131 SO.113 $0.113 SO. 119 $0.119 SO. 132 $0.126 SO. 129 SO. 137
.do__ .334 .310 .258 . 260 .263 .335 .265 .244 .239 .233 .238 .241 .284 .279 .250 .246
. ..do.... .214 .188 .180 .154 .170 .178 .164 .153 .153 .158 .153 .163 .159 .142 .143 .157
.. .do.... .300 .270 .248 .248 .261 .237 .232 .217 .218 .222 .247 .236 .255 .245 .245 .241
...do.... .478 .471 .478 .438 .438 .430 .420 .373 .376 .410 .415 .403 .579 .559 .592 .565
.. .do... .244 .244 .228 .244 .241 .239 .223 .194 .193 .201 .203 .199 .228 .208 .214 .226
.. .do__ .842 .788 .767 .797 .803 .823 .614 .602 .588 .590 .664 .614 .637 .641 .649 .711
Each... 2.113 1.992 1.933 2.044 2.044 1.991 1.553 1.539 1.511 1.544 1.685 1.579 1.530 1.569 1.566 1.654
Y ard... .308 .286 .272 .266 .264 .266 .262 .218 .197 .198 .208 .207 .236 .200 .209 .198
. . .do— .950 1.013 1.013 .932 .890 .964 1.073 .713 .725 .758 .760 .818 1.100 .950 .892 .896
Pair__ 4.875 5.190 5.270 5.270 5.130 5.260 4.060 4.135 3.655 3.572 3.880
5.098 4.986 4.628 4.607
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Calico, 24 to 25 inch........
Percale..........................................
Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 inch.......
Gingham, dress, 27-inch.................
Gingham, dress, 32-inch.................
Muslin, bleached............................
Sheeting, bleached, 9-4..................
Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90..............
Outing flannel, 27 to 28 in c h ............
1921
1922
1921
June
15.
SO. 117 $0.119
.226
.231
.154
.157
.226
.236
.503
.537
.205
.203
.672
.666
1.643 1.574
.189
.198
1.420 1.400
4.772 4.688
Columbus, Ohio.
SO. 158 SO.145 SO. 141 SO. 132
.250 .267 .251 .250
.168 .163 .176 .164
.243 .275 .279 .280
.473 .593 .584 .570
.230 .222 .209 .190
.642 .763 .709 .699
1.625 1.743 1.777 1.709
.215 .290 .250 .218
1.017
4.441 4.749 4.711 4.564
SO. 146
.244
.170
.276
.583
.210
.639
1.715
.228
1.250
4.747
SO. 148 SO. 141
.253
.246
.169
.167
.280
.281
.556
.581
.215
.210
.736
.750
1.785 1.763
.234
.238
1.250 1.250
4.089 4.205
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
[288]
Calico, 24 to 25 inch........................
Percale..........................................
Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 inch.......
Gingham, dress, 27-inch.................
Gingham, dress, 32-inch.................
Muslin, bleached............................
Sheeting, bleached, 9-4..................
Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90..............
Outing flannel, 27 to 28 inch..........
Flannel, white, wool, 27-inch........
Blankets, cotton, 66 by 80..............
May
15.
Chicago, 111.
Charleston, S. C.
1921
Unit.
CM
00
Dallas, Tex.
2476°—22---- 5
Y ard .. $0.125 $0.125 SO. 100 $0.100 $0.100 $0.108 $0.175 $0.145 $0.134 $0.140 $0.167 $0.195 $0.136 $0.136 $0.136 $0.136 $0.129
.262
.282
.270
.264
.282
.304
.298
.298
.321
.293
.348
.246
.219
.219
.246
.233
..do..
.270
.172
.174
.172
.181
.190
.178
.165
.168
.170
.160
.152
.162
.179
.162
.143
.174
.143
. . do..
.220
.225
.219
.216
.223
.258
.246
.263
.264
.242
.249
.228
.245
.237
.225
.225
..d o ..
.247
.501
.574
.520
.489
.510
.507
.535
.571
.571
.626
.565
.457
.495
.497
.542
.513
. 516
..d o ..
.220
.209
.217
.225
.223
.221
.231
.234
.228
.204
.245
.239
.207
.206
.195
.187
..d o ..
.209
.715
.698
.731
.693
.733
.779
.768
.754
.740
.767
.716
.634
.625
.627
.570
.559
. . do..
.593
E a c h .. 1.529 1.514 1.443 1.483 1.561 1.486 1.823 1.922 1.862 1.871 1.754 1.704 1. 727 1.770 1.765 1.862 1.751
.221
.247
.229
.220
.263
.218
.237
.212
.215
.218
.271
.187
.187
.188
.194
.184
.196
Y ard ..
.979 1.233 1.233 1.233 1.233 1.233
.979
1.425 1.050 1.125
.850
.750
.650
...d o ..
4.156 4.350 4.706 4.583 4.522 4.500 5.396 5.646 5.542 5.458 4.854 4. 725 5.013 4.708 4.623 4.498 4.270
P a ir...
Fall River, Mass.
[289]
Calico, 24 to 25 inch............................
P e rc a le ..................................................
G ingham , apron, 27 to 28 in c h ........
G ingham , dress, 27-inch....................
G ingham , dress, 32-ineh...................
M uslin, bleached................................
Sheeting, bleached, 9-4.....................
Sheets, bleached, 81 b y 90................
O uting flannel, 27 to 28 in c h ............
F lan n el, w hite, wool, 27-inch..........
B lan k ets, cotton, 66 b y 80................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Houston, Tex.
Y ard..
..d o ..
..d o ..
..d o ..
..d o ..
..d o ..
. . d o ..
Each.
Y ard.
.. d o ..
P air..
Kansas City, Mo.
$0.121
.258
.178
.220
.494
.228
.718
1.733
.218
1.317
4.144
Indianapolis, Ind.
$0.125 $0.123 $0.123 $0.130 $0.122 $0.126 $0.140 $0.128 $0.123 $0.132 $0.126
Yard.
.277
.275
.275
.295
.285
.242
.268
.262
.280
.282
.280
. .. d o __ $0.238 $0,246 $0.246 $0,246 $0.258 $0.258
.164
.165
.177
. 168
. 167
.171
. 172
. 190
. 158
. 168
. 163
.155
.151
.158
.143
.145
. .. d o __ .167
.242
.260
.263
.263
.249
.205
.208
.210
.204
.199
.220
.270
.283
.283
.243
.238
. . . d o . . . .240
.532
.381
.458
.445
.410
.486
.507
.505
.523
.515
.497
.450
.443
.433
.460
.402
. . . d o . . . .390
.215
.224
.208
.238
.220
.184
.188
.176
.181
.173
.209
.226
.223
.227
.221
.203
. . . d o . . . .230
.694
.698
.683
.693
.671
.574
.580
.579
.518
.565
.588
.720
.705
.708
.697
.688
. . . d o . . . .783
E a c h ... 1. 610 1.690 1.680 1.683 1.710 1.717 1,654 1.528 1.507 1.510 1. 613 1.518 1.527 1.571 1.523 1.620 1.611
.198
.205
.254
.226
.200
.182
.173
.188
.170
.183
.203
.228
.228
.203
.254
.236
Y a rd ... .258
.997 1.047 1.023
.997
.997
.762
.773
.723
.804
.723
.723
.923
.690
.625
..d o __
4.941
4.808
4.628
4.905
4.503
P a ir__ 4.320 3.555 4.944 4.788 4.406 4.384 5. 932 4.983 3.943 4.270 4.270
Jacksonville, Fla.
Calico, 24 to 25 in c h ......................
P ercale.............................................
G ingham , apron, 27 to 28 in c h ........
G ingham , dress, 27-inch....................
G ingham , dress, 32-inch...................
M uslin, bleached................................
Sheeting, bleached, 9-4.....................
Sheets, bleached, 81 b y 90................
O uting flannel, 27 to 28 in c h ...........
F lan n el, w hite, wool, 27-inch..........
B lan k ets, cotton, 66 b y 80..........
Detroit, Mich.
$0.125
.272
.173
.257
.512
.213
.683
1.593
.206
1.050
4.439
Little Rock, Ark.
$0.138 $0.144 10.144 $0.144 $0.144 $0.142 $0.161 $0.149 $0.138 $0.153 $0.144 $0.142 $0.200 $0.133 $0.140 10.153 $0.113
.261
.230
.237
.235
.276
.270
.258
.251
.273
.284
.260
.270
.270
.290
.290
.270
.300
.150
. 156
.163
.163
.188
.206
.210
.181
.189
.183
.164
. 190
.170
.170
.170
.170
. 160
.236
.235
.231
.215
.208
.282
.270
.270
.267
.273
.232
.270
.234
.240
.243
.243
.233
. 451
.399
.433
.427
.409
.522
.487
. 4S7
.490
.534
.555
.465
.521
.439
.446
.540
.438
.198
.183
.221
.200
.199
.232
.223
.204
.225
.229
.241
.204
.215
.217
.216
.216
.229
.610
.567
.687
.664
.583
.718
.743
.660
.715
.705
.699
.710
.588
.670
.642
.608
.688
1.615 1.482 1.444 1.512 1.498 1.460 1. 712 1. 675 1.519 1.644 1.612 1.646 1. 700 1.543 1.484 1.522 1.646
.178
.206
.203
.197
.222
.238
.221
.220
.203
.223
.195
.243
.218
.220
.210
.206
.270
.894
.886
.875
.771
.850
.725
.911
.920
.920
.750
.750
.750
.850
.850
.850
.850
3.676
3.895
4.095
4.175
3.
875
4.994
4.
997
5.176
4.810
4.250
4.969
5.431
4.250 4.186 4.186
5. 317
$0,114
. 255
.150
.229
.427
.184
.611
1.531
.187
.867
3.386
RETAIL PRICES OE DRY GOODS.
Calico, 24 to 25 in c h ...................
Percale.........................................
G ingham , apron, 27 to 28 inch
G ingham , dress, 27-inch..........
G ingham , dress, 32-inch..........
M uslin, bleached.......................
Sheeting, bleached, 9-4............
Sheets, bleached, 81 b y 90___
O uting flannel, 27 to 28 in c h . .
Flannel, w hite, wool, 27-inch.
B lan k ets, cotton, 66 b y 80___
Denver, Colo.
Or
C>
A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S OF 10 A R T IC L E S O F D R Y GOODS ON F E B R U A R Y 15, M AY 15, A U G U ST 15, AND O C T O B E R 15, 1921, A N D ON M A R C H
15 AND JU N E 15, 1922—C ontinued.
L os A ngeles, Calif.
Article.
1921
U nit.
Calico, 24 to 25 in ch ............................
Percale................................................
Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 in c h ........
Gingham, dress, 27-inch...................
Gingham, dress, 32-inch...................
Muslin, bleached................................
Sheeting, bleached, 9-4................... ,
Sheets, bleached 81 b y 90...............
O uting flannel, 27 to 28 in c h ...........
Flannel, w hite, wool, 27-inch..........
B lankets, ootton, 66 b y 80...............
May
15.
Aug.
15.
1922
Oct.
15.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June
15.
Feb.
15.
M ay
15.
Aug.
15.
1922
Oct.
15.
Mar.
15.
June
15.
1921
Feb.
15.
M ay
15.
A ug.
15.
1922
Oct.
15.
Mar.
15.
Y a rd ... 80.150 $0.125 80.125 80.125 80.163 80.138 $0.134 80.129 $0.125 SO. 128 $0.122 10.125 $0.130 80.129 80.128 $0.133 80.133
. . . d o . . . .353
274
261
246
257
257
. 317
. 280
.282
297
. . . d o . . . .186
.185
.178
. 172
. 178
.156
. 173
.159
. 143
! 158
.163
. 156 .156
.163
. 163
. 167
. 167
. .. d o __ .274
.251
.254
.251
.257
.255
.261
.269
.260
.264
.252
.262
.222
.221
.233
.222
.224
. . . d o . . . .584
.557
.518
. 544
.556
.532
.548
.550
.539
.521
.454
.461
.450
.439
.427
.413
.456
214
. . . d o . . . .247
1Q4
189
199
. 230
.217
. 223
. 225
. 226
. . . d o . . . .713
.666
.688
.744
.723
.709
.635
!c09
.616
! 686
.675
.658
.719
.633
. 66S
.627
. 644
E a c h ... 1.623 1.586 1.596 1.618 1.662 1.632 1. 932 1.604 1.608 1.625 1.620 1.579 1.625 1. 636 1.634 1.681 1.656
Y a rd ... .269
.255
.246
.245
.241
.239
.220
.228
.257
.244
.240
.240
.230
.240
.228
.230
.223
. . . d o . . . .950 1.317 1.317 1.200 1.250 1.125
.670
.750
.875
.770
.807
.973 1.250
.885
.840
.864
.843
P a ir ..., 5.106 4.633 4.342 4.581 4.443 4.436 5.917 5.000 4.980 4.265 3.787 4.057 4.302 4.009 4.472 4. 351 4.083
M emphis, T enn.
Calico, 24 to 25 in c h ............................
Percale................................................
G ingham , apron, 27 to 28 in c h ........
G ingham , dress, 27-inch...................
G ingham, dress, 32-inch..............
Muslin, bleached...................
Sheeting, bleached, 9-4.....................
Sheets, bleached, 81 b y 90..............
O uting flannel, 27 to 28in c h ___
Flannel, w hite, wool, 27-inch..........
B lankets, cotton, 66 b y 80..............
Mar.
15.
1921
M anchester, N . H ,
M ilw aukee, W is.
Ju n e
15.
80.139
.151
.211
.453
.577
1.505
.231
.868
3.752
M inneapolis, Minn.
Y a rd ... $0.144 80.153 80.121 80.133 80.132 SO. 135 80.155 80.122 80.130 80.132 80.132 80.123 80.132 $0.130 80. I l l 80.I ll 80.107
. ..d o __
.301
.295
.255
242
.275
.252
253
253
244
.258
.238
. 260
.260
.265
?^7
. ..d o —
.150
.146
.146
.161
.159
.156
.173
.173
.176
.184
.176
.176
.169
. 165
. 165
1162
.160
. ..d o .... .266
.250
.251
.269
.251
.249
.242
.258
.243
.243
.241
.244
.264
.265
.254
.258
.258
. ..d o —
.545
.524
.548
.533
.518
.519
.502
.514
.501
.516
.473
.465
.671
.618
.551
. 562
.543
.. .do__
.204
.203
. 199
.206
263
219
219
236
.201
.203
.. .do__
.651
.712
.664
681
650
705
703
.672
.632
E a c h ... 1.627 1.635 1.611 1.689 1.740 1.661 1.734 1.760 1. 744 1.706 l! 763 1.530 l! 639 1.682 1.639 1.681 1.741
Y a rd ... .209
.191
.190
.202
.185
.190
.280
.201
.193
.209
.224
.234
.203
.220
.198
.211
.206
.. .do—
.875
.875
.875
.917
.870
.870
.850
. 850 1.000 L000
.750
.720 1.115
.948
.916
P a ir__ 4.857 4.945 4.900 4.546 4.506 4.459 5.032 4.368 4.533 4.463 4.411 4.353 5.098 4.992 4.634 4.457 4.509
80.105
2^9
. 155
.260
. 494
OOQ
059
1.670
.215
990
4.542
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
L06SJ
Feb.
15.
Louisville, K y.
<35
<^>
M obile, Ala.
«
N ew H aven, Conn.
Y a rd ... 80.150 80.150 80.144 $0.144 80.148 SO. 146 $0.125 80.100 80.104 80.100 $0.100 SO. 102 SO. 144 SO. 136 SO. 125 80.125 80.125
. ..d o __
.244
.256
.239
.244
.239
.239
.303
.277
. 283
.277
.277
.293
.239
. 255
.236
.245
.248
. ..d o __
.145
.158
.150
.150
.150
.183
.150
.163
. 150
.177
.154
. 157
.150
.150
.158
.168
.159
.. .d o —
.221
.220
.209
.209
.212
.212
.243
.236
.234
.241
.263
.248
.236
.240
.235
.239
.239
.. .d o __
.476
.415
.421
.398
.410
.397
.504
.494
.502
.459
.439
.499
.508
.500
.554
.476
.498
. ..d o __
.219
.199
.219
.213
.197
.198
.202
.209
.221
.218
.203
.231
.234
.219
.210
.211
.222
...d o —
.590
.620
.595
.620
.568
.593
.670
.670
.665
.665
.745
.675
.745
.647
.634
.646
.671
E a c h ... 1.570 1.570 1.461 1.504 1.517 1.493 1.809 1.769 1.769 1.786 1.824 1.841 1.552 1.512 1.518 1.525 1.608
Y a rd ... .226
.225
.193
.193
.188
.245
.188
.228
.218
.221
.222
.225
.212
.219
.263
.213
.211
. ..d o __
.857
.897
.590
.763
.890
.785 1.140 1.068 1.053 1.053 1.020 1.062
.810
.800
.875
.875
.838
P a ir— 4.979 4.858 4.841 5.000 4.428 4.464 4.760 4.521 4.558 4.849 5.125 4.536 4.634 4.496 4.365 4.366 4.457
Mew O rleana, L a.
N ew Y ork, N . Y.
N orfolk, Va.
[291]
Calico, 24 to 25 inch........................
P ercale..................................................
G ingham , apron, 27 to 28 in c h ........
G ingham , dress, 27-inch...................
G ingham , dress, 32-inch...................
Muslin, bleached................................
Sheeting, bleached, 9-4.....................
Sheets, bleached, 81 b y 90................
O uting flannel, 27 to 28 in c h ........
Flannel, w hite, wool, 27-inch..........
Y a rd ... 80.150 $0.131 80.131 10.120 80.117 80.134 80.173 80.125 SO. 132 SO. 129 SO. 140 $0.144 SO. 150
SO. 150 80.150 80.139
. ..d o __
. 225
.226
.226
.215
.213
.284
.253
.200
.254
.257
.261
.265
.273 SO. 258
.246
.240
.240
. ..d o __
.180
.174
.170
.150
.150
.150
.181
.152
.155
.166
.178
.183
.155
.175
.179
.182
.175
. ..d o __
.224
.216
.222
.215
.262
.262
.249
.220
.215
.257
.242
.260
.243
.244
.241
.242
.242
. ..d o __ .637
.499
.598
.503
.466
.437
.492
.628
.588
.541
.515
.515
.455
.457
.455
.461
.485
. ..d o __ .192
.191
1.74
.172
.178
.170
.230
.213
.210
.225
.220
.216
.245
.216
.205
.218
.216
. . . d o . . . .557
.482
.522
.508
.513
.682
.644
.523
.650
.674
.697
,685
.701
.664
.675
.691
.677
E a c h ... 1.695 1.407 1.319 1.440 1.434 1.409 1. 626 1.593 1.611 1.629 1.711 1.715 1.699 1.685 1.647 1.697 1.686
Y a rd ... .184
.184
.182
.182
.179
.179
.263
.223
.227
.223
.204
.218
.249
.231
.199
.190
.196
.. .do__
.750
.750
.979
.991 1.008 1. 030
.915 1 035 1.035 1 035 1 058 1 053
.750
.750
.930
Blankets, cotton, 68 by 80.............. P a ir__ 5.130
4.415 4.270
5.462 4.517 4.483 4.550 4.130 4.146 5.143
3.317 3.500 3.500
O m aha, Mehr.
Calico, 24 to 25 in c h .......................... Y a rd ... 80.142 80.127 80.141 80.141
P ercale................................................ . ..d o __
.259
.276
.290
.286
G ingham , apron, 27 to 28 in c h ___ ...d o __
.182
.173
.185
.188G ingham , dress, 27-inch................. . .. d o .. ..
.252
.259
.260
.268
G ingham , dress, 32-inch................. - - d o __
.529
.509
.581
.488
Muslin, b leach ed.............................. . ..d o __
.232
.232
.204
.212
.722
Sheeting, bleached, 9-4................... .. .d o __
.741
.720
.725
Sheets, bleached, 81 b y 90.............. E a c h ... 1.725 1.696 1.713 1.784
O uting flannel, 27 to 28 in c h .......... Y a rd ... .256
.215
.207
.210
F lannel, w h ite, wool, 27-inch........ . ..d o __ 1.250 1.210 1.070 1.088
Blankets, cotton, 65 by 80.............. P a ir__ 4.707 4.382 4.663 4.544
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
P e o ria , 111.
SO. 125
.254
. 159
.233
. 454
.220
.648
1.563
.218
.857
4.643
80.144
. 256
.178
.243
.461
.218
.676
1.603
.196
1.078
P h ilad e lp h ia , P a .
80.149 $0.151
80.125 $0.125 $0.125 $0.108 so: 113 SO. 176 SO. 119 SO. 119 SO. 121 SO. 121
.290
.283 10.250
.292
.271
.251
.245
.240
.253
.251
.251
.252
.263
.189
.183
.167
.164
.174
.169
. 156
.176
.176
.159
.161
.164
.168
.263
.259
.249
.241
.262
.257
.246
.250
.216
.221
.236
.236
.243
.533
.485
.522
.473
.565
. 544
.570
.548
.499
.526
.531
.512
.530
. 213j .203
.219
.226
.221
.223
.225
.227
. 23S
.231
.226
.237
.232
.744
.687
.726
.734
.762
.630
.680
.678
.676
.657
.654
.714
.680
1.864 1.747 1.673 1.619 1.658 1.697 1.741 1.837 1.623 1.581 1.555 1.564 1.625
.218
.220
.246
.226
.240
.213
.217
.220
.223
.203
.216
.193
.208
1.130 1.214
.950
.950 1. 250
1.101 1.068 1.020 1.027 1.052
4.705 4.264 5.313 4.626 4.152 4.478 4.353 4.292 4.664 3.737 4.174 4.369 4.328
80.119
.257
.168
.237
. 455
.231
.682
1.583
.214
1.028
4.271
BETAIL PRICES OF DRY GOODS,
Calico, 24 to 25 in c h ............................
Percale..................................................
G ingham , apron, 27 to 28 in c h ........
G ingham , dress, 27-inch...................
G ingham , dress, 32-inch...................
M uslin, bleached................................
Sheeting, bleached, 9-4.....................
Sheets, bleached, 81 b y 90................
O uting flannel, 27 to 28 in c h ...........
F lannel, w h ite, wool, 27-inch..........
Blankets, cotton, 66 by 80................
N ew ark, N . J .
a
A V ER A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F 10 A R T IC L E S O F D R Y GOODS ON F E B R U A R Y 15, MAY 15, A U GUST 15, AND O C TO B ER 15, 1921, AND ON M ARCH
15 AN D JU N E 15, 1922—Continued.
P ittsburgh, Pa.
Article.
1921
U nit.
Feb.
15.
Y a r d ...
.d o . . .
.. . d o . ..
.d o . .
. . . d o . ..
.. . d o . ..
. . . d o . ..
E a c h ...
Y a rd ...
. d o . ..
P a ir—
Aug.
15.
1922
Oct.
15.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June
15.
Feb.
15.
May
15.
Aug.
15.
Oct.
15.
Mar.
15.
June
15.
Feb.
15.
May
15.
A ug.
15.
Oct.
15.
Mar.
15.
$0.138 SO. 135 SO. 135 $0.135 SO. 135
80.156 80.144 SO. 148 SO. 134 $0.133 SO. 135
$0.125 $0.125
.329
.293
.286
.286
.279
. 246 SO. 242
.336
.265
. 255
245
251
. 233 SO 235 SO 250 SO.258
.237
.167
.161
.183
.178
.178
.190
.172
.149
.190
.190
.190
.190
.178
. 149
.162
. 166
.190
.238
.245
.243
.247
243
233
. 250
. 253
. 243
.239
229
240
245
. 250
. 236
250
. 250
.567
.558
.527
.561
.555
.551
.494
.446
.563
.447
.493
.521
.507
.501
.528
.547
.498
.239
.235
.233
.212
.228
.219
.224
.226
.218
.238
.201
.203
.221
.205
.206
.218
.223
. 652
.652
.633
. 650
.639
. 651
.646
.674
.664
.651
.674
.647
.680
.640
.632
.641
.670
1.692 1.703 1.623 1.618 1.623 1.538 1.602 1.649 1.671 1.664 1.688 1.594 1.760 1.753 1.769 1. 765 1.756
.222
.207
.212
.218
.212
.244
.239
.217
.257
.205
.191
.194
.222
.193
.208
.270
.247
.985
.985 1.133 1.217 1.133 l . lo o 1. 100
.791 1.445
.865
1.000
.813
.865
.865
.772
.935
.990
3.450 4.350 3.897 3.963 3.600
4.347 4.058 4.060 4.643 4.273 3.886 5.144 4.748 4. 748 4.524 4.495
Providence, R. I.
Calico, 24 to 25 in c h ............................
Percale..................................................
G ingham, apron, 27 to 28 in c h ........
Gingham, dres^ 27-inc.h...................
Gingham, dress, 32-mch................. .
Muslin, bleach ed ............
Sheeting, bleached, 9-4................... .
Sheets, bleached, 81 b y 90........ .
O uting flannel, 27 to 28in c h ...........
Flannel, w h ite, wool, 27-inch.........
B lankets, cotton, 66 b y 80...............
Mar.
15.
1922
1921
1922
1921
Richmond, Va.
June
15.
SO. 135
.285
.167
.239
. 553
.238
.669
1.821
.215
.925
4. 271
R ochester, N . Y .
Y a r d ... 80.135 80.125 SO. 129 SO. 137 SO. 143
SO. 145 $0.162 $0.159 SO. 141 SO. 127 SO. 133 $0.138 SO. 125 SO. 143 $0.143 SO. 143
.257
.239
.246
.248
.260
. d o . . . .250
.241
.229
.244
.232 SO. 245
.257
.252
.234
.243
.246
.280
.154
.167
.163
.164
.156
. . . d o . .. .178
.194
. 171
.174
.157
.175
.160
.173
.150
.160
.178
. 156
.234
.242
.238
.230
.234
.239
.243
.251
... do. . .
.252
.217
.235
.235
.244
.236
.228
.240
.230
.579
.531
.562
.563
.457
.474
.461
. 453
.409
.482
.447
.589
. . . d o . .. .456
.408
.468
.469
.468
.209
.212
.204
.214
.201
. 198
.d o . .. . 193
.213
.212
.217
.222
.226
.210
.210
.200
.225
.228
.639
.621
.637
.634
.647
.607
.643
.652
.647
.639
.703
. . . d o . .. .633
.613
.640
.666
.688
.663
E a c h ... 1.528 1.593 1.621 1.614 1.717 1.537 1.615 1.594 1. 528 1.601 1.675 1.625 1.773 1.748 1.795 1.839 1.815
.221
.213
.203
Y a rd ... .245
.241
.235
.251
.219
.201
.253
.233
.236
.235
.233
.200
.201
.200
.911
. . . d o . .. .980
.940
.893
.888
.888
.980
.913
.908
.897
.876
.864 1.173 1.125 1.115 1.115 1. 115
P a ir__ 4. 550 4.613 4.519 4.934 4.717 4.516 5.229 5.274 4.264 4.468 4.398 3.788 5.920 4.566 5.050 4.340 4.432
SO. 134
.258
.163
.221
.514
.205
.631
1.659
.205
1.016
4.450
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
[292]
Calico, 24 to 25 in c h ............................
P e rc a le .............................
Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 in c h ........
Gingham, dress, 27-inch........
Gingham, dress, 32-inch...................
Muslin, bleached................................
Sheeting, bleached, 9-4.....................
Sheets, bleached, 81 b y 90................
O uting flannel, 27 to 28in c h ............
Flannel, w hite, wool, 27-inch..........
Blankets, cotton, 66 b y 80................
May
15.
Portland, Oreg.
Portland, Me.
St. Louis, Mo.
•
Y ard... SO. 131 SO. 144 SO. 120 SO.'-134 $0.150 SO.150 SO. 156 SO. 128 SO. 131 $0.131 SO. 128 $0.128 SO. 144 SO. 132 SO. 134 SO. 144 SO. 144
. . .d o __ .262
.273
.269
. 235
.241
.248
.280
.251
. 262
. 256
. 253
239
300
300
.26]
. 299
. . . d o . . . .154
.149
.149
.169
.160
.166
.163
.164
.164
.158
.163
.166
.154
.150
.161
. 148
.169
.249
.262
. . . d o . . . .238
.243
.238
.256
.242
.244
.240
.248
.243
.251
.238
.247
.257
.255
.275
.502
.521
.517
.508
.503
463
439
494
553
551
. . d o . .. .593
. 503
.530
. 502
.516
517
. . .d o . . . .208
.203
.197
.207
.195
.201
.217
.227
.212
.210
.225
. 215
.240
.232
.218
! 230
! 230
.652
.711
. . .d o . . . .670
.650
.680
.668
.632
.643
.636
.699
.658
.648
.833
.741
.730
.711
.749
E a ch ... 1.729 1.627 1.607 1.666 1.601 1.629 1.631 1.686 1.629 1.642 1.712 1.683 1.844 1.864 1.771 1.765 1.834
.215
.237
Y ard... .238
.220
.198
.190
.242
.201
.201
.210
.202
.201
.291
.241
.240
.238
.234
. . . d o . .. .985
.960
.848
.910
. 9S0
320
717
.975
.975
1 217
Pair__ 4.916 4.628 4.511 4.476 4.385 4.365 5.346 5.393 4.838 4.584 4.501 4.758 4.984 4.987 5.490 4.906 4.774
San Francisco, Calif.
[293]
Calico, 24 to 25 inch............................
Percale..
Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 in ch ........
Gingham, dress, 27-inch...................
Gingham, dress, 32-inch...................
Muslin, bleached................................
Sheeting, bleached, 9-4.....................
Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90................
Outing flannel, 27 to 28 in ch ............
Flannel, white, wool, 27-inch........
Blankets, cotton, 66 fey 80................
Y ard...
.. .d o __
.. . d o . ..
. . .d o . . .
. . .d o . ..
. . .d o . ..
. . .d o . ..
E ach ...
Y ard...
- d o ...
Pair__
$0.372
.175
.254
.581
.235
.725
1.957
.323
1.625
5.920
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Y ard...
. . .d o __
...d o ...
. . .d o . . .
. . .d o . . .
. . .d o . . .
. . -d o .. .
E a ch ...
Y ard...
. . .d o . . .
Pair__
Savannah, Ga.
Springfield, 111.
SO. 144
305
.154
.275
.220
.756
1.816
.232
900
4.631
Scranton, Pa.
$0.100 SO. 100 SO. 100
30 150 SO 125 |0 12.1 5fO 155
.322
.337
.334 SO. 329 SO. 301 $0.257 SO. 257 SO. 230 $0. 250 SO. 263 SO. 245
.247
. 247
.290
.250
.165
.165
.175
.150
.190
.158
.150
.150
.155
.172
.175
.161
.159
.158
.158
.259
.258
.261
.261
.247
.247
.243
.252
.248
.248
.268
.250
.246
.242
.251
.571
.527
.600
.578
.550
.503
.460
.538
.537
.494
.486
.492
.470
.548
.512
.225
.222
.240
.225
.199
.209
.225
.243
.221
.223
.222
.252
.229
.219
.244
.687
.687
.725
.775
.735
.620
.608
.520
.645
.699
.713
.695
. 705
.679
.730
1.782 1.768 1.763 1.846 1.693 1.630 1.370 1.401 1.559 1.671 1.723 1.856 1.756 1.783 1.816
.269
.254
.243
.209
.211
.250
.246
249
.208
.201
.206
.211
.236
.191
.216
1.250 1.750 1.175 1.125 1.125
.890
.890
.785
.785
.990
.865
.845
. 953
5.104 5.073 4.955 4.955
4.500
3.750 4.316
4.707 3.990 4.559 4.769
Seattle W ash.
Calico, 24to 25in c h .................. .
Percale..................................................
Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 in ch ........
Gingham, dress, 27-inch...................
Gingham, dress, 32-inch...................
Muslin, bleached................................
Sheeting, bleached, 9-4.....................
Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90................
Outing flannel, 27 to 28 in ch ............
Flannel, w hite, wool, 27-inch..........
Blankets, cotton, 66 fey 80................
S a lt Lake City, U tah.
301911
247
169
.248
.484
.220
.758
1.809
.215
903
4.671
241
.175
.255
.490
.236
.745
1.828
.215
4.238
W ashington, D.
SO. 150 SO. 145 SO. 130 SO. 130 SO. 117 SO. 117 SO. 136 SO. 134 SO. 126 SO. 129 SO. 124 SO. 115 $0.170 SO. 160 $0.160 SO. 160 80.160
.279
.317
.283
.275
.279
.275
.264
.258
.249
.243
270
.244
.245
.267
.277
. 267
.269
.192
.192
.183
.196
.206
.173
.175
.190
.168
.168
.171
.179
.166
.170
.168
.165
.168
.244
.242
.259
.245
. 245
.239
.259
.228
.253
.240
.248
.244
.263
.255
.261
.283
.275
.543
.537
. 555
.564
.540
.399
.533
.435
.411
.438
.411
.396
.511
.498
.498
.500
.498
.235
.242
.251
.237
.245
. 235
.199
.228
.206
.210
.200
.196
.213
.214
.204
.227
.201
.708
.708
.704
.717
.753
.710
.605
.653
.646
.653
. 659
.672
.683
.669
.675
.702
.680
1.800 1.785 1.840 1.827 1.883 1.800 1.752 1.617 1.589 1.627 1.706 1.594 1.652 1.598 1.624 1.712 1.625
.237
.239
.241
.263
.236
.233
.221
.211
.235
.227
.218
.215
.246
.198
. 192
.199
.202
1.225 1.288 1.138 1.138 1.138 1.075
.750
.750
.575
.717
.750
.725
.875
.826
.796
.851
980
4.700 4.479 4.700 4.621 4.707 4.707 4.917 4.203 4.069 4.124 4.108 4.085 5.592 5.403 5.065 4.986 4.562
$0 255
RETAIL PRICES OE DRY GOODS.
Calico, 24 to 25 inch............................
Percale..................................................
Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 inch........
Gingham, dress, 27-inch....................
Gingham, dress, 32-inch...................
Muslin, bleachecl................................
Sheeting, bleached, 9-4.....................
Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90................
Outing flannel, 27 to 28in ch ............
Flannel, white, wool, 27-inch........
Blankets, cotton, 66 by 80................
St. Paul, Minn.
.173
.268
.465
.203
.662
1.630
.202
.997
4.296
cs
co
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
64
Changes in Cost of Living in the United States.
H E Bureau of Labor Statistics has secured data on cost of living
for June, 1922, the results of which are shown in the following
tables. The inform ation is based on actual prices secured
from m erchants and dealers for each of the periods nam ed. The
lices of food and fuel and light in each city are furnished the
bureau in accordance w ith arrangem ents m ade w ith establishm ents
through personal visits of the bureau’s agents. In each city food
prices are secured from 15 to 25 m erchants and dealers, and fuel
and light prices from 10 to 15 firms, including public utilities. All
other d a ta are secured by special agents of the bureau who visit
the various m erchants, dealers, and agents, and secure the figures
directly from th e n records. Four quotations are secured in each
city (except in G reater New York, where five are obtained), on
each of a large num ber of articles of clothing, furniture, and miscel
laneous items. R ental figures are secured for from 350 to 2,000
houses and apartm ents in each city, according to its population.
Table 1 shows the changes in the total cost of living from June,
1920, and March, 1922, respectively, to June, 1922, in 32 cities, and
in the U nited States, as determ ined by a consolidation of the figures
for the 32 cities.
T
S
T able 1.—C H A N G E S IN T O T A L COST O F L IV IN G IN S P E C IF IE D C IT IE S FR O M J U N E , 1920,
A N D FR O M M ARCH , 1922, TO JU N E , 1922.
City.
A tla n ta , G a .................................
B altim ore. M d............................
B irm ingham , A la ......................
Boston,"M ass..............................
Buffalo, N . Y .............. .............
Chicago, 111................................
C incinnati, Ohio........................
Cleveland, O h io.........................
D enver, Colo..................... ........
D etro it’ M ich............... ..............
H ouston, T e x ............................
Indianapolis, I n d ......................
Jacksonville, F la ...................
K ansas C ity, Mo........................
Los Angeles,’ Calif......................
M inneapolis, M in n ...................
Mobile, A la..................................
P e r cent
of in
P e r cent
crease ( + )
of
or de
decrease
crease (—)
June,
March,
1920, to
1922, to
Ju n e,
1922.
Ju n e,
1922.
22.5
21. 8
22.0
24.3
23.9
23.1
23. 4
23. 2
21.0
25. 7
21.8
22.5
23.5
23. 8
14. 5
IQ 3
18. 2
25.0
-0 .1
- .2
- .3
-1 .0
- .8
- .1
+ .8
+ .2
+ .3
+ .4
- .8
+ 1. 0
-1 . 4
- .3
+ .1
8
-f .3
- .3
City.
N ew O rleans, L a .......................
N ew Y ork, N . Y .......................
Norfolk, V a..................................
P hiladelphia, P a .......................
P ittsb u rg h , P a ..........................
P o rtlan d , M e............... ..............
Portland^ O reg...........................
R ichm ond, V a ............................
S t. Louis, M o....... .....................
San Francisco a n d O akland,
Calif........................................
S avannah, G a ............................
Scranton, P a ...............................
Seattle, W ash..............................
W ashington, D . C .............
U nited S ta te s.............
P e r cent
P e r cent
of in
of
crease (+ )
decrease
or de
June, crease (—)
1920, to
M arch,
June,
1922, to
1922.
June,
1922.
16.2
22.1
23. 7
21. 2
21. 0
23.1
24.1
21. 3
22.8
20.0
25.1
20.2
20.7
21.7
23.0
—0, 8
+ .5
1.1
(1)
4- .3
— .9
— .1
4- .3
+ .3
—
4—
+
4
.1
.4
.2
.5
J2
1 No change.
Table 2 shows the changes from December, 1914, to June, 1922, by
specified periods, in 19 cities.
In studying this and the following tables it should be borne in
m ind th a t the figures for the 19 cities in Table 2 are based on the
prices prevailing in December, 1914, the figures for the 13 cities in.
Table 3 are based on the prices prevailing in December, 1917, while
the figures for the U nited States, shown in Table 4, are a sum m ariza
tion of the figures in Tables 2 and 3, com puted on a 1913 base.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[294]
CHANGES IN COST OF LIVING.
65
I t will be noted th a t from the beginning of the studies to June, 1920,
there was, w ith an occasional exception, a steady increase in prices,
becoming m uch more decided during the la tte r p a rt of th a t period.
From June to December, 1920, however, there was an appreciable
drop in the figures representing the combined expenditures. While
rents and fuel and light continued to advance considerably and mis
cellaneous items to a less extent, the large decrease in food and cloth
ing and the somewhat smaller decrease in furniture and house fur
nishings had the effect of reducing the totals for December by from
2.5 to 10 per cent in the several cities below the price for June. The
figures for the period from December, 1920, to May, 1921, show a
larger decrease th an the previous six-m onth period, ranging from 7.2
to 11.9 per cent. The small decrease in furniture and furnishings and
the increase in fuel and light shown in the period from June to Decem
ber, 1920, were changed to decided decreases in the period from
December, 1920, to May, 1921, while the rapid decrease in food and
clothing shown in the former period continued. However, housing
m ade an appreciable advance while miscellaneous items increased
only slightly.
In the period from May to September, 1921, the downward, move
m ent was not so rapid as during the two previous periods, the de
creases ranging from nothing to 3.8 per cent, while the average for
the U nited S tates was 1.7 per cent.
The decrease from Septem ber to December, 1921, was also slight,
ranging from nothing to 3 per cent, the average for the U nited S tates
again being 1.7 per cent.
The decrea.se from December, 1921, to March, 1922, was more
decided, ranging from 2.3 per cent to 5.9 per cent, the average for the
U nited S tates being 4.2.
The changes from March to June, 1922, were very small, ranging
from a decrease of 1.4 per cent to an increase of 1.0 per cent, the
average based upon the figures for the 32 cities being a decrease of
0.2 per cent. I n nearly all of the cities there was a small increase in
th e cost of food and a slight decrease in clothing, fuel and light,
furniture, and miscellaneous. Housing shows a sm all increase in
several cities and a decrease in others.
T able 3 .—C H A N G E S IN COST O F L IV IN G IN 19 C IT IE S FR O M D E C E M B E R , 1914,
JU N E , 1922.
TO
Baltimore, Md.
P er cent of increase from December, 1914, to—
Ite m of expenditure.
Dec., Dec., Dec., Dec., June, Dee., June, Dec., May, Sept., Dec., Mar., June,
1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1919. 1920. 1920. 1921. 1921. 1921. 1922. 1922.
F o o d ............................. 14.1
Clothing....................... 2.7
H ousing....................... 1 .2
Fuel a n d lig h t............
.5
F u rn itu re an d furnishings.................... 5.6
Miscellaneous............. 1 1.4
20.9
24.0
.9
9.1
64.4 96.4 91.1 92.5 110.9 75.6 43.4 48.6
52.1 107.7 128.9 177.4 191.3 159.5 123.2 101.5
3.0 13.8 16.8 25.8 41.6 49.5 63.0 64.0
25.5 46.0 37.1 48.1 57.6 79.0 70.9 84.9
38.3
82.0
65.2
85.5
39.9
78.9
65.4
84.8
26.4
18.5
60.8 122.3 134.6 167.0 191.8 181.9 147.5 128.7 123.7 115.0
51.3 78.7 82.8 99.4 111. 4 112.9 111.8 112.2 108.6 106.9
113.3
104.4
T o ta l................. 1 1.4
18.5
51.3
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
84.7
84.0
98.4 114.3
96.8
77.4
76.5
46.9
88.6
64.7
85.5
73.2
67.9
67.6
68
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
T able 2 .—C H A N G E S IN COST O F L IV IN G IN 19 C IT IE S FR O M D E C E M B E R , 1914, TO
J U N E , 1922—Continued.
Boston, Mass.
Per cent of increase from December, 1914, to—
Item of expenditure.
Dec., Dec., Dec., Dec., June, Dec., June, Dec., May, Sept., Dec., Mar., June,
1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1919. 1920. 1920. 1921. 1921. 1921. 1922. 1922.
F o o d ............................. 10.3
Clothing....................... 6.6
H ousing....................... i . l
Fuel and lig h t...........
1.1
F u rn itu re a n d furnishings.................... 8.4
M iscellaneous....____ 1.6
T o ta l.................
1.6
18.0 45.8 74.9 67.9 80.8 105. 0 74.4 41.9 52.1 50.4
21.9. 47.5 117. 5 137.9 192.4 211.1 192. 7 150.3 118.8 106.3
i . 1 2.8
.1
5. 1 12.2 16.2 25.8 29.8 31.6 33.8
10.5 29.2 56.6 55.0 63.2 83.6 106.0 97.8 94.4 98.5
34.3
98.9
33.9
93.9
32.5
96.7
34.4
92.5
26.3
15.7
58.4 137.6 153. 7 198.7 233.7 226.4 171.2 139. 5 136.9 128.1
38.1 62.0 64.8 81.1 91.8 90.6 96. 2 94.6 93.0 91.6
124.2
89.5
15.7
38.1
70.6
72.8
92.3 110.7
97.4
74.4
72.8
70.2
61.2
59.6
50.8
96.5
61.7
79.7
Buffalo, N. Y.
F o o d .............................
C lothing.......................
H ousing.......................
Fuel and lig h t...........
F u rn itu re a n d furnishings...................
Miscellaneous.............
2.4
8.9
1.2
1.3
30.1
29.6
4.7
9.3
64.1 87.8 82.9 94.7 115. 7 78.5 37.7 49.9
58.5 123. 1 140.7 190.8 210.6 168.7 131.6 102.4
9.4 20.7 28.0 29.0 46. 6 48.5 61. 1 61.7
23. 5 49.3 51.9 55.7 69.8 74.9 73.9 79.5
39.4
87.7
61.9
78.8
38.5
83.6
64.7
78.8
7.1
3.5
24.1
24.4
50.2 106.3 118.1 165.4 199.7 189.2 151.3 130.9 124.7 115.5
51.1 76.0 78.7 90.3 101.9 107.4 107.8 105.7 103.0 99.5
108.0
97.9
T o ta l.................
3.5
24.4
51.1
80.9
84.2 102.7 121.5 101.7
80.3
78.4
76.8
69.9
68.6
51.3
86.0
79.8
67.1
48.3
74.3
83.9
69.4
Chicago, III.
F o o d .............................
C lothing.......................
H ousing.......................
Fuel a n d lig h t............
F u rn itu re an d furnishings...................
Miscellaneous.............
2.7
7.5
! .1
i.9
25.2
24.2
.7
6.6
53.4 78.7 73.3 93.1 120.0 70.5 41.9
50.6 138.9 157.1 224.0 205.3 158.6 122.7
1. 4
2.6
8.0 14.0 35.1 48.9 78. 2
19.3 37.1 35.7 40. 1 62.4 83.5 65.3
38.3
66.8
84. 1
54.8
41.6
63.0
87.4
55.4
5.9
3.0
20.0
19.5
47.5 108.9 126. 9 176.0 215.9 205. 8 162.4 138.0 133.7 114.5
41.8 58.7 61.7 84.3 87.5 96.5 98.5 97.5 94.5 92.7
108.5
87.9
T o ta l.................
3.0
19.5
41.8
72.2
74.5 100.6 114.6
93.3
78.4
75.3
72.3
65.1
65.0
Cleveland, Ohio.
F o o d .............................
Clothing.......................
H ousing.......................
Fuel arid lig h t............
F u rn itu re a n d furnish in g s...................
Miscellaneous.............
1.4
2.0
.1
.3
26.4
18.0
.9
10.0
54.3 79.4 79. 7 92.9 1IS. 7 71.7 37.4
43.7 102.6 125. 2 171,2 185.1 156. 0 124. 0
11.3 16.5 21. 8 39.9 47.3 80.0 88.1
26.8 51.9 47.9 62.9 90.3 94.5 89.6
47.7 40.9 29.8
90.8 85. 3 77.4
82.8 81.2 72.0
91.9 103.8 102.2
34.6
72.4
69.6
102. 2
4.7
1.4
19.7
19.1
47.8 102.4 117.0 112.3 12a 1 121.3 86.8 67.9 60.5 50.5
42.9 67.1 74.7 85.9 117.9 134.0 129.6 123.4 123. 2 111.1
50.0
110.7
T o tal.................
1.4
19.1
42.9
71.4
77.2
95.1 116.8 104.0
84.7
79.9
76.4
66.2
66.6
54.3
99.9
96.6
81.9
47.3
92.5
91.1
77.5
T o tal.................
4.1
2.3
2.1
1.6
26.5
18.9
17. 5
9.9
59.7 82. 5 86.4 99.5 132. 0 75.0 41.1
46. 7 113. 8 125.2 181.8 208. 8 176.1 134.1
32.6 39.0 45. 2 60.2 68.8 108.1 101.4
30.2 47.6 47.6 57.9 74.9 104. 5 83.6
36.5
82.7
88.0
74.0
43.1
81.4
86.9
75.2
8.7
3.5
24.5
22.3
50.4 107.3 129.3 172.6 206. 7 184.0 134.0 102.9 96.8 82.6
49.9 72.6 80.3 100.1 141.3 144.0 140.1 131.9 130.7 126.3
76.0
121.3
22.3
49.9
Ot
F o o d ............................
Clothing.......................
H ousing.......................
Fuel arid lig h t............
F u rn itu re and furnishings...................
Miscellaneous.............
CO
Detroit, Mich.
78.0
84.4 107.9 136.0 118.6
1 Decrease.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[296]
93.3
88.0
82.4
74.6
75.3
67
CHANGES IN COST OE LIVING.
T a b l e 2 . — C H A N G E S IN COST OF
L IV IN G IN 19 C IT IE S FR O M D E C E M B E R , 1914, TO
JU N E , 1912— C o n tin u ed .
Houston, Tex.
Per cent of increase from December, 1014, to —
Ite m of expenditure.
Dec., Dec., Dec., Dec., June, Dec., June, Dec., May, Sent., Dec., Mar., June,
1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1919. 1920. 1920. 1921. 1921. 1921. 1922. 1922.
F o o d ............................. 1 1.0
Clothing....................... 2.7
H ousing....................... 1 2.3
Fuel and lig h t............ 1.9
F u rn itu re a n d furnish in g s................... 6.1
Miscellaneous.............
1.3
19.9
25.0
1 7.3
8.3
57.3 86.1 85.7 97.5 107.5 83.2 45.6 49.7 50.1
51.5 117.3 134. 8 192.0 211.3 187. 0 143. 4 111.5 104.9
1 7.7 1 1.7
1.9 13.4 25. 3 35.1 39.4 39.4 39.8
22.7 47.5 37.6 60.0 55.1 74.2 46.0 39.0 39.4
40.2
98.8
39.5
34.4
38.9
98.4
38.5
32.9
29.6
16.4
62.3 119.9 144.5 181.8 213.9 208. 2 173. 7 156. 7 148.2 137. 5
44.9 67. 6 72.3 88.2 90.4 103.9 100.8 100.0 99.0 96.0
133.7
94.0
T o ta l.................
16.4
44.9
1.3
75.7
80.2 101.7 112.2 104.0
79.7
75.0
73.6
67.2
65.9
1 0.3 17.6 50.8 76.2 74.2 80.9 90.1 65. 6 32.6 43.1 40.6 30.0
10.5 33.7 71.9 130.5 139. 8 217. 2 234. 0 209.3 167. 5 131.1 117.9 104.8
1 6.9 118.2 U8.7
5.9
9.7 22.0 28.9 34.1 36.5 37.7 38.3 37.6
2.3 15.1 55.2 49.2 64.1 72.6 92.6 80.7 68.1 68.9 61.6
(*)
30.6
99.9
35.3
58.9
Jacksonville, Fla.
F o o d .............................
Clothing.......................
H ousing.......................
Fuel and lig h t............
F u rn itu re a n d furnishings...................
Miscellaneous.............
T o tal.................
15.1
1.3
43.4
14.7
73.7 126.5 140.0 186.2 224.2 222.3 182. 7 140.9 134.9 122.0
41.6 60.5 65. 9 80.9 102.8 105. 6 107.5 100.9 99.3 98. 7
1.3
14.7
41.6
71.5
77.5 101.5 116.5 106.2
115.3
95.5
85.8
78.7
75.1
68.0
65.7
33.4 61.8 60.7 71. 0 90. 8 62. 7 33.2
45.0 109. 1 123.3 167. 6 184.5 168. 6 127.4
1 .6
4.4
8.7 26.8 42.6 71.4 85.3
10.4 18.3 18.6 35.3 53. 5 53.5 52.7
39.3
98.3
86. 0
52.7
3?. 4
94. 3
90.1
52.7
27.5
84.4
98.0
48.4
30.6
81.3
95.6
39.1
56.4 118.5 134. 2 175. 5 202.2 202.2 156. 6 148.4 143.2 133.7
28.9 52.0 59.1 76.9 86.6 100.6 96.8 98. 8 99.6 104, 0
128.8
103.8
Los Angeles, Calif.
F o o d ............................. 1 4.1
0.4
C lothing....................... 2. 8 14.3
H ousing....................... 1 2.7 1 2. 5
.4
Fuel and lig h t............
2.3
F u rn itu re an d furnishings................... 6.3 23.1
Miscellaneous............. 1 1.9
7.7
T o ta l................. I 1.9
7.7
28.9
58.0
65.1
85.3 101.7
96.7
78.7
76.8
76.4
72.4
72.5
F ood............................. i 1.0 19.9 57.3 80.6 83.6 98.4 110.5 73.5 39.1 43.7
9.0 38.8 86.0 94.0 123. 7 137.4 122.2 90.6 68. 1
Clothing....................... 2.0
H ousing....................... 1 1.9 1 4.3 1 3.6 11.2 11.9 29.6 34.6 53.6 53.3 53. 1
Fuel and lig h t............ (2)
8.8 27.1 57.1 66. 6 75. 6 86.3 122.3 102.1 97.2
F u rn itu re an d fur4. 1 15.3 42.8 108. 3 113.9 163.3 177.9 175.4 140. 7 124.3
nishings...................
Miscellaneous............. 1 .4 13.8 43.2 72.4 75.3 87.0 100.3 100.7 96.9 96.1
42.4
57. 7
49.9
98.2
32.3
50.3
48.4
86.1
33.2
49.7
47.7
84.4
116.9
94.3
98.2
89.6
97.8
87.5
63.6
55.8
55.3
Mobile, Ala.
T o tal.................
1 .4
13.8
43.2
71.4
76.6
94.5 107.0
93.3
70.8
67.2
Neiv York, N. Y.
F ood........................... .
Clothing......................
H ousing............... —
F uel and lig h t...........
F u rn itu re a n d fu r
nishings ...................
Miscellaneous.............
1.3
4.8
1. 1
1 .1
16.3
22. 3
1. 1
11.0
55.3 82.6 75.3 91.0 105. 3 73.5 42.5 50.3 51.8 36.5
54. 2 131.3 151.6 219. 7 241.4 201.8 159.5 131.5 117.8 107.1
2.6
6. 5 13.4 23.4 32.4 38.1 42. 2 44.0 53. 7 54. 5
19.9 45.5 45.4 50.6 60. 1 87.5 95.9 92.4 90.7 89.4
40.0
103.0
55.7
89.0
8.4
2.0
27.6
14.9
56.5 126.5 136.6 172.9 205.1 185.9 156.5 136.7 132.0 122.3
44.7 70.0 75.1 95.8 111.9 116.3 117.6 117. 8 116.9 113.2
118.3
112.8
T o ta l............... .
2.0
14.9
44.7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 Decrease.
77.3
79.2 103.8 119.2 101.4
81.7
No change.
79.7
79.3
69.9
70.7
MONTHLY LABOK EEVIEW.
T able 2 .—C H A N G E S IN CO ST OF L IV IN G IN 19 C IT IE S FR O M D E C E M B E R , 1914, TO
J U N E , 1922—C ontinued.
Norfolk, Va.
P er cent of increase from December, 1914, to—
Item of expenditure.
Dec., Dec., Dec., Dec., June, Dec., June, Dec., M ay, Sept., Dee., M ar., June;
1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1919. 1920. 1920. 1921. 1921. 1921. 1922. 1922.
F o o d ................. ...........
C lothing.......................
H ousing.......................
F uel an d lig h t............
F u rn itu re an d furnish in g s....................
Miscellaneous.............
0.8
.8
.1
(2)
.6
.6
T o tal.................
.6
31.9
81.8
91.7
93.5
33.5
77.6
88.1
87.7
8.7
14.7
39.0 105.5 110.7 143.6 165.0 160.5 129.0 110.5 106.1 95. 0
45.2 76.8 83.7 97.5 108.4 108.3 106.3 112.5 109.3 102.6
88.4
100.8
14.7
45.2
22.4 63.9
6.0 31.6
i 1.7 1 1.7
17.0 33.3
86.2 89.8 91.5 107.6 76.3 45.4 50.2
94.6 104. 8 158.4 176.5 153.6 121.6 -93.9
39. 0 46.5 63.3 70.8 90.8 94.6 94.6
74.6 69.7 89.9 110.6 128.9 97.3 98.1
80.7
87.1 107.0 122.2 109.0
88.1
83.9
43.4
90.2
93.4
91.6
79.2
71.3
69.5
Philadelphia, Pa.
F o o d .............................
Clothing.......................
H ousing.......................
Fuel a n d lig h t............
F u rn itu re and furnish in g s...................
Miscellaneous.............
0.3
3.6
i.3
1 .8
18.9
16.0
1 .7
5.4
54.4 80.7 75.5 87.2 101.7 68.1 37.8 44.6 43.9
51.3 111.2 135. 9 190.3 219.6 183.5 144.7 112. 2 104.6
2.6
8.0 11.3 15.7 28.6 38.0 44.2 47.1 48.1
21.5 47.9 43.3 51.3 66. 8 96.0 85.6 89.3 92.0
34.4
96.2
48.7
89.7
38.1
89.5
49.6
85.7
6.9
1.2
19.9
14.7
49.8 107. 7 117. 8 162.8 187.4 183.4 135.5 109.1 101.6 91.7
43.8 67.5 71.2 88.6 102.8 122.3 119.2 116.4 116.2 113.8
90.0
112.3
T o ta l.................
1.2
14.7
43.8
79.8
76.0
74.3
68.2
68.2
86.8 80.6 91.9 114.5 78.7 46.7
85.8 103.8 148.5 165.9 147. 8 116.3
2. 5
5.7 10.7 14. 5 20.0 23.1
67.7 58.4 69.8 83.9 113. 5 96.8
56.8
96.6
23.3
90.9
54.8
88.1
26.6
94.0
73.9
76.2
96.5 113.5 100.7
Portland, Me.
F o o d ............................. 12.0
Clothing....................... 2.1
H ousing.......................
.2
.4
Fuel an d lig h t............
F u rn itu re an d furn ish in g s................... 6.2
Miscellaneous.............. 1 .4
18.6
9.7
.6
11.4
49.8
32. 8
2.4
28.9
39.2
81.0
27. 0
93.8
39.9
76.7
24.8
96.1
20.9
13. 8
43.5 110.8 126.4 163.7 190.3 191.2 152.2 139.1 123.6 110.6
38.0 65.6 72.1 83.2 89.4 94.3 94.1 94.1 91.2 89.5
108.1
88.2
1 .4
13.8
38.0
T o ta l.................
93.1
72.1
72.0
69.2
60.7
59.7
70.6 67.1 81.6 107.1 60.9
96.6 115.5 142.1 158.6 122.1
12.3 20.2 27.7 33.2 36. 9
30.9 31.3 42.3 46.9 65.9
26.0
91.2
42.9
67.1
35.9
70.4
43.3
58.9
33.1
65.3
43.3
59.4
24.6
55.5
43.2
56.2
26.5
53.2
43.3
50.3
54.5 109.0 122.1 145.1 183.9 179.9 148.0 126.9 121.9 104.6
31.2 57.9 62.3 71.6 79.7 81.1 81.1 80.9 80.0 78.9
101.9
78.5
72.2
74.3
91.6 107.6
Portland, Oreg.
F o o d .............................
C lothing.......................
H ousing.......................
Fuel a n d l i g h t . ..........
F u rn itu re an d furnish in g s...................
Miscellaneous.............
9.8 42.2
13.8
3.0 15.8 44.4
U 0 .9 119.6 122. 2
3.4 20.2
11.0
2.9
13.1
18.0
6.1
T o tal................. 13.1
6.1
58.3
52.3
52.1
9.6 35.9 66.2 63.3 74.2 93.9 64.9 33.3 40.6 40.4
14.5 43.6 109.0 134.6 170.4 191.0 175.9 140. 9 110.1 106.3
9 .4 15.0 21.7 23.6 25.8
4.7
12.5 i 4.0 13.9 1 3 .5
4.6 14.4 30.1 28.9 41.3 47.2 66.3 63.3 65.3 65.3
29.6
97.8
27.7
65.3
31.1
90.7
29.4
59.5
48.2 103.4 116.6 143.8 180.1 175.6 143.9 121.7 113.9 105.6
28.6 50.5 61.0 74.7 79.6 84.8 84.4 87.4 86.8 84.4
104.4
83.7
57.5
56.8
31.2
64.2
69.2
83.7 100.4
80.3
62.2
60.5
San Francisco and Oakland, Calif.
F o o d ............................ 14.3
Clothing....................... 2.5
H ousing....................... i .7
Fuel a n d lig h t............ i .1
F u rn itu re an d fu r
nishings ................... 6.0
Miscellaneous............. 1 1.7
T o tal................. 1 1.7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
21.7
8.3
8.3
28.6
57.8
65.6
87.8
96.0
85.1
66.7
2 No change.
1 Decrease.
[298]
64.6
63.6
CH A N G ES I N COST OF L IV IN G .
69
T able 2 .—C H A N G E S IN COST O F L IV IN G IN 19 C IT IE S FR O M D E C E M B E R , 1911, TO
J U N E , 1922—C oncluded.
Savannah, Ga.
\
P er cen t of increase from December, 1914, to—
Ite m of expenditure.
Dec., D ee., Dec., Dec., June, Dec., June, Dec., May, Sept., Dec., Mar., June,
1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1919. 1920. 1920. 1921. 1921. 1921. 1922. 1922.
F ood............................. 10.3
C lothing.......................
.8
H ousing....................... 11.4
Fuel and lig h t............ 11.3
F u rn itu re a n d furnish in g s.................. 1.8
Miscellaneous............. 1 .2
T o tal............... .
1 .2
17.0 50.8 76.2 74.2 80.9 91.7 63.5 28.7 36.8
21.1 56.6 133.6 146.3 195.9 212.1 171.5 133.2 101.3
13.0 14.3
5.9 10.2 22.0 33.5 58.6 61.9 60.6
11.7 121.1 37.5 35.5 52.2 65.3 94.4 74.2 66.4
16.7
74.1
58.8
65.3
22.7
71.7
57.8
55.2
12.8
14.5
50.7 128.6 136.5 182.1 207.2 206.6 175.9 150.2 133.7 126.0
42.5 67.3 71.2 82.0 83.8 91.5 93.0 88.0 87.4 84.6
120.1
81.1
14.6
42.5
75.0
79.8
98.7 109.4
98.7
33.7
84.2
60.9
66.1
77.6
71.3
66.2
56.9
56.8
72.5 69.3 80.9 102.3 54.1 27.1
88.0 110.2 154. 5 173.9 160.5 128.7
44.3 51.5 71.5 74.8 76.7 74.8
51.8 51.8 63.8 65.8 78.7 78.7
34.9
93.5
71.3
77.3
30.5
88.7
69.2
69.0
Seattle, Wash
F o o d ............................. 12.8
C lothing....................... 1.2
H ousing...................... 12.4
Fuel a nd lig h t............
1.2
F u rn itu re a n d furnishings...................
8.5
Miscellaneous............. il.O
8.5
11.3
15.4
2.9
38.7
36.4
1. 6
23.9
27.1
79.8
67.0
66.8
30.0
78.0
64.7
64.3
27.4
7.4
52.3 141.5 154.4 201.0 221.2 216.4 177. 2 151.7 149.9 142.4
31.1 58.5 71.4 86.8 90.4 95.5 105.5 105.5 102.6 99.2
137.3
97.6
T o tal................ il.O
7.4
31.1
69.9
76.9
97.7 110.5
94.1
80.2
75.5
71.5
67.4
67.0
(4)
(*)
15.7 61.1 90.9 84.6 93.3 108.4 79.0 47.4
23.2 60.1 112.6 109.5 165.9 184.0 151.1 115.9
13.7 13.4 1 1.5 1 1.4
5.4 15.6 24.7 28.8
7.3 24.9 40.9 41.8 42.8 53.7 68.0 57.1
59.1
89.8
29.1
57.6
51.1
87.1
30.4
49.9
40.8
79.8
31.3
47.1
44.3
77.5
31.4
44.5
30.5
15.3
72.1 127.4 126.0 159.3 196.4 194.0 149.0 132.1 122.4 110.4
44.3 55.9 57.4 62.7 68.2 73.9 72.0 70.5 75.8 73.7
10S.1
73.7
14.6
47.3
Washington, D. C.
F o o d ........................... 0.6
C lothing....................... 3.7
H ousing....................... 11.5
Fuel a n d lig h t............ (2)
F u rn itu re a n d fu r
nishin g s................... 6.3
.4
Miscellaneous.............
T o ta l.................
1.0
73.8
71.2
87.6 101.3
87.8
67.1
66.2
63.0
56.8
57.6
Table 3 shows the changes in the cost of living from December,
1917, to June, 1922, in 13 cities. The table is constructed in the
same m anner as the preceding one and differs from it only in the
base period, and in the length of time covered.
T able 3 .—C H A N G E S IN COST O F L IV IN G IN 13 C IT IE S FR O M D E C E M B E R , 1917, TO
J U N E , 1922.
Atlanta, Ga.
P er cent of increase from December, 1917, to—
Ite m of expenditure.
Dee.,
1918.
June,
1919.
Dec.,
1919.
June,
1920.
Dec.,
1920.
May,
1921.
Sept.,
1921.
F o o d ...............................................
C lothin g ........................................
H ousin g .........................................
F u e l a n d lig h t.............................
F u rn itu re an d furnishings.......
M iscellaneous..............................
19.0
29.1
14.0
17.0
24.9
14.8
18.0
40.7
14.5
17.9
30. 1
21.5
27.9
66.9
32.6
30. 8
49.9
31. 7
34.0
80.5
40.4
61.0
65. 0
34.6
12.8
56.5
73.1
66.8
58.4
39. 7
1 8.9
35.2
78. S
56.1
38. 0
40.5
1 5. 8
13.6
77.0
46.6
25.3
39.4
T o ta l...................................
19.7
23.3
37.9
46.7
38.5
25.2
20.7
1 Decrease.
2 No change.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Dee.,
1921.
17.2 111.9
8.3
1.9
75.4
72.2
43.7
34.8
16.1
23.0
36.1
39.7
18.7
4 Figures in th is colum n are for A pril, 1919.
6 Figures in th is colum n are for N ovem ber, 1919.
[299]
M ar.,
1922.
13.8
June,
1922.
110.5
.4
68.1
39. 1
15.2
34.5
13.7
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
70
T able 3 .—C H A N G ES IN COST O F L IV IN G IN 13 C IT IE S FR O M D E C E M B E R , 1917. TO
JU N E , 1922—C ontinued.
Birmingham, Ala.
Per cent of increase from D ecember, 1917, to—
Item of expenditure.
Dec.,
1918.
June,
1919.
Dec.,
1919.
June,
1920.
Dec.,
1920.
F oo d ...............................................
C lo th in g ........................................
H ousing.........................................
F uel a n d lig h t.............................
F u rn itu re a n d furnishings.......
M iscellaneous..............................
17.7
23.9
8.1
22.8
19.4
13.8
18.3
29.8
12.8
31.9
20.2
16.3
26.5
57.6
34.9
39.8
45.1
26.8
36.4
66.4
40.3
55.3
55. 6
28.7
11.9
45.1
68.5
74.2
48.1
30.4
1 9.1
24.8
77.4
54.3
32.0
33.8
16.2
6.7
76.5
53.1
15.0
35.9
i 8.5 1 14.0
1 .4
i 5. 2
70.9
67.5
44.1
29.8
12.0
3.0
35.5
31.8
T o ta l...................................
17.0
19.8
34.3
41.9
33.3
22.1
19.6
16.2
11.0
10.7
May, 'S ept.,
1921. 1921.
Dec.,
1921.
Mar.,
1922.
June,
1922.
1 13.1
i 6.1
67.0
25.0
3.3
30.4
Cincinnati, Ohio.
F oo d ...............................................
C lothing........................................
H ousing.........................................
F uel an d lig h t.............................
F u rn itu re an d furnishings.......
M iscellaneous..............................
15.3
33.8
.2
10.0
25. 7
20.4
18.1
48.3
.8
5.6
30.5
21.8
22.9
84.2
12.8
11.0
51. 1
40.3
38.7
96.7
13.6
26.9
75.5
47.6
10.3
73.5
25.0
34.1
66.7
53.4
1 7.4
49.0
27.6
15.7
39.7
52.3
i 2.2
22.6
28.2
15.6
25.2
48. 2
i 8.3
13.9
28.5
42.4
22.3
47.3
i 12.4
6.7
30.3
35.6
16.7
44.4
i 8.9
4.9
31.0
35.2
15.8
44.0
T o tal...................................
17.3
21.1
35.2
47.1
34.7
21.7
18.3
15.3
11.8
12.7
Denver, Colo.
F o o d ...............................................
C lothing........................................
H ousing.........................................
F u e l an d lig h t.............................
F u rn itu re an d furnishings.......
M iscellaneous..............................
20.0
40.1
12.8
8. 1
22.6
14.8
20.7
53.2
21.8
8.4
31.3
17.7
26.0
82.1
33. 5
19.6
46.3
32.3
41.5
98.8
51.9
22.3
60.2
35.4
7.9 i 13.1
78.3
53.9
69.8
76.9
47. 1 37.5
58.9
42.5
38.8
42.8
i 7.8
33.7
80. 1
40.0
32.5
44.1
*8.8
27.7
82.6
39.7
27.9
43.1
117.6
18.3
84.4
33.1
21.1
40. 2
1 14.2
15.3
84.8
32.8
20.4
38.1
T o ta l...................................
20.7
25.3
38.2
50.3
38.7
28.9
26.1
24.5
18.5
18.8
Indianapolis, Ind.
F ood...............................................
C lothing........................................
H ousing.........................................
Fuel a n d lig h t.............................
F u rn itu re an d furnishings.......
M iscellaneous..............................
17.8
32. 4
1.6
19.8
18.9
21.9
16.4
40. 1
2.6
16.7
24.8
26.8
28.2
73. 8
11.6
27.3
48.4
38.2
49.0
87.9
18.9
45. 6
67. 5
40.5
11.0
72.3
32.9
60.3
63.0
47.5
i 10.1
45. 8
37. 4
49.4
35. 3
47.4
12.1
21. 5
41. 4
47. 5
25.0
46. 5
i 8.4
16.2
43.8
42.5
22.5
46.2
i 13.4
10.9
42.2
34.8
13.9
45.8
i 9.9
7.9
41.3
44.9
13.7
45.4
T o tal...................................
19.1
21.1
36.5
50.2
37.6
23.9
22.6
19.3
15.3
16.4
i 13.5
15.9
59. 4
36.3
11.6
32.3
Kansas City, Mo.
F ood...............................................
C lothing........................................
H ousing.........................................
Fuel a n d lig h t..............................
F u rn itu re and furnishings.......
M iscellaneous...............................
17.3
40.7
5. 4
18. 0
31.1
15.6
15.1
44.7
6. 7
9.6
37.9
20.8
24.5
89. 9
26.0
27.5
61. 8
31.5
44.9
104.5
29. 4
35.2
73. 0
37.1
10.2
76.3
63.9
55.1
68.7
40.3
i 8.3
52.3
65.0
43.3
50.0
40. 4
i 4.3
27.9
66. 2
43. 7
32.8
38.2
i 6.6 i 15.7
24. 1
17.4
69. 7
64.8
42.6
36.0
26. 2
15.2
37.6
33.1
T o tal...................................
19.6
20.6
38.2
51.0
39.5
27.3
23.9
22.5
1 Decrease.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[300]
15.3
15.0
71
C H A N G ES I N COST OF L IV IN G .
T a b l e 3 .—CH AN G ES
IN COST O F L IV IN G IN 13 C IT IE S FR O M D E C E M B E R ; 1917, TO
JU N E , 1922—C ontinued.
Memphis, Tenn.
P er cent of increase from D ecember, 1917, to—
Ite m of expenditure.
Dec.,
1918.
June,
1919.
Dec.,
1919.
June,
1920.
Food...............................................
C lothing........................................
H ousing.........................................
Fuel a n d lig h t..............................
F u rn itu re a n d furnishings........
M iscellaneous.......... ...................
20.3
27.7
(2)
26. 8
25.4
16.1
22.7
38.3
8.2
23. 4
30.7
20.9
28.4
66.2
23.1
34.1
53. 2
28.3
38.8
77.5
35.9
49.7
67.1
38.8
T o tal...................................
18.3
23.3
35.2
46.4
Dec.,
1920.
May,
192i.
7.0 114.2
59.0
36.1
66. 2 79.7
105.4
64.5
53. 9
29.9
43.2
42.9
39.3
Dec.,
1921.
Mar.,
1922.
June,
1922.
19.2 111.2
20.2
15.3
77.7
77.3
66. 1 67.1
19. 2
14.7
42.2
42.3
116.1
9.3
75.5
61.8
8.9
39.9
1 15.1
7.3
74.8
56.3
6,8
37.8
19.2
18.2
Sept.,
1921.
26.7
25.1
23.2
Minneapolis, Minn.
Food...............................................
C lothing........................................
H ousing........................................
Fuel a n d lig h t.............................
F u rn itu re and furnishings........
M iscellaneous..............................
17.7
33.5
i.l
14.7
18.1
12.3
21.4
40.1
12.0
13.4
23.6
15.9
34.1
67.0
8.0
22.4
45. 6
25.4
50.0
76.7
10.7
36.9
65.5
31.3
13.0
63.6
36. 8
60.3
65.8
37.6
17.9
41.0
39.0
52. 8
43.3
37.9
13.5
18.4
44.0
50.'5
30.5
37.3
14.9 i 10.0
14.3
9.7
46. 7
46.7
50. 2
43.7
27. 9
21. 9
37.4
34.5
16.0
7.9
44.6
43.7
21.4
32.6
T o tal...................................
15.8
18.8
32.7
43.4
35.7
23.7
21.6
20.7
17.0
17.3
1 12.8
15.6
58.5
33.4
17.9
58.6
New Orleans, La.
Food...............................................
C lothing........................................
H ousing.........................................
Fuel a n d lig h t.............................
F u rn itu re a n d furnishings........
M iscellaneous...............................
16.6
36.8
(2)
19.7
23.8
15.9
17.4
48.8
.1
20.8
30.0
17.5
21.1
83.2
10.8
24.7
57.7
35.1
28.6
94.9
12.9
36.3
75.9
42.8
10.7
69.4
39.7
41.5
63.9
57.1
110.7
45.0
46.7
29.2
47.7
58.2
1 6.4
29.2
49.5
36.2
30. 7
61.0
19.3 112.0
24.9
18.9
57.9
58.2
40.4
31. 8
20. 8
28. 5
60. 2
59. 1
T o tal...................................
17.9
20.7
33.9
41.9
36.7
23.8
23.8
22.7
19.9
18.9
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Food...............................................
C lothing........................................
H ousing.........................................
Fuel an d lig h t..............................
F u rn itu re a n d furnishings.......
M iscellaneous...............................
18.8
35.9
7.6
9.2
26.3
16.3
16.2
45.3
13.5
9.4
34.1
16.7
25.1
82.8
15.5
9.8
63.1
28.3
36.5
91.3
34.9
31.7
77.4
41.2
14.3
75.4
35.0
64.4
78.1
46.3
18.8
50.7
55.5
59. 8
58. 2
48.6
1 3.0
27.2
55.5
55.6
36. 2
47.6
1 5.6
23.6
55.3
66.2
31.6
48.0
1 14.4
19.3
55.3
66.0
23.7
44.4
1 12.2
17.3
56.7
66.0
20.1
43.4
T o tal...................................
19.8
21.8
36.2
49.1
39.3
27.7
24.4
22.8
17.4
17.8
Richmond, Va.
Food...............................................
C lothing........................................
H ousin g ........................................
Fuel a n d lig h t.............................
F u rn itu re a n d furnishings........
M iscellaneous...............................
20.5
33.8
1.0
11.8
26.3
9.0
20.6
42.3
3.6
11.4
28.6
13.5
23.1
78.6
9.8
18.7
55.9
24.0
36.1
93.6
12.5
36.1
75.4
32.4
11.9
69.0
25.9
62.2
70.0
36.0
i 7.4
43.8
29.4
47.1
48.8
38.7
1 1.0
24.2
33.0
46.7
36.0
38.4
1 2.9
21.2
34.1
46.8
33.0
38.4
1 10.2
15.9
34.2
36.7
28.1
35. 5
17.8
12.9
34.5
33.4
27.6
34.7
T o ta l...................................
17.9
20.6
32.0
43.8
33.3
20.2
19.5
18.3
12.9
13.2
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 Decrease.
2 No change.
72
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
T able 3.—CH A N G ES IN COST O F L IV IN G IN 13 C IT IE S FR O M D E C E M B E R , 1917, TO
J U N E , 1922—C ontinued.
S t. Louis, Mo.
P er cent of increase from D ecember, 1917, to—
Ite m of expenditure.
Mar.,
1922.
Dec.,
1918.
June,
1919.
Dec.,
1919.
June,
1920.
F ood...............................................
Clothing
H o u sin g........................................
Fuel a n d lig h t.............................
F u rn itu re a n d furnishings........
M iscellaneous...............................
18.0
32. 4
2.7
4. 8
21.8
14.5
16.1
39. 3
3.8
3.7
32.5
15.7
26.2
78.1
16.8
8.2
52.9
30.3
46.2
89.7
29.8
19.6
73.1
37.6
8.8 1 10.1
70.0
43. 8
42.4
52.5
42.6
30.9
70.2
43.5
43.2
42.1
14.5 111,6 114.0
21.2
17.2
9.1
61.2
64.1
63.8
33.4
29.5
30.9
19.2
25.1
14.3
42.0
40.6
34.7
T o ta l...................................
16.7
17.9
34.2
48.9
35.4
23.1
22.0
18.5
14.7
15.0
Dec.,
1920.
May,
1921.
Sept.,
1921.
Dec.,
1921.
June,
1922.
112.1
7.9
65.7
31.0
12,8
33.2
Scranton, Pa.
F ood...............................................
C lothing........................................
H o u sin g........................................
Fuel a n d lig h t.............................
F u rn itu re a n d furnishings........
M iscellaneous...............................
21.3
34.4
.5
24.7
27.0
21.4
18.1
49.6
6.2
25.7
35.6
24.9
26.9
82.1
2,4
31.5
48.9
34.7
41.4
97.7
17.2
43. 5
62.8
47.9
17.8
76.5
18.5
67.3
62.0
50.4
14.0
54.3
41.5
62.8
48.6
54.6
2.8
31.3
42,2
64.8
34.6
53.8
4.1
29.1
44.6
67.1
30.7
52.4
16.8
25.2
'46.6
65.8
25.7
50.1
16.7
24.2
52.8
68.0
24.2
49.9
T o ta l...................................
21.9
25.0
37.1
51.5
39.1
28.2
26.3
26.3
20.4
20.9
1 Decrease.
The following table shows the changes in the cost of living in the
U nited States from 1913 to June, 1922. These figures are a sum
m arization of the figures for the 32 cities which appear in the preceding
tables, computed on a 1913 base.
T able 4 .—C H A N G ES IN COST O F L IV IN G IN T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S , 1913 TO JU N E 1922.
P er cen t of increase from 1913 (average) to—
Ite m of
expenditure.
Dec., Dee., Dec., Dec., Dec., June, Dec., June, Dec., May, Sept., Dec., Mar., June,
1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1919. 1920. 1920. 1921. 1921. 1921. 1922. 1922.
F ood.................
C lothing..........
H o u sin g ..........
Fuel a n d lig h t.
F u rn itu re an d
furn ish in g s..
M iscellaneous.
5.0
1.0
(i)
1.0
5.0
4.7
1.5
1.0
26.0
20.0
2.3
8.4
57.0 87.0 84.0 97.0 119.0 78.0 44.7
49.1 105. 3 114.5 168.7 187.5 158.5 122.6
.1
9.2 14.2 25.3 34.9 51.1 59.0
24.1 47.9 45.6 56.8 71.9 94.9 81.6
38.7
75. 5
60.9
75.8
41.0
72.3
60.9
74.4
4.0
3.0
10.6
7.4
27.8
13.3
50.6 113.6 125.1 163.5 192.7 185.4 147.7 124.7 118.0 106.2
40.5 65.8 73.2 90.2 101.4 108.2 108.8 107.8 106.8 103.3
102.9
101.5
T o t a l.. .
3.0
5.1
18.3
42.4
74.4
77.3
99.3 116.5 100.4
80.4
53.1
92.1
60.0
80.7
77.3
49.9
84.4
61.4
81.1
74.3
66.9
66.6
1 No change.
Wholesale Prices of Commodities, April to June, 1922.
N CONTINUATION of inform ation published in the M onthly
Labor Review for May, 1922, there are presented herew ith the
average prices in April, May, and June of the commodities
included in the revised series of index num bers of wholesale prices
constructed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. For convenience
of comparison w ith pre-war prices, index num bers based on average
prices in the year 1913 as 100 are shown in addition to the statem ent
of absolute money prices.
I
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[302]
W H O L ESA L E PRICES,
78
W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S O F CO M M O D ITIES, A P R IL TO JU N E , 1922.
Average prices.
Index num bers.
(1913=100.)
Commodity.
May,
1922.
F a r m 'p r o d u c ts .
Grains:
B arley, m alting, p er bushel, Chicago..............................
Com, p er bushel, Chicago—
C ontract g rad es..............................................................
No. 3 m ix ed .....................................................................
O ats, contract grades, p er bushel, Chicago.....................
R ye, No. 2, p er bushel, C h icag o ......................................
W heat, p e r bushel—
No. 1, n o rth e rn spring, Chicago.................................
No. 2, red w inter, Chicago...........................................
No. 2, h a rd w inter, K ansas C ity................................
No. 1, n o rth e rn spring, M inneapolis.........................
No. 1, h a rd w hite, P o rtlan d , Oreg............................
(б) L ive stock an d po u ltry :
Cattle, steers, p e r 100 pounds, C h ic ag o Choice to p rim e ..............................................................
Good t o choice...........................................] .] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]
Hogs, p e r 100 pounds, Chicago—•
H e a v y ...................................................................
L ig h t................................................................ ] ] ' ] ] ] ] ] ]
Sheep, p e r 100 p ounds, Chicago—
Ew es, nativ e, all g rad es..............................................
Lam bs, w estern, good to choice.......................
W ethers, fed, good to choice..................................
P o u ltry , liv e fowls, p e r pou n d —
Chicago............................................................
New Y o rk .............................................] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]
(c) O ther farm products:
Beans, m edium , choice, p er 100pounds, New Y o rk ...
Clover seed, contract grades, per 100 pounds, Chicago .
C otton, m iddling, p e r pound—
N ew O rleans..............................................................
N ew Y o rk ...........................................................’ " * " ’
Cotton seed, per to n , average price a t gin]........
Eggs, fresh, p e r dozen—
F irsts, w estern, B oston...........................................
F irsts, Chicago............................................... ! ! ! ! ] ! ! " ’
E x tra firsts, C incinnati.............................] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]
C andled, N ew O rleans....................................... !!*]""
F irsts, New Y o rk ............................... .] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]
E x tra firsts, w estern, P h ilad e lp h ia ................... ] ] ] ]
E x tra pullets, San F rancisco.....................................]
Flaxseed, No. 1, p e r bushel, M inneapolis...........
H a y , p er to n —
Alfalfa, No. 1, K ansas C ity..........................
Clover, m ixed, No. 1. C in cin n ati............. .] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]
T im o th y ; No. 1, Chicago.........................................]]]
H ides a n d skins, p er pound—
Calfskins, No. 1, country, Chicago............................
Goatskins, B razilian, N ew Y o rk ..................... ]]]]]]
H ides, h eav y , c o u n try cows, N o. 1, Chicago]]]]]]
H ides, packers, heavy, n a tiv e steers, C hicago....
Hides, packers, heavy, Texas steers, C hicago...
H ops, prim e to choice, p e r pound—
N ew Y ork S tate, N ew Y o rk ..................................
Pacifies, P o rtlan d , Oreg................................
Milk, fresh, p er q u a rt—
Chicago (v icin ity ).........................................................
]]]]]" ]]
New Y ork (v ic in ity )................
. San Francisco (v ic in ity )..................................]]]]]] ]
O nions, fresh, yellow, per 100 pounds, Chicago............
P ean u ts, N o. 1, p er po u n d , Norfolk, V a .....................
Potatoes—
W hite, good to choice, per 100 pounds, Chicago...
Sweet, No. 1, per five-eighth bushel, P h ilad e lp h ia .
Rice, per po u n d , N ew O rle a n s B lue Rose, head, clean ........... .....................................
H onduras, head, clean......................... ]. ] ..................
Tobacco, B urley, good leaf, d a rk red, per 100 pounds',"
Louisville, K y ................................................................
Wool, Ohio, per pound, B oston—
Fine clothing, scoured............................................
Fine delaine, scoured.......................................]! !!!!!
H alf blood, scoured.................................. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
One-fourth a n d three-eighth grades, scoured.]."."."."
(а )
1 No quotation
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
SO. 640
SO. 679
102.3
108.6
97.2
.588
.576
.393
1.043
.618
.609
.403
1.056
.609
.601
.372
.880
94.1
93.6
104.4
163.9
98.9
99.0
107.1
166.0
97.5
97.7
99.0
139.2
1.386
1.391
1.360
1.563
1.630
1.446
1.356
1.367
1.589
1.624
1.249
1.160
1.240
1.419
1.448
151.8
141.1
155.1
178.9
175.5
158.3
137.5
155.9
181.9
174.8
136.7
117.6
141.4
162.5
155.8
8.906
8.406
8.985
8.615
9.456
8.863
99.8
98.8
100.6
101.3
105.9
104.2
10. 206
10.500
10.425
10.660
10.228
10.600
122.0
124.2
124.6
126.1
122.3
125.4
6.969
13.219
9. 063
5.900
12.475
7.625
4.688
11.438
5.719
148.7
169.6
169.5
125.9
160.1
142.6
100.0
.260
.291
.258
.289
.225
.273
168.7
174.0
167.4
172.5
146.0
163.1
7.238
22.000
8.080
21.920
10.125
19.380
181.4
133.2
202.5
132.7
253.8
117.3
.168
.181
40.790
.194
.208
40.210
.217
37.710
132.4
141.5
187.2
152.5
162.9
184.5
170.6
172.7
173.1
.264
.233
.234
.260
.265
.269
.249
2.646
,270
.240
.233
. 255
.267
.275
.240
2.797
105.1
103.1
104. 5
98.9
98.7
99.2
.225
.248
.272
.244
2.469
92.9
196.2
107.4
106.4
103.9
108.8
107.2
104.3
89.6
207.3
99.5
103.2
91: 1
183.1
22.750
20.313
26.500
22.750
20.300
26.300
16.625
17.188
22.875
160.4
130.3
165.3
160.4
130.3
164.1
117.2
110.3
142.7
.131
.861
.083
.134
.127
.134
.705
.089
.146
.137
.152
.699
.107
.168
.155
69.2
54.7
72.8
70.1
71.0
99.1
58.6
79.4
75.7
80.5
98.3
70.8
91.4
85.5
.241
.190
.235
.179
.231
.130
90.6
110.5
88.2
104.0
86.9
75.6
.032
.056
.061
5.859
.039
.037
.044
.061
3.177
.039
.036
.044
.061
2.219
.036
85.7
158.1
155.4
372.7
109.3
1.606
1.244
2.250
1.250
2.994
0)
156.9
257.7
219.8
259.0
.047
.062
. 048
.062
.048
.062
122.1
122.1
27.500
27.500
27.500
208.3
208.3
208.3
1.135
1.191
.978
.727
1.162
1.191
.978
.727
1.162 183.9
1.191 1216. 6
96.8
.978
.746 151.9
188.2
216.6
196.8
151.9
188.2
216.6
196.8
155.8
.221
.249
.223
.222
2 N o 1913 base price.
111.0
106. 4
102.0
121.1
97.1
124.6
155.4
202.1
109.3
1-16.7
107.0
$
6, 0
94.4
124.6
155.4
141.1
100.3
292.4
(2)
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW .
74
W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S O F C O M M O D ITIES, A P R IL TO JU N E , 1922—Continued.
In d e x num bers.
(1913=100.)
Average prices.
Commodity.
A pril,
1922.
May,
1922.
June,
1922.
April,
1922.
May,
1922.
$0.145
.129
80.145
.141
$0.145
. 141
112.0
102.9
112.0
112.6
112.0
112.6
14.000
.309
.286
.138
14.000
.313
.295
.133
14.000
.313
.276
.096
74.0
185.8
192.5
134.1
74.0
188.3
198.4
129.8
74,0
188.4
185.6
94.0
.236
.255
.238
.255
.200
.245
159.0
167.4
159.8
167.4
134.6
160.9
26.250
.134
.142
27.000
.143
.149
29.375
.153
.157
116.8
108.7
111.4
120.2
115.5
117.0
130.7
124.1
123.2
.269
.295
.300
.266
.306
.300
.240
.288
.300
185.9
161.7
165.9
184.0
167.9
165.9
166.0
157.9
165.9
.379
. 363
.408
.430
.378
.386
.378
.349
.366
.348
.382
.405
.369
.374
.346
.374
.369
.360
.383
.404
.369
.374
. 356
.408
119.4
116.8
117.4
127. 9
117.1
118.5
122.1
110.0
115.4
112.0
110.1
120.5
114.5
114.7
112.0
117.9
116.3
115.9
110.2
120.1
114.4
114.8
115.2
128.7
.164
.177
.223
.169
.169
.193
.181
.191
.191
115.7
114.8
139.6
119.0
109.5
120.8
127.9
124.1
119.8
5.000
3.850
4.875
3.820
4.875
3.850
106.4
108.9
103.7
108.1
103.7
108.9
.076
.062
.066
.069
.061
.110
.108
.046
.076
.062
.066
.069
.061
.118
.110
.046
.076
.062
.058
.074
.061
.118
.110
.046
177.0
174.7
216.1
162.5
151.3
72.0
97.3
44.1
177.0
174.7
216.1
162.5
151.3
76.7
98.7
44.0
177.0
174.7
190.8
174.1
151.3
77.3
99.0
44.0
6.500
6.750
6.750
96.9
100.6
100.6
7.500
16.335
2.400
6. 013
7.500
15. 840
2.370
6.130
7.500
13.860
2.363
5.313
113.2
147.2
164.3
192.5
113.2
142.8
162.3
196.3
113.2
124.9
161.8
170.1
7.555
6. 785
8.144
7. 750
8.557
6.970
6.275
6. 640
7.500
6.675
8. 060
7.675
8.557
7.044
6.431
6.513
7.113
6.408
7.500
7.181
8.126
6.575
5. 763
5.938
188.3
176.4
177.7
175.3
190.4
152. 6
147.5
140.5
187.0
173.5
175.8
173.6
190.4
154.3
151. 2
137.8
177.3
166.5
163.6
162.4
180.8
144.0
135.5
125.6
1.950
3.100
1.960
3.220
1.975
3. 750
128.5
151.0
129.2
156.8
130.2
182.7
.185
.130
.121
.148
.184
.130
.125
.128
.179
.130
.124
.116
257.7
190.1
183.8
203.2
256.3
190.1
190.6
176.3
249.0
190.1
188.7
160.2
June,
1922.
F oods.
Meats:
Beef, fresh, per p ound—
Carcass, good n ativ e steers, Chicago.........................
Sides, n ative, New Y o rk .............................................
Beef, salt, e x tra mess, per barrel (200 pounds), New
Y ork......................................................................................
H am s, sm oked, per pound, Chicago................................
Lam b, dressed, per p ound, Chicago.................................
M utton, dressed, per p ound, New Y o rk .........................
Pork, fresh, per pound—
Loins, Chicago................................................................
Loins, w estern, New Y o rk ..........................................
Pork, cured—
Mess, salt, p er b arrel (200 pounds), New Y o rk —
Sides, rough, p er pound, Chicago..............................
Sides, short clear, p er pound, Chicago.....................
P o u ltry , dressed, per pound—
H ens, heavy, Chicago...................................................
Fowls, 48-56 p ounds to dozen, New Y o rk ...............
Veal, dressed, good to prim e, per pound, New Y o rk ..
(6) B u tte r, cheese, a n d m ilk:
B u tter, cream ery, ex tra, p er po u n d —
B oston...............................................................................
Chicago.............................................................................
C in cin n ati........................................................................
New O rleans....................................................................
New Y o rk ........ _ .............................................................
P h ilad elp h ia......................................... .........................
St. Louis...........................................................................
San Francisco..................................................................
Cheese, whole m ilk, p er po u n d —
A m erican tw ins, Chicago.............................................
State, fresh flats, colored, average, New Y o rk ----California flats, fancy, San Francisco.......................
Milk, fresh. (See F a rm products.)
Milk, condensed, case of 48 14-ounce tin s, New Y ork..
Milk, evaporated, case of 48 16-ounce tin s, New Y o r k ..
(c> O ther foods:
Beans, m edium , choice. (See F a rm products.)
B read, per pou n d —
Chicago.............................................................................
C in cin n ati........................................................................
N ew O rleans...................................................................
N ew Y o rk ........................................................................
San F rancisco...............................................................
Cocoa, beans, A rrib a, per pound, N ew Y o rk ................
Coffee, Rio, No. 7, per p ound, New Y o rk ......................
Copra, S outh Sea, sun dried, per pound, New Y o r k ..
Eggs, fresh, dozen. (See F a rm products.)
F ish—
Cod, large, shore, pickled cured, p er 100 pounds,
Gloucester, M ass........................................................
Herring, large, split, per barrel (180-190 pounds),
New Y ork....................................................................
Mackerel, salt,la rg e , 3s, per barrel, B oston............
Salmon, canned, A laska, red, per dozen, fa c to ry ..
F lour, rye, w hite, per barrel, M inneapolis............... .
Flour, w heat, p e r barrel—
W inter p a te n ts, K an sas C ity .....................................
W in ter straig h ts, K ansas C ity ...................................
S tan d ard p a te n ts, M inneapolis..................................
Second p a te n ts, M inneapolis......................................
P aten ts, P o rtlan d , O reg..............................................
P a te n ts, soft, w inter, St. Louis..................................
Straights, soft, w inter, St. L ouis...............................
P a te n ts, Toledo..............................................................
F ru it, canned, per case, New Y ork—
Peaches, California, s tan d a rd 2Js..............................
Pineapple, H aw aiian, sliced, sta n d a rd 2Js.............
F ru it, dried, per pound, New Y ork—
A pples, evaporated, S tate, choice.............................
C urrants, uncleaned, b a rre ls.......................................
Prunes, California, 60-7Qs............................................
R aisins, coast, seeded, b u lk ........................................
(a )
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[304]
75
W H O L ESA L E PR IC E S.
W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S OP C O M M O D ITIES, A P R IL TO JU N E , 1922—Continued.
Index num bers.
(1913=100.)
Average prices.
Commodity.
A pril,
1922.
May,
1922.
June,
1922.
April,
1922.
May,
1922.
88.050
2.500
$8.500
2. 710
244.2
162.5
253.7
162.5
267.8
176.2
6.250
8.250
2. 650
6.531
9.188
2.795
93.6
165. 5
120.2
108.3
186.7
124.0
113.1
207.9
130.8
1.350
.119
1.250
.121
80.9
101.6
81.8
108.0
75.7
109.5
1.300
1.675
.410
1.208
1.650
.410
80.3
122.1
107.6
81.2
116.9
107.6
75.4
115.0
107.6
2.869
3.066
117.4
115.9
123.9
.175
.096
.103
.175
.100
.099
107.7
82.3
98.0
107.7
83.4
95.2
107.7
86.9
91.4
2.440
2.440
239.2
239.2
239.2
.053
.041
.073
.300
.059
.046
.077
.300
121.5
114.3
90.3
120.8
123.4
115.7
91.1
120.8
137.2
130.9
97.1
120.8
June,
1922.
F o o d s —Concluded.
(c) O ther foods—Concluded.
P ru it, fresh—
A pples, B aldw ins, per barrel, Chicago..................... 87. 750
B an an as, Jam aica 9s, per bunch, New Y o rk .......... 2. 500
Lemons, California (300-360 count), p er box,
5.406
Chicago.........................................................................
Oranges, California, choice, p er box, Chicago........ 7.313
Glucose, 42° m ixing, p er 100 pounds, New Y o rk .......... 2. 570
H om iny grits, b u lk , car lots, p er 100 pounds, f. o. b.
m ill....................................................................................... 1.336
.112
L ard , prim e, contract, per pound, New Y o rk ..............
Meal, corn, p er 100 pounds—
W hite, f. o. b. D ecatu r, III.......................................... 1.286
1.750
Yellow, P h ilad e lp h ia ...................................................
Molasses, N ew Orleans, fancy, per gallon, New Y o rk ..
.410
O atm eal, car lots, in barrels (180 pounds), p er hunaredw eight, N ew Y o rk .................................................... 2.906
O leomargarine, s tan d a rd , uncolored, per pound,
Chicago.................................................................................
.175
Oleo oil, e x tra , per pound, Chicago..................................
.095
Pepper, black, Singapore, p er pound, New Y o rk ........
.106
Rice. (See F a rm products.)
Salt, A m erican, m edium , p er barrel (280 pounds),
Chicago....................................................................... ......... 2.440
Sugar, per pound, New Y ork—
G ranulated, in b a rre ls..................................................
.052
R aw , 96° centrifugal.....................................................
.040
Tallow, edible, p er pound, Chicago..................................
.072
Tea, Form osa, fine, per pound, New Y o rk ....................
.300
V egetables, canned—
Corn, M aryland-M aine style, per dozen, New Y ork 1.000
P eas, S tate an d w estern, No. 5, per dozen, New
Y o rk ..............................................................................
1.425
Tom atoes, New Jersey, stan d a rd , No. 3, per
dozen, New Y o rk .....................................................
1.650
Vegetables, fresh. (See F a rm products.)
Vegetable oil—
Coconut, crude, per pound, Pacific coast.................
085
Corn, crude, in barrels, p er p ound, New Y o rk ----.113
Cottonseed, prim e, sum m er, yellow, p er pound,
N ew Y o rk.....................................................................
.115
Olive, edible, in barrels, p er gallon, N ew Y o rk __
1.S00
P e a n u t, crude, p er po u n d , f. o. b. m ill.....................
.100
Soya bean, crude, in barrels, p er po u n d , New
Y o rk ...............................................................................
. 113
V inegar, cider, 40 grain, in barrels, p er gallon, New
Y o rk .....................................................................................
.300
1.000
1.000
157.6
157.6
157.6
1.425
1.425
164.4
164.4
164.4
1.600
1.500
126.9
123.1
115.4
.085
.113
.085
.112
70.9
186.2
70.9
186.3
70.9
184.2
.117
1.800
.100
.112
1.800
.100
158.1
106.6
(2)
161.7
106.6
(2)
154.3
106.6
(2)
. 113
I 1)
183.8
183.8
.300
.280
268.8
268.8
250.8
1.615
1. 568
1.853
1.473
1.615
1.568
1.853
1.473
1.615
1. 568
1.853
1.473
166.5
181.7
173.2
143.4
166.5
181. 7
173.2
143.4
166.5
181.7
173.2
143.4
6.500
4. 500
2.900
4.500
3. 350
4.600
3.250
1.645
5.750
6. 500
4. 500
2.900
4.500
3.350
4.600
3. 250
1.645
5. 750
6.500
4.500
2.900
4.500
3. 350
4.600
3.250
1.645
5. 750
208.8
142.1
129.6
230.2
207.7
145.3
145.3
122.2
200.6
208.8
142.1
129.6
230.2
207. 7
145.3
145. 3
122.2
200.6
208.8
142.1
129.6
230.2
207.7
145.3
145.3
122.2
200.6
4.190
5.000
3.250
3.600
4.150
5.000
3.250
3. 600
4.150
5. 000
3.250
3.600
139.7
202.7
230.0
261.8
138.3
202.7
230.0
261.8
138.3
202.7
230.0
261.8
C lo th s a n d c lo th in g .
(a) Boots and shoes, per pair, factory:
Children's—
L ittle boys’, gun m etal, b lu c h e r............ .................
Child’s, gun m etal, polish, high c u t..........................
Misses’, black, vici, polish, high c u t.........................
Y o u th s’, gun m etal, blucher.......................................
Men’s—
Black, calf, b lu c h e r.......................................................
Black, calf, Goodyear welt, b a l..................................
Black, dress, Goodyear w elt, side le a th er...............
G un m etal, Goodyear w elt, b lu c h e r.........................
M ahogany, chrome, side, Goodyear welt, b a l........
Tan, dress, Goodyear w elt, calf..................................
Tan, dress, Goodyear w elt, side leath er...................
Tan, grain, b lucher........................................................
Vici kid, black, Goodyear w elt..................................
W omen’s—
Black, kid, Goodyear w elt, 8J-inch lace...................
K id, Goodyear w elt, 9-inch lace................................
K id, M cK ay sewed, 8 inch lace................................
P a te n t leather p u m p , M cK ay sew ed.......................
1 No quotation.
2476°—22-----6
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 No 1913 base price.
[305]
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
76
W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S O F CO M M O D ITIES, A P R IL TO JU N E , 1922—C ontinued.
In d e x num bers.
(1913=100.)
A verage prices.
Commodity.
C l o th s a n d c lo t h i n g —Concluded.
(5) Cotton goods:
Denim s, M assachusetts, 2.20 yards to th e p ound, per
yard, N ew Y o rk .................................................................
Drillings, brow n, p er yard. N ew Y ork—
M assachusetts D stan d ard , 30-inch...........................
Pepperell, 29-inch, 2.85 yards to th e p o u n d ............
Flannels, p er yard, N ew Y ork—
Colored, 2.75 yards to th e p o u n d ...............................
U nbleached, 3.80 yards to th e p o u n d .......................
G inghams, per yard —
Amoskeag, 27-inch, 6.37 yards to th e pound,
New Y o rk ....................................................................
Lancaster, 26J-inch, 6.50 yards to th e pound,
B oston...........................................................................
Hosiery, per dozen pairs—
Men’s half hose, com bed yarn, N ew Y o rk ..............
W om en’s, cotton, silk mercerized, mock seam,
N ew Y o rk ....................................................................
W om en’s, combed yarn , 16-ounce, N ew Y o rk ----Muslin, bleached, 4/4, per yard —
F ru it of th e Loom, N ew Y o rk ....................................
Lonsdale, factory.............. ............................................
Rough R ider, N ew Y o rk .............................................
W am sutta, facto ry ..........: .............................................
P rin t cloth, 27-inch, 7.60 yards to th e po u n d , per
yard, B oston........................................................................
Sheeting, brow n, 4/4, yard —
In d ia n H ead, 2.85 yards to th e pound, B oston—
Pepperell, 3.75 yards to th e pound, New Y o rk ---W are Shoals, 4 yards to th e pound, New Y o rk ---T hread, 6-cord, J . & P . Coates, per spool, New Y o r k ..
Underw ear—
Men’s shirts a n d draw ers, p er dozen garm ents,
New Y o rk ....................................................................
W om en’s unio n suits, com bed yarn, per dozen,
New Y o rk ....................... .............................................
Y arn , pound, B oston—
Carded, w hite, m u lesp u n , n o rth ern , 10/1 c o n e s.. .
Carded, w hite, m ulespun, n o rth ern , 22/1 cones. . .
T w isted, ordinary, w eaving, 20/2..............................
T w isted, ordinary, w eaving, 40/2..............................
(c) W oolen goods:
F lannel, w hite, 4/4, B allard Vale, No. 3, p er yard,
facto ry .................................................................................
Overcoating, soft faced, black, p er yard, B oston..........
Suitings, p er yard—
Clay w orsted, diagonal, 12-ounce, facto ry...............
Clay worsted^ diagonal,' 16-ounce^ facto ry...............
M iddlesex, wool-dyed, blue, 16-ounce, New Y ork.
Serge, 11-ounce, fa c to ry ................................................
Trousering, cotton w arp, 11/11J ounce, per vard, New
Y ork......................................................................................
U nderw ear—
Merino, shirts a n d draw ers, p er dozen garm ents,
fa c to ry ..........................................................................
M en’s union su its, 33 per cent w orsted, per dozen,
New Y o rk ....................................................................
W om en’s dress goods, per yard—
Broadcloth, 9J-ounce, 54-56-inch, New Y o rk ..........
French serge, 35-inch, facto ry .....................................
Poplar cloth, cotton w arp, factory............................
Sicilian cloth, cotton w arp, 50-inch, New Y o rk . . .
Storm serge, double w arp, 50-inch, facto ry ............
Y arn , per po u n d —•
Crossbred stock, 2/32s, p er po u n d , B oston..............
H alf blood, 2/40s, per po u n d , P h ilad e lp h ia ............
Fine domestic, 2/50s, per po u n d , P h ilad elp h ia___
(d) Silk, etc.:
L inen shoe th read , 10s, B arbour, per po u n d , New
Y ork......................................................................................
Silk, raw , pou n d —
China, Canton filature, ex tra e x tra A, New Y ork.
Ja p a n , K ansai, N o. 1, New Y o rk ..............................
Ja p a n , special ex tra e x tra , New V ork......................
Silk yarn , p e r pound, New Y ork—
Domestic, gray sp u n , 6 0 /1 ..........................................
Domestic, gray sp u n , 60/2, No. 1 ...............................
1 No qu o tatio n .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[306]
A pril,
1922.
May,
1922.
June,
1922.
$0.191
$0.191
SO. 196
148.7
148.7
152.3
.125
.125
.126
.129
.128
.130
151.2
151.9
151.8
156.4
154.7
158.0
.163
.128
.163
.128
.163
.128
160.4
173.0
160.4
173.0
160.4
173.0
.126
.126
.126
193.9
193.9
193.9
.135
.135
.135
218.4
218.4
218.4
A pril, May,
1922. 1922.
June,
1922.
1.600
1.611
1.650
198.8
200.3
205. 1
2. 707
1.650
2. 600
1.667
2.648
1.725
153.0
171.0
146.9
172.8
149.6
178.8
.166
.137
.131
.288
.166
.137
.136
.265
.166
.137
.136
.265
195.0
169.8
163.3
257.4
195. 0
169. 8
169.3
236.9
195.0
169.8
169.3
236.9
.060
.064
. 065
173.3
184.9
188.4
.115
.113
.091
.058
.115
.115
.093
.058
.120
.120
.100
.058
136.6
153.5
147. 7
148.7
136.6
157.2
150.8
148.7
142.5
163.7
162.2
148. 7
176.5
7.500
7.500
7.500
176.5
176.5
14.000
14. 000
14.000
169.7
169.7
169. 7
.314
.350
.298
.473
.331
.370
.326
.514
.360
.400
.359
.556
141. 7
141.3
128.1
123. 3
149.7
149. 4
140.1
134.1
162.8
161.4
154.4
145. 2
.900
1.710
.927
1.774
.950
2.105
194.2
124.6
200.1
129.2
205.0
153.3
0)
2.498
2.835
2.115
0)
2. 498
3.060
2.115
C1)
2.783
3.060
2.300
180.7
183.5
187.1
180.7
198.1
187.1
201. 4
198.1
203.5
1.600
1.600
1.600
141.4
141.4
141.4
30. 500
30. 500
30. 500
155.8
155.8
155.8
26.460
26. 460
26. 460
269.6
289.6
269.6
1.860
.650
.325
.515
.815
1.860
.650
.325
.515
.815
1.860
. 650
.325
.515
.815
141.4
197.0
171. 1
159. 2
144.9
141.4
197. 0
171.1
159. 2
144.9
141.4
197.0
171.1
159. 2
144.9
1.300
2.000
2. 250
1.350
2.100
2.300
1.427
2.100
2.300
167.4
179.1
213.4
173.8
188.2
218.2
183.7
188. 2
218.2
2. 077
2.077
2. 077
232.6
232.6
232.6
6. 272
6.517
6.909
7.330
7.203
7.546
7. 507
7.301
7. 840
179.3
179.1
169.6
209.5
197.9
185.2
214.5
200.6
192.4
4.230
5.179
4.312
5.292
4.312
5.292
145.0
149.4
147. 8
152.7
147.8
152.7
77
W H O L ESA L E PRICES,
W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S OE C O M M O D ITIES, A P R IL TO JU N E , 1922—Continued.
Index num bers
(1913=100.)
A verage prices.
Commodity.
A pril,
1922.
May,
1922.
June,
1922.
April,
1922.
May,
1922.
C1)
0)
C1)
C1)
230.9
200.7
204.2
211.3
204.6
209.6
June,
1922.
F u e l a n d l ig h t in g .
A nthracite coal, per gross to n , New Y ork, tidew ater:
B ro k en ......................................................................................
C hestnut...................................................................................
E gg............................................................................................
Stove.........................................................................................
(5) B itum inous coal:
Mine ru n , per n e t to n , Chicago.........................................
Prepared sizes, p er n e t to n , Chicago................................
Screenings, p er n e t to n , Chicago........................................
M ine ru n , K anaw ha, per n et to n , C incinnati................
M ine ru n , smokeless, New R iver, per n et to n , Cinc in n a ti..................................................................................
Mine ru n , Pocahontas, p er gross to n , Norfolk, V a ___
Prepared sizes, P ittsb u rg h , per n e t to n ..........................
( c) O ther fuel a n d lighting:
Coke, Conneilsville, furnace, a t ovens, per n et to n ___
Gasoline, m o tor, p er gallon, New Y o rk ..........................
M atches, average of several b rands, per gross, New
Y ork......................................................................................
C rude petroleum , a t wells, p er barrel—
California, 20°..................................................................
K ansas-O klahom a.........................................................
P e n n sy lv an ia..................................................................
Refined petroleum , per gallon, New Y ork—
S tandard w h ite, 110° fire t e s t ....................................
W ater w hite, 150° fire te st...........................................
(a )
$10.266 $10.143
(i)
10.664
10.342 10.360
10.694 10.610
228.2
5. 326
5.645
3.938
3.600
i 1)
6.358
C1)
4. 700
«
(x)
(Q
$5.100
(2)
(2)
(2)
163.6
(2)
(2)
Cl
213.6
(2)
(2)
(2)
231.8
3.950
4. 750
4.500
4.200
5.800
4.650
5.200
6.160
4. 750
163.7
158.3
(2)
174.1
193.3
(2)
215.5
205.3
(2)
4.475
.248
6.000
.268
6.750
.270
183.4
147.4
245.9
158.9
276.7
160.4
1.540
1.540
1.540
189.7
189.7
189.7
1.160
2.250
3.250
1.160
2. 250
3.250
1.160
2.250
3. 500
331.4
240.8
132.7
331.4
240.8
132.7
331.4
240.8
142.9
.118
.202
,119
.199
.120
.200
136.7
163.8
137.7
161.2
139.0
162.2
6.200
5.550
6.200
5.550
5.825
5.175
149.4
163.2
149.4
163.2
140.4
152.2
20.000
22.585
22.710
15.875
63.750
30.250
24.600
26. 360
25.760
17.600
65.000
35.000
25.000
26. 960
25. 960
18. 375
67. 500
35.625
136.0
131.8
141.9
135.8
109.4
121.0
167.3
153.9
160.9
150. 5
111.5
140. 0
170.0
157.4
162.2
157.2
115.8
142.5
.023
.021
1.500
2.500
48.800
1.475
.024
.021
1.600
2.500
49.600
1.600
.024
.022
1.600
2.500
50. 800
!.. 700
124.5
124.2
109.0
137.5
208.8
106.1
129.8
126. 7
116.3
137.5
212.2
115.1
129.3
130.3
116.3
137.5
217.4
122.3
29.500
29.500
1.500
.015
34.000
34.000
1.580
.016
35.000
35.000
1.700
.016
114.4
113.0
96.9
100.0
131. 8
130.3
102.0
105.4
135.7
134.1
109.8
110.1
40.000
40.000
.031
1.500
40.000
40.000
.031
1.600
40.000
40.000
.031
1.600
142.9
133.3
110.6
99.3
142.9
133.3
141.6
105.9
142.9
133.3
142.5
105.9
9.600
4.750
9.600
4.750
9.600
4.750
138.4
133.5
138. 4
133.5
138.4
133.5
3.430
2.250
3.430
2.250
3.430
2.250
148.5
148.8
148.5
148.8
148.5
148.8
.178
. 126
.193
.148
.051
6.072
.688
.671
.305
6.900
.052
.179
.132
.189
.150
.055
6.581
.733
.716
.309
6.900
.055
.ISO
.136
.195
.158
.058
7.052
.733
.716
.315
6.900
.057
75.1
80.3
90.9
88.2
116.1
119.5
121.8
109.5
68.0
95.2
89.9
75.5
83.6
89.0
89.9
125. 5
129.5
129.8
116.9
68.9
95.2
93.7
76.1
86.6
92.0
91.1
132.7
138.8
129.8
116.9
70.1
95.2
97.8
M e ta ls a n d m e ta l p r o d u c ts .
(a) Iro n and steel:
Iro n ore, p er ton, lower lake p o rts—
Mesabi, Bessemer, 55 p er c e n t....................................
Non-Bessemer, 51j p er c en t........................................
Pig iron, gross to n —
Basic, valley fu rn ace.....................................................
Bessemer, P ittsb u rg h ...................................................
Fo u n d ry , N o. 2, n orthern, P ittsb u rg h .....................
F o u ndry, N o. 2, B irm ingham , A la ...........................
Ferromanganese, p er gross ton, seab o ard.......................
Spiegeleisen, 18 a n d 22 p er cent, p er gross ton, furnace.
B ar iron, p er pound—
B est refined, P h ilad elp h ia..........................................
Common, f. o. b . P ittsb u rg h .......................................
B ars, reinforcing, per 100 pounds, P ittsb u rg h ...............
Nails, wire, p er 1ÖÖ pounds, P ittsb u rg h ..........................
Pipe, cast-iron, 6-inch, p e r n e t to n , New Y o rk.............
Skelp, grooved, p er 100 pounds, P ittsb u rg h ..................
Steel billets, p er gross tön, P ittsb u rg h —
Bessemer..........................................................................
Open h e a r th ....................................................................
Steel, m erchant bars, p er 100 pounds, P ittsb u rg h ........
Steel plates, ta n k , p er pound, P ittsb u rg h ......................
Steel rails, per gross ton, P ittsb u rg h —
Bessemer, s ta n d a rd .......................................................
Open hearth , s ta n d a rd .................................................
Steel sheets, black, p er pound, f. o. b . P ittsb u rg h .......
Steel, stru c tu ra l shapes, p e r 100 pounds, P ittsb u rg h ..
Terneplate, 8 pounds I. C., p er base box (200 pounds),
P ittsb u rg h ...........................................................................
T in plate, domestic, coke, p er 100 pounds, P ittsb u rg h .
W ire, p er 100 pounds—
B arbed, galvanized, Chicago................ .....................
P lain, fence, annealed, P ittsb u rg h ............................
(&) Nonferrous m etals:
A lum inum , New Y ork, p er p o u n d ....................... ..........
Copper, ingot, electrolytic, p"er pound, refinery............
Copper, sheet, p er pound, N ew Y ork..............................
Copper wire, bare, p er pound, m ill..................................
Lead, pig, p er pound, N ew Y o rk ......................................
Lead, pipe, p er 100 pounds, N ew Y o rk ..........................
Quicksilver, p er pound, New Y o rk..................................
Silver, b ar, fine, per ounce. New A o rk............................
Tin, pig, p er pound, N ew Y o rk ........................................
Zinc, sheet, per 100 pounds, factory.................................
Zinc, slab, p er pound, New Y o rk.....................................
1 No q uotation.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[307]
2 No 1913 base price.
78
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW ,
W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S O F COM M O D ITIES, A P R IL TO JU N E , 1922—C ontinued.
A verage prices.
In d e x num bers.
(1913=100.)
C om m odity.
A pril,
1922.
June,
1922.
April,
1922.
May,
192-2.
$11.500 $13. 500 $13.500
31.000 36. 000 36. 000
42.000 44.300 45.125
33.000 33. 900 35. 000
124.9
178.8
203.0
156.5
146.6
207. 7
214.1
160.7
May,
1922.
June,
1922.
B u ild in g m a te r ia ls .
Lum ber:
Douglas fir, p er 1,000 feet, m ill—
No. 1 com m on.................................................................
No. 2 and b e tte r..............................................................
Gum, sap, firsts an d seconds, p er 1,000 feet, St. Louis.
Hemlock, northern, No. 1, per 1,000 feet, Chicago........
Maple, hard, No. 1 common, 4/4, per 1,000 feet, Chi
cago........................................................................................
Oak, white, plain, No. 1 common, 4/4, per 1,000 feet,
C incinnati.............................................................................
Pine, w hite, No. 2 barn, per 1,000 feet, Buffalo, N . Y . .
Pine, yellow, southern, mill, per 1,000 feet—
Flooring, B and b e tte r.................................................
Tim bers, square edge a n d so u n d...............................
Poplar, No. 1 common, 4/4, per 1,000 feet, C in cin n ati..
Spruce, eastern, random , p e r 1,000 feet, B oston............
L ath , yellow pine, No. 1, p er 1,000, f. o. b. m ill............
Shingles—
Cypress, 16 inches long, p er 1,000, m ill.....................
R ed cedar, 16 inches long, p er 1,000, m ill................
(5) Brick, common building, p er 1,000:
Simple average of 82 yard prices.......................................
R u n of kiln, f. o. b. p lan t, Chicago......................... ........
(c) S tru ctu ra l steel. (S'ee M etal a n d m e ta l pro d u cts.)
( d ) Other building m aterials:
Cement, Portland, per barrel, f. o. b. p la n t—
Simple average of 6 p la n t prices in P a., Tnd.,
Minn., Tex., and C alif............................................
Buffington, Ind. (representative of eastern prices).
Crushed stone, 1J", per cubic yard, New Y o rk ............
Gravel, per ton, f. o. b. pit, average of 22 p la n t prices.
Hollow tile, building, per block, Chicago.......................
Lime, common, lum p, per ton, f. o. b. p lant, average
of 15 plant prices................................................................
Sand, building, per ton, f. o. b. pit, average of 26 p lan t
prices.....................................................................................
Slate, roofing, per 100 square feet, f. o. b. q u a rry ..........
Glass, plate—
3 to 5 square feet, per square foot, New Y o rk ........
5 to 10 square feet, per square foot, New Y o rk ___
Glass, window, American, f. o. b. works—
Single, A, per 50 square feet........................................
Single, B, per 50 square fe e t.......................................
Linseed'oil, raw . per gallon, New Y ork...................
P u tty , commercial, per pound, New Y o rk ....................
Rosin, common to good (B ), per barrel, New Y o rk ...
Turpentine, southern, barrels, per gallon, New Y ork.
W hite lead, American, in oil, per pound, New Y ork..
Zinc oxide (w hite zinc), per pound, New Y o rk ............
Pipe, cast-iron. (See Metals and m etal p ro d u c ts.)
Copper, sheet. (See Metals and m etal products.)
Copper wire. (See Metals and m e ta l products.)
Lead pipe. (See Metals and m etal p ro d u c ts.)
Nails. (See Metals and m etal products.)
Reinforcing bars. (See M etals a n d m e ta l products.)
Roofing tin (terneplate). (See M etals a n d m etal
products.)
Zinc, sheet. (See M etals a n d m e ta l products.)
(a )
146.6
207.7
218.1
165.9
48.500
48. 500
48.500
160.9
160.9
160.9
62.500
62.000
66. 200
62. 000
75.000
62.000
168.9
212.1
179.0
212.1
202.7
212.1
41.350
20.480
62.500
30.500
4.350
42. 480
20. 790
57. 500
30. 700
4. 510
45.630
23.970
62. 500
32. 500
5.070
179.5
139.9
189.3
140.7
143.1
184.4
142.1
174. 2
141.6
148.3
198.1
163.8
189.3
149.9
166.8
5.750
3.050
5.000
3. 240
5.000
3.130
162.4
155.1
141.2
164.7
141.2
159.2
13.526
8. 520
13.514
8.730
13.569
8.780
199.1
172.5
198.9
176.8
199.7
177.8
1.708
1.500
1.650
.897
.082
1.731
1.503
1.650
.896
.082
1.792
1.600
1.650
.865
.071
164.5
148.4
183.3
181.5
128. 3
166. 7
148.7
183.3
181. 1
128.3
172.5
158.3
183.3
175.0
110.5
8.675
8.663
8.671
210.2
210.0
210.2
.607
9. 500
.608
9.500
.597
9.500
159. 2
205.4
159.6
205.4
156.7
205.4
.400
.500
.400
.500
.400
.500
169.0
157.1
169.0
157.1
169.0
157.1
3. 900
3. 420
.830
.048
5. 213
. 866
. 123
.073
3.900
3.420
.893
.048
5.300
.944
.123
.073
3.900
3.420
.835
.048
5.350
1.110
.125
.073
171.5
154. 0
179. 6
179. 2
108. 2
202. 3
181. 2
134.8
171.5
154.0
193.1
179. 2
220. 6
181.2
134.8
110. 0
171.5
154.0
180.7
179.2
111. 1
259.4
184.9
134.8
.023
C h e m ic a ls a n d d r u g s .
(a )
Chemicals:
Acids, per pound, New Y o r k Acetic, 28 per c en t.........................................................
M uriatic, 20°....................... ............................................
N itric, 42°.........................................................................
Stearic, triple pressed...................................................
Sulphuric, 66°..................................................................
Alcohol, per gallon, New Y ork—
D enatured, No. 5, 188 proof........................................
Wood, refined, 95 per c en t.........................................
Alum , lu m p , per pound, New Y o rk ................................
A m m onia, anhydrous, per pound. New Y o rk ..............
Bleaching powder, per 100 pounds, New Y o rk .............
B orax crystals a n d granulated, per pound, New
Y o rk ......................................................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[308]
.025
.023
.065
.100
.008
.065
.103
.008
. 065
.105
.008
127.3
87.7
133.2
75.5
84.0
118.6
84.6
133. 2
77.7
80.0
116.0
84.6
133.2
79.2
80.0
.292
.520
.035
.300
1.590
.280
.520
.034
.300
1.600
.303
.520
.033
.300
1.600
79.8
108.7
200.0
120. 0
134.7
76.5
108. 7
196.6
120.0
135.5
82.7
108.7
185.7
120.0
135.5
.055
.055
.055
146.7
146.7
146.7
.011
.011
.011
79
W H O L E S A L E PRICES,
W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S O F CO M M O D ITIES, A P R IL TO J U N E , 1922—Continued.
Index num bers.
(1913= 100.)
A verage prices.
Com m odity.
April,
1922.
May,
1922.
June,
1922.
A pril,
1922.
May,
1922.
SO. 055
SO. 058
$0.062
104.8
110.9
118.8
106.7
103.6
97.8
86.6
June,
1922.
C h e m ic a ls a n d d r u g s —Concluded.
(a) Chemicals—Concluded.
Copper, sulphate, 99 per cent, crystals, per pound,
New Y o rk ............................................................................
Copra, S o u th Sea. (See Foods.)
Form aldehyde, per pound, N ew Y o rk ............................
Oil, vegetatile—
Coconut, crude. (See Foods.)
Corn, crude. (See Foods.)
P alm kernels, crude, per pound. New Y o rk ..........
Soya bean, crude. (See Foods.)
Potash, caustic, 88-92 per cent, per pound, New Y ork.
Sal soda, per 100 pounds, New Y o rk ...............................
Soda ash, 58 per cent, light, per 100 pounds, New Y ork.
Soda, bicarbonate, American, per pound, f. o. b. works.
Soda, caustic, 76 per cent, solid, per pound, New Y ork.
Soda, silicate of. 40°, per 100 pounds, New Y o rk ..........
Sulphur, crude, per gross to n , New Y o rk ................... ..
Tallow, inedible, packers' prim e, per pound, Chicago.
(6) Fertilizer m aterials:
Acid phosphate, 16 per cent basis, bu lk , per ton, New
Y o rk ............................................................................... .
A m m onia, sulphate, double bags, per 100 pounds,
New Y o rk ...........................................................................
Ground bone, steamed, per ton, C h icag o ......................
M uriate of potash, 80-85 p er cent, K . C. L. bags, per
to n , New Y ork...................................................................
Phosphate rock, 68 per cent, per ton, f. o. b. m in e s ...
Soda n itrate, 95 per cent, per 100 pounds, New Y o rk ..
Tankage, 9 a n d 20 per cent, crushed, per to n , f. o. b.
Chicago.................................................................................
(c) Drugs and pharm aceuticals:
Acid, citric, domestic, crystals, p er pound, N ew Y ork.
Acid, ta rta ric , crystals, U . 8. P ., per p o u n d ,N ew
Y ork......................................................................................
Alcohol, grain, 190 proof, U . S. P., per gallon, New
Y ork......................................................................................
Cream of ta r ta r , pow dered, p er pound, New Y o rk —
E p so m saltS jU . S. P .,in b arrels,p er 100 pounds, New
Y ork.....................................................................................
Glycerine, refined, per p ound, New Y ork.....................
O pium , n a tu ra l, U . S. P., per pound, New Y o rk ........
Peroxide of hydrogen, 4-ounce bottles, p er gross,
New Y o r k .........................................................................
Phenol, U . S. P . (carbolic acid), per pound, New
Y ork......................................................................................
Q uinine, su lp h ate, m anufacturers’ quotations, per
ounce, New Y ork...............................................................
.090
.088
.083
.088
.087
.089
.059
1.320
2. 000
.018
.036
.850
14.000
.069
.060
1.200
2.000
.018
.039
.850
14.000
.067
.058
1.200
2.000
.018
.038
.813
14.000
.066
8.500
8.500
8.563
85.7
88.2
164.9 167.0
220. 0 200.0
342. 9 342.9
184.0 180.0
249. 3 264. 4
133. 8 133.8
63.6
63.6
94.6
97.3
162.7
200.0
342.9
175.0
262.3
127.9
63.6
93.8
110.4
110.4
111.4
104.0
115.6
3.590
23.800
3. 375
22.000
3.250
23.250
114. 9
118.3
108.1
109.4
33. 600
3. 250
2.850
32.400
3.250
2.700
32.000
3.250
2.588
88.4
95. 4
115.4
85.2
95.4
109.4
84.4
95.4
104.8
32.600
26.075
26.413
139.6
111.6
113.1
.450
.450
.450
103.5
103.5
103.5
.300
.300
.300
98.3
98.3
98.3
4.700
.265
4.700
.265
4. 700
.265
188.1
111.2
188.1
111.2
188.1
H i.2
2. 500
.152
5. 750
2.500
.150
6.000
2.500
.148
6.000
227.3
77:1
95.6
227.3
76.1
99.7
227.3
74.8
99.7
7.500
7.500
7.625
187.5
187.5
190.6
.119
.120
.120
108.1
109.4
109.4
.600
.600
.525
273.2
273.2
239.1
37.250
5.250
44. 000
54. 000
4. 410
35. 819
37.250
5.250
44.000
54.000
4.410
35.819
37. 250
5.250
44.000
54.000
4.410
35.819
165.6
233.3
135.4
150.0
215.3
188.7
165. 6
233.3
135. 4
150.0
215.3
188.7
165.6
233.3
135.4
150.0
215.3
188.7
56.000
31.500
33.500
56.000
31.500
33.500
56.000
31.500
33. 500
130.2
210.0
181.1
130.2
210.0
181.1
130.2
210.0
181.1
61. 500
34.000
61.500
34.000
61.500
34. 000
178.3
170.0
178.3
170.0
178.3
170.0
14.700
16. 200
3.626
14.700
16.200
3.626
14.700
16.200
3.626
230.8 230.8
156.8 156. 8
255* 2 1 255.2
230.8
156.8
255.2
H o u s e - f u r n i s h i n g g o o d s.
(a) Fu rn itu re:
Bedroom—
B ed, com bination, per bed, facto ry..........................
Chair, all gum, cane seat, per chair, facto ry ...........
Chifforette, com bination, per chifforette, fa c to ry ..
Dresser, com bination, p er dresser, fa c to ry ..............
Rocker, q uartered oak, per chair, Chicago.............
Set, 3 pieces, per set, Chicago.....................................
D ining room—
Buffet, com bination, per buffet, fa c to ry .................
Chair, all gum, leather slip seat, per 6, facto ry ---Table, extension, com bination, per tab le, facto ry .
Living room—
D avenport, stan d a rd p a tte rn , per d a v e n p o r t ,
f a cto ry ...........................................................................
Table, lib rary , com bination, per table, fa c to ry ...
K itchen—
Chair, hardw ood, per dozen, Chicago.....................
R efrigerator, lift top ty p e, each, fa c to ry ..................
Table, w ith draw er, per ta b le Chicago.....................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[309]
80
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW .
W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S
OF
CO M M O D ITIES, A P R IL TO JU N E , 1922—Concluded.
A verage prices.
In d e x num bers.
(1913=100.)
Commodity.
A pril,
1922.
M ay,
1922.
June,
1922.
A pril,
1922.
May,
1922.
$1,235
1.176
$1.235
1.176
204.1
144.1
204.1
153.8
204.1
153.8
2.880
2.736
4.608
2.880
2.736
4.608
207.9
211. 8
191.4
215.0
211. 8
19L4
215.0
211.8
191.4
1.200
12.000
19.968
1.200
12.000
20.000
160.0
208. 7
129.5
160.0
208.7
136.2
160.0
208.7
136.4
.428
.888
.424
.888
178.7
272.7
178.7
272.7
177.3
272.7
.250
1.820
.200
.980
.250
1.820
.200
.980
227.3
227.5
166. 7
211.5
227.3
227.5
166.7
211.5
227.3
227.5
166.7
211.5
1.260
1.260
221.0
221.0
221.0
.250
5.742
.250
5.750
185.7
133.9
185.7
139.8
185.7
140.0
22.063
50. 750
50. 000
23.063
20.550
55. 750
46.750
20.900
15.406
54. 250
49.000
17.219
120.1
160.6
176.0
118.6
111.9
176.4
164.5
107.4
83.9
171.6
172.4
88.5
.415
.675
.402
.260
.415
.675
.421
.225
.425
.675
.421
.225
153.9
269.6
100.1
101.6
153.9
269.6
105.0
88.0
157.6
269.6
105.0
88.0
.350
.500
.480
.350
.500
.450
.360
.515
.450
124.1
111.4
119.6
124.1
111.4
112.1
127.6
114.8
112.1
June,
1922.
H o u s e - f u r n i s h i n g g o o d s —C oncluded.
(6) Furnishings:
B lankets—
Cotton, colored, 2 pounds to th e p a ir, per p a ir,
New Y o rk ..................................................................... 11.235
Wool, 4 to o pounds to th e p air, per pound, factory. 1.103
Carpets, per y ard , factory—
A xm inster, Bigelow......................................................
2. 784
Brussels, B igeiow ........................................................... 2.736
W ilton, B igelow ............................................................. 4.608
C utlery—
Carvers, 8-inch, per p a ir, facto ry ............................... 1.200
K nives a n d forks, per gross, fa c to ry ........................ 12.000
Pails, galvanized-iron, 10-quart, per gross, facto ry ___ 19. 000
Sheeting, bleached, 10/4—
Peppered, per y a rd , New Y o rk.................................
.428
W am su tta, per y a rd , fa c to ry ......................................
.888
Tablew are—
Glass nappies, 4-inch, p er dozen, fa c to ry ...............
.250
Glass pitchers, ¿-gallon, p er dozen, facto ry ............. 1.820
Glass tumbler's, ¿-pint, p~er dozen, fa c to ry ...........
.200
Plates, w hite granite, 7-inch, per dozen, fa c to ry ..
.980
Tea cups a n d saucers, w hite granite, per dozen,
f a eto ry ...........................................................................
1.260
Ticking, Amoskeag, A. C. A ., 2.05 y ard s to th e p ound,
per y ard , New Y ork..........................................................
.250
Tubs, galvanized-iron, No. 3, p er dozen, facto ry .......... 5.500
M is c e lla n e o u s .
(a) C attle feed:
B ran , p er ton, M inneapolis.................................................
Cottonseed m eal, prim e, p er to n , N ew Y o rk .............
Linseed m eal, p er to n , New Y o rk ...........................
Mill-feed m iddlings, sta n d a rd , p e r ton, M in n eap o lis..
(6) Leather:
Calf, chrome, B grade, p er square foot, B o sto n ............
Glazed kid, black, to p grade, p er sq u are foot, B oston.
H arness, Cal oak, No. l.p e r p o u n d , CM caso.............
Side, black, chrome, B grade, p e r sq u are foot, B oston.
Sole^per pound, B oston—
Hemlock, m iddle, No. 1...............................................
O ak, scoured backs, h e a v y .........................................
Union, m iddle w eight.............................................
(c) P a p e r an d pulp:
P aper—
N ew sprint, rolls, p er po u n d , f. o. b . m ill.................
W rapping, m anila, No. 1, ju te , p e r po u n d , New
W ood pulp, sulphite, domestic, unbleached, p er 100
pounds, New Y o rk...................................... .
(d) O ther miscellaneous:
H em p, m anila, fair cu rren t, shipm ent, per pound.
New Y o rk ...........................................................
Ju te, raw , m edium grades, p er p ound, New Y o rk ___
Lubricating oil, paraffin, 903 gravity, per gallon. New
York.................................................................................
Rope, pure m a n ila ,b e st grade, p er pound, New Y ork.
R u b b er, P a ra ,isla n d , fine, p er pound, New Y o rk ___
Sisal, Mexican, current shipm ent, per pound, New
Y ork.................................................................................
Soap—
L au n d ry , p er 100 cakes, C incinnati..........................
L au n d ry , per 100 cakes, P hiladelphia......................
Starch, lau n d ry , b u lk , p er p ound, New Y o rk , . . . . . . .
P lu g , p e r pound, New Y o rk............................ ..........
Sm oking, p er gross l-ounce bags, New Y ork..........
3 E stim ated .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[310]
.035
.036
.036
169.2
171.6
175.5
.088
.088
.088
179.3
179.3
179.3
2.525
2.525
2.525
113.5
113.5
113.5
.071
.055
.069
.065
.070
.075
76.8
82.2
73.8
97.2
75.1
112.1
.230
.188
.171
.230
.188
.176
.230
.188
.169
161.4
127.8
21.2
161. 4
127.8
21.7
161.4
127.8
20.9
s.071
.068
.063
165.0
158.1
146.1
3.960
4.900
.051
3.960
4.900
.051
3.960
4.900
.051
128.4
138.9
140.5
128.4
138.9
140.5
128.4
138.9
140.5
.701
9.920
.701
9.920
.701
9.920
180.2
175.9
180.2
175.9
180.2
175.9
81
W H O L E S A L E PR IC E S .
Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices in June, 1922.
FU R T H E R increase in the general level of wholesale prices for
June, as compared w ith the preceding m onth, is shown by
inform ation gathered by the U nited States D epartm ent of
Labor through the Bureau of Labor Statistics in representative m ar
kets of the country. According to the B ureau’s revised index num
bers this increase measures
per cent; in comparison there was an
increase of
per cent from April to May.
The largest price gains were reported for fuel and building m aterials,
in each of which groups the June level was over 4 per cent higher
than th a t of May. Food articles averaged nearly 1|- per cent higher
and cloths and clothing over 2 \ per cent higher th an in the m onth
before. Metals showed an advance of three-fourths of 1 per cent,
while no change in the price level was shown for chemicals and drugs
and house-furnishing goods. Farm products, on the contrary, due to
declines in grains, hay, and eggs, decreased three-fourths of 1 per cent
in average price from May to June, while the group of miscellaneous
commodities, due largely to the drop in cattle-feed prices, decreased
I f per cent.
Of 404 commodities, or price series, for which comparable d a ta for
May and June were obtained, increases were found to have occurred
for 132 commodities and decreases for 106 commodities. In the case
of 166 commodities no change in average prices was reported.
A
IN D E X N U M B E R S O F W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S , B Y G R O U P S O F C O M M O D ITIES.
[1913=100.]
June, 1921.
Com m odity group.
M ay, 1922.
June, 1922.
F arm p ro d u cts.......................................................................................
Foods........................................................................................................
Cloths arid clothing- - ...........................................................................
Fuel and lighting...................................................................................
Metals and m etal p roducts.................................................................
B uilding m aterials................................................................................
Chemicals a n d drugs.............................................................................
TTonso-furnishing goods.......................................................................
Mi sod 1an eons..........................................................................................
114
137
172
191
133
163
133
196
125
132
138
175
216
119
160
122
176
116
131
140
179
225
120
167
122
176
114
All com m odities.........................................................................
142
148
150
Comparing prices in June w ith those of a year a^o, as m easured by
changes in the index numbers, the general level has increased oyer
per cent. The greatest increase is shown for fuel and lighting
m aterials, in which prices have risen nearly 18 per cent. F arm prod
ucts show a gain of 15 per cent over June, 1921, prices. Food item s
have increased 2 per cent, building m aterials 2-| per cent, and cloth
ing 4 per cent in the year. On the other hand, chemicals and drugs,
m etals and m etal products, and house-furnishing goods all show sub
stantial decreases compared w ith prices of a year ago.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[311]
82
MONTHLY LABOE EEVIEW.
Problem of Distribution and Suggestions for Its Solution.1
S A re su lt of the agricultural crisis produced b y th e decline in
th e prices of agricultural p ro d u cts w hich began in O ctober,
1919, an d w hich reached its g re atest p o in t ab o u t Ju n e, 1920,
Congress created th e J o in t Com mission of A g ricu ltu ral In q u iry . The
com m ission was authorized to d eterm ine th e causes of th e condition
of agriculture, th e co m parative condition of o th er industries, th e
causes of th e sp read betw een th e p roducer’s an d consum er’s prices*
and th e ad eq u acy of th e cred it m achinery, th e tra n sp o rta tio n facili
ties, an d th e m ark e tin g an d d istrib u tin g m achinery of th e co u n try .
A
The commission found no fundam ental d a ta of a governm ental or
public character w ith respect to m arketing and distribution, and it
was, therefore, necessary to secure the facts from original sources.
Committees were formed representative of each trade or industry,
and these bodies assisted in preparing the 15,000 questionnaires th a t
were sent out and returned. B y these m eans the commission ascer
tained the range of actual costs, prices, and margins in the period
1913 to 1921, inclusive, for the representative products of those trades
and industries. The results will be embodied in a report soon to be
made to Congress.
The following table shows the am ount of operating cost and of
profit per dollar of sales in the wholesaling, retailing, and m anufac
ture of certain commodities in 1919 and 1921, as ascertained by the
commission.
O P E R A T IN G COST AND P R O F IT , P E R D O L L A R O F SA LES, ON S P E C IF IE D COM M O D ITIES
IN 1919 AN D 1921.
1919
1921
Item .
Retail:
Groceries..............................................................................
C lothing...............................................................................
H ard w are.............................................................................
Shoes.....................................................................................
Wholesale: Groceries................................................................
M anufacture: 8 trade-m arked food articles........................
Cost of
operation.
Profit.
Cost of
operation.
Profit.
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
14.20
24.00
18. 40
23. 78
8.42
31. 79
4.80
7.90
5.84
9.36
.86
8.45
16.80
24.03
24.90
26.88
10.16
38. 37
2.50
1.13
1.82
1.52
i. 48
8.62
1 Loss.
I t is pointed out th a t both the cost of operation and the profit of
the m anufacturer of the 8 trade-m arked articles is more than those
of wholesaler and retailer together.
It is fair to say, however, that the ratio of the manufacturer’s investment to stock
turnover is generally very much higher than the similar ratio for either the wholesaler
or retailer and that much of the manufacturer’s cost of selling and distribution pre
sumably is reflected through the creation of market demand to the benefit of the whole
saler and the retailer.
1T he d a ta on w hich th is article is based are from press releases of th e I oint Commission of A gricultural
Inquiry , dated Ju n e 6, 8, a n d 14, 1922, a n d address delivered b y Sydney Anderson, chairm an of th e Joint
Commission of A gricultural In q u iry a t th e convention of th e N ational W holesale Grocers’ A ssociation, a t
Chicago, Ju n e 8, 1922.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[3 1 2 ]
PROBLEM OF DISTRIBUTION.
83
Our report will show that clothing retailers took their largest profit from the con
sumer’s dollar in 1913. From 1916 through 1921 the margin steadily decreased, except
in 1919 when heavy sales temporarily reduced the ratio of expense to sales, resulting
in a lower cost of operation for each dollar’s worth of merchandise sold and a conse^
quent increase in profit. In 1921 the industry showred a trade profit of 1.13 cents per
dollar of sales. The report will show that the average profit of clothing retailers during
the entire period, 1913 to 1921, was 6.10 cents per dollar of sales.
The hardware profits for the same period averaged 5.35, with 8.3 cents per dollar of
sales as the peak in 1916.
In the retail shoe trade average profits for the entire period 1913 to 1921 were 6.17
cents per consumer’s dollar. The high profit mark was reached in 1919 when the
average profit was 9.36 cents.
Retail dry goods profits averaged 5.3 cents over the same period and were highest in
1916 when they averaged 7.3 cents per dollar.
The retail sales prices and the gross margin on certain commodities
in 1913; 1920; and 1921 are shown below:
R E T A IL P R IC E S AN D GROSS M A R G IN S ON S P E C IF IE D COM M O D ITIES, 1913, 1920, A N D 1921.
1913
1920
1921
Gross m argin.
Gross m argin.
Gross m argin.
Item .
R etail
price.
Men’s a n d boys’ suits
a nd overcoats—10 ar
ticles ............: ............... $177.76
H ardw are—35 articles.. 135. 08
D ry goods—37 articles.. 81.22
Groceries—37 articles...
5.13
R etail
R etail
Per
Per
Per
of price.
cent of price.
A m ount. cent
A
m
ount.
A m ount. cent of
retail
retail
retail
price.
price.
price.
$59.74
35. 36
27.51
1.09
33.6 $400. 00
26.2 270. 01
33.9 181. 28
21.2
9.45
$120.88
64.72
58. 79
1.61
30.2 $290. 00
24.0 258. 85
32.4 146.17
17.0
7.62
$86.03
62.38
48.57
1.47
29 7
24.1
33.2
19.3
One of the outstanding defects shown by tables of distribution is the retailer’s failure
to purchase stock in a manner that will provide a steady, even flow of merchandise to
the consumer without accumulation of surplus stock, which ties up capital and credit
and adds to his cost of operation. One of the factors of waste in distribution is in idle
merchandise stock on the shelves of the retailers and the warehouses of the wholesalers.
When this burden is permitted to develop, it must be passed along to the consumer if
the retailer remains in business.
In particular, overstocking by retailers represents overstimulation and overselling
by manufacturers and wholesalers. I t also represents in part the dealer’s desire to
secure quantity discount in the belief that he can more successfully meet competition
by underselling competitors. In order to do this, however, he must dispose of merchan
dise in reasonable time or lose the earning value his capital would have if it were more
rapidly turned.
We came to the conclusion that the increasing cost of distribution is partly due to the
more complex character of modern living conditions, partly to the variety of the
consumer’s requirements, customs, and habits and partly to unorganized and unstand
ardized farm production, which increases the risk of the middleman; partly to over
plant capacity which increases capital cost and induces seasonal unemployment;
partly to production in excess of effective demand, which congests the channels of
distribution and adds to the charges for interest, storage, and obsolescence; partly to
overcompetition, which _brings about duplication of agencies and adds expensive
services for accommodation, conveniences, luxury to the cost of distribution; partly
to the ever-widening radius of distribution of many commodities, which adds to the
cost of selling; partly to the increased cost of transportation and partly to the fact that
the agencies of distribution are not coordinated so as to make possible an even flow
of merchandise from the producer to the consumer.
We found that the problem must be attacked all along the line, not by Congress
but by the people that do the business. We found that no one knows anything about
distribution, that the facts of distribution are still to be collected and organized and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[313]
84
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
that our investigation, extensive as it was, did no more than to put the first curlicue
on the letter ‘‘A” of the alphabet of distribution. The first step, therefore, in reducing
the cost of distribution is to get the facts of distribution and to put those facts beyond
dispute. The second step is to organize the knowledge obtained and to make it
available to those who can use it as a basis of sound business decisions.
The report of the commission will m ake certain suggestions by
which the commission believes “ im provem ents and economies can
be made in our distributive system. ”
The report will suggest that_ through cooperative associations new economies can
be effected through greater uniformity of production in centralized areas of produc
tion, uniform grades, and standardized containers. Similarly, better methods can
be established for handling by agencies in local, primary, and terminal markets,
tending to create greater certainty on the part of the receiver and of the producer as
to the character and condition of products, and services involved in their distribution.
Economies can be effected and wastes can be eliminated through the establishment
of qualified and authorized agencies to arbitrate disagreements between shippers and
receivers as to value, condition, kind, grade, and quantity of commodities. Such
agencies may be established either through agreement between shippers and receivers
to set up disinterested boards of arbitration whose findings can be accepted as final,
or through the establishment of State or Federal agencies of arbitration authorized by
legislation.
Adequate, organized and correlated terminal markets, together with a reduction of
unnecessary movement of commodities from terminal to terminal or from terminal to
central market should materially reduce the expense involved in unnecessary equip
ment and the employment of an unnecessarily large number of men.
Much can be accomplished in the direction of economic distribution by a more
systematic utilization of warehouses to absorb temporary surplus and distribute more
evenly in response to consuming demand. There is a tendency toward better dis
tribution as warehouses come to function as reservoirs to facilitate economic distribu
tion and adopt methods which diminish opportunity for speculation in stored com
modities.
The joint commission’s report will recommend that retailers cooperate more closely
with community organizations whose purpose it is to improve social, civic, commer
cial and industrial conditions.
In agricultural communities the retailers should maintain contact with farm-bureau
demonstrators, agricultural colleges, and workers, with a view to assisting in activities
that tend to improve production, marketing, transportation, and social conditions on
the farm. In cooperating with such organizations he is constructively creating greater
opportunity for his own success.
The report will emphasize the commission’s belief that the more consumers con
centrate purchases in their community, the lower will be the operating expense of
local dealers, and that the consumers will be benefited thereby through the lower
prices made possible by lower selling expense.
Wasteful and uneconomic practices in distribution can be eliminated only by more
accurate information about the public’s true consuming needs on the part of manufac
turers and distributors and by cooperation of purchaser, manufacturer, converter,
distributor, and consumer. Trade associations and governmental agencies, producers,
and labor organizations must cooperate to find out the facts and then to apply them
in producing a more economic and efficient relationship between all elements in the
cycle of production, manufacture, and distribution.
The distributive situation will be better appreciated when consumers realize that
out of 41,614,248 people engaged in gainful occupations, 29,570,867 are engaged in
manufacture, transportation, distribution, and allied activities. There is hardly a
commodity in daily use that does not reflect the joint services of several million people.
All of us need to realize more clearly that not only must the producer receive proper
compensation for the raw materials, but that out of the charge for service along the
way to the consumer the men who operate railroad trains, the men who drive trucks,
the men who operate machines, the men who nail boxes, the men who wrap packages,
and the men who make deliveries must be enabled to purchase their share of the
finished commodity for their families.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[314 ]
AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD IN MANILA.
85
P u rch a sin g P o w e r of W ages in G erm an y in 1914 an d 1922.
MEMORANDUM of the Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschafts
bund entitled “ R econstruction of world economy,” presented
to the Genoa conference by this organization representing
German workmen contains (p. 12) the following table showing the
purchasing power of the Germ an m ark in 1922 as compared w ith its
value in 1914. The comparison is based on the wages of a Berlin
carpenter which am ounted to 0.85 m ark in 1914 and to 15 m arks in
1922.
A
PU R C H A S IN G P O W E R O F A B E R L IN C A R P E N T E R ’S W A G E S IN 1914 AN D 1922.
Prices per 100 kilo
grams in—
A m ount purchasable
w ith hourly wages in—
Commodity.
C oal.......................................................................
L e a th e r.................................................................
W ool......................................................................
Rice.......................................................................
Sugar.....................................................................
Beef.......................................................................
P o rk ......................................................................
B u tte r...................................................................
A m erican la rd .....................................................
Cocoa.....................................................................
Coffee....................................................................
T ea.........................................................................
L e n tils..................................................................
B re a d ....................................................................
E ggs......................................................................
M ilk.......................................................................
P e tro l....................................................................
R ides to to w n .....................................................
1914
(hourly
wage=0.85
m arks).
1922
(hourly
w age= 15
m arks).
1914
1922
K ilo s .
K ilo s .
M a rks.
M a rks.
47.00
.25
.14
1.70
1.77
.57
.61
.30
.70
.35
.24
.21
1.70
3.70
8. 50
2 3. 90
2 3. 50
!
?>
25.86
.09
.05
1.07
1.10
.34
.33
.14
.30
.23
.11
.12
.86
2.17
2.70
2 2.40
2 1.53
74
{
1.90
3. 50
6.00
.50
.48
1.50
1.40
2.80
1.20
2.40
3.60
4.00
.50
.23
.10
3 .22
3 .24
4.10
4.20
}
58.00
153.00
280.00
14.00
13.60
44,00
48.00
106.00
50.00
64.00
136.00
125.00
17.50
6.90
5.50
6. 20
9. 80
<2.00
Index
num bers
of prices
in 1922
(1914=
100).1
{
3,050
4,370
4,660
2,800
2,870
2,930
3,430
3, 780
4,160
2,660
3,770
3,125
3,500
3,000
5,500
2,820
4,080
2,000
1,000
1 In d e x n um ber of average hourly wages in 1922 on basis of 1914 as 100= 1,764.
2 Liters.
3 P er liter.
i P er ride.
I n 1914 the purchase of a pair of boots costing 12.50 m arks required
14.7 hours’ work, while in 1922 a pair of boots cost 375 m arks and
was equivalent to the value of 25 hours’ work. In 1914 a su it of
working clothes cost 50 m arks and could be purchased w ith the pro
ceeds of 58.8 hours’ work, while in 1922 the price of a similar suit
was 1,500 m arks, and 100 hours’ work was necessary for its purchase.
Average Retail Prices of Certain Foodstuffs in Manila, P. I., 1918 to
1921.
H E figures in the following table are taken from Statistical
Bulletin No. 4 of the Philippine Islands,^ 1921, published by
the Bureau of Commerce and In d u stry of the D epartm ent of
Commerce and Communications.
T
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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86
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW .
A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F F O O D S T U F F S IN M A N ILA , 1918 TO 1921.
[1 peso a t p a r = 50 cents; 1 lite r = 0.908 dry quart, 1.0567 liquid quarts; 1 g a n ta = 2.71 quarts; 1 kiIo= 2.2046
pounds.]
U nit.
Article.
Cereals and grains:
Coffee............................................................................
Corn (in ears)..............................................................
Corn (in g rain s).........................................................
R ic e .L .T ..................................................................
Fish a n d other sea products:
C od................................................................................
C rabs................................................................. ..........
S a r d i n e s . ..................................................................
Shrim ps........................................................................
Fowls:
C hickens......................................................................
G obblers......................................................................
H en s.............................................................................
H en tu rk e y s................................................................
Roosters.......................................................................
F ruits:
B ananas—p la n ta in s..................................................
Coconuts......................................................................
Lem ons........................................................................
N ativ e oranges...........................................................
Meat:
B a c o n ...........................................................................
Beef, fresh ...................................................................
Beefj frozen.................................................................
Chinese h a m ...............................................................
P o rk ..............................................................................
Vegetables:
Beans, F ren ch............................................................
Cabbages......................................................................
E g g p lan ts....................................................................
Onions, B o m b a y .......................................................
P e a s ..............................................................................
Peppers, re d ................................................................
P otatoes.......................................................................
R ed sq u ash.................................................................
Sweet "potatoes...........................................................
Tom atoes.....................................................................
W hite sq u ash .............................................................
Miscellaneous foodstuffs:
Condensed m ilk ....................... ................................
Eggs—
Chinese..................................................................
D u ck .....................................................................
N a tiv e .................................................................
F lo u r.............................................................................
Sugar—
B row n...................................................................
Refined.................................................................
V inegar.......................................................................
W hite s a lt...................................................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1918
1919
1920
1921
P esos.
P esos.
P esos.
P esos.
L iter..........
100.............
G anta........
G anta........
0. 56
1.32
.33
.41
0.75
2.67
.35
.60
1.04
3.31
.33
.65
0. 84
1.89
.25
.37
K ilo ..........
1.................
100.............
100.............
.91
.42
1.39
2.53
.96
.25
1.46
2.19
1.24
.31
1.84
2.86
.76
.31
1.97
2.77
1.................
1.................
1 .................
1 .................
1.................
.51
4. 98
1.23
2.82
1.04
.60
5. 89
1.54
2.79
1.35
.72
7.00
1.00
5.22
1.49
.63
6.17
1.48
5.33
1.36
100.............
1.................
100.............
1.................
1.15
.07
1.71
.21
1.21
.08
3.04
.10
1.61
. 12
4.02
.16
1.66
.08
2. 82
.19
K ilo..........
K ilo ...........
K ilo ...........
K ilo ...........
K ilo ...........
.98
1.18
1.03
1.47
1.04
.78
1.35
1.19
1.99
1.15
1. 56
1. 50
1. 28
2. 57
1.36
1.26
1.37
1.09
1.93
1.21
L iter..........
1.................
100.............
K ilo ...........
L ite r..........
100.............
K ilo ...........
! . . .............
Sack..........
100.............
1.................
.25
.41
1.97
.27
.22
2.24
.22
.31
1.17
1. 49
.27
.42
. 43
2.14
.31
.20
1.91
.19
.30
1.87
2.16
.34
.47
2.20
.38
. 50
1.76
.25
.32
2.32
2.14
. 31
.33
.68
2.28
.33
.39
1.10
.20
.31
1.74
1. 78
.33
C an ............
.50
.52
.54
.51
100.............
100.............
100...........
3.67
4. 67
5.33
.15
5.16
6. 42
6. 58
.14
6.19
7.51
8.15
.14
4. 90
6.02
6. 86
.10
K ilo ..........
K ilo ..........
L ite r.........
L ite r.........
.23
.35
.03
.06
.42
.35
.04
.04
.74
.82
.05
.04
.37
.43
.03
.03
[3 1 6 ]
W AGES A ND H OU RS O F LABOR.
Wages and Hours of Labor in the Petroleum industry.
H E U n ited S ta tes B u reau of L ab o r S tatistics lias ju s t issued a
re p o rt (B ulletin 297) covering wages, hours, an d earnings in 1920
in th e p etroleum in d u stry in th e U n ited S tates. T h e re p o rt is
based on a stu d y of rep resen tativ e p lan ts in th e principal petroleum
centers.
T
A t the wells 26 per cent of the employees worked six days per week
and 74 per cent seven days. On the pipe lines 66 per cent worked six
days and 34 per cent seven days, while a t the refineries 77 per cent
worked six and 23 per cent seven days.
The custom ary hours of work a t the wells and on the pipe lines
ranged from 8 to 12 per day and a t the refineries from 8 to 13. Fortyfive per cent of the employees a t wells, 43 per cent on pipe lines, and
65 per cent a t refineries worked n o t more than 8 hours per day; 76
per cent a t wells, 77 per cent on pipe lines, and 96 per cent a t refineries
worked no t more than 9 hours; while 85 per cent a t wells, 99 per cent
on pipe lines, and 99 per cent a t refineries worked not more than 10
hours.
The table below shows the average full-tim e hours per week and
average earnings per hour in the leading occupations:
Average
full-time
hours
per week.
Occupation.
Average
earnings
per hour.
W e lls .
Drill gt*s . r . . r ........................................................................... ...........................................
D rillers' helpers a n <1 clean ou t helpers........... ............................................. ...................
Fi rpm on ..................................................................................................................................
Laborers roustabouts, arid connection men ................................................................
Pum pers and engineers..........................................................................................................
Tool dressers TT. r . . rT...........................................................................................................
73.6
69.7
57.7
57.7
62.5
78.6
81.140
.683
.651
.589
.582
.934
57.2
55.7
58.9
54.7
62.5
56.0
.749
.701
.775
.528
.584
.676
55.3
53.6
53.6
54.2
53.6
48.1
47.6
49.7
48.5
49.4
48.8
.811
.756
.789
.905
.799
.991
.741
.575
P i p e lin e s .
Fngineers and p n m p ersT
............................................................................................
Firem en
__T................................................................................................
dangers delivery men and oil receivers..........................................................................
Laborers roustabouts, etc
........................................... ....................................
T,in e walVers
......................
Tel pern ph operators Tr; ...........................................................................................................
R e f in e r ie s .
Engineers and obillermen ..........., _
...................................................................
Firem en and assistant engineers ........................................................................................
Pum pm en
__ _
_
................. ..............................................................................
Still men .................................. ....................................................................................... .
Still m en 's assistants c h a r g e r s and headers-up..............................................................
Holier m akers
.
................................................................................................
Boiler m akers' helpers __
..........................................................................................
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.9 0 5
.855
.685
87
88
M O N T H L Y LABOE R E V IE W .
The report also contains interesting descriptive m atter regarding
the drilling and operation of wells, the laying and operation of the
vast netw ork of pipe lines, and the processes employed in the m anu
facture of refined petroleum.
Regular Weekly Hours of Work in Manufacturing industries of the
United States, 1909, 1914, and 1919.
The following table taken from census reports shows the average
num ber and per cent of wage earners working each specified num
ber of hours per week in the m anufacturing industries of the United
States in the years 1909, 1914, and 1919, together w ith the cumula
tive per cent of employees working each specified num ber of hours
per week or less.
The num ber of employees reported is the average for the year,
and was obtained by taking th e actual num ber of wage earners a t
the close of one pay-roll period for each m onth in the year and
dividing the sum of these wage earners by 12.
All of these employees of each establishm ent were classified as
working the regular hours of the p lan t as a whole, although some
of the employees m ay have worked different hours. I t is believed
th a t there would be no m aterial difference in the num ber shown
in each classification were the hours of each individual reported
instead of taking the hours of the plant as a whole.
As regards the num ber of employees working each specified num
ber of hours per week in 1919, it will be seen th a t 4,418,693, or 48.6
per cent of the to tal of 9,096,372 employees, worked 48 hours per
week or less. Of this num ber, the census report shows th a t 1,111,107,
or 12.2 per cent of the to tal employees, worked 44 hours per week
or less, and 346,179, or 3.8 per cent, worked over 44 and under 48
hours per week, while 2,961,407, or 32.6 per cent, worked 48 hours
er week. In comparing th e percentages of employees working 48
ours per week and under in the three years, it will be observed
th a t the percentage of such workers was over four times as great
in 1919 as in 1914, and over six times as great in 1919 as in 1909.
In 1909 the largest percentage of employees, 30.5, fell in the classi
fication of 60 hours per week, in 1914 the largest percentage, 25.8,
fell in the classification of 54 hours per week, while in 1919 the largest
percentage, 48.6, fell in the classification of 48 hours and under.
The cum ulative per cent shows the per cent of employees working
the specified hours or less. Care m ust be exercised n o t to confuse
these percentages w ith the percentages given for the same year and
relating only to the hourly group. Thus, while 9.1 per cent of all
employees in 1919 worked 54 hours per week, 16.4 per cent plus
48.6 per cent plus 9.1 per cent, or 74.1 per cent in all, worked
54 hours or less per week. The other lines of the table are read in
like m anner.
W hen the cum ulative percentages for th e years 1909, 1914, and
1919 are compared i t will be noted th a t in 1919, 74.1 per cent of
all employees worked 54 hours per week or less, as compared w ith
51.0 per cent in 1914, and 30.6 per cent in 1909.
E
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[318]
WAGES A N D H O U R S OF LABOR.
89
R E G U L A R H O U R S O F W O R K P E R W E E K IN T H E M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S OF
T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S , 1909, 1914, A N D 1919.1
Wage earners w orking each s]lecified n um ber of
hours.
R eguiar hours of w ork p e r week.
Per cent.
Average num ber.
1909
1914
1919
833,330 4,418,693
48 and u n d e r......................................... 523,652
O ver 48 an d un d er 54.........................
481,157
945,735 1,496,177
828, 353
54............................................................. 1,019,438 1, 818, 390
Over 54 an d un d er 60......................... 1,999, 307 1, 543, 018 1,248,854
827,745
60............................................................. 2,017,280 1,487, 801
407, 973
276, 550
Over 60................................................... 574, 212
C um ulative per
cent of wage
earners working
each specified'
n u m b e r of hours
and under.
1909
1914
1919
1909
1914
7.9
7.3
15.4
30.2
30.5
8.7
11.8
13.4
25.8
21.9
21. 1
5.8
48.6
7.9 11.8
16.4 15.2 25.2
9.1 30.6 51.0
13.7 60.8 72.9
9.1 91.3 94.0
3.0 100.0 100.0
1919
48.6
65.0
74.1
87.8
93.9
100.0
T o ta l........................................... 6,615,045 7,033, 247 9, 098,372 100.0 100.0 100.0
1 A sim ilar tab le for th e years 1914 a n d 1919 was given on page 76 of the Monthly L abor R eview for
June, 1922, b u t th ro u g h a clerical error employees w orking over 48 an d under 54 hours, and those w ork
ing over 54 a n d u n d e r 60 hours were classified as “ 48 a n d u n d er 54” and “ 54 a n d u n d e r 60.” The table
in revised form is repeated in th is issue of th e R eview for th e p urpose of correcting th e error and of
furnishing th e added figures for 1909.
Average Weekly Earnings of New York State Factory Workers in
May, 1922.
CCORDING to a statem ent issued by the New York S tate
D epartm ent of Labor, the earnings of factory workers in New
York S tate appear to have reached a condition of relative
stability after declining steadily for more th an a year. The average
weekly earnings in May amounted to $24.59, a slight increase over
the April average, b u t practically the same as the M arch average.
Since last October the fluctuations in the average weekly earnings
of all workers covered by reports to the departm ent “ have been of no
great im portance, as they have not been cum ulative. A reduction
one m onth has usually been followed by an increase the next, so th a t
the average earning in May was almost identical w ith th a t of last
October.”
A
Reductions in wage rates during the intervening months appear to have been
offset by less part-time operation of factories, and the number of cuts in wage rates
has been growing smaller. In May for the first time in many months, the number of
increases reported was nearly equal to the number of reductions. Consequently,
present indications do not lead to the expectation of any considerable further reduc
tion in factory workers’ earnings within the near future. Earnings are now about 15
per cent below the peak.
Im p o rtan t increases in average weekly earnings were reported in
the fur, tobacco products, and cement and plaster industries. The
earnings of workers also increased in the m eat packing, flour and
cereal products, candy, bakery products, beverage, brick and pottery,
leather tanning, miscellaneous leather goods, rubber goods, sawmill
and planing-mill products, piano, wool products, cotton goods,
structural iron, iron and steel, shipbuilding, autom obile, railw ay
equipm ent and repair, heating apparatus, sheet-m etal work, and oil
and chemical products industries. All the industries included in the
printing and paper-goods group showed increased earnings from April
to May. The m ost substantial gain was in the miscellaneous paper-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[319]
M O N T H L Y LABOE R E V IE W .
90
goods industries. Sm aller increases were re p o rted in th e p rin tin g
and bookm aking, and th e paper-box industries. A verage earnings
in th e p aper-m aking in d u stry were also a little g re ater th a n in April.
The clothing group of industries reported a slight loss in average earnings as the
result of seasonal reductions of $2.13 in the millinery industry and $1.12_ in the
women’s clothing industry. Despite the fact that the 15 per cent reduction in wage
rates went into effect in most of the Rochester men’s clothing factories on May 1,
this industry showed a gain in employees’ earnings due to increased working time.
The miscellaneous sewing and the women’s furnishings industries also reported
increased earnings.
Some of th e increases in w eekly earnings in M ay as com pared w ith
A pril are as follow s:
Increase.
Fur............................................................................................................. $3.24
Cement and plaster................................................................................... 2. 27
Tobacco products...................................................................................... 2.24
Brick and pottery..................................................................................... 1. 82
Structural iron........................................................................................... 1.78
Iron and steel...........................
1.28
Shipb uilding............................................................................................. 1.12
Meat packing............................................................................................. 1.10
Decreases in average w eekly earnings were rep o rted in th e canning,
m iscellaneous stone and m ineral products, and glass industries.
Average Hourly Wages of Metal Workers in Various European Coun
tries in 1921.
H E following table taken from the Revue de l ’Industrie Minérale,
Paris, May 15, 1922 (p. 165) , shows the average hourly wages
in 1921 of skilled and unskilled adult workers in the m etal
trades in six E uropean countries:
T
A V E R A G E H O U R L Y W A G E S O F M E T A L T R A D E S W O R K E R S IN E U R O P E D U R IN G 1921.
[At p a r 1 m ark = 23.82 cents; 1 krone = 20.26 cents; 1 lira = 19.3 cents; 1 franc (Belgian and French) = 19.3
cents; 1 shilling = 24.33 cents; 1 p enny = 2.03 cents.]
Average hourly wages.
Country.
U nskilled
Skilled
Average,
w orkers (over workers (over skilled
and
20 years of
20 years of
unskilled.
age).
age).
36 k r .............
2.50 f r ...........
2 s...................
3 fr.................
6.8 m .............
2.85 lire ____
A u stria....................................
B e lg iu m ................................
E n g lan d ..................................
France
..............................
G erm any................................
Ttalv
" _______ ______ __
28-32 k r ........
2.20 f r ...........
Is. 6d ............
2.15 f r ...........
5.6 m .............
2.40 lire ........
35 kr.
2.30 fr.
Is. 9d.
2.80 fr.
6.30 m .
2.50 lire
1
Relation of Wages to Selling Prices in the Belgian Coal industry.
N T H E following table, taken from the Labor G azette (London),
June, 1922, p. 249, and based upon inform ation furnished by the
Belgian B ureau of Mines, the relation of wages to the selling price
of coal is shown for the various coal districts during April, 1920,
and January, 1122.
I
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[320]
91
WAGES AND H O U E S OF LABOE.
A V E R A G E S E L L IN G P R IC E A N D A M O U N T S P E N T IN W A G ES, P E R TO N O F COAL,
A P R IL , 1920, AND JA N U A R Y , 1922, B Y D IST R IC T S.
[1 franc a t p a r = 19.3 cents.]
January, 1922.
A pril, 1920.
D istrict.
Average
selling
price.
A m ount
spent
in wages.
Average
selling
price.
A m ount
spent
in wages.
F rancs.
F rancs.
F rancs.
F rancs.
Mons basin................................
C enter........................................
Charleroi....................................
N am u r.......................................
L iege..........................................
H erve.........................................
Southern basin........................
90. 50
86.25
84.99
81.69
90. 75
85. 22
86.50
47. 22
44.16
41.94
40.52
47. 85
36.35
44. 37
78. 33
84. 32
80. 81
69. 66
93. 56
84.57
82.95
48. 29
44. 25
41. 75
43. 27
49.95
43. 58
45. 27
A verage, all d istric ts..
86. 56
43.20
82.03
45.19
The averages for all districts indicate a decrease of 5.2 per cent in
the selling price of coal per ton and an increase of 4.6 per cent in
wages per ton during the period shown. The national joint com
m ittee for the mining industry therefore a t its m eetings held in M arch
and April, 1922, decided to m ake two cuts in wages, one of 5 per cent
on March 12, and another of 8 per cent to take effect May 1, 1922.
Cotton-Mill Wages in Cartagena, Colombia.
CONSULAR report of June 2, 1922, gives the wages of workers
in a few of the occupations in cotton mills in Cartagena,
Colombia. The hours are 15 per day w ith an 84-hour week.
Female spinners, knitters, and winders receive 6 cents per hour and
female weavers are paid 8 cents per hour, while male laborers, lifting
and carrying, are paid 10 cents per hour. Cost of living for foreigners
remains a t about the 1920 level, b u t the native laboring class, it is
stated, lives com paratively cheaply because of low living standards.
A
Application of the Eight-Hour Day in French industry.
N IN Q U IR Y conducted by the General Confederation of Labor
among its affiliated organizations upon the extent of the
application of the 8-hour day in various industries of France
is summarized in La Voix du Peuple, April, 1922 (pp. 235-240).
T ra n sp o rta tio n .—The 8-hour day or the 48-hour week is n o t yet
wholly applied on account of the differences in the means of transport.
In general in the tram w ays of small towns the average 8-hour day
is in effect either on the basis of 48 hours a week or 96 in the fort
night. In some cities and districts the hours are averaged for each
3 m onths or even for 6 months, b u t in general they do n o t exceed 8
hours, and if they should a period of compensatory rest is allowed.
Some street-railw ay companies have added an hour to the day as
the adm inistrative decrees for transport have not yet been issued.
A
2470°—22----- 7
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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92
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
Overtime rates are paid for the additional Avork. The spread of
hours for employees engaged in delivering merchandise by m otor or
horse-drawn vehicles, is from 11 to 12 hours, including time for meals.
Glass in d u s try . —The 8-hour day is generally in effect and there is
no m ovem ent on the p a rt of employers toward extending the hours.
W ood-working in d u strie s. —The 8-hour day was fixed by an admin
istrative decree, March, 1921. It has been generally complied with
as the 120 hours additional allowed each year are sufficient for the
necessary extra work. Opposition to the act has developed, however,
among both employers and workers. It has been proved in the piano
industry that the present output is greater than in the 10 hours
Avorked before the war and this without changes in working methods
or machinery. No decree has been issued for sawmills and toy
making.
P r in tin g . —The basic 8-hour day has been in effect since 1919.
C ommercial em ployees. —The 8-hour day is fairly general in wholesale and retail establishments of the large cities but in the smaller
towns the Avorking-day varies between 8 and 9 hours. The adminis
trative decree for wholesale trade is carried out and a decree is to be
issued for retail establishments other than food in cities of more
than 100,000 inhabitants.
M in in g . —For Avorkers aboveground the day of 8 hours is general,
Avhile for underground workers the 8 hours is reckoned from the time
the first worker enters the mine until the last Avorker leaves it and
includes 30 minutes intermission underground. The law has been
respected by the greater number of companies but an attempt to
amend it so that the hours will be counted from the time the last
miner goes into the mine until the first one ascends will be met by
the organized resistance of the miners. In order to make this resis
tance effective it is considered necessary by the workers that foreign
coal should not be allowed in France and that international action
should be taken by the miners.
H id e a n d leather w orkers. —The 8-hour day is generally in effect
although in all industries except tanneries the 48 hours are spread
over 5fr days to alloAV the Saturday half-holiday. Attempts at over
time on the part of employers have not been general.
G ardeners. —The 8-hour day is not in effect in most of the horti
cultural occupations, except for workers in cemeteries, the length of
the working day varying, among market gardeners particularly,
according to the season, the Avorkers generally receiving board and
lodging.
Clothing.- —The day of 8 hours is in effect for factory workers but is
not applied at all to home Avorkers. Infringements are consented to
or requested by workers in custom-made tailoring for men and women,
but in making underclothing the longer hours are the exception. No
general attempt has been made to modify the decree, but partial at
tempts have been made through the working of overtime, to which
the employees offer little resistance, as unemployment has been
serious. If the trade returns to normal, while 8 hours will continue
in theory it will in reality no longer exist.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[322]
WAGES ALTD HOURS OF LABOR.
93
P u b lic services .—The working-day in general does not exceed
8 hours except in the collection of certain kinds of taxes.
H atters .—Out of 12,000 employed at this trade, 5,000 workers
benefit by the 8-hour day. In localities in which the workers are
unorganized the 9-hour day is in effect.
Wages in Selected industries in Great Britain, 1914 to 1921.
H E trend of wages, prices, and profits in Great B ritain from
pre-war times up to June, 1921, is shown in a report1 recently
issued by the Labor Research D epartm ent. The Labor Re
search D epartm ent is an independent organization composed of
affiliated trade-unions, trade councils, local labor parties, etc.,
established for the purpose of conducting “ research and inquiries
into all social and industrial questions affecting labor, from a labor
standpoint.” The m aterial presented in its present report is com
piled from the British Labor Gazette, the Economist, wage reports of
the M inistry of Labor and of commissions of inquiry in various indus
tries, Board of Trade reports, and official abstracts of labor statistics,
supplem ented by information from trade-union annual reports,
trade journals, and figures supplied directly by the trade-unions.
According to the preface, w ritten by Mr. Sidney Webb, the book
“ aims at no more than a presentation of facts relating to wages,
prices, and profits in G reat Britain during the past seven years, so far
as they can be ascertained.”
T
In the public interest it is becoming increasingly important that the secrecy in which
so much business enterprise is still shrouded should, so far as statistical tables are con
cerned, be brought to an end. The conclusion is inevitable that the nation ought to
be provided with more complete and more authoritative statistics of the profits,
salaries and wages in all business enterprises for each year, as soon as it is ended.
I t was found th a t there was everywhere in G reat B ritain “ com
paratively little advance of wages in the earlier period of the war. A t
the end of 1915, the increase did not generally am ount to more than
10 per cent.” The advance was slow until 1917, a t the end of which
year wages had risen over 30 per cent in m ost industries and to be
tween 80 and 90 per cent in some cases. Increases followed more
rapidly, “ especially for backward groups of w orkers,” until the sum
mer of 1920. Wages reached their highest point in the iron and
steel and in one or two other industries in June, 1920, and almost
everywhere before the end of the year. Between December, 1920,
and June, 1921, wages in general rem ained unchanged or began to
decrease.
In the table below are shown, for certain selected occupations, the
rates of wages in effect in December of each year, 1914 to 1920, and in
June, 1921, and the per cent of m axim um increase over 1914. These
occupations were chosen from the m any given in the report, as being
the m ost representative and im portant ones as well as those for
which the m ost definite data were given.
i L abor R esearch D ep artm en t.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Wages, prices, and profits.
[323]
London, 1922.
W E E K L Y W A G E R A TES PA ID IN G R E A T B R IT A IN IN D E C E M B E R , 1914 TO 1920, AND IN JU N E , 1921- IN C E R T A IN IN D U S T R IE S AN D
O CCUPATIONS.
c£>
^
[1 shilling a t par=24.3 cents; 1 penny=2.03 cents.]
December—
In d u stry , locality, an d occupation.
June, 1921.
1914
1915
s.
d.
s.
1917
1916
d.
41 0-45 0
35 0-39 0
33 0
s.
d.
s.
d.
42 0-46 0
36 0-40 0
34 0
s.
d.
s.
1918
d.
49 0-53 0
43 0-47 0
41 0
s. d. s.
68 0-72
d.
0
62 0-66 0
60 0
1919
1920
6*. d s . d.
73 0-77 0
67 0-71 0
65 0
s. d . s . d .
88 0-92 0
82 0-86 0
80 0
70 o
67 0
65 0
91 0
88 0
86 0
70 0-74 0
68 0-71 0
65 0
90 0
81 0-84 0
78 0-81 0
75 0
97 0
s.
72
81
78
d.
s.
d.
P e r c e n t.
78 0
0-74 0
70 0
119-132
139-156
167
91 o
88 0
86 o
139
151
161
0
0
0
0
138-147
160-170
167-188
171
0-84
0-81
75
90
32 0
33 0
40 0
55 0
56 0
68 0
68 0
126
29 0
30 0
37 0
52
0
53 0
65 0
65 0
141
26 0
25 0
30 0
30 0
40 0
40 0
40 0
40 0
122
137
40 111
40 n
41 01
40 9
41 31
40 11|
61 5
5 1 41
41 111
41 8
42 4
42 1
42 2
41 11
143
233
40 11
40 71
40 11
40 71
41 2
40 10
41 6
41 2
41 10
4 1 61
42 4
"2 1
42 2
4 1 11
167
284
40 81
40 51
40 81
40 6
40 10
40 71
41 0
40 10
41 5
41 3
42
0
41 9
4 1 10
41 7
182
282
40 11
H) i u
40 81
41 1
«O 10
5 1 41
5 1 01
5 1 5f
51 n
42 4
4 1 111
42 2
41 91
167
173
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW ,
[324]
B akery trades:
London—
s. d . s . d.
F orehands............................................. 2 38 0-42 0
Single a n d second h a n d s.................... 32 0-36 0
Table h a n d s.........................................
30 0
M anchester—
Forehands.............................................
38 0
Single a n d second h an d s...................
0
33 0
Table h a n d s.........................................
B irm ingham —
Forehands.............................................
34 0
Single an d second h a n d s...................
30 0
Table h a n d s.........................................
26 0-28 0
Glasgow—A d u lt m ales..........................
36 0
Boot a n d shoe in d u stry (E ngland and
WnlpssV
Males—
Clicking an d other skilled departm e n ts .................................................
3 30 0
Heel building, stock and show
room s.................................................
27 0
Females—
IS 0
First-class operations.........................
17 0
Second-class operations.....................
B uilding trades:
London—
40 i u
B ricklayers...........................................
Laborers................................................
40 71
M anchester (G rade A)—
B ricklayers...........................................
40 101
Laborers................................................
40 6J
E xeter ( G rade C)—
B ricklayers...........................................
40 81
40
Laborers................................................
Glasgow—
B ricklayers...........................................
<0 101
L aborers................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Maxi
m um rate
of increase
over De
cem ber,
1914.1
<0 91
<0 8f
“ 0 Si
70 91
7 0 81
70 81
8 0 91
80 81
80 81
81 5
si 5
91 5
50 0
55 9
42 0
70 10
81 0
63 0
80 6
85 6
74 9
86 0
91 1
SO 5
44 0
47 0
39 6
66 2
69 9
64 1
75 11
84 11
81 6
88 3
92 9
84 4
88 3
92 9
84 4
46 1
48 4
66 6
74 8
76 3
78 6
81 8
81 8
88
90
70
74
88
90
70
74
15
10
17 2
10 4
18 8
11 10
20 8
13 10
8 2
5 11
12 6
7 2
14 0
8 8
15 6
10 2
10 2
6 7
15 1
9 2
16 7
10 8
8 6
5 9
12 5
7 11
8 3
6 6
<0 9i
40 8J
<0 81
843
48
35
23
28
0
9
0
0
0
37 0
40 0
32 6
38
40
23
27
3
6
4
0
109 4
5 8
39 0
44 0
40 0
<0 91
<0 81
<0 81
47 0
52 9
39 0
}........................
41 0
44 0
36 6
42 6
44 6
}........................
12 4
6 10
42 0
91 7
91 7
92 0
9 1 10
9 1 10
153
151
167
93
109
87
74
93
109
87
74
134
91 9
10
8
0
9
3
6
1
5
149
135
132
3
6
1
5
132
122
\
/ ...............
25 9
17 10
23 9
15 10
176
215
17 6
12 2
22 0
16 2
20 0
14 2
169
173
18 1
12 2
20 1
14 2
25 1
18 2
23 1
16 2
147
176
13 11
9 5
15 5
10 11
17 5
12 11
21 11
16 11
19 11
14 11
158
193
13 9
9 6
15 3
11 0
16 9
12 6
18 9
14 6
23 6
18 6
21 6
16 6
185
184
45 0
53 0
72 6
85 0
90 0
85 0
8
8
100
105
100
1 Does no t include increases of wages which took place betw een December, 1920, and June, 1921, b u t were followed im m ediately b y com pensating or more th a n
decreases.
2 U nion stan d ard rate.
8 U nion m inim um rate.
* U nion rate per hour.
8 U nion ra te per hour; plus 12§ per cent.
e U nion ra te per hour; plus ls.~per week.
7 U nion rate per hour; plus com mittee-on-production aw ard of ljd .
8 U nion rate per hour; plus com mittee-on-production aw ard of 3d.
9 Trade board general m inim um rate. Pieceworkers are entitled to a m inim um basic tim e rate, fixed a t ljd . per hour above general m inim um tim e rate.
18 Average piecework earnings.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
81
8
0
9
100 0
105 0
100 0
WAGES AND H O U R S OF LABOR,
[325]
C lotiiingtrades (England and Wales):
M e a s u m c u tte rs .........................................
Knifem en and pressers-ofl........................
Stock cutters, fitters, tailors, and passers.
Metal trades:
London—
F itters and tu rn ers.............................
P a tte rn m a k e rs..................................
M achinists............................................
Laborers...............................................
T yne—
F itters and tu rn ers.............................
P a tte rn makers,..................................
M achinists............................................
Glasgow—
F itters and tu rn e rs ............................
P a tte rn m ak ers...................................
Laborers................................................■
M ining in d u stry :
South Wales—
Coal getters..........................................
Laborers...............................................
D urham —
Coal getters..........................................
Laborers...............................................
South Yorkshire—
Coal getters..........................................
Laborers...............................................
Lancashire a n d Yorkshire—
Coal getters...........................................
Laborers...............................................
Scotland—•
Coal getters...........................................
Laborers...............................................
P rin tin g trades:
London—
Compositors.........................................
Linotype a n d m onotype operators.
L ithographers.....................................
0
156
0
139
0
150
com pensating
CO
C71
W E E K L Y W A GE R A T E S P A ID IN G R E A T B R IT A IN IN D E C E M B E R , 1914 TO 1920, AN D IN JU N E , 1921, IN C E R T A IN IN D U S T R IE S AN D
OCCUPATIO NS—Concluded.
CO
CTi
[1 shilling a t par=24.3 cents; 1 penny=2.03 cents.]
December—
In d u stry , locality, a n d occupation.
June, 1921.
1914
11 N ot including mileage allowance.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
s.
d.
s.
1916
d.
s.
d.
s.
d.
s.
d.
s.
1919
1918
1917
d.
s.
d.
s.
d.
s.
70 0
58 0
43 0
36 0
5 9
12 S tan d ard rate p er day
48 0
41 0
6 .3
55 0
48 0
8 3
70 0
63 0
9 8
d.
s.
1920
d.
s.
d.
s.
d.
d.
s.
d.
P e r c e n t.
97 6
106 0
95 0
97 6
106 0
95 0
156
66 0
72 0
82 6
88 6
82 6
88 6
230
88 0-106 0
70 0- 88 0
85 0-103 0
67 0 -8 3 0
121-193
193-289
160
75 0
68 0
80 0
73 0
100
121
72 0
65 0
77 0
70 0
108
133
65 0
59 0
70 0
64 0
133-169
167-220
is 16 0
11 8
12 8-14 0 « 17 6- 20 6
16 0
11 8-12 2
13 N a tional m inim um wage.
s.
81 0
89 6
80 0
16 0
14 17 6- 20 6
16 0
14 Special ra te for tim berw ork.
205
139-146
220-256
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
[326]
P rin tin g trades—C ontinued.
Grade I tow ns—
s. d . s . d .
Com positors.........................................
38 0
Linotype an d m onotype operators.
Lithographers.....................................
36 6
Grade V I tow ns—
Com positors.........................................
25 0
Linotype an d m onotype operators.
Transportation:
Railroads—
Locomotive engineers........................ 1130 0-48 0
F irem en ................................................ 11 18 0-30 0
Street railw ays—
London—
M otorm en.....................................
40 0
C onductors.................
33 0
Large tow ns—
M otorm en.....................................
37 0
Conductors....................................
30 0
Sm all tow ns—
M otorm en..................................... 26 0-30 0
C onductors...................................
20 0-24 0
W ater tran sp o rtatio n —
Dockers—
P o rt of L ondon............................
125 3
Oceans an d short sea ship w ork. 12 7 4_ 8 4
Large p o rts.....................T............
4 6-50
1915
Maxi
m u m rate
ofincrease
over De
cem ber,
1914.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR.
97
The absence of any extravagant rise of wages among the better paid and more
highly organized section of the workers was not due to accidental causes, but may be
traced, at least to some extent, to the deliberate action of the Government. Under
the munitions or war act, 1915, which covered the greater part of the engineering and
shipbuilding trades and large numbers of workers in other industries, not merely
strikes were made illegal, but a workman could be prevented by his employer who
refused to grant a discharge certifícate from taking up fresh employment. The latter
provision was repealed during 1917, but thousands of munition workers had already
been checked in moving from one firm to another in search of better conditions.
While “ the play of natural forces” flung fantastic fortunes into the laps of army con
tractors and shipowners, wages were subject to artificial regulation. Disputes were
referred to arbitration, and settled with due respect to public economy.
Toward the end of the w ar a m ovem ent was started for the auto
m atic regulation of wages by cost-of-living sliding scales. The
m ethod originated in the textile dyeing and bleaching trades, and,
according to the report, nearly a million and a half workers were
covered by such agreements a t the end of 1920. U nder these agree
m ents wages were to rise or fall correspondingly w ith the rise or fall
in the cost of living as shown by the index num ber published by the
M inistry of Labor.
The investigators are of the opinion th a t this index num ber did
n o t give an accurate picture of the rise in the cost of living b u t under
stated the case, the “ cost of living” as defined by the M inistry of
Labor being not the “ rise in the cost of m aintaining the same standard
of life” as before the war, b u t “ the increase in the actual expenditure
by the worker’s family in 1918 as compared with 1914. Thus it
is n o t surprising th a t they found the Mise in cost of living’ to be
much less than was commonly asserted. After all you can not spend
money you have n o t g ot.”
Also The investigators feel th a t the weighting of the different
articles entering into the workers’ budget was faulty.
The official calculation of weights is based on the family budget inquiry of 1904—
nearly 20 years ago. I t is pretty certain that clothing accounts for more than the 12
per cent allowed, and, in view of this and all the other changes in working-class ex
penditure during the last 20 years, it is obvious that a new allocation is necessary to-day.
W ith a new weighting of the item s which the investigators think
is more representative of their actual relative im portance in the budget
the average increase in the cost of living is m uch greater than th a t
shown by the M inistry of Labor figures.
_
_!
The report points out also th a t the rates established on the basis
of this index num ber did no t enable the workers to obtain an income
fully abreast of prices, “ b u t the advance always followed behind and
never w ent before the rise in the cost of living. In some cases,
indeed, one rate lagged so far behind the other th a t an advance of
wages took place when the cost of living had for several m onths
begun to decline.”
The policy of focusing attention on the rise in cost of living,
which affected all workers alike, had the indirect effect of prom oting
a policy of national awards and settlem ents. A ttention was especially
“ directed to the needs of lower-paid workers upon whom the cost
of living pressed w ith the utm ost severity. There was a correspond
ing m ovem ent to establish minimum rates of wages in hitherto
unregulated trades.”
The workers had in nearly all cases to suffer a severe decline in their standard of
life, and even by the end of 1920 two-thirds of the industries had not reached their
pre-war standard of real wages.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[327]
98
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
Wage Reductions and Employment in the British Coal industry.
rapid reduction in the wages of B ritish miners since the
T ^H Esettlem
ent after the long lockout in 1921 is set forth in a recent
article 1 by F rank Hodges in which the following data regarding
wages and their relation to cost of living, and the effect of unemploy
m ent or partial employment in the industry are shown.
1 L abor Magazine, Ju n e, 1922. “ T he B ritish coal m ining in d u s try ,” b y F ran k Hodges, p p . 53-55.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[328]
D A IL Y W A G E S O F B R IT IS H M IN E R S . M ARCH, 1921, M ARCH, 1922, AND MAY, 1922, A N D T H E R E L A T IO N O F P R E S E N T W A G E S TO COST O F L IV IN G .
W age position
of day workers
in relation to
cost of living,
May, 1922.
W age per shift.
Coal area.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Scotland............................................
N o rth u m b erlan d ............................
D u rh a m .............................................
S outh W ales.....................................
Y o rk sh ire2.......................................
N ottin g h am sh ire............................
D erbyshire.......................................
Leicestershire...................................
Cannock C hase................................
W arw ickshire..................................
L an cash ire3.....................................
N o rth Staffordshire........................
Cheshire.............................................
N o rth W ales.....................................
South Staffordshire and Salop. . .
C um berland.....................................
B risto l................................................
Forest of D ean ................................
Som erset...........................................
K e n t..................................................
March,
1921.
March,
1922.
s. d.
s. d.
17
18
16
17
17
19
18
17
16
17
16
17
16
16
0
11
6
10
11
0
3
2
6
3
5
2
5
4
16
14
15
14
18
0
11
3
7
8
8
9
8
8
13
15
15
13
13
13
It
10
11
8
9
8
7
7
8
10
5
4
7
10
10
9
3
7
7
5
9
2
9
5
0
3
2
5
11
5
May,
1922.
s. d.
8
9
8
8
13
14
14
12
12
12
10
9
10
8
9
8
7
7
8
10
5
9
8
10
0
10
5
10
10
7
8
3
8
5
0
3
2
9
5
5
Underg round laborers.
Reduc
tion since
March,
1921.
s. d.
March,
1921.
March,
1922.
M ay,
1922.
Surface laborers.
Reduc
tion since
March,
1921.
March,
1921.
March,
1922.
May,
1922.
s. d.
s.
d.
s
8
9
7
9
4
4
3
4
3
4
5
7
5
7
7
2
10
0
11
2
10
4
8
8
9
11
9
11
14
13
13
14
14
14
15
14
13
14
14
14
14
14
0
11
8
9
8
6
0
5
11
8
7
3
7
2
d.
s.
d.
s. d.
s. d.
7
6
6
6
10
12
10
9
10
10
8
7
8
6
0
10
10
5
6
5
6
8
2
0
3
10
3
6
7
6
6
6
9
9
9
9
9
9
7
7
7
6
0
9§
8i
5
10
4
11
2
7
5
6
1
6
6
7
7
6
8
4
5
5
5
4
5
7
7
7
7
0
D
Hi
4
10
2
1
3
4
3
1
2
1
8
14
13
13
14
14
14
14
12
13
12
13
12
13
13
0
11
8
9
8
6
3
5
11
4
0
7
0
0
7
6
6
6
10
9
9
7
8
7
6
6
6
5
0
10
10
5
2
10
7
3
0
10
6
6
6
5 11
5 6
7
7
7
6
8
9
9
10
2
3
15
14
13
13
15
8
5
5
6
8
7
6
5
7
7
10
3
11
8
11
7
6
5
7
7
10
3
11
4
11
7
8
7
6
7
10
2
6
2
9
14
12
12
12
13
3
4
10
6
10
6
5
5
6
6
6
3
4
6
3
6
5
5
6
6
1
Per
cent of
increase
R educ
in
tio n since wages
March,
since
1921.
1914.
Per
cent of
increase
in cost
of living
since
1914.
s. d.
7
6
6
6
9
9
9
6
7
7
5
0
9i
8i
5
7
4
0
9
6
4
11
6
3
4
1
3
7
7
6
8
5
5
5
5
6
5
7
7
7
o
14
11Î
4
1
2
3
8
5
0
1
1
1
6
7
7
7
6
7
9
1
6
7
20
22
20
20
50
50
50
50
50
50
26
26
26
20
20
20
20
20
44
20
i 81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
WAGES AND H O U R S OF LABOR.
[329 J
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ü.
D ay wage colliers.
1 Ju n e, 1922; 80 per cent.
2 This position is in some areas slightly im proved over a n d above the percentage figure of wage increase shown, by local agreem ents, for increases in th e basic wages.
3 Pieceworkers received a n advance in 1919 in consequence of loss of earning power b y the reduction of the hours of labor from 8 to 7 hours per d ay Such advances
vary from 12 to 14 per cent according to area, a n d still exist under the present agreement. The areas w ith wage increases of only 20 per cent are those a t th e m inim um under the
agreem ent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CO
CO
100
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
Employment.
ACCORDING to the article, the subsistence level of the miners
has been affected by unem ploym ent and partial employment.
The following statem ent shows the average num ber of shifts per
week worked by the mines:
Y ear ending Y ear ending
April, 1921.
................................... 5.75
................................... 5.70
................................. 5.64
.......................... 5.69
.......................... 5 .74
......................................................................
0)
............................ 5.78
................................... 5 .74
................................................ 5.26
............................ 4 .79
............................................ 4.71
......................................................................
0)
M a y ................
J u l y ................
A u g u s t..........
S e p te m b e r..
O c to b er........
N o v e m b e r...
D e ce m b er. . .
J a n u a ry ____
F e b ru a ry ___
M a rch ............
A p ril............
1 Stoppage of work.
April, 1922.
d)
d)
5.59
4. 77
4. 58
4. 67
4.97
5.18
5 .16
5. ¿5
5 .17
5 .3 0
The average num ber of shifts worked by the mines in previous
years is shown below:
5.49
5 .5 8
5 .23
5 .58
5 .68
5 .48
5 .62
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918................
The past year has shown a large decrease in the num ber of per
sons employed, b u t it is pointed out th a t as trade improves em
ploym ent tends in an upw ard direction, as the following table
shows:
A V E R A G E N U M B E R O F W O R K E R S E M P L O Y E D D U R IN G Y E A R S
1921 A N D 1922, B Y Q U A R T E R S .
E N D IN G M ARCH ,
Average n u m b er of workers
em ployed, year ending—
Decrease.
Period.
March, 1921.
F irst qn arto r
.................................................
PQCond. q u a rte r
.........................................................................
T hird q u a rte r
.........................................................................
Fourth q u a rte r...............................................................................
1,178,614
1,168,946
1,216,215
1,213,204
March, 1922.
C1)
1,058,770
1,062,400
1,072,200
1 Stoppage of work.
The numbers employed in previous years are shown below:
1910
..................................................
] 911..............................................................................................
1912 ..........................................................................................
1913 ..........................................................................................
1914 ..........................................................................................
1915 ..........................................................................................
1916
..................................................
1917 ..........................................................................................
1918
..................................................
1919 ..........................................................................................
1920 ..........................................................................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[330]
1, 039, 986
1,057,699
1,079,926
1,118,453
1,124,301
953,642
998,063
1,021,340
1, 008, 867
1,191,313
1,248,224
110,176
143,815
141,004
101
WAGES AND H O U R S OF LABOR.
The num ber in receipt of unem ploym ent benefit from the S tate
is as follows:
December, 192]....................................................................................................
January, 1922.......................................................................................................
February, 1922.....................................................................................................
March, 1922..........................................................................................................
April, 1922............................................................................................................
126, 348
118,143
107,327
94, 781
92,170
Wage Rates of Italian Marine Labor and of Port Labor in Naples.
N D ER dates of April 15 and 18, 1922, the American consul at
Naples in collaboration w ith the Naples representative of the
U nited States Shipping Board prepared two reports, of
which the first deals w ith wage rates of Italian m arine labor and
the second w ith rates of port labor in Naples. The two reports are
reproduced below.
U
Italian Marine Labor.
D A T E S of wages paid to Italian m arine labor are settled by agreem ents m ade between the N ational Federation of Seamen
( Federazione N a zio n a le L avoratori del M are ) and the representatives
of the Governm ent M erchant Fleet and private owners. Practically
every other condition of m arine labor, except wages, is covered by
the m aritim e laws.
Assuming a rate of exchange of 20 lire to the dollar, the following
table makes a comparison of the wages paid a t present on cargo
vessels of any tonnage under the Italian and American flags:
M O N T H L Y W A G E S O F A M E R IC A N A N D IT A L IA N M A R IN E L A B O R .
M onthly ra te of wages.
Position.
A merican.
M asters..............................................................
Chief engineers................................................
F irst officers.....................................................
F irst assistant engineers................................
Second officers.................................................
Second assistant engineers............................
T h ird officers....................................................
T h ird assistant engineers............. ................
C adets................................................................
W ireless operators...........................................
Stew ards............................................................
F irst cooks........................................................
Second cooks.....................................................
Mess hoys..........................................................
B oatsw ains.......................................................
A ble seam en .....................................................
O rdinary seam en.............................................
O ilers..................................................................
F irem en .............................................................
W ipers................................................................
$250.00
230. 00
160. 00
160. 00
140. 00
140.00
125.00
125.00
90.00
105.00
90.00
70.00
35. 00
65.00
55.00
40.00
65.00
57.50
50.00
Ita lia n .
$75.00
75.00
57. 50
57.50
47.50
47.50
41.25
41.25
37. 50
47.50
31.25
27.25
25.75
12.50
31.25
25.00
19. 25
30. 50
26.50
24. 25
In an American cargo vessel of 4,500 gross tons or over the per
sonnel required a t present is 35 men, including the m aster. An
Italian vessel of corresponding tonnage is required to carry 30 to 33
men. Overtime is paid to all members of the crew except the m aster,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[331]
102
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
chief engineer, purser, doctor, and chief stew ard when working a t
sea on order of the m aster outside of ordinary hours, or eight hours
per day in four-hour watches. The following overtime rates prevail:
Lire.
3. 00
Officers, per hour..........
Junior officers, per hour
Seamen, per hour.........
Boys, per hour..............
2. 00
1. 50
1. 00
Port Labor in Naples.
'“T H E port labor of Naples is organized into a num ber of small
■unions and one im portant union, the N ational Federation of
P o rt W orkers ( Federazione N a zio n a le L a va to ri dei P o rti ) w h i c h has
branches in m ost Italian ports. The smaller unions consist of grain
workers, coal stevedores, and other restricted groups handling certain
kinds of cargo.
U ntil the beginning of the coal stevedores’ strike, about two m onths
ago, the unions were very strong, practically every worker in the
port belonging to some one of the various unions. After the coal
workers’ strike had dragged on for some time the Fascisti took a
hand and demanded th a t the vacant jobs be given to unemployed
w ar veterans belonging to its organization. Num bers of Fascisti
began discharging coal cargoes and coaling ships, working under
guard of the Guardia Regia, or Royal Italian Constabulary, and the
result has been th a t the Fascisti have practically replaced the coalhandlers’ union and have a strong representation in m any other port
workers’ organizations. The extent of their activity is shown by the
fact th a t when the N ational Federation called a general port-workers
strike throughout Ita ly in sym pathy w ith the coal-handlers’ strike
in Naples, this p ort was scarcely affected, and ships were loaded and
discharged w ithout delay.
. .
Union wage agreements, which stand until new negotiations are
perm itted by the p ort authorities on appeal from either side, provide
a t present for wages as follows:
Wage rates of port labor in Naples.
[1 lira a t par= 19.3 cents.]
Week days:
7 a. m. to 6 p. m. (less lunch hour)................................
For work during lunch hour...........................................
For one-half day..............................................................
Per hour from 6 p. m. to 8 p. m......................................
From 8 p. m. to midnight...............................................
From 8 p. m. to 6 a. m ....................................................
From 6 a. m. to 7 a. m .....................................................
Sundays and holidays:
From 7 a. m. to 3 p. m. (less lunch hour)......................
From 3 p. m. to 6 p. m., per hour..................................
From 6 p. m. to midnight, per hour...............................
From 6 a. m. to 7 a. m., per hour...................................
Lire.
38.00
5.00
22.50
10.00
30.00
62.00
10.00
43.00
6.50
13.00
13.00
The regular holidays observed are as follows: Jan u ary 6 (E piphany);
May 25 (Ascension D a y ); August 15 (Assumption D a y ); Septem ber 20
(Garibaldi D a y ); November 1 (All Saints’ D a y ); November 4 (Armis-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[3 3 2 ]
WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOE,
103
tice D a y ); and December 25 (Christmas D ay ). In addition there
are several local feast and saints’ days which are observed as holidays
in this port.
Ten per cent over the regular wage scale is paid for handling
frozen m eat cargoes, b u t no differentials are paid for handling any
other commodities.
The unions pay no unem ploym ent bonuses to their members, b u t
employers are compelled to pay accident insurance premiums which
vary according to the character of cargo handled.
Wages in Specified Industries in Japan, 1911 to 1920.
H E following tables taken from the Financial and Economic
A nnual of Japan, 1921, Tokyo (pp. 71-73), show the average
daily wages in agriculture and various other industries, from
1911 to the first half of 1920, inclusive. The index num bers of these
wages are based on the average wages paid in 1900 taken as 100.
T
A V E R A G E D A IL Y W A G ES IN JA P A N , 1911 TO 1920.
[1 yen a t par=49.85 cents.)
K in d of em ploym ent.
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
Yen.
Yen.
19201
A g r i c u l t u r e , e tc.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
F a rm laborer, m a le 2................. 49. 81
F a rm laborer, fem ale 2.............. 29.94
.42
F a rm la b o re r, m a le 8.................
.25
F a rm laborer, fem ale 8...............
S ericultu ral laborer, m a le 3—
.45
.28
S e rie u ltu rallab o rer,fe m a le 3. .
.30
Silk spinner, fe m a le 3.................
.83
G ardener.......................................
.59
F is h e rm a n 3..................................
53.84
31. 51
.44
.27
.44
.28
.31
.85
.62
51.86
31.07
.46
.29
.50
.28
.33
.85
.59
53.89
32.18
.47
.30
.50
.28
.35
.83
.60
53.70
32.53
.46
.29
.46
.27
.33
.83
.59
52.04
30.52
.48
.30
.47
.28
.31
.85
.57
59. 40
34.93
.56
.34
.52
.34
.36
.96
.61
.43
.25
.54
.54
.58
.85
.68
.58
.65
.43
.27
.50
.56
.60
.89
.65
. 59
.69
.45
.28
.50
.57
.64
.88
.66
.60
.71
.46
.29
.51
.54
.63
.84
.64
.60
.72
.46
.30
.52
.47
.69
.84
.63
.59
.73
.49
.32
.53
.52
.69
.87
.69
.61
.75
.57
.35
.58
.62
.79
.97
.86
.71
.90
Soy m ak er 4.................................. 9.94
B rew ery h a n d 4........................... 17.01
.45
C onfectioner3..............................
.62
Tobacco c u tte r ............................
.39
Rice p o u n d e r3.............................
10. 09
16.26
.44
.64
.39
10. 93
17. 24
.44
.66
.39
10. 85
17.33
.46
.70
.41
11.55
18.14
.47
.69
.41
12.18
18.12
.48
.68
.47
.87
.89
1.00
.85
.90
1.03
1.06
.74
.91
.80
. 81
.77
.88
.93
1.01
.85
.89
1.05
1.09
.76
.93
.80
.83
.79
.86
.89
1.01
.84
.87
1.04
1.05
.75
.92
.78
. 82
.76
.84
.85
.98
.83
.86
1.01
1.05
.74
.96
.79
.77
.79
. 85
.88
1.00
.84
.87
1.02
1. 07
.75
.96
.79
.78
.80
Yen.
79. 42 124. 86
46. 98 74.46
.75
1.19
.47
. 74
.72
1. 21
.46
.76
.64
.43
1.28
1. 83
.93
77
141.15
86.67
1.44
.92
1.33
.96
.73
2.31
1.06
.79
.50
.76
.93
.97
1. 21
L 10
.98
1.14
1.23
.68
1.05
1.27
1. 32
1.57
1.57
1.46
1.57
1.75
.95
1. 36
1. 56
1.57
2. 05
2.14
1.94
2.08
13. 62
18. 96
.53
.75
.55
17. 35
25. 25
.68
.91
.61
24. 77
35. 09
.97
1.23
1.14
31.05
40.85
1.26
1.49
1.10
.96
.97
1.11
.99
.97
1. 13
1.22
.84
1.19
.88
.88
.92
1.30
1.33
1.49
1.37
1.35
1.58
1.61
1.11
1.68
1.12
1.24
1.16
1.84
1. 91
2. 17
1.90
1.89
2. 08
2. 27
1.62
2.19
1.59
1.76
1.62
2.52
2.61
2. 97
2.60
2.69
2. 81
3.04
2.06
2.72
2.20
2.31
2.14
C lo th i n g , e tc .
W eaver, m a le 3......... ..................
W eaver, f e m a le 3.........................
D yer 3.............................................
C otton w h ip p e r...........................
T ailor (for Jap an ese dress).......
T ailor (for E u ro p ea n dress)—
P ouch m a k e r...............................
Clog (wooden-shoe) m a k e r.......
Shoem aker....................................
F o o d , b e v e r a g e s , etc.
B u i l d i n g , e tc .
C a rp en ter......................................
P la s te re r.......................................
S to n e c u tte r..................................
Saw yer...........................................
Shingle ro o fer..............................
Tile roofer.....................................
B ric k la y er....................................
B rick m ak er..................................
S hipw right....................................
Floor-m at m a k e r.........................
Screen an d door m a k e r.............
P a p e r h a n g er...............................
.83
.86
.94
.78
.86
1.00
1.06
.73
.86
. 77
.78
.75
8 W ith rations.
4 R a te p e r m onth, w ith rations.
1 The first h alf of th e year.
2 R a te p e r year, w ith ratio n s.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[333]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
104
A V E R A G E D A IL Y W A G E S IN JA P A N , 1911 TO 1920—Concluded.
K in d of em ploym ent.
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
0.79
.65
.69
.70
.68
.66
.71
.70
.63
0.83
.67
.73
.70
.70
.67
.71
.71
.63
0.84
.69
.77
.75
.72
.67
.73
.73
.68
0.80
.68
.73
.75
.71
.65
.74
.74
.64
0. 77
.69
.71
.72
.69
.64
.70
.69
.66
0. 80
.69
.71
.76
.71
.69
. 75
.75
.68
0.88
.76
.94
.88
. 85
.83
.86
.91
.74
1.22
1.02
1.13
1. 12
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
.90
1.80
1.47
1.61
1.56
1.59
1.60
1.69
1.67
1.39
2.32
1.98
.53
.58
.44
.54
.50
.56
4.65
3.12
.60
.46
.57
.52
.58
4.73
3. 06
.60
.48
.58
.53
.59
4.68
2.99
.61
.45
.60
.55
.56
4.00
2. 95
. 59
.45
.61
.55
.55
4. 97
3.13
.62
.48
.63
.56
.57
5.14
3.17
.73
. 55
.68
.61
.70
6.01
3.70
.94
.72
.82
.76
.96
7. 25
4. 72
1.45
1.06
1.27
1.18
1.43
9. 67
6. 56
1.
1.
1918
1919
I n s t r u m e n t s , e tc .
C abinetm aker..............................
C o o p e r .........................................
C artw rig h t....................................
H arn ess m a k e r............................
L aeau erer......................................
Jew eler...........................................
F o u n d e r........................................
B la ck sm ith ..................................
P o tte r.............................................
2.12
2.05
2.05
2.06
2.15
2.07
1.87
M is c e lla n e o u s .
Lacquer-juice e x tra c to r.............
Oil p r e s s e r ...........................................
P a p e r m a k e r................................
C om positor...................................
P rin te r...........................................
D ay la b o re r..................................
Male s e r v a n t4..............................
Fem ale s e r v a n t4.........................
1.
1.74
1.92
12.66
8.46
4 R ate per m o n th , w ith rations.
IN D E X N U M B E R S O F W A G E S IN JAPAN., 1911 TO 1920.
[1900=100.]
K in d of em ploym ent.
1911
1912
155.1
167.6
175.5
140. 0
131.6
145.2
147.4
150. 0
162.7
151.3
184.7
146.7
142.1
141.9
147.3
155. 0
166.7
159.0
130.3
125.0
175. 9
145. 9
148. 7
144. 1
154. 5
145.0
138.3
130.3
135.0
172.4
151. 4
153.8
150.8
147.7
147.5
146.8
159.8
155. 9
150.0
144.2
130.0
153.7
159.3
154.1
147. 2
168.6
169.5
168.3
162.2
153.6
163.8
152.9
150.0
1913
1914
1915
1916
161.5
167.8
167.2
162.0
184.9
247.3
388.7
439.4
182.1
153.3
152.6
161.3
147.4
165. 0
166.7
151.2
188.6
156.7
157.9
161.3
147.4
175. 0
162.7
153.8
190.7
153.3
152.6
148.4
142.1
165.0
162.7
151.2
178.9
160.0
157.9
151.6
147.4
155.0
166. 7
146.2
201.7
186.7
178.9
167.7
178.9
180.0
188. 2
156 4
275.4
250.0
247.4
232.3
242.1
215. 0
251. 0
197.4
436.5
396.7
389.5
390.3
400.0
320.0
358.8
238.4
508.0
480.0
484.2
429.0
505.3
365.0
452.9
271.8
136.4
140.0
172.4
154.1
164.1
149.2
150.0
150.0
151.1
139.4
145.0
175.9
145. 9
161.5
142.4
145. 5
150.0
153.2
139.4
150.0
179.3
127.0
176.9
142.4
143.2
147.5
155.3
148.5
160.0
182.8
140.5
176.9
147.5
156. 8
152. 5
159.6
175.8
175.0
200.0
167.6
202.6
164.4
195.4
177. 5
191.5
239.4
250.0
262.1
251.4
248.7
205.1
250.0
245. 0
242.6
372.7
340.0
362.1
343.7
338.5
286.1
356.8
365.0
334.0
530.3
475.0
468.9
421.6
402.6
347.5
486.3
485.0
442.6
162.2
149.0
146.7
148.8
130.0
175.7
158.0
146.7
153.5
130.0
174.5
158.8
153.3
162.7
136.6
185.7
166.3
156. 7
160.5
136.6
195.8
166.1
160.0
158.1
156.7
219.0
173.8
176.7
174.4
183.3
278.9
231.4
226.7
211.6
203.3
398.2
321.6
323.3
286.0
380.0
499.2
374.4
420.0
346.5
366.7
161.1
164.8
163.9
160.4
176.5
174.6
168.3
164. 4
162.5
170.2
158.8
154.0
163.0
172.2
165.6
160.4
174.5
178.0
173.0
16S. 9
166.1
170.2
162.7
158.0
159.3
164.8
165. 6
158.5
170.6
176. 3
166. 7
166.7
164.3
166.0
160.8
152.0
155.6
157.4
160. 7
156.6
168.6
171.2
166. 7
164.4
153.6
168.1
151.0
158.0
157.4
163.0
163.9
158.5
170.6
172.9
169.8
166.7
171.4
168.1
152. 9
160.0
177.8
179.6
192.0
186.8
190.2
191.5
193.6
186.7
212.5
187.2
172.5
184.0
240.7
246.3
244.3
258.5
264.7
267.8
255. 6
246.7
300.0
238.3
234.1
232.0
340.7
353.7
355.7
358. 5
370.6
351.9
360.3
360.0
391.1
338.3
345.1
324.0
466.7
483.3
486.9
490.6
527.5
476.3
482.5
457.8
.485.8
468.1
452.9
429.0
1917
19201
A g r i c u l t u r e , etc.
F a rm laborer, male, yearly
co n tract......................................
F arm laborer, female, yearly
co n tract......................................
F a rm laborer, m a le ....................
F a rm laborer, female.................
Sericultural laborer, m a le ........
Sericultural laborer, fem ale__
Silk spinner, fem ale...................
G ardener.......................................
F ish e rm a n ....................................
C lo th in g , e tc .
W eaver, m a le ............... „.............
W eaver, fem ale............................
D y er...............................................
C otton w h ip p e r...........................
Tailor (for Japanese dress)___
Tailor (for E uropean d re ss). .
Pouch m a k e r...............................
Clog m a k e r...................................
Shoem aker....................................
F o o d , b e v e r a g e s , e tc .
Soy m a k e r....................................
B rew ery h a n d ..............................
Confectioner.................................
Tobacco c u tte r............................
Rice pou n d er...............................
B u i l d i n g , e tc.
C arp en ter......................................
P la ste re r........................................
S ton ecu tter..................................
Saw yer...........................................
Shingle roofer..............................
Tile roofer.....................................
B rick lay er....................................
B rick m ak er..................................
S h ip b u ild er..................................
Floor-m at m ak er.........................
Screen a n d door m a k e r.............
P aper hanger...............................
1 T h e first h alf of th e year.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[334]
105
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR,
IN D E X N U M B E R S OE W A G E S IN JA P A N , 1911 TO 1920—Concluded.
[1900=100.]
K in d of em ploym ent.
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
158.0
151.2
146.8
148.9
144.7
157.1
151.1
145.8
165.8
166.0
155.8
155.3
148.9
148.9
159.5
151.1
147.9
165.8
168.0
160.5
163.8
159. 6
153. 2
159.5
155. 3
152.1
178.9
160.0
160.5
155.3
159.6
151.1
154.7
157.4
154.2
168.4
154.0
158.1
151.1
153. 2
146.8
152. 4
148.9
143.8
173.7
160.0
160. 5
151.1
161. 7
151.1
164.3
159.6
158. 3
178.9
176.0
176.7
200.0
187.2
180. 8
197.6
183. 0
189.6
194.7
244.0
237.2
240.4
238.3
242.6
273.8
246.8
243.8
236.8
360.0
341. 8
342.6
331.9
338.3
381.0
359.6
347.9
365.8
464.0
460.5
451.1
436.2
436.2
490.5
457.4
431.3
492.1
147.2
161.1
137.5
154.3
147.1
151. 4
172.0
200.0
166.7
143.7
162.9
152.9
156.8
175.2
196.2
166.7
150.0
165.7
155.9
159.5
175.9
191.7
169.4
140.6
171. 4
161.8
151.4
170.4
189.1
163.9
140.6
174.3
161.8
148.6
184.1
200.6
172. 2
150.0
180.0
164.7
154.1
190.4
203.2
202.8
171,9
194.3
179.4
189. 2
222.6
237.2
261.1
225.0
234.3
223. 5
259.5
268.5
302.6
402. 8
331.3
362.9
347.1
386.5
358.1
420.5
508.3
387.5
534. 3
511.8
518.9
465.4
542.3
1920
I n s t r u m e n t s , e tc.
C abinetm aker..............................
Cooper..........................................
C artw righ t....................................
H arness"m aker...........................
L acquerer.....................................
Jeweler...........................................
F o u n d e r........................................
B la ck sm ith ...................................
P o tte r.............................................
M is c e ll a n e o u s .
Oil presser.....................................
P a p e r m a k e r................................
Compositor...................................
P rin te r...........................................
D ay laborer..................................
Male se rv a n t................................
Fem ale serv an t............................
Wages in Specified industries in Latvia.
SUMMARY of wage statistics for 1921, published by the
Bureau de Tarifs et du Travail of the Republic of L atvia, is
reprinted in Industrial and Labor Inform ation, International
Labor Office, June 16, 1922 (pp. 40, 41). The d a ta for the city of
Riga, furnished by employers, gives the average daily wage rates of
ordinary labor in different industries during 1921. The d a ta for
various districts in L atvia showing the average daily rates of skilled
and ordinary labor are based on reports by the m unicipal authorities
of the chief town in each district. The average wage rates of joiners,
carpenters, turners (wood), bricklayers, locksmiths, potters, black
smiths, wheelwrights, shoemakers, bakers, millers, tailors, etc., are
combined in the calculation of the rates of skilled workers.
A
A V E R A G E D A IL Y W A G E R A T E S O F W O R K E R S IN V A R IO U S IN D U S T R IE S IN R IG A
A N D IN V A R IO U S D IS T R IC T S O F L A T V IA , 1921.
Riga.
In d u s try or d istrict a n d k in d of w orker.
March.
June.
Septem
ber.
Decem
ber.
Average
for year.
Textiles:
O rdinary labor, m a le ...................................................
O rdinary labor, fem ale................................................
Metal trades':
R u b le s .1
R u b le s .1
R u b le s .1
R u b le s .1
R u b le s .1
55
40
75
60
116
75
105
85
77
60
labor, m ale...................................................
80
60
110
80
122
91
160
123
109
82
Libor, m a le ..........................................................
labor, fem ale................................................
75
70
118
83
146
124
no
130
115
93
labor male .................................................
labor f e m a le .....................................................
70
50
115
50
120
81
90
74
93
68
O r d i n a r y labor, male .................................................
Ord inary labor, f e m a le .........................................................
B uilding:
O rdinary labor m a l e
......................................................
60
45
85
60
100
60
97
70
80
58
90
110
108
90
■Rlaeksm it.il
O rdinary
Printing:
O rdinary
O rdinary
Paper:
O rdinary
O rdinary
Chemicals:
.................... .......................................
1 The exchange value of th e L a tv ia n ruble on A pr. 12,1922, was 1,127 to 1,147= £ 1 ($4.8665).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[335]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
106
A V E R A G E D A IL Y W A G E R A T E S OF W O R K E R S IN V A R IO U S IN D U S T R IE S IN R IG A
A N D IN V A R IO U S D IS T R IC T S O F L A T V IA , 1921—C oncluded.
Latvia.
In d u s try or d istric t and k in d of w orker.
March.
June.
Septem
ber.
Decem Average
ber.
tor year.
Skilled workers:
R iga..................................................................................
Livonia (w ith o u t R ig a)...............................................
Cour la n d .........................................................................
Let g a l e ...........................................................................
L a tv ia 2 .......................................................................
O rdinary labor, male:
R iga..................................................................................
Livonia (w ith o u t R iga)...............................................
Court and
..........................................................
Letgale............................ ................................................
T/at,via .
..............................................................
O rdinary labor, female:
Riga .
....................................................................
L iv o n ia .....
...........................................................
C our la n d .........................................................................
Letgale .
..................................................................
............................................................
L a tv ia 2. .
R u b le s .
R u b le s .
R u b le s.
R u b le s.
R u b le s.
96.00
101.11
118.38
121. 75
113.14
150. 00
176.67
186. 27
150.25
172. 42
160. 00
178.56
189.73
164.60
181. 88
152.00
167.44
169. 00
172.25
168. 52
133. 58
149.05
160.20
143.20
153.63
60.50
65.50
81.28
98.75
79.10
105. 00
125. 50
127. 33
92.50
121. 01
115. 00
122. 00
121. 25
92. 50
117.06
105.00
107. 00
108. 37
85.00
104. 46
93.88
99.07
115.17
87. 70
103.15
47. 50
72.50
89.44
72.68
56.00
75.15
82. 50
86. 25
83.33
60.00
80. 74
76.00
71.50
60.18
50. 00
62.48
67.13
68. 53
64. 82
56.26
64.71
51.61
46.25
48.98
2 Average, whole country.
G e n eral W a g e R ed u ctio n in N e w Z e a la n d .
Y A recent o rd er1 (effective on and after May 8, 1922) of the
arbitration court of New Zealand all time rates of rem uneration
whether payable as basic wages only or as basic wages with
bonus or bonuses, with the exception of those excluded by the court,
were reduced as follows:
B
A M O U N T O F W A G E R E D U C T IO N .
[£1 at par=$4.87; ls .= 24.3 cents; ld .= 2.03 cents.]
Per m onth. P er week.
Class.
£ s. d.
A d u lt m ale w orkers....................... 1 1 6
0
10 10
A d u lt female w orkers...................
Ju n io rs............................................... 0 6 6
s.
d.
5 0
2 6
1 6
Per day. Per hour.
d. ■
10
5
3
d.
113
1
TheM aoriland W orker (May 17, 1922, p. 3), commenting upon this
wage reduction, publishes the following d ata which it states represent
the present wage condition of workers as compared w ith th a t in 1914:
H O U R L Y W A G E S IN N E W Z E A L A N D IN 1913-14 AN D 1922, W IT H P E R C E N T O F W A G E
IN C R E A S E AS C O M PA R ED W IT H P R IC E S .
[Is. a t par=24.3 cents; ld .= 2.03 cents.]
H ourly wages.
Class.
1913--14
s.
U n sk illed .........................................
Sem iskilled......................................
D o.............................................
Skilled...............................................
Do...............................................
Average, all w orkers.....................
1
1
1
1
1
d.
2
3i
41
5
6
C ourt’s
new
decision.
s
Per cent
of in
Per cent
crease
of in
in prices.
crease.
d.
1 94
1 104
2 14
2 24
2 2|
534
43
48J
56
47
50
1 New Zealand Em ployers’ Federation In d u stria l B ulletin, May 6,1922, p. 38.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[336]
67
67
67
67
67
67
WAGES AUD HOURS OF LABOR.
107
W ages in M a n ila , P . I., 1919 an d 1920.
H E following table, from Statistical Bulletin No. 4 of the Philip
pine Islands, 1921, published by the B ureau of Commerce and
Industry, shows the wages of workers employed in factories and
industrial establishments in the city of Manila in 1919 and 1920:
T
A V E R A G E M INIM UM A N D MAXIMUM W A G E S O F W O R K E R S IN V A R IO U S FA C T O R IE S
A N D IN D U S T R IA L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN M A N ILA , 1919 A N D 1920.
[1 peso a t p ar= 5 0 cents.]
1919
D aily.
Factories an d industries.
Bakeries an d confectioneries................
B ox factories.............................................
C andy factories........................................
Caram el factories......................................
C arpentry sh o p s.......................................
Chocolate factories...................................
Cigar a n d cigarette factories.................
F u rn itu re shops.......................................
H a t facto ries.!..........................................
Laundries...................................................
M achinery sh o p s......................................
Oil factories.. ........................................
P rin tin g an d b in d in g .............................
Saddleries..................................................
Sawmills.....................................................
Shoemaker shops.....................................
Slipper factories.......................................
Soap factories............................................
T ailor shops...........................................
T in sm ith sh o p s........................................
1920
M onthly.
D aily.
M onthly.
Mini
m um .
Maxi
m um .
Mini
m um .
Maxi
m um .
Mini
m um .
Maxi
m um .
M ini
m um .
Maxi
m um .
P esos.
P esos.
P esos.
P esos.
P esos.
P esos.
P esos.
P esos.
1.90
1.25
1.00
2.50
1.60
2.50
19.00
37.00
33. 00
40. 00
30.00 120.00
1 30.00 1 54.00
2.25
3.00
.80
1. 80
2 3.00 215. 00
1.60
2.30
1.40
2.00
1. 00
1.60
1.50
4.50
2.00
1.60
2.00
4.00
1.20
2.00
1.30
3. 25
1. 50
2. 20
2 8.00 2 12. 00
2 7. 00 2 15. 00
1.50
2.20
1 W ith subsistence.
37. 00
37. 00
25. 00
53. ÒÒ
77. 00
35. 00
23.00
36. 00
24.00
24. 00
(3)
112.00
76. 00
30. 00
55. 00
(3)
32.00
49.50
38.00
48.00
2 W eekly.
18.17
64.50
1.20
1.58
20. 00
15. 00
60.00
80. 00
1. 35
1. 00
. 55
6. 00
1. 52
3. 75
18. 00
30. 00
60. 00
160.00
35. 00
65.00
2 6. 00 215. 50
2 4. 67 2 13.00
4. 81
. 85
1.30
3.08
1.75
.60
6. 00
2 4.67 2 18. 00
1. 30
3. 60
4. 00
. 70
1.00
3. 00
54.38
93.75
2 14.13
20. 00
2 12. 00
40. 00
40. 00
60. 00
30.00
2 24.75
128.50
2 27 . 50
50. 00
103. 22
300 . 00
60. 00
3 F la t rate, $50.
A gricu ltu ral W ages in S w itzerland.
RECEN T report of the Swiss Union of Peasants1 (pp. 183, 184)
gives the average wages of farm workers a t different periods
from 1870 to 1921. The following table shows the wages of
Swiss farm workers who also receive board and lodging:
A
A G R IC U L T U R A L W E E K L Y W A G ES IN SW IT Z E R L A N D , 1870 TO 1920.
[1 franc a t par=19.3 cents.]
O ccupation.
C ow herds............................................................
Stablem en ...........................................................
Field w o rk ers....................................................
F arm serv an ts (fem ale)...................................
1870 to
1879
1880 to
1889
1890 to
1899
. 1906
Before
th e w ar.
1920
F rancs.
F rance.
F rancs.
F rancs.
F rancs.
7.70
7.55
6.14
4.02
9. 02
8.61
7.14
4.68
F rancs.
10.60
10.20
8.65
5.70
13.90
13. 28
10.88
6.85
6.48
6. 45
5.20
3.40
1 L ’U nion suisse des paysans 1897-1922. Secrétariat des paysans suisse. Brugg, 1922. 212 p p .
tion No. 69.
2476°—22-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8
[337]
25.88
24.90
21.20
13.00
P ublica
108
M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW .
The average daily wages of day workers for the different periods
are shown in the following table:
A V E R A G E D A IL Y W A G ES O F SW ISS A G R IC U L T U R A L D A Y L A B O R E R S , 1870 TO 1920.
[1 fran c a t p ar = 19.3 cents.]
Period.
S u m m er...............................................................
W inter..................................................................
1870
to
1879
1880
to
1889
1890
to
1899
1906
Before
the
w ar.
1920
F rancs.
F rancs.
F ra n cs.
F ra n cs.
F rancs.
F rancs.
1.68
1.13
2.03
1.31
2.43
1.56
2.80
1.75
3.50
2. 25
7.25
4.80
The average wages paid by the farm s which subm it their accounts
to the central office of the P easants’ Union, for different periods
from 1911 to 1921, are given in the following table:
A V E R A G E W E E K L Y W A G E S O F FA R M L A B O R E R S F IX E D B Y T H E P E A S A N T S ’ U N IO N
1911 TO 1921.
[1 franc a t p a r = 19.3 cents.]
O ccupation.
Cow herds........ . . ................................................
S tab lem en ...........................................................
Field w orkers.....................................................
F a rm serv an ts (fem ale)...................................
D ay laborers (w ith board):
D uring h a rv e st...........................................
R em ainder of y e a r . ..................................
1911
to
1913
1914
to
1919
1918
1919
1920
1921
F rancs.
F rancs.
F rancs.
F rancs.
F ra n cs.
12.50
10.55
8.40
5.70
15.80
13. 75
11.30
7.20
16. 85
15.70
12. 45
7.40
18.20
17.45
14.85
8.50
F rancs.
22. 80
20.40
15.50
10.40
22. 60
20. 70
16. 30
11.20
3.95
2.80
4. 65
3.50
5.60
4.20
6.20
4.95
7. 30
5.30
6. 95
4.95
As would be expected, in proportion as the conditions of the
farmers have improved the wages of the workers have increased.
The increase in wages in the years preceding the w ar was more
evident than the increase in the prices of farm products, as the
scarcity of labor caused by industrial competition in the labor m arket
often obliged farmers to pay their workers wages out of proportion
to the retu rn on agricultural investm ents.
The average increase in wages from 1906 to 1920 am ounted to 120.8
per cent and from 1914 to 1920 to 74.7 per cent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
PR O D U C T IV IT Y O F LABOR.
Labor Efficiency and Production.
OR a num ber of years the Bureau of Labor Statistics has inci
dentally collected inform ation on the productivity of labor or
the o u tp u t per m an hour expressed in term s of the u n it of the
industry. This was taken up as a side line in the investigation into
wages and hours and conditions of labor in the boot and shoe industry,
and also in the lumber, logging, and sawmills industry. D ata from
which such inform ation could be deduced have been secured from
tim e to tim e in the iron and steel industry and more recently in
bitum inous and anthracite coal mining. The bureau, however, has
never heretofore m ade output per m an per hour the subject of special
investigations.
Since the beginning of the activities of the bureau, wages per hour
in the _occupations in the various industries has been very much
specialized. W hat a m an receives per hour for his labor is after all
b u t one phase of the problem. There are two others, one the ques
tion, ever present, in the m ind of the workman, as to how much he can
get for his wages in those commodities which are necessary to his
living. U pon this phase of his problem the bureau has also spent
m uch tim e and money and is the recognized authority to-day on w hat
the dollar will buy in m atters of food, clothing, etc. A nother phase
of the problem is w hat the employer gets for his dollar or w hat the
laborer gives for his wages in hum an energy as m easured by the unit
of the industry in which he is employed. To ascertain the average
day’s work for the d ay ’s wage under a given set of working conditions
is the field which the Bureau of Labor Statistics contem plates entering
during the present fiscal year.
B y an arrangem ent between the D epartm ent of Labor and Babson’s Statistical Organization the following com m ittee was formed:
F
Ethelbert Stewart, United States Commissioner of Labor. Statistics, chairman.
George E. Macllwain, Wellesley Hills, Mass., secretary.
Charles T. Allen, Birmingham, Ala.
Sanford E. Thompson, Boston, Mass.
John F. Coleman, New Orleans, La.
Paul H. Norcross, Atlanta, Ga.
Theodore F. Laist, Chicago, 111.
The purpose of this com m ittee was to prepare a series of schedules
which could be used by the special agents of the Bureau of Labor
S tatistics and which would develop a fair basis for determ ining
efficiency in production.
The comm ittee m et in the office of the Commissioner of Labor
Statistics on May 31 and June 1 and 2. Though the ultim ate inten
tion of the bureau is to extend this study to such other industries
as adm it of the application of such schedules, it was decided to take
up the building industry first. Schedules were prepared covering
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109
110
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
the m am occupations in this industry: Bricklaying, carpentry,
plastering, painting, and plumbing.
The construction of new dwell
ings and apartm ent houses is the type of work th a t will be prin
cipally considered. The schedules deal prim arily with the efficiency
of the workm an on the job b u t do not by any means ignore the
extent to which this efficiency is affected, either adversely or favorably,
by other factors, such as w hether the bricklayer m ust get his brick
from a scaffolding level w ith his feet or w hether he gets his brick
from a platform breast high and w ithin easy reach, etc.
This is not intended in any sense to be a speed-up test. So far
as the Bureau of Labor Statistics is concerned there is no thought of
establishing any limits or any standards, bu t simply to ascertain
w hat the standards and averages in various localities throughout
the country really are. In collecting wage rates per hour in the
various industries in various parts of the country the Bureau of
Labor Statistics does not and does not pretend to set wage rates
or establish standards of wages, bu t simply determines the present
actual rates paid. In the labor efficiency and production investiga
tions which it now proposes the bureau’s attitu d e will be precisely
the same. There will be no question of w hat a m an can do or w hat
he ought to do. I t is proposed simply to record w hat he does, as a
m atte r of statistics. The work in the building trades will be taken
up in the following cities, probably in the order in which they are
nam ed :
1. Boston, Mass.
3. New Orleans, La.
5. Chicago, 111.
2. Birmingham, Ala.
4. A tlanta, Ga.
O ther cities will be added as the funds of the bureau which can be
devoted to this work will perm it.
Production and Output in Belgian Coal Mines.
TATISTICS concerning the operation and output of Belgian coal
mines are given in the Revue du Travail, Brussels, May, 1922
(pp. 697-698). The following table shews the production, num
ber of employees, the average num ber of days worked, and the
average daily ou tp u t of miners in 1921 and Jan u ary to April, 1922.
S
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111
PRO D U CTIV ITY OF LABOR,
P R O D U C T IO N , DAYS O F O P E R A T IO N , N U M B E R O F E M P L O Y E E S AN D A V E R A G E D A IL Y
O U T P U T P E R W O R K E R IN B E L G IA N COAL M IN E S, 1921 A N D JA N U A R Y TO
A P R IL , 1922.
[Production an d o u tp u t p er w orker hav e been converted to tons of 2,000 pounds.]
D ate a n d locality.
A pril, 1922:
C ouchant de M o n s.. . .
C entre............................
C harleroi.......................
N a m u r...........................
Liège..............................
L im b o u rg .....................
T otal
produc
tion
(tons).
387,084
320,571
651,040
53,880
457,642
32,727
Average
n u m b er
of days
of oper
ation.
22
24
24
24
24
24
N um ber
of days,
w orked.
808,480
613,044
1,196,426
103,700
970,420
78,120
A verage
n u m ber of
w orkers
(u nder
ground
a nd
surface).
O u tp u t (tons) p e r w orker
p e r day.
A t th e
seam.
34,756
25,898
49,180
4,223
40,268
3,255
U n d er
ground
U nder
(includ ground
ing w ork
and
ers a t th e surface.
seam ).
2.97
3.43
3.97
3. 92
3. 58
6. 01
0.69
.74
.86
.76
.70
.65
0.48
.52
.54
.52
.47
.42
T o ta l...................
1,902,945
24
3,770,190
157,580
3. 55
.74
.5»
M arch, 1922..........................
F eb ru ary , 1922....................
Jan u a ry , Î922.......................
M onthly average, 1921___
2,168,863
1,939,684
2,063,098
2,001,296
26
23
25
24
4,262,480
3,779,670
4,007,720
3,942,692
159,503
160,094
156,052
162,840
3.63
3. 64
3. 65
3. 60
.75
.75
.75
.74
.51
.51
.51
.51
Operation of Japanese Coal Mines, 1910 to 1919.
H E Financial and Economic Annual of Japan, 1921, Tokyo,
contains statistical inform ation (pp. 61-65) relating to the
operation of the coal mines of the country. The following
table showing the num ber of employees, days worked, production
and consumption, average output per worker, the am ount of exports
and the excess production has been compiled from these tables. In
com puting the excess of production over consum ption the im ports
have been disregarded because of the small am ounts of coal brought
into the country. The total production for the year 1920 was
32,237,187 tons, a reduction of 2,232,939 tons from the o u tput of the
previous year. The production in 1919 was the largest of any year
m the period studied, being approxim ately double the am ount pro
duced in 1910.
T
N U M B E R O F W O R K E R S , N U M B E R OF D AYS W O R K E D , P R O D U C T IO N , P R O D U C T IO N
P E R MAN P E R D A Y , C O N SU M PTIO N , E X P O R T AND EX C ESS PR O D U C T IO N IN
JA P A N E S E 'C O A L M IN E S, 1910 TO 1919.
Tons of 2,000 p ounds.
Y ear.
N um ber
of em
ployees.
N um ber
of days
w orked.
1910...................
1911...................
1912...................
1913...................
1914...................
1915...................
1916...................
1917...................
1918...................
1919...................
137,467
145,412
152,429
172,446
182,637
193,142
197,907
250,144
287,159
348,240
33,711,976
36, Î06,127
38,682,092
40,356,959
44,106,992
42,386,897
47,238,338
57,679,769
69,193,103
83,860,075
Average
n um ber
of days
p er m an.
245
248
254
234
242
219
239
231
241
241
P ro
duction.
17,285,523
19,436,536
21,648,902
23,496,585
24,574,036
22,586,950
25, 244, 412
29,058,193
30,896,835
34,470,126
Average
produc
tion per
m an p er
d ay.
Con
sum ption.
E xports.
Excess.1
0.52
. 54
. 56
.58
.56
.53
.53
. 51
.45
.41
11,676,461
13,305,756
14,867,720
16,451,207
17,878,796
17,923,374
20, 479, 771
22,825, 824
25,381,343
27,338,107
3,104,129
3,379,297
3, 822,633
4,266,562
3,953,736
3,223, 227
3,325,581
3,101,279
2,421,794
( 2)
2,504,933
2,751,483
2,958,549
2,778,816
2,741,504
1,440,349
1,439,060
3,131,090
3,093,698
(3)
1 Does n o t ta k e in to consideration im ports, w hich were sm all.
2 T he figures reported are “ 2,00,697” tons, th e correct figures are noi, know n,
s N ot com puted because of error in report of exports for 1919.
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112
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
Coal Industry in New Zealand During 1920.
CCORDING to a recent official r e p o r t1 from New Zealand there
were, in 1920, 143 coal mines in operation employing 1,152
persons above ground and 2,926 persons below ground, or a
total of 4,078. The o utput during the year reached 1,843,705 tons
classified as to kind as follows: Bitum inous and semibituminous,
923,575 tons; brown, 715,709 tons; lignite, 204,421 tons. The
average o u tput per person employed below ground was 630 tons;
above and below ground, 452 tons. Only 1 life was lost, m aking a
fatality rate of 0.54 per million tons of coal mined and of 0.24 per
thousand persons employed.
A
Output in South African Coal Mines.
H E French Revue de LTndustrie Minérale, June 1, 1922, gives
(p. 175) the following inform ation as to the personnel and the
output of coal mines in South Africa taken from the South
African Mining and Engineering Journal, April 1, 1922.
In 1914 there were 13,002 workers, 674 of whom were white,
employed in the coal mines of Transvaal and Orange Free S tate and
the average yearly o u tput per worker was 443 tons, in 1921 the total
personnel employed in the mines was 21,305, 1,257 of whom were
white. The average annual output per worker during th a t year,
however, was only 367 tons.
T
i New Zealand. Census and Statistics Office. Statistics of th e D om inion of New Zealand for th e year
1920. Vol. I I I . Production. Finance. P o stal a n d telegraph. W ellington, 1921, p p . 70 and 71.
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[342]
MINIM UM WAGE.
Mercantile Wages in the District of Columbia.
By E lizabeth B k a n d e is , Secretary, Minimum Wage Board, District of Columbia.
H E R E is apparently to be no reduction for the present in the
highest m inimum wage rate in operation in the U nited S tates—the $16.50 rate in the m ercantile industry in the D istrict of
Columbia. The reconvened conference called by the Minimum Wage
Board of the D istrict to reconsider the subject of the m inimum wage
in the m ercantile industry voted on June 29 against any reduction
in the present wage. After hearing all the evidence presented by
employers and employees as to changes in the cost of living since 1919
when the $16.50 rate was adopted, the three m embers of the con
ference representing the public voted w ith the employees against
any reduction in the minimum wage. This m eans th a t in all proba
bility, the $16.50 rate will stand. The conference has n o t yet
reported to the board and it is of course possible th a t the board m ay
not accept the report.
The conference was called by the board as a result of a request from
the M erchants’ and M anufacturers’ Association of the D istrict for a
reconsideration of the minimum wage in the m ercantile industry.
Before deciding w hether to reopen the question the board requested
the U nited States D epartm ent of Labor to make a study of the present
cost of living for a self-supporting woman in the D istrict. This
study was m ade by the W omen’s Bureau during the m onth of April,
1922. The investigation covered only room and board and clothing.
I t showed m inimum prices for room and board slightly higher and
the m inimum prices for clothing slightly lower th an those in the
budget adopted by the m ercantile conference in 1919. By a m ajority
vote the board decided to reconvene the original conference to recon
sider the minimum wage in the m ercantile industry. Miss E thel
Smith, the member of the board representing the employees, voted
against reopening the question.
Only three members of the original conference were able to serve
on the reconvened conference. The .six vacancies were filled by
appointm ent by the board. The M erchants’ and M anufacturers’
Association subm itted the names of four nominees from whom two
were selected, and the employees were called together in a mass
m eeting to elect four of their num ber from whom the board appointed
two.
The first m eeting of the conference was held on June 14. The
representatives of the employers presented a statem ent requesting a
reduction of the m inimum wage to $15.25, and an extension of the
adult learning period from 7 to 12 months. As a basis for a wage of
$15.25 they presented a budget of $9.40 for room and board including
lunch; $3 for clothing; $2.70 for sundries. The budget on which the
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113
114
M O N T H L Y LABOE R E V IE W .
$16.50 wage had been based was $9.30 for room and board including
lunch; $4 for clothing; $3.20 for sundries. The chief reduction
alleged in the cost of living was thus a 25 per cent drop in clothing
prices.
Since the employers did not claim any reduction in the price of
room and board the conference began its work w ith a consideration
of clothing prices. The employers presented a detailed clothing
budget accepting the items and quantities agreed on by the original
m ercantile conference, b u t giving substantially lower prices in very
m any instances. The employees took their stand on the clothing
prices contained in the report of the W omen’s B ureau—which prices
were only slightly lower th an those agreed on in 1919. The em
ployers were asked to produce samples of the various articles of
clothing a t the prices they quoted. Buyers from the various stores
exhibited goods and testified as to their wearing quality, etc. The
representative of the W omen’s Bureau who had m ade the cost of
living study testified as to the m ethods used in their investigation
and the standards by which they determined the m inimum prices of
the various articles of clothing.
An extended discussion of the sundry items followed the considera
tion of the clothing prices. The representatives of the employers
had accepted the items agreed upon by the previous m ercantile
conference w ith the exception of savings and organizations. They
contended th a t neither of these belonged in a m inimum budget.
The employees were strongly opposed to eliminating any of the items
contained in the 1919 budget. They contended th a t some slight
am ount of savings were necessary to give a little security against
contingencies. As for organization dues, they pointed out th a t in the
large stores the girls were required to join the employees’ organiza
tions and pay dues thereto, and th a t girls in the smaller stores should
be able to belong to some outside organization from which they could
derive similar benefits.
Some discussion took place on the question of laundry. The em
ployers asked for a reduction in the allowance for the item from 75
to 50 cents. They adm itted th a t the lower rate was based on the
supposition th a t a girl should do p a rt of her own laundry. The
employees protested vigorously against such a supposition, contend
ing th a t a girl working eight hours a day should not be expected to
do even p a rt of her own laundry. On a vote taken on this question,
75 cents for laundry was retained.
On the question of the standards necessary for healthful living the
conference heard testim ony from Dr. Rachel Yarros, of the U nited
States Public H ealth Service.
After four meetings devoted to a thorough discussion the conference
proceeded to vote. W ith the employers in opposition, a m otion was
carried th a t there should be no reduction in the $16.50 m inimum wage.
The question of extending the learning period will be considered
when the conference holds its next m eeting in October.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[3 4 4 ]
M IN IM U M W A GE.
115
Saskatchewan Order Relating to Employees in Hotels, Restaurants,
and Refreshment Rooms.
H E Minimum Wage Board of Saskatchewan has issued four
orders, one relating to mercantile employees, one to employ
m ent in laundries and factories, and a third to mail-order
houses. The fourth order, relating to female employees in hotels,
restaurants, and refreshm ent rooms, was issued somewhat later than
the others, suggesting a greater degree of difficulty in arriving a t a
satisfactory conclusion. W hether or not th a t was the cause of the
delay, there is a suggestion of difficulties developing in experience in
the fact th a t a third revision of this order has recently been made.
The original order, effective May 1, 1920, established a.standard rate
of $14 per week for experienced workers, learners to receive $12,
experience being presumed after 3 m onths employment. Effective
Ju ly 15, 1920, was an amended order retaining the same rates, bu t
establishing a week of 48 hours w ith pay for overtime a t the rate of
time and a half. The original order restricted em ploym ent to 48
hours, b u t contained no reference to overtime work or rates.
The current revision, effective June 30, 1922, fixes the hours of
work a t 10 per day and 50 per week as a m axim um in establishments
open to the public only 6 days per week, and 56 hours per week for
those open 7 days. The rate of $14 is retained for the 6-day workers,
$16.50 being the m inim um for a week of 7 days. However, kitchen
employees have different rates, $12 and $14.50, respectively. No
learning period at a lower rate is allowed for kitchen employees, b u t
others m ay be employed a t $12 for a week of 6 days or $14.50 for a
week of 7 days for the first 3 m onths of the employment.
The allowance for board and lodging has rem ained unchanged
throughout, meals being deductible a t the rate of $5.25 per week for
a full week’s board of 21 meals; lodging m ay be deducted at a rate
of $2.50 per week of 7 days.
T
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[345]
LA BO R A G R EEM EN TS, AW ARDS, A N D DECISIONS.
Decision of Railroad Labor Board Re Wages of Clerical and Station
Employees and Others.
D
ECISION N o . 1074 (Docket 1300) of the R ailroad Labor Board,
effective July 1, relates to the wage readjustm ent of the fol
lowing* classes of employees on the principal railroads of the
c o u n try :
Group I. Clerical and station forces.
Group II. Stationary engine (steam) and boiler-room employees.
Group III. Signal department employees.
Group IY. Floating equipment employees.
Group Y. Train dispatchers.
Group VI. Dining car and restaurant employees.
Group VII. Miscellaneous employees.
R ates of pay for the train dispatchers, dining-car stewards, em
ployees represented by the Marine Culinary W orkers Association of
California, and the supervisory forces of the signal d ep artm ent em
ployees rem ain unchanged. In the case of the floating equipm ent
employees, disputes were before the board from only four carriers,
and the board rem anded these disputes to the carriers and employees
in question for further negotiation and agreem ent if possible. A
m inimum wage of $85 a m onth is fixed for sw itchboard operators
w ith the understanding th a t wages higher th an this m inimum shall
not be reduced.
The reductions made for clerical employees are lighter than for some other classes,
because this class suffered considerable loss as a result of certain changes in their
rules and because they have never been highly paid compared with other classes.
It will be noted that a greater reduction has been fixed by the board for clerks with
experience of one year and less than two than for clerks with experience of two years
or more. The reason for this is that the majority of junior clerks are beginners and
apprentices and have not as yet assumed family responsibilities, and many of them
are still living with their parents.
Common labor in and around stations, storehouses, and warehouses was reduced
1 cent less than similar labor in the maintenance of way department because a much
greater percentage of this class live in large towns and cities, and consequently incur
a higher cost of living. Moreover, many of the common laborers in the maintenance
of way department are furnished living quarters by the carriers free of charge or at a
low rate.
In deciding upon the reductions of employees of the signal depart
m ent, other th an the supervisory forces, due consideration was given
to the sim ilarity of these employees and the shop crafts, b u t a sm aller
reduction was considered advisable in the case of signal departm ent
employees because in their case the rule as to the paym ent of punitive
overtim e is m uch less favorable th an th a t of the shop employees.
The board calls attention in this decision to the com plexity of the
problems before this tribunal, accentuated as they have been by the
artificial conditions of the war period and the post-w ar era of read
justm ent.
116
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LABOR A G R EE M E N T S, AW ARDS, AND D EC ISIO N S.
117
Surrounded by such abnormal conditions, the labor board has not been permitted
to deal with the question of what constitutes just and reasonable wages and working
conditions in the same undisturbed and uncomplicated manner as would have been
possible in normal times. And, yet, the wisdom and justice of settling these questions
by adjudication rather than by industrial war have been demonstrated, both from the
standpoint of the parties and the public. While it can not be said that no mistakes
have been made in the awards handed down by the labor board, a substantial degree
of social and economic justice has been attained and that without the enormousloss
and suffering to the camera, the employees, and the people at large necessarily resultant
from settlements by force.
In 1920, by Decision No. 2, the labor board increased the wages of railway labor
by an average of approximately 22 per cent. This was j ust and overdue, for the railroad
labor had not profiteered during the war, as a portion of the public has been misled to
believe.
In 1921, the board rendered Decision No. 147 decreasing wages an approximate
average of 12 per cent. If nothing but the diminished cost of living had been con
sidered, that decrease could reasonably have been made greater.
In 1922 by a series of decisions, the present among the number, the board has reduced
the wages of certain classes of employees, has left others unmolested, and in one minor
instance has made an adjustment equivalent to an increase.
The labor board can not venture too far into the realms of economic prophecy, but
it is generally conceded to be fairly plain and certain that our country has entered
upon an era of gradually increasing business prosperity which will be liberally shared
by the carriers. That the carriers shall have a fair opportunity to profit by the revival
of business in order that they may expand their facilities is absolutely indispensable
to their efficient service to the American public. Their unpreparedness now to cope
with any greatly increased traffic is notorious. Every facility of railway transportation
has been skimped for the last several years, and, as to mileage, there has been an
actual decrease instead of an increase.
This statement, in the connection used, must not be misconstrued to mean that the
employees should be called upon to bear the cost of railway rehabilitation, improved
service and reduced rates. It simply means that it is oniy patriotic common sense
and justice th at every citizen, including the railway employee, should cooperate in
a cordial spirit, should bear and forbear, until the carriers are back on their feet.
When this accomplishment is safely under way, it will then be possible for the
Railroad Labor Board to give increased consideration to all the intricate details
incident to the scientific adjustment of the living and saving wage, with enlarged
freedom from the complications of the “ relevant circumstances” of the abnormal
period which is now approaching its end.
<
In this connection it should be said that the labor board has never adopted the
theory that human labor is a commodity to be bought and sold upon the market,
and, consequently, to be reduced to starvation wages during periods of depression
and unemployment. On the other hand, it is idle to contend that labor can be com
pletely freed from the economic laws which likewise affect the earnings of capital.
That the board_ has never fixed wages upon a commodity basis has been amply
demonstrated during the past year by the ease with which the carriers have obtained
labor under the contract system for less than the wage established by Decision No. 147.
In this connection it must be remembered that the carriers are at liberty to pay
to any class of employees a higher wage than that fixed by this board whenever the
so-called labor market compels, provided, as the act states, that such wage does not
result in increased rates to the public.
i
The average hourly earnings and their purchasing power as applied to certain ^
classes of employees covered by this decision, are shown in the table following.
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118
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
C O M PA R A TIV E PU R C H A S IN G P O W E R O P E A R N IN G S IN S P E C IF IE D OCCU PA TIO N S,
U N D E R R A IL R O A D L A B O R B O A R D D E C IS IO N S.i
Present decision
Per cent
com pared w ith
of in
P er cent
May, 1920.
of in
crease
in p u r
crease
chasing
i n cost
P er cent of
living pow er of
Increase
of in
over De earnings Decrease in p u r
crease
cember, over D e- in hourly chasing
A m ount. over
De
cember,
1917.
rate.
pow er of
cember,
1917.
earnings.
1917.
Average hourly
rate.
O ccupation a n d date.
Clerks (G roup I, secs. 1 an d 2a):
December, 1917...........................................
Jan u ary , 1920..............................................
May, 1920.....................................................
July) 1921.....................................................
U nder presen t decision............................
Common laborers, statio n stores (Group
I, sec. 9):
December, 1917...........................................
Jan u ary , 1920..............................................
May, 1920.....................................................
July', 1921.....................................................
U nder p resen t decision............................
Signalmen, m aintainers, a n d assistants
(Group I I I , sec. 3):
December, 1917...........................................
Jan u ary , 1920..............................................
May, 1920.....................................................
J u l y , 1921.....................................................
U nder p resen t decision............................
S tatio n ary firem en and engine-room oilers
(G roup II, sec. 2):
December, 1917...........................................
Jan u ary , 1920..............................................
May, 1920.....................................................
Ju ly , 1921....................................................
U nder present decision............................
C e n ts .
C e n ts.
P e r c e n t.
34. 5
67.5
61. 5
58.5
58.0
95.7
78. 3
69.6
40.0
52.0
26.7
217.2
12.9
28.8
40. 7
44.7
9.0
12.3
22.3
43.6
52.1
43.6
39.6
133.6
95. 5
77.6
40.0
52.0
26.7
217.2
39.6
53.7
54.3
51.5
12.5
31.4
32.8
64. 3
77.3
69.3
64.3
96. 0
135. 7
111.3
96.0
40. 0
52.0
26.7
217.2
40.0
55.1
67.2
13.0
7.8
21. 8
46.6
59.6
51.6
49.6
113. 8
173.4
136.7
127.5
40.0
52.0
26.7
217.2
52.7
79.9
86.8
94.1
10.0
7.9
66.8
1 Owing to th e m an n er in which th e carriers were required to render th eir reports to the In te rsta te Com
merce Commission d uring December, 1917, in w hich wage d a ta covering heterogeneous classes of employees
were grouped rath er th a n separated in accordance w ith th e ir duties, responsibilities, experience, etc.,
it is im possible to obtain actual figures from w hich average h ou rly rates for th e above classes coirld be
com puted. T h e figures show n above for December, 1917, are therefore approxim ations, although assum ed
to be very close approxim ations. For th is sam e reason i t is im possible to separate th e average rates of
clerks betw een those in section 1 a n d section 2 (a), an d th e rates show n above are th e averages for all clerks
in these tw o classes.
T h e average rate for com m on labor for December, 1917, is perhaps a little high due to the fact th a t th e
carriers reported all station service employees in one group, a n d th e rate shown herein for December, 1917,
is th e average for th e group.
2 March, 1922; la test figure available a t tim e of decision.
3 Decrease.
These figures show that applying the wages fixed by this decision to the present
cost of living, the purchasing power of the hourly wage of the respective classes here
named has increased over the purchasing power of the hourly wage of December,
1917 (prior to Federal control) as follows:
P er cent.
Clerks................................................................................................... 44. 7
Common labor around stations, etc.................................................... 51. 5
Signalmen (maintainers and assistants)............................................. 67. 2
Stationary firemen and engine-room oilers........................................ 94.1
The table also shows that with one slight exception the purchasing power of the
hourly wage of each class of these employees is greater under the present decision
than it was under Decision No. 2 [May, 1920], which granted the 22 per cent increase.
The labor board has given careful consideration to the testimony bearing upon
family budgets and standards of living. That existing standards will not be lowered
by this decision is shown with substantial satisfaction by the above statistics.
This matter of living standards constitutes an interesting and important study,
but much that is said on the subject is highly theoretical and of but little value.
When the Railway Employees’ Department presents figures to show that the sum
of $2,636.97 is necessary for the minimum comfort budget of the average family, it
has propounded an economic impossibility.
[348]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
LABOR AGREEMENTS, AWARDS, AND DECISIONS.
119
I t is stated upon authority that the total income of the people of the United States
is now but little more than $40,000,000,000. If the 25,000,000 families of this country
were expending for living costs the sum of $2,600 each, it would total $65,000,000,000
which would be $25,000,000,000 in excess of the country’s total income.
Of course, living costs can not be standardized any more than men can be standard
ized. One man will consume his income and find himself continually in debt while
another man with the same income and under identical conditions will live in equal
comfort and accumulate savings.
In the settlement of these questions, it is the profound desire of the labor board
to do justice to the parties directly concerned, placing the human and social consid
eration above the purely economic, and, finally, to establish wages and conditions
that will largely meet the hopes and aspirations of the employees, that will prove
satisfactory to the carriers, and that will impose no unnecessary burdens on the public.
This is not a Utopian conception in America.
D e c is io n .
The labor board decides:
1. That each of the carriers party to this dispute shall make deductions from the
rates of wages heretofore established by the authority of the United States Railroad
Labor Board for the specific classes of its employees named or referred to in Article II
in amounts hereinafter specified for such classes in Article I.
2. That the scope of this decision is limited to the carriers named under Article
II, to such carriers as may be included hereafter by addenda, and to the specific
classes of employees named or referred to under each particular carrier.
3. That the reduction in wages hereby authorized shall be effective as of July 1,
1922, and shall be made in accordance with the following articles which establish
the schedule of decreases, designate the carriers and employees affected, and pre
scribe the method of general application.
A R T IC L E I . — S C H E D U L E
OP D ECREA SES.
For the specific classes of employees listed herein and named or referred to in
connection with a carrier affected by this decision, the following schedule of decreases
per hour became effective July 1:
Group I .— Clerical and station forces.
S ec tio n 1. Storekeepers, assistant storekeepers, chief clerks, foremen, subforernen,
and other clerical supervisory forces, 3 cents.
S e c . 2. (a) C lerks w ith a n e x p erien c e of tw o or m ore y ears in ra ilro ad clerical w ork,
or clerical w ork of a sim ila r n a tu re in o th e r in d u strie s, or w h ere th e ir c u m u la tiv e
e x p erien c e in su c h clerical w ork is n o t less th a n tw o years, 3 cents.
(.b) Clerks with an experience of one year and less than two years in railroad clerical
work, or clerical work of a similar nature in other industries, or where their cumulative
experience in such clerical work is not less than one year, 4 cents.
S e c . 3. (a) Clerks whose experience as above defined is less than one year, 4 cents.
(6) Clerks without previous experience hereafter entering the service will be paid
a monthly salary at the rate of $60 per month for the first six months, and $70 per
month for the second six months.
S e c . 4. Train and engine crew callers, assistant station masters, train announcers,
gatemen, and baggage and parcel room employees (other than clerks), 3 cents.
S e c . 5. Janitors, elevator operators, office, station and warehouse watchmen, and
employees engaged in assorting way bills and tickets, operating appliances or machines
for perforating, addressing envelopes, numbering claims and other papers, gathering
and distributing mail, adjusting dictaphone cylinders, and other similar work, 4 cents.
S e c . 6. Office boys, messengers, chore boys, and other employees under 18 years of
age filling similar positions, and station attendants, 4 cents.
S e c . 7. S ta tio n , platfo rm , w arehouse, tran sfer, dock, p ie r, storeroom , stockroom ,
a n d te a m -tra c k fre ig h t h a n d le rs or tru ck e rs, a n d others sim ila rly e m p lo y ed , 4 cents.
S e c . 8. The following differentials shall be maintained between truckers and the
classes named below:
(a) Sealers, scalers, and fruit and perishable inspectors, 1 cent per hour above
truckers’ rates as established under section 7.
(b) Stowers or stevedores, callers or loaders, locators and coopers, 2 cents per hour
above truckers’ rates as established under section 7.
The above shall not operate to decrease any existing higher differentials.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
120
S e c . 9. All common laborers in and around stations, storehouses and warehouses
not otherwise provided for, 4 cents.
i
S e c . 10. Telephone switchboard operators will be paid at the rate of not less than
$85 per month, with no reduction in higher existing rates.
Group I I —Stationary engine (steam) and boiler-room employees.
S e c t io n
1. Stationary engineers (steam), 2 cents.
S e c . 2. S ta tio n a ry firem en a n d engine-room oilers, 2 c en ts.
S ec.
3. Boiler-room water tenders and coal passers, 2 cents.
Group II I.—Signal department employees.
S e c t io n
1. Signal foremen, assistant signal foremen, and signal inspectors, no
decreases.
S e c . 2. L ea d in g m a in ta in e d , gang forem en a n d lea d in g signalm en, 5 cents.
S e c . 3. Signalm en, a ssista n t signalm en, signal m a in ta in e d , a n d a ssista n t signal
m a in ta in e d , 5 cents.
S e c . 4. Helpers, 6 cents.
Group I V .—Floating equipment employees.
Such disputes as are before the board under this article are remanded to the parties
for further conference and attempt to make an agreement.
Group V.— Train dispatchers.
S e c t io n
1. Train dispatchers, no decrease.
Group VI.—Dining-car and restaurant employees
S e c t io n 1. Dining-car stewards, no decrease.
S e c . 2. Culinary workers on ferry boats in San
Francisco Harbor, no decrease.
Group VII.— Miscellaneous employees.
S e c t io n 1. For miscellaneous classes of foremen and other employees, not specifi
cally listed under any section of the various groups, who are properly before the labor
board and named in Article I I in connection with a carrier affected by this decision,
deduct an amount equal to the decreases specified for the respective classes to which
the miscellaneous classes herein referred to are analogous.
A R T IC L E I I . ---- C A R R IE R S A N D E M P L O Y E E S A F F E C T E D .
The group and section numbers used in connection with a carrier refer to the cor
responding group and section numbers in the schedule of decreases, and in determining
the classes of employees affected on each carrier, the following rules shall govern:
(a) When section numbers are used in connection with a carrier without naming
the classes, all classes of employees named in the corresponding section numbers of the
schedule of decreases are affected.
(b) When section numbers are used in connection with a carrier and specific classes
of employees are named, only the same classes of employees named in the corre
sponding section numbers of the schedule of decreases are affected.
(c) Where section numbers are omitted in connection with a carrier, the classes of
employees named in the corresponding section numbers of the schedule of decreases
are not affected.
The names of the carriers and the classes of employees affected
on each road are here om itted.
The labor members of the Railroad Labor Board dissented from
this decision and handed down a m inority opinion, to which the
m ajority replied in a “ supporting opinion of the m ajority.”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[350]
LABOR AGREEMENTS, AWARDS, AND DECISIONS.
• 121
Electrotypers— New York City.
YY7AGES of molders and journeym en electro typers of New York
City rem ain unchanged by the decision of May 17, 1922,
handed down by Judge George H. Lam bert, chairman of the a rb itra
tion board in the case of the Employing E lectrotypers’ and Stereotypers’ Association versus the E lectrotypers’ Union No. 100 of
New York City.
The issues in this case were somewhat the same as those in the
case of the association and the electrotype finishers, members of the
New York Stereotypers’ Union No. 100, decided by Judge Laurence
T. Hinch, and reviewed in the July issue of the Monthly L abor
R ev iew , and the conclusions of the chairman are similar.
The employers contended th a t the scale of wages of electrotypers
should be reduced from $59 per week to $52 per week from October
1, 1921, to October 1,1922, and th a t the findings should be retroactive
to October 1, 1921. The union contended th a t the contract was not
retroactive and th a t the scale of wages of electrotypers should
remain a t $59 per week from October 1, 1921, to the present time
and should be increased to $64 per week from the present time to
October 1, 1922.
As the result of a request by the employers, joint conferences,
between representatives of employers and union were held on August
30, 1921. This resulted in an offer by the employers of a new wage
scale of $48.50 per week, which was rejected by the union. A fur
ther a tte m p t to settle the dispute by conciliation was m ade and
the employers offered $53.75 weekly, to take effect October 1, 1921.
This offer was also rejected. A third offer of $59 per week, to con
tinue until December 31,1921, and thereafter $55 per week to October
1, 1922, was made by the employers b u t was w ithdraw n before any
action could be taken by the union.
Before rendering the decision of the arbitrators, the chairm an of
the arbitration board made a personal inspection of three plants
which “ furnished a practical dem onstration of the conditions and
character of the work performed by the foundrym en.”
* * * The work and conditions under which, the finishers were employed were
more favorable than the work and conditions required in the employment of the
foundrymen. The foundrymen were subjected to greater heat, fumes, gases, particles
of black lead, etc., than were the finishers, and it appeared to your chairman that the
conditions under which foundrymen worked were injurious to health.
It is evident that the work performed by the foundrymen as well as the finishers
require a high degree of skill and that the foundrymen may be termed skilled laborers
of a high degree. The wage of an electrotyper is higher in New York City than else
where in this country. Wages in other industries have decreased because of the
depression of business of such industries. The printing industry seems to have
suffered no such depression. The printing industry in matters of circulation and
advertising largely increased from 1914 to 1920. In 1921 the printing industry
decreased but remained above normal, and it is fair to assume that the income from
such industries was greatly increased prior to 1921.
The evidence shows many failures in other industries but no failures in the electrotyping business. The demand for labor continues as great as ever, and all electro
typers are still steadily employed, notwithstanding the falling off of the business
since 1920.
The living cost has decreased to a considerable extent; in some particulars, however,
such as rent, fuel, etc., there is little or no decrease.
Wages of electrotypers did not materially increase for some years after 1914, while
the cost of living during the same time was rapidly increasing. The increase of wages
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
did not correspond with or approximate the cost of living until in 1920. The electro
typing business was abnormal in 1920, and while there has been a depression since that
time the business is still at or above normal.
For a long time the wages of the finisher and foundrymen have been identical, and
the chairman feels that as the scale of wages of the finisher has by arbitration been
fixed at $59 per week, that at this time to allow a decrease in the wages of foundrymen
would cause much dissatisfaction and discontent between employees working side
by side in the same line of business and would also prove detrimental to the employers.
“The chairman believes that owing to the notice given by the employers in July,
1921, of their desire to arbitrate, that in case of the scale of wages were changed the
same under the contract should be retroactive to October 1, 1921.
The chairman also believes that there would be no justification for an increase in
the wages of the foundrymen of $5 weekly over the present scale.
After having considered all of the briefs and evidence produced and endeavoring
to reach a fair and just conclusion as between the employer and union, your chairman
feels that there should be no decrease in the scale of wages of the foundrymen and
apprentices at the present time and decides that the wages shall remain unchanged.
Hat and Cap industry— New Haven.
decision of the a rb itra to r, Prof. E . S. F urniss, rendered M arch
¿,5, left the wages of cloth h a t and cap m akers of New Haven
unchanged. The decision was retroactive to January 9, and remained
in effect until June, 1922.
The question subm itted for arbitration, in addition to the request
of the Cap M anufacturers’ Association for a wage cut of 20 per cent,
was a reduction of holidays from 8 to 4 per year. The request relative
to the num ber of holidays was granted and the wages for work done
on such days were reduced from two and one-half times the regular
scale to one and one-half times th a t scale. The arbitrator urged the
adoption by m utual consent of a standard of production, the standard
to be adopted in New York to be taken as a basis. The facts estab
lished in these arbitration proceedings and the opinion of the chair
m an on the issues involved are here reproduced in full:
From information submitted by both parties to the dispute, the following facts were
established:
(a) The present wage scale averages approximately $40 per week. Employment
for the past two years, however, has been so variable that actual earnings per week
have fallen far short of this average, $30 per week being apparently a fair estimate
of actual earnings.
(b) The wage scale in New Haven is lower than the average weekly wages paid in
other producing markets by manufacturers of caps of all grades, and, apparently,
at least as low as the average wages paid by shops producing solely low-grade caps,
with which alone the manufacturers of New Haven contend their conditions are
comparable.
(c) All producing centers of the country with the exception of New Haven have
agreed that there shall be no reduction of wages before June of this year. This was
the decision of an arbitrator in New York on February 17; all other producing centers
have agreed to be bound by this decision.
(d) Eight holidays on pay are at present allowed in New Haven. When work is
done on holidays, wages are paid at the rate of two and a half times the normal scale.
The manufacturers contend that it is impossible for them to continue operations in
the present condition of the market with wages as high as they now are. The price of
caps has fallen 50 per cent and the cost of raw material 35 per cent, while wages have
declined only 15 per cent from the high levels prevailing two years ago. They assert
that the prevailing high labor cost makes it impossible for them to market their product
and that a reduction of wages will create greater employment and react to the benefit
of the workers.
It is the contention of the workers, on the other hand, that the bad market which
they admit exists is caused by a general business depression, and can not be improved
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[352]
LABOR A G R EE M E N T S, AWARDS, AND D E C ISIO N S.
123
by a reduction of wages. That their earnings at the present wage rate are so low aa
barely to equal the cost of living. That the New Haven manufacturers are at present
under no handicap as regards labor cost when compared with their competitors in
other centers, and that the agreement not to reduce wages in these competing centers
should guide the policy here.
It is the conviction of the arbitrator that, compared with wages received by men of
equal skill in other lines of occupation, the wages of the cap makers in New Haven
and elsewhere are too high. Furthermore, he finds it impossible to agree with the
workers in their contention that a reduction of labor cost will not improve business.
On the contrary, it is his conviction that if the present depression persists, the wages
of this group of workers will inevitably fall until they are brought into adjustment
wiih the wages of other groups of equal skill, and that this reduction of wages will
increase employment and help to stabilize the industry. Nevertheless, he has been
led to decide against a reduction of wages in New Haven at the present time for the
following reasons:
(a) The retroactive feature of the wage cut seems to him impossible to apply. To
obtain from the workers an actual refund of wages paid in the past is manifestly impos
sible. To apply the retroactive feature in the form of a cumulative reduction of
wages between now and June would result in a cut far too drastic.
(5) Removal of the retroactive feature from the case leaves it a question of a reduc
tion of wages to apply to the New Haven market between the present date and June.
In all other cities it is agreed that there shall be no wage cut during that time. A
local wage reduction of such short duration, though it might temporarily increase
the competing power of New Haven manufacturers as compared with that of manu
facturers of other cities, would not improve thecondition of the market as a whole.
(c)
If business conditions do not improve, it is the conviction of the arbitrator that
a wage readjustment will be made on a national scale in June. It appears to him
desirable that the question should be thus settled on a national scale. _ He believes
that the manufacturers of New Haven, in view of the brief period of time which re
mains, may fairly be asked to fall in line with the policy of all other manufacturers
in the country and continue the present scale of wages until June. It is his hope
that a settlement satisfactory to both sides can be made at that time by negotiation
between themselves. If this is not done, the present board is willing to entertain a
request to reconsider the question.
Since labor cost is materially affected by the efficiency of the worker and since the
question of the productivity of the New Haven cap makers has been drawn into this
dispute, the arbitrator believes it desirable that a standard of production be adopted
for the New Haven market to the end that labor cost may be reduced and stabilized.
It is urged that the two parties to the dispute agree to accept as a basis for a standard
of production in New Haven the appropriate standard adopted in New York as the
outcome of negotiations nowTunder way in that market.
It is the decision of the arbitrator that holidays on pay should be reduced from
eight to six, and that work done on such holidays should be paid for at the rate of one
and one-half times the regular scale.
Shoe industry— Lynn, Mass.
rT sH E controversy of several m onths’ duration over wages of shoe
* workers of Lynn, Mass., was settled by the decision of the arbi
tration board handed down on May 19. The former agreement
between the Lynn Shoe M anufacturers’ Association and the shoe
workers expired on April 30. Negotiations for the renewal of the
contract began several weeks prior to its expiration. The m anu
facturers asked a 20 per cent decrease in wages. The unions refused
to take more than 10 per cent. After prolonged negotiations no
agreement could be reached, and the factories ceased operation.
E arly in April Mayor M cPhetres of Lynn called a conference of
representatives of the two parties and suggested the following plan
for adjusting their differences:
1.
That the matters of difference between the parties pertaining to the formation
of an agreement to supersede the present agreement expiring April 30, 1922, be left
2476°—22
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
9
[353]
124
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
to a committee of three with power to decide the same. The committee of three to
be chosen as follows: One person to be chosen by the Lynn Shoe Manufacturers’
Association, one to be chosen by vote of the joint council and the third to be selected
by the two so chosen within two days after the last appointment is made or in case of
failure of the two members to choose the third party within two days, then the ap
pointment of the third party to be made by the mayor of the city of Lynn.
2. That in order to facilitate the consideration of prices and conditions, it is sug
gested the Manufacturers’ Association divide its membership into groups of manu
facturers making the same grade of shoes; and negotiations be carried on with com
mittees of three representing each group of manufacturers and with committees of
three representing each local; and that prices and conditions be concluded
by these committees as far as possible, all matters of difference between them to be
decided by the committee of three of my first recommendation.
3. That all settlements made shall date from May 1, 1922, and the parties shall
proceed from day to day until all matters have been determined.
Both the m anufacturers’ association and the U nited Shoe W orkers
accepted this plan and each appointed an arbitrator. The two board
members thus chosen were unable to decide upon a third a rb itrato r
who was therefore appointed by M ayor M cPhetres. This board
handed down its decision on May 19, providing for a tem porary wage
reduction of 15 per cent to become effective a t once, and to rem ain
in force until such time, as the final plan has been worked out and
perm anent prices established. All crafts were affected except em
ployees working by the hour in the stitching room and female help
in the packing room, who commonly work on an hourly rate.
This decision affected approxim ately 15,000 workers affiliated,
for the m ost p art, w ith the United Shoe W orkers of America, and
about 65 shoe factories of Lynn. The organization known as Allied
Shoe W orkers was not included in this award.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
EM PL O Y M E N T A N D U N EM PLO Y M EN T.
Employment in Selected industries in June, 1922.
H E Bureau of Labor Statistics here presents reports concerning
the volume of employment in June, 1922, from representative
establishments in 12 m anufacturing industries. Comparing
the figures of June, 1922, with those for identical establishm ents for
June, 1921, it appears th a t in 8 of the 12 industries there were increases
in the num ber of persons employed, while in 4 there were decreases.
The largest increases were 32.1 per cent in iron and steel, 30.5 per
cent in car building and repairing, and 21.2 per cent in automobiles.
Cotton m anufacturing shows a decrease of 25.1 per cent and silk a
decrease of 19.3 per cent.
Six of the 12 industries show increases in the total am ount of pay
roll for June, 1922, as compared w ith June, 1921. The rem aining
6 industries show decreases in the am ount of pay roll. The m ost
im portant increase, 40.7 per cent, appears in iron and steel.- A uto
mobiles and hosiery and underwear show respective increases of 24.7
per cent and 15.2 per cent. The largest decreases were 34 per cent
in cotton m anufacturing, 33.8 per cent in silk, and 22.6 per cent in
cotton finishing.
T
C O M PA R ISO N O F E M P L O Y M E N T IN ID E N T IC A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN J U N E , 1921
AN D 1922.
In d u stry .
Iron a n d stee l..........................
A utom obile m an u facturing..
Car building an d re p a irin g ..
C otton m anufacturing...........
C otton finishing.......................
H osiery a n d u n d erw ear........
Silk.............................................
Men’s ready-m ade c lo th in g ..
L eather m anufacturing.........
B oots an d shoes.......................
P aper m aking..........................
Cigar m a n u factu rin g ..............
E stab
lish
m ents
report Period of
ing for p ay roll.
June,
both
years.
110
4-1
61
60
17
63
45
43
32
so
58
54
N um ber on pay
roll.
June,
1921.
\ m o n th .. 110,572
1 w eek . . . 94,729
^ m o n th .. 44,462
1 w eek. . . 60,318
. . .d o ......... 12,652
. . .d o ......... 26,654
2 w eeks. . 16,983
1 w eek . . . 26, 880
. . -do......... 10,109
__do.........
59, 319
. . -do......... 20! 011
. . .d o ......... 16,741
June,
1922.
146,087
114,836
58, 025
45,173
10, 778
3 l' 122
13,697
27,362
11, 577
59,922
23! 827
15,395
Per
cent
of increase
( + ) or
de
crease
(-)•
A m ount of p a y roll.
June,
1921.
June,
1922.
+32.1 $4,907,968 $6,906,566
+ 21.2 3,062,563 3, 817,773
+30.5 3,057,619 3,481,629
-2 5 .1 1,052,707
694,969
—14. 8
283,398
219 395
+ 16.8
438,490
505’ 26Î
-1 9 .3
761,743
504,605
804,699
+ 1.8
716,652
+ 14.5
226, 824
259,410
+ 1.0 1,415 462 1 307 252
+ 19.1
499,660
’ 559! 626
321,110
-8 .0
287,367
Per
cent
of increase
( + ) or
de
crease
(-)•
+ 40.7
+ 24.7
+ 13.9
-3 4 .0
22. 6
+ 15.2
-3 3 . 8
-1 0 .9
+ 14.4
76
+ 12.0
- 10.5
Com parative data for June, 1922, and May, 1922, appear in the
following table. The figures show th a t in 10 industries there were
increases in the num ber of persons on the pay roll in June as compared
w ith May, and in 2 decreases. Respective percentage increases of
8.4, 7.2, and 6.9 are shown in m en’s ready-m ade clothing, autom o
biles, and car building and repairing. The two decreases are 2.2 per
cent in silk and 0.5 per cent in hosiery and underwear.
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126
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
W hen comparing June, 1922, w ith May, 1922, all b u t 1 industry
show increases in the am ount of money paid to employees. The
m ost im portant increases are 20.1 per cent in m en’s ready-m ade
clothing, 10.6 per cent in car building and repairing, and 7.7 per
cent in automobiles. The 1 industry reporting a decrease in the
am ount of money paid to employees was hosiery and underwear,
which shows a decrease of 1.6 per cent.
C O M PA R ISO N
O F E M P L O Y M E N T IN
ID E N T IC A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN
JU N E , 1922.
E stab
lish
m ents
rep o rt Period of
ing for pay roll.
May
and
June.
In d u stry .
Iro n an d ste e l..........................
A utom obile m an u factu rin g ..
Car building an d re p a irin g ..
C otton m anufacturing...........
C otton finishing.......................
H osiery an d u n d erw ear........
Silk.............................................
Men’s ready-m ade c lo th in g ..
L eather m anufacturing.........
Boots an d shoes.......................
P ap er m aking..........................
Cigar m a n u factu rin g ..............
106
44
61
55
17
63
45
45
31
81
58
56
N um ber on pay
roll.
May,
1922.
4 m o n th .. 137,170
1 w eek . . . 100, 800
h m o n th ..
54,258
I w eek. . . 44,811
. . .d o......... 10,641
.. .d o......... 30,199
2 w eeks. . 14,007
1 w eek . . . 25,688
.. .d o .........
9,656
__do.......... 60, 220
. .. d o ......... 23,401
. . .d o ......... 15,542
June,
1922.
144,426
108,012
58,025
45,173
10,778
30,050
13,697
27,845
9,758
60,611
23, 827
15,709
Per
cent
of increase
( + ) or
de
crease
(-)•
MAY A N D
A m ount of p ay roll.
May,
1922.
June,
1922.
+ 5.3 $6,415,178 $6,847,174
+ 7.2 3,349,569 3,608,569
+ 6 .9 3,147,377 3,481,629
+ 0.8
685,602
694,969
+ 1.3
214, 418
219,395
494,665
-0 .5
486,760
-2 .2
501, 863
504,605
+ 8 .4
616,544
740,704
200,419
212,007
+ i. 1
+ 0 .6 1,288,664 1,319 576
551,548
559,626
+ 1.8
+ 1.1
277,362
292,508
P er
cent
of increase
( + ) or
de
crease
(-).
+ 6 .7
+ 7.7
+ 10.6
+ 1.4
+ 2 .3
-1 .6
+ 0 .5
+20.1
+ 2.4
+ 1.5
+ 5.5
In addition to the data presented in the above tables as to the
num ber of employees on the pay roll, 81 establishm ents in the iron
and steel industry reported 114,409 employees as actually working on
the last full day of the pay period in June, 1922, as against 80,981
employees for the reported pay-roll period in June, 1921— an increase
of 41.3 per cent. Figures given by 87 establishm ents show th a t
107,661 employees were actually working on the last full day of the
pay period for June, 1922, as against 101,761 for the period in May,
1922—an increase of 5.8 per cent.
Changes in Wage Rates and Per Capita Earnings.
T"AiRING the period May 15 to June 15, 1922, there were wage
^
changes made by some of the reporting establishm ents in 9 of
the 12 industries.
Iro n a n d steel .—An increase of 13 per cent was granted to 57 per
cent of the men in one plant. An increase of 11 per cent was received
by all of the force in one plant, and by 89 per cent of the force in
another plant. Four establishments reported a wage increase of 10
per cent affecting all of the employees in three establishm ents and
60 per cent of the employees in the rem aining establishm ent. An
increase of 8.7 per cent was received by 30 per cent of the force in
one plant. In one mill an increase of 7.6 per cent was granted to 90
per cent of the force. A 5 per cent wage increase was reported by
two mills, affecting 25 per cent of the men in one mill and 11 per cent
in the second mill. A wage cut of 10 per cent, affecting 26 per cent
of the force, was reported by one establishm ent. Another establish
m ent reduced the wages of 16 per cent of the employees approxi
m ately 5 per cent. Production was increased during the period
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[356]
E M P L O Y M E N T AND U N E M P L O Y M E N T .
127
reported and the per capita earnings for June were 1.4 per cent
higher than for May.
A u to m o b iles .—A wage increase of 20 per cent was granted to 5 per
cent of the employees in one factory. Two establishm ents reported
a 10 per cent increase affecting 75 per cent of the force in one plant
and 10 per cent in the other plant. A 4 per cent increase was
reported by one factory, h u t the num ber of employees affected by
this increase was not stated. The per capita earnings show an
increase of 0.5 per cent, when comparing May and June figures.
Car b u ild in g a n d rep a irin g .—An increase of 10 per cent, affecting
22 per cent of the employees, was reported by one establishm ent.
An increase of 3.4 per cent was shown for per capita earnings when
May and June pay rolls were compared.
Cotton m a n u fa c tu rin g .—Wages of 25 per cent of the employees in
one establishm ent were increased 2 per cent. A slight increase, 0.5
per cent, was shown for per capita earnings when May and June pay
rolls were compared.
Cotton f in is h in g .— T here were no w age-rate changes re p o rted for
this in d u stry d u ring th e period in Ju n e. T he p er c a p ita earnings
show an increase of 1 p er cent w hen com paring M ay and Ju n e figures.
H o siery a n d underw ear .— A decrease of 1.1 per cent in p er ca p ita
earnings was show n w hen the M ay and Ju n e p a y rolls were com pared.
S i l k .— T en p er cent of the m en in one m ill were reduced 10 per
cent in wages. T he entire force of an o th er m ill received a wage cu t
of 9 per cent. D ue to increased operation and m ore tim e w orked an
increase of 2.8 per cent in per cap ita earnings was show n w hen fig
ures for M ay and Ju n e were com pared.
M e n ’s clothing .—In one establishm ent 50 per cent of the employees
received a 66§ per cent increase. A 10 per cent wage increase was
reported by one establishment, affecting 25 per cent of the men. A
decrease of 10 per cent in wages was reported by one establishm ent
affecting 86 per cent of the force. However, an. increase of 10.8 per
cent in per capita earnings was shown when figures for May and June
were compared.
L eather. —When, per capita earnings for June were compared with
those for May an increase of 4.7 per cent was noted.
B oots a n d shoes .—One firm reported a wage decrease of 25 per cent
affecting 19 per cent of the employees. A 15 per cent cut affecting
about 45 per cent of the force was reported by another firm. In
three factories, a 10 per cent reduction was reported affecting 6 per
cent of the force in the first plant, 5 per cent of the force in the second
plant, b u t the per cent of the force affected in the third plant was not
stated. Per capita earnings for June increased 1.7 per cent over
those for May.
P a p e r m a k in g .—One mill gave an increase of approxim ately 14 per
cent to 23 per cent of the employees. A wage decrease of 12 per cent,
affecting 60 per cent of the employees, was reported by another
establishm ent. A decrease of 10 per cent to 96 per cent of the force
was reported by one plant. W hen per capita earnings for June were
compared w ith those for May, a decrease of 0.3 per cent was noted.
Cigar m a n u fa c tu rin g .—A decrease of 10 per cent in wage rates was
made to 79 per cent of the employees in one factory. However,
there was an increase in per capita earnings for June over May of
4.3 per cent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[357]
128
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
Enlarging the Scope of Statistics on Volume of Employment.
H E m onthly survey of volume of em ploym ent which has been
compiled by the B ureau of Labor Statistics for a num ber of
years is to be extended to include 43 m anufacturing industries
instead of the 13 which have heretofore been covered and practically
3,000 establishm ents instead of the approxim ately 750 establishm ents
heretofore covered. This expansion will of course take in a propor
tionately larger num ber of employees. Figures showing the to tal
am ount of the pay roll are to be continued, covering this greatly
increased num ber of establishm ents and industries.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics has made arrangem ents to cooperate
w ith a num ber of States collecting this character of inform ation.
Such arrangem ents were already in existence w ith the States of New
York and Wisconsin, and it is only necessary to expand the list of
reports received from these States through the S tate collecting
agencies. Similar arrangem ents have ju st been completed w ith the
State of Illinois and like arrangem ents are contem plated w ith other
States. Im m ediately after the first of Ju ly agents of the bureau
were sent into the field to form contracts and to arrange, in so far
as it is practicable, for States and S tate bureaus and organizations
to do this work upon a S tate basis, furnishing the Federal bureau
w ith the records of such establishm ents as m ay be selected. S tatis
tics of em ploym ent in railroad operation will be secured through the
In te rsta te Commerce Commission and carried as a separate section
in the B ureau of Labor S tatistics tables. The Geological Survey
will furnish data covering the pay roll nearest the middle of the m onth
from such bitum inous and anthracite coal mines as m ay be selected
and probably this will also be handled separately from m anufacturing
industries. From the d a ta so compiled the Bureau of Labor S ta
tistics will prepare m onthly an industrial em ploym ent index by indus
tries and an em ploym ent index for all the industries combined.
W hile this inform ation will continue to be made public through
the Monthly L abor R eview as heretofore, advance mimeographed
statem ents of the totals and of the indexes will be issued as early
as practicable each m onth, covering the pay-roll period as of the 15th
of the preceding m onth. Below is a list of m anufacturing industries
to be included by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in its m onthly report
on employment in selected industries, and the num ber of establish
m ents which it is intended to cover.
T
IucLustry.
E stablishm ents.
In d u s try .
Establishm e n ts .
Agricultural implements...............
30 Cotton manufacturing....................
Automobiles, including firms mak
Cotton finishing.................................
ing only bodies and parts..........
100 Electrical machinery, apparatus,
Boxes, paper...................................
50
and supplies....................................
Boots and shoes.................................
100 Fertilizers...........................................
Bread and other bakery products.. 100 Flour...................................................
Brick..................................................
100 Foundry and machine shops.........
25 Furniture........................................
Carpets............................................
Cars, steam railroad, not including
Glass...................................................
railroad operation.......................
25 Hardware........................................
Carriages and wagons.....................
25 Hosiery and knit goods..................
Chemicals................
25 Iron and steel (blast furnaces, steel
Clothing, men’s.................................
100 works, and rolling mills)............
Clothing, women’s ............................
100 Leather...............................................
[358]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
150
20
75
20
20
200
100
75
20
100
125
75
129
E M P L O Y M E N T AND U N E M P L O Y M E N T .
In d u s try .
E stablishm ents.
Lumber (sawmills).........................
Lumber (planing-mill products)..
Millinery.........................................
Musical instruments (pianos)........
Paper and pulp..............................
Petroleum refining.........................
Pottery............................................
Printing (book and job).................
Printing (newspaper).....................
Rubber (automobile tires).............
Shipbuilding (iron and steel)........
200
100
20
10
75
10
10
100
100
50
20
In d u s try .
Establishm ents.
Shirts, collars, and cuffs................
Silk.................................................
Slaughtering and meat packing...
Stamped ware................................
Stoves.............................................
Tobacco (cigars and cigarettes)__
Tobacco (chewing, smoking, and
snuff)...........................................
Woolen and worsted.......................
100
100
50
10
20
100
10
100
Total.....................................2,945
Changes in Employment Reported by United States Employment
Service.
H E U nited States Em ploym ent Service reports th a t employment
throughout the country increased 3.2 per cent in June as
compared w ith May. A pproxim ately 179,328 people were
returned to work, and it is estim ated th a t not more th an 20,000
employees were furloughed, most of this being seasonal. Of the 65
leading cities, 52 reported increases and 13 decreases in employment,
and all industries except stone, clay, and glass products reported
increases. The m anufacture of vehicles for land transportation
showed the highest increase, 6.5 per cent, followed by food and
kindred products, 5.5 per cent, and iron and steel and their products,
4.04 per cent. The decrease in employment in the stone, clay, and
glass products industry was 0.85 per cent. Building activities are
reported as increasing to such an extent th a t a shortage of skilled
building craftsm en is becoming apparent in m any localities.
T
Recent Statistics oi Employment.
California.
B
U L L E T IN No. 5 (mimeographed) of the California Bureau of
Labor Statistics contains the results of a survey as of May 31,
1922, made by th a t bureau in cooperation with the United
States Em ploym ent Service. Questionnaires were sent to 800 large
m anufacturing establishm ents of the State, of which 546 responded.
The tabulated returns from this inquiry are here given.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[359]
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
1 30
N U M B E R E M PL O Y E D IN S P E C IF IE D IN D U S T R IE S AN D LO C A L IT IE S A T T H E E N D OF
M ARCH, A P R IL , AN D MAY, 1922, AN D P E R C EN T O F C H A N G E IN MAY, 1922.
In d u stry or locality.
N um
N um ber a t -work a t
ber of
end of—
estab
lishm ents
May,
April,
report March,
1922.
1922.
1922.
ing.
P e r cent of
change, May,
1922, from—
March,
1922.
April,
1922.
T h e S ta te .
Canning drying and preserving....................................
B akery p ro d u cts................................................................
Confficti on pry
.........................................................
Flour and grist Trulls....................................................
Sugar.....................................................................................
81ail ghitori n g an d par*lring...............................................
O ther k in d red food products
"Wearing apparel
...................................................
T en ts aw nings and ju te p ro d u cts................................
A gricultural im plem ents, including tracto rs.............
Gas engines pum ps, hoilers...........................................
Structural and orna,ment,a,l steel....................................
Iron and steel forgings......................................................
Shipbuilding including na,va,l repairs .....................
Foundry a n d m achine shops, n o t elsewhere
specified .......................................................................
Tin can _ .
O ther sheet m eta! p roducts............................................
Copper a u d other m etal pro d u cts.............................. .
Sawmills and logging c a m p s .........................................
Plam 'ng mill** box- factories, e tc ....................................
O ther lu m b er pro d u cts....................................................
T an n in g and wool scouring.............................................
F inish ed 1eath er prod n e ts ...............................................
P ap er bags boxes etc
______________
P rin tin g and publishing........... .......................................
O ther p ap er products - ...............................................
L iquor beverages and ic e .............................................
................. ...........................................
Fxp l osi yes
M ineral Oil refining
O ther chemical p ro d u cts.................................................
Oomenf
........................................................
Glass including b o ttle s...................................................
B rick stone and cl ay p ro d u c ts ....................................
Tobacco products
.......................................................
W agons a n d automobiles^ including bodies*. . . . . . . .
Railroad repair shops ...................................................
........................................................
Laundries
Miscellaneous industries . ..................... ....................
75
18
13
8
8
14
4
29
4
5
16
4
8
9
6,233
2; 468
1,013
535
2,685
3,372
119
4,506
403
355
1,539
1,012
1,733
7,155
7,794
2,397
972
529
2,844
3,314
116
4,499
421
419
1,511
1,089
1,760
7,277
6,109
2,391
960
618
2,990
3,295
116
4,361
428
477
1,481
1,307
1, S73
7,209
-2 .0
-3 .1
-5 .2
+ 15.5
+ 11.4
-2 .3
-2 .5
-3 .2
+ 6 .2
+34.4
-3 .8
+ 29.2
+ 8.1
+ .8
-2 5 .6
-.3
-1 .2
+ 16.8
+ 5.1
-.6
44
7
6
8
25
23
16
10
3
11
7
4
10
4
10
27
5
4
15
7
6
38
2714
3,409
2,166
361
981
10,635
5,325
1,429
1,036
193
943
860
414
597
482
7,389
2,800
1,568
915
2,288
1,486
1,643
17,406
3,146
3,627
3,414
2,167
386
991
12,326
5,269
1,529
1,005
194
1,025
842
470
634
507
7, 516
2,949
1,571
770
2,299
1,541
1,957
17,784
3,141
3,651
3,612
2,211
439
950
13,889
5,432
1,483
992
201
1,027
885
493
675
568
8,285
2,872
1,666
850
2,333
1,189
2,114
17, 858
3,185
3,527
+ 6 .0
+ 2 .0
+ 21.6
-3 .2
+30.6
+ 2.0
+ 3 .8
-4 .2
+ 4 .2
+ 9.0
+ 2.9
+ 19. 1
+ 13.1
+ 17.8
+ 12. 1
+ 2.6
+ 6.3
-7 .1
+ 2 .0
-2 0 .0
+ 28.7
+ 2.6
+ 1.2
-2 .8
+ 5.8
+ 2.0
+ 13.7
- 4 .1
+ 12.7
+ 3.1
-3 .0
-1 .3
+ 3 .6
T o tal...........................................................................
546
104, 227
108,880
110,351
+ 5 .9
+ 1.4
Pan Francisco
..............................................................
Los Angeles
.............................................................
Oakland f
......................................... - ................
B alance of S t a t e ................................................................
136
113
55
242
19,658
22,628
8,955
52,986
20,164
22,861
9,444
56,411
19,948
23,582
9,554
57,267
+ 1.5
+4. 2
+ 6.7
+ 8.1
- 1 .1
+ 3 .2
+ 1.2
+ 1.5
T o t a l .........................................................................
546
104,227
108,880
110,351
+ 5.9
+ 1.4
-3 .0
+ 1.8
+ 13.8
-2 .0
+ 20.0
+ 6 .4
-.9
+ 5.1
+ 4 .9
+ 6 .5
+ 12.0
+ 10.2
-2 .6
+ 6.1
+ 10.4
+ 1.5
-2 2 .8
+ 8.0
+ .4
+ 1.4
-3 .4
L o c a l it ie s .
1 Includes Em eryville, Alameda, a n d Berkeley. W here canning, oil, railroad, etc., companies have
p lan ts located at different points, separate reports are received from each p la n t a nd listed accordingly.
As the above tabulated establishm ents employ about 40 per cent
of the factory workers of California it is estim ated th a t approxi
m ately 15,000 more persons were added to the pay rolls of the m anu
facturers of the S tate during May and June, 1922.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
131
E M P L O Y M E N T AND U N E M P L O Y M E N T .
Connecticut.
rT 'H E m onthly report of the C onnecticut Bureau of Labor in re
activities of the free public em ploym ent offices of the State
for June, 1922, is here summarized.
Male.
3,113
2,875
2, 383
Applicants for employment
Applicants for help.............
Situations secured...............
Female.
1, 960
1, 839
1, 578
Total.
5,073
4, 714
3, 961
Percentage of applicants supplied with situations.
Male.
May, 1922....................................................................... 82.7
June, 1922...................................................................... 76.5
Fem ale.
Total.
79.3
80.5
81.2
78.0
Help was furnished to 88.3 per cent of those applying for employees
in May; in June, to only 84 per cent.
Illinois.
'"THE change in the industrial situation in Illinois in May, 1922,
was more im portant than th a t in any of the preceding 11
m onths. The June, 1922, issue of the Em ploym ent Bulletin of the
S tate departm ent of labor reports th at there is evidence of m arked
recovery in industrial activity.
The general advisory board of the free employment service esti
m ates th a t there were about 25,000 more persons employed in m anu
facturing establishm ents and about 25,000 more persons employed
in construction work in the S tate a t the end of May, 1922, than at
the close of the preceding m onth.
According to the records of the State free employment offices for
May, 1922, there was practically no excess of applicants for jobs
over jobs offered by employers. The reports of the Chicago offices
for th a t m onth show th a t the num ber of jobs available was greater
than the num ber of applicants. This was also the case in the Cicero,
Danville, and Rockford offices. For the S tate as a whole there were
100 jobs for every 105 persons seeking positions while 12 m onths
previous the ratio of jobs to applicants was 100 to 220.
The num ber of building perm its in 13 of the principal Illinois
cities indicates th a t “ the building boom has gone on unbated.”
The perm its in May, 1922, authorized work valued at $30,886,862—
about $11,500,000 more than the perm its in April, 1922, and over
seven times as m uch as the perm its in May, 1921.
The following statem ent gives the index num bers of employment
in the S tate based on employers’ reports:
IN D E X N U M B E R S OF E M PL O Y M E N T IN IL L IN O IS , A U G U ST, 1921, TO MAY, 1922.
[May, 1921=100.]
Year.
Jan F eb
April. May.
uary. ruary. March.
1Q21
1922..................... 105.5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
105.7
107.4
107.1
June.
110.3
[361]
July.
A u
gust.
Sep
tem
ber.
Oc
tober.
No
vem
ber.
106.0
112.1
109.2
108.2
De
cem
ber.
103.9
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
132
The following table gives recent changes in employment in the
principal industrial groups of the S tate:
CO U R SE O F E M P L O Y M E N T IN ID E N T IC A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN IL L IN O IS , A P R IL 30
TO MAY 31, 1922.
T y p e of in d u stry .
N u m b er Percentage
N u m b er
N u m b er of em ploy of em ploy of change
pr. 30 to
of estab
ees, A pr. AMay
ees, M ay
, 31,
lishm ents. 31, 1922.
30, 1922.
1922.
9,027
131,281
8,753
10,825
7,936
Percentage
of change
Mar. 31 to
A pr. 30,
1922.
9,183
6,024
35,670
42,101
48,166
378
6,064
8,479
126,951
8,540
10,784
7,470
176
8,891
6,084
34,011
41,205
46,060
375
5,051
+ 6 .5
+ 3 .4
+ 2 .5
+ 0 .4
+ 6 .2
-4 .0
+ 3.3
-1 .0
+ 4.9
+ 2.2
+ 0 .2
+ 0 .8
+20.1
+10.5
+ 2 .6
+ 2 .0
+ 3 .2
+ 3 .9
-4 .3
-4 .3
-5 .9
-5 .5
-0 .6
+ 2 .2
-9 1 . 6
+18.7
313,537
304,347
+ 3 .0
-0 .3
Stone, clay, and glass p ro d u c ts .....................
M etals, m achinery, and co n v ey an ces..........
W ood m an u factu rin g ........................................
F urs, le a th er, a n d ru b b e r g o o d s...................
Chemicals, oils, p aints, e tc ..............................
P a p e r. ..................................................................
P rin tin g and p a p er goods................................
T e x tile s................................................................
Clothing, m illinery, and la u n d e rin g ............
Food, beverages, and to b a c co .......................
W ater, light, and p o w e r..................................
M ining..................................................................
B uilding and general co n tractin g ..................
58
336
80
42
45
4
169
72
31
56
112
9
16
119
T o tal..........................................................
980
Iowa.1
ETMPLOYMENT in Iowa increased 4.1 per cent in June, 1922, as
^
compared w ith the preceding m onth. The table here given
shows the num ber of males and females on the pay rolls in 10 groups
of industries in June, 1922, together w ith the percentage increases
or decreases in volume of em ploym ent in June, 1922, as compared
w ith May, 1922. Because of the strike no reports were received
from railw ay car shops.
IO W A E M P L O Y M E N T SU R V E Y , JU N E , 1922.
N um ber of workers.
N um ber
of firms
report
ing.
T y p e of in d u s try .
Males.
Females.
T otal.
P e r cen t of
increase or
decrease
com pared
w ith May.
Food and k in d red p ro d u cts...........................................
T e x tile s...............................................................................
iron and steel w ork..........................................................
L um b er pro d u cts..............................................................
L eather p ro d u c ts..............................................................
P a p e r p roducts, prin tin g , and publishing.................
P a te n t m edicines, chemicals, a n d com pounds.........
Stone and clay p ro d u c ts.................................................
Tobaeco, cigars..................................................................
V arious in d u strie s............................................................
51
29
70
29
13
25
7
31
6
46
7,913
695
5,615
3,141
394
1,882
' 107
2,882
151
3,497
1,511
1,817
386
111
210
871
181
20
344
5,453
9,424
2,512
6,001
3,252
604
2,753
288
2,902
495
8,950
+ 4 .2
+ 2 .9
+10.6
+ 5 .2
+10.0
+ 1 .6
+ 3 .2
+ 8 .4
+ 4 .5
-0 .7
T o tal.........................................................................
307
26,019
10,379
36,398
+ 4.1
Massachusetts.
C O N T IN U E D im provem ent in the labor m arket is indicated by the
^
returns from th e four S tate em ploym ent offices. A report
received Ju ly 12, 1922, from th e D epartm ent of Labor and Industries,
states th a t the num ber of placem ents during the m onth of May was
1 Iowa.
B u reau of L abor Statistics E m p lo y m en t Survey. Des Moines, June, 1922.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[362]
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT.
133
the largest since August, 1918, and the num ber of applications for
employees the largest since May, 1920. The figures for May are as
follows: The num ber of persons placed, 3,881, num ber of persons
called for by employers, 5,115. A slight decrease in placem ents
is noted in Ju n e due to the inclem ent weather. For the m onth of
June the num ber of persons placed by the four S tate offices was
3,739. This is an increase of 24 per cent over the num ber of persons
placed during the corresponding m onth in 1921. The num ber of
persons called for by employers in June, 1922, was 4,870, an increase
of 38.5 per cent over the num ber for June, 1921.
The following table shows the activities of the M assachusetts
public em ploym ent offices for the first 6 m onths of 1922:
W O R K O F F O U R PU B L IC E M P L O Y M E N T O F F IC E S , JA N U A R Y TO JU N E , 1922.
M o n th .
Ja n u a ry ..............
F e b ru a ry ...........
M arch.................
A p ril...................
M ay.....................
J u n e ....................
W orking
days.
A pplica
tions for
positions.
H elp
w anted.
R eferred.
R eported
placed.
20
23
27
24
26
i 26
42,424
39^457
46,016
38, 463
43,435
37* 220
2,706
2,969
3,800
4,254
5,115
4,870
3,355
3,776
4,689
4,840
5,859
469
2,115
2,360
3,181
3 271
3,881
3’, 739
1 E x c e p t th e Boston offices, 25 days (closed Ju n e 17).
N ew York.
A TWO per cent increase in factory employment occurred from
May to June, 1922, according to a press release from the New
York S tate D epartm ent of Labor, which is based upon reports
received from 1,514 representative m anufacturers employing over
440,000 workers. This 2 per cent increase, despite the industrial
uncertainties arising from the coal strike and the railroad shop
situation and the fact th a t June is usually a slack m anufacturing
m onth, indicates an im provem ent in business which more than
offsets the usual seasonal decreases.
The m ost m arked increase of the m onth was in the m etal and
m achinery industries, particularly in railroad equipm ent and
repair shops. The iron and steel mills show a greater volume of
employment. The m ajority of the establishm ents m aking auto
mobiles and parts had more workers on their pay rolls in June than
in May. There was also an increase in airplane and firearm m anu
facture. More workers were engaged in m aking m achinery and
electrical goods.
The industries connected with building operations show continued
expansion. There was, however, a further reduction of the num ber
employed in the glass industry.
The sawmills and planing mills had a share in the greater demand
from the building industry.
The other outstanding increase in June was in the food products
industries, due to the commencement of the season for vegetable
and fruit canning, grape-juice bottling, and the production of other
beverages. The biscuit and cracker m anufacturers added to their
forces.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[363]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
134
In the clothing trades there was considerably greater activity in
the m en’s clothing factories, while the women’s apparel makers
reported very substantial reductions.
There was very little change in the volume of employment in the
textile industry as a whole, in chemical factories, in paper making,
paper goods m anufacture, and printing.
Ohio.
HTHE following figures are taken from a m im eographed report from
A the Ohio " D epartm ent of Ind u strial Relations, which gives
statistics from em ploym ent offices a t Akron, Cincinnati, Cleveland,
Columbus, D ayton, H am ilton, Toledo, and Youngstown for the
first six m onths of 1922:
A C T IV IT IE S O F O H IO E M PL O Y M E N T O F F IC E S , JA N U A R Y , 1922, TO JU N E 30, 1922.
Domestic, industrial,
clerical, and profes Registrations. H elp w anted.
sional workers.
Referred.
Placed.
M ale.............................
Fem ale........................
248,167
95,041
67,407
55,644
65,517
50,587
55,903
43,964
T o tal....................
343, 208
123,051
116,104
99,867
One of the striking facts brought out in the detailed table from
which the above data were selected is the great excess of clerical
and professional applicants over the num ber of available jobs. For
farm ing and dairying in the same period, Jan u ary , 1922, to June,
1922, there were 4,314 applicants, 2,693 help wanted, 2,883 referred
to positions, and 2,007 reported placed.
Pennsylvania.
’"TH E June, 1922, issue of “ Labor and In d u stry ” (Harrisburg)
1 reports th a t figures from the various public employment offices
for April show 309,698 miners voluntarily unemployed as the result
in the strike in the bitum inous and anthracite coal regions.
The num ber of unemployed in the State, by months, January 1
to May 15, 1922, is gives below:
U nem ployed.
321, 893
278,850
248, 560
215, 410
190, 055
J a n u a ry 1
A p ril 1 . ..
A p ril 1 5 ..
M ay 1 ___
M ay 1 5 ...
Wisconsin.
of the records of the public em ploym ent offices
A COMPARISON
in W isconsin shows 5,631 more orders in May, 1922, th a n in
April, 1922, according to B ulletin No. 31 of the em ploym ent office
division of the Wisconsin In dustrial Commission. The work of these
offices in the above-m entioned two m onths is summ arized in the
following statem en t:
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[364]
135
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT.
A C T IV IT IE S O F P U B L IC E M PL O Y M E N T O F F IC E S IN W ISC O N SIN F O R A P R IL (4 W E E K S )
A N D MAY (4 W E E K S ), 1922.
M onth and sex.
R eg istra
tions.
H elp
w anted.
Referred.
R eported
placed.
A p r il.
M ale...........................................
Fem ale.......................................
* 7,484
2,942
6,977
3,070
6,608
2,797
4,828
1,945
T o tal...............................
10,426
10,047
9,405
6,773
M ale...........................................
Fem ale.......................................
9,646
3,457
11,833
3,845
9,444
3,423
7,468
2,585
T o tal...............................
13,103
15,678
12, 877
10,053
M ay.
The average weekly placem ents for May, 1922, were 2,513; for
April of the same year, 1,694; and for May, 1921, 1,332.
R ecent statistics of employment offices relative to farm labor are
given below:
M onth and year.
May, 1922..................................
May, 1921..................................
R egistra
tions.
642
882
H elp
w anted.
812
731
Verified
R eferred. placem
ents.
709
923
510
618
Experience Under Employment Guaranty in Cleveland Garment
Industry.
S WAS explained in an article in the April, 1922, num ber of
the M o n t h l y L abor R e v ie w (pp. 137-141), a plan for
compensating for and preventing unem ploym ent has been
in operation in the Cleveland ladies’ garm ent industry for six m onths.
Under this plan, each m anufacturer guaranteed to his regular workers
who did not leave voluntarily and were not justifiably discharged,
employment for 20 weeks during each half year. If this am ount of
work was not provided, the employees became entitled to twothirds of their minimum wages for the unemployed p a rt of the 20
weeks. The guaranty had, however, this lim itation, th a t no em
ployer should be liable to his employees for more th an 7 \ per cent
of his to tal direct labor pay roll for the six-m onth period. Each
week the employer deposited w ith the im partial chairm an of the
industry an am ount equal to 7 \ per cent of his to tal labor pay roll
for th a t week. The money so deposited is not paid into a general
fund, for it “ would be unfair to the m anufacturer who through his
own efforts is able to fulfill his g u a ra n ty ” to use his deposits to pay
the workers of another m anufacturer who for any reason has not
been able to m eet his guaranty. The fund of each m anufacturer
is kept in a separate account and instead of the funds increasing
from year to year, as in m ost unem ploym ent funds in individual
experiments, each m anufacturer will receive a t the end of each
six-m onth period so m uch of his own fund as has not been needed
to pay his workers for unemployed time. On the other hand, if a
worker is able to secure other work during his lay off, this does not
affect his right to draw his unem ploym ent pay from his regular
A
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[365]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
136
A C CU M U LA TIO N A N D E X P E N D IT U R E U N D E R E M P L O Y M E N T G U A R A N T Y , IN M A R
K E T A S A W H O L E , 6 M O N T H S, E N D IN G D EC . 1, 1921.
\------ ( W E E K S
FROM JU N E I
TO
D E C .{,l9 2 i.h ">
,| 2 - 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14-15 16 17 IS 19 20 21 22 23 242526
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[366]
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT.
137
O P E R A T IO N S U N D E R E M P L O Y M E N T G U A R A N T Y , IN IN D IV ID U A L E S T A B L IS H
M E N T S , 6 M O N T H S, E N D IN G D EC . 1, 1-921.
‘
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[367]
138
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
employer. The unem ploym ent pay is not merely a substitute for
employment in general; it is in the nature of a penalty imposed on
the particular employer for failure to get work for his own em
ployees, and thus is an incentive for every employer to keep his
workers busy.
The accompanying ch arts furnished to the Bureau of Labor Statis
tics by the Cleveland G arm ent M anufacturers’ Association show the
experience under this employment guaranty for the six-m onth period
ending December 1, 1921. The chart on page 136 shows the am ount
accum ulated week by week in the whole Cleveland ladies’ garm ent
industry during the 26 weeks from June 1 to December 1, 1921,
and the am ount expended in unem ploym ent paym ents. The
am ount paid out ($33,126.40) am ounts to a little more than onethird of the funds accum ulated ($93,274.40). The second chart
shows the same inform ation as the first for each of the 31 establish
m ents separately. As is evident from this second chart, in four
factories the full 20 weeks of employment guaranteed was provided
and since these employers had no unem ploym ent paym ents they
received the full am ount in refund a t the end of the period. A
num ber of other establishm ents saved the greater p a rt of their
guaranty deposits. The entire fund was necessary in four plants
to cover the unem ploym ent paym ents, and in two of these the fund
was insufficient to cover these paym ents and a deficit was incurred.
Since the period covered by the charts, several changes have been
m ade in the plan. The agreement of 1922 substitutes for the guar
an ty of 20 weeks’ work in every half year, one of 41 weeks for the
whole year. Thus the workers are insured against a period of un
employment lasting more than 11 weeks each year. By a decision
of the board of referees of the industry handed down April 29, 1922,
the employers have the option of paym ent on the basis of 7 \ per
cent of pay roll, as last year, or of paying a 10 per cent lower wage
rate and depositing 25 per oent of pay roll. The idea in increasing
the paym ent into the fund was to make it “ m orally c e rta in ” th a t
the worker would receive either 41 weeks’ work or 41 weeks’ pay.
According to inform ation given by the m anufacturers’ associa
tion, “ the result of the plan has, w ithout any doubt, been an in
crease of work in the shops. I t is true th a t the work has often been
increased a t a loss to the employer and it is a cjuestion w hether some
m anufacturers would not rather take a loss through the employ
m ent fund. However, the incentive is direct and appealing, and
appears to be the only w ay in which the evil of unem ploym ent can
be eradicated or lim ited in this seasonal in d u stry .”
Government Construction Contracts.
ONTINU IN G the report on this subject in the Monthly L xI bor
R eview for May, June, and July, the following table gives
certain inform ation relating to contracts entered into by the
several departm ents or independent establishm ents of the Govern
m ent as reported to the Bureau of Labor Statistics by these
departm ents.
C
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[368]
RECENT CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS E N T E R E D INTO BY T H E VARIOUS D EPA R TM E N TS OF T H E U N IT E D STATES.
C ontract.
2476°— 22—
Contractor.
D epartm ent
a n d contract
No.
N ature of contract.
Name.
A ddress.
Date.
Tim e lim it.
A m ount.
T rea su ry.
June 14,1922
$35,440
B uilding postofflce a t F ro n t R oyal, V a .................
12 m onths.
May 20,1922
........d o .............
June 21,1922
1, 275
1, 784
2,671
135 days.
120 days.
Sept. 15, 1922.
Michael S erette....................... 3 T rem ont Row, Boston, M ass___ June 19,1922
140,800
101 P a rk Avenue, New Y ork, N . Y . June 21,1922
74,900
R epairs to toilet room a t post office, Macon, G a ..
P a in tin g a n d repairs a t post office, La Crosse, Wis
R epairing a n d p a in tin g roofs, U nited States Vete ra n s’ H ospital, B ronx, N . Y .
C onstructing tw o buildings, m oving building,
constructing re ta in in g walls, grading slopes,
a ltering plum bing, a n d electrical a p p aratu s,
U nited S tates Q u a ra n tin e S tation, Gallops
Isla n d , B oston, M ass.
C onstruction of officers’ quarters, including
plum bing a n d w iring, a t R osebank, S ta te n
Isla n d , N . Y .
In sta llin g boilers a t U nited S tates V eterans’
H ospital, O teen, N . C.
In sta llin g boilers a n d sewerage p la n t a t U nited
S tates V eterans’ H ospital, Tuskegee, A la.
In sta llin g sewerage disposal p la n t a t U nited
S tates V eteran s’ H ospital, Tucson, Ariz.
R epairing a n d p a in tin g courts, U nited States
T reasury B uilding, W ashington, D . C.
R epairing ceilings, U nited S tates Treasury
B uilding, W ashington, D . C.
Cleaning a n d p a in tin g interior of U nited States
T reasury B uilding, W ashington, D . C.
B uilding extension to Pier B , New Y ork Q uar
a n tin e S tation, R osebank, S ta te n lslan d , N. Y.
A lteration to post office an d subtreasury a t Bos
ton, Mass.
Constructing m ailing vestibule a t post office,
E a s t St. Louis, 111.
10
[369]
N ortheastern Construction
Co.
U nion Electric Co. (In c .)... 625 Peydras Street, New Orleans,
L a.
Noland-Cliflord Co. (In c .)... N ewport News, V a ...........................
L ittlejohn & H ud so n ............. 821 Fifteenth Street N W ., W ash
ington, D. C.
W . L. B ow m an & Co............ 638 G Street N W ., W ashington,
D. C.
W alter B. A very..................... 623 G Street N W ., W ashington,
D . C.
G. A. H a slu p ........................... 1407 New Y ork A venue N W .,
W ashington, D. C.
R iverside Contracting Co— 164 M ontague Street, Brooklyn,
N. Y.
John M cDonald Construc 44 Bromfield Street, Boston, Mass..
tio n Co.
Louis V an Dorp & Son......... Topeka, K a n s .....................................
June 23,1922
10,750
June 29,1922
313,659
June 27,1922
17,400
June 28,1922
2,200
........d o .............
2,217
........do .............
3,903
June 30,1922
10,200
3,1922
3,252
........do .............
4,690
June 26,1922
23,901
___d o ...................................................... ........d o .............
Louis J. Sieling....................... 209 B road Street, R ed B ank, N . J. June 28,1922
13,838
8^ 940
July
9 m onths.
8 m onths.
90 days.
Feb. 1, 1923.
70 d ays.
60 days.
Sept. 8, 1922.
60 days.
105 days.
90 days.
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT.
Law B uilding, Fredericksburg,
V a.
Box 877, Greenville, S. C .................
N ational D ecorating Service. 4927 Prairie A venue, Chicago, 111..
0 . W h ite .................................. 294 Bergen Street, Brooklyn, N. Y .
E . G. H eflin ............................
Do.
W a r.
H a tte r Transfer Co. (In c .)... H am pton, V a.....................................
139
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E rection of 2 steel hangars a t Langley. Field, N ov. 4, 1922.
Va.
E rection of m achine shop a t L angley Field, V a .. O ct. 4, 1922.
C onstructing storehouse a t C am p Alfred V ail, 100 days.
Oceanport, N , J.
D epartm ent
a n d contract
No.
Contractor.
140
R E C E N T CO N STR U CTIO N C O NTRACTS E N T E R E D IN T O B Y T H E V A R IO U S D E P A R T M E N T S O F T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S—Continued.
Contract.
Tim e lim it.
N ature of contract.
Name.
A ddress.
U nion Construction Co.........
San Francisco, Calif..........................
Date.
A m ount.
W a r —Con.
$23,000
June
1,1922
22,106
May 13,1922
12,250
June 13,1922
34,278
May 29,1922
4,950
June 15,1922
38,000
June 19,1922
E recting 2 steel hangars a n d 1 oil an d gaso N ov. 14, 1922.
lin e storehouse a t Santa Monica; Calif.
C onstructing plotting and sw itchboard room a t 6 m onths.
F o rt Story, Cape H enry, V a.
Dredging C onnecticut R iver, H artford, Conn___ N ot reported.
D redging C alum et River, 111
3 m onths.
Dec. 17, 1922.
40,000
C onstructing and delivering m otor dredge te n
der, B oston, Mass.
R em oving wreck of steam ship M alden, Block
Isla n d Sound.
B reakw ater repair work a t M arquette, M ich.......
W . P . F ran cis.......................... 74 M arietta Street, A tlan ta, G a__ June 30,1922
E llis B . E d g a r......................... 116 M ohawk Avenue, Scotia, N . Y . Ju n e 12,1922
33,110
10,434
Rem odeling barracks a t C am p Jesup, Ga.
Laying w ater m ain, R otterdam , N . Y __
L. K . Comstock & Co. (In c.). 21 E a s t F o rtie th S treet, New
Y ork, N . Y .
N ew port Contracting & E n- N ot re p o rte d .......................................
gineering Co. (Inc.).
June 19,1922
58,000
4544...........
May 22,1922
11,689
4550...........
Sim pson Bros. C orp............... ........d o ....................................................
May
8,1922
94,500
In stalling a ll electrical w ork in fuel oil storage
p la n t a t Pearl H arbor, T . H .
C irculating w ater suction an d discharge piping
a t N aval E xperim ental an d Research Labora
to ry , W ashington, D . C.
B uilding substation, first-aid station, a nd dis
trib u tin g system s a t n a v a l d ry dock, South
B oston, Mass.
B uilding powerhouse and dispensary a t N avy
m ine depot, Y orktow n, V a.
B uilding radio towers a t n a v a l station, T u tu ila,
Samoa.
H eating p la n t and distributing system a t n a v al
radio station, Sayville, L . I.
F or steam m ain at"navy y a rd , Norfolk, V a ..........
Rem odeling m arine barracks, nav y yard, W ash
ington, D .C .
cois]
P . J. S u lliv an .......................... 863 S outh F ifteenth Street, New
a rk , N . J.
T . L. D urocher Co................. D etour, M ich......................................
Dec. 31, 1922.
5
m onths, ex
clusive of th e
period
from
D ec. 1, 1922, to
M ay 1, 1923.
125 davs.
N ov. 1, 1922.
N avy.
S u b ...........
4565...........
S. R . C u rtis.............................. ........d o ....................................................
June
3,1922
24,857
4600...........
W . F . M artens........................ ........d o ................................
May 10,1922
69,935
4578...........
A lm irall & Co. (In c .)............. 1 D om inick Street, New Y ork, June 19,1922
N. Y .
Jo h n W . D anforth C o........... 72 E llico tt Street, Buffalo, N . Y ... June 24,1922
George E . W right (I n c .)....... 1454 M onadnock B uilding, Chi June 26,1922
cago, 111.
26,948
22,700
4617...........
4623...........
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
10,181
Ju ly 1, 1923.
150 calendar days
Do.
120 calendar days.
260 calendar days.
120 calendar days.
Do.
Do.
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
N o rth E astern Construction 101 P a rk Avenue, New Y ork, N . Y .
Co.
J. S. Pack ard Dredging C o .. 1004 T u rk s H ead B uilding, Provi
dence, R. I.
FitzSim ons
&
Connell Otis B uilding, Chicago, 111..............
Dredge & Dock Co.
R ichard T. Green Co............. 211 M arginal Street, Boston, Mass.
4624............
F red W . Stetigen............
4630............
Jolms-M anville (I n e .)..
4637............
Donnell-Zane Co. (Ine.)
4641............
Miller B ros...............................
4643............
Claiborne & Taylor (In c .). . .
4648............
A llen H . Rogers......................
D aniel Contracting Co...........
4668............
N . C onnolly..............................
66,015
221 B urw ell A venue, B rem erton, June 15,1922
W ash.
R ichm ond T ru st B uilding, R ich June 24,1922
m ond, Va.
616 Colorado B uilding, W ashing ........d o .............
to n , D . C.
503 M arket Street, San Francisco, June 10,1922
Calif.
1404 N orth E ighteenth Street, June 24,1922
P hiladelphia, Pa.
8,490
8,764
79,310
12,500
13,000
34,200
39,030
F o r mooring dolphins an d tim ber pier a t n a v al
base, San Diego, Calif.
R epairing roofs a t n a v y yard, Puget Sound,
W ash.
C onstructing radio towers a t n a v y yard, Mare
Islan d , Calif.
C onstructing operating building a t U nited
States R adio S tation, N o rth H ead, W ash.
A lterations an d repairs to hotel building, m a
rin e barracks, Q uantico, Va.
R epairs an d alterations to buildings a t n a v a l air
s ta tio n , A nacostia, D . C.
D epositing rip rap a t D ike No. 12, n a v y yard,
Mare Island, Calif.
Steam m ain a n d trench a t n a v y yard, Philadel
phia, P a.
160 calendar days.
80 calendar days.
240 calendar days.
85 calendar days.
60 calendar days.
90 calendar days.
180 calendar days.
120 calendar days.
In te r io r .
27881..........
28013..........
A ckm an, Colo.
N ot rep o rted ..
Seattle, W ash.
B altim ore, Md
June 3,1922
Ju n e 22,1922
June —,1922
June 5,1922
33,248
4,631
D rilling w ell a t San J u an , N . M ex........................... N ot reported.
B uilding schoolhouse a t Carlton C ounty, M in n ..
Do.
Installin g engines in U . S. S. B oxer.........................
Do.
E recting 1 coal sam ple tak in g device in Gov 75 days.
ern m e n t fuel yards, W ashington, D . C.
Jerry Sw in...............
Southern R oads Co.
B irm ingham , Ala
----- do.....................
June 6,1922
........do
74,381
82,818
R oad, gravel, Colbert C o u n ty ___
R oad, b itu lith ic, Colbert C ounty.
B lanco & T a y lo r............
Pacific C onstruction Co.
Vallejo, Calif.............
San Francisco, Calif.
June 12,1922
....... do.............
T . P . W rig h t....................
Brooks-Calloway Co........
Stanley & Singer.............
Nichols C onstruction Co.
J. W . L. Y a tes.................
A tla n ta , G a........
___ do...................
Lafayette, A la . .
A tla n ta , G a........
Thom asville, Ga
June 20,1922
June 9,1922
....... do.............
....... do.............
June 30,1922
43,683
21,005
18,209
48,717
10,369
R oad, b itu m e n m acadam , H abersham C o u n ty ..
R oad, gravel an d d irt, U pson C o u n ty ..................
Bridge, U pson C o u n ty ................................................
R oad, gravel, U pson C o u n ty ....................................
Bridge, W o rth C o u n ty ...............................................
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
J . E . K u g h n & Sons..............
J . W . R eed & Son..................
R itzinger, Cam eron & Co__
J . C. P a rq u e tte .......................
H . F .C le m a n ........................ .
Peterson, Shirley & G unther.
T hom as Carey & Sons...........
----- do .........................................
___ do.........................................
Peterson, Shirley & G unther.
Dows, Io w a...........
F o rt Dodge, Iowa.
Sigourney, Io w a..
Des Moines, Iow a.
Gladbrook, M inn.
O m aha, N e b r.......
Des Moines, Iow a.
___ do ......................
___ do......................
O maha, N e b r........
June 21,1922
........do.............
June 8,1922
....... do.............
Ju n e 7,1922
Ju n e 14,1922
June 29,1922
....... do.............
....... do.............
June 20,1922
20,857
24,076
27,307
5,041
6,033
45,600
14,685
55,938
98,735
16,122
R oad, gravel a n d d irt, F ran k lin C o u n ty ...
___ d o ....................................................................
Roads, gravel a n d d irt, M ahaska C o u n ty ..
----- d o ....................................................................
Roads, gravel a n d d irt, Chickasaw C ounty
R oad, gravel a n d d irt, A dam s C o u n ty .......
R oad, gravel a n d d irt, A llam akee C o u n ty .
----- d o ...............................................................
___ d o ...................................................................
Road, gravel and d irt, M adison C ounty . . .
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
May 31, 1922
12,012
R oad, gravel a nd dirt, A tchison County
Do.
4,800
6,000
A g r ic u ltu r e .
[371]
A labam a:
108A___
108B. . . .
California:
96...........
100..........
Georgia:
43...........
268A___
268B. . . .
268C.......
230..........
Iowa:
171..........
171.........
70A........
70D ........
76...........
152..........
161A. . . .
161B . . . .
170..........
169D. . . .
K ansas:
83B ........
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
F red G runderm an & Sons... N etaw aka, K ans
216,550 R oad, concrete, Merced C ounty
125,586 ........do ...............................................
N ot reported.
Do.
Do.
Do.
141
J. F . Stites & S o n . .. .. .
N ot rep o rted ...................
A tlas Gas Engine C o. . .
Chesapeake Iron W orks
E M P L O Y M E N T AND U N E M P L O Y M E N T .
4653............
428 Tim ken B uilding, San Diego, Tune 19,1922
Calif.
Forty-first Street a n d Madison June 5,1922
A venue, New Y ork, N . Y .
233 B roadw ay, New Y ork, N . Y . . June 23,1922
Contractor.
D epartm ent
and contract
No.
C ontract.
N ature of contract.
Name.
142
R E C E N T CO N STR U CTIO N CO NTR A C TS E N T E R E D IN T O B Y T H E V A R IO U S D E P A R T M E N T S O F T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S—Continued.
Address.
Tim e lim it.
A m ount.
Date.
A g r ic u ltu r e —
Continued.
6
Vermillion Construction C o.. B arbourville, K y . . .
Taylor, Petrie Co.................... Lew isport, K y .......
George M. E a d y ...................... Louisville, K y ....................................
June 22, 1922
.d o ..........
.d o ..........
$20,410
14 457
189 098
Road, gravel and d irt, Laurel C o u n ty .................
R oad, gravel and d irt, H enderson C ounty...........
R oad, bitum en-m acadam , B arren C ounty...........
N ot reported.
Do.
W . H . D o ra n ...........................
Jam es H . K e rr........................
H assam Paving Co.................
Jos. M cCormick......................
P o rtlan d Construction Co. . .
M urtagh H ughes.....................
........d o .........................................
Fish B ro th ers..........................
Am os D. Bridges Sons (In c ).
H assam Paving Co.................
F. B. H astings^.......................
Fish B ro th ers..........................
R . H . Newell Co.....................
Frissell Engineering Co.........
McCabe & G iovanni............... .
Mercer, M e..
.Tnno 23, 1922
R um ford, M e......................................
.d o ..........
W orcester, M ass.................................
.d o ............
E a st Providence, R . I
...
.do . .
Po rtlan d , M e.. . . . .
.
„ ..........
.d o ............
B angor, M e.......................................... . .d o ............
.d o ............
do
N orth Anson, M e............................... May 26, 1922
. . .d o ............
H azardville, C onn.............................
W orcester, M ass............
.do ___
B ridgeport, C onn...........................
.d o ..........
N o rth Anson, M e............................... .. .d o ............
U xbridge, M ass...............
.do . .
G ard in er, M ass__ .
.d o ...
B o sto n , M ass..........
.d o .........
32,064 Road, gravel, Oxford C ounty.........................
46 101 ........doT................................... ) .....................................
50,717 R oad, reinforced concrete, Penobscot C ounty__
191 120 R oad, reinforced concrete, C um berland C o u n ty ..
55 992 R oad, reinforced concrete, Penobscot C ounty__
47)228 R oad, gravel, Aroostook C o u n ty .............................
8,236 . .. d o .....................................................................
113,773 Road, reinforced concrete, Androscoggin C ounty.
40 680 Road, gravel, O xford C ounty...................................
73,447 R oad, reinforced concrete, K ennebec C ounty___
25,954 R oad, gravel, Penobscot C o u n ty .............................
46,602 R oadj bitum en,m acadam , Androscoggin C ounty.
79^ 386 R oad, gravel, Penobscot C o u n ty .............................
__d o ..............................................................................
58 637
58,659 R oad, gravel, Aroostook C o u n ty .............................
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
A. F a rm e r...................
D . A . H am en an C o...............
K aufm an C onstruction C o...
E . H . Schm idt...............
E asto n , M d ............
June 20, 1922
Salisbury, M d.................................... ........d o .............
D enton, M d........................
.do
B altim ore, M d .......................
June 10, 1922
58,272
120,904
63' 314
42,080
R oad, reinforced concrete, T a lb o t C o u n ty ............
R oadj reinforced concrete, W orcester C ounty___
R oad, p lain concrete, Caroline C ounty..................
R oad” gravel an d d irt, Anne A rundelC oiH ity___
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
H anscom C onstruction C o ... B oston, M ass..................................... June 13, 1922
T. J. Q u in n ........................
A shton, R. I ...................................... ........d o .............
Rowe C onstruction C o ..
M alden, M ass................................
.. . d o . . . .
119,803
221,951
189,082
R oad, bitum en-m acadam , B erkshire C ounty___
R oad, bitum en-m acadam , H am pshire C o u n ty ...
R oad, reinforced concrete, E ssex C o u n ty .............
Do.
Do.
Do.
Ju ly 5, 1922
26,201
B ridge, B erkshire C ounty..........................................
Do.
June 15,1922
........do . . . .
June 22, 1922
June 23, 1922
June 24, 1922
June 8, 1922
184,092
27' 427
35,169
50. 791
43,713
32,500
Road, gravel, M adison C ounty..................................
R oadj gravel a nd dirt, D ade "County......................
Road, gravel, Texas County......................................
R oad, concrete, C lark C ounty..................................
R oad, gravel, Greene County...................................
R oadi gravel and dirt, C edarC ouiity.......................
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Frisell Engineering C o ..
G ardner, M ass...............................
H ogan & H um phries .
A.
B ram er & Sons..........
Cooper C onstruction Co ..
Cam eron Joyce & Co. . . .
Oliver C onstruction Co .
E asley B rothers......................
L ittle Rock, A rk __
M onett, M o l......................................
St. Louis, M o.........................
K eokuk, Io w a ............
L ittle Rock, A rk ..
A urora, M o l........................................
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
[372]
K entucky:
29C........
51B..........
28B .........
Maine:
35...........
32.............
53.............
12.............
43.............
51.............
47...
13 .........
31.............
40 ..........
44.............
46.............
48.............
49
50
M aryland:
55
76.............
73...
68.............
Massachusetts:
44B .......
44C..........
69........
Michigan:
74...........
Missouri:
101B. . .
159B........
109A___
172...........
190.
74A ..........
Short & B ra m e r___
A llahands & Davis.
W . A. R eynolds__
M. E . Gillioz............
L ittle & D ean.........
M. E. G illioz...........
L ittle & D e a n .........
M onett, M o........
Joplin, M o..........
M arble Hill, Mo.
M onett, M o........
Paris, T e n n ........
M onett, M o........
Paris, T e n n .......
June 9, 1922
June 8, 1922
June 9, 1922
R ich & M arkies.............
Illinois Steel Bridge Co.
Missoula, M ont.
St. Paul, M inn.
June 9,1922
..d o ............
June 15,1922
■N o t reported.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
..do...........
. .do...........
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
58,425
36,207
R oad, gravel a n d d irt, G ranite C o u n ty ---B ridge, G ranite C o u n ty ..................................
Do.
Do.
21,804
B ridge, K nox a n d B oyd C ounties...............
Do.
.do...........
.do..........
.do..........
.do...........
.do...........
.do...........
.do...........
.do..........
.do..........
22,967
27,478
26,172
5,580
46,031
15,269
22,006
31,017
13,874
R oad, gravel a n d dirt, S tanton C ounty—
R oad, gravel a n d dirt, W ayne C o u n ty ----R oad, gravel, M orrill C ounty........................
R oad, gravel a n d d irt, C um ing C ounty ---R oad, gravel a n d d irt, Sheridan C o u n ty ...
R oad, gravel an d d irt, N em aha C o u n ty ...
R oad, gravel a n d d irt, Cheyenne C o u n ty ..
R oad, gravel a n d d irt, Otoe C o u n ty ............
Bridge, M adison C o u n ty .................................
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
8,863
48,682
18,390
12,800
11,883
13,713
50,788
12,862
616
R oad, gravel a n d d irt, H o lt C o u n ty ............
R oad, gravel, Y ork C o u n ty ...........................
R oad, gravel a n d d irt, K eith C ounty..........
R oad, gravel a n d d irt, Thayer C ou nty. . . .
R oad, gravel an d d irt, Nuckolls C o u n ty ...
R oad, gravel an d d irt, H o lt C o u n ty ............
R oad, R ock C ounty.........................................
R oad, gravel an d dirt, Buffalo C o u n ty ---Bridge, Gosper C ounty...................................
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
. .d o ..........
June 15,1922
........do...........
........do...........
June 16,1922
........d o .. . .
........d o . . . .
........do. . . .
........d o .. . .
........d o .. . .
........d o .. . .
........d o .. . .
24,986
17,666
«
13,200
167,063
9,280
31,369
10,758
20,508
27,315
30,192
1,841
Road, gravel a n d dirt, Gosper C ounty----R oad, gravel a n d d irt, K im ball county.......
R oad, gravel a n d d irt, C uster C o u n ty .......
R oad, gravel a n d d irt, Sherm an C o u n ty ..
R oad, bitulithic, Douglas C ounty ..............
R oad, gravel an d dirt, A ntelope C o u n ty ..
R oad.gravel a n d dirt, L ancaster C ounty.
3 bridges, Lancaster C ounty........................
R oad, gravel a n d dirt, Frontier C o u n ty ...
R oad, gravel a n d d irt, Clay cou n ty ...........
R oad, gravel a n d d irt, Douglas C o u n ty ...
R oad, p la in concrete, Douglas C ounty-----
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
........d o . . . .
........d o .. . .
........d o .. . .
June 15,1922
33,960 R oad, gravel a n d d irt, Douglas C ou n ty ..)
6,181 ........d o ...................... - .........................................
19,406 R oad, gravel, K earney C ounty...................
100,806 R oad, gravel, Lincoln C ounty.....................
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
143
W estern Bridge & Construc O maha, Nebr.
tio n Co.
Peterson, Shirley & G unther ___ d o ......................
___ d o ......................
___d o ...................................
Bridgeport, N ebr.
C ounty B o ard....................
Peterson, Shirley & Gunther. O maha, N ebr___
8 8 C ..
___d o ........................................ ....... d o ....................
108...
.do.
___d o ........................................
116A.
.do.
___d o ........................................
130B.
.do.
___d o ........................................
133A .
.d o .
W estern Bridge & Construc
139B.
tio n Co.
.d o .
139E........ Peterson, Shirley & G unther
.d o .
___ d o .......................................
143B..
.d o .
....... d o .........................................
146B..
.d o .
....... d o .........................................
164A..
.d o .
Phelan & Shirley....................
164B..
.d o .
Peterson, Shirley & Gunther.
168A..
.d o .
........d o .........................................
168B..
.d o .
Lam eraux B ros.......................
181....
, .d o .
W estern Bridge & Construc
184...
tio n Co.
Peterson,
Shirley & Gunther. ___d o .........................
1 8 4 ..
.
Peterson, Shirley & G unther. O m aha, N eb r...........
186A .
C. T. W helan........................... N orth P la tte , N ebr.
188A.
L am eraux B ros........................ O m aha, N e b r...........
195A.
Allied Construction Co. (In c ). ___ do .........................
20. . ..
Peterson, Shirley & Gunther, ....... do ..... ...................
139E.
J. W .M cG en............................ Lincoln, N ebr...........
175B.
Pioneer Constructing Co----- ___ do..........................
175B.
P. helan & S hirley................... O m aha, N eb r...........
1 7 6 ..
___ do......... ................
........do.........................................
1 82..
.
Peterson,
Shirley & Gunther, ___ do..........................
18 3 ..
.
Central
Bridge & Construc W ahoo, N e b r.......... .
183..
.
tion Co.
P helan & Shirley.................... O m aha, N ebr.
187.
Peterson, Shirley & G unther. ........d o ..............
189.
....... d o ...............
........d o .................................
196.
....... d o ...............
Allied Construction Co..
170.
7 0 A ..
70B . .
79A..
.do...........
June 24, 1922
45,695 R oad, g ravel,B arry C ounty...........................
4,112 R oad, gravel a nd dirt, H enry C o u n ty ........
73,333 R oad, gravel, Bollinger C ounty ....................
126,708 ___ d o ....................................................................
31,922 R oad, gravel, B u tle r C ounty.........................
57.812 ....... d o ....................................................................
69,960 ___ d o ...................................................................
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT’.
124___
133B..
174A..
174B..
5 8 A ...
58B . . .
58C___
M ontana:
78........
1 7 4 ....
Nebraska:
1 4 B ...
Contractor.
D epartm ent
No.
Contr
N ature of contract.
Name.
144
R E C E N T CO N STR U CTIO N CONTRACTS E N T E R E D IN T O B Y T H E V A RIO U S D E P A R T M E N T S O F T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S—Concluded.
Address.
Date.
Tim e lim it.
A m ount.
A g r ic u ltu re —
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W ichita, K a n s .................................... June 12,1922
$6,596
Bridge, Garfield C ounty...................................
........do
June 13,1922
June 12,1922
Ju n e 13,1922
........do.. .
__do..
. .do
___do.
7,674
12,417
10,019
7,163
6,890
7,503
5,123
1,549
R oad, p lain concrete, D akota C o u n ty ..........
R oad, gravel a nd dirt, B urt C ounty.............
R oad, gravel, D akota C ounty.........................
R oad, gravel an d dirt, Saline C ounty...........
Bridge, Polk C ounty.........................................
R oad, gravel an d d irt, W ashington C ounty
R oad, gravel a n d d irt Saline, C ounty...........
Bridge, Sioux C ounty........................................
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
......... d o ................................................... ____do. _.
W ahoo, N e b r...................
. .do
«
4,507
........d o ...................................................................
Road, p la in concrete, Sarpy C ounty.............
Do.
Do.
K an sas City, K a n s............................ June 12,1922
O m aha, N e b r.................
June 13,1922
.do
........d o ............................
........do .................................................... ........do. ___
3,916
25,339
12,029
4,921
Bridge, H am ilton C ounty................................
R oad, gravel, P la tte C ounty...........................
R oad, gravel a n d dirt, Fillm ore C o u n ty ___
R oad, gravel an d dirt, G arden C o u n ty ........
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Ju n e 14,1922
29,976
R oad, gravel, Churchill C o u n ty .....................
Do.
M anchester, N. H .................
June 13,1922
Fitchburg, M ass.........
Ju n e 30,1922
Concord,
H .................................... __d o ...........
67,331
31,730
32,679
R oad, W . B. m acadam , M errimack C o u n ty ........
R oad, reinforced concrete, Sullivan C o u n ty .........
R oad, bitum en m acadam , Sullivan C ounty........
Do.
Do.
Do.
89,873 R oad, reinforced concrete, S teuben C ounty..........
125,749 R oad, reinforced concrete, O neida C ounty...........
119,983 ....... dO...............................................................................
204,435 R oad, reinforced concrete, Seneca C o u n ty ............
175,949 R oad ,b itu m en macadam , W ashington C o u n ty ..
194,878 R oad, reinforced concrete, S t. Law rence C o u n ty ..
97,931 R oad, reinforced concrete, Jefferson C o u n ty ........
260,480 R oad, reinforced concrete, Suffolk C ounty ...........
284,930 Road,reinforced concrete, S t. Law rence C o u n ty ..
210,645 R oad, reinforced concrete, Livingston C o u n ty ...
185,179 R oad, reinforced concrete, Schyler C o u n ty ..........
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
O m aha, N e b r......................................
........d o ...............
........d o ....................................................
........do ..........
Osceola, N eb r............................
O m aha, N e b r...................
........d o ....................
........d o ....................................................
Fallon, N ev...........
H ornell, N .Y . .
Ju n e 13,1922
do
U tica, Ñ . Y ............
. dó.............
.do
W ate ríoo, N . Y ..........
.do
Jam aica, L . I ................
.do..
W aterto w n , N . Y . . .
.do.
.do..
Jam aica, L . I ............
Y onkers, N . Y ...............
June 30,1922
C hateaugay, N .Y __
do .
. d o ..
M t. M orris, N .Y ........
W atk in s, Ñ . Y .................................... ....... do..............
N ot reported.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
C ontinued.
N e b r a ska—
Continued.
34A.......... Southern K ansas Construetio n Co.
49A .......... Peterson, Shirley & G unther.
49D .......... P h elan & S hirley....................
49E .......... Peterson, Shirley & G unther.
55B .......... ........do .........................................
86............. C ounty B o ard ..........................
91B .......... P h elan & Shirley....................
98C........... ........do.........................................
102A........ W estern Bridge & Construc
tio n Co.
102B........ Peterson, Shirley & G u n th er
107C......... C entral Bridge & Construc
tio n Co.
156A........ Pioneer Construction C o .. . .
180............ Peterson, Shirley & G unther.
185............ P h e la n & Shirley....................
192A ........ Peterson, Shirley & Gunther.
N evada:
45............. J. N. T edford...........................
New H am pshire:
139............ L. A. S h attu ck Co..................
144............ R alp h E . B u ll.......................
145............ Colburn Construction Co___
New York:
26............. Lee D ennison........................
119A ........ Fred A . P o tte r.........................
119B........ ........do..................................
176............ E . W . Foley C onstruction Co.
192............ Gifford C onstruction Co........
195............ W m . J . Sem per.......................
206........... Gifford C onstruction Co........
83B .......... W estchester C onstruction Co.
84............. W . T . T haver & Co...............
106............ C. A . Foote & Son..................
116........... J . W . G u rn ett..........................
147 A
87
145
70 .
138
146.
157
157
Ohio:
201
23 X
258
225
257
251
947
256 TT
956
1X2
245
25X
1*45
14X
252
O klahom a:
55
12E
R oad, reinforced concrete, Onondaga C ounty—
R oad, reinforced concrete, F ran k lin C ounty ........
R oad, reinforced concrete, C hautauqua C o u n ty ..
Do.
Do.
Do.
4,729
1,935
30,677
3,397
1,263
R oad, gravel and dirt, B arnes C o u n ty ...
___do................................................................
___do................................................................
___do................................................................
D o.
8,112
___do................................................................
R oad, gravel and d irt, R o lette C o u n ty ..
___d o ..............................................................
R oad, gravel and d irt, R am sey C o u n ty .
___do.............................................................. ■
R oad, gravel a nd dirt, Sargent C o u n ty ..
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
1,225 B ridge, Sargent C o u n ty ................................
21,202 R oad, gravel a nd d irt, B o ttineau C ounty.
17,691 ....... do............................................ .....................
7,258 R oad, gravel an d d irt, Nelson C ounty ---6,087 ....... do...................................................................
8,313 ___ do..................................................................
10,333 R oad, gravel and d irt, B enson C o u n ty ...
1,447 Bridge, B enson C o u n ty .................................
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
C. A . Foote & Sons................ Mt. Morris, N . Y ................................ ....... d o ...
A . V . Ben C onstruction C o .. Thom pson, Conn............................... ....... do...
Sherm an, N . Y ................................... ___'.d o ...
H . C. Howe
279,847
69,325
179,782
St. Cloud, M inn..................................
Fargo, N . D a k ....................................
S t. Cloud, M inn..................................
M inot, N . D a k ...................................
....... do.....................................................
St. Cloud, M inn..................................
St. Johns, N . D ak ..............................
B ottineau, N . D a k ............................
Jam estow n, N . D ak..........................
Cando, N . D a k ...................................
R u tla n d , N . D a k ...............................
Ju n e 19,
....... do...
....... do...
....... do...
....... do...
....... do...
Ju n e 23,
....... do...
Ju n e 22,
___.d o ./.
Ju n e 8,
M illbank, S. D a k ...............................
St. P a u l,’M inn....................................
Leeds, M. D a k ....................................
Jam estow n, N . D ak..........................
....... do........ ..................... . ...................
....... do.....................................................
H arlow , N . D a k .................................
Fargo, N . D a k ....................................
....... do...
June 15,
....... do...
Ju n e 17,
....... d o ...
....... do...
Ju n e 16,
....... d o ...
Stanley Bros
...................
J_ A..Tardine
Stanley Bros. .
F . M • H aas Co__
d o..
Stanley Bros
Jo h n C oghlan...........................
E . A. Moline ..
W . H . N oel.
TTiinhar Ac Mr,Coy
P eter O nsrud & Aiel Nodstrom .
Pendergast, Bridge Co
Stevens Bros.
C. M- Podgett,.
W . H . Noel.
. d o ..
do...........
F O . & A . J . P eterso n ..
Eargo Bridue Ac Tron Co ..
T) orsey Con s tm rti on Co
N ew ark Paving & Construc
tio n Co.
Tamps M. Carev
Chester General Construction
Co.
M odern Construction C o .. . .
P an h is Stone, Co
R epublic A sphalt Paving Co.
TT E D m sekel_
L asey R o ad Construction Co
ITprilrel Ac Sullivan
..........
TlU’n rr C o n s t r n r t io n Co
PT T A ir A rthurs Co...............
W astrick, K rouse & Skreves
F in d lay , Ohio..................................... Ju n e 1,
N ew ark, Ohio..................................... ....... do./.
122,830
214,310
Ada, O hio............................................ May 31,
Columbiana, Ohio............................. May 19,
90,965
87,719
May 31,
....... do..
....... do..
....... do..
....... do...
June 9,
May 31,
........d o ..
Central Paving Co
F rem ont, Ohio....................................
K enton, O h io .....................................
D ay to n , O hio.....................................
K enton, O hio.....................................
.d o ....................................................
C incinnati, O hio................................
Y oungstown, Ohio............................
K enton, O hio.....................................
Napoleon, O hio.................................
Defiance, O hio...................................
H am ilton, Ohio..................................
TTinron Bros
Ban A Bprt.on
Muskogee, O kla................................. June 27,
Tulsa, O kla......................................... ........d o ..
R o g e r D o o n st,
Oregon:
1
4fl
23.............
15,453
5,186
8,725
14,149
11,576
June
1,
........d o ..
........d o ..
Elliott, Scoggins & P acq u et.. Portland, Oreg................................... May 22,
P j o n r e r Constrnrtion Co. ... ........d o .................................................... June 1,
G rant Sm ith Co...................... Seattle, W ash ..................................... June 9,
___ d o ............................................................................
R oad, Mono, brick, A shland C ounty
R oad, brick, M arion C o u n ty ..............
Do.
Do.
R oad, m acadam surface t r ., H a rd in C ounty
R oad, brick, Carroll C ounty.............................
Do.
Do.
194,479 R oad, brick, Sandusky C o u n ty ...............................
134,508 R oad, brick, Seneca C ounty......................................
120,422 R oad, b itu m e n concrete, A llen C ounty .................
59,593 R oad, b itu m e n m acadam , H a rd in C o u n ty ...........
90,154 ___ do................................................................................
106,795 R oad, bitu m e n concrete, H am ilto n C ounty---73,418 Road, cem ent, Portage C ounty................................
140,950 Road, K entucky rock, H a rd in C o u n ty .................
97,432 Road, Allen County.....................................................
168,916 Road, plain concrete, M ercer C ounty.....................
28,477 R oad, bitu m en m acadam , Seneca C ounty...........
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
27,531
125,686
Do.
Do.
Road, b itum en m acadam , M uskogee County —
Road, p la in concrete, T ulsa C o u n ty .......................
72,288 R oad, gravel, D eschutes C ounty............
8,261 B ridge, M eCurtain C ounty.......................
115,625 I Road, gravel a nd d irt, Lincoln County
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT,
1X5
1X6
197
N . D akota:
156
156
124
124
47
47
160
160
153A
153B
147A
Do.
Do.
Do.
N ot reported.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Ul
D ep artm en t
an d contract
No.
C ontract.
Contractor.
N ature of contract.
Address.
Name.
146
R E C E N T C O N STR U CTIO N C O N TR A C TS E N T E R E D IN T O B Y T H E V A R IO U S D E P A R T M E N T S O P T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S —Concluded.
D ate.
Tim e lim it.
A m ount.
A g r ic u ltu re —
Concluded.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Road, reinforced concrete, M cK ean County.
___d o .....................................................................
___d o .....................................................................
N ot reported.
Do.
Do.
E m p o riu m , Pa.
Tibanon, P a . . .
___ d o .................
June 27,1922
....... d o .............
....... d o .............
197,134
112,681
151,328
Florence, S. C ..
Colum bia, S. C.
June 22,1922
June 26,1922
5,531
38,098
D enison, T e x ----___ d o .....................
M arshall, T e x ___
___ d o .....................
C rockett, T e x ___
F o rt W orth, Tex.
___ d o .....................
___ d o .....................
___ d o .....................
___ d o .....................
K rum , T e x ..........
Loraine, T ex ........
Juno 17,1922
___ d o .............
June 20,1922
....... d o .............
June 21,1922
June 8,1922
....... d o .............
....... d o .............
....... d o .............
___ d o .............
....... d o .............
Ju ly 3,1922
89,246
137,984
54, Oil
87,765
172,665
117,820
103,886
38,708
64,756
59,957
10,545
44,327
Norfolk, V a.
Leehall, V a.
June 27,1922
....... d o .............
209,504 Road, concrete, Jam es City
89,536 ........d o ......................................
Seattle, W ash.
June
140,694
W illiam sport, P a .
June 12,1922
68,015
R oad, gravel and dirt, Morgan County
Do.
Mifflin, W is...........
June 13,1922
14,247
Road, gravel and dirt, Grant County.
Do.
13,708
23,019
R oad, gravel and dirt, Iowa C ounty..........
R oad, plain concrete, L a F a y e tte County
Do.
Do.
___ d o ..........
B eloit, W is.
9,1922
.d o .
.d o .
Bridge, B erkeley County.
2 bridges, U nion C ounty.
Do.
Do.
Road, concrete, L am ar County...............
___ d o .............................................................
Road, gravel a nd d irt, H arrison County
....... d o .............................................................
Road, gravel, T rinity C ounty..................
Road, gravel and d irt, Collin C o u n ty ...
___ d o .............................................................
___ d o .............................................................
___ d o .............................................................
___ d o .............................................................
. . do .............................................................
B ridge, M itchell C ounty...........................
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
R oad, gravel and dirt, K ittitas County.
Do.
Do.
Do.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
[376]
P e n n s y lv a
nia:
George
Mezger, jr.
......................
141
142
......................
D.
C. Risser...........
143
___
......................
d o ......................
S outh Caro
lina:
Chitwood & P alm er...............
63...........
175.......... G eneral R oad & Drainage
Construction Co.
Texas:
296.......... Ju lian C. F ield Co..............
295.......... ___ d o ....................................
192B___ Colke & T u rn e r...................
192A. . . . ....... d o ....................................
225.......... S m ith B ros..........................
126A___ T ib b etts Construction Co..
126B. . . . ___ d o ....................................
126A___ ___ d o ....................................
126D___ ___ d o ....................................
126E___ ....... d o ....................................
234.......... L. B. South..........................
275.......... B row n A bbott Co...............
Virginia:
179.......... J. V. A ddenbrook’s Sons.
165.......... S. R . Curtiss & Son..........
W ashington:
Charles T. Jordan.
1.............
W e s t V ir
ginia:
107.......... W .J .& T .G . G erh art.
W isconsin:
141.......... Iow a County Construction
Co.
....... d o ........................................
180.
W illiam M cGavock. . . : ........
311.
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT.
[377]
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
148
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
Unemployment in Foreign Countries.1
INCE the last publication in the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w
(June, 1922, pp. 138 to 143) of data on unem ploym ent in
foreign countries, the situation as regards the state of employ
m ent abroad has generally improved, the Irish Free State, Austria,
and Canada being the only countries reporting a slight increase in
unem ploym ent.
Briefly summarized, the situation in the individual countries at
the latest date for which data are available is the following:
Great B r ita in .—Em ploym ent during May, though still bad gen
erally, was slightly b e tte r than in April. In the tinplate, cotton,
jute, hosiery, and wool textile industries, and in the clothing trades,
the im provem ent previously reported was m aintained, and there was
also a slight im provem ent in the building and p ottery trades. There
was a decline, however, in employment a t coal mines, and certain
trades, notably iron and steel m anufacture and some other sections
of the m etal industries were adversely affected by the continuance of
the engineering dispute. Among dock laborers em ploym ent was
m oderate; w ith seamen there was also an im provem ent, and employ
m ent was fair on the whole. In agriculture there was a further
decrease in unemployment, b u t the supply of labor was still generally
in excess of the demand.
The British press is expressing great gratification over the improved
situation of the labor m arket, it being hoped th a t the enormous
expenditures of the Governm ent for unem ploym ent relief will gradu
ally decrease. In reply to a question in the House of Commons on
May 19, the M inister of Labor stated th a t since the arm istice the
Governm ent has disbursed £144,000,000 ($700,776,000, par) for
unem ploym ent benefits and out-of-work donation and an even
larger am ount for unem ploym ent relief works and other direct and
indirect forms of assistance (resettlem ent training, civil liabilities
grants, overseas settlem ent, trade facilities scheme, export credit
scheme, acceleration of governm ent contracts, land settlem ent for
ex-service men, loans under the land facilities act of 1919, etc.).
The m inister also stated th a t the present average weekly rate of
expenditure on unem ploym ent benefit is approxim ately £1,100,000
($5,353,150, par), and the corresponding figure for outdoor relief of
the unem ployed is £247,000 ($1,202,026, par).
Ir is h Free S ta te .—U nem ploym ent shows a distinct increase in the
26 counties. The official figures by the M inistry of Labor for the week
ended May 8, 1922, show th a t the num ber of unem ployed was 44,032,
an increase over the previous week by 1,001. The increase affects
men, women, and boys. The following are the employment exchanges
S
1 The sources from w hich th e inform ation contained in th is article is compiled are shown in the table
on pages 153 an d 154.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[378]
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT.
149
at which the largest num ber of applicants for work appear on the
live registers:
U nem ployed on live
register.
Exchanges.
May 1, 1922.
D u b lin ................................................
C ork.....................................................
L im erick.............................................
W aterford...........................................
Q ueenstow n......................................
W exford.............................................
T ralee..................................................
10,104
7,244
2,114
1,838
1,190
1.341
1,123
May 8, 1922.
11,611
6,875
2,342
1,898
1,236
1,102
1., 164
G erm any .—The Reichs-A rbeitsblatt of May 31, 1922, in its sum
m ary concerning employment conditions in April states th a t the
favorable condition of the labor m arket hitherto prevailing continued
during April and th a t employment as a whole was entirely satisfactory.
Various signs were regarded as indicating th a t some branches of
industry had reached their m aximum of activity, and doubts were
expressed as to w hether this condition could be m aintained, especially
by industries which depend upon export trade and the im port of
raw m aterials from abroad.
The num ber of totally unemployed persons in receipt of out-ofwork donation fell from 116,302 (95,150 men and 21,152 women) on
April 1 to 69,017 (53,343 men and 15,674 women) on May 1, or by
40.7 p er cent.
F rance .—The scanty official d a ta published on em ploym ent indi
cate a norm al situation of the labor m arket w ith hardly any unem
ploym ent.
Ita ly .—A t the end of April the num ber of totally unemployed had
fallen to 432,372 from the high level of 606,818 a t the end of January,
1922. The num ber of short and part-tim e workers also showed a
decrease. The im provem ent in the situation of the labor m arket is
largely due to increased employment in outdoor occupations (agri
culture and building trades). In m anufacturing industries the situ
ation is still very serious, and the Government is doing its utm ost to
relieve it by v ast expenditures for civil works.
B e lg iu m .—R eturns relating to March, 1922, were received by the
Belgian M inistry of In d u stry and Labor from 1,841 unem ploym ent
funds, w ith an aggregate membership of 729,666. On the last work
ing day of the m onth 38,050, or 5.2 per cent, were totally unemployed
and 28,912 partially so. The per cent of totally unemployed members
a t the end of the preceding m onth was 5.8. The aggregate days of
unem ploym ent in March num bered 1,079,522 as compared w ith
1,415,795 in February.
The N etherlands .—A report of the American Consulate a t R o tter
dam dated May 31, 1922, states th a t there was little or no change in
the industrial situation during the m onth. German com petition con
tinued to be felt especially in the m achinery, hardware, m inor iron
and steel products, leather goods (especially footwear), ready-m ade
clothing, carpet, paper, dye, and ceramics industries. There was a
m arked falling off in the demand for the o u tput of the oleomargarine
factories and fat and oil products generally.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[379]
A
150
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
Conditions in the labor m arket continued bad. The earthenware
factories in Lim burg had to curtail their output, unemployment
among cigar workers again increased, tanning establishm ents and
leather workers generally had to reduce their o u tput while the abnor
m al condition among diamond workers continued. There was an im
provem ent in the condition of the textile workers though the textile
business is reported as unsatisfactory. M etal workers continued to
be laid off due to the general depression in engineering lines.
Switzerland.—During the m onth of May there was a further decrease
in the num ber of totally unemployed and short-tim e workers, as well
as in th a t of unemployed persons in receipt of unem ploym ent relief.
Denmark.—During May unem ploym ent decreased considerably,
having fallen below the level of a year ago. The decrease was
chiefly due to increased employment in the building trades. In all
other industries the situation of the labor m arket was still as bad as a
year ago. Unem ploym ent in both the building trades and m anufac
turing industries was still more than four times as extensive as in pre
war times. The fate of a num ber of Danish industries still hangs in the
balance, and until foreign exchange becomes more stabilized it would
seem dangerous to view the situation w ith too m uch optimism.
According to a report of the American consulate a t Copenhagen the
total num ber of unemployed was 54,932 on May 19, 1922, as against
74,041 on April 28.
Norway.—The American consulate a t Christiania reports th a t there
was an increase of unem ploym ent in Norway during the early p art
of the first quarter of 1922, the estim ated total of unemployed per
sons on Jan u ary 25, 1922, having been 47,300, as against 39,000 at
the beginning of the year. During the latte r p a rt of the quarter the
num ber of unemployed persons decreased, however, chiefly as the
result of the opening of the fishing season, and on March 10, 1922,
the num ber of unemployed persons was estim ated at 44,400.
Sweden.—R eturns of employment exchanges for the m onth of
April indicate an im provem ent in the general trend of the labor
m arket throughout the country. The im provem ent is not so much
evident from the mere figures of these reports, although even these
show a decrease in the excess of applicants for work over vacancies,
which of late has been considerable, than from the fact th a t in a
num ber of industry groups in various parts of the country there
m anifests itself a beginning demand for labor for actually productive
work, while previously in m any districts relief works were alm ost the
only available openings for employment.
The lockout in the saw mills (settled on May 17) m arkedly
influenced the labor m arket in the northern districts. Increased
activity is reported by m achinery works and the stone industry.
Among the industries in which the conclusion of collective agree
m ents was still pending in April there should be m entioned in the
first place the building industry. Increased activity in building could
not be expected as long as the wage question rem ained unsettled.
I t is, however, reported th a t a wage agreement was concluded in
the building trades on May 16. A t the beginning of April labor
conflicts were also interfering w ith work in paper mills and electrical
installation, b u t these conflicts were adjusted during the first part
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[380]
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT.
151
of the m onth. Owing to the late spring the demand for agricultural
labor was less brisk than ordinarily a t this time of the year.
A report of the American legation dated June 8, 1922, states th a t
the question of appropriations for the unemployed, which it was a t
one time believed m ight bring about a Governm ent crisis, has been
passed upon quietly by the Riksdag. The m em orandum of the
finance committee has been accepted with little argum ent. In order
to continue the unem ploym ent doles and relief work as at present,
50.000. 000 kroner (113,400,000, par) have been appropriated for
the rest of this calendar year. This will m ake the total expendi
tures for this purpose 85,000,000 kroner ($22,780,000, par) for the
year 1922. No attention has been paid to the extreme left’s criticism
of the unem ploym ent commission, and this commission will continue
to disburse the relief funds. The plan of the comm ittee to expend
15.000. 000 kroner ($4,020,000, par) on S tate orders to Swedish in
dustry has been ratified. These orders will be given to Swedish
companies a t reasonable prices.
Austria.—According to a statem ent issued by the labor chamber
41,970 unemployed were receiving the State dole a t the end of March.
Of these, 23,591 were in Vienna, 5,518 in Lenz and the rem ainder in
Wiener N eustadt, St. Polten, Salzburg, and Graz, each having about
2,000 unemployed, and in Leoben, K lagenfurt, Innsbruck, and Bregenz w ith 200 to 500 unemployed.
The total num ber of unemployed a t the end of March was about
82.000, of whom 37,000 were in the city of Vienna.
Czechoslovakia.—Labor conditions continued unsettled during
April, although statistics issued by the M inistry of Social Welfare
showed a decrease of 6,000 in the num ber of unemployed receiving
support from the State. The num ber of unemployed supported by
the State in April was 32,500. Of this num ber, 19,400 were in
Bohemia, 9,100 in Moravia and Silesia, and 4,000 in Slovakia and
Russinia.
Canada.—Em ploym ent as reported by employers showed a decidedly
upward trend during April, a great deal of the increase being due
to the spring expansion in the out-of-door industries. Em ploym ent
during April was practically on the same level as during the same
m onth of 1921. The m ost pronounced increases in activity during
the m onth under review occurred in railroad construction and
m aintenance; employers in th a t industry added over 6,000 to
their staffs, largely in the prairie Provinces. The gains reported
in sawmills were also extensive, providing work for approxim ately
5,800 persons. Building construction was very much more active,
and highway construction also employed a substantially larger
num ber of workers. Toward the latte r p a rt of April the logging
industry showed considerable expansion, especially in Quebec; this
gain was, however, of a tem porary character, representing river
driving operations. The recommencement of the extension and im
provem ent work begun last autum n on the Toronto municipal street
railway caused large additions to the staff in the local transportation
division. Increases in employment on a smaller scale than in the
groups m entioned above occurred during April in fish canneries, in
pulp, paper, tobacco, glass, brick and cement plants and in petroleum
refineries. The mining of m etallic ores and of nonm etallic minerals
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[381]
152
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
other than coal also showed expansion. Em ploym ent in the iron and
steel industries was in somewhat lessened volume during April, chiefly
on account of the shutdow n in the railway car shops. Some depres
sion was also recorded in agricultural implements. The textile in
dustries were slacker during April than for several previous months,
especially in the garm ent, thread, yarn, and cloth divisions. The
tendency in coal mining was unfavorable, reductions in employ
m ent being recorded in Nova Scotia, especially in the early p a rt of
the m onth; while in A lberta and parts of British Columbia an indus
trial dispute involving m any mine workers caused the situation to be
unsettled. The operating departm ents of the railroads reported
some concentrations in staff, especially in the m aritim e Provinces.
Unem ploym ent as indicated by returns tabulated from 1,412
trade-unions w ith an aggregate membership of 141,505 members
showed a m inor increase a t the end of April, although the situation
was much more favorable than during the same period in 1921. The
percentage of unem ploym ent stood a t 10.4 for the m onth under
review as compared w ith 9.6 in the preceding m onth and w ith 16.3
in April of last year.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
SUM MARY O F L A T E S T R E P O R T S ON U N E M PL O Y M E N T IN F O R E IG N C O U N T R IE S .
Country.
G reat B r ita in 1
Date.
May
2 2 ,1 9 2 2
N um ber or per cent of unem ployed.
1,598,888 (num ber of unem ploym ent
books lodged), representing 13.5 per
cent of all persons insured against u n
em ploym ent.
16.4 per cent of trade-union m em bers___
May
8,1922
G erm an y .................... May
1,1922
44,032 (num ber of unem ploym ent books
lodged).
69,017 received unem ploym ent donations.
D o ......................... Apr. 29,1922
0.9 per cent of trade-union m embers.
[383]
Ju n e 23,1922
4,534 persons'in receipt of unem ploym ent
benefits from dep artm ental and m u
nicipal unem ploym ent funds.
D o ........................ Ju n e 17,1922
9,819 persons on th e live register of em
ploym ent exchanges.
432,372 persons to tally unem ployed,
135,964 short-tim e and part-tim e (rota
tion) workers.
66,962 m em bers of unem ploym ent funds,
or 9.2 p er cent of th e to ta l m em bership,
were either out of w ork or on short tim e .
17,095 applications for em ploym ent a t
public em ploym ent exchanges.
F ran ce........................
I ta ly ............................
A pr. 30,1922
B elg iu m .....................
Mar. 31,1922
D o ........................
Apr. —,1922
T h e N etherlands___ Apr. —,1922
Sw itzerland............... May 31,1922
D o .........................
D e n m a rk ...................
May 26,1922
Rem arks.
L abor Gazette, London, June, 1922.. Of th e 1,598,888 persons having lodged th e ir unem ploym ent
b ooks 1,347,468 w ere males and 251,420 w ere females. I n ad
dition 133,590 insured persons (83,611 males a nd 49,979 fe
males) , or 1.1 per cent of all insured persons, w ere system atic
short-tim e w orkers e n titled to out-of-work donation. T he
per cent of to tally unem ployed insured workers on A p r. 24,
1922, was 14.4, and th a t of short-tim e w orkers, 1.6.
T
he
per cent of unem ployed trade-union m em bers w as 17 a t
___ d o ........................................................
th e end of A pril, 1922, and 22.2 a t th e end of May, 1921.
This
figure represents a n increase over th e preceding w eek of
American Consulate a t D ublin, re
1,001.
p ort of M ay 25, 1922.
Of
th
e 69,017 persons receiving unem ploym ent donations
R eichs-A rbeitsblatt, May 31, 1922.. .
53,343 w ere males and 15,674 were females. O n A pr. 1, 1922,
th e to ta l n um ber was 116,302.
T h e per cent of unem ployed trade-union m em bers was 1.1 at
.do
th e end of th e la st w eek of March, 1922, a nd 3.9 a t th e end of
A pril, 1921.
Of
th e 4,534 persons in receipt of unem ploym ent benefits 3,677
B ulletin du Marché du T ravail, Ju n e
w ere m ales and 857 were females. A t th e end of th e preced
24, 1922.
ing week th e num ber of persons receiving unem ploym ent
benefits was 5,050.
___ d o ....................................................... Of th e 9,819 persons on th e live register of em ploym ent ex
changes 6,889 were m ales and 2,930 w ere females.
In dustrial and L abor Inform ation, T he corresponding figures for Mar. 31, 1922, w ere 498,606_ to
tally unem ployed a nd 151,676 short-tim e a nd p art-tim e
Geneva, Ju n e 23, 1922.
(rotation) w orkers.
R evue du T ravail, M ay, 1922............. T he corresponding per cent for F ebruary, 1922, w as 10.1. T he
aggregate days of unem ploym ent in M arch, 1922, num bered
1,079,522, as com pared w ith 1,415,795 in F ebruary, 1922.
T he num ber of applicants for w ork in March w as 17,619. For
do,
every 100 vacant situations there w ere 139 applicants in
A pril, as against 142 in March.
M aandschrift, May 31,1922................. T he corresponding num ber in March, 1922, was 103,136.
91,885 applications for em ploym ent a t
public em ploym ent exchanges.
71,100 to tally unem ployed (including D er Schweizerische A rbeitsm arkt,
June 15, 1922.
23,455 em ployed on relief w ork); 34,292
short-tim e workers.
31,757 persons received unem ploym ent ___ d o .......................................................
donations.
16.1 per cent of trade-union m em bers___ Statistiske Efterretninger, Ju n e 16,
1922.
T he corresponding figures for A pr. 30,1922, w ere 80,799 to tally
unem ployed (including 24,560 em ployed on relief works)
a nd 39,249 short-tim e w orkers.
T he corresponding num ber on A pr. 30, 1922, was 40,871.
T h e corresponding per cent a t th e end of th e la st w eek of A pril,
1922, w as 24 a nd a t th e end of th e la st w eek ofM ay, 1921,18.6.
153
i On A pr. 1, 1922, th e adm inistration of unem ploym ent insurance in Ireland was transferred to th e Provisional G overnm ent of th e Irish Free State. T he unem ployed in th e
Irish Free State are therefore no t included in th e figures for Great B ritain.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT.
May 31,1922
D o ........................
Irish Free S ta te 1—
Source of data.
C ountry.
D ate.
Norway.
Mar. 31,1922
Sw eden.
........d o ........... .
P o lan d...............
A pr. 15,1922
Mar. 31,1922
D o ..............
Czechoslovakia.
........d o .............
A pr. 15,1922
C anada.............
[3841
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M ay
1,1922
Source of d ata.
R em arks.
21.9 p er cent of trade-union m em bers___ L abor Gazette, London, June, 1922... T h e corresponding p er cent on F e b . 28,1922, w as 21.3 and 14.9
on M ar. 31,1921.
30.6 p e r cen t of trad e-u nion m em bers___ Sodala M eddelanden, No. 6,1922---- T h e corresponding p e r cent on F e b . 28,1922, w as 32.1 and 24.5
on M ar. 31,1921.
133,199 unem ployed registered a t State In d u stria l a nd L abor Inform ation, T h e corresponding n u m b e r on M ar. 18, 1922, w as 153,858.
G eneva, Ju n e 23,1922.
em p lo y m en t exchanges.
82,000 u n e m p lo y e d ........................................ N eue Freie Presse, V ienna, A pr. 12, Of th is n u m b er 32,000 w ere in th e city of V ienna.
1922.
41,970 in receipt of u n em ploym ent d o le .. ........d o ........................................................
32,500 in receip t of u n em ploym ent d o le .. A m erican Consulate a t Prague, re Since la st m o n th there has been a decrease of 6,000 in th e n u m
b e r of unem ployed receiving su p p o rt from th e S tate..
p o rt of May 24, 1922.
10.4 per cent of trade-union m em bers___ L abor G azette, O ttaw a, June, 1922.. T h e corresponding p e r cent on A pr. 1, 1922, w as 9.6 an d 16.3
a t th e end of A pril, 1921.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
A u stria ..............
N u m b er or p e r cent of unem ployed.
154
SU M M A R Y O F L A T E S T R E P O R T S O N U N E M P L O Y M E N T IN F O R E IG N C O U N T R IE S —Continued.
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT.
155
Unemployment in Denmark, 1920-212
RECEN T report of the employment exchanges of D enm ark to the
M inistry of Interior, for the fiscal year 1920-21, shows th a t a t
the end of the fiscal year there were 91 communal employment
exchanges in Denmark, two new offices having been established during
the year. These 91 offices in 1920-21 received a total of 283,237 noti
fications of unemployed persons, or about 23,000 less than during the
previous year, b u t m uch fewer have been canceled—229,153 as against
340,048 in 1919-20—so th a t the num ber of unemployed in 1920-21
increased by 54,000 while in the previous fiscal year it decreased by
34,000. The m axim um of unemployment was reached in March,
1921, w ith 77,000 unemployed. A t the end of the fiscal year (March
31, 1921) in Copenhagen there were 9 times as m any, and in the
Provinces 3 times as m any, unemployed as in the previous year, and
of unem ploym ent fund members about 23 per cent were unemployed.
A comparison of the num ber of unemployed the first of April,
1921, w ith figures for the year before shows th a t in agriculture and
sim ilar occupations there were fewer unemployed, in housework
twice as m any, in commerce and transportation more th an three
times as m any, and in crafts and industries over four times as many.
As concerns the last group there was 20 times as m uch unemploy
m ent as a t the end of 1919-20 among tailors and dressmakers, h a t
workers, shoe workers, ships carpenters, leather and fur workers,
m etal printers, paper industry workers, bookbinders, and laborers;
betw een 10 and 20 times as m any unemployed among tobacco
workers, textile workers, ceramic workers, gold, silver, and electro
plate workers, m etal polishers, braziers and chauffeurs; between 5
and 10 times as m any unemployed in building trades, wood industry,
blacksm iths and molders, electricians, typographers, office personnel,
and coachmen. The demand for workers was abnorm ally small
during the fiscal year and smaller than in any previous year.
There was during 1920-21 an increasing tendency among workers
to seek work independently of employment exchanges.
A
Employment in Japanese Factories.
SURVEY of employment in the principal industries in Jap an
showing the num ber of adults and young persons a t work in
factories employing more than 10 persons is found in the
Financial and Economic Annual of Japan, 1921, Tokyo (pp. 66-70).
The following table shows the num ber of factories and num ber of
employees in Japanese industries in factories in which more than 10
persons are employed, including both operatives and apprentices.
A
1 Indb eretn in g til indenrigsm inisteriet fra A rbejd san v isn in g sd irek toratet for finansaaret 1920-21.
Copenhagen, 1922.
2476°—22
11
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[385 J
156
M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW ,
N U M B E R O F FA C T O R IE S A N D N U M B E R O F E M P L O Y E E S , B Y S E X A N D A G E D IS T R IB U
T IO N , IN JA P A N E S E F A C T O R IE S IN 1919.
N um ber of operatives.
In d u stry .
N um
ber of
fac
tories.
20years of age
15 and under 20
years of age.
U nder 15 years
of age.
Male.
Fem ale.
Male.
Fem ale.
Male.
12,214
34,589
1,996
1,433
31,705
14,519
3,808
62
694
104,574
1,362
63,806
4,243
1,862
97,912
2,613
5,597
171
1,478
6,398
631
14,586
1,711
465
18,371
5,680
2,094
74
234
136,867
1,090
81,954
6,613
110,359
1,672
6, 555
368
1,277
1,096
36
2,187
775
63
3,437
872
395
17
50
17,954 102,132
283,618
50,244
347,877
8,928
101,818
894,617
1,357
1,114
2,512
18,447
19,779
7,071
1,071
348
1,831
819
1,629
1,104
127
18
367
63,451
104,889
29,430
an d over.
Total.
Female.
T e x ti l e f a c t o r i e s .
Silk filatu re ...........................-............ 3,511
51
Silk and c o tto n .................................
Spinning.............................................
370
Throw ing...........................................
907
Cotton ginning and refin in g ..........
298
W eaving............................................. 10,165
Bleaching, dyeing, finishing, e tc ... 1,177
971
K n ittin g a n d b raid in g ....................
E m b ro id ery .......................................
65
139
M iscellaneous....................................
T o ta l........................................
1,112
1,122
36,808
164
30,113
2,564
135
29,715
285
1,472 .
144
418
297,957
4,395
227,235
17,902
5,080
291,499
25,641
19,921
836
4,151
M a c h in e a n d ir o n fa c to r ie s .
Machine m a k in g ...............................
Shipbuilding and carriage making.
Tool m a k in g ......................................
F o u ndry, m e ta l and m etal ware
m ak in g ............................................
T o ta l........................................
1,721
798
971
41,630
82,001
16,545
2,410
38,860
5,002
11,309
2,366
1,121
448
59,106
5,900 179,036
9,985
56,606
5,616
4,673
960
256,876
9,944
7, 467
17
7,945
528
2,371
2,348
752
657
12,906
4,233
128
223
1,756
743
1,712
1,844
83
393
3,153
3,268
16
24
5,006
188
1,277
1,258
345
513
3,717
604
44
34
873
23
69
180
5
50
773
657
209
407
170
47
117
43,048
14,987
438
1,114
3; 222
3,960
9,139
4,964
280
1,178
73,541
31,216
694
1,412
21,028
5,460
14,922
10,742
1,653
2,878
231
150
270
122
C h e m ic a l f a c t o r i e s .
Ceram ics.............................................
P ap er m ills........................................
L acquer w a re ....................................
L eather and fur d ressin g ................
E x p lo siv e s.................... ....................
Oils and w axes..................................
Medicines, chemicals, e tc ...............
G um s...................................................
Toilet a rtic le s....................................
Soaps and candles............................
D yestuffs, paints, varnishes, lacquers, pigm ents and p a ste s........
Artificial m an u res............................
M iscellaneous....................................
2,728
736
79
82
5,089
8,824
3,849
677
633
1,582
871
1,451
1,024
281
144
1,035
T o ta l........................................
jF ood a n d d r i n k f a c t o r i e s .
B rew eries...........................................
Sugar m ills.........................................
T e a .......................................................
R ice and flour m ills ........................
Lem onade, ice and m ineral w a te r.
C onfectionery....................................
Canning and b o ttlin g ......................
Curing of anim al a n d fishery
p ro d u c ts.........................................
M iscellaneous....................................
5,426 100,092
34,989
27,367
16,508
3,613
44
305
1,029
205
497
1,114
2,658
2,676
844
810
1,983
7,495
491
519
1,737
202
44,550
1,880
2,872
8,937
1, 545
3,384
1,720
1,497
364
299
137
594
1,458
205
1,087
764
509
397
3,116
2,431
1,602
1,219
728
650
381
585
6,801
70,435
13,117
13,692
P rin tin g and publishing.................
P a p e r goods.......................................
W ood and bam boo w o rk ...............
L eath er goods....................................
Feath er goods....................................
M atting, straw braid, e tc ...............
A rticles of precious stones, jaws,
horns, e tc ........................................
M iscellaneous....................................
1,240
478
2,824
141
153
120
17,317
2,259
25,476
2,689
1,269
651
2,514
1,592
4,876
270
504
1,608
178
2,376
1,300
19,288
T o ta l........................................
7,510
70,249
149
77
132
358
13,293
18,626
T o ta l........................................
200
68
2,224
18
354
148
188
87
187
7, 052
11,087
7,799
5,775
4,751
189,482
375
35
28
84
29
15
52
173
237
15
665
44
53,862
2,769
6,72
15,065
2,825
7,680
4,890
86
48
46
65
5,921
5,036
5,510
919
1,099
104,772
6,407
1,070
6,899
521
449
315
1,993
1,253
1,851
76
514
675
1,600
303
1,066
53
99
41
583
447
571
146
79
30,414
6,924
40,539
3,621
2,981
3,369
265
12,427
480
8,197
6,110
117
55
1,625
5
2,255
52,902
24,056
24,138
15,589
4,842
4,098
142,972
504
269
2,581
3,354
15
228
245
73
85
13
13
3,733
2 , 515
17,023
23,271
366,713 175,401
391,345
25, 222
211
211
27
27
11
107
8
10
M is c e l l a n e o u s f a c t o r i e s .
12
2,222
S p e c i a l f a c t o r ie s .
Electrical in d u s try ..........................
Gas in d u stry ......................................
M etal refineries.................................
T o ta l........................................
G rand to ta l............................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
112
3,222
2,111
43,949 540,570
835
948
[3 8 6 ]
2
4
8
112,739 1,611,990
V O C A T IO N A L E D U C A T IO N .
P rogress in V o c atio n a l E d u ca tio n in C a n a d a .
rT H E Labor Gazette of Canada for May, 1922, reports th a t in the
fiscal year ending March 31, 1922, the Dominion Governm ent
granted $710,276 to the Provinces for the developm ent of vocational
education, which is 22.5 per cent more than the am ount of grants
for the preceding year. The grants, however, to certain Provinces
were from 35 to 300 per cent higher in the fiscal year 1922 than in the
fiscal year 1921.
U nder the technical education act the Dominion Governm ent
“ undertakes to bear a half share of expenditures entailed by the
provincial governm ents, on work which comes within the provisions
of annual agreements between the Minister of Labor and the Prem ier
or Minister of E ducation for each Province.” In making these grants
the Dominion does n o t take into account all provincial expenditures
for vocational education nor the additional expenditures of local
communities where the work is being done. Agricultural education
is n o t included in the above-mentioned grants b u t the agricultural
instruction a ct provides $1,100,000 annually for the developm ent of
educational work valuable to farmers.
The following inform ation from the above-mentioned issue of the
Labor G azette includes the am ounts of the Dominion Governm ent
grants to the various Provinces for vocational education for the year
ending March 31, 1922, and a resume of the more im portant recent
activities in Canada along the lines of such education. The am ounts
here cited do not cover expenditures for agricultural work.
P rin ce E dw ard Is la n d .—Federal grants, $7,141, nearly triple the
am ount of the preceding year. These grants covered one-third of
the expenditures connected w ith the Charlottetown A gricultural and
Technical High School which opened December, 1920, and which has
grown w ith rapidity.
N ova S c o tia .—Federal grants, $32,558, an increase of 35 per cent
over preceding year. Vocational work has been carried on for some
time in this Province b u t has been given a great im petus w ithin the
last two years by Federal aid. The establishm ent of a provincial
departm ent of correspondence instruction is the m ost notable devel
opm ent of the last year. In the first two m onths after the opening
of the school more than 100 students were registered from various
parts of the Province, and numerous applications for courses were
received from persons in other Provinces. General education, com
mercial subjects, and industrial work are included in the curriculum,
and new courses are being devised as required.
N ew B r u n sw ic k .— F ed era l grants, $22,160, more th an double the
am ount of the preceding year. Local problems have interfered to
some extent with the progress of vocational education work in this
Province but it is reported th a t “ the future of the work is assured.”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[387]
157
158
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
The new composite school being erected a t Edm undston a t a cost of
$175,000 is the first of its character in New Brunswick and it is thought
probable th a t similar ones will shortly be constructed. Both elemen
tary and secondary grades in academic and vocational work will be
taught in the Edm undston school. Manual training for boys and
instruction in domestic science for girls will be provided for those
who do not care to follow the regular vocational courses.
Quebec .—Expenditures from Federal grants, $114,651—about the
same as the preceding year. The new technical school for boys,
which is located at Hull, is nearly completed and should be in opera
tion next fall.
O ntario .—Federal grants, $378,174. The Province expended over
$800,000, 27 per cent more than in the previous year. A new tech
nical school has been erected a t Sault Ste. Marie. An academic
vocational high school costing about $700,000 is alm ost completed
a t Sarnia. A technical school to cost about $800,000 is in course of
construction in Windsor. Toronto is to have a new branch school
which will cost about $500,000, a large addition to the H am ilton
Technical and A rt School is under way, and new buildings and addi
tions are being planned for several other centers.
M anitoba .—Federal grants, $21,174, 180 per cent increase over
preceding year. This Province is in the main agricultural and has
not as yet a comprehensive plan for vocational education, b u t m anual
training, domestic science, and prevocational work are being rapidly
extended in connection w ith existing school systems.
■Saskatchewan .—Federal grants, $13,665, about 300 per cent in
crease over the preceding year. The conditions in this Province are
like those in Manitoba. Legislative provision has been made for
advancem ent of vocational work. Encouraging beginnings have
been m ade along commercial educational lines in five centers.
A lb erta .—Federal grants, $82,606. The outlay of the provincial
governm ent was $761,891, exclusive of expenditures from January to
March, 1922, aggregating $112,690. The larger p a rt of such appro
priations was used in connection with the new Calgary In stitu te of
Technology which is nearly completed and which is to be the voca
tional education center for the whole Province. Special attention is
being given to the development of correspondence courses and short
term intensive courses to m eet the requirem ents of the widely dis
tributed population. The work has been carried on tem porarily in
the former quarters of the departm ent of soldiers’ civil reestablish
m ent and has already been extended to include the m ajor p a rt of
the Province.
B r itis h C olum bia .—Federal grants, $37,944, an increase of 27 per
cent over the preceding year. The growth of the recently established
schools a t Victoria and New W estm inster has been rapid, and there
has been a steady increase in correspondence work and evening class
work throughout the Province. While special efforts have been
m ade to develop commercial instruction, the groundwork is being
laid for industrial training which is particularly needed a t present
in fishing, lumbering, and mining.
Evening class work has increased substantially in all the Provinces,
b u t there is a dearth of properly equipped teachers for both day and
evening classes. The attem pts to establish a central institution to
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[388]
VOCATIONAL E D U CA TIO N .
159
afford training facilities have not been successful and the Provinces
themselves have not yet founded any perm anent schools for preparing
teachers for this particular work. There are summer schools in New
Brunswick, Ontario, Manitoba, and British Columbia, b u t these are
far from sufficient to m eet the need for the training of teachers.
N otw ithstanding this drawback there has been very practical progress
in the Dominion in vocational education. The demand, however,
for this kind of training is greatly in excess of the existing oppor
tunities for securing it.
Vocational Guidance in Czechoslovakia.
PLAN for the organization of vocational guidance offices was
discussed in the fall of 1918 in Czechoslovakia, b u t the body
in charge of this work did not come into existence until
June, 1920. An account of the development of the m ovem ent
appears in the June, 1922, issue of the International Labor Review.
In the beginning the purpose of this newly created agency was the
romotion of the welfare of young persons only, b u t its scope has
een greatly broadened. I t is now incorporated as a self-governing
institution in President M asaryk’s Labor Academy. Delegates from
four ministries (Social Assistance, Education, Commerce and In
dustry, Agriculture) and representatives of various committees,
industrial councils, and chambers of commerce serve .on the council
of m anagem ent of the central bureau of vocational guidance. A t
the outset the central bureau organized “ propaganda conferences”
not only to interest the public b u t also to get assistance, especially
among teachers and school doctors. Among the subjects discussed
a t these conferences were: Aims of vocational guidance, methods
and results of scientific research on natural ability, organization
of vocational guidance, hygiene of industrial occupations, survey of
literature, psychology and psychological pathology of youth, eco
nomic outlook in industrial occupations, and methods of experimental
psychology.
Questionnaires were sent out to secure prelim inary data regarding
working conditions and occupational requirem ents. The inform ation
entered on these forms was later on supplemented by d a ta obtained
from personal inquiry a t the work places. Over 60 visits were paid
in this connection and approxim ately 40 occupations analyzed
according to a uniform scheme.
The work of the Prague Vocational Guidance Office which began
operation in May, 1921, has been limited to consultation regarding
occupations and crafts in industry. The procedure is as follows:
A
E
When a child comes to the office, accompanied by his parents, his name is entered
on the register and a card giving particulars about him (prepared beforehand by the
school authorities for ail pupils of school-leaving age) is taken from the card catalogue.
The adviser (a woman) talks over the chosen occupation with the child and his
parents, gets all necessary information about the family, its social position, the child’s
success at school—a report of the last three classes attended must be produced—his
character and his tastes, and enters these details on a special form. The child is then
given a card entitling him to a free medical examination and to a psychological test
at the labor academy. When these are finished, the child goes back to the office,
and the adviser, who knows the results of the tests, applies a process of elimination
based on these results to decide whether she approves of the child’s choice, or whether
she should try to make him change his mind and suggest something else to him.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[389]
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
160
New Educational Opportunities for Workers of Mexico.
EV ER A L new educational projects in Mexico are noted in the
May 19, 1922, issue of Industrial and Labor Inform ation (Inter
national Labor Office), one of which is a school for railwaymen
to be established by the technical education board of the M inistry of
Public E d u c a tio n / The building for the institution is being con
structed a t San Jacinto, a t a cost of 150,000 pesos ($74,775, par).
The school will conduct training courses in skilled engineering, signal
ing, telegraphy, etc.
An institute for the technical training of smiths, turners, cabinet
m akers and carpenters will soon be opened in Mexico. The courses
for smiths and turners will cover 6 terms of 6 m onths each, and for
cabinetm akers and carpenters, 4 terms.
A trade-union delegation has requested the President of Mexico to
m ake effective his proposal to extend education to the m ost rem ote
parts of the country. A credit of half a million pesos ($249,250, par)
has already been granted by him for the establishm ent of schools in
the various mining centers and the more im portant factories.
The Mexican departm ent of commerce, industry, and labor is to
establish free workshops for the developm ent of small industries,
according to an announcem ent in the June, 1922, issue of the Bulle
tin of the P an American Union. These shops are to be equipped
w ith the requisite m achinery, will be supervised by a m aster mechanic,
and will also have an a rt director, an adm inistrator, and a sales
agent. To be eligible for entrance to these work places a person
m ust be able to read, write, and understand elem entary arithm etic.
W orkers are supplied w ith tools and raw m aterials and for the first
m onths receive a daily wage of 2 pesos ($1, par). The students who
make the articles get w hat rem ains of the proceeds of the sales of such
articles after deducting the price of the raw m aterial, 5 per cent for
the shop’s running expenses, and 5 per cent for the workers’ reserve
fund. After four m onths’ instruction students who wish to set up
their own shops m ay be furnished w ith tools and raw m aterial pur
chased from the free machine shop’s reserve fund. A proposal has
also been made for the establishm ent of a cooperative society of
workers trained in these shops.
S
Two Recent Educational Projects in South America.
H E June, 1922, issue of the Bulletin of the P an American U nionreports th a t the courses of the Kailway U niversity in Chile estab
lished several years ago have been exceedingly successful. These
courses are available for all employees of S tate railroads regardless of
trade or rank and cover a period of five years. The first three years
are devoted to general preparation, the last two to specialization. The
teaching is done by com petent engineers whose service is gratis.
A t the request of the Society for the Prom otion of Agriculture of
Montes, in the D epartm ent of Canelones, the U ruguay N ational
Council of Prim ary and Normal Instruction has allowed the use of a
school building from M ay to Septem ber for the instruction of adult
farm laborers. “ The society makes itself responsible for 40 pesos
($41.37, par) a m onth.”
T
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[390]
HOUSING.
Recommendations of Louisiana State Housing Commission.1
N E , 1920, the Louisiana Legislature authorized the creation of
IN aJUState
commission on housing, to consist of nine members
appointed by the governor. The reasons given for its creation
were “ the trem endous and unsatisfied demand for more and better
housing in the cities of L ouisiana// and the lack of any general
agreem ent as to the best way of .meeting the housing shortage. The
duties of the commission were set forth succinctly:
It shall be the duty of the commission to recommend a definite plan for the pro
motion of the building of homes in the cities of Louisiana, to recommend such changes
in the law and constitution of the State as will bring about better and more adequate
housing of the wage earners and in general report on all matters affecting or p e r ta in in g
thereto.
° *
The report of this commission was handed in Septem ber 28, 1921,
and has recently been distributed. As a prelim inary, the commission
attem pted to get some idea of the extent of the housing shortage.
A t the beginning of 1921, the commission estim ates, New Orleans
lacked about 3,000 houses, in Shreveport there was a shortage of
1,200, and 61 other towns reported a shortage of 1,274. To test the
charges of rent profiteering, the comm ittee secured from a num ber
of real estate agents in New Orleans lists of the properties they
carried, and of the rents received from each house for three years back.
A compilation of the rents of these houses shows that only in one case was there
an increase of more than 100 per cent; in one instance the rent was increased exactly
100 per cent, and the other percentages of increase were as follows:
About 10 per cent of houses showed increase of rent of 75 per cent.
About 20 per cent of houses showed increase of rent of 50 per cent.
About 30 per cent of houses showed increase of rent of 30 per cent.
About 20 per cent of houses showed increase of rent of 20 per cent.
About 20 per cent of houses showed practically no increase.
This increase in rent over the normal period is perhaps one-third as much increase
as labor, materials, taxes, and other units of real estate expenditures.
The commission knows that there are many other cases where the increases were
100 per cent or greater and finds that such cases are rarely carried by the agents
referred to but are largely in the hands of the owners themselves.
In New Orleans, where the chief shortage existed, the commission
felt th a t m atters were tending to right themselves. The building
perm its issued for the first six m onths of 1921 showed plans for 664
houses as against 270 in the corresponding period of 1920. Moreover,
as the average value per house for these six m onths of 1920 was
$5,960, while in 1921 it was only $2,626, there was evidently a
m arked increase in the construction of small houses suitable for wage
earners. In view of this situation, the commission felt th a t no
radical measures were necessary. Summarized, their recom menda
tions are as follows:
1. A p p o in tm e n t of c ity co m m ittees on housing.
2. And the election from these bodies of a State committee on housing.
3. Local committees to act as an arbitration board on rents.
4.
The passage of enactments granting partial exemption from taxation by cities,
as permitted by the new constitution.
5. Revising and standardizing building coles.
6. Incorporating sanitary and tenement house regulations in buildi g codes.
1Louisiana. State Housing Commission R ep o rt, New O rleans, Sept. 28,1921.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[391]
161
162
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
7. The study and adoption by cities of a “ city plan,” and “ zoning” ordinances.
8. Improvement in planning small houses and group planning in congested districts.
9. Extending time of eviction notices to tenants (except for nonpayment of rent).
10. Cooperative efforts in the building industry to reduce cost of construction and
the teaching of trades in the primary grades of the public schools, to reduce inefficiency
in the trades.
11. Encouragement of investment in homestead stock to enlarge this most important
and serviceable home-building agency.
I t is explained th a t the local committees, when acting as arbitration
boards on rents, are to have no means of enforcing their decisions
beyond the influence of public opinion. The fourth recom m endation
refers to a clause in the S tate constitution granting cities of over
40,000 population the right to exem pt from municipal taxation “ until
December 31, 1925, $4,000 of the value of all dwelling houses built
after the adoption of this constitution and actually occupied by the
owner.” The time of exemption is much shorter than th a t fixed in
other places where similar exemptions have been attem pted or estab
lished, and up to the present the only two cities affected by this pro
vision, New Orleans and Shreveport, have not seen fit to avail them
selves of the permission.
increase in Home Ownership in South Africa, 1918 to 1921.
RECEN T report from the U nited States consul a t Durban,
South Africa, gives some d a ta concerning housing, from the
M onthly Bulletin of Union Statistics, published by the Office
of Census and Statistics of the Union of South Africa. According to
these data the housing shortage has brought about a m arked increase
in the num ber of homes owned by those occupying them . In 1918
the proportion of dwellings thus owned was in N atal 34.3 per cent,
while for the Union as a whole it was 34.2 per cent. By 1921 these
proportions had increased, respectively, to 40.8 per cent and 39.5
per cent. The report ascribes this increase to the difficulty of ob
taining living quarters. “ I t has been necessary for persons in order
to obtain proper housing accommodations to purchase their own
houses.” During the same period there was an increase in rents,
the average m onthly rent for a three to six-room house rising in
Durban, the principal city of N atal, from $26.10 to $35.26, an in
crease of 35.1 per cent, while in the nine principal cities of the Union,
exclusive of Durban, the rent for such a house rose from $24.86 in
1918 to $30.40 in 1921, an increase of 22.3 per cent. I t will be seen
th a t the increase in home ownership was greater in N atal than in
the Union as a whole, and th a t the increase in rents was considerably
larger in D urban than in the other principal cities of the Union.
“ This is probably explained because of the more rapid increase of
population in D urban than in the rest of the cities of South Africa
in the period 1918 to 1921.”
B oth in D urban and in the Union as a whole, there seems to be a
strong preference for houses constructed of brick or of brick and stone,
such houses forming about 80 per cent of the to tal both in 1918 and
in 1921. N ext in favor come houses built of iron, or of wood and
iron, w ith brick lining, houses of other m aterials forming only an
insignificant proportion of the whole. In N atal the five-room house
is more generally used by Europeans than any other, while in the
Union as a whole the four-roomed house is the m ost common.
A
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[392]
IN D U STRIA L A CCID EN TS A N D HYGIENE.
Study of the Number and Causes of Fatal Industrial Accidents.
N IN T E R E ST IN G study of the num ber and causes of fatal
occupational accidents as compared with nonindustrial acci
dents over a nine-year period, 1912 to 1920, is reported in the
S tatistical Bulletin of the M etropolitan Life Insurance Co., May,
A
1922 (pp. 6 -8).
T hese, accidents which occurred among the white male policy
holders of the company, ages 15 to 74, reached a total in nine years
of 27,074 deaths from all forms of accidents and 7,835 due to the
occupation. The occupational accidents formed about 29 per cent
of the total, or a rate for the nine years of 35.5 per 100,000. In
1913 the highest pre-war rate (45.7) was recorded which was followed
by a sharp decline in 1915 to 27.5, the lowest rate during the period
studied. This im provem ent was probably due to the rapid growth
of the safety m ovem ent following the enactm ent of workm en’s com
pensation legislation b u t the gains were soon offset by the greatly
increased industrial activity caused by the war. The death rate
from industrial accidents increased to 40.9 in 1918, an increase of
nearly 50 per cent in three years. The rate dropped, however, to
32.1 in 1919 b u t rose to 34.9 in 1920.
The proportions of deaths of occupational origin vary greatly.
Thus they formed 93 per cent of the deaths from accident in mines and
quarries; 80 per cent of the deaths from injuries by machines; 68
per cent from accidents due to electricity; 38 per cent of railroad
accidents; 28 per cent of fatal burns, and 24 per cent of the deaths
from falls.
The following table shows the num ber and causes of deaths re
corded during the years 1912-1920.
N U M B E R O F D E A T H S FR O M A L L A C CID EN TS A N D N U M B E R AN D P R O P O R T IO N A R IS
IN G FR O M IN D U S T R IA L CAUSES, AMONG W H IT E M ALES 15 Y E A R S O F AG E A N D
O V ER .
O ccupational accidents.
D eaths, all
forms of
accidents.
T ype of accident.
C onflagration.....................................................................................................
B u rn s ..................................................................................................................
A bsorption of deleterious gases.....................................................................
A ccidental drow ning.......................................................................................
T rau m atism b y fa ll..........................................................................................
T rau m atism i n m ines an d qu arries.............................................................
T rau m atism b y m achines..............................................................................
R ailroad accidents a n d in ju rie s ...................................................................
Street car accidents a n d in ju ries ..................................................................
Automobile accidents and in ju ries from use of c a r s .............................
O ther vehicular accidents an d in ju rie s ......................................................
O ther crushing accidents and in ju r ie s ......................................................
Injuries b y an im als..........................................................................................
E lectricity (lightning e x c e p te d )..................................................................
F ractures (cause no t sp ec ified )....................................................................
O ther ex tern al violence...................................................................................
Total
............................................................................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[393]
D eaths.
Percentage
of to ta l .
accidents.
61
21.5
28.2
7.3
7.4
24.1
93.1
79.8
38.3
18.0
284
787
1,420
4,174
4,826
966
1,223
4,816
1,325
2,546
1,331
371
179
642
568
1,616
103
308
1,164
899
976
1,846
238
224
471
247
73
436
555
34.3
27,074
7,835
28.9
222
8.8
35.4
66.6
40.8
67.9
2.1
12
163
164
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
New York Code for Industrial Lighting.
N MAY 1, 1922, a carefully revised code for industrial lighting
became effective in the State of New ^ o rk . The correspond
encies between this code and the American standard code of
the Illum inating Engineers Society are of such a nature as to indicate
constant use of the standard code in the preparation of the New
York code.1
Before m aking a more definite comparison it will be well to give
briefly the m ethod by which standard codes are being form ulated.
As a result of extended and prolonged discussion the decision was
reached by those interested th a t the best m ethod of preparing safety
codes for American industry was in accordance with the procedure
of the American Engineering Standards Committee. This comm ittee
was organized by the engineering societies of the country w ith the
prim ary purpose of form ulating standards for engineering practice.
The interest in standards of safety generated by the activities of
the N ational Safety Council and the various State bodies having to
do w ith accident prevention finally reached a point suggesting the
developm ent of national standard safety codes.
A given code is first considered by one of two correllating commit
tees. One of these is concerned with mining interests and the other
w ith general industry. The discussion in this comm ittee develops
the need of the particular code and w hat organization m ay properly
undertake its form ulation.
On report of the correllating committee the standards committee
requests some organization to undertake active preparation of the
desired code. Such an organization accepting the invitation of the
standards comm ittee is term ed a “ sponsor.” A given code m ay be
prepared by one or more “ sponsors.”
The sponsor then proceeds to organize a “ sectional com m ittee”
representing all those interested in the particular code. These
sectional committees have num bered about th irty persons. Usually
a tentative code is prepared by some member of the comm ittee or
an existing code is used as a basis. Meetings of the entire sectional
com m ittee are then held and the code discussed in detail. A fter
repeated revisions the code will be very widely distributed w ith
request for suggestion and criticism. After some m onths of such
discussion the comm ittee is usually able to agree w ith practical
unanim ity. They then report to the sponsor organization which
submits the code to the American Engineering Standards Committee
for approval.
The code of the illum inating engineers was the first to be finally
approved as an American standard.
This m uch it is desirable to say in order to show w ith w hat care
and thoroughness and in w hat a representative m anner these codes
are being prepared.
In essential particulars the standard code and the New York code
are alike. In m ethod of treatm en t they differ. For example, the
standard code lists under the light intensities required the industrial
O
1See New Y o rk D ep artm en t of L abor B u lletin No 18, In d u s tria l code rules (as am ended) re la tin g to
lighting of factories and m ercantile estab lish m en ts, New Y ork, 1922; and Illu m in atin g E ngineering So*
ciety, Code of lighting factories, m ills, a n d other w ork places, A m erican sta n d a rd , ap p ro v ed D ec. 31,
1921, b y A m erican Engineering S tan d ard s C om m ittee, New Y ork, 1922.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[394]
IN D U ST R IA L A CCID EN TS AND H Y G IE N E .
165
processes needing such intensity. The New York code lists the
processes and specifies under each the desirable intensities. In this
m atte r the New York code has evidently th e advantage. An in
spector confronted w ith a specific case would natu rally wish to find
the particular industry first and afterw ards th e in ten sity appro
priate to it. For example, he is inspecting a printing establishm ent.
If this is listed in alphabetical order he will readily find it and dis
cover there th a t stereotype casting requires an in ten sity of one foot
candle. I t m ay fairly be urged upon the illum inating engineers
th a t they rearrange Table I I of the standard code in this form.
The standard code discusses “Avoidance of glare” fully, giving
tables by which light sources m ay be rated in respect of glare. The
New York code sim ply requires th a t glare be “m inim ized.”
I t is to these sections and the tables therein contained th a t the
criticism of the standard code as being “ too com plicated” is usually
directed.
I t m ay be said of this criticism th a t the complication is apparent
rath er than real and th a t it is impossible to deal w ith such a subject
as the proper adjustm ent of lighting sources w ithout some degree of
complication.
The standard code treats rather fully the m atte r of exit and emer
gency lighting. The New York code simply specifies an intensity.
From a safety standpoint the New York code m ust be regarded as
defective. The records show th a t failure of exit lighting has more
than once been a serious m atte r and th a t the standard code gives
none too m uch attention to the subject.
Finally i t m ay be urged th a t in the interests of uniform ity it is
m uch to be hoped th a t the S tate organization will modify as little as
possible the provisions of the standard codes in adapting them to
their uses.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics has had so m uch trouble in its own
particular province w ith the v arian t m ethods in use in the several
States, each excellent in itself, b u t impossible of com bination and
correllation, th a t it has a very sym pathetic interest in any sort of
uniform ity which can be properly secured.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[305]
W O R K M E N ’S C O M PEN SA TIO N A N D SOCIAL
INSURANCE.
New Jersey Report on Workmen’s Compensation.
H E report of the W orkm en’s Compensation Bureau of New
Jersey for the year ending June 30, 1921, given on pages 60 to
63 of the report of the D epartm ent of Labor for th a t period,
is lim ited to a brief statistical statem ent of the activities of the
bureau. Hearings were held by the deputy commissioner in 4,917
new cases, and 487 form al petitions were filed and docketed for
determ ination by a court trial. Of the hearings, 3,768 resulted in
awards and 587 were dismissed.
The total num ber of nonfatal accidents reported during the year
was 15,204, of which 437 were not compensable, the disability being of
less th an 10 days’ duration. The num ber of cases closed during the
year was 14,954; of these 11 represented total disability cases, 3,627
perm anent partial disabilities, and 11,316 tem porary disabilities.
Cases requiring medical aid num bered 14,953. Approvals of com
pensation totaled 13,745, the am ount of compensation reported
being $2,485,941.02, or an average of $166.79 per case.
F a tal accidents num bered 234, of which 68 involved burial costs
only. Compensation was awarded during the year to dependents
in 203 cases, some apparently holding over from last year. Benefits
accrued am ounted to $646,081.17, or an average of $3,182.66 per
case; the average num ber of dependents per case was 2.05.
T
Netherlands’ Governmental Expenditures for the Benefit of Labor.
TTEN TIO N was called in the March, 1922, issue of the
Monthly L abor R eview (p. 132) to the large sums which
have been and are being spent by the D utch Governm ent
in behalf of the unemployed of the country. Ju st how much th a t
country has done for labor in other lines, however, has not generally
been appreciated. The Central Bureau of Statistics at The Hague in
the “ Jaarcijfers” or statistical yearbook for 1920, ju st published, has
compiled for the first time tables showing a t a glance w hat the ex
penses of the country are for such purposes. There are several lines
in which the S tate intervenes in behalf of labor at the S ta te ’s expense
b u t the three chief m atters in which it has assumed m aterial burdens
have been (1) general protection of labor, i. e., enforcement of protec
tive labor legislation, a service which necessarily involves an elabo
rate inspection system; (2) workm en’s insurance; (3) unem ploym ent
A
1From a re p o rt of
166
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
th e A m erican consul general a t R o tte rd a m , d a te d A pr. 18, 1922.
[396]
w o r k m e n ’s
c o m p e n s a t io n
and
s o c ia l
in s u r a n c e
.
167
relief and the support of employment exchanges. The bureau has
prepared the following table showing the annual expenditures of the
S tate in these three lines during the period 1890 to 1922:
G O V E R N M E N T A L E X P E N D IT U R E S F O R T H E B E N E F IT O F L A B O R , 1890 TO 1922.
[1 guilder a t p ar= 4 0 .2 cents.]
U nem
Enforce
ploym ent
m e n t of W orkm en’s relief a nd
protective insurance,
em ploy
labor law s.
m en t ex
changes.
Y ear.
1890-1894 1.
.1895-1899 !
1900-1904 i.
1905-1909 i.
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1910...........
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
G u ild e r s .
G u ild e r s .
41.000
50.000
129.000
227.000
341.000
408.000
360.000
382.000
367, 000
363, 000
391.000
433.000
694.000
687, 000
1.087.000
1.090.000
1,238, 000
500
4,000
152.000
582.000
691.000
723.000
742.000
1,998,000
12.071.000
12.611.000
12,561, 000
12.438.000
12.733.000
17,165, 000
44.213.000
45.622.000
46.082.000
G u ild e r s .
20
3,000
3,000
3,000
8,000
1,009,000
1,414,000
426, 000
282,000
528, 000
6,118,000
14,408,000
9, 818, 000
7,418,000
T otal.
G u ild e r s .
41,000
54,000
281, 000
809,01X1
1,035, 000
1,134, 000
1,105, 000
2,388, (XX)
13,447, 000
14,388, C00
13,378,000
13,153,000
13,945,0C0
23,890,000
59,708, 000
56,530,000
54,738,000
1Average p er year.
The expenditures indicated for 1919 and 1920 are provisional
figures inasmuch as the full am ount of the money actually spent can
not yet be ascertained. The expenditures for 1922 are the Govern
m ent’s estimates. Interest in these figures centers chiefly in the
expenditures for unemployment insurance. As has been reported
heretofore these expenditures are made largely in connection with
unem ploym ent doles made by labor unions and in some cases by the
municipalities concerned and represent only a portion of the money
actually devoted to such paym ents which apparently aggregated
about 15,000,000 guilders ($6,030,000, par) in 1921 for unem ploy
m ent doles alone. The expenditures for the enforcement of protective
labor laws became m aterial in 1910 and 1911 by the increase of the
inspection staff due to reorganization and the establishm ent of w hat
is known as the “ Safety M useum ” in Am sterdam. The expenditures
for workm en’s insurance became heavy when the pensions act and
old age act w ent into effect in December, 1919. The aggregate ex
penditure of 54,738,000 guilders ($22,004,676, par) in 1922 is equiva
lent to $3.22 per capita of the total population of the Netherlands.
Scandinavian Cooperation in Health insurance.1
INCE 1907 there has been close cooperation among Scandinavian
countries w ith regard to accident insurance, large meetings hay
ing been held alternately in Norway, Sweden, and Denm ark
as a rule every three years.
S
1 Social Forsorg, Copenhagen, Hefte No. 3, p. 81. Meddelelsesblad for Arbejderforsikrings-Raadet
Arbejdsnaevnet, Arbejdsdirektoratet samt Arbejdsraadet.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[397]
168
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
A like cooperative work has now been initiated in another branch
of social insurance, as on April 17-18, 1922, a t the invitation of the
Norwegian D istrict Sick Funds N ational Organization ( K redsyge Tcassernes L a n d sfo re n in g ), a m eeting was held in Goteborg (Sweden),
where steps were taken toward future system atic cooperation
between Scandinavian countries in health insurance. I t was decided
to hold meetings regularly of representatives of the several sick fund
institutions of the three Scandinavian countries. According to the
tem porary by-laws adopted, meetings are to be held alternately
every three years in Denm ark, Norway, and Sweden. The three
countries’ sick funds central organizations and inspection authorities
are entitled to send delegates.
A joint committee, consisting of a representative of inspection
authorities and two representatives of sick funds central organiza
tions in each country is elected for the period between meetings to
arrange for meetings and to attend to perm anent cooperative work
outside these, i t was resolved to hold the first Scandinavian health
insurance meeting in Christiania in the spring of 1923. Up to th a t
time the members present a t Goteborg are to act as the joint com
m ittee.
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L A B O R LAW S A N D C O U R T DECISIONS.
Rights and Status of Employees Injured in Commerce.
B y L in d l e y D . Cla rk .
R
ECENT decisions by the Supreme Court of the U nited States
bring into prominence the question of jurisdiction where em
ployees in commerce suffer injury. The subject has been ad
verted to a t various times, and the bulletins of the Bureu of Labor
S tatistics containing decisions of courts and opinions affecting
labor present from year to year a considerable quota of cases in
which the turning point is the nature of the employment, whether
intrastate and so under local law, or interstate and therefore under
the Federal sta tu te — this in so far as commerce by steam railroads
is concerned. Corresponding questions arise w ith regard to com
merce by water, calling for distinctions between State and m aritim e
jurisdiction. Decisions in both these fields recently handed down by
the Supreme Court make pronouncements in direct contradiction of
positions taken by State courts of last resort, and point out erro
neous inferences which these courts have drawn in their attem p t to
apply w hat were understood to be the principles laid down by the
Supreme Court in earlier cases. T hat the situation has become more
rather than less complicated is practically the declaration of the
court in one of these cases, in which it was said th a t if ever the
establishment of an invariable standard, applicable w ithout confu
sion, was possible, it is not so now. W hether the problem of the rela
tion between State and Federal laws governing railroad service, or
th a t of the line of distinction between m aritim e emplovments sub
ject only to adm iralty jurisdiction and those adjunct or correlated
employments which m ay be held within the purview of S tate s ta t
utes, is or is not incapable of solution would seem alm ost a super
fluous question, were it not for the long-continued confusion and
misunderstanding th a t have prevailed.
As to commerce by railroad, prior to the legislation of 1906, State
courts could act freely in rendering judgm ents for damages for in
jured railroad workers, administering State legislation w ithout refer
ence to the nature of their employment as interstate or intrastate,
since Congress had not exercised its authority in regard to legislation
in this field. The act of 1906 being held unconstitutional, th a t of
1908 (am endment of 1910) has taken its place, and is now the full
standard and exclusive test of liability of the carrier by railroad as
regards employees in interstate service. In the m eantim e m ost of
the States of the Union have adopted the system of compensation,
by which an entirely different principle is applied, questions of
negligence being dispensed with, as well as th a t of the assum ption of
risk. Several attem pts have been made to secure the enactm ent by
Congress of a compensation sta tu te for employees in interstate corn-
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
merce, a sta tu te of this nature having at one time passed both Houses,
b u t on account of am endm ents made in one House for the considera
tion of which in the other House there was insufficient time because
of the nearness of adjournm ent, the bill failed to become a law.
This was in 1912, and no later attem p t has approxim ated the success
th a t then seemed so near.
M aritime occupations have never been the subject of legislation in
the same sense th a t interstate commerce by rail has been, b u t amend
m ents to the Judicial Code have sought to give to the States control
over accidents occurring in the ports and harbors of the various
jurisdictions. The failure of the first effort is w ritten in the finding
of unconstitutionality of the attem pted am endm ent in the K nicker
bocker case (see Monthly L abor R ev iew , June, 1920, pp. 171-175).
The second attem pt, only recently consummated, has not yet received
th a t consideration by the Supreme Court which is obviously necessary
before any assurance cqn be felt as to its validity. In the m eantim e
longshoremen and stevedores have been avowedly desirous of a
compensation status, so th a t it would seem probable th a t if the present
am endm ent to the Judicial Code is not found adequate they will take
measures to secure the enactm ent of a Federal compensation statute,
which is adm ittedly within the power of Congress, and by which a
uniform compensation system will be established for this class of
workers throughout the country. The situation is different w ith re
gard to interstate employees of common carriers by railroad. Coun
sel has been divided, some of the im portant railroad brotherhoods
affected being strongly opposed to a compensation system, while
others have favored it. In the m eantim e the divergencies of remedy
mislead applicants, the m istake in taking action frequently not becom
ing definitely known until it is too late to choose the proper remedy.
A third subject, arising from a decision by a S tate court, is th a t of
the status of employees of pipe-line companies. These are common
carriers and m ay be engaged in both interstate and in trastate com
merce. They are therefore within the possible control of Congress,
b u t it has not yet acted. This leaves all employees of such compa
nies potentially subject to S tate legislation.
Interstate or Intrastate Commerce by Railroads.
rT*H E Supreme Court of the U nited States decided on May 29, 1922,
* a case involving the continuously recurring question of jurisdic
tion in railroad accidents. (Industrial Accident Commission of Cal
ifornia v. Payne, 42 Sup. Ct. 489.) T h at the question remains an
unsettled one is evidenced not only by the fact th a t an appeal was
taken from the State court, b u t also th a t the judgm ent of th a t court
was reversed. A t the time of the accident causing the injury the
injured workm an was employed in repairing an engine in the general
repair shops of a railroad company. The engine had been employed
in interstate commerce, and on the completion of repairs was again
so employed. However, the industrial commission of the State
regarded the work as local and awarded compensation benefits.
John B arton Payne, Federal D irector General of Railroads, and the
employing company carried the case to the courts on the ground th a t
the employment was in interstate commerce, and under the Federal
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liability law instead of under the compensation law of the State
(195 Pac. 81). The court adopted this view and the industrial
accident commission in tu rn brought the case to the Supreme Court
of the U nited States, where the judgm ent of the court was reversed
and the cause rem anded for further proceedings in accordance with
the view th a t the Federal law was no t applicable, the employment
not being interstate in its nature.
The California court reviewed a num ber of decisions of the Supreme
Court construing the application of the employers’ liability act of
1908 and concluded th a t “ the principle they established was simple,
th a t its application had been rendered difficult by the diversity of
decisions in the Federal and S tate courts, and th a t this (Supreme)
Court had fixed no rule by which the conflict could be resolved, b u t
had rem itted the decision of each case to its particular facts.”
I t is interesting to note th a t though the court considered th a t the
“ principle established was sim ple” the conclusion reached by it was
repudiated by the Supreme Court. In response to the at least
intim ated desire for a definite rule, Mr. Justice McKenna, who
delivered the opinion in the case under review, said: “ We m ay say
of them [the decided cases] at once th a t a precise ruling, one th a t
enables an instant and undisputed application, has not been attem pted
to be laid down.” Diverse decisions by Federal courts of appeal
and of S tate courts of last resort were noted, b u t no explicit rule
was attem pted, “ though we are besought to declare a standard
invariable by circumstances or free from confusion by them in applica
tion.” The test question is the one so often cited from the case of
Shanks v. D., L. & W. R. Co. (1916), 239 U. S. 556, 36 Sup. Ct. 188:
“ Was the employee at the time of the injury engaged in interstate
transportation or any work so closely related to it as to be practically
a p a rt of it ?” In th a t case a m achinist usually employed on repair
ing locomotives in use in interstate and in trastate transportation
was m oving an overhead shaft in order to provide for the more efficient
operation of the m achinery used in such repair work. I t was here
held th a t the em ploym ent was too rem ote from acts of commerce to
come w ithin the Federal law. On the other hand, injury incurred on
actual repair work done on a car in current use in interstate com
merce comes within the purview of the Federal statu te. (Walsh v.
N. Y., N. H. & H. R. Co., 223 U. S. 1, 32 Sup. Ct. 169.) B u t where
an engine used in both lands of commerce was tem porarily w ith
drawn for purposes of repair and taken to the shop it would not be
regarded as an instrum entality of interstate commerce, b u t as sub
ject to the provisions of the laws of the State. (Chicago, K. & S. R.
Co. v. Kindlesparker, 246 U. S. 657, 38 Sup. Ct. 425.) This decision
is exactly in line with th a t in the instant case, b u t was a reversal
of a decision of the U nited States Circuit Court of Appeals for the
Sixth Circuit (234 Fed. 1, 148 C. C. A. 17). In Minneapolis & St. L.
R. Co. v. W inters (242 U. S. 353, 37 Sup. Ct. 170), decided in 1917,
the court had held th a t the withdrawal of an engine used in handling
freight trains containing products in both interstate and in trastate
commerce destroyed its interstate status even though it m ight be
a t once returned to such service. The case differed from th a t noted
in the W alsh case since “ it was not interrupted in an interstate haul
to be repaired and go on. I t simply had finished some interstate
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Business and had not yet begun upon any other.” Obviously varia
tions in circumstances and conditions are limitless. “ There m ay be
only a placem ent upon a sidetrack or in a roundhouse—the inter
ruption of actual use, and the return to it, being of varying lengths
of tim e; or there m ay be a removal to the repair and construction
shops, a definite withdrawal from service and placem ent in new
relations; the relations of a workshop, its employments and employees
having cause in the movements th a t constitute commerce b u t are
n o t imm ediate to it.”
The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania had before it (July, 1921) a
case involving the unloading of a portion of a wrecked car from a
gondola on which it had been brought to the repair shop. The car
had been used in interstate commerce, and because of this fact the
resultant injury, which was fatal, was held by this court to be under
the Federal statutes and not under the workm en’s com pensation
law of the State. (Koons v. Phila. & R. R. Co., 114 Atl. 262.) I t
was here said th a t the car having been disabled when in an inter
state m ovem ent, “ its disablement does not suspend nor destroy th a t
interstate character. The em ploym ent follows the kind of instru
m entality through the delay in the repair shop until it returns to
the destination indicated. This seems to be the doctrine [in deci
sions of the U nited States Supreme Court cited].” One of the
cases cited was the W inters case, in which the injury was found to
be not in interstate commerce because the character of the engine
under repair “ depended on its employment a t the time, not upon
rem ote probabilities or upon accidental later events.” The other
case was one (Great N orthern Car Co. v. Otos, 239 U. S. 349, 36 Sup.
Ct. 124) in which, in 1915, the Supreme Court had held th a t an
injury incurred while switching a defective car was under the Federal
sta tu te even though its interstate m ovem ent was delayed and it
was m arked for repairs and for switching to the repair track.
The question presents itself as to the correctness of the analogy
between the cases cited and the case before the Pennsylvania court,
especially in view of the definite conclusion in the Payne case th a t a
definite w ithdraw al from service, such as necessarily followed the
actual wreckage of the car, would be more th an an interruption of
commerce, so th a t the State law would apparently become applicable,
as was decided in reversing the California court in th a t case. A t any
rate it is evident th a t to say th a t “ the em ploym ent follows the kind of
instrum entality through the delay in the repair shop”—for several
weeks in the instan t case—is entirely too broad, since, as the Supreme
Court has said: “ This is not like the m atter of repairs upon a road
perm anently devoted to commerce among the States. An engine
[or car] as such is not perm anently devoted to any kind of traffic”
(W inters case.) In accord w ith the doctrine in the Payne case and the
W inters case is a decision by the Supreme Court of Oklahoma th a t an
engine taken out of service and placed in the shop for repairs, even
though when in service it was used in operating an interstate passenger
train, “ was not being used in commerce of any kind; it was ‘ dead. ’ ”
(Chicago, R. I. & P . R. Co. v. Cronin, 176 Pac. 919.)
As stated by Mr. Justice M cKenna in the Payne case, if ever it was
possible to lay down an invariable standard for interstate as distin
guished from in trastate commerce, it is not so now. “ Things do not
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have to be in broad contrast to have different practical and legal con
clusions. Actions take estim ation from degrees, and of this life and
law are replete w ith examples.” Be th a t as it m ay, there is an obvious
desirability of some clarification of a situation in which courts of
high rank, apparently seeking earnestly to apply their understanding
of the principles involved in the decisions of the Supreme Court, m ay
be able more closely to harmonize their results. T h at this end has
not been reached is apparent from the reversal of the Pennsylvania
Supreme Court in the Koons case, of the U nited States Circuit C ourt
of Appeals in the Kindlesparker case, of the California D istrict Court
of Appeals in the Payne case, and of the Pennsylvania Supreme
Court in the case of Philadelphia & Reading Co. v. H ancock (253 U. S.
284, 40 Sup. Ct. 512). In this last case it was held th a t a purely
in trastate line, in fact a colliery line only, was engaged in interstate
commerce though its employees never moved beyond a brief radius
from the mine, the coal handled being in cars the ultim ate destination
of some of which was outside the State. The view of the State
Supreme Court was th a t the m ovem ent was purely in tra sta te com
merce until weighed and billed a t the point a t which the actual con
tinuous m ovem ent in interstate commerce began—a view th a t was
rejected by the U nited States Supreme Court.
A nother illustration of divergency is found in cases involving the
m ovem ent of coal intended for use on railway locomotives. The
Court of Appeals of Missouri held (H arrington v. C. B. & Q. R. Co., 180
S. W. 443) th a t shifting cars of coal to be placed in bins for engines
used in both interstate and in trastate commerce was not interstate
commerce, since until placed in the tender of an engine for such actual
use it could not be regarded as an instrum entality of such commerce.
On the other hand the Court of Appeals of New York found th a t a
plaintiff m ight recover for injuries received while placing cars on a
trestle so th a t coal could be dum ped into pockets from which it could
be transferred to the tenders of engines engaged in interstate com
merce, because “ th a t work was so closely connected w ith and related
to interstate commerce as to be a p a rt of it. ” (Barlow v. Lehigh Valley
R. Co., 107 N. E. 814.) Both of these cases went to the Supreme
Court, the form er being affirmed (Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co. v. H arring
ton, 241 U. S. 177,36 Sup. Ct. 517), and the la tte r reversed five years
after the injury. (Lehigh Valley R. Co. v. Barlow, 244 U. S. 183, 37
Sup. Ct. 515.) However, the application by the Supreme Court of
California of the principle involved in these cases was found to be in
error by the Supreme Court of the United States. In this case (So.
Pac. Co. v. Industrial Accident Commission, 251 U. S. 259, 40 Sup. Ct.
130) a lineman was killed while wiping insulators to which were
attached wires conveying electricity for the operation of interstate
and intrastate trains of the railroad company. Relying on the deci
sion in the H arrington case, the California court held th a t this work
m an was not in interstate commerce, and affirmed an award under
the State compensation law (171 Pac. 1071). The Supreme Court
reversed this, holding th a t the employment was so intim ately con
nected w ith the movement of interstate traffic as to be a p a rt of it.
Other applications of this principle appeared in Erie R. Co. v. Collins
(253 U. S. 77, 40 Sup. Ct. 450), in which it was said th a t a pum p tender
a t a w ater tank which supplied w ater to both interstate and intra-
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state trains was under the Federal statu te, as was a workm an engaged
in drying sand for engines engaged in both forms of commerce (Erie R.
Co. v. Szary, 253 U. S. 86, 40 Sup. Ct. 454); and the inquiry seems
b u t n atu ral as to why w ater in a tank furnishing a common supply
or sand in a bin for indiscriminate use are in interstate commerce
when coal in such a bin is not.
N aturally State courts do not agree among themselves. As an
illustration, identical situations were considered by the Supreme
Court of Illinois and th a t of U tah. Old rails had been removed from
the track and left on the right of way until their rem oval became con
venient. The Illinois court held th a t such rem oval was an act of
interstate commerce, as a p a rt of the general work of repairing the
track. (K usturin v. Chicago & A. R. Co., 122 N. E. 512.) On the other
hand in Perez v. Union Pac. R. Co. (173 Pac. 236), the Supreme Court
of U ta h a year earlier (1918) denied any connection w ith interstate
commerce, since the rail m ight have lain alongside the track in
definitely w ithout any interruption of interstate commerce, its removal
not being a work of repair.
An exhaustive exam ination of the variations and conflicts of
opinion is not attem pted here and would serve no purpose com
m ensurate w ith the labor and space required for presentation.
I t is sufficiently evident th a t an injured workman is in a great num
ber of cases quite unable, even with the best of counsel, to determine
under w hat law proceedings should be taken. I t not infrequently
happens th a t proceedings under the wrong statu te are protracted
until the expiration of the time during which the proper action m ight
be begun and there is an entire loss of the right of recovery. In
Williams v. Southern Pac. Co., 202 Pac. 356, it was stated that, as
a precaution against such an event, a claim before a compensation
commission m ay be made at the same or approxim ately the same
time as the bringing of the suit, or, “ in States which provide b u t one
tribunal for the trial of such actions, th a t tribunal determines in
the one action whether the employment was interstate or intrastate,
and enters judgm ent accordingly under the Federal law or the
S tate law as the case m ay w arrant.”
The conflicting character of the decisions handed down leads to
the belief th a t the enactm ent of a general sta tu te covering as far as
possible employees in commerce, interstate and intrastate, under
a compensation system adjusted to coordinate operation w ith such
S tate laws as m ight be found requisite would go far to relieve the
situation; and if adm inistration were so arranged as to perm it the
transfer of a case to the proper classification, if both m ust be m ain
tained, it would avoid the loss of rights due to the expiration of lim ita
tion periods.
Pipe Lines.
nPH E difficulty involved in giving to employees of common carriers
* one status while engaged in interstate work and another status
while engaged in in trastate work, the surroundings, personnel and
instrum entalities being identical, has led a num ber of States to make
special provision for all employees of such carriers. As stated in
the introduction, apart from Federal legislation, State courts and
S tate laws were free to operate w ith regard to employees of common
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carriers until Congress acted. The action thus far taken, so far
as liability for injuries is concerned, is restricted to common carriers
by railroad. Pipe lines carrying oil are common carriers (Pipe Line
Cases, 234 U. S. 548, 34 Sup. Ct. 956), while those carrying gas and
w ater are definitely excluded from the operation of the interstate
commerce act (34 S tat. 584). However, gas no less than oil is the
subject of interstate commerce, b u t the employees in neither service
have thus far been brought within the purview of Federal legislation.
This would seem to leave them, w ithout question, subject to S tate
compensation or other laws w ithout possiblity of conflicting juris
diction.
The laws of m ost States in excluding interstate service m ention
railroads as the specific class of work th a t is excepted, either entirely,
or in so far as the service is interstate, from the operation of the com
pensation law. In the W est Virginia law, however, language capable
of more general application is used, section 52 providing th a t the act
shall apply to any employer under the act who “ is also engaged in
interstate or foreign comm erce” only to the extent th a t interstate
and in trastate work are clearly separable and distinguishable, and
such employers are within the act only on active election. This
phraseology was construed as exempting employers whose business
it is to produce and transport n atu ral gas from the S tate of W est
Virginia to other States from the compulsory operation of the State
compensation law, enabling them to offer the common-law defenses
in proceedings to secure redress in case of an injury in employment.
In Suttle v. Hope N atural Gas Co. (82 W. Va. 729, 97 S. E . 429)
this provision was said to have been incorporated to prevent con
flict w ith the Federal power over interstate commerce, though it
was pointed out th a t the S tate was free to act as to interstate carriers
of gas until Congress should take measures covering the field. The
production of oil and gas and the cleaning of wells were said to be
purely in trastate activities and cleanly separable from the interstate
business of a producer who supplied gas for export beyond the S tate
boundaries. The same rule was applied in R oberts v. U nited Fuel
Co. (84 W. Va. 368, 99 S. E. 549), where the injured workm an was
at the tim e digging a ditch for the laying of an in terstate pipe line
not yet brought into use. On the other hand an inspector of a pipe
line carrying gas destined partly for use within the S tate and partly
for export was said to be engaged in duties inseparably connected
w ith interstate service and was not under the S tate compensation
law unless by positive election. (Miller v. United Fuel Gas Co., 88
W. Va. 82, 106 S. E. 419.)
The foregoing cases and others were cited in a very recent decision
of the Supreme Court of Appeals of W est Virginia (Smith v. United
Fuel Gas Co., 112 S. E. 205), in which the question of in terstate and
in tra sta te employment was involved. Here the injured m an sued
for damages, the employing company, a producer and exporter of
gas by pipe line, regarding itself as outside the scope of the S tate
compensation act. The in ju ry occurred while the workm an was
engaged in the repair of a compressor engine, which, when in opera
tion, was a p a rt of the p lan t used by the employing com pany to
drive gas across the State line into Ohio. The engine was a large
and perm anent machine, installed only for interstate use, and never
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otherwise employed. I t was held by the court to be definitely an
interstate instrum entality, the repair of which was an incident of
its interstate use. This was held to place it outside the purview of
the State law under the construction already adopted th a t, though
the provision w ith regard to interstate and in tra sta te service was
incorporated to avoid conflict w ith the Federal statutes, i t neverthe
less had application to work of this _kind in which there was no
Federal legislation w ith which to conflict .
W hatever m ay have been the necessities imposed upon the court
by the language of the act, it is difficult to see w hat advantage
accrues by the extension of the confusion as to railroad service to
any other field in the absence of actual, conflicting enactm ents.
The rem ark of the judge in the S uttle case to the effect th a t it was
the intention to avoid conflict w ith Federal power over in terstate
commerce is a fair inference from the phraseology used. This con
clusion is fortified b}- an am endm ent effected by chapter 131, Acts
of 1919, inserting after the clause defining the employer as “ also
engaged in interstate or foreign commerce,” the lim iting clause
“ and for whom a rule of liability or m ethod of compensation has
been or m ay be established by the Congress of the U nited S tates.”
The words “ has b e e n ” obviously can refer only to railroads; w hat
the inclusion of the words “ m ay b e ” is, has not y et been discussed
by the courts, since, though the Miller case and the Sm ith case were
bo th decided subsequent to the enactm ent of this amendm ent, the
facts giving rise to the actions antedated the coming into force of
the am endm ent.
Stevedoring, Longshore Work, etc.
r"THE Supreme Court of the U nited States in a decision rendered
* May 29 reversed the Court of Appeals of New York in a case
involving the problem of the status of workmen engaged in the
loading and unloading of vessels. (State Industrial Com. v. N ordenholt
Corp., 42 Sup. Ct. 473.) Guiseppe Insana was working on a dock
as a longshoreman, stacking bags of cement which were being un
loaded from a vessel, and during this work he received fatal injuries.
His m other asked of the State industrial commission an allowance
under the S tate w orkm en’s compensation law, which was awarded.
The appellate division regarded this award as contrary to the p rin
ciples laid down by the court of appeals of the S tate, and reversed
it (Insana v. N ordenholt Corp., 195 App. Div. 913, 185 N. 1 . Supp.
933); the court of appeals affirmed this judgm ent w ithout opinion,
October 25, 1921 (232 N. Y. 507, 134 N. E . 549).
The decision of the appellate division was based on determ inations
in the cases K eator v. R ock P laster Mfg. Co. (224 N. Y. 540, 120
N. E. 56), and Anderson v. Johnson Lighterage Co. (224 N. Y. 539,
120 N. E . 55). In both these cases the injured parties were helping
to unload a vessel lying in navigable waters, and they were held to
be outside the S tate w orkm en’s compensation law for reasons stated
in a contem poraneous opinion in Doey v. How land Co. (Inc.) (224
N. Y. 30,, 120 N. E . 53), which in tu rn was held to be controlled b y
the decision of the Supreme C ourt of the United States in Southern
Pac. Co. v. Jensen (244 U. S. 205, 37 Sup. Ct. 524), and Clyde Steam
ship Co. v. W alker (244 U. S. 255, 37 Sup. Ct. 545).
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In the Jensen case the injured m an was at work as a stevedore on
a vessel. He was operating a small electric freight truck running
from the pier over a gangplank about 10 feet long into the hold of
the vessel. While coming out, standing on the loaded truck, his
truck jam m ed against the guide pieces on the gangway. He then
undertook to back into the hold of the vessel through the hatchw ay
to m ake a new start, b u t failing to lower his head he struck the side
of the vessel, receiving fatal injuries. His widow and children were
awarded benefits under the compensation law of New York, b u t
when the case reached the Supreme Court it was held to be outside
the purview of this statute, as being a m aritim e injury under the
exclusive jurisdiction of the Federal district courts. Furtherm ore,
the rem edy proposed was held to be inconsistent w ith the uniform ity
of jurisdiction contem plated and the declared lim itation upon the
liability of the owners of vessels. Vigorous and lengthy opinions in
dissent were filed, four justices opposing the m ajority opinion. The
same division of opinion was in evidence in the W alker case. W alker
suffered an injury to his hand while adjusting a hook for the purpose
of rem oving a load of lum ber from the vessel on which he was. This
case also arose under an award by the industrial commission of New
York.
In the Doey case the injured workman was m aking repairs on an
ocean-going vessel lying at the dock in the navigable waters of New
York, and, as stated, the court of appeals of the State regarded the
decisions of the Supreme Court as controlling. A similar view was
taken in still another instance. (Newham v. Chile E xploration Co.,
232 N. Y. 37, 123 N. E. 120.) In the Anderson case, and apparently
in the K eator case, the injured m an was on the pier or dock aiding
in the unloading of a vessel, while in the Newham case the injured
m an was acting as checker or tallym an, and was injured while on the
dock. In m aking the decision in the Newham (the latest) case the
court of appeals referred to the two earlier cases as falling under
m aritim e jurisdiction, to which the w orkm en’s compensation law of
the State could not apply, saying th a t “ this is the deduction which
we have m ade fro m ” the Jensen case and the case of Knickerbocker
Ice Co. v. Stew art (253 U. S. 149, 40 Sup. Ct. 438). Citing these
decisions, the Supreme Court in the Insana case said th a t the New
York court had made deductions from these cases “ which we think
are unw arranted, and has proceeded upon an erroneous view of the
Federal law .” Continuing, the court said:
When an employee working on board a vessel in navigable waters sustains per
sonal injuries there, and seeks damages from the employer, the applicable legal
principles are very different from those which would control if he had been injured
on land while unloading the vessel. In the former situation the liability of em
ployer must be determined under the maritime law; in the latter, no general mari
time rule prescribes the liability, and the local law has always been applied. The
liability of the employer for damages on account of injuries received on shipboard
by an employee under a maritime contract is matter within the admiralty jurisdiction;
but not so when the accident occurs on land.
In deciding the Jensen case the Supreme Court had cited a some
w hat earlier case, A tlantic Transport Co. v. Im brovek (234 U. S. 52,
34 Sup. Ct. 733), in-which the doctrine th a t the place in which the
injury occurred is the exclusive test of adm iralty jurisdiction in m at
ters of to rt had been questioned. Flere the injured m an was stow-
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ing copper on board the ship which he was assisting to load. I t
was here said th a t “ the precise scope of adm iralty jurisdiction is not
a m atter of obvious principle or of very accurate history.” The
question of locality is not restricted to the m atter of being on a vessel,
b u t upon the high seas or navigable waters. The work of loading
and stowing the cargo, formerly done by the ship’s crew, is now
done by a specialized class of workers “ as clearly identified with
m aritim e affairs as are the m ariners.” Here, though the ship itself
was not found liable for the injury, the stevedore com pany was held
to be responsible and under adm iralty jurisdiction.
A nother case cited by the Supreme Court, decided Jan u ary 3,
1922 (Grant Sm ith-Porter Ship Co. v. Rhode, 42 Sup. Ct. 157), de
clared th a t where to rt m atters are involved the question of juris
diction depends upon the locality, a fact which “ has been so fre
quently asserted by this court th a t it m ust now be treated as settled.”
I t was in view of the fact th a t Insana, the injured workm an in the
case under present consideration, was on the dock when he received
his fatal injury th a t the judgm ent of the court below was reversed,
in effect discrediting also the decisions of the court of appeals in the
Anderson, K eator, and Newham cases. The apparent result is th a t
when a workm an is required to move back and forth from the dock
to the vessel he is under constantly alternating jurisdictions. Jensen,
who was held to be under the m aritim e jurisdiction and not under
the State compensation law would, if his truck had not jam med,
have been on the pier in a few seconds, where an injury, under the
doctrine in the instant case, would have been under the S tate com
pensation law.
The situation can hardly be said to be clarified by the decision
of the Supreme Court in the case of W estern Fuel Co. v. Garcia (1921)
(42 Sup. Ct. 89). Here a stevedore at work on a vessel anchored in
San Francisco Bay was killed. No recovery is allowed for the death
of a m an through the negligent act of another under the common
law or under general m aritim e law. However, a sta tu te of Cali
fornia gives an action for damages on account of death, and it was
held th a t where State laws gave such rights “ the adm iralty courts
will entertain a libel in personam for the damages sustained by
those to whom such right is given.” I t was explained th a t “ the
subject is m aritim e and local in character and the specified modifi
cation of or supplem ent to the rule applied in adm iralty courts when
following the common law, will not work m aterial prejudice to the
characteristic features of the general m aritim e law, nor interfere
w ith the proper harm ony and uniform ity of th a t law in its in ter
national and interstate relations.”
This principle was applied in the Rhode case, where a ship car
penter sought recovery in adm iralty for injuries received while at
work on a partially completed vessel lying in navigable waters in
the State of Oregon. Here it was said th a t the S tate compensation
law prescribes an exclusive remedy and the w orkm an’s activities
had at the time no direct relation to navigation or commerce, so th a t
the right to com pensation was open to him b u t no right to re
cover damages in an adm iralty court. I t is easy to see the grounds
for exem pting the Rhode case, since the employment was not of
a m aritim e nature although “ on navigable waters and the cause
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was of a kind ordinarily within the adm iralty jurisdiction. ” How
ever, the vessel never had entered commerce and the w orkm an’s
(carpenter’s) activities in no way affected either. The Garcia case,
however, would seem to be on all fours w ith the Jensen case or the
Im brovek case, since Garcia was on the vessel when injured in his
em ploym ent as a stevedore; and the deviation from b oth common
and m aritim e law effected by a sta tu te giving right of action for
injuries causing death where no right of action existed can hardly
be said to be greater than the substitution of a compensation scheme
for one giving a right of action for damages under adm iralty rules.
In other words the question of w hat is a departure th a t will “ work
m aterial prejudice to the characteristic features of the general
m aritim e law ,” and w hat deviation will not “ interfere w ith the
proper harm ony and uniform ity of th a t law ,” rem ains an unsolved
question. If “ in Jen sen ’s case rights and liabilities were definitely
fixed by m aritim e rules, whose uniform ity was essential,” w hat will
be the status of such a worker now under the 1922 am endm ent to
the Judicial Code (see M o n t h l y L a b o r K e v i e w , July, 1922, p. 152) %
This am endm ent purports to m ake the law uniform for stevedores
and longshoremen in their m ovements back and forth from the
dock into the ship over the gangplank. If the Jensen case is to stand
and the Knickerbocker case, in which an earlier, though broader,
atte m p t was m ade to amend the Judicial Code, was held to be void,
the situation is not advanced by legislation beyond w hat it has been
from the beginning of compensation legislation. The current deci
sion does guarantee to such workers injured while on docks the
protection of the local law, b u t there is no intim ation in the opinion
of any relaxation of the rule laid down in the Jensen and K nicker
bocker cases th a t where the injury is on the vessel, or rath er “ upon
the high seas or navigable w aters,” no deviation from the m ari
time law is possible except by Federal legislation of uniform force
and effect, unless such intim ation can be said to be found in the cita
tion of the Garcia case.
Test of Hazard Under Compensation Law of New York.
H E workm en’s compensation law of New York is professedly
based on the m atte r of hazard, its coverage being restricted
(section 2) to “ employees engaged in the following hazardous
employm ents.” Section 2 of the law contains an enum eration of
the groups, some 47 in number, into which so-called hazardous em
ploym ents are divided. Group 45, added by an am endm ent after
some years of experience under the act, includes “ all other employ
m ents not hereinbefore enum erated * * * in which there are
engaged or employed four or more workmen or operatives regularly,
in the same business or in or about the same establishm ent, either
upon the premises or a t the plan t or away from the p lan t of the
em ployer,” farm labor and domestic service being exempted. I t
m ay be noted in passing th a t the constitutional amendm ent, which
was held necessary in view of the decision of the Court of Appeals
of New York holding the first law enacted on the subject unconsti-
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tutional (Ives v. South Buffalo B. Co., 201 N. Y. 271, 94 N. E. 431),
contains no provision restricting legislation to hazardous employ
m ents b u t authorizes the enactm ent of laws for compensation
“ for injuries to employees or for death of em ployees” generally.
A case involving the construction of this classification, which
suggests th a t there is a hazard in the num ber of persons employed,
came before the Supreme Court of the U nited States, a decision
thereon being rendered July 5, 1922. (W ard & Gow v. K rinsky,
42 Sup. Ct. 529.) The claim ant, K rinsky, was employed by a
company which m aintained stands a t some 125 points in various
subway and elevated railw ay stations in the city of New York for
the sale of periodicals and other merchandise. In this departm ent
there were 307 employees of all classes, including porters, chauf
feurs, inspectors, and salesmen, one a t each station or booth. K rin
sky, as a salesman, had no contact w ith other employees except the
inspector, and the chauffeur who brought his supplies. For pur
poses of cleanliness K rinsky was furnished w ith a pail for w ater,
which he obtained from a washroom two floors above his work
place. One morning while em ptying the w ater on the tracks pre
p aratory to obtaining a new supply, following his custom, he was
struck by an approaching train and suffered injuries for which
compensation was claimed.
The S tate industrial commission awarded benefits, from which
award an appeal -was taken to the S tate supreme court, appellate
division, the contention being th a t the injured m an, not being a
“ workm an or operative,” was n o t w ithin the protection of the act.
This contention was rejected, th a t court holding th a t the act by its
classification declared the employment hazardous and th a t ‘‘all
employees of a ‘hazardous em ploym ent7 are w ithin the protection
of the sta tu te , irrespective of w hether or no t their particular duties
bring them w ithin the hazards of the em ploym ent.’’ (Krinsky v.
W ard & Gow, 184 N. Y. Supp. 443.) This decision was affirmed in
a m em orandum opinion byr the court o f appeals of the S tate (231
N. Y. 525, 132 N. E . 873). The employer thereupon obtained a
w rit of error, bringing the case before the Supreme Court.
The decision of the Supreme Court, delivered by Mr. Justice
Pitney, Mr. Justice McBeynolds and Mr. Justine M cKenna dis
senting, considered the question involved a t length. The num ber
of porters, who are adm ittedly workmen or operatives, was suffi
cient to bring the em ploym ent w ithin the act, and the court found
th a t they were clearly “ engaged in the same business” w ith sales
men, since they loaded the trucks w ith the m erchandise which the
salesmen disposed of. Various cases were cited in which the New
York courts had held in substantially similar cases th a t all employees
of an employer whose principal business comes w ithin the classifica
tion of hazardous, are under the act, even though their duties are
no t a p a rt of the characteristic operations or processes of the busi
ness. Accepting this construction of the law by the highest au
thority of the State, the Supreme Court found th a t its function is
confined to ‘‘determining whether, as so construed and as applied
to the concrete facts of the case, the sta tu te contravenes the lim ita
tions imposed by the fourteenth am endm ent upon S tate actions.”
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As to tlie contention th a t “ the validity of com pulsory workm en’s
compensation acts depends upon the inherently hazardous character
of the occupations covered/’ and th a t a mere declaration by the
legislature th a t a certain em ploym ent is hazardous is not conclusive,
the court said th a t the argum ent was based upon “ the curious m is
conception th a t the legislature regarded the workmen or operatives
as the sole source of the danger to those engaged in the same business
w ith th e m ,” and upon an assumption, equally untenable, th a t the
salesman was in an occupation free from inherent hazard even though
his duties called him a t times to go into moving throngs of passengers
and into close proxim ity to the railway tracks. The finding th a t the
injuries “ arose out of and in the course of his em ploym ent” was
m ade by the commission and affirmed by both the S tate courts, and
m ust be accepted unless found to be w ithout support in the evidence.
A sufficient basis for compulsory compensation laws was said to exist
in the public interest of the State in the lives and personal security
of those who are under the protection of its laws. This authorizes
legislation calling for the securing of compensation, to be paid by the
employers in hazardous occupations for gain where it m ay be con
tem plated by both parties in advance th a t sooner or la tte r some of
those employed probably will sustain accidental injury, b u t w ith no
certainty a s 'to time, numbers, or seriousness of the injury. “ T h a t
there was inherent hazard in K rinsky’s occupation is conclusively
shown by the fact th a t in the course of it he received a serious and
disabling personal injury arising out of it.”1 T h at such an injury as
occurred m ight have been foreseen is dem onstrated not only by the
fact of its occurrence in the way in which it occurred b u t also by the
legislative provision made in advance; hence there was no undue
deprivation of liberty or property.
The contention th a t the construction of the provision establishing
Group 45 goes beyond the lim its of due process of law was said to be
controverted both by the facts of K rinsky’s experience and by the
fact th a t no responsibility is entailed if the em ploym ent is entirely
free from inherent hazard, since in the absence of injury or death no
benefits or other costs accrued. If one is a self-insurer no insurance
costs are involved except as disabling injuries actually occur. If
insurance in a company is carried, “ presum ably the premiums will
not exceed a reasonable estim ate of the risk.” The employer m ay as
a third alternative invest in the State fund, where “ there is an
assurance of equivalency in the public adm inistration of the fund
* * * based upon the total pay roll and num ber of employees in
each class of employment, at the lowest possible rate consistent w ith
the m aintenance of a solvent insurance fund and the creation of a
reasonable surplus and reserve.” F urther proof of the fallacy of any
argum ent th a t any such legislation is arb itrary and unreasonable in
placing burdens on the employer where injury is improbable, is found
in the fact th a t in the absence of legislation of this kind any injury
1T h e im portance of th is announcem ent w arran ts th e calling of special a tte n tio n to it. I n B ulletin No.
272 of th e B u reau of Labor S tatistics (p . 140) i t is said: “ R ulings on th e question of hazard are obviously
difficult, since th e y w ould seem to be practically answ ered b y th e fact of th e occurrence of the in ju ry which
m u st hap p en before th e case can come to consideration; an d th e fact of th e in ju ry is in itself proof th a t the
occupation is a t least in some degree hazardous. * * * I n an y view, th e m a tte r resolves itself In to this,
th a t if a given occuoation is hazardous, those engaged in i t m ay properly expect provision to be m ade in
th eir behalf; if th e risk is com paratively slight, th e cost for providing for occasional injuries arising in it is
not burdensom e on th e em ployer while m inistering to th e needs of th e injured individual, which are none
the less urgent because of th e com paratively sm all n u m b er of persons injured in like circum stances.”
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“ would have to be assumed and borne by the disabled employee or
his dependents, ju st as under the sta tu te they still m ust bear all
beyond the scheduled compensation.” Instead of being unreason
able, the extension of the compensation law by the addition of this
group “ shows rather intelligent foresight, and anticipation, based
upon practical experience in the operation of the law as it stood be
fore, th a t however little foreseen by persons im m ediately concerned,
accidental disabling injuries inevitably would occur in occupations
not previously classed as hazardous.” No claim of denial of due
process could therefore be allowed.
The next point taken up was th a t of “ equal protection of the laws. ”
The theory th a t “ h a z ard ,” as applied to the em ploym ent of four or
more workmen or operatives, can be im puted only where there is
group labor was said to be untenable. “ The employment of four
or more workmen or operatives regularly is treated as the nucleus
of a business probably involving personal hazard to some of those
employed; and the same rule of construction is applied to this as to
other groups.” The law “ is based upon the existence of actual,
no t hypothetical, inherent hazards confronting employees in gainful
occupations. ” Its validity has been m aintained in all courts, and
the adm inistration of the provisions of the group under consideration
is in harm ony w ith the general trend of the act. “ Any question
about the validity of an act purporting to impose compulsory
liability upon employers for losses due to occupational hazards,
where there really are no o'ccupational hazards, m ay safely be left
until such case is presented. ”
The question of the connection between the isolated employee and
his coemployees, “ workmen or operatives effective in establishing
the classification,” is discussed a t length. The history and develop
m ent of the law, w ith its m any amendm ents, are referred to. “ We
have been impressed again and again, to the point of complete
conviction, th a t this act or any of its am endm ents is not the work
of novices and bunglers.” A m ultitude of compensation rulings,
opinions of the attorney general, and court decisions, together w ith
classifications and adm inistrative results, have furnished m aterial
for such changes as have been incorporated in the law. The am end
m ent expressing itself in Group 45 was designed to cover previously
unclassified ground, “ where undefined and virtually undefinable
industrial hazards rem ained.” The question of inherent hazard
was not ignored, and a variety of grounds are suggested as a basis for
the enactm ent in the form in which it came into being. Experience
under the act in its amended form will work needed adjustm ents,
and the group included under second Group 45 “ will cost nothing
in the large sense, beyond expenses of adm inistration, if it should
happen to reach where industrial hazard is nonexistent; it will not
be more burdensome than the industrial losses prove to be, where such
hazards do exist. ” The link between the group of four or more and
the scattered salesman so far removed from contact w ith group
labor m ay be regarded as the employer himself. Losses chargeable
against the industry fall against the individual employers engaged in
it. The various circumstances and conditions involved are to be
disposed of by the industrial commission according to experience.
The S tate has amended its constitution so as to m ake this system due
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process of law within its boundaries. We are unable to say th at,
in extending it by the addition of the second Group 45, the S tate has
in the least degree exceeded the lim itations imposed by the fourteenth
amendment.
Constitutionality of Statutes Requiring Service Letters.
IIE custom of giving testim onials or service letters is quite
general, m any employers requiring the production of a paper of
this nature as a condition to the taking on of new workmen. A few
States have undertaken to regulate this m atte r by statute, requiring
the issue of such a letter on request, and th a t it should be a truthful
statem ent of the nature of service and of the nature of term ination,
w hether voluntary or by dismissal, reduction of force, etc. Such
laws have been enacted in California, Georgia, K ansas, Indiana,
Missouri, M ontana, Nebraska, Nevada, Oklahoma, and Texas. In
Georgia, Kansas, and Texas these laws have been held unconsti
tutional; while in M assachusetts a bill embodying the same general
principles was subm itted in advance to the suprem e court of the
State, and by it condemned as an im proper regulation of the con
tra c t of employment. On the other hand, the courts of Missouri and
Oklahoma have regarded this legislation as valid, and cases turning
on the constitutionality of the laws were before the U nited States
Supreme Court a t its recent term , the laws of both States being
upheld. (Cheek v. P rudential Ins. Co. (Mo.), 192 S. W. 387;
affirmed, 42 Sup. Ct. 516; Dickinson v. Perry, 75 Okla. 25, 181 Pac.
504; affirmed, 42 Sup. Ct. 524.)
The Supreme Court, as well as the S tate courts, considered the
reasoning used by the S tate courts in which laws of this natu re had
been condemned, b u t did not find it persuasive. The Suprem e Court,
after reviewing the adverse decisions, wdiich were cited by the plaintiff
in error in support of its contentions of u n co n stitu tio n ally , stated
th a t “ previous decisions of the court are far from furnishing support
for these contentions.” The Suprem e Court of Georgia regarded its
law as “ violative of the general private right of silence enjoyed in
th a t S tate by all persons natural or artificial.” Freedom of speech
being guaranteed by the Constitution, “ incident thereto is the correla
tive liberty of silence, not less im p o rtan t.” Moreover, the subject
m atte r was not of public interest. The K ansas court likewise
regarded the requirem ent of the issue of a service lette r as an inter
ference with the personal liberty guaranteed by the State and Federal
constitutions; also as abridging the right to discharge an employee
for any reason or no reason. Similar argum ents were advanced by
the Texas Supreme Court, though the court of civil appeals of the
State twuce sustained the act as constitutional. In M assachusetts
also it was said th a t the proposed enactm ent would im pair freedom of
contract “ to an unw arrantable degree.”
None of these reasons received the approval of the Supreme Court.
The laws under consideration were restricted to corporations— th at
of Oklahoma to public service corporations; and the court regarded
the enactm ents as legitim ate regulations which the State m ight impose
as a condition under which corporations would be perm itted to do
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business. “ The argum ent under the ‘general p rotection’ clause is
unsubstantial, there being no difficulty in placing corporations in one
class and individuals in another.”
The interest of the S tate in the welfare of its citizens is sufficient
w arrant for the enactm ent of a law of this kind, so th a t “ the conten
tion th a t it involved a private and not a public m atter, in th a t only
the individual employee and the individual employer were concerned,
was a pure assum ption th a t failed to recognize existing conditions.”
As to the right of privacy it was said “ neither the fourteenth am end
m ent nor any other provision of the Constitution of the U nited States
imposes upon the S tates any restrictions about ‘ freedom of speech ’
or ‘liberty of silence’; nor, we m ay add, does it confer any right of
privacy on either persons or corporations.”
I n the Cheek case there was an agreem ent between the insurance
companies doing the principal business in the City of St. Louis no t to
employ an agent leaving either of the other companies until after two
years, and it was held th a t to give damages to the employee for the
failure to issue a service letter in the existing situation would be to
deprive the com pany of property w ithout due process of law. The
S tate court had denied to these corporations the lawful right to enter
into a com bination such as the one noted, and the Suprem e Court
accepted this ruling as a valid declaration of the public policy of the
S tate, so th a t no question of “ equal p ro tectio n ” could come before
the Suprem e Court. B oth judgm ents in favor of the employees were
therefore affirmed.
Modifications of Eight-Hour Law in Belgium.
H E te x t of two royal decrees of May 26, 1922, fixing the addi
tional hours which m ay be worked a t certain seasons of the
year in open quarries and in the building industry is given in
the B ulletin of the Belgian Central Industrial Committee, June 7,
1922 (pp. 430-436). The extension of hours was favored by various
employers’ and employees’ organizations and by the Superior Council
of Labor and other governm ental organizations because of the time
lost on account of bad weather. The decrees authorized the follow
ing hours in stone quarries and the building industry: Nine hours a
day or 108 hours each two weeks during the m onths of May, June,
and July; 96 hours each fortnight or 8 hours per day during the
m onths of February, March, April, August, Septem ber, and October,
and 84 hours each fortnight or 7 hours a day during the rem ainder
of the year. A t the same tim e in order to m ake up the tim e lost
on account of the w eather the hours m ay be extended from 8 to 8%
w ithin the six-m onths period F ebruary to A pril and A ugust to
October and from 7 to 8 during the three m onths from Novem ber to
January, though they can n o t exceed the m axim um fixed for each
two weeks. One hour is added to the first five days of the week if
S aturday afternoon is a holiday.
M any applications for modifications of the 8-liour law have been
m ade to the Superior Labor Council (Le M ouvement Syndical Belge,
May 27, 1922, p. 99), chiefly because of the seasonal nature of various
industries, and the council has decided th a t additional hours m ay
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be worked at certain periods, the extra hours to be offset by short
workdays a t other seasons. The council has decided to grant these
modifications in the following industries: Men’s and women’s ready
made garm ents, fur, millinery, pleating m aterials, embroidering, felt
and straw hats, upholstery, artificial ice, chocolate and ice cream,
pastry, breweries, and cheese factories. These decisions are not
binding, however, until decrees have been issued by the Government.
New Czecho-Slovak Emigration Law .1
NEW law dealing with the question of emigration from Czecho
slovakia was passed on February 15, 1922, by both Houses of
Parliam ent of the Czecho-Slovak Republic. The new law
becomes effective three m onths after its publication in the Collec
tion of Laws and Decrees of the Czecho-Slovak Republic, auto
m atically superseding the former A ustrian laws on emigration of
1897 and 1909.
The new emigration act fulfills the m ost up-to-date demands made
on behalf of the protection of emigrants and attem pts to ad ap t the
recommendations of the International Em igration Commission to
national requirem ents and to carry them out in practice. A n emi
grant under the terms of this act is “ any person who proceeds from
the territory of the Czecho-Slovak Republic to another country with
the purpose of there seeking his living or w ith the purpose of not
returning; also a mem ber of his fam ily who shall accom pany him or
follow him .” A part from a brief reference to the national defense
act, the new law places no restriction on emigration except in the
vital interests of the em igrant himself. The only classes of citizens
prohibited from emigration are:
A
(1)
Citizens liable for service in the army under military law. Not included,
however, are minors above the age of 18 and under 20 leaving for some other country
in Europe. The emigration office nevertheless has power to refuse permission for
this class to emigrate.
(2)
Minors under 16 years of age are not permitted to leave the country for per
manent residence abroad unless they can prove that they are to be accompanied to
their place of destination by a reliable person above the age of 24.
(3) Parties to a criminal proceeding who are out on bail.
(4)
Parents intending to leave their children under 16 years at home without mak
ing adequate provision for their maintenance.
(5)
Persons who are unable to work because of old age, disease, or physical defect
are not permitted to emigrate tinless they can show the possession of sufficient property
to insure them a living income.
(6)
Persons who do not possess more money than the actual amount of their passage,
and persons prohibited to emigrate to a certain country by the laws of that country.
(7)
All citizens without exception not in possession of emigration papers issued by
the proper authorities.
All protective measures are based on a system of special em igra
tion passports, and are, in general, directly handled by the S tate,
although the assistance of philanthropic associations is contem plated
and regulated.
W ith a view to protecting the emigrant, recruitm ent of individuals
for emigration to countries outside of Europe, w hether w ith a view to
1From a rep o rt of th e A m erican consulate a t Prague, dated M arch 28, 1922, a n d a n article in th e In te r
natio n al L abor Review , G eneva, Ju n e, 1922, p . 977.
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taking up land or to accepting employment, is prohibited. Excep
tions by way of adm inistrative regulation m ay be allowed where due
regard has been had to the interests of the emigrant, and where both
his nationality and his right to retu rn are guaranteed to him.
The clauses on the engagement of Czecho-Slovak nationals in Euro
pean countries are modeled on the W ashington unem ploym ent rec
om mendation; they enforce collective recruitm ent, the cooperation
in both countries of the public employment exchanges, and the m en
tion of a definite person or body as employer. Again, in the spirit
of the resolutions of the International Em igration Commission, the
text of the act runs: “ The em ploym ent contract m ust guarantee
th a t there is neither strike nor lockout in the undertaking and th a t
wage and labor conditions shall be accorded to the im m igrant worker
which shall be at least as favorable as those accorded to nationals
who are of the same degree of skill, and th a t these conditions shall
continue during the whole period of the contract.” A new and very
practical clause is th a t which enjoins th a t in the m atter of ter
m inating an employment contract the im m igrant worker shall have
rights equal to those granted to the national.
In order to suppress secret recruiting of emigrants, the num ber of
“ representatives” of foreign shipping companies and the num ber of
licensed emigration offices is restricted. R epresentatives m ay receive
only fixed salaries; they m ay take no sort of commission, nor m ay
they act for any other transport agency. The transport agencies and
their representatives m ay not m ane use of the services of any m iddle
m en or of any persons operating outside their licensed offices. Should
the M inistry of Social Welfare give permission for the em ploym ent of
persons to conduct parties of emigrants, such persons m ust wear a
badge which can be easily recognized and m ust be provided w ith a
license. T ransport agencies m ust at all times be able to produce a
list of their employees and at once dismiss an employee when re
quested by the m inistry. They m ust undertake to preserve their
books and correspondence for five years from the date of the last
entry and to produce them on request. A part from announcem ents,
the contents of which are strictly controlled, transport agencies are
forbidden to enter into negotiations w ith any person until such per
son shall himself have approached them . Principals are equally
liable w ith representatives for any contraventions of the law of which
the la tte r m ay have m ade themselves guilty.
The regulations on the transport of emigrants are designed to cover
the usual abuses. The Czecho-Slovak consular representatives at
ports of em barkation abroad m ust be informed of the intended
arrival of emigrants in good time. They will then note the carrying
out of regulations dealing w ith accommodation and food arrange
m ents before em barkation and on board ship, w ith m edical examina
tion, w ith sanitary and other measures, and w ith the persons ap
pointed to conduct parties of emigrants. E m igrants’ hotels situated
at the frontier or a t the collecting centers will also be subject to
control and, if necessary, be suppressed.
The punitive clauses as to solicitation to emigrate in general, risk
to young persons under 18 years of age, and the white-slave traffic
appear to be drastic in their terms. They conform to the interna
tional conventions on the white-slave traffic. The law also provides
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th a t the transport of emigrants shall be prohibited in cases where
some foreign S ta te or foreign corporation is itself assisting or propos
ing to assist such emigration; the object of this is to protect the
em igrant against solicitation.
The international policy of the Czecho-Slovak Governm ent is best
characterized in the following clause: “ The Governm ent is empow
ered to conclude treaties on emigration and im m igration with other
States on the basis of m utual obligations and to carry them out with
a view to the execution of the clauses of this act and of the regulations
enforcing it on the territory of foreign S tates.”
Respecting the tran sit of emigrants from other countries through
Czechoslovakia the tex t of the act runs as follows: “ The Governm ent
is empowered, w ith a special view to the relief of distress, public se
curity, and health, to issue the necessary instructions regulating the
entry and transit of emigrants from other States traveling through
Czecho-Slovak territory.”
Law Creating Employment Exchanges in Japan.
N act dated April 8, 1921, provides for the establishm ent of
free employment offices in cities and villages of Japan. A
pam phlet of the legislative series published by the In te r
national Labor Office gives the tex t of the law and of the imperial
ordinances relating to it.
E ach city, town, or village is empowered to establish one or more
employment exchanges which shall be under the supervision of the
chief official of each locality. The law provides th a t the work of the
various employment exchanges is to be coordinated in district em
ploym ent exchange boards, which in turn will be under the control
of the Minister of Home Affairs, and an employment exchange com
mission will be established under his direction, b u t these provisions
were to become effective a t some later date through an imperial ordi
nance. The expenses of the employment exchanges are m et by the
locality establishing them and the S tate treasury is empowered to
grant a subsidy amounting to one-half of the expenses incurred in
the building of employment exchanges and all additional expendi
tures for their establishm ent incurred during the first financial year.
For other expenses the subsidy amounts to one-sixth.
Perm its for opening employment offices or for m aking any changes
in the offices or the staff are obtained from the prefectural governor,
and he m ay designate one of the exchanges in his prefecture to be
responsible for the system atic coordination of the activities of the
different exchanges.
Each m anager of an employment exchange is obliged to make
reports a t 10-day intervals to the person designated by the Minister
of Home Affairs. M onthly and quarterly reports are also required,
and each exchange also is obliged to keep a card register of persons
offering employment, those seeking employment, and of daily place
ments.
A
2476°—22-
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Law Establishing the Eight-Hour Day in Latvia.
R E PO R T received from the American consulate a t Riga states
th a t the C onstituent Assembly of L atvia has recently enacted
a law establishing the 8-hour day in industry. The law also
provides for a 6-hour day for brain workers, w ith 6 and 4 hours for
m anual and brain workers, respectively, on Saturdays and special
provision for certain holidays.
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Turkish Labor Legislation.
CCORDING to an article in Commerce Reports, July 3, 1922
(p. 61), the Grand N ational Assembly of the Turkish N ational
ist Government has recently enacted legislation designed to
insure the safety of workmen and to improve their condition. This
legislation was passed particularly in the interests of the 15,000 coal
miners in the Zongouldak fields.
These laws provide th a t mine owners in the future shall be obliged
to construct houses for their workmen, conforming to regulations of
the M inistry of Public H ealth. The regulations require th a t houses
shall be constructed of concrete, stone, or brick, w ith wooden floors
and an adequate num ber of windows. A public b a th and a mosque
m ust be erected by the owners in each mine district, evening schools
m ust be established, and a pension fund for injured and aged em
ployees created.
This is the first legislation enacted in Turkey for the betterm ent of
conditions of the working class.
A
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Forty-second Annual Convention of the American Federation of Labor.
H E forty-second annual convention of the American Federation
of Labor was held in Cincinnati, Ohio, June 12 to 24, 1922.
On the first day it was reported th a t the credentials of 444
delegates had been examined, such delegates representing 94 interna
tional and national unions, 4 departm ents, 27 S tate branches, 87
central bodies, 39 local trade and Federal labor unions, and 4 fra
ternal delegates. Additional delegates were in attendance at sub
sequent sessions.
Dr. A lbert Freiberg, Mrs. Florence Kelley, Mr. W illiam Green,
secretary-treasurer of the U nited Mine W orkers of America, and
Hon. R obert M. La Follette, spoke on subjects relating to child labor,
the Senator from Wisconsin discussing a t length the Supreme Court
decision in re the Federal child labor tax law.
Hon. Thom as J. Duffy, chairm an of the Ohio Industrial Commis
sion, spoke on the insurance fund of his State, and Mr. John P. Frey,
editor of the International Molders’ Journal, on injunctions.
Addresses were m ade by Mr. M atthew Woll, president of the In
ternational Photo E ngravers’ Union of N orth America, and a num ber
of other labor leaders on m atters taken up in the special report of
the comm ittee appointed to consider proposals in re recent decisions
of the Supreme Court.
T
Adopted Recommendations and Resolutions.
MONG the recom mendations and resolutions adopted a t the conveiiuion were the following:
Proposing changes in the Federal Constitution, in view of certain
recent decisions of the U nited States Supreme Court affecting labor,
notably the child labor tax decision and the decision in the Coronado
Coal Co. case th a t labor unions are suable, the changes recom mended
being as follows:
1. An amendment prohibiting the labor of children under the age of 16 years in any
mine, mill, factory, workshop, or other industrial or mercantile establishment, and
conferring upon Congress the power to raise the minimum age below which children
shall not be permitted to work, and to enforce the provisions of the proposed amend
ment by appropriate legislation.
2. An amendment prohibiting the enactment of any law or the making of any
judicial determination which would deny the right of the workers of the United States
and its territories and dependencies to organize for the betterment of their conditions;
to deal collectively with employers; to collectively withhold their labor and patron
age and induce others to do so.
3. An amendment providing that if the United States Supreme Court decides that
an act of Congress is unconstitutional, or by interpretation asserts a public policy at
variance with the statutory declaration of Congress, then if Congress by a two-thirds
majority re passes the law, it shall become the law of the land.
1D ata are from advance copy of proceedings, a n d R ep o rt of E x ecu tive Council.
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MONTHLY LABOR. REVIEW.
4.
In order to make the Constitution of the United States more flexible to meet the
needs of the people, an amendment providing for easier amendments of the same.
F urther recommending th a t Congress be urged to pass—
1. A child labor law which will overcome the objections raised by the United States
Supreme Court to the laws heretofore passed by Congress and nullified by the court.
2. A law which will make more definite and effective the intention of Congress in
enacting sections 6, 19, and 20 of the Clayton Act, which was manifestly ignored or
overridden by the court.
3. An act repealing the Sherman antitrust law, which was intended by Congress to
prevent illegal combinations in restraint of trade, commonly known as “ trusts,” but
through judicial misinterpretation and perversion has been repeatedly and mainly
invoked to deprive the toiling masses of their natural and normal rights.
Authorizing the executive council to call conferences of persons and
associations for assistance and cooperation in preparing the above
proposed amendm ents and bills and in educating the public to sup
port and adopt such measures.
For the establishm ent of a legal defense bureau by the executive
council.
Calling for the repeal of the transportation act of 1920 creating the
U nited States Railway Labor Board, declaring th a t “ the overwhelm
ing m ajority of decisions functioned in the interest of railroad m an
agement and against the employées,” and commending the dissent
ing opinions of the labor members of the board.
Declaring against the compulsory incorporation of trade-unions.
For energetic action to secure the repeal of the K ansas court of
industrial relations law and the Colorado industrial commission law.
For the continued investigation of wage theories, to develop a
comprehensive, well-considered theory capable of real service in the
practical problems of determ ining wages.
For the continuation of the federation’s bureau of cooperative
societies.
For the study by the executive council and report to the next
convention of the m atte r of securing the cooperation of various
organizations of industrial workers and farmers for the establishm ent
in W ashington, D. C., of a central bank with such branches as m ay
be required.
For the selection of a committee to study workm en’s compensa
tion w ith a view to standardizing workm en’s compensation legisla
tion through the cooperation of S tate federations of labor, to pro
viding an old-age pension system for handicapped and infirm per
sons who can not secure employment because of “ alleged extra
hazard,” and to extending workm en’s compensation through Federal
am endm ent to include “ all employees engaged in interstate
commerce.”
For the developm ent of the federation’s inform ation and pub
licity service and the unification of all publicity activities in one
departm ent under the federation’s president.
Authorizing the executive council to arrange, when practicable, for
the establishm ent of a weekly newspaper.
For the continuation of the federation’s perm anent comm ittee on
education.
A uthorizing the perm anent comm ittee on education and the
executive .council to m ake such use of the report m ade under their
direction on “ Social studies in public schools” and to take such
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action as they deem m ost effective to further the progress of
education.
Commending the federation’s publication “ E ducation for a ll” and
calling it to the attention of the educational committees of all State
and local bodies as well as of educators and others interested in the
public welfare.
Calling attention to the present deplorable inadequacy of school
preparation for the social life of the great m ajority of future citizens.
Recom m ending th a t public school courses “ should be reorganized
around social studies ” and th a t the federation should exercise its full
influence “ in support of labor’s constructive educational program .”
Urging th a t the executive council and the federation’s S tate and
central bodies give all possible aid to the American Federation of
Teachers in organizing teachers and improving the schools.
Reaffirming the declaration of the A tlantic City convention (1919)
th a t inquiries by school authorities into teachers’ personal, economic,
political, and religious views are “ intolerable in a free country.”
Recommending th a t the executive council and the educational
comm ittee proceed with negotiations w ith the W orkers’ Educational
B ureau of America for the furtherance of “ a comprehensive scheme
of adult workers’ education,” and th a t all international and national
unions, S tate federations of labor, and central labor unions be
urged to appoint educational committees to be charged especially
w ith the prom otion of such adult workers’ educational schemes.
Urging the organization, wherever practicable, of labor courses
and labor colleges under the auspices of trade-unionism.
For the prom otion of such educational work as will inform farm
ers on m atters affecting both them and industrial workers.
Indorsing the report of the special comm ittee on unem ploym ent
one section of which reads as follows:
We believe that the economic problem of stabilizing employment must be worked
out in the various industries by the groups associated together in production, each
in organized capacity. Industrial order is impossible without organization. Wage
earners through their trade-unions are prepared to do their part in this undertaking.
Stabilization of employment will be in part the outgrowth of efforts to improve the
methods and policies of production and development of a spirit of cooperation for
service in production. To accomplish this end the active cooperation of the group
of producing workers is necessary.
For legislation licensing, regulating, if not entirely prohibiting,
private detective business for industrial problems.
Favoring the rem oval of all discrim ination against women, advo
cating specific laws to this end, and opposing blanket legislation for
this purpose.
Urging th a t international and national organizations not adm itting
women to membership give early consideration to this question and
th a t where woman workers are refused entrance in international unions
w ith jurisdiction over the industry in which such woman workers
are employed, the executive council of the federation take up the
m atte r w ith the unions involved and try to reach an understanding
regarding the issuance of Federal charters.
Urging Congress “ to deny admission, as im m igrants and per
m anent residents, to all aliens who are ineligible to citizenship under
the laws of the U nited S tates.”
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
Approving the endeavor of the federation’s officers to secure funds
to enable the U nited States Em ploym ent Service to function properly.
Authorizing the federation officers to “ utilize every necessary power
to prevent ” the demolition of the U nited States D epartm ent of Labor.
Congratulating the united textile workers on their stand for the
eight-hour day.
In support of the printing trades unions fight for the 44-hour week.
Recommending th a t the executive council aid affiliated civil service
employees to secure more adequate retirem ent pensions based on
length of service and n o t on age.
Indorsing the effort of the United Mine W orkers of America to
secure a thorough investigation into the coal industry.
For cooperation with Federal employees to secure a S aturday
half holiday in Government establishments.
Instructing the executive council to continue efforts to bring about
affiliation w ith the International Federation of Trades-Unions on the
basis of the instructions of the 1920 and 1921 conventions of the
Am erican Federation of Labor.
Report of the Secretary.
'T TTE secretary reported th a t the federation’s total balance on hand
April 30, 1921, was $178,262.72. The total receipts for the year
to April 30, 1922, including this balance, were $761,382.75; the total
expenses $562,588.07, leaving a balance of $198,794.68, $175,378.88
of which was in the defense fund for local trade and Federal labor
unions.
The average paid up and reported membership of the federation for
the fiscal year 1921 was 3,906,528; for 1922, 3,195,635—a decrease
of 710,893. In the fiscal year 1922 there were 35,277 local unions in
112 national and international unions and 666 local trade and
Federal labor unions directly affiliated w ith the federation.
The federation’s voting strength in 1922 was 33,336; in 1921,
40,410.
A total of $2,211,686.26 was paid out in death benefits by affiliated
international organizations during the p ast fiscal year; $1,305,048.11
in sick benefits, and $605,289.11 in unem ploym ent benefits, the
am ount for the last m entioned benefits being over $298,000 less than
in the preceding year.
Elections and Next Meeting Place.
TAHE following officers of the past year were reelected for the
1
1922-23 term :
President, Mr. Sam uel Gompers (cigar makers).
F irst vice president, Mr. Jam es D uncan (granite cutters).
Second vice president, Mr. Joseph F . V alentine (molders).
T hird vice president, Mr. F ran k D uffy (carpenters).
F ourth vice president, Mr. W illiam Green (m ine workers).
F ifth vice president, Mr. W illiam D. Mahon (street railw ay employees).
S ixth vice president, Mr. T. A. B ick ert (garm ent workers).
Seventh vice president, Mr. Jacob F ischer (barbers).
E ighth vice president, Mr. M atthew Woll (photo engravers).
Secretary, Mr. F rank Morrison (typographical union).
Treasurer, Mr. D aniel J. Tobin (teamsters).
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The names of the elected fraternal delegates are:
Mr. B enjam in Schlesinger (ladies’ garm ent workers), to B ritish Trades-Union
congress;
Mr. E dw ard J. McGivern (plasterers), to B ritish Trades-Union congress;
Mr. W illiam E . H ulsbeck (K en tu ck y S tate F ederation of Labor), to C anadian
Trades and Labor congress.
The next annual convention will be held in Portland, Oregon.
Eighth Biennial Convention of the National Women’s Trade-Union
League of America.1
H E (deferred) eighth biennial convention of the N ational Wo
m en’s Trade-Union League of America m et a t W aukegan, 111.,
June 5 to 10, 1922.
Mrs. R aym ond Robins in her presidential address interpreted the
Am erican standard of living as m eaning food and shelter and no
suffering old age in poverty, “ schools for children, a certainty of
high school for every child in America, and a possibility of university
education for every child in Am erica.”
D elegates .—Delegates were in attendance from the Birmingham ,
Chicago, K ansas City, Minneapolis, New York, Philadelphia, Rock
Island, Seattle, W ashington, D. C., and W orcester branches of the
league. O ther organizations represented by a delegate or delegates
were the Boot and Shoe W orkers’ Union, International Brotherhood
of Electrical W orkers, Joliet Central Trades and Labor Council,
M aryland S tate Federation of Labor, Missouri S tate Federation of
Labor, N ational Catholic W elfare Council, national board of Young
W om en’s C hristian Association, N ational Federation of Federal E m
ployees, N ational Federation of P o st Office Clerks, and South Chicago
Trades and Labor Assembly.
P la tfo r m .—The following platform was approved:
T
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
O rganization of workers in to trade-unions.
E qual pay for equal work, regardless of sex or race.
Eight-liour day an d th e 44-hour week.
An A m erican standard of living.
F u ll citizenship for women.
T he outlaw ry of war.
Affiliation of woman workers of all countries.
Som e resolutions a n d recom m endations adopted hy the convention .—
T h a t the regular course of the N ational School for Active W orkers
in the Labor M ovement be for six m onths instead of a year.
T h at the league work for a legal compulsory education m inimum
age of 16 years.
T h at the national and local leagues—
(a)
Work w ith all progressive groups of educators to fu rth er th e ir plans for im proving
and vitalizing th e con ten t of p rim ary and secondary school courses.
(b)
Work for th e establishm ent of free d en tal and m edical clinics and of free school
lunches everyw here.
(c)
Urge upon boards of education th e need for very m uch sm aller classes in th e
public schools, since w ithout th is atten tio n to th e in d iv id u al needs of th e child is
impossible.
1Mimeographed report of proceedings.
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
(d) Work for the establishment in local communities and through State aid of
public subsidies which shall be used to give high-school scholarships to children
who can profit by the opportunity but whose families can not afford to keep them
in school.
(e) Work for the establishment of the principle and practice of freedom of teaching
in all our public schools from the lowest to the highest.
(/) Work for teacher representation on boards of public education.
For the creation of a Federal departm ent of education.
For an adequate Federal em ploym ent service.
T h at public works be planned in advance and timed to m eet periods
of slack employment.
T hat a study be made of how to regularize em ploym ent and th a t
a practicable system for unem ploym ent compensation legislation be
enacted.
Reaffirming the 1919 indorsem ent of the principle of unemploy
m ent insurance and placing a direct charge on industry, and for the
backing, wherever possible, of legislation to th a t effect.
T h at cooperative committees be favored by the local leagues; th at
the convention recommend th a t cooperative education be inaugurated
in trade-union colleges, women’s auxiliaries to trade-unions, women’s
clubs, and other organizations of women; th a t the leagues aid woman
workers in cooperative enterprises; th a t the leagues recommend their
members to support wise cooperative undertakings; th a t “ careful
and intelligent precaution” be exercised in establishing cooperative
societies; th a t the convention indorse the Rochdale principles.
T h at the league engage a finance director whose sole du ty shall be
to carry on financial work.
T h at Congress be asked to direct an investigation of the work of
women in the home, the investigation to be made by the U nited
S tates W omen’s Bureau.
T h at the U nited States Public H ealth Service be authorized to
investigate hygienic conditions in Government establishm ents and to
m ake recom mendations as to health standards.
Instructing the legislative com m ittee of the league to support
certain legislation to facilitate home owning by the workers, such
legislation to include an am endm ent to the farm loan act and the
Federal reserve banks act.
Recommending indorsem ent and support for S tate or Federal
legislation ‘‘providing actual equality for women and men in specific
term s and by means of specific measures, n o t involving danger to
wom en’s labor laws and other laws for women which make for higher
social and com m unity standards.”
Favoring the principle and purposes of the Sterling-Lehlbach
reclassification bill.
Pledging support to the N ational Federation of Post Office Clerks
in its efforts to reduce night work to a m inimum among employees in
the P ostal Service.
Protesting against the Supreme C ourt’s decision in re the Federal
child labor tax law.
For an appeal to the President for am nesty for political prisoners
convicted under war laws.
For cooperation with all groups working in the interests of peace.
Indorsing the m iners’ program for the nationalization of the coal
mines.
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R eiterating the league’s dem and of three years ago to the President
for the recognition of the Russian Soviet Republic.
N ew Officers. The newly elected officers for the next two years are
Mrs. Maud Swartz, president; Miss Rose Schneidermann, vice pres
ident; and Miss Elisabeth Christm an, secretary-treasurer. Mrs.
R aym ond Robins, the form er head officer of the league, was u n an
imously nom inated honorary president.
I t was decided to hold the 1924 convention in New York City.
international Trade-Union Congress, ¡922.
H E proceedings of the third congress of the International Fed
eration of Trade-Unions, held a t Rome, April 20 to 26, 1922, are
_ reported in the June, 1922, issue of the In tern atio n al Labor
Review. According to th a t article approxim ately 23,000,000 tradeunionists were represented by 94 delegates to the convention from
the following 19 countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czecho
slovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, G reat B ritain, H ungary,
Italy, Latvia, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, and Yugoslavia. Various international secre
tariats wTere also represented. Although labor organizations in
Greece, Canada, the Argentine Republic, Peru, and South Africa
belong to the international federation, no delegates were sent to the
1922 congress from these countries.
The reconstruction of Europe, disarm am ent and war, and inter
national reaction, particularly in connection w ith the 8-hour day,
were among the leading subjects on the program.
The discussion on the reconstruction of Europe, which took place
a t the International W orkers’ Conference in Genoa, April 15, 1922,
was continued a t the congress in Rome. The chief suggestions made
for such reconstruction were: An international loan to provide credits
to Governments w ith depreciated currencies, international control of
the distribution of the principal raw m aterials, a “ reciprocal can
cellation” of war indebtedness, a revision of the reparations policy,
agreement of the nations to regulate production to conform with
requirem ents, and disarmam ent. A resolution on this last-m entioned
subject opposed economic and ultrapolitical nationalism and under
standings or alliances likely to result in combined m ilitary action.
The federation pledged its backing “ for the establishm ent of some
control over the m anufacture of arms and m unitions.” The Congress
also held it to be the d u ty of organized workers to avert any threaten
ing w ar by “ all m eans a t the disposal of the labor m ovement, and to
prevent the actual breaking out of wars by proclaiming and carrying
into effect an international general strike.”
A resolution was adopted which declared th a t the promises m ade to
labor had been broken, th a t the employers in all nations were threat
ening the few gains thus far secured by the workers, and th a t the
8-hour day, wages, social legislation, and international conventions
were being especially assaulted by reactionary forces. This resolu
tion also instructed the bureau of the International Federation of
Trade-Unions to send out as prom ptly as possible a m anifesto calling
upon the m an and woman workers throughout the world to become
members of the federation as a m ost effectual m eans of defense.
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The executive comm ittee of the federation was directed by resolu
tion to encourage the organization of women in industry.
I t was asserted th a t the m ost efficient form of trade-union organ
ization includes both sexes. W here separate organizations of women
have been established for special reasons such organizations should be
affiliated w ith their respective national federations.
Union Labor Developments in Australia.
H E amalgam ation of the A ustralian W orkers’ Union, m ade up of
workers in the pastoral, building, and m anufacturing industries,
with the miners and transport workers form s a new combina
tion officially known as the A ustralasian W orkers’ Union, recently
organized w ith a total membership of about 200,000. According to
its “ Constitution and general ru le s” (p. 1), the objects of the new
union are:
T
(a)
To bind together in one organization all the wage workers in every industry to
achieve the objective set forth in the above preamble.
(b)
To improve the standard of living and conditions of members, and reduce work
ing hours, and generally protect their interest; to educate members, and build an
organization for the purpose of abolishing capitalism and substituting in its place the
social ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange to be con
trolled by the workers in the respective industries.
(c) To establish and maintain labor newspapers and journals.
{d) The abolition of the contract system.
German Trade-Union Rules lor Conducting Labor Disputes.1
T a joint meeting of the committee of the General Federation of
German Trade Unions and of the Federation of Unions of Nonm anual W orkers (A fa ) , it was agreed th a t the following rules
should be observed in future labor disputes:
A
1.
The preparation and direction of all wage movements should be in the hands of
the committee of the trade-unions concerned, which, for this purpose, should get
into touch with the responsible officials of all the groups and branches of the union.
2.
A strike should not be decided upon until every method of reaching an under
standing has been exhausted.
3.
In the event of a labor dispute involving other groups of workers, the representa
tives of such unions and the local trade-union councils (Ortskartel) should share in
the preparation and direction of the strike. Where such local councils do not exist
they should immediately be formed.
4.
The strike must be approved by all the workers of the organizations concerned.
A decision to declare a strike should be valid only if it is in conformity with the
constitution of the trade-union concerned.
5.
No strike should be sanctioned by the local trade-union officials unless they
have entered into relations with all the trade-unions concerned. If a group of workers
declares a strike against the decision of the organization (unrecognized strike) the
local organization is not entitled to pay strike benefit before getting into touch with
the other organizations concerned.
6.
In the "event of a dispute it rests with the committee of the unions of manual
and nonmanual workers to take a decision.
7.
Urgent work in public utility undertakings should be carried out in accordance
with the rules laid down by the organizations taking part in the strike. Civic aid
societies are not recognized by the unions.
i In tern atio n al L abor Office. In d u stria l an d L abor In fo rm atio n ,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[426]
Geneva, M ay 12,1922. p . 32.
LABOR ORGANIZATIONS.
197
Annual Conference of British Labor Party.1
H E annual conference of the B ritish Labor P a rty was held at
Edinburgh June 28 to Ju ly 1 inclusive. The resolutions adopted
covered a variety of subjects, b u t a few of them are of special
interest as indicative of labor thought and policy.
There was unanimous protest against the trade-union act (amend
ment) bill, which would prevent trade-unions from collecting political
contributions from members w ithout their consent. The proposal
of the Communist P a rty for affiliation with the British Labor P a rty
was rejected by a vote of 3,086,000 to 261,000. The feeling of the
conference in regard to entangling political alliances is seen in its
declaration against any alliance or electoral arrangem ent w ith any sec
tion of the liberal or conservative parties. The treatm ent accorded
the Russian social revolutionary prisoners by the present Russian
Government was condemned as harsh and unjust. A comprehen
sive resolution was also adopted indicting the policy of the- allied
Government^ since the armistice and demanding (1) a revision of
the Versailles T reaty; lim itation of German reparations to the re
pairm en^ of the devastated regions of France; the reference to arbi
tration of all disputes arising out of these reparations; and the im
m ediate cessation of the m ilitary occupation of Germany; (2) im
m ediate recognition of the Russian Government; (3) w ithdraw al of
the Japanese forces from the F ar E astern Republic; (4) th a t the
British Government should neither enter into nor encourage any
m ilitary alliance. The belief was also expressed th a t onlv in a
remodeled, strengthened League of Nations was there any hopeful
means of promoting peace and security. Nationalization of land,
mines, and other necessary services was agreed to unanimously.
P ro test was m ade against economy in education and the continued
postponem ent of the complete operation of the education act, 1918.
1 wo resolutions were adopted on agriculture, one favoring the re
establishm ent of the agricultural wage boards, which was opposed
as far as Scotland was concerned by the secretary of the Scottish
Farm Servants’ Union, the second looking toward the improvement
of the industry, which was as follows:
T
1.
That departments of agriculture be organized on a basis representative of the
different interests in the industry and given wide powers of initiative and control.
2.
That local agricultural committees of a similar representative character be formed
and given powers to compel owners to equip agricultural land, properly to enforce a
standard of cultivation on all owners and occupiers, to take over land from owners
and occupiers who fail to farm up to the required standard, and to arrange for such
lands as may be taken over by the committees to be cultivated by direct labor.
_3. That security of tenure be granted to occupiers of agricultural land who main
tain a satisfactory standard of cultivation, and that rents be fixed by land courts.
4.
That the department and local committees should cooperate in establishing
demonstration farms, and in particular should be given power to experiment with
large scale holdings with a view to finding the most economic unit of production in
agriculture.
5.
That the local agricultural committees should cooperate with consumers’ organi
zations and local authorities to organize the distribution of agricultural products so
as to eliminate the present gross waste.
1
1 M anchester G uardian, Ju n e 28, 29, 30, an d Ju ly 1,1922.
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[4 2 7 ]
198
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
National Conference of Labor Women in Great Britain.
H E national conference of British labor women, held on May 9
and 10 of the present year, indorsed a scheme for the endow
m ent of motherhood which provided for assistance in services,
in money, and “ in k in d ” (meals, clothing, and shoes for children
attending school). The Labor Gazette (London), June, 1922, page
248, from which this is reported, says th a t some of the other resolu
tions adopted called for the governm ental ratification of the m aternity
and hours conventions as adopted by the W ashington International
Labor Conference, the provision of work or m aintenance for the unem
ployed from the national exchequer, the m aintenance of the present
powers of the trades boards, free education for children between 12
and 16 years of age, the right of free speech, m aintenance of national
health, the necessity for trade-union organization among woman
workers, higher education for working women, and improved housing
conditions.
------- ^
T
Trade-Union Activities in Sweden, 1920.
H E report of the N ational Federation of Trade-Unions in Swe
den, recently published in Stockholm, gives an account of the
activities of the federation during 1920. There were 31 unions
with 2,799 branches, having 280,029 members—-247,242 men and
32,787 women. The num ber of labor disputes during the year (3,419)
was greater than in any other year in the period 1912 to 1920, the
national federation paying 1,370,148 kronor ($367,200) to trade-unions
for assistance in labor disputes. A t the end of the year there were
2,159 collective agreements in force, affecting 273,714 workers, of
whom 232,133 were trade-union members and 41,581 were unor
ganized workers.
T
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
STR IK ES A N D L O C K O U T S
Strikes and Lockouts in the United States, January to March, 1922.
CCORDING to inform ation received by the U nited States Bu
reau of Labor Statistics 281 strikes and lockouts occurred in
this country during the first quarter of 1922. Inasm uch as
m any reports do no t reach the bureau until several m onths after the
strikes occur, the num ber of strikes occurring during the q uarter was
probably somewhat larger than the above figure. Complete data
relative to these strikes have not been received by the bureau, and
it has not been possible to verify all th a t have been received. The
figures in the following tables should therefore be understood to be
only an advance statem ent, and should no t be accepted as final.
A
N U M B E R O F S T R IK E S AN D LOCK O U TS, B E G IN N IN G IN EA C H M O N TH , JA N U A R Y TO
M ARCH, IN C L U SIV E , 1921 A N D 1922.
Year.
1921.......................
1922.........................
January.
228
112
Febru
ary.
March.
M onth
not
stated.
Total.
168
82
181
66
17
21
594
281
From the standpoint of num ber of employees directly involved
there were no very large strikes during the quarter. Taken collec
tively the textile strikes of New England constituted probably the
m ost im portant industrial disturbance. Beginning w ith Rhode
Island in January, the strikes spread to M assachusetts, New H am p
shire, and Connecticut. New Ham pshire, w ith about 30,000, heads
the list of strikers, followed by M assachusetts w ith 22,000 and Rhode
Island with 15,000. Only a few hundred employees w ent out in
Connecticut. The m ain grievance was a 20 per cent wage reduction
and, in some cases, an increase in hours.
Building trades disputes in Chicago and Cleveland and the waist
m akers’ strike in New York City were next in prominence. In
Chicago the conditions following the so-called Landis award became
somewhat chronic, and approxim ately 60,000 workers are reported to
have been involved a t one time, b u t the conditions were such th a t
there is no way of knowing the real num ber of persons directly
involved on any given date in the labor disturbance of th a t city.
The d a ta in the following tables relate to the 281 strikes and lock
outs reported to have occurred in the three m onths under considera
tion. The strikes th a t occurred during the quarter, b u t in which the
exact m onth was not stated, appear in a group by themselves.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[429]
199
200
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
ST A TES IN W H IC H F O U R O R M O R E S T R IK E S AN D LO C K O U TS W E R E R E P O R T E D AS
O C CU R R IN G IN T H E F IR S T Q U A R T E R O F 1922.
N um ber of strikes a nd lockouts.
State.
January. F e b ru a ry
Ma.ssaehusetts.............................
New Y ork....................................
R hode Isla n d ..............................
P ennsylvania..............................
Ohio...............................................
Illin o is..........................................
Nfiw I o rs p y
C a lifo rn ia
W ashington................................
Colorado
In d ia n a .........................................
Missouri
Tennessee...................................
r, on n ppti oi i t
Towa
Old ah oma
W is p on ain
21 other S ta te s...........................
Tntp.rstale
T o tal..................................
M onth
not
stated.
March.
12
14
8
9
12
10
4
5
2
1
1
4
1
1
3
1
4
20
11
10
10
4
7
3
6
3
2
4
1
1
1
2
1
1
12
7
8
12
4
5
4
2
1
3
4
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
13
2
4
2
3
112
82
60
21
Total.
38
35
28
27
24
19
14
10
6
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
40
4
1
2
281
Of these 281 strikes and lockouts, 209 occurred east of the Missis
sippi River and north of the Ohio and Potom ac Rivers; 48 occurred
west of the Mississippi, and 20 occurred south of the Ohio and
Potom ac Rivers and west of the Mississippi River.
Of the 4 interstate strikes, 1 occurred west and 3 east of the Mis
sissippi River.
As to cities, New York City had the largest num ber of disturbances,
22, followed by Cleveland w ith 9, Rochester and Chicago w ith S each,
Philadelphia w ith 7, and Boston and Jersey City w ith 5 each.
As to sex, the distribution was as follows: Males, 160 disputes;
females, 2; males and females, 54; sex not reported, 65.
The industries in which 3 or more strikes and lockouts were reported
are shown in the table which follows:
N U M B E R O F S T R IK E S A N D L O C K O U TS IN S P E C IF IE D IN D U S T R IE S R E P O R T E D AS
O C C U R R IN G D U R IN G T H E F IR S T Q U A R T E R O F 1922.
January.
In d u s try or occupation.
Textile
P rintin g and publishing
.....................
Clothing...................................................................................
B uilding
.......................................................................
Metal
...........................................
M ining......
....................................................................
R ak o ry .....
........... ........................................................
H otel an d re s ta u ra n t..........................................................
Ti^ymppr tim ber and mill work
Cfiathor
.
..
.................................................
M usicians and theatrinal pmployees................................
....................................
,q|.on e
C hauh^m ^ and t.p.amstors
B arbers
............................
B rink and tile ........
.....................................................
Railroads...........................
Longshorpmpn anrj frp.ighl, handlprs
.........................
Pnrnitlirp.
street, railw ays Miscellaneous.........................................................................
T o ta l.............................................................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[430]
11
34
16
11
5
4
1
3
4
4
F ebru
ary.
19
8
10
7
9
3
5
1
1
4
3
2
1
1
2
2
3
2
6
2
1
9
112
82
M onth
not
stated.
March.
25
2
11
7
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
4
1
Total.
2
6
3
2
1
1
1
3
1
57
44
39
32
17
12
7
7
6
6
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
3
2
1
3
18
66
21
281
201
STRIKES AKD LOCKOUTS.
In 200 strikes and lockouts the employees were reported as con
nected w ith unions; in 5 strikes they were not so connected; in 2
strikes both union and nonunion employees were involved; in 3 strikes
the employees changed from union to nonunion after the strike began;
in 1 strike they were unionized after the strike began; and in 70 strikes
and lockouts the question of union affiliation was n o t reported.
In 142 strikes and lockouts only one employer was concerned in
each disturbance; in 16 strikes and lockouts, 2 employers; in 10
strikes, 3 employers; in 4 strikes, 4 em ployers; in 5 strikes, 5 em ployers;
in 50 strikes and lockouts, more th an 5 employers; and in 54 strikes
and lockouts the num ber of employers was not reported.
In the 205 strikes and lockouts for which the num ber of persons was
reported there were 213,396 employees directly involved, an average
of 1, 041. In 28 strikes in which the num ber involved was 1,000 or
more, the strikers num bered 187,820, thus leaving 25,576 involved in
the rem aining 177 strikes and lockouts, or an average of 144 each.
By m onths the figures are as follows: January, 101,442 persons in
94 strikes and lockouts, average, 1,079, of whom 11,905 were in 87
strikes and lockouts of less than 1,000 persons each, average 137;
February, 57,129 persons in 58 strikes and lockouts, average 985, of
whom 7,846 were in 52 strikes and lockouts of less than 1,000 persons
each, average 151; March, 53,061 persons in 41 strikes and lockouts,
average 1,294, of whom 3,888 were in 33 strikes and lockouts of less
than 1,000 persons each, average 118. In 12 disputes, involving 1,764
persons, the m onth in which the strike began was not reported.
The following table shows the causes of the strikes and lockouts in
so far as reported. In nearly two-thirds of the disputes wages was a
prom inent question. Hours, agreements, working conditions, and
union recognition were disputed points of less prominence.
P R IN C IP A L CAUSES O P S T R IK E S AND LO C K O U TS R E P O R T E D AS O C CU R R IN G D U R IN G
T H E F IR S T Q U A R T E R O P 1922.
N um ber of strikes and lockouts.
Cause.
January. February.
5
Increase of w ages................................ ....................
D ecrease of wages.........................................
Increase of hours............................
Decrease of wages a n d increase of h o u rs...............
Recognition of u n io n .....................
Recognition a n d w ages......................................
Recognition a n d h o u rs............................
Recognition, wages, a n d hours..........................
G eneral conditions........................
Conditions a n d wages.................................
Conditions an d recognition................
D ischarge of em ployees................................
E m ploym en t of nonunion m e n ...........
Open or closed sh o p ........................................
In regard to ag reem en t...................................
New agreem ent.........................................
S y m p a th y ....................................................
C ontract sy ste m .....................................
Miscellaneous................................
N ot rep o rted .....................................
48
4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3
32
3
26
7
4
1
7
5
1
2
1
2
1
1
i
2
1
2
M onth
not
stated.
Total.
9
Q
13
114
1
34
1
2
2
8
A
2
1^
3
2
8
63
g
3
3
2
2
1
2
3
1
2
1
3
i
2
3
11
4
(j
g
g
1
2
4
5
5
5
2
12
8
i
1
112
[431]
3
i
22
T o tal.......................................................
March.
82
5
2
66
7
I«
21
OOI
202
M O NTH LY LABOR REVIEW.
I t is often difficult to determine exactly when a strike term inates,
since m any strikes end w ithout any form al vote on the p a rt of the
strikers. The bureau has inform ation of the ending of 124 strikes
and lockouts during the quarter, including several in which the
positions of the employees were filled or they returned to work w ith
probably little or no interruption of the work.
The following table shows the num ber of strikes and lockouts end
ing in the first quarter of 1921 and 1922:
N U M B E R O F S T R IK E S A N D LO C K O U TS E N D IN G D U R IN G T H E F IR S T Q U A R T E R
O F 1921 A N D 1922.
Year.
1921.........................
1922.........................
January. February.
57
37
March.
M onth
not
stated.
Total.
95
29
61
33
206
124
53
25
The table following shows the results of strikes and lockouts end
ing in the first quarter of 1922:
R E S U L T S O F S T R IK E S A N D LO C K O U TS E N D IN G D U R IN G T H E F IR S T Q U A R T E R O F 1922.
N um ber of strikes and lockouts.
R esult.
January. February.
In favor of em ployers..........................................................
In favor of employees...........................................................
C n m p r o m i sod.........................................................................
'R m plnyp.es returned pending arb itratio n ......................
N ot rep o rted ..........................................................................
T o ta l.............................................................................
8
8
8
13
37
10
3
2
2
8
25
March.
8
9
6
1
M onth
not
stated.
Total.
28
54
2
27
5
3
16
3
24
29
33
124
The next table gives the duration of strikes and lockouts ending in
the first quarter of 1922.
D U R A T IO N O F S T R IK E S A N D L O C K O U TS E N D IN G D U R IN G T H E F IR S T Q U A R T E R
O F 1922, O F N U M B E R R E P O R T IN G .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[432]
STRIKES AKD LOCKOUTS.
203
The num ber of days lost in the strikes and lockouts ending in the
quarter, for the 72 reporting, was 2,419. The average duration of
these was about 34 days. The average duration of the disputes
lasting less than 90 days was 23 days. By m onths the record is as
follows: January, 972 days lost, average 29; February, 407 days lost,
average 25; March, 1,040 days lost, average 45.
Of the 72 disputes ending during the quarter and reporting the
duration, 64 reported the num ber of employees involved, aggre
gating 34,061, an average of 532.
Of the 124 disputes reported as ending during the quarter, 102
reported the num ber of employees involved, aggregating 59,643, an
average of 585.
S trike of M e ta l W orkers in B ohem ia.
CCORDING to a consular report from Prague, on Thursday,
May 4, 1922, the great m ajority of m etal workers in Bohemia
walked out on strike as a protest against the announced
decision of their employers to effect a prelim inary reduction of 10
per cent in their wages. The principal foundries affected are the
large Skoda Iron and Steel W orks a t Pilsen, employing 13,000 work
men, the Poldihiitte W orks at Kladno, the Prokop W orks a t Parduhitz, and 36 workshops in G reater Prague. A notable exception
occurred in the case of the Prague Iron W orks of Kladno, whose
employees, num bering 5,000, had previously voted to accept the
Governm ent’s proposal for a prelim inary reduction in wages of 10
per cent to be followed by a further decrease of 5 per cent in the near
future.
According to press reports, more than 50 establishm ents are
affected; the num ber of strikers is estim ated a t between 30,000 and
40,000. Up to the present time, the strike has been lim ited to
Bohemia; there are indications, however, th a t it will spread to other
sections of the country.
A
Strikes an d L ockouts in F in la n d , 1921.
RECEN T consular report from Helsingfors states th a t the
labor situation in Finland during 1921 was m uch better than
in 1920 and th a t there were only half as m any strikes and
lockouts in 1921 as in 1920. The statistical office of the Sociological
Board of Finland has received inform ation about 76 suspensions of
work in 1921, caused by labor disputes, as compared w ith 146 in
1920. The greater p a rt (64) of these suspensions of work have been
classified as strikes, 2 as lockouts, 3 as strikes and lockouts combined,
while the rem aining 7 could not easily be classified. The total
num ber of establishm ents affected by the suspensions was 468, and
th a t of workers affected directly 6,251, while the corresponding
figures in 1920 were 824 and 21,001, respectively. A bout 47 per
cent of the suspensions of work were of short duration, not more than
7 days, although about 49 per cent of all workers affected were in
A
2476°—22-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
14
[433]
204
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
th a t group. There were, however, several strikes of especially long
duration (138 to 266 days). The industries having the greatest
num ber of suspensions of work were m etal working (11) and logging
(11). O ut of the total num ber of workers in Finland, 77.1 per cent
participated in strikes and lockouts in 1921, com pared w ith 81.7
per cent in 1920. 'I n the case of 17 suspensions of work the workers
received support to the extent of 102,500 Finnish m arks (819,783,
par) from their trade-unions, while two employers are said to have
received financial support from the employers’ association in the
am ount of 205,000 m arks ($39,565, par). The principal cause of
labor disputes was the question of wages.
As concerns the settlem ent of the 76 labor disputes in 1921, 27
were settled by a compromise, 25 at the employers’ terms, 21 a t the
workers’ terms, and in the case of 3 there was “no result.”
D isputes in E ngineering an d S h ip b u ild in g industries in G re at B ritain .1
Lockout of Engineers.
H E lockout of the B ritish engineering unions which became
effective March 11, 1922, and which eventually affected more
th an half a million men came to an end June 13, 1922.
There were two m ain issues in this extended dispute. One related
to the interpretation of the overtim e and night shift agreenient of
1920 and affected only the Am algam ated Engineering Union; the
second issue, more vital to all employers and unionists in the industry,
was the question of the employers’ freedom of m anagem ent.
W orkers’ share in the m anagem ent of industry is a developm ent of
the war, which has become particularly im portant in the engineering
industry in G reat B ritain. As a result of the shop stew ards’ move
m ent, shop committees organized to represent the workers in decisions
regarding a change in their working conditions have greatly strength
ened the power of the unions in the industry.
In Septem ber, 1920, the overtime and night shift agreem ent was
entered into by the Em ployers’ Federation and the Am algam ated
Engineering Union. Differences soon rose regarding its in terp reta
tion and after unsuccessful negotiations in the spring of 1921 a
provisional agreem ent was finally reached between the representa
tives of the employers and of the m en in November of last year, the
term s of which follow:
T
I. (1) The trade-union shall not interfere w ith the right of th e employers to exercise
managerial functions in th e ir establishm ents, and th e federations shall not interfere
w ith th e proper functions of th e trade-union. (2) In th e exercise of these functions
the parties shall have regard to th e provisions for avoiding disputes of A pril 17, 1914,
w hich are am plified b y th e shop stewards and works com m ittee agreem ent of May 20,
1919, and to th e term s of other national and local agreem ents betw een th e parties.
(3) Instructions of th e m anagem ent shall be observed pending any question in con
nection therew ith being discussed in accordance w ith the provisions referred to.
II . I t is agreed th a t, in term s of th e overtim e and nigh t shift agreem ent of Septem ber
29 and 30, 1920, the employers have th e right to decide w hen overtim e is necessary,
the workpeople or th eir representatives being en title d to bring forward, under the
1 T h e d ata on w hich th is article is based are from L abor G azette (L ondon), M arch, A pril, an d May, 1922,
a n d cu rren t issues of th e M anchester (E ngland) G uardian a n d th e M onthly Circular of th e L abor
R esearch D e p artm e n t (L ondon).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[434]
STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS.
205
provisions referred to, any cases of overtime they desire discussed. Meantime the
overtime Required shall be proceeded with. (Labor Gazette, London, March, 1922,
p. 106.)
Tlie determ ination of “ necessary overtim e” then became a dis
puted point. The union interpreted the agreement to mean th a t
it should help determine w hat is “ necessary overtim e,” while the
employers claimed th a t they were m ost com petent to judge of the
urgency of any particular dem and for overtime, h u t granted the
m en ’s right to bring up any case in the regular m anner. The men
believed th a t a distinction should be made between overtime on
ordinary work and overtime on special or rush work. They did
not question the right of employers to call for overtime because of
breakdown or repairs, or in order to fill orders a t certain dates, b u t
objected to any arrangem ent whereby overtime for norm al produc
tion m ight be demanded w ithout the un io n ’s consent. Indorse
m ent of this claim to the right of m anagerial functions on the p a rt
of the employers would, they believed, create possibilities for an
attack upon the Am algam ated Engineering Union in its relation to
other working conditions of its members.
Their apprehension in this respect was accentuated by a realization
of the- fact th a t the evolution in m achinery and the im provem ent
in m odern m ethods of m anufacture, while m aking eventually for an
expansion in the industry, m ight for a time result in a decreased
demand for the specially trained mechanic. Experience in mass
production during the war showed th a t the degree of skill required
in a great num ber of occupations was not, in m any instances, so
great as had form erly been thought. Furtherm ore, competition
within and w ithout the industry has convinced the employer th a t
he ought to have the right to employ any class of workers capable of
doing the work.
A ballot of the membership of the engineering union was therefore
taken. The agreement was rejected. The employers then issued
their notice for a lockout, which w ent into effect March 11 , 1922.
The Federation of Engineering and Shipbuilding Trades, the Federa
tion of General Workers, and the National Union of Foundry W orkers,
which had not been parties to the overtime agreement of 1920 and
which had been asked by the employers to indorse the m em orandum
on overtime and the em ployers’ claim to managerial freedom, refused
to acquiesce in the em ployers’ request and decided to take a ballot
of their members.
In the m eantim e, informal negotiations having proved futile, the
N ational Joint Labor Council, representing the Trades-Union Con
gress, the N ational Labor P arty, and the Parliam entary Labor P arty,
m ade a form al request th a t the Government m ake an inquiry of
the m atter under the industrial courts act. This the M inister of
Labor, Doctor M acnamara, declined to grant on the ground th a t it
m ight prejudice the balloting of the other unions which was still in
progress. I t was announced March 24 th a t the result of the ballot
sustained their executive’s decision, b u t on the same day, as a further
effort toward securing a basis for a peaceful settlem ent, the com
m ittee representing the men and the employers signed a document
with the following provisions:
Clause I affirmed the right of the employers to manage their own works and the right
of the unions to exercise the proper functions of trade-unions. Clause II provided
[435]
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206
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
that in the exercise of these rights the parties should have regard to the provisions for
avoiding disputes of April 17, 1914, amplified by the shop stewards and works com
mittees agreement of May 20, 1919, or to such other procedure as might be agreed
upon. It further provided that notice should be given by the management to the
workmen concerned, or to their representatives, of any material change in the recog
nized working conditions. The matter should thereupon be considered in accordance
with the recognized procedure, and, in the event of failure to reach an agreement,
the management should be entitled to give a decision, which should be observed
pending further discussion of the matter through the proper machinery. In all
other questions the instructions of the management should be observed, and discus
sion between the employers and the workmen or their representatives should follow
the managerial act. (Labor Gazette, London, April, 1922, p. 156.)
The unions offered to accept the principles of Clause I of this mem
orandum and to accept Clause I I as a basis of discussion, and asked
th a t the employers suspend posting lockout notices in the case of the
unions other than the Am algam ated Engineering Union and to con
sider the w ithdraw al of those affecting the la tte r union. B ut the
employers refused to suspend the notices unless the whole memo
randum was accepted as the basis for a conference, and stated th a t
they were not prepared to w ithdraw the lockout notices against the
Am algam ated Engineering Union then in operation. Notices were
therefore posted March 30 locking out the other unions.
A series of in term ittent negotiations followed w ithout much prog
ress being made, b u t the unions, other than the Am algam ated
Engineering Union, gradually receded from the position they had
first taken.° These unions, as stated before, were not involved in the
original dispute, their strike funds were low, their members were
dropping out, and furtherm ore, the employers served notice th a t
their lockout notices which they had subsequently suspended would
take effect May 2. On April 25 another effort was m ade by the
N ational Jo in t Labor Council and the comm ittee representing the
men to have a court of inquiry set up. On April 27 the employers
decided to open federated shops on May 3 to such workmen as were
willing individually to accord the employers’ entire m anagerial rights;
in this action, combined w ith the suspension of lockout notices in the
case of the “ o th e r” unions, the Am algam ated Engineering Union saw
an effort on the p art of the employers to create a break in the union
ranks and to isolate the Am algam ated Engineering Union. The
same day (April 27) the Government, acting on the repeated request
of the N ational Joint Labor Council, set up a court of inquiry under
the industrial courts act, and its report (Cmd. 1653) was issued May
10. The court found as follows:
Clauses I and II of the memorandum of November 17 and 18, 1921, are not in any
sense the subject of difference or dispute So far as the unions other than the Amal
gamated Engineering Union are concerned, the difference arises solely in respect of
clause 3. In the case of the Amalgamated Engineering Union the section of the
memorandum respecting overtime is also contested. (Labor Gazette, London, May,
1922, p. 200.)
The court concluded th a t the refusal of the workers to assent to the
proposition th a t “ instructions of the m anagem ent shall be observed
pending any question in connection therew ith being discussed in
accordance w ith the procedure for avoiding disputes” was the under
lying cause of the lockout. Two questions, therefore, arose, one, as
suggested before, affecting all the unions, the other, only the Amalga
m ated Engineering Union.
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[436]
■ ST R IK E S AND L O CK O U TS.
207
The first, arising under clause 3 of the memorandum of November, 1921, is whether,
when any change in the workshop conditions is being introduced, it should be intro
duced and given effect to pending the procedure laid down in the provisions for
avoiding disputes being followed, or whether the matter should be held up pending such
procedure being followed, which may be a period extending up to six weeks The
second question, which affects the Amalgamated Engineering Union alone, is whether
when the occasion for working overtime on production work (as distinguished from
repair work) arises, the employer alone is to decide that it is “ necessary” within the
limit of 30 hours in four weeks, or whether the employer and the union should agree
that it is “ necessary.” (Labor Gazette, London, May, 1922, p. 200.)
As regards an adjustm ent of these two phases of the dispute the
summarized conclusions of the court are as follows:
(1) Overtime —The general conditions in regard to overtime are settled by the over
time agreement of September, 1920, which allows, without restriction, the necessary
overtime for breakdown, repairs, replacements, alterations, trial trips, completion
against delivery dates, etc ; and “ necessary” overtime on production work up to 30
hours in any four weeks, the rate of payment for overtime being increased to time
and a half. The court concludes that, up to the limit of 30 hours in four weeks, there
must be freedom to the management to act in the exercise of their discretion. Beyond
that limit, overtime -would be open to the suggestion that it is unreasonable.
(2) Managerial functions.—The employers are willing that the kind of question
which has been under discussion during the present dispute should be settled by
general national agreement, or determined in accordance with procedure set out by
such agreements. This is a view to which the unions do not take exception.
Information as to a proposed change in the recognized working conditions should be
given to the workpeople directly concerned, or to their representatives in the shop;
and this information should be available for a limited period before it is proposed that
the change should be made, to allow time for discussion.
The opportunity for prior consultation between the management and the men upon
proposed changes in the recognized working conditions should be adequate, and
should not involve undue delay. If consultation during the limited period above
mentioned does not result in an agreement, the management may put the change
into operation while the further stages of the provisions for avoiding disputes are
followed. Any subsequent agreement should have retrospective effect where appro
priate. The exposition to change on the part of the skilled men is due largely to the
uncertainty as to their position if displaced thereby. _It is suggested that this might
be met by readjustments, and by providing alternative avenues of employment for
the skilled men set free by the change. Engineering is an expanding industry, and
an agreement on these lines ought not, in the opinion of the court, to be difficult.
(Labor Gazette, London, May, 1922, p. 200.)
Following the publication of the report a joint conference of all
parties concerned was called for May 16. A t this time the employers
subm itted proposals based upon the findings of the court of inquiry,
which, according to the M anchester (England) G uardian for May 19,
1922, reaffirmed their original position on overtim e and m anagerial
rights, and proposed th a t general changes in wages, hours, or working
conditions which were the subject of agreement should be dealt with
according to the provisions for avoiding disputes, no alterations to
go into effect until the proper procedure both local and central had
been exhausted. In the case of other changes in working conditions
which would involve a “ general replacem ent of one class of work
people by an o th er” (but in no other case), the m anagem ent would
g ran t 10 days’ notice during which time objections m ight be made
by the workers’ representatives in a shop. If w ithin this period no
settlem ent was reached, the change should take place pending a
decision through the provisions for avoiding disputes. Consideration
should also be given to the placing of workers, displaced by the m an
agement, elsewhere in the establishm ent and a t work suited to their
ability.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[437]
208
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
These terms the Am algam ated Engineering Union refused to accept,
asserting th a t they did not differ appreciably from those on which the
membership had balloted in the first place. After some m aterial
changes had been made which brought the m em orandum more into
line w ith the recommendations of the court of inquiry, m et some of
the objections of the unions by giving them more opportunity for
discussion in case of the replacem ent of one class ol workers by
another, etc., and still left the employers the right to decide when
overtime is necessary and wdiat work is urgent, the 47 “ o th e r”
unions involved in the engineering dispute agreed to take a ballot of
their members on the proposal subm itted, the result of which was a
substantial m ajority for acceptance of-the employers’ offer. The
boiler makers and iron-foundry men, however, voted against accep
tance. M eantime the Am algam ated Engineering Union, after making
counter proposals which were rejected by the employers, held a dele
gate conference a t York and reached a decision to ballot its members
on the employers’ modified proposals, the result of which, according
to the Christian Science Monitor, June 13, 1922, was in favor of
resuming work. The iron founders’ union has also come into the
Am algam ated Engineering Union settlem ent. According' to press
reports the members of the Am algam ated Engineering Union were
influenced in this decision by their rapidly diminishing strike fund,
and also by the extent to which unskilled men were being taken on
in positions form erly held by trained men. The loss in wages is said
to have been upward of £9,000,000 ($43,798,500, par).
Dispute in the Shipbuilding Trade.
rT T IE wage dispute in the shipbuilding trades has also been settled.
I t arose out of the proposals made, Jan u ary 19, 1922, by the
Shipbuilding Em ployers’ Federation to discontinue the 26s. 6d.
($6.45, par) per week w ar bonus in two installm ents, the first to be a
cut of 16s. 6d. ($4.01, par) on March 15, 1922, the time for making
the other cuts to be determined later, special consideration to be
given to the lower-paid employees. The unions, which were pre
pared to accept a reduction of only 10s. ($2.43, par), in 5s. ($1.22, par)
installm ents, rejected these proposals by a vote of 115,000 to 13,000,
and a t a joint conference on March 1 proposed th a t the whole ques
tion of wages and the economic position of the industry be referred
to a court of inquiry. The employers in their tu rn rejected this pro
posal and the National Jo in t Council of the Trades Union Congress
urged the Minister of Labor to refer the m atter to a court of inquiry.
N egotiations between the parties in the dispute were resumed,
however, and on the 16th of March the employers m ade a final offer
amending their original proposal to the effect th a t the 16s. 6d.
($4.01, par) reduction should be m ade in two parts, namely, 10s. 6d.
($2.56, par) on M arch 29, and 6s. ($1.46, par), April 26, and asked
the unions’ representative to subm it the offer, w ith a recom m endation
for acceptance, to a ballot of their membership. No agreement hav
ing been reached, the Shipbuilding Em ployers’ Federation on March
22 posted notices based on their am ended proposal, and on M arch 23
the engineering unions decided to take a ballot of their membership.
The results announced April 4 shovred a m ajority against acceptance.
M eantime, on March 29, the men had ceased work.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[438]
S T R IK E S AND LOCK O U TS.
209
Through the continued good offices of the N ational Jo in t Council
of the Trades-Union Congress and of the M inister of Labor, negotia
tions were again resum ed and on April 25 the m en’s representatives
recommended the following provisional agreement for the acceptance
of the unions: (1) The reduction of 10s. 6d. ($2.56, par) which came
into operation on March 29 to rem ain in operation on and from th a t
date; (2) the further reduction of 6s. ($1.46, par) per week to take
effect in two installm ents, namely, 3s. (73 cents, par) on May 17, and
the rem aining 3s. on and from June 7. This proposal was also ballotted on by the unions and though voted on adversely the m ajority
was too small to constitute the two-thirds vote necessary to continue
the stoppage of work, and the m en returned, May 8, 1922, on these
terms.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[439]
CO NCILIATIO N A ND A R B ITR A TIO N .
Conciliation Work of the Department of Labor in June, 1922.
By
H ugh
L.
K e r w i n , D ir e c t o r o f C o n c il ia t io n .
H E Secretary of Labor, through the Division of Conciliation,
exercised his good offices in connection w ith 13 labor disputes,
exclusive of the coal m iners’, during June, 1922. These dis
putes affected a to tal of 40,254 employees. The table following
shows the nam e and location of the establishm ent or ind u stry in
which the dispute occurred, the natu re of the dispute (w hether
strike or lockout or controversy n o t having reached strike or lockout
stage), the craft or trad e concerned, the cause of the dispute, its
present status, the term s of settlem ent, the date of beginning and end
ing, and the num ber of workmen directly or indirectly affected.
On Ju ly 1, 1922, there were 28 strikes before the departm ent for
settlem ent and in addition 9 controversies which had not reached
the strike stage. Total num ber of cases pending, 37.
T
L A B O R D IS P U T E S H A N D L E D B Y T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R
T H R O U G H IT S D IV IS IO N O F C O N C IL IA TIO N , JU N E , 1922.
210
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211
C O N C ILIA TIO N AND A RBITRATION .
L A B O R D IS P U T E S H A N D L E D B Y T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O F LA B O R
T H R O U G H IT S D IV IS IO N O F C O N C IL IA T IO N , J U N E , 1922-C oncluded.
W orkm en
affected.
D ate of—
Company or in d u stry and location.
Term s of settlem ent.
W olf & A braham s Co., Bridgeport, $1 increase, 45 hours a w eek..
Conn.
Cleaners a n d dyers, New Y ork C ity.. $3 to $5 increase, 44 hours a
week.
Cleaners a n d dyers, H oboken, N. J . . ___ d o .........................................
Schm adel & D audistal, Evansville, Settled on com pany's term s,
Ind.
strik e lost.
Silk situation, Paterson, N . J .............
A bner-D rury Co., W ashington, D. C. 5 p e r cent c u t accepted..........
H olders, Cleveland, O hio..................... 12 plan ts struck, 8 conceded
w orkers’ dem ands.
38 firms; U n ited H a t Trim m ers of N o cut; sam e conditions al
N o rth Am erica, New Y ork City
lowed.
a nd Brooklyn.
M anufacturers of cloth h ats and caps, Association m et dem ands for
New Y ork City.
new agreem ents.
B ates H a t Co., New Milford, C onn... On conferences........................
17 m anufacturers, Cincinnati, O h io .. ___ d o .........................................
John H olbach & Co., Paterson, N . J .
Meadowbrook Mine of th e Grasselli 1920 scale; m en n o t to oper
Chemical Co., M eadowbrook, W.
a te other th a n for Gras
Va.
selli Co.
Begin
ning.
E nding.
1922
June 1
1922
June 12
400
435
May 16
June
7
28
100
..May 16
June 12
June 7
June 14
12
28
30
A pr. 6
M ay 18
June 19
June
8
25,000
45
450
55
June 15
June 17
2,000
May 15
June 17
4,500
June 1
May 20
June 8
A pr. 1
June 16
•
Di
rectly.
5,000
110
1,061
Indi
rectly.
1,000
Total.
Compulsory Arbitration in Norway.1
new compulsory arbitration law of Norway wTas passed
T ’ IEMarch
31, 1922, and is to be effective up to and including
i
April 1, 1923. The law in the main is the same as the com
pulsory arbitration law of April 4, 1919 (see Monthly L abor R eview
for July, 1919, p. 277), which after being extended a year was allowed
to lapse in 1921.
The arbitration board consists of five members, the Crown ap
pointing a chairm an and two other members, and the National
Federation of Trade-Unions and the Norwegian Em ployers’ Asso
ciation each appointing a member.
The Crown, if it finds th a t a dispute between a trade organiza
tion and an employer or employers’ association as to wages or
other labor conditions endangers considerable public interests,
can compel reference of the dispute to arbitration. Pending arbi
tration stoppage of work due to dispute m ay be forbidden, and the
terms of employment in effect a t the outbreak of the dispute
rem ain in force, unless the parties agree otherwise. U nder the
new law an award is not to continue in force for more th an one
year. The decision o f'th e board is final. Proceedings are carried
on behind closed doors only when the board so decides or when
proceedings pertain to business secrets or other private m atters.
Fines ranging from 5 to 25,000 kroner ($1.34 to $6,700, par) m ay be
imposed for violations of the law.
The first meeting of the board of arbitration under the new law
was held a t Christiania, April 18, 1922, to determine the wages to
i Consular reports of A pril 5 and 25 and May 23, 1922; A rbeidsgiveren, Copenhagen, May 12, 1922.
p. 197, May 26, 1922, p . 218, and Ju n e 2, 1922, p . 230.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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212
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
be paid to men in the iron industry. The Norwegian Em ployers’
Association had announced imm ediately upon the passage of the law
* th a t from April 6, 1922, all wages in the iron industry would be re
duced by from 0.6 to 0.9 krone (16.1 to 24.1 cents, par) per hour, and
the workers had served notice th a t if the reduction were made, they
would stop work on April 15. The State conciliator had issued an
order against a stoppage of work until conciliation had been attem pted,
bu t the attem pts at conciliation had failed, and in consequence the
dispute had been referred to the board of arbitration. The award
was made May 4 and is to rem ain in force until March 31, 1923.
The award in the iron industry was awaited w ith the m ost intense
interest, it is stated, not only because the iron industry is so large
and economically so im portant, b u t also because it was assumed th a t
the award in a case of such scope would set a precedent for later
awards and determ ine working conditions for Norwegian industrial
life for the coming year.
Under the award the actual hourly wages (including cost-of-livmg
bonus) in effect April 1 for skilled workers were reduced 0.55 krone
(14.7 cents, par); for helpers, 0.5 krone (13.4 cents, par), and for
women, 0.3 krone (8 cents, par). The award for skilled workers was
0.5 krone (1.3 cents, par) below the average of the employers’ demand
(0.9 krone) and the workers’ dem and (0.3 krone). As the hourly
wage for skilled workers under the 1920 award 3 was 2.1 kroner (56.3
cents, par), this was a reduction of 26 per cent. The m inimum wage
rate was fixed at 1.25 kroner (33.5 cents, par) per hour for skilled
workers and 1.1 kroner (29.5 cents, par) per hour for helpers. Pre
viously such wage rates were 1.5 and 1.3 kroner (40.2 and 34.8
cents, par), respectively, and the employers had asked for 0.8 and
0.7 krone (21.4 and 18.8 cents, par), respectively, and the employees
for 1.4 and 1.2 kroner (47.5 and 32.2 cents, par), respectively. For
electricians working outside the workshop the m inimum wage rate
is 0.1 krone (2.7 cents, par) higher. For women under 18 years of
age the wage rate is to be 0.7 krone (18.8 cents, par), and for those
over 18 years, 0.85 krone (22.8 cents, par), with an increase of 0.5
krone (13.4 cents, par) for each half year employed until the wage
reaches 1.05 kroner (28.1 cents, par) per hour. ^ Overtime pay for
the first two hours of overtime on the first five days of the week is
decreased to time and a quarter. This decrease was made to m eet
conditions in other countries w ith which the Norwegian iron industry
competes, and the change is m ainly a return to conditions previous
to the 1920 award.
The wage rates established by the award m ay, at the instance of
either party, be taken up for revision if the cost-of-living index
num ber of the Statistical Central Bureau for October of this year
increases or decreases more than six points as compared w ith the
April index number.
W orkers’ vacations were an im portant question before the board
of arbitration. Because of the existing depression the employers
wanted vacation rights abolished b u t the workers dem anded a contin
uation of the 12-day vacation established in the 1920 award. The
present award establishes an 8-day vacation after 12 weeks’ employ2 See Monthly L abob R eview , Septem ber, 1920, p p . 110-112.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[442]
C O N C ILIA TIO N AND AKBITRATION.
213
merit with the same employer. I t is assumed th a t the vacation will
be arranged so th a t it will include two Sundays, making a total rest
period of 10 days. If working on p a rt time, the vacation wage is
reduced proportionately.
The second award of the arbitration board, which was for the
building trades, was made May 18, and is to be effective until March
31, 1923, w ith the right to have it revised in October to correspond
with the change in cost of living, as in the iron industry. The
award in the iron industry acted as a standard for the building
trades award, bu t only to a limited extent. While in the award
for the iron industry the vacation was reduced from 12 to 8 days
the building workers were perm itted to keep their two weeks’
vacation, for the reason th a t the longer vacation would not hinder
activities to the same extent in this industry as in the iron industry.
The award reduces standard wage rates for journeym en and skilled
workers from 2.1 kroner (56.3 cents, par) per hour to 1.6 kroner
(42.9 cents, par), the reduction being 0.1 krone (2.7 cents, par) less
than th a t in the iron industry. For cities where the hourly wage
rate is higher than elsewhere a gradual decrease of such wage rate
was fixed. The actual wage in those trades which have a m inimum
wage system is decreased 0.5 krone (13.4 cents, par) per hour, and
the m inimum wage rate fixed a t 1.35 kroner (36.2 cents, par), the
former wage being 1.6 kroner (42.9 cents, par). The standard rate of
wages of excavators and stone and cement workers who are not in
cluded in the trade-w ork group was not changed, b u t the guaranteed
hourly wage rate, as advance on contract, is fixed a t 20 per cent
below the standard hourly rate. For the machine joiners of Chris
tiania a reduction of 0.60 krone (18.5 cents, par) an hour was made.
The standard wage rate for bricklayers, painters, and ordinary
excavators and stone and cement workers is established a t 1.5 kroner
(40.2 cents, par) per hour. Overtime pay is fixed a t time and a
quarter for the first two horns of overtime, the same as th a t estab
lished for the iron industry. In out-of-town work not requiring an
overnight stay, the worker is to receive hourly wage ra te pay for
the time spent in travel between the city limits and the place of work,
instead of the 10 per cent increase for out-of-town work previously
received.
On May 22 an award was made for the furniture industry, including
the m anufacture of pianos and organs and wicker furniture. The
m inimum wage rate was reduced from 1.6 to 1.35 kroner (42.9 to
36.2 cents, par) per hour and the actual wage in force April 1 was
reduced 0.6 krone (16.1 cents, par) per hour. Overtime is to be paid
for at the rate of time and a quarter for the first two hours, the previ
ous overtime rate having been time and a half. The vacation
period was fixed at 8 days, and the regulations governing apprentices
were abolished. The award term inates March 31, 1923, b u t contains
the same provision as to opportunity for revision of wages according
to the rise or fall of the cost-of-living index as in the iron industry
award.
On May 26 an arbitration award established a vacation period of
8 days for the paper and cellulose, wood, and electrochemical in
dustries.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[4 4 3 ]
C O O P E R A T IO N .
Condition of the Consumers’ Cooperative Movement in the United
States.
ECAUSE of the general interest m anifested in the subject of con
sum ers’ cooperation and also because of the fact th a t heretofore
authoritative sources of general statistical inform ation have been
lacking, the Bureau of Labor Statistics undertook a survey of the
consumers’ m ovem ent in the U nited States. This survey, the report
of which is soon to be published as B ulletin 313, covers the year 1920.
In it an atte m p t was made, not only to obtain statistical inform ation
w ith regard to the business operations of the societies, b u t to de
termine, if possible, w hether or not the societies were accomplishing
their prim ary purpose of reducing the cost of living and how their
m ethods compared in efficiency w ith those of private stores.
I t was unfortunate th a t the year covered by the survey, 1920, was
one of abnorm al and m ost unfavorable business conditions, since
this was bound to be reflected in the returns of the cooperative
societies. Cooperative societies, especially those newly started and
consequently w ithout opportunity to accum ulate a reserve fund, were
confronted w ith peculiar difficulties. The year 1920 was character
ized by rising wholesale prices during the first five m onths. After
th a t tim e, during the rem ainder of the year they fell rapidly. Thus
the societies which had laid in a large stock of goods a t the peak
prices had often to sell their goods a t less th an cost. I t is evident
th a t the societies which had begun business during the spring suffered
m ost by this condition, since their whole stock of m erchandise was
bought a t the tim e of highest prices. The drop in prices was also
reflected in the decreased value of the inventory a t the end of the year.
Toward the end of the year the difficulties of the cooperative
societies were increased by the growing unem ploym ent among their
members. Among the wage earners who form the m ajority of cooperators, loss of work m eans loss of purchasing^ power except on
credit. This in tu rn m eans either th a t the society m ust extend
credit or th a t its unemployed members m ust go to the private dealer
who will do so. Credit is extended by m any societies, b u t granting
of credit “ freezes ” their capital to the extent of the credit given.
In reading the figures shown below these abnorm al conditions should
be borne in mind.
B
Summary ol Results of investigation.
D E P O R T S were received from 1,009 cooperative retail societies
Ex anq from 10 cooperative wholesale societies. In addition, all
the cooperative centers were visited and a num ber of local societies
were given personal study.
Two types of societies were included in the study: (1) Exclusively
consumers’ societies and (2) societies which combine the functions of
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COOPERATION.
215
consumers’ societies with those of m arketing associations. While the
latte r are consumers’ associations only incidentally, their chief func
tion being th a t of m arketing agencies, the volume of cooperative
buying done through them is so considerable th a t it was thought
desirable to include them in the report. Throughout the study,
however, the data for the two types of society were kept separate.
Analysis of the data showed th a t the m em bership of the 966
societies reporting on this point was 260,060. The two largest
groups of cooperators are found in the E a st N orth C entral and W est
N orth C entral sections, each of these having nearly one,third of the
total num ber. Considered in relation to population, however, the
strictly consumers’ m ovem ent has reached its greatest developm ent
on the Pacific Coast. Kansas was found to be the leading S tate in
point of num ber of societies, while W isconsin leads both as regards
actual membership (49,503) and as to m em bership in relation to
population^ The reports indicate th a t the consumers’ cooperative
m ovem ent is little developed in the South, both actually and in rela
tion to population.
T h at the large societies of the foreign cooperative m ovem ents are
far from num erous in the United States is shown by the study. Only
9 societies had 2,000 members or more, while more th an tw o-thirds of
the whole num ber reporting had less th an 200 and one-third had less
than 100 members. The average m embership of the societies was 269
persons. The com parative youth of the societies studied m ay be in
p a rt the cause of the small size of the associations, for over 70 per cent
of the strictly consumers’ societies and over half of the combined
purchase and sale associations had been in business for less th an 5
years. Only 26 of the 1, 009 societies had been in business for a
quarter of a century or more. Of the 9 societies having 2,000 m em
bers or over, 3 had been in operation for 25 years or longer. All of
these, however, are students’ societies. On the other hand, 8 of the
25-year-old organizations had fewer than 200 members.
The type of business engaged in by cooperative societies is shown
in the following table:
N U M B ER O F SO C IE T IE S C A RR Y IN G ON EA C H S P E C IF IE D K IN D O F B U SIN E S S.
Consumers’
societies.
A gricultural
societies.1
Type of society.
Num ber. Per cent. N um ber. Per cent.
H ousing societies...............................................................................
H otel and re stau ran t societies......................................................
R estau ran t societies................................................................
Irrigation societies..............................................................................
P rintin g an d publishing societies.......................................................
B akeries....................................................................................................
Laundries.............................................................................................
Store societies dealing in —
Groceries.............................................................................................
Groceries a n d m e a t...........................................................................
M eat.....................................................................................................
M ilk............................................................................................
D ry goods...........................................................................................
3
6
2
2
4
10
2
0. 4
.8
.3
.3
.0
1. 4
.3
2 124
* 72
57
1
2
17.0
9.9
1. 0
.1
.3
86
1
2.1
.4
1 The term “ agricultural societies” is used in th e report to designate com bined purchasing (consumers’)
and m arketing societies.
2 Including 3 societies which also handle coal.
8 Including 2 societies which also handle farm m achinery and 1 society which also handles farm m achinery
and coal.
* Including 1 society which also handles coal.
6 Including 1 society which also handles bakery goods.
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
NUM BER OF SOCIETIES CARRYING ON EACH SPEC IFIED KIN D OF B U SIN E SS—Con.
Agricultural
societies.
Consumers’
societies.
Type of society.
Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent.
Score societies dealing in—Continued.
General merchandise............. ............•-.............. ............................
General merchandise and coal.......................................................
C o a l.....................................................................................................
Farm machinery or implements...................................................
Total.................................................................................................
1
83
-154
7
io 5
9
.4
62.3
1.0
.7
1.2
4
11
.6
1.5
728
100.0
8 83
» 90
88
12 11
29.6
31.8
31.4
h
3 .9
2
281
.7
100.0
6 Including 1 society which also handles furniture.
i Including 13 societies which also handle farm machinery, 1 society which also handles coal, and 1 society
which also handles miscellaneous building materials.
8 Including 2 societies which also handle miscellaneous building materials, 1 society which also handles
miscellaneous building materials and farm machinery, 9 societies which also handle farm machinery, and
1 society which also handles farm machinery and coal.
9Including 2 societies which also handle farm machinery, 4 societies which also handle miscellaneous
building materials, and 2 societies which also handle farm machinery and miscellaneous building materials.
10 Including 1 society which also handles farm machinery and 1 society which also handles miscellaneous
building materials.
. .
, ., , ,
„
.
11 Including 18 societies which also handle farm machinery, 13 societies which also handle miscellaneous
building materials, and 7 societies which also handle farm machinery and miscellaneous building materials.
12 Including 1 society which also handles miscellaneous building materials.
I t is seen th a t the m ajority (62.3 per cent) of the strictly con
sumers’ societies are doing a "general store business. The agricul
tural societies, however, most generally deal in coal or general m er
chandise or both.
The reports received show th a t practically no m anufacturing is
done by the consumers’ societies of the U nited States.
The following table gives in summ ary the financial operations for
1920 for the societies studied:
STATISTICS OF OPERATION OF E A C H ‘TYPE OF COOPERATIVE SOCIETY, IN 1920.
Membership.
Type of society.
Total
num Num
ber of ber of
socie socie
ties
ties.
re
port
ing.
Mem
bers.
Paid-in share
capital.
Num
ber of
socie
ties
re
port
ing.
Amount.
Retail societies:
Consumers’............
Agricultural1........
728
281
696
270
196,352
63,708
662 $11,290,973
265 11,079,945
Reserve fund.
Business.
Num
ber of
socie
Amount.
ties
re
port
ing.
Num
ber of
socie
ties
re
port
ing.
314 $1,614,483
120 1,177,665
650
161
$64,935,837
15,169,098
Amount.
Total...................
1,009
966
260,060
927
22,370,918
434
2,792,148
811
80,104,935
Wholesale societies:
Consumers’............
Agricultural1........
7
3
6
3
271
707
5
3
140,965
167,990
4
31,538
6
3
3, 881,585
5,318,488
Total...................
10
9
978
8
308,955
4
31,538
9
9,200,073
i The term “ agricultural society" is used in the report to designate combined purchasing (consumers’)
and marketing societies.
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COO PERATION.
217
I t is seen th a t the business of the 811 retail societies which fur
nished inform ation on this point totaled more than 880,000,000 during
1920, and th a t the turnover of the wholesale societies reporting
am ounted to over 89,000,000. Of the retail business nearly one-lialf
was done by the cooperative societies of the W est N orth Central
States. R etail sales of $1,000,000 or more were reported in each of
19 States. Of the individual retail societies 5 had a business during
1920 of $1,000,000 or more while 12 had sales of $500,000 or more.
Some idea of the extent of the cooperative m ovem ent in the United
States in 1920 m ay be obtained by assuming th a t the averages
arrived a t in this study hold good for the other societies located by
the bureau b u t not reporting and for the societies included in the
study b u t not reporting on specific points. Thus the application
of the average membership arrived a t—269 persons—to the known
societies indicates th a t the membership of all these societies would
be nearly 700,000. A sim ilar application of the average business
done per society—$99,406—gives the to tal business by the known
societies of the country a t $257,942,269. The known societies, how
ever, probably include only about 90 per cept of all the cooperative
societies in the United States. Making allowance for these unlocated
organizations, the figure for total membership m ay be conserva
tively placed at 775,000 and the yearly business done at $285,000,000.
Profit or loss for the year was ascertainable for only 158 strictly
consumers’ societies. Of these, 113 had a combined gain of $533,994
and 45 a loss of $87,170. The per cent of net profit m ade by the
individual societies ranged from 0.1 per cent to 17.6 per cent of sales.
The average per cent of net profit was 3.6 per cent.
Altogether, 454 societies returned purchase dividends to their
members during the last quarter of 1920. The rem aining 361 of the
815 associations which practice the return of dividends on purchases
when earned either had no surplus savings to divide or elected to
allow these to rem ain in the business. The rate of dividend most
commonly returned by the consumers’ societies was between 5 and
b per cent, by the agricultural societies between 2 and 3 per cent.
The average rate was 5.9 and 4.7 per cent respectivelv. Dividends
on purchases were returned, not only to members b u t also to non
members, by 145 associations.
The am ount returned in dividends on purchases during the year
1920 could be determined for only 69 consumers’ societies. The
total am ount returned by these was $350,354, an average of $14.15
per member. Two stores in N orth D akota returned an average of
$73.84 to each of their members, while in the reporting stores of 7
other States each member received between $20 and $40.
The operating expense of the cooperative stores was found to com
pare favorably w ith th a t of private stores doing the same kind of
business. This expense ranged from 3.5 to 25.7 per cent of sales in
the cooperative stores, the average expense being 11.9 per cent.
The practice as to accounting and auditing of books conformed in
a large num ber of cases to the highest standards, though in general
the accounting m ethods disclosed left room for improvement. D an
gerously large granting of credit and investm ent of too large a pro
portion of capital in fixed assets were some of the more common
iaults found. G ranting of credit was shown to have been the sole or
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
contributing cause for lack of success in 12 of the 70 failures from
which reports were obtained.
Failures were frequent during the la tte r p a rt of 1920 and the begin
ning of 1921. In m any cases, however, the failure was due not so
much to business conditions as to some glaring error in basic organi
zation or in methods.
The failure of three cooperative wholesale societies was, because of
the far-reaching effects, the m ost outstanding circumstance _of the
m ovem ent during 1920. One of these wholesales was th a t which was
organized to become the wholesale society for the whole United
States. The failure of these societies had disastrous effects on the
retail societies, since two of the wholesales were operating branches
on the chain-store plan, the funds of the whole system being handled
by the central office. In general these failures were due to wrong
methods of organization, poor judgm ent in buying, poor m anagement,
the desire for quick results which led to overexpansion, too large
overhead expense in proportion to the business done, and to general
incompetence at headquarters. In one case the situation was
aggravated and failure hastened because of the steel strike, the m iners’
strike, and the “ outlaw ” railroad strike which came in succession
and in which m any of the members of the constituent stores were
involved.
Present Condition of Movement.
The poor business conditions of 1920 continued during 1921. How
ever, while m any societies failed owing to these conditions, supple
m entary reports received by this bureau indicate th a t the cooperative
m ovem ent as a whole has fared surprisingly well, considering its
youth. A good m any societies have failed or gone out of business
voluntarily, bu t probably not a greater proportion than in private
business.
T hat p a rt of the m ovem ent in W ashington which was not connected
w ith the N ational Cooperative Association or which, though affiliated,
survived the general havoc th a t followed its failure, appears to be
thriving. The report received from th a t State shows th a t 2 societies
listed by the bureau failed; it states further:
We know of two more failures in the cooperative movement during the past year
which you have not listed. We think this is a considerably better showing than has
been made by private business. This result has been largely due to the efforts of the
Associated Grange Warehouse Co. in establishing a system of bookkeeping and audit
ing through which we are now able to give them information and statistics on their
business and on the general average of the State business which proves very helpful
to the board of directors. The general business conditions have been very bad, and
while there are a number of cooperatives that are “ pretty sick,” we_think that the
failures will be less than in the privately conducted enterprises during a period of
three or four years.
In California the consumers’ m ovem ent has received a setback in
the fact th a t the Pacific Cooperative League, a centralized system of
cooperative stores throughout six far western States, has gone into
receivership. Final action has not yet been taken in the case, but
latest reports indicate th a t unprofitable stores will be closed and sold
and th a t where possible the others will be taken over and run inde
pendently by the local cooperators.
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COOPERATION.
219
In Kansas, where there is a large consumers’ m ovem ent, chiefly
among the farmers, information from various sources reveals only 13
cases of failure or retirem ent from business among nearly 450 stores.
N ebraska is also the field of an extensive m ovement. In th a t State,
the report received shows, the cooperative stores have done more than
merely to survive the general business depression.
The cooperative movement in this State seems to he developing a fresh impetus.
Many of these associations were pretty hard hit during the recent financial storm,
but there have been remarkably few failures. Many of them are refinancing their
concerns and are operating in such a way that the future outlook for them is very
bright.
It seems to us that the real cause of depression among our stores is the fact that the
farmer received such a hard jolt in the dropping of prices in the past two years. This
of course would be immediately reflected in his own business. But, as stated above,
cooperative failures in this State have been remarkably few, which compares very
favorably with other stores doing a like business.
All reports combined disclose 10 failures among some 325 stores in
operation in this State.
The fatality rate has been a good deal higher in Illinois, with some
13 out of about 125 stores being reported as having failed or gone
out of business. This num ber does not take into consideration the
so-called cooperative stores of the bankrupt Cooperative Society of
America, which investigation by this bureau proved to be entirely
uncooperative, both in nature and operation. In Illinois m any of the
stores are m iners’ stores, run either independently by the miners
themselves or by the Central States Cooperative Society. No definite
word concerning these stores has been received. They are doubtless
affected by the m iners’ strike; experience has shown, however, th a t
the cooperative m ovem ent can prove to be of very valuable assist
ance to strikers.
No direct report has been received by the bureau concerning the
m ovem ent in M innesota and Wisconsin. Item s printed in Coopera
tion (New York), however, seem to indicate a continuance of coopera
tive strength there. A district league has been formed and steps
have been taken toward the form ation of an association of coopera
tive managers for the purposes of collective action.
In Pennsylvania the m ovement appears not only to have held its
own, b u t to have taken a fresh start. An organization for educa
tional and other purposes has been formed there. In Pennsylvania,
as in Illinois, the miners have been active in cooperation, using
caution, however, in establishing stores, and doing a great deal of
prelim inary educational work along cooperative lines.
The report received from the U niversity of K entucky, which has
interested itself in cooperation, states th a t while the university has
made no very recent investigation it is believed th a t m ost of the
cooperative societies of the State are “ getting along in fairly good
shape. N aturally there are a few th a t have been having a difficult
time during the last year or two.”
New York has a very efficient S tate office, a p a rt of whose work it
is to organize and assist cooperative societies. This office keeps in
touch w ith the m ovem ent throughout the State. The report re
ceived from this bureau states th a t m any societies have failed,
especially in New York City. The suggestion is made, however, th a t the
insolvency rate in th a t State which appears to be m uch greater than
2476°— 22—
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[449]
220
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
elsewhere in the country is probably only “ ap p a re n tly ” so, “ due to
the fact th a t we have a more accurate record in New York of the
status of cooperatives.”
Farm Women’s Marketing Associations.
H E farm women of Louisiana, assisted by the extension division
of the S tate U niversity, are organizing a cooperative m arketing
association to dispose of surplus farm produce, according to a
press release of the All-American Cooperative Commission. The aim
of this association is to preserve fruits, vegetables, and dairy and
poultry products which are now wasted, or do not find their way to
m arket, to standardize and grade these, and to sell them coopera
tively. I t is also proposed th a t handicraft articles be made and sold
on the same basis. For the first year the Louisiana women are
specializing on vegetable soup extracts.
A sim ilar society, the South Carolina, Home Producers’ Associa
tion, has been formed by the farm women of South Carolina. The
members of this la tte r association have signed contracts to prepare,
from uniform recipes, standardized canned goods which are scien
tifically preserved and sold under a special label. The association
has lim ited its activities to 10 articles. An educational campaign is
being conducted to familiarize the people of the S tate w ith these home
cooperative products.
T
Cooperation in Certain Foreign Countries.
N ew Cooperative Law in Ontario.
CCORDING to the Cooperative News Service No. 51 of the
All- American Cooperative Commission, the Canadian Province
of Ontario has recently passed a law (sec. X I-A of the cor
porations act) dealing w ith cooperative associations. This lav/
provides th a t all organizations calling themselves cooperative m ust
be conducted on the principle of one mem ber one vote, regardless of
am ount of stock held; th a t proxy voting shall n o t be perm itted;
th a t the surplus savings arising from the business shall be distributed
to the shareholders a t a rate n o t to exceed 8 per cent per annum,
and the rem ainder to the members in proportion to their volume of
business w ith the corporation. A rebate m ay also be given to non
members on the basis of purchases m ade, N ot over 2 per cent of
the annual surplus m ay be placed in a reserve fund, and 5 per cent
m ay be expended for educational or social purposes. The act
provides for periodical reports to the provincial secretary and em
powers th a t official to inspect and audit the books .of anv coopera
tive society upon the request of 10 or more members belonging to
the society for no t less than six m onths, or upon the application of
more than one-third of all members.
A
Cooperative Societies in Czechoslovakia in 1920.
A R E PO R T 1 issued by the Statistical Office of the Czecho-Slovak
Republic gives the num ber of cooperative societies (other than
i Czechoslovakia.
Office de Statistique.
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Prague, 1921.
221
COOPERATION.
credit societies) in existence in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia at
the end of 1920. These figures are shown in the table below:
N U M B E R O F SO C IE T IE S O F EA C H T Y P E IN CZECH O SLO V A K IA A T E N D O F 1920.
Bohem ia.
T ype of society.
M oravia.
Silesia.
T otal.
A gricultural societies................................................................
In d u strial societies....................................................................
Consumers’ societies.................................................................
C onstruction societies..............................................................
O ther consumers’ societies......................................................
Productive a n d puhlic-utility societies...............................
1,076
1,025
1,023
707
13
74
654
370
520
231
3
29
66
45
96
54
3
2
1,796
1,446
1,639
992
19
105
T o tal..................................................................................
3,918
1,813
266
5,997
Finnish Cooperative Movement in 1921.
'"THE March, 1922, issue of Kooperatoren (Stockholm) gives an
* account of the activities of the Finnish Cooperative Wholesale
Society, the O. T. K ., for 1921. According to this report, 1921 was
a year of unfavorable business conditions, owing to falling prices,
reduced purchasing power of members, and the condition of the
money m arket. Toward the end of the year, however, conditions
improved.
The sales of the wholesale society, which in 1920 am ounted to
98.800.000 Finnish m arks ($19,068,400, par), reached the sum of
193.900.000 Finnish m arks ($37,422,700, par) in 1921. The sales of
the 115 constituent societies increased from 525,400,000 Finnish
m arks ($101,402,200, par) in 1920 to 673,000,000 Finnish m arks
($129,889,000, par) in 1921. The combined membership of these
societies num bered 157,784, comprising, it is stated, about 47 per
cent of all the members of consumers’ societies in Finland.
A consular report of April 25, 1922, quotes Pellervo (Helsingfors)
to the effect th a t there were in Finland a t the end of 1921,3,422
cooperative societies of different sorts. These were distributed,
according to the kind of business done, as follows:
1920.
1921.
Trading societies..............................................................
770788
Dairies..............................................................................................
504 515
Savings societies.............................................................................
728 775
Machinery societies.....................................................................
320
333
Peat societies...................................................................................
188 195
Egg-selling so cieties.......... ..............................
77
79
Telephone societies.........................................................................
112 120
Electricity societies...............
58
72
524545
Other societies.....................................................
Total............................ ....................................................... 3,281 3,422
Wages Award for Cooperative Employees in Great Britain.
rT T IE April 14, 1922, num ber of Industrial and Labor Inform ation
-*• issued by the International Labor Office contains an account 1
of an award regarding wages of workers employed by the cooperative
societies of G reat B ritain. This award was m ade by the joint com
m ittee of trade-unionists and cooperators which is the arbitrating
1 T aken from M anchester (E ngland) G uardian, Mar. 8, 1922, a nd D aily H erald, London, Mar. 29, 1922.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
body in disputes between cooperative societies and their workers.
The award, which affects over 20,000 employees, came into effect
on the pay day of the week commencing March 20, 1922. The
action was taken as the result of the petition of the retail cooperative
societies of the northw estern area th a t they be perm itted to reduce
the wages of their adult male employees 6s. (SI.46, par), those of
their adult female employees 4s. (97.3 cents, par), and those of the
minor employees 3s. (73 cents, par) per week.
The term s of the award and the am ount of reduction where such
was allowed are shown below:
W A GES O F C O O P E R A T IV E E M P L O Y E E S IN N O R T H W E S T E R N A R E A IN G R E A T
B R IT A IN AS F IX E D B Y A W A R D .
[Shilling a t par=24.3 cents; penny=2.03 cents.]
Females.
Males.
Amount
of reduc
tion per
week.
Occupation and age.
Workers, aged—
14 years.................................................................................
15 years.................................................................................
16 years.................................................................................
17 years.................................................................................
18 years.................................................................................
19 years.................................................................................
20 years.................................................................................
21 years................................................................................
22 years.
. . .
...........................................
23 years .
_
......................................................
Clerks, aged—
• 21 years.................................................................................
22 years.................................................................................
23 years
...................................................
Branch managers......................................................................
Buyers..........................................................................................
Porters
.........................................
Warehousemen, aged—
1 No change.
s.
0)
0)
0)
0)
3
3
3
4
4
4
Amount
of reduc
tion per
week.
New rate
per week.
s.
14
16
19
24
32
38
44
59
64
68
d.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
4
59 0
64 0
72 0
(2)
4
59 0
4
4
59 0
64 0
0)
s.
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
New rate
per week.
s.
d.
3
3
3
4
12
14
18
23
26
30
36
38
6
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
39 0
44 0
4
46 0
52 0
2 N ot reported.
The central wages council of the northern section of the Cooperative
Union has petitioned the D istributive W orkers’ Union for a reduction
in the wages of all employees of cooperative societies in th a t section.
Cooperation in India in 19 2 0 -2 1.1
’“T H E following table compiled from the reports of the respective
registrars shows the operations of the various types of coopera
tive societies in certain parts of India:
i The d a ta on which th is section is based are from C entral Provinces, A griculture D epartm ent, R eport on
the w orking of th e cooperative societies in th e C entral Provinces and B erar for th e year 1920-21; AjmerMerwara, R egistrar of Cooperative Societies, R eport on th e w orking of th e cooperative societies in th e Dis
tric t of Ajmer-M erwara for th e year ending Ju n e 30, 1921; U n ited Provinces, R egistrar of Cooperative
Societies, A n n u al report on th e w orking of th e cooperative societies in th e U nited Provinces of Agra and
O udh for th e year 1920-21 ; Assam, R egistrar of Cooperative Societies, R eport on th e w orking of th e coopera
tiv e societies in Assam for th e year ending on M ar. 31, 1921; B ihar and Orissa, R egistrar of Cooperative
Societies, R eport on th e w orking of cooperative societies in B ihar and Orissa for th e year 1920-21 ; and P u n
jab, R eg istrar of Cooperative Societies, R ep o rt on th e -working of th e cooperative societies in th e P u n ja b
for th e year ending J u ly 31, 1921.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[452]
223
COOPERATION.
O P E R A T IO N S O F C O O P E R A T IV E SO C IE TIE S IN C E R T A IN P A R T S O F IN D IA IN 1920-21
B Y D IS T R IC T AN D T Y P E O F SO C IE TY .
’
[Rupee a t p a r = 48.66 cents.]
D istrict and ty p e of society.
N um
ber of
so
cieties.
N um
ber of
mem
bers.
A m ount of
business.
494
21,638
i 242,194
6,171
168,567
615,279
24
3,186
i 200,225
97,428
28,345
438,703
25
3,260
314,309
48,985
2,702
99,120
3,247
112
95,112 1 2,689,325
7,992
98,849
214,194
677,286
45,408
4,832,591
676,137
4,535
73,879
i 6,920 629
6
28
325
401
15,824
Paid-in
share
capital.
Reserve W orking
fund.
capital.
A ssa m .
A gricultural credit societies............................
N onagricultural societies:
C redit societies....................................
Purchase and purchase and sale socie tie s...........................................................
E s.
E s.
E s.
E s.
B i h a r a n d O r is s a .
A gricultural credit societies.........................
N onagricultural credit societies.....................
C e n tr a l P r o v in c e s a n d B e r a r .
A gricultural societies:
Credit societies....................................
Purchase a n d purchase and sale societies..........................................
Productive societies..............................
N onagricultural societies:
Credit societies............................
Purchase a n d purchase and sale societies..........................................
Production and sale societies..................
O ther s o c ie tie s ......................................
966,867 12, 477,607
7,808
7,920
873
941
18,842
13,'986
65
1,533
i 111,451
39,800
13,349
152,813
30
3
1
3,357
55
88
284,822
10,317
i 2,881
155,475
9,480
3,645
697
223,518
18,703
51
4C0
10, 465
i 309,620
390, 621
182,762
2,049,103
11
9
1
1 433
108
96
23 963
403
3, 746
2 269
'457
112
137
l l ' 572
1,314
20
14
482
4,712
i 24,926
409,623
24,991
44,911
84
2,396
85,707
159,880
7,605
196,691
171
19
37
219
303
1,537
597
529
13,550
15,371
4,213
1
1
8
101,613
73
43
322
168
21
1
2
7,041
1,440
3
85
D is tr ic t o f A jm e r - M e r w a r a .
A gricultural societies:
C redit societies........................................
Purchase an d purchase and sale societies.................................................
P roductive societies.......................
Production and sale societies................
N onagricultural societies:
C redit societies....................................
Purchase and sale societies.....................
P u n ja b .
A gricultural societies:
Credit societies.......................................
Purchase an d purchase a n d sale societies.........................................
P ro d u ctio n and sale societies...................
Insurance societies....................................
O ther societies.............................................
N onagricultural societies..............................
i 8,289,140 5,172,065 5,174,716 - 21,613,017
353,657
346,395
60,342
59,829
75,020
i 643,106
20,229
2 , 388
335,051
16 R 355
312’787
99,331
874*273
i 3,487 580 1,184.427
2,968
6,350
1 337
5'129
976,375
441
6,893
9,003
28* 720
50,351
3,393
554,117
48,438
8
22,400
1 IIS
U n i t e d P r o v in c e s o f A g r a a n d O u d h .
A gricultural societies:
Credit societies........................................
N oncredit central societies....................
P roductive societies....................................
O ther societies..................................
N onagricultural societies:
Credit societies...........................................
Purchase a n d sale societies.......................
Productive societies....................................
O ther societies..............................................
i 483,239
26,880
154,848
20,827
8
22,460
17337
i Loans to individuals.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
*
[453]
224
M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
Cooperative Societies in Japan, 19! I to 1920.
rT ‘H E following table taken from the Twenty-first Financial and
Economic Annual of Jap an shows the num ber of cooperative
societies of each type in Japan on December 31 of each year 1911 to
1920:
N U M B E R OF C O O P E R A T IV E SO C IE T IE S O F E A C H T Y P E ON D EC . 31, 1911 TO 1920.
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
Credit societies............................ 2,534
225
Sale societies................................
Purchase societies.......................
787
114
Productive societies...................
535
Sale a n d purchase societies___
150
Sale a n d pro d u ctiv e societies..
P u r c h a s e a n d p r o d u c tiv e
52
societies......................................
Sale, purchase an d productive
234
societies......................................
395
C redit a n d sale societies............
C redit a n d purchase societies.. 1,626
Credit a n d productive societies.
15
C re d it, sale a n d p u rc h a se
societies...................................... .1,459
Credit, sale an d productive
22
societies......................................
Credit, purchase an d produc
40
tiv e societies.............................
C redit, sale, purchase an d pro
475
ductive societies......................
2,673
220
673
117
510
138
2,767
233
641
138
491
138
2,930
224
599
143
498
139
3,015
234
535
133
461
141
3,070
221
448
134
402
127
3,092
248
414
133
401
134
3,059
290
419
127
412
163
2,895
272
456
115
407
157
2,650
235
454
107
385
167
T ype of society.
T o ta l................................... 8,663
44
43
41
37
29
25
27
30
20
245
384
1,995
27
241
378
2,252
32
242
370
2,479
37
230
400
2,583
39
195
370
2,692
53
180
351
2,711
55
170
317
2,790
59
189
296
2,948
63
173
250
3,045
61
1,948
2,232
2,461
2,608
2,795
2,964
3,252
3,630
3,975
38
59
73
90
117
158
145
147
151
45
45
46
57
56
49
57
74
73
626
765
878
946
1,044
1,111
1,236
1,427
1,696
9,683 10,455 11,160 11,509 11,753 12,026 12,523 13,106
13,442
Operations of Norwegian National Cooperative Union for 1921.
r"THE January, 1922, issue of Kooperatoren (Stockholm) contains a
* brief sum m ary of the operations of the Norwegian N ational Co
operative Union for 1921. This report, like those of other countries,
remarks on the trading difficulties encountered during the year. I t
is stated, however, th a t as a whole, the Norwegian cooperative
m ovem ent “ m et the great strain very well.” The business of the
union for 1921 am ounted to 20,966,223 kroner ($5,618,948, par),
some 3,000,000 kroner ($804,000, par) more than in 1920. There
were, a t the end of 1920, 402 retail societies in affiliation w ith the
national body.
Report of Swiss Union of Consumers’ Societies for 1921.1
rT T IE report of the Swiss Union of Consumers’ Societies ( Verb a n d
A schw eiz. K o n su m verein e ) for the year 1921 showed a falling off
in the wholesale business of the union from 172,028,668 francs
($33,201,533, par) in 1920 to 144,419,697 francs ($27,873,002, par)
in 1921. There was a net loss for the year, the profits from the
banking, agricultural, and real estate departm ents n o t being suffi
cient to cover the losses m et in certain other departm ents of the
union. Fortunately, special reserves had been accum ulated to m eet
a situation like this, and these were more th an sufficient to m ake
good the deficit. The perm anent reserve fund, which now am ounts
to 3,050,000 francs ($588,650, par), rem ains untouched. The capi1 T h e d a ta on w hich th is section is based are from V erband Schweiz. K onsum vereine (V . S. K .),
Basel, R apports e t com ptes concernant l’activité des organes en 1921; and L a Coopération, B asel, issues
of A pr. 27, Maÿ 18, and Ju n e 1,1922.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[454]
COOPERATION.
225
tal of the union on December 31, 1921, amounted to 5,375,500 francs
(11,037,472, par). The num ber of persons employed by the union
decreased from 841 in 1920 to 789 on December 31, 1921. There
are in affiliation with the union 505 retail societies.
A t the m eeting of the adm inistrative council of the union on
April 18, 1922, the president of the union was authorized to enter
into negotiations w ith the central cooperative unions of Russia w ith
a view to establishing trading relations with them.
Movement to Establish Cooperative Trade with Russia.
L
A COOPERATION, the organ of the Swiss Union of Consum ers’
Cooperative Societies, in its issues of April 27 and May 4, 1922,
gives an account of a meeting of the central comm ittee of the
International Cooperative Alliance held in Milan on April 11. As
was noted in the Monthly L abor R eview for April, 1922 (p. 228),
a delegation from the national cooperative wholesale societies of cer
tain European countries was appointed to visit Russia w ith the object
of studying the condition of the m ovem ent there w ith a view to the
establishm ent of international trade relations among the cooperatives.
This commission, which spent a m onth in Russia, made its report a t
the Milan m eeting of the central committee.
The commission stated th a t its study of the Russian cooperative
m ovem ent had convinced it th a t a change was taking place in the
m ovem ent there which would place the Russian m ovem ent in h ar
mony w ith the cooperative principles of the m ovem ent in other coun
tries. The establishm ent of trade relations w ith the Russian move
m ent was recommended. This, in the commission’s opinion, will
not necessitate the establishm ent of a new international cooperative
society, since the trading can be carried on through the Centrosoyus
(the central union) a t Moscow which is now freed from S tate control.
As is noted above, the Swiss cooperative m ovem ent has already
taken action on the commission’s recommendation.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[455]
IM MIGRATION,
Statistics of Immigration for May, 1922.
B y W. W. H u s b a n d , Commissioner G en era l
of
I mmigration .
following tables show the total num ber of im m igrant aliens
adm itted into the U nited States and em igrant aliens departed
from the U nited States in January, February, March, April, and
May, 1922, and for the six m onths’ period from July to December,
1921. The tabulations are presented according to the countries of
last perm anent or future perm anent residence, races or peoples,
occupations, and States of future perm anent or last perm anent
residence. The last table (Table 6) shows the num ber of aliens ad
m itted under the per centum lim it act of May 19, 1921, up to June 30,
1922.
T
he
T able 1.—IN W A R D AN D O U TW A R D P A S S E N G E R M O V EM EN T IN JA N U A R Y , F E B R U A R Y ,
M A R C H ,A P R IL ,A N D MAY, 1922,A N D D U R IN G T H E S IX M O N T H S E N D IN G D E C E M B E R 31,
1921.
D epartures.
A rrivals.
Period.
Im m i
g ran t
aliens
ad m it
ted.
N on
im m i U n ited Aliens
States
g ran t
de
aliens citizens barred.
ad m it arrived.
ted.
T otal.
E m i
grant
aliens
de
p arted.
Nonemi
g ra n t
aliens
de
p arted.
U n ite d
States
citizens
de
p arted.
T otal.
1921.
Ju ly to D ecem ber........ 200,121
65,287
133,111
6,678
405,197
137,878
86,749
162,735
387,362
1922.
J a n u a ry .........................
F e b ru a ry .......................
M arch............................
A p ril..............................
M ay................................
15,928
10,792
14,803
18,967
24,169
6,705
6,851
9,736
10,199
12,711
12,057
17,573
21,884
19,889
19,837
892
991
1,069
1,436
1,183
35,582
36,207
47,492
50,491
57,900
7,708
7,063
8,269
13,232
12,025
7,877
7,360
7,427
11,730
11,122
15,519
19,061
20,993
26,197
29,643
31,104
33,484
36,689
51,159
52,790
T o ta l................... 284,780
111,489
224,351
12,249
632,869
186,175
132,265
274,148
592,588
T able 2.—LA ST P E R M A N E N T R E S ID E N C E O F IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D , AND
F U T U R E P E R M A N E N T R E S ID E N C E O F E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D , JA N U A R Y ,
F E B R U A R Y , M ARCH, A P R IL , A N D M AY, 1922, B Y C O U N T R IE S .
Im m ig ran t.
C ountry.
Jan u F ebru March, A pril,
ary,
ary,
1922. 1922. 1922. 1922.
May,
1922.
502
21
25
1
75
511
14
16
1
42
217
A u stria ............................................
89
H ung ary ..........................................
115
B elgium ..........................................
17
B ulg aria..........................................
Czechoslovakia, R epublic of— 1,297
226
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E m igrant.
158
49
38
10
180
330
37
21
1
135
1456]
Jan u F ebru March, April, May,
ary,
ary.
1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922.
9
119
84
29
199
17
225
29
25
277
31
233
69
11
437
50
310
107
29
627
60
256
166
10
697
IMMIGRATION,
227
T able 2.—LAST P E R M A N E N T R E S ID E N C E O F IM M IG RA N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D , A N D
F U T U R E P E R M A N E N T R E S ID E N C E O F E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D , JA N U A R Y ,
F E B R U A R Y , M ARCH, A P R IL , A N D MAY, 1922, B Y C O U N T R IE S —Concluded.
Im m ig ran t.
C ountry.
D enm ark ........................................
F in lan d ...........................................
France, including Corsica..........
G erm any........................................
Greece..............................................
Italy , including Sicily a n d Sar
d in ia.............................................
N etherlands...................................
N orw ay...........................................
Poland, R epublic of.....................
Portugal, including Cape Verde
a nd Azores Islan d s...................
R u m a n ia ........................................
R ussia.............................................
Spain, including Canary a n d
Balearic Islan d s.........................
Sw eden............................................
Sw itzerland....................................
T urkey in E urope........................
U nited Kingdom:
E n g lan d ..................................
Irelan d .....................................
Scotland..................................
W ales.......................................
Yugoslavia.....................................
O ther E uropean countries.........
E m igrant.
Jan u Febru- March, April,
ary,
ary,
1922. 1922. 1922. 1922.
May,
1922.
78
101
174
1, 216
46
70
99
116
710
9
132
155
151
1,201
19
236
269
165
1,421
24
412
380
264
1,717
14
27
25
118
135
345
23
26
75
191
517
44
16
129
255
499
21
52
251
369
555
61
76
378
532
252
1,942
54
97
606
410
50
183
277
421
125
651
239
286
180
399
320
267
195
1,034
302
2,212
31
55
545
1,457
47
25
736
1,415
57
54
1,797
3,462
48
152
1,509
2,742
75
182
1,803
23
1,395
1,569
4
408
996
38
518
1,294
27
643
1,684
66
791
1,875
147
107
109
87
206
169
116
208
333
336
231
475
326
150
499
32
228
106
51
20
99
191
26
731
298
83
28
1,150
413
34
630
27
34
30
348
68
27
17
195
83
27
4
374
168
175
8
17
414
218
44
18
72
3
383
142
330
33
74
24
616
175
81
47
18
31
775
391
570
36
11
31
1,186
833
605
45
10
19
1,383
1,603
1,541
81
5
33
287
68
46
2
171
52
342
136
43
1
273
30
143
82
16
537
150
126
6
635
24
670
249
7,975 10,114 14,172
6,477 10,699
9,794
Jan u Febru March, April,
May,
ary.
ary,
1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922.
207
16
77
78
68
3
219
52
Total, E urope..................... 10,439
5,053
5,643
5,417
C hina...............................................
Ja p a n ...............................................
In d ia ................................................
T urkey in Asia..............................
O ther countries of A sia...............
422
250
30
67
28
261
635
24
25
39
248
820
16
21
20
205
312
19
15
22
476
472
24
41
9
474
300
27
19
4
305
247
7
53
8
398
314
5
82
2
361
370
9
91
7
538
202
15
101
9
Total, A sia..........................
797
984
1,125
603
1,022
824
620
801
838
865
Africa...............................................
19
Australia, Tasm ania, an d New
Z ealan d ............... ........................
55
Pacific Islands, n o t specified__
B ritish N orth A m erica............... 3,001
Central A m erica........................... .. 26
Mexico............................................. 1,223
South A m erica..............................
133
W est In d ies....................................
233
O ther co u n tries.............................
2
13
11
17
13
7
16
3
18
4
43
4
2,803
34
1,509
136
212
55
16
69
3
5,303
92
2,348
271
876
71
3
199
63
424
135
336
3
50
1
197
52
47
4
658
38
1
6
3,332
53
1,725
172
349
.
4
5,342
79
1,911
235
644
2
G rand to ta l......................... 15,928 10, 792 14, 803 18,967 24,169
M ales............................................... 8,226
Fem ales........................................... 7,702
5,661
5,131
7,882
6,921
9,534 12,093
9,433 12,076
68
308
105
281
167
237
167
307
366
93
466
2
422
193
122
515
7,708
7,063
8,269 13, 232 12, 025
6,282
1,426
5,454
1, 609
6,066
2,203
9,283
3,949
’,720
4; 305
T able 3.—IM M IG R A N T
A L IE N S A D M IT T E D AN D E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D
D U R IN G JA N U A R Y , F E B R U A R Y , M ARCH , A P R IL , A N D M AY , 1922, B Y R A C E S OR
PEO PLES.
Im m igrant.
Races or peoples.
A frican (black)..............................
A rm enian.......................................
B ohem ian an d Moravian(Czech)
Bulgarian, Serbian, a n d M onte
negrin...........................................
C hinese..........................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E m igrant.
Jan u F ebru March, April,
ary,
ary,
1922. 1922. 1922. 1922.
May,
1922.
Jan u F ebru March, A pril,
May,
ary,
ary,
1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922.
137
73
233
147
22
54
222
31
67
418
49
50
598
24
20
88
15
133
104
14
141
139
11
282
212
16
274
293
21
369
42
602
13
369
13
258
6
201
19
395
111
455
190
301
124
392
361
350
173
534
[4 5 7 ]
228
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
T able 3 .—IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D A N D E M IG R A N T A L IE N S
DEPARTED
D U R IN G JA N U A R Y , F E B R U A R Y , M ARCH , A P R IL , A N D MAY, 1922, B Y RA CES OR
P E O P L E S —Concluded.
E m igrant.
Im m ig ran t.
Races or peoples.
Ja n u F ebru March, A pril,
ary,
ary ,
1922.
1922. 1922. 1922.
M ay,
1922.
Ja n u F ebru March, A pril, May,
ary,
ary,
1922. 1922, 1922.
19 2. 1922.
121
22
12
14
24
44
35
24
21
36
80
66
68
48
67
50
175
64
40
85
14
177
23
1,469
92
778
1,909
79
3,056
498
506
1,498
234
1
115
260
912
7
139
19
1,401
103
743
1,244
27
1,781
462
S3
424
631
13
79
60
1,332
2
117
5
39
124
7
7
182
15
1,714
151
1,033
1,923
37
2,039
826
93
415
735
4
140
59
1,632
12
263
10
2,926
205
1,425
2,401
31
2,666
1,536
66
346
338
2
144
32
1,848
1
74
37
24
219
16
14
305
9
3,254
263
1,473
2,729
35
2,994
2,402
127
306
468
7
168
36
2,272
6
115
22
474
26
176
192
336
6S
96
416
1,826
298
1
71
137
406
15
83
7
500
26
113
259
535
58
166
221
1,261
247
4
87
256
276
21
98
5
286
17
191
359
510
91
102
155
1,261
313
1
154
271
219
35
126
11
855
54
367
518
563
106
214
690
2,788
369
5
376
362
312
61
175
14
917
122
495
636
268
50
227
639
2,125
209
5
298
313
158
84
49
20
308
30
472
160
89
75
9
674
93
175
136
10
1,653
131
151
259
IS
1,407
351
211
192
25
1,760
335
111
131
21
461
508
83
68
65
46
1,323
978
51
86
99
99
53
25
10
47
36
31
1,587
1,457
22
134
113
42
3
71
98
35
2,871
2,271
15
203
118
27
1
85
94
18
135
94
52
700
121
35
3
6
64
79
133
89
113
413
105
22
26
4
46
44
199
57
148
257
137
46
21
4
30
39
401
224
417
455
100
77
25
18
91
35
380
132
327
268
113
85
6
8
40
83
T o tal..................................... 15,928 10,792 14,803 18,967 24,169
7,70S
7,063
C roatian a n d Slovenian..............
C uban ............................................
D alm atian, B osnian, a n d H erzogovinian..............................
D utch an d F lem ish .....................
East, In d ia n . ............. ...............
E n g lish ..
................................
F in n is h ................... .......................
F ren ch .............................................
G erm an............. .............................
Greek ...........................................
ITebrew ...........................................
Trish................. ..............................
Italian (n o r th )..............................
Ita lia n (s o u th )..............................
Jap an ese........................................
K orean.............................................
L ith u an ia n .....................................
M agyar ........................................
M exican...........................................
Facifi o. Islan d er
P o lish ..............................................
Portuguese......................................
F um a n ia n ......................................
R u ssia n ...........................................
R n th e n ia n (R nssniak')...............
Scandinavian
(Norwegians,
D anes, a n d Sw edes).................
S cotch..............................................
S lo v ak .............................................
S panish...........................................
Spanish A m erican........................
S y ria n ..............................................
............................
T u rk is h ..
W elsh..............................................
W est In d ia n ..............„..................
O ther peoples................................
174
26
289
221
22
536
694
830
76
42
50
2
41
44
30
88
46
61
174
20
8,269 13,232 12,025
T able 4 ,—IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D AN D E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D
D U R IN G JA N U A R Y , F E B R U A R Y , M ARCH, A P R IL , AN D MAY, 1922, B Y OCCUPA
T IO N S .
Im m ig ran t.
O ccupation.
Professional:
A cto rs......................................
A rchitects................................
Clergy.......................................
E d ito rs .....................................
E lec tric ia n s............................
Engineers (professional)—
L aw yers...................................
L iterary a n d scientific persons.......................................
M usicians................................
Officials ( G o v ern m en t)........
P h y sician s..............................
Sculptors.................................
T eachers..................................
O ther professional.................
T o ta l.....................................
Skilled:
B a k e r s ....................................
B arbers an d hairdressers. . .
B lack sm ith s...........................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E m ig ra n t.
J a n u F eb ru March, April,
ary,
ary,
1922.
1922. 1922. 1922.
May,
1922.
Ja n u F ebru March, A pril, May,
ary,
a ry ,
1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922.
57
11
58
3
30
49
7
33
10
37
5
28
54
4
84
6
68
2
48
78
13
32
9
65
2
89
101
5
68
16
123
1
78
112
10
7
2
41
14
105
62
42
10
69
128
15
23
48
21
7
68
120
26
43
47
29
4
101
152
35
33
49
34
5
156
153
645
473
701
96
55
47
72
33
33
121
43
48
[458]
6
22
3
9
4
14
3
12
26
1
12
1
19
2
11
21
2
18
9
23
2
12
33
6
13
9
31
2
5
26
6
25
39
43
20
13
154
202
12
9
23
8
5
23
23
8
7
5
7
3
19
42
12
5
19
4
5
17
34
18
20
37
9
8
23
47
9
23
16
16
7
49
50
768
909
184
160
164
265
267
135
43
50
143
59
83
23
20
9
24
18
8
35
21
18
45
32
19
45
17
18
IMMIGRATION,
229
T able 3.—IM M IG RA N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D
A N D E M IG R A N T A L IE N S
DEPARTED
D U R IN G JA N U A R Y , F E B R U A R Y , M AR C H , A P R IL , A N D MAY, 1922, B Y RA CES O R
P E O P L E S —Concluded.
Im m ig ra n t.
Races or peoples.
Skilled—Concluded.
B ookbinders...........................
Brew ers....................................
B u tch ers..................................
C abinetm akers.......................
C arpenters an d jo in ers........
Cigarette m ak ers...................
Cigar m a k e rs .........................
Cigar packers..........................
Clerks a n d acco u n tan ts.......
D ressm akers...........................
Engineers (locomotive, marine, an d sta tio n a ry )........
Furriers an d fur w orkers__
G ardeners................................
H a t a n d cap m akers.............
Iro n an d steel w orkers.........
Jew elers...................................
L ocksm iths.............................
M achinists..............................
M ariners..................................
M asons.....................................
Mechanics (n o t specified)...
M etal workers (other th a n
iro n , steel, a n d tin ) ...........
M illers......................................
M illiners..................................
M iners......................................
P ain ters a n d glaziers............
P a tte rn m akers......................
P h o to g ra p h e rs .....................
P lasterers................................
P lu m b ers................................
P rin te rs....................................
Saddlers a n d harness m ake rs ..........................................
Seam stresses...........................
Shoem akers............................
Stokers.....................................
Sto n ecu tters...........................
Tailors......................................
T anners an d cu rriers...........
T extile w orkers (n o t specifle d )......................................
T in n ers...................................
Tobacco w orkers...................
U pholsterers...........................
W atch an d clock m a k e rs. . .
W eavers an d sp in n ers..........
W heelw rights.........................
W oodworkers (n o t specifle d )......................................
O ther sk illed..........................
E m igrant.
Jan u F ebru
March, A pril,
ary,
ary,
1922. 1922. 1922. 1922.
5
2
73
10
172
2
2
34
3
113
May,
1922.
Ja n u F ebru March, A pril,
May,
ary,
ary,
19 2. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922.
5
2
523
151
6
i
369
88
2
2
70
8
245
4
3
i
603
125
37
6
26
9
47
7
33
80
119
55
97
42
8
18
2
27
5
26
61
179
38
63
57
5
40
7
59
14
4
76
224
54
79
71
7
34
6
62
6
28
106
176
98
98
105
8
52
19
102
12
55
165
268
101
140
26
3
10
2
11
7
3
23
121
20
30
2
2
12
1
8
3
1
36
85
23
24
9
4
25
133
45
2
12
8
11
20
3
2
23
79
36
2
4
11
11
14
4
6
20
109
55
1
13
9
10
25
17
9
36
156
78
5
19
22
14
26
13
13
36
158
104
11
15
25
9
47
2
i
2
116
18
5
2
148
22
8
75
90
27
5
195
3
6
56
42
9
5
123
6
74
59
23
5
155
4
10
120
64
25
16
162
5
8
146
66
25
8
213
4
1
6
28
8
5
51
2
8
30
6
4
34
1
1
8
40
8
3
44
5
5
1
7
17
106
13
2
12
27
125
1
i
2
2
2
2
2
7
2
3
13
1
63
1
37
1
7
3
61
10
323
3
10
724
154
13
1
83
19
550
4
12
1
924
250
103
14
1
108
7
1
8
6
45
10
3
3
6
3
9
2
4
9
58
1
4
5
2
4
1
9
39
1
4
10
48
1
109
2
87
152
173
13
265
T o tal..................................... 2,535
1,799
2,699
3,319
4,534
825
1
I
10
7
54
2
2
6
1
4
1
29
5
39
27
4
72
38
10
113
34
36
175
40
174
28
13
7
3
6
38
67
17
15
7
17
5
14
9
4
51
66
26
34
58
3
5
6
124
8
2
2
i
4
4
18
3
645
20
1
5
5
4
5
3
8
3
377
15
9
68
16
9
91
14
56
14
6
71
1
19
i
108
19
7
4
14
2
6
6
1
4
4
2
1
1
2
48
1
6
57
71
1
129
4
91
780
878
1,789
1,484
i
24
f)
IS
2
14
11
3
67
54
23
45
Miscellaneous:
A gents......................................
23
B an k e rs...................................
7
D raym en, hackm en, a n d
tea m ste rs.............................
11
F a rm laborers........................
547
F a rm e rs...................................
450
F ish erm en ..............................
37
H otel keepers.........................
4
L aborers................................ . 1,713
M anufacturers.......................
4
490
M erchants an d dealers.........
S erv an ts.................................. 1,854
O ther m iscellaneous.............
654
33
6
37
6
67
8
64
9
12
16
11
2
13
10
20
15
17
14
14
416
312
24
4
1,156
11
305
954
556
11
694
387
86
11
1,579
10
395
1,650
731
24
774
596
56
14
1,819
10
436
2,409
802
14
998
669
80
14
2,331
14
566
3,490
1,081
7
117
179
4
5
4,225
8
281
170
211
6
107
155
6
5
3,594
7
203
174
227
1
134
239
5
2
3,918
3
262
216
216
7
159
366
11
5
5,626
5
335
434
336
6
228
256
12
7
4,330
8
373
489
405
T o ta l..................................... 5,794
3,791
5,597
7,015
9,330
5,235
4,497
5,019
7,319
6,145
No occupation (including wom en an d c b d d re n ).................... 6,954
4,729
5,806
7,865
9,396
1,464
1,626
2,208
3,859
4,129
G rand to ta l......................... 15,928 10,792 14,803 18,967 24,169
7,708
7,063
8,269 13,232 12,025
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[459]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
230
T able 5 .—F U T U R E P E R M A N E N T R E S ID E N C E O F IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D AND
LA ST P E R M A N E N T R E S ID E N C E O F E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D , JA N U A R Y , F E B
R U A R Y , M ARCH, A P R IL , AN D MAY, 1922, B Y ST A T E S AN D T E R R IT O R IE S .
E m igrant.
Im m ig ran t.
S ta te a n d T erritory.
A labam a.........................................
A laska.............................................
A rizona...........................................
A rkansas.........................................
California........................................
C olorado.........................................
C onnecticut....................................
D elaware.........................................
D istrict of Colum bia...................
Florida.............................................
Georgia. . .
H aw aii.............................................
Id a h o ...............................................
Illinois.............................................
In d ia n a ............................ .............
Iow a.................................................
K ansas.............................................
K en tu ck y .......................................
Louisiana........................................
Maine...............................................
M aryland........................................
M assachusetts................................
Michigan.........................................
M innesota.......................................
M ississippi.....................................
Missouri...........................................
M ontana.........................................
N ebraska........................................
N ev ad a...........................................
New H am p sh ire...........................
New Jerse y ....................................
New Mexico...................................
New Y o rk ......................................
N orth Carolina
N orth D akota................................
O hio.................................................
O klahom a.......................................
Oregon............................................
P en n sy lv an ia................................
Porto R ico......................................
R hode Is la n d ................................
South Carolina.
South D ak o ta................................
Tennessee.......................................
Texas...............................................
U ta h .................................................
V erm ont.........................................
Virginia...........................................
Jan u Febru March, April,
ary,
ary,
1922. 1922.
1922. 1922.
10
4
66
8
1,450
59
263
22
60
144
28
7
33
1,223
132
79
64
20
58
237
100
987
581
251
18
153
46
81
18
97
856
31
4,457
6
38
624
31
169
1,477
1
39
165
12
24
15
895
29
80
31
20
11
146
13
1,076
49
121
21
66
112
4
468
32
618
80
73
33
14
63
282
44
605
500
200
8
88
42
40
8
97
356
40
2,463
5
37
234
25
95
699
13
99
5
17
14
1,050
39
82
71
13
4
197
18
30
199
47
219
4
64
123
92
233
32
83
129
17
230
45
May,
1922.
18
20
8 12
12
1,373 1,689 2,221
12
320
33
957
87
145
41
9
51
445
83
970
660
280
18
85
80
85
11
134
565
100
10
3,753
97
364
10
162
925
20
1,212
103
1S4
41
16
47
580
100
1,917
760
351
24
109
82
107
14
261
754
45
4,676
14
58
429
26
217
1,157
1
1
39
243
9
51
13
1,143
36
75
55
1,420
40
129
55
136
66
11
2
353
no
397
36
73
168
23
13
58
1,551
140
236
94
21
40
557
131
2,103
1,166
536
9
195
106
131
14
204
1,095
116
6,589
24
102
547
35
270
1,481
2
12
336
17
60
14
1,477
48
137
50
Ja n u F ebru March, April, May,
ary,
ary,
1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922.
2
3
49
7
758
35
219
12
16
75
8
16
401
40
29
31
6
63
13
22
401
316
62
12
21
31
10
9
9
26
44
504
33
145
4
19
57
635
25
168
14
15
141
252
5
463
53
25
25
3
40
49
9
465
74
1
8
26
272
186
55
6
48
42
15
30
13
247
30
3,036
15
246
29
2,864
11
12
298
11
31
671
20
32
8
14
4
226
40
4
9
2
8
11
12
3,208
111
781
87
30
3
59
27
48
69
23
3
43
35
888
1,302
233
55
86
351
123
10
21
52
38
3
47
508
28
4,818
21
220
7
145
9
3
107
6
9
2
7,063
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
45
374
5
895
21
14
93
2
10
7,708
66
66
8
20
2
2
229
5
1,201
T o tal..................................... 15,928 10,792 14,803 18,967 24,169
549
35
244
35
7
39
28
30
500
223
38
3
5
4
28
860
60
286
26
34
384
3
9
32
38
23
468
15
215
27
20
12
2
819
55
277
3
26
829
158
334
29
133
18
6
8
7
63
23
692
15
34
1,761
624
37
329
31
331
74
208
36
6
2
3
277
9
39
267
91
63
51
17
W ashington...................................
W est V irginia................................
W isconsin.......................................
W yom ing.......................................
4
9
2
10
88
68
8
77
24
33
5
29
531
12
4,414
3
9
366
31
40
1,362
18
147
3
5
6
4
7
12
3
6
147
37
18
25
90
23
18
71
71
58
4
173
172
95
45
149
103
8
1
10
88
23
8,269 13,232 12,025
IMMIGRATION,
231
T a b l e 6 .—A L IE N S A D M IT T E D
TO T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S U N D E R T H E P E R CEN TU M
L IM IT ACT O F MAY 19, 1921, D U R IN G T H E FISC A L Y E A R 1921-22, AS S P E C IF IE D .
Total ad
m itted,
fiscal year
1921-22.1
C ountry or place of birth.
A lb a n ia ...................................................................................................................
A u stria ....................................................................................................................
B elgium ................................................................................................................
B ulgaria..................................................................................................................
Czechoslovakia....................................................................................................
D anzig...............................................................................................................
D e n m ark ..............................................................................................
F in la n d ...................................................................................................................
F lu m e ................................................................................................................
F ra n c e .............................................................................................
G erm any...........................................................................................................
G reece........................................................................
H u n g a ry .................................................................................................................
I ta ly .........................................................................................................................
L u x em b u rg ...........................................................................................................
N eth erlan d s...........................................................................................................
N o rw ay ...................................................................................................................
Poland” (including E astern G alicia)....................................................
P ortug al (including Azores an d M adeira Isla n d s)......................................
R u m a n ia ............... T..................................................... ........................................
R ussia (including S ib eria)................................................................................
S p a in .......................................................................................................................
S w eden...................................................................................................................
S w itzerlan d ..........................................................................................................
U n ited K ingdom ..........................................................................................
Y ugoslavia................................................................................................
O ther E urope (including A ndorra, G ib raltar, Liechtenstein, M alta,
Memel, Monaco, San M arino, a n d I c e l a n d ) ........................................
A rm en ia)............. ( ......................( ..................................................... .................
P a le stin e ................................................................................................
S y ria ..................................................................................................................
T urkey (E urope an d A sia, including Sm yrna d is tric t)............................
O ther A sia (including Persia, Rhbdes, Cyprus, an d territo ry other
th a n Siberia w hich is no t included in th e A siatic b arred zone.
Persons born in Siberia are included in th e R ussia q u o ta )..................
A frica........................................................................................*.............................
A u stra lia ................................................................................................................
New Z e a la n d ..................................................................... ..................................
A tlan tic Islan d s (other th a n Azores, M adeira, an d islands adjacent to
th e A m erican continents)...............................................................................
P aeificlslan d s (other th a n New Zealand and islands adj acent to A m er
ican continents)................................................................................................
T o ta l.............................................................................................................
280
4,797
1,581
301
14 248
85
3,284
3,038
18
4,343
19,053
3,447
6,035
42,149
93
2,408
5,941
26,129
2,486
7,429
28,908
Total ad
P er cent
missible,
fiscal year of quota
adm
itted.
1921-22.2
288
7,451
1,563
302
14,282
301
5,694
3,921
71
5,729
68,059
3,294
5,638
42,057
92
3,607
12,202
97.0
64.4
101.2
99.6
99.8
28.2
57.6
77.5
25.3
75.9
28.0
104.7
107.2
100.2
101.1
66.8
48.7
101.1
98.6
100.1
8,766
3,723
42,670
6,644
25,827
2,520
7,419
34 284
912
20,042
3,752
77,342
6,426
144
1 574
214
1,008
f , 096
1,589
56
906
656
528
195
279
75
279
54
83
65
127.7
13
26
50.0
243,953
356,995
68.3
888
86
81
122
84.4
97.4
43.8
99.2
55.2
103.5
167.4
99.0
382.1
111.2
166.9
651.9
159.8
100.0
138.9
1Includes aliens who were a d m itte d in e'xeess of q u o ta of certain nationalities for the m onth of June,
1921, and charged against th e quota for th e fiscal y ear 1921-22, as provided in H ouse Joint Resolution No.
153. The to ta l is subject to possible slight revision due to pending cases in w hich additional admissions
chargeable to th e quotas of th e fiscal year 1921-22 m a y occur.
2The quotas here given differ in some instances from th e figures as originally published, th e differences
being due to th e inclusion of th e foreign-born population of A laska, H aw aii, a nd Porto Rico in a revision
of the basic population.
Emigration from Austrian Burgenland to the United States.
RECEN T consular report gives the results of an investigation
by a clerk in the American consulate a t Vienna, in connection
with her work as alien visé clerk, of the conditions causing the
inhabitants of A ustrian Burgenland to emigrate and of their desir
ability as future citizens of this country.
The Burgenland is a strip of land between A ustria and H ungary about
90 miles long and 20 miles wide, w ith a population of about 345,000.
This country, which through the centuries has been the scene of fre
quent invasion and devastations, has been settled largely by German
peasants from the Rhine Provinces who have retained the customs
and language of the section from which they came. The Croats, who
A
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
form about one-seventh of the population, are descendants of fugi
tives from Bosnia at the time of the Turkish invasion, and have kept
their own traditions and their m other tongue, b u t in learning a
second language have preferred the German to the H ungarian.
The country is essentially agricultural, and a farm considered large
enough to support one family, a so-called “ quarter-farm ,” consists of
21 joch (29.86 acres) of arable land, 1 yoke of oxen, 2 horses, and
other live stock. As families are large and the country is densely
populated, the children as they grow up have to look for work else
where, the report states, especially as in m ost cases the elder son in
herits the land. Wages for farm labor on the large estates have
rem ained nearly a t the pre-war standard, so th a t there is little incen
tive to seek employment as farm laborers. During the season from
May to October a farm hand earns 24 kronen ($4.86 par) a day, with
board and lodging, and receives a certain am ount of grain a t the end
of the harvest. Before the war the girls w ent to Vienna and other
cities to work as servants, b u t the bad food conditions of the cities
do not encourage the country girls who are accustomed to plain b u t
nourishing food to seek employment in the towns.
For these reasons, therefore, the emigration to the U nited States,
which first began about 1873, shows a steady increase a t the present
time, although there has been a rem arkable general decrease in emi
gration from A ustrian territory, owing to the depreciation of the
A ustrian currency. P a rt of these im m igrants become American
citizens, while others, after rem aining in this country 15 or 20 years,
retu rn to their native country and use their savings to improve their
fam ily farms. In either event the bonds between those settling in
this country and those rem aining at home are always strong and the
money earned here will play a p a rt in m aintaining the economic
standards of the home country during this period of reconstruction.
The m ajority of the emigrants are peasants, although there are a
variety of trades represented also, and while they are a distinct loss to
Austria, the report says th a t they become healthy, sober, and indus
trious citizens of this country. Most of these emigrants settle in
Pennsylvania.
During the second half of 1921 nearly half of the A ustrian q u o ta
came from the Burgenland. The total num ber of passports viseed for
the six m onths period was about 1,900, and 900 of these were for
Burgenland emigrants, only 1,000 belonging to the emigrants from
other Austrian districts and Vienna.
immigration to Canada.
'T 'H E following statistics on Canadian imm igration are reproduced
from the May, 1922, issue of the Labor Gazette (O ttaw a):
Immigrants to Canada, 1915-16 to 1921-22.
Fiscal year.
191516..
191617..
191718..
191819..
1919-20..
1920-21..
1921-22..
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Im m igrants.
.................................................................. 48,537
...................................................... 75,374
.............................................................................. 79,074
............................................................................. 57,702
............................................................................. 117,336
........................................................................... 148,477
............................................................................. 89,999
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*
IMMIGRATION.
233
IM M IG R A T IO N TO CANADA D U R IN G T H E F IR S T Q U A R T E R O F 1922.
N um ber of im m igrants from—
Period.
G reat B rita in
an d Ireland.
1922.
J a n u a ry .........................................................................
F e b ru a ry ................................................................
M arch.. T........................................................
467
509
1,504
F irst q u a rte r, 1922..........................................
F irst q u arter, 1921..............................................
F o u rth q u arter, 1921........................................
U nited
States.
Total.
O ther
countries.
1,003
1,078
2,670
975
596
1,374
2,480
4,751
2,945
10,176
7,232
4,217
7,979
5,191
5,379
4,575
20,590
13,983
2,445
2,183
5,548
Of the 10,176 im m igrants who entered the Dominion in the first
quarter of 1922, 4,953 were adult males, 3,273 adult females, and 1,950
children under 14 years of age.
German Oversea Emigration in 1921.
CCORDING to a recent consular report from Berlin, German
oversea emigration reached its high-water m ark in the early
eighties, when for several years it was over 200,000 a year.
I t then fell rapidly, so th a t by the year 1890 it was about 100,000,
and continued to fall more or less consistently until the beginning
of the war. For the year 1914 it fell to 11,803, as compared w ith
25,843 in 1913. No figures are available for the years covered by
the w ar and for 1919.
The German Statistical Office (Statistisches R eich sa m t) has recently
published statistics of oversea emigration for the years 1920 and
1921.1 The following table gives the figures for the emigration for
these two years and for each quarter of the year 1921, by ports
through which this emigration took place:
A
D IS T R IB U T IO N O F G ER M A N E M IG R A T IO N AMONG T H E P R IN C IP A L P O R T S , 1920 A N D
1921.
H am b u rg .
Bremen.
Em den.
A m sterdam .
R otterdam .
N um P er
ber.
cent.
N um P er
ber.
cent.
N um P er
ber.
cent.
N um Per
ber.
cent.
6,454
4,260
1,347
1,438
990
485
1,135
810
243
126
188
253
Period.
N um
ber.
Per
cent.
1920.................................
763
19211.............................. 15,883
1st a u arte r, 1921.......... 1,685
2d quarter, 1921........... 2,516
3d q u a rte r, 1921........... 5,911
4th q u a rte r, 1921......... 5, 771
9.0
68.3
50.1
59.5
76.3
72.9
106
2,239
87
141
633
1,378
1.3
9.6
62
17.4
9
23
30
2.6
3.3
8.2
76.3
18.3
40.0
34.0
12.8
6.1
13.4
3.5
7.2
3.0
2.4
3.2
Total.
8,458
23,254
3,362
4,230
7, 745
7,917
1 E xcluding 197 who em igrated through A ntw erp.
The above table indicates th a t the oversea emigration increased
from 8,458 in 1920 to 23,254 in 1921, which was about nine-tenths
of the emigration in 1913. In 1921,18,184, or 77.5 per cent, emigrated
through German ports, whereas in 1920, only 869, or 10.3 per cent,
1W irtschaft u n d S tatistik , B erlin, M arch, 1922, p. 174.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
234
emigrated through these ports. These figures furnish an indication
of the recovery of the German oversea passenger traffic during the
past year or two. I t will be noted th a t the em igration increased
steadily throughout the four quarters of the year 1921, from 3,362
in the first quarter, to 7,917 in the fourth quarter.
The following table indicates the countries to which these emigrants
went in 1913, 1920, and 1921:
D E S T IN A T IO N O F G ER M A N EM IG R A N T S, 1913, 1920, A N D 1921.
D estination.
1913
E u ro p ean countries..................................................
.............................................
N o rth A m erica
C entral America .......................................................
Brazil .......................................................................
A rgentine R ep u b lic..................................................
O ther South A m erican countries..........................
Africa
.....................................................................
A ustralia ..................................................................
68
20,430
140
1,085
3,729
32
359
1920
1
1,429
231
131
588
6,078
1921
770
9,080
992
6,972
2,056
3,290
391
This table indicates that, whereas 20,430, or 79.1 per cent, emigrated
to N orth America in 1913, only 9,080, or 38.7 per cent, em igrated to
N orth Am erica in 1921. On the other hand, the emigration to South
America was m uch greater after the war, being 52.1 per cent of the
total emigration in 1921, as compared with 19.2 per cent in 1913.
In 1921, 6,972 emigrants w ent to Brazil, as compared w ith 140 in
1913, and 2,056 emigrants w ent to the Argentine Republic in 1921,
as compared w ith 1,085 in 1913. Central America to which no emi
grants w ent in 1913, received 992 emigrants in 1921.
In 1913, 19,124 German emigrants, or nearly 80 per cent, w ent to
the U nited States. The total emigration to the U nited S tates for
1921 is n o t reported, b u t it is stated th a t of the em igrants whose
sex is known 3,939 males and 4,134 females went to the U nited States,
thus indicating th a t a t least 8,073 Germans em igrated to the United
States. Inasm uch as the to ta l num ber of em igrants to N orth
America in 1921 was 9,080, it is obvious th a t somewhat less than
two-fifths of the German em igrants w ent to the U nited States in
1921, as compared w ith nearly four-fifths in 1913.
The occupational distribution of the emigrants, including families,
who passed through German ports during 1921, was as follows:
Agriculture and forestry.......................................................................... 7, 585
Industry.................................................................................................... 3,190
Commerce................................................................................................. 1, 688
Hotel keepers, caterers, and employees.................................................. 1,238
Domestic servants.....................................................................................
793
Unskilled laborers..................................................................................... 461
Professional workers..................................................
782
Mining.......................................................................................................
87
Without occupation or no occupation reported...................................... 2, 360
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W H A T S T A T E LA B O R BU R EA U S A R E DOING.
Massachusetts.
investigation of Textile Industry.1
T H E D epartm ent of Labor and Industries, under an order adopted
by the General Court, June 13, 1922, is required to endeavor to
bring about a settlem ent of the textile strike and to investigate wage
and business conditions in the industry in M assachusetts and in the
Southern States, for the purpose of ascertaining w hether the recent
reduction in wages was justified.
The findings of the departm ent are to be reported to the governor
and council a t as early a date as practicable.
A further report including legislative recommendations m ay be
made to the General Court on or before the first W ednesday in Jan u
ary, 1923.
Procedure in Issuing Employment Certificates.
I lie D epartm ent of Labor and Industries and the D epartm ent of
E ducation are working w ith a comm ittee of school superintendents
and attendance officers in drawing up a plan for improving the pro
cedure in th e issuance of employment certificates. Bulletins explain
ing the use of the various forms and approved m ethods of keeping
certificate records will probably be published as a result of these
conferences. Pending the report of the committee, the D epartm ent
of Labor and Industries has deferred publication of its handbook
of instructions regarding procedure in issuing employment and edu
cational certificates and badges for street trades.
Report of Division of Industrial Safety, 1921.
The work of the division of industrial safety of the M assachusetts
D epartm ent of Labor and Industries for the year ending November
30, 1921, is reviewed in the departm ent’s annual report covering
th a t period. This division has a staff of 36 inspectors, 4 of whom are
building inspectors and 32 industrial inspectors, 8 of the la tte r being
women.
During 1921 the block system of inspection was extended and now
includes 18 of the 34 districts. The use of this system has resulted
in a reduction in the num ber of complaints concerning violations of
the law. N ot only do^ the inspectors request orders to correct viola
tions b u t they give technical advice and assist in other ways in bring
ing about desirable working conditions.
C ooperation o f in d u s tr y .—The m odern industrial establishments
quite generally comply with the departm ent’s orders and usually
take great care to guard against well-known hazards. To control
1M onthly ty p e w ritte n
report from th e M assachusetts D e p artm e n t of L abor an d Industries, July, 1922.
2476°—22----- 16
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236
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
properly the point of operation of machines is much more difficult
because of their intricacy and the character of the industrial proc
esses. M assachusetts machine m anufacturers in num erous ^ in
stances, however, have acted upon suggestions to furnish m achines
w ith guards before such machines were p u t upon the m arket. W hen
it is discovered th a t workers are being injured by im properly guarded
machines m anufactured outside the State, the m atte r is taken up by
correspondence. The departm ent found th a t several accidents had
occurred from the same causes in connection w ith certain bread
m aking m achinery, and th a t a slight modification in the construction
would lessen the hazard. The attention of the m anufacturers was
called to these facts, w ith the result th a t the departm ent’s recom
m endations were gladly accepted.
The following figures summarize the activities of the division for
the year covered by the report, in which period there was consider
able legislation passed strengthening and broadening the acts regu
lating conditions of employment:
39,457
Inspections..................................................
11,778
Reinspections.............................................
4,706
Visits...........................................................
11,403
Labor orders................................................
5,538
Health orderB....................................................
3,449
Industrial safety orders..............................
2,184
Verbal orders..............................................
22,574
Total orders.................................................
20,550
Orders complied with................................
1,820
Complaints..................................................
1,033
Licenses granted for home work..............
664
Registrations of painters.......................
$10, 336.12
Wages paid by employers after complaint
303
Prosecutions................................................
235
Verdicts of guilty.......................................
83
Cases in which lines were imposed...........
$1. 797. 00
Amount of fines imposed...........................
B u ild in g in d u s tr y .—The num ber of building inspectors is inade
quate for the proper supervision of construction work. _ The num er
ous accidents occurring in the building industry emphasize the neces
sity of more frequent inspection. Various small construction con
cerns do n o t insure their employees against accident and often such
concerns have no property, m aking it impossible for workers who
are injured in the course of their em ploym ent to get redress through
the courts. Because of these conditions special attention has been
paid to the enforcement of the legal regulations for the safeguarding
of employees against the hazards of this work.
E m p lo ym en t o f ivom en a n d ch ild ren .—As a result of the inspection
of 34,589 industrial establishm ents 11,403 orders were issued in the
year ending November 30, 1921, concerning the em ploym ent of
women and children, and 521 complaints were m ade regarding viola
tion of statu tes for the protection of such workers.
A c c id en ts .—In the year ending Novem ber 30, 1921, the depart
m ent investigated 1,448 accidents, special attention being given to
those occurring to children between the ages of 14 and 16. There
were 35 cases of prosecution in violations of statu tes for the pre
vention of the em ploym ent of minors near dangerous m achinery.
W orking children in 47 continuation schools were taught safety
practices in 1921,
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W H A T S T A T E L A B O R B U R E A U S A R E D O IN G .
237
The num ber of employed minors between 14 and 16 years of age
in 1919 was 50,000, in 1920, 47,000, and in 1921 about 36,000. While
the num ber of minors in this age group in 1921 was about 28 per
cent below th a t in 1919 and 23 per cent below th a t in 1920, the fatal
accident rate in 1921 had decreased 50 per cent since 1919 and 28
per cent since 1920, and the rate for perm anently disabling injuries
in 1921 was 80 per cent below th a t of 1919 and 33 per cent below
th a t of 1920. This progress in the prevention of accidents to minors
is partly attrib u ted to the persistent efforts of the inspection staff.
The safety committees organized in recent years in industrial
establishm ents are composed of both employers and employees.
The work of these committees has been stim ulated in various ways
by the departm ent’s inspectors in the large m anufacturing centers
O ccupational diseases .—In the 12-month period under review 96
cases of lead poisoning were investigated, 48 of which were in the
painting trade, 9 in the rubber industry, and 6 in the plumbing
trade. O ther cases were found among employees engaged in iron
and m etal work, in sandpapering the bodies of automobiles, and in
the printing industry.
Six cases of anthrax were reported to the departm ent during the
year, four of workers in leather establishments, the other two cases
resulting from the use of new shaving brushes.
The m arked decrease each year in the num ber of cases of industrial
anthrax is considered the result in p a rt of the national and State
regulations for the prevention of this disease.
T h e . departm ent’s inspectors also investigate cases of gas, fume,
acid, brass, and chrome poisoning.
N ew Jersey.
T T I E report of the D epartm ent of Labor of New Jersey for the year
ending June 30, 1921, contains the reports of the bureaus of
structural inspection, electrical and mechanical equipm ent, hygiene
and sanitation, industrial statistics, child labor; engineers’ license,
steam boiler and refrigerating p lan t inspection; employment, and
w orkm en’s compensation. The activities of several of these sub
agencies of the departm ent are here summarized:
Bureau of Electrical and Mechanical Equipment.
The following statistical statem ent shows in p a rt the work of the
bureau of electrical and mechanical equipm ent for the period covered
by the report:
General inspections (electrical and mechanical)..................................
Total number of orders issued..................................................................
Total number of orders complied with....................................................
Total number of orders canceled.............................................................
Total number of machinery safeguarding items recommended..............
Orders issued for improved lighting conditions......................................
Orders issued for inauguration of factory fire drills........ f .....................
Orders issued for organization of factory fire brigades............................
5, 644
2, 090
1, 022
679
5, 076
50
406
21
The chief of this bureau is the representative of the New Jersey
D epartm ent of Labor and also of the International Association of
Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions and the American Society
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238
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W .
of Safety Engineers on several of the sectional com m ittees which
the American Standards Committee selected to form ulate universal
industrial safety standards. The work of these sectional committees
will undoubtedly result in the setting up of a very m uch higher safety
standard as affecting the production of industrial machinery.
This bureau has also cooperated w ith the board of education for the
purpose of having industrial safety practices taught in the State
vocational schools.
During the year under review 144 hearings were held in the depart
m en t’s offices regarding the application of safety codes. Technical
and practical features of the work were discussed and differences of
opinion between inspectors and industrial m anagem ent threshed out.
I t is of interest to note th a t in practically all cases on which hearings
were held compliance w ith outstanding orders was secured w ithout
bringing pressure to bear under the provisions of the factory laws.
Bureau of Hygiene and Sanitation.
The jurisdiction of the bureau of hygiene and sanitation includes
the enforcement of industrial safety and sanitation rules in factories,
workshops, m ercantile establishments, bakeries, quarries, mines, and
tunnel and caisson work.
R eports were received at this bureau during the year of 42 cases of
occupational diseases, 6 of which were caused by contact w ith m ercury
compound, 29 w ith lead compound, 3 w ith arsenic compound, and 1
w ith amido compound.
A bureau of safety education has been created in the bureau of
hygiene and sanitation. Such education was prom oted and popu
larized in New Jersey establishm ents in the fiscal year, a series of
lectures illustrated by m otion pictures being given in Jersey City,
Newark, and Camden.
The chief of the bureau also m ade a num ber of addresses before
m anufacturers’ councils, women’s organizations, labor unions, safety
committees, civic associations, and other public spirited groups.
Industrial safety councils have been established in some of the
leading industrial cities of New Jersey and it is planned to organize
similar bodies in all the large m anufacturing cities of the State.
Bureau of industrial Statistics.
The report of the industrial accident bureau which is under the
bureau of industrial statistics contains tables of accidents, classified
by causes, industries, and nature and extent of injuries. Table 13,
which is reproduced below, gives the num ber and per cent of fatal and
nonfatal accidents, by industrial groups, 1920-21:
NUM BER AND P E R CENT OF FA TA L A N D N O N FA T A L ACCIDENTS, B Y IN D U ST R IA L
GRO U PS, JU L Y 1, 1920, TO JUNE 30, 1921.
Number.
Per cent.
Number.
Per cent.
Number.
Per cent.
ÏÎ
94
47.16
15.60
3.90
33. 34
12,091
6,951
215
8,497
43.50
25. 05
.77
30.62
12,224
6,995
226
8,591
43.60
24.95
.81
30.64
2S2
100. 00
27,754
100.00
28,036
100.00
Factories and workshops..........
Buildings and construction---Mines and quarries.....................
Miscellaneous..............................
133
T otal...................................
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Total.
Nonfatal.
Fatal.
Industrial group.
44
[46S]
W H A T STATE LABOR BU REA U S ARE DOING.
239
The m onthly bulletins of the industrial accident bureau analyze the
accidents of each m onth. The data issued by this bureau not only
bring the hazards of in dustry to the attention of the S ta te ’s factory
inspectors and safety engineers b u t are of interest and value to the
rehabilitation commission in its study of the economic results of the
perm anent injuries to the S ta te ’s industrial workers.
In accordance w ith an act of the legislature, the State, after June 30,
1921, will bear a p a rt of the expense of the equipm ent and operation
of the industrial safety museum, “ the departm ent of labor’s official
clearing house for industrial conservation.” The institu te for the 12
m onths reported on “ rendered essential service to over 100,000 of New
Jersey’s citizens, employers and employees.” This exhibit of stand
ardization in hum an engineering is attractin g widespread attention
among industrial executives. The subjects of the exhibits include
scientific shop and office lighting, safeguarding of m achinery, approved
installation of elevators, fire doors and windows, safety scaffolding,
dependable electrical alarm systems, safety valves and boiler construc
tion, dust rem oval systems, model cafeterias, first-aid hospitals, wash
rooms, toilet and shower equipm ent, natural and m echanical exhaust
ventilation, and safe m ining practices.
The bureau chiefs of the departm ent have within the fiscal year
1920-21 held 1,000 conjferences with representatives of various
establishm ents regarding the equipm ent of the museum building and
the installation of exhibits.
Child Labor Bureau.
During the year proofs were approved for 14,638 age and schooling
certificates for children 14, 15, and 16 years of age, 5,001 less than
the num ber of proofs for the preceding period, 1919-20.
In connection with the departm ent’s inspection work, 125 dis
charges of children were ordered because the m anufacturing estab
lishments employing them did n o t m eet the law ’s requirements.
Bureau of Employment.
F ed era l-S ta te-m u n icip a l em ploym ent service .—To increase the effi
ciency of the public employment exchange the A tlantic City office
had since January, 1920, been operated under the auspices of the
D epartm ent of Labor and the local employers’ organizaton. In
January, 1921, a similar arrangem ent was effected wffth Jersey City
through the cooperation of the local chamber of commerce and the
labor council. The employment bureaus in these two cities and
the Camden office have a weekly bulletin for employers in which
desirable applicants are listed and their qualifications given. A large
percentage of applicants have secured jobs through this medium.
The bulletin also contains inform ation on local and national indus
trial conditions.
Through the cooperation of the Federal Em ploym ent Service
m onthly reports on volume of employment have been prepared and
published.
The form ation of industrial units in the larger cities by placing
the employment bureau, compensation court, rehabilitation clinic and
other departm ent activities under the same roof has substantially
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M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W .
advertised the work of each agency and has increased the num ber
of the employment bureau’s patrons. F o r several m onths the
service placed the physical handicaps for the S tate rehabilitation
commission. I t is believed th a t the em ploym ent bureau’s relation
w ith industrial executives will greatly aid the commission in carrying
out its broadened program for vocational education and placement.
P riv a te em p lo ym en t agencies .—In the calendar year 1920, 92 licenses
in 29 cities were issued to private em ploym ent offices, 30 of which
licenses were for summer resort agencies and 51 for domestic and
m inor industrial agencies. The lam e num ber of seasonal agencies at
summer resorts is regarded as further evidence of the fact th a t the
strength of m ost of the private em ploym ent agencies lies in seasonal
employment changes resulting from transient and vacation trade.
Among the regulations governing the private em ploym ent offices
in the State are the following:
Fee schedule authorized b y th e commissioner of labor m ust be posted in office
and th e term s of th e same be brought to th e atten tio n of all clients before service is
rendered.
References m ust be investigated of persons placed as dom estics or i n an y other
tru sted capacity. Em ployer m ay release th e agency (in w riting) from th is responsi
bility.
No registration fee is p erm itted. This has been defined to m ean—a fee collected
for w hich on th e same d ay th e ap p lican t is furnished w ith definite inform ation about
a job or a suitable employee, as th e case m ay be.
N ew York.
New Industrial Advisory Committees.
ADVISORY committee on laundries has been created in the
New York S tate D epartm ent of Labor, according to the April,
1922, issue of the Industrial Bulletin of th a t office. This com m ittee
will consider the need of special rules for protecting workers in
laundries, including the regulation of hum idity and tem perature,
the safeguarding of machines, and other questions th a t such com
m ittee m ay deem necessary. The rules recommended to the com
missioner by the comm ittee will be proposed to the industrial board
for its consideration and adoption.
Advisory committees have also been appointed to consider the
existing industrial codes on elevators and boilers w ith a view to
suggesting necessary modifications or amendm ents.
Pennsylvania.1
Organization of Society of Safety Engineers.
/ “\N E of the im portant features of the nin th annual convention of
^
the G overnm ental Labor Officials of the U nited States and
Canada a t H arrisburg, May 22 to 25, 1922, was the organization of
the Pennsylvania Society of Safety Engineers. A bout 75 safety
engineers and em ploym ent m anagers attended the safety rally which
i Pennsylvania. Department ol Labor and Industry.
try.” Harrisburg, June, 1922.
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Bulletin of Information and “ Labor and Indus
W H A T STATE LABOR BU REA U S ARE DOING.
241
was called by the commissioner of labor and industry of Pennsylvania
for May 24, 1922, “ to consider the possibility of organizing the safety
interests of the Commonwealth into a State-wide m ovem ent, through
which the departm ent of labor and industry m ight function in a
bigger and b e tte r w ay.’7
The plan aroused a great deal of enthusiasm . A constitution was
adopted, the first article of which declares the object of the associa
tion to be the ‘‘advancem ent of the arts and sciences of engineering
as related to safety for life and property.” I t is proposed to bring
about such progress through the holding of conferences to discuss
safety problems, by promoting safety education, and cooperating
w ith S tate and other organizations having similar aims.
Committee on industrial Relations.
Mr. O tto T. Mallery, a member of the industrial board, who served
on the P resident’s Unem ploym ent Conference, is about to form a
committee on industrial relations to take up some im portant ques
tions along this line, as they affect the whole State.
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C U R R E N T N O T E S O F IN T E R E S T T O LABOR.
Labor Resolutions Adopted at Genoa Conference on Economic Reconstruction.
T H E official bulletin of June 21, 1922, published by the Interna1 tional L abor Office, contains the following resolutions regarding
labor which were adopted a t the Genoa Conference on Economic
Reconstruction, held April 10 to May 19, 1922:
Production.
The economic reconstruction of Europe requires intensified production, which
depends essentially on labor.
The greatest importance should be attached to the assistance which the workers,
men and women, of the whole world and their organizations are willing and able to
give, in association with other factors of production, to the economic restoration of
Europe.
In order to obtain the fullest effort on the part of the workers, and m order to avoid
regrettable competition between nations, the attention of all States is drawn to the
importance of the conventions and recommendations adopted by the International
Labor Conference, it being understood that each State reserves its right with regard
to the ratification of any one or more of the conventions.
Unemployment.
Article 22.—The present economic crisis, which affects not only production but
also the consuming capacity of the people, weighs heavily on the workers, both morally
and materially.
While it may be true that measures of economic reconstruction are alone capable of
remedying this crisis, direct measures to deal with the resulting unemployment
appear to be none the less efficacious for insuring sustained effort and efficiency on the
part of the workers.
Article 23.—In consequence, and in addition to any arrangements for insurance or
assistance against unemployment the following measures are recommended :
(a) The sytematic distribution of all the labor available by the national organization
of employment agencies and by means of agreements between the countries concerned
for the international coordination of labor distribution (emigration and immigration).
(},) In countries in which conditions permit, the placing in agriculture of as large a
number as possible of such of the unemployed in industry as are capable of being
employed in agricultural work.
(c) The systematic allocation of public contracts with due reference to the occurrence
of unemployment and to the trades and districts affected, so far as may be consistent
with the general interest.
(d) Development of public works in aid of unemployment, provided that they are
useful and productive.
Article 24.—In order to accelerate the effects of the measures set out in article 23—
(1) It is recommended that all States which are members of the International Labor
Organization should ratify the convention relating to unemployment adopted by the
Washington conference, and that all the States should take into consideration the
measures against unemployment envisaged by that conference.
(2) It is suggested that the international labor office should collect and publish
periodically all information available on the experience gained by the different
countries in dealing with unemployment.
(3) It is further recommended that all the States should cooperate in the inquiry
relating to unemployment decided upon by the International Labor Conference of
1921.
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CURRENT NOTES OF INTEREST TO LABOR.
243
A Move to Standardize international Labor Statistics.
5 W ashington correspondent of the International Labor Office
reports, under date of July 5, 1922, th a t Dr. Royal Meeker,
former U nited States Commissioner of Labor Statistics, is m aking a
tour of European countries for the purpose of studying the methods
employed and the sources drawn upon in securing inform ation on
various subjects which come w ithin the field of industry and labor.
He will also devote a large portion of his tim e to examining the sta
tistical m ethods used in compiling and tabulating statistics relating
to labor.
Doctor Meeker’s trip will include Switzerland, Germany, Poland,
Austria, and Czechoslovakia. In speaking of this trip he says :
I shall put myself at the disposition of the officers of the Governments I will visit to
furnish them every assistance within my power by way of suggestions and advice in
order to help them improve their methods of gathering and compiling information.
I t is, of course, not possible at the present moment to set up uniform definitions of
terms or statistical standards, but a long step in the direction of standardization and
uniformization can be taken within the limits of existing legislation and administrative
practice. In other words the Governments can, if they have the mind to do so, com
pile their statistics of unemployment, wages, hours of labor, industrial accidents and
illnesses, and prices in a much more nearly uniform way than they are now doing.
I shall hope to be able to accomplish something along these lines.
Doctor Meeker is m aking this study in his capacity as chief of the
research division of the International Labor Office. He will also
attem p t to bring about a closer relation between the International
Labor Office and the ministries of labor and governm ental departm ents
which deal w ith labor m atters.
While on this trip Doctor Meeker expects to m ake a survey of the
following industrial and economic subjects: Em ploym ent, hours of
labor, wages and earnings, cost of living and retail prices, wholesale
prices, industrial accidents, industrial hygiene, housing of workers,
labor legislation, works councils, and factoryinspection.
An International Clearing House of Labor Information.1
TE the fact th a t it has only been in existence for about two
years the International Labor Office is becoming more and more
an international clearing house of labor and industrial inform ation.
The requests for inform ation from. Governments, trade unions, em
ployers’ associations, and individuals are increasing alm ost daily and
a great variety of topics is included. I t is of interest to note some
of the inquiries which have been received since the beginning of the
year. These range all the way from such item s as a request for
inform ation as to the num ber of hairdressers in various European
countries (received from the French N ational Federation of H air
dressers’ Trade-Unions) to a request for th e address of organizations
in the U nited States likely to be interested in literature on works
councils (received from a prom inent B ritish firm of m anufacturers).
The following requests m ay be cited by way of illu stratio n : From
Germany, for information regarding technical education of m iners;
1Inform ation received from W ashington correspondent of In te rn a tio n a l L abor Office u n d e r d ate of July
5,1922.
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M O NTH LY LABOR REVIEW.
244
from Poland, data on public holidays in commerce and in industry
in various countries; from Switzerland, for a bibliography on French
technical handbooks. The International Federation of T ransport
W orkers desired “ inform ation for studying the possibility of estab
lishing an international m otor driving license.” M any em ployers’
organizations have m ade inquiries concerning their particular indus
tries in other countries, and requests have come from various parts
of the world for figures on the com parative cost of living.
Cooperation Between International Labor Office and Solvay Institute.
9,1922,issue of In d u strial and Labor Inform ation (Geneva)
state» th at a joint investigation of various international questions
will be made b y the International Labor Office and the Solvay In sti
tute (Brussels). The in stitu te’s valuable collection of m aterial regard
ing economic m atters has been p u t a t the disposal of the International
Labor Office. On the other hand, th a t office’s w ealth of m aterial on
social smbjectswill be available for the use of the in stitu te’s 600 or more
collaborators who are located in different parts of the world.
Bryn Mawr Summer School for Working Girls.
HTHE second annual session of the B ryn Mawr summ er school for
working girls convened June 14, 1922. A bout 100 girls, among
whom were garm ent and textile workers, candy packers, laundry
women, corset and shoe fitters, electrical workers, and saleswomen,
came from various parts of the country as guests of B ryn Mawr
College to take two m onths’ course of study. According to the
Christian Science M onitor of June 15, 1922, page 9, the aim of the
work is to fit these girls “ to become pioneers in bringing about a closer
relation between the college and women of industry and commerce.”
Austrian Trade Boards Act in Operation.
T 'T IE A ustrian act of December 19, 1918/ relating to the regulation
of labor and wages conditions in home work is under the super
vision of the factory inspection departm ent. In their reports for
1929 the inspectors state th a t owing to a lack of staff this phase of
their work has been very inadequately done, only 318 hom e workers
having been visited. M any of the home workers have given up doing
piecework a t home either because they receive higher wages in other
occupations or because their husbands are more highly paid. R e
cruits have been m ade, however, from the middle classes who because
of the rise in the cost of living have been forced to do som ething to
meet it.
i L abor G azette, L ondon, Ju n e, 1922, p . 250.
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CURRENT NOTES OF IN TEREST TO LABOR.
245
Work of British Institute of Psychology.
HpKE N ational In stitu te of Industrial Psychology of G reat Britain
1 h elditsfirst annual m eeting on March 10, 1922." The International
Labor Review of June, 1922, reports th a t the work of the in stitu te
has been greatly appreciated by the employees whose tasks have been
studied. According to a statem ent subm itted a t the March m eeting
referred to above, more th an £1,900 ($9,246, par) have been received
by the institute in subscriptions from m anufacturers for the support
of its investigations.
The work of this new and im portant agency is outlined as follows :
(1) The study of the requisites of commercial and industrial occupa
tions and the developm ent and use of appropriate tests in order to
secure, (a) in cooperation w ith commerce and industry, a more
scientific selection of employees, and (b) in cooperation w ith schools,
more dependable vocational guidance for children.
(2) The investigation of the m ost desirable m ethods for the applica
tion of the workers’ energies in offices, factories, etc., w ith particular
reference to (a) the avoidance of useless m otions, (b) the best arrange
m ent of rest periods, (c) the decrease of m onotony and the arousing
of eater interest.
The discc
1
' n tion of conditions which m ake for
the m axim um
workers and the m ost favorable
relations between them and m anagem ent in regard to pay methods,
employees’ representation, etc.
(4) The study of the various factors which influence the sale of
commodities, for instance, designing and advertising.
(5) Providing (a) lectures for employers and employees and (b)
courses of training for foremen, managers, welfare workers, and in
vestigators.
(6) The stim ulation and correlation of research in industrial
psychology and physiology throughout G reat B ritain and the publi
cation in practical form of the facts determined by such investiga
tions.
Agricultural Training Courses in Army of Yugoslavia.1
COME m onths ago it was proposed in Yugoslavia th a t a system of
^
agricultural training courses should be introduced in all m ilitary
garrisons w ith a view to giving instruction in m odern m ethods of
agriculture to soldiers who had been engaged in agricultural pursuits.
The proposal was adopted and the delegates of the m inistry for agri
culture and the m inistry of war and navy, to whom the task of
working out a scheme was assigned, have completed their work, and
it is expected th a t the system will soon be p u t into operation.
1Intern atio n al L abor Office, In d u stria l an d L abor Inform ation, Geneva, May 12, 1922, p. 58.
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M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
Program of Business Men's Group of N ew York Ethical Culture Society.
r~PHE following principles of the business m en’s group of the New
York Society of Ethical Culture were published in The Standard,
May, 1922, issued by the American Ethical Union:
1. That there is a spiritual worth in every human being which industry must
recognize.
2. That human exploitation is immoral and socially destructive.
3. That the highest service which any calling can render is the development of
personality in all those who are affected by it.
4. That service to the community and not profit seeldng should be the main purpose
of business and industry.
5. That there is a creative impulse in the mass of men sufficient to carry on industry
without sole reliance upon the pecuniary motive; business and industry can call forth
the same constructive interests that play such an important part in the practice of
the sciences and the arts.
The program of the business m en’s group states th a t industry
should as far as possible solve its own problems. Federal, State, and
local governm ents should, of course, m ake laws applicable to industry
in general, b u t the group regards the trend tow ard shifting the
problems of industry to the S tate “ as contrary to the best interests
of the com m unity.” These business m en declare themselves in favor
of a “ constitution for each in d u stry ” dealing w ith its requirem ents
and difficulties and embodying its obligations and powers. Both
employers and workers in each industry should m ake themselves
responsible for—
1. Unemployment.
2. Education for adult workers.
3. Vocational training.
4. Industrial research and experimentation.
5. Industrial hygiene and safety.
6. Sickness insurance and old age pensions.
7. Planning to secure more regular and stable production.
8. Increasing efficiency of production.
9. Improving the quality of the product.
10. Observance of industrial laws.
11. Wages.
12. Hours of labor.
13. Distribution and marketing.
O ther planks in the platform are the recognition of labor-unions,
the dealing w ith them “ as integral u nits” and the increasing partici
pation of such unions in the responsibility for carrying on industrial
enterprises.
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O FFICIA L PU B LIC A TIO N S R EL A T IN G T O LA B O R .
United States.
G e o r g ia .—Industrial Commission.
1921.
First annual report, March 1 to December 31,
Atlanta [1922]. 21 pp.
A brief summary of this report was given on pages 142 and 143 of the M onthly
for July, 1922.
L a bo r R e v ie w
L o u is ia n a . —State housing commission. Report, Sept. 28, 1921. 12 pp.
A su m m ary of th is re p o rt a p p ea rs on page — of th is issue of th e M onthly L abor
R e v ie w .
M a ssa ch u setts .— Department of Labor and Industries.
ending November 30, 1921. Boston, 1922. 108 pp.
Annual report for the year
The activities of the various divisions of the department and of the board of con
ciliation and arbitration for the year indicated are reviewed in the above publica
tion. The work of the division of minumum wage for 1921 was noted in the M onthly
L a b o r R e v ie w , April, 1922 (pp. 99, 100), from advance sheets; the report of the
board of conciliation and arbitration for 1921 was digested in the M onthly L abor
R e v ie w , June, 1922 (p. 213); and the report of the division of industrial safety for
1921 is summarized in the present issue of the M onthly L a b o r R e v ie w (pp. 235 to
237).
M in n e so ta . (St. P a u l ). —Civil Service Bureau. Standardizing salaries. St. Paul,
June, 1922.
8 pp.
An account is given in this pamphlet of the standardization system of the city
of St. Paul. The system which is adjustable according to the cost of living was
put into effect in November, 1920. In the adjustment of salaries basic miriimnm
rates of pay based upon the year 1916 were established and a percentage increase
representing the increased cost of living was added to these basic rates. The full
percentage increase, however, was allowed only to the lower-paid employees on the
theory that the higher paid are not affected so seriously by a rise in the cost of living.
M is s o u r i .—State Board for Vocational Education.
Outline of plans for vocational
education in Missouri under the Smith-Hughes Act. Jefferson City, 1922. 47 pp.
Bulletin No. 10.
Plans adopted by the State board for vocational education and approved by the
Federal Board for Vocational Education for the period 1922-1927.
N e w J e r s e y .—Department of Labor.
Report, July 1, 1920, to June 30, 1921.
Trenton, 1921. 71 pp.
Sections of th is re p o rt are su m m arized on pages 166 a n d 237 to 240 of th is issue
of th e M onthly L a b o r R e v ie w .
P e n n s y l v a n ia .—Department of Internal Affairs.
Report on productive industries,
railways, taxes and assessments, waterways and miscellaneous statistics of the Common
wealth of Pennsylvania for the year 1920. Harrisburg, 1921. 1040 pp.
Some preliminary figures regarding production, employment, and wages in Penn
sylvania in 1920 issued by that State’s department of internal affairs were published
in the December, 1921, issue of the M onthly L a bo r R e v ie w (pp. 190, 191). Other
preliminary figures on wages made public by the same office were reproduced in part
in the February, 1922, issue of the M onthly L a b o r R e v ie w (p. 80).
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248
P hilippine I sl a n d s .—Bureau of Commerce and Industry.
1921.
Manila, 1922.
Statistical bulletin No. 4,
58 pp.
Figures on wages and retail prices in M anila are published on pages 85, 8G, and 107
of this issue of th e M o nthly L a b o r R e v ie w .
U n it e d S t a te s .—Department of Labor.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Wages and hours
of labor in the petroleum industry, 1920. Washington, 1922. 153 pp. Bulletin
No. 297. Wages and hours of labor series.
A brief review of th is b u lletin is given on pages 87 a n d 88 of th is issue of th e
M o nthly L a b o r R e v ie w .
----- Department of the interior. Bureau of Education.
List of references on vocational
Washington, January, 1922. 20 pp. Library leaflet No. 15.
--------------- -— Review of educational legislation, 1919 and 1920, by William R. Hood.
Washington, 1922. 30 pp. Bulletin, 1922, No. 13.
education.
Includes sections on continuation schools, teachers’ salaries, an d teach ers’ pensions.
Foreign Countries.
A ustralia .—Bureau of Census and Statistics.
Official yearbook, 1901-1920.
Mel
bourne, 1921. xxxviii, 1228 pp.
Includes among other Commonwealth statistics a section on “ In d u strial unionism
and industrial legislation,” and one on “ Labor and in d u strial statistics,” th e latter
section covering em ploym ent, wages, trad e disputes, prices, and cost of living.
___ Premier's Department. Australian legislative digest. Summary of principal bills
introduced into, and acts passed by, the parliaments of Australia during 1921; also
summary of findings of royal commissions likely to lead to legislation. Sydney, 1922.
63 pp.
A b rief su m m a ry of th is p a m p h le t w as g iv en on page 157 of th e M o nthly L a b o r
R e v ie w for J u ly , 1922.
Ca n a d a .—Department of Labor. Labor legislation in Canada for the calendar year 1921.
Ottawa, 1922. 96 pp.
A su m m a ry of th is re p o rt w as g iv en on pages 158 to 162 of th e M o nthly L a b o r
R e v ie w for J u ly , 1922.
____ (N ova S cotia ). —Workmen's Compensation Board. Report, 1921. Halifax, 1922.
33 pp.
A sum m ary of th is rep o rt was given on pages 144 and 145 of th e M o nthly L a b o r
R e v ie w for Ju ly , 1922.
D e n m a r k .—Arbejdsanvisningsdirektoratel.
Indberetning, 1920-21.
Copenhagen, 1922.
11 pp.
A brief sum m ary of th is report appears on page 155 of th is issue of th e R e v ie w .
----- Direktoratet for Arbejds-og Fabriktilsynet. Beretning, 1919 og 1920.
hagen, 1922.
Copen
73 pp.
R eport of th e factory inspection service for D enm ark for 1919 and 1920.
F r a n c e .— Ministère du Travail.
cinquième session.
Conseil Supérieur du Travail. Compterendu. VingtNovember, 1921. Paris, 1922. xix, 76 pp.
Proceedings of th e tw enty-fifth session of th e Superior Labor Council. T his volum e
contains also special reports upon th e extension of th e law regulating home work to
certain industries not now included u n d er th a t law, and upon fam ily allowances.
---------- - Statistique des grèves survenues pendant les années 1915-1918. Paris, 1921.
viii, 312 pp.
This report of th e M inistry of Labor deals w ith strikes in F rance during th e years
1915 to 1918.
G r ea t B r it a in .— Registry of Friendly Societies.
United Kingdom.
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Registered provident societies in the
General summary, 1918, 1919. London, April, 1922. 1 p.
[478]
OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR.
I n t e r n a t io n a l L a bo r O ffice .— Technical survey of agricultural questions.
1921.
249
Geneva,
623 pp.
A review of this publication appears on pages 20 to 23 of this issue of the M onthly
L a b o r R e v ie w .
J a p a n . —Département Imperial de Recensement.
Japón.
36e Année.
Resume statistique de VEmpire du
[Tokyo] 1922. ix, 181 pp.
The statistical year book of Japan contains data regarding the number of industrial
establishments, number of employees, and wages and hours of labor for the years
1910 to 1919.
----- Department of Finance. Twenty-first financial and economic annual of Japan,
1921.
Tokyo, [1922?].
vi, 232 pp.
Summaries of certain parts of this annual which relate to labor appear in this issue
of the M onthly L a bor R e v ie w —wages on pages 103 to 105 production, in coal mines
on page 111, employment on pages 155 and 156, and cooperative societies on page
224.
N e w Z e a l a n d .—Census and Statistics Office.
Zealandfor the year 1920. Vol.III.
Wellington, 1921. 246 pp.
Statistics of the Dominion of New
Production, Finance. Postal and telegraph.
A short summary of part of this publication appears on page 112 of this issue of the
M onthly L a b o r R e v ie w .
S p a in .—Dirección General del Instituto Geográfico y Estadístico.
España, año vii, 1920.
Anuario Estadístico de
Madrid, 1922. 468 pp.
In addition to a wealth of statistical data relative to population, production, com
merce, education, etc., this volume contains twelve tables of index numbers of prices
of food, animal and vegetable, and drinks; combustibles and fluids; textiles; metals;
building materials; and chemical products and miscellaneous articles.
S w e d e n .—Riksforsakringsanstalten.
vii, 72 pp.
Olycksfall i arbete, ar 1918. Stockholm, 1922.
Sveriges Officiella Statistik. Socialstatistik.
Report of the State Insurance Institute on industrial accidents in Sweden during
1918. This report was formerly issued by the Bureau of Labor (Socialstyrelsen).
----- Socialfórsakringskommittén. I. Betankande och fórslag angdende allman
sjukfórsakring. Stockholm, 1919. 240 pp.; II. Oversikt av utlandsk lagstiftning
angdende social sjukfórsakring avensom statistiska undersokningar m. m. Stock
holm, 1919. 376 pp.
Report of the Swedish Social Insurance Committee on sickness insurance in certain
foreign countries and in Sweden.
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