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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS" r, ( »- J - ----- ^ ETHELBERT STEWART, Commissioner ifV - MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW VOLUME XV https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NUMBER 2 AUGUST, 1922 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1922 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C E R T IFIC A T E . This publication is issued pursuant to the provisions of the sundry civil act (41 Stats. 1430), approved March 4, 1921. A D D IT IO N A L C O PIE S OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM. THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON ,'D .U . ■AT 15 C EN TS P E R C O PY S u b s c r ip t io n P r i c e , $.1.50 P e e Y e a r Contents. Special articles: Page. Immigration under the per centum limit act, by W. W. Husband, Com missioner General of Immigration............................................................... 1-10 “ 1913=100,” by Ethelbert Stewart, United States Commissioner of Labor Statistics.................................... 11,12 Industrial relations and labor conditions: Constitutional government in American industries....................................... 13-19 Working conditions of agricultural wage earners: A survey......................... 20-23 Prices and cost of living: Retail prices of food in the United States.................................................... 24-45 Retail prices of coal in the United States.................................................... 46-49 Retail prices of gas in the United States.................................................... 49-52 Retail pricesof electricity in the United States............................................. 52-55 Retail prices of dry goods in the United States............................................. 56-63 Changes in cost of living in the United States.............................................. 64-72 Wholesale prices of commodities, April to June, 1922.................................. 72-80 81 Index numbers of wholesale prices in June, 1922......................................... Problem of distribution and suggestions for its solution................................ 82-84 85 Germany—Purchasing power of wages in 1914 and 1922.............................. Philippine Islands—Average retail prices of certain foodstuffs in Manila, 1918 to 1921................................................................................................... 85,86 Wages and hours of labor: Wages and hours of labor in the petroleum industry.....................................87, 88 Regular weekly hours of work in manufacturing industries of the United States, 1909, 1914, and 1919......................................................................... 88, 89 New York—Average weekly earnings of State factory workers in May, 1922. 89, 90 Average hourly wages of metal workers in various European countries in 1921............................................................................................................. 90 Belgium—Relation of wages to selling prices in the coal industry.............. 90, 91 Colombia—Cotton-mill wages in Cartagena.................................................... 91 Fraffce—Application of the 8-hour day in industry...................................... 91-93 Great Britain— Wages in selected industries, 1914 to 1921............................ ................. 93-97 Wage reductions and employment in the coal industry.......................98-101 Italy—Wage rates of Italian marine labor and of port labor in Naples___101-103 Japan—Wages in specified industries, 1911 to 1920................................... 103-105 Latvia—Wages in specified industries........................................................ 105,106 New Zealand—General wage reduction....................................................... 106 Philippine Islands—Wages in Manila, 1919 and 1920................................... 107 Switzerland—Agricultural wages................................................................ 107,108 Productivity of labor: Labor efficiency and production................................................................ 109,110 Belgium—Production and output in coal mines........................................ 110, 111 Japan—Operation of coal mines, 1910 to 1919................................................ Ill New Zealand—-Coal industry during 1920..................................................... 112 South Africa—Output in coal mines............................................................ 112 Minimum wage: Mercantile wages in the District of Columbia, by Elizabeth Brandeis, secretary, Minimum Wage Board, District of Columbia........................ 113,114 Saskatchewan—Order relating to employees in hotels, restaurants, and refreshment rooms........................ 115 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis hi IV C O N T E N T S. Labor agreements, awards, and decisions: Page. Decision of Railroad Labor Board re wages of clerical and station employees and others....................... ......................................................................... 116-120 Electro typers—New York City................................................................... 121,122 Hat and cap industry—New Haven........................................................... 122,123 Shoe industry—Lynn, Mass......................................................................... 123,124 Employment and unemployment: Employment in selected industries in June, 1922..................................... 125-127 Enlarging the scope of statistics on volume of employment...................... 128,129 Changes in employment reported by United States Employment Service.. 129 Recent statistics of employ ment—• California...................................................... ........................................ 129,130 Connecticut............................................................................................... 131 Illinois.................................................................................................... 131,132 Iowa........................................................................................................... 132 Massachusetts......................................................................................... 132,133 New York............................................................................................... 133,134 134 Ohio.......................................... Pennsylvania....... ..................................... 134 Wisconsin............................................................................... ...............134,135 Cleveland—Experience under employment guaranty in garment industry. 135-138 Government construction contracts............................................................. 138-147 Unemployment in foreign countries........................................................... 148-154 Denmark—Unemployment in 1920-21........................................................... 155 Japan—Employment in factories................................................................ 155,156 Vocational education: Canada—Progress in vocational education.................................................. 157-159 Czechoslovakia—Vocational guidance........................... 159 Mexico—New educational opportunities for workers..................................... 160 South America—Two recent educational projects......................................... 160 Housing: Louisiana—Recommendations of State Housing Commission................... 161,162 162 South Africa—Increase in home ownership, 1918 to 1921........................... . Industrial accidents and hygiene: Study of the number and causes of fatal industrial accidents...................... 163 New York—Code for industrial lighting..................................................... 164,165 Workmen’s compensation and social insurance: 166 New Jersey—Report on workmen’s compensation.................................. Netherlands—Governmental expenditures for the benefit of labor.......... 166,167 Scandinavia—Cooperation in health insurance.......................................... 167,168 Labor laws and court decisions: Rights and status of employees injured in commerce, byLindley D. Clark. 169-179 New York—Test of hazard under compensation law................................. 179-183 Constitutionality of statutes requiring service letters............................ 183,184 Belgium—Modifications of 8-hour law........................................................ 184,185 Czechoslovakia—New emigration law......................................................... 185-187 Japan—Law creating employment exchanges............................................... 187 Latvia—Law establishing the 8-hour day...................................................... 188 Turkey—Labor legislation............................................................................... 188 Labor organizations: Forty-second annual convention of the American Federation of Labor___189-193 Eighth biennial convention of the National Women’s Trade-Union League of America................................................................................................. 193-195 International Trade-Union Congress, 1922................................................. 195,196 Australia—Union labor developments............................................................ 196 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C O N T E N T S. V Labor organizations—Concluded. Page. Germany—Trade-union rules for conducting labor disputes........................ 196 Great Britain— 197 Annual conference of Labor Party.......................................................... National conference of labor women....................................................... 198 Sweden—Trade-union activities, 1920........................................................... 198 Strikes and lockouts: Strikes and lockouts in the United States, January to March, 1922......... 199-203 Bohemia—Strike of metal workers.............................................................. 203 Finland—Strike and lockouts, 1921............................................................ 203, 204 Great Britain—Disputes in engineering and shipbuilding industries---- 204-209 Conciliation and arbitration: Conciliation work of the Department of Labor in June, 1922, by Hugh L. Kerwin, Director of Conciliation.................................................. .......... 210, 211 Norway—Colnpulsory arbitration................................................................ 211-213 Cooperation: Condition of the consumers’ cooperative movement in the United States 214-220 Farm women’s marketing associations............................................................ 220 Cooperation in certain foreign countries— Canada—New cooperative law in Ontario.............................................. 220 Czechoslovakia—Cooperative societies in 1920.................................... 220, 221 Finland—Cooperative movement in 1921............................................... 221 Great Britain—Wages award for cooperative employees.................... 221, 222 India—Cooperation in 1920-21............................................................. 222, 223 Japan—Cooperative societies, 1911 to 1920............................................. 224 Norway—Operations of National Cooperative Union for 1921............... 224 Switzerland—Report of Swiss Union of Consumers’ Societies for 1921. 224-225 Movement to establish cooperative trade with Russia.................................. 225 Immigration: Statistics of immigration for May, 1922, by W. W. Husband, Commissioner General of Immigration............................................................................ 226-231 Emigration from Austrian Burgenland to the United States.................... 231, 232 Immigration to Canada................................................................................ 232,233 German oversea emigration in 1921............................................................. 233, 234 What State labor bureaus are doing: Massachusetts................................................................................................ 235-237 New Jersey.................................................................................................... 237-240 New York...................................................................................................... 240 Pennsylvania................................................................................................ 240-241 Current notes of interest to labor: Labor resolutions adopted at Genoa Conference on Economic Reconstruc tion ............................................................................................................ 242. 243 A move to standardize international labor statistics..................................... 243 An international clearing house of labor information................................ 243, 244 Cooperation between International Labor Office and Solvay Institute......... 244 Bryn Mawr summer school for working girls.................................................. 244 Austrian trade boards act in operation........................................................ 244, 245 Work of British Institute of Psychology......................................................... 245 Agricultural training courses in Army of Yugoslavia.................................... 245 Program of business men’s group of New York Ethical Culture Society---- 246 Official publications relating to labor: United States................................................................................................ 247, 248 Foreign countries.......................................................................................... 248,249 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis IN MEMORIAM. Mr. E. H. Downey, workm en’s compensation rating expert for the Insurance D epartm ent of Pennsylvania, died July 9, 1922. For five or six years Mr. Downey was chairm an of the comm ittee on statistics and compensation insurance costs of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions and in this position was responsible largely for the valuable reports on the standards of accident statistics and com pensation insurance costs which this comm ittee produced. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW vo l . xv —n o .2 WASHINGTON au g u st, 1922 Immigration Under the Per Centum Limit Act.1 By W. W. H u s b a n d , Com m issioner G en era l op I mmigration . F OR somewhat more than a quarter of a century consideration of the im m igration question has very largely taken the form of discussions of restriction against antirestriction. During all or m ost of this time the weight of public sentim ent, as reflected in the press and otherwise, seemed to be with the restrictionists. Congress was usually of the same m ind, although a t times both Houses were no t in accord, b u t until the present adm inistration every Executive having to pass upon the question took a more or less em phatic stand against restriction. In 1892 a joint comm ittee of Congress, charged w ith investigating the operation of our im m igration laws, considered the advisability of restricting imm igration, and a m aj ority of the com m ittee proposed the adoption of a literacy test for arriving aliens as a means to th a t end. The proposal was not adopted and, indeed, it does not appear th a t Congress gave it any very serious consideration, b u t from th a t time on the exclusion of illiterates was the chief plank in the platform of the restrictionists. In the closing days of his second adm inistration, President Cleve land vetoed an im m igration bill because it provided for the literacy test, and later President T aft took similar action, although the adoption of this bill had been recommended by the U nited States Im m igration Commission which had ju st spent three years in an exhaustive study of the problem. President Wilson vetoed two sim ilar measures, b u t in 1917 Congress, exercising a little-used prerogative, passed such a bill, Executive disapproval to the contrary notw ithstanding, and thus, after an alm ost continuous struggle of 25 years, illiterate aliens, w ith some exceptions, were barred from admission to the U nited States. I t is very doubtful whether the literacy provision solely as a quality test for im m igrants would have developed any considerable volume of support either in or out of Congress, b u t the fact th a t it gave a theoretical promise to check im m igration from southern and eastern Europe, w ithout unduly interfering w ith a norm al m ovem ent from northern and western Europe, seems to have been the chief basis of its great popularity. Statistics showed th a t somewhat more than one-third of all who came from the first-nam ed sections were unable to read, b u t th a t the percentage of illiteracy among im m igrants from the northern and western countries was very small. Accordingly it was believed th a t the application of the reading test would, in a considerable measure at least, bring about the desired results. 1 T he m aps published w ith th is article were prepared u n d e r th e direction of Col. Law rence M artin, G eographer, S ta te D ep artm en t, b y Miss R u b y P . Jo hnston, of th e U nited S tates B ureau of L abor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [231] 1 2 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . H ad it not been for the World W ar it is quite probable th a t the adoption of the literacy test would have removed im m igration from the category of imm ediate problems, b u t the war created a situation which brought it to the forefront as perhaps the m ost pressing question of the time. We had built up elaborate and effective barriers to, keep out m ental, moral, and physical undesirables of all classes, and we also had the literacy test as a partial safeguard against numbers, b u t there was nothing with which to stem the expected unprecedented tide of war-stricken peoples who could m eet the tests of the law. Almost overnight mere opposition to im m igration changed to alarm ; strong advocates of a liberal im m igration policy became ardent restrictionists, and seemingly the sentim ent of the country was overwhelmingly in favor of total exclusion. In December, 1920, the House of R epresentatives passed a bill which provided for suspending practically all im m igration for a period of 14 m onths, only 40 votes being recorded against it. The Senate, however, was more conservative and after extended hearings adopted in a modified form the Dillingham per centum lim it plan as a substitute for to tal suspension, and eventually this prevailed. This per centum lim it plan was first proposed by Senator Dillingham in 1913 in a bill which provided th a t the num ber of aliens of any nation ality who m ight be adm itted to the U nited States in any fiscal year should be lim ited to 10 per cent of the num ber of persons of such nationality who were resident in the United States, according to the census of 1910. A t the tim e it was presented this bill represented a rather extrem e attitu d e of restriction, b u t how m aterially sentim ent changed during and after the w ar is reflected in the fact th a t when the idea was finally incorporated into law the lim it was fixed at 3 instead of 10 per cent as originally proposed. The Senate bill prevailed, almost unanimously, bu t Executive approval was withheld, resulting in a “ pocket veto,” which obviously reflected President W ilson’s opposition to 'imm igration restriction quite as clearly as did his two previous vetoes of the literacy test bill. The measure was again introduced in the special session which followed President H arding’s inauguration, passed both Houses almost w ithout opposition, and became a law on May 19, 1921. The principal provisions of the per centum lim it act are as follows: 1. The num ber of aliens of any nationality who m ay be adm itted into the U nited States in any fiscal year shall be lim ited to 3 per cent of the num ber of foreign-born persons of such nationality resident in the U nited States as shown by the census of 1910; and not more than 20 per cent of the annual quota of any nationality m ay be adm itted in any m onth. 2. N ationality is determ ined by country of birth, provision being m ade for population and quota adjustm ents in the case of new countries and countries the boundaries of which were changed sub sequent to 1910; such adjustm ents to be m ade by the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Commerce, and the Secretary of Labor. 3. In effect the law is applicable only to im m igration from Europe, Persia, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, the territory form erly compris ing Asiatic Turkey, and certain islands of the A tlantic and Pacific Oceans. Im m igration from countries of the New W orld and the m ajor p a rt of Asia is, generally speaking, not within the scope of the act. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [232] IM M IG R A T IO N U N D ER T H E PE R C E N T U M L IM IT ACT. 3 4. The law does not apply to aliens of the following classes: Govern m ent officials, their families, attendants, servants, and employees; aliens in transit through the U nited States, or from one p a rt of the United States to another through foreign contiguous territory; tourists or tem porary visitors for business or pleasure; aliens under the age of 18 who are children of citizens of the U nited States. 5. The following classes of aliens are counted against a quota so long as the quota exists, bu t m ay be adm itted after such quota is exhausted: Aliens returning from a tem porary visit abroad, aliens who are professional actors, artists, lecturers, singers, nurses, ministers of any religious denomination, professors for colleges or seminaries, aliens belonging to any recognized learned profession, or aliens em ployed as domestic servants. 6. Preference shall be given as far as possible to the wives, parents, brothers, sisters, children under 18 years of age, and fiancees (1) of citizens of the U nited States, (2) of aliens now in the U nited States who have applied for citizenship, or (3) of persons eligible for United States citizenship who served in. the m ilitary or naval forces of the U nited States at any time between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, both dates inclusive, and who have been separated from such forces under honorable conditions. 7. The Commissioner General of Im m igration, w ith the approval of the Secretary of Labor, shall prescribe rules to carry the provisions of the act into effect, and shall publish each m onth a statem ent show ing the status of the quotas of the various nationalities, which state m ent shall be issued weekly after 75 per cent of the annual quota of any nationality is exhausted. 8. The provisions of the act are in addition to and not in substitu tion for the provisions of the im m igration laws. The act of May 19, 1921, expired by lim itation on June 30, 1922, b u t under a joint resolution approved May 11, 1922, its operation was extended to June 30, 1924. The joint resolution further amended the lav/ by imposing on transportation companies a fine of $200 for each alien brought to the U nited States in violation of the act and, as an additional penalty, it is required th a t the offending company shall refund the passage money of each alien unlawfully brought in excess of the quota. The original act imposed no penalty for its violation and it is certain th a t a considerable p a rt of the difficulties which have arisen during the past year would have been avoided had violations of the law resulted in m onetary loss to the carriers con cerned. Under the original act aliens were exem pt from the quota provision after one year’s residence in a country of the New World, b u t as amended a five years’ residence is now required. This am end m ent was prom pted by the fact th a t several thousand Europeans, who because of quota lim itations and other obstacles could not come to the U nited States, emigrated to Cuba, Mexico, and South America with the obvious intention of coming here at the expiration of one year. The law, however, does not prohibit the entrance of such aliens w ithin five years b u t only th a t they shall be subject to the quota law if they apply for admission within th a t period. The operation of the quota law has necessitated the introduction of a new, although fortunately limited, series of im m igration statis- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [233] 4 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW . tics, which are not comparable w ith existing statistics. This is due to two principal causes: 1. In the quota law figures country of birth rules, whereas country of last perm anent residence is regarded as country of origin in our ordinary im m igration tables. 2. B oth im m igrant and nonim m igrant aliens m ay appear in quotalaw statistics, or, by reason of exemptions already referred to, arriving aliens of both classes m ay not be considered in such statis tics a t all. The statistical record of operations under the quota law, how ever, is a very simple one, the story of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1922, being shown in a single table as follows: T a b l e 1 . — IM M IG R A T IO N O F A L IE N S IN T O T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S U N D E R T H E P E R CEN TU M LIM IT ACT O F MAY 19, 1921, D U R IN G T H E FISC A L Y E A R 1921-22. N um ber Total a dm itted adm issible and charged P er cent during to quota of quota fiscal year during the adm itted. 1921-22.1 fiscal year 1921-22.2 C ountry or place of b irth . A lb a n ia ............................................................................................................... A ustria. . ................................................................................................... B elgium .............................................................. ................................................ B u lg aria.. .................................................................................. - ................ Czechoslovakia............................................................................- .................... D anzig....................... .......................................................................................... D enm ark................................ ................................... ......................................... F in la n d .............................................................................................................. F ium e................................................................................................................... F ra n c e ................................................................................................................. G e rm a n y ..................................... .............. ........................................ .............. Greece.................................................................................................................. H u n g a ry ...... ................................................................................ . I ta ly . . .. ................................................................................................. L u x e m b u rg ........................................................... ............................................ N eth erlan d s.....................-........................................... .................................... N orw ay . . . P olantf {including eastern G alicia).........— ............................................. P o rtu g al (including Azores a n d M adeira Islands)-.................................. R u m a n ia . ............................................................................................ R ussia (including Siberia)............................................................................. Spain. . .............................................................................................. Sweden__ . . . ...... .................... ................ ................................ Sw itzerland.......... ............................................................................................ ... .............................- .......... ..... ..........., . ...... . . Yugoslavia O ther E urope (including A ndorra, G ibraltar, Liechtenstein, M alta, Memel, Monaco, San M arino, a n d Icelan d )........................................... A rm enia........... _ _ _ _ .............................................................. P alestin e........................................................................................................... S y ria ....................................................................................................- ...... . T urkey (E urope a n d Asia, including Sm yrna D istrict)........................ O ther Asia (including Persia, Rhodes, C yprus, a n d territo ry other th a n Siberia, w hich is n o t included in th e A siatic b arred zone. Persons b o rn in Siberia are in clu d ed in th e R ussia q u o ta )-------- Afri ca . . . ................. ................................................. ............... .. A u stra lia ............................................................................................................. New Z e a la n d ............................ .................... ....................................... ........... A tlan tic islan d s (other th a n Azores, M adeira, an d islands adjacent to th e A m erican c o n tin e n ts)............................ .................. ...................... Pacific islands (other th a n New Z ealand an d islands ad jacent to th e A m erican co n tin en ts)........................................................................... T o ta l............... ......................................................................................... 288 7,451 1,563 302 14,282 301 5,694 3,921 71 5, 729 68,059 3,294 5,638 42,057 92 3,607 12,202 25,827 2, 520 7,419 34,284 912 20,042 3,752 77,342 6,426 280 4,797 1,581 301 14,248 85 3,284 3,038 18 4,343 19,053 3,447 6,035 42,149 93 2 ,40S 5,941 26,129 2,488 7,429 28,908 888 8,766 3,723 42,670 6,644 97 64.4 101. 2 99.6 99.8 28.2 57.6 77.5 25.3 75.9 28 104.7 107.2 100.2 101.1 66.8 48.7 101.1 98.6 100.1 84.4 97. 4 43.8 99.2 55.2 103.5 86 1,5S9 56 906 656 144 1,574 214 1,008 1,096 167.4 99 382.1 111.2 166.9 81 122 279 54 528 195 279 75 651.9 159. 8 100 138.9 65 83 127.7 26 13 356,995 243,953 50 68.3 1 The quotas here given differ in some instances Irom th e figures as originally published, the differences being due to th e inclusion of th e foreign-born p o p u latio n of A laska, H aw aii, a nd Porto Rico in a revision of th e basic p o p u latio n . . , ,,.,. , , . . . ,, , 2 Subject to possible slight revision due to pending cases in which additional adm issions chargeable to th e quotas of th e fiscal y ear 1921-22 m ay occur. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [234] IMMIGRATION UNDER THE PER CENTUM LIMIT ACT. 5 The admissions in excess of quotas shown in the above table, the total num ber being 2,508, represent a theoretically tem porary dis position of cases in which absolute and immediate rejection would have inflicted great hardship on innocent imm igrants. Reference to the sources of the principal excesses—Other Asia, Turkey, H ungary, Poland, and Yugoslavia—is probably sufficient to explain and also to justify the action of the Secretary of Labor in exercising leniency in these cases. Nearly all of the excess admissions occurred during the first six m onths of the fiscal year, before the seriousness of the law had been fully realized, and the arrival of these aliens after their respective quotas were exhausted represents in p a rt the eager ness of the aliens themselves to get in before the gates were closed, and in p a rt the efforts of competing steam ship lines to carry as much as possible of the limited im m igrant business of the year. The la tte r seems to have bfcen by far the more im portant factor. The last group admission in these excess cases occurred under a d epart m ental order of December 23, known as the Christmas order, which saved upw ard of one thousand im m igrants from imm ediate deporta tion. Following this a more rigid application of the law was inau gurated, and a considerable num ber of aliens were rejected and deported, w ith the result th a t com paratively few excess-quota cases arose during the la tte r m onths of the fiscal year. The adm inistration of the quota law during its initial year devel oped many problems, and, especially during the first six m onths of its operation, greatly overtaxed the m achinery of the service and particularly the facilities a t Ellis Island; b u t now th a t it is possible to review its accomplishments, unaffected by its discouragements, I do not hesitate to say th a t the per centum lim it law has accomplished the purpose for which it was obviously enacted w ith a degree of success which few anticipated. A glance at the foregoing table will clearly show th a t while the countries of southern and eastern Europe, including Asiatic Turkey and the new nations created out of Turkish territory since the W orld W ar, have in the m ain exhausted, and in several instances exceeded, the quotas allotted to them, the opposite is true of nearly all of the countries of northern and w estern Europe, which, for the purpose of this discussion, include the British Islands, Scandinavia, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and France. The statu s of these two areas, as well as th a t of all other countries which are w ithin the scope of the quota law are interestingly shown in the table which follows: T a b l e 2 .—IM M IG R A T IO N O F A L IE N S IN T O T H E U N IT E D ST A TES U N D E R T H E P E R CEN TU M LIM IT ACT OF MAY 19, 1921, D U R IN G T H E FISC A L Y E A R 1921-22, B Y S P E C I F IE D A R EA S. N um ber T otal n u m a d m itte d ber adm issi and charged P er cent of quota ble during to q u ota fiscal year during th e adm itted . 1921-22.1 fiscal year 1921-22.2 Area. N orthern an d w estern E u ro p e ...................................................................... Southern an d eastern E urope a n d Asiatic T urkish te rrito ry ............... O ther ................................................................................................................. 1 See note 1, Table 1. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 198,082 158,200 713 2 See note 2, Table 1. [235] 91,862 150,774 1,317 46.4 95.3 184.7 6 M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW . This table needs little comment, b u t it is interesting to note th a t the older sources of immigration, in northern and western Europe, have exhausted less than one-half of their quotas during the fiscal year, while on the other hand Russia is the only country of southern and eastern Europe for which any considerable p a rt of a quota remained on June 30. In other words, the m ovem ent of the year from the older sources is apparently a perfectly normal one, although considerably smaller than it was prior to the World W ar, b u t it is impossible to say how m any aliens would have come from southern and eastern Europe and Turkey had it not been for the lim itation afforded by the per centum lim it act. Reference to Table 1 will show th a t the large percentage of the excess admissions coming from “ Other sources” is in the m ain due to the influx from “ O ther Asia,” 528 being adm itted from this source tem porarily and otherwise,whereas the total quota for the year was only 81. I t m ay be explained th a t the excess in this instance is for the m ost p art attributable to the coming of groups of so-called Assyrian refugees, who were forced to take refuge in Mesopotamia after fleeing from their homes in Persia during the war and who later applied for admission at various A tlantic and Pacific ports. As already explained, the per centum law directed the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Commerce, and the Secretary of Labor to allot quotas to countries concerned on a population base established by the United States census of 1910, and in so doing to take into account countries th a t were created and boundaries th a t were changed subsequent to th a t year. To assist in this task an advisory board was created, consisting of the following officials of the three depart m ents concerned: Representing the Secretary of State, H arry A. McBride and Col. Lawrence M artin; representing the Secretary of Commerce, Dr. Joseph A. Hill, A ssistant Director of the Census, and William C. H unt, chief statistician; representing the Secretary of Labor, W. W. H usband, Commissioner General of Im m igration, and E thelbert Stew art, Commissioner of Labor Statistics. The difficulties attending this task will be appreciated when it is considered th a t among the countries and areas in Europe and Asiatic Turkey to which quotas were allotted only 8 had emerged from the w ar period w ith the same boundaries, while 9 had been newly created and the boundaries of 13 others changed. The problem, of course, was to redistribute the European-born population of the U nited S tates as shown bj^ the census of 1910 to the credit of the vari ous countries and areas of Europe as they existed in 1921. For example, it was necessary to transfer parts of the German-born popu lation to France, Belgium, Denm ark, Poland, the free city of Danzig, and Memel region, while a basic population for newly created Poland was drawn from resident natives of A ustria and Russia, as well as from Germany. The partition of the Turkish-born population in the LTnited States among the various countries which participated in th a t Em pire’s dism em berm ent was the m ost complex of the m any problems under taken, and the task of establishing a basic population for such coun tries as Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia was also a very difficult one. F ortunately Congress provided for estim ates onty in such cases, and while every effort was made to insure a fair and equitable distribu- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [236] 2476°—22. (To face page 7.) No. 1 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2476o—22. (To face page 7.) No. 2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis IM M IG R A T IO N U N D E R T H E P E R C E N T U M L IM IT ACT. 7 tion of the available quotas, it is realized th a t in m any cases the results could be nothing b u t estimates. The accompanying m ap A, which is based on Table 1, shows the quotas allotted to various countries of Europe and Asiatic Turkey for the fiscal year 1921-22, and the num ber of im m igrants adm itted and charged against such quotas. Revised Quotas for 1922—23. \W H E N the quota law, which as before stated expired by lim ita^ tion on June 30, 1922, was extended for two years, certain changes which had occurred during the year necessitated some revision of the basic population of various countries. G erm any’s quota was somewhat reduced and P oland’s correspondingly increased through the partition of Upper Silesia. Separate quotas were estab- » lished for areas known as Pinsk, E sthonian, L ithuanian, L atvian, and Bessarabian regions, all of which territory was included w ith Russia in the quota allotm ent of 1921-22. A separate quota was given to R us sian Armenia, and Turkish Armenia and the Sm yrna region were merged w ith Turkey. Iceland and the Memel region, which were included w ith “ O ther E urope” last year, now have separate quota allotm ents. The quotas of New Zealand and Pacific Islands were merged, and other m inor changes made. The following table and map B show revised quotas and also the num ber admissible per m onth, under the provision th a t not to exceed 20 per cent of the annual quota of any country m ay enter in any m onth: T a b l e 3 . — N U M B E R O F A L IE N S A D M ISSIB L E U N D E R T H E ACT OF MAY 1 9 ,1 9 2 1 , E N T IT L E D “ AN ACT TO L IM IT T H E IM M IG R A T IO N IN T O T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S ,” AS E X T E N D E D B Y P U B L IC R E S O L U T IO N N O . 55, S IX T Y -S E V E N T H C O N G R ESS, A P P R O V E D M AY 11, 1922. C ountry or region of b irth .1 A lbania...................................................................................................................... A rm enia (R u ssian ).................................................................................................... A u stria ..................) .............................................. B elgium ..................................................... B ulgaria....................................................................................................................... Czechoslovakia...................................................................................... D anzig, Free C ity o f....................................................................................... D e n m ark ............”.............................. ............................................................... F in la n d .................................................................................... Fium e, Free S ta te o f 2. ............................................................................................ F ran c e ...................................................................................... G erm an y ......................................................................................... Greece. .~.................................................................................................. H u n g a ry ................................................. Iceland I ........................................................................ .................................. Ita ly ............................................................................................................................ L uxem b u rg ............................................................................................................... Memel reg io n 3.................................................................................................. N etherlan d s....................................................................................................... N orw ay........................................................................................................................ N um ber ad m issible a n nually. 288 230 7,451 1,563 302 14,357 301 5,619 3 , 921 71 5,729 67,607 3,294 5 638 75 42,057 92 150 3.607 12,202 H ighest n u m ber adm issible in a ny m o n th . 58 46 1,490 313 61 2,871 60 1 124 784 14 1 146 13 521 659 1,128 15 8,411 19 30 721 2,440 1 The im m igration quotas assigned to th e various countries a n d regions listed below should n o t be regarded as having a n y political significance w hatever, or as involving recognition of new G overnm ents, or of new boundaries, or of transfers of territo ry , except as th e U nited S tates G overnm ent has already m ade such recognition in a form al a n d official m anner. * Given u p b y H u n g ary a n d b y A ustria, a n d therefore can n o t b e included in th e quota of either of these countries. 3 G iven up b y G erm any, b u t n o t y e t allotted to a n y other country. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [237] 8 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW , T a b l e 3 . —N U M B E R O F A L IE N S A D M IS S IB L E U N D E R T H E ACT O F M AY 19,1921, E N T IT L E D “ A N ACT TO L IM IT T H E IM M IG R A T IO N IN T O T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S /' AS E X T E N D E D B Y P U B L IC R E S O L U T IO N N O . 55, S IX T Y -S E V E N T H C O N G R ESS A P P R O V E D M AY 11, 1922—C oncluded. N um ber ad m issible an nually. C ountry or region of b irth . P o la n d ........................................................................................................................ E astern Galicia 4............................ . . . . P in sk reg io n &.............................................................. Po rtu g al (including Azores a n d M adeira Islan d s)............................................ R u m a n ia ........................................................ ........................................... B essarabian region 6......................................................................................... R ussia (E uropean a n d A siatic)7........................................................................... E sth o n ian reg io n 8............................................................................................ L a tv ia n reg io n 9......... ...................................................................................... L ith u an ian region 10.......................................................................................... Spain (including C anary Is la n d s)........................................................................ Sw eden..............7 ...........'................ ........................................................................... Sw itzerland............................................................................................................... U nited K in g d o m ................................................................................................. Y ugoslavia.“............................................................................................................... O ther E urope (including A ndorra, G ibraltar, L iechtenstein, M alta, Monaco, a n d San M arino)................................................................................... P alestine....................................................................... -............................................ Syria.............................. ............................................................................................... T u rk ey (E u ro p ean a n d A siatic, including S m y rn a region a n d T urkishA rm enian reg io n )................................................................................... O ther Asia (including C yprus, H edjaz, Ira q (M esopotamia), Persia, Rhodes, a n d a n y o th er A siatic te rrito ry n o t included in th e barred zone. Persons b o rn in A siatic R ussia are included in th e R ussia q u o ta )................................................................................................................. Africa............................................. .................................................................... A tlantic Islan d s (other th a n Azores, C anary Islands, M adeira, and islands adjacent to th e A m erican c ontinents)............................................... A u stra lia ..................................................................................................... New Z ealand a n d Pacific Isla n d s...... .............................. .................................. T o ta l........................................................................................... ?H ighest n u m ber adm issible in a n y m o n th . 21,076 5 786 4 ,284 2,465 7,419 2,792 21 613 1,348 1 540 ' 2 ,310 912 20,042 3,752 77 342 6,426 4 215 L 157 857 493 1,484 558 4 323 '270 308 462 182 4 008 750 15,468 1,285 86 57 928 17 12 186 2 388 478 81 122 16 25 121 279 80 24 56 16 357, 803 71,561 4 Given up b y A ustria, b u t n o t y et allotted to an y other co u n try. 6 The area bounded b y th e so-called (a) Curzon line, (&) tre a ty of R iga line, (c) P olish-L ithuanian neutral zone northw est of V ilna, a n d (d ) eastern Galicia. 6 T h e la n d area b o unded b y (a) th e P r u th a n d D niester R ivers a nd th e eastern boundary of B ukovina. 7 E xcluding th e barred zone; a n d w ith o u t th e B essarabian, E sthonian, L a tv ia n , L ith u an ian , a n d P in sk regions, w hich are special im m igration areas. 8 T he la n d area, w ith adjacent islands, b o unded b y th e so-called (a) R ussian-E sthonian boundary, a nd (6) E sth o n ian -L atv ian bo u n d ary . 9 T he la n d area bounded b y th e so-called (a) E sth o n ian -L atv ian boundary, (6) R ussian-L atvian boun dary , an d (e) L atv ian -L ith u an ian b o u n d ary . 10 T he la n d area bounded b y th e so-called ( a ) L atv ian -L ith u an ian boundary, (5) Polish-L ithuanian n eu tral zone no rth w est of V ilna, (c) G erm an frontier, an d (d ) b ou n d ary of Memel region. The somewhat curious patchw ork of legislation under which im m igration to the U nited States is now regulated is graphically illus trated by the accompanying m ap of the world (map C) which shows the areas included under the operation of the quota lim it law; the Chinese exclusion act; the im m igration agreem ent with Jap an ; and the so-called Asiatic barred zone provision of the general im m igra tion law. The first Chinese exclusion law was enacted in 1882 and although reenacted and amended a t various times its provisions have been substantially the same from the beginning. Although difficult of rigid enforcement from the beginning, as any restrictive imm igration law m ust necessarily be, nevertheless the census records testify to its effectiveness, as the following figures giving the num ber of natives of China in the population a t various census periods will show : 1890................................................ 106,701 1900............................................................................................................. 81,534 1910............................................................................................................. 56,756 1920............................................................................................................. 43,560 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [23S] IM M IG R A T IO N U N D E R T H E PE R C E N T U M L IM IT ACT. 9 The only class of Chinese aliens who are admissible to the country under the present law are teachers, students, m erchants, and their lawful wives and m inor children, travelers for curiosity or pleasure, persons returning from a tem porary visit abroad, officials of the Chinese Governm ent and their body and household servants. The general im m igration law of 1907 contains the following pro vision : Whenever the President shall be satisfied th at passports issued by any foreign Government to its citizens to go to any other country than the United States or to any insular possession of the United States or to the Canal Zone are being used for the purpose of enabling the holders to come to the continental territory of the United States to the detriment of labor conditions therein, the President may refuse to permit such citizens of the country issuing such passports to enter the continental territory of the United States from such other country or from such insular possessions or from the Canal Zone. On authority of this provision President Roosevelt on March 14, 1907, issued a proclam ation excluding from continental U nited States “Japanese or Korean laborers, skilled or unskilled, who have received passports to go to Mexico, Canada, or Hawaii, and come therefrom .” In the same year an agreement known as the “gentle m an’s agreem ent” was entered into between the U nited States and Japan. While it is understood th a t the term s of this agreem ent have never been m ade public, the following extract from the report of the Commissioner General of Im m igration for 1908 quite fully explains its term s and purpose: * * * an understanding was reached with Japan that the existing policy of dis couraging the emigration of its subjects of the laboring classes to continental United States should be continued and should, by cooperation of the Governments, be made as effective as possible. This understanding contemplates that the Japanese Gov ernment shall issue passports to continental United States only to such of its subjects as are nonlaborers or are laborers who, in coming to the continent, seek to resume a formerly acquired domicile, to join a parent, wife or children residing there, or to assume active control of an already possessed interest i n a farming enter prise in this country; so that the three classes of laborers entitled to receive pass ports have come to be designated “ former residents,” “ parents, wives or children of residents,” and “ settled agriculturists.” While the agreem ent relates only to im m igration to continental U nited S tates its provisions were voluntarily extended to im m igra tion to H aw aii so th a t all im m igration of Japanese labor is subject to its term s. Commenting on th e effect of the agreem ent of im m igra tion from Ja p an the Commissioner General in his report for 1919 makes the following s ta te m e n t: During the 10 years prior to the agreement, or during 1899-1908, a total of 142,656 Japanese immigrants were admitted to the United States and Hawaii, compared with 80,532 admitted in the 11 years 1909-1919, and while there has been a considerable numerical reduction in the influx under the agreement, there is still a considerable immigration from Japan. On the other hand, it is only possible to conjecture what the extent of such immigration might have been had it not been for the restraining effects of the agreement. Japanese immigration reached the high-water mark in 1907, when 30,824 of that race were admitted, and it is altogether probable that in the absence of some restrictive measure i t would have continued and very likely increased, par ticularly during the years when the influx from Europe was so greatly reduced by the war. In 1909, the first full year under the agreement, only 1,596 Japanese were admitted to continental United States, but the number increased quite regularly, year by year, until it reached 7,671 in 1919. Immigration to Hawaii has fluctuated considerably during the period since the agreement, 1,679 being admitted in 1909, 4,062 in 1914, and 2,385 in 1919. The influx as a whole, that is, to Hawaii and the mainland combined, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [239] 10 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . increased from 3,275 in 1909 to 10,056 in 1919, or more than threefold. Considering the two periods of time in another manner, i t is pointed out that the annual average Japanese immigration to continental United States during the 10 years prior to the agreement was 7,261, compared to an annual average of 4,670 in the 11 years following. The average annual admissions to Hawaii during the same periods were 10,006 and 2,651, respectively, and to the United States and Hawaii together, 17,267 and 7,321, respectively. I t will be noted from the foregoing th a t the agreem ent with Japan, which concerns only laborers, generally speaking, restricts rather than excludes immigration from th a t country. While measures to control and lim it im m igration from China and Japan were no t taken until the m ovem ent from those countries had reached considerable proportions, steps were taken to thw art the threatened influx from India and other Asiatic countries while the im m igration m ovem ent from them was still relatively unim portant. This was accomplished through the creation of the so-called Asiatic barred zone, the boundaries of which are clearly shown on map C. The history of this legislation is also given in the report of the Com missioner General of Im m igration for the year 1919, as follows: The Pacific Coast States were for a time face to face with an influx of East Indian laborers which, if it had not been checked, would have created another serious prob lem. Nine immigrants of this race were admitted in the year 1900, but the number increased until in 1910 it had reached 1,782. This was not a large number as immigra tion goes, but the coast States had seen other oriental immigration begin in a small way and develop to large proportions. Insistent demands for exclusion were made, and the Immigration Service utilized the then existing law to the fullest extent in an effort to check the incipient movement until some means of stopping it altogether could be found. These efforts met with some measure of success, for the number admitted in 1911 was only 517, compared with 1,782 in the previous year, while in the next six years (1912-1917) a total of only 756 came. During this period Canada also restricted the immigration of East Indians to a very small number annually, and the attitude of the Dominion helped materially to reduce the number coming to the United States, for it undoubtedly served to discourage the promoters of the movement from India to the western world. Various laws were proposed as a barrier against possible future immigration from India, and this was finally accomplished through the so-called “barred zone” pro visions in section 3 of the immigration act of February 5, 1917. This provision ex cludes from the United States natives of the territory included within such zone not belonging to the exempted classes specified. The zone includes India, Siam, Indo-China, parts of Siberia, Afghanistan, and Arabia, the islands of Java, Sumatra, Ceylon, Borneo, New Guinea, Celebes, and various lesser groups with an estimated population of 500,000,000. The exempt classes consist of Government officials, travelers for curiosity or pleasure, and persons of certain specified professional classes, so that in effect laborers only are prohibited. The actual boundaries of the barred zone include a portion of China, but the act provides that where immigration regu lation, or rather exclusion, is “ provided for by existing treaties” the geographical exclusion is not applicable; hence, China is not within its scope. From the foregoing explanation and m ap G it will be observed th at im m igration restriction in one form or another now applies to all foreign territory except countries of the American continents and islands adjacent thereto, which are practically, although no t specifi cally, exem pt from the operation of the Dillingham quota law. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis c M A P OF S Im m ig r a t i o n h o . WO R L D w i n restricted g areas 19 21 - 19 2 2 “ 1913= 100: ’ By E th elbert S tew a rt , U nited S tates Com m issioner of L abor S tatistics . D OES the fact th a t the Bureau of Labor Statistics uses the average of the year 1913 as the base in its computations of percentages of price or wage changes in subsequent years m ean th a t the bureau considers the year 1913 as the norm toward which, com m ercially and industrially, we should strive ? The above inquiry, stated in various ways, is the burden of a large num ber of letters received by the bureau, and in addition personal protests have come from a num ber of persons who assume from the mere fact of the bureau basing its data on 1913 th a t the bureau does stand for 1913 as the norm tow ard which our efforts should be directed. To answer this criticism, once and for all, is the purpose of this article. The Bureau of Labor Statistics stands for nothing of the sort, and the Commissioner has frequently, in public addresses and otherwise, so stated. Originally the “ base lin e ” adopted by the bureau was the average for the 10-year period from 1890 to 1899 and this was used for a num ber of years. The reasons for changing this base line were th a t the figures for the earlier p a rt of the decade 1890 to 1899 were not sufficiently comprehensive, th a t the more recent figures were m uch more satisfactory from every point of view, and th a t under ordinary conditions the base line should be a reasonably recent period, the old base line, 1890 to 1899, being looked upon as being too far in the past. W hen this 10-year period base line was dropped, a plan was adopted of taking the average of the last completed year as the base line. The difficulty w ith this is th a t such an index does not give one a comparison over any desired stretch of time. I t is desirable to have some standard not affected by present and intervening disturbing conditions when we w ant to know how this price or th a t wage rate compares w ith the price or the rate before the war, and the bureau has and will continue to compute its percentages^ and establish its indexes upon such a basis. From the beginning of the war, August, 1914, to the present time there has been no period uninfluenced by unusual conditions and which could be accepted as a base line. The year 1913 as a base gives only a sufficient backw ard look to cover all the essential requirem ents of an index. I t gives one as the desired starting point the last full year free from unusual dis turbances, b u t this m ust not be confused w ith our ideas or ideals of normal. In an address before the eighth annual convention of the Association of Governm ental Labor Officials of the U nited States and Canada, I said: T h e sooner we realize th a t th e W orld W ar h a s m ad e n ecessary a new w orld norm th e sooner we w ill be a b le to a rriv e a t a basis u p o n w h ich econom ic co n d itio n s can be sta b ilize d a n d a norm al c o n d itio n a ttu n e d to th a t basis m ay b e re ac h ed . I am of th e op in io n th a t th e p h rase, “ g e ttin g b a ck to n o rm a l,” is a n u n h a p p y a n d a n u n fo rtu n a te one, if b y g e ttin g b a ck to norm al is m e a n t th e c o n d itio n s in 1913- P e rso n a lly 1 do n o t b e lie v e i t is possible. * * * I am as desirous as an y o n e of re a c h in g a n o rm al, b u t I w ould reach forw ard a n d n o t b ack w a rd for it. Before we c an re a d ju s t to a new norm al we m u st know w h a t we m ean b y norm al. 11 2476°— 22----- 2 [241] https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 12 M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW . On several other occasions, both in public and in correspondence of the bureau, I have taken occasion to reiterate this position; and the fact th a t the bureau continues and probably will continue to use 1913 as equaling 100 does not m ean th a t it considers 1913 as equaling normal. I t is a false deduction to assume, because the statistician m ust have a definite base for his percentages and his index num bers, th a t therefore he considers th a t base as either fixed, normal, or rela tively good. Wages were not fixed in 1913. They were going up and had been going up. Taken over a long stretch of years the increase in wages in the U nited States had been about 2 per cent a year up to 1913; and no statistician by taking the average for 1913 as his base line would think for a m inute th a t he was thereby fixing a wage level. The same is true of prices. They have been going up for half a century, taking price levels as a whole. The Secretary of Labor, in a series of articles in the Chicago Daily Tribune, m ade it perfectly plain th a t the D epartm ent of Labor does not recognize the conditions of 1913 as being applicable to the present tim e nor as being a condition toward which we should strive. Presi dent H arding a t an annual m eeting of the U nited States Chamber of Commerce on M ay 18, 1922, said: There never will be a time when you can go back completely to the old order of American industry and exchanges in trade. I say this because at the very moment we are on the threshold of a new era. Undoubtedly there is more than a mere business revival in sight. Our country is finding itself again. Again on June 9, 1922, in an inform al address at Trenton, N. J., he s a id : There must be a readjustment, but it must be fair readjustment. We must say to capital that wages must not go back, and ought not to go back, entirely to pre-war level. I t is in the very nature of an index num ber th a t where the base is known, it can be shifted and a new index num ber formed on any other year as a base by the sim plest m athem atical process; and for this reason and because it gives the situation from year to year over a considerable period and reaches back to a tim e before the present world disturbances began, this base line will be retained. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [242] IN D U STRIA L R EL A T IO N S A N D LA B O R CONDITIONS. Constitutional Government in American Industries. H E bureau is in receipt of a constructive paper by W. M. Leiserson, calling attention to the im portance and significance of trade agreements as a field for labor research very promising for political economy as well as for the other social sciences.1 A study of these agreements “ promises us new knowledge not only on the m ost outstanding problem of industrial relations, b u t also on problems of distribution of wealth, governm ent, social psychology, and social evolution and revolutions.” The w riter draws a significant analogy between constitutional forms of governm ent created by trade agreements and the constitu tional governm ent in the State. H e sees in trade agreements a con stitutional governm ent in industry and in their developm ent a tendency to repeat the history of constitutional governm ent in the State. The analogy begins with the struggle within the individual shop. H ere the worker finds the employer has absolute right to m ake and change and enforce rules which govern conditions of work, ju st as the absolute m onarch could arbitrarily force obedience to his laws. The worker finds th a t before these conditions can be changed the right of absolute authority m ust be contested. This can be done only by m aintaining a continuously functioning organization, which knows the conditions and the rules of the industry, and which is strongenough to m ake the employer talk about those rules, discuss their reasonableness, and compromise when he finds the wage earners m ay veto his acts by going out on strike. “ Thus governm ent by discussion enters into industry (as it did in the State) when the ruler can no longer arbitrarily force obedience to his laws and m ust get the con sent of those who are to obey regulations.” The next step is the joint conference—the parliam ent—“ a talking place, if you please, in the form of periodical conferences or conven tions of the employers and the wage earners.” T The employers come to these meetings in their own right, as the lords of the indus try, the wage earners come by their representatives; so that a parliamentary form of government is organized with the employers acting as a sort of house of lords and the union representatives as a house of commons. Every trade-union, whether conservative or radical, business or revolutionary, whether organized on a craft or on an industrial basis, when it becomes strong enough to contest the power of the employers in the industry in which it operates, enters into joint conferences or conventions with them. Ordinarily it is the employers who refuse to meet the union representatives and they have to be forced to confer by means of a strike. Sometimes, however, when a union grows suddenly strong, it attempts to substitute its dictation for that of the employers. In such cases the latter usually i Leiserson, W . M.: C onstitutional G overnm ent in A m erican In d u stries, re p rin ted from th e A m erican Economic Review , Supplem ent, Vol. X II, No. 1, M arch, 1922. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [243] 13 14 M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW , shut down their plants, and thus the revolutionary unions are forced by the employers to hold conferences and jointly determine conditions of employment. The condition that always brings these conferences about is the equalizing of bar gaining power between the wage earners and the employers. Each may veto the act of the other. And the result of these conferences is always the same, an agreement of some kind, verbal or written, which, because of the mutual power to veto, must necessarily be a compromise. The agreement lays down the conditions of employ ment, fixes wages and hours, stipulates rules of discipline and workmanship, pro vides for settlement of complaints and disputes, and for some form of judicial inter pretation of the agreement. We have, then, in these trade agreements nothing less than constitutions for the industries which they cover; constitutions which set up organs of government, define and limit them, provide agencies for making, executing, and interpreting laws for the industry, and means for their enforcement. There are hundreds of these agreements now operating in this country. They m ay be found in all the stages of constitutional development th a t political scientists have found in the evolution of political constitutions. The author outlines the nature of the field available for study, indicates the m ethods of approach th a t are m ost promising, and calls attention to some of the problems which present themselves. Such approach as has been m ade to the study of agreements has been from the historical and descriptive point of view. This m ethod the author feels is not m ost conducive to significant results. “ W hat they are, w hat they really do, w hat they mean, and w hat they por tend for industry and for society can be ascertained only by studying the kind and nature of the laws th a t they m ake for industry, by tracing the developm ent of the organs of governm ent th a t make and enforce the laws, and by following the grow th and the shifting of power and sovereignty among the various groups and interests th a t make up the body politic of the industrial states which the trade agreements have set u p .” i rade Agreements as Industrial Constitutions, trade agreements contain clauses to the effect th a t the right ui initiative in m anagem ent rem ains w ith the employer and he m ay make any changes in m ethods of work and in the use of m achinery for m anufacturing th a t he sees fit. B u t there is usually provision also for the protection of workers against loss in wages, or demotion, or other injury which m ay result from such acts of management. “ Here we have the establishm ent or recognition of the executive branch of industrial governm ent, defining its power and describing its lim itations.” The absolute right of the executive to discharge has been lim ited in some agreements by the statem ent th a t the power to discharge remains w ith the m anagem ent, b u t it m ust be exercised w ith justice, with due regard for the rights of the workers, and w ithout discrimi nation. In some contracts provision is m ade for judicial review of discharges. A few agreements provide for a trial before the employer m ay be authorized to discharge. A nother lim itation commonly made is th a t the employer m ust hire all of his help through the union em ploym ent office. Although the legislative authority is rarely defined or described in trade agreements, it is plain th a t legislative power lies in the joint conferences which fram e the agreements and “ the lim itation on the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [244] IN D U ST R IA L RELA TIO N S AND LABOR C O N D IT IO N S. 15 power is th a t both employers and union m ust agree on the legislation, which is in effect th a t the law m ust pass a legislature of two houses.” The joint meetings of employers and union representatives are like the English Parliam ent, being both constitutional conventions and statute-m aking legislatures. They m eet annually or biennially and enact the fundam ental constitutional law. New questions and new problems frequently arise during the life of the agreements. In the State these are settled by statutes enacted by the legislature. Under trade-union agreements they are usually settled by the joint grievance or arbitration committees which the “ agreements set up, and any rules adopted by such joint committees are really industrial statu te law as distinguished from the constitutional law of the agreem ent.” I t is in the lack of a properly developed judicial departm ent th a t the w riter feels the constitutional governm ent established by tradeunion agreements shows its greatest weakness. “ W hen the question is not one of new legislation b u t merely a m atter of interpreting the law already in existence, and applying it to particular cases, then compromise and conciliation m ay prove dangerous. In all cases which involve merely judicial interpretation of the agreement or the rules m ade under it arbitration by a third p arty is not only a sound policy, it is well-nigh inevitable. Most of the early agreements provided no judicial m achinery for interpreting the agreements other than the joint grievance or arbitration committee consisting of employers and union representatives. Appeal to the presidents of the two national organizations which entered into the agreement was usually provided for. In most cases they reached a deadlock sooner or later, and the m ajority of agreements now provide for arbitrators to be called in when the parties to the agreement can not adjust their difficulties. A rbitration thus provided for in the trade agreement is absolutely essential, in the author’s opinion, to the proper working out of all such agreements, for w ithout im partial interpretation each p a rty itself becomes interpreter of the law. “ And because the parties interpret the same agreement differently, w ithout any means of resolving the differences, disruption often follows when one side or the other attem pts to enforce its interpretation.” Experience with outside arbitrators, however, has been quite unfortunate, the w riter thinks. They usually are not familiar with the questions they have to decide, and quite often their own decisions are unsatisfactory, tending in a direction opposite to the development of the joint agreements. This has caused employers as well as unions to distrust arbitration more than ever and to avoid it whenever possible. The arbitrators, like the employers and the unions, rarely distinguish between arbitration which is based merely on the arbitrator’s opinion of what is fair and just, and arbitration which consists of judicial interpretation, by a third party, of the law made by the employers and the unions themselves. If the arbitrator or judge has only his own sense of justice to guide him, this kind of arbitration may well be dis trusted and condemned, for it is government by men and not by law. Even though the man is an impartial arbitrator instead of an employer, his rule may be just as arbitrary. If, however, the judge or arbitrator is bound by the trade agreement or the law made by the workers and employers themselves, then, if he is an ordinarily honest and competent person, his decisions will represent not his own personal ideas of what is fair and just, but the sense of justice of the management and the workers in the industry, as embodied in the laws which they have jointly enacted. And such decisions may often represent more completely the will of the parties to the agreement when they made it than their own decision would be when they have the grievance of a particular case before them. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [245] 16 M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW . Judicial m achinery as a perm anent feature of the trade agreement was first added by the clothing unions through the appointm ent of a so-called im partial chairm an to interpret and apply to all particu lar cases the constitution and laws of the industry. A constitutional governm ent established by trade agreement with executive, legislative, and judicial departm ents is not necessarily a democracy, warns the author. “ I t m ust be rem embered th a t only those wage earners are given rights of citizenship in industrial gov ernm ent who are organized and articulate through their union repre sentatives.” I t m ay be an aristocratic governm ent if only a small portion of the wage earners in the industry are organized. In fact this has usually been the case, the skilled mechanics only being covered by the agreement, with the majority, the unskilled and semiskilled, left out. A strong employer has sometimes used these unorganized people against those who have achieved citizenship to destroy the industrial government and set up his absolute rule again. This happened in the steel industry when the agreements with the skilled mechanics were broken and unskilled, unorganized workers under guidance of foremen were used to do the skilled work. And in this we have but repetition of the Tudor kings of England using the common people against the nobles to reestablish absolute monarchy. Such reversals, however, are only temporary. Soon the movement for a parliament and a constitution is resumed again, with the lower grades of workers included in the movement, as it was in the recent attempts in the steel and packing-house industries. And sooner or later constitutional government with a wider basis of citizenship in the industry is established. At first the tendency even under such a more democratic constitution is to give the skilled wage earners, and those in strategic positions, more rights and greater privileges than the masses enjoy, but gradually the pressure of the numbers of unskilled establish equal rights before the law, and then the movement continues, all the wage earners together as the commons in industry getting more and more rights and power at the expense of the lord of the industry. This, however, is a very slow process analogous to the years and years it has taken to extend political suffrage until every adult may have a voice in the State. Development of Constitutional Law in Industry. E70R an illustration of the nature of the laws which constitutional * governm ent in American industries is developing, the experience in the m en’s clothing industry of Chicago is draw n upon. Here again “ it is not conciusions of research th a t we offer, b u t merely examples of the kind of m aterial th a t m ay be found and the light they throw on the problems of labor and industrial m anagem ent.” The interpretations and decisions which the judicial authorities, set up by the agreement in this m arket, have handed down relative to such questions as scope of the government, the jurisdiction of the im partial boards, the rights of the workers, of m anagem ent, etc., are discussed. “ Ju st as the power of the Federal Governm ent of the U nited States over certain activities of citizens of States was ques tioned in our early history, so the power of the governm ent set up by the agreements in Chicago over certain individuals was ques tioned early in its history.” Upon the question of the scope of the industrial governm ent the trade board rendered an “ opinion th a t the agreement sets out only those m atters presented to the conference by one side or the other and agreed upon, and th a t in general other conditions and rights were to continue as before.” On the question of jurisdiction the tendency is for the board to assume jurisdiction over all cases and controversies. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [2 4 6 ] IN D U ST R IA L RE LA TIO N S AND LABOR C O N D IT IO N S. 17 Questions of discipline and discharge have frequently been before the board for interpretation. While the ordinary employee may be disciplined by summary action of the em ployer the trade agreement gives him also certain constitutional rights, privileges, and immunities of which he may not be deprived without due process of 1aw• th is is best illustrated in the clauses which most agreements contain limiting the em ployer’s right to discharge. Discharge from an industrial establishment is equivalent to expulsion from a political community. As long as a person may arbitrarily oe exiled or deported from the community of which he is a part, he is subject to an autoc racy or czarism. In industry workers achieve citizenship when they are protected against such arbitrary action. Most agreements provide, therefore, that discharge shall be for cause only. The employer may suspend a worker, but if the latter teels he has been unjustly dismissed he may petition for a trial and the arbitration board or joint grievance committee may reinstate him witn pay for all time lost when the employer can not show just cause. , In unorganized industries it is common to use the periods when worx is slack to eliminate the less efficient workers. These are laid off or discharged and the best or the fastest workers are kept to do whatever work is available. When a trade agree ment sets up a government in industry, obviously the constitution must protect the rights of all the workers who come within its jurisdiction, regardless of the speed at which they work or the efficiency of their performance, bo most agreements provide that in the slack periods work shall be divided as equally as possible among all em ployees. Of course a worker who is proved incompetent may be discharged, but the employer is not the sole judge of competence. The wage earner may have the question of his competence reviewed by a joint committee or by the judicial board. Such a board, however, rules almost universally that when an employer has had a two or three weeks’ period during which to try out the worker, and he has chosen to keep bim after this trial period, "then it must be assumed that the employer has de cided the worker is competent, and he can not thereafter be discharged merely because he happens to be less speedy or less efficient than other workers. _ However, if the employee should become careless and do bad work after he has received fail warning, then his discharge is upheld. . j xx , The wage earner’s job is protected not only against discharge but against transier to other work with loss of earnings. The employer must have freedom of management, says the Chicago trade board, but it limits this to cases where no injury results to the worker. Thus when a man was transferred from one kind of work to another, at reduced wages, though this was the legal pay for the new work, restoration of former wages was ordered with back pay for lost earnings. But when a worker was trans ferred to another shop at a higher wage and later returned to his original place at his old wage, the board ruled he might elect which of the two jobs he preferred.2 In every industry where trade agreements are in effect decisions are constantly being made and precedents established which do n o t differ essentially from those above cited Although these decisions are more commonly ma.de by the joint grievance comm ittee or bjr the presidents of the national union and the national em ployers’ association, instead of by an im partial arbitrator, they none the less define the powers of the m anagem ent and the wage earners m the industry, lim iting the freedom of the executives and enlarging the rights of the workers. * * * The title to the industry remains in the hands of the stockholders, but the power to govern the human beings who make up the labor force of the enterprise is being taken out of the hands of the owners and managers. This shifting of sovereignty in the industrial organization and the developing of industrial law which accompanies it deserves first attention from students of labor "The question is raised: ‘Can shop discipline he maintained when the employer’s power to discharge - j ._j._j _ _ _ _ _ :_ _ _ _ _ j rA ,-nrr.A d 9’ rU V iic oimetion ic A S C P .n llft.l v t.hfi same, as wiiether and dictates to tne employer wnen Qiscnargts siiaii ut mauc, juoi ao wm . vr •y. * '_ Elovers, e can prevent his employees from maintaining a union. In such cases shop discipline is 01 course most, difficult to maintain, just as it is in a nonunion shop when jobs are plentiful. —L ieseesoh . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [247] 18 M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW . questions. For in spite of the present temporary loss in membership and prestige by the trade-unions, due to the industrial depression, there can be no doubt of their growing influence in the country. And, as we have tried to show, whatever their ostensible aims, all trade-unions, when they gain power, tend normally to create a constitutional form of government in their industries, and present a legal develop ment such as we have described. The conclusions arrived at by the author follow in full: Assuming that further researches in this field verify the observations here recorded and establish beyond dispute that trade agreements do create constitutional forms of government, then what conclusions may be drawn from such a development of constitutional law? In the first place, industrial disputes and strikes appear in a new aspect when viewed from this angle. They appear not so much as interruptions of industry, but more as incidents in a long struggle for representation of labor in the government of industrial enterprises. And the settlement of such disputes becomes not so much a matter of establishing or maintaining peace in industry, but more a problem of deal ing with what Mr. G. D. H. Cole has aptly characterized as the wage earners’ ‘‘encroaching control.” 3 What impresses the student of government in industry as well as in the State is the constant insistence on the part of the subjects of absolute monarchs that the laws of the ruler be written down. Whether carved on stone by an ancient monarch or written in a Magna Charta by a King John, or embodied in collective agreement between a union and employer, the intent is the same, to subject the ruler to definite laws to which subjects or citizens may hold him when he attempts to exercise arbi trary power. And as groups of the populace organize and gain power in the com munity they keep on encroaching on the prerogatives of the monarch until every adult becomes a sovereign citizen. We have already pointed out that the mere establishment of a constitutional government does not necessarily mean that it is a democratic government. It may be aristocratic, as when a comparatively small number of skilled, mechanics are included under the agreement, and the unskilled majority are left without. Or it may establish an oligarchy when corrupt employers unite with corrupt union officials to exploit consumers and wrage earners alike. The' latter are the exceptional cases, but the general tendency of constitutional development in American industries is apparently to repeat the history of constitutional government in the State. At first the number with a voice in the government is small, and gradually this is increased to include all adults. While trade agreements do not necessarily establish democratic government in industry, but merely tend in that direction and make it possible, it appears also that some form of constitutional government similar to that created by trade agree ments will be necessary under any system of industry that may be substituted for private capitalism. Government ownership, cooperative industry, socialism, syndi calism, or bolshevism must all meet the same difficulties that bring trade agreements into existence. For, however the form of ownership may change, there will ever4 be, if not wage earners, at least workers who must obey orders, and directors or managers with authority to issue orders. These occupational groupings develop different points of view among the people in the different groups; and those in the managerial group become psychologically unified into a social class with divergent views from those of the other who likewise achieve a consciousness of kind. Unless the two classes jointly embody their ideas of the rights and privileges of individuals in con stitutions and laws, those who have the power to command will act arbitrarily or autocratically. But this is just the absolutism against which workers rebel whether the ruler is Burleson in a Government post office, Gary in a capitalistic trust, or union officials acting as directors of a workers’ cooperative enterprise. Even in bolshevistic Russia we are informed by an observer recently returned that the tradeunions exist side by side -with the soviets, and these unions complain that the Soviet Government does not consult them enough about its industrial management policies, just as unions in this country do against the capitalistic managers of privately owned industries. But the mere fact that trade agreements establish constitutional government in industry and tend toward industrial democracy, will not make such arrangements 3Cole, G . D . H .: Chaos and Order in In d u s try , Ch. V II. 4 “ ‘ E v e r’ is a long tim e, an d it is conceivable th a t a tim e w ill come w hen none w ill order an d none will obey, b u t all w ill freely cooperate an d a ll decisions be u n anim ous. B y ‘ev er7 we m ean only u n til this h a p p y s ta te of affairs arriv es.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [248] IN D U ST R IA L RELA TIO N S AND LABOR C O N D IT IO N S. 19 survive if in competition with other forms of labor management and control they prove less efficient. It has been pointed out that an industrial establishment which has a national union to deal with is an imperfect form of industrial organization because the loyalty of the wage earner is in the, first instance to 5 his national union rather than to the industrial enterprise of which he is a part. As long as the tradeunion remains an outside body there can be no question that industries which have to deal with it are in an imperfect form of organization. But whether they sign agree ments or not, few employers are free from the influences of trade-unions. If, how ever, the union and its entire membership are established by the trade agreement as one of the organs of constitutional government in the industry, then have we not here the promise of a more unified and more perfect form of industrial organization than has hitherto obtained? In recent years there has been a widespread movement among open-shop employers to establish employee representation plans, variously known as shop committees, industrial councils, or company unions; and the defect of divided loyalty between union and employer has been most frequently urged in defense of these plans. Whether company unions will prove a more efficient form of industrial government than trade agreements time alone can tell. It is obvious, however, that if these employee representation plans are mere frauds and give no real voice to the wage earners in industrial government they can not survive. It is true that these company unions are formed to avoid recognition of the regular trade-unions in the industry. But the fact that open-shop employers find it necessary to develop substitutes for unionism, itself shows that the idea of a constitution for industry is permeating their nonunion employees. They merely attempt to control the movement by promulgating constitutions of their own. Some economists have scoffed at this movement in much the same way that trade-unionists do on the ground that democracy can not be handed down from the top. They have charged that the employees are often indifferent to the employers’ industrial democracy plans, and that the representatives have to be hand picked. But were not the early parliaments in England similarly handed down to the people, and were not the burgher representa tives from the towns hand picked? On this point Edward Jenks writes: “ Only by the most stringent pressure of the Crown were parliaments maintained during the first century of their existence; and the best proof of this assertion lies in the fact, that in those countries in which the Crown was weak, parliament utterly ceased to assemble. The notion that parliaments were the result of a spontaneous democratic movement can be held by no one who has studied, ever so slightly, the facts of history. ” 6 May not the constitutions of these employee representation plans and the decisions under them develop democratic governments and democratic lawmaking in much the same way that European parliamentary government has developed? History will not permit us to assume that there is but one road to democracy. The employers promulgate their own constitutions in the form of employee representation plans be cause there is insistent demand for representation in industry. If these plans fail to establish real constitutional government they will not survive in competition with an effective trade-unionism. If they do survive it will be because these plans, al though promulgated in the first instance by employers, also develop into a real con stitution for industry similar to trade agreements. It is therefore important to study the rules and decisions made under the employee representation plans, along the same lines that we have here sketched for the study of union agreements, to see if here too sovereignty is shifting, and democratic constitutional government is being established. The movement for more control by wage earners over the conditions of their em ployment, over wages, hours, and shop rules has been going on for so long a time, and in so many industries and widely-separated countries, that it can not be put down as a mere momentary claim of labor during a period of industrial unrest. In the words of Professor Cheyney: “ Such a continuous movement as this, so analogous to the movement for political democracy, so wide in its extent, can not be expected to_ stop short of some great epoch-making change. It obviously has all the characteristics of evolution in human society. It is part of the organic growth of the community.” 7 5 MacGregor, D . H .: T he E v o lu tio n of In d u stry , p. 120. “ T he lo y alty of th e em ployee of a firm (if he is a union m em ber) is due in th e first in stan ce no t to his firm b u t to his labor organization, a nd this prior claim stan d s out a t once w hen, on th e occasion of a d isp u te b etw een em ployer an d employee, a th ird p a rty steps in —th e trade-union organization—an d takes u p o n him self th e settlem en t of a question which has arisen w ith in a n organization of w hich th e trade-union secretary is in no w ay a m em ber.” 6 H istory of Politics, p. 133. . ■t A nnals of th e Am erican A cademy, July, 1920, p . 9. “ T h e T ren d Tow ard In d u stria l D emocracy,” by E . P . Cheyney. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis f249] 20 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . Working Conditions of Agricultural Wage Earners: A Survey.1 H E discussion of the 8-hour day and other conditions affecting workers in the agricultural industry a t the International Labor Conference which convened in Geneva in October, 1921, was preceded, on the p a rt of the International Labor Office, b y a technical survey of the agricultural labor questions coming up for consideration a t the conference. The purpose of the office in m aking the survey was to collect such inform ation of this character from various coun tries as would throw light upon the agricultural questions announced in the agenda, and, furtherm ore, would be of assistance to the dele gates in reaching decisions regarding them . The m aterial presented is both official and unofficial, is based upon investigation and research, and is practically world-wide in its application. The subjects treated fall into two principal groups. The first group, dealing w ith the adaptation of the decisions of the W ashington conference to agricultural labor, includes regulation _of hours of labor, the prevention of unem ploym ent, and the protection of woman and child workers. In the second group are special measures for the protection of agricultural workers, among which are technical agricultural education, living-in conditions (housing), guaranty of the rights of association and combination, and protection against accident, sickness, invalidity, and old age. The universal im portance of questions dealing w ith agricultural labor is shown in the fact th a t 51.4 per cent of all occupied men and boys, and 4S.7 per cent of all employed women and girls, or 50.6 per cent of all workers in the principal countries of the world, are engaged in agricultural pursuits. And the large agricultural populations of Russia, China, Serbia, H ungary, Argentina, and Brazil are no t included in these rem arkable percentages. Regulation of the hours of labor in agriculture, a question which occasioned a spirited debate a t the beginning of the International Labor Conference and settlem ent of which was consequently deferred to a future conference, has, the survey shows, been effected in various ways in different countries, and the different means employed fall generally into five principal classes: (1) D irect regulation by the State, as seen in Ecuador, Esthonia, and Spain; (2) regulation by collective agreement enforced by law or in accordance w ith a standard laid down by the State, as in A ustria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, and Poland; (3) regulation by collective agreem ent only, as in D enm ark, Italy , Scotland, Sweden; (4) regulation by wages boards consisting of equal num bers of representatives of employers and of employed together w ith some official members, as in England during the w ar;2 (5) regulation by custom, as in Chile and Japan. I t was noted th a t in only a few instances had rigid lim its been placed on the num ber of hours worked, liberal overtime usually being allowed where a basic day was fixed by law or agreement. A few countries, however, had passed protective legislation or had adopted m ethods of some sort to protect agricultural workers against excessive hours. T 1 In tern atio n al Labor Office. Technical survey of agricultural questions. Geneva, 1921. 623 p p . 2 These boards, however, were abolished b y th e repeal of th e corn production act a nd conciliation com m ittees have tak en th eir place, for a fuller explanation of w hich see Monthly L abor R eview , Ju ly , 1922, p . 75. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [250] IN D U ST R IA L R E LA TIO N S AND LABOR C O N D IT IO N S. \ 21 The placem ent of agricultural wage earners and the stabilization of their employment have been questions of special interest in recent years. Because of the great fluctuations in agricultural work and of its irregularity and m ultiplicity as well, because of the necessity for greater m obility of agricultural labor, and the poverty prevailing among large num bers of agricultural workers, associations of employ ing land owners and chambers of agriculture advise the extension of national systems of employment exchanges to agriculture as a m eans of securing a more satisfactory distribution of workers. In the developm ent of such systems, however, regard should be had also to the special needs of agriculture, which follow: (1) National labor should be as mobile as possible, so that workers may be trans ferred quickly and successfully from one district to another. (2) There eventually should be transport facilities for foreign seasonal workers, and information should be supplied to them. (3) Recruiting of the workers required for busy seasons should be facilitated. (4) Measures should be taken to check the rural exodus as far as possible and to induce agricultural workers to remain on the land. (5) Agricultural workers who do occasional spells of other work should be induced to return to agriculture. Details of the m ost interesting experiments in the distribution of agricultural labor through public employment agencies are given for a few countries. Schemes for stabilizing employment undertaken b}7 the various countries reporting include soldier settlem ent, the passing of acts for closer settlem ent, Government loans to those de siring to take up land, small holdings acts, cooperative holding of land by agricultural workers, the adoption of an intensified and a diversified type of agriculture requiring more labor, and the pro vision of supplem entary employment for farm workers. The questions of the employment and the protection of women and children in agriculture is covered in the survey in some detail. E x ist ing legislation, both direct and indirect, relating to these two classes of agricultural workers is given to show w hat progress has already been m ade in different countries and their subdivisions for their protection. E ight countries have a t present legislation relating to m aternity protection and benefits. The employment of children, it was found, is governed more commonly through the operation of compulsory school attendance laws than through legislation bearing directly upon employment. A detailed outline of the present facilities for agricultural educa tion shows w hat is being done throughout the world to prom ote a very practical knowledge of a very practical subject. Included in the outline are agricultural colleges, experim ent stations, and S tate and other agricultural services. Em phasis is laid upon w hat m ay be term ed the extension m ovem ent in agricultural education, which has for its object the placing “ within the reach of the men and women and boys and girls who actually live and work on the land, facilities for instruction and training in agriculture which shall include, in addition to agricultural colleges, experim ent stations, and agricul tural high schools, such extension courses and practical dem onstra tions in agricultural and home economics as shall tend to encourage and to assist the agricultural workers to b etter living, to more helpful education, and to more profitable m ethods of w ork.7’ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [251] 22 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . This extension work is being carried on through the m edia of special agricultural high schools; the introduction of agriculture into the curricula of the secondary schools; w inter schools; special short courses a t convenient places; the employment of local agricultural experts, such as county agents, county organizers, directors of agri cultural services, etc.; the organization of chambers of agriculture, farm bureaus, women’s institutes, boys’ and girls’ clubs; and in other ways which constitute a more or less direct contact between the farm worker and the means of obtaining knowledge about his work. In the U nited States and Canada the problem of taking technical agricultural education to the farm has been solved through the passage of the Sm ith-Lever Act of 1914 in the U nited States and the agricul tural instruction act of 1913 in Canada. A report of the States Rela tions Service of the U nited States D epartm ent of Agriculture for 1919 reviews the progress made in extension work since 1914. Cooper ative extension work had a t th a t tim e been introduced into 2,400 counties, and 2,874 men were employed as county agents and assist ants in agricultural work, and 1,705 women in the dem onstration of home .economies. There were also 500 men and women employed as leaders of boys’ and girls’ clubs, and 1,500 extension specialists, who supplem ented the work of the county agents and assisted them in various ways, were m aintained by the colleges and the U nited States D epartm ent of Agriculture. Upon the county agent m uch of the success of this special phase of agricultural education depends. Tie is at once an employee of the Governm ent and of the local farm bureau and is depended upon both by the departm ent and by the farm ers’ organizations to lead educational undertakings relating to farm work and management. In the United States the county organization for extension work in 1918 included [in addition to the work done among men and boys] 6,391 clubs for rural women with a regular membership of 325,229; 9,028 clubs for girls, with a membership of 146,102; 1,563 clubs for rural negro women, with a membership of 37,913; and 1,962 clubs for negro girls, with a membership of 50,995. The work is organized on much the same basis in all the States, and there is a woman in charge of the work in each. Home demonstration agents provide the same service for women and girls on the farm that the county agent performs for the men and boys. In Canada about two-thirds of the annual Dominion g ran t of $1,100,000 to supplem ent the provincial appropriations is devoted to “ agricultural extension.” The agricultural representatives are leaders of the m ovem ent there as the county agents are in the U nited States, and 45 per cent of the total am ount spent on agricultural extension goes for the m aintenance cf these men as scientifically trained leaders in farm ing communities. As an example of the enthusiasm with which the movement has met, the Province of Ontario has a resident agricultural representative in practically every county and district, some 48 in all. Each representative has a well-equipped office in a centrally located town. Around these offices center most of the local activities of the Dominion and provincial departments of agriculture in relation to animal and field husbandry. Here the farmers come to secure the latest bulletins on agriculture or to hold their association and club meetings. The agricultural representative is the leading spirit in organizing and directing boys’ and girls’ clubs, women’s institutes, etc. The office is also linked with the provincial employment service, and in this way is able to cooperate in securing labor for the farms. W omen’s institutes, which originated in Canada about 25 years ago and thence spread to the U nited States and G reat B ritain, are https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [252] IN D U ST R IA L RELA TIO N S AND LABOR C O N D IT IO N S. 23 w orthy of m ention. Their aim is to develop com m unity spirit and to raise the standard of rural life and intelligence. They are largely supported by grants from the provincial governments. The activi ties prom oted by these groups of women have a widely extended and highly beneficial influence. The agricultural extension m ovem ent is by no means confined to the U nited States and Canada. W ork of this character is done in other countries, b u t it is too varied to adm it of more than mere m ention in a brief review. Living-in conditions of agricultural workers, discussed in P a rt II, Chapter II of the survey, deal largely with housing accommodations of one kind and another provided by the employer, though reference is m ade in several instances to rural housing in general. The chapter contains, in addition, inform ation regarding the classification of workers in different countries and the various kinds of wage con tracts and wage paym ents. Housing accommodations furnished agricultural workers vary considerably, b u t generally speaking they are inadequate, inconvenient, uncomfortable, insanitary, and in consequence in m any instances demoralizing. They constitute one very im portant reason for the exodus of the laboring class from m any rural districts. The report states, however, th a t there is a m ovem ent for the im provem ent of rural lodging. The Chilean Government has a bill pending dealing w ith the im provem ent of workers’ dwellings in agriculture, while a Danish law provides for dry, clean, warm lodg ings. They m ust also be sufficient in number. Labor organizations in a num ber of countries are demanding changes in this respect. Protective measures against accident, sickness, invalidity, and old age do not as commonly apply to agricultural workers as to industrial workers, because, the report suggests, organization has not taken as firm a hold among farm workers as among workers in other fields of industry. The many-sided wage question does not appear in the survey, probably for the reason th a t it did not have a place on the agenda of the conference. Taken as a whole, the results of the survey constitute a valuable contribution of information, in a compact form, regarding an im portant subject about which there is a very lim ited am ount of literature. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [253] PR IC ES A N D C O ST O F LIVING. Retail Prices of Food in the United States. H E following tables are based on figures which have been received by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail dealers through m onthly reports of actual selling prices.1 Table 1 shows for the U nited States retail prices of food on June 15, 1921, and on May 15 and June 15, 1922, as well as the percentage changes in the year and in the m onth. For example the price of rice was 8.8 cents per pound on June 15, 1921; 9.5 cents per pound on May 15, 1922, and 9.6 cents per pound on June 15, 1922. These figures show an increase of 9 per cent in the year and 1 per cent in the m onth. The cost of the various articles of food,2 combined, showed a de crease of 2 per cent in June, 1922, as compared w ith June, 1921, but an increase of 1 per cent in June, 1922, as compared w ith May, 1922. T T a b l e 1 . — A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F S P E C IF IE D FO O D A R T IC L E S AN D P E R C EN T OF IN C R E A S E OR D E C R E A S E JU N E 15, 1922, C O M PA R ED W IT H JU N E 15, 19 21, A N D MAY 15, 1922. [Percentage changes of five-tenths of 1 p er cent a n d over a re given in whole n u m b e rs .] A verage retail price on— A rticle. U n it. Ju n e 15, 1921. M ay 15, 1922. Ju n e 15, 1922. C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . P er cent of increase ( + ) or decrease ( - ) June 15,1922, com pared w ith — June 15, 1921. M ay 15, 1922. 38.4 4 40.0 37.7 + 2 Sirloin s te a k ............................................ P o u n d ............. _ 6 35.6 32.5 33.5 + 3 ........do ............... R o u n d s te a k .. __ 28.2 27.9 5 ........d o ............... 29.8 + 1 R ib ro a s t..... .................................... _ 7 20.1 21.6 19.8 + 2 Chuck ro a s t............................................. ........do ............... _ 1 14.1 12.9 13.0 9 ........do ............... P la te beef. ................................ _ 1 - 1 34.1 34.4 33.9 P o rk chops.............................................. ........do ............... — 40.4 39.8 6 42.9 + 2 B aco n ........................................................ ........do ............... 52.0 6 48.9 51.3 + 1 H a m .......................................................... ___.d o ................ - 3 39.2 38.0 35.0 + 9 L am b........................................................ ....... do ............... -2 4 38.6 36.9 37.7 H en s.......................................................... ....... d o ............... _ 32.2 14 - 0.3 37.5 32.3 Salm on, canned, r e d . . . . . ..d o ............... _ 12 14.2 12.5 0 12.5 Milk, fre s h ............................................... Q u a rt............... — - 1 10.9 21 11.0 13.8 Milk, e v ap o rated .................................... 15-16 oz. c a n ... 0 40.2 44.9 44.9 + 12 B u tte r ........................................... P o u n d .............. 0 27.5 8 29.9 27.5 ....... do ................ O leom argarine............ __ 0.4 0 26.7 26.7 26.8 ........do ................ N u t m arg arin e__ 31.1 30.8 + 1 29.5 + 5 Cheese....................................................... ....... do ................ 16.2 17. 2 17.0 + 6 + 1 L ard ............................................. . ........do................ 22.4 21.2 22.2 + 1 + 6 Crisco ................................................... ....... do................ 33.5 34.1 3 + 2 35.0 Eggs, strictly fre s h ................................ D ozen............... — 0 8.8 10 8.8 9.8 B read ..........I ............................................ P o u n d .............. 1 In addition to m o n th ly re ta il prices of food an d coal, th e bureau secures prices of gas and dry goods from each of 51 cities a n d for electricity from 32 cities. These prices are published a t quarterly intervals in th e M ont lily L ab o r Review , 2 The following 22 articles, weighted according to th e consum ption of th e average family, have been used from Ja n u a ry , 1913, to D ecem ber, 1920: Sirloin steak, round steak, rib roast, chuck roast, plate beef, pork chops, bacon, h am , la rd , hens, flour, corn meal, eggs, b u tte r, m ilk, bread, potatoes, sugar, cheese, rice, coffee, a n d te a . The rem ain d er of th e 43 articles sh o w n in T ab les 1 an d 2 have beenincluded in th e w eighted aggregates for each m o n th , beginning w ith Jan u ary , 1921. 24 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [254] 25 B E T A IL P R IC E S OF FOOD. T a b l e 1.—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S OF S P E C IF IE D FO O D A R T IC L E S A N D P E R C EN T O F IN C R E A S E OR D E C R E A S E J U N E 15, 1922, C O M PA R E D W IT H JU N E 15, 1921, A N D MAY 15, 1922—Concluded. Average retail price on— Article. U n it. Ju n e 15, 1921. F lo u r.............................................. Corn m eal................................................. Rolled oats............................................... Com flakes................................... Cream of W h eat.................................. M acaroni......................................... R ice............................................ Beans, n a v y ........................... Potatoes . A .............................. Onions........................................... Cabbage.......................................... B eans”b a k ed ....................... Com, canned........................................... Peas, cann ed........................................... Tomatoes, can n ed .................................. Sugar, g ra n u la te d ............................ T ea. . . 7 .......................... Coffee........................................................ P runes....................................................... R aisins........................................... B an a n a s.................... Oranges..................................................... P o u n d ......... __ do ................ .d o ... 8-oz. p ackage.. 28-oz. package. Pound .d o .. . .d o .............. do .d o __ .d o ... No. 2 can ........d o ............... . .d o .. . . ___d o ............... P o u n d .. .do . .d o .............. . . .d o .. . .d o ... D ozen.. ........do............... All articles com bined 1 C e n ts. 5.9 4.5 9.9 12.3 29.8 20.7 8.8 7.9 2.7 5.7 6.0 14.4 15.9 17.6 11.3 7.8 68.3 35.7 18.5 30.9 41.6 49.9 May 15, 1922. C e n ts . 5.3 3.8 8.7 10.0 25.8 20.1 9.5 9.7 3.0 9.8 5.7 13.1 15.5 17. 8 13.7 6.6 67.9 35.9 20.4 24.2 36.2 62.0 June 15, 1922. P er cent of increase ( + ) or decrease ( —) Ju n e 15,1922, com pared v/ith— Ju n e 15, 1921. May 15, 1922. C e n ts . 5.3 3.9 8.7 9.9 25.8 20.0 9.6 10.6 3.6 8.0 5.1 13.2 15.5 17.7 13.9 7.1 67.9 36.1 20.6 24. I 36.3 63.6 + + + ~b + + + + + 10 13 12 20 13 3 9 34 33 40 15 8 3 1 23 9 1 1 11 22 13 27 2 0 + 3 0 - 1 0 - 0.4 + 1 + 9 + 20 -1 8 -1 1 + 1 0 - 1 + 8 0 + 1 - 0.4 + 0.3 + 3 + 1 1 See note 2, p. 24. Table 2 shows for the U nited States average retail prices of specified food articles on June 15, 1913 and 1914, and on June 15 of each year from 1917 to 1922, together w ith the percentage changes in June of each of these specified years compared w ith June, 1913. For example, the price of corn m eal per pound was 2.9 cents in June, 1913; 3.1 cents in June, 1914; 5.5 cents in June, 1917; 6.7 cents in June, 1918; 6.3 cents in June, 1919; 6.9 cents in June, 1920; 4.5 cents in June, 1921; and in June, 1922, 3.9 cents. As compared w ith the average price in June, 1913, these figures show the following percentage in creases: 7 per cent in June, 1914; 90 per cent in June, 1917; 131 per cent in June, 1918; 117 per cent in June, 1919; 138 per cent in June, 1920; 55 per cent in June, 1921; and 34 per cent in June, 1922. The cost of the various articles of food, combined, showed an in crease of 44 per cent in June, 1922, as compared w ith June, 1913. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [255] 26 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW , T a b l e 3.—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S IN C R E A SE OR D E C R E A S E W IT H JU N E 15, 1913. OF S P E C IF IE D A R T IC L E S AN D P E R C EN T OF JU N E 15 OF C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D Y E A R S C O M PA R ED (Percentage changes of five-tenths of 1 p er cent and over are given in whole numbers.] Average retail price Ju n e 15— Article. U n it. P er cent of increase ( + ) or decrease (—) June 15 of each specified year com pared w ith June 15,1913. 1913 1914 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1914 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Sirloin stea k .......... R ound s te a k .......... R ib ro ast................. Chuck ro a s t........... P la te b e ef............... P ork chops............. B acon....................... H a m ......................... L am b ....................... H en s............. «......... Salmon, canned, re d ........................ Milk, fresh ............ Milk, e v ap o rated .. B u tte r. ‘............... O leom argarine___ N u t m arg arin e___ Cheese..................... L a rd ................... Crisco....................... Eggs, strictlv fresh. B read ....................... F lo u r................ Corn m eal............... Rolled oats............. Corn flak es............ Cream of W h e a t... M acaroni................. R ice......................... Beans, n a v y ........... P o ta to e s.................. Onions..................... Cabbage................... Beans,“b a k e d ........ Corn, canned......... Peas, canned.......... Tom atoes, c an n ed . Sugar, granulated. T e a ........................... Coffee............. P ru n es..................... R aisins.................... B an an as.................. Oranges............... .. Pound. . .. d o — . .. d o .. .. . ..d o — . ..d o — .. .d o — . .. d o — . .. d o — . . .d o — . .. d o __ C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . 25.9 26.3 22.6 23.7 20.1 20.5 16.3 16.7 12.2 12.5 20. S 21.6 27.3 27.0 27.3 27.0 19.4 20.0 21.9 22.0 32.8 30.2 26.1 21.9 16.6 31. 0 42.6 39.1 30.4 28.9 42.6 40.6 33.5 29.5 22.7 37.2 51.5 46.5 37.4 37.6 43.1 40.4 33. 8 28.1 21.0 42.4 57.2 55.2 38.4 42.6 46. 140.0 38.4 42.6 35.6 33.5 34.8 29.8 28.2 27.8 21.6 20.1 19.0 14. 1 12. S 40.8 34. 1 33. S 53.9 42. 9 40.4 57.7 48,9 52.0 41.5 35. 0 38. C 46.0 38.6 36. t C ts . C ts . .. .d o __ i 26.3 i 29.6 i 32.0 138.0 37.5 32.2 Q u a rt.. 8.8 8.9 10.6 13.0 14.9 16.2 14.2 12.5 + 1 (2)......... 15.0 13. 8 10.1 P o u n d . 35.2 33.5 47.1 ¿i. i 63.3 67.2 40. 2 44.9 - 5 .. .d o .... 41, 4 42.8 29. 9 27.5 .. .d o __ 35.4 36.1 26. 8 26.7 .. .d o __ ¿ i.8 22.7 33.8 33.2 42.4 41.8 29. 5 31.1 + 4 .. .d o __ 15. 8 15.4 28.0 32.6 40. 2 29.3 16, 2 17. 2 —3 .. .d o __ 35.3 36.6 21. 2 22.4 Dozen.. 27.9 28.2 41.1 42. 5 53.5 53.6 35. 0 34.1 + 1 P o u n d . 5.6 6. 2 9. 6 10. 0 9. 9 11. 8 9. 8 8. 8 + 11 .. .d o __ 3.3 3.3 8.1 6.7 7. 5 8. 8 5. 9 5.3 o .. .d o __ 2.9 3.1 5.5 6.7 6.3 6.9 4. 5 3. 9 + 7 . . .d o __ 8. 5 10.5 9. 9 8.7 o ) ......... 14.0 14.4 12. 3 9.9 (4)......... 25.1 30. 2 29. 8 25. 8 Pound. 59.3 20.9 20. 7 20. 0 .. .d o __ 8.6 8.7 io. 9 12.5 13.8 18.7 8.8 9.6 + 1 .. .do__ 19.5 17.5 12. 1 11. 8 7. 9 10. 6 . ..d o — 1.8 2.2 6.2 2.9 3.8 10.3 2. 7 3.6 +22 .. .d o __ 7.0 4. S 11. 2 8.1 5. 7 8.0 ... d o .. .. 6. 8 7.4 6. 0 5.1 (5)......... 17.3 16. 8 14. 4 13.2 (5)......... 19.1 18.7 15. 9 15.5 (5)......... 19.0 19.3 17. 6 17.7 (S)......... 15.9 15. 2 11.3 13.9 P o u n d . 5.3 5.1 9.4 9.1 10.6 26.7 7. 8 7.1 - 4 .. .d o __ 54.4 54.7 56. 7 64. S 70. i 74.1 68. 3 67.1 + 1 .. .d o — 29.8 29.7 30. 1 30.2 42.6 49.2 35.7 36.1 - 0 . 3 . . .d o __ 15. 7 16.6 25. 4 28. 2 18. 5 20.6 .. .d o __ 14.6 15.1 16. 8 27.7 30. 9 24.1 D ozen.. 38. 2 46.3 41. 6 36.3 . .. d o .. .. 54.4 63.9 49 9 63.6 A ll.articles cornb in e d ........ ........... 1 P in k . 2 15-16 ounce can. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis +2 +5 +2 +2 +2 +4 -1 -1 +3 + 0 .4 +2 8 8-ounce package. * 28-ounce package. [256] +27 +34 +30 +34 +36 +49 +56 +43 +57 +32 + 64 + 66 +78 + 54 +48 +80 +79 +88 +58 +48 + 67 +68 +73 +48 +40 + 81 +72 +71 + 33 +23 +86 +72 +56 + 16 + 6 + 79+ 104 +96 + 64 + 63 +891 + 110 +97 +57 + 48 +70 + 102 + 111 +79 +90 +93 + 98 + 114 + 80 +96 +72 +95 + 110 +76 +68 +20 +48 +69 +84 +61 +42 +34 +45 +80 +91 + 14 +28 +55 +52 + 94 +92 +35 +43 +77 + 106 + 154 +85 + 3 + 9 +47 +52 +92 +92 +25 +22 +71 +79 +77 + 111 +75 +57 + 145 + 103 + 127 + 167 -1-79 -1-61 +90 + 131 + 117 + 138 -i- 551+34 +27 +45 +60 + il7 + 2 + 12 +244 +61 +111 +472 +50 100 +77 +72 + ioo + 404 +47 +34 -1-4 + 19 +29 +36 +26 +25 -i-i + i +43 +65 +20 +21 +55 +88 + 124 +48 +44 * No. 2 can. 27 RETA IL PR IC E S OF FOOD, Table 3 shows the changes in the retail price of each of 22 articles of food 3 as well as the changes in the amounts of these articles th a t could be purchased for $1, each year, 1913 to 1921, and in June, 1922. T a b l e 3 . — A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F S P E C IF IE D A R T IC L E S O F FO O D AN D AM O U N T PU R C H A S A B L E FO R $1, IN EA C H Y E A R , 1913 TO 1921, AN D IN JU N E , 1922. Sirloin steak. R ound steak . Y ear. R ib roast. Chuck roast. P la te beef. P ork chops. A ver A ver Aver A ver A ver A ver A m t. age age A m t. A m t. A m t. age age age A m t. age A m t. retail for $1. retail for $1. retail for $1. retail for $1. retail for $1. retail for $1. price. price. price. price. price. price. P e r lb . L bs. L bs. Cheese. L b s. P e r qt. Potatoes. L bs. 1913..................... $0.017 1914..................... .018 1915..................... .015 1916..................... .027 1917 ................... .043 1918..................... .032 1919..................... .038 1920..................... .063 1921..................... .031 1922: Ju n e .......... .036 L bs. P e r lb. P e r lb. P a lb. 11.2 $0.056 11.2 .063 11.4 .070 .073 11.0 .092 9.0 7.2 .098 6.5 .100 6.0 .115 6.8 .099 8.0 .088 L bs. L bs. P a lb. P e r lb. 17.9 $0.033 .034 15.9 .042 14.3 .044 13.7 .070 10.9 10.2 .067 .072 10.0 .081 8.7 .058 10.1 11.4 .053 L b s. P e r dz. 4.7 $0.345 4.6 .353 .341 4.8 4.2 .375 .481 3.5 2.7 .569 2.4 .628 2.2 .681 2.5 .509 .341 2.7 P e r lb. 30.3 SO. 030 .032 29.4 23.8 .033 .034 22.7 14.3 .058 .068 14.9 .064 13.9 12.3 .065 17.2 .045 .039 18.9 L bs. 4.8 4.5 4.9 4.4 3.1 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.9 2.9 B u tte r. D ozs. P e r lb. L b s. 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.9 2.2 2.9 SO. 383 .362 2.8 .358 2.9 .394 2.7 2.1 .487 .577 1.8 1.6 .678 .701 1.5 .517 2.0 2.9 .449 Corn m eal. L bs. P e r lb . 8.3 $0. 210 .220 7.9 .203 8.3 .227 7.8 6.4 .319 .390 4.9 .423 5.0 .423 5.5 7.0 .349 .339 7.8 L bs. Rice. P e r lb. 33.3 $0.087 31.3 .088 .091 30.3 .091 29.4 17.2 .104 .129 14.7 .151 15.6 15.4 .174 22.2 .095 .096 25.6 L bs. 11.5 11.4 11.0 11.0 9.6 7.8 6.6 5.7 10.5 10.4 Tea. L b s. 18.2 $0.298 .297 16.9 15.2 .300 12.5 .299 .302 10.8 .305 10.3 .433 8.8 5.2 .470 12.5 .363 .361 14.0 L b s. Eggs. Flour. L bs. P a lb . 6.3 SO. 121 . 126 6.0 .121 6.2 5.8 .128 .157 4.8 .206 3.8 .202 3.7 .183 3.8 .143 4.7 5.0 .129 6.3 SO. 213 6.4 .218 .208 6.8 .236 5.7 3.6 .286 .377 3.0 .411 2.7 3.4 .447 .397 5.6 .369 5.8 Coffee. P e r lb. L bs. H ens. B read. Q ls . P a lb . 5.1 SO. 160 4.9 .167 . 161 5.0 4.7 .171 .209 4.0 .266 3.3 .270 3.1 .262 3.0 3.4 .212 .201 3.5 3.7 $0.158 3.7 . 156 .148 3.8 3.4 .175 .276 2.6 2.1 .333 .369 1.9 .295 1.8 .180 2.0 1.9 .172 Sugar. 58.8 $0.055 55. 6 .059 .066 66.7 .080 37.0 .093 23.3 31.3 .097 . 113 26.3 .194 15.9 .oso 32.3 .071 27.8 L bs. L ard. Milk. 4.5 $0.089 4.4 .089 4.3 .088 .091 3.9 .112 3.0 .139 2.8 .155 2.3 2.4 . 167 .146 2.9 3.2 .125 1913..................... $0. 221 1914..................... .229 1915..................... .233 1916..................... .258 1917..................... .332 1918..................... .359 1919..................... .426 1920..................... .416 1921..................... .340 1922: J u n e .......... .311 P e r lb. P e r lb. P e r lb . 4.5 $0.198 4.2 .204 .201 4.3 .212 4.1 3. 4 .249 .307 2.7 2.6 .325 .332 2.5 .291 2.9 .282 3.0 3.7 $0.269 3.6 .273 .261 3.7 .294 3.5 2.4 .382 .479 1.9 .534 1.8 .555 1.9 2.3 .488 .520 2.5 1913..................... $0. 270 1914..................... .275 1915..................... .269 1916..................... .287 1917..................... .410 1918..................... .529 1919..................... .554 J920..................... .523 1921..................... .427 1922: J u n e .......... .404 P e r lb. L bs. H am . Bacon. P e r lb. P e r lb . 3.9 80.223 3.9 .236 .230 3.9 3.7 .245 3.2 .290 2.6 .369 2.4 .389 .395 2.3 .344 2.6 2.6 .335 1913 . . . . $0.254 1914..................... .259 1915..................... .257 1916..................... .273 1917..................... .315 1918..................... .389 1919..................... .417 1920..................... .437 1921..................... .388 1922: J u n e ......... .384 P e r lb. 3.4 $0.544 3.4 . 546 .545 3.3 .546 3.3 .582 3.3 .648 3.3 .701 2.3 .733 2.1 .697 2.8 .679 2.8 L b s. 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.4 1. 4 1.5 a A lthough m o n th ly prices of 43 food articles hav e been secured since J an u a ry , 1919, prices of only 22 of these articles hav e been secured each m o n th since 1913. 2476°— 22------3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [257] 28 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . index Numbers of Retail Prices of Food in the United States. I N TABLE 4 index num bers are given which show the changes in * the retail prices of each of 22 food articles,4 by years from 1907 to 1921, and by m onths for 1921, and for January, February, March, April, May, and June, 1922.5 These index num bers, or relative prices, are based on the year 1913 as 100 and are com puted by dividing the average price of each comm odity for each m onth and each year by the average price of th a t commodity for 1913. These figures m ust be used w ith caution. For example, the relative price of rib roast for the year 1920 was 168, which means th a t the average money price for the year 1920 was 68 per cent higher than the average money price for the year 1913. The relative price of bacon for the year 1919 was 205 and for the year 1920 194, which figures show a drop of 11 points but a decrease of only 5 per cent in the year. In the last column of Table 4 are given index num bers showing the changes in the retail cost of all articles of food combined. From January, 1913, to December, 1920, 22 articles have been included in the index, and beginning w ith January, 1921, 43 articles have been used.4 For an explanation of the m ethod used in m aking the link between the cost of the m arket basket of 22 articles, weighted accord ing to the average family consumption in 1901, and the cost of the m arket basket based on 43 articles and weighted according to the consumption in 1918, see M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w for March, 1921 (p. 25). The curve shown in the chart on page 30 pictures more readily to the eye the changes in the cost of the fam ily m arket basket and the trend in the cost of the food budget than do the index num bers given in the table. The retail cost of the food articles included in the index has decreased since July, 1920, until the curve is brought down in June, 1922, to approxim ately where it was in April, 1917. The chart has been drawn on the logarithmic scale,6 because the percentages of increase or decrease are more accurately shown than on the arithm etic scale. i See note 2, p. 24. 5 For in d ex num bers of each m onth, Jan u a ry , 1913, to Decem ber. 1920, see Monthly L abor R eview for F e b ru a ry , 1921, p p . 19-21. 6 F o r a discussion of th e logarithm ic ch art, see article on “ Comparison of arithm etic a nd (ratio charts” b y L ucian W . Chaney, M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w for M arch, 1919, pp. 20-34. Also, “ The ‘ra tio ' c harts,” b y Prof. Irv in g iis h e r, rep rin ted from Q u arterly P ublications of th e A m erican S tatistical Association, June, 1937, 24 pp. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [258] T able 4 .—IN D E X N U M B ER S SH O W IN G CH A N G ES IN T H E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S O F FO O D IN T H E U N IT E D ST A TES B Y Y E A R S 1907 TO 1921, AND B Y M ON TH S F O R 1921 AND A P A R T O F 1922. [Average for year 1913=100.] R ound R ib Chuck P late Pork B a B u t Corn Pota Su Y ear and m o n th. Sirloin steak. steak. roast. roast. beef. chops. con. H am . Lard. Hens. Eggs. ter. Cheese. Milk. B read. Flour. m eal. Rice. toes. gar. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 71 73 77 80 81 91 100 102 101 108 124 153 164 172 153 159 151 154 157 158 157 158 157 153 147 141 139 68 71 74 78 79 89 100 106 103 no 130 165 174 177 154 163 153 157 160 160 160 161 160 154 148 139 138 76 78 81 85 85 94 100 103 101 107 126 155 164 168 147 157 148 152 154 153 151 148 147 144 139 135 135 100 104 101 107 131 166 169 164 133 148 138 141 140 138 135 129 130 128 124 120 120 139 139 141 143 148 151 136 135 138 141 146 150 135 134 136 138 141 142 119 118 121 122 124 126 100 104 100 106 130 170 167 151 118 140 129 130 127 124 117 109 112 110 109 106 106 74 76 83 92 85 91 100 105 96 108 152 186 201 201 168 171 156 168 177 167 162 163 181 179 171 152 145 74 77 83 95 91 91 100 102 100 106 152 196 205 194 158 171 166 155 164 161 159 160 162 159 153 147 143 76 78 82 91 89 91 100 102 97 109 142 178 199 206 181 180 179 181 183 181 182 190 197 191 180 170 165 81 80 90 104 88 94 100 99 93 111 175 211 234 187 114 141 131 124 116 106 103 106 115 113 109 105 101 81 83 89 94 91 93 100 102 97 111 134 177 193 210 186 200 201 203 202 194 181 182 183 179 175 168 168 84 86 93 98 94 99 100 102 99 109 139 165 182 197 148 229 139 121 99 97 101 122 138 146 171 201 204 85 86 90 94 88 98 100 94 93 103 127 151 177 183 135 159 148 150 145 111 105 122 134 132 139 139 136 100 104 105 117 150 162 193 188 154 175 174 176 169 143 133 133 148 148 149 151 149 96 97 100 100 99 102 125 156 174 188 164 183 173 171 167 162 160 157 161 158 160 161 158 106 106 107 107 107 107 137 140 149 157 164 161 139 140 144 147 147 150 164 173 185 188 191 193 97 101 109 107 108 109 173 173 177 177 177 173 145 140 92 92 97 99 118 120 120 118 117 117 149 149 149 145 139 141 153 148 146 143 140 140 87 90 91 100 113 125 130 164 175 179 205 177 193 189 188 184 177 175 173 173 171 170 166 163 95 102 109 108 102 105 100 104 126 135 211 203 218 245 176 203 197 194 179 173 179 176 173 170 164 155 152 88 92 94 95 94 102 100 105 108 113 192 227 213 217 150 173 167 160 153 150 150 147 150 147 143 140 137 157 154 155 155 157 157 148 155 161 161 161 161 130 130 130 130 127 130 All Tea. articles com bined. 100 101 104 105 119 148 174 200 109 176 121 113 106 101 101 100 101 103 107 108 107 105 111 112 101 180 125 100 108 89 159 253 188 224 371 182 176 153 147 135 129 159 200 247 235 206 188 182 117 115 100 108 120 146 169 176 205 353 145 176 162 176 176 153 142 129 136 133 125 122 118 100 100 101 100 101 102 145 158 122 129 126 125 123 121 120 120 119 119 119 119 119 100 100 100 100 107 119 129 135 128 133 131 131 129 129 126 127 127 127 127 127 124 100 102 101 114 146 168 186 203 153 172 158 156 152 145 144 148 155 153 153 152 150 107 107 107 ' 108 109 110 194 194 182 171 176 212 113 116 118 122 120 129 120 119 119 120 120 121 125 125 124 124 125 125 142 142 139 139 139 141 102 107 84 89 93 92 B E TA IL PR IC E S OF FOOD. 1907........................... 1908........................... 1909........................... 1910........................... 1911........................... 1912........................... 1913........................... 1914........................... 1915........................... 1916........................... 1917........................... 1918........................... 1919........................... 1920.......................... 1921: A v. for y ear. J a n u a ry ........... F e b ru a ry ........ M arch .............. A p ril................ M a v .................. J u rie ................. J u l y .................. A u g u st............ S ep tem b er___ O ctober............ N o v em b er___ D ecem ber........ 1922: Ja n u a ry ........... F e b ru a ry ........ M arch .............. A p ril................ M a y .................. J u n e ...... .......... Cof fee. to o 03 O T R E N D IN T H E R E T A IL COST O F A L L A R T IC L E S O F FO O D , C O M B IN E 1, F O R T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S , B Y M O N T H S,-JA N U A R Y , 1913, TO J U N E , 1922. [Average cost for 1913=100.] 200 175 [260] https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 150 125 100 75 50 40 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW , 400 376 350 325 300 275 250 225 R E TA IL P R IC E S OE COAL. 31 Retail Prices of Food in 51 Cities on Specified Dates. A V E R A G E retail food prices are shown in Table 5 for 39 cities for June 15, 1913, for May 15, 1922, and for June 15, 1922, and June 15, 1921. For 12 other cities prices are shown for the same dates w ith the exception of June, 1913, as these cities were n o t scheduled by the bureau until after 1913. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [261] 32 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW , T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S [The prices shown in th is table are com puted from reports sen t m o n th ly to the bureau by retail dealers. A tlan ta, Ga. Article. Sirloin ste a k . R oun d steak . R ib ro a st....... Chuck r o a s t.. P late beef___ P o rk cro p s.................. B acon............................ H a m ............... .............. L am b ............................ H en s.............................. U n it. Pound. ___do.. ___do.. ___do.. ___do.. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. B altim ore, Md. B irm ingham , Ala. 15— May June Ju n e 15— May June June 15— May June 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1921 1913 1921 1913 1921 C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . 24.0 21.4 19.6 15.4 10.4 36.5 34.5 27.7 20.5 12.8 35.7 32.1 28.1 19.2 13.1 35.4 32.5 27. 5 19.7 13.1 23. 3 22.0 18.7 15.7 12.8 39.0 35.8 30.3 22.1 15.0 38.0 32.9 29. 0 18.9 12.5 36.8 33. 2 28.9 19. 1 12.5 26.8 22.5 19.9 16.8 10.5 39.3 35.0 28.9 22.6 14.3 34. 8 30.5 25.3 20.0 13.0 34.8 30.7 25.5 19.5 12.7 22.5 33.3 33.1 32.0 42.8 38.8 29.0 46.3 49.7 20.0 37.1 40.5 20.5 33.0 30.6 33.4 39.3 51.1 36.3 30.1 18.7 23.7 31.0 18.5 22.4 31.4 35.7 53. 2 36.2 41.5 34.0 33.5 54.9 39.2 38.7 33.2 34. 0 55. 6 38. 5 38.6 19.5 33.8 30.0 21.7 18.7 30.8 47.9 50.5 37.3 33.9 32.0 42.0 50.4 39.0 30.9 32.3 42.2 51.7 37.0 30.5 32.6 30.6 15.7 8.8 12.0 13.2 13.2 46.6 38.3 43.9 29.5 27.9 27.1 12.0 10. 4 50.2 24.9 26.6 39.0 30.9 31. 2 12.0 10.3 20.0 20.0 20.0 10.3 15.1 12.2 12.2 49.1 40.0 40.6 47.1 44.6 25.3 33.7 31.8 32.6 Salmon, canned, red. Milk, fresh................... Milk, ev ap o rated ........ B u tte r ........................... O leom argarine............ ___ do ........... Q u a rt........... 10.0 20.0 15-16 oz. can. 15. 2 P o u n d .......... 37.1 42.0 34.3 ___ do............ N u t m arg arin e........ Cheese....................... L a rd .......................... Crisco......................... Eggs, strictly fresh. ___ do. ___ do. ___ do. ___ do. Dozen. B read.......... F lour........... Corn m e a l.. Rolled oats. Corn flakes. P o u n d ___ ___ do........ ___ do........ ___ do........ 8-oz. p k g .. Cream of W heat. M acaroni............. R ic e .................... Beans, n a v y ....... P otatoes.............. 30.6 15.7 13.4 47.5 28.9 28.0 25.8 25.0 27.1 29.6 15.5 16.9 18.1 19.7 22.1 24.2 30.7 32.0 26.0 25.9 25.7 25.6 29.7 27.5 28.1 30.7 22.0 29.2 30.7 30.9 21.8 27.7 29.0 29.5 18.3 14.1 14.7 15.8 16. 4 15.4 16.5 17.2 17.7 22.2 18.7 20.3 20.4 26.1 21.6 21.2 30.7 24.7 32.7 31.0 31.4 27.0 31.4 30.6 30.0 11.1 10.0 6.2 5.8 3.5 2.8 11.3 9.8 13.5 9.7 10.0 5.5 2.9 9.8 9 6 5.4 3.2 2.5 28-oz. p k g . P o u n d ....... ___ do........ ___ do........ ___ do........ 31.9 27.2 22.0 21.9 7.5 9.3 10.0 11.0 3.9 4.4 27.0 21. 9 9.3 11.1 4.7 27.6 24.6 24.9 21.0 18.7 17.9 9.5 9.2 9.4 7.8 9.2 10.1 2.1 2.9 3.4 3.8 O nions........... . Cabbage........... Beans, baked. Corn, canned.. Peas, c a n n e d .. ....... do ___ ....... do ___ No. 2 can. ___ do ___ ___ do___ 6.5 2.9 14,0 15.8 17.8 10.4 4.4 13.3 16.2 17.4 9.5 3.3 13.5 16.2 17.2 Tom atoes, canned. Sugar, g ran u lated . T ea........................... Coflee....................... ....... d o .. P o u n d .. ___ d o .. ___ d o .. 10.1 14.1 5.4 7.9 7.2 60.0 91.1 88.2 32.0 33.0 35.8 P ru n e s ... R aisins... B ananas. O ranges.. ___ do. ....... do. Dozen.. ___ do. 18.9 35.0 30.9 50.0 6.0 3. 2.5 21.1 25.3 27.0 59.5 C ts . 9.2 5.9 3.6 9.5 11.1 8.6 5.1 3.1 8.4 9.7 8.6 5.1 3.1 8.0 9.0 9.0 6.0 4.5 13.0 15.5 16.2 10.0 7.6 4.7 3.9 11.7 12.1 14.3 14.4 16.4 16.3 5.3 3.8 2.2 9.6 6.6 3.2 11.4 13.6 9.2 9.2 5.9 5.8 2.8 2.8 9.6 9.3 9.8 10.1 31.8 26.8 27.1 22.3 18.6 19.3 8.3 9.0 9.2 9.0 10.3 10.8 2.3 4.5 4.2 4.3 8.2 7.2 4.1 15.9 16.9 21.2 10.9 9.7 5.1 4.3 15.0 15. 1 16.6 16.6 20.5 20.5 13.9 9.8 11.4 11.3 10.1 13.1 13.1 7.4 4.5 6.9 5.8 6.3 5.2 7.9 6.7 7.2 88.4 56.0 65.9 66.1 66.1 61.3 85.8 79.7 79.7 35.9 25.2 31.3 31.0 31.3 28.8 36.9 36.4 36.5 21.6 25.3 26.6 66.4 18.1 28.9 30. 5 55.4 18.6 22.6 24.5 65.4 18.3 22.8 24.5 70.9 20.8 32.0 42.9 50.3 22.0 25.1 33.8 57.3 22.7 25.1 34.5 62.7 1 T he steak for w hich prices are here q u o ted is called “ sirloin” in this city, b u t in m ost of th e other cities included in th is report it would be know n as “ porterhouse” steak. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [262] 33 R E T A IL PR IC E S OF COAL. O F FO O D F O R 51 C IT IE S ON C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D D A TES. As some dealers occasionally fail to report, th e n um ber of quotations varies from m o n th to m onth.] B ridgeport, Conn. Boston , Mass June, 15— 1913 1921 C ts . C ts . Charleston, S. C. B u tte, Mont. Buffalo , N . Y. June 15— May June May June June May June June 15— May June June May June 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1922. 1922. 1921. 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922. 1921. 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922. C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . 137.0 159.9 158.3 158.8 44.7 41.9 43.1 22.8 34.0 53.5 47.6 49.2 40.9 35.9 37.1 19.8 25.0 35.8 34.1 34.8 33.8 32.7 33.4 17.5 18.0 24.4 23.0 23.0 23. 9 22.1 23.3 15. 5 16.1 14.6 14.8 10.7 9.9 10.1 11.8 C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . 38.1 32.8 28.7 21.0 12.8 35.5 29.6 26.6 19.2 11.7 36.8 30.9 27.6 19.5 11.4 32.1 27.2 24.9 18.7 12.6 32.0 27.6 25.7 17.9 12.9 33.0 28.5 26.3 18.3 12.8 22.3 21.0 21,3 15.0 11.9 38.8 37.8 31.4 24.2 17.1 36.8 35.4 30.0 22.5 15. 5 37.9 36.3 30.8 24.2 15.4 C ts . C ts . 38.4 38.5 56.0 40.2 46.3 38.4 36.2 59.8 41.9 41.9 36.8 36.6 59.3 41.6 41.4 34.3 47.4 56.2 39.0 43.6 35.8 44.3 62.9 41.1 40.6 35.1 43.7 63.5 40.4 41.0 35.6 33.3 48.3 29.7 38.3 37.0 32.7 50.2 34.9 38. Ö 36.3 34.2 50.6 34.6 36.9 34.2 51.9 54.1 30.1 39.2 34.8 50.0 57.1 32.7 37.4 34.6 50.0 58.3 33.6 35.0 22.5 25. 8 28.3 21.3 21.4 38.4 42.9 47.9 38.3 42.9 33.8 36.0 50.7 45.5 38.2 34.5 35.5 48.9 43.9 39.4 36.2 15.3 14.4 40.0 30.9 30.9 12.9 11.5 46.3 29.6 31.2 12.5 11.4 46.3 29.6 39.3 14.0 14.0 39.6 29.2 32.8 12. C 10.9 45.7 25.5 33.3 34.2 12.0 8. 0 13.0 10.6 12.6 45.6 32.9 38.5 29.3 25.5 27.5 12.0 10.1 44.1 27.1 27.7 12.0 10.1 44.0 26.5 42.3 14.3 13.5 37.9 32.5 36.1 14.0 11.5 44.3 30.0 36.5 13.7 Ü .7 11.3 44.2 35.2 30.0 34.1 20.7 12.9 39.1 30.4 28.0 18.7 10.7 45.1 26.6 28.0 18.7 10.5 45.1 26.7 27.3 32.0 16.2 21.0 53.4 20.7 33.9 17.5 22.3 44.6 26.7 33.1 18.0 22.8 47.8 28.1 33.i 15.1 20.0 46.6 24.0 32.1 16.1 21.1 42.4 26.1 26.1 28.1 24.0 32.6 19.0 27.9 29.4 30.3 16.6 14.2 14.3 15.5 15.9 19.2 19.6 19.9 21.3 43.2 25.8 35.1 33.8 34.4 29.7 35.7 21.4 25.6 40.8 30.0 34.9 20.9 25.1 34.4 29.8 29.0 28.0 28.0 33.8 20.0 24.9 27.3 28.2 20.9 15.0 18.8 18.3 18.4 20.4 22.0 22.3 25.8 35.5 25.3 31.5 32.5 32.6 9.9 6.7 5.9 8. 8 12.3 8.5 6.1 4.4 8.2 10.4 8.5 10.8 6.0 6.0 4.8 8.2 8.3 10.2 10.2 11.4 8.3 5.3 7.1 8.3 9.5 8.6 4.9 3.7 7.7 9.5 9.6 6.5 4.9 8.7 14.3 9.8 5.9 4.0 6.9 12.1 29.4 24.4 10.4 7.8 25.9 28.9 25.3 25.4 23.9 25.0 24.5 24.5 10.6 9.8 9.8 9.8 10.2 8.9 10.1 10.4 2.1 2.5 2.7 3.6 27.9 24.9 24.9 22.3 22.3 22.0 9.3 8.3 9.3 9.5 7.5 8.9 9.8 1.2 2.4 3.2 i.8 34.2 22.1 9.5 9.1 1.3 29.3 22.6 9.6 9.3 1.5 29.2 23.2 9.7 9. 5 1.6 26.0 23.9 10.3 9.3 2.3 7.4 7.0 16.5 19.5 20.4 10.2 7.2 14.5 18.6 21.4 8.5 5.4 8.9 7.7 6.0 6. 1 6.6 5.5 14.4 13.2 11.5 11.7 18.7 20.1 18.4 18.3 21.4 20.6 19.9 19.5 5.5 9.4 8.0 5.7 5.6 5.1 11.5 10.8 10.9 15.5 14.5 14.4 15.7 16.7 16.9 3.1 8 .2 6 .3 20.5 17.2 17.2 12.9 6.3 19.3 17.3 16.8 5. i 58.6 33.0 11.9 7.5 66.5 41.4 14.0 6.4 67.3 41.0 11.7 13.7 13.7 14.5 11.6 13.4 13.4 6.8 7.5 6.1 6.7 5.2 7.4 6.3 6.7 67.6 58.1 56.4 56.4 45. 0 63.4 58.4 58.4 42.7 34.9 34.6 34.4 29.3 33.1 33.8 34.1 13.3 9.6 76.2 47.9 78.8 45.2 .......... 18.5 30.7 50.4 54.9 20.4 21.6 45.3 69.8 20.6 21.9 44.5 69.6 24.0 25.4 31.8 23.0 26.2 8.9 35.3 ...... 21.4 16.0 34.4 5.9 3.7 3.6 9.2 1.7 18.1 31.2 39.4 53.4 20.0 24.2 35.9 64.9 8.3 5.5 6.8 8.3 9.5 20.3 23.3 26.3 18.7 21.7 5. 5 3.0 2.6 .... 20.4 23.9 37.3 _ 66.5 ........ 8.6 5.0 3.6 7.4 9.3 8.8 5.6 4.3 8.2 10.9 18.1 29.9 48.3 54.7 19.4 20.9 43.] 66.6 2 P er pound. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [263] 6.8 16.4 8.6 9.7 5.8 4.1 11.9 1 .4 19.1 17.3 16.9 5.9 11.3 9.5 9.5 3.7 6.7 6.1 6.1 2.4 3.1 3.0 3.0 11.1 9.8 9.8 12.9 10.5 10.5 30.3 25.0 25.0 20.3 19.8 19.8 6.0 6.7 6 .8 10.2 10.1 10.3 2.4 2.7 3.5 3.3 5.5 5.1 9.3 8.5 2.6 3.2 3.2 12.0] 11.3 11.3 14.3 14.7 14.7 19.0 20.0 20.0 16. 5 10.0 12.0 12.0 8.9 5.0 7.0 6.0 0.6 78.6 50.0 75.2 74.6 74.6 45.6 26.3 32.4 32.3 32.9 19.6 18.8 20.7 21.0 20.2 32.3 27.7 27.5 42.8 2 15.6 2 14.8 2 15.0 63.1 41.9 57.9 56.5 17.4 31.0 43.3 48.8 20.0 24.9 33.0 58.8 20.7 24,8 33.0 70.0 34 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW . T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S Chicago, 111. Article. U nit. P ork chops.. B acon........... H a m .............. L am b ............ H ens............. P o u n d ...... . .. d o ........... . .. d o ........... . .. d o ........... . .. d o ........... .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Cleveland, Ohio. 15— June 15— June 15— May June May June May June 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1921 1913 1921 1913 1921 1922. 1922. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. 37.7 29.5 28.9 19.3 11.7 23.9 21.3 19.4 15.8 12.5 36.4 33.2 30.0 20.1 15.9 33.6 30.1 27.7 17.9 13.4 34.9 31.8 27.9 18.5 13.3 25.2 22.6 20. C 17.2 12.5 38.5 32.9 27.6 21.3 12.9 35.0 28.9 24.7 19.1 11.4 35.7 29.7 24.8 19.2 10.5 18. 29.8 32.4 29.8 32.0 51.6 46.4 46.4 32.4 51.3 50.9 51.7 20.2 35.1 39.1 36.8 20.3 34.6 35.2 33.9 19.6 26.4 29.2 16.5 24.9 31.3 36.6 51.5 34.7 39.6 35.2 32.3 53.7 38.8 38.1 32.4 34.3 54.3 37.0 37.0 20.7 28.6 36.6 19.2 22.3 32.9 43.3 52.5 33.3 37.1 34.6 38.5 51.0 36. 4 37.7 33.8 39.1 52.4 35.0 3.95 28.1 12.0 10.3 42.0 28.1 28.0 36.7 12.0 8.Ó 13.0 10.2 13. 2 41.1 36.2 41.7 28.0 29.0 30.7 11.0 10.4 46.0 27.8 30.5 11.0 10.2 45.8 27.6 C ts. Sirloin steak. R ound steak R ib ro ast__ Chuck ro ast. P la te b e ef... Cincinnati, Ohio. C ts. C ts. 23.4 37.6 36.7 20.3 31.3 28.4 20.0 30.0 29.0 15. 20.1 19.0 11.2 13.3 11.6 Salmon, canned, red . Milk, fresh ................... Milk, evaporated....... B u tte r.......................... O leom argarine............ ....... do............ 36.8 Q u a rt............ 8.0 14.0 15-16 oz. can. 13.1 P o u n d . . . . . . 32.7 37.2 24.9 ........do............ 32.7 12.0 10.0 41.1 23.1 32.2 35.7 12.0 8.0 13.0 9.9 13.6 41.3 35.1 39. C 28.4 23.3 N u t m arg arin e........ Cheese....................... L a rd ........................... Crisco......................... Eggs, strictly fresh. ....... do. ........do. ....... do. ........do. Dozen. 23.5 34.5 15.4 20.7 33.4 22.5 32.9 16.3 21.9 34.0 22.9 25.8 26.5 27.2 27.3 25.9 26.1 33.3 21.0 32.8 31.7 31.4 23.6 26.9 29.4 29.4 16.2 14.2 13.4 14.7 15. C 16.5 16.8 17.4 17.5 22.1 19.8 20.8 21.2 20.7 21.6 21.5 34.5 21.3 29.0 29.8 28.6 27.6 34.3 33.7 33.4 B read.......... F lo u r.......... Corn m e a l.. Rolled oats. Corn flakes. P o u n d ___ ........do........ ....... do........ ........do........ 8-oz. p k g .. 9.9 5.4 6.0 9.1 11.3 9.7 4.9 5.0 8.0 9.5 Cream of W h ea t... M acaroni................. R ice......................... Beans, n a v y .......... P otato es.................. 28-oz. pk g . P o u n d ___ ....... do........ ....... do........ ....... do........ Onions............. Cabbage........... Beans, b ak ed . Corn, canned.. Peas, c an n e d .. . . . . . d o ___ ___ do___ No. 2 can . ___ do___ ___ do___ Tomatoes, canned. Sugar, g ran u lated . T e a ........................... Coffee....................... ___ do.. Pound. ___ do.. ___ do.. P ru n e s... R aisin s... B an an as. O ranges.. ___ do. ___ do. Dozen.. ___ do. 6.1 2. 2.9 9.7 4.8 5.1 7.9 9.5 4.8 3.3 2.7 9.8 6.6 3.5 10.2 11.6 8.4 5.3 2.8 8.3 9.6 8.4 5.3 2.8 8.4 9.6 5. 5 3.2 2.7 9.1 7.9 7.9 6.0 5.3 5.3 4.7 3.4 3.5 9.8 8.7 8.4 12.7 10.6 10.4 28.2 24.7 24.9 19.2 18.3 18.2 9.0 9.9 10.1 7.6 9.4 10.5 1.2 3.0 2.8 3.6 29.6 24.6 24.6 18.9 17.0 16.9 8.7 9.5 9.3 6.4 9.0 11.3 2.3 4.3 3.6 4.6 28.3 25.6 25.4 21.0 20.5 20.1 8.2 8.9 9.1 6.8 9.4 11.1 1.5 2.5 3.1 4.4 5.5 8.5 7.3 6.7 5.4 5.0 14.6 12.6 12.4 14.7 14.3 14.7 14.9 15.6 15.7 6.1 8.9 8.0 6.3 5.3 5.0 13.1 11.2 11.6 15.2 14.6 14.2 17.2 17.0 17.1 5.5 9.7 7.2 6.4 6.0 5.3 13.4 11 9 12.1 17.8 15.8 15.9 17.8 17.8 17.8 8.7 8.8 8.5 11.7 14.1 14.3 10.9 13.8 14.1 12.3 13.9 14.0 4.9 7.2 6.2 6.7 5.0 7.7 6.6 7.0 5.0 7.7 6.7 7.1 53.3 65.4 62.0 63.1 60.0 71.0 69.1 69.1 50.0 68.0 65.2 65.2 30.7 32.9 34.2 34.1 25.6 31.2 31.2 31.5 26.5 36.1 35.8 36.0 19.5 30.8 39.4 46.4 20.8 24.7 35.3 58.6 21.3 24.5 35.2 03.5 22.0 30.9 42.4 48.9 20.1 22.1 37.0 64.2 20.1 21.9 37.5 58.6 17.1 29. 2 49.7 51.4 19.5 22.3 43.7 61.2 19.3 22.7 45.2 60.3 1 The steak for w hich prices are here quoted is called " ru m p ” in this city, b u t in m ost of th e other cities included in th is report i t w ould be know n as " s irlo in ” steak. 3 Per pound. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [264] 35 RETA IL P R IC E S OF FOOD. O F FO O D F O R 51 C IT IE S ON C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D D A TE S—Continued. Columbus, Ohio. Dallas , Tex. June May June June 15— D etroit Mich. Denver, Colo. May June June 15— May June June 15— F all R iver, Mass. May June June 15— May 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15,' 15, 15, 1921. 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. 36.5 31.8 29.4 23.6 14.5 33.9 29.1 26.3 19.9 12.4 34.1 29.7 26.9 20.6 13.6 22.5 20.8 19.2 16.3 12.8 36.6 34.3 29.9 23.9 19.2 37.2 34.6 28.9 22.3 18.3 37.2 35.0 29.3 22.7 17.9 24.2 22.1 17.8 15.8 9.4 32.8 29.0 24.2 18.2 11.3 30.5 25 . 7 23.7 17.3 10.2 32.1 27.7 24.2 17.8 9.8 24.2 19.4 19.4 15.0 11.5 38.9 32.2 29.0 21.2 13.3 35.4 27.5 26.6 18.0 11.5 36.9 134 5 1 56.2 153.5 1 5 5 . 6 29 . 4 27 5 44.1 40.8 41.8 27.4 23.5 28.8 27.5 26.8 19.2 19.0 22.3 20.6 20.2 15.0 11.9 12.4 11.5 29.7 39.5 49.6 38.0 35.2 32.1 36.9 51.5 35.8 34.8 31.8 37.2 51.7 38.8 34.8 21.7 38.0 31.3 22.0 18.3 34.5 48.2 52.3 39 . 0 31.8 35.8 45.9 55.4 44.2 32.3 35.2 47.0 55.4 42 0 31.5 20.3 28.0 30.0 17.8 21.2 31.3 46.4 53.5 32.4 37.0 32.1 43 2 56.4 36.2 33.8 32.5 44.8 56.1 35.9 32.9 19.2 24.0 25.5 17.4 21.6 33.1 40.3 54 5 35.0 38.2 35.1 39.5 56.2 40.4 38.1 33.9 40.9 56.1 40.6 36.9 37.4 12.0 14.7 39.3 27.5 31.9 11.0 10.0 42.3 24.6 32.1 11.0 10. Ó 10.0 42.5 36.0 24.7 37.5 15.0 15.4 41.1 28.5 31.9 12.0 12.6 44.4 28.0 32.0 38.9 12.0 8.4 10 8 127 12.7 43.2 34.3 37.0 27.0 31.9 36.0 9.8 10.6 39.8 29.0 35.6 9.8 8.0 10.4 40.0 34 . Ò 28.8 37.5 13.0 13.7 38.8 29.1 30.2 12.0 10.5 43.3 25.6 37.3 29.8 12.0 9.0 13.0 15.1 10.5 44.2 35.4 39.7 31.8 25.9 25.3 24.9 12.6 21.5 25.8 24.2 27.5 14.1 22.0 27.8 27.5 28.0 29.0 29.4 29.4 24.4 28.7 20.0 30.7 30.7 31.1 26.1 30.9 32.7 14.8 17.5 21.2 20.4 20.7 16.3 17.9 18.7 1 9 2 21.2 21.4 21 9 23 4 22.2 26.7 22.0 28.4 29.5 30.5 25 . Ò 31.0 31.9 10.4 5.6 3.8 m 5 12.2 8.0 4.9 3.1 22.0 25.8 32.7 21.0 24.5 C ts. June 15. 1922. C ts . a s . 33.3 39.9 50.3 37.5 48.7 33.7 33.5 38.5 39.4 54.0 54.4 40.8 40.9 44.4 44.8 30.9 13.0 12.4 45.1 28.5 30.0 26.8 25.2 25.1 28.2 33.3 20.3 28.1 28.8 29.5 23.4 31.6 15.0 14 9 16.4 16.9 18.8 16 1 15.1 21.5 24.5 20 5 21.7 21.7 32.1 26.6 36.3 33.7 37.1 33 6 51.9 31.5 13.0 12.1 45.1 28.5 31.8 30.7 33.5 33.1 16.1 16.5 21.8 22.0 43.8 45.8 6.2 10.7 3.3 6.0 3 .4 6.7 11.1 13.7 9.5 5.6 5.9 9.7 11.0 9.3 5 .6 6.1 9 .6 10.5 29.9 25.4 9 .8 7 .5 1.8 27.7 24.0 10.1 9.4 2.4 27.7 24.0 10.1 10.1 2 .8 6.7 6.9 14.5 16.8 18.3 10.3 7.3 13.3 16.1 17.8 9 .0 5 .9 13.3 16.0 17.8 12.2 11.9 13.3 13.3 11.1 13.4 13.4 12.7 14.5 14.5 11.0 14.7 13.8 7.6 6.8 7.1 5.7 8.7 7.3 7.4 5.4 8.5 7.4 7.9 5 .Ò 7.4 6 .5 6 .8 5.3 7 .8 84.2 78.1 77.7 66.7 86.8 90.6 90.6 52.8 71.0 69.6 68.8 43.3 63.2 61.3 60.9 44 . 2 56.3 34.8 34.4 34.7 36.7 38.2 41.1 41.3 29.4 36.0 35.8 35.7 29.3 34.7 35.5 35.7 33.0 40.5 13.4 6.7 54.0 38.2 13.4 6.9 54.7 37.9 Qn 9.6 5.4 10.2 9.1 9.1 3.3 5 . 6 5.0 4.9 2.7 3.9 3.4 3.4 8 Q 11. 7 10.6 10. 6 13.4 11.7 11.4 9.6 8.1 4.9 3.1 30.4 25.8 25.6 20.5 20.0 19.9 10.1 11.0 10.8 7.0 9.7 11.9 1.8 3.0 3.9 7.5 7.8 14.2 13.4 15.5 17.9 30.7 42.7 47.9 10.3 9.6 6.3 5.9 12.8 13.1 12.9 13.2 15.4 14.9 19.6 23.4 37.3 60.2 21.1 23.0 38.5 63.5 31.7 21.6 9 3 8.9 9.2 2.2 4.8 26.0 21.0 10.3 10.5 3.8 25.7 21.2 10.9 10.7 4.5 6.3 9.9 7.9 5.4 5.7 6.4 16.3 15.6 15.5 18.0 17.8 17.7 22.2 22.1 21.8 21.7 33 7 35.0 48.5 23.5 26.5 35.6 64.4 23.5 26.2 35.6 69.3 5.4 10.3 8.2 8.2 2.6 4.5 4.2 4.0 2.4 3.4 3.1 3.2 9.6 9 4 9.2 12.7 10.4 10.2 29.5 25.5 25.5 20.0 21.2 21.3 8.8 10.0 9.9 8.8 9.9 10.0 Ì.4 3.1 2.7 3.6 8.6 4.9 7.3 16.6 15.3 17.9 19.1 32.8 2 13.9 48.5 10.6 8 3 6.9 6.5 14.2 14.4 14.8 14.9 17.1 17.1 21.1 24.9 2 11.7 59.2 21.6 25.3 2 12.6 59.8 2 P er po u n d . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [265] 5.6 3.1 2.8 9.4 5 .8 5.1 10 4 11.5 8.6 5.0 4.1 9.5 9.3 8.6 5 .0 4.2 9.5 9.1 29.9 25.1 25.1 19.7 18.9 18.9 8.2 9.6 9.7 6.4 9.3 10.9 i.5 1.3 2.5 3.7 8.4 io .o 2. i 5.7 8.9 7.5 7.1 5.6 5.1 12.7 11.5 11.8 15.3 14.7 14.8 17.1 16.6 16.5 19.2 28.7 37.1 48.4 20.9 23.3 33 9 59.2 20.8 23.4 33.9 60.6 .... .......... 17.4 29.3 2 11.6 51.4 2 18.5 24.4 10.4 62.4 2 18.5 24.0 10.4 59.3 36 M ONTHLY L A B O R R E V IE W . T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S H ouston, Tex. U n it. Article. - Indianapolis, In d . Jacksonville, F la. June May Ju n e Ju n e 15— May June J u n e 15— May June 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1921. 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922. C ts . C ts . C ts. C ts . C ts . C ts. C ts . C ts . P o u n d .......... . ___ d o ......... . ........ d o ........... ........ d o ........... ........ d o ........... 33.1 32.7 26.9 22.5 18.0 32.5 31.6 26.1 21.6 16.7 24.7 23.3 17.8 16.4 12.5 35.0 33.2 26.1 21.0 14.0 36.6 34.3 26.6 21.6 14.1 C ts . 32.9 32.0 25.2 20.8 16.2 37.2 35.8 27.1 22.2 14.3 C ts . C ts. Sirloin steak ................................ R ou n d ste a k ............................... R ib ro a st...................................... Chuck ro a st................................. P la te beef..................................... 26.0 20.3 23.3 14.0 10.3 36.3 31.5 27.3 18.8 11.3 36.7 31.3 27.3 18.5 10.2 35. 0 30. 5 26.2 17.9 10.3 P o rk ch o p s.................................. B acon. _______ ________ ____ "FTam ............................................ B om b .................................... TTp.ns ....................... ...................... ........ d o . ____ ........d o ........... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... 33.3 52.1 51.5 36.3 30.0 29.4 50. 2 51.4 37.5 31.1 30.9 49.4 52.0 38. 8 30.0 21.3 29.0 31.2 21.7 20.8 31.7 41.4 52.4 35.7 34.9 33.2 38.5 55.4 41.4 35.4 32.5 39.1 56.4 40.8 34.6 21.3 26.3 28.3 19.3 22.0 33.7 4B 8 48. 6 32. 5 36.1 34.2 36 0 50. O 39.2 34.6 34.1 36 7 50 O 37 5 34. 0 Salmon, canned, re d ............... ........ d o ........... 37.5 Milk, fresh................................... Q u a rt........... 16.0 Milk, e v ap o rated....................... 15-16 oz. c a n . 14.1 B u tte r......... . .............................. P o u n d .......... 39. 0 O leomargarine.......................... ........ d o ........... 33. 0 31.8 14.8 11.5 43.8 31.6 18.7 31.5 15.0 8.0 12.0 13.8 11.4 43.8 34.7 38.2 28.2 31.3 39.3 10.0 10.1 42.1 27.1 38.5 38.3 10.0 12.5 20.0 10. C 13. 8 40.9 39.2 40.0 26.8 28.6 31.0 14.7 11.4 46.1 26. 8 30 8 Ì4.7 11 9 45 7 27 7 N n t m arg arin e.................... Cheese........................................... Bard ........................................ Crisco .................................... Eggs, stric tly f r e s h ................... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... . . . . .d o .......... ___.d o ............ D ozen........... 28.6 27.7 18.1 24.4 28.1 26.2 26.2 26.6 28.6 28.6 20.5 29.6 30.9 30.8 22.5 15.2 13.0 14.5 14.5 15.5 17.9 21.2 21.7 21.9 24.0 29.2 22.5 25.8 28.5 27.3 30.0 27 0 27 8 17 3 22 5 33.7 96 7 98 8 18 0 99 4 34. 6 B re a d ........................................ F lo u r......................................... Corn m e a l.................................. R olled o a ts.............................. Corn flakes................................... P o u n d .......... 8.7 7.0 ........ d o ........... 6.1 5.4 ........d o ........... 4.0 3.6 ........d o ........... 10.4 8.7 8-oz. p k g ___ 12.9 10.1 6.5 10 4 10 7 3. 8 6 6 6 1 3.0 3 5 3 O 10 9 9 7 12. 9 10 0 10 7 6 1 3 0 Q3 9 8 Cream of W h e a t......................... M acaroni........ ............................. Rice............................................... B eans, n a v y .......................... P otatoes.................................... 28-oz. p k g . . 29.7 24.8 24.8 P o u n d .......... 20.4 20.3 20.1 ........ d o ........... 6.6 8.1 8.1 ........d o ........... 8.7 9.8 9.9 ........ d o ........... 3. 8 4.4 3.9 O nions.................................. ....... Cabbage........................................ B eans, b a k ed .............................. Corn, c a n n e d .............................. Peas c a n n e d ..................... ..... ........ d o ........... 4.9 8.7 7.1 ___d o ............. 4.2 4.4 4.9 No. 2 c an ___ 13. 2 13.7 14. 0 ---- d o ............. 13.1 14.0 14.3 ........ d o . . . . . . 17.6 19.0 18. 8 Tom atoes, c an n e d ..................... Sugar, g ra n u la te d ...................... T e a ._____. . . ..... ......................... C oflee........................................... ........d o ........... 19.5 13.9 13.9 11.6 14.7 15.1 10.0 12.8 13.3 P o u n d .......... 7.2 6.5 6.9 5.6 8.2 7.0 7.5 5.9 7.9 7.0 7.3 ........ d o ........... 70.5 73.9 73.9 60.0 81.1 74.2 74.2 60 0 86 7 86 5 86 5 ........ d o ........... 29.7 30.8 31.3 30.5 38. 8 36.6 36.6 34.5 37 2 38 2 38 9 P ru n e s .......................................... R aisin s......................................... B an an as............... ....................... O ranges........................................ ........d o ........... ........ d o ........... D ozen........... ........d o ........... 28.3 25.3 18.0 21.2 28.3 18.1 32.6 34.7 46.1 23.5 24.3 29 6 56.4 6.8 5.3 3.5 8.7 9.8 23.4 24.4 30.0 52. 7 5.1 3.2 2.4 8.6 5.7 3.4 9.5 12.0 31.8 20.4 9.0 6.9 1.4 1.9 9.2 8.1 5.0 2.9 7.9 9.6 8.1 4.8 2.9 7.8 9.2 26.3 25.9 19.1 18.8 10.0 9.9 10.3 11.9 2.7 4.0 6.6 9.4 9.1 7.0 5.7 5.1 14.2 13.0 13.0 13.7 14.3 14.3 14.6 15. 3 15.4 20.2 33.8 33.0 48.2 21.2 25. 8 30.3 60.2 20.8 25.9 31.0 61.9 29 8 25. 0 20 0 20 6 34.3 30.6 27.4 97 4 20.6 19 1 18 6 7 3 8 9 Q9 Q 2 10 5 11 2 2.6 3 6 4 0 4 4 6.6 4 6 QQ 4.1 3.9 13 3 11 7 16.6 15.5 19 1 17 8 16 O 33. 6 34.3 51.3 9,0 3 94^ 7 26 5 54. ö 8 8 4.3 11 8 15! 8 17 7 21 5 95 6 99 4 60.3 1 T h e steak for w hich prices are here quoted is called “ sirlo in ” in th is city, b u t in m ost of th e other cities included in this rep o rt i t w ould be know n as “ p o rterhouse” steak. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis B E TA IL P R IC E S OF FOOD, 37 O F FO O D F O R 51 C IT IE S ON C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D D A T E S—C ontinued. K ansas City, Mo. L ittle Rock, A rk. Los Angeles, Calif. Louisville, K y. M anchester, N. H . June 15— May June Ju n e 15— May June J u n e 15— May June Ju n e 15— May June Ju n e 15— May June 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1913 1921 1922 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922 1913 1921 1922 1922 1913 1921 1922 1922. C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts. 24.7 21.6 18.2 15.0 11.7 37.3 33.4 26.9 17.9 11.7 35.6 31.2 25.1 17.4 11.0 C ts . 37.4 32.5 25.2 17.9 11.1 C ts . C ts C ts . 26.3 19.9 19.4 16.3 13.5 36.3 33.8 29.8 22.9 16.0 33.2 30.7 26.6 20.9 15.0 24. ( 20.8 20.0 15.8 12.1 C ts . 35.1 30.4 29.6 19.5 15.1 C ts . C ts C ts . 34.1 31.8 27.0 20.1 15.0 C ts. 35.0 28.7 28.2 18.3 12.7 C ts. 34.4 28.5 28.2 17.9 12.6 23.6 20.0 18.3 15.6 12.8 33.5 31.5 26.4 21.2 18.2 31.3 28.6 23.4 17.9 13.3 32.3 29.4 23.8 18.2 13.0 18.7 28.8 27.8 19.2 18.0 30.6 50.0 51.2 31.8 30.7 30.9 45.2 54.3 34.0 32.8 30.6 46.1 55.0 34.3 31.8 21.3 37.0 31.3 21.3 20.0 35.0 49.6 52.7 36.6 30.3 33.4 42.9 52.9 44.3 30.4 42.2 54.4 39.3 29.8 as. 325.4 38.9 ,54.2 59.5 30.8 41.1 38.0 52.4 62.7 32.9 42.5 38.3 52.0 62.7 32.6 41.3 19.6 29.1 29.4 18.1 23.2 31.1 37.4 47.3 34.0 31.4 30.8 35.1 45.9 38.8 34.0 30.8 35.5 47.5 36.0 32.4 35.2 32.8 48.4 39.9 44.6 33.6 33.9 49.5 37.3 45.0 34*3 8.7 14.3 14.4 34." 8 38.7 27.8 31.8 12.0 11.2 43.6 27.6 31.6 41.2 31.7 31.5 45.6 40.7 40.9 12.0 ió.ò 15.0 13.0 13.0 io.o 16.0 14.0 14.0 8.8 10.8 15.0 12.0 11.7 11.9 10.1 9.9 44.0 37.9 43.3 47.5 46.0 34.5 43.8 45.5 51.2 35.4 28.1 33.0 33.3 33.3 31.9 30.0 29.7 32.2 11.0 14.3 40.3 28.5 30.4 9.0 ILO 44.3 28.8 30.0 35.6 31.2 9.0 8.0 15.0 12.0 10.9 15.6 13.0 44.8 37.2 44.0 49.9 28.9 29.8 27.6 31.7 12.0 12.9 49.6 28.3 27.5 33.2 2Ì.7 17.7 15.8 24.3 29.4 27.5 26.8 25.3 12.7 21.3 25.2 26.0 27.2 14.6 22.0 26.0 26.5 25.3 24.0 23.6 27.7 21.5 32.0 32.3 32.1 14.9 16.0 15.9 17.2 17.3 22.1 23.7 22.5 22.6 25.7 30.0 46.4 40.9 41.1 9.1 5.7 8.9 5.1 3.7 6.1 4.3 2.6 9.9 10.2 9.9 2.4 12.1 8.8 5.5 2.5 8.0 9.7 27.0 27.6 21." 8 29.1 32.5 16.2 17.0 17.6 22.9 24.0 222 28.5 29.1 6.1 3.0 2.5 9.8 5.6 5.0 10.0 13.1 7.7 4.9 4.4 8.4 9.9 28.5 29.3 19.3 20.5 29.2 29.1 31.5 19.7 23.1 28.8 33.8 35.8 19.2 26.6 27.8 25.7 27.7 27.5 31.6 19.5 33.4 34.1 34.8 20.8 20.0 18.0 16.8 18.7 18.4 15.3 23.1 21.2 23.1 23.4 31.9 30.5 36.0 34.5 35.8 20.8 7.7 6.0 9.5 8.4 8.4 6.0 9.2 9.1 4.9 3.6 6.2 5.6 5.5 3.6 5.8 5.0 4.3 2.4 3.0 2.8 2.8 3.2 5.2 4.3 8.1 11.5 10.2 10.1 10.7 9.9 9.9 12.5 9.8 9.8 12.7 10.2 8.8 5.4 2.5 8.2 9.6 30.5 26.7 26.4 . . . . 31.8 26.8 26.5 29.0 24.7 21.8 29.8 24.6 25.1 22.4 21.7 22.1 21.8 22.0 22.3 17.5 16.5 16.6 20.1 17.9 17.9 8.6 9.0 9.3 8.3 7.5 8.3 8.6 7.7 9.7 9.4 9.6 8.1 8.3 9.0 9.0 8.2 10.7 11.7 8.4 11.5 11.4 8.0 9.0 9.5 6.2 8.9 10.5 i. 5 2.4 3.0 3.6 i.7 4.0 3.6 3.5 i. 6 3.5 2.9 3.2 2.0 2.4 2.9 3.8 8.7 6.3 9.9 8.3 6.1 5.7 4,6 15.1 13.9 14.2 12.8 13.8 13.3 14.9 15.4 15.3 .-. . ____ 6.3 5.6 14.1 15.4 18.2 10.8 9.7 6.1 5.0 13.7 13.5 15.5 15.0 19.9 19.5 4.0 3.6 16.3 17.1 18.2 10.1 6.0 4.1 4.1 13.7 13.8 16.9 17.1 19.8 19.6 C ts . C ts . 135.8 155.2 28.8 47.1 20.7 28.1 16.8 23.9 18.0 20.2 23.7 28.8 21.5 25.3 6.1 3.4 3.6 35.9 36.6 45.8 36.7 50.1 8.6 6.3 5.6 9.8 13.2 C ts. C ts . 151.9 !52.5 42.5 44.1 26.2 26.9 21.4 21.9 15.0 15.5 8.0 8.0 5.7 5.7 4.7 4.6 8.8 9.0 9.8 10.0 29.0 26.4 26.4 25.4 25.2 25.0 8.4 9.1 9.2 7.7 9.5 11.1 1.9 1.5 2.1 2.0 8.5 4.9 9.9 6.1 4.7 5.2 4.4 12.7 11.9 11.9 15.6 15. 0 15.2 17.0 16.9 16.4 6.8 9.4 7.5 7.5 7.3 5.9 15.9 15.4 14.9 18.9 18.2 18.4 21.5 21.9 22.1 10.6 14.3 14.3 11.8 14.6 14.7 213.2 216.0 216.1 11.2 13.3 13.6 318.5 314.3 314.3 5.5 8.3 7.0 7.4 5.5 8.9 7.5 7.8 5.3 7.5 6.8 7.3 5.1 7.9 6.7 7.1 5.1 7.9 6.7 7.4 54.0 79.0 76.8 78.1 50.0 91.5 91.5 92.5 54.5 68.9 70.3 72.3 62.5 77.8 76.5 46.3 60.4 56.8 56.6 27.8 37.1 36.6 37.1 30.8 38.5 40.1 39.8 36.3 37.2 37.8 38.2 27.5 34.5 34.9 34.2 32.0 38.2 38.3 38.6 .... 17.7 21.5 21.6 21.3 21.3 21.5 17.4 20.0 20.0 22.6 20.1 19.5 18.6 19.7 19.9 34.1 27.4 27.2 34.0 25.0 24.6 30.0 24.1 24.2 30.0 23.7 24.3 31.7 22.4 22.2 — 413.7 412.0 411. 8 412.3 4 9.6 4 9.7 413.6 <11.0 410.8 39.0 36.8 36.5 412.3 4 9.8 410.1 — 50.2 60.6 59.9 54.4 61.3 67.8 — 29.0 39.6 40.0 46.4 54.1 46.3 49.9 69.5 67.4 2 No. 2¿ can. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis s No. 3 can. [267] 4 Per pound. 38 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW , T able 5.—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S OF T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S Memphis, T enn. Milwaukee, W is M inneapolis, M inn. June 15— May June June 15— May June June 15— May June 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1913 1921 1913 1921 A rticle. U nit. C ts C ts C ts. C ts C ts C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts C ts . C ts . C ts. Sirloin ste a k ..................... R ound ste a k .................... R ib ro ast............. Chuck ro a s t....................... P late beef................... ...... P o u n d .......... ........do........... ........d o .......... ........do........... ........do............ 22.5 19.4 20. 4 15. 5 12.2 33.2 30.2 26.3 18.9 13.8 31.7 27.9 23.0 16.6 12.2 31.7 28.0 24.1 16.8 12.2 22.5 21.0 18. 5 16.5 11.5 37. 7 337 29.1 23 6 13.5 36.0 31.7 26.7 20.8 12.1 37.5 33.2 27. 0 21.3 12.4 23.5 21.0 20.5 16.5 10.1 33.1 29.4 25.9 19.7 9.8 31.3 27.6 24.3 18.8 9.0 33.1 30.2 25.0 19.2 9.1 P o rk chops........................ B a c o n ...* ........................... H a m .................................... L a m b .................................. H en s.................................... ........ do........... ........do........... ........do........... ........do ........... ........do........... 20.0 30. 0 30.0 20.8 19.7 29.5 42.6 47.9 35.8 31.3 30.5 380 51.0 38.6 31.1 28.9 38.1 51.7 36.8 31.5 19.5 27.3 27.8 19.5 21.5 32.8 45.1 47.5 38.1 34.9 33.8 42.5 49.8 4 '.0 36.6 32.4 42.8 49.1 39.3 33.5 18.3 26. 7 28.3 17.0 18.2 30.6 44. 5 49.2 32.4 29.6 33.1 42.7 52.7 36.7 33.7 33.2 43.9 52.8 33.8 30.6 Salmon, canned, r e d . . . . Milk, fresh ........................ Milk, ev ap o rated __ B u tte r................................ O leom argarine.. . . ........do........... 39.1 38.4 Q u a rt........... 10.0 17.3 15.0 15-16 oz. can . 15 1 12.0 P o u n d .......... 37.1 39.1 41.6 ........do........... 29.2 30.6 44.8 36.3 15.0 7.0 9.0 11.8 14. 5 41.9 32.8 36.6 30.6 25.7 32.1 9.0 10.5 41.5 24.4 32.1 43.1 9.0 7.0 10.0 10.4 14.5 40.9 31.8 35.0 24.4 29.0 38.9 10.0 11.5 40.3 26.1 38.6 10.0 11.4 40.7 26.3 N u t m a rg a rin e ................. Cheese................................. L a rd .................................... Crisco.................................. Eggs, strictly fresh .......... 26.6 ........do ........... ........do ........... 21.3 25.3 ........do............ 15.5 14. 8 19.2 ........do ............ Dozen........... 24.3 30. 3 25.2 23.9 23.7 28.8 25.1 24.5 24.6 28.6 21.3 24.8 27.5 28.0 20.0 27.2 29.3 29.4 16.1 15.4 16.9 17.2 17.4 15.4 15.0 16.4 16.7 22.2 21.7 21.8 21.7 23.1 23.3 22.3 28.9 22.2 27.9 29.3 30.0 22.0 29.1 28.7 29.8 B read .................................. H o u r................................... Corn m eal.......................... Rolled o ats....... Corn flakes........................ P o u n d .......... ........do............ ........do ........... ........do........... 8-oz. p k g ___ 6.0 10.3 9.2 3.6 6.3 5.6 2.0 2.8 2.7 10.7 9.5 12. 8 10.1 'C ream of W h ea t__ ____ M acaroni............................ Rice ................................ Beans, n a v y . . . P o tato es............................. 28-oz. p k g ... P o u n d . . . __ ____ do............ ........do ........... ........do............ 8-0 O nions__ C abbage__ Beans, b a k ed .................... Corn, c an n ed ....... Peas, can n ed ......... ........do ........... ........do............ No. 2 c an __ ........do............ ........do........... Tomatoes, can n ed__ Sugar, g ra n u la te d ............ T e a ...................................... Coffee.................................. ........do........... 10.8 13-7 13.7 12.7 14.7 14.7 14.3 14.9 15.2 P o u n d .......... 5.2 7.8 6.8 7.0 5.3 7.5 6.4 6.8 5.6 8.0 6.8 7.3 ........do........... 63. 8 89.5 87.1 86.2 50.1 68.7 69.1 69. C 45. C 65.3 62.9 62.7 ........do........... 27.5 35.8 37.7 37.6 27.5 31.9 32.4 32.8 30.8 38.6 40.1 40.5 P ru n es................................ ........do........... R aisins............................... ........do........... B an an as............................. Dozen........... Oranges.............................. ........do........... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 28.0 26.5 16.2 22.2 30.0 9.2 5.5 2.7 9. 4 9.8 29.2 26.7 26.4 17.4 '7 .3 17.3 6.5 8.3 8.6 7.5 10.6 11.0 1.7 3.6 3.5 4.0 5.6 3.1 3.0 9.4 5.6 4.9 7.0 11.8 9.1 5. C 3.7 6.9 9.4 9.3 5.0 3.7 7.2 9.3 29.6 25.0 25.3 19.1 17.1 17.4 9.9 10.0 10.0 7.2 9.6 10.6 1.1 1.5 2.4 2.9 9.0 6.2 9.4 7.8 4.9 8.1 6.8 5.1 4.3 4.0 ........ 7.5 5.8 5.4 12.9 11.1 11.3 14.3 13.3 13.6 14.2 14.6 14.7 14.9 14.6 14.7 15.9 18.7 18.9 15.4 15.5 15.6 21.3 34.9 40.5 51.9 20.9 26.4 34.4 63.2 21.2 26.3 33.6 70.6 19.1 29.8 a 12.0 48.6 20.9 24.7 3 9.6 63.0 a No. 3 can. i W hole. [268] 21.4 24.5 39.8 57.9 5.6 3.6 2.5 9.6 8-9 9.0 5.9 5.3 5.1 4.4 3.9 3.8 8.0 7.7 8.3 12.7 10.2 10.2 29.9 25.6 25.4 17.1 17.5 18.0 8.5 9.3 9.3 8.3 9.6 9.9 .8 1.5 2.6 3.3 9.1 7.0 6. 8 16.6 13-9 14.8 11.1 8.6 5.8 5.7 14.0 14.7 133 13.6 15.6 15.6 18.4 21.5 22.1 30.4 25.1 25.0 3 12.7 3 10.6 3 10.7 52.9 64.7 67.3 39 R E TA IL PR IC E S OF FOOD. O F FOOD F O R 51 C IT IE S ON C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D D A TE S—C ontinued. Mobile, A la . N ew ark, N . J. N ew H av en , Conn. New Orleans, L a. New Y ork, N Y . Ju n e 15— May June Ju n e 15— M ay June Ju n e 15— May June June 15— M ay June June May June 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1921. 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922. C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts. C ts. 33.0 33.0 27.0 21.7 17.0 30.8 29.8 25. 8 20.2 16.2 31.2 30. 4 26.1 21.2 16.6 27.2 26.8 21.6 IS. 0 12.8 43.4 42.0 34.3 23.1 12.3 40.2 38.9 33.1 19.2 11.5 41.2 39. 6 32.8 19.7 11.4 32.4 29.6 24.2 19.2 48.6 41.5 35.7 26.4 16.5 45.8 37.9 33.0 22.8 13.7 46.8 38. 5 34.1 23.8 14.0 22.5 19.5 19.4 14.5 10.9 32.1 29.3 28.3 20.4 16.2 32.8 29. 0 28.4 20. 5 15.8 32.6 30. 3 27.7 19.7 15.4 26.3 25.3 22.5 16. 4 15.3 42.7 42.0 36.7 23.2 19.0 40.3 39.4 35. 5 20.8 18.2 42.0 40.2 35.8 21.3 17.8 34.6 45.9 47.3 34.4 38.0 34.2 39.8 46.7 33.1 37.3 33.8 40.3 49.2 34.3 34.7 21.8 36.7 24.4 37.2 120.8 132.4 21.2 37.8 23.8 43.8 34.7 36.1 135.1 41.2 40.6 34.9 37.1 135.0 38.1 40.1 23.2 28.8 33.4 20.8 23.7 34.6 45.8 54.2 37.6 46.2 34.5 40.7 58.2 42.2 42.2 34.4 41.1 59. 1 41.4 42.5 21.9 29.7 26.8 21.3 20.0 34.4 43.6 48. 2 36.4 37.2 37.2 41. 1 52.1 42.8 38.9 36.0 42.2 51.5 39.9 37.8 21.5 26.0 29.5 17.2 22.1 37.8 40.3 52.5 33.1 41.9 36.4 37.5 56.7 37.6 39.1 36.6 37.8 57.7 35.0 39.1 37.0 18.0 13.8 39.5 30.6 31.7 15. 0 11.5 50. 1 30.2 35.5 31.1 15.0 9.0 15.0 12.5 11.4 47.9 33.4 41.1 29.2 29.7 28.4 14.3 10.2 44.9 28.4 28.4 39.3 14.3 9.Ö 14.0 10.2 13.5 44.3 34.2 38.2 28.4 28.5 35.0 14.0 11. 1 44.7 28.3 35.1 14.0 io. 0 11.0 44.4 35.0 28.3 41.0 16. 5 13. 2 39.8 28.0 36.1 14.7 10.7 45.9 27.5 39.3 35.3 14.0 9.Ò 14.3 12.6 10.5 45.4 34.5 39.9 27.4 29.8 29.6 13.0 10.0 44.6 27.4 29.5 13.0 10.0 44.4 27.6 27.9 25.8 16.0 19.3 32.0 27.4 29.4 16.9 21.8 32.3 26.6 25.4 25.4 26.9 30.5 24.2 34.6 33. 3 33.3 22. Ò 16.9 15.8 14.7 16.1 16.6 15.7 19.0 21.0 21.2 22.6 31.6 34.6 44.7 42.3 43.8 35.0 26.8 32.2 14.9 19. 8 48.9 26.4 32. 2 16.2 20.2 40.4 26.3 26.2 26.8 26.2 26.4 32.1 22.0 27.9 31.0 30.9 19.4 32.2 16.4 14.9 15.7 16.3 16.5 16.1 16. 9 19.9 21.7 23.2 23.7 20.6 43.6 25.6 31.8 30.2 31.2 32.8 44.6 25.2 32.4 17 2 21.1 41.5 25,5 32.9 17.6 21.2 42.6 9.5 5.9 3.1 10.2 12.4 8.2 5. 5 3.0 9.6 9.7 9.5 6.1 6.1 10.0 10.7 8.1 5.3 5.8 9.0 9.5 6.2 10.0 3.3 6.0 3.5 6.4 8.3 10.6 8.9 5.4 5.3 7.8 8.9 9.7 5.5 5.4 8.0 8.9 8.2 5.4 3.2 9.2 9.6 5.6 3.6 3.6 9.3 5.7 6.4 8.4 10.5 8.6 5.4 5.8 7.3 8.9 8.6 5.4 6.0 7.4 8.9 6.0 3.2 3.0 8.1 5.3 5.9 9.1 9.6 5.2 3.8 2.6 8.3 8.1 6.6 6.0 3. 1 2.9 9.2 8.7 10.9 9.6 8.0 5.8 2.9 8.9 9.7 28.8 22.0 8.7 8.5 2.8 3.7 24.9 25.0 20.8 21.0 9.1 9.1 9.6 10.7 4.3 4.8 6.3 5.9 13.1 15.2 16.3 8.5 7 4 6.6 5.1 11.7 11.7 13.8 13.6 16.6 16.2 10.3 11.2 13.4 13.6 2 22.2 222.5 2 21.8 9.9 12.9 13.1 10.4 13.6 13.7 7.9 7.2 7.5 5.1 6.8 5.8 6.3 5. 1 7.5 6. 4 6.7 5. 1 7.0 6.2 6.7 4.8 6.9 74.0 73.4 73.4 53. 8 48.6 48.3 48.6 55.0 54.5 56.7 56.3 62.1 71.9 72.5 72.0 43.3 53.3 32.3 34.7 34.1 29.3 31.1 32.6 32.8 33.8 37.5 37.5 37.9 26.7 30.2 30.4 30.7 27.5 32.4 12.5 12.4 5.8 6.3 49.3 49.5 32.7 32.6 18.8 30.4 43.1 58.4 19.7 19.7 22.1 21.8 40.4 41.8 68.8 74.6 29.2 25.4 24.9 19.6 20.2 20.2 7.5 8.6 8.5 8.5 10.4 10.9 3.0 3.8 3.6 4.9 9.8 7.4 5.3 3.2 3.9 13.6 13.5 13.5 14.9 16.1 16.1 17.6 17.2 16.5 16.8 29.7 27.5 51.3 22.7 26.5 23.3 63.0 22.7 25.5 28.3 69.0 28.5 25.2 25.3 21.9 21.5 21.4 8.1 8.8 8.9 7.6 9.3 10.3 2.9 3.6 3.2 4.4 9.0 7.8 9.3 8.1 5.9 5.8 5.3 12.1 11.0 11.1 16.1 15.3 15.4 17.5 18.2 17.8 16.9 29.6 47.1 57.5 18.4 21.6 38.9 71.9 18.6 21.3 40.6 72.5 28.9 24.8 24.8 21. 8 22.2 22.0 9.0 9. 5 9.8 7.4 9.5 10.7 2.Ò 1.8 2.4 2.5 29.5 24.8 24.7 9. 8 10.0 9.8 7.4 8.5 8.8 7.1 9.7 10.5 2.Ö 3.0 3.9 3.7 6.6 9.4 8.4 6.4 6.4 5.2 14.4 11.9 12. 3 19. 5 18. 2 18.2 22.0 21.5 21.3 3.6 4.9 4.7 4.8 5.3 3.2 14.0 12.7 12.7 13.6 13.3 13.4 18.5 16.5 16.9 9.3 17.9 29.2 38.5 49.6 18.6 22.5 35.4 66.8 1P er p ound. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [269] 19.0 22.7 35.4 68.9 7.4 17.4 30.6 21.0 49.0 21.3 25.5 25.0 62.5 21.8 25.3 22.0 62.9 8.0 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW , 40 T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S A rticle. U nit. Peoria, 111. O m aha N ebr. Norfolk, Va. June May June 15, 15, 15, 1921. 1922. 1922. June 1 5 — 1913 1921 C ts . May June June May June 15, 15, 15, 15, 15. 1922. 1922. 1921. 1922. 1922. C ts. C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . Sjrinin <?t,eak ................... Round st-o.ak ............. R ib ro ast.................... ......... f'Vhllc'k' racist ..................... Pl&tp Ttppf ______ P o u n d .......... ........do............ ........do............ ........do............ ___do............ 42.5 37.0 34.8 22.0 16.1 38.1 31.3 30.5 18.5 13.3 38.1 32.0 30.1 18.5 12.9 25.1 22.0 18.1 16.1 10.4 36.5 33.3 26.8 20.6 11.5 33.0 30.5 24.6 18.8 10.5 35.8 33.1 24.9 19.1 10.5 34.9 33.3 25.6 21.9 14.4 ai. o 32.0 24. 0 20.2 12.5 34.3 32.8 24.2 20.1 12.1 P ork phops PftC^Tl __________ .... .................... TTJl.TTl RamT> .......................... TTpt)S ........do............ ........do............ ........do............ ........do............ ........do............ 33.5 41. 0 44.3 40.0 41.4 31.8 35.1 43.7 40.6 37.1 32.3 36.3 45.0 40.9 38.0 18.7 27.5 29.0 17.8 17.6 31.9 52.4 52.6 32.9 32.9 31.8 46.3 55.0 40.0 31.6 31.0 46.3 55.4 40.8 31.3 30.5 46.0, 50.7 35.6 33.4 31.2 42.0 51.7 36.5 34.2 30.1 42.7 52.0 35.0 33.1 Salmon pannod. rod. __ ................... Milk frPsTi Milk pvap o r a t e d ............. Blltt-Pr ......................... O leom argarine................... ........do............ Q u a rt............ 15-16 oz.can. P o u n d .......... ........do............ 33.5 20.0 14.0 44.9 25.0 29.8 17.0 10.3 47.8 27.0 29.4 17.0 10.3 46.4 27.0 37.'6 11.9 14.4 37.5 29.6 33.2 11.0 10.8 41.6 29.8 3a s 11.0 10.7 42.2 28.8 35.4 12.5 14.9 37.9 29.1 33.1 10.4 11.0 41.6 27.4 3a 5 10.2 10.9 41.2 27.6 M ut m argarine ................. r,h pp,se .......................... ................................ Bard Prison ................... . Mgcrc; strip,t.ly fresh............ ........do............ ....... do............ ........do............ ........do............ D ozen........... 25.0 27.1 16.8 19.6 33.1 27.5 26.8 16.7 21.3 32.9 27.8 28.2 17.0 21.0 34.1 26.9 29.7 18.2 22.0 26.8 27.9 29.9 19.6 24.3 28.6 28.2 30.0 19.4 24.6 29.2 27.3 29.7 16.7 23.1 26.1 27.0 30.2 16.6 22.7 2a 5 26.5 30.6 17.3 23.4 2a 3 Broad ................................ Flour .................................. Porn m pal ..................... Rnl]pd oats ..................... Porn fl a k p s ...... .................. P o u n d .......... ........do ........... ___do............ ........do............ 8-oz. Dkg___ 9.7 6.1 3.9 10.1 12.0 7.9 5.2 3.2 7.9 9.4 7.9 5.1 3.2 8.0 9.5 11.1 5.1 4.4 11.2 14.1 9.8 4.7 3.5 10.1 10.6 9.8 4.7 3.5 10.4 10.8 10.5 5.9 4.0 11.1 13.8 8.9 5. i 3.5 8.8 10.0 a6 5.2 3.7 8.8 10.0 Pr pam of TVheat........... ..... Map.arnni ......................... RifiP _______________ Rpqns navy P ot a t ops _______ - ___ 28-oz.pkg___ P o u n d .......... ........do............ ___do............ ........do............ 28.8 19.8 10.0 8.2 3.5 24.8 19.8 9.8 9.8 3.6 25.7 20.0 9.8 10. 1 3.4 31.0 20.6 8.2 7.6 2.4 26.1 20.4 9.0 10.2 2.9 26.3 20.5 9.0 11.2 3.4 30. 6 20.1 8.8 7.2 1.8 27.3 20.0 10.0 10.0 2.7 27.3 20.0 10.3 13.0 3.7 ........do______ Onjons Pablvagn ..................... ___do............ B eans baked ................. No. 2 can__ Porn nan n o d ..................... ........do............ Poas pan n o d ..................... ........do............ 6.6 3.9 11.8 17.1 21.1 10.2 4.1 10.3 14.5 19.7 8.6 2.9 10.5 14.7 19.2 6.7 6.6 17.1 14.3 14.8 9.8 5.5 14.9 15.7 16.6 8.4 5.3 15.9 16.4 16.4 6.0 6. 8 14.9 14.8 16.3 10.9 7. 0 8.6 ia i 14.5 16.8 13.1 14.8 16.8 Tom atoes, panned______ ........do............ Sugar, g ra n u la te d ............. P o u n d _____ Tea ......................... ........do............ Coiïee......................... ........do............ 11.2 7.5 82.8 40.2 12.9 6.4 73.8 36.8 12.9 6.5 74.6 35.9 11.5 8.1 74.6 37.8 14.7 7.0 70.6 38.5 14.8 7.3 72. i 40.0 11.9 8.3 64.6 34.3 15.3 7.2 61. 7 34.3 15.5 7.6 61.7 34.4 Primps ........ ................ .. R aisins................................. Bananas ......................... Oranges ............. .............. 17.5 32.0 38.6 49.4 19.5 23.6 34.1 61.2 19.6 23.3 33.6 60.9 ........do............ ........do............ D ozen........... ........do............ 7.9 34.0 22.3 17.3 22.8 5.2 2.8 2.3 8.5 1.8 5.7 56. ( 30.0 19.9 20.8 20.8 23.8 22.4 22.9 33.7 27.4 27.5 32.0 26.5 26.3 <12.9 <10.0 *10.1 <12.3 <10.5 <10. 2 55.0 46.0 56.1 60.8 47.9 61. i T he steak for w hich prices are here quoted is called “ sirloin” in th is city, h u t in m ost of th e other cities included in th is report i t w ould be know n as “ porterhouse” steak. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 41 R ETA IL P R IC E S OF FOOD, O F FO O D F O R 51 C IT IE S ON C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D D A T E S —C ontinued. Philadelphia, Pa. June 15— P ittsburgh, Pa. P o rtland, Me. Portland, Oreg. Providence, R . I. Ju n e 15— Ju n e 15— May June June May June May June M ay June 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1921. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1913 1921 1913 1921 1913 1921 C ts . C ts . May June C ts . 130.0 150.0 146.7 25.4 41.3 37.5 22.3 34.9 31.2 17.6 20,8 19.4 12.3 11.9 10.2 20.8 27. i 31.6 21.4 23.2 C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts. C ts . 27.2 23.7 22.0 17.0 11.5 44.2 .37.6 33.0 22.5 11.4 C ts . C ts . C ts . 147.5 39.0 31.9 19.9 10.3 40.4 33.0 30. 1 20.0 10.6 C ts . 40.8 457.6 155.C 155. 2 34.0 45.7 43.4 44.6 30. 0 30.0 27.9 28.0 20.7 19.4 18.6 18.6 10.2 16.0 13.6 14.6 23.5 21.2 19.5 16.9 13.9 31.0 28.6 26.3 18.2 13.8 29.6 26.4 25.3 18.2 13.6 30.1 27.2 25.6 18.5 13.5 22.0 29.0 29.6 21.4 24.8 21.6 30.6 30.8 18.1 20.0 C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . 139.6 165.3 1 61.9 1 63.0 31.0 49.6 44.5 45.3 23.8 37.2 34.1 34.2 18.8 28.9 24.4 24.7 19.1 16.3 16.3 36.4 38.5 54.5 39.8 44.4 36.7 37.7 57.7 42.3 42.0 37.1 37.8 58.1 42.1 42.0 34.6 45. 5 54.5 37.7 43.6 33.7 40.5 56.1 41.6 42.7 33.8 40.9 56.7 39.8 42.2 36.5 40.3 49.4 36.9 48.9 37.3 36.9 57.0 39.9 45.0 35.0 36.8 57.6 40.1 43.8 34.4 46.3 48.3 26.7 33.0 31.0 45.6 49.7 34.8 36.7 31.8 45.9 31.1 33.8 34.5 38.7 37.0 57.0 41.7 47.6 39.6 35.7 57.3 44.9 43.7 36.4 35.5 57.6 43.2 42.4 31. 4 8.0 11.0 13.9 39.7 46.5 29.0 28.2 11.0 11.0 51.0 28.3 28.6 36.8 11.0 8.6 14.0 11.0 13. 5 50.2 36.7 42.2 28.0 27.9 29. 4 12.0 10.2 45.2 24.9 29.2 12.0 10.1 45. 5 25.0 35.5 15.5 14.7 45.8 34.7 28.7 13.0 12.1 49.4 30.8 28.8 42.0 13.0 9.3 13.0 11.9 12.9 49.5 35.0 38.2 30.5 28.3 41.8 11.8 11.6 42.9 29.5 41.8 39.9 11.8 9.0 15.0 11.5 14.2 45.5 36.2 41.3 29.0 32.3 32.2 13.0 11.6 46.2 30.0 31.7 13.0 11.6 45.5 29.8 26.0 24.5 25.3 25.3 34.8 24.5 31.0 30.9 31. i 15.9 15.5 13.5 15.0 15.2 20.6 20.1 20.0 20.8 35.6 25.5 34.7 33.1 34.8 27.8 31.7 15.4 22.1 44.5 27.8 33.7 17.2 22.5 39. 0 27.9 27.4 27.9 27.7 27.5 31.7 20.5 29.7 33.3 33.1 21.7 29.9 17.4 18.2 21.6 19.8 20.0 15.2 15.5 22.6 24.2 25.0 24. 8 21.7 39.8 26.3 30.5 26.4 27.6 32.8 48.9 27.6 31.8 16.5 22.5 42.5 27.5 30.7 16.6 22.6 42.7 8.2 10.0 5.2 6.1 4.2 4.8 8.9 7.7 9.5 12.5 9.1 5. 5 3.9 7.0 9.9 8.9 5.9 3.8 9.4 9.8 8.9 5.8 3.8 9.4 9.8 27.3 26.5 25.6 34.6 33.9 15.3 14.5 15.5 19.6 20.5 27.7 36. 5 35.4 4.8 3.2 2.7 9.0 5.9 4.4 9.2 11.0 8.7 5.3 3.6 7.8 9.3 8.7 5.4 3.6 8.0 9.5 5.4 3.2 2.7 9.4 5.8 4.4 10.8 11.6 8.1 5.3 4.1 9.1 9.5 9.4 5.5 3.9 6.8 9.8 5.6 2.9 3.3 21.8 23.4 32. 3 20.0 24.8 9.5 9.4 9.4 5.1 4.8 4.8 4.7 3.4 3.4 9.4 9.3 10.0 13.7 11.3 11.6 5.9 10.6 3.5 6.4 2.8 4.8 10.4 12.2 32.0 28.7 28.6 17.8 17.5 17.4 9,4 10.3 10.2 6.9 9.0 9.2 6.6 1.8 2.0 1.9 30.0 23.0 9.3 10.1 8.1 1.8 1.6 26.4 26.3 22.5 22.5 9.6 9.5 9.9 10.4 2.4 2.7 5.7 6.0 13.9 18.1 19.9 9.3 8.8 5.9 4.8 12.5 12.8 17.4 17.3 20.1 20.4 10.6 13.0 13.0 11.1 13.6 13.4 219.3 223.1 222.4 313.8 315.5 315.5 13.1 4.9 7.2 5.8 6.4 5. 5 7.7 6.5 6.9 7.8 6.6 7.1 6.2 8.6 7.1 7.5 5.0 7.6 54.0 61.6 59.8 60.3 58.0 77.0 76.3 76.3 58.1 57.0 56.8 55.0 64.7 62.2 61.9 48.3 60.3 25.0 29.9 30.7 31.0 30.0 35.8 36.2 36.2 39.1 38.8 39.8 35.0 38.0 36.9 37.2 30.0 39.4 14.2 14.4 6.4 6.8 60.1 60.1 39.5 40.1 28.4 24.9 24.9 21.8 21.2 21.0 9.5 10. 2 10.0 8.0 9.0 9.8 2.5 3.4 4.0 4.6 9.8 ..... 29.6 25.4 25.5 29.8 26.5 25.9 22.6 21.1 20.9 23.8 24.0 23.9 9.8 9.5 9.6 10. 2 10.4 10.6 7.2 9.6 10.9 7.6 9.7 10.5 1.7 3.3 2.7 3.8 1.3 2.0 1.9 9.2 5.1 8.2 6.5 5.1 5.3 4.5 12.7 11.6 11.8 15.2 14.7 15.0 15.9 16.7 16.7 17.4 28.8 38. 8 55 3 17.3 23.0 32.7 68.9 17.9 22.4 32.9 69.8 2 No. 3 can. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 6.3 9.1 8.0 6.3 9.9 8.0 7.0 5.8 4.9 6.3 6. 1 5.1 14.2 12.5 12.8 16.9 15.3 15.4 15. 1 14.6 14.2 17.0 16.0 15.8 16.2 15.4 15.5 19.0 20.5 20.8 20.4 28.5 47.0 53.9 21.2 24.8 41.8 62.1 20.7 24.3 42.5 62.7 17.0 19.4 19.3 29.5 22.5 21.9 413.0 410. 2 410.5 54.8 69.8 75.6 3 No. 24 can. [271] 8.6 3.2 5.3 18.9 18.9 17.8 9.1 30.0 414.0 50.3 11.3 6.9 6.2 6.0 17.5 17.3 17.7 17.7 18.3 18.4 18.3 19.0 24.6 24.6 413.6 413.7 59.7 56.7 4 P er pound. 19.4 29.9 42.5 59.5 20.0 19.9 22.8 22.9 36.4 36.3 75.1 76.3 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW . 42 T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S St. Louis, Mo. Rochester, N. Y. R ichm ond, V a. A rticle. U n it. C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . Sirloin stea k ................................ P o u n d steak B ib roast. ........................... Chuck roast ............................ PI a,to hoof ................................ P o u n d .......... ........do ............ ........do ............ ........do ............ ........do ............ 21.8 19.6 18.9 15.3 12.3 41.3 37.2 32.2 24.8 19.1 39.2 39.2 34.0 34.4 30. 3 30. 0 23. 31 23. 0 17.2 17.2 39.5 34.8 30.2 23.8 12.6 35.9 30.9 26.6 21.4 11.6 37.6 33. 0 27.8 22.1 11.4 23.7 22. 2 18.3 14.3 10.7 37.0 35.0 30.0 19.1 12.8 33.0 30.2 26.5 18.9 12.8 33.5 30.6 26.1 18.5 12.8 P o rk ch o p s.................................. Paeon ...................................... H am ........................................... T,?\.m h .................................. TTon s .... ................................. ........do ............ ........do ............ ........do ........... ........d o ........... ........do............ 20.8 25.0 25.7 19.3 21.3 35.2 37.2 43. 2 42.5 40.4 34.4 35. 0 44.8 47.9 36.6 34.5 35. 7 47.2 44.3 37.1 36.6 34.9 48.8 36.2 44.2 36.7 31.5 50.4 39.2 42.1 36. 6 33.9 51.4 38.4 40.8 18.2 26. 0 27.3 18.0 18.5 30.5 40.1 48.9 32.9 35.2 30.5 39.6 49.4 38.8 33.7 29.0 39.8 50.8 35.0 32.6 1 16.9 i 14.5 i 14.2 . .d o ........... Salmon canned rod M ilk; frosh................................... Q u a rt........... 10.0 14.0 13.0 13.0 14.7 12.2 12.3 15-16 oz. can. Milk evaporated P u tte r .................................. P o u n d .......... 38.6 46.6 52.9 52. 4 31.3 30.1 30.2 ........do............ Ol enm argari n e 36.7 12.0 14.3 38.4 29.4 29.9 11.0 11.3 45.6 28.5 36.4 28.9 11.0 8.0 13.0 12.8 11.1 44.4 34.4 40.2 28.4 28.1 32.8 10.0 9.8 45.2 26.2 32.8 10.0 9.8 45.3 26.1 28.6 27.9 28.0 . .d o ........... “Mut m argari n e Cheese ...................................... ........do ............ 22.3 30.0 31.0 30.8 L ard ........................................... ........d o ........... 15.0 17.2 17.7 17.8 21.6 21.7 21.7 .. .d o ........... Cri sen Eggs, stric tly fresh.................... D ozen........... 25.0 33.5 33.7 33.9 25.8 29.5 16.0 18. 9 34.6 26.5 32.4 16.7 21.0 34.1 26.2 25.8 25.2 24.9 31.3 19.3 26.5 26.7 27.7 16.9 13.6 12.1 13.1 13.5 20.6 20.8 21.0 20.8 34.4 21.4 30.0 29.4 29.5 5.4 10.7 9.1 9.1 8.5 3.3 6.1 5.4 5.6 5.8 2.0 4.2 4.1 4.2 5.3 11.0 10.1 10.1 8.0 12.6 10.0 10.0 12.2 8.1 5.3 4.8 7.0 9.8 June 15— May June May June June May June 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922. 1922. 1921. 1922. 1913 1921 Ju n e 15— C ts . B re a d ............................................ F lour ........................................... Corn meal __ Polled oats Corn flakes.................................. P o u n d .......... ........do ............ ........do............ .. .d o ........... 8-oz. p k g ___ Cream of W h e a t......................... Macaroni R i c e ............................................. P ean s n a v y ___ P o tato es....................................... 30.8 27.1 27.1 29.2 25.0 28-oz. p k g . . . 23.2 21.7 21.3 2 0 .4 19. C P o u n d .......... ........do ........... 10.0 10.1 11.8 11.9 8.6 9.5 8.8 10.1 10.3 7.9 9.5 ___d o . . . . __ 2.1 3.1 4.1 4.9 1.0 2.3 ........do ........... Onions ...................................... ........do........... Cabbage ___do............ Pean,s baked No. 2 c a n __ Corn canned ___ do ............ Peas canned ........do ........... Tomatoes, c a n n e d ..................... Sugar, g ran u lated .................... T e a ............................................. Coffee ...................................... 25.0 19.1 9.6 10.8 3.2 11.7 9.2 6.8 10.3 8.6 5.7 2.2 6.5 6.1 5.1 11.9 12.2 11.9 11.3 11.3 15.5 15.5 15.7 15.3 15. 5 19.6 19.6 18.7 18.8 18.2 5.5 10.6 3.0 5.3 2.2 3.4 9.6 10.9 9.4 4.8 2.9 8.0 9.3 9.3 4.8 3.0 8.2 9.2 30.0 24.9 24.6 20.9 20.8 20. 5 8.0 8.9 9.1 6.8 9.6 11.1 1.7 3.8 3.2 4.4 8.3 4.8 7.8 7.0 4.9 4.9 4.7 12.0 11.0 11.4 14.9 14.9 14.7 15.9 16.6 16.3 10.4 13.9 14.1 11.6 12.8 12.8 11.5 13.4 13.5 ........do ........... P o u n d .......... 5. ( 7.1 6.7 7.1 7.3 6.3 6.7 5.1 7.5 6.5 6.9 ........do ........... 56.0 84.6 80.7 81.5 59.: 60. 1 60.9 55.0 69.7 68.1 67.5 ........do............ 26.8 36.7 36.1 35.9 33.9 32.9 33.3 24.3 32.5 34. 5 34.8 P runes .................................... ■. ........do............ R aisins .......................... ........do ........... P a n an a s .................................... D ozen......... O ranges..................................... ........do ........... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 6.8 3.1 11.5 15.0 20.5 8.1 5.3 4.7 7.0 9.6 21. 22.1 22.2 20. 31.4 23.1 22.9 30. 45. 37.1 37.1 44.9 47. 64. 66.3 48. i P in k . [272] 19.7 24.7 42.3 57. 20.1 19.0 20.9 21.2 30.8 24.9 26.0 23. C 41. ( ..... 37.1 31.7 32.0 57.9 ..... 47.2 56.8 56.5 43 RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD, OF FOOD FOR 51 CITIES ON CERTAIN SPECIFIED DATES—Continued. St. P au l, M inn. Ju n e 15— S alt L ake C ity, U ta h . San Francisco, Calif. S avannah, Ga. Scranton, Pa. Ju n e 15— Ju n e 15— Ju n e 15— Mav June May Ju n e Ju ne May June May Ju n e 15, 15, 15, 15, 15,1922. 192Ì 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1921. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1913 1921 1913 1921 1913 1921 May Ju n e C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts. C ts . 25.9 23.0 21.0 17.1 10.8 36.7 31.0 29.1 21.5 11.0 C ts . 35.5 30.5 28.6 20.9 10.1 22.9 20.0 19.9 15.7 12.0 31.2 28.1 25.5 19.8 13.4 C ts . 34.8 28.8 27.3 20.9 10.7 28.5 24.8 21.7 17.4 12.6 C ts . C ts . 20.7 19.0 21.0 14.6 13.3 29.9 27.8 27.7 18.1 14.1 C ts . C ts . 29.4 26.3 22.6 17.9 11.8 C ts . 30.9 28.0 28.5 19.1 14.4 30.7 27.7 28.2 18.6 13.5 34.2 30.0 26.1 19.0 16.7 30.9 27.1 25.0 18.0 15.4 30.7 27.9 25.3 17.7 15.8 25.8 21.5 23.5 17.5 12.1 49.8 40.2 35.6 26.2 12.7 47.3 37.3 34.9 24.7 10.9 47.4 36.8 35.1 25.2 10.8 18.9 26.7 28.3 19.1 20.3 30.2 44.2 47.8 32.5 31.0 33.8 41.1 50.6 37.7 32.9 33.4 42.2 51.7 36.6 30.3 23.1 31.7 30.7 18.8 24.3 34.4 45.8 46.5 29.8 37.0 32.3 39.7 49.7 33.9 35.8 33.8 40.0 49.7 33.6 34.1 23.7 33.9 30.0 16.7 23.4 37.9 55.0 53.3 29.9 41.3 38.7 52.5 56.2 34.7 40.5 38.8 54.3 57.9 35.4 39.5 33.8 41.1 42.5 40.0 34.3 31.1 35.5 41.8 40.8 33.1 31.7 35.6 43.5 39.0 33.5 20.0 27.5 31.0 20.0 24.2 38.1 41.4 53.0 44.0 48.4 37.5 43.1 57.3 46.8 46.5 38.2 43.5 57.7 45.7 45.1 39.6 6.4 10.0 14.2 32.9 34.6 29.1 36.8 10. 0 11.6 40.0 26.8 36.2 38.1 35.0 33.9 32.9 10.0 8.7 12.5 9.0 9.0 iü.Ô 14.6 11.9 12.7 10.7 10.5 12.2 40.6 34.4 38.8 40.7 43.7 34.6 46.6 28.7 35.0 24.6 27.9 13.0 10.1 45.1 26.7 27.8 13.0 10.1 48.8 26.3 42.0 20.0 13.4 41.2 34.2 36.6 18.0 10.2 45.9 30.9 36.3 41.5 18.0 8.4 12.5 10.2 13.7 45.7 35.3 39.3 30.2 29.3 37.6 12.0 11.3 44.8 25.8 36.9 12.0 11.3 44.2 26.0 27.3 26.3 28.9 28.8 29.6 23.3 25.3 26.6 27.3 19. Ò 17.4 19.2 18.5 19.0 18.8 18.4 24.3 26.0 25.1 25.3 30.2 24.4 30.3 28.1 28.1 29.6 27.2 33.8 19.3 24.0 30.5 27.4 33.7 19.2 24.1 32.6 28.5 28.7 15.6 19.3 34.9 27.5 27.9 17.8 20.1 33.1 27.4 27.4 28.5 18.3 28.9 17.7 15. 6 16.6 20.3 21.4 33.0 26.5 37.2 26.5 30.6 17.7 22.0 34.5 21.0 30.0 17.8 22.3 35.1 9.6 8.5 8.5 10.6 6.3 5.4 5.4 6.3 5.2 4.6 4.5 3.0 10.5 9.6 9.5 11.1 12.7 10.5 10.7 11.8 8.7 5.7 2.6 8.6 8.9 26.9 26.2 Ó 28.2 30.0 15.0 16.1 16.8 23.8 24.3 22.5 28.2 29.5 21. 5.9 3.1 2.5 9.5 9.3 9.3 5.8 5.5 5.4 4.5 3.5 3.7 9.1 8.7 8.6 13.8 10.0 10.0 5.9 2.6 3.3 9.8 9.4 9.5 3.7 3.5 3.5 4.3 3.6 3.5 9.5 9.7 9.7 14.4 12.6 12.5 5.9 3.4 3.4 25.6 26.5 19.3 21.8 33.4 C ts . 5.6 10.2 3.5 6.7 7.7 11.0 12.7 9.4 9.2 5.8 5.8 6.1 6.2 9.9 9.8 10.2 10.2 29.6 24.0 9.6 9.8 i. 7 2.6 26.9 27.1 23.2 23.2 9.8 9.8 10.3 10.8 3.0 3.8 5.7 5. 9 13.6 16.3 17.3 9.4 8.5 fi 2 Ft 1 12.5 12.4 16.9 16.6 17.2 17.2 13.5 14.0 14.8 10.6 14.1 14.1 *11.3 213.8 213. 5 10.3 12.4 12.6 11.6 5.4 8.4 6.9 7.5 5.9 8.8 7.8 8. 1 5.3 8.0 6.5 6.9 7.4 6.2 6.8 5.3 7.9 45. 0 71.5 63.5 65.0 65.7 82. 5 80.9 78.1 50.0 58.8 56.7 56.7 69.7 66.5 66.5 52.5 62.4 30.0 40.8 40.0 39.6 35.8 46.2 44.1 44.1 32.0 34.9 34.9 35.2 31.2 31.3 31.9 31.3 39.3 13.8 13.8 6.8 6.9 59.7 59.7 37.5 37.7 29.8 26.2 26.2 19.2 18.5 18.6 8.8 9.4 9.6 8.6 9.7 10.3 Ó.9 1.3 2.7 2.7 io.ò 4.8 6.5 17.8 16.6 16.3 19.5 32.5 313.2 53.5 11.9 5.8 14.0 15.0 16.3 ...... 32.7 26.3 26.6 21.8 21.3 21.2 8.3 8.8 8.8 ...... 9.0 9.3 9.2 1.2 2.1 2.0 2.3 8.2 10.2 5.2 14.0 14.5 16.3 21.8 22.3 27.0 26.7 . . . . 3 11.3 3 11.4 66.9 67.7 4.6 7.4 17.5 16.8 16.0 11.0 8.2 6.0 5.7 17.0 17.0 14.9 14.8 15.7 15.9 15.8 19.7 20.4 25.2 25.3 317.8 3 16.1 317. 5 46.5 51.3 54.8 _ 30.2 ..... 28.9 24.9 24.9 29.7 25.5 25.1 14.3 12.8 12.9 20.1 18.6 18.7 8.9 8.9 8.8 7.8 8.4 8.6 6.8 8.3 8.8 9.6 10.4 10.8 2. Ì 3.2 3.3 4.0 3.1 3.3 3.6 8.5 1.9 9.4 4.8 6.6 3.2 17.0 Î5.Ô 14.8 13.6 17.9 16.6 16.7 15.3 18.9 18.0 17.8 17.7 15.6 29.4 42.9 47.8 * No. 2£can. 2476°— 22------4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 8.7 5.6 2.7 8.1 8.9 18.6 22.2 39.3 60.0 19.1 22.4 37.9 60.4 18.3 31.0 44.5 58.1 10.4 9.0 4. 8 4. 8 12.3 12.3 14.1 14.5 17.2 16.9 18.9 22.8 27.9 69.0 19.1 22.9 31.4 86.0 » Per pound. [273] 8.5 17.2 30.6 37.6 49.1 18.5 24.6 35.3 64.1 18.6 24.7 35. 6 66.1 44 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. T able 5.—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S O F FO O D F O R 51 C IT IE S ON C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D D A T E S—Concluded. Seattle , W ash. Article. U nit. June 15— — 1913 1921 Springfield, 111. W ashington, D. C. May June June May June June 15— May June 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15. 15, 1922. 1922. 1921. 1922. 1922. 1913 1921 1922. 1922. C ts. C ts. C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . Sirloin s te a k ...................... P o u n d .......... R ou n d ste a k ..................... ........d o ........... R ib ro a s t........................... 1........d o ........... Chuck ro a st.......................: ........d o ........... P la te beef.......................... ........d o ........... C ts . C ts. C ts . C ts. C ts . 23. 8 21.5 20.« 16.8 13.0 32.3 29.1 26.4 18.1 13.8 31. 4 27.8 24.7 17.7 13.8 31.5 27.6 25.4 17.2 13.4 38.3 36.8 25.1 21.0 13.9 33.9 33.2 22.7 19.6 13.2 33. 9 33.5 23.2 20.6 13.4 27. 5 23.9 21.6 17.9 12.1 47.0 41.2 36.1 24.9 14.7 42.1 35.3 34.2 22.4 12.9 42. 2 36.9 33.5 23.1 13. 3 P ork chops........................ Bacon.................................. H a m ................. . ................ L a m b .................................. H ens.......................... ......... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... ........d o ........... 24.2 31.7 30. 8 20.8 24.3 35.8 53.1 52.6 29.3 33.9 34.5 50.7 53. 8 35.0 36.4 34.4 51.3 53. 9 34.3 34.9 32.8 40.3 48.9 35.0 36. 0 31.6 38.3 51.1 40.7 34. 3 31.2 39.0 52.1 40.6 34. 3 20.9 26.8 30. 0 20.9 22.6 37.9 37.7 40.8 37.4 57.2 42.7 46.8 44. 4 41.6 37.9 37.2 58. 3 43.9 41.6 Salm on, canned, re d ___ Milk, fresh........................ Milk’ e vaporated............. B u tte r................................ Oleom argarine.................. ........d o ........... Q u a rt............ 8.5 15-16 oz. can P o u n d .......... 35.0 ........d o ........... 34.8 12. 0 12.2 38. 7 25.7 30.9 12.0 10.3 43.5 27.5 31.0 12.0 10.3 44. 9 27.5 40.7 12.5 15. 2 40.9 29. 2 34.5 11. 1 11.6 43.9 28.3 33.9 37. 5 11. 1 8.0 13.7 11.4 14.3 44.3 37.4 42. 6 27.8 28. 8 N u t m arg arin e................. ........d o ........... C h e e s e . .......................... ........d o ........... L a rd .................................... ........d o ........... Crisco.............................. .. ........d o ........... Eggs, strictly fresh.......... Dozen ___ B read.................................. P o u n d .......... F lo u r................................... ........d o ........... C orn m eal.......................... ........d o ........... Rolled o a ts........................ ........d o ........... C om flakes......................... 8-oz. p k g ___ C ream of W h eat............... 28-oz. p k g . . . M acaroni............................ P o u n d . . R ice................................. . . ........d o ........... Beans, n a v y ...................... ........d o ........... P o ta to e s............................. ........d o ........... O nions................................ ........d o ........... C abbage............................. ........d o ........... Beans,“b a k e d .................... No. 2 can__ Corn, c an n e d ..................... ........d o ........... P eas’ c an n e d ..................... ■........d o ........... Tom atoes, can n ed __ ........d o ........... Sugar, g ra n u la te d ............ P o u n d .......... T e a ...................................... ........d o .......... Coflee.................................. ........d o ........... P ru n es................................ ........d o ........... R aisins................................ ........d o ........... B an a n a s............................. D ozen........... Oranges.............................. ........d o ........... 21.7 17.7 28.5 5.5 2.9 3.1 7.7 1.1 5.9 50.0 28.0 25.7 28.3 28.1 26. 9 27.4 27.1 29.3 32.0 31.3 30.1 32.7 32.5 19. 9 18.6 18. 6 15.9 16. 8 17. 0 23.1 25.1 25.3 22. 2 22.4 22. 8 31.8 30. 8 31. 2 27. 8 29. 8 29. 3 9.9 9.9 9.9 10.4 9.7 9. 6 5.2 5.2 5. 0 6.1 5. 6 5. 5 4.6 3.7 3.7 4.4 4.2 4.0 9.0 8. 6 11. 1 10. 2 10. 4 8.5 13.7 11.8 11.5 14.3 10.1 10.1 30.7 26.9 27.0 30.5 27.4 27.6 18. 5 18. 8 18.9 22. 4 20. 2 20. 3 9. 4 10. ! 10.3 9. 6 10. 6 11.0 9.2 7.0 9. 6 7.5 10. 7 12. 8 2.2 2.3 3. 0 3. 9 2.1 2.8 6. 8 12 1 10. 8 8. 0 3. 4 11.9 6. 6 7 1 6 4 6. 5 6. 5 8. 4 17. 4 16.1 16.0 15. 0 13.3 13. 4 16.9 17.5 17.4 14.7 14 6 14 6 17.2 18.6 18. 7 16. 7 17 0 17 3 112.4 115.4 115.4 12.0 15.5 15.4 8.7 7.1 7.5 8.4 7.3 7.8 64.5 63. 8 64. 2 77 5 73 0 72 5 37.4 39.2 39. 0 36 5 36 5 35 5 16.4 21.3 21.4 20.9 20. 7 20 Q 30.3 24.5 24.5 33 7 24 8 25 6 216.9 215.0 215.0 211. 9 2 9 8 2 9 8 41.7 59.0 60.6 50.7 56.0 64.2 29. 7 13. 0 10. 9 49. 0 26. 9 30.3 13. 0 11.1 48.5 26.4 28.2 26. 7 22. 8 31.5 32. 6 14.8 15. 7 16. 7 20.9 21 7 25 6 35 4 35 7 5. 7 10. 2 8 6 3. 8 6. 3 5 6 2.5 3.7 3.6 11. 4 Q 4 11.9 q Q 29.1 25 4 22 4 29 9 9.6 10 2 Q Q 7 9 9 7 1.9 3 3 4 2 7 1 io 7 5 5 52 12. 5 11 2 14 0 14 6 15 5 17 6 11.3 12.9 4.9 7.6 6.5 57 5 74 0 79 9 28.8 33 6 39 q 20 8 9.1 5 30 1 94 3 44 7 3 7 2 51.7 68.2 26. 2 33 2 16. 9 21.8 35 7 87 5 5 3.5 q 3 9. 6 25.7 21 8 10 1 10 8 4 4 8 8 4 2 11 7 14 9 16 q 13.1 6.8 79 2 33 3 91 2 94 3 36 5 65.6 2 p e r pound. 1 No. 2 j can. Comparison of Retail Food Costs in 51 Cities. rT’ABLE 6 shows for 39 cities the percentage of increase or decrease 1 in the retail cost of food 7 in June, 1922, compared w ith the average cost in the year 1913, in June, 1921, and in May, 1922. F or 12 other cities comparisons are given for the one-year and the onem onth periods. These cities have been scheduled by the bureau a t different dates since 1913. These percentage changes are based on actual retail prices secured each m onth from retail dealers and on the average family consumption of these articles in each city.8 7 For list of articles, see note 2, p . 24. s The consum ption figure used from Jan u ary , 1913, to D ecember, 1920, for each article in each city is iven in th e Monthly labor R eview for Novem ber, 1918, p p . 94 and 95. The consum ption figures w hich ave been used for each m o n th beginning w ith January, 1921, are given in th e Monthly L abor R eview for March, 1921, p . 26. g https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [274] 45 RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD. Effort has been made by the bureau each m onth to ha^e perfect reporting cities. For the m onth of June 99.2 per cent of all the firms reporting in the 51 cities sent in a report prom ptly. The fol lowing were perfect reporting cities; th a t is, every m erchant in the following-named 42 cities who is cooperating w ith the bureau sent in his report in time for his prices to be included in the city averages: A tlan ta, Baltim ore, Boston, Bridgeport, Buffalo, Charleston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Dallas, Denver, D etroit, Fall River, Indianapolis, Jacksonville, Kansas City, L ittle Rock, Los Angeles, M anchester, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Newark, New H aven, New York, Norfolk, Omaha, Peoria, Philadelphia, P ittsburgh, Portland, Me., Portland, Oreg., Providence, Richmond, Rochester, St. Louis, St. Paul, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Savannah, Scranton, and W ashington, D. C. The following sum m ary shows the prom ptness w ith which the m erchants responded in June: R E T A IL PRICE R E PO R T S R E C E IV E D D U R IN G JU N E . Geographical division. United States. Item. of reports received....................... Number of cities in each section from which South North Atlantic. Atlantic. North Central. South Central. Western. 100 99.7 96 99 8 13 2 5 99.2 100 14 42 T a b l e 6 . —PER C ENTA G E CHANGES IN TH E R E T A IL COST OF FOOD IN JU N E , 1922, COM PA R E D W ITH TH E COST IN MAY, 1922, JU N E , 1921, A N D W ITH T H E A V ER A G E COST IN T H E Y E A R 1913, B Y C ITIES. _____________ City. Atlii.Tlt.fl. B altim ore............ B irm in g h a m ___ Percent age in crease, June, 1922, compared w ith year 1913. C leveland........... flnlnm hiis 38 D e n v er................ D e tro it................ 41 31 48 Pflll R iver 40 In d ian ap o lis___ Jacksonville........ K ansas C ity....... L ittle R o ck ........ Los Angeles........ T^iniflvillp. 43 44 22 1 3 2 4 2 i1 1 2 2 New O rleans___ New Y o rk .......... N orfolk............... O m aha................. Peoria.................. 40 46 2 1 3 3 22 3 3 1 2 4 P h ilad e lp h ia ___ P ittsb u rg h .......... P o rtlan d , Me__ P o rtlan d , O reg.. Providence......... 44 39 2 3 21 1 3 1 i1 3 1 2 R ic h m o n d .......... R ochester........... St. Louis............. St. P a u l............... Salt Lake C ity . - 55 10.1 2 0.4 »0.2 0.3 San Francisco-.. S a v a n n a h ........... Scran to n ............. S e a ttle ................. Springfifield, 111. W a s h in g to n , D . C . . . . ........ 37 43 rVhiP.fl,gn 38 36 38 36 33 31 38 35 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis City. M ilw aukee.......... M inneapolis........ M obile................. N ew ark ............... New H a v en ........ 1 1 4 6 5 47 45 44 Percent age in crease, June, 1922, compared w ith year 1913. 0 1 i0 .2 10.4 2 41 45 43 39 B ridgepo rt.......... B uffalo................ ■Rnt.te Percent P ercent age in age de crease, crease, June, 1922, June, 1922, compared compared w ith June, w ith May, 1922. 1921. 4 2 1 5 3 1 Decrease. 2 Increase. [275] 37 37 42 28 41 42 22 47 35 50 P ercent age de crease, June, 1922, compared w ith June, 1921. 22 24 2 2 2 P ercent age in crease, June, 1922, com pared w ith May, 1922. 2 2 11 3 i 0.2 1 8 1 2 11 3 i 0.4 2 1 21 5 4 0.2 6 1 3 0.2 0.2 i 0.4 0.3 22 5 24 5 1 2 3 2 4 1 22 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 0.4 46 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Retail Prices of Coal in the United States.1 H E following table shows the average retail prices of coal on June 15, 1921, and on May 15, and June 15, 1922, for the U nited States and for each of the cities included in the total for the U nited States. Prices for coal are secured from the cities from which m onthly retail prices of food are received. In addition to the prices for Pennsylvania anthracite, prices are shown for Colorado, Arkansas, and New Mexico anthracite in those cities where these coals form any considerable portion of the sales for household use. The prices shown for bitum inous coal are averages of prices of the several kinds used. The coal dealers in each city are asked to quote prices on the kinds of bitum inous coal usually sold for household use. The prices quoted are for coal delivered to consumers, b u t do not include charges for storing the coal in cellar or coal bin where an extra handling is necessary. T A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O P COAL, P E R TO N O F 2,000 P O U N D S, F O R H O U S E H O L D U SE , ON JU N E 15, 1921, A N D ON MAY 15 A N D J U N E 15, 1922. 1921 1922 City, and k in d of coal. June 15. U n ite d S ta te s : P en n sy lv an ia an th racite— Stove................................................... C h e stn u t............................................ B itu m in o u s..................................................... A tla n ta , Ga.: B itu m in o u s.......................................... B altim ore, Md.: P en n sy lv an ia a n th racite— Stove...................................................... C h estn u t.............................................. B itu m in o u s............................... B irm ingham , A la.: B itu m in o u s............................... Boston, M ass.: Pen n sy lv an ia anth racite— Stove........................................... C h estn u t................................. B ridgeport. C onn.: P en n sy lv an ia an th racite— Stove........................................... C h estn u t......................... Buffalo, N. Y .: P en n sy lv an ia an th racite— Stove....................................... C h estn u t............................................ B u tte, M ont.: B itu m in o u s............................... C harleston, S. C.: Pen n sy lv an ia anth racite— Stove................................ C h estn u t................................ B itu m in o u s............................... Chicago, 111.: P en n sy lv an ia an th racite— Stove........................................... C h estn u t............................. B itu m in o u s............................... C incinnati, Ohio: P en n sy lv an ia a n th racite— Stove..................................... C h estn u t......................... B itu m in o u s.......................................... May 15. June 15. $14. 766 14.834 10.385 $14,844 14.901 9.504 8.813 7.058 14.500 o l4 .500 8.125 o l5 .000 014.750 7.750 n1K AA u 10. A uuu nu l1iA '7C / DA U 7.950 8.625 5.802 o. U48 15.000 15.000 15 000 15 000 1K. U AU AU A id 110. KA AA uuu a 14.000 14.000 ft. loo 1QK Ö 10. /OU 13. 750 12. 820 12.820 12. 813 12 813 12.003 11. 458 o l7 .000 o l7 .100 12.000 a 17. 000 14.990 15.140 8.634 Q1Q © ii. O/Q 01 «Id• Q «741 Q dfiß *7- SÖO 1O Old 010 14. 10 do 14. Old 1i i. 1 syu /4AA 17! . A ua L UA UA U a 17- 100 1 O AAA 14. U U U ]5 360 8 683 1 K Odo COO Id. t10. R 4A0CA U co. oO“ CC4t 1 K CAA 15.333 10. 0 U U 15. 750 15.667 6. 786 6.577 6.769 1 Prices of coal were formerly secured sem iannually a n d published in th e M arch an d Septem ber issues of t o P er io n o f ^ 2 4 0 ^ u m i s EW * S*nce ^Ulle, these prices have been secured a n d published m onthly. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [276] 47 RETAIL PRICES OE COAL. A V ER A G E R E T A IL PRICES OF COAL, P E R TON OF 2,000 PO U N D S, FO R H O U SE H O L D U SE, ON JU N E 15, 1921, A N D ON MAY 15 AN D JU N E 15, 1922. 1921 1922 City, a n d kind of coal. June 15. Cleveland, Ohio: Pennsylvania an th racite— Stove.......................................................................................... C h estn u t................................................................................... B itu m in o u s..................................................................................... Columbus, Ohio: Pennsylvania an th racite— C h estn u t................................................................................... B itu m in o u s..................................................................................... D allas, Tex.: A rkansas anthracite— E g g ............................................................................................ B itu m in o u s....................................................... ............................. Denver, Colo.: Colorado an thracite— Stove, 3 and 5 m ix e d ............................................................ Furnace, 1 a n d 2 m ix ed ........................................................ B itu m in o u s’ ................................................................................... D etroit, Mich.: Pennsylvania an th racite— Stove.......................................................................................... C h estn u t................................................................................... B itu m in o u s.................................................................................... F all River, Mass.: Pennsylvania anthracite— Stove........................................... ............................................. C h estn u t................................................................................... B itu m in o u s.............................................................................. H ouston, Tex.: B itu m in o u s..................................................................................... Indianapolis, Ind.: Pennsylvania anth racite— Stove....................................: .................................................... C h estn u t.................................................................................... B itu m in o u s........................................................................ Jacksonville, F la.: Pennsylvania a n th racite— Stove.................................................; ....................................... C h estn u t.................................................................. B itu m in o u s..................................................................................... K ansas City, Mo.: A rkansas an th racite— F u rn ac e .................................................................................... Stove, or No. 4 ........................................................................ B itu m in o u s..................................................................................... L ittle Rock, A rk.: A rkansas an th racite— E g g ............................................................................................. B itu m in o u s..................................................................................... Los Angeles, Calif.: B itu m in o u s..................................................................................... Louisville, K y.: B itu m in o u s..................................................................................... M anchester, N . H.: Pennsylvania a n th racite— Stove........................ . ............................................................. C h estn u t................................................................................. B itu m in o u s..................................................................................... Memphis, Tenn.: Pennsylvania anth racite— Stove.......................: ................................................................. C h estn u t.................................................................. B itu m in o u s..................................................................................... Milwaukee, W is.: Pennsylvania an th racite— Stove............. ........................................................................... C h estn u t.................................................................. B itu m in o u s..................................................................................... Minneapolis, Minn.: Pennsylvania anthracite— Stove.......................................................................................... C hestnut............................................................. B itum inous..................................................................................... Mobile, Ala.: B itu m in o u s..................................................................................... Newark, N. J.: Pennsylvania anthracite— Stove.......................................................................................... Chestnut................................................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [277] May 15. June 15. $14.125 14.138 8.517 $14.375 14. 438 7.956 $14.375 14. 438 8.014 15.000 7.567 14.750 6.645 14. 750 6. 750 17.084 14.000 18.125 15.154 16.300 14.692 16.100 16.100 10.882 15.917 15. 917 10.243 15.750 15.750 10.211 14.450 14.550 10.067 14.563 14.563 8.688 14.563 14.563 8. 844 15.250 15.083 11.500 15.250 15.000 9.000 15.250 15. 000 9.000 12.800 10.667 10.333 15. 250 15. 417 8.638 15. 625 15.667 6.989 15.625 15.667 7.182 16.000 16.000 12.250 17.500 17.500 13.000 17. 500 17.500 13.000 16.714 17.438 9.633 16. 286 17.063 8.766 16.429 17.063 8.734 16.000 11.808 15.000 12.067 15.000 11.688 18.000 18. 000 14.000 7.808 6.620 7.315 16.500 16.500 11.333 16.000 16.000 10.500 16.000 16.000 10.500 18.000 18.000 8.071 18.000 18.000 7.786 18.000 18. 000 7.786 15.900 15.900 10.644 15.980 15. 950 9.759 15.990 15.950 9. 620 17. 580 17.600 12.303 17.750 17.750 11.950 17.750 17.750 11.948 10.875 8.719 8.813 12. .500 12.500 12.750 12.750 12.750 12.750 48 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. A V ER A G E R E T A IL PRIC ES OF COAL, P E R TON OF 2,000 PO U N D S, FOR H O U SEH O LD U SE , ON JU N E 15, 1921, A N D ON MAY 15 A N D JU N E 15, 1922—Continued. 1922 1921 C ity, a n d k in d of coal. June 15. May 15. June 15. N ew H aven, Conn.: Pennsylvania a n th racite— $14,000 $14.000 $13.792 Stove.... ................................................................. 14.000 13.792 14.000 C h estn u t.................................................................................. New Orleans, La.: Pennsylvania anth racite— 16.750 17.000 16.500 Stove.......................... ............................................................. 16.833 17.000 16. 500 C h estn u t...... ........................................................................... 8.786 8.357 10. 250 B itu m in o u s.................................................................................... New Y ork, N . Y .: Pennsylvania an th racite— 13.142 13.142 13.242 S to v e ... . ............................................................................... 13.142 13.242 13.142 C h estn u t................................................................................... Norfolk, Va.: Pennsylvania anthracite— 14. 000 14.000 14.000 Stove.......................................................................................... 14.000 14.000 14.000 C h estn u t................................................................................... 9.429 9.619 11.464 B itu m in o u s..................................................................................... O m aha, N ebr.: Pennsylvania anthracite— 22.000 22.000 22.000 Stove.......................................................... ............................... 22.000 22.000 22.000 C h estn u t................................................................................... 11.857 12.281 11.857 B itu m in o u s..................................................................................... Peoria, 111.: Pennsylvania anthracite— 15.500 15.375 Stove .................................................................................... 15.500 15.250 15.500 C h estn u t................................................................................... 6.696 6.625 6.438 B itu m in o u s..................................................................................... Philadelphia, P a .: Pennsylvania an th racite— i 14. 094 114.094 1 13.938 Stove.......................................................................................... i 14. 094 1 14.094 1 13.938 C h estn u t................................................................................... P ittsb u rg h , P a.: Pennsylvania an th racite— i 15. 750 1 15.750 1 15.750 Stove.......................................................................................... i 15.667 1 15.667 1 15. 950 C h estn u t................................................................................... 6. 750 6. 750 7.250 B itu m in o u s..................................................................................... Portland, Me.: Pennsylvania an th racite— 15.120 15. 843 15.843 Stove.......................................................................................... 15.843 15.843 15.120 C h estn u t................................................................................... Portlan d , Oreg.: 13.194 13.194 13.100 B itu m in o u s................................................ .................................... Providence, R. I.: Pennsylvania an th racite— 3 15.000 3 15.000 3 15.000 S to v e ... .................................................................. ...... 3 15.000 3 15.000 3 15.000 C hestn u t........... ....................................................................... Richm ond, Va.: Pennsylvania anthracite— 14.250 14.250 13.750 Stove.......................................................................................... 14. 250 14. 250 13.750 C h estn u t..... .................................................................. 8.692 8.692 B itum inous..................................................................................... 10.447 Rochester, N . Y .: Pennsylvania anthracite— 13.183 13.450 S to v e ....................................................................................... 13.450 13.450 13.450 13.183 C h estn u t................................................................................... St. Louis, Mo.: Pennsylvania an thracite— 16.000 16.063 15.938 Stove.......................................................................................... 16. 250 16.125 16.188 C h estn u t.................................................................................. 6. 816 6.855 0.868 B itu m in o u s................................................................................. St. Paul, M inn.: Pennsylvania a n th racite— 17. 533 17.750 17.750 Stove.......................................................................................... 17. 567 17.750 17.750 C h estn u t................................................................................... 12.384 12.374 13.053 B itu m in o u s..................................................................................... S alt Lake City, Utah: Colorado an th racite— 19.300 19.125 19.125 Furnace, 1 a n d 2 m ix ed ........................................................ 20.000 20.000 20.000 Stove, 3 an d 5 m ix e d ............................................................. 8.580 8.567 9.250 B itu m in o u s...................................................................................... 1 Per ton of 2,240 pounds. 3 Fifty cents per ton additional is charged for binning. Most customers require binning or basketing the eoal into the cellar. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [278] 49 RETAIL PRICES OF COAL. A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F COAL, P E R TO N O F 2,000 PO U N D S, F O R H O U S E H O L D U SE , ON JU N E 15, 1921, AN D ON MAY 15 A N D JU N E 15, 1922—Concluded. t 1922 1921 City, and kind of coal. June 15. San Francisco, Calif.: New Mexico anthracite— Cerillos egg.............................................................................. Colorado anthracite— E g g ......................................................................................... Hi t,ii m ilions..... ............................. ............ Savannah, Ga.: Pennsylvania anthracite— Stove.......................................................................................... .................................................................. C h estn u t.... Bitum inous............................................................... . Scranton, Pa.: Pennsylvania anthracite— Stove.......................................................................................... Chestnut................................................................................... Seattle, Wash.: Bitum inous.................................................. - ................................. Springfield, 111.: Bitum inous..................................................................................... Washington, D. C.: Pennsylvania anthracite— Stove.......................................................................................... Chestnut................................................................................... Bitum inous...................................................................................... June 15. May 15. $26.500 $27.250 $27.250 26.000 18.455 26.250 18.038 26.250 18.038 117.100 117.100 112.767 1 16.100 1 16.100 110.100 1 16.100 1 16.100 1 10.100 9.517 9.517 9.700 9. 700 10,183 10'. 183 a 11.597 2 10.080 210.043 4.425 4.675 4.725 3 14.414 3 14.286 3 10. 068 3 14.679 » 14.607 3 8.871 3 14.629 3 14.607 3 8.854 1 All coal sold in Savannah is weighed b y th e city. A charge of 10 cents per to n or half to n is m ade. This additional charge has been included in th e above prices. 2 Prices in zone A. T he cartage charges in Seattle range from $1.75 to $3.15, according to distance. s P er to n of 2,240 pounds. Retail Prices of Gas in the United States.1 H E following table shows for 51 cities the net price for the first 1,000 cubic feet of gas used for household purposes. Prices are, in m ost cases, for m anufactured gas, b u t prices for natu ral gas have also been quoted for those cities where it is in general use. For Los Angeles prices are given for n atural and m anufactured gas, mixed. The prices shown do not include any extra charge for service. T N E T P R IC E F O R T H E F IR S T 1,000 CUBIC F E E T O F GAS, F O R H O U S E H O L D U SE , ON A P R IL 15 O F EA C H Y E A R , 1913 TO 1920, AN D ON MAY 15, S E P T E M B E R 15, AN D D EC EM B E R 15, 1921, A N D M ARCH 15 AN D JU N E 15, 1922, B Y C IT IE S . Apr. City. 15, 1913. A pr. A pr. A pr. A pr. A pr. A pr. A pr. May Sept. Dec. Mar. June 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1921. 1921. 1922. 1922. A tla n ta , G a ................ $1.00 $ 1 .00 $1 .0 0 $1.00 $ 1 .00 $1.00 $1.15 $1.15 $1.90 $1.65 $1.65 $1.65 .92 .92 .92 .75 .75 .75 .75 .8 0 .7 5 .7 5 .8 0 B altim ore, M d........... .9 0 .88 .88 .88 .88 .95 .95 .9 5 .95 .9 5 .9 5 .9 5 B irm ingham , A la__ 1.00 .8 0 .85 1.02 1.07 1. 42 1.35 1.34 1. 34 B oston, M ass............. .8 2 .8 2 .8 0 .8 0 Bridgeport, C onn___ 1.00 1.0 0 1 .0 0 1.0 0 1 .0 0 1.00 1.10 1.10 H .30 1.60 1.60 1.60 Buffalo, N . Y ............ 1.00 B u tte, M ont............... 1 .5 0 C harleston, S. C ........ 1.1 0 Chicago, 111.............. .8 0 Cleveland, O hio........ .8 0 1 .0 0 1 .5 0 1 .1 0 .8 0 .8 0 1.0 0 1 .5 0 1.1 0 .8 0 .8 0 1.0 0 1 .5 0 1 .1 0 .8 0 .8 0 1 .0 0 1 .5 0 1 .0 0 .8 0 .8 0 1.00 1. 50 1.10 .755 .80 1.45 1.50 1.10 .94 .80 1.45 1. 50 1.25 .90 .80 1.45 2.10 1.55 1. 29 .80 1.45 2.10 1.55 1.29 .80 1.45 2.10 1.55 1.29 .80 1.45 2.10 1. 55 1.20 .80 $1.65 .92 .88 1.32 1.50 1.45 2.10 1.55 1.20 .80 .95 .95 .95 .95 .95 .95 .95 .8 0 .85 D enver, Colo.............. .8 5 .8 0 .8 0 .8 0 .85 .79 .79 .85 .85 .79 .79 .7 5 .75 D etroit, M ich............. .7 5 .7 5 .7 5 .7 5 1.15 .95 1.05 1. 25 1.15 1. 15 1.15 .8 0 .8 0 .95 F all R iver, Mass....... .8 0 .8 0 .8 0 1.09 H ouston, T e x ............ 1.00 1 .0 0 1.0 0 1.00 1.0 0 1.00 1.00 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 .90 .90 .60 .90 .90 1.20 .60 . 55 .55 Indianapolis, I n d __ .6 0 .55 .55 .55 1 R etail prices of gas have heretofore been secured in A pril of each year a n d published in th e J u n e issues of th e Monthly L abor R eview . For 1921, prices on gas w ere secured in May, Septem ber, a nd Decem ber a nd w ere published in th e Ju ly a n d November, 1921, issues an d in th e F ebruary, 1922, issue of th e Monthly L abor R eview . a P lus 50 cents per m o n th service charge. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [279] 50 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. N E T P R IC E F O R T H E F IR S T 1,000 CUBIC F E E T O F GAS, F O R H O U S E H O L D U SE , ON A P R IL 15 O F EA C H Y E A R , 1913 TO 1920, AN D ON M AY 15, S E P T E M B E R 15, A N D D E C E M B E R 15, 1921, AN D M ARCH 15 A N D JU N E 15, 1922, B Y C IT IE S —Concluded. City. Apr. A pr. A pr. Apr. Apr. A pr. A pr. A pr. May Sept. Dec. Mar. June 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1921. 1921. 1922. 1922. Jacksonville, F la ___ 1.20 M anchester, N . H . . . 1.10 M emphis, T e n n ........ 1.00 Milwaukee, W is........ .75 M inneapolis, M inn... .85 1.20 1.10 1.00 .75 .80 1.15 1.00 1.00 .75 .80 1.15 1.00 1.00 .75 .77 1.15 1.00 1.00 .75 .77 1.25 1.00 1.00 .75 .77 1.25 1. 50 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.65 1.10 1.10 2 1.50 21.50 21.50 21.40 2 1.40 1.00 11.10 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.20 .75 .75 .90 .90 .90 .90 .90 .95 .95 1.28 1.11 1.11 1.02 1.02 Mobile, A la................. 1.10 N ew ark, N . J ............. 1.00 New H aven, C o n n ... .90 New O rleans, L a ___ 1.10 New Y ork, N . Y ___ .84 1.10 .90 .90 1.00 .84 1.10 .90 .90 1.00 .83 1.10 .90 .90 1.00 .83 1.10 .90 .90 1.00 .83 1.10 .97 1.00 1.00 .83 1.35 .97 1.10 1.30 .85 1. 35 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.15 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.10 11.10 i l . 10 U . 10 i l . 10 1.30 1.30 1.45 1.45 1. 45 .87 81.36 81.28 31.28 31. 28 Norfolk, V a ................ O m aha, N e b r............ Peoria, 111................... Philadelphia, P a ___ P ittsb u rg h , P a .......... 1.00 1.15 .90 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.15 .90 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.15 .90 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .90 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .85 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.15 .85 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.15 .85 1.00 1.00 1.60 1.15 .85 1.00 (4) 1.45 1.40 1.20 1.00 (1) 1.40 1.35 1.20 1.00 (4) P o rtland, Me............. 1.10 P o rtland, Oreg.......... .95 Providence, R. I ....... .85 R ichm ond, V a........... .90 Rochester, N . Y ........ .95 1.00 .95 .85 .90 .95 1.00 .95 .85 .90 .95 1.00 .95 .85 .80 .95 1.00 .95 .85 .80 .95 1.00 .95 1.00 .80 .95 1.40 .95 1.30 1.00 .95 1.40 1.85 1.85 1.75 1.75 .95 1.67 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.30 11.25 11.25 i l . 25 U .25 1.00 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 .95 61.05 51.05 1.10 1.10 1.65 1.50 i 1.25 1.30 1.10 .80 .95 .90 .75 .80 .90 .90 .85 .80 .90 .90 .85 .80 .85 .90 .85 .75 .85 .90 .85 .75 .85 .90 .85 Scranton, P a .............. .95 Seattle, W ash ............ 1.00 Springfield, 111........... 1.00 W ashington, D. C . .. .93 .95 1.00 1.00 .93 .95 1.00 1.00 .93 .95 1.00 1.00 .93 .95 1.00 1.00 .80 1.15 1.25 1.00 .90 St. Louis, Mo............. St. Paul, M in n .......... Salt Lake City, U tah . San Francisco, C alif. Savannah, G a ............ 1.40 1.53 1.20 1.00 (<) 1.35 1.45 1.20 1.00 (i) 1.35 1.45 1.20 1.00 (4) 1.80 1.25 1.45 1.45 3 1.27 .75 .85 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 .85 .85 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.10 21.30 21. 52 21.52 2 1.52 2 1.52 2 1.52 .95 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.02 .95 1.25 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.45 1.30 1.25 1.10 .95 1.30 1.55 1.10 .95 1.70 1.55 1.40 1.25 1.70 1.55 1.40 1.25 1.70 1. 55 1.40 1.10 1. 70 1.50 1.40 1.10 1.60 1.50 1.40 1.05 Natural Gas. Buffalo, N. Y ............ 10.30 $0.30 $0.30 $0.30 $0.30 $0.30 $0.35 $0.35 $0.35 .$0.40 $0.40 $0.42 $0.42 C incinnati, Ohio....... .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .35 .35 . 35 .35 .35 .50 .50 .50 Cleveland, O hio........ .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .35 .35 .35 .35 .45 .40 .40 Columbus, O hio........ .30 45 .30 .30 . 30 .30 Dallas, T e x ................. .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 . 674 . 67J .674 167§ .674 K ansas City, Mo....... L ittle Rock, A rk . . . . Louisville, K y ........... P ittsburgh, P a .......... .27 .40 .28 .27 .40 .62 .28 .27 .40 .65 .28 .27 .40 . 65 .28 .30 .40 .65 .28 .60 .40 .65 .28 .80 .45 .65 .35 .80 .45 .65 .35 L80 .45 . 65 .45 1.80 .45 65 .45 1.80 .45 .50 1.80 .45 65 .50 1.80 .45 .50 Manufactured and natural gas, mixed. Los Angeles, Calif. $0.68 $0.68 $0.68 $0.68 $0. 75 $0.75 $0.75 $0.76 $0.76 $0.76 1 Plus 50 cents per m o n th service charge. 2 Plus 25 cents per m o n th service charge. 3 The prices of tw o com panies included in th is average have a n a d ditional service charge of 24 cents per day. * Sale of m anufactured gas discontinued. 6 Plus 40 cents per m o n th service charge. From the prices quoted on m anufactured gas in 43 cities average prices have been computed for the 43 cities combined and are shown in the next table for April 15 of each year from 1913 to 1920 and for May 15, Septem ber 15, and December 15, 1921, March 15, and June 15, 1922. Relative prices have been computed by dividing the price of each year by the price in April, 1913. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [280] T R E N D IN R E T A IL P R IC E O F GAS, FO R T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S , A P R IL , 1913, TO J U N E , 1922. 400 375 350 325 200 175 150 [281 ] https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 125 100 75 50 40 RETAIL PRICES OF GAS 300 275 250 225 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 52 As m ay be seen in the table, the price of m anufactured gas changed b u t little until 1921. The price in June, 1922, showed an increase of 36 per cent since April, 1913. There has been no change since March, 1922. A V E R A G E 1 A N D R E L A T IV E P R IC E S O F M A N U F A C T U R E D GAS, F O R H O U S E H O L D U SE , P E R 1,000 CUBIC F E E T , ON A P R . 15 O F EA C H Y E A R , 1913 TO 1920, A N D ON MAY 15, S E P T . 15, A N D D EC. 15, 1921, A N D M AR. 15, A N D JU N E 15, 1922, F O R A L L C IT IE S COM B IN E D . [Average prices in A pril, 1913=100.] D ate. A pril 15, 1913............................... April A pril A pril A pril A pril 15, 1915............................... 15, 1916.......... 15, 1917 15, 1918 . ................ 15' 1919............................... Average price. Relative price. $0.95 .94 .93 .92 .92 .95 1.04 100 99 98 97 97 100 109 D ate. Average price. A pril 15, 1920............................. M ay 15, 19211............................... Septem ber 15,1921.................... December 15, 1921..................... March 15, 1922............................ Ju n e 15, Î922............................. $1.09 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.29 Relative price. 115 139 138 137 136 136 1 N et price. Retail Prices of Electricity in the United States. H E following table shows for 32 cities the net price per kilow att hour of electricity used for household purposes. R ates for these cities are shown for certain specified m onths; for 19 cities from December, 1914, to June, 1922, and for 13 cities from December, 1917, to June, 1922. T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [282] N E T P R IC E P E R K IL O W A T T H O U R F O R E L E C T R IC IT Y , F O R H O U SE H O L D U SE , IN S P E C IF IE D M O N T H S, 1914 TO 1922, F O R 32 C IT IE S. 1918 City. F irst 100 kilow att ho u rs........... F irst 50 kilow att hours............. F irst 100 kilow att h o u rs........... [283] All c u rre n t................................... ........do............................................. F irst 60 hours’ use of d e m a n d .. N ext 120 h o u rs’useof d e m a n d .. Chicago..................... F irst 30 hours’ use of d e m a n d .. N ex t 30 h o u rs’ use of d e m a n d .. Over 60 hours’ use of d em an d .. F irst 30 hours’ use of d em an d .. C incinnati.............. N ext 30 hours’ use of d e m a n d .. Over 60 hours’ use of d e m a n d .. Cleveland: Com pany A — F irst 36 h o u rs’ use of d e m a n d .. E xcess................... . ................. Com pany B ___ All cu rren t................................... D enver............ ........do........ ............................ D e tro it...................... F irst 2 k ilo w att hours per active room. E xcess........................................... H o u sto n ................... F irst 30 hours’ use of d e m a n d .. E x cess........................................... Indianapolis: Com pany A ___ F irst 15 kilow att h o u rs............. Over 15 kilow att hours C om pany B __ F irst 15 kilow att h o u rs............. Over 15 kilo w att h o u rs............. Jacksonville............. All cu rren t................................... K ansas C ity ............ F irst 3 kilow att hours per room (m inim um , 3 rooms). Over 3 kilow att hours per room. Decem Decem Decem Decem ber, b er, ber, ber, 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . 8.5 8.5 8.5 7.0 8.0 8.1 10.0 10.0 7.0 4.0 10.0 5.0 3.0 10.0 10.0 7.0 4.0 10.0 5.0 3.0 10.0 10.0 7.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 3.0 10.0 5.0 3.0 10.0 5.0 3.0 10.0 •5.0 3.0 12.6 12.6 3.6 8.1 4.5 3.6 8.1 4.5 7.0 1 Price includes a surcharge of 5 per cent and a coal charge. 2 F irst 1,000 kilow att hours. 3 A il current. 4 F irst 3 k ilo w att hours p e r active room. 6 F ir s t 35 kilo w att hours. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7.0 June. 1919 Decem June. ber. Decem June. ber. 1922 1921 1920 Decem May. Septem Decem M arch. ber. ber. ber. June. C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . 8.0 8.1 8.0 8.0 8.1 8.0 8.0 7.7 8.0 8.0 7.7 8.0 8.0 7.7 8.1 8.0 7.7 8.1 8.0 7.7 8.1 8.0 7.7 8.1 8.0 7.7 8.1 8.0 7.7 8.1 8.0 7.7 10.0 10.0 7.0 4.0 9.0 5.0 3.0 8.5 6.5 3.5 10.0 10.0 7.0 4.0 9.0 5.0 3.0 8.5 6.5 3.5 111.2 1 11.5 7-0 4.0 9.0 5.0 3.0 8.5 6.5 3.5 1 11.5 1 11.5 7.0 4.0 9.0 5.0 3.0 8.5 6.5 3.5 111.4 111.4 7.0 4.0 9.0 5.0 3.0 8.5 6.5 3.5 1 11.8 1 11.8 7.0 4.0 9.0 5.0 3.0 8.5 6.5 3.5 1 11.8 1 11.8 7.0 4.0 9.0 5.0 3.0 8.5 6.5 3.5 1 11.3 1 11.3 7.0 4.0 9.0 5.0 3.0 8.5 6.5 3.5 1 11.2 1 11.3 7.0 4.0 9.0 5.0 3.0 8.5 6.5 3.5 111.0 111.0 7.0 4.0 9.0 5.0 3.0 8.5 6.5 3.5 10.0 10.0 7.0 4.0 9.0 5.0 3.0 8.5 6.5 3.5 10.0 10.0 7.0 4.0 9.0 5.0 3.0 8.5 6.5 3.5 2 10.0 5.0 3.0 8.0 12.6 2 10.0 5.0 3.0 8.0 12.6 2 10.0 5.0 3.0 8.0 12.6 2 10.0 5.0 3.0 8.0 12.6 3 5.0 3 5.0 3 5.0 3 5.0 3 5.0 3 5.0 3 5.0 12.6 2 10.0 5.0 3.0 8.0 12.6 3.0 8.0 12.6 3.0 8.0 4 12.6 3.0 8.0 « 12.6 3.0 8.0 4 12.6 3.0 8.0 4 12.6 3.0 8.0 412.6 3.0 8.0 4 12.6 3.6 8.1 4.5 3.6 8.1 4.5 3.6 8.1 4.5 3.6 8.1 4.5 3.6 8.1 4.5 3.6 8.1 4.5 3.6 8.1 4.5 3.6 8.1 4.5 3.6 8.1 4.5 3.6 8.1 4.5 3.7 8.1 4.5 3.6 7.2 4.5 3.6 7.2 4.5 6.5 5.0 6.5 5.0 6.5 5.0 7.0 8.4 6.5 5.0 6.5 5.0 7.0 8.4 6.5 5.0 6.5 5.0 7.0 9.0 6.5 5.0 6.5 5.0 7.0 8.7 7.5 7.0 7.5 7.0 7.0 8.7 7.5 7.0 7.5 7.0 7.0 8.7 7.5 7.0 7.5 7.0 7.0 8.7 7.5 7.0 5.0 7.0 7.6 6.5 5.0 6.5 5.0 7.0 7.6 7.5 7.0 7.5 7.0 7.0 8.7 7.0 6.5 7.0 6.5 6 7.0 8.7 4.8 4.8 5.2 5.2 5.6 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 7.0 C e n ts . 7 .0 7 .5 7 .0 7 .0 8.7 C e n ts . RETAIL PRICES OF ELECTRICITY. A tla n ta ..................... B altim ore........ B irm in g h am ........... BostonT Com pany A ___ Com pany B __ Buffalo. : ................... Measure of consum ption, per m onth. Ox N E T PR IC E P E R K IL O W A T T H O U R F O R E L E C T R IC IT Y , F O R H O U SE H O L D U SE , IN S P E C IF IE D M ON TH S, 1914 TO 1922, F O R 32 C IT IE S—Concluded. _____________ City. Measure of consum ption, p e r m onth. Los Angeles: Company A ___ Company B . . .. M em phis...."........... M inneapolis............. C e n ts . F irst 20 kilo w att hours............. N ext 16 kilow att hours............. 6.0 5.5 C e n ts . 5 .5 5 .5 C e n ts . 5 .5 5 .5 C e n ts . C e n ts . 5 .5 5 .5 C e n ts . 5 .5 5 .5 C e n ts . 5 .5 5 .5 C e n ts . 5 .5 5 .5 6 6.0 7.6 6 6.0 7.6 6 6.0 9.5 6 6.0 9.5 5.5 5.5 6 6.0 9.5 5.7 5.7 7.1 7.1 7.1 1922 1921 Septem Decem March. ber. ber. June. C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . 6 6.0 9.5 6.2 6.2 9.0 1 10.5 6.2 6.2 9.0 9.5 6.2 6.2 9.0 9.5 6.2 6.2 9.0 9.5 6.2 6.2 9.0 9.5 7.1 1 7.8 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 9.0 9.1 7.8 9.0 9.1 7.8 9.0 9.1 7.8 C e n ts . 5 .5 5 .5 ^ 5.6 5.6 9.0 9.5 7.0 7.0 7.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 «11.7 9.1 7.8 8 11.7 9.1 7.8 8 10.8 9.1 7.8 8.0 9.1 7.8 8.0 9.1 7.8 9.0 9.1 7.8 9.0 9.1 7.8 10.0 10.0 11.0 8.0 9.0 10 8.0 10.0 11.0 8.0 9.0 2 8.0 10.0 11.0 8.0 9.0 2 7.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 9.0 2 7.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 9.0 2 7.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 9.0 2 7.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 9.0 2 7.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 9.0 2 7.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 9.0 n 7.9 10.0 is 9.0 is 7.0 9.0 n 7.9 10.0 is 8.8 13 6.8 9.0 n 7.7 10.0 13 8.8 13 6.8 9.0 n 7.7 10.0 13 8.7 13 6.7 9.0 u 7.5 10.0 is 8.4 13 6.4 9.0 n 7.4 10.0 13 8.4 is 6.4 9.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 1* 9.0 15 7.0 10.0 i< 9.0 15 7.0 10.0 8.0 n 9.0 15 7.0 10.0 8.0 u 9.0 « 7.0 10.0 8.0 K 9.0 15 7.0 10.0 8.0 9.0 8.5 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 11 9.0 15 7.0 10. 0 I« 8.0 u 6.0 8.0 n 9.0 is 7.0 10.0 16 8.0 » 6.0 8.0 14 9.0 15 7.0 10.0 is 8.0 1/ 6.0 8.0 14 9.0 15 7.0 10.0 16 8.0 11 6.0 8.0 14 9.0 15 7.0 10.0 16 8.0 U 6.0 8.0 14 9.0 15 7.0 10.0 16 8.0 12 6.0 8.0 14 9.0 is 7.0 10.0 16 8.0 12 6.0 8.0 14 8. 0 15 7.0 10.0 16 8.0 12 6.0 8.0 7.6 6.7 7.6 6.7 7.6 6.7 7.6 6.7 7.3 6.7 2.9 9.0 7.6 6.7 7.3 6.7 2-9 9.0 7.6 6.7 7.3 6.7 2.9 9.0 7.6 6.7 7.3 6.7 2-9 9.0 7.6 6.7 7.3 6.7 2.9 9.0 7.6 6.7 7.3 6.7 2.9 9.0 7.6 6.7 7.3 6.7 2.9 9.0 7.6 6.7 7.3 6.7 2.9 9.0 7.6 6.7 7.3 6.7 2.9 9.0 7.6 6.7 7.3 6.7 2.9 9.0 7.6 6.7 7.3 6.7 2.9 9.0 7.6 6.7 7.3 6.7 2.9 9.0 s. 0 6.0 K. 0 6.0 s 0 6.0 X. 5 6.5 7.6 5.7 7.6 5.7 7.6 5.7 7.6 5.7 7.6 5.7 7.6 5.7 7.6 5.7 7.6 5.7 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, [284] F irst 100 kilow att ho u rs........... ........d o ...................................... F irst 50 kilow att hours........... F irs t 3 k ilo w att hours p er active room. N ex t 3 kilow att hours per active room. M obile....................... F irst 50 kilow att hours............. New O rleans5.......... F irst 20 kilow att h o u rs............. N ex t 30 kilow att hours............. New York: Company A __ F irst 250 kilow att hours........... Company B 12.. A ll c u rren t................................... Company C ___ F irst 60 hours’ use of d e m a n d .. N ex t 60 h o u rs’ use of d e m a n d .. N orfolk..................... F irst 100 kilow att ho u rs........... Philadelphia: Company A ___ A ll c u rre n t................................. ........d o .......................................... Company B ___ F irst 500 kilow att h o u rs........... P ittsb u rg h .. All c u rren t......... ___d o .................... Portland, Me........... ........d o ............................................ Po rtlan d ' Oreg.: Company A __ F irst 9 kilow att h o u rs............... N ext 70 kilow att hours............. Company B ___ F irst 13 kilow att hours............. N ext 7 k ilo w att hours............... N ext 50 kilow att hours............. R ichm ond, V a ....... F irst 100 kilow att h o u rs........... St. Louis: Company A ___ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1920 1918 1919 Decem Decem Decem D ecem ber, ber, ber, ber, 1917. 1914. 1915. 1916. May. June. Decem June. Decem June. Decem ber. ber. ber. Or Com pany B .. San Francisco: C om pany A ... Com pany B ... Savannah: C om pany A . .. F irst 50 kilow att hours. F irst 50 kilow att hours. 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 F irst 10 kilow att hours. Over 10 kilo w att hours. All c u rre n t.......... 10.8 5.4 6.0 10.8 5.4 6.0 10.8 5.4 6.0 F irst 60 kilow att hours. F irst 45 kilow att hours. F irst 120 hours’ use. 6.0 5.5 10.0 2i 5.5 5.5 10.0 2i 5.5 5.5 10.0 7.6 5. 7 7.6 5.7 7.6 5.7 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 8.0 8.0 7.6 5.7 2.9 7.6 5.7 2. 9 7.6 5.7 2.9 7.6 5.7 2.9 7.6 5.7 2.9 7.6 5.7 2.9 7,6 5.7 2.9 7.6 5.7 2.9 7.6 5.7 2.9 is 8.0 is 8.0 1« 8.0 18 8.0 is 8.0 is 8.0 is 9.2 9.2 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 is 9.0 “ 9.0 » 9.0 i»9.0 19 9.0 19 9.0 19 9.0 io 9.0 19 9.0 i9 9.0 19 9.0 i9 9.0 197.2 8.0 197.2 9.0 is 7.2 10.0 19 7 . 2 19 7 . 2 10.0 10.0 19 7.2 10.0 19 9.0 10.0 209.0 10.0 209.0 10.0 209.0 10.0 29 9.0 10.0 20 9.0 10.0 21 5. 5 5.5 10.0 2i 5.5 5.5 10.0 si 5.5 5.5 10.0 2i 5.5 5.5 10.0 21 5. 5 5. 5 10.0 21 5.5 5. 5 10.0 21 6.0 6.0 10.0 21 6.0 6.0 10.0 21 6.0 6.0 10.0 21 6.0 6.0 10.0 21 6.0 6.0 10.0 21 6.0 6.0 10.0 [285] 2 F irst 1,000 k ilo w att hours. 6 P lu s an a d d itio n al charge of 30 cents per m o n th . A t th e end of the year there is a refund of any am ount paid in excess of 7J cents per kilo w a tt ho u r. 7 Price includes a 10 per cent surcharge. 8 F irs t 100 k ilo w a tt hours. 9 T here is an additional service charge of 25 cents per m o n th in New Orleans. 10 F irst 900 kilow att hours. 11 F ir s t 1,000 k ilo w att hours. Price includes a coal charge. 12 T his com pany allows a discount of 5 per cent on all bills over S2 when paym ent is m ade w ithin 10 days. 13 P rice includes a coal charge. 14 F irst 12 kilo w att hours. 16 N e x t 75 k ilo w a tt hours. 16 F irst 30 h o u rs’ use of dem and. 17 N ex t 60 h o u rs’ use of dem and. 18 F irst 30 k ilo w att hours. 19 F irst 50 kilo w att hours. 29 F irst 100 kilo w att hours. F irs t 45 kilow att hours. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis RETAIL PRICES OF ELECTRICITY. C om pany B .. . Scran to n ................. Seattle: C om pany A ... C om pany B . .. W ashington, D. C. F irst 20 kilow att hours. N ext 15 kilo w att hours. F irst 12 kilow att hours. N ext 9 kilow att hours. Over 21 kilow att hours. Oi cn MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 56 Retail Prices of Dry Goods in the United States.1 H E following table gives the average retail prices of 10 articles of dry goods on the 15th of February, May, August, and October, 1921, and on the 15th of March and June, 1922, by cities. The averages given are based on the retail prices of standard brands only. T i R etail prices of d ry goods a rep u b lish ed in th e A pril, Ju ly , O ctober, a n d D ecem berissues of th e Monthly L abor R eview . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 286 ] A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F 10 A R T IC L E S O F D R Y G O O D S ON F E B R U A R Y A N D J U N E 15, 15 15, M 1922. Aug. 15. Oct. 15. 15, A N D O C T O B E R Mar. 15. June 15. 15. May 15. Aug. 15. 1922 Oct. 15. A N D O N M ARCH Birmingham, Ala. 1921 Feb. 15, 1921, Mar. 15. June 15. 1921 Feb. 15. May 15. 1922 A ug. 15. Oct. 15. Mar. 15. SO. 125 SO. 093 $0.100 Y a rd ... SO. 150 SO. 200 SO. 217 SO. 217 .261 .250 .256 .235 SO. 244 SO. 258 SO. 250 .. .d o __ SO. 275 SO. 250 SO. 251 SO. 257 .263 SO. 257 SO. 243 SO. 238 .238 .238 .154 .161 .149 .156 .148 .140 .147 .158 .175 .. .d o __ .161 .183 .181 .171 .178 .161 .161 .158 .242 .243 .251 .249 .246 .241 .243 .236 .. .do..,. .238 .245 .246 .254 .254 .253 .234 .238 .241 .419 . 454 .503 .376 .490 .471 .459 .471 .349 .385 .375 .361 .413 . ..d o .... .484 .453 .368 .483 .226 .212 .175 .166 . 185 .177 .211 .212 .225 .194 .. .d o __ .222 .187 .204 .211 .216 .208 .214 .591 .639 .649 .739 .695 .629 .693 .748 .604 .558 .647 .735 .728 .673 .673 .d o .... .662 .668 E a c h ... 1.599 1.591 1.583 1.594 1.646 1.652 1.754 1.736 1.707 1.762 1.718 1.655 1.517 1.469 1.395 1.550 1.469 .205 .219 .223 .223 .216 .245 .210 .207 .202 .212 .221 .252 .223 .218 .210 Y a rd ... .265 .248 .952 1.096 .974 .980 .930 .868 1.077 1.080 1.140 1.008 1.000 . ..do__ 1.250 1.117 1.000 .950 .950 Pair.... 3.240 4.740 3.937 3.868 3.913 3.868 6.113 5.894 4.711 4.479 4.131 4.479 4.804 4.154 4.066 4.143 4.183 Boston, Mass. Bridgeport, Conn. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis s o . lo o .245 .170 .257 .463 .177 .648 1.482 .205 .923 4.183 Buffalo, N, Y. SO. 113 SO. 119 SO. 106 $0.110 SO. 106 Vard $0 150 $0.150 SO. 150 $0.150 SO. 142 SO. 142 .262 .257 .285 .259 .263 .241 .252 .257 .261 $0.278 $0.255 SO. 245 SO. 248 SO. 246 SO. 245 .246 .. .d o __ .266 .174 .196 .160 .158 .163 .182 .166 .170 .181 .162 .173 .185 .170 .206 .172 .170 .. .d o __ .178 .227 .242 .257 .280 .267 .266 .237 .242 .239 .253 .230 .260 .245 .245 .238 . .. d o __ .240 .248 .491 .522 .522 .506 .533 .462 .474 .488 .496 .450 .559 .488 .488 .499 .521 .490 .. .d o — .504 .221 .229 .227 .226 .216 .221 .223 .258 .249 .252 .241 .208 .200 .244 .258 .238 - . .d o __ .262 .689 .709 .681 .676 ,705 .708 .669 .677 .677 .673 .678 .681 .660 .659 .661 .680 .d o __ .666 Sheets, bleached, 81 b y 90................ E a c h ... 1.663 1.698 1.619 1.664 1.659 1.685 1.855 1.855 1.741 1.774 1.786 1.773 1.789 1.718 1.702 1.668 1.739 .249 .211 .212 .300 .252 .225 .225 .238 .274 .297 .231 .228 .226 .212 .259 .240 O uting flannel, 27 to 28 in c h ........... Y a rd ... .251 .865 .865 .850 .865 891 .700 .700 .750 .670 891 927 .880 .880 1.250 B lankets, cotton, 66 by 80................ Pair__ i . 735 4.368 4.483 4.588 4.000 3.995 6.050 5.850 5.000 5.063 5.042 5.150 5.530 5.416 5.384 5.210 4.796 Percale.................................................. G ingham , apron, 27 to 28 in c h ........ G ingham , dress, 27-inch................... G ingham , dress, 32-inch................... Muslin bleached .................. June 15. SO. 113 .263 .179 .261 .482 .216 .674 1.674 .240 RETAIL PRICES OF DRY GOODS. [2871 Sheets, bleached, 81 b y 90................ O uting flannel, 27 to 28 in c h ............ Flannel, white, wool, 27-inch.......... B lankets, cotton, 66 by 80............... May 15. A U G U ST / Feb. 15. Cadeo, 24 to 25 in ch .. P e rc a le .. ......................................... Gingham , apron, 27 to 28 in c h ........ G ingham, dress, 27-inch................... Gingham, dress, 32-inch................... ............. Muslin bleached . 1922 1921 U nit. 15, Baltimore, Md. Atlanta, Ga. Article. A Y .895 4.474 Ox A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F 10 A R T IC L E S O F D R Y GOODS ON F E B R U A R Y 15, MAY 15, A U G U ST 15, AND O C T O B E R 15, 1921, A N D ON M A R C H 15 AND JU N E 15, 1922—Continued. . Butte, Mont. Article. Feb. 15. Aug. 15. 1922 Oct. 15. Mar. 15. June 15. Feb. 15. May 15. Aug. 15. Oct. 15. Mar. 15. Cleveland, Ohio. Yard... SO. 173 $0.150 SO. 150 SO. 150 $0.129 SO. 132 SO. 125 SO. 125 SO. 131 SO.133 .. .do__ .276 .268 .245 .254 .246 .244 SO. 276 .249 .263 .259 .259 . ,.do.... .165 .145 .139 .144 .149 .155 .175 .174 .140 .157 .167 .. .do__ .244 .242 .252 .237 .237 .240 .238 .229 .243 .247 .242 . ..do.... .574 .561 .549 .525 .511 .490 .528 .508 .516 .538 .553 .. .do__ .213 .208 .195 .201 .198 .196 .252 .238 .229 .244 .239 . . .do__ .643 .639 .629 .654 .625 .629 .676 .696 .666 .676 .682 Each... 1.604 1.617 1.550 1.695 1.667 1.650 1.558 1.523 1.525 1.613 1.675 Y a rd ... .237 .215 .209 .206 .202 .200 .234 .204 .205 .203 .229 Flannel, w hite, wool, 27-inch___ .d o __ 1.250 .983 .873 .910 .926 .926 1.250 1.000 1.000 1.117 .983 Blankets, cotton, 66 by 80.............. Pair__ 4.920 4.771 4.211 3.979 3.903 3.976 5.420 4.779 4.529 4.756 4.550 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 15. Feb. 15. May 15. Aug. 15. 1922 Mar. 15. Oct. 15. Yard... $0.150 SO. 150 SO. 150 $0.133 SO. 133 SO. 133 SO. 133 SO. 131 SO.113 $0.113 SO. 119 $0.119 SO. 132 $0.126 SO. 129 SO. 137 .do__ .334 .310 .258 . 260 .263 .335 .265 .244 .239 .233 .238 .241 .284 .279 .250 .246 . ..do.... .214 .188 .180 .154 .170 .178 .164 .153 .153 .158 .153 .163 .159 .142 .143 .157 .. .do.... .300 .270 .248 .248 .261 .237 .232 .217 .218 .222 .247 .236 .255 .245 .245 .241 ...do.... .478 .471 .478 .438 .438 .430 .420 .373 .376 .410 .415 .403 .579 .559 .592 .565 .. .do... .244 .244 .228 .244 .241 .239 .223 .194 .193 .201 .203 .199 .228 .208 .214 .226 .. .do__ .842 .788 .767 .797 .803 .823 .614 .602 .588 .590 .664 .614 .637 .641 .649 .711 Each... 2.113 1.992 1.933 2.044 2.044 1.991 1.553 1.539 1.511 1.544 1.685 1.579 1.530 1.569 1.566 1.654 Y ard... .308 .286 .272 .266 .264 .266 .262 .218 .197 .198 .208 .207 .236 .200 .209 .198 . . .do— .950 1.013 1.013 .932 .890 .964 1.073 .713 .725 .758 .760 .818 1.100 .950 .892 .896 Pair__ 4.875 5.190 5.270 5.270 5.130 5.260 4.060 4.135 3.655 3.572 3.880 5.098 4.986 4.628 4.607 Cincinnati, Ohio. Calico, 24 to 25 inch........ Percale.......................................... Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 inch....... Gingham, dress, 27-inch................. Gingham, dress, 32-inch................. Muslin, bleached............................ Sheeting, bleached, 9-4.................. Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90.............. Outing flannel, 27 to 28 in c h ............ 1921 1922 1921 June 15. SO. 117 $0.119 .226 .231 .154 .157 .226 .236 .503 .537 .205 .203 .672 .666 1.643 1.574 .189 .198 1.420 1.400 4.772 4.688 Columbus, Ohio. SO. 158 SO.145 SO. 141 SO. 132 .250 .267 .251 .250 .168 .163 .176 .164 .243 .275 .279 .280 .473 .593 .584 .570 .230 .222 .209 .190 .642 .763 .709 .699 1.625 1.743 1.777 1.709 .215 .290 .250 .218 1.017 4.441 4.749 4.711 4.564 SO. 146 .244 .170 .276 .583 .210 .639 1.715 .228 1.250 4.747 SO. 148 SO. 141 .253 .246 .169 .167 .280 .281 .556 .581 .215 .210 .736 .750 1.785 1.763 .234 .238 1.250 1.250 4.089 4.205 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, [288] Calico, 24 to 25 inch........................ Percale.......................................... Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 inch....... Gingham, dress, 27-inch................. Gingham, dress, 32-inch................. Muslin, bleached............................ Sheeting, bleached, 9-4.................. Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90.............. Outing flannel, 27 to 28 inch.......... Flannel, white, wool, 27-inch........ Blankets, cotton, 66 by 80.............. May 15. Chicago, 111. Charleston, S. C. 1921 Unit. CM 00 Dallas, Tex. 2476°—22---- 5 Y ard .. $0.125 $0.125 SO. 100 $0.100 $0.100 $0.108 $0.175 $0.145 $0.134 $0.140 $0.167 $0.195 $0.136 $0.136 $0.136 $0.136 $0.129 .262 .282 .270 .264 .282 .304 .298 .298 .321 .293 .348 .246 .219 .219 .246 .233 ..do.. .270 .172 .174 .172 .181 .190 .178 .165 .168 .170 .160 .152 .162 .179 .162 .143 .174 .143 . . do.. .220 .225 .219 .216 .223 .258 .246 .263 .264 .242 .249 .228 .245 .237 .225 .225 ..d o .. .247 .501 .574 .520 .489 .510 .507 .535 .571 .571 .626 .565 .457 .495 .497 .542 .513 . 516 ..d o .. .220 .209 .217 .225 .223 .221 .231 .234 .228 .204 .245 .239 .207 .206 .195 .187 ..d o .. .209 .715 .698 .731 .693 .733 .779 .768 .754 .740 .767 .716 .634 .625 .627 .570 .559 . . do.. .593 E a c h .. 1.529 1.514 1.443 1.483 1.561 1.486 1.823 1.922 1.862 1.871 1.754 1.704 1. 727 1.770 1.765 1.862 1.751 .221 .247 .229 .220 .263 .218 .237 .212 .215 .218 .271 .187 .187 .188 .194 .184 .196 Y ard .. .979 1.233 1.233 1.233 1.233 1.233 .979 1.425 1.050 1.125 .850 .750 .650 ...d o .. 4.156 4.350 4.706 4.583 4.522 4.500 5.396 5.646 5.542 5.458 4.854 4. 725 5.013 4.708 4.623 4.498 4.270 P a ir... Fall River, Mass. [289] Calico, 24 to 25 inch............................ P e rc a le .................................................. G ingham , apron, 27 to 28 in c h ........ G ingham , dress, 27-inch.................... G ingham , dress, 32-ineh................... M uslin, bleached................................ Sheeting, bleached, 9-4..................... Sheets, bleached, 81 b y 90................ O uting flannel, 27 to 28 in c h ............ F lan n el, w hite, wool, 27-inch.......... B lan k ets, cotton, 66 b y 80................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Houston, Tex. Y ard.. ..d o .. ..d o .. ..d o .. ..d o .. ..d o .. . . d o .. Each. Y ard. .. d o .. P air.. Kansas City, Mo. $0.121 .258 .178 .220 .494 .228 .718 1.733 .218 1.317 4.144 Indianapolis, Ind. $0.125 $0.123 $0.123 $0.130 $0.122 $0.126 $0.140 $0.128 $0.123 $0.132 $0.126 Yard. .277 .275 .275 .295 .285 .242 .268 .262 .280 .282 .280 . .. d o __ $0.238 $0,246 $0.246 $0,246 $0.258 $0.258 .164 .165 .177 . 168 . 167 .171 . 172 . 190 . 158 . 168 . 163 .155 .151 .158 .143 .145 . .. d o __ .167 .242 .260 .263 .263 .249 .205 .208 .210 .204 .199 .220 .270 .283 .283 .243 .238 . . . d o . . . .240 .532 .381 .458 .445 .410 .486 .507 .505 .523 .515 .497 .450 .443 .433 .460 .402 . . . d o . . . .390 .215 .224 .208 .238 .220 .184 .188 .176 .181 .173 .209 .226 .223 .227 .221 .203 . . . d o . . . .230 .694 .698 .683 .693 .671 .574 .580 .579 .518 .565 .588 .720 .705 .708 .697 .688 . . . d o . . . .783 E a c h ... 1. 610 1.690 1.680 1.683 1.710 1.717 1,654 1.528 1.507 1.510 1. 613 1.518 1.527 1.571 1.523 1.620 1.611 .198 .205 .254 .226 .200 .182 .173 .188 .170 .183 .203 .228 .228 .203 .254 .236 Y a rd ... .258 .997 1.047 1.023 .997 .997 .762 .773 .723 .804 .723 .723 .923 .690 .625 ..d o __ 4.941 4.808 4.628 4.905 4.503 P a ir__ 4.320 3.555 4.944 4.788 4.406 4.384 5. 932 4.983 3.943 4.270 4.270 Jacksonville, Fla. Calico, 24 to 25 in c h ...................... P ercale............................................. G ingham , apron, 27 to 28 in c h ........ G ingham , dress, 27-inch.................... G ingham , dress, 32-inch................... M uslin, bleached................................ Sheeting, bleached, 9-4..................... Sheets, bleached, 81 b y 90................ O uting flannel, 27 to 28 in c h ........... F lan n el, w hite, wool, 27-inch.......... B lan k ets, cotton, 66 b y 80.......... Detroit, Mich. $0.125 .272 .173 .257 .512 .213 .683 1.593 .206 1.050 4.439 Little Rock, Ark. $0.138 $0.144 10.144 $0.144 $0.144 $0.142 $0.161 $0.149 $0.138 $0.153 $0.144 $0.142 $0.200 $0.133 $0.140 10.153 $0.113 .261 .230 .237 .235 .276 .270 .258 .251 .273 .284 .260 .270 .270 .290 .290 .270 .300 .150 . 156 .163 .163 .188 .206 .210 .181 .189 .183 .164 . 190 .170 .170 .170 .170 . 160 .236 .235 .231 .215 .208 .282 .270 .270 .267 .273 .232 .270 .234 .240 .243 .243 .233 . 451 .399 .433 .427 .409 .522 .487 . 4S7 .490 .534 .555 .465 .521 .439 .446 .540 .438 .198 .183 .221 .200 .199 .232 .223 .204 .225 .229 .241 .204 .215 .217 .216 .216 .229 .610 .567 .687 .664 .583 .718 .743 .660 .715 .705 .699 .710 .588 .670 .642 .608 .688 1.615 1.482 1.444 1.512 1.498 1.460 1. 712 1. 675 1.519 1.644 1.612 1.646 1. 700 1.543 1.484 1.522 1.646 .178 .206 .203 .197 .222 .238 .221 .220 .203 .223 .195 .243 .218 .220 .210 .206 .270 .894 .886 .875 .771 .850 .725 .911 .920 .920 .750 .750 .750 .850 .850 .850 .850 3.676 3.895 4.095 4.175 3. 875 4.994 4. 997 5.176 4.810 4.250 4.969 5.431 4.250 4.186 4.186 5. 317 $0,114 . 255 .150 .229 .427 .184 .611 1.531 .187 .867 3.386 RETAIL PRICES OE DRY GOODS. Calico, 24 to 25 in c h ................... Percale......................................... G ingham , apron, 27 to 28 inch G ingham , dress, 27-inch.......... G ingham , dress, 32-inch.......... M uslin, bleached....................... Sheeting, bleached, 9-4............ Sheets, bleached, 81 b y 90___ O uting flannel, 27 to 28 in c h . . Flannel, w hite, wool, 27-inch. B lan k ets, cotton, 66 b y 80___ Denver, Colo. Or C> A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S OF 10 A R T IC L E S O F D R Y GOODS ON F E B R U A R Y 15, M AY 15, A U G U ST 15, AND O C T O B E R 15, 1921, A N D ON M A R C H 15 AND JU N E 15, 1922—C ontinued. L os A ngeles, Calif. Article. 1921 U nit. Calico, 24 to 25 in ch ............................ Percale................................................ Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 in c h ........ Gingham, dress, 27-inch................... Gingham, dress, 32-inch................... Muslin, bleached................................ Sheeting, bleached, 9-4................... , Sheets, bleached 81 b y 90............... O uting flannel, 27 to 28 in c h ........... Flannel, w hite, wool, 27-inch.......... B lankets, ootton, 66 b y 80............... May 15. Aug. 15. 1922 Oct. 15. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 15. Feb. 15. M ay 15. Aug. 15. 1922 Oct. 15. Mar. 15. June 15. 1921 Feb. 15. M ay 15. A ug. 15. 1922 Oct. 15. Mar. 15. Y a rd ... 80.150 $0.125 80.125 80.125 80.163 80.138 $0.134 80.129 $0.125 SO. 128 $0.122 10.125 $0.130 80.129 80.128 $0.133 80.133 . . . d o . . . .353 274 261 246 257 257 . 317 . 280 .282 297 . . . d o . . . .186 .185 .178 . 172 . 178 .156 . 173 .159 . 143 ! 158 .163 . 156 .156 .163 . 163 . 167 . 167 . .. d o __ .274 .251 .254 .251 .257 .255 .261 .269 .260 .264 .252 .262 .222 .221 .233 .222 .224 . . . d o . . . .584 .557 .518 . 544 .556 .532 .548 .550 .539 .521 .454 .461 .450 .439 .427 .413 .456 214 . . . d o . . . .247 1Q4 189 199 . 230 .217 . 223 . 225 . 226 . . . d o . . . .713 .666 .688 .744 .723 .709 .635 !c09 .616 ! 686 .675 .658 .719 .633 . 66S .627 . 644 E a c h ... 1.623 1.586 1.596 1.618 1.662 1.632 1. 932 1.604 1.608 1.625 1.620 1.579 1.625 1. 636 1.634 1.681 1.656 Y a rd ... .269 .255 .246 .245 .241 .239 .220 .228 .257 .244 .240 .240 .230 .240 .228 .230 .223 . . . d o . . . .950 1.317 1.317 1.200 1.250 1.125 .670 .750 .875 .770 .807 .973 1.250 .885 .840 .864 .843 P a ir ..., 5.106 4.633 4.342 4.581 4.443 4.436 5.917 5.000 4.980 4.265 3.787 4.057 4.302 4.009 4.472 4. 351 4.083 M emphis, T enn. Calico, 24 to 25 in c h ............................ Percale................................................ G ingham , apron, 27 to 28 in c h ........ G ingham , dress, 27-inch................... G ingham, dress, 32-inch.............. Muslin, bleached................... Sheeting, bleached, 9-4..................... Sheets, bleached, 81 b y 90.............. O uting flannel, 27 to 28in c h ___ Flannel, w hite, wool, 27-inch.......... B lankets, cotton, 66 b y 80.............. Mar. 15. 1921 M anchester, N . H , M ilw aukee, W is. Ju n e 15. 80.139 .151 .211 .453 .577 1.505 .231 .868 3.752 M inneapolis, Minn. Y a rd ... $0.144 80.153 80.121 80.133 80.132 SO. 135 80.155 80.122 80.130 80.132 80.132 80.123 80.132 $0.130 80. I l l 80.I ll 80.107 . ..d o __ .301 .295 .255 242 .275 .252 253 253 244 .258 .238 . 260 .260 .265 ?^7 . ..d o — .150 .146 .146 .161 .159 .156 .173 .173 .176 .184 .176 .176 .169 . 165 . 165 1162 .160 . ..d o .... .266 .250 .251 .269 .251 .249 .242 .258 .243 .243 .241 .244 .264 .265 .254 .258 .258 . ..d o — .545 .524 .548 .533 .518 .519 .502 .514 .501 .516 .473 .465 .671 .618 .551 . 562 .543 .. .do__ .204 .203 . 199 .206 263 219 219 236 .201 .203 .. .do__ .651 .712 .664 681 650 705 703 .672 .632 E a c h ... 1.627 1.635 1.611 1.689 1.740 1.661 1.734 1.760 1. 744 1.706 l! 763 1.530 l! 639 1.682 1.639 1.681 1.741 Y a rd ... .209 .191 .190 .202 .185 .190 .280 .201 .193 .209 .224 .234 .203 .220 .198 .211 .206 .. .do— .875 .875 .875 .917 .870 .870 .850 . 850 1.000 L000 .750 .720 1.115 .948 .916 P a ir__ 4.857 4.945 4.900 4.546 4.506 4.459 5.032 4.368 4.533 4.463 4.411 4.353 5.098 4.992 4.634 4.457 4.509 80.105 2^9 . 155 .260 . 494 OOQ 059 1.670 .215 990 4.542 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, L06SJ Feb. 15. Louisville, K y. <35 <^> M obile, Ala. « N ew H aven, Conn. Y a rd ... 80.150 80.150 80.144 $0.144 80.148 SO. 146 $0.125 80.100 80.104 80.100 $0.100 SO. 102 SO. 144 SO. 136 SO. 125 80.125 80.125 . ..d o __ .244 .256 .239 .244 .239 .239 .303 .277 . 283 .277 .277 .293 .239 . 255 .236 .245 .248 . ..d o __ .145 .158 .150 .150 .150 .183 .150 .163 . 150 .177 .154 . 157 .150 .150 .158 .168 .159 .. .d o — .221 .220 .209 .209 .212 .212 .243 .236 .234 .241 .263 .248 .236 .240 .235 .239 .239 .. .d o __ .476 .415 .421 .398 .410 .397 .504 .494 .502 .459 .439 .499 .508 .500 .554 .476 .498 . ..d o __ .219 .199 .219 .213 .197 .198 .202 .209 .221 .218 .203 .231 .234 .219 .210 .211 .222 ...d o — .590 .620 .595 .620 .568 .593 .670 .670 .665 .665 .745 .675 .745 .647 .634 .646 .671 E a c h ... 1.570 1.570 1.461 1.504 1.517 1.493 1.809 1.769 1.769 1.786 1.824 1.841 1.552 1.512 1.518 1.525 1.608 Y a rd ... .226 .225 .193 .193 .188 .245 .188 .228 .218 .221 .222 .225 .212 .219 .263 .213 .211 . ..d o __ .857 .897 .590 .763 .890 .785 1.140 1.068 1.053 1.053 1.020 1.062 .810 .800 .875 .875 .838 P a ir— 4.979 4.858 4.841 5.000 4.428 4.464 4.760 4.521 4.558 4.849 5.125 4.536 4.634 4.496 4.365 4.366 4.457 Mew O rleana, L a. N ew Y ork, N . Y. N orfolk, Va. [291] Calico, 24 to 25 inch........................ P ercale.................................................. G ingham , apron, 27 to 28 in c h ........ G ingham , dress, 27-inch................... G ingham , dress, 32-inch................... Muslin, bleached................................ Sheeting, bleached, 9-4..................... Sheets, bleached, 81 b y 90................ O uting flannel, 27 to 28 in c h ........ Flannel, w hite, wool, 27-inch.......... Y a rd ... 80.150 $0.131 80.131 10.120 80.117 80.134 80.173 80.125 SO. 132 SO. 129 SO. 140 $0.144 SO. 150 SO. 150 80.150 80.139 . ..d o __ . 225 .226 .226 .215 .213 .284 .253 .200 .254 .257 .261 .265 .273 SO. 258 .246 .240 .240 . ..d o __ .180 .174 .170 .150 .150 .150 .181 .152 .155 .166 .178 .183 .155 .175 .179 .182 .175 . ..d o __ .224 .216 .222 .215 .262 .262 .249 .220 .215 .257 .242 .260 .243 .244 .241 .242 .242 . ..d o __ .637 .499 .598 .503 .466 .437 .492 .628 .588 .541 .515 .515 .455 .457 .455 .461 .485 . ..d o __ .192 .191 1.74 .172 .178 .170 .230 .213 .210 .225 .220 .216 .245 .216 .205 .218 .216 . . . d o . . . .557 .482 .522 .508 .513 .682 .644 .523 .650 .674 .697 ,685 .701 .664 .675 .691 .677 E a c h ... 1.695 1.407 1.319 1.440 1.434 1.409 1. 626 1.593 1.611 1.629 1.711 1.715 1.699 1.685 1.647 1.697 1.686 Y a rd ... .184 .184 .182 .182 .179 .179 .263 .223 .227 .223 .204 .218 .249 .231 .199 .190 .196 .. .do__ .750 .750 .979 .991 1.008 1. 030 .915 1 035 1.035 1 035 1 058 1 053 .750 .750 .930 Blankets, cotton, 68 by 80.............. P a ir__ 5.130 4.415 4.270 5.462 4.517 4.483 4.550 4.130 4.146 5.143 3.317 3.500 3.500 O m aha, Mehr. Calico, 24 to 25 in c h .......................... Y a rd ... 80.142 80.127 80.141 80.141 P ercale................................................ . ..d o __ .259 .276 .290 .286 G ingham , apron, 27 to 28 in c h ___ ...d o __ .182 .173 .185 .188G ingham , dress, 27-inch................. . .. d o .. .. .252 .259 .260 .268 G ingham , dress, 32-inch................. - - d o __ .529 .509 .581 .488 Muslin, b leach ed.............................. . ..d o __ .232 .232 .204 .212 .722 Sheeting, bleached, 9-4................... .. .d o __ .741 .720 .725 Sheets, bleached, 81 b y 90.............. E a c h ... 1.725 1.696 1.713 1.784 O uting flannel, 27 to 28 in c h .......... Y a rd ... .256 .215 .207 .210 F lannel, w h ite, wool, 27-inch........ . ..d o __ 1.250 1.210 1.070 1.088 Blankets, cotton, 65 by 80.............. P a ir__ 4.707 4.382 4.663 4.544 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis P e o ria , 111. SO. 125 .254 . 159 .233 . 454 .220 .648 1.563 .218 .857 4.643 80.144 . 256 .178 .243 .461 .218 .676 1.603 .196 1.078 P h ilad e lp h ia , P a . 80.149 $0.151 80.125 $0.125 $0.125 $0.108 so: 113 SO. 176 SO. 119 SO. 119 SO. 121 SO. 121 .290 .283 10.250 .292 .271 .251 .245 .240 .253 .251 .251 .252 .263 .189 .183 .167 .164 .174 .169 . 156 .176 .176 .159 .161 .164 .168 .263 .259 .249 .241 .262 .257 .246 .250 .216 .221 .236 .236 .243 .533 .485 .522 .473 .565 . 544 .570 .548 .499 .526 .531 .512 .530 . 213j .203 .219 .226 .221 .223 .225 .227 . 23S .231 .226 .237 .232 .744 .687 .726 .734 .762 .630 .680 .678 .676 .657 .654 .714 .680 1.864 1.747 1.673 1.619 1.658 1.697 1.741 1.837 1.623 1.581 1.555 1.564 1.625 .218 .220 .246 .226 .240 .213 .217 .220 .223 .203 .216 .193 .208 1.130 1.214 .950 .950 1. 250 1.101 1.068 1.020 1.027 1.052 4.705 4.264 5.313 4.626 4.152 4.478 4.353 4.292 4.664 3.737 4.174 4.369 4.328 80.119 .257 .168 .237 . 455 .231 .682 1.583 .214 1.028 4.271 BETAIL PRICES OF DRY GOODS, Calico, 24 to 25 in c h ............................ Percale.................................................. G ingham , apron, 27 to 28 in c h ........ G ingham , dress, 27-inch................... G ingham , dress, 32-inch................... M uslin, bleached................................ Sheeting, bleached, 9-4..................... Sheets, bleached, 81 b y 90................ O uting flannel, 27 to 28 in c h ........... F lannel, w h ite, wool, 27-inch.......... Blankets, cotton, 66 by 80................ N ew ark, N . J . a A V ER A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F 10 A R T IC L E S O F D R Y GOODS ON F E B R U A R Y 15, MAY 15, A U GUST 15, AND O C TO B ER 15, 1921, AND ON M ARCH 15 AN D JU N E 15, 1922—Continued. P ittsburgh, Pa. Article. 1921 U nit. Feb. 15. Y a r d ... .d o . . . .. . d o . .. .d o . . . . . d o . .. .. . d o . .. . . . d o . .. E a c h ... Y a rd ... . d o . .. P a ir— Aug. 15. 1922 Oct. 15. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 15. Feb. 15. May 15. Aug. 15. Oct. 15. Mar. 15. June 15. Feb. 15. May 15. A ug. 15. Oct. 15. Mar. 15. $0.138 SO. 135 SO. 135 $0.135 SO. 135 80.156 80.144 SO. 148 SO. 134 $0.133 SO. 135 $0.125 $0.125 .329 .293 .286 .286 .279 . 246 SO. 242 .336 .265 . 255 245 251 . 233 SO 235 SO 250 SO.258 .237 .167 .161 .183 .178 .178 .190 .172 .149 .190 .190 .190 .190 .178 . 149 .162 . 166 .190 .238 .245 .243 .247 243 233 . 250 . 253 . 243 .239 229 240 245 . 250 . 236 250 . 250 .567 .558 .527 .561 .555 .551 .494 .446 .563 .447 .493 .521 .507 .501 .528 .547 .498 .239 .235 .233 .212 .228 .219 .224 .226 .218 .238 .201 .203 .221 .205 .206 .218 .223 . 652 .652 .633 . 650 .639 . 651 .646 .674 .664 .651 .674 .647 .680 .640 .632 .641 .670 1.692 1.703 1.623 1.618 1.623 1.538 1.602 1.649 1.671 1.664 1.688 1.594 1.760 1.753 1.769 1. 765 1.756 .222 .207 .212 .218 .212 .244 .239 .217 .257 .205 .191 .194 .222 .193 .208 .270 .247 .985 .985 1.133 1.217 1.133 l . lo o 1. 100 .791 1.445 .865 1.000 .813 .865 .865 .772 .935 .990 3.450 4.350 3.897 3.963 3.600 4.347 4.058 4.060 4.643 4.273 3.886 5.144 4.748 4. 748 4.524 4.495 Providence, R. I. Calico, 24 to 25 in c h ............................ Percale.................................................. G ingham, apron, 27 to 28 in c h ........ Gingham, dres^ 27-inc.h................... Gingham, dress, 32-mch................. . Muslin, bleach ed ............ Sheeting, bleached, 9-4................... . Sheets, bleached, 81 b y 90........ . O uting flannel, 27 to 28in c h ........... Flannel, w h ite, wool, 27-inch......... B lankets, cotton, 66 b y 80............... Mar. 15. 1922 1921 1922 1921 Richmond, Va. June 15. SO. 135 .285 .167 .239 . 553 .238 .669 1.821 .215 .925 4. 271 R ochester, N . Y . Y a r d ... 80.135 80.125 SO. 129 SO. 137 SO. 143 SO. 145 $0.162 $0.159 SO. 141 SO. 127 SO. 133 $0.138 SO. 125 SO. 143 $0.143 SO. 143 .257 .239 .246 .248 .260 . d o . . . .250 .241 .229 .244 .232 SO. 245 .257 .252 .234 .243 .246 .280 .154 .167 .163 .164 .156 . . . d o . .. .178 .194 . 171 .174 .157 .175 .160 .173 .150 .160 .178 . 156 .234 .242 .238 .230 .234 .239 .243 .251 ... do. . . .252 .217 .235 .235 .244 .236 .228 .240 .230 .579 .531 .562 .563 .457 .474 .461 . 453 .409 .482 .447 .589 . . . d o . .. .456 .408 .468 .469 .468 .209 .212 .204 .214 .201 . 198 .d o . .. . 193 .213 .212 .217 .222 .226 .210 .210 .200 .225 .228 .639 .621 .637 .634 .647 .607 .643 .652 .647 .639 .703 . . . d o . .. .633 .613 .640 .666 .688 .663 E a c h ... 1.528 1.593 1.621 1.614 1.717 1.537 1.615 1.594 1. 528 1.601 1.675 1.625 1.773 1.748 1.795 1.839 1.815 .221 .213 .203 Y a rd ... .245 .241 .235 .251 .219 .201 .253 .233 .236 .235 .233 .200 .201 .200 .911 . . . d o . .. .980 .940 .893 .888 .888 .980 .913 .908 .897 .876 .864 1.173 1.125 1.115 1.115 1. 115 P a ir__ 4. 550 4.613 4.519 4.934 4.717 4.516 5.229 5.274 4.264 4.468 4.398 3.788 5.920 4.566 5.050 4.340 4.432 SO. 134 .258 .163 .221 .514 .205 .631 1.659 .205 1.016 4.450 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. [292] Calico, 24 to 25 in c h ............................ P e rc a le ............................. Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 in c h ........ Gingham, dress, 27-inch........ Gingham, dress, 32-inch................... Muslin, bleached................................ Sheeting, bleached, 9-4..................... Sheets, bleached, 81 b y 90................ O uting flannel, 27 to 28in c h ............ Flannel, w hite, wool, 27-inch.......... Blankets, cotton, 66 b y 80................ May 15. Portland, Oreg. Portland, Me. St. Louis, Mo. • Y ard... SO. 131 SO. 144 SO. 120 SO.'-134 $0.150 SO.150 SO. 156 SO. 128 SO. 131 $0.131 SO. 128 $0.128 SO. 144 SO. 132 SO. 134 SO. 144 SO. 144 . . .d o __ .262 .273 .269 . 235 .241 .248 .280 .251 . 262 . 256 . 253 239 300 300 .26] . 299 . . . d o . . . .154 .149 .149 .169 .160 .166 .163 .164 .164 .158 .163 .166 .154 .150 .161 . 148 .169 .249 .262 . . . d o . . . .238 .243 .238 .256 .242 .244 .240 .248 .243 .251 .238 .247 .257 .255 .275 .502 .521 .517 .508 .503 463 439 494 553 551 . . d o . .. .593 . 503 .530 . 502 .516 517 . . .d o . . . .208 .203 .197 .207 .195 .201 .217 .227 .212 .210 .225 . 215 .240 .232 .218 ! 230 ! 230 .652 .711 . . .d o . . . .670 .650 .680 .668 .632 .643 .636 .699 .658 .648 .833 .741 .730 .711 .749 E a ch ... 1.729 1.627 1.607 1.666 1.601 1.629 1.631 1.686 1.629 1.642 1.712 1.683 1.844 1.864 1.771 1.765 1.834 .215 .237 Y ard... .238 .220 .198 .190 .242 .201 .201 .210 .202 .201 .291 .241 .240 .238 .234 . . . d o . .. .985 .960 .848 .910 . 9S0 320 717 .975 .975 1 217 Pair__ 4.916 4.628 4.511 4.476 4.385 4.365 5.346 5.393 4.838 4.584 4.501 4.758 4.984 4.987 5.490 4.906 4.774 San Francisco, Calif. [293] Calico, 24 to 25 inch............................ Percale.. Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 in ch ........ Gingham, dress, 27-inch................... Gingham, dress, 32-inch................... Muslin, bleached................................ Sheeting, bleached, 9-4..................... Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90................ Outing flannel, 27 to 28 in ch ............ Flannel, white, wool, 27-inch........ Blankets, cotton, 66 fey 80................ Y ard... .. .d o __ .. . d o . .. . . .d o . . . . . .d o . .. . . .d o . .. . . .d o . .. E ach ... Y ard... - d o ... Pair__ $0.372 .175 .254 .581 .235 .725 1.957 .323 1.625 5.920 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Y ard... . . .d o __ ...d o ... . . .d o . . . . . .d o . . . . . .d o . . . . . -d o .. . E a ch ... Y ard... . . .d o . . . Pair__ Savannah, Ga. Springfield, 111. SO. 144 305 .154 .275 .220 .756 1.816 .232 900 4.631 Scranton, Pa. $0.100 SO. 100 SO. 100 30 150 SO 125 |0 12.1 5fO 155 .322 .337 .334 SO. 329 SO. 301 $0.257 SO. 257 SO. 230 $0. 250 SO. 263 SO. 245 .247 . 247 .290 .250 .165 .165 .175 .150 .190 .158 .150 .150 .155 .172 .175 .161 .159 .158 .158 .259 .258 .261 .261 .247 .247 .243 .252 .248 .248 .268 .250 .246 .242 .251 .571 .527 .600 .578 .550 .503 .460 .538 .537 .494 .486 .492 .470 .548 .512 .225 .222 .240 .225 .199 .209 .225 .243 .221 .223 .222 .252 .229 .219 .244 .687 .687 .725 .775 .735 .620 .608 .520 .645 .699 .713 .695 . 705 .679 .730 1.782 1.768 1.763 1.846 1.693 1.630 1.370 1.401 1.559 1.671 1.723 1.856 1.756 1.783 1.816 .269 .254 .243 .209 .211 .250 .246 249 .208 .201 .206 .211 .236 .191 .216 1.250 1.750 1.175 1.125 1.125 .890 .890 .785 .785 .990 .865 .845 . 953 5.104 5.073 4.955 4.955 4.500 3.750 4.316 4.707 3.990 4.559 4.769 Seattle W ash. Calico, 24to 25in c h .................. . Percale.................................................. Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 in ch ........ Gingham, dress, 27-inch................... Gingham, dress, 32-inch................... Muslin, bleached................................ Sheeting, bleached, 9-4..................... Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90................ Outing flannel, 27 to 28 in ch ............ Flannel, w hite, wool, 27-inch.......... Blankets, cotton, 66 fey 80................ S a lt Lake City, U tah. 301911 247 169 .248 .484 .220 .758 1.809 .215 903 4.671 241 .175 .255 .490 .236 .745 1.828 .215 4.238 W ashington, D. SO. 150 SO. 145 SO. 130 SO. 130 SO. 117 SO. 117 SO. 136 SO. 134 SO. 126 SO. 129 SO. 124 SO. 115 $0.170 SO. 160 $0.160 SO. 160 80.160 .279 .317 .283 .275 .279 .275 .264 .258 .249 .243 270 .244 .245 .267 .277 . 267 .269 .192 .192 .183 .196 .206 .173 .175 .190 .168 .168 .171 .179 .166 .170 .168 .165 .168 .244 .242 .259 .245 . 245 .239 .259 .228 .253 .240 .248 .244 .263 .255 .261 .283 .275 .543 .537 . 555 .564 .540 .399 .533 .435 .411 .438 .411 .396 .511 .498 .498 .500 .498 .235 .242 .251 .237 .245 . 235 .199 .228 .206 .210 .200 .196 .213 .214 .204 .227 .201 .708 .708 .704 .717 .753 .710 .605 .653 .646 .653 . 659 .672 .683 .669 .675 .702 .680 1.800 1.785 1.840 1.827 1.883 1.800 1.752 1.617 1.589 1.627 1.706 1.594 1.652 1.598 1.624 1.712 1.625 .237 .239 .241 .263 .236 .233 .221 .211 .235 .227 .218 .215 .246 .198 . 192 .199 .202 1.225 1.288 1.138 1.138 1.138 1.075 .750 .750 .575 .717 .750 .725 .875 .826 .796 .851 980 4.700 4.479 4.700 4.621 4.707 4.707 4.917 4.203 4.069 4.124 4.108 4.085 5.592 5.403 5.065 4.986 4.562 $0 255 RETAIL PRICES OE DRY GOODS. Calico, 24 to 25 inch............................ Percale.................................................. Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 inch........ Gingham, dress, 27-inch.................... Gingham, dress, 32-inch................... Muslin, bleachecl................................ Sheeting, bleached, 9-4..................... Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90................ Outing flannel, 27 to 28in ch ............ Flannel, white, wool, 27-inch........ Blankets, cotton, 66 by 80................ St. Paul, Minn. .173 .268 .465 .203 .662 1.630 .202 .997 4.296 cs co MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 64 Changes in Cost of Living in the United States. H E Bureau of Labor Statistics has secured data on cost of living for June, 1922, the results of which are shown in the following tables. The inform ation is based on actual prices secured from m erchants and dealers for each of the periods nam ed. The lices of food and fuel and light in each city are furnished the bureau in accordance w ith arrangem ents m ade w ith establishm ents through personal visits of the bureau’s agents. In each city food prices are secured from 15 to 25 m erchants and dealers, and fuel and light prices from 10 to 15 firms, including public utilities. All other d a ta are secured by special agents of the bureau who visit the various m erchants, dealers, and agents, and secure the figures directly from th e n records. Four quotations are secured in each city (except in G reater New York, where five are obtained), on each of a large num ber of articles of clothing, furniture, and miscel laneous items. R ental figures are secured for from 350 to 2,000 houses and apartm ents in each city, according to its population. Table 1 shows the changes in the total cost of living from June, 1920, and March, 1922, respectively, to June, 1922, in 32 cities, and in the U nited States, as determ ined by a consolidation of the figures for the 32 cities. T S T able 1.—C H A N G E S IN T O T A L COST O F L IV IN G IN S P E C IF IE D C IT IE S FR O M J U N E , 1920, A N D FR O M M ARCH , 1922, TO JU N E , 1922. City. A tla n ta , G a ................................. B altim ore. M d............................ B irm ingham , A la ...................... Boston,"M ass.............................. Buffalo, N . Y .............. ............. Chicago, 111................................ C incinnati, Ohio........................ Cleveland, O h io......................... D enver, Colo..................... ........ D etro it’ M ich............... .............. H ouston, T e x ............................ Indianapolis, I n d ...................... Jacksonville, F la ................... K ansas C ity, Mo........................ Los Angeles,’ Calif...................... M inneapolis, M in n ................... Mobile, A la.................................. P e r cent of in P e r cent crease ( + ) of or de decrease crease (—) June, March, 1920, to 1922, to Ju n e, 1922. Ju n e, 1922. 22.5 21. 8 22.0 24.3 23.9 23.1 23. 4 23. 2 21.0 25. 7 21.8 22.5 23.5 23. 8 14. 5 IQ 3 18. 2 25.0 -0 .1 - .2 - .3 -1 .0 - .8 - .1 + .8 + .2 + .3 + .4 - .8 + 1. 0 -1 . 4 - .3 + .1 8 -f .3 - .3 City. N ew O rleans, L a ....................... N ew Y ork, N . Y ....................... Norfolk, V a.................................. P hiladelphia, P a ....................... P ittsb u rg h , P a .......................... P o rtlan d , M e............... .............. Portland^ O reg........................... R ichm ond, V a ............................ S t. Louis, M o....... ..................... San Francisco a n d O akland, Calif........................................ S avannah, G a ............................ Scranton, P a ............................... Seattle, W ash.............................. W ashington, D . C ............. U nited S ta te s............. P e r cent P e r cent of in of crease (+ ) decrease or de June, crease (—) 1920, to M arch, June, 1922, to 1922. June, 1922. 16.2 22.1 23. 7 21. 2 21. 0 23.1 24.1 21. 3 22.8 20.0 25.1 20.2 20.7 21.7 23.0 —0, 8 + .5 1.1 (1) 4- .3 — .9 — .1 4- .3 + .3 — 4— + 4 .1 .4 .2 .5 J2 1 No change. Table 2 shows the changes from December, 1914, to June, 1922, by specified periods, in 19 cities. In studying this and the following tables it should be borne in m ind th a t the figures for the 19 cities in Table 2 are based on the prices prevailing in December, 1914, the figures for the 13 cities in. Table 3 are based on the prices prevailing in December, 1917, while the figures for the U nited States, shown in Table 4, are a sum m ariza tion of the figures in Tables 2 and 3, com puted on a 1913 base. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [294] CHANGES IN COST OF LIVING. 65 I t will be noted th a t from the beginning of the studies to June, 1920, there was, w ith an occasional exception, a steady increase in prices, becoming m uch more decided during the la tte r p a rt of th a t period. From June to December, 1920, however, there was an appreciable drop in the figures representing the combined expenditures. While rents and fuel and light continued to advance considerably and mis cellaneous items to a less extent, the large decrease in food and cloth ing and the somewhat smaller decrease in furniture and house fur nishings had the effect of reducing the totals for December by from 2.5 to 10 per cent in the several cities below the price for June. The figures for the period from December, 1920, to May, 1921, show a larger decrease th an the previous six-m onth period, ranging from 7.2 to 11.9 per cent. The small decrease in furniture and furnishings and the increase in fuel and light shown in the period from June to Decem ber, 1920, were changed to decided decreases in the period from December, 1920, to May, 1921, while the rapid decrease in food and clothing shown in the former period continued. However, housing m ade an appreciable advance while miscellaneous items increased only slightly. In the period from May to September, 1921, the downward, move m ent was not so rapid as during the two previous periods, the de creases ranging from nothing to 3.8 per cent, while the average for the U nited S tates was 1.7 per cent. The decrease from Septem ber to December, 1921, was also slight, ranging from nothing to 3 per cent, the average for the U nited S tates again being 1.7 per cent. The decrea.se from December, 1921, to March, 1922, was more decided, ranging from 2.3 per cent to 5.9 per cent, the average for the U nited S tates being 4.2. The changes from March to June, 1922, were very small, ranging from a decrease of 1.4 per cent to an increase of 1.0 per cent, the average based upon the figures for the 32 cities being a decrease of 0.2 per cent. I n nearly all of the cities there was a small increase in th e cost of food and a slight decrease in clothing, fuel and light, furniture, and miscellaneous. Housing shows a sm all increase in several cities and a decrease in others. T able 3 .—C H A N G E S IN COST O F L IV IN G IN 19 C IT IE S FR O M D E C E M B E R , 1914, JU N E , 1922. TO Baltimore, Md. P er cent of increase from December, 1914, to— Ite m of expenditure. Dec., Dec., Dec., Dec., June, Dee., June, Dec., May, Sept., Dec., Mar., June, 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1919. 1920. 1920. 1921. 1921. 1921. 1922. 1922. F o o d ............................. 14.1 Clothing....................... 2.7 H ousing....................... 1 .2 Fuel a n d lig h t............ .5 F u rn itu re an d furnishings.................... 5.6 Miscellaneous............. 1 1.4 20.9 24.0 .9 9.1 64.4 96.4 91.1 92.5 110.9 75.6 43.4 48.6 52.1 107.7 128.9 177.4 191.3 159.5 123.2 101.5 3.0 13.8 16.8 25.8 41.6 49.5 63.0 64.0 25.5 46.0 37.1 48.1 57.6 79.0 70.9 84.9 38.3 82.0 65.2 85.5 39.9 78.9 65.4 84.8 26.4 18.5 60.8 122.3 134.6 167.0 191.8 181.9 147.5 128.7 123.7 115.0 51.3 78.7 82.8 99.4 111. 4 112.9 111.8 112.2 108.6 106.9 113.3 104.4 T o ta l................. 1 1.4 18.5 51.3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 84.7 84.0 98.4 114.3 96.8 77.4 76.5 46.9 88.6 64.7 85.5 73.2 67.9 67.6 68 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, T able 2 .—C H A N G E S IN COST O F L IV IN G IN 19 C IT IE S FR O M D E C E M B E R , 1914, TO J U N E , 1922—Continued. Boston, Mass. Per cent of increase from December, 1914, to— Item of expenditure. Dec., Dec., Dec., Dec., June, Dec., June, Dec., May, Sept., Dec., Mar., June, 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1919. 1920. 1920. 1921. 1921. 1921. 1922. 1922. F o o d ............................. 10.3 Clothing....................... 6.6 H ousing....................... i . l Fuel and lig h t........... 1.1 F u rn itu re a n d furnishings.................... 8.4 M iscellaneous....____ 1.6 T o ta l................. 1.6 18.0 45.8 74.9 67.9 80.8 105. 0 74.4 41.9 52.1 50.4 21.9. 47.5 117. 5 137.9 192.4 211.1 192. 7 150.3 118.8 106.3 i . 1 2.8 .1 5. 1 12.2 16.2 25.8 29.8 31.6 33.8 10.5 29.2 56.6 55.0 63.2 83.6 106.0 97.8 94.4 98.5 34.3 98.9 33.9 93.9 32.5 96.7 34.4 92.5 26.3 15.7 58.4 137.6 153. 7 198.7 233.7 226.4 171.2 139. 5 136.9 128.1 38.1 62.0 64.8 81.1 91.8 90.6 96. 2 94.6 93.0 91.6 124.2 89.5 15.7 38.1 70.6 72.8 92.3 110.7 97.4 74.4 72.8 70.2 61.2 59.6 50.8 96.5 61.7 79.7 Buffalo, N. Y. F o o d ............................. C lothing....................... H ousing....................... Fuel and lig h t........... F u rn itu re a n d furnishings................... Miscellaneous............. 2.4 8.9 1.2 1.3 30.1 29.6 4.7 9.3 64.1 87.8 82.9 94.7 115. 7 78.5 37.7 49.9 58.5 123. 1 140.7 190.8 210.6 168.7 131.6 102.4 9.4 20.7 28.0 29.0 46. 6 48.5 61. 1 61.7 23. 5 49.3 51.9 55.7 69.8 74.9 73.9 79.5 39.4 87.7 61.9 78.8 38.5 83.6 64.7 78.8 7.1 3.5 24.1 24.4 50.2 106.3 118.1 165.4 199.7 189.2 151.3 130.9 124.7 115.5 51.1 76.0 78.7 90.3 101.9 107.4 107.8 105.7 103.0 99.5 108.0 97.9 T o ta l................. 3.5 24.4 51.1 80.9 84.2 102.7 121.5 101.7 80.3 78.4 76.8 69.9 68.6 51.3 86.0 79.8 67.1 48.3 74.3 83.9 69.4 Chicago, III. F o o d ............................. C lothing....................... H ousing....................... Fuel a n d lig h t............ F u rn itu re an d furnishings................... Miscellaneous............. 2.7 7.5 ! .1 i.9 25.2 24.2 .7 6.6 53.4 78.7 73.3 93.1 120.0 70.5 41.9 50.6 138.9 157.1 224.0 205.3 158.6 122.7 1. 4 2.6 8.0 14.0 35.1 48.9 78. 2 19.3 37.1 35.7 40. 1 62.4 83.5 65.3 38.3 66.8 84. 1 54.8 41.6 63.0 87.4 55.4 5.9 3.0 20.0 19.5 47.5 108.9 126. 9 176.0 215.9 205. 8 162.4 138.0 133.7 114.5 41.8 58.7 61.7 84.3 87.5 96.5 98.5 97.5 94.5 92.7 108.5 87.9 T o ta l................. 3.0 19.5 41.8 72.2 74.5 100.6 114.6 93.3 78.4 75.3 72.3 65.1 65.0 Cleveland, Ohio. F o o d ............................. Clothing....................... H ousing....................... Fuel arid lig h t............ F u rn itu re a n d furnish in g s................... Miscellaneous............. 1.4 2.0 .1 .3 26.4 18.0 .9 10.0 54.3 79.4 79. 7 92.9 1IS. 7 71.7 37.4 43.7 102.6 125. 2 171,2 185.1 156. 0 124. 0 11.3 16.5 21. 8 39.9 47.3 80.0 88.1 26.8 51.9 47.9 62.9 90.3 94.5 89.6 47.7 40.9 29.8 90.8 85. 3 77.4 82.8 81.2 72.0 91.9 103.8 102.2 34.6 72.4 69.6 102. 2 4.7 1.4 19.7 19.1 47.8 102.4 117.0 112.3 12a 1 121.3 86.8 67.9 60.5 50.5 42.9 67.1 74.7 85.9 117.9 134.0 129.6 123.4 123. 2 111.1 50.0 110.7 T o tal................. 1.4 19.1 42.9 71.4 77.2 95.1 116.8 104.0 84.7 79.9 76.4 66.2 66.6 54.3 99.9 96.6 81.9 47.3 92.5 91.1 77.5 T o tal................. 4.1 2.3 2.1 1.6 26.5 18.9 17. 5 9.9 59.7 82. 5 86.4 99.5 132. 0 75.0 41.1 46. 7 113. 8 125.2 181.8 208. 8 176.1 134.1 32.6 39.0 45. 2 60.2 68.8 108.1 101.4 30.2 47.6 47.6 57.9 74.9 104. 5 83.6 36.5 82.7 88.0 74.0 43.1 81.4 86.9 75.2 8.7 3.5 24.5 22.3 50.4 107.3 129.3 172.6 206. 7 184.0 134.0 102.9 96.8 82.6 49.9 72.6 80.3 100.1 141.3 144.0 140.1 131.9 130.7 126.3 76.0 121.3 22.3 49.9 Ot F o o d ............................ Clothing....................... H ousing....................... Fuel arid lig h t............ F u rn itu re and furnishings................... Miscellaneous............. CO Detroit, Mich. 78.0 84.4 107.9 136.0 118.6 1 Decrease. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [296] 93.3 88.0 82.4 74.6 75.3 67 CHANGES IN COST OE LIVING. T a b l e 2 . — C H A N G E S IN COST OF L IV IN G IN 19 C IT IE S FR O M D E C E M B E R , 1914, TO JU N E , 1912— C o n tin u ed . Houston, Tex. Per cent of increase from December, 1014, to — Ite m of expenditure. Dec., Dec., Dec., Dec., June, Dec., June, Dec., May, Sent., Dec., Mar., June, 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1919. 1920. 1920. 1921. 1921. 1921. 1922. 1922. F o o d ............................. 1 1.0 Clothing....................... 2.7 H ousing....................... 1 2.3 Fuel and lig h t............ 1.9 F u rn itu re a n d furnish in g s................... 6.1 Miscellaneous............. 1.3 19.9 25.0 1 7.3 8.3 57.3 86.1 85.7 97.5 107.5 83.2 45.6 49.7 50.1 51.5 117.3 134. 8 192.0 211.3 187. 0 143. 4 111.5 104.9 1 7.7 1 1.7 1.9 13.4 25. 3 35.1 39.4 39.4 39.8 22.7 47.5 37.6 60.0 55.1 74.2 46.0 39.0 39.4 40.2 98.8 39.5 34.4 38.9 98.4 38.5 32.9 29.6 16.4 62.3 119.9 144.5 181.8 213.9 208. 2 173. 7 156. 7 148.2 137. 5 44.9 67. 6 72.3 88.2 90.4 103.9 100.8 100.0 99.0 96.0 133.7 94.0 T o ta l................. 16.4 44.9 1.3 75.7 80.2 101.7 112.2 104.0 79.7 75.0 73.6 67.2 65.9 1 0.3 17.6 50.8 76.2 74.2 80.9 90.1 65. 6 32.6 43.1 40.6 30.0 10.5 33.7 71.9 130.5 139. 8 217. 2 234. 0 209.3 167. 5 131.1 117.9 104.8 1 6.9 118.2 U8.7 5.9 9.7 22.0 28.9 34.1 36.5 37.7 38.3 37.6 2.3 15.1 55.2 49.2 64.1 72.6 92.6 80.7 68.1 68.9 61.6 (*) 30.6 99.9 35.3 58.9 Jacksonville, Fla. F o o d ............................. Clothing....................... H ousing....................... Fuel and lig h t............ F u rn itu re a n d furnishings................... Miscellaneous............. T o tal................. 15.1 1.3 43.4 14.7 73.7 126.5 140.0 186.2 224.2 222.3 182. 7 140.9 134.9 122.0 41.6 60.5 65. 9 80.9 102.8 105. 6 107.5 100.9 99.3 98. 7 1.3 14.7 41.6 71.5 77.5 101.5 116.5 106.2 115.3 95.5 85.8 78.7 75.1 68.0 65.7 33.4 61.8 60.7 71. 0 90. 8 62. 7 33.2 45.0 109. 1 123.3 167. 6 184.5 168. 6 127.4 1 .6 4.4 8.7 26.8 42.6 71.4 85.3 10.4 18.3 18.6 35.3 53. 5 53.5 52.7 39.3 98.3 86. 0 52.7 3?. 4 94. 3 90.1 52.7 27.5 84.4 98.0 48.4 30.6 81.3 95.6 39.1 56.4 118.5 134. 2 175. 5 202.2 202.2 156. 6 148.4 143.2 133.7 28.9 52.0 59.1 76.9 86.6 100.6 96.8 98. 8 99.6 104, 0 128.8 103.8 Los Angeles, Calif. F o o d ............................. 1 4.1 0.4 C lothing....................... 2. 8 14.3 H ousing....................... 1 2.7 1 2. 5 .4 Fuel and lig h t............ 2.3 F u rn itu re an d furnishings................... 6.3 23.1 Miscellaneous............. 1 1.9 7.7 T o ta l................. I 1.9 7.7 28.9 58.0 65.1 85.3 101.7 96.7 78.7 76.8 76.4 72.4 72.5 F ood............................. i 1.0 19.9 57.3 80.6 83.6 98.4 110.5 73.5 39.1 43.7 9.0 38.8 86.0 94.0 123. 7 137.4 122.2 90.6 68. 1 Clothing....................... 2.0 H ousing....................... 1 1.9 1 4.3 1 3.6 11.2 11.9 29.6 34.6 53.6 53.3 53. 1 Fuel and lig h t............ (2) 8.8 27.1 57.1 66. 6 75. 6 86.3 122.3 102.1 97.2 F u rn itu re an d fur4. 1 15.3 42.8 108. 3 113.9 163.3 177.9 175.4 140. 7 124.3 nishings................... Miscellaneous............. 1 .4 13.8 43.2 72.4 75.3 87.0 100.3 100.7 96.9 96.1 42.4 57. 7 49.9 98.2 32.3 50.3 48.4 86.1 33.2 49.7 47.7 84.4 116.9 94.3 98.2 89.6 97.8 87.5 63.6 55.8 55.3 Mobile, Ala. T o tal................. 1 .4 13.8 43.2 71.4 76.6 94.5 107.0 93.3 70.8 67.2 Neiv York, N. Y. F ood........................... . Clothing...................... H ousing............... — F uel and lig h t........... F u rn itu re a n d fu r nishings ................... Miscellaneous............. 1.3 4.8 1. 1 1 .1 16.3 22. 3 1. 1 11.0 55.3 82.6 75.3 91.0 105. 3 73.5 42.5 50.3 51.8 36.5 54. 2 131.3 151.6 219. 7 241.4 201.8 159.5 131.5 117.8 107.1 2.6 6. 5 13.4 23.4 32.4 38.1 42. 2 44.0 53. 7 54. 5 19.9 45.5 45.4 50.6 60. 1 87.5 95.9 92.4 90.7 89.4 40.0 103.0 55.7 89.0 8.4 2.0 27.6 14.9 56.5 126.5 136.6 172.9 205.1 185.9 156.5 136.7 132.0 122.3 44.7 70.0 75.1 95.8 111.9 116.3 117.6 117. 8 116.9 113.2 118.3 112.8 T o ta l............... . 2.0 14.9 44.7 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 Decrease. 77.3 79.2 103.8 119.2 101.4 81.7 No change. 79.7 79.3 69.9 70.7 MONTHLY LABOK EEVIEW. T able 2 .—C H A N G E S IN CO ST OF L IV IN G IN 19 C IT IE S FR O M D E C E M B E R , 1914, TO J U N E , 1922—C ontinued. Norfolk, Va. P er cent of increase from December, 1914, to— Item of expenditure. Dec., Dec., Dec., Dec., June, Dec., June, Dec., M ay, Sept., Dee., M ar., June; 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1919. 1920. 1920. 1921. 1921. 1921. 1922. 1922. F o o d ................. ........... C lothing....................... H ousing....................... F uel an d lig h t............ F u rn itu re an d furnish in g s.................... Miscellaneous............. 0.8 .8 .1 (2) .6 .6 T o tal................. .6 31.9 81.8 91.7 93.5 33.5 77.6 88.1 87.7 8.7 14.7 39.0 105.5 110.7 143.6 165.0 160.5 129.0 110.5 106.1 95. 0 45.2 76.8 83.7 97.5 108.4 108.3 106.3 112.5 109.3 102.6 88.4 100.8 14.7 45.2 22.4 63.9 6.0 31.6 i 1.7 1 1.7 17.0 33.3 86.2 89.8 91.5 107.6 76.3 45.4 50.2 94.6 104. 8 158.4 176.5 153.6 121.6 -93.9 39. 0 46.5 63.3 70.8 90.8 94.6 94.6 74.6 69.7 89.9 110.6 128.9 97.3 98.1 80.7 87.1 107.0 122.2 109.0 88.1 83.9 43.4 90.2 93.4 91.6 79.2 71.3 69.5 Philadelphia, Pa. F o o d ............................. Clothing....................... H ousing....................... Fuel a n d lig h t............ F u rn itu re and furnish in g s................... Miscellaneous............. 0.3 3.6 i.3 1 .8 18.9 16.0 1 .7 5.4 54.4 80.7 75.5 87.2 101.7 68.1 37.8 44.6 43.9 51.3 111.2 135. 9 190.3 219.6 183.5 144.7 112. 2 104.6 2.6 8.0 11.3 15.7 28.6 38.0 44.2 47.1 48.1 21.5 47.9 43.3 51.3 66. 8 96.0 85.6 89.3 92.0 34.4 96.2 48.7 89.7 38.1 89.5 49.6 85.7 6.9 1.2 19.9 14.7 49.8 107. 7 117. 8 162.8 187.4 183.4 135.5 109.1 101.6 91.7 43.8 67.5 71.2 88.6 102.8 122.3 119.2 116.4 116.2 113.8 90.0 112.3 T o ta l................. 1.2 14.7 43.8 79.8 76.0 74.3 68.2 68.2 86.8 80.6 91.9 114.5 78.7 46.7 85.8 103.8 148.5 165.9 147. 8 116.3 2. 5 5.7 10.7 14. 5 20.0 23.1 67.7 58.4 69.8 83.9 113. 5 96.8 56.8 96.6 23.3 90.9 54.8 88.1 26.6 94.0 73.9 76.2 96.5 113.5 100.7 Portland, Me. F o o d ............................. 12.0 Clothing....................... 2.1 H ousing....................... .2 .4 Fuel an d lig h t............ F u rn itu re an d furn ish in g s................... 6.2 Miscellaneous.............. 1 .4 18.6 9.7 .6 11.4 49.8 32. 8 2.4 28.9 39.2 81.0 27. 0 93.8 39.9 76.7 24.8 96.1 20.9 13. 8 43.5 110.8 126.4 163.7 190.3 191.2 152.2 139.1 123.6 110.6 38.0 65.6 72.1 83.2 89.4 94.3 94.1 94.1 91.2 89.5 108.1 88.2 1 .4 13.8 38.0 T o ta l................. 93.1 72.1 72.0 69.2 60.7 59.7 70.6 67.1 81.6 107.1 60.9 96.6 115.5 142.1 158.6 122.1 12.3 20.2 27.7 33.2 36. 9 30.9 31.3 42.3 46.9 65.9 26.0 91.2 42.9 67.1 35.9 70.4 43.3 58.9 33.1 65.3 43.3 59.4 24.6 55.5 43.2 56.2 26.5 53.2 43.3 50.3 54.5 109.0 122.1 145.1 183.9 179.9 148.0 126.9 121.9 104.6 31.2 57.9 62.3 71.6 79.7 81.1 81.1 80.9 80.0 78.9 101.9 78.5 72.2 74.3 91.6 107.6 Portland, Oreg. F o o d ............................. C lothing....................... H ousing....................... Fuel a n d l i g h t . .......... F u rn itu re an d furnish in g s................... Miscellaneous............. 9.8 42.2 13.8 3.0 15.8 44.4 U 0 .9 119.6 122. 2 3.4 20.2 11.0 2.9 13.1 18.0 6.1 T o tal................. 13.1 6.1 58.3 52.3 52.1 9.6 35.9 66.2 63.3 74.2 93.9 64.9 33.3 40.6 40.4 14.5 43.6 109.0 134.6 170.4 191.0 175.9 140. 9 110.1 106.3 9 .4 15.0 21.7 23.6 25.8 4.7 12.5 i 4.0 13.9 1 3 .5 4.6 14.4 30.1 28.9 41.3 47.2 66.3 63.3 65.3 65.3 29.6 97.8 27.7 65.3 31.1 90.7 29.4 59.5 48.2 103.4 116.6 143.8 180.1 175.6 143.9 121.7 113.9 105.6 28.6 50.5 61.0 74.7 79.6 84.8 84.4 87.4 86.8 84.4 104.4 83.7 57.5 56.8 31.2 64.2 69.2 83.7 100.4 80.3 62.2 60.5 San Francisco and Oakland, Calif. F o o d ............................ 14.3 Clothing....................... 2.5 H ousing....................... i .7 Fuel a n d lig h t............ i .1 F u rn itu re an d fu r nishings ................... 6.0 Miscellaneous............. 1 1.7 T o tal................. 1 1.7 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 21.7 8.3 8.3 28.6 57.8 65.6 87.8 96.0 85.1 66.7 2 No change. 1 Decrease. [298] 64.6 63.6 CH A N G ES I N COST OF L IV IN G . 69 T able 2 .—C H A N G E S IN COST O F L IV IN G IN 19 C IT IE S FR O M D E C E M B E R , 1911, TO J U N E , 1922—C oncluded. Savannah, Ga. \ P er cen t of increase from December, 1914, to— Ite m of expenditure. Dec., D ee., Dec., Dec., June, Dec., June, Dec., May, Sept., Dec., Mar., June, 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1919. 1920. 1920. 1921. 1921. 1921. 1922. 1922. F ood............................. 10.3 C lothing....................... .8 H ousing....................... 11.4 Fuel and lig h t............ 11.3 F u rn itu re a n d furnish in g s.................. 1.8 Miscellaneous............. 1 .2 T o tal............... . 1 .2 17.0 50.8 76.2 74.2 80.9 91.7 63.5 28.7 36.8 21.1 56.6 133.6 146.3 195.9 212.1 171.5 133.2 101.3 13.0 14.3 5.9 10.2 22.0 33.5 58.6 61.9 60.6 11.7 121.1 37.5 35.5 52.2 65.3 94.4 74.2 66.4 16.7 74.1 58.8 65.3 22.7 71.7 57.8 55.2 12.8 14.5 50.7 128.6 136.5 182.1 207.2 206.6 175.9 150.2 133.7 126.0 42.5 67.3 71.2 82.0 83.8 91.5 93.0 88.0 87.4 84.6 120.1 81.1 14.6 42.5 75.0 79.8 98.7 109.4 98.7 33.7 84.2 60.9 66.1 77.6 71.3 66.2 56.9 56.8 72.5 69.3 80.9 102.3 54.1 27.1 88.0 110.2 154. 5 173.9 160.5 128.7 44.3 51.5 71.5 74.8 76.7 74.8 51.8 51.8 63.8 65.8 78.7 78.7 34.9 93.5 71.3 77.3 30.5 88.7 69.2 69.0 Seattle, Wash F o o d ............................. 12.8 C lothing....................... 1.2 H ousing...................... 12.4 Fuel a nd lig h t............ 1.2 F u rn itu re a n d furnishings................... 8.5 Miscellaneous............. il.O 8.5 11.3 15.4 2.9 38.7 36.4 1. 6 23.9 27.1 79.8 67.0 66.8 30.0 78.0 64.7 64.3 27.4 7.4 52.3 141.5 154.4 201.0 221.2 216.4 177. 2 151.7 149.9 142.4 31.1 58.5 71.4 86.8 90.4 95.5 105.5 105.5 102.6 99.2 137.3 97.6 T o tal................ il.O 7.4 31.1 69.9 76.9 97.7 110.5 94.1 80.2 75.5 71.5 67.4 67.0 (4) (*) 15.7 61.1 90.9 84.6 93.3 108.4 79.0 47.4 23.2 60.1 112.6 109.5 165.9 184.0 151.1 115.9 13.7 13.4 1 1.5 1 1.4 5.4 15.6 24.7 28.8 7.3 24.9 40.9 41.8 42.8 53.7 68.0 57.1 59.1 89.8 29.1 57.6 51.1 87.1 30.4 49.9 40.8 79.8 31.3 47.1 44.3 77.5 31.4 44.5 30.5 15.3 72.1 127.4 126.0 159.3 196.4 194.0 149.0 132.1 122.4 110.4 44.3 55.9 57.4 62.7 68.2 73.9 72.0 70.5 75.8 73.7 10S.1 73.7 14.6 47.3 Washington, D. C. F o o d ........................... 0.6 C lothing....................... 3.7 H ousing....................... 11.5 Fuel a n d lig h t............ (2) F u rn itu re a n d fu r nishin g s................... 6.3 .4 Miscellaneous............. T o ta l................. 1.0 73.8 71.2 87.6 101.3 87.8 67.1 66.2 63.0 56.8 57.6 Table 3 shows the changes in the cost of living from December, 1917, to June, 1922, in 13 cities. The table is constructed in the same m anner as the preceding one and differs from it only in the base period, and in the length of time covered. T able 3 .—C H A N G E S IN COST O F L IV IN G IN 13 C IT IE S FR O M D E C E M B E R , 1917, TO J U N E , 1922. Atlanta, Ga. P er cent of increase from December, 1917, to— Ite m of expenditure. Dee., 1918. June, 1919. Dec., 1919. June, 1920. Dec., 1920. May, 1921. Sept., 1921. F o o d ............................................... C lothin g ........................................ H ousin g ......................................... F u e l a n d lig h t............................. F u rn itu re an d furnishings....... M iscellaneous.............................. 19.0 29.1 14.0 17.0 24.9 14.8 18.0 40.7 14.5 17.9 30. 1 21.5 27.9 66.9 32.6 30. 8 49.9 31. 7 34.0 80.5 40.4 61.0 65. 0 34.6 12.8 56.5 73.1 66.8 58.4 39. 7 1 8.9 35.2 78. S 56.1 38. 0 40.5 1 5. 8 13.6 77.0 46.6 25.3 39.4 T o ta l................................... 19.7 23.3 37.9 46.7 38.5 25.2 20.7 1 Decrease. 2 No change. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Dee., 1921. 17.2 111.9 8.3 1.9 75.4 72.2 43.7 34.8 16.1 23.0 36.1 39.7 18.7 4 Figures in th is colum n are for A pril, 1919. 6 Figures in th is colum n are for N ovem ber, 1919. [299] M ar., 1922. 13.8 June, 1922. 110.5 .4 68.1 39. 1 15.2 34.5 13.7 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 70 T able 3 .—C H A N G ES IN COST O F L IV IN G IN 13 C IT IE S FR O M D E C E M B E R , 1917. TO JU N E , 1922—C ontinued. Birmingham, Ala. Per cent of increase from D ecember, 1917, to— Item of expenditure. Dec., 1918. June, 1919. Dec., 1919. June, 1920. Dec., 1920. F oo d ............................................... C lo th in g ........................................ H ousing......................................... F uel a n d lig h t............................. F u rn itu re a n d furnishings....... M iscellaneous.............................. 17.7 23.9 8.1 22.8 19.4 13.8 18.3 29.8 12.8 31.9 20.2 16.3 26.5 57.6 34.9 39.8 45.1 26.8 36.4 66.4 40.3 55.3 55. 6 28.7 11.9 45.1 68.5 74.2 48.1 30.4 1 9.1 24.8 77.4 54.3 32.0 33.8 16.2 6.7 76.5 53.1 15.0 35.9 i 8.5 1 14.0 1 .4 i 5. 2 70.9 67.5 44.1 29.8 12.0 3.0 35.5 31.8 T o ta l................................... 17.0 19.8 34.3 41.9 33.3 22.1 19.6 16.2 11.0 10.7 May, 'S ept., 1921. 1921. Dec., 1921. Mar., 1922. June, 1922. 1 13.1 i 6.1 67.0 25.0 3.3 30.4 Cincinnati, Ohio. F oo d ............................................... C lothing........................................ H ousing......................................... F uel an d lig h t............................. F u rn itu re an d furnishings....... M iscellaneous.............................. 15.3 33.8 .2 10.0 25. 7 20.4 18.1 48.3 .8 5.6 30.5 21.8 22.9 84.2 12.8 11.0 51. 1 40.3 38.7 96.7 13.6 26.9 75.5 47.6 10.3 73.5 25.0 34.1 66.7 53.4 1 7.4 49.0 27.6 15.7 39.7 52.3 i 2.2 22.6 28.2 15.6 25.2 48. 2 i 8.3 13.9 28.5 42.4 22.3 47.3 i 12.4 6.7 30.3 35.6 16.7 44.4 i 8.9 4.9 31.0 35.2 15.8 44.0 T o tal................................... 17.3 21.1 35.2 47.1 34.7 21.7 18.3 15.3 11.8 12.7 Denver, Colo. F o o d ............................................... C lothing........................................ H ousing......................................... F u e l an d lig h t............................. F u rn itu re an d furnishings....... M iscellaneous.............................. 20.0 40.1 12.8 8. 1 22.6 14.8 20.7 53.2 21.8 8.4 31.3 17.7 26.0 82.1 33. 5 19.6 46.3 32.3 41.5 98.8 51.9 22.3 60.2 35.4 7.9 i 13.1 78.3 53.9 69.8 76.9 47. 1 37.5 58.9 42.5 38.8 42.8 i 7.8 33.7 80. 1 40.0 32.5 44.1 *8.8 27.7 82.6 39.7 27.9 43.1 117.6 18.3 84.4 33.1 21.1 40. 2 1 14.2 15.3 84.8 32.8 20.4 38.1 T o ta l................................... 20.7 25.3 38.2 50.3 38.7 28.9 26.1 24.5 18.5 18.8 Indianapolis, Ind. F ood............................................... C lothing........................................ H ousing......................................... Fuel a n d lig h t............................. F u rn itu re an d furnishings....... M iscellaneous.............................. 17.8 32. 4 1.6 19.8 18.9 21.9 16.4 40. 1 2.6 16.7 24.8 26.8 28.2 73. 8 11.6 27.3 48.4 38.2 49.0 87.9 18.9 45. 6 67. 5 40.5 11.0 72.3 32.9 60.3 63.0 47.5 i 10.1 45. 8 37. 4 49.4 35. 3 47.4 12.1 21. 5 41. 4 47. 5 25.0 46. 5 i 8.4 16.2 43.8 42.5 22.5 46.2 i 13.4 10.9 42.2 34.8 13.9 45.8 i 9.9 7.9 41.3 44.9 13.7 45.4 T o tal................................... 19.1 21.1 36.5 50.2 37.6 23.9 22.6 19.3 15.3 16.4 i 13.5 15.9 59. 4 36.3 11.6 32.3 Kansas City, Mo. F ood............................................... C lothing........................................ H ousing......................................... Fuel a n d lig h t.............................. F u rn itu re and furnishings....... M iscellaneous............................... 17.3 40.7 5. 4 18. 0 31.1 15.6 15.1 44.7 6. 7 9.6 37.9 20.8 24.5 89. 9 26.0 27.5 61. 8 31.5 44.9 104.5 29. 4 35.2 73. 0 37.1 10.2 76.3 63.9 55.1 68.7 40.3 i 8.3 52.3 65.0 43.3 50.0 40. 4 i 4.3 27.9 66. 2 43. 7 32.8 38.2 i 6.6 i 15.7 24. 1 17.4 69. 7 64.8 42.6 36.0 26. 2 15.2 37.6 33.1 T o tal................................... 19.6 20.6 38.2 51.0 39.5 27.3 23.9 22.5 1 Decrease. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [300] 15.3 15.0 71 C H A N G ES I N COST OF L IV IN G . T a b l e 3 .—CH AN G ES IN COST O F L IV IN G IN 13 C IT IE S FR O M D E C E M B E R ; 1917, TO JU N E , 1922—C ontinued. Memphis, Tenn. P er cent of increase from D ecember, 1917, to— Ite m of expenditure. Dec., 1918. June, 1919. Dec., 1919. June, 1920. Food............................................... C lothing........................................ H ousing......................................... Fuel a n d lig h t.............................. F u rn itu re a n d furnishings........ M iscellaneous.......... ................... 20.3 27.7 (2) 26. 8 25.4 16.1 22.7 38.3 8.2 23. 4 30.7 20.9 28.4 66.2 23.1 34.1 53. 2 28.3 38.8 77.5 35.9 49.7 67.1 38.8 T o tal................................... 18.3 23.3 35.2 46.4 Dec., 1920. May, 192i. 7.0 114.2 59.0 36.1 66. 2 79.7 105.4 64.5 53. 9 29.9 43.2 42.9 39.3 Dec., 1921. Mar., 1922. June, 1922. 19.2 111.2 20.2 15.3 77.7 77.3 66. 1 67.1 19. 2 14.7 42.2 42.3 116.1 9.3 75.5 61.8 8.9 39.9 1 15.1 7.3 74.8 56.3 6,8 37.8 19.2 18.2 Sept., 1921. 26.7 25.1 23.2 Minneapolis, Minn. Food............................................... C lothing........................................ H ousing........................................ Fuel a n d lig h t............................. F u rn itu re and furnishings........ M iscellaneous.............................. 17.7 33.5 i.l 14.7 18.1 12.3 21.4 40.1 12.0 13.4 23.6 15.9 34.1 67.0 8.0 22.4 45. 6 25.4 50.0 76.7 10.7 36.9 65.5 31.3 13.0 63.6 36. 8 60.3 65.8 37.6 17.9 41.0 39.0 52. 8 43.3 37.9 13.5 18.4 44.0 50.'5 30.5 37.3 14.9 i 10.0 14.3 9.7 46. 7 46.7 50. 2 43.7 27. 9 21. 9 37.4 34.5 16.0 7.9 44.6 43.7 21.4 32.6 T o tal................................... 15.8 18.8 32.7 43.4 35.7 23.7 21.6 20.7 17.0 17.3 1 12.8 15.6 58.5 33.4 17.9 58.6 New Orleans, La. Food............................................... C lothing........................................ H ousing......................................... Fuel a n d lig h t............................. F u rn itu re a n d furnishings........ M iscellaneous............................... 16.6 36.8 (2) 19.7 23.8 15.9 17.4 48.8 .1 20.8 30.0 17.5 21.1 83.2 10.8 24.7 57.7 35.1 28.6 94.9 12.9 36.3 75.9 42.8 10.7 69.4 39.7 41.5 63.9 57.1 110.7 45.0 46.7 29.2 47.7 58.2 1 6.4 29.2 49.5 36.2 30. 7 61.0 19.3 112.0 24.9 18.9 57.9 58.2 40.4 31. 8 20. 8 28. 5 60. 2 59. 1 T o tal................................... 17.9 20.7 33.9 41.9 36.7 23.8 23.8 22.7 19.9 18.9 Pittsburgh, Pa. Food............................................... C lothing........................................ H ousing......................................... Fuel an d lig h t.............................. F u rn itu re a n d furnishings....... M iscellaneous............................... 18.8 35.9 7.6 9.2 26.3 16.3 16.2 45.3 13.5 9.4 34.1 16.7 25.1 82.8 15.5 9.8 63.1 28.3 36.5 91.3 34.9 31.7 77.4 41.2 14.3 75.4 35.0 64.4 78.1 46.3 18.8 50.7 55.5 59. 8 58. 2 48.6 1 3.0 27.2 55.5 55.6 36. 2 47.6 1 5.6 23.6 55.3 66.2 31.6 48.0 1 14.4 19.3 55.3 66.0 23.7 44.4 1 12.2 17.3 56.7 66.0 20.1 43.4 T o tal................................... 19.8 21.8 36.2 49.1 39.3 27.7 24.4 22.8 17.4 17.8 Richmond, Va. Food............................................... C lothing........................................ H ousin g ........................................ Fuel a n d lig h t............................. F u rn itu re a n d furnishings........ M iscellaneous............................... 20.5 33.8 1.0 11.8 26.3 9.0 20.6 42.3 3.6 11.4 28.6 13.5 23.1 78.6 9.8 18.7 55.9 24.0 36.1 93.6 12.5 36.1 75.4 32.4 11.9 69.0 25.9 62.2 70.0 36.0 i 7.4 43.8 29.4 47.1 48.8 38.7 1 1.0 24.2 33.0 46.7 36.0 38.4 1 2.9 21.2 34.1 46.8 33.0 38.4 1 10.2 15.9 34.2 36.7 28.1 35. 5 17.8 12.9 34.5 33.4 27.6 34.7 T o ta l................................... 17.9 20.6 32.0 43.8 33.3 20.2 19.5 18.3 12.9 13.2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 Decrease. 2 No change. 72 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. T able 3.—CH A N G ES IN COST O F L IV IN G IN 13 C IT IE S FR O M D E C E M B E R , 1917, TO J U N E , 1922—C ontinued. S t. Louis, Mo. P er cent of increase from D ecember, 1917, to— Ite m of expenditure. Mar., 1922. Dec., 1918. June, 1919. Dec., 1919. June, 1920. F ood............................................... Clothing H o u sin g........................................ Fuel a n d lig h t............................. F u rn itu re a n d furnishings........ M iscellaneous............................... 18.0 32. 4 2.7 4. 8 21.8 14.5 16.1 39. 3 3.8 3.7 32.5 15.7 26.2 78.1 16.8 8.2 52.9 30.3 46.2 89.7 29.8 19.6 73.1 37.6 8.8 1 10.1 70.0 43. 8 42.4 52.5 42.6 30.9 70.2 43.5 43.2 42.1 14.5 111,6 114.0 21.2 17.2 9.1 61.2 64.1 63.8 33.4 29.5 30.9 19.2 25.1 14.3 42.0 40.6 34.7 T o ta l................................... 16.7 17.9 34.2 48.9 35.4 23.1 22.0 18.5 14.7 15.0 Dec., 1920. May, 1921. Sept., 1921. Dec., 1921. June, 1922. 112.1 7.9 65.7 31.0 12,8 33.2 Scranton, Pa. F ood............................................... C lothing........................................ H o u sin g........................................ Fuel a n d lig h t............................. F u rn itu re a n d furnishings........ M iscellaneous............................... 21.3 34.4 .5 24.7 27.0 21.4 18.1 49.6 6.2 25.7 35.6 24.9 26.9 82.1 2,4 31.5 48.9 34.7 41.4 97.7 17.2 43. 5 62.8 47.9 17.8 76.5 18.5 67.3 62.0 50.4 14.0 54.3 41.5 62.8 48.6 54.6 2.8 31.3 42,2 64.8 34.6 53.8 4.1 29.1 44.6 67.1 30.7 52.4 16.8 25.2 '46.6 65.8 25.7 50.1 16.7 24.2 52.8 68.0 24.2 49.9 T o ta l................................... 21.9 25.0 37.1 51.5 39.1 28.2 26.3 26.3 20.4 20.9 1 Decrease. The following table shows the changes in the cost of living in the U nited States from 1913 to June, 1922. These figures are a sum m arization of the figures for the 32 cities which appear in the preceding tables, computed on a 1913 base. T able 4 .—C H A N G ES IN COST O F L IV IN G IN T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S , 1913 TO JU N E 1922. P er cen t of increase from 1913 (average) to— Ite m of expenditure. Dec., Dee., Dec., Dec., Dec., June, Dec., June, Dec., May, Sept., Dec., Mar., June, 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1919. 1920. 1920. 1921. 1921. 1921. 1922. 1922. F ood................. C lothing.......... H o u sin g .......... Fuel a n d lig h t. F u rn itu re an d furn ish in g s.. M iscellaneous. 5.0 1.0 (i) 1.0 5.0 4.7 1.5 1.0 26.0 20.0 2.3 8.4 57.0 87.0 84.0 97.0 119.0 78.0 44.7 49.1 105. 3 114.5 168.7 187.5 158.5 122.6 .1 9.2 14.2 25.3 34.9 51.1 59.0 24.1 47.9 45.6 56.8 71.9 94.9 81.6 38.7 75. 5 60.9 75.8 41.0 72.3 60.9 74.4 4.0 3.0 10.6 7.4 27.8 13.3 50.6 113.6 125.1 163.5 192.7 185.4 147.7 124.7 118.0 106.2 40.5 65.8 73.2 90.2 101.4 108.2 108.8 107.8 106.8 103.3 102.9 101.5 T o t a l.. . 3.0 5.1 18.3 42.4 74.4 77.3 99.3 116.5 100.4 80.4 53.1 92.1 60.0 80.7 77.3 49.9 84.4 61.4 81.1 74.3 66.9 66.6 1 No change. Wholesale Prices of Commodities, April to June, 1922. N CONTINUATION of inform ation published in the M onthly Labor Review for May, 1922, there are presented herew ith the average prices in April, May, and June of the commodities included in the revised series of index num bers of wholesale prices constructed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. For convenience of comparison w ith pre-war prices, index num bers based on average prices in the year 1913 as 100 are shown in addition to the statem ent of absolute money prices. I https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [302] W H O L ESA L E PRICES, 78 W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S O F CO M M O D ITIES, A P R IL TO JU N E , 1922. Average prices. Index num bers. (1913=100.) Commodity. May, 1922. F a r m 'p r o d u c ts . Grains: B arley, m alting, p er bushel, Chicago.............................. Com, p er bushel, Chicago— C ontract g rad es.............................................................. No. 3 m ix ed ..................................................................... O ats, contract grades, p er bushel, Chicago..................... R ye, No. 2, p er bushel, C h icag o ...................................... W heat, p e r bushel— No. 1, n o rth e rn spring, Chicago................................. No. 2, red w inter, Chicago........................................... No. 2, h a rd w inter, K ansas C ity................................ No. 1, n o rth e rn spring, M inneapolis......................... No. 1, h a rd w hite, P o rtlan d , Oreg............................ (б) L ive stock an d po u ltry : Cattle, steers, p e r 100 pounds, C h ic ag o Choice to p rim e .............................................................. Good t o choice...........................................] .] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] Hogs, p e r 100 pounds, Chicago—• H e a v y ................................................................... L ig h t................................................................ ] ] ' ] ] ] ] ] ] Sheep, p e r 100 p ounds, Chicago— Ew es, nativ e, all g rad es.............................................. Lam bs, w estern, good to choice....................... W ethers, fed, good to choice.................................. P o u ltry , liv e fowls, p e r pou n d — Chicago............................................................ New Y o rk .............................................] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] (c) O ther farm products: Beans, m edium , choice, p er 100pounds, New Y o rk ... Clover seed, contract grades, per 100 pounds, Chicago . C otton, m iddling, p e r pound— N ew O rleans.............................................................. N ew Y o rk ...........................................................’ " * " ’ Cotton seed, per to n , average price a t gin]........ Eggs, fresh, p e r dozen— F irsts, w estern, B oston........................................... F irsts, Chicago............................................... ! ! ! ! ] ! ! " ’ E x tra firsts, C incinnati.............................] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] C andled, N ew O rleans....................................... !!*]"" F irsts, New Y o rk ............................... .] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] E x tra firsts, w estern, P h ilad e lp h ia ................... ] ] ] ] E x tra pullets, San F rancisco.....................................] Flaxseed, No. 1, p e r bushel, M inneapolis........... H a y , p er to n — Alfalfa, No. 1, K ansas C ity.......................... Clover, m ixed, No. 1. C in cin n ati............. .] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] T im o th y ; No. 1, Chicago.........................................]]] H ides a n d skins, p er pound— Calfskins, No. 1, country, Chicago............................ Goatskins, B razilian, N ew Y o rk ..................... ]]]]]] H ides, h eav y , c o u n try cows, N o. 1, Chicago]]]]]] H ides, packers, heavy, n a tiv e steers, C hicago.... Hides, packers, heavy, Texas steers, C hicago... H ops, prim e to choice, p e r pound— N ew Y ork S tate, N ew Y o rk .................................. Pacifies, P o rtlan d , Oreg................................ Milk, fresh, p er q u a rt— Chicago (v icin ity )......................................................... ]]]]]" ]] New Y ork (v ic in ity )................ . San Francisco (v ic in ity )..................................]]]]]] ] O nions, fresh, yellow, per 100 pounds, Chicago............ P ean u ts, N o. 1, p er po u n d , Norfolk, V a ..................... Potatoes— W hite, good to choice, per 100 pounds, Chicago... Sweet, No. 1, per five-eighth bushel, P h ilad e lp h ia . Rice, per po u n d , N ew O rle a n s B lue Rose, head, clean ........... ..................................... H onduras, head, clean......................... ]. ] .................. Tobacco, B urley, good leaf, d a rk red, per 100 pounds'," Louisville, K y ................................................................ Wool, Ohio, per pound, B oston— Fine clothing, scoured............................................ Fine delaine, scoured.......................................]! !!!!! H alf blood, scoured.................................. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! One-fourth a n d three-eighth grades, scoured.]."."."." (а ) 1 No quotation https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis SO. 640 SO. 679 102.3 108.6 97.2 .588 .576 .393 1.043 .618 .609 .403 1.056 .609 .601 .372 .880 94.1 93.6 104.4 163.9 98.9 99.0 107.1 166.0 97.5 97.7 99.0 139.2 1.386 1.391 1.360 1.563 1.630 1.446 1.356 1.367 1.589 1.624 1.249 1.160 1.240 1.419 1.448 151.8 141.1 155.1 178.9 175.5 158.3 137.5 155.9 181.9 174.8 136.7 117.6 141.4 162.5 155.8 8.906 8.406 8.985 8.615 9.456 8.863 99.8 98.8 100.6 101.3 105.9 104.2 10. 206 10.500 10.425 10.660 10.228 10.600 122.0 124.2 124.6 126.1 122.3 125.4 6.969 13.219 9. 063 5.900 12.475 7.625 4.688 11.438 5.719 148.7 169.6 169.5 125.9 160.1 142.6 100.0 .260 .291 .258 .289 .225 .273 168.7 174.0 167.4 172.5 146.0 163.1 7.238 22.000 8.080 21.920 10.125 19.380 181.4 133.2 202.5 132.7 253.8 117.3 .168 .181 40.790 .194 .208 40.210 .217 37.710 132.4 141.5 187.2 152.5 162.9 184.5 170.6 172.7 173.1 .264 .233 .234 .260 .265 .269 .249 2.646 ,270 .240 .233 . 255 .267 .275 .240 2.797 105.1 103.1 104. 5 98.9 98.7 99.2 .225 .248 .272 .244 2.469 92.9 196.2 107.4 106.4 103.9 108.8 107.2 104.3 89.6 207.3 99.5 103.2 91: 1 183.1 22.750 20.313 26.500 22.750 20.300 26.300 16.625 17.188 22.875 160.4 130.3 165.3 160.4 130.3 164.1 117.2 110.3 142.7 .131 .861 .083 .134 .127 .134 .705 .089 .146 .137 .152 .699 .107 .168 .155 69.2 54.7 72.8 70.1 71.0 99.1 58.6 79.4 75.7 80.5 98.3 70.8 91.4 85.5 .241 .190 .235 .179 .231 .130 90.6 110.5 88.2 104.0 86.9 75.6 .032 .056 .061 5.859 .039 .037 .044 .061 3.177 .039 .036 .044 .061 2.219 .036 85.7 158.1 155.4 372.7 109.3 1.606 1.244 2.250 1.250 2.994 0) 156.9 257.7 219.8 259.0 .047 .062 . 048 .062 .048 .062 122.1 122.1 27.500 27.500 27.500 208.3 208.3 208.3 1.135 1.191 .978 .727 1.162 1.191 .978 .727 1.162 183.9 1.191 1216. 6 96.8 .978 .746 151.9 188.2 216.6 196.8 151.9 188.2 216.6 196.8 155.8 .221 .249 .223 .222 2 N o 1913 base price. 111.0 106. 4 102.0 121.1 97.1 124.6 155.4 202.1 109.3 1-16.7 107.0 $ 6, 0 94.4 124.6 155.4 141.1 100.3 292.4 (2) M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW . 74 W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S O F C O M M O D ITIES, A P R IL TO JU N E , 1922—Continued. In d e x num bers. (1913=100.) Average prices. Commodity. A pril, 1922. May, 1922. June, 1922. April, 1922. May, 1922. $0.145 .129 80.145 .141 $0.145 . 141 112.0 102.9 112.0 112.6 112.0 112.6 14.000 .309 .286 .138 14.000 .313 .295 .133 14.000 .313 .276 .096 74.0 185.8 192.5 134.1 74.0 188.3 198.4 129.8 74,0 188.4 185.6 94.0 .236 .255 .238 .255 .200 .245 159.0 167.4 159.8 167.4 134.6 160.9 26.250 .134 .142 27.000 .143 .149 29.375 .153 .157 116.8 108.7 111.4 120.2 115.5 117.0 130.7 124.1 123.2 .269 .295 .300 .266 .306 .300 .240 .288 .300 185.9 161.7 165.9 184.0 167.9 165.9 166.0 157.9 165.9 .379 . 363 .408 .430 .378 .386 .378 .349 .366 .348 .382 .405 .369 .374 .346 .374 .369 .360 .383 .404 .369 .374 . 356 .408 119.4 116.8 117.4 127. 9 117.1 118.5 122.1 110.0 115.4 112.0 110.1 120.5 114.5 114.7 112.0 117.9 116.3 115.9 110.2 120.1 114.4 114.8 115.2 128.7 .164 .177 .223 .169 .169 .193 .181 .191 .191 115.7 114.8 139.6 119.0 109.5 120.8 127.9 124.1 119.8 5.000 3.850 4.875 3.820 4.875 3.850 106.4 108.9 103.7 108.1 103.7 108.9 .076 .062 .066 .069 .061 .110 .108 .046 .076 .062 .066 .069 .061 .118 .110 .046 .076 .062 .058 .074 .061 .118 .110 .046 177.0 174.7 216.1 162.5 151.3 72.0 97.3 44.1 177.0 174.7 216.1 162.5 151.3 76.7 98.7 44.0 177.0 174.7 190.8 174.1 151.3 77.3 99.0 44.0 6.500 6.750 6.750 96.9 100.6 100.6 7.500 16.335 2.400 6. 013 7.500 15. 840 2.370 6.130 7.500 13.860 2.363 5.313 113.2 147.2 164.3 192.5 113.2 142.8 162.3 196.3 113.2 124.9 161.8 170.1 7.555 6. 785 8.144 7. 750 8.557 6.970 6.275 6. 640 7.500 6.675 8. 060 7.675 8.557 7.044 6.431 6.513 7.113 6.408 7.500 7.181 8.126 6.575 5. 763 5.938 188.3 176.4 177.7 175.3 190.4 152. 6 147.5 140.5 187.0 173.5 175.8 173.6 190.4 154.3 151. 2 137.8 177.3 166.5 163.6 162.4 180.8 144.0 135.5 125.6 1.950 3.100 1.960 3.220 1.975 3. 750 128.5 151.0 129.2 156.8 130.2 182.7 .185 .130 .121 .148 .184 .130 .125 .128 .179 .130 .124 .116 257.7 190.1 183.8 203.2 256.3 190.1 190.6 176.3 249.0 190.1 188.7 160.2 June, 1922. F oods. Meats: Beef, fresh, per p ound— Carcass, good n ativ e steers, Chicago......................... Sides, n ative, New Y o rk ............................................. Beef, salt, e x tra mess, per barrel (200 pounds), New Y ork...................................................................................... H am s, sm oked, per pound, Chicago................................ Lam b, dressed, per p ound, Chicago................................. M utton, dressed, per p ound, New Y o rk ......................... Pork, fresh, per pound— Loins, Chicago................................................................ Loins, w estern, New Y o rk .......................................... Pork, cured— Mess, salt, p er b arrel (200 pounds), New Y o rk — Sides, rough, p er pound, Chicago.............................. Sides, short clear, p er pound, Chicago..................... P o u ltry , dressed, per pound— H ens, heavy, Chicago................................................... Fowls, 48-56 p ounds to dozen, New Y o rk ............... Veal, dressed, good to prim e, per pound, New Y o rk .. (6) B u tte r, cheese, a n d m ilk: B u tter, cream ery, ex tra, p er po u n d — B oston............................................................................... Chicago............................................................................. C in cin n ati........................................................................ New O rleans.................................................................... New Y o rk ........ _ ............................................................. P h ilad elp h ia......................................... ......................... St. Louis........................................................................... San Francisco.................................................................. Cheese, whole m ilk, p er po u n d — A m erican tw ins, Chicago............................................. State, fresh flats, colored, average, New Y o rk ----California flats, fancy, San Francisco....................... Milk, fresh. (See F a rm products.) Milk, condensed, case of 48 14-ounce tin s, New Y ork.. Milk, evaporated, case of 48 16-ounce tin s, New Y o r k .. (c> O ther foods: Beans, m edium , choice. (See F a rm products.) B read, per pou n d — Chicago............................................................................. C in cin n ati........................................................................ N ew O rleans................................................................... N ew Y o rk ........................................................................ San F rancisco............................................................... Cocoa, beans, A rrib a, per pound, N ew Y o rk ................ Coffee, Rio, No. 7, per p ound, New Y o rk ...................... Copra, S outh Sea, sun dried, per pound, New Y o r k .. Eggs, fresh, dozen. (See F a rm products.) F ish— Cod, large, shore, pickled cured, p er 100 pounds, Gloucester, M ass........................................................ Herring, large, split, per barrel (180-190 pounds), New Y ork.................................................................... Mackerel, salt,la rg e , 3s, per barrel, B oston............ Salmon, canned, A laska, red, per dozen, fa c to ry .. F lour, rye, w hite, per barrel, M inneapolis............... . Flour, w heat, p e r barrel— W inter p a te n ts, K an sas C ity ..................................... W in ter straig h ts, K ansas C ity ................................... S tan d ard p a te n ts, M inneapolis.................................. Second p a te n ts, M inneapolis...................................... P aten ts, P o rtlan d , O reg.............................................. P a te n ts, soft, w inter, St. Louis.................................. Straights, soft, w inter, St. L ouis............................... P a te n ts, Toledo.............................................................. F ru it, canned, per case, New Y ork— Peaches, California, s tan d a rd 2Js.............................. Pineapple, H aw aiian, sliced, sta n d a rd 2Js............. F ru it, dried, per pound, New Y ork— A pples, evaporated, S tate, choice............................. C urrants, uncleaned, b a rre ls....................................... Prunes, California, 60-7Qs............................................ R aisins, coast, seeded, b u lk ........................................ (a ) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [304] 75 W H O L ESA L E PR IC E S. W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S OP C O M M O D ITIES, A P R IL TO JU N E , 1922—Continued. Index num bers. (1913=100.) Average prices. Commodity. A pril, 1922. May, 1922. June, 1922. April, 1922. May, 1922. 88.050 2.500 $8.500 2. 710 244.2 162.5 253.7 162.5 267.8 176.2 6.250 8.250 2. 650 6.531 9.188 2.795 93.6 165. 5 120.2 108.3 186.7 124.0 113.1 207.9 130.8 1.350 .119 1.250 .121 80.9 101.6 81.8 108.0 75.7 109.5 1.300 1.675 .410 1.208 1.650 .410 80.3 122.1 107.6 81.2 116.9 107.6 75.4 115.0 107.6 2.869 3.066 117.4 115.9 123.9 .175 .096 .103 .175 .100 .099 107.7 82.3 98.0 107.7 83.4 95.2 107.7 86.9 91.4 2.440 2.440 239.2 239.2 239.2 .053 .041 .073 .300 .059 .046 .077 .300 121.5 114.3 90.3 120.8 123.4 115.7 91.1 120.8 137.2 130.9 97.1 120.8 June, 1922. F o o d s —Concluded. (c) O ther foods—Concluded. P ru it, fresh— A pples, B aldw ins, per barrel, Chicago..................... 87. 750 B an an as, Jam aica 9s, per bunch, New Y o rk .......... 2. 500 Lemons, California (300-360 count), p er box, 5.406 Chicago......................................................................... Oranges, California, choice, p er box, Chicago........ 7.313 Glucose, 42° m ixing, p er 100 pounds, New Y o rk .......... 2. 570 H om iny grits, b u lk , car lots, p er 100 pounds, f. o. b. m ill....................................................................................... 1.336 .112 L ard , prim e, contract, per pound, New Y o rk .............. Meal, corn, p er 100 pounds— W hite, f. o. b. D ecatu r, III.......................................... 1.286 1.750 Yellow, P h ilad e lp h ia ................................................... Molasses, N ew Orleans, fancy, per gallon, New Y o rk .. .410 O atm eal, car lots, in barrels (180 pounds), p er hunaredw eight, N ew Y o rk .................................................... 2.906 O leomargarine, s tan d a rd , uncolored, per pound, Chicago................................................................................. .175 Oleo oil, e x tra , per pound, Chicago.................................. .095 Pepper, black, Singapore, p er pound, New Y o rk ........ .106 Rice. (See F a rm products.) Salt, A m erican, m edium , p er barrel (280 pounds), Chicago....................................................................... ......... 2.440 Sugar, per pound, New Y ork— G ranulated, in b a rre ls.................................................. .052 R aw , 96° centrifugal..................................................... .040 Tallow, edible, p er pound, Chicago.................................. .072 Tea, Form osa, fine, per pound, New Y o rk .................... .300 V egetables, canned— Corn, M aryland-M aine style, per dozen, New Y ork 1.000 P eas, S tate an d w estern, No. 5, per dozen, New Y o rk .............................................................................. 1.425 Tom atoes, New Jersey, stan d a rd , No. 3, per dozen, New Y o rk ..................................................... 1.650 Vegetables, fresh. (See F a rm products.) Vegetable oil— Coconut, crude, per pound, Pacific coast................. 085 Corn, crude, in barrels, p er p ound, New Y o rk ----.113 Cottonseed, prim e, sum m er, yellow, p er pound, N ew Y o rk..................................................................... .115 Olive, edible, in barrels, p er gallon, N ew Y o rk __ 1.S00 P e a n u t, crude, p er po u n d , f. o. b. m ill..................... .100 Soya bean, crude, in barrels, p er po u n d , New Y o rk ............................................................................... . 113 V inegar, cider, 40 grain, in barrels, p er gallon, New Y o rk ..................................................................................... .300 1.000 1.000 157.6 157.6 157.6 1.425 1.425 164.4 164.4 164.4 1.600 1.500 126.9 123.1 115.4 .085 .113 .085 .112 70.9 186.2 70.9 186.3 70.9 184.2 .117 1.800 .100 .112 1.800 .100 158.1 106.6 (2) 161.7 106.6 (2) 154.3 106.6 (2) . 113 I 1) 183.8 183.8 .300 .280 268.8 268.8 250.8 1.615 1. 568 1.853 1.473 1.615 1.568 1.853 1.473 1.615 1. 568 1.853 1.473 166.5 181.7 173.2 143.4 166.5 181. 7 173.2 143.4 166.5 181.7 173.2 143.4 6.500 4. 500 2.900 4.500 3. 350 4.600 3.250 1.645 5.750 6. 500 4. 500 2.900 4.500 3.350 4.600 3. 250 1.645 5. 750 6.500 4.500 2.900 4.500 3. 350 4.600 3.250 1.645 5. 750 208.8 142.1 129.6 230.2 207.7 145.3 145.3 122.2 200.6 208.8 142.1 129.6 230.2 207. 7 145.3 145. 3 122.2 200.6 208.8 142.1 129.6 230.2 207.7 145.3 145.3 122.2 200.6 4.190 5.000 3.250 3.600 4.150 5.000 3.250 3. 600 4.150 5. 000 3.250 3.600 139.7 202.7 230.0 261.8 138.3 202.7 230.0 261.8 138.3 202.7 230.0 261.8 C lo th s a n d c lo th in g . (a) Boots and shoes, per pair, factory: Children's— L ittle boys’, gun m etal, b lu c h e r............ ................. Child’s, gun m etal, polish, high c u t.......................... Misses’, black, vici, polish, high c u t......................... Y o u th s’, gun m etal, blucher....................................... Men’s— Black, calf, b lu c h e r....................................................... Black, calf, Goodyear welt, b a l.................................. Black, dress, Goodyear w elt, side le a th er............... G un m etal, Goodyear w elt, b lu c h e r......................... M ahogany, chrome, side, Goodyear welt, b a l........ Tan, dress, Goodyear w elt, calf.................................. Tan, dress, Goodyear w elt, side leath er................... Tan, grain, b lucher........................................................ Vici kid, black, Goodyear w elt.................................. W omen’s— Black, kid, Goodyear w elt, 8J-inch lace................... K id, Goodyear w elt, 9-inch lace................................ K id, M cK ay sewed, 8 inch lace................................ P a te n t leather p u m p , M cK ay sew ed....................... 1 No quotation. 2476°—22-----6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 No 1913 base price. [305] M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . 76 W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S O F CO M M O D ITIES, A P R IL TO JU N E , 1922—C ontinued. In d e x num bers. (1913=100.) A verage prices. Commodity. C l o th s a n d c lo t h i n g —Concluded. (5) Cotton goods: Denim s, M assachusetts, 2.20 yards to th e p ound, per yard, N ew Y o rk ................................................................. Drillings, brow n, p er yard. N ew Y ork— M assachusetts D stan d ard , 30-inch........................... Pepperell, 29-inch, 2.85 yards to th e p o u n d ............ Flannels, p er yard, N ew Y ork— Colored, 2.75 yards to th e p o u n d ............................... U nbleached, 3.80 yards to th e p o u n d ....................... G inghams, per yard — Amoskeag, 27-inch, 6.37 yards to th e pound, New Y o rk .................................................................... Lancaster, 26J-inch, 6.50 yards to th e pound, B oston........................................................................... Hosiery, per dozen pairs— Men’s half hose, com bed yarn, N ew Y o rk .............. W om en’s, cotton, silk mercerized, mock seam, N ew Y o rk .................................................................... W om en’s, combed yarn , 16-ounce, N ew Y o rk ----Muslin, bleached, 4/4, per yard — F ru it of th e Loom, N ew Y o rk .................................... Lonsdale, factory.............. ............................................ Rough R ider, N ew Y o rk ............................................. W am sutta, facto ry ..........: ............................................. P rin t cloth, 27-inch, 7.60 yards to th e po u n d , per yard, B oston........................................................................ Sheeting, brow n, 4/4, yard — In d ia n H ead, 2.85 yards to th e pound, B oston— Pepperell, 3.75 yards to th e pound, New Y o rk ---W are Shoals, 4 yards to th e pound, New Y o rk ---T hread, 6-cord, J . & P . Coates, per spool, New Y o r k .. Underw ear— Men’s shirts a n d draw ers, p er dozen garm ents, New Y o rk .................................................................... W om en’s unio n suits, com bed yarn, per dozen, New Y o rk ....................... ............................................. Y arn , pound, B oston— Carded, w hite, m u lesp u n , n o rth ern , 10/1 c o n e s.. . Carded, w hite, m ulespun, n o rth ern , 22/1 cones. . . T w isted, ordinary, w eaving, 20/2.............................. T w isted, ordinary, w eaving, 40/2.............................. (c) W oolen goods: F lannel, w hite, 4/4, B allard Vale, No. 3, p er yard, facto ry ................................................................................. Overcoating, soft faced, black, p er yard, B oston.......... Suitings, p er yard— Clay w orsted, diagonal, 12-ounce, facto ry............... Clay worsted^ diagonal,' 16-ounce^ facto ry............... M iddlesex, wool-dyed, blue, 16-ounce, New Y ork. Serge, 11-ounce, fa c to ry ................................................ Trousering, cotton w arp, 11/11J ounce, per vard, New Y ork...................................................................................... U nderw ear— Merino, shirts a n d draw ers, p er dozen garm ents, fa c to ry .......................................................................... M en’s union su its, 33 per cent w orsted, per dozen, New Y o rk .................................................................... W om en’s dress goods, per yard— Broadcloth, 9J-ounce, 54-56-inch, New Y o rk .......... French serge, 35-inch, facto ry ..................................... Poplar cloth, cotton w arp, factory............................ Sicilian cloth, cotton w arp, 50-inch, New Y o rk . . . Storm serge, double w arp, 50-inch, facto ry ............ Y arn , per po u n d —• Crossbred stock, 2/32s, p er po u n d , B oston.............. H alf blood, 2/40s, per po u n d , P h ilad e lp h ia ............ Fine domestic, 2/50s, per po u n d , P h ilad elp h ia___ (d) Silk, etc.: L inen shoe th read , 10s, B arbour, per po u n d , New Y ork...................................................................................... Silk, raw , pou n d — China, Canton filature, ex tra e x tra A, New Y ork. Ja p a n , K ansai, N o. 1, New Y o rk .............................. Ja p a n , special ex tra e x tra , New V ork...................... Silk yarn , p e r pound, New Y ork— Domestic, gray sp u n , 6 0 /1 .......................................... Domestic, gray sp u n , 60/2, No. 1 ............................... 1 No qu o tatio n . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [306] A pril, 1922. May, 1922. June, 1922. $0.191 $0.191 SO. 196 148.7 148.7 152.3 .125 .125 .126 .129 .128 .130 151.2 151.9 151.8 156.4 154.7 158.0 .163 .128 .163 .128 .163 .128 160.4 173.0 160.4 173.0 160.4 173.0 .126 .126 .126 193.9 193.9 193.9 .135 .135 .135 218.4 218.4 218.4 A pril, May, 1922. 1922. June, 1922. 1.600 1.611 1.650 198.8 200.3 205. 1 2. 707 1.650 2. 600 1.667 2.648 1.725 153.0 171.0 146.9 172.8 149.6 178.8 .166 .137 .131 .288 .166 .137 .136 .265 .166 .137 .136 .265 195.0 169.8 163.3 257.4 195. 0 169. 8 169.3 236.9 195.0 169.8 169.3 236.9 .060 .064 . 065 173.3 184.9 188.4 .115 .113 .091 .058 .115 .115 .093 .058 .120 .120 .100 .058 136.6 153.5 147. 7 148.7 136.6 157.2 150.8 148.7 142.5 163.7 162.2 148. 7 176.5 7.500 7.500 7.500 176.5 176.5 14.000 14. 000 14.000 169.7 169.7 169. 7 .314 .350 .298 .473 .331 .370 .326 .514 .360 .400 .359 .556 141. 7 141.3 128.1 123. 3 149.7 149. 4 140.1 134.1 162.8 161.4 154.4 145. 2 .900 1.710 .927 1.774 .950 2.105 194.2 124.6 200.1 129.2 205.0 153.3 0) 2.498 2.835 2.115 0) 2. 498 3.060 2.115 C1) 2.783 3.060 2.300 180.7 183.5 187.1 180.7 198.1 187.1 201. 4 198.1 203.5 1.600 1.600 1.600 141.4 141.4 141.4 30. 500 30. 500 30. 500 155.8 155.8 155.8 26.460 26. 460 26. 460 269.6 289.6 269.6 1.860 .650 .325 .515 .815 1.860 .650 .325 .515 .815 1.860 . 650 .325 .515 .815 141.4 197.0 171. 1 159. 2 144.9 141.4 197. 0 171.1 159. 2 144.9 141.4 197.0 171.1 159. 2 144.9 1.300 2.000 2. 250 1.350 2.100 2.300 1.427 2.100 2.300 167.4 179.1 213.4 173.8 188.2 218.2 183.7 188. 2 218.2 2. 077 2.077 2. 077 232.6 232.6 232.6 6. 272 6.517 6.909 7.330 7.203 7.546 7. 507 7.301 7. 840 179.3 179.1 169.6 209.5 197.9 185.2 214.5 200.6 192.4 4.230 5.179 4.312 5.292 4.312 5.292 145.0 149.4 147. 8 152.7 147.8 152.7 77 W H O L ESA L E PRICES, W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S OE C O M M O D ITIES, A P R IL TO JU N E , 1922—Continued. Index num bers (1913=100.) A verage prices. Commodity. A pril, 1922. May, 1922. June, 1922. April, 1922. May, 1922. C1) 0) C1) C1) 230.9 200.7 204.2 211.3 204.6 209.6 June, 1922. F u e l a n d l ig h t in g . A nthracite coal, per gross to n , New Y ork, tidew ater: B ro k en ...................................................................................... C hestnut................................................................................... E gg............................................................................................ Stove......................................................................................... (5) B itum inous coal: Mine ru n , per n e t to n , Chicago......................................... Prepared sizes, p er n e t to n , Chicago................................ Screenings, p er n e t to n , Chicago........................................ M ine ru n , K anaw ha, per n et to n , C incinnati................ M ine ru n , smokeless, New R iver, per n et to n , Cinc in n a ti.................................................................................. Mine ru n , Pocahontas, p er gross to n , Norfolk, V a ___ Prepared sizes, P ittsb u rg h , per n e t to n .......................... ( c) O ther fuel a n d lighting: Coke, Conneilsville, furnace, a t ovens, per n et to n ___ Gasoline, m o tor, p er gallon, New Y o rk .......................... M atches, average of several b rands, per gross, New Y ork...................................................................................... C rude petroleum , a t wells, p er barrel— California, 20°.................................................................. K ansas-O klahom a......................................................... P e n n sy lv an ia.................................................................. Refined petroleum , per gallon, New Y ork— S tandard w h ite, 110° fire t e s t .................................... W ater w hite, 150° fire te st........................................... (a ) $10.266 $10.143 (i) 10.664 10.342 10.360 10.694 10.610 228.2 5. 326 5.645 3.938 3.600 i 1) 6.358 C1) 4. 700 « (x) (Q $5.100 (2) (2) (2) 163.6 (2) (2) Cl 213.6 (2) (2) (2) 231.8 3.950 4. 750 4.500 4.200 5.800 4.650 5.200 6.160 4. 750 163.7 158.3 (2) 174.1 193.3 (2) 215.5 205.3 (2) 4.475 .248 6.000 .268 6.750 .270 183.4 147.4 245.9 158.9 276.7 160.4 1.540 1.540 1.540 189.7 189.7 189.7 1.160 2.250 3.250 1.160 2. 250 3.250 1.160 2.250 3. 500 331.4 240.8 132.7 331.4 240.8 132.7 331.4 240.8 142.9 .118 .202 ,119 .199 .120 .200 136.7 163.8 137.7 161.2 139.0 162.2 6.200 5.550 6.200 5.550 5.825 5.175 149.4 163.2 149.4 163.2 140.4 152.2 20.000 22.585 22.710 15.875 63.750 30.250 24.600 26. 360 25.760 17.600 65.000 35.000 25.000 26. 960 25. 960 18. 375 67. 500 35.625 136.0 131.8 141.9 135.8 109.4 121.0 167.3 153.9 160.9 150. 5 111.5 140. 0 170.0 157.4 162.2 157.2 115.8 142.5 .023 .021 1.500 2.500 48.800 1.475 .024 .021 1.600 2.500 49.600 1.600 .024 .022 1.600 2.500 50. 800 !.. 700 124.5 124.2 109.0 137.5 208.8 106.1 129.8 126. 7 116.3 137.5 212.2 115.1 129.3 130.3 116.3 137.5 217.4 122.3 29.500 29.500 1.500 .015 34.000 34.000 1.580 .016 35.000 35.000 1.700 .016 114.4 113.0 96.9 100.0 131. 8 130.3 102.0 105.4 135.7 134.1 109.8 110.1 40.000 40.000 .031 1.500 40.000 40.000 .031 1.600 40.000 40.000 .031 1.600 142.9 133.3 110.6 99.3 142.9 133.3 141.6 105.9 142.9 133.3 142.5 105.9 9.600 4.750 9.600 4.750 9.600 4.750 138.4 133.5 138. 4 133.5 138.4 133.5 3.430 2.250 3.430 2.250 3.430 2.250 148.5 148.8 148.5 148.8 148.5 148.8 .178 . 126 .193 .148 .051 6.072 .688 .671 .305 6.900 .052 .179 .132 .189 .150 .055 6.581 .733 .716 .309 6.900 .055 .ISO .136 .195 .158 .058 7.052 .733 .716 .315 6.900 .057 75.1 80.3 90.9 88.2 116.1 119.5 121.8 109.5 68.0 95.2 89.9 75.5 83.6 89.0 89.9 125. 5 129.5 129.8 116.9 68.9 95.2 93.7 76.1 86.6 92.0 91.1 132.7 138.8 129.8 116.9 70.1 95.2 97.8 M e ta ls a n d m e ta l p r o d u c ts . (a) Iro n and steel: Iro n ore, p er ton, lower lake p o rts— Mesabi, Bessemer, 55 p er c e n t.................................... Non-Bessemer, 51j p er c en t........................................ Pig iron, gross to n — Basic, valley fu rn ace..................................................... Bessemer, P ittsb u rg h ................................................... Fo u n d ry , N o. 2, n orthern, P ittsb u rg h ..................... F o u ndry, N o. 2, B irm ingham , A la ........................... Ferromanganese, p er gross ton, seab o ard....................... Spiegeleisen, 18 a n d 22 p er cent, p er gross ton, furnace. B ar iron, p er pound— B est refined, P h ilad elp h ia.......................................... Common, f. o. b . P ittsb u rg h ....................................... B ars, reinforcing, per 100 pounds, P ittsb u rg h ............... Nails, wire, p er 1ÖÖ pounds, P ittsb u rg h .......................... Pipe, cast-iron, 6-inch, p e r n e t to n , New Y o rk............. Skelp, grooved, p er 100 pounds, P ittsb u rg h .................. Steel billets, p er gross tön, P ittsb u rg h — Bessemer.......................................................................... Open h e a r th .................................................................... Steel, m erchant bars, p er 100 pounds, P ittsb u rg h ........ Steel plates, ta n k , p er pound, P ittsb u rg h ...................... Steel rails, per gross ton, P ittsb u rg h — Bessemer, s ta n d a rd ....................................................... Open hearth , s ta n d a rd ................................................. Steel sheets, black, p er pound, f. o. b . P ittsb u rg h ....... Steel, stru c tu ra l shapes, p e r 100 pounds, P ittsb u rg h .. Terneplate, 8 pounds I. C., p er base box (200 pounds), P ittsb u rg h ........................................................................... T in plate, domestic, coke, p er 100 pounds, P ittsb u rg h . W ire, p er 100 pounds— B arbed, galvanized, Chicago................ ..................... P lain, fence, annealed, P ittsb u rg h ............................ (&) Nonferrous m etals: A lum inum , New Y ork, p er p o u n d ....................... .......... Copper, ingot, electrolytic, p"er pound, refinery............ Copper, sheet, p er pound, N ew Y ork.............................. Copper wire, bare, p er pound, m ill.................................. Lead, pig, p er pound, N ew Y o rk ...................................... Lead, pipe, p er 100 pounds, N ew Y o rk .......................... Quicksilver, p er pound, New Y o rk.................................. Silver, b ar, fine, per ounce. New A o rk............................ Tin, pig, p er pound, N ew Y o rk ........................................ Zinc, sheet, per 100 pounds, factory................................. Zinc, slab, p er pound, New Y o rk..................................... 1 No q uotation. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [307] 2 No 1913 base price. 78 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW , W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S O F COM M O D ITIES, A P R IL TO JU N E , 1922—C ontinued. A verage prices. In d e x num bers. (1913=100.) C om m odity. A pril, 1922. June, 1922. April, 1922. May, 192-2. $11.500 $13. 500 $13.500 31.000 36. 000 36. 000 42.000 44.300 45.125 33.000 33. 900 35. 000 124.9 178.8 203.0 156.5 146.6 207. 7 214.1 160.7 May, 1922. June, 1922. B u ild in g m a te r ia ls . Lum ber: Douglas fir, p er 1,000 feet, m ill— No. 1 com m on................................................................. No. 2 and b e tte r.............................................................. Gum, sap, firsts an d seconds, p er 1,000 feet, St. Louis. Hemlock, northern, No. 1, per 1,000 feet, Chicago........ Maple, hard, No. 1 common, 4/4, per 1,000 feet, Chi cago........................................................................................ Oak, white, plain, No. 1 common, 4/4, per 1,000 feet, C incinnati............................................................................. Pine, w hite, No. 2 barn, per 1,000 feet, Buffalo, N . Y . . Pine, yellow, southern, mill, per 1,000 feet— Flooring, B and b e tte r................................................. Tim bers, square edge a n d so u n d............................... Poplar, No. 1 common, 4/4, per 1,000 feet, C in cin n ati.. Spruce, eastern, random , p e r 1,000 feet, B oston............ L ath , yellow pine, No. 1, p er 1,000, f. o. b. m ill............ Shingles— Cypress, 16 inches long, p er 1,000, m ill..................... R ed cedar, 16 inches long, p er 1,000, m ill................ (5) Brick, common building, p er 1,000: Simple average of 82 yard prices....................................... R u n of kiln, f. o. b. p lan t, Chicago......................... ........ (c) S tru ctu ra l steel. (S'ee M etal a n d m e ta l pro d u cts.) ( d ) Other building m aterials: Cement, Portland, per barrel, f. o. b. p la n t— Simple average of 6 p la n t prices in P a., Tnd., Minn., Tex., and C alif............................................ Buffington, Ind. (representative of eastern prices). Crushed stone, 1J", per cubic yard, New Y o rk ............ Gravel, per ton, f. o. b. pit, average of 22 p la n t prices. Hollow tile, building, per block, Chicago....................... Lime, common, lum p, per ton, f. o. b. p lant, average of 15 plant prices................................................................ Sand, building, per ton, f. o. b. pit, average of 26 p lan t prices..................................................................................... Slate, roofing, per 100 square feet, f. o. b. q u a rry .......... Glass, plate— 3 to 5 square feet, per square foot, New Y o rk ........ 5 to 10 square feet, per square foot, New Y o rk ___ Glass, window, American, f. o. b. works— Single, A, per 50 square feet........................................ Single, B, per 50 square fe e t....................................... Linseed'oil, raw . per gallon, New Y ork................... P u tty , commercial, per pound, New Y o rk .................... Rosin, common to good (B ), per barrel, New Y o rk ... Turpentine, southern, barrels, per gallon, New Y ork. W hite lead, American, in oil, per pound, New Y ork.. Zinc oxide (w hite zinc), per pound, New Y o rk ............ Pipe, cast-iron. (See Metals and m etal p ro d u c ts.) Copper, sheet. (See Metals and m etal products.) Copper wire. (See Metals and m e ta l products.) Lead pipe. (See Metals and m etal p ro d u c ts.) Nails. (See Metals and m etal products.) Reinforcing bars. (See M etals a n d m e ta l products.) Roofing tin (terneplate). (See M etals a n d m etal products.) Zinc, sheet. (See M etals a n d m e ta l products.) (a ) 146.6 207.7 218.1 165.9 48.500 48. 500 48.500 160.9 160.9 160.9 62.500 62.000 66. 200 62. 000 75.000 62.000 168.9 212.1 179.0 212.1 202.7 212.1 41.350 20.480 62.500 30.500 4.350 42. 480 20. 790 57. 500 30. 700 4. 510 45.630 23.970 62. 500 32. 500 5.070 179.5 139.9 189.3 140.7 143.1 184.4 142.1 174. 2 141.6 148.3 198.1 163.8 189.3 149.9 166.8 5.750 3.050 5.000 3. 240 5.000 3.130 162.4 155.1 141.2 164.7 141.2 159.2 13.526 8. 520 13.514 8.730 13.569 8.780 199.1 172.5 198.9 176.8 199.7 177.8 1.708 1.500 1.650 .897 .082 1.731 1.503 1.650 .896 .082 1.792 1.600 1.650 .865 .071 164.5 148.4 183.3 181.5 128. 3 166. 7 148.7 183.3 181. 1 128.3 172.5 158.3 183.3 175.0 110.5 8.675 8.663 8.671 210.2 210.0 210.2 .607 9. 500 .608 9.500 .597 9.500 159. 2 205.4 159.6 205.4 156.7 205.4 .400 .500 .400 .500 .400 .500 169.0 157.1 169.0 157.1 169.0 157.1 3. 900 3. 420 .830 .048 5. 213 . 866 . 123 .073 3.900 3.420 .893 .048 5.300 .944 .123 .073 3.900 3.420 .835 .048 5.350 1.110 .125 .073 171.5 154. 0 179. 6 179. 2 108. 2 202. 3 181. 2 134.8 171.5 154.0 193.1 179. 2 220. 6 181.2 134.8 110. 0 171.5 154.0 180.7 179.2 111. 1 259.4 184.9 134.8 .023 C h e m ic a ls a n d d r u g s . (a ) Chemicals: Acids, per pound, New Y o r k Acetic, 28 per c en t......................................................... M uriatic, 20°....................... ............................................ N itric, 42°......................................................................... Stearic, triple pressed................................................... Sulphuric, 66°.................................................................. Alcohol, per gallon, New Y ork— D enatured, No. 5, 188 proof........................................ Wood, refined, 95 per c en t......................................... Alum , lu m p , per pound, New Y o rk ................................ A m m onia, anhydrous, per pound. New Y o rk .............. Bleaching powder, per 100 pounds, New Y o rk ............. B orax crystals a n d granulated, per pound, New Y o rk ...................................................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [308] .025 .023 .065 .100 .008 .065 .103 .008 . 065 .105 .008 127.3 87.7 133.2 75.5 84.0 118.6 84.6 133. 2 77.7 80.0 116.0 84.6 133.2 79.2 80.0 .292 .520 .035 .300 1.590 .280 .520 .034 .300 1.600 .303 .520 .033 .300 1.600 79.8 108.7 200.0 120. 0 134.7 76.5 108. 7 196.6 120.0 135.5 82.7 108.7 185.7 120.0 135.5 .055 .055 .055 146.7 146.7 146.7 .011 .011 .011 79 W H O L E S A L E PRICES, W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S O F CO M M O D ITIES, A P R IL TO J U N E , 1922—Continued. Index num bers. (1913= 100.) A verage prices. Com m odity. April, 1922. May, 1922. June, 1922. A pril, 1922. May, 1922. SO. 055 SO. 058 $0.062 104.8 110.9 118.8 106.7 103.6 97.8 86.6 June, 1922. C h e m ic a ls a n d d r u g s —Concluded. (a) Chemicals—Concluded. Copper, sulphate, 99 per cent, crystals, per pound, New Y o rk ............................................................................ Copra, S o u th Sea. (See Foods.) Form aldehyde, per pound, N ew Y o rk ............................ Oil, vegetatile— Coconut, crude. (See Foods.) Corn, crude. (See Foods.) P alm kernels, crude, per pound. New Y o rk .......... Soya bean, crude. (See Foods.) Potash, caustic, 88-92 per cent, per pound, New Y ork. Sal soda, per 100 pounds, New Y o rk ............................... Soda ash, 58 per cent, light, per 100 pounds, New Y ork. Soda, bicarbonate, American, per pound, f. o. b. works. Soda, caustic, 76 per cent, solid, per pound, New Y ork. Soda, silicate of. 40°, per 100 pounds, New Y o rk .......... Sulphur, crude, per gross to n , New Y o rk ................... .. Tallow, inedible, packers' prim e, per pound, Chicago. (6) Fertilizer m aterials: Acid phosphate, 16 per cent basis, bu lk , per ton, New Y o rk ............................................................................... . A m m onia, sulphate, double bags, per 100 pounds, New Y o rk ........................................................................... Ground bone, steamed, per ton, C h icag o ...................... M uriate of potash, 80-85 p er cent, K . C. L. bags, per to n , New Y ork................................................................... Phosphate rock, 68 per cent, per ton, f. o. b. m in e s ... Soda n itrate, 95 per cent, per 100 pounds, New Y o rk .. Tankage, 9 a n d 20 per cent, crushed, per to n , f. o. b. Chicago................................................................................. (c) Drugs and pharm aceuticals: Acid, citric, domestic, crystals, p er pound, N ew Y ork. Acid, ta rta ric , crystals, U . 8. P ., per p o u n d ,N ew Y ork...................................................................................... Alcohol, grain, 190 proof, U . S. P., per gallon, New Y ork...................................................................................... Cream of ta r ta r , pow dered, p er pound, New Y o rk — E p so m saltS jU . S. P .,in b arrels,p er 100 pounds, New Y ork..................................................................................... Glycerine, refined, per p ound, New Y ork..................... O pium , n a tu ra l, U . S. P., per pound, New Y o rk ........ Peroxide of hydrogen, 4-ounce bottles, p er gross, New Y o r k ......................................................................... Phenol, U . S. P . (carbolic acid), per pound, New Y ork...................................................................................... Q uinine, su lp h ate, m anufacturers’ quotations, per ounce, New Y ork............................................................... .090 .088 .083 .088 .087 .089 .059 1.320 2. 000 .018 .036 .850 14.000 .069 .060 1.200 2.000 .018 .039 .850 14.000 .067 .058 1.200 2.000 .018 .038 .813 14.000 .066 8.500 8.500 8.563 85.7 88.2 164.9 167.0 220. 0 200.0 342. 9 342.9 184.0 180.0 249. 3 264. 4 133. 8 133.8 63.6 63.6 94.6 97.3 162.7 200.0 342.9 175.0 262.3 127.9 63.6 93.8 110.4 110.4 111.4 104.0 115.6 3.590 23.800 3. 375 22.000 3.250 23.250 114. 9 118.3 108.1 109.4 33. 600 3. 250 2.850 32.400 3.250 2.700 32.000 3.250 2.588 88.4 95. 4 115.4 85.2 95.4 109.4 84.4 95.4 104.8 32.600 26.075 26.413 139.6 111.6 113.1 .450 .450 .450 103.5 103.5 103.5 .300 .300 .300 98.3 98.3 98.3 4.700 .265 4.700 .265 4. 700 .265 188.1 111.2 188.1 111.2 188.1 H i.2 2. 500 .152 5. 750 2.500 .150 6.000 2.500 .148 6.000 227.3 77:1 95.6 227.3 76.1 99.7 227.3 74.8 99.7 7.500 7.500 7.625 187.5 187.5 190.6 .119 .120 .120 108.1 109.4 109.4 .600 .600 .525 273.2 273.2 239.1 37.250 5.250 44. 000 54. 000 4. 410 35. 819 37.250 5.250 44.000 54.000 4.410 35.819 37. 250 5.250 44.000 54.000 4.410 35.819 165.6 233.3 135.4 150.0 215.3 188.7 165. 6 233.3 135. 4 150.0 215.3 188.7 165.6 233.3 135.4 150.0 215.3 188.7 56.000 31.500 33.500 56.000 31.500 33.500 56.000 31.500 33. 500 130.2 210.0 181.1 130.2 210.0 181.1 130.2 210.0 181.1 61. 500 34.000 61.500 34.000 61.500 34. 000 178.3 170.0 178.3 170.0 178.3 170.0 14.700 16. 200 3.626 14.700 16.200 3.626 14.700 16.200 3.626 230.8 230.8 156.8 156. 8 255* 2 1 255.2 230.8 156.8 255.2 H o u s e - f u r n i s h i n g g o o d s. (a) Fu rn itu re: Bedroom— B ed, com bination, per bed, facto ry.......................... Chair, all gum, cane seat, per chair, facto ry ........... Chifforette, com bination, per chifforette, fa c to ry .. Dresser, com bination, p er dresser, fa c to ry .............. Rocker, q uartered oak, per chair, Chicago............. Set, 3 pieces, per set, Chicago..................................... D ining room— Buffet, com bination, per buffet, fa c to ry ................. Chair, all gum, leather slip seat, per 6, facto ry ---Table, extension, com bination, per tab le, facto ry . Living room— D avenport, stan d a rd p a tte rn , per d a v e n p o r t , f a cto ry ........................................................................... Table, lib rary , com bination, per table, fa c to ry ... K itchen— Chair, hardw ood, per dozen, Chicago..................... R efrigerator, lift top ty p e, each, fa c to ry .................. Table, w ith draw er, per ta b le Chicago..................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [309] 80 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW . W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S OF CO M M O D ITIES, A P R IL TO JU N E , 1922—Concluded. A verage prices. In d e x num bers. (1913=100.) Commodity. A pril, 1922. M ay, 1922. June, 1922. A pril, 1922. May, 1922. $1,235 1.176 $1.235 1.176 204.1 144.1 204.1 153.8 204.1 153.8 2.880 2.736 4.608 2.880 2.736 4.608 207.9 211. 8 191.4 215.0 211. 8 19L4 215.0 211.8 191.4 1.200 12.000 19.968 1.200 12.000 20.000 160.0 208. 7 129.5 160.0 208.7 136.2 160.0 208.7 136.4 .428 .888 .424 .888 178.7 272.7 178.7 272.7 177.3 272.7 .250 1.820 .200 .980 .250 1.820 .200 .980 227.3 227.5 166. 7 211.5 227.3 227.5 166.7 211.5 227.3 227.5 166.7 211.5 1.260 1.260 221.0 221.0 221.0 .250 5.742 .250 5.750 185.7 133.9 185.7 139.8 185.7 140.0 22.063 50. 750 50. 000 23.063 20.550 55. 750 46.750 20.900 15.406 54. 250 49.000 17.219 120.1 160.6 176.0 118.6 111.9 176.4 164.5 107.4 83.9 171.6 172.4 88.5 .415 .675 .402 .260 .415 .675 .421 .225 .425 .675 .421 .225 153.9 269.6 100.1 101.6 153.9 269.6 105.0 88.0 157.6 269.6 105.0 88.0 .350 .500 .480 .350 .500 .450 .360 .515 .450 124.1 111.4 119.6 124.1 111.4 112.1 127.6 114.8 112.1 June, 1922. H o u s e - f u r n i s h i n g g o o d s —C oncluded. (6) Furnishings: B lankets— Cotton, colored, 2 pounds to th e p a ir, per p a ir, New Y o rk ..................................................................... 11.235 Wool, 4 to o pounds to th e p air, per pound, factory. 1.103 Carpets, per y ard , factory— A xm inster, Bigelow...................................................... 2. 784 Brussels, B igeiow ........................................................... 2.736 W ilton, B igelow ............................................................. 4.608 C utlery— Carvers, 8-inch, per p a ir, facto ry ............................... 1.200 K nives a n d forks, per gross, fa c to ry ........................ 12.000 Pails, galvanized-iron, 10-quart, per gross, facto ry ___ 19. 000 Sheeting, bleached, 10/4— Peppered, per y a rd , New Y o rk................................. .428 W am su tta, per y a rd , fa c to ry ...................................... .888 Tablew are— Glass nappies, 4-inch, p er dozen, fa c to ry ............... .250 Glass pitchers, ¿-gallon, p er dozen, facto ry ............. 1.820 Glass tumbler's, ¿-pint, p~er dozen, fa c to ry ........... .200 Plates, w hite granite, 7-inch, per dozen, fa c to ry .. .980 Tea cups a n d saucers, w hite granite, per dozen, f a eto ry ........................................................................... 1.260 Ticking, Amoskeag, A. C. A ., 2.05 y ard s to th e p ound, per y ard , New Y ork.......................................................... .250 Tubs, galvanized-iron, No. 3, p er dozen, facto ry .......... 5.500 M is c e lla n e o u s . (a) C attle feed: B ran , p er ton, M inneapolis................................................. Cottonseed m eal, prim e, p er to n , N ew Y o rk ............. Linseed m eal, p er to n , New Y o rk ........................... Mill-feed m iddlings, sta n d a rd , p e r ton, M in n eap o lis.. (6) Leather: Calf, chrome, B grade, p er square foot, B o sto n ............ Glazed kid, black, to p grade, p er sq u are foot, B oston. H arness, Cal oak, No. l.p e r p o u n d , CM caso............. Side, black, chrome, B grade, p e r sq u are foot, B oston. Sole^per pound, B oston— Hemlock, m iddle, No. 1............................................... O ak, scoured backs, h e a v y ......................................... Union, m iddle w eight............................................. (c) P a p e r an d pulp: P aper— N ew sprint, rolls, p er po u n d , f. o. b . m ill................. W rapping, m anila, No. 1, ju te , p e r po u n d , New W ood pulp, sulphite, domestic, unbleached, p er 100 pounds, New Y o rk...................................... . (d) O ther miscellaneous: H em p, m anila, fair cu rren t, shipm ent, per pound. New Y o rk ........................................................... Ju te, raw , m edium grades, p er p ound, New Y o rk ___ Lubricating oil, paraffin, 903 gravity, per gallon. New York................................................................................. Rope, pure m a n ila ,b e st grade, p er pound, New Y ork. R u b b er, P a ra ,isla n d , fine, p er pound, New Y o rk ___ Sisal, Mexican, current shipm ent, per pound, New Y ork................................................................................. Soap— L au n d ry , p er 100 cakes, C incinnati.......................... L au n d ry , per 100 cakes, P hiladelphia...................... Starch, lau n d ry , b u lk , p er p ound, New Y o rk , . . . . . . . P lu g , p e r pound, New Y o rk............................ .......... Sm oking, p er gross l-ounce bags, New Y ork.......... 3 E stim ated . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [310] .035 .036 .036 169.2 171.6 175.5 .088 .088 .088 179.3 179.3 179.3 2.525 2.525 2.525 113.5 113.5 113.5 .071 .055 .069 .065 .070 .075 76.8 82.2 73.8 97.2 75.1 112.1 .230 .188 .171 .230 .188 .176 .230 .188 .169 161.4 127.8 21.2 161. 4 127.8 21.7 161.4 127.8 20.9 s.071 .068 .063 165.0 158.1 146.1 3.960 4.900 .051 3.960 4.900 .051 3.960 4.900 .051 128.4 138.9 140.5 128.4 138.9 140.5 128.4 138.9 140.5 .701 9.920 .701 9.920 .701 9.920 180.2 175.9 180.2 175.9 180.2 175.9 81 W H O L E S A L E PR IC E S . Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices in June, 1922. FU R T H E R increase in the general level of wholesale prices for June, as compared w ith the preceding m onth, is shown by inform ation gathered by the U nited States D epartm ent of Labor through the Bureau of Labor Statistics in representative m ar kets of the country. According to the B ureau’s revised index num bers this increase measures per cent; in comparison there was an increase of per cent from April to May. The largest price gains were reported for fuel and building m aterials, in each of which groups the June level was over 4 per cent higher than th a t of May. Food articles averaged nearly 1|- per cent higher and cloths and clothing over 2 \ per cent higher th an in the m onth before. Metals showed an advance of three-fourths of 1 per cent, while no change in the price level was shown for chemicals and drugs and house-furnishing goods. Farm products, on the contrary, due to declines in grains, hay, and eggs, decreased three-fourths of 1 per cent in average price from May to June, while the group of miscellaneous commodities, due largely to the drop in cattle-feed prices, decreased I f per cent. Of 404 commodities, or price series, for which comparable d a ta for May and June were obtained, increases were found to have occurred for 132 commodities and decreases for 106 commodities. In the case of 166 commodities no change in average prices was reported. A IN D E X N U M B E R S O F W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S , B Y G R O U P S O F C O M M O D ITIES. [1913=100.] June, 1921. Com m odity group. M ay, 1922. June, 1922. F arm p ro d u cts....................................................................................... Foods........................................................................................................ Cloths arid clothing- - ........................................................................... Fuel and lighting................................................................................... Metals and m etal p roducts................................................................. B uilding m aterials................................................................................ Chemicals a n d drugs............................................................................. TTonso-furnishing goods....................................................................... Mi sod 1an eons.......................................................................................... 114 137 172 191 133 163 133 196 125 132 138 175 216 119 160 122 176 116 131 140 179 225 120 167 122 176 114 All com m odities......................................................................... 142 148 150 Comparing prices in June w ith those of a year a^o, as m easured by changes in the index numbers, the general level has increased oyer per cent. The greatest increase is shown for fuel and lighting m aterials, in which prices have risen nearly 18 per cent. F arm prod ucts show a gain of 15 per cent over June, 1921, prices. Food item s have increased 2 per cent, building m aterials 2-| per cent, and cloth ing 4 per cent in the year. On the other hand, chemicals and drugs, m etals and m etal products, and house-furnishing goods all show sub stantial decreases compared w ith prices of a year ago. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [311] 82 MONTHLY LABOE EEVIEW. Problem of Distribution and Suggestions for Its Solution.1 S A re su lt of the agricultural crisis produced b y th e decline in th e prices of agricultural p ro d u cts w hich began in O ctober, 1919, an d w hich reached its g re atest p o in t ab o u t Ju n e, 1920, Congress created th e J o in t Com mission of A g ricu ltu ral In q u iry . The com m ission was authorized to d eterm ine th e causes of th e condition of agriculture, th e co m parative condition of o th er industries, th e causes of th e sp read betw een th e p roducer’s an d consum er’s prices* and th e ad eq u acy of th e cred it m achinery, th e tra n sp o rta tio n facili ties, an d th e m ark e tin g an d d istrib u tin g m achinery of th e co u n try . A The commission found no fundam ental d a ta of a governm ental or public character w ith respect to m arketing and distribution, and it was, therefore, necessary to secure the facts from original sources. Committees were formed representative of each trade or industry, and these bodies assisted in preparing the 15,000 questionnaires th a t were sent out and returned. B y these m eans the commission ascer tained the range of actual costs, prices, and margins in the period 1913 to 1921, inclusive, for the representative products of those trades and industries. The results will be embodied in a report soon to be made to Congress. The following table shows the am ount of operating cost and of profit per dollar of sales in the wholesaling, retailing, and m anufac ture of certain commodities in 1919 and 1921, as ascertained by the commission. O P E R A T IN G COST AND P R O F IT , P E R D O L L A R O F SA LES, ON S P E C IF IE D COM M O D ITIES IN 1919 AN D 1921. 1919 1921 Item . Retail: Groceries.............................................................................. C lothing............................................................................... H ard w are............................................................................. Shoes..................................................................................... Wholesale: Groceries................................................................ M anufacture: 8 trade-m arked food articles........................ Cost of operation. Profit. Cost of operation. Profit. C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . 14.20 24.00 18. 40 23. 78 8.42 31. 79 4.80 7.90 5.84 9.36 .86 8.45 16.80 24.03 24.90 26.88 10.16 38. 37 2.50 1.13 1.82 1.52 i. 48 8.62 1 Loss. I t is pointed out th a t both the cost of operation and the profit of the m anufacturer of the 8 trade-m arked articles is more than those of wholesaler and retailer together. It is fair to say, however, that the ratio of the manufacturer’s investment to stock turnover is generally very much higher than the similar ratio for either the wholesaler or retailer and that much of the manufacturer’s cost of selling and distribution pre sumably is reflected through the creation of market demand to the benefit of the whole saler and the retailer. 1T he d a ta on w hich th is article is based are from press releases of th e I oint Commission of A gricultural Inquiry , dated Ju n e 6, 8, a n d 14, 1922, a n d address delivered b y Sydney Anderson, chairm an of th e Joint Commission of A gricultural In q u iry a t th e convention of th e N ational W holesale Grocers’ A ssociation, a t Chicago, Ju n e 8, 1922. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [3 1 2 ] PROBLEM OF DISTRIBUTION. 83 Our report will show that clothing retailers took their largest profit from the con sumer’s dollar in 1913. From 1916 through 1921 the margin steadily decreased, except in 1919 when heavy sales temporarily reduced the ratio of expense to sales, resulting in a lower cost of operation for each dollar’s worth of merchandise sold and a conse^ quent increase in profit. In 1921 the industry showred a trade profit of 1.13 cents per dollar of sales. The report will show that the average profit of clothing retailers during the entire period, 1913 to 1921, was 6.10 cents per dollar of sales. The hardware profits for the same period averaged 5.35, with 8.3 cents per dollar of sales as the peak in 1916. In the retail shoe trade average profits for the entire period 1913 to 1921 were 6.17 cents per consumer’s dollar. The high profit mark was reached in 1919 when the average profit was 9.36 cents. Retail dry goods profits averaged 5.3 cents over the same period and were highest in 1916 when they averaged 7.3 cents per dollar. The retail sales prices and the gross margin on certain commodities in 1913; 1920; and 1921 are shown below: R E T A IL P R IC E S AN D GROSS M A R G IN S ON S P E C IF IE D COM M O D ITIES, 1913, 1920, A N D 1921. 1913 1920 1921 Gross m argin. Gross m argin. Gross m argin. Item . R etail price. Men’s a n d boys’ suits a nd overcoats—10 ar ticles ............: ............... $177.76 H ardw are—35 articles.. 135. 08 D ry goods—37 articles.. 81.22 Groceries—37 articles... 5.13 R etail R etail Per Per Per of price. cent of price. A m ount. cent A m ount. A m ount. cent of retail retail retail price. price. price. $59.74 35. 36 27.51 1.09 33.6 $400. 00 26.2 270. 01 33.9 181. 28 21.2 9.45 $120.88 64.72 58. 79 1.61 30.2 $290. 00 24.0 258. 85 32.4 146.17 17.0 7.62 $86.03 62.38 48.57 1.47 29 7 24.1 33.2 19.3 One of the outstanding defects shown by tables of distribution is the retailer’s failure to purchase stock in a manner that will provide a steady, even flow of merchandise to the consumer without accumulation of surplus stock, which ties up capital and credit and adds to his cost of operation. One of the factors of waste in distribution is in idle merchandise stock on the shelves of the retailers and the warehouses of the wholesalers. When this burden is permitted to develop, it must be passed along to the consumer if the retailer remains in business. In particular, overstocking by retailers represents overstimulation and overselling by manufacturers and wholesalers. I t also represents in part the dealer’s desire to secure quantity discount in the belief that he can more successfully meet competition by underselling competitors. In order to do this, however, he must dispose of merchan dise in reasonable time or lose the earning value his capital would have if it were more rapidly turned. We came to the conclusion that the increasing cost of distribution is partly due to the more complex character of modern living conditions, partly to the variety of the consumer’s requirements, customs, and habits and partly to unorganized and unstand ardized farm production, which increases the risk of the middleman; partly to over plant capacity which increases capital cost and induces seasonal unemployment; partly to production in excess of effective demand, which congests the channels of distribution and adds to the charges for interest, storage, and obsolescence; partly to overcompetition, which _brings about duplication of agencies and adds expensive services for accommodation, conveniences, luxury to the cost of distribution; partly to the ever-widening radius of distribution of many commodities, which adds to the cost of selling; partly to the increased cost of transportation and partly to the fact that the agencies of distribution are not coordinated so as to make possible an even flow of merchandise from the producer to the consumer. We found that the problem must be attacked all along the line, not by Congress but by the people that do the business. We found that no one knows anything about distribution, that the facts of distribution are still to be collected and organized and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [313] 84 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. that our investigation, extensive as it was, did no more than to put the first curlicue on the letter ‘‘A” of the alphabet of distribution. The first step, therefore, in reducing the cost of distribution is to get the facts of distribution and to put those facts beyond dispute. The second step is to organize the knowledge obtained and to make it available to those who can use it as a basis of sound business decisions. The report of the commission will m ake certain suggestions by which the commission believes “ im provem ents and economies can be made in our distributive system. ” The report will suggest that_ through cooperative associations new economies can be effected through greater uniformity of production in centralized areas of produc tion, uniform grades, and standardized containers. Similarly, better methods can be established for handling by agencies in local, primary, and terminal markets, tending to create greater certainty on the part of the receiver and of the producer as to the character and condition of products, and services involved in their distribution. Economies can be effected and wastes can be eliminated through the establishment of qualified and authorized agencies to arbitrate disagreements between shippers and receivers as to value, condition, kind, grade, and quantity of commodities. Such agencies may be established either through agreement between shippers and receivers to set up disinterested boards of arbitration whose findings can be accepted as final, or through the establishment of State or Federal agencies of arbitration authorized by legislation. Adequate, organized and correlated terminal markets, together with a reduction of unnecessary movement of commodities from terminal to terminal or from terminal to central market should materially reduce the expense involved in unnecessary equip ment and the employment of an unnecessarily large number of men. Much can be accomplished in the direction of economic distribution by a more systematic utilization of warehouses to absorb temporary surplus and distribute more evenly in response to consuming demand. There is a tendency toward better dis tribution as warehouses come to function as reservoirs to facilitate economic distribu tion and adopt methods which diminish opportunity for speculation in stored com modities. The joint commission’s report will recommend that retailers cooperate more closely with community organizations whose purpose it is to improve social, civic, commer cial and industrial conditions. In agricultural communities the retailers should maintain contact with farm-bureau demonstrators, agricultural colleges, and workers, with a view to assisting in activities that tend to improve production, marketing, transportation, and social conditions on the farm. In cooperating with such organizations he is constructively creating greater opportunity for his own success. The report will emphasize the commission’s belief that the more consumers con centrate purchases in their community, the lower will be the operating expense of local dealers, and that the consumers will be benefited thereby through the lower prices made possible by lower selling expense. Wasteful and uneconomic practices in distribution can be eliminated only by more accurate information about the public’s true consuming needs on the part of manufac turers and distributors and by cooperation of purchaser, manufacturer, converter, distributor, and consumer. Trade associations and governmental agencies, producers, and labor organizations must cooperate to find out the facts and then to apply them in producing a more economic and efficient relationship between all elements in the cycle of production, manufacture, and distribution. The distributive situation will be better appreciated when consumers realize that out of 41,614,248 people engaged in gainful occupations, 29,570,867 are engaged in manufacture, transportation, distribution, and allied activities. There is hardly a commodity in daily use that does not reflect the joint services of several million people. All of us need to realize more clearly that not only must the producer receive proper compensation for the raw materials, but that out of the charge for service along the way to the consumer the men who operate railroad trains, the men who drive trucks, the men who operate machines, the men who nail boxes, the men who wrap packages, and the men who make deliveries must be enabled to purchase their share of the finished commodity for their families. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [314 ] AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD IN MANILA. 85 P u rch a sin g P o w e r of W ages in G erm an y in 1914 an d 1922. MEMORANDUM of the Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschafts bund entitled “ R econstruction of world economy,” presented to the Genoa conference by this organization representing German workmen contains (p. 12) the following table showing the purchasing power of the Germ an m ark in 1922 as compared w ith its value in 1914. The comparison is based on the wages of a Berlin carpenter which am ounted to 0.85 m ark in 1914 and to 15 m arks in 1922. A PU R C H A S IN G P O W E R O F A B E R L IN C A R P E N T E R ’S W A G E S IN 1914 AN D 1922. Prices per 100 kilo grams in— A m ount purchasable w ith hourly wages in— Commodity. C oal....................................................................... L e a th e r................................................................. W ool...................................................................... Rice....................................................................... Sugar..................................................................... Beef....................................................................... P o rk ...................................................................... B u tte r................................................................... A m erican la rd ..................................................... Cocoa..................................................................... Coffee.................................................................... T ea......................................................................... L e n tils.................................................................. B re a d .................................................................... E ggs...................................................................... M ilk....................................................................... P e tro l.................................................................... R ides to to w n ..................................................... 1914 (hourly wage=0.85 m arks). 1922 (hourly w age= 15 m arks). 1914 1922 K ilo s . K ilo s . M a rks. M a rks. 47.00 .25 .14 1.70 1.77 .57 .61 .30 .70 .35 .24 .21 1.70 3.70 8. 50 2 3. 90 2 3. 50 ! ?> 25.86 .09 .05 1.07 1.10 .34 .33 .14 .30 .23 .11 .12 .86 2.17 2.70 2 2.40 2 1.53 74 { 1.90 3. 50 6.00 .50 .48 1.50 1.40 2.80 1.20 2.40 3.60 4.00 .50 .23 .10 3 .22 3 .24 4.10 4.20 } 58.00 153.00 280.00 14.00 13.60 44,00 48.00 106.00 50.00 64.00 136.00 125.00 17.50 6.90 5.50 6. 20 9. 80 <2.00 Index num bers of prices in 1922 (1914= 100).1 { 3,050 4,370 4,660 2,800 2,870 2,930 3,430 3, 780 4,160 2,660 3,770 3,125 3,500 3,000 5,500 2,820 4,080 2,000 1,000 1 In d e x n um ber of average hourly wages in 1922 on basis of 1914 as 100= 1,764. 2 Liters. 3 P er liter. i P er ride. I n 1914 the purchase of a pair of boots costing 12.50 m arks required 14.7 hours’ work, while in 1922 a pair of boots cost 375 m arks and was equivalent to the value of 25 hours’ work. In 1914 a su it of working clothes cost 50 m arks and could be purchased w ith the pro ceeds of 58.8 hours’ work, while in 1922 the price of a similar suit was 1,500 m arks, and 100 hours’ work was necessary for its purchase. Average Retail Prices of Certain Foodstuffs in Manila, P. I., 1918 to 1921. H E figures in the following table are taken from Statistical Bulletin No. 4 of the Philippine Islands,^ 1921, published by the Bureau of Commerce and In d u stry of the D epartm ent of Commerce and Communications. T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [315] 86 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW . A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F F O O D S T U F F S IN M A N ILA , 1918 TO 1921. [1 peso a t p a r = 50 cents; 1 lite r = 0.908 dry quart, 1.0567 liquid quarts; 1 g a n ta = 2.71 quarts; 1 kiIo= 2.2046 pounds.] U nit. Article. Cereals and grains: Coffee............................................................................ Corn (in ears).............................................................. Corn (in g rain s)......................................................... R ic e .L .T .................................................................. Fish a n d other sea products: C od................................................................................ C rabs................................................................. .......... S a r d i n e s . .................................................................. Shrim ps........................................................................ Fowls: C hickens...................................................................... G obblers...................................................................... H en s............................................................................. H en tu rk e y s................................................................ Roosters....................................................................... F ruits: B ananas—p la n ta in s.................................................. Coconuts...................................................................... Lem ons........................................................................ N ativ e oranges........................................................... Meat: B a c o n ........................................................................... Beef, fresh ................................................................... Beefj frozen................................................................. Chinese h a m ............................................................... P o rk .............................................................................. Vegetables: Beans, F ren ch............................................................ Cabbages...................................................................... E g g p lan ts.................................................................... Onions, B o m b a y ....................................................... P e a s .............................................................................. Peppers, re d ................................................................ P otatoes....................................................................... R ed sq u ash................................................................. Sweet "potatoes........................................................... Tom atoes..................................................................... W hite sq u ash ............................................................. Miscellaneous foodstuffs: Condensed m ilk ....................... ................................ Eggs— Chinese.................................................................. D u ck ..................................................................... N a tiv e ................................................................. F lo u r............................................................................. Sugar— B row n................................................................... Refined................................................................. V inegar....................................................................... W hite s a lt................................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1918 1919 1920 1921 P esos. P esos. P esos. P esos. L iter.......... 100............. G anta........ G anta........ 0. 56 1.32 .33 .41 0.75 2.67 .35 .60 1.04 3.31 .33 .65 0. 84 1.89 .25 .37 K ilo .......... 1................. 100............. 100............. .91 .42 1.39 2.53 .96 .25 1.46 2.19 1.24 .31 1.84 2.86 .76 .31 1.97 2.77 1................. 1................. 1 ................. 1 ................. 1................. .51 4. 98 1.23 2.82 1.04 .60 5. 89 1.54 2.79 1.35 .72 7.00 1.00 5.22 1.49 .63 6.17 1.48 5.33 1.36 100............. 1................. 100............. 1................. 1.15 .07 1.71 .21 1.21 .08 3.04 .10 1.61 . 12 4.02 .16 1.66 .08 2. 82 .19 K ilo.......... K ilo ........... K ilo ........... K ilo ........... K ilo ........... .98 1.18 1.03 1.47 1.04 .78 1.35 1.19 1.99 1.15 1. 56 1. 50 1. 28 2. 57 1.36 1.26 1.37 1.09 1.93 1.21 L iter.......... 1................. 100............. K ilo ........... L ite r.......... 100............. K ilo ........... ! . . ............. Sack.......... 100............. 1................. .25 .41 1.97 .27 .22 2.24 .22 .31 1.17 1. 49 .27 .42 . 43 2.14 .31 .20 1.91 .19 .30 1.87 2.16 .34 .47 2.20 .38 . 50 1.76 .25 .32 2.32 2.14 . 31 .33 .68 2.28 .33 .39 1.10 .20 .31 1.74 1. 78 .33 C an ............ .50 .52 .54 .51 100............. 100............. 100........... 3.67 4. 67 5.33 .15 5.16 6. 42 6. 58 .14 6.19 7.51 8.15 .14 4. 90 6.02 6. 86 .10 K ilo .......... K ilo .......... L ite r......... L ite r......... .23 .35 .03 .06 .42 .35 .04 .04 .74 .82 .05 .04 .37 .43 .03 .03 [3 1 6 ] W AGES A ND H OU RS O F LABOR. Wages and Hours of Labor in the Petroleum industry. H E U n ited S ta tes B u reau of L ab o r S tatistics lias ju s t issued a re p o rt (B ulletin 297) covering wages, hours, an d earnings in 1920 in th e p etroleum in d u stry in th e U n ited S tates. T h e re p o rt is based on a stu d y of rep resen tativ e p lan ts in th e principal petroleum centers. T A t the wells 26 per cent of the employees worked six days per week and 74 per cent seven days. On the pipe lines 66 per cent worked six days and 34 per cent seven days, while a t the refineries 77 per cent worked six and 23 per cent seven days. The custom ary hours of work a t the wells and on the pipe lines ranged from 8 to 12 per day and a t the refineries from 8 to 13. Fortyfive per cent of the employees a t wells, 43 per cent on pipe lines, and 65 per cent a t refineries worked n o t more than 8 hours per day; 76 per cent a t wells, 77 per cent on pipe lines, and 96 per cent a t refineries worked no t more than 9 hours; while 85 per cent a t wells, 99 per cent on pipe lines, and 99 per cent a t refineries worked not more than 10 hours. The table below shows the average full-tim e hours per week and average earnings per hour in the leading occupations: Average full-time hours per week. Occupation. Average earnings per hour. W e lls . Drill gt*s . r . . r ........................................................................... ........................................... D rillers' helpers a n <1 clean ou t helpers........... ............................................. ................... Fi rpm on .................................................................................................................................. Laborers roustabouts, arid connection men ................................................................ Pum pers and engineers.......................................................................................................... Tool dressers TT. r . . rT........................................................................................................... 73.6 69.7 57.7 57.7 62.5 78.6 81.140 .683 .651 .589 .582 .934 57.2 55.7 58.9 54.7 62.5 56.0 .749 .701 .775 .528 .584 .676 55.3 53.6 53.6 54.2 53.6 48.1 47.6 49.7 48.5 49.4 48.8 .811 .756 .789 .905 .799 .991 .741 .575 P i p e lin e s . Fngineers and p n m p ersT ............................................................................................ Firem en __T................................................................................................ dangers delivery men and oil receivers.......................................................................... Laborers roustabouts, etc ........................................... .................................... T,in e walVers ...................... Tel pern ph operators Tr; ........................................................................................................... R e f in e r ie s . Engineers and obillermen ..........., _ ................................................................... Firem en and assistant engineers ........................................................................................ Pum pm en __ _ _ ................. .............................................................................. Still men .................................. ....................................................................................... . Still m en 's assistants c h a r g e r s and headers-up.............................................................. Holier m akers . ................................................................................................ Boiler m akers' helpers __ .......................................................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [317] .9 0 5 .855 .685 87 88 M O N T H L Y LABOE R E V IE W . The report also contains interesting descriptive m atter regarding the drilling and operation of wells, the laying and operation of the vast netw ork of pipe lines, and the processes employed in the m anu facture of refined petroleum. Regular Weekly Hours of Work in Manufacturing industries of the United States, 1909, 1914, and 1919. The following table taken from census reports shows the average num ber and per cent of wage earners working each specified num ber of hours per week in the m anufacturing industries of the United States in the years 1909, 1914, and 1919, together w ith the cumula tive per cent of employees working each specified num ber of hours per week or less. The num ber of employees reported is the average for the year, and was obtained by taking th e actual num ber of wage earners a t the close of one pay-roll period for each m onth in the year and dividing the sum of these wage earners by 12. All of these employees of each establishm ent were classified as working the regular hours of the p lan t as a whole, although some of the employees m ay have worked different hours. I t is believed th a t there would be no m aterial difference in the num ber shown in each classification were the hours of each individual reported instead of taking the hours of the plant as a whole. As regards the num ber of employees working each specified num ber of hours per week in 1919, it will be seen th a t 4,418,693, or 48.6 per cent of the to tal of 9,096,372 employees, worked 48 hours per week or less. Of this num ber, the census report shows th a t 1,111,107, or 12.2 per cent of the to tal employees, worked 44 hours per week or less, and 346,179, or 3.8 per cent, worked over 44 and under 48 hours per week, while 2,961,407, or 32.6 per cent, worked 48 hours er week. In comparing th e percentages of employees working 48 ours per week and under in the three years, it will be observed th a t the percentage of such workers was over four times as great in 1919 as in 1914, and over six times as great in 1919 as in 1909. In 1909 the largest percentage of employees, 30.5, fell in the classi fication of 60 hours per week, in 1914 the largest percentage, 25.8, fell in the classification of 54 hours per week, while in 1919 the largest percentage, 48.6, fell in the classification of 48 hours and under. The cum ulative per cent shows the per cent of employees working the specified hours or less. Care m ust be exercised n o t to confuse these percentages w ith the percentages given for the same year and relating only to the hourly group. Thus, while 9.1 per cent of all employees in 1919 worked 54 hours per week, 16.4 per cent plus 48.6 per cent plus 9.1 per cent, or 74.1 per cent in all, worked 54 hours or less per week. The other lines of the table are read in like m anner. W hen the cum ulative percentages for th e years 1909, 1914, and 1919 are compared i t will be noted th a t in 1919, 74.1 per cent of all employees worked 54 hours per week or less, as compared w ith 51.0 per cent in 1914, and 30.6 per cent in 1909. E https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [318] WAGES A N D H O U R S OF LABOR. 89 R E G U L A R H O U R S O F W O R K P E R W E E K IN T H E M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S OF T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S , 1909, 1914, A N D 1919.1 Wage earners w orking each s]lecified n um ber of hours. R eguiar hours of w ork p e r week. Per cent. Average num ber. 1909 1914 1919 833,330 4,418,693 48 and u n d e r......................................... 523,652 O ver 48 an d un d er 54......................... 481,157 945,735 1,496,177 828, 353 54............................................................. 1,019,438 1, 818, 390 Over 54 an d un d er 60......................... 1,999, 307 1, 543, 018 1,248,854 827,745 60............................................................. 2,017,280 1,487, 801 407, 973 276, 550 Over 60................................................... 574, 212 C um ulative per cent of wage earners working each specified' n u m b e r of hours and under. 1909 1914 1919 1909 1914 7.9 7.3 15.4 30.2 30.5 8.7 11.8 13.4 25.8 21.9 21. 1 5.8 48.6 7.9 11.8 16.4 15.2 25.2 9.1 30.6 51.0 13.7 60.8 72.9 9.1 91.3 94.0 3.0 100.0 100.0 1919 48.6 65.0 74.1 87.8 93.9 100.0 T o ta l........................................... 6,615,045 7,033, 247 9, 098,372 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 A sim ilar tab le for th e years 1914 a n d 1919 was given on page 76 of the Monthly L abor R eview for June, 1922, b u t th ro u g h a clerical error employees w orking over 48 an d under 54 hours, and those w ork ing over 54 a n d u n d e r 60 hours were classified as “ 48 a n d u n d er 54” and “ 54 a n d u n d e r 60.” The table in revised form is repeated in th is issue of th e R eview for th e p urpose of correcting th e error and of furnishing th e added figures for 1909. Average Weekly Earnings of New York State Factory Workers in May, 1922. CCORDING to a statem ent issued by the New York S tate D epartm ent of Labor, the earnings of factory workers in New York S tate appear to have reached a condition of relative stability after declining steadily for more th an a year. The average weekly earnings in May amounted to $24.59, a slight increase over the April average, b u t practically the same as the M arch average. Since last October the fluctuations in the average weekly earnings of all workers covered by reports to the departm ent “ have been of no great im portance, as they have not been cum ulative. A reduction one m onth has usually been followed by an increase the next, so th a t the average earning in May was almost identical w ith th a t of last October.” A Reductions in wage rates during the intervening months appear to have been offset by less part-time operation of factories, and the number of cuts in wage rates has been growing smaller. In May for the first time in many months, the number of increases reported was nearly equal to the number of reductions. Consequently, present indications do not lead to the expectation of any considerable further reduc tion in factory workers’ earnings within the near future. Earnings are now about 15 per cent below the peak. Im p o rtan t increases in average weekly earnings were reported in the fur, tobacco products, and cement and plaster industries. The earnings of workers also increased in the m eat packing, flour and cereal products, candy, bakery products, beverage, brick and pottery, leather tanning, miscellaneous leather goods, rubber goods, sawmill and planing-mill products, piano, wool products, cotton goods, structural iron, iron and steel, shipbuilding, autom obile, railw ay equipm ent and repair, heating apparatus, sheet-m etal work, and oil and chemical products industries. All the industries included in the printing and paper-goods group showed increased earnings from April to May. The m ost substantial gain was in the miscellaneous paper- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [319] M O N T H L Y LABOE R E V IE W . 90 goods industries. Sm aller increases were re p o rted in th e p rin tin g and bookm aking, and th e paper-box industries. A verage earnings in th e p aper-m aking in d u stry were also a little g re ater th a n in April. The clothing group of industries reported a slight loss in average earnings as the result of seasonal reductions of $2.13 in the millinery industry and $1.12_ in the women’s clothing industry. Despite the fact that the 15 per cent reduction in wage rates went into effect in most of the Rochester men’s clothing factories on May 1, this industry showed a gain in employees’ earnings due to increased working time. The miscellaneous sewing and the women’s furnishings industries also reported increased earnings. Some of th e increases in w eekly earnings in M ay as com pared w ith A pril are as follow s: Increase. Fur............................................................................................................. $3.24 Cement and plaster................................................................................... 2. 27 Tobacco products...................................................................................... 2.24 Brick and pottery..................................................................................... 1. 82 Structural iron........................................................................................... 1.78 Iron and steel........................... 1.28 Shipb uilding............................................................................................. 1.12 Meat packing............................................................................................. 1.10 Decreases in average w eekly earnings were rep o rted in th e canning, m iscellaneous stone and m ineral products, and glass industries. Average Hourly Wages of Metal Workers in Various European Coun tries in 1921. H E following table taken from the Revue de l ’Industrie Minérale, Paris, May 15, 1922 (p. 165) , shows the average hourly wages in 1921 of skilled and unskilled adult workers in the m etal trades in six E uropean countries: T A V E R A G E H O U R L Y W A G E S O F M E T A L T R A D E S W O R K E R S IN E U R O P E D U R IN G 1921. [At p a r 1 m ark = 23.82 cents; 1 krone = 20.26 cents; 1 lira = 19.3 cents; 1 franc (Belgian and French) = 19.3 cents; 1 shilling = 24.33 cents; 1 p enny = 2.03 cents.] Average hourly wages. Country. U nskilled Skilled Average, w orkers (over workers (over skilled and 20 years of 20 years of unskilled. age). age). 36 k r ............. 2.50 f r ........... 2 s................... 3 fr................. 6.8 m ............. 2.85 lire ____ A u stria.................................... B e lg iu m ................................ E n g lan d .................................. France .............................. G erm any................................ Ttalv " _______ ______ __ 28-32 k r ........ 2.20 f r ........... Is. 6d ............ 2.15 f r ........... 5.6 m ............. 2.40 lire ........ 35 kr. 2.30 fr. Is. 9d. 2.80 fr. 6.30 m . 2.50 lire 1 Relation of Wages to Selling Prices in the Belgian Coal industry. N T H E following table, taken from the Labor G azette (London), June, 1922, p. 249, and based upon inform ation furnished by the Belgian B ureau of Mines, the relation of wages to the selling price of coal is shown for the various coal districts during April, 1920, and January, 1122. I https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [320] 91 WAGES AND H O U E S OF LABOE. A V E R A G E S E L L IN G P R IC E A N D A M O U N T S P E N T IN W A G ES, P E R TO N O F COAL, A P R IL , 1920, AND JA N U A R Y , 1922, B Y D IST R IC T S. [1 franc a t p a r = 19.3 cents.] January, 1922. A pril, 1920. D istrict. Average selling price. A m ount spent in wages. Average selling price. A m ount spent in wages. F rancs. F rancs. F rancs. F rancs. Mons basin................................ C enter........................................ Charleroi.................................... N am u r....................................... L iege.......................................... H erve......................................... Southern basin........................ 90. 50 86.25 84.99 81.69 90. 75 85. 22 86.50 47. 22 44.16 41.94 40.52 47. 85 36.35 44. 37 78. 33 84. 32 80. 81 69. 66 93. 56 84.57 82.95 48. 29 44. 25 41. 75 43. 27 49.95 43. 58 45. 27 A verage, all d istric ts.. 86. 56 43.20 82.03 45.19 The averages for all districts indicate a decrease of 5.2 per cent in the selling price of coal per ton and an increase of 4.6 per cent in wages per ton during the period shown. The national joint com m ittee for the mining industry therefore a t its m eetings held in M arch and April, 1922, decided to m ake two cuts in wages, one of 5 per cent on March 12, and another of 8 per cent to take effect May 1, 1922. Cotton-Mill Wages in Cartagena, Colombia. CONSULAR report of June 2, 1922, gives the wages of workers in a few of the occupations in cotton mills in Cartagena, Colombia. The hours are 15 per day w ith an 84-hour week. Female spinners, knitters, and winders receive 6 cents per hour and female weavers are paid 8 cents per hour, while male laborers, lifting and carrying, are paid 10 cents per hour. Cost of living for foreigners remains a t about the 1920 level, b u t the native laboring class, it is stated, lives com paratively cheaply because of low living standards. A Application of the Eight-Hour Day in French industry. N IN Q U IR Y conducted by the General Confederation of Labor among its affiliated organizations upon the extent of the application of the 8-hour day in various industries of France is summarized in La Voix du Peuple, April, 1922 (pp. 235-240). T ra n sp o rta tio n .—The 8-hour day or the 48-hour week is n o t yet wholly applied on account of the differences in the means of transport. In general in the tram w ays of small towns the average 8-hour day is in effect either on the basis of 48 hours a week or 96 in the fort night. In some cities and districts the hours are averaged for each 3 m onths or even for 6 months, b u t in general they do n o t exceed 8 hours, and if they should a period of compensatory rest is allowed. Some street-railw ay companies have added an hour to the day as the adm inistrative decrees for transport have not yet been issued. A 2470°—22----- 7 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1321] 92 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . Overtime rates are paid for the additional Avork. The spread of hours for employees engaged in delivering merchandise by m otor or horse-drawn vehicles, is from 11 to 12 hours, including time for meals. Glass in d u s try . —The 8-hour day is generally in effect and there is no m ovem ent on the p a rt of employers toward extending the hours. W ood-working in d u strie s. —The 8-hour day was fixed by an admin istrative decree, March, 1921. It has been generally complied with as the 120 hours additional allowed each year are sufficient for the necessary extra work. Opposition to the act has developed, however, among both employers and workers. It has been proved in the piano industry that the present output is greater than in the 10 hours Avorked before the war and this without changes in working methods or machinery. No decree has been issued for sawmills and toy making. P r in tin g . —The basic 8-hour day has been in effect since 1919. C ommercial em ployees. —The 8-hour day is fairly general in wholesale and retail establishments of the large cities but in the smaller towns the Avorking-day varies between 8 and 9 hours. The adminis trative decree for wholesale trade is carried out and a decree is to be issued for retail establishments other than food in cities of more than 100,000 inhabitants. M in in g . —For Avorkers aboveground the day of 8 hours is general, Avhile for underground workers the 8 hours is reckoned from the time the first worker enters the mine until the last Avorker leaves it and includes 30 minutes intermission underground. The law has been respected by the greater number of companies but an attempt to amend it so that the hours will be counted from the time the last miner goes into the mine until the first one ascends will be met by the organized resistance of the miners. In order to make this resis tance effective it is considered necessary by the workers that foreign coal should not be allowed in France and that international action should be taken by the miners. H id e a n d leather w orkers. —The 8-hour day is generally in effect although in all industries except tanneries the 48 hours are spread over 5fr days to alloAV the Saturday half-holiday. Attempts at over time on the part of employers have not been general. G ardeners. —The 8-hour day is not in effect in most of the horti cultural occupations, except for workers in cemeteries, the length of the working day varying, among market gardeners particularly, according to the season, the Avorkers generally receiving board and lodging. Clothing.- —The day of 8 hours is in effect for factory workers but is not applied at all to home Avorkers. Infringements are consented to or requested by workers in custom-made tailoring for men and women, but in making underclothing the longer hours are the exception. No general attempt has been made to modify the decree, but partial at tempts have been made through the working of overtime, to which the employees offer little resistance, as unemployment has been serious. If the trade returns to normal, while 8 hours will continue in theory it will in reality no longer exist. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [322] WAGES ALTD HOURS OF LABOR. 93 P u b lic services .—The working-day in general does not exceed 8 hours except in the collection of certain kinds of taxes. H atters .—Out of 12,000 employed at this trade, 5,000 workers benefit by the 8-hour day. In localities in which the workers are unorganized the 9-hour day is in effect. Wages in Selected industries in Great Britain, 1914 to 1921. H E trend of wages, prices, and profits in Great B ritain from pre-war times up to June, 1921, is shown in a report1 recently issued by the Labor Research D epartm ent. The Labor Re search D epartm ent is an independent organization composed of affiliated trade-unions, trade councils, local labor parties, etc., established for the purpose of conducting “ research and inquiries into all social and industrial questions affecting labor, from a labor standpoint.” The m aterial presented in its present report is com piled from the British Labor Gazette, the Economist, wage reports of the M inistry of Labor and of commissions of inquiry in various indus tries, Board of Trade reports, and official abstracts of labor statistics, supplem ented by information from trade-union annual reports, trade journals, and figures supplied directly by the trade-unions. According to the preface, w ritten by Mr. Sidney Webb, the book “ aims at no more than a presentation of facts relating to wages, prices, and profits in G reat Britain during the past seven years, so far as they can be ascertained.” T In the public interest it is becoming increasingly important that the secrecy in which so much business enterprise is still shrouded should, so far as statistical tables are con cerned, be brought to an end. The conclusion is inevitable that the nation ought to be provided with more complete and more authoritative statistics of the profits, salaries and wages in all business enterprises for each year, as soon as it is ended. I t was found th a t there was everywhere in G reat B ritain “ com paratively little advance of wages in the earlier period of the war. A t the end of 1915, the increase did not generally am ount to more than 10 per cent.” The advance was slow until 1917, a t the end of which year wages had risen over 30 per cent in m ost industries and to be tween 80 and 90 per cent in some cases. Increases followed more rapidly, “ especially for backward groups of w orkers,” until the sum mer of 1920. Wages reached their highest point in the iron and steel and in one or two other industries in June, 1920, and almost everywhere before the end of the year. Between December, 1920, and June, 1921, wages in general rem ained unchanged or began to decrease. In the table below are shown, for certain selected occupations, the rates of wages in effect in December of each year, 1914 to 1920, and in June, 1921, and the per cent of m axim um increase over 1914. These occupations were chosen from the m any given in the report, as being the m ost representative and im portant ones as well as those for which the m ost definite data were given. i L abor R esearch D ep artm en t. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Wages, prices, and profits. [323] London, 1922. W E E K L Y W A G E R A TES PA ID IN G R E A T B R IT A IN IN D E C E M B E R , 1914 TO 1920, AND IN JU N E , 1921- IN C E R T A IN IN D U S T R IE S AN D O CCUPATIONS. c£> ^ [1 shilling a t par=24.3 cents; 1 penny=2.03 cents.] December— In d u stry , locality, an d occupation. June, 1921. 1914 1915 s. d. s. 1917 1916 d. 41 0-45 0 35 0-39 0 33 0 s. d. s. d. 42 0-46 0 36 0-40 0 34 0 s. d. s. 1918 d. 49 0-53 0 43 0-47 0 41 0 s. d. s. 68 0-72 d. 0 62 0-66 0 60 0 1919 1920 6*. d s . d. 73 0-77 0 67 0-71 0 65 0 s. d . s . d . 88 0-92 0 82 0-86 0 80 0 70 o 67 0 65 0 91 0 88 0 86 0 70 0-74 0 68 0-71 0 65 0 90 0 81 0-84 0 78 0-81 0 75 0 97 0 s. 72 81 78 d. s. d. P e r c e n t. 78 0 0-74 0 70 0 119-132 139-156 167 91 o 88 0 86 o 139 151 161 0 0 0 0 138-147 160-170 167-188 171 0-84 0-81 75 90 32 0 33 0 40 0 55 0 56 0 68 0 68 0 126 29 0 30 0 37 0 52 0 53 0 65 0 65 0 141 26 0 25 0 30 0 30 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 122 137 40 111 40 n 41 01 40 9 41 31 40 11| 61 5 5 1 41 41 111 41 8 42 4 42 1 42 2 41 11 143 233 40 11 40 71 40 11 40 71 41 2 40 10 41 6 41 2 41 10 4 1 61 42 4 "2 1 42 2 4 1 11 167 284 40 81 40 51 40 81 40 6 40 10 40 71 41 0 40 10 41 5 41 3 42 0 41 9 4 1 10 41 7 182 282 40 11 H) i u 40 81 41 1 «O 10 5 1 41 5 1 01 5 1 5f 51 n 42 4 4 1 111 42 2 41 91 167 173 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW , [324] B akery trades: London— s. d . s . d. F orehands............................................. 2 38 0-42 0 Single a n d second h a n d s.................... 32 0-36 0 Table h a n d s......................................... 30 0 M anchester— Forehands............................................. 38 0 Single a n d second h an d s................... 0 33 0 Table h a n d s......................................... B irm ingham — Forehands............................................. 34 0 Single an d second h a n d s................... 30 0 Table h a n d s......................................... 26 0-28 0 Glasgow—A d u lt m ales.......................... 36 0 Boot a n d shoe in d u stry (E ngland and WnlpssV Males— Clicking an d other skilled departm e n ts ................................................. 3 30 0 Heel building, stock and show room s................................................. 27 0 Females— IS 0 First-class operations......................... 17 0 Second-class operations..................... B uilding trades: London— 40 i u B ricklayers........................................... Laborers................................................ 40 71 M anchester (G rade A)— B ricklayers........................................... 40 101 Laborers................................................ 40 6J E xeter ( G rade C)— B ricklayers........................................... 40 81 40 Laborers................................................ Glasgow— B ricklayers........................................... <0 101 L aborers................................................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Maxi m um rate of increase over De cem ber, 1914.1 <0 91 <0 8f “ 0 Si 70 91 7 0 81 70 81 8 0 91 80 81 80 81 81 5 si 5 91 5 50 0 55 9 42 0 70 10 81 0 63 0 80 6 85 6 74 9 86 0 91 1 SO 5 44 0 47 0 39 6 66 2 69 9 64 1 75 11 84 11 81 6 88 3 92 9 84 4 88 3 92 9 84 4 46 1 48 4 66 6 74 8 76 3 78 6 81 8 81 8 88 90 70 74 88 90 70 74 15 10 17 2 10 4 18 8 11 10 20 8 13 10 8 2 5 11 12 6 7 2 14 0 8 8 15 6 10 2 10 2 6 7 15 1 9 2 16 7 10 8 8 6 5 9 12 5 7 11 8 3 6 6 <0 9i 40 8J <0 81 843 48 35 23 28 0 9 0 0 0 37 0 40 0 32 6 38 40 23 27 3 6 4 0 109 4 5 8 39 0 44 0 40 0 <0 91 <0 81 <0 81 47 0 52 9 39 0 }........................ 41 0 44 0 36 6 42 6 44 6 }........................ 12 4 6 10 42 0 91 7 91 7 92 0 9 1 10 9 1 10 153 151 167 93 109 87 74 93 109 87 74 134 91 9 10 8 0 9 3 6 1 5 149 135 132 3 6 1 5 132 122 \ / ............... 25 9 17 10 23 9 15 10 176 215 17 6 12 2 22 0 16 2 20 0 14 2 169 173 18 1 12 2 20 1 14 2 25 1 18 2 23 1 16 2 147 176 13 11 9 5 15 5 10 11 17 5 12 11 21 11 16 11 19 11 14 11 158 193 13 9 9 6 15 3 11 0 16 9 12 6 18 9 14 6 23 6 18 6 21 6 16 6 185 184 45 0 53 0 72 6 85 0 90 0 85 0 8 8 100 105 100 1 Does no t include increases of wages which took place betw een December, 1920, and June, 1921, b u t were followed im m ediately b y com pensating or more th a n decreases. 2 U nion stan d ard rate. 8 U nion m inim um rate. * U nion rate per hour. 8 U nion ra te per hour; plus 12§ per cent. e U nion ra te per hour; plus ls.~per week. 7 U nion rate per hour; plus com mittee-on-production aw ard of ljd . 8 U nion rate per hour; plus com mittee-on-production aw ard of 3d. 9 Trade board general m inim um rate. Pieceworkers are entitled to a m inim um basic tim e rate, fixed a t ljd . per hour above general m inim um tim e rate. 18 Average piecework earnings. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 81 8 0 9 100 0 105 0 100 0 WAGES AND H O U R S OF LABOR, [325] C lotiiingtrades (England and Wales): M e a s u m c u tte rs ......................................... Knifem en and pressers-ofl........................ Stock cutters, fitters, tailors, and passers. Metal trades: London— F itters and tu rn ers............................. P a tte rn m a k e rs.................................. M achinists............................................ Laborers............................................... T yne— F itters and tu rn ers............................. P a tte rn makers,.................................. M achinists............................................ Glasgow— F itters and tu rn e rs ............................ P a tte rn m ak ers................................... Laborers................................................■ M ining in d u stry : South Wales— Coal getters.......................................... Laborers............................................... D urham — Coal getters.......................................... Laborers............................................... South Yorkshire— Coal getters.......................................... Laborers............................................... Lancashire a n d Yorkshire— Coal getters........................................... Laborers............................................... Scotland—• Coal getters........................................... Laborers............................................... P rin tin g trades: London— Compositors......................................... Linotype a n d m onotype operators. L ithographers..................................... 0 156 0 139 0 150 com pensating CO C71 W E E K L Y W A GE R A T E S P A ID IN G R E A T B R IT A IN IN D E C E M B E R , 1914 TO 1920, AN D IN JU N E , 1921, IN C E R T A IN IN D U S T R IE S AN D OCCUPATIO NS—Concluded. CO CTi [1 shilling a t par=24.3 cents; 1 penny=2.03 cents.] December— In d u stry , locality, a n d occupation. June, 1921. 1914 11 N ot including mileage allowance. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis s. d. s. 1916 d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. 1919 1918 1917 d. s. d. s. d. s. 70 0 58 0 43 0 36 0 5 9 12 S tan d ard rate p er day 48 0 41 0 6 .3 55 0 48 0 8 3 70 0 63 0 9 8 d. s. 1920 d. s. d. s. d. d. s. d. P e r c e n t. 97 6 106 0 95 0 97 6 106 0 95 0 156 66 0 72 0 82 6 88 6 82 6 88 6 230 88 0-106 0 70 0- 88 0 85 0-103 0 67 0 -8 3 0 121-193 193-289 160 75 0 68 0 80 0 73 0 100 121 72 0 65 0 77 0 70 0 108 133 65 0 59 0 70 0 64 0 133-169 167-220 is 16 0 11 8 12 8-14 0 « 17 6- 20 6 16 0 11 8-12 2 13 N a tional m inim um wage. s. 81 0 89 6 80 0 16 0 14 17 6- 20 6 16 0 14 Special ra te for tim berw ork. 205 139-146 220-256 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, [326] P rin tin g trades—C ontinued. Grade I tow ns— s. d . s . d . Com positors......................................... 38 0 Linotype an d m onotype operators. Lithographers..................................... 36 6 Grade V I tow ns— Com positors......................................... 25 0 Linotype an d m onotype operators. Transportation: Railroads— Locomotive engineers........................ 1130 0-48 0 F irem en ................................................ 11 18 0-30 0 Street railw ays— London— M otorm en..................................... 40 0 C onductors................. 33 0 Large tow ns— M otorm en..................................... 37 0 Conductors.................................... 30 0 Sm all tow ns— M otorm en..................................... 26 0-30 0 C onductors................................... 20 0-24 0 W ater tran sp o rtatio n — Dockers— P o rt of L ondon............................ 125 3 Oceans an d short sea ship w ork. 12 7 4_ 8 4 Large p o rts.....................T............ 4 6-50 1915 Maxi m u m rate ofincrease over De cem ber, 1914. WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. 97 The absence of any extravagant rise of wages among the better paid and more highly organized section of the workers was not due to accidental causes, but may be traced, at least to some extent, to the deliberate action of the Government. Under the munitions or war act, 1915, which covered the greater part of the engineering and shipbuilding trades and large numbers of workers in other industries, not merely strikes were made illegal, but a workman could be prevented by his employer who refused to grant a discharge certifícate from taking up fresh employment. The latter provision was repealed during 1917, but thousands of munition workers had already been checked in moving from one firm to another in search of better conditions. While “ the play of natural forces” flung fantastic fortunes into the laps of army con tractors and shipowners, wages were subject to artificial regulation. Disputes were referred to arbitration, and settled with due respect to public economy. Toward the end of the w ar a m ovem ent was started for the auto m atic regulation of wages by cost-of-living sliding scales. The m ethod originated in the textile dyeing and bleaching trades, and, according to the report, nearly a million and a half workers were covered by such agreements a t the end of 1920. U nder these agree m ents wages were to rise or fall correspondingly w ith the rise or fall in the cost of living as shown by the index num ber published by the M inistry of Labor. The investigators are of the opinion th a t this index num ber did n o t give an accurate picture of the rise in the cost of living b u t under stated the case, the “ cost of living” as defined by the M inistry of Labor being not the “ rise in the cost of m aintaining the same standard of life” as before the war, b u t “ the increase in the actual expenditure by the worker’s family in 1918 as compared with 1914. Thus it is n o t surprising th a t they found the Mise in cost of living’ to be much less than was commonly asserted. After all you can not spend money you have n o t g ot.” Also The investigators feel th a t the weighting of the different articles entering into the workers’ budget was faulty. The official calculation of weights is based on the family budget inquiry of 1904— nearly 20 years ago. I t is pretty certain that clothing accounts for more than the 12 per cent allowed, and, in view of this and all the other changes in working-class ex penditure during the last 20 years, it is obvious that a new allocation is necessary to-day. W ith a new weighting of the item s which the investigators think is more representative of their actual relative im portance in the budget the average increase in the cost of living is m uch greater than th a t shown by the M inistry of Labor figures. _ _! The report points out also th a t the rates established on the basis of this index num ber did no t enable the workers to obtain an income fully abreast of prices, “ b u t the advance always followed behind and never w ent before the rise in the cost of living. In some cases, indeed, one rate lagged so far behind the other th a t an advance of wages took place when the cost of living had for several m onths begun to decline.” The policy of focusing attention on the rise in cost of living, which affected all workers alike, had the indirect effect of prom oting a policy of national awards and settlem ents. A ttention was especially “ directed to the needs of lower-paid workers upon whom the cost of living pressed w ith the utm ost severity. There was a correspond ing m ovem ent to establish minimum rates of wages in hitherto unregulated trades.” The workers had in nearly all cases to suffer a severe decline in their standard of life, and even by the end of 1920 two-thirds of the industries had not reached their pre-war standard of real wages. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [327] 98 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . Wage Reductions and Employment in the British Coal industry. rapid reduction in the wages of B ritish miners since the T ^H Esettlem ent after the long lockout in 1921 is set forth in a recent article 1 by F rank Hodges in which the following data regarding wages and their relation to cost of living, and the effect of unemploy m ent or partial employment in the industry are shown. 1 L abor Magazine, Ju n e, 1922. “ T he B ritish coal m ining in d u s try ,” b y F ran k Hodges, p p . 53-55. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [328] D A IL Y W A G E S O F B R IT IS H M IN E R S . M ARCH, 1921, M ARCH, 1922, AND MAY, 1922, A N D T H E R E L A T IO N O F P R E S E N T W A G E S TO COST O F L IV IN G . W age position of day workers in relation to cost of living, May, 1922. W age per shift. Coal area. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Scotland............................................ N o rth u m b erlan d ............................ D u rh a m ............................................. S outh W ales..................................... Y o rk sh ire2....................................... N ottin g h am sh ire............................ D erbyshire....................................... Leicestershire................................... Cannock C hase................................ W arw ickshire.................................. L an cash ire3..................................... N o rth Staffordshire........................ Cheshire............................................. N o rth W ales..................................... South Staffordshire and Salop. . . C um berland..................................... B risto l................................................ Forest of D ean ................................ Som erset........................................... K e n t.................................................. March, 1921. March, 1922. s. d. s. d. 17 18 16 17 17 19 18 17 16 17 16 17 16 16 0 11 6 10 11 0 3 2 6 3 5 2 5 4 16 14 15 14 18 0 11 3 7 8 8 9 8 8 13 15 15 13 13 13 It 10 11 8 9 8 7 7 8 10 5 4 7 10 10 9 3 7 7 5 9 2 9 5 0 3 2 5 11 5 May, 1922. s. d. 8 9 8 8 13 14 14 12 12 12 10 9 10 8 9 8 7 7 8 10 5 9 8 10 0 10 5 10 10 7 8 3 8 5 0 3 2 9 5 5 Underg round laborers. Reduc tion since March, 1921. s. d. March, 1921. March, 1922. M ay, 1922. Surface laborers. Reduc tion since March, 1921. March, 1921. March, 1922. May, 1922. s. d. s. d. s 8 9 7 9 4 4 3 4 3 4 5 7 5 7 7 2 10 0 11 2 10 4 8 8 9 11 9 11 14 13 13 14 14 14 15 14 13 14 14 14 14 14 0 11 8 9 8 6 0 5 11 8 7 3 7 2 d. s. d. s. d. s. d. 7 6 6 6 10 12 10 9 10 10 8 7 8 6 0 10 10 5 6 5 6 8 2 0 3 10 3 6 7 6 6 6 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 7 7 6 0 9§ 8i 5 10 4 11 2 7 5 6 1 6 6 7 7 6 8 4 5 5 5 4 5 7 7 7 7 0 D Hi 4 10 2 1 3 4 3 1 2 1 8 14 13 13 14 14 14 14 12 13 12 13 12 13 13 0 11 8 9 8 6 3 5 11 4 0 7 0 0 7 6 6 6 10 9 9 7 8 7 6 6 6 5 0 10 10 5 2 10 7 3 0 10 6 6 6 5 11 5 6 7 7 7 6 8 9 9 10 2 3 15 14 13 13 15 8 5 5 6 8 7 6 5 7 7 10 3 11 8 11 7 6 5 7 7 10 3 11 4 11 7 8 7 6 7 10 2 6 2 9 14 12 12 12 13 3 4 10 6 10 6 5 5 6 6 6 3 4 6 3 6 5 5 6 6 1 Per cent of increase R educ in tio n since wages March, since 1921. 1914. Per cent of increase in cost of living since 1914. s. d. 7 6 6 6 9 9 9 6 7 7 5 0 9i 8i 5 7 4 0 9 6 4 11 6 3 4 1 3 7 7 6 8 5 5 5 5 6 5 7 7 7 o 14 11Î 4 1 2 3 8 5 0 1 1 1 6 7 7 7 6 7 9 1 6 7 20 22 20 20 50 50 50 50 50 50 26 26 26 20 20 20 20 20 44 20 i 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 WAGES AND H O U R S OF LABOR. [329 J 1. 2. 3. 4. Ü. D ay wage colliers. 1 Ju n e, 1922; 80 per cent. 2 This position is in some areas slightly im proved over a n d above the percentage figure of wage increase shown, by local agreem ents, for increases in th e basic wages. 3 Pieceworkers received a n advance in 1919 in consequence of loss of earning power b y the reduction of the hours of labor from 8 to 7 hours per d ay Such advances vary from 12 to 14 per cent according to area, a n d still exist under the present agreement. The areas w ith wage increases of only 20 per cent are those a t th e m inim um under the agreem ent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis CO CO 100 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . Employment. ACCORDING to the article, the subsistence level of the miners has been affected by unem ploym ent and partial employment. The following statem ent shows the average num ber of shifts per week worked by the mines: Y ear ending Y ear ending April, 1921. ................................... 5.75 ................................... 5.70 ................................. 5.64 .......................... 5.69 .......................... 5 .74 ...................................................................... 0) ............................ 5.78 ................................... 5 .74 ................................................ 5.26 ............................ 4 .79 ............................................ 4.71 ...................................................................... 0) M a y ................ J u l y ................ A u g u s t.......... S e p te m b e r.. O c to b er........ N o v e m b e r... D e ce m b er. . . J a n u a ry ____ F e b ru a ry ___ M a rch ............ A p ril............ 1 Stoppage of work. April, 1922. d) d) 5.59 4. 77 4. 58 4. 67 4.97 5.18 5 .16 5. ¿5 5 .17 5 .3 0 The average num ber of shifts worked by the mines in previous years is shown below: 5.49 5 .5 8 5 .23 5 .58 5 .68 5 .48 5 .62 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918................ The past year has shown a large decrease in the num ber of per sons employed, b u t it is pointed out th a t as trade improves em ploym ent tends in an upw ard direction, as the following table shows: A V E R A G E N U M B E R O F W O R K E R S E M P L O Y E D D U R IN G Y E A R S 1921 A N D 1922, B Y Q U A R T E R S . E N D IN G M ARCH , Average n u m b er of workers em ployed, year ending— Decrease. Period. March, 1921. F irst qn arto r ................................................. PQCond. q u a rte r ......................................................................... T hird q u a rte r ......................................................................... Fourth q u a rte r............................................................................... 1,178,614 1,168,946 1,216,215 1,213,204 March, 1922. C1) 1,058,770 1,062,400 1,072,200 1 Stoppage of work. The numbers employed in previous years are shown below: 1910 .................................................. ] 911.............................................................................................. 1912 .......................................................................................... 1913 .......................................................................................... 1914 .......................................................................................... 1915 .......................................................................................... 1916 .................................................. 1917 .......................................................................................... 1918 .................................................. 1919 .......................................................................................... 1920 .......................................................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [330] 1, 039, 986 1,057,699 1,079,926 1,118,453 1,124,301 953,642 998,063 1,021,340 1, 008, 867 1,191,313 1,248,224 110,176 143,815 141,004 101 WAGES AND H O U R S OF LABOR. The num ber in receipt of unem ploym ent benefit from the S tate is as follows: December, 192].................................................................................................... January, 1922....................................................................................................... February, 1922..................................................................................................... March, 1922.......................................................................................................... April, 1922............................................................................................................ 126, 348 118,143 107,327 94, 781 92,170 Wage Rates of Italian Marine Labor and of Port Labor in Naples. N D ER dates of April 15 and 18, 1922, the American consul at Naples in collaboration w ith the Naples representative of the U nited States Shipping Board prepared two reports, of which the first deals w ith wage rates of Italian m arine labor and the second w ith rates of port labor in Naples. The two reports are reproduced below. U Italian Marine Labor. D A T E S of wages paid to Italian m arine labor are settled by agreem ents m ade between the N ational Federation of Seamen ( Federazione N a zio n a le L avoratori del M are ) and the representatives of the Governm ent M erchant Fleet and private owners. Practically every other condition of m arine labor, except wages, is covered by the m aritim e laws. Assuming a rate of exchange of 20 lire to the dollar, the following table makes a comparison of the wages paid a t present on cargo vessels of any tonnage under the Italian and American flags: M O N T H L Y W A G E S O F A M E R IC A N A N D IT A L IA N M A R IN E L A B O R . M onthly ra te of wages. Position. A merican. M asters.............................................................. Chief engineers................................................ F irst officers..................................................... F irst assistant engineers................................ Second officers................................................. Second assistant engineers............................ T h ird officers.................................................... T h ird assistant engineers............. ................ C adets................................................................ W ireless operators........................................... Stew ards............................................................ F irst cooks........................................................ Second cooks..................................................... Mess hoys.......................................................... B oatsw ains....................................................... A ble seam en ..................................................... O rdinary seam en............................................. O ilers.................................................................. F irem en ............................................................. W ipers................................................................ $250.00 230. 00 160. 00 160. 00 140. 00 140.00 125.00 125.00 90.00 105.00 90.00 70.00 35. 00 65.00 55.00 40.00 65.00 57.50 50.00 Ita lia n . $75.00 75.00 57. 50 57.50 47.50 47.50 41.25 41.25 37. 50 47.50 31.25 27.25 25.75 12.50 31.25 25.00 19. 25 30. 50 26.50 24. 25 In an American cargo vessel of 4,500 gross tons or over the per sonnel required a t present is 35 men, including the m aster. An Italian vessel of corresponding tonnage is required to carry 30 to 33 men. Overtime is paid to all members of the crew except the m aster, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [331] 102 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . chief engineer, purser, doctor, and chief stew ard when working a t sea on order of the m aster outside of ordinary hours, or eight hours per day in four-hour watches. The following overtime rates prevail: Lire. 3. 00 Officers, per hour.......... Junior officers, per hour Seamen, per hour......... Boys, per hour.............. 2. 00 1. 50 1. 00 Port Labor in Naples. '“T H E port labor of Naples is organized into a num ber of small ■unions and one im portant union, the N ational Federation of P o rt W orkers ( Federazione N a zio n a le L a va to ri dei P o rti ) w h i c h has branches in m ost Italian ports. The smaller unions consist of grain workers, coal stevedores, and other restricted groups handling certain kinds of cargo. U ntil the beginning of the coal stevedores’ strike, about two m onths ago, the unions were very strong, practically every worker in the port belonging to some one of the various unions. After the coal workers’ strike had dragged on for some time the Fascisti took a hand and demanded th a t the vacant jobs be given to unemployed w ar veterans belonging to its organization. Num bers of Fascisti began discharging coal cargoes and coaling ships, working under guard of the Guardia Regia, or Royal Italian Constabulary, and the result has been th a t the Fascisti have practically replaced the coalhandlers’ union and have a strong representation in m any other port workers’ organizations. The extent of their activity is shown by the fact th a t when the N ational Federation called a general port-workers strike throughout Ita ly in sym pathy w ith the coal-handlers’ strike in Naples, this p ort was scarcely affected, and ships were loaded and discharged w ithout delay. . . Union wage agreements, which stand until new negotiations are perm itted by the p ort authorities on appeal from either side, provide a t present for wages as follows: Wage rates of port labor in Naples. [1 lira a t par= 19.3 cents.] Week days: 7 a. m. to 6 p. m. (less lunch hour)................................ For work during lunch hour........................................... For one-half day.............................................................. Per hour from 6 p. m. to 8 p. m...................................... From 8 p. m. to midnight............................................... From 8 p. m. to 6 a. m .................................................... From 6 a. m. to 7 a. m ..................................................... Sundays and holidays: From 7 a. m. to 3 p. m. (less lunch hour)...................... From 3 p. m. to 6 p. m., per hour.................................. From 6 p. m. to midnight, per hour............................... From 6 a. m. to 7 a. m., per hour................................... Lire. 38.00 5.00 22.50 10.00 30.00 62.00 10.00 43.00 6.50 13.00 13.00 The regular holidays observed are as follows: Jan u ary 6 (E piphany); May 25 (Ascension D a y ); August 15 (Assumption D a y ); Septem ber 20 (Garibaldi D a y ); November 1 (All Saints’ D a y ); November 4 (Armis- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [3 3 2 ] WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOE, 103 tice D a y ); and December 25 (Christmas D ay ). In addition there are several local feast and saints’ days which are observed as holidays in this port. Ten per cent over the regular wage scale is paid for handling frozen m eat cargoes, b u t no differentials are paid for handling any other commodities. The unions pay no unem ploym ent bonuses to their members, b u t employers are compelled to pay accident insurance premiums which vary according to the character of cargo handled. Wages in Specified Industries in Japan, 1911 to 1920. H E following tables taken from the Financial and Economic A nnual of Japan, 1921, Tokyo (pp. 71-73), show the average daily wages in agriculture and various other industries, from 1911 to the first half of 1920, inclusive. The index num bers of these wages are based on the average wages paid in 1900 taken as 100. T A V E R A G E D A IL Y W A G ES IN JA P A N , 1911 TO 1920. [1 yen a t par=49.85 cents.) K in d of em ploym ent. 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Yen. Yen. 19201 A g r i c u l t u r e , e tc. Yen. Yen. Yen. Yen. Yen. Yen. Yen. F a rm laborer, m a le 2................. 49. 81 F a rm laborer, fem ale 2.............. 29.94 .42 F a rm la b o re r, m a le 8................. .25 F a rm laborer, fem ale 8............... S ericultu ral laborer, m a le 3— .45 .28 S e rie u ltu rallab o rer,fe m a le 3. . .30 Silk spinner, fe m a le 3................. .83 G ardener....................................... .59 F is h e rm a n 3.................................. 53.84 31. 51 .44 .27 .44 .28 .31 .85 .62 51.86 31.07 .46 .29 .50 .28 .33 .85 .59 53.89 32.18 .47 .30 .50 .28 .35 .83 .60 53.70 32.53 .46 .29 .46 .27 .33 .83 .59 52.04 30.52 .48 .30 .47 .28 .31 .85 .57 59. 40 34.93 .56 .34 .52 .34 .36 .96 .61 .43 .25 .54 .54 .58 .85 .68 .58 .65 .43 .27 .50 .56 .60 .89 .65 . 59 .69 .45 .28 .50 .57 .64 .88 .66 .60 .71 .46 .29 .51 .54 .63 .84 .64 .60 .72 .46 .30 .52 .47 .69 .84 .63 .59 .73 .49 .32 .53 .52 .69 .87 .69 .61 .75 .57 .35 .58 .62 .79 .97 .86 .71 .90 Soy m ak er 4.................................. 9.94 B rew ery h a n d 4........................... 17.01 .45 C onfectioner3.............................. .62 Tobacco c u tte r ............................ .39 Rice p o u n d e r3............................. 10. 09 16.26 .44 .64 .39 10. 93 17. 24 .44 .66 .39 10. 85 17.33 .46 .70 .41 11.55 18.14 .47 .69 .41 12.18 18.12 .48 .68 .47 .87 .89 1.00 .85 .90 1.03 1.06 .74 .91 .80 . 81 .77 .88 .93 1.01 .85 .89 1.05 1.09 .76 .93 .80 .83 .79 .86 .89 1.01 .84 .87 1.04 1.05 .75 .92 .78 . 82 .76 .84 .85 .98 .83 .86 1.01 1.05 .74 .96 .79 .77 .79 . 85 .88 1.00 .84 .87 1.02 1. 07 .75 .96 .79 .78 .80 Yen. 79. 42 124. 86 46. 98 74.46 .75 1.19 .47 . 74 .72 1. 21 .46 .76 .64 .43 1.28 1. 83 .93 77 141.15 86.67 1.44 .92 1.33 .96 .73 2.31 1.06 .79 .50 .76 .93 .97 1. 21 L 10 .98 1.14 1.23 .68 1.05 1.27 1. 32 1.57 1.57 1.46 1.57 1.75 .95 1. 36 1. 56 1.57 2. 05 2.14 1.94 2.08 13. 62 18. 96 .53 .75 .55 17. 35 25. 25 .68 .91 .61 24. 77 35. 09 .97 1.23 1.14 31.05 40.85 1.26 1.49 1.10 .96 .97 1.11 .99 .97 1. 13 1.22 .84 1.19 .88 .88 .92 1.30 1.33 1.49 1.37 1.35 1.58 1.61 1.11 1.68 1.12 1.24 1.16 1.84 1. 91 2. 17 1.90 1.89 2. 08 2. 27 1.62 2.19 1.59 1.76 1.62 2.52 2.61 2. 97 2.60 2.69 2. 81 3.04 2.06 2.72 2.20 2.31 2.14 C lo th i n g , e tc . W eaver, m a le 3......... .................. W eaver, f e m a le 3......................... D yer 3............................................. C otton w h ip p e r........................... T ailor (for Jap an ese dress)....... T ailor (for E u ro p ea n dress)— P ouch m a k e r............................... Clog (wooden-shoe) m a k e r....... Shoem aker.................................... F o o d , b e v e r a g e s , etc. B u i l d i n g , e tc . C a rp en ter...................................... P la s te re r....................................... S to n e c u tte r.................................. Saw yer........................................... Shingle ro o fer.............................. Tile roofer..................................... B ric k la y er.................................... B rick m ak er.................................. S hipw right.................................... Floor-m at m a k e r......................... Screen an d door m a k e r............. P a p e r h a n g er............................... .83 .86 .94 .78 .86 1.00 1.06 .73 .86 . 77 .78 .75 8 W ith rations. 4 R a te p e r m onth, w ith rations. 1 The first h alf of th e year. 2 R a te p e r year, w ith ratio n s. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [333] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 104 A V E R A G E D A IL Y W A G E S IN JA P A N , 1911 TO 1920—Concluded. K in d of em ploym ent. 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 Yen. Yen. Yen. Yen. Yen. Yen. Yen. Yen. Yen. Yen. 0.79 .65 .69 .70 .68 .66 .71 .70 .63 0.83 .67 .73 .70 .70 .67 .71 .71 .63 0.84 .69 .77 .75 .72 .67 .73 .73 .68 0.80 .68 .73 .75 .71 .65 .74 .74 .64 0. 77 .69 .71 .72 .69 .64 .70 .69 .66 0. 80 .69 .71 .76 .71 .69 . 75 .75 .68 0.88 .76 .94 .88 . 85 .83 .86 .91 .74 1.22 1.02 1.13 1. 12 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 .90 1.80 1.47 1.61 1.56 1.59 1.60 1.69 1.67 1.39 2.32 1.98 .53 .58 .44 .54 .50 .56 4.65 3.12 .60 .46 .57 .52 .58 4.73 3. 06 .60 .48 .58 .53 .59 4.68 2.99 .61 .45 .60 .55 .56 4.00 2. 95 . 59 .45 .61 .55 .55 4. 97 3.13 .62 .48 .63 .56 .57 5.14 3.17 .73 . 55 .68 .61 .70 6.01 3.70 .94 .72 .82 .76 .96 7. 25 4. 72 1.45 1.06 1.27 1.18 1.43 9. 67 6. 56 1. 1. 1918 1919 I n s t r u m e n t s , e tc . C abinetm aker.............................. C o o p e r ......................................... C artw rig h t.................................... H arn ess m a k e r............................ L aeau erer...................................... Jew eler........................................... F o u n d e r........................................ B la ck sm ith .................................. P o tte r............................................. 2.12 2.05 2.05 2.06 2.15 2.07 1.87 M is c e lla n e o u s . Lacquer-juice e x tra c to r............. Oil p r e s s e r ........................................... P a p e r m a k e r................................ C om positor................................... P rin te r........................................... D ay la b o re r.................................. Male s e r v a n t4.............................. Fem ale s e r v a n t4......................... 1. 1.74 1.92 12.66 8.46 4 R ate per m o n th , w ith rations. IN D E X N U M B E R S O F W A G E S IN JAPAN., 1911 TO 1920. [1900=100.] K in d of em ploym ent. 1911 1912 155.1 167.6 175.5 140. 0 131.6 145.2 147.4 150. 0 162.7 151.3 184.7 146.7 142.1 141.9 147.3 155. 0 166.7 159.0 130.3 125.0 175. 9 145. 9 148. 7 144. 1 154. 5 145.0 138.3 130.3 135.0 172.4 151. 4 153.8 150.8 147.7 147.5 146.8 159.8 155. 9 150.0 144.2 130.0 153.7 159.3 154.1 147. 2 168.6 169.5 168.3 162.2 153.6 163.8 152.9 150.0 1913 1914 1915 1916 161.5 167.8 167.2 162.0 184.9 247.3 388.7 439.4 182.1 153.3 152.6 161.3 147.4 165. 0 166.7 151.2 188.6 156.7 157.9 161.3 147.4 175. 0 162.7 153.8 190.7 153.3 152.6 148.4 142.1 165.0 162.7 151.2 178.9 160.0 157.9 151.6 147.4 155.0 166. 7 146.2 201.7 186.7 178.9 167.7 178.9 180.0 188. 2 156 4 275.4 250.0 247.4 232.3 242.1 215. 0 251. 0 197.4 436.5 396.7 389.5 390.3 400.0 320.0 358.8 238.4 508.0 480.0 484.2 429.0 505.3 365.0 452.9 271.8 136.4 140.0 172.4 154.1 164.1 149.2 150.0 150.0 151.1 139.4 145.0 175.9 145. 9 161.5 142.4 145. 5 150.0 153.2 139.4 150.0 179.3 127.0 176.9 142.4 143.2 147.5 155.3 148.5 160.0 182.8 140.5 176.9 147.5 156. 8 152. 5 159.6 175.8 175.0 200.0 167.6 202.6 164.4 195.4 177. 5 191.5 239.4 250.0 262.1 251.4 248.7 205.1 250.0 245. 0 242.6 372.7 340.0 362.1 343.7 338.5 286.1 356.8 365.0 334.0 530.3 475.0 468.9 421.6 402.6 347.5 486.3 485.0 442.6 162.2 149.0 146.7 148.8 130.0 175.7 158.0 146.7 153.5 130.0 174.5 158.8 153.3 162.7 136.6 185.7 166.3 156. 7 160.5 136.6 195.8 166.1 160.0 158.1 156.7 219.0 173.8 176.7 174.4 183.3 278.9 231.4 226.7 211.6 203.3 398.2 321.6 323.3 286.0 380.0 499.2 374.4 420.0 346.5 366.7 161.1 164.8 163.9 160.4 176.5 174.6 168.3 164. 4 162.5 170.2 158.8 154.0 163.0 172.2 165.6 160.4 174.5 178.0 173.0 16S. 9 166.1 170.2 162.7 158.0 159.3 164.8 165. 6 158.5 170.6 176. 3 166. 7 166.7 164.3 166.0 160.8 152.0 155.6 157.4 160. 7 156.6 168.6 171.2 166. 7 164.4 153.6 168.1 151.0 158.0 157.4 163.0 163.9 158.5 170.6 172.9 169.8 166.7 171.4 168.1 152. 9 160.0 177.8 179.6 192.0 186.8 190.2 191.5 193.6 186.7 212.5 187.2 172.5 184.0 240.7 246.3 244.3 258.5 264.7 267.8 255. 6 246.7 300.0 238.3 234.1 232.0 340.7 353.7 355.7 358. 5 370.6 351.9 360.3 360.0 391.1 338.3 345.1 324.0 466.7 483.3 486.9 490.6 527.5 476.3 482.5 457.8 .485.8 468.1 452.9 429.0 1917 19201 A g r i c u l t u r e , etc. F a rm laborer, male, yearly co n tract...................................... F arm laborer, female, yearly co n tract...................................... F a rm laborer, m a le .................... F a rm laborer, female................. Sericultural laborer, m a le ........ Sericultural laborer, fem ale__ Silk spinner, fem ale................... G ardener....................................... F ish e rm a n .................................... C lo th in g , e tc . W eaver, m a le ............... „............. W eaver, fem ale............................ D y er............................................... C otton w h ip p e r........................... Tailor (for Japanese dress)___ Tailor (for E uropean d re ss). . Pouch m a k e r............................... Clog m a k e r................................... Shoem aker.................................... F o o d , b e v e r a g e s , e tc . Soy m a k e r.................................... B rew ery h a n d .............................. Confectioner................................. Tobacco c u tte r............................ Rice pou n d er............................... B u i l d i n g , e tc. C arp en ter...................................... P la ste re r........................................ S ton ecu tter.................................. Saw yer........................................... Shingle roofer.............................. Tile roofer..................................... B rick lay er.................................... B rick m ak er.................................. S h ip b u ild er.................................. Floor-m at m ak er......................... Screen a n d door m a k e r............. P aper hanger............................... 1 T h e first h alf of th e year. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [334] 105 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, IN D E X N U M B E R S OE W A G E S IN JA P A N , 1911 TO 1920—Concluded. [1900=100.] K in d of em ploym ent. 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 158.0 151.2 146.8 148.9 144.7 157.1 151.1 145.8 165.8 166.0 155.8 155.3 148.9 148.9 159.5 151.1 147.9 165.8 168.0 160.5 163.8 159. 6 153. 2 159.5 155. 3 152.1 178.9 160.0 160.5 155.3 159.6 151.1 154.7 157.4 154.2 168.4 154.0 158.1 151.1 153. 2 146.8 152. 4 148.9 143.8 173.7 160.0 160. 5 151.1 161. 7 151.1 164.3 159.6 158. 3 178.9 176.0 176.7 200.0 187.2 180. 8 197.6 183. 0 189.6 194.7 244.0 237.2 240.4 238.3 242.6 273.8 246.8 243.8 236.8 360.0 341. 8 342.6 331.9 338.3 381.0 359.6 347.9 365.8 464.0 460.5 451.1 436.2 436.2 490.5 457.4 431.3 492.1 147.2 161.1 137.5 154.3 147.1 151. 4 172.0 200.0 166.7 143.7 162.9 152.9 156.8 175.2 196.2 166.7 150.0 165.7 155.9 159.5 175.9 191.7 169.4 140.6 171. 4 161.8 151.4 170.4 189.1 163.9 140.6 174.3 161.8 148.6 184.1 200.6 172. 2 150.0 180.0 164.7 154.1 190.4 203.2 202.8 171,9 194.3 179.4 189. 2 222.6 237.2 261.1 225.0 234.3 223. 5 259.5 268.5 302.6 402. 8 331.3 362.9 347.1 386.5 358.1 420.5 508.3 387.5 534. 3 511.8 518.9 465.4 542.3 1920 I n s t r u m e n t s , e tc. C abinetm aker.............................. Cooper.......................................... C artw righ t.................................... H arness"m aker........................... L acquerer..................................... Jeweler........................................... F o u n d e r........................................ B la ck sm ith ................................... P o tte r............................................. M is c e ll a n e o u s . Oil presser..................................... P a p e r m a k e r................................ Compositor................................... P rin te r........................................... D ay laborer.................................. Male se rv a n t................................ Fem ale serv an t............................ Wages in Specified industries in Latvia. SUMMARY of wage statistics for 1921, published by the Bureau de Tarifs et du Travail of the Republic of L atvia, is reprinted in Industrial and Labor Inform ation, International Labor Office, June 16, 1922 (pp. 40, 41). The d a ta for the city of Riga, furnished by employers, gives the average daily wage rates of ordinary labor in different industries during 1921. The d a ta for various districts in L atvia showing the average daily rates of skilled and ordinary labor are based on reports by the m unicipal authorities of the chief town in each district. The average wage rates of joiners, carpenters, turners (wood), bricklayers, locksmiths, potters, black smiths, wheelwrights, shoemakers, bakers, millers, tailors, etc., are combined in the calculation of the rates of skilled workers. A A V E R A G E D A IL Y W A G E R A T E S O F W O R K E R S IN V A R IO U S IN D U S T R IE S IN R IG A A N D IN V A R IO U S D IS T R IC T S O F L A T V IA , 1921. Riga. In d u s try or d istrict a n d k in d of w orker. March. June. Septem ber. Decem ber. Average for year. Textiles: O rdinary labor, m a le ................................................... O rdinary labor, fem ale................................................ Metal trades': R u b le s .1 R u b le s .1 R u b le s .1 R u b le s .1 R u b le s .1 55 40 75 60 116 75 105 85 77 60 labor, m ale................................................... 80 60 110 80 122 91 160 123 109 82 Libor, m a le .......................................................... labor, fem ale................................................ 75 70 118 83 146 124 no 130 115 93 labor male ................................................. labor f e m a le ..................................................... 70 50 115 50 120 81 90 74 93 68 O r d i n a r y labor, male ................................................. Ord inary labor, f e m a le ......................................................... B uilding: O rdinary labor m a l e ...................................................... 60 45 85 60 100 60 97 70 80 58 90 110 108 90 ■Rlaeksm it.il O rdinary Printing: O rdinary O rdinary Paper: O rdinary O rdinary Chemicals: .................... ....................................... 1 The exchange value of th e L a tv ia n ruble on A pr. 12,1922, was 1,127 to 1,147= £ 1 ($4.8665). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [335] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 106 A V E R A G E D A IL Y W A G E R A T E S OF W O R K E R S IN V A R IO U S IN D U S T R IE S IN R IG A A N D IN V A R IO U S D IS T R IC T S O F L A T V IA , 1921—C oncluded. Latvia. In d u s try or d istric t and k in d of w orker. March. June. Septem ber. Decem Average ber. tor year. Skilled workers: R iga.................................................................................. Livonia (w ith o u t R ig a)............................................... Cour la n d ......................................................................... Let g a l e ........................................................................... L a tv ia 2 ....................................................................... O rdinary labor, male: R iga.................................................................................. Livonia (w ith o u t R iga)............................................... Court and .......................................................... Letgale............................ ................................................ T/at,via . .............................................................. O rdinary labor, female: Riga . .................................................................... L iv o n ia ..... ........................................................... C our la n d ......................................................................... Letgale . .................................................................. ............................................................ L a tv ia 2. . R u b le s . R u b le s . R u b le s. R u b le s. R u b le s. 96.00 101.11 118.38 121. 75 113.14 150. 00 176.67 186. 27 150.25 172. 42 160. 00 178.56 189.73 164.60 181. 88 152.00 167.44 169. 00 172.25 168. 52 133. 58 149.05 160.20 143.20 153.63 60.50 65.50 81.28 98.75 79.10 105. 00 125. 50 127. 33 92.50 121. 01 115. 00 122. 00 121. 25 92. 50 117.06 105.00 107. 00 108. 37 85.00 104. 46 93.88 99.07 115.17 87. 70 103.15 47. 50 72.50 89.44 72.68 56.00 75.15 82. 50 86. 25 83.33 60.00 80. 74 76.00 71.50 60.18 50. 00 62.48 67.13 68. 53 64. 82 56.26 64.71 51.61 46.25 48.98 2 Average, whole country. G e n eral W a g e R ed u ctio n in N e w Z e a la n d . Y A recent o rd er1 (effective on and after May 8, 1922) of the arbitration court of New Zealand all time rates of rem uneration whether payable as basic wages only or as basic wages with bonus or bonuses, with the exception of those excluded by the court, were reduced as follows: B A M O U N T O F W A G E R E D U C T IO N . [£1 at par=$4.87; ls .= 24.3 cents; ld .= 2.03 cents.] Per m onth. P er week. Class. £ s. d. A d u lt m ale w orkers....................... 1 1 6 0 10 10 A d u lt female w orkers................... Ju n io rs............................................... 0 6 6 s. d. 5 0 2 6 1 6 Per day. Per hour. d. ■ 10 5 3 d. 113 1 TheM aoriland W orker (May 17, 1922, p. 3), commenting upon this wage reduction, publishes the following d ata which it states represent the present wage condition of workers as compared w ith th a t in 1914: H O U R L Y W A G E S IN N E W Z E A L A N D IN 1913-14 AN D 1922, W IT H P E R C E N T O F W A G E IN C R E A S E AS C O M PA R ED W IT H P R IC E S . [Is. a t par=24.3 cents; ld .= 2.03 cents.] H ourly wages. Class. 1913--14 s. U n sk illed ......................................... Sem iskilled...................................... D o............................................. Skilled............................................... Do............................................... Average, all w orkers..................... 1 1 1 1 1 d. 2 3i 41 5 6 C ourt’s new decision. s Per cent of in Per cent crease of in in prices. crease. d. 1 94 1 104 2 14 2 24 2 2| 534 43 48J 56 47 50 1 New Zealand Em ployers’ Federation In d u stria l B ulletin, May 6,1922, p. 38. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [336] 67 67 67 67 67 67 WAGES AUD HOURS OF LABOR. 107 W ages in M a n ila , P . I., 1919 an d 1920. H E following table, from Statistical Bulletin No. 4 of the Philip pine Islands, 1921, published by the B ureau of Commerce and Industry, shows the wages of workers employed in factories and industrial establishments in the city of Manila in 1919 and 1920: T A V E R A G E M INIM UM A N D MAXIMUM W A G E S O F W O R K E R S IN V A R IO U S FA C T O R IE S A N D IN D U S T R IA L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN M A N ILA , 1919 A N D 1920. [1 peso a t p ar= 5 0 cents.] 1919 D aily. Factories an d industries. Bakeries an d confectioneries................ B ox factories............................................. C andy factories........................................ Caram el factories...................................... C arpentry sh o p s....................................... Chocolate factories................................... Cigar a n d cigarette factories................. F u rn itu re shops....................................... H a t facto ries.!.......................................... Laundries................................................... M achinery sh o p s...................................... Oil factories.. ........................................ P rin tin g an d b in d in g ............................. Saddleries.................................................. Sawmills..................................................... Shoemaker shops..................................... Slipper factories....................................... Soap factories............................................ T ailor shops........................................... T in sm ith sh o p s........................................ 1920 M onthly. D aily. M onthly. Mini m um . Maxi m um . Mini m um . Maxi m um . Mini m um . Maxi m um . M ini m um . Maxi m um . P esos. P esos. P esos. P esos. P esos. P esos. P esos. P esos. 1.90 1.25 1.00 2.50 1.60 2.50 19.00 37.00 33. 00 40. 00 30.00 120.00 1 30.00 1 54.00 2.25 3.00 .80 1. 80 2 3.00 215. 00 1.60 2.30 1.40 2.00 1. 00 1.60 1.50 4.50 2.00 1.60 2.00 4.00 1.20 2.00 1.30 3. 25 1. 50 2. 20 2 8.00 2 12. 00 2 7. 00 2 15. 00 1.50 2.20 1 W ith subsistence. 37. 00 37. 00 25. 00 53. ÒÒ 77. 00 35. 00 23.00 36. 00 24.00 24. 00 (3) 112.00 76. 00 30. 00 55. 00 (3) 32.00 49.50 38.00 48.00 2 W eekly. 18.17 64.50 1.20 1.58 20. 00 15. 00 60.00 80. 00 1. 35 1. 00 . 55 6. 00 1. 52 3. 75 18. 00 30. 00 60. 00 160.00 35. 00 65.00 2 6. 00 215. 50 2 4. 67 2 13.00 4. 81 . 85 1.30 3.08 1.75 .60 6. 00 2 4.67 2 18. 00 1. 30 3. 60 4. 00 . 70 1.00 3. 00 54.38 93.75 2 14.13 20. 00 2 12. 00 40. 00 40. 00 60. 00 30.00 2 24.75 128.50 2 27 . 50 50. 00 103. 22 300 . 00 60. 00 3 F la t rate, $50. A gricu ltu ral W ages in S w itzerland. RECEN T report of the Swiss Union of Peasants1 (pp. 183, 184) gives the average wages of farm workers a t different periods from 1870 to 1921. The following table shows the wages of Swiss farm workers who also receive board and lodging: A A G R IC U L T U R A L W E E K L Y W A G ES IN SW IT Z E R L A N D , 1870 TO 1920. [1 franc a t par=19.3 cents.] O ccupation. C ow herds............................................................ Stablem en ........................................................... Field w o rk ers.................................................... F arm serv an ts (fem ale)................................... 1870 to 1879 1880 to 1889 1890 to 1899 . 1906 Before th e w ar. 1920 F rancs. F rance. F rancs. F rancs. F rancs. 7.70 7.55 6.14 4.02 9. 02 8.61 7.14 4.68 F rancs. 10.60 10.20 8.65 5.70 13.90 13. 28 10.88 6.85 6.48 6. 45 5.20 3.40 1 L ’U nion suisse des paysans 1897-1922. Secrétariat des paysans suisse. Brugg, 1922. 212 p p . tion No. 69. 2476°—22- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 8 [337] 25.88 24.90 21.20 13.00 P ublica 108 M O N T H L Y LABOR REV IEW . The average daily wages of day workers for the different periods are shown in the following table: A V E R A G E D A IL Y W A G ES O F SW ISS A G R IC U L T U R A L D A Y L A B O R E R S , 1870 TO 1920. [1 fran c a t p ar = 19.3 cents.] Period. S u m m er............................................................... W inter.................................................................. 1870 to 1879 1880 to 1889 1890 to 1899 1906 Before the w ar. 1920 F rancs. F rancs. F ra n cs. F ra n cs. F rancs. F rancs. 1.68 1.13 2.03 1.31 2.43 1.56 2.80 1.75 3.50 2. 25 7.25 4.80 The average wages paid by the farm s which subm it their accounts to the central office of the P easants’ Union, for different periods from 1911 to 1921, are given in the following table: A V E R A G E W E E K L Y W A G E S O F FA R M L A B O R E R S F IX E D B Y T H E P E A S A N T S ’ U N IO N 1911 TO 1921. [1 franc a t p a r = 19.3 cents.] O ccupation. Cow herds........ . . ................................................ S tab lem en ........................................................... Field w orkers..................................................... F a rm serv an ts (fem ale)................................... D ay laborers (w ith board): D uring h a rv e st........................................... R em ainder of y e a r . .................................. 1911 to 1913 1914 to 1919 1918 1919 1920 1921 F rancs. F rancs. F rancs. F rancs. F ra n cs. 12.50 10.55 8.40 5.70 15.80 13. 75 11.30 7.20 16. 85 15.70 12. 45 7.40 18.20 17.45 14.85 8.50 F rancs. 22. 80 20.40 15.50 10.40 22. 60 20. 70 16. 30 11.20 3.95 2.80 4. 65 3.50 5.60 4.20 6.20 4.95 7. 30 5.30 6. 95 4.95 As would be expected, in proportion as the conditions of the farmers have improved the wages of the workers have increased. The increase in wages in the years preceding the w ar was more evident than the increase in the prices of farm products, as the scarcity of labor caused by industrial competition in the labor m arket often obliged farmers to pay their workers wages out of proportion to the retu rn on agricultural investm ents. The average increase in wages from 1906 to 1920 am ounted to 120.8 per cent and from 1914 to 1920 to 74.7 per cent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis PR O D U C T IV IT Y O F LABOR. Labor Efficiency and Production. OR a num ber of years the Bureau of Labor Statistics has inci dentally collected inform ation on the productivity of labor or the o u tp u t per m an hour expressed in term s of the u n it of the industry. This was taken up as a side line in the investigation into wages and hours and conditions of labor in the boot and shoe industry, and also in the lumber, logging, and sawmills industry. D ata from which such inform ation could be deduced have been secured from tim e to tim e in the iron and steel industry and more recently in bitum inous and anthracite coal mining. The bureau, however, has never heretofore m ade output per m an per hour the subject of special investigations. Since the beginning of the activities of the bureau, wages per hour in the _occupations in the various industries has been very much specialized. W hat a m an receives per hour for his labor is after all b u t one phase of the problem. There are two others, one the ques tion, ever present, in the m ind of the workman, as to how much he can get for his wages in those commodities which are necessary to his living. U pon this phase of his problem the bureau has also spent m uch tim e and money and is the recognized authority to-day on w hat the dollar will buy in m atters of food, clothing, etc. A nother phase of the problem is w hat the employer gets for his dollar or w hat the laborer gives for his wages in hum an energy as m easured by the unit of the industry in which he is employed. To ascertain the average day’s work for the d ay ’s wage under a given set of working conditions is the field which the Bureau of Labor Statistics contem plates entering during the present fiscal year. B y an arrangem ent between the D epartm ent of Labor and Babson’s Statistical Organization the following com m ittee was formed: F Ethelbert Stewart, United States Commissioner of Labor. Statistics, chairman. George E. Macllwain, Wellesley Hills, Mass., secretary. Charles T. Allen, Birmingham, Ala. Sanford E. Thompson, Boston, Mass. John F. Coleman, New Orleans, La. Paul H. Norcross, Atlanta, Ga. Theodore F. Laist, Chicago, 111. The purpose of this com m ittee was to prepare a series of schedules which could be used by the special agents of the Bureau of Labor S tatistics and which would develop a fair basis for determ ining efficiency in production. The comm ittee m et in the office of the Commissioner of Labor Statistics on May 31 and June 1 and 2. Though the ultim ate inten tion of the bureau is to extend this study to such other industries as adm it of the application of such schedules, it was decided to take up the building industry first. Schedules were prepared covering https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [339] 109 110 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . the m am occupations in this industry: Bricklaying, carpentry, plastering, painting, and plumbing. The construction of new dwell ings and apartm ent houses is the type of work th a t will be prin cipally considered. The schedules deal prim arily with the efficiency of the workm an on the job b u t do not by any means ignore the extent to which this efficiency is affected, either adversely or favorably, by other factors, such as w hether the bricklayer m ust get his brick from a scaffolding level w ith his feet or w hether he gets his brick from a platform breast high and w ithin easy reach, etc. This is not intended in any sense to be a speed-up test. So far as the Bureau of Labor Statistics is concerned there is no thought of establishing any limits or any standards, bu t simply to ascertain w hat the standards and averages in various localities throughout the country really are. In collecting wage rates per hour in the various industries in various parts of the country the Bureau of Labor Statistics does not and does not pretend to set wage rates or establish standards of wages, bu t simply determines the present actual rates paid. In the labor efficiency and production investiga tions which it now proposes the bureau’s attitu d e will be precisely the same. There will be no question of w hat a m an can do or w hat he ought to do. I t is proposed simply to record w hat he does, as a m atte r of statistics. The work in the building trades will be taken up in the following cities, probably in the order in which they are nam ed : 1. Boston, Mass. 3. New Orleans, La. 5. Chicago, 111. 2. Birmingham, Ala. 4. A tlanta, Ga. O ther cities will be added as the funds of the bureau which can be devoted to this work will perm it. Production and Output in Belgian Coal Mines. TATISTICS concerning the operation and output of Belgian coal mines are given in the Revue du Travail, Brussels, May, 1922 (pp. 697-698). The following table shews the production, num ber of employees, the average num ber of days worked, and the average daily ou tp u t of miners in 1921 and Jan u ary to April, 1922. S https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [340] 111 PRO D U CTIV ITY OF LABOR, P R O D U C T IO N , DAYS O F O P E R A T IO N , N U M B E R O F E M P L O Y E E S AN D A V E R A G E D A IL Y O U T P U T P E R W O R K E R IN B E L G IA N COAL M IN E S, 1921 A N D JA N U A R Y TO A P R IL , 1922. [Production an d o u tp u t p er w orker hav e been converted to tons of 2,000 pounds.] D ate a n d locality. A pril, 1922: C ouchant de M o n s.. . . C entre............................ C harleroi....................... N a m u r........................... Liège.............................. L im b o u rg ..................... T otal produc tion (tons). 387,084 320,571 651,040 53,880 457,642 32,727 Average n u m b er of days of oper ation. 22 24 24 24 24 24 N um ber of days, w orked. 808,480 613,044 1,196,426 103,700 970,420 78,120 A verage n u m ber of w orkers (u nder ground a nd surface). O u tp u t (tons) p e r w orker p e r day. A t th e seam. 34,756 25,898 49,180 4,223 40,268 3,255 U n d er ground U nder (includ ground ing w ork and ers a t th e surface. seam ). 2.97 3.43 3.97 3. 92 3. 58 6. 01 0.69 .74 .86 .76 .70 .65 0.48 .52 .54 .52 .47 .42 T o ta l................... 1,902,945 24 3,770,190 157,580 3. 55 .74 .5» M arch, 1922.......................... F eb ru ary , 1922.................... Jan u a ry , Î922....................... M onthly average, 1921___ 2,168,863 1,939,684 2,063,098 2,001,296 26 23 25 24 4,262,480 3,779,670 4,007,720 3,942,692 159,503 160,094 156,052 162,840 3.63 3. 64 3. 65 3. 60 .75 .75 .75 .74 .51 .51 .51 .51 Operation of Japanese Coal Mines, 1910 to 1919. H E Financial and Economic Annual of Japan, 1921, Tokyo, contains statistical inform ation (pp. 61-65) relating to the operation of the coal mines of the country. The following table showing the num ber of employees, days worked, production and consumption, average output per worker, the am ount of exports and the excess production has been compiled from these tables. In com puting the excess of production over consum ption the im ports have been disregarded because of the small am ounts of coal brought into the country. The total production for the year 1920 was 32,237,187 tons, a reduction of 2,232,939 tons from the o u tput of the previous year. The production in 1919 was the largest of any year m the period studied, being approxim ately double the am ount pro duced in 1910. T N U M B E R O F W O R K E R S , N U M B E R OF D AYS W O R K E D , P R O D U C T IO N , P R O D U C T IO N P E R MAN P E R D A Y , C O N SU M PTIO N , E X P O R T AND EX C ESS PR O D U C T IO N IN JA P A N E S E 'C O A L M IN E S, 1910 TO 1919. Tons of 2,000 p ounds. Y ear. N um ber of em ployees. N um ber of days w orked. 1910................... 1911................... 1912................... 1913................... 1914................... 1915................... 1916................... 1917................... 1918................... 1919................... 137,467 145,412 152,429 172,446 182,637 193,142 197,907 250,144 287,159 348,240 33,711,976 36, Î06,127 38,682,092 40,356,959 44,106,992 42,386,897 47,238,338 57,679,769 69,193,103 83,860,075 Average n um ber of days p er m an. 245 248 254 234 242 219 239 231 241 241 P ro duction. 17,285,523 19,436,536 21,648,902 23,496,585 24,574,036 22,586,950 25, 244, 412 29,058,193 30,896,835 34,470,126 Average produc tion per m an p er d ay. Con sum ption. E xports. Excess.1 0.52 . 54 . 56 .58 .56 .53 .53 . 51 .45 .41 11,676,461 13,305,756 14,867,720 16,451,207 17,878,796 17,923,374 20, 479, 771 22,825, 824 25,381,343 27,338,107 3,104,129 3,379,297 3, 822,633 4,266,562 3,953,736 3,223, 227 3,325,581 3,101,279 2,421,794 ( 2) 2,504,933 2,751,483 2,958,549 2,778,816 2,741,504 1,440,349 1,439,060 3,131,090 3,093,698 (3) 1 Does n o t ta k e in to consideration im ports, w hich were sm all. 2 T he figures reported are “ 2,00,697” tons, th e correct figures are noi, know n, s N ot com puted because of error in report of exports for 1919. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [341] 112 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . Coal Industry in New Zealand During 1920. CCORDING to a recent official r e p o r t1 from New Zealand there were, in 1920, 143 coal mines in operation employing 1,152 persons above ground and 2,926 persons below ground, or a total of 4,078. The o utput during the year reached 1,843,705 tons classified as to kind as follows: Bitum inous and semibituminous, 923,575 tons; brown, 715,709 tons; lignite, 204,421 tons. The average o u tput per person employed below ground was 630 tons; above and below ground, 452 tons. Only 1 life was lost, m aking a fatality rate of 0.54 per million tons of coal mined and of 0.24 per thousand persons employed. A Output in South African Coal Mines. H E French Revue de LTndustrie Minérale, June 1, 1922, gives (p. 175) the following inform ation as to the personnel and the output of coal mines in South Africa taken from the South African Mining and Engineering Journal, April 1, 1922. In 1914 there were 13,002 workers, 674 of whom were white, employed in the coal mines of Transvaal and Orange Free S tate and the average yearly o u tput per worker was 443 tons, in 1921 the total personnel employed in the mines was 21,305, 1,257 of whom were white. The average annual output per worker during th a t year, however, was only 367 tons. T i New Zealand. Census and Statistics Office. Statistics of th e D om inion of New Zealand for th e year 1920. Vol. I I I . Production. Finance. P o stal a n d telegraph. W ellington, 1921, p p . 70 and 71. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [342] MINIM UM WAGE. Mercantile Wages in the District of Columbia. By E lizabeth B k a n d e is , Secretary, Minimum Wage Board, District of Columbia. H E R E is apparently to be no reduction for the present in the highest m inimum wage rate in operation in the U nited S tates—the $16.50 rate in the m ercantile industry in the D istrict of Columbia. The reconvened conference called by the Minimum Wage Board of the D istrict to reconsider the subject of the m inimum wage in the m ercantile industry voted on June 29 against any reduction in the present wage. After hearing all the evidence presented by employers and employees as to changes in the cost of living since 1919 when the $16.50 rate was adopted, the three m embers of the con ference representing the public voted w ith the employees against any reduction in the minimum wage. This m eans th a t in all proba bility, the $16.50 rate will stand. The conference has n o t yet reported to the board and it is of course possible th a t the board m ay not accept the report. The conference was called by the board as a result of a request from the M erchants’ and M anufacturers’ Association of the D istrict for a reconsideration of the minimum wage in the m ercantile industry. Before deciding w hether to reopen the question the board requested the U nited States D epartm ent of Labor to make a study of the present cost of living for a self-supporting woman in the D istrict. This study was m ade by the W omen’s Bureau during the m onth of April, 1922. The investigation covered only room and board and clothing. I t showed m inimum prices for room and board slightly higher and the m inimum prices for clothing slightly lower th an those in the budget adopted by the m ercantile conference in 1919. By a m ajority vote the board decided to reconvene the original conference to recon sider the minimum wage in the m ercantile industry. Miss E thel Smith, the member of the board representing the employees, voted against reopening the question. Only three members of the original conference were able to serve on the reconvened conference. The .six vacancies were filled by appointm ent by the board. The M erchants’ and M anufacturers’ Association subm itted the names of four nominees from whom two were selected, and the employees were called together in a mass m eeting to elect four of their num ber from whom the board appointed two. The first m eeting of the conference was held on June 14. The representatives of the employers presented a statem ent requesting a reduction of the m inimum wage to $15.25, and an extension of the adult learning period from 7 to 12 months. As a basis for a wage of $15.25 they presented a budget of $9.40 for room and board including lunch; $3 for clothing; $2.70 for sundries. The budget on which the T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [343] 113 114 M O N T H L Y LABOE R E V IE W . $16.50 wage had been based was $9.30 for room and board including lunch; $4 for clothing; $3.20 for sundries. The chief reduction alleged in the cost of living was thus a 25 per cent drop in clothing prices. Since the employers did not claim any reduction in the price of room and board the conference began its work w ith a consideration of clothing prices. The employers presented a detailed clothing budget accepting the items and quantities agreed on by the original m ercantile conference, b u t giving substantially lower prices in very m any instances. The employees took their stand on the clothing prices contained in the report of the W omen’s B ureau—which prices were only slightly lower th an those agreed on in 1919. The em ployers were asked to produce samples of the various articles of clothing a t the prices they quoted. Buyers from the various stores exhibited goods and testified as to their wearing quality, etc. The representative of the W omen’s Bureau who had m ade the cost of living study testified as to the m ethods used in their investigation and the standards by which they determined the m inimum prices of the various articles of clothing. An extended discussion of the sundry items followed the considera tion of the clothing prices. The representatives of the employers had accepted the items agreed upon by the previous m ercantile conference w ith the exception of savings and organizations. They contended th a t neither of these belonged in a m inimum budget. The employees were strongly opposed to eliminating any of the items contained in the 1919 budget. They contended th a t some slight am ount of savings were necessary to give a little security against contingencies. As for organization dues, they pointed out th a t in the large stores the girls were required to join the employees’ organiza tions and pay dues thereto, and th a t girls in the smaller stores should be able to belong to some outside organization from which they could derive similar benefits. Some discussion took place on the question of laundry. The em ployers asked for a reduction in the allowance for the item from 75 to 50 cents. They adm itted th a t the lower rate was based on the supposition th a t a girl should do p a rt of her own laundry. The employees protested vigorously against such a supposition, contend ing th a t a girl working eight hours a day should not be expected to do even p a rt of her own laundry. On a vote taken on this question, 75 cents for laundry was retained. On the question of the standards necessary for healthful living the conference heard testim ony from Dr. Rachel Yarros, of the U nited States Public H ealth Service. After four meetings devoted to a thorough discussion the conference proceeded to vote. W ith the employers in opposition, a m otion was carried th a t there should be no reduction in the $16.50 m inimum wage. The question of extending the learning period will be considered when the conference holds its next m eeting in October. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [3 4 4 ] M IN IM U M W A GE. 115 Saskatchewan Order Relating to Employees in Hotels, Restaurants, and Refreshment Rooms. H E Minimum Wage Board of Saskatchewan has issued four orders, one relating to mercantile employees, one to employ m ent in laundries and factories, and a third to mail-order houses. The fourth order, relating to female employees in hotels, restaurants, and refreshm ent rooms, was issued somewhat later than the others, suggesting a greater degree of difficulty in arriving a t a satisfactory conclusion. W hether or not th a t was the cause of the delay, there is a suggestion of difficulties developing in experience in the fact th a t a third revision of this order has recently been made. The original order, effective May 1, 1920, established a.standard rate of $14 per week for experienced workers, learners to receive $12, experience being presumed after 3 m onths employment. Effective Ju ly 15, 1920, was an amended order retaining the same rates, bu t establishing a week of 48 hours w ith pay for overtime a t the rate of time and a half. The original order restricted em ploym ent to 48 hours, b u t contained no reference to overtime work or rates. The current revision, effective June 30, 1922, fixes the hours of work a t 10 per day and 50 per week as a m axim um in establishments open to the public only 6 days per week, and 56 hours per week for those open 7 days. The rate of $14 is retained for the 6-day workers, $16.50 being the m inim um for a week of 7 days. However, kitchen employees have different rates, $12 and $14.50, respectively. No learning period at a lower rate is allowed for kitchen employees, b u t others m ay be employed a t $12 for a week of 6 days or $14.50 for a week of 7 days for the first 3 m onths of the employment. The allowance for board and lodging has rem ained unchanged throughout, meals being deductible a t the rate of $5.25 per week for a full week’s board of 21 meals; lodging m ay be deducted at a rate of $2.50 per week of 7 days. T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [345] LA BO R A G R EEM EN TS, AW ARDS, A N D DECISIONS. Decision of Railroad Labor Board Re Wages of Clerical and Station Employees and Others. D ECISION N o . 1074 (Docket 1300) of the R ailroad Labor Board, effective July 1, relates to the wage readjustm ent of the fol lowing* classes of employees on the principal railroads of the c o u n try : Group I. Clerical and station forces. Group II. Stationary engine (steam) and boiler-room employees. Group III. Signal department employees. Group IY. Floating equipment employees. Group Y. Train dispatchers. Group VI. Dining car and restaurant employees. Group VII. Miscellaneous employees. R ates of pay for the train dispatchers, dining-car stewards, em ployees represented by the Marine Culinary W orkers Association of California, and the supervisory forces of the signal d ep artm ent em ployees rem ain unchanged. In the case of the floating equipm ent employees, disputes were before the board from only four carriers, and the board rem anded these disputes to the carriers and employees in question for further negotiation and agreem ent if possible. A m inimum wage of $85 a m onth is fixed for sw itchboard operators w ith the understanding th a t wages higher th an this m inimum shall not be reduced. The reductions made for clerical employees are lighter than for some other classes, because this class suffered considerable loss as a result of certain changes in their rules and because they have never been highly paid compared with other classes. It will be noted that a greater reduction has been fixed by the board for clerks with experience of one year and less than two than for clerks with experience of two years or more. The reason for this is that the majority of junior clerks are beginners and apprentices and have not as yet assumed family responsibilities, and many of them are still living with their parents. Common labor in and around stations, storehouses, and warehouses was reduced 1 cent less than similar labor in the maintenance of way department because a much greater percentage of this class live in large towns and cities, and consequently incur a higher cost of living. Moreover, many of the common laborers in the maintenance of way department are furnished living quarters by the carriers free of charge or at a low rate. In deciding upon the reductions of employees of the signal depart m ent, other th an the supervisory forces, due consideration was given to the sim ilarity of these employees and the shop crafts, b u t a sm aller reduction was considered advisable in the case of signal departm ent employees because in their case the rule as to the paym ent of punitive overtim e is m uch less favorable th an th a t of the shop employees. The board calls attention in this decision to the com plexity of the problems before this tribunal, accentuated as they have been by the artificial conditions of the war period and the post-w ar era of read justm ent. 116 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [346] LABOR A G R EE M E N T S, AW ARDS, AND D EC ISIO N S. 117 Surrounded by such abnormal conditions, the labor board has not been permitted to deal with the question of what constitutes just and reasonable wages and working conditions in the same undisturbed and uncomplicated manner as would have been possible in normal times. And, yet, the wisdom and justice of settling these questions by adjudication rather than by industrial war have been demonstrated, both from the standpoint of the parties and the public. While it can not be said that no mistakes have been made in the awards handed down by the labor board, a substantial degree of social and economic justice has been attained and that without the enormousloss and suffering to the camera, the employees, and the people at large necessarily resultant from settlements by force. In 1920, by Decision No. 2, the labor board increased the wages of railway labor by an average of approximately 22 per cent. This was j ust and overdue, for the railroad labor had not profiteered during the war, as a portion of the public has been misled to believe. In 1921, the board rendered Decision No. 147 decreasing wages an approximate average of 12 per cent. If nothing but the diminished cost of living had been con sidered, that decrease could reasonably have been made greater. In 1922 by a series of decisions, the present among the number, the board has reduced the wages of certain classes of employees, has left others unmolested, and in one minor instance has made an adjustment equivalent to an increase. The labor board can not venture too far into the realms of economic prophecy, but it is generally conceded to be fairly plain and certain that our country has entered upon an era of gradually increasing business prosperity which will be liberally shared by the carriers. That the carriers shall have a fair opportunity to profit by the revival of business in order that they may expand their facilities is absolutely indispensable to their efficient service to the American public. Their unpreparedness now to cope with any greatly increased traffic is notorious. Every facility of railway transportation has been skimped for the last several years, and, as to mileage, there has been an actual decrease instead of an increase. This statement, in the connection used, must not be misconstrued to mean that the employees should be called upon to bear the cost of railway rehabilitation, improved service and reduced rates. It simply means that it is oniy patriotic common sense and justice th at every citizen, including the railway employee, should cooperate in a cordial spirit, should bear and forbear, until the carriers are back on their feet. When this accomplishment is safely under way, it will then be possible for the Railroad Labor Board to give increased consideration to all the intricate details incident to the scientific adjustment of the living and saving wage, with enlarged freedom from the complications of the “ relevant circumstances” of the abnormal period which is now approaching its end. < In this connection it should be said that the labor board has never adopted the theory that human labor is a commodity to be bought and sold upon the market, and, consequently, to be reduced to starvation wages during periods of depression and unemployment. On the other hand, it is idle to contend that labor can be com pletely freed from the economic laws which likewise affect the earnings of capital. That the board_ has never fixed wages upon a commodity basis has been amply demonstrated during the past year by the ease with which the carriers have obtained labor under the contract system for less than the wage established by Decision No. 147. In this connection it must be remembered that the carriers are at liberty to pay to any class of employees a higher wage than that fixed by this board whenever the so-called labor market compels, provided, as the act states, that such wage does not result in increased rates to the public. i The average hourly earnings and their purchasing power as applied to certain ^ classes of employees covered by this decision, are shown in the table following. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [347] 118 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . C O M PA R A TIV E PU R C H A S IN G P O W E R O P E A R N IN G S IN S P E C IF IE D OCCU PA TIO N S, U N D E R R A IL R O A D L A B O R B O A R D D E C IS IO N S.i Present decision Per cent com pared w ith of in P er cent May, 1920. of in crease in p u r crease chasing i n cost P er cent of living pow er of Increase of in over De earnings Decrease in p u r crease cember, over D e- in hourly chasing A m ount. over De cember, 1917. rate. pow er of cember, 1917. earnings. 1917. Average hourly rate. O ccupation a n d date. Clerks (G roup I, secs. 1 an d 2a): December, 1917........................................... Jan u ary , 1920.............................................. May, 1920..................................................... July) 1921..................................................... U nder presen t decision............................ Common laborers, statio n stores (Group I, sec. 9): December, 1917........................................... Jan u ary , 1920.............................................. May, 1920..................................................... July', 1921..................................................... U nder p resen t decision............................ Signalmen, m aintainers, a n d assistants (Group I I I , sec. 3): December, 1917........................................... Jan u ary , 1920.............................................. May, 1920..................................................... J u l y , 1921..................................................... U nder p resen t decision............................ S tatio n ary firem en and engine-room oilers (G roup II, sec. 2): December, 1917........................................... Jan u ary , 1920.............................................. May, 1920..................................................... Ju ly , 1921.................................................... U nder present decision............................ C e n ts . C e n ts. P e r c e n t. 34. 5 67.5 61. 5 58.5 58.0 95.7 78. 3 69.6 40.0 52.0 26.7 217.2 12.9 28.8 40. 7 44.7 9.0 12.3 22.3 43.6 52.1 43.6 39.6 133.6 95. 5 77.6 40.0 52.0 26.7 217.2 39.6 53.7 54.3 51.5 12.5 31.4 32.8 64. 3 77.3 69.3 64.3 96. 0 135. 7 111.3 96.0 40. 0 52.0 26.7 217.2 40.0 55.1 67.2 13.0 7.8 21. 8 46.6 59.6 51.6 49.6 113. 8 173.4 136.7 127.5 40.0 52.0 26.7 217.2 52.7 79.9 86.8 94.1 10.0 7.9 66.8 1 Owing to th e m an n er in which th e carriers were required to render th eir reports to the In te rsta te Com merce Commission d uring December, 1917, in w hich wage d a ta covering heterogeneous classes of employees were grouped rath er th a n separated in accordance w ith th e ir duties, responsibilities, experience, etc., it is im possible to obtain actual figures from w hich average h ou rly rates for th e above classes coirld be com puted. T h e figures show n above for December, 1917, are therefore approxim ations, although assum ed to be very close approxim ations. For th is sam e reason i t is im possible to separate th e average rates of clerks betw een those in section 1 a n d section 2 (a), an d th e rates show n above are th e averages for all clerks in these tw o classes. T h e average rate for com m on labor for December, 1917, is perhaps a little high due to the fact th a t th e carriers reported all station service employees in one group, a n d th e rate shown herein for December, 1917, is th e average for th e group. 2 March, 1922; la test figure available a t tim e of decision. 3 Decrease. These figures show that applying the wages fixed by this decision to the present cost of living, the purchasing power of the hourly wage of the respective classes here named has increased over the purchasing power of the hourly wage of December, 1917 (prior to Federal control) as follows: P er cent. Clerks................................................................................................... 44. 7 Common labor around stations, etc.................................................... 51. 5 Signalmen (maintainers and assistants)............................................. 67. 2 Stationary firemen and engine-room oilers........................................ 94.1 The table also shows that with one slight exception the purchasing power of the hourly wage of each class of these employees is greater under the present decision than it was under Decision No. 2 [May, 1920], which granted the 22 per cent increase. The labor board has given careful consideration to the testimony bearing upon family budgets and standards of living. That existing standards will not be lowered by this decision is shown with substantial satisfaction by the above statistics. This matter of living standards constitutes an interesting and important study, but much that is said on the subject is highly theoretical and of but little value. When the Railway Employees’ Department presents figures to show that the sum of $2,636.97 is necessary for the minimum comfort budget of the average family, it has propounded an economic impossibility. [348] https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis LABOR AGREEMENTS, AWARDS, AND DECISIONS. 119 I t is stated upon authority that the total income of the people of the United States is now but little more than $40,000,000,000. If the 25,000,000 families of this country were expending for living costs the sum of $2,600 each, it would total $65,000,000,000 which would be $25,000,000,000 in excess of the country’s total income. Of course, living costs can not be standardized any more than men can be standard ized. One man will consume his income and find himself continually in debt while another man with the same income and under identical conditions will live in equal comfort and accumulate savings. In the settlement of these questions, it is the profound desire of the labor board to do justice to the parties directly concerned, placing the human and social consid eration above the purely economic, and, finally, to establish wages and conditions that will largely meet the hopes and aspirations of the employees, that will prove satisfactory to the carriers, and that will impose no unnecessary burdens on the public. This is not a Utopian conception in America. D e c is io n . The labor board decides: 1. That each of the carriers party to this dispute shall make deductions from the rates of wages heretofore established by the authority of the United States Railroad Labor Board for the specific classes of its employees named or referred to in Article II in amounts hereinafter specified for such classes in Article I. 2. That the scope of this decision is limited to the carriers named under Article II, to such carriers as may be included hereafter by addenda, and to the specific classes of employees named or referred to under each particular carrier. 3. That the reduction in wages hereby authorized shall be effective as of July 1, 1922, and shall be made in accordance with the following articles which establish the schedule of decreases, designate the carriers and employees affected, and pre scribe the method of general application. A R T IC L E I . — S C H E D U L E OP D ECREA SES. For the specific classes of employees listed herein and named or referred to in connection with a carrier affected by this decision, the following schedule of decreases per hour became effective July 1: Group I .— Clerical and station forces. S ec tio n 1. Storekeepers, assistant storekeepers, chief clerks, foremen, subforernen, and other clerical supervisory forces, 3 cents. S e c . 2. (a) C lerks w ith a n e x p erien c e of tw o or m ore y ears in ra ilro ad clerical w ork, or clerical w ork of a sim ila r n a tu re in o th e r in d u strie s, or w h ere th e ir c u m u la tiv e e x p erien c e in su c h clerical w ork is n o t less th a n tw o years, 3 cents. (.b) Clerks with an experience of one year and less than two years in railroad clerical work, or clerical work of a similar nature in other industries, or where their cumulative experience in such clerical work is not less than one year, 4 cents. S e c . 3. (a) Clerks whose experience as above defined is less than one year, 4 cents. (6) Clerks without previous experience hereafter entering the service will be paid a monthly salary at the rate of $60 per month for the first six months, and $70 per month for the second six months. S e c . 4. Train and engine crew callers, assistant station masters, train announcers, gatemen, and baggage and parcel room employees (other than clerks), 3 cents. S e c . 5. Janitors, elevator operators, office, station and warehouse watchmen, and employees engaged in assorting way bills and tickets, operating appliances or machines for perforating, addressing envelopes, numbering claims and other papers, gathering and distributing mail, adjusting dictaphone cylinders, and other similar work, 4 cents. S e c . 6. Office boys, messengers, chore boys, and other employees under 18 years of age filling similar positions, and station attendants, 4 cents. S e c . 7. S ta tio n , platfo rm , w arehouse, tran sfer, dock, p ie r, storeroom , stockroom , a n d te a m -tra c k fre ig h t h a n d le rs or tru ck e rs, a n d others sim ila rly e m p lo y ed , 4 cents. S e c . 8. The following differentials shall be maintained between truckers and the classes named below: (a) Sealers, scalers, and fruit and perishable inspectors, 1 cent per hour above truckers’ rates as established under section 7. (b) Stowers or stevedores, callers or loaders, locators and coopers, 2 cents per hour above truckers’ rates as established under section 7. The above shall not operate to decrease any existing higher differentials. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [349] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 120 S e c . 9. All common laborers in and around stations, storehouses and warehouses not otherwise provided for, 4 cents. i S e c . 10. Telephone switchboard operators will be paid at the rate of not less than $85 per month, with no reduction in higher existing rates. Group I I —Stationary engine (steam) and boiler-room employees. S e c t io n 1. Stationary engineers (steam), 2 cents. S e c . 2. S ta tio n a ry firem en a n d engine-room oilers, 2 c en ts. S ec. 3. Boiler-room water tenders and coal passers, 2 cents. Group II I.—Signal department employees. S e c t io n 1. Signal foremen, assistant signal foremen, and signal inspectors, no decreases. S e c . 2. L ea d in g m a in ta in e d , gang forem en a n d lea d in g signalm en, 5 cents. S e c . 3. Signalm en, a ssista n t signalm en, signal m a in ta in e d , a n d a ssista n t signal m a in ta in e d , 5 cents. S e c . 4. Helpers, 6 cents. Group I V .—Floating equipment employees. Such disputes as are before the board under this article are remanded to the parties for further conference and attempt to make an agreement. Group V.— Train dispatchers. S e c t io n 1. Train dispatchers, no decrease. Group VI.—Dining-car and restaurant employees S e c t io n 1. Dining-car stewards, no decrease. S e c . 2. Culinary workers on ferry boats in San Francisco Harbor, no decrease. Group VII.— Miscellaneous employees. S e c t io n 1. For miscellaneous classes of foremen and other employees, not specifi cally listed under any section of the various groups, who are properly before the labor board and named in Article I I in connection with a carrier affected by this decision, deduct an amount equal to the decreases specified for the respective classes to which the miscellaneous classes herein referred to are analogous. A R T IC L E I I . ---- C A R R IE R S A N D E M P L O Y E E S A F F E C T E D . The group and section numbers used in connection with a carrier refer to the cor responding group and section numbers in the schedule of decreases, and in determining the classes of employees affected on each carrier, the following rules shall govern: (a) When section numbers are used in connection with a carrier without naming the classes, all classes of employees named in the corresponding section numbers of the schedule of decreases are affected. (b) When section numbers are used in connection with a carrier and specific classes of employees are named, only the same classes of employees named in the corre sponding section numbers of the schedule of decreases are affected. (c) Where section numbers are omitted in connection with a carrier, the classes of employees named in the corresponding section numbers of the schedule of decreases are not affected. The names of the carriers and the classes of employees affected on each road are here om itted. The labor members of the Railroad Labor Board dissented from this decision and handed down a m inority opinion, to which the m ajority replied in a “ supporting opinion of the m ajority.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [350] LABOR AGREEMENTS, AWARDS, AND DECISIONS. • 121 Electrotypers— New York City. YY7AGES of molders and journeym en electro typers of New York City rem ain unchanged by the decision of May 17, 1922, handed down by Judge George H. Lam bert, chairman of the a rb itra tion board in the case of the Employing E lectrotypers’ and Stereotypers’ Association versus the E lectrotypers’ Union No. 100 of New York City. The issues in this case were somewhat the same as those in the case of the association and the electrotype finishers, members of the New York Stereotypers’ Union No. 100, decided by Judge Laurence T. Hinch, and reviewed in the July issue of the Monthly L abor R ev iew , and the conclusions of the chairman are similar. The employers contended th a t the scale of wages of electrotypers should be reduced from $59 per week to $52 per week from October 1, 1921, to October 1,1922, and th a t the findings should be retroactive to October 1, 1921. The union contended th a t the contract was not retroactive and th a t the scale of wages of electrotypers should remain a t $59 per week from October 1, 1921, to the present time and should be increased to $64 per week from the present time to October 1, 1922. As the result of a request by the employers, joint conferences, between representatives of employers and union were held on August 30, 1921. This resulted in an offer by the employers of a new wage scale of $48.50 per week, which was rejected by the union. A fur ther a tte m p t to settle the dispute by conciliation was m ade and the employers offered $53.75 weekly, to take effect October 1, 1921. This offer was also rejected. A third offer of $59 per week, to con tinue until December 31,1921, and thereafter $55 per week to October 1, 1922, was made by the employers b u t was w ithdraw n before any action could be taken by the union. Before rendering the decision of the arbitrators, the chairm an of the arbitration board made a personal inspection of three plants which “ furnished a practical dem onstration of the conditions and character of the work performed by the foundrym en.” * * * The work and conditions under which, the finishers were employed were more favorable than the work and conditions required in the employment of the foundrymen. The foundrymen were subjected to greater heat, fumes, gases, particles of black lead, etc., than were the finishers, and it appeared to your chairman that the conditions under which foundrymen worked were injurious to health. It is evident that the work performed by the foundrymen as well as the finishers require a high degree of skill and that the foundrymen may be termed skilled laborers of a high degree. The wage of an electrotyper is higher in New York City than else where in this country. Wages in other industries have decreased because of the depression of business of such industries. The printing industry seems to have suffered no such depression. The printing industry in matters of circulation and advertising largely increased from 1914 to 1920. In 1921 the printing industry decreased but remained above normal, and it is fair to assume that the income from such industries was greatly increased prior to 1921. The evidence shows many failures in other industries but no failures in the electrotyping business. The demand for labor continues as great as ever, and all electro typers are still steadily employed, notwithstanding the falling off of the business since 1920. The living cost has decreased to a considerable extent; in some particulars, however, such as rent, fuel, etc., there is little or no decrease. Wages of electrotypers did not materially increase for some years after 1914, while the cost of living during the same time was rapidly increasing. The increase of wages https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [351] 122 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . did not correspond with or approximate the cost of living until in 1920. The electro typing business was abnormal in 1920, and while there has been a depression since that time the business is still at or above normal. For a long time the wages of the finisher and foundrymen have been identical, and the chairman feels that as the scale of wages of the finisher has by arbitration been fixed at $59 per week, that at this time to allow a decrease in the wages of foundrymen would cause much dissatisfaction and discontent between employees working side by side in the same line of business and would also prove detrimental to the employers. “The chairman believes that owing to the notice given by the employers in July, 1921, of their desire to arbitrate, that in case of the scale of wages were changed the same under the contract should be retroactive to October 1, 1921. The chairman also believes that there would be no justification for an increase in the wages of the foundrymen of $5 weekly over the present scale. After having considered all of the briefs and evidence produced and endeavoring to reach a fair and just conclusion as between the employer and union, your chairman feels that there should be no decrease in the scale of wages of the foundrymen and apprentices at the present time and decides that the wages shall remain unchanged. Hat and Cap industry— New Haven. decision of the a rb itra to r, Prof. E . S. F urniss, rendered M arch ¿,5, left the wages of cloth h a t and cap m akers of New Haven unchanged. The decision was retroactive to January 9, and remained in effect until June, 1922. The question subm itted for arbitration, in addition to the request of the Cap M anufacturers’ Association for a wage cut of 20 per cent, was a reduction of holidays from 8 to 4 per year. The request relative to the num ber of holidays was granted and the wages for work done on such days were reduced from two and one-half times the regular scale to one and one-half times th a t scale. The arbitrator urged the adoption by m utual consent of a standard of production, the standard to be adopted in New York to be taken as a basis. The facts estab lished in these arbitration proceedings and the opinion of the chair m an on the issues involved are here reproduced in full: From information submitted by both parties to the dispute, the following facts were established: (a) The present wage scale averages approximately $40 per week. Employment for the past two years, however, has been so variable that actual earnings per week have fallen far short of this average, $30 per week being apparently a fair estimate of actual earnings. (b) The wage scale in New Haven is lower than the average weekly wages paid in other producing markets by manufacturers of caps of all grades, and, apparently, at least as low as the average wages paid by shops producing solely low-grade caps, with which alone the manufacturers of New Haven contend their conditions are comparable. (c) All producing centers of the country with the exception of New Haven have agreed that there shall be no reduction of wages before June of this year. This was the decision of an arbitrator in New York on February 17; all other producing centers have agreed to be bound by this decision. (d) Eight holidays on pay are at present allowed in New Haven. When work is done on holidays, wages are paid at the rate of two and a half times the normal scale. The manufacturers contend that it is impossible for them to continue operations in the present condition of the market with wages as high as they now are. The price of caps has fallen 50 per cent and the cost of raw material 35 per cent, while wages have declined only 15 per cent from the high levels prevailing two years ago. They assert that the prevailing high labor cost makes it impossible for them to market their product and that a reduction of wages will create greater employment and react to the benefit of the workers. It is the contention of the workers, on the other hand, that the bad market which they admit exists is caused by a general business depression, and can not be improved https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [352] LABOR A G R EE M E N T S, AWARDS, AND D E C ISIO N S. 123 by a reduction of wages. That their earnings at the present wage rate are so low aa barely to equal the cost of living. That the New Haven manufacturers are at present under no handicap as regards labor cost when compared with their competitors in other centers, and that the agreement not to reduce wages in these competing centers should guide the policy here. It is the conviction of the arbitrator that, compared with wages received by men of equal skill in other lines of occupation, the wages of the cap makers in New Haven and elsewhere are too high. Furthermore, he finds it impossible to agree with the workers in their contention that a reduction of labor cost will not improve business. On the contrary, it is his conviction that if the present depression persists, the wages of this group of workers will inevitably fall until they are brought into adjustment wiih the wages of other groups of equal skill, and that this reduction of wages will increase employment and help to stabilize the industry. Nevertheless, he has been led to decide against a reduction of wages in New Haven at the present time for the following reasons: (a) The retroactive feature of the wage cut seems to him impossible to apply. To obtain from the workers an actual refund of wages paid in the past is manifestly impos sible. To apply the retroactive feature in the form of a cumulative reduction of wages between now and June would result in a cut far too drastic. (5) Removal of the retroactive feature from the case leaves it a question of a reduc tion of wages to apply to the New Haven market between the present date and June. In all other cities it is agreed that there shall be no wage cut during that time. A local wage reduction of such short duration, though it might temporarily increase the competing power of New Haven manufacturers as compared with that of manu facturers of other cities, would not improve thecondition of the market as a whole. (c) If business conditions do not improve, it is the conviction of the arbitrator that a wage readjustment will be made on a national scale in June. It appears to him desirable that the question should be thus settled on a national scale. _ He believes that the manufacturers of New Haven, in view of the brief period of time which re mains, may fairly be asked to fall in line with the policy of all other manufacturers in the country and continue the present scale of wages until June. It is his hope that a settlement satisfactory to both sides can be made at that time by negotiation between themselves. If this is not done, the present board is willing to entertain a request to reconsider the question. Since labor cost is materially affected by the efficiency of the worker and since the question of the productivity of the New Haven cap makers has been drawn into this dispute, the arbitrator believes it desirable that a standard of production be adopted for the New Haven market to the end that labor cost may be reduced and stabilized. It is urged that the two parties to the dispute agree to accept as a basis for a standard of production in New Haven the appropriate standard adopted in New York as the outcome of negotiations nowTunder way in that market. It is the decision of the arbitrator that holidays on pay should be reduced from eight to six, and that work done on such holidays should be paid for at the rate of one and one-half times the regular scale. Shoe industry— Lynn, Mass. rT sH E controversy of several m onths’ duration over wages of shoe * workers of Lynn, Mass., was settled by the decision of the arbi tration board handed down on May 19. The former agreement between the Lynn Shoe M anufacturers’ Association and the shoe workers expired on April 30. Negotiations for the renewal of the contract began several weeks prior to its expiration. The m anu facturers asked a 20 per cent decrease in wages. The unions refused to take more than 10 per cent. After prolonged negotiations no agreement could be reached, and the factories ceased operation. E arly in April Mayor M cPhetres of Lynn called a conference of representatives of the two parties and suggested the following plan for adjusting their differences: 1. That the matters of difference between the parties pertaining to the formation of an agreement to supersede the present agreement expiring April 30, 1922, be left 2476°—22 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 9 [353] 124 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . to a committee of three with power to decide the same. The committee of three to be chosen as follows: One person to be chosen by the Lynn Shoe Manufacturers’ Association, one to be chosen by vote of the joint council and the third to be selected by the two so chosen within two days after the last appointment is made or in case of failure of the two members to choose the third party within two days, then the ap pointment of the third party to be made by the mayor of the city of Lynn. 2. That in order to facilitate the consideration of prices and conditions, it is sug gested the Manufacturers’ Association divide its membership into groups of manu facturers making the same grade of shoes; and negotiations be carried on with com mittees of three representing each group of manufacturers and with committees of three representing each local; and that prices and conditions be concluded by these committees as far as possible, all matters of difference between them to be decided by the committee of three of my first recommendation. 3. That all settlements made shall date from May 1, 1922, and the parties shall proceed from day to day until all matters have been determined. Both the m anufacturers’ association and the U nited Shoe W orkers accepted this plan and each appointed an arbitrator. The two board members thus chosen were unable to decide upon a third a rb itrato r who was therefore appointed by M ayor M cPhetres. This board handed down its decision on May 19, providing for a tem porary wage reduction of 15 per cent to become effective a t once, and to rem ain in force until such time, as the final plan has been worked out and perm anent prices established. All crafts were affected except em ployees working by the hour in the stitching room and female help in the packing room, who commonly work on an hourly rate. This decision affected approxim ately 15,000 workers affiliated, for the m ost p art, w ith the United Shoe W orkers of America, and about 65 shoe factories of Lynn. The organization known as Allied Shoe W orkers was not included in this award. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis EM PL O Y M E N T A N D U N EM PLO Y M EN T. Employment in Selected industries in June, 1922. H E Bureau of Labor Statistics here presents reports concerning the volume of employment in June, 1922, from representative establishments in 12 m anufacturing industries. Comparing the figures of June, 1922, with those for identical establishm ents for June, 1921, it appears th a t in 8 of the 12 industries there were increases in the num ber of persons employed, while in 4 there were decreases. The largest increases were 32.1 per cent in iron and steel, 30.5 per cent in car building and repairing, and 21.2 per cent in automobiles. Cotton m anufacturing shows a decrease of 25.1 per cent and silk a decrease of 19.3 per cent. Six of the 12 industries show increases in the total am ount of pay roll for June, 1922, as compared w ith June, 1921. The rem aining 6 industries show decreases in the am ount of pay roll. The m ost im portant increase, 40.7 per cent, appears in iron and steel.- A uto mobiles and hosiery and underwear show respective increases of 24.7 per cent and 15.2 per cent. The largest decreases were 34 per cent in cotton m anufacturing, 33.8 per cent in silk, and 22.6 per cent in cotton finishing. T C O M PA R ISO N O F E M P L O Y M E N T IN ID E N T IC A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN J U N E , 1921 AN D 1922. In d u stry . Iron a n d stee l.......................... A utom obile m an u facturing.. Car building an d re p a irin g .. C otton m anufacturing........... C otton finishing....................... H osiery a n d u n d erw ear........ Silk............................................. Men’s ready-m ade c lo th in g .. L eather m anufacturing......... B oots an d shoes....................... P aper m aking.......................... Cigar m a n u factu rin g .............. E stab lish m ents report Period of ing for p ay roll. June, both years. 110 4-1 61 60 17 63 45 43 32 so 58 54 N um ber on pay roll. June, 1921. \ m o n th .. 110,572 1 w eek . . . 94,729 ^ m o n th .. 44,462 1 w eek. . . 60,318 . . .d o ......... 12,652 . . .d o ......... 26,654 2 w eeks. . 16,983 1 w eek . . . 26, 880 . . -do......... 10,109 __do......... 59, 319 . . -do......... 20! 011 . . .d o ......... 16,741 June, 1922. 146,087 114,836 58, 025 45,173 10, 778 3 l' 122 13,697 27,362 11, 577 59,922 23! 827 15,395 Per cent of increase ( + ) or de crease (-)• A m ount of p a y roll. June, 1921. June, 1922. +32.1 $4,907,968 $6,906,566 + 21.2 3,062,563 3, 817,773 +30.5 3,057,619 3,481,629 -2 5 .1 1,052,707 694,969 —14. 8 283,398 219 395 + 16.8 438,490 505’ 26Î -1 9 .3 761,743 504,605 804,699 + 1.8 716,652 + 14.5 226, 824 259,410 + 1.0 1,415 462 1 307 252 + 19.1 499,660 ’ 559! 626 321,110 -8 .0 287,367 Per cent of increase ( + ) or de crease (-)• + 40.7 + 24.7 + 13.9 -3 4 .0 22. 6 + 15.2 -3 3 . 8 -1 0 .9 + 14.4 76 + 12.0 - 10.5 Com parative data for June, 1922, and May, 1922, appear in the following table. The figures show th a t in 10 industries there were increases in the num ber of persons on the pay roll in June as compared w ith May, and in 2 decreases. Respective percentage increases of 8.4, 7.2, and 6.9 are shown in m en’s ready-m ade clothing, autom o biles, and car building and repairing. The two decreases are 2.2 per cent in silk and 0.5 per cent in hosiery and underwear. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [355] 125 126 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . W hen comparing June, 1922, w ith May, 1922, all b u t 1 industry show increases in the am ount of money paid to employees. The m ost im portant increases are 20.1 per cent in m en’s ready-m ade clothing, 10.6 per cent in car building and repairing, and 7.7 per cent in automobiles. The 1 industry reporting a decrease in the am ount of money paid to employees was hosiery and underwear, which shows a decrease of 1.6 per cent. C O M PA R ISO N O F E M P L O Y M E N T IN ID E N T IC A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN JU N E , 1922. E stab lish m ents rep o rt Period of ing for pay roll. May and June. In d u stry . Iro n an d ste e l.......................... A utom obile m an u factu rin g .. Car building an d re p a irin g .. C otton m anufacturing........... C otton finishing....................... H osiery an d u n d erw ear........ Silk............................................. Men’s ready-m ade c lo th in g .. L eather m anufacturing......... Boots an d shoes....................... P ap er m aking.......................... Cigar m a n u factu rin g .............. 106 44 61 55 17 63 45 45 31 81 58 56 N um ber on pay roll. May, 1922. 4 m o n th .. 137,170 1 w eek . . . 100, 800 h m o n th .. 54,258 I w eek. . . 44,811 . . .d o......... 10,641 .. .d o......... 30,199 2 w eeks. . 14,007 1 w eek . . . 25,688 .. .d o ......... 9,656 __do.......... 60, 220 . .. d o ......... 23,401 . . .d o ......... 15,542 June, 1922. 144,426 108,012 58,025 45,173 10,778 30,050 13,697 27,845 9,758 60,611 23, 827 15,709 Per cent of increase ( + ) or de crease (-)• MAY A N D A m ount of p ay roll. May, 1922. June, 1922. + 5.3 $6,415,178 $6,847,174 + 7.2 3,349,569 3,608,569 + 6 .9 3,147,377 3,481,629 + 0.8 685,602 694,969 + 1.3 214, 418 219,395 494,665 -0 .5 486,760 -2 .2 501, 863 504,605 + 8 .4 616,544 740,704 200,419 212,007 + i. 1 + 0 .6 1,288,664 1,319 576 551,548 559,626 + 1.8 + 1.1 277,362 292,508 P er cent of increase ( + ) or de crease (-). + 6 .7 + 7.7 + 10.6 + 1.4 + 2 .3 -1 .6 + 0 .5 +20.1 + 2.4 + 1.5 + 5.5 In addition to the data presented in the above tables as to the num ber of employees on the pay roll, 81 establishm ents in the iron and steel industry reported 114,409 employees as actually working on the last full day of the pay period in June, 1922, as against 80,981 employees for the reported pay-roll period in June, 1921— an increase of 41.3 per cent. Figures given by 87 establishm ents show th a t 107,661 employees were actually working on the last full day of the pay period for June, 1922, as against 101,761 for the period in May, 1922—an increase of 5.8 per cent. Changes in Wage Rates and Per Capita Earnings. T"AiRING the period May 15 to June 15, 1922, there were wage ^ changes made by some of the reporting establishm ents in 9 of the 12 industries. Iro n a n d steel .—An increase of 13 per cent was granted to 57 per cent of the men in one plant. An increase of 11 per cent was received by all of the force in one plant, and by 89 per cent of the force in another plant. Four establishments reported a wage increase of 10 per cent affecting all of the employees in three establishm ents and 60 per cent of the employees in the rem aining establishm ent. An increase of 8.7 per cent was received by 30 per cent of the force in one plant. In one mill an increase of 7.6 per cent was granted to 90 per cent of the force. A 5 per cent wage increase was reported by two mills, affecting 25 per cent of the men in one mill and 11 per cent in the second mill. A wage cut of 10 per cent, affecting 26 per cent of the force, was reported by one establishm ent. Another establish m ent reduced the wages of 16 per cent of the employees approxi m ately 5 per cent. Production was increased during the period https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [356] E M P L O Y M E N T AND U N E M P L O Y M E N T . 127 reported and the per capita earnings for June were 1.4 per cent higher than for May. A u to m o b iles .—A wage increase of 20 per cent was granted to 5 per cent of the employees in one factory. Two establishm ents reported a 10 per cent increase affecting 75 per cent of the force in one plant and 10 per cent in the other plant. A 4 per cent increase was reported by one factory, h u t the num ber of employees affected by this increase was not stated. The per capita earnings show an increase of 0.5 per cent, when comparing May and June figures. Car b u ild in g a n d rep a irin g .—An increase of 10 per cent, affecting 22 per cent of the employees, was reported by one establishm ent. An increase of 3.4 per cent was shown for per capita earnings when May and June pay rolls were compared. Cotton m a n u fa c tu rin g .—Wages of 25 per cent of the employees in one establishm ent were increased 2 per cent. A slight increase, 0.5 per cent, was shown for per capita earnings when May and June pay rolls were compared. Cotton f in is h in g .— T here were no w age-rate changes re p o rted for this in d u stry d u ring th e period in Ju n e. T he p er c a p ita earnings show an increase of 1 p er cent w hen com paring M ay and Ju n e figures. H o siery a n d underw ear .— A decrease of 1.1 per cent in p er ca p ita earnings was show n w hen the M ay and Ju n e p a y rolls were com pared. S i l k .— T en p er cent of the m en in one m ill were reduced 10 per cent in wages. T he entire force of an o th er m ill received a wage cu t of 9 per cent. D ue to increased operation and m ore tim e w orked an increase of 2.8 per cent in per cap ita earnings was show n w hen fig ures for M ay and Ju n e were com pared. M e n ’s clothing .—In one establishm ent 50 per cent of the employees received a 66§ per cent increase. A 10 per cent wage increase was reported by one establishment, affecting 25 per cent of the men. A decrease of 10 per cent in wages was reported by one establishm ent affecting 86 per cent of the force. However, an. increase of 10.8 per cent in per capita earnings was shown when figures for May and June were compared. L eather. —When, per capita earnings for June were compared with those for May an increase of 4.7 per cent was noted. B oots a n d shoes .—One firm reported a wage decrease of 25 per cent affecting 19 per cent of the employees. A 15 per cent cut affecting about 45 per cent of the force was reported by another firm. In three factories, a 10 per cent reduction was reported affecting 6 per cent of the force in the first plant, 5 per cent of the force in the second plant, b u t the per cent of the force affected in the third plant was not stated. Per capita earnings for June increased 1.7 per cent over those for May. P a p e r m a k in g .—One mill gave an increase of approxim ately 14 per cent to 23 per cent of the employees. A wage decrease of 12 per cent, affecting 60 per cent of the employees, was reported by another establishm ent. A decrease of 10 per cent to 96 per cent of the force was reported by one plant. W hen per capita earnings for June were compared w ith those for May, a decrease of 0.3 per cent was noted. Cigar m a n u fa c tu rin g .—A decrease of 10 per cent in wage rates was made to 79 per cent of the employees in one factory. However, there was an increase in per capita earnings for June over May of 4.3 per cent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [357] 128 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . Enlarging the Scope of Statistics on Volume of Employment. H E m onthly survey of volume of em ploym ent which has been compiled by the B ureau of Labor Statistics for a num ber of years is to be extended to include 43 m anufacturing industries instead of the 13 which have heretofore been covered and practically 3,000 establishm ents instead of the approxim ately 750 establishm ents heretofore covered. This expansion will of course take in a propor tionately larger num ber of employees. Figures showing the to tal am ount of the pay roll are to be continued, covering this greatly increased num ber of establishm ents and industries. The Bureau of Labor Statistics has made arrangem ents to cooperate w ith a num ber of States collecting this character of inform ation. Such arrangem ents were already in existence w ith the States of New York and Wisconsin, and it is only necessary to expand the list of reports received from these States through the S tate collecting agencies. Similar arrangem ents have ju st been completed w ith the State of Illinois and like arrangem ents are contem plated w ith other States. Im m ediately after the first of Ju ly agents of the bureau were sent into the field to form contracts and to arrange, in so far as it is practicable, for States and S tate bureaus and organizations to do this work upon a S tate basis, furnishing the Federal bureau w ith the records of such establishm ents as m ay be selected. S tatis tics of em ploym ent in railroad operation will be secured through the In te rsta te Commerce Commission and carried as a separate section in the B ureau of Labor S tatistics tables. The Geological Survey will furnish data covering the pay roll nearest the middle of the m onth from such bitum inous and anthracite coal mines as m ay be selected and probably this will also be handled separately from m anufacturing industries. From the d a ta so compiled the Bureau of Labor S ta tistics will prepare m onthly an industrial em ploym ent index by indus tries and an em ploym ent index for all the industries combined. W hile this inform ation will continue to be made public through the Monthly L abor R eview as heretofore, advance mimeographed statem ents of the totals and of the indexes will be issued as early as practicable each m onth, covering the pay-roll period as of the 15th of the preceding m onth. Below is a list of m anufacturing industries to be included by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in its m onthly report on employment in selected industries, and the num ber of establish m ents which it is intended to cover. T IucLustry. E stablishm ents. In d u s try . Establishm e n ts . Agricultural implements............... 30 Cotton manufacturing.................... Automobiles, including firms mak Cotton finishing................................. ing only bodies and parts.......... 100 Electrical machinery, apparatus, Boxes, paper................................... 50 and supplies.................................... Boots and shoes................................. 100 Fertilizers........................................... Bread and other bakery products.. 100 Flour................................................... Brick.................................................. 100 Foundry and machine shops......... 25 Furniture........................................ Carpets............................................ Cars, steam railroad, not including Glass................................................... railroad operation....................... 25 Hardware........................................ Carriages and wagons..................... 25 Hosiery and knit goods.................. Chemicals................ 25 Iron and steel (blast furnaces, steel Clothing, men’s................................. 100 works, and rolling mills)............ Clothing, women’s ............................ 100 Leather............................................... [358] https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 150 20 75 20 20 200 100 75 20 100 125 75 129 E M P L O Y M E N T AND U N E M P L O Y M E N T . In d u s try . E stablishm ents. Lumber (sawmills)......................... Lumber (planing-mill products).. Millinery......................................... Musical instruments (pianos)........ Paper and pulp.............................. Petroleum refining......................... Pottery............................................ Printing (book and job)................. Printing (newspaper)..................... Rubber (automobile tires)............. Shipbuilding (iron and steel)........ 200 100 20 10 75 10 10 100 100 50 20 In d u s try . Establishm ents. Shirts, collars, and cuffs................ Silk................................................. Slaughtering and meat packing... Stamped ware................................ Stoves............................................. Tobacco (cigars and cigarettes)__ Tobacco (chewing, smoking, and snuff)........................................... Woolen and worsted....................... 100 100 50 10 20 100 10 100 Total.....................................2,945 Changes in Employment Reported by United States Employment Service. H E U nited States Em ploym ent Service reports th a t employment throughout the country increased 3.2 per cent in June as compared w ith May. A pproxim ately 179,328 people were returned to work, and it is estim ated th a t not more th an 20,000 employees were furloughed, most of this being seasonal. Of the 65 leading cities, 52 reported increases and 13 decreases in employment, and all industries except stone, clay, and glass products reported increases. The m anufacture of vehicles for land transportation showed the highest increase, 6.5 per cent, followed by food and kindred products, 5.5 per cent, and iron and steel and their products, 4.04 per cent. The decrease in employment in the stone, clay, and glass products industry was 0.85 per cent. Building activities are reported as increasing to such an extent th a t a shortage of skilled building craftsm en is becoming apparent in m any localities. T Recent Statistics oi Employment. California. B U L L E T IN No. 5 (mimeographed) of the California Bureau of Labor Statistics contains the results of a survey as of May 31, 1922, made by th a t bureau in cooperation with the United States Em ploym ent Service. Questionnaires were sent to 800 large m anufacturing establishm ents of the State, of which 546 responded. The tabulated returns from this inquiry are here given. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [359] M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . 1 30 N U M B E R E M PL O Y E D IN S P E C IF IE D IN D U S T R IE S AN D LO C A L IT IE S A T T H E E N D OF M ARCH, A P R IL , AN D MAY, 1922, AN D P E R C EN T O F C H A N G E IN MAY, 1922. In d u stry or locality. N um N um ber a t -work a t ber of end of— estab lishm ents May, April, report March, 1922. 1922. 1922. ing. P e r cent of change, May, 1922, from— March, 1922. April, 1922. T h e S ta te . Canning drying and preserving.................................... B akery p ro d u cts................................................................ Confficti on pry ......................................................... Flour and grist Trulls.................................................... Sugar..................................................................................... 81ail ghitori n g an d par*lring............................................... O ther k in d red food products "Wearing apparel ................................................... T en ts aw nings and ju te p ro d u cts................................ A gricultural im plem ents, including tracto rs............. Gas engines pum ps, hoilers........................................... Structural and orna,ment,a,l steel.................................... Iron and steel forgings...................................................... Shipbuilding including na,va,l repairs ..................... Foundry a n d m achine shops, n o t elsewhere specified ....................................................................... Tin can _ . O ther sheet m eta! p roducts............................................ Copper a u d other m etal pro d u cts.............................. . Sawmills and logging c a m p s ......................................... Plam 'ng mill** box- factories, e tc .................................... O ther lu m b er pro d u cts.................................................... T an n in g and wool scouring............................................. F inish ed 1eath er prod n e ts ............................................... P ap er bags boxes etc ______________ P rin tin g and publishing........... ....................................... O ther p ap er products - ............................................... L iquor beverages and ic e ............................................. ................. ........................................... Fxp l osi yes M ineral Oil refining O ther chemical p ro d u cts................................................. Oomenf ........................................................ Glass including b o ttle s................................................... B rick stone and cl ay p ro d u c ts .................................... Tobacco products ....................................................... W agons a n d automobiles^ including bodies*. . . . . . . . Railroad repair shops ................................................... ........................................................ Laundries Miscellaneous industries . ..................... .................... 75 18 13 8 8 14 4 29 4 5 16 4 8 9 6,233 2; 468 1,013 535 2,685 3,372 119 4,506 403 355 1,539 1,012 1,733 7,155 7,794 2,397 972 529 2,844 3,314 116 4,499 421 419 1,511 1,089 1,760 7,277 6,109 2,391 960 618 2,990 3,295 116 4,361 428 477 1,481 1,307 1, S73 7,209 -2 .0 -3 .1 -5 .2 + 15.5 + 11.4 -2 .3 -2 .5 -3 .2 + 6 .2 +34.4 -3 .8 + 29.2 + 8.1 + .8 -2 5 .6 -.3 -1 .2 + 16.8 + 5.1 -.6 44 7 6 8 25 23 16 10 3 11 7 4 10 4 10 27 5 4 15 7 6 38 2714 3,409 2,166 361 981 10,635 5,325 1,429 1,036 193 943 860 414 597 482 7,389 2,800 1,568 915 2,288 1,486 1,643 17,406 3,146 3,627 3,414 2,167 386 991 12,326 5,269 1,529 1,005 194 1,025 842 470 634 507 7, 516 2,949 1,571 770 2,299 1,541 1,957 17,784 3,141 3,651 3,612 2,211 439 950 13,889 5,432 1,483 992 201 1,027 885 493 675 568 8,285 2,872 1,666 850 2,333 1,189 2,114 17, 858 3,185 3,527 + 6 .0 + 2 .0 + 21.6 -3 .2 +30.6 + 2.0 + 3 .8 -4 .2 + 4 .2 + 9.0 + 2.9 + 19. 1 + 13.1 + 17.8 + 12. 1 + 2.6 + 6.3 -7 .1 + 2 .0 -2 0 .0 + 28.7 + 2.6 + 1.2 -2 .8 + 5.8 + 2.0 + 13.7 - 4 .1 + 12.7 + 3.1 -3 .0 -1 .3 + 3 .6 T o tal........................................................................... 546 104, 227 108,880 110,351 + 5 .9 + 1.4 Pan Francisco .............................................................. Los Angeles ............................................................. Oakland f ......................................... - ................ B alance of S t a t e ................................................................ 136 113 55 242 19,658 22,628 8,955 52,986 20,164 22,861 9,444 56,411 19,948 23,582 9,554 57,267 + 1.5 +4. 2 + 6.7 + 8.1 - 1 .1 + 3 .2 + 1.2 + 1.5 T o t a l ......................................................................... 546 104,227 108,880 110,351 + 5.9 + 1.4 -3 .0 + 1.8 + 13.8 -2 .0 + 20.0 + 6 .4 -.9 + 5.1 + 4 .9 + 6 .5 + 12.0 + 10.2 -2 .6 + 6.1 + 10.4 + 1.5 -2 2 .8 + 8.0 + .4 + 1.4 -3 .4 L o c a l it ie s . 1 Includes Em eryville, Alameda, a n d Berkeley. W here canning, oil, railroad, etc., companies have p lan ts located at different points, separate reports are received from each p la n t a nd listed accordingly. As the above tabulated establishm ents employ about 40 per cent of the factory workers of California it is estim ated th a t approxi m ately 15,000 more persons were added to the pay rolls of the m anu facturers of the S tate during May and June, 1922. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 131 E M P L O Y M E N T AND U N E M P L O Y M E N T . Connecticut. rT 'H E m onthly report of the C onnecticut Bureau of Labor in re activities of the free public em ploym ent offices of the State for June, 1922, is here summarized. Male. 3,113 2,875 2, 383 Applicants for employment Applicants for help............. Situations secured............... Female. 1, 960 1, 839 1, 578 Total. 5,073 4, 714 3, 961 Percentage of applicants supplied with situations. Male. May, 1922....................................................................... 82.7 June, 1922...................................................................... 76.5 Fem ale. Total. 79.3 80.5 81.2 78.0 Help was furnished to 88.3 per cent of those applying for employees in May; in June, to only 84 per cent. Illinois. '"THE change in the industrial situation in Illinois in May, 1922, was more im portant than th a t in any of the preceding 11 m onths. The June, 1922, issue of the Em ploym ent Bulletin of the S tate departm ent of labor reports th at there is evidence of m arked recovery in industrial activity. The general advisory board of the free employment service esti m ates th a t there were about 25,000 more persons employed in m anu facturing establishm ents and about 25,000 more persons employed in construction work in the S tate a t the end of May, 1922, than at the close of the preceding m onth. According to the records of the State free employment offices for May, 1922, there was practically no excess of applicants for jobs over jobs offered by employers. The reports of the Chicago offices for th a t m onth show th a t the num ber of jobs available was greater than the num ber of applicants. This was also the case in the Cicero, Danville, and Rockford offices. For the S tate as a whole there were 100 jobs for every 105 persons seeking positions while 12 m onths previous the ratio of jobs to applicants was 100 to 220. The num ber of building perm its in 13 of the principal Illinois cities indicates th a t “ the building boom has gone on unbated.” The perm its in May, 1922, authorized work valued at $30,886,862— about $11,500,000 more than the perm its in April, 1922, and over seven times as m uch as the perm its in May, 1921. The following statem ent gives the index num bers of employment in the S tate based on employers’ reports: IN D E X N U M B E R S OF E M PL O Y M E N T IN IL L IN O IS , A U G U ST, 1921, TO MAY, 1922. [May, 1921=100.] Year. Jan F eb April. May. uary. ruary. March. 1Q21 1922..................... 105.5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 105.7 107.4 107.1 June. 110.3 [361] July. A u gust. Sep tem ber. Oc tober. No vem ber. 106.0 112.1 109.2 108.2 De cem ber. 103.9 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, 132 The following table gives recent changes in employment in the principal industrial groups of the S tate: CO U R SE O F E M P L O Y M E N T IN ID E N T IC A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN IL L IN O IS , A P R IL 30 TO MAY 31, 1922. T y p e of in d u stry . N u m b er Percentage N u m b er N u m b er of em ploy of em ploy of change pr. 30 to of estab ees, A pr. AMay ees, M ay , 31, lishm ents. 31, 1922. 30, 1922. 1922. 9,027 131,281 8,753 10,825 7,936 Percentage of change Mar. 31 to A pr. 30, 1922. 9,183 6,024 35,670 42,101 48,166 378 6,064 8,479 126,951 8,540 10,784 7,470 176 8,891 6,084 34,011 41,205 46,060 375 5,051 + 6 .5 + 3 .4 + 2 .5 + 0 .4 + 6 .2 -4 .0 + 3.3 -1 .0 + 4.9 + 2.2 + 0 .2 + 0 .8 +20.1 +10.5 + 2 .6 + 2 .0 + 3 .2 + 3 .9 -4 .3 -4 .3 -5 .9 -5 .5 -0 .6 + 2 .2 -9 1 . 6 +18.7 313,537 304,347 + 3 .0 -0 .3 Stone, clay, and glass p ro d u c ts ..................... M etals, m achinery, and co n v ey an ces.......... W ood m an u factu rin g ........................................ F urs, le a th er, a n d ru b b e r g o o d s................... Chemicals, oils, p aints, e tc .............................. P a p e r. .................................................................. P rin tin g and p a p er goods................................ T e x tile s................................................................ Clothing, m illinery, and la u n d e rin g ............ Food, beverages, and to b a c co ....................... W ater, light, and p o w e r.................................. M ining.................................................................. B uilding and general co n tractin g .................. 58 336 80 42 45 4 169 72 31 56 112 9 16 119 T o tal.......................................................... 980 Iowa.1 ETMPLOYMENT in Iowa increased 4.1 per cent in June, 1922, as ^ compared w ith the preceding m onth. The table here given shows the num ber of males and females on the pay rolls in 10 groups of industries in June, 1922, together w ith the percentage increases or decreases in volume of em ploym ent in June, 1922, as compared w ith May, 1922. Because of the strike no reports were received from railw ay car shops. IO W A E M P L O Y M E N T SU R V E Y , JU N E , 1922. N um ber of workers. N um ber of firms report ing. T y p e of in d u s try . Males. Females. T otal. P e r cen t of increase or decrease com pared w ith May. Food and k in d red p ro d u cts........................................... T e x tile s............................................................................... iron and steel w ork.......................................................... L um b er pro d u cts.............................................................. L eather p ro d u c ts.............................................................. P a p e r p roducts, prin tin g , and publishing................. P a te n t m edicines, chemicals, a n d com pounds......... Stone and clay p ro d u c ts................................................. Tobaeco, cigars.................................................................. V arious in d u strie s............................................................ 51 29 70 29 13 25 7 31 6 46 7,913 695 5,615 3,141 394 1,882 ' 107 2,882 151 3,497 1,511 1,817 386 111 210 871 181 20 344 5,453 9,424 2,512 6,001 3,252 604 2,753 288 2,902 495 8,950 + 4 .2 + 2 .9 +10.6 + 5 .2 +10.0 + 1 .6 + 3 .2 + 8 .4 + 4 .5 -0 .7 T o tal......................................................................... 307 26,019 10,379 36,398 + 4.1 Massachusetts. C O N T IN U E D im provem ent in the labor m arket is indicated by the ^ returns from th e four S tate em ploym ent offices. A report received Ju ly 12, 1922, from th e D epartm ent of Labor and Industries, states th a t the num ber of placem ents during the m onth of May was 1 Iowa. B u reau of L abor Statistics E m p lo y m en t Survey. Des Moines, June, 1922. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [362] EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. 133 the largest since August, 1918, and the num ber of applications for employees the largest since May, 1920. The figures for May are as follows: The num ber of persons placed, 3,881, num ber of persons called for by employers, 5,115. A slight decrease in placem ents is noted in Ju n e due to the inclem ent weather. For the m onth of June the num ber of persons placed by the four S tate offices was 3,739. This is an increase of 24 per cent over the num ber of persons placed during the corresponding m onth in 1921. The num ber of persons called for by employers in June, 1922, was 4,870, an increase of 38.5 per cent over the num ber for June, 1921. The following table shows the activities of the M assachusetts public em ploym ent offices for the first 6 m onths of 1922: W O R K O F F O U R PU B L IC E M P L O Y M E N T O F F IC E S , JA N U A R Y TO JU N E , 1922. M o n th . Ja n u a ry .............. F e b ru a ry ........... M arch................. A p ril................... M ay..................... J u n e .................... W orking days. A pplica tions for positions. H elp w anted. R eferred. R eported placed. 20 23 27 24 26 i 26 42,424 39^457 46,016 38, 463 43,435 37* 220 2,706 2,969 3,800 4,254 5,115 4,870 3,355 3,776 4,689 4,840 5,859 469 2,115 2,360 3,181 3 271 3,881 3’, 739 1 E x c e p t th e Boston offices, 25 days (closed Ju n e 17). N ew York. A TWO per cent increase in factory employment occurred from May to June, 1922, according to a press release from the New York S tate D epartm ent of Labor, which is based upon reports received from 1,514 representative m anufacturers employing over 440,000 workers. This 2 per cent increase, despite the industrial uncertainties arising from the coal strike and the railroad shop situation and the fact th a t June is usually a slack m anufacturing m onth, indicates an im provem ent in business which more than offsets the usual seasonal decreases. The m ost m arked increase of the m onth was in the m etal and m achinery industries, particularly in railroad equipm ent and repair shops. The iron and steel mills show a greater volume of employment. The m ajority of the establishm ents m aking auto mobiles and parts had more workers on their pay rolls in June than in May. There was also an increase in airplane and firearm m anu facture. More workers were engaged in m aking m achinery and electrical goods. The industries connected with building operations show continued expansion. There was, however, a further reduction of the num ber employed in the glass industry. The sawmills and planing mills had a share in the greater demand from the building industry. The other outstanding increase in June was in the food products industries, due to the commencement of the season for vegetable and fruit canning, grape-juice bottling, and the production of other beverages. The biscuit and cracker m anufacturers added to their forces. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [363] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 134 In the clothing trades there was considerably greater activity in the m en’s clothing factories, while the women’s apparel makers reported very substantial reductions. There was very little change in the volume of employment in the textile industry as a whole, in chemical factories, in paper making, paper goods m anufacture, and printing. Ohio. HTHE following figures are taken from a m im eographed report from A the Ohio " D epartm ent of Ind u strial Relations, which gives statistics from em ploym ent offices a t Akron, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, D ayton, H am ilton, Toledo, and Youngstown for the first six m onths of 1922: A C T IV IT IE S O F O H IO E M PL O Y M E N T O F F IC E S , JA N U A R Y , 1922, TO JU N E 30, 1922. Domestic, industrial, clerical, and profes Registrations. H elp w anted. sional workers. Referred. Placed. M ale............................. Fem ale........................ 248,167 95,041 67,407 55,644 65,517 50,587 55,903 43,964 T o tal.................... 343, 208 123,051 116,104 99,867 One of the striking facts brought out in the detailed table from which the above data were selected is the great excess of clerical and professional applicants over the num ber of available jobs. For farm ing and dairying in the same period, Jan u ary , 1922, to June, 1922, there were 4,314 applicants, 2,693 help wanted, 2,883 referred to positions, and 2,007 reported placed. Pennsylvania. ’"TH E June, 1922, issue of “ Labor and In d u stry ” (Harrisburg) 1 reports th a t figures from the various public employment offices for April show 309,698 miners voluntarily unemployed as the result in the strike in the bitum inous and anthracite coal regions. The num ber of unemployed in the State, by months, January 1 to May 15, 1922, is gives below: U nem ployed. 321, 893 278,850 248, 560 215, 410 190, 055 J a n u a ry 1 A p ril 1 . .. A p ril 1 5 .. M ay 1 ___ M ay 1 5 ... Wisconsin. of the records of the public em ploym ent offices A COMPARISON in W isconsin shows 5,631 more orders in May, 1922, th a n in April, 1922, according to B ulletin No. 31 of the em ploym ent office division of the Wisconsin In dustrial Commission. The work of these offices in the above-m entioned two m onths is summ arized in the following statem en t: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [364] 135 EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. A C T IV IT IE S O F P U B L IC E M PL O Y M E N T O F F IC E S IN W ISC O N SIN F O R A P R IL (4 W E E K S ) A N D MAY (4 W E E K S ), 1922. M onth and sex. R eg istra tions. H elp w anted. Referred. R eported placed. A p r il. M ale........................................... Fem ale....................................... * 7,484 2,942 6,977 3,070 6,608 2,797 4,828 1,945 T o tal............................... 10,426 10,047 9,405 6,773 M ale........................................... Fem ale....................................... 9,646 3,457 11,833 3,845 9,444 3,423 7,468 2,585 T o tal............................... 13,103 15,678 12, 877 10,053 M ay. The average weekly placem ents for May, 1922, were 2,513; for April of the same year, 1,694; and for May, 1921, 1,332. R ecent statistics of employment offices relative to farm labor are given below: M onth and year. May, 1922.................................. May, 1921.................................. R egistra tions. 642 882 H elp w anted. 812 731 Verified R eferred. placem ents. 709 923 510 618 Experience Under Employment Guaranty in Cleveland Garment Industry. S WAS explained in an article in the April, 1922, num ber of the M o n t h l y L abor R e v ie w (pp. 137-141), a plan for compensating for and preventing unem ploym ent has been in operation in the Cleveland ladies’ garm ent industry for six m onths. Under this plan, each m anufacturer guaranteed to his regular workers who did not leave voluntarily and were not justifiably discharged, employment for 20 weeks during each half year. If this am ount of work was not provided, the employees became entitled to twothirds of their minimum wages for the unemployed p a rt of the 20 weeks. The guaranty had, however, this lim itation, th a t no em ployer should be liable to his employees for more th an 7 \ per cent of his to tal direct labor pay roll for the six-m onth period. Each week the employer deposited w ith the im partial chairm an of the industry an am ount equal to 7 \ per cent of his to tal labor pay roll for th a t week. The money so deposited is not paid into a general fund, for it “ would be unfair to the m anufacturer who through his own efforts is able to fulfill his g u a ra n ty ” to use his deposits to pay the workers of another m anufacturer who for any reason has not been able to m eet his guaranty. The fund of each m anufacturer is kept in a separate account and instead of the funds increasing from year to year, as in m ost unem ploym ent funds in individual experiments, each m anufacturer will receive a t the end of each six-m onth period so m uch of his own fund as has not been needed to pay his workers for unemployed time. On the other hand, if a worker is able to secure other work during his lay off, this does not affect his right to draw his unem ploym ent pay from his regular A https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [365] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 136 A C CU M U LA TIO N A N D E X P E N D IT U R E U N D E R E M P L O Y M E N T G U A R A N T Y , IN M A R K E T A S A W H O L E , 6 M O N T H S, E N D IN G D EC . 1, 1921. \------ ( W E E K S FROM JU N E I TO D E C .{,l9 2 i.h "> ,| 2 - 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14-15 16 17 IS 19 20 21 22 23 242526 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [366] EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. 137 O P E R A T IO N S U N D E R E M P L O Y M E N T G U A R A N T Y , IN IN D IV ID U A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S , 6 M O N T H S, E N D IN G D EC . 1, 1-921. ‘ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [367] 138 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. employer. The unem ploym ent pay is not merely a substitute for employment in general; it is in the nature of a penalty imposed on the particular employer for failure to get work for his own em ployees, and thus is an incentive for every employer to keep his workers busy. The accompanying ch arts furnished to the Bureau of Labor Statis tics by the Cleveland G arm ent M anufacturers’ Association show the experience under this employment guaranty for the six-m onth period ending December 1, 1921. The chart on page 136 shows the am ount accum ulated week by week in the whole Cleveland ladies’ garm ent industry during the 26 weeks from June 1 to December 1, 1921, and the am ount expended in unem ploym ent paym ents. The am ount paid out ($33,126.40) am ounts to a little more than onethird of the funds accum ulated ($93,274.40). The second chart shows the same inform ation as the first for each of the 31 establish m ents separately. As is evident from this second chart, in four factories the full 20 weeks of employment guaranteed was provided and since these employers had no unem ploym ent paym ents they received the full am ount in refund a t the end of the period. A num ber of other establishm ents saved the greater p a rt of their guaranty deposits. The entire fund was necessary in four plants to cover the unem ploym ent paym ents, and in two of these the fund was insufficient to cover these paym ents and a deficit was incurred. Since the period covered by the charts, several changes have been m ade in the plan. The agreement of 1922 substitutes for the guar an ty of 20 weeks’ work in every half year, one of 41 weeks for the whole year. Thus the workers are insured against a period of un employment lasting more than 11 weeks each year. By a decision of the board of referees of the industry handed down April 29, 1922, the employers have the option of paym ent on the basis of 7 \ per cent of pay roll, as last year, or of paying a 10 per cent lower wage rate and depositing 25 per oent of pay roll. The idea in increasing the paym ent into the fund was to make it “ m orally c e rta in ” th a t the worker would receive either 41 weeks’ work or 41 weeks’ pay. According to inform ation given by the m anufacturers’ associa tion, “ the result of the plan has, w ithout any doubt, been an in crease of work in the shops. I t is true th a t the work has often been increased a t a loss to the employer and it is a cjuestion w hether some m anufacturers would not rather take a loss through the employ m ent fund. However, the incentive is direct and appealing, and appears to be the only w ay in which the evil of unem ploym ent can be eradicated or lim ited in this seasonal in d u stry .” Government Construction Contracts. ONTINU IN G the report on this subject in the Monthly L xI bor R eview for May, June, and July, the following table gives certain inform ation relating to contracts entered into by the several departm ents or independent establishm ents of the Govern m ent as reported to the Bureau of Labor Statistics by these departm ents. C https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [368] RECENT CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS E N T E R E D INTO BY T H E VARIOUS D EPA R TM E N TS OF T H E U N IT E D STATES. C ontract. 2476°— 22— Contractor. D epartm ent a n d contract No. N ature of contract. Name. A ddress. Date. Tim e lim it. A m ount. T rea su ry. June 14,1922 $35,440 B uilding postofflce a t F ro n t R oyal, V a ................. 12 m onths. May 20,1922 ........d o ............. June 21,1922 1, 275 1, 784 2,671 135 days. 120 days. Sept. 15, 1922. Michael S erette....................... 3 T rem ont Row, Boston, M ass___ June 19,1922 140,800 101 P a rk Avenue, New Y ork, N . Y . June 21,1922 74,900 R epairs to toilet room a t post office, Macon, G a .. P a in tin g a n d repairs a t post office, La Crosse, Wis R epairing a n d p a in tin g roofs, U nited States Vete ra n s’ H ospital, B ronx, N . Y . C onstructing tw o buildings, m oving building, constructing re ta in in g walls, grading slopes, a ltering plum bing, a n d electrical a p p aratu s, U nited S tates Q u a ra n tin e S tation, Gallops Isla n d , B oston, M ass. C onstruction of officers’ quarters, including plum bing a n d w iring, a t R osebank, S ta te n Isla n d , N . Y . In sta llin g boilers a t U nited S tates V eterans’ H ospital, O teen, N . C. In sta llin g boilers a n d sewerage p la n t a t U nited S tates V eterans’ H ospital, Tuskegee, A la. In sta llin g sewerage disposal p la n t a t U nited S tates V eteran s’ H ospital, Tucson, Ariz. R epairing a n d p a in tin g courts, U nited States T reasury B uilding, W ashington, D . C. R epairing ceilings, U nited S tates Treasury B uilding, W ashington, D . C. Cleaning a n d p a in tin g interior of U nited States T reasury B uilding, W ashington, D . C. B uilding extension to Pier B , New Y ork Q uar a n tin e S tation, R osebank, S ta te n lslan d , N. Y. A lteration to post office an d subtreasury a t Bos ton, Mass. Constructing m ailing vestibule a t post office, E a s t St. Louis, 111. 10 [369] N ortheastern Construction Co. U nion Electric Co. (In c .)... 625 Peydras Street, New Orleans, L a. Noland-Cliflord Co. (In c .)... N ewport News, V a ........................... L ittlejohn & H ud so n ............. 821 Fifteenth Street N W ., W ash ington, D. C. W . L. B ow m an & Co............ 638 G Street N W ., W ashington, D. C. W alter B. A very..................... 623 G Street N W ., W ashington, D . C. G. A. H a slu p ........................... 1407 New Y ork A venue N W ., W ashington, D. C. R iverside Contracting Co— 164 M ontague Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. John M cDonald Construc 44 Bromfield Street, Boston, Mass.. tio n Co. Louis V an Dorp & Son......... Topeka, K a n s ..................................... June 23,1922 10,750 June 29,1922 313,659 June 27,1922 17,400 June 28,1922 2,200 ........d o ............. 2,217 ........do ............. 3,903 June 30,1922 10,200 3,1922 3,252 ........do ............. 4,690 June 26,1922 23,901 ___d o ...................................................... ........d o ............. Louis J. Sieling....................... 209 B road Street, R ed B ank, N . J. June 28,1922 13,838 8^ 940 July 9 m onths. 8 m onths. 90 days. Feb. 1, 1923. 70 d ays. 60 days. Sept. 8, 1922. 60 days. 105 days. 90 days. EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. Law B uilding, Fredericksburg, V a. Box 877, Greenville, S. C ................. N ational D ecorating Service. 4927 Prairie A venue, Chicago, 111.. 0 . W h ite .................................. 294 Bergen Street, Brooklyn, N. Y . E . G. H eflin ............................ Do. W a r. H a tte r Transfer Co. (In c .)... H am pton, V a..................................... 139 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis E rection of 2 steel hangars a t Langley. Field, N ov. 4, 1922. Va. E rection of m achine shop a t L angley Field, V a .. O ct. 4, 1922. C onstructing storehouse a t C am p Alfred V ail, 100 days. Oceanport, N , J. D epartm ent a n d contract No. Contractor. 140 R E C E N T CO N STR U CTIO N C O NTRACTS E N T E R E D IN T O B Y T H E V A R IO U S D E P A R T M E N T S O F T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S—Continued. Contract. Tim e lim it. N ature of contract. Name. A ddress. U nion Construction Co......... San Francisco, Calif.......................... Date. A m ount. W a r —Con. $23,000 June 1,1922 22,106 May 13,1922 12,250 June 13,1922 34,278 May 29,1922 4,950 June 15,1922 38,000 June 19,1922 E recting 2 steel hangars a n d 1 oil an d gaso N ov. 14, 1922. lin e storehouse a t Santa Monica; Calif. C onstructing plotting and sw itchboard room a t 6 m onths. F o rt Story, Cape H enry, V a. Dredging C onnecticut R iver, H artford, Conn___ N ot reported. D redging C alum et River, 111 3 m onths. Dec. 17, 1922. 40,000 C onstructing and delivering m otor dredge te n der, B oston, Mass. R em oving wreck of steam ship M alden, Block Isla n d Sound. B reakw ater repair work a t M arquette, M ich....... W . P . F ran cis.......................... 74 M arietta Street, A tlan ta, G a__ June 30,1922 E llis B . E d g a r......................... 116 M ohawk Avenue, Scotia, N . Y . Ju n e 12,1922 33,110 10,434 Rem odeling barracks a t C am p Jesup, Ga. Laying w ater m ain, R otterdam , N . Y __ L. K . Comstock & Co. (In c.). 21 E a s t F o rtie th S treet, New Y ork, N . Y . N ew port Contracting & E n- N ot re p o rte d ....................................... gineering Co. (Inc.). June 19,1922 58,000 4544........... May 22,1922 11,689 4550........... Sim pson Bros. C orp............... ........d o .................................................... May 8,1922 94,500 In stalling a ll electrical w ork in fuel oil storage p la n t a t Pearl H arbor, T . H . C irculating w ater suction an d discharge piping a t N aval E xperim ental an d Research Labora to ry , W ashington, D . C. B uilding substation, first-aid station, a nd dis trib u tin g system s a t n a v a l d ry dock, South B oston, Mass. B uilding powerhouse and dispensary a t N avy m ine depot, Y orktow n, V a. B uilding radio towers a t n a v a l station, T u tu ila, Samoa. H eating p la n t and distributing system a t n a v al radio station, Sayville, L . I. F or steam m ain at"navy y a rd , Norfolk, V a .......... Rem odeling m arine barracks, nav y yard, W ash ington, D .C . cois] P . J. S u lliv an .......................... 863 S outh F ifteenth Street, New a rk , N . J. T . L. D urocher Co................. D etour, M ich...................................... Dec. 31, 1922. 5 m onths, ex clusive of th e period from D ec. 1, 1922, to M ay 1, 1923. 125 davs. N ov. 1, 1922. N avy. S u b ........... 4565........... S. R . C u rtis.............................. ........d o .................................................... June 3,1922 24,857 4600........... W . F . M artens........................ ........d o ................................ May 10,1922 69,935 4578........... A lm irall & Co. (In c .)............. 1 D om inick Street, New Y ork, June 19,1922 N. Y . Jo h n W . D anforth C o........... 72 E llico tt Street, Buffalo, N . Y ... June 24,1922 George E . W right (I n c .)....... 1454 M onadnock B uilding, Chi June 26,1922 cago, 111. 26,948 22,700 4617........... 4623........... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 10,181 Ju ly 1, 1923. 150 calendar days Do. 120 calendar days. 260 calendar days. 120 calendar days. Do. Do. M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . N o rth E astern Construction 101 P a rk Avenue, New Y ork, N . Y . Co. J. S. Pack ard Dredging C o .. 1004 T u rk s H ead B uilding, Provi dence, R. I. FitzSim ons & Connell Otis B uilding, Chicago, 111.............. Dredge & Dock Co. R ichard T. Green Co............. 211 M arginal Street, Boston, Mass. 4624............ F red W . Stetigen............ 4630............ Jolms-M anville (I n e .).. 4637............ Donnell-Zane Co. (Ine.) 4641............ Miller B ros............................... 4643............ Claiborne & Taylor (In c .). . . 4648............ A llen H . Rogers...................... D aniel Contracting Co........... 4668............ N . C onnolly.............................. 66,015 221 B urw ell A venue, B rem erton, June 15,1922 W ash. R ichm ond T ru st B uilding, R ich June 24,1922 m ond, Va. 616 Colorado B uilding, W ashing ........d o ............. to n , D . C. 503 M arket Street, San Francisco, June 10,1922 Calif. 1404 N orth E ighteenth Street, June 24,1922 P hiladelphia, Pa. 8,490 8,764 79,310 12,500 13,000 34,200 39,030 F o r mooring dolphins an d tim ber pier a t n a v al base, San Diego, Calif. R epairing roofs a t n a v y yard, Puget Sound, W ash. C onstructing radio towers a t n a v y yard, Mare Islan d , Calif. C onstructing operating building a t U nited States R adio S tation, N o rth H ead, W ash. A lterations an d repairs to hotel building, m a rin e barracks, Q uantico, Va. R epairs an d alterations to buildings a t n a v a l air s ta tio n , A nacostia, D . C. D epositing rip rap a t D ike No. 12, n a v y yard, Mare Island, Calif. Steam m ain a n d trench a t n a v y yard, Philadel phia, P a. 160 calendar days. 80 calendar days. 240 calendar days. 85 calendar days. 60 calendar days. 90 calendar days. 180 calendar days. 120 calendar days. In te r io r . 27881.......... 28013.......... A ckm an, Colo. N ot rep o rted .. Seattle, W ash. B altim ore, Md June 3,1922 Ju n e 22,1922 June —,1922 June 5,1922 33,248 4,631 D rilling w ell a t San J u an , N . M ex........................... N ot reported. B uilding schoolhouse a t Carlton C ounty, M in n .. Do. Installin g engines in U . S. S. B oxer......................... Do. E recting 1 coal sam ple tak in g device in Gov 75 days. ern m e n t fuel yards, W ashington, D . C. Jerry Sw in............... Southern R oads Co. B irm ingham , Ala ----- do..................... June 6,1922 ........do 74,381 82,818 R oad, gravel, Colbert C o u n ty ___ R oad, b itu lith ic, Colbert C ounty. B lanco & T a y lo r............ Pacific C onstruction Co. Vallejo, Calif............. San Francisco, Calif. June 12,1922 ....... do............. T . P . W rig h t.................... Brooks-Calloway Co........ Stanley & Singer............. Nichols C onstruction Co. J. W . L. Y a tes................. A tla n ta , G a........ ___ do................... Lafayette, A la . . A tla n ta , G a........ Thom asville, Ga June 20,1922 June 9,1922 ....... do............. ....... do............. June 30,1922 43,683 21,005 18,209 48,717 10,369 R oad, b itu m e n m acadam , H abersham C o u n ty .. R oad, gravel an d d irt, U pson C o u n ty .................. Bridge, U pson C o u n ty ................................................ R oad, gravel, U pson C o u n ty .................................... Bridge, W o rth C o u n ty ............................................... Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. J . E . K u g h n & Sons.............. J . W . R eed & Son.................. R itzinger, Cam eron & Co__ J . C. P a rq u e tte ....................... H . F .C le m a n ........................ . Peterson, Shirley & G unther. T hom as Carey & Sons........... ----- do ......................................... ___ do......................................... Peterson, Shirley & G unther. Dows, Io w a........... F o rt Dodge, Iowa. Sigourney, Io w a.. Des Moines, Iow a. Gladbrook, M inn. O m aha, N e b r....... Des Moines, Iow a. ___ do ...................... ___ do...................... O maha, N e b r........ June 21,1922 ........do............. June 8,1922 ....... do............. Ju n e 7,1922 Ju n e 14,1922 June 29,1922 ....... do............. ....... do............. June 20,1922 20,857 24,076 27,307 5,041 6,033 45,600 14,685 55,938 98,735 16,122 R oad, gravel a n d d irt, F ran k lin C o u n ty ... ___ d o .................................................................... Roads, gravel a n d d irt, M ahaska C o u n ty .. ----- d o .................................................................... Roads, gravel a n d d irt, Chickasaw C ounty R oad, gravel a n d d irt, A dam s C o u n ty ....... R oad, gravel a n d d irt, A llam akee C o u n ty . ----- d o ............................................................... ___ d o ................................................................... Road, gravel and d irt, M adison C ounty . . . Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. May 31, 1922 12,012 R oad, gravel a nd dirt, A tchison County Do. 4,800 6,000 A g r ic u ltu r e . [371] A labam a: 108A___ 108B. . . . California: 96........... 100.......... Georgia: 43........... 268A___ 268B. . . . 268C....... 230.......... Iowa: 171.......... 171......... 70A........ 70D ........ 76........... 152.......... 161A. . . . 161B . . . . 170.......... 169D. . . . K ansas: 83B ........ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis F red G runderm an & Sons... N etaw aka, K ans 216,550 R oad, concrete, Merced C ounty 125,586 ........do ............................................... N ot reported. Do. Do. Do. 141 J. F . Stites & S o n . .. .. . N ot rep o rted ................... A tlas Gas Engine C o. . . Chesapeake Iron W orks E M P L O Y M E N T AND U N E M P L O Y M E N T . 4653............ 428 Tim ken B uilding, San Diego, Tune 19,1922 Calif. Forty-first Street a n d Madison June 5,1922 A venue, New Y ork, N . Y . 233 B roadw ay, New Y ork, N . Y . . June 23,1922 Contractor. D epartm ent and contract No. C ontract. N ature of contract. Name. 142 R E C E N T CO N STR U CTIO N CO NTR A C TS E N T E R E D IN T O B Y T H E V A R IO U S D E P A R T M E N T S O F T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S—Continued. Address. Tim e lim it. A m ount. Date. A g r ic u ltu r e — Continued. 6 Vermillion Construction C o.. B arbourville, K y . . . Taylor, Petrie Co.................... Lew isport, K y ....... George M. E a d y ...................... Louisville, K y .................................... June 22, 1922 .d o .......... .d o .......... $20,410 14 457 189 098 Road, gravel and d irt, Laurel C o u n ty ................. R oad, gravel and d irt, H enderson C ounty........... R oad, bitum en-m acadam , B arren C ounty........... N ot reported. Do. W . H . D o ra n ........................... Jam es H . K e rr........................ H assam Paving Co................. Jos. M cCormick...................... P o rtlan d Construction Co. . . M urtagh H ughes..................... ........d o ......................................... Fish B ro th ers.......................... Am os D. Bridges Sons (In c ). H assam Paving Co................. F. B. H astings^....................... Fish B ro th ers.......................... R . H . Newell Co..................... Frissell Engineering Co......... McCabe & G iovanni............... . Mercer, M e.. .Tnno 23, 1922 R um ford, M e...................................... .d o .......... W orcester, M ass................................. .d o ............ E a st Providence, R . I ... .do . . Po rtlan d , M e.. . . . . . „ .......... .d o ............ B angor, M e.......................................... . .d o ............ .d o ............ do N orth Anson, M e............................... May 26, 1922 . . .d o ............ H azardville, C onn............................. W orcester, M ass............ .do ___ B ridgeport, C onn........................... .d o .......... N o rth Anson, M e............................... .. .d o ............ U xbridge, M ass............... .do . . G ard in er, M ass__ . .d o ... B o sto n , M ass.......... .d o ......... 32,064 Road, gravel, Oxford C ounty......................... 46 101 ........doT................................... ) ..................................... 50,717 R oad, reinforced concrete, Penobscot C ounty__ 191 120 R oad, reinforced concrete, C um berland C o u n ty .. 55 992 R oad, reinforced concrete, Penobscot C ounty__ 47)228 R oad, gravel, Aroostook C o u n ty ............................. 8,236 . .. d o ..................................................................... 113,773 Road, reinforced concrete, Androscoggin C ounty. 40 680 Road, gravel, O xford C ounty................................... 73,447 R oad, reinforced concrete, K ennebec C ounty___ 25,954 R oad, gravel, Penobscot C o u n ty ............................. 46,602 R oadj bitum en,m acadam , Androscoggin C ounty. 79^ 386 R oad, gravel, Penobscot C o u n ty ............................. __d o .............................................................................. 58 637 58,659 R oad, gravel, Aroostook C o u n ty ............................. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. A. F a rm e r................... D . A . H am en an C o............... K aufm an C onstruction C o... E . H . Schm idt............... E asto n , M d ............ June 20, 1922 Salisbury, M d.................................... ........d o ............. D enton, M d........................ .do B altim ore, M d ....................... June 10, 1922 58,272 120,904 63' 314 42,080 R oad, reinforced concrete, T a lb o t C o u n ty ............ R oadj reinforced concrete, W orcester C ounty___ R oad, p lain concrete, Caroline C ounty.................. R oad” gravel an d d irt, Anne A rundelC oiH ity___ Do. Do. Do. Do. H anscom C onstruction C o ... B oston, M ass..................................... June 13, 1922 T. J. Q u in n ........................ A shton, R. I ...................................... ........d o ............. Rowe C onstruction C o .. M alden, M ass................................ .. . d o . . . . 119,803 221,951 189,082 R oad, bitum en-m acadam , B erkshire C ounty___ R oad, bitum en-m acadam , H am pshire C o u n ty ... R oad, reinforced concrete, E ssex C o u n ty ............. Do. Do. Do. Ju ly 5, 1922 26,201 B ridge, B erkshire C ounty.......................................... Do. June 15,1922 ........do . . . . June 22, 1922 June 23, 1922 June 24, 1922 June 8, 1922 184,092 27' 427 35,169 50. 791 43,713 32,500 Road, gravel, M adison C ounty.................................. R oadj gravel a nd dirt, D ade "County...................... Road, gravel, Texas County...................................... R oad, concrete, C lark C ounty.................................. R oad, gravel, Greene County................................... R oadi gravel and dirt, C edarC ouiity....................... Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Frisell Engineering C o .. G ardner, M ass............................... H ogan & H um phries . A. B ram er & Sons.......... Cooper C onstruction Co .. Cam eron Joyce & Co. . . . Oliver C onstruction Co . E asley B rothers...................... L ittle Rock, A rk __ M onett, M o l...................................... St. Louis, M o......................... K eokuk, Io w a ............ L ittle Rock, A rk .. A urora, M o l........................................ M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . [372] K entucky: 29C........ 51B.......... 28B ......... Maine: 35........... 32............. 53............. 12............. 43............. 51............. 47... 13 ......... 31............. 40 .......... 44............. 46............. 48............. 49 50 M aryland: 55 76............. 73... 68............. Massachusetts: 44B ....... 44C.......... 69........ Michigan: 74........... Missouri: 101B. . . 159B........ 109A___ 172........... 190. 74A .......... Short & B ra m e r___ A llahands & Davis. W . A. R eynolds__ M. E . Gillioz............ L ittle & D ean......... M. E. G illioz........... L ittle & D e a n ......... M onett, M o........ Joplin, M o.......... M arble Hill, Mo. M onett, M o........ Paris, T e n n ........ M onett, M o........ Paris, T e n n ....... June 9, 1922 June 8, 1922 June 9, 1922 R ich & M arkies............. Illinois Steel Bridge Co. Missoula, M ont. St. Paul, M inn. June 9,1922 ..d o ............ June 15,1922 ■N o t reported. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ..do........... . .do........... Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 58,425 36,207 R oad, gravel a n d d irt, G ranite C o u n ty ---B ridge, G ranite C o u n ty .................................. Do. Do. 21,804 B ridge, K nox a n d B oyd C ounties............... Do. .do........... .do.......... .do.......... .do........... .do........... .do........... .do........... .do.......... .do.......... 22,967 27,478 26,172 5,580 46,031 15,269 22,006 31,017 13,874 R oad, gravel a n d dirt, S tanton C ounty— R oad, gravel a n d dirt, W ayne C o u n ty ----R oad, gravel, M orrill C ounty........................ R oad, gravel a n d d irt, C um ing C ounty ---R oad, gravel a n d d irt, Sheridan C o u n ty ... R oad, gravel an d d irt, N em aha C o u n ty ... R oad, gravel a n d d irt, Cheyenne C o u n ty .. R oad, gravel a n d d irt, Otoe C o u n ty ............ Bridge, M adison C o u n ty ................................. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. 8,863 48,682 18,390 12,800 11,883 13,713 50,788 12,862 616 R oad, gravel a n d d irt, H o lt C o u n ty ............ R oad, gravel, Y ork C o u n ty ........................... R oad, gravel a n d d irt, K eith C ounty.......... R oad, gravel a n d d irt, Thayer C ou nty. . . . R oad, gravel an d d irt, Nuckolls C o u n ty ... R oad, gravel an d d irt, H o lt C o u n ty ............ R oad, R ock C ounty......................................... R oad, gravel an d dirt, Buffalo C o u n ty ---Bridge, Gosper C ounty................................... Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. . .d o .......... June 15,1922 ........do........... ........do........... June 16,1922 ........d o .. . . ........d o . . . . ........do. . . . ........d o .. . . ........d o .. . . ........d o .. . . ........d o .. . . 24,986 17,666 « 13,200 167,063 9,280 31,369 10,758 20,508 27,315 30,192 1,841 Road, gravel a n d dirt, Gosper C ounty----R oad, gravel a n d d irt, K im ball county....... R oad, gravel a n d d irt, C uster C o u n ty ....... R oad, gravel a n d d irt, Sherm an C o u n ty .. R oad, bitulithic, Douglas C ounty .............. R oad, gravel an d dirt, A ntelope C o u n ty .. R oad.gravel a n d dirt, L ancaster C ounty. 3 bridges, Lancaster C ounty........................ R oad, gravel a n d dirt, Frontier C o u n ty ... R oad, gravel a n d d irt, Clay cou n ty ........... R oad, gravel a n d d irt, Douglas C o u n ty ... R oad, p la in concrete, Douglas C ounty----- Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. ........d o . . . . ........d o .. . . ........d o .. . . June 15,1922 33,960 R oad, gravel a n d d irt, Douglas C ou n ty ..) 6,181 ........d o ...................... - ......................................... 19,406 R oad, gravel, K earney C ounty................... 100,806 R oad, gravel, Lincoln C ounty..................... Do. Do. Do. Do. 143 W estern Bridge & Construc O maha, Nebr. tio n Co. Peterson, Shirley & G unther ___ d o ...................... ___ d o ...................... ___d o ................................... Bridgeport, N ebr. C ounty B o ard.................... Peterson, Shirley & Gunther. O maha, N ebr___ 8 8 C .. ___d o ........................................ ....... d o .................... 108... .do. ___d o ........................................ 116A. .do. ___d o ........................................ 130B. .do. ___d o ........................................ 133A . .d o . W estern Bridge & Construc 139B. tio n Co. .d o . 139E........ Peterson, Shirley & G unther .d o . ___ d o ....................................... 143B.. .d o . ....... d o ......................................... 146B.. .d o . ....... d o ......................................... 164A.. .d o . Phelan & Shirley.................... 164B.. .d o . Peterson, Shirley & Gunther. 168A.. .d o . ........d o ......................................... 168B.. .d o . Lam eraux B ros....................... 181.... , .d o . W estern Bridge & Construc 184... tio n Co. Peterson, Shirley & Gunther. ___d o ......................... 1 8 4 .. . Peterson, Shirley & G unther. O m aha, N eb r........... 186A . C. T. W helan........................... N orth P la tte , N ebr. 188A. L am eraux B ros........................ O m aha, N e b r........... 195A. Allied Construction Co. (In c ). ___ do ......................... 20. . .. Peterson, Shirley & Gunther, ....... do ..... ................... 139E. J. W .M cG en............................ Lincoln, N ebr........... 175B. Pioneer Constructing Co----- ___ do.......................... 175B. P. helan & S hirley................... O m aha, N eb r........... 1 7 6 .. ___ do......... ................ ........do......................................... 1 82.. . Peterson, Shirley & Gunther, ___ do.......................... 18 3 .. . Central Bridge & Construc W ahoo, N e b r.......... . 183.. . tion Co. P helan & Shirley.................... O m aha, N ebr. 187. Peterson, Shirley & G unther. ........d o .............. 189. ....... d o ............... ........d o ................................. 196. ....... d o ............... Allied Construction Co.. 170. 7 0 A .. 70B . . 79A.. .do........... June 24, 1922 45,695 R oad, g ravel,B arry C ounty........................... 4,112 R oad, gravel a nd dirt, H enry C o u n ty ........ 73,333 R oad, gravel, Bollinger C ounty .................... 126,708 ___ d o .................................................................... 31,922 R oad, gravel, B u tle r C ounty......................... 57.812 ....... d o .................................................................... 69,960 ___ d o ................................................................... EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT’. 124___ 133B.. 174A.. 174B.. 5 8 A ... 58B . . . 58C___ M ontana: 78........ 1 7 4 .... Nebraska: 1 4 B ... Contractor. D epartm ent No. Contr N ature of contract. Name. 144 R E C E N T CO N STR U CTIO N CONTRACTS E N T E R E D IN T O B Y T H E V A RIO U S D E P A R T M E N T S O F T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S—Concluded. Address. Date. Tim e lim it. A m ount. A g r ic u ltu re — https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis W ichita, K a n s .................................... June 12,1922 $6,596 Bridge, Garfield C ounty................................... ........do June 13,1922 June 12,1922 Ju n e 13,1922 ........do.. . __do.. . .do ___do. 7,674 12,417 10,019 7,163 6,890 7,503 5,123 1,549 R oad, p lain concrete, D akota C o u n ty .......... R oad, gravel a nd dirt, B urt C ounty............. R oad, gravel, D akota C ounty......................... R oad, gravel an d dirt, Saline C ounty........... Bridge, Polk C ounty......................................... R oad, gravel an d d irt, W ashington C ounty R oad, gravel a n d d irt Saline, C ounty........... Bridge, Sioux C ounty........................................ Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. ......... d o ................................................... ____do. _. W ahoo, N e b r................... . .do « 4,507 ........d o ................................................................... Road, p la in concrete, Sarpy C ounty............. Do. Do. K an sas City, K a n s............................ June 12,1922 O m aha, N e b r................. June 13,1922 .do ........d o ............................ ........do .................................................... ........do. ___ 3,916 25,339 12,029 4,921 Bridge, H am ilton C ounty................................ R oad, gravel, P la tte C ounty........................... R oad, gravel a n d dirt, Fillm ore C o u n ty ___ R oad, gravel an d dirt, G arden C o u n ty ........ Do. Do. Do. Do. Ju n e 14,1922 29,976 R oad, gravel, Churchill C o u n ty ..................... Do. M anchester, N. H ................. June 13,1922 Fitchburg, M ass......... Ju n e 30,1922 Concord, H .................................... __d o ........... 67,331 31,730 32,679 R oad, W . B. m acadam , M errimack C o u n ty ........ R oad, reinforced concrete, Sullivan C o u n ty ......... R oad, bitum en m acadam , Sullivan C ounty........ Do. Do. Do. 89,873 R oad, reinforced concrete, S teuben C ounty.......... 125,749 R oad, reinforced concrete, O neida C ounty........... 119,983 ....... dO............................................................................... 204,435 R oad, reinforced concrete, Seneca C o u n ty ............ 175,949 R oad ,b itu m en macadam , W ashington C o u n ty .. 194,878 R oad, reinforced concrete, S t. Law rence C o u n ty .. 97,931 R oad, reinforced concrete, Jefferson C o u n ty ........ 260,480 R oad, reinforced concrete, Suffolk C ounty ........... 284,930 Road,reinforced concrete, S t. Law rence C o u n ty .. 210,645 R oad, reinforced concrete, Livingston C o u n ty ... 185,179 R oad, reinforced concrete, Schyler C o u n ty .......... Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. O m aha, N e b r...................................... ........d o ............... ........d o .................................................... ........do .......... Osceola, N eb r............................ O m aha, N e b r................... ........d o .................... ........d o .................................................... Fallon, N ev........... H ornell, N .Y . . Ju n e 13,1922 do U tica, Ñ . Y ............ . dó............. .do W ate ríoo, N . Y .......... .do Jam aica, L . I ................ .do.. W aterto w n , N . Y . . . .do. .do.. Jam aica, L . I ............ Y onkers, N . Y ............... June 30,1922 C hateaugay, N .Y __ do . . d o .. M t. M orris, N .Y ........ W atk in s, Ñ . Y .................................... ....... do.............. N ot reported. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. C ontinued. N e b r a ska— Continued. 34A.......... Southern K ansas Construetio n Co. 49A .......... Peterson, Shirley & G unther. 49D .......... P h elan & S hirley.................... 49E .......... Peterson, Shirley & G unther. 55B .......... ........do ......................................... 86............. C ounty B o ard .......................... 91B .......... P h elan & Shirley.................... 98C........... ........do......................................... 102A........ W estern Bridge & Construc tio n Co. 102B........ Peterson, Shirley & G u n th er 107C......... C entral Bridge & Construc tio n Co. 156A........ Pioneer Construction C o .. . . 180............ Peterson, Shirley & G unther. 185............ P h e la n & Shirley.................... 192A ........ Peterson, Shirley & Gunther. N evada: 45............. J. N. T edford........................... New H am pshire: 139............ L. A. S h attu ck Co.................. 144............ R alp h E . B u ll....................... 145............ Colburn Construction Co___ New York: 26............. Lee D ennison........................ 119A ........ Fred A . P o tte r......................... 119B........ ........do.................................. 176............ E . W . Foley C onstruction Co. 192............ Gifford C onstruction Co........ 195............ W m . J . Sem per....................... 206........... Gifford C onstruction Co........ 83B .......... W estchester C onstruction Co. 84............. W . T . T haver & Co............... 106............ C. A . Foote & Son.................. 116........... J . W . G u rn ett.......................... 147 A 87 145 70 . 138 146. 157 157 Ohio: 201 23 X 258 225 257 251 947 256 TT 956 1X2 245 25X 1*45 14X 252 O klahom a: 55 12E R oad, reinforced concrete, Onondaga C ounty— R oad, reinforced concrete, F ran k lin C ounty ........ R oad, reinforced concrete, C hautauqua C o u n ty .. Do. Do. Do. 4,729 1,935 30,677 3,397 1,263 R oad, gravel and dirt, B arnes C o u n ty ... ___do................................................................ ___do................................................................ ___do................................................................ D o. 8,112 ___do................................................................ R oad, gravel and d irt, R o lette C o u n ty .. ___d o .............................................................. R oad, gravel and d irt, R am sey C o u n ty . ___do.............................................................. ■ R oad, gravel a nd dirt, Sargent C o u n ty .. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 1,225 B ridge, Sargent C o u n ty ................................ 21,202 R oad, gravel a nd d irt, B o ttineau C ounty. 17,691 ....... do............................................ ..................... 7,258 R oad, gravel an d d irt, Nelson C ounty ---6,087 ....... do................................................................... 8,313 ___ do.................................................................. 10,333 R oad, gravel and d irt, B enson C o u n ty ... 1,447 Bridge, B enson C o u n ty ................................. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. C. A . Foote & Sons................ Mt. Morris, N . Y ................................ ....... d o ... A . V . Ben C onstruction C o .. Thom pson, Conn............................... ....... do... Sherm an, N . Y ................................... ___'.d o ... H . C. Howe 279,847 69,325 179,782 St. Cloud, M inn.................................. Fargo, N . D a k .................................... S t. Cloud, M inn.................................. M inot, N . D a k ................................... ....... do..................................................... St. Cloud, M inn.................................. St. Johns, N . D ak .............................. B ottineau, N . D a k ............................ Jam estow n, N . D ak.......................... Cando, N . D a k ................................... R u tla n d , N . D a k ............................... Ju n e 19, ....... do... ....... do... ....... do... ....... do... ....... do... Ju n e 23, ....... do... Ju n e 22, ___.d o ./. Ju n e 8, M illbank, S. D a k ............................... St. P a u l,’M inn.................................... Leeds, M. D a k .................................... Jam estow n, N . D ak.......................... ....... do........ ..................... . ................... ....... do..................................................... H arlow , N . D a k ................................. Fargo, N . D a k .................................... ....... do... June 15, ....... do... Ju n e 17, ....... d o ... ....... do... Ju n e 16, ....... d o ... Stanley Bros ................... J_ A..Tardine Stanley Bros. . F . M • H aas Co__ d o.. Stanley Bros Jo h n C oghlan........................... E . A. Moline .. W . H . N oel. TTiinhar Ac Mr,Coy P eter O nsrud & Aiel Nodstrom . Pendergast, Bridge Co Stevens Bros. C. M- Podgett,. W . H . Noel. . d o .. do........... F O . & A . J . P eterso n .. Eargo Bridue Ac Tron Co .. T) orsey Con s tm rti on Co N ew ark Paving & Construc tio n Co. Tamps M. Carev Chester General Construction Co. M odern Construction C o .. . . P an h is Stone, Co R epublic A sphalt Paving Co. TT E D m sekel_ L asey R o ad Construction Co ITprilrel Ac Sullivan .......... TlU’n rr C o n s t r n r t io n Co PT T A ir A rthurs Co............... W astrick, K rouse & Skreves F in d lay , Ohio..................................... Ju n e 1, N ew ark, Ohio..................................... ....... do./. 122,830 214,310 Ada, O hio............................................ May 31, Columbiana, Ohio............................. May 19, 90,965 87,719 May 31, ....... do.. ....... do.. ....... do.. ....... do... June 9, May 31, ........d o .. Central Paving Co F rem ont, Ohio.................................... K enton, O h io ..................................... D ay to n , O hio..................................... K enton, O hio..................................... .d o .................................................... C incinnati, O hio................................ Y oungstown, Ohio............................ K enton, O hio..................................... Napoleon, O hio................................. Defiance, O hio................................... H am ilton, Ohio.................................. TTinron Bros Ban A Bprt.on Muskogee, O kla................................. June 27, Tulsa, O kla......................................... ........d o .. R o g e r D o o n st, Oregon: 1 4fl 23............. 15,453 5,186 8,725 14,149 11,576 June 1, ........d o .. ........d o .. Elliott, Scoggins & P acq u et.. Portland, Oreg................................... May 22, P j o n r e r Constrnrtion Co. ... ........d o .................................................... June 1, G rant Sm ith Co...................... Seattle, W ash ..................................... June 9, ___ d o ............................................................................ R oad, Mono, brick, A shland C ounty R oad, brick, M arion C o u n ty .............. Do. Do. R oad, m acadam surface t r ., H a rd in C ounty R oad, brick, Carroll C ounty............................. Do. Do. 194,479 R oad, brick, Sandusky C o u n ty ............................... 134,508 R oad, brick, Seneca C ounty...................................... 120,422 R oad, b itu m e n concrete, A llen C ounty ................. 59,593 R oad, b itu m e n m acadam , H a rd in C o u n ty ........... 90,154 ___ do................................................................................ 106,795 R oad, bitu m e n concrete, H am ilto n C ounty---73,418 Road, cem ent, Portage C ounty................................ 140,950 Road, K entucky rock, H a rd in C o u n ty ................. 97,432 Road, Allen County..................................................... 168,916 Road, plain concrete, M ercer C ounty..................... 28,477 R oad, bitu m en m acadam , Seneca C ounty........... Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 27,531 125,686 Do. Do. Road, b itum en m acadam , M uskogee County — Road, p la in concrete, T ulsa C o u n ty ....................... 72,288 R oad, gravel, D eschutes C ounty............ 8,261 B ridge, M eCurtain C ounty....................... 115,625 I Road, gravel a nd d irt, Lincoln County EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT, 1X5 1X6 197 N . D akota: 156 156 124 124 47 47 160 160 153A 153B 147A Do. Do. Do. N ot reported. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Ul D ep artm en t an d contract No. C ontract. Contractor. N ature of contract. Address. Name. 146 R E C E N T C O N STR U CTIO N C O N TR A C TS E N T E R E D IN T O B Y T H E V A R IO U S D E P A R T M E N T S O P T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S —Concluded. D ate. Tim e lim it. A m ount. A g r ic u ltu re — Concluded. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Road, reinforced concrete, M cK ean County. ___d o ..................................................................... ___d o ..................................................................... N ot reported. Do. Do. E m p o riu m , Pa. Tibanon, P a . . . ___ d o ................. June 27,1922 ....... d o ............. ....... d o ............. 197,134 112,681 151,328 Florence, S. C .. Colum bia, S. C. June 22,1922 June 26,1922 5,531 38,098 D enison, T e x ----___ d o ..................... M arshall, T e x ___ ___ d o ..................... C rockett, T e x ___ F o rt W orth, Tex. ___ d o ..................... ___ d o ..................... ___ d o ..................... ___ d o ..................... K rum , T e x .......... Loraine, T ex ........ Juno 17,1922 ___ d o ............. June 20,1922 ....... d o ............. June 21,1922 June 8,1922 ....... d o ............. ....... d o ............. ....... d o ............. ___ d o ............. ....... d o ............. Ju ly 3,1922 89,246 137,984 54, Oil 87,765 172,665 117,820 103,886 38,708 64,756 59,957 10,545 44,327 Norfolk, V a. Leehall, V a. June 27,1922 ....... d o ............. 209,504 Road, concrete, Jam es City 89,536 ........d o ...................................... Seattle, W ash. June 140,694 W illiam sport, P a . June 12,1922 68,015 R oad, gravel and dirt, Morgan County Do. Mifflin, W is........... June 13,1922 14,247 Road, gravel and dirt, Grant County. Do. 13,708 23,019 R oad, gravel and dirt, Iowa C ounty.......... R oad, plain concrete, L a F a y e tte County Do. Do. ___ d o .......... B eloit, W is. 9,1922 .d o . .d o . Bridge, B erkeley County. 2 bridges, U nion C ounty. Do. Do. Road, concrete, L am ar County............... ___ d o ............................................................. Road, gravel a nd d irt, H arrison County ....... d o ............................................................. Road, gravel, T rinity C ounty.................. Road, gravel and d irt, Collin C o u n ty ... ___ d o ............................................................. ___ d o ............................................................. ___ d o ............................................................. ___ d o ............................................................. . . do ............................................................. B ridge, M itchell C ounty........................... Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. R oad, gravel and dirt, K ittitas County. Do. Do. Do. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, [376] P e n n s y lv a nia: George Mezger, jr. ...................... 141 142 ...................... D. C. Risser........... 143 ___ ...................... d o ...................... S outh Caro lina: Chitwood & P alm er............... 63........... 175.......... G eneral R oad & Drainage Construction Co. Texas: 296.......... Ju lian C. F ield Co.............. 295.......... ___ d o .................................... 192B___ Colke & T u rn e r................... 192A. . . . ....... d o .................................... 225.......... S m ith B ros.......................... 126A___ T ib b etts Construction Co.. 126B. . . . ___ d o .................................... 126A___ ___ d o .................................... 126D___ ___ d o .................................... 126E___ ....... d o .................................... 234.......... L. B. South.......................... 275.......... B row n A bbott Co............... Virginia: 179.......... J. V. A ddenbrook’s Sons. 165.......... S. R . Curtiss & Son.......... W ashington: Charles T. Jordan. 1............. W e s t V ir ginia: 107.......... W .J .& T .G . G erh art. W isconsin: 141.......... Iow a County Construction Co. ....... d o ........................................ 180. W illiam M cGavock. . . : ........ 311. EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. [377] https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 148 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Unemployment in Foreign Countries.1 INCE the last publication in the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w (June, 1922, pp. 138 to 143) of data on unem ploym ent in foreign countries, the situation as regards the state of employ m ent abroad has generally improved, the Irish Free State, Austria, and Canada being the only countries reporting a slight increase in unem ploym ent. Briefly summarized, the situation in the individual countries at the latest date for which data are available is the following: Great B r ita in .—Em ploym ent during May, though still bad gen erally, was slightly b e tte r than in April. In the tinplate, cotton, jute, hosiery, and wool textile industries, and in the clothing trades, the im provem ent previously reported was m aintained, and there was also a slight im provem ent in the building and p ottery trades. There was a decline, however, in employment a t coal mines, and certain trades, notably iron and steel m anufacture and some other sections of the m etal industries were adversely affected by the continuance of the engineering dispute. Among dock laborers em ploym ent was m oderate; w ith seamen there was also an im provem ent, and employ m ent was fair on the whole. In agriculture there was a further decrease in unemployment, b u t the supply of labor was still generally in excess of the demand. The British press is expressing great gratification over the improved situation of the labor m arket, it being hoped th a t the enormous expenditures of the Governm ent for unem ploym ent relief will gradu ally decrease. In reply to a question in the House of Commons on May 19, the M inister of Labor stated th a t since the arm istice the Governm ent has disbursed £144,000,000 ($700,776,000, par) for unem ploym ent benefits and out-of-work donation and an even larger am ount for unem ploym ent relief works and other direct and indirect forms of assistance (resettlem ent training, civil liabilities grants, overseas settlem ent, trade facilities scheme, export credit scheme, acceleration of governm ent contracts, land settlem ent for ex-service men, loans under the land facilities act of 1919, etc.). The m inister also stated th a t the present average weekly rate of expenditure on unem ploym ent benefit is approxim ately £1,100,000 ($5,353,150, par), and the corresponding figure for outdoor relief of the unem ployed is £247,000 ($1,202,026, par). Ir is h Free S ta te .—U nem ploym ent shows a distinct increase in the 26 counties. The official figures by the M inistry of Labor for the week ended May 8, 1922, show th a t the num ber of unem ployed was 44,032, an increase over the previous week by 1,001. The increase affects men, women, and boys. The following are the employment exchanges S 1 The sources from w hich th e inform ation contained in th is article is compiled are shown in the table on pages 153 an d 154. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [378] EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. 149 at which the largest num ber of applicants for work appear on the live registers: U nem ployed on live register. Exchanges. May 1, 1922. D u b lin ................................................ C ork..................................................... L im erick............................................. W aterford........................................... Q ueenstow n...................................... W exford............................................. T ralee.................................................. 10,104 7,244 2,114 1,838 1,190 1.341 1,123 May 8, 1922. 11,611 6,875 2,342 1,898 1,236 1,102 1., 164 G erm any .—The Reichs-A rbeitsblatt of May 31, 1922, in its sum m ary concerning employment conditions in April states th a t the favorable condition of the labor m arket hitherto prevailing continued during April and th a t employment as a whole was entirely satisfactory. Various signs were regarded as indicating th a t some branches of industry had reached their m aximum of activity, and doubts were expressed as to w hether this condition could be m aintained, especially by industries which depend upon export trade and the im port of raw m aterials from abroad. The num ber of totally unemployed persons in receipt of out-ofwork donation fell from 116,302 (95,150 men and 21,152 women) on April 1 to 69,017 (53,343 men and 15,674 women) on May 1, or by 40.7 p er cent. F rance .—The scanty official d a ta published on em ploym ent indi cate a norm al situation of the labor m arket w ith hardly any unem ploym ent. Ita ly .—A t the end of April the num ber of totally unemployed had fallen to 432,372 from the high level of 606,818 a t the end of January, 1922. The num ber of short and part-tim e workers also showed a decrease. The im provem ent in the situation of the labor m arket is largely due to increased employment in outdoor occupations (agri culture and building trades). In m anufacturing industries the situ ation is still very serious, and the Government is doing its utm ost to relieve it by v ast expenditures for civil works. B e lg iu m .—R eturns relating to March, 1922, were received by the Belgian M inistry of In d u stry and Labor from 1,841 unem ploym ent funds, w ith an aggregate membership of 729,666. On the last work ing day of the m onth 38,050, or 5.2 per cent, were totally unemployed and 28,912 partially so. The per cent of totally unemployed members a t the end of the preceding m onth was 5.8. The aggregate days of unem ploym ent in March num bered 1,079,522 as compared w ith 1,415,795 in February. The N etherlands .—A report of the American Consulate a t R o tter dam dated May 31, 1922, states th a t there was little or no change in the industrial situation during the m onth. German com petition con tinued to be felt especially in the m achinery, hardware, m inor iron and steel products, leather goods (especially footwear), ready-m ade clothing, carpet, paper, dye, and ceramics industries. There was a m arked falling off in the demand for the o u tput of the oleomargarine factories and fat and oil products generally. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [379] A 150 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Conditions in the labor m arket continued bad. The earthenware factories in Lim burg had to curtail their output, unemployment among cigar workers again increased, tanning establishm ents and leather workers generally had to reduce their o u tput while the abnor m al condition among diamond workers continued. There was an im provem ent in the condition of the textile workers though the textile business is reported as unsatisfactory. M etal workers continued to be laid off due to the general depression in engineering lines. Switzerland.—During the m onth of May there was a further decrease in the num ber of totally unemployed and short-tim e workers, as well as in th a t of unemployed persons in receipt of unem ploym ent relief. Denmark.—During May unem ploym ent decreased considerably, having fallen below the level of a year ago. The decrease was chiefly due to increased employment in the building trades. In all other industries the situation of the labor m arket was still as bad as a year ago. Unem ploym ent in both the building trades and m anufac turing industries was still more than four times as extensive as in pre war times. The fate of a num ber of Danish industries still hangs in the balance, and until foreign exchange becomes more stabilized it would seem dangerous to view the situation w ith too m uch optimism. According to a report of the American consulate a t Copenhagen the total num ber of unemployed was 54,932 on May 19, 1922, as against 74,041 on April 28. Norway.—The American consulate a t Christiania reports th a t there was an increase of unem ploym ent in Norway during the early p art of the first quarter of 1922, the estim ated total of unemployed per sons on Jan u ary 25, 1922, having been 47,300, as against 39,000 at the beginning of the year. During the latte r p a rt of the quarter the num ber of unemployed persons decreased, however, chiefly as the result of the opening of the fishing season, and on March 10, 1922, the num ber of unemployed persons was estim ated at 44,400. Sweden.—R eturns of employment exchanges for the m onth of April indicate an im provem ent in the general trend of the labor m arket throughout the country. The im provem ent is not so much evident from the mere figures of these reports, although even these show a decrease in the excess of applicants for work over vacancies, which of late has been considerable, than from the fact th a t in a num ber of industry groups in various parts of the country there m anifests itself a beginning demand for labor for actually productive work, while previously in m any districts relief works were alm ost the only available openings for employment. The lockout in the saw mills (settled on May 17) m arkedly influenced the labor m arket in the northern districts. Increased activity is reported by m achinery works and the stone industry. Among the industries in which the conclusion of collective agree m ents was still pending in April there should be m entioned in the first place the building industry. Increased activity in building could not be expected as long as the wage question rem ained unsettled. I t is, however, reported th a t a wage agreement was concluded in the building trades on May 16. A t the beginning of April labor conflicts were also interfering w ith work in paper mills and electrical installation, b u t these conflicts were adjusted during the first part https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [380] EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. 151 of the m onth. Owing to the late spring the demand for agricultural labor was less brisk than ordinarily a t this time of the year. A report of the American legation dated June 8, 1922, states th a t the question of appropriations for the unemployed, which it was a t one time believed m ight bring about a Governm ent crisis, has been passed upon quietly by the Riksdag. The m em orandum of the finance committee has been accepted with little argum ent. In order to continue the unem ploym ent doles and relief work as at present, 50.000. 000 kroner (113,400,000, par) have been appropriated for the rest of this calendar year. This will m ake the total expendi tures for this purpose 85,000,000 kroner ($22,780,000, par) for the year 1922. No attention has been paid to the extreme left’s criticism of the unem ploym ent commission, and this commission will continue to disburse the relief funds. The plan of the comm ittee to expend 15.000. 000 kroner ($4,020,000, par) on S tate orders to Swedish in dustry has been ratified. These orders will be given to Swedish companies a t reasonable prices. Austria.—According to a statem ent issued by the labor chamber 41,970 unemployed were receiving the State dole a t the end of March. Of these, 23,591 were in Vienna, 5,518 in Lenz and the rem ainder in Wiener N eustadt, St. Polten, Salzburg, and Graz, each having about 2,000 unemployed, and in Leoben, K lagenfurt, Innsbruck, and Bregenz w ith 200 to 500 unemployed. The total num ber of unemployed a t the end of March was about 82.000, of whom 37,000 were in the city of Vienna. Czechoslovakia.—Labor conditions continued unsettled during April, although statistics issued by the M inistry of Social Welfare showed a decrease of 6,000 in the num ber of unemployed receiving support from the State. The num ber of unemployed supported by the State in April was 32,500. Of this num ber, 19,400 were in Bohemia, 9,100 in Moravia and Silesia, and 4,000 in Slovakia and Russinia. Canada.—Em ploym ent as reported by employers showed a decidedly upward trend during April, a great deal of the increase being due to the spring expansion in the out-of-door industries. Em ploym ent during April was practically on the same level as during the same m onth of 1921. The m ost pronounced increases in activity during the m onth under review occurred in railroad construction and m aintenance; employers in th a t industry added over 6,000 to their staffs, largely in the prairie Provinces. The gains reported in sawmills were also extensive, providing work for approxim ately 5,800 persons. Building construction was very much more active, and highway construction also employed a substantially larger num ber of workers. Toward the latte r p a rt of April the logging industry showed considerable expansion, especially in Quebec; this gain was, however, of a tem porary character, representing river driving operations. The recommencement of the extension and im provem ent work begun last autum n on the Toronto municipal street railway caused large additions to the staff in the local transportation division. Increases in employment on a smaller scale than in the groups m entioned above occurred during April in fish canneries, in pulp, paper, tobacco, glass, brick and cement plants and in petroleum refineries. The mining of m etallic ores and of nonm etallic minerals https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [381] 152 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. other than coal also showed expansion. Em ploym ent in the iron and steel industries was in somewhat lessened volume during April, chiefly on account of the shutdow n in the railway car shops. Some depres sion was also recorded in agricultural implements. The textile in dustries were slacker during April than for several previous months, especially in the garm ent, thread, yarn, and cloth divisions. The tendency in coal mining was unfavorable, reductions in employ m ent being recorded in Nova Scotia, especially in the early p a rt of the m onth; while in A lberta and parts of British Columbia an indus trial dispute involving m any mine workers caused the situation to be unsettled. The operating departm ents of the railroads reported some concentrations in staff, especially in the m aritim e Provinces. Unem ploym ent as indicated by returns tabulated from 1,412 trade-unions w ith an aggregate membership of 141,505 members showed a m inor increase a t the end of April, although the situation was much more favorable than during the same period in 1921. The percentage of unem ploym ent stood a t 10.4 for the m onth under review as compared w ith 9.6 in the preceding m onth and w ith 16.3 in April of last year. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis SUM MARY O F L A T E S T R E P O R T S ON U N E M PL O Y M E N T IN F O R E IG N C O U N T R IE S . Country. G reat B r ita in 1 Date. May 2 2 ,1 9 2 2 N um ber or per cent of unem ployed. 1,598,888 (num ber of unem ploym ent books lodged), representing 13.5 per cent of all persons insured against u n em ploym ent. 16.4 per cent of trade-union m em bers___ May 8,1922 G erm an y .................... May 1,1922 44,032 (num ber of unem ploym ent books lodged). 69,017 received unem ploym ent donations. D o ......................... Apr. 29,1922 0.9 per cent of trade-union m embers. [383] Ju n e 23,1922 4,534 persons'in receipt of unem ploym ent benefits from dep artm ental and m u nicipal unem ploym ent funds. D o ........................ Ju n e 17,1922 9,819 persons on th e live register of em ploym ent exchanges. 432,372 persons to tally unem ployed, 135,964 short-tim e and part-tim e (rota tion) workers. 66,962 m em bers of unem ploym ent funds, or 9.2 p er cent of th e to ta l m em bership, were either out of w ork or on short tim e . 17,095 applications for em ploym ent a t public em ploym ent exchanges. F ran ce........................ I ta ly ............................ A pr. 30,1922 B elg iu m ..................... Mar. 31,1922 D o ........................ Apr. —,1922 T h e N etherlands___ Apr. —,1922 Sw itzerland............... May 31,1922 D o ......................... D e n m a rk ................... May 26,1922 Rem arks. L abor Gazette, London, June, 1922.. Of th e 1,598,888 persons having lodged th e ir unem ploym ent b ooks 1,347,468 w ere males and 251,420 w ere females. I n ad dition 133,590 insured persons (83,611 males a nd 49,979 fe males) , or 1.1 per cent of all insured persons, w ere system atic short-tim e w orkers e n titled to out-of-work donation. T he per cent of to tally unem ployed insured workers on A p r. 24, 1922, was 14.4, and th a t of short-tim e w orkers, 1.6. T he per cent of unem ployed trade-union m em bers w as 17 a t ___ d o ........................................................ th e end of A pril, 1922, and 22.2 a t th e end of May, 1921. This figure represents a n increase over th e preceding w eek of American Consulate a t D ublin, re 1,001. p ort of M ay 25, 1922. Of th e 69,017 persons receiving unem ploym ent donations R eichs-A rbeitsblatt, May 31, 1922.. . 53,343 w ere males and 15,674 were females. O n A pr. 1, 1922, th e to ta l n um ber was 116,302. T h e per cent of unem ployed trade-union m em bers was 1.1 at .do th e end of th e la st w eek of March, 1922, a nd 3.9 a t th e end of A pril, 1921. Of th e 4,534 persons in receipt of unem ploym ent benefits 3,677 B ulletin du Marché du T ravail, Ju n e w ere m ales and 857 were females. A t th e end of th e preced 24, 1922. ing week th e num ber of persons receiving unem ploym ent benefits was 5,050. ___ d o ....................................................... Of th e 9,819 persons on th e live register of em ploym ent ex changes 6,889 were m ales and 2,930 w ere females. In dustrial and L abor Inform ation, T he corresponding figures for Mar. 31, 1922, w ere 498,606_ to tally unem ployed a nd 151,676 short-tim e a nd p art-tim e Geneva, Ju n e 23, 1922. (rotation) w orkers. R evue du T ravail, M ay, 1922............. T he corresponding per cent for F ebruary, 1922, w as 10.1. T he aggregate days of unem ploym ent in M arch, 1922, num bered 1,079,522, as com pared w ith 1,415,795 in F ebruary, 1922. T he num ber of applicants for w ork in March w as 17,619. For do, every 100 vacant situations there w ere 139 applicants in A pril, as against 142 in March. M aandschrift, May 31,1922................. T he corresponding num ber in March, 1922, was 103,136. 91,885 applications for em ploym ent a t public em ploym ent exchanges. 71,100 to tally unem ployed (including D er Schweizerische A rbeitsm arkt, June 15, 1922. 23,455 em ployed on relief w ork); 34,292 short-tim e workers. 31,757 persons received unem ploym ent ___ d o ....................................................... donations. 16.1 per cent of trade-union m em bers___ Statistiske Efterretninger, Ju n e 16, 1922. T he corresponding figures for A pr. 30,1922, w ere 80,799 to tally unem ployed (including 24,560 em ployed on relief works) a nd 39,249 short-tim e w orkers. T he corresponding num ber on A pr. 30, 1922, was 40,871. T h e corresponding per cent a t th e end of th e la st w eek of A pril, 1922, w as 24 a nd a t th e end of th e la st w eek ofM ay, 1921,18.6. 153 i On A pr. 1, 1922, th e adm inistration of unem ploym ent insurance in Ireland was transferred to th e Provisional G overnm ent of th e Irish Free State. T he unem ployed in th e Irish Free State are therefore no t included in th e figures for Great B ritain. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. May 31,1922 D o ........................ Irish Free S ta te 1— Source of data. C ountry. D ate. Norway. Mar. 31,1922 Sw eden. ........d o ........... . P o lan d............... A pr. 15,1922 Mar. 31,1922 D o .............. Czechoslovakia. ........d o ............. A pr. 15,1922 C anada............. [3841 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M ay 1,1922 Source of d ata. R em arks. 21.9 p er cent of trade-union m em bers___ L abor Gazette, London, June, 1922... T h e corresponding p er cent on F e b . 28,1922, w as 21.3 and 14.9 on M ar. 31,1921. 30.6 p e r cen t of trad e-u nion m em bers___ Sodala M eddelanden, No. 6,1922---- T h e corresponding p e r cent on F e b . 28,1922, w as 32.1 and 24.5 on M ar. 31,1921. 133,199 unem ployed registered a t State In d u stria l a nd L abor Inform ation, T h e corresponding n u m b e r on M ar. 18, 1922, w as 153,858. G eneva, Ju n e 23,1922. em p lo y m en t exchanges. 82,000 u n e m p lo y e d ........................................ N eue Freie Presse, V ienna, A pr. 12, Of th is n u m b er 32,000 w ere in th e city of V ienna. 1922. 41,970 in receipt of u n em ploym ent d o le .. ........d o ........................................................ 32,500 in receip t of u n em ploym ent d o le .. A m erican Consulate a t Prague, re Since la st m o n th there has been a decrease of 6,000 in th e n u m b e r of unem ployed receiving su p p o rt from th e S tate.. p o rt of May 24, 1922. 10.4 per cent of trade-union m em bers___ L abor G azette, O ttaw a, June, 1922.. T h e corresponding p e r cent on A pr. 1, 1922, w as 9.6 an d 16.3 a t th e end of A pril, 1921. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, A u stria .............. N u m b er or p e r cent of unem ployed. 154 SU M M A R Y O F L A T E S T R E P O R T S O N U N E M P L O Y M E N T IN F O R E IG N C O U N T R IE S —Continued. EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. 155 Unemployment in Denmark, 1920-212 RECEN T report of the employment exchanges of D enm ark to the M inistry of Interior, for the fiscal year 1920-21, shows th a t a t the end of the fiscal year there were 91 communal employment exchanges in Denmark, two new offices having been established during the year. These 91 offices in 1920-21 received a total of 283,237 noti fications of unemployed persons, or about 23,000 less than during the previous year, b u t m uch fewer have been canceled—229,153 as against 340,048 in 1919-20—so th a t the num ber of unemployed in 1920-21 increased by 54,000 while in the previous fiscal year it decreased by 34,000. The m axim um of unemployment was reached in March, 1921, w ith 77,000 unemployed. A t the end of the fiscal year (March 31, 1921) in Copenhagen there were 9 times as m any, and in the Provinces 3 times as m any, unemployed as in the previous year, and of unem ploym ent fund members about 23 per cent were unemployed. A comparison of the num ber of unemployed the first of April, 1921, w ith figures for the year before shows th a t in agriculture and sim ilar occupations there were fewer unemployed, in housework twice as m any, in commerce and transportation more th an three times as m any, and in crafts and industries over four times as many. As concerns the last group there was 20 times as m uch unemploy m ent as a t the end of 1919-20 among tailors and dressmakers, h a t workers, shoe workers, ships carpenters, leather and fur workers, m etal printers, paper industry workers, bookbinders, and laborers; betw een 10 and 20 times as m any unemployed among tobacco workers, textile workers, ceramic workers, gold, silver, and electro plate workers, m etal polishers, braziers and chauffeurs; between 5 and 10 times as m any unemployed in building trades, wood industry, blacksm iths and molders, electricians, typographers, office personnel, and coachmen. The demand for workers was abnorm ally small during the fiscal year and smaller than in any previous year. There was during 1920-21 an increasing tendency among workers to seek work independently of employment exchanges. A Employment in Japanese Factories. SURVEY of employment in the principal industries in Jap an showing the num ber of adults and young persons a t work in factories employing more than 10 persons is found in the Financial and Economic Annual of Japan, 1921, Tokyo (pp. 66-70). The following table shows the num ber of factories and num ber of employees in Japanese industries in factories in which more than 10 persons are employed, including both operatives and apprentices. A 1 Indb eretn in g til indenrigsm inisteriet fra A rbejd san v isn in g sd irek toratet for finansaaret 1920-21. Copenhagen, 1922. 2476°—22 11 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [385 J 156 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW , N U M B E R O F FA C T O R IE S A N D N U M B E R O F E M P L O Y E E S , B Y S E X A N D A G E D IS T R IB U T IO N , IN JA P A N E S E F A C T O R IE S IN 1919. N um ber of operatives. In d u stry . N um ber of fac tories. 20years of age 15 and under 20 years of age. U nder 15 years of age. Male. Fem ale. Male. Fem ale. Male. 12,214 34,589 1,996 1,433 31,705 14,519 3,808 62 694 104,574 1,362 63,806 4,243 1,862 97,912 2,613 5,597 171 1,478 6,398 631 14,586 1,711 465 18,371 5,680 2,094 74 234 136,867 1,090 81,954 6,613 110,359 1,672 6, 555 368 1,277 1,096 36 2,187 775 63 3,437 872 395 17 50 17,954 102,132 283,618 50,244 347,877 8,928 101,818 894,617 1,357 1,114 2,512 18,447 19,779 7,071 1,071 348 1,831 819 1,629 1,104 127 18 367 63,451 104,889 29,430 an d over. Total. Female. T e x ti l e f a c t o r i e s . Silk filatu re ...........................-............ 3,511 51 Silk and c o tto n ................................. Spinning............................................. 370 Throw ing........................................... 907 Cotton ginning and refin in g .......... 298 W eaving............................................. 10,165 Bleaching, dyeing, finishing, e tc ... 1,177 971 K n ittin g a n d b raid in g .................... E m b ro id ery ....................................... 65 139 M iscellaneous.................................... T o ta l........................................ 1,112 1,122 36,808 164 30,113 2,564 135 29,715 285 1,472 . 144 418 297,957 4,395 227,235 17,902 5,080 291,499 25,641 19,921 836 4,151 M a c h in e a n d ir o n fa c to r ie s . Machine m a k in g ............................... Shipbuilding and carriage making. Tool m a k in g ...................................... F o u ndry, m e ta l and m etal ware m ak in g ............................................ T o ta l........................................ 1,721 798 971 41,630 82,001 16,545 2,410 38,860 5,002 11,309 2,366 1,121 448 59,106 5,900 179,036 9,985 56,606 5,616 4,673 960 256,876 9,944 7, 467 17 7,945 528 2,371 2,348 752 657 12,906 4,233 128 223 1,756 743 1,712 1,844 83 393 3,153 3,268 16 24 5,006 188 1,277 1,258 345 513 3,717 604 44 34 873 23 69 180 5 50 773 657 209 407 170 47 117 43,048 14,987 438 1,114 3; 222 3,960 9,139 4,964 280 1,178 73,541 31,216 694 1,412 21,028 5,460 14,922 10,742 1,653 2,878 231 150 270 122 C h e m ic a l f a c t o r i e s . Ceram ics............................................. P ap er m ills........................................ L acquer w a re .................................... L eather and fur d ressin g ................ E x p lo siv e s.................... .................... Oils and w axes.................................. Medicines, chemicals, e tc ............... G um s................................................... Toilet a rtic le s.................................... Soaps and candles............................ D yestuffs, paints, varnishes, lacquers, pigm ents and p a ste s........ Artificial m an u res............................ M iscellaneous.................................... 2,728 736 79 82 5,089 8,824 3,849 677 633 1,582 871 1,451 1,024 281 144 1,035 T o ta l........................................ jF ood a n d d r i n k f a c t o r i e s . B rew eries........................................... Sugar m ills......................................... T e a ....................................................... R ice and flour m ills ........................ Lem onade, ice and m ineral w a te r. C onfectionery.................................... Canning and b o ttlin g ...................... Curing of anim al a n d fishery p ro d u c ts......................................... M iscellaneous.................................... 5,426 100,092 34,989 27,367 16,508 3,613 44 305 1,029 205 497 1,114 2,658 2,676 844 810 1,983 7,495 491 519 1,737 202 44,550 1,880 2,872 8,937 1, 545 3,384 1,720 1,497 364 299 137 594 1,458 205 1,087 764 509 397 3,116 2,431 1,602 1,219 728 650 381 585 6,801 70,435 13,117 13,692 P rin tin g and publishing................. P a p e r goods....................................... W ood and bam boo w o rk ............... L eath er goods.................................... Feath er goods.................................... M atting, straw braid, e tc ............... A rticles of precious stones, jaws, horns, e tc ........................................ M iscellaneous.................................... 1,240 478 2,824 141 153 120 17,317 2,259 25,476 2,689 1,269 651 2,514 1,592 4,876 270 504 1,608 178 2,376 1,300 19,288 T o ta l........................................ 7,510 70,249 149 77 132 358 13,293 18,626 T o ta l........................................ 200 68 2,224 18 354 148 188 87 187 7, 052 11,087 7,799 5,775 4,751 189,482 375 35 28 84 29 15 52 173 237 15 665 44 53,862 2,769 6,72 15,065 2,825 7,680 4,890 86 48 46 65 5,921 5,036 5,510 919 1,099 104,772 6,407 1,070 6,899 521 449 315 1,993 1,253 1,851 76 514 675 1,600 303 1,066 53 99 41 583 447 571 146 79 30,414 6,924 40,539 3,621 2,981 3,369 265 12,427 480 8,197 6,110 117 55 1,625 5 2,255 52,902 24,056 24,138 15,589 4,842 4,098 142,972 504 269 2,581 3,354 15 228 245 73 85 13 13 3,733 2 , 515 17,023 23,271 366,713 175,401 391,345 25, 222 211 211 27 27 11 107 8 10 M is c e l l a n e o u s f a c t o r i e s . 12 2,222 S p e c i a l f a c t o r ie s . Electrical in d u s try .......................... Gas in d u stry ...................................... M etal refineries................................. T o ta l........................................ G rand to ta l............................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 112 3,222 2,111 43,949 540,570 835 948 [3 8 6 ] 2 4 8 112,739 1,611,990 V O C A T IO N A L E D U C A T IO N . P rogress in V o c atio n a l E d u ca tio n in C a n a d a . rT H E Labor Gazette of Canada for May, 1922, reports th a t in the fiscal year ending March 31, 1922, the Dominion Governm ent granted $710,276 to the Provinces for the developm ent of vocational education, which is 22.5 per cent more than the am ount of grants for the preceding year. The grants, however, to certain Provinces were from 35 to 300 per cent higher in the fiscal year 1922 than in the fiscal year 1921. U nder the technical education act the Dominion Governm ent “ undertakes to bear a half share of expenditures entailed by the provincial governm ents, on work which comes within the provisions of annual agreements between the Minister of Labor and the Prem ier or Minister of E ducation for each Province.” In making these grants the Dominion does n o t take into account all provincial expenditures for vocational education nor the additional expenditures of local communities where the work is being done. Agricultural education is n o t included in the above-mentioned grants b u t the agricultural instruction a ct provides $1,100,000 annually for the developm ent of educational work valuable to farmers. The following inform ation from the above-mentioned issue of the Labor G azette includes the am ounts of the Dominion Governm ent grants to the various Provinces for vocational education for the year ending March 31, 1922, and a resume of the more im portant recent activities in Canada along the lines of such education. The am ounts here cited do not cover expenditures for agricultural work. P rin ce E dw ard Is la n d .—Federal grants, $7,141, nearly triple the am ount of the preceding year. These grants covered one-third of the expenditures connected w ith the Charlottetown A gricultural and Technical High School which opened December, 1920, and which has grown w ith rapidity. N ova S c o tia .—Federal grants, $32,558, an increase of 35 per cent over preceding year. Vocational work has been carried on for some time in this Province b u t has been given a great im petus w ithin the last two years by Federal aid. The establishm ent of a provincial departm ent of correspondence instruction is the m ost notable devel opm ent of the last year. In the first two m onths after the opening of the school more than 100 students were registered from various parts of the Province, and numerous applications for courses were received from persons in other Provinces. General education, com mercial subjects, and industrial work are included in the curriculum, and new courses are being devised as required. N ew B r u n sw ic k .— F ed era l grants, $22,160, more th an double the am ount of the preceding year. Local problems have interfered to some extent with the progress of vocational education work in this Province but it is reported th a t “ the future of the work is assured.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [387] 157 158 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . The new composite school being erected a t Edm undston a t a cost of $175,000 is the first of its character in New Brunswick and it is thought probable th a t similar ones will shortly be constructed. Both elemen tary and secondary grades in academic and vocational work will be taught in the Edm undston school. Manual training for boys and instruction in domestic science for girls will be provided for those who do not care to follow the regular vocational courses. Quebec .—Expenditures from Federal grants, $114,651—about the same as the preceding year. The new technical school for boys, which is located at Hull, is nearly completed and should be in opera tion next fall. O ntario .—Federal grants, $378,174. The Province expended over $800,000, 27 per cent more than in the previous year. A new tech nical school has been erected a t Sault Ste. Marie. An academic vocational high school costing about $700,000 is alm ost completed a t Sarnia. A technical school to cost about $800,000 is in course of construction in Windsor. Toronto is to have a new branch school which will cost about $500,000, a large addition to the H am ilton Technical and A rt School is under way, and new buildings and addi tions are being planned for several other centers. M anitoba .—Federal grants, $21,174, 180 per cent increase over preceding year. This Province is in the main agricultural and has not as yet a comprehensive plan for vocational education, b u t m anual training, domestic science, and prevocational work are being rapidly extended in connection w ith existing school systems. ■Saskatchewan .—Federal grants, $13,665, about 300 per cent in crease over the preceding year. The conditions in this Province are like those in Manitoba. Legislative provision has been made for advancem ent of vocational work. Encouraging beginnings have been m ade along commercial educational lines in five centers. A lb erta .—Federal grants, $82,606. The outlay of the provincial governm ent was $761,891, exclusive of expenditures from January to March, 1922, aggregating $112,690. The larger p a rt of such appro priations was used in connection with the new Calgary In stitu te of Technology which is nearly completed and which is to be the voca tional education center for the whole Province. Special attention is being given to the development of correspondence courses and short term intensive courses to m eet the requirem ents of the widely dis tributed population. The work has been carried on tem porarily in the former quarters of the departm ent of soldiers’ civil reestablish m ent and has already been extended to include the m ajor p a rt of the Province. B r itis h C olum bia .—Federal grants, $37,944, an increase of 27 per cent over the preceding year. The growth of the recently established schools a t Victoria and New W estm inster has been rapid, and there has been a steady increase in correspondence work and evening class work throughout the Province. While special efforts have been m ade to develop commercial instruction, the groundwork is being laid for industrial training which is particularly needed a t present in fishing, lumbering, and mining. Evening class work has increased substantially in all the Provinces, b u t there is a dearth of properly equipped teachers for both day and evening classes. The attem pts to establish a central institution to https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [388] VOCATIONAL E D U CA TIO N . 159 afford training facilities have not been successful and the Provinces themselves have not yet founded any perm anent schools for preparing teachers for this particular work. There are summer schools in New Brunswick, Ontario, Manitoba, and British Columbia, b u t these are far from sufficient to m eet the need for the training of teachers. N otw ithstanding this drawback there has been very practical progress in the Dominion in vocational education. The demand, however, for this kind of training is greatly in excess of the existing oppor tunities for securing it. Vocational Guidance in Czechoslovakia. PLAN for the organization of vocational guidance offices was discussed in the fall of 1918 in Czechoslovakia, b u t the body in charge of this work did not come into existence until June, 1920. An account of the development of the m ovem ent appears in the June, 1922, issue of the International Labor Review. In the beginning the purpose of this newly created agency was the romotion of the welfare of young persons only, b u t its scope has een greatly broadened. I t is now incorporated as a self-governing institution in President M asaryk’s Labor Academy. Delegates from four ministries (Social Assistance, Education, Commerce and In dustry, Agriculture) and representatives of various committees, industrial councils, and chambers of commerce serve .on the council of m anagem ent of the central bureau of vocational guidance. A t the outset the central bureau organized “ propaganda conferences” not only to interest the public b u t also to get assistance, especially among teachers and school doctors. Among the subjects discussed a t these conferences were: Aims of vocational guidance, methods and results of scientific research on natural ability, organization of vocational guidance, hygiene of industrial occupations, survey of literature, psychology and psychological pathology of youth, eco nomic outlook in industrial occupations, and methods of experimental psychology. Questionnaires were sent out to secure prelim inary data regarding working conditions and occupational requirem ents. The inform ation entered on these forms was later on supplemented by d a ta obtained from personal inquiry a t the work places. Over 60 visits were paid in this connection and approxim ately 40 occupations analyzed according to a uniform scheme. The work of the Prague Vocational Guidance Office which began operation in May, 1921, has been limited to consultation regarding occupations and crafts in industry. The procedure is as follows: A E When a child comes to the office, accompanied by his parents, his name is entered on the register and a card giving particulars about him (prepared beforehand by the school authorities for ail pupils of school-leaving age) is taken from the card catalogue. The adviser (a woman) talks over the chosen occupation with the child and his parents, gets all necessary information about the family, its social position, the child’s success at school—a report of the last three classes attended must be produced—his character and his tastes, and enters these details on a special form. The child is then given a card entitling him to a free medical examination and to a psychological test at the labor academy. When these are finished, the child goes back to the office, and the adviser, who knows the results of the tests, applies a process of elimination based on these results to decide whether she approves of the child’s choice, or whether she should try to make him change his mind and suggest something else to him. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [389] M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . 160 New Educational Opportunities for Workers of Mexico. EV ER A L new educational projects in Mexico are noted in the May 19, 1922, issue of Industrial and Labor Inform ation (Inter national Labor Office), one of which is a school for railwaymen to be established by the technical education board of the M inistry of Public E d u c a tio n / The building for the institution is being con structed a t San Jacinto, a t a cost of 150,000 pesos ($74,775, par). The school will conduct training courses in skilled engineering, signal ing, telegraphy, etc. An institute for the technical training of smiths, turners, cabinet m akers and carpenters will soon be opened in Mexico. The courses for smiths and turners will cover 6 terms of 6 m onths each, and for cabinetm akers and carpenters, 4 terms. A trade-union delegation has requested the President of Mexico to m ake effective his proposal to extend education to the m ost rem ote parts of the country. A credit of half a million pesos ($249,250, par) has already been granted by him for the establishm ent of schools in the various mining centers and the more im portant factories. The Mexican departm ent of commerce, industry, and labor is to establish free workshops for the developm ent of small industries, according to an announcem ent in the June, 1922, issue of the Bulle tin of the P an American Union. These shops are to be equipped w ith the requisite m achinery, will be supervised by a m aster mechanic, and will also have an a rt director, an adm inistrator, and a sales agent. To be eligible for entrance to these work places a person m ust be able to read, write, and understand elem entary arithm etic. W orkers are supplied w ith tools and raw m aterials and for the first m onths receive a daily wage of 2 pesos ($1, par). The students who make the articles get w hat rem ains of the proceeds of the sales of such articles after deducting the price of the raw m aterial, 5 per cent for the shop’s running expenses, and 5 per cent for the workers’ reserve fund. After four m onths’ instruction students who wish to set up their own shops m ay be furnished w ith tools and raw m aterial pur chased from the free machine shop’s reserve fund. A proposal has also been made for the establishm ent of a cooperative society of workers trained in these shops. S Two Recent Educational Projects in South America. H E June, 1922, issue of the Bulletin of the P an American U nionreports th a t the courses of the Kailway U niversity in Chile estab lished several years ago have been exceedingly successful. These courses are available for all employees of S tate railroads regardless of trade or rank and cover a period of five years. The first three years are devoted to general preparation, the last two to specialization. The teaching is done by com petent engineers whose service is gratis. A t the request of the Society for the Prom otion of Agriculture of Montes, in the D epartm ent of Canelones, the U ruguay N ational Council of Prim ary and Normal Instruction has allowed the use of a school building from M ay to Septem ber for the instruction of adult farm laborers. “ The society makes itself responsible for 40 pesos ($41.37, par) a m onth.” T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [390] HOUSING. Recommendations of Louisiana State Housing Commission.1 N E , 1920, the Louisiana Legislature authorized the creation of IN aJUState commission on housing, to consist of nine members appointed by the governor. The reasons given for its creation were “ the trem endous and unsatisfied demand for more and better housing in the cities of L ouisiana// and the lack of any general agreem ent as to the best way of .meeting the housing shortage. The duties of the commission were set forth succinctly: It shall be the duty of the commission to recommend a definite plan for the pro motion of the building of homes in the cities of Louisiana, to recommend such changes in the law and constitution of the State as will bring about better and more adequate housing of the wage earners and in general report on all matters affecting or p e r ta in in g thereto. ° * The report of this commission was handed in Septem ber 28, 1921, and has recently been distributed. As a prelim inary, the commission attem pted to get some idea of the extent of the housing shortage. A t the beginning of 1921, the commission estim ates, New Orleans lacked about 3,000 houses, in Shreveport there was a shortage of 1,200, and 61 other towns reported a shortage of 1,274. To test the charges of rent profiteering, the comm ittee secured from a num ber of real estate agents in New Orleans lists of the properties they carried, and of the rents received from each house for three years back. A compilation of the rents of these houses shows that only in one case was there an increase of more than 100 per cent; in one instance the rent was increased exactly 100 per cent, and the other percentages of increase were as follows: About 10 per cent of houses showed increase of rent of 75 per cent. About 20 per cent of houses showed increase of rent of 50 per cent. About 30 per cent of houses showed increase of rent of 30 per cent. About 20 per cent of houses showed increase of rent of 20 per cent. About 20 per cent of houses showed practically no increase. This increase in rent over the normal period is perhaps one-third as much increase as labor, materials, taxes, and other units of real estate expenditures. The commission knows that there are many other cases where the increases were 100 per cent or greater and finds that such cases are rarely carried by the agents referred to but are largely in the hands of the owners themselves. In New Orleans, where the chief shortage existed, the commission felt th a t m atters were tending to right themselves. The building perm its issued for the first six m onths of 1921 showed plans for 664 houses as against 270 in the corresponding period of 1920. Moreover, as the average value per house for these six m onths of 1920 was $5,960, while in 1921 it was only $2,626, there was evidently a m arked increase in the construction of small houses suitable for wage earners. In view of this situation, the commission felt th a t no radical measures were necessary. Summarized, their recom menda tions are as follows: 1. A p p o in tm e n t of c ity co m m ittees on housing. 2. And the election from these bodies of a State committee on housing. 3. Local committees to act as an arbitration board on rents. 4. The passage of enactments granting partial exemption from taxation by cities, as permitted by the new constitution. 5. Revising and standardizing building coles. 6. Incorporating sanitary and tenement house regulations in buildi g codes. 1Louisiana. State Housing Commission R ep o rt, New O rleans, Sept. 28,1921. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [391] 161 162 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . 7. The study and adoption by cities of a “ city plan,” and “ zoning” ordinances. 8. Improvement in planning small houses and group planning in congested districts. 9. Extending time of eviction notices to tenants (except for nonpayment of rent). 10. Cooperative efforts in the building industry to reduce cost of construction and the teaching of trades in the primary grades of the public schools, to reduce inefficiency in the trades. 11. Encouragement of investment in homestead stock to enlarge this most important and serviceable home-building agency. I t is explained th a t the local committees, when acting as arbitration boards on rents, are to have no means of enforcing their decisions beyond the influence of public opinion. The fourth recom m endation refers to a clause in the S tate constitution granting cities of over 40,000 population the right to exem pt from municipal taxation “ until December 31, 1925, $4,000 of the value of all dwelling houses built after the adoption of this constitution and actually occupied by the owner.” The time of exemption is much shorter than th a t fixed in other places where similar exemptions have been attem pted or estab lished, and up to the present the only two cities affected by this pro vision, New Orleans and Shreveport, have not seen fit to avail them selves of the permission. increase in Home Ownership in South Africa, 1918 to 1921. RECEN T report from the U nited States consul a t Durban, South Africa, gives some d a ta concerning housing, from the M onthly Bulletin of Union Statistics, published by the Office of Census and Statistics of the Union of South Africa. According to these data the housing shortage has brought about a m arked increase in the num ber of homes owned by those occupying them . In 1918 the proportion of dwellings thus owned was in N atal 34.3 per cent, while for the Union as a whole it was 34.2 per cent. By 1921 these proportions had increased, respectively, to 40.8 per cent and 39.5 per cent. The report ascribes this increase to the difficulty of ob taining living quarters. “ I t has been necessary for persons in order to obtain proper housing accommodations to purchase their own houses.” During the same period there was an increase in rents, the average m onthly rent for a three to six-room house rising in Durban, the principal city of N atal, from $26.10 to $35.26, an in crease of 35.1 per cent, while in the nine principal cities of the Union, exclusive of Durban, the rent for such a house rose from $24.86 in 1918 to $30.40 in 1921, an increase of 22.3 per cent. I t will be seen th a t the increase in home ownership was greater in N atal than in the Union as a whole, and th a t the increase in rents was considerably larger in D urban than in the other principal cities of the Union. “ This is probably explained because of the more rapid increase of population in D urban than in the rest of the cities of South Africa in the period 1918 to 1921.” B oth in D urban and in the Union as a whole, there seems to be a strong preference for houses constructed of brick or of brick and stone, such houses forming about 80 per cent of the to tal both in 1918 and in 1921. N ext in favor come houses built of iron, or of wood and iron, w ith brick lining, houses of other m aterials forming only an insignificant proportion of the whole. In N atal the five-room house is more generally used by Europeans than any other, while in the Union as a whole the four-roomed house is the m ost common. A https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [392] IN D U STRIA L A CCID EN TS A N D HYGIENE. Study of the Number and Causes of Fatal Industrial Accidents. N IN T E R E ST IN G study of the num ber and causes of fatal occupational accidents as compared with nonindustrial acci dents over a nine-year period, 1912 to 1920, is reported in the S tatistical Bulletin of the M etropolitan Life Insurance Co., May, A 1922 (pp. 6 -8). T hese, accidents which occurred among the white male policy holders of the company, ages 15 to 74, reached a total in nine years of 27,074 deaths from all forms of accidents and 7,835 due to the occupation. The occupational accidents formed about 29 per cent of the total, or a rate for the nine years of 35.5 per 100,000. In 1913 the highest pre-war rate (45.7) was recorded which was followed by a sharp decline in 1915 to 27.5, the lowest rate during the period studied. This im provem ent was probably due to the rapid growth of the safety m ovem ent following the enactm ent of workm en’s com pensation legislation b u t the gains were soon offset by the greatly increased industrial activity caused by the war. The death rate from industrial accidents increased to 40.9 in 1918, an increase of nearly 50 per cent in three years. The rate dropped, however, to 32.1 in 1919 b u t rose to 34.9 in 1920. The proportions of deaths of occupational origin vary greatly. Thus they formed 93 per cent of the deaths from accident in mines and quarries; 80 per cent of the deaths from injuries by machines; 68 per cent from accidents due to electricity; 38 per cent of railroad accidents; 28 per cent of fatal burns, and 24 per cent of the deaths from falls. The following table shows the num ber and causes of deaths re corded during the years 1912-1920. N U M B E R O F D E A T H S FR O M A L L A C CID EN TS A N D N U M B E R AN D P R O P O R T IO N A R IS IN G FR O M IN D U S T R IA L CAUSES, AMONG W H IT E M ALES 15 Y E A R S O F AG E A N D O V ER . O ccupational accidents. D eaths, all forms of accidents. T ype of accident. C onflagration..................................................................................................... B u rn s .................................................................................................................. A bsorption of deleterious gases..................................................................... A ccidental drow ning....................................................................................... T rau m atism b y fa ll.......................................................................................... T rau m atism i n m ines an d qu arries............................................................. T rau m atism b y m achines.............................................................................. R ailroad accidents a n d in ju rie s ................................................................... Street car accidents a n d in ju ries .................................................................. Automobile accidents and in ju ries from use of c a r s ............................. O ther vehicular accidents an d in ju rie s ...................................................... O ther crushing accidents and in ju r ie s ...................................................... Injuries b y an im als.......................................................................................... E lectricity (lightning e x c e p te d ).................................................................. F ractures (cause no t sp ec ified ).................................................................... O ther ex tern al violence................................................................................... Total ............................................................................................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [393] D eaths. Percentage of to ta l . accidents. 61 21.5 28.2 7.3 7.4 24.1 93.1 79.8 38.3 18.0 284 787 1,420 4,174 4,826 966 1,223 4,816 1,325 2,546 1,331 371 179 642 568 1,616 103 308 1,164 899 976 1,846 238 224 471 247 73 436 555 34.3 27,074 7,835 28.9 222 8.8 35.4 66.6 40.8 67.9 2.1 12 163 164 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . New York Code for Industrial Lighting. N MAY 1, 1922, a carefully revised code for industrial lighting became effective in the State of New ^ o rk . The correspond encies between this code and the American standard code of the Illum inating Engineers Society are of such a nature as to indicate constant use of the standard code in the preparation of the New York code.1 Before m aking a more definite comparison it will be well to give briefly the m ethod by which standard codes are being form ulated. As a result of extended and prolonged discussion the decision was reached by those interested th a t the best m ethod of preparing safety codes for American industry was in accordance with the procedure of the American Engineering Standards Committee. This comm ittee was organized by the engineering societies of the country w ith the prim ary purpose of form ulating standards for engineering practice. The interest in standards of safety generated by the activities of the N ational Safety Council and the various State bodies having to do w ith accident prevention finally reached a point suggesting the developm ent of national standard safety codes. A given code is first considered by one of two correllating commit tees. One of these is concerned with mining interests and the other w ith general industry. The discussion in this comm ittee develops the need of the particular code and w hat organization m ay properly undertake its form ulation. On report of the correllating committee the standards committee requests some organization to undertake active preparation of the desired code. Such an organization accepting the invitation of the standards comm ittee is term ed a “ sponsor.” A given code m ay be prepared by one or more “ sponsors.” The sponsor then proceeds to organize a “ sectional com m ittee” representing all those interested in the particular code. These sectional committees have num bered about th irty persons. Usually a tentative code is prepared by some member of the comm ittee or an existing code is used as a basis. Meetings of the entire sectional com m ittee are then held and the code discussed in detail. A fter repeated revisions the code will be very widely distributed w ith request for suggestion and criticism. After some m onths of such discussion the comm ittee is usually able to agree w ith practical unanim ity. They then report to the sponsor organization which submits the code to the American Engineering Standards Committee for approval. The code of the illum inating engineers was the first to be finally approved as an American standard. This m uch it is desirable to say in order to show w ith w hat care and thoroughness and in w hat a representative m anner these codes are being prepared. In essential particulars the standard code and the New York code are alike. In m ethod of treatm en t they differ. For example, the standard code lists under the light intensities required the industrial O 1See New Y o rk D ep artm en t of L abor B u lletin No 18, In d u s tria l code rules (as am ended) re la tin g to lighting of factories and m ercantile estab lish m en ts, New Y ork, 1922; and Illu m in atin g E ngineering So* ciety, Code of lighting factories, m ills, a n d other w ork places, A m erican sta n d a rd , ap p ro v ed D ec. 31, 1921, b y A m erican Engineering S tan d ard s C om m ittee, New Y ork, 1922. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [394] IN D U ST R IA L A CCID EN TS AND H Y G IE N E . 165 processes needing such intensity. The New York code lists the processes and specifies under each the desirable intensities. In this m atte r the New York code has evidently th e advantage. An in spector confronted w ith a specific case would natu rally wish to find the particular industry first and afterw ards th e in ten sity appro priate to it. For example, he is inspecting a printing establishm ent. If this is listed in alphabetical order he will readily find it and dis cover there th a t stereotype casting requires an in ten sity of one foot candle. I t m ay fairly be urged upon the illum inating engineers th a t they rearrange Table I I of the standard code in this form. The standard code discusses “Avoidance of glare” fully, giving tables by which light sources m ay be rated in respect of glare. The New York code sim ply requires th a t glare be “m inim ized.” I t is to these sections and the tables therein contained th a t the criticism of the standard code as being “ too com plicated” is usually directed. I t m ay be said of this criticism th a t the complication is apparent rath er than real and th a t it is impossible to deal w ith such a subject as the proper adjustm ent of lighting sources w ithout some degree of complication. The standard code treats rather fully the m atte r of exit and emer gency lighting. The New York code simply specifies an intensity. From a safety standpoint the New York code m ust be regarded as defective. The records show th a t failure of exit lighting has more than once been a serious m atte r and th a t the standard code gives none too m uch attention to the subject. Finally i t m ay be urged th a t in the interests of uniform ity it is m uch to be hoped th a t the S tate organization will modify as little as possible the provisions of the standard codes in adapting them to their uses. The Bureau of Labor Statistics has had so m uch trouble in its own particular province w ith the v arian t m ethods in use in the several States, each excellent in itself, b u t impossible of com bination and correllation, th a t it has a very sym pathetic interest in any sort of uniform ity which can be properly secured. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [305] W O R K M E N ’S C O M PEN SA TIO N A N D SOCIAL INSURANCE. New Jersey Report on Workmen’s Compensation. H E report of the W orkm en’s Compensation Bureau of New Jersey for the year ending June 30, 1921, given on pages 60 to 63 of the report of the D epartm ent of Labor for th a t period, is lim ited to a brief statistical statem ent of the activities of the bureau. Hearings were held by the deputy commissioner in 4,917 new cases, and 487 form al petitions were filed and docketed for determ ination by a court trial. Of the hearings, 3,768 resulted in awards and 587 were dismissed. The total num ber of nonfatal accidents reported during the year was 15,204, of which 437 were not compensable, the disability being of less th an 10 days’ duration. The num ber of cases closed during the year was 14,954; of these 11 represented total disability cases, 3,627 perm anent partial disabilities, and 11,316 tem porary disabilities. Cases requiring medical aid num bered 14,953. Approvals of com pensation totaled 13,745, the am ount of compensation reported being $2,485,941.02, or an average of $166.79 per case. F a tal accidents num bered 234, of which 68 involved burial costs only. Compensation was awarded during the year to dependents in 203 cases, some apparently holding over from last year. Benefits accrued am ounted to $646,081.17, or an average of $3,182.66 per case; the average num ber of dependents per case was 2.05. T Netherlands’ Governmental Expenditures for the Benefit of Labor. TTEN TIO N was called in the March, 1922, issue of the Monthly L abor R eview (p. 132) to the large sums which have been and are being spent by the D utch Governm ent in behalf of the unemployed of the country. Ju st how much th a t country has done for labor in other lines, however, has not generally been appreciated. The Central Bureau of Statistics at The Hague in the “ Jaarcijfers” or statistical yearbook for 1920, ju st published, has compiled for the first time tables showing a t a glance w hat the ex penses of the country are for such purposes. There are several lines in which the S tate intervenes in behalf of labor at the S ta te ’s expense b u t the three chief m atters in which it has assumed m aterial burdens have been (1) general protection of labor, i. e., enforcement of protec tive labor legislation, a service which necessarily involves an elabo rate inspection system; (2) workm en’s insurance; (3) unem ploym ent A 1From a re p o rt of 166 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis th e A m erican consul general a t R o tte rd a m , d a te d A pr. 18, 1922. [396] w o r k m e n ’s c o m p e n s a t io n and s o c ia l in s u r a n c e . 167 relief and the support of employment exchanges. The bureau has prepared the following table showing the annual expenditures of the S tate in these three lines during the period 1890 to 1922: G O V E R N M E N T A L E X P E N D IT U R E S F O R T H E B E N E F IT O F L A B O R , 1890 TO 1922. [1 guilder a t p ar= 4 0 .2 cents.] U nem Enforce ploym ent m e n t of W orkm en’s relief a nd protective insurance, em ploy labor law s. m en t ex changes. Y ear. 1890-1894 1. .1895-1899 ! 1900-1904 i. 1905-1909 i. 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1910........... 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... G u ild e r s . G u ild e r s . 41.000 50.000 129.000 227.000 341.000 408.000 360.000 382.000 367, 000 363, 000 391.000 433.000 694.000 687, 000 1.087.000 1.090.000 1,238, 000 500 4,000 152.000 582.000 691.000 723.000 742.000 1,998,000 12.071.000 12.611.000 12,561, 000 12.438.000 12.733.000 17,165, 000 44.213.000 45.622.000 46.082.000 G u ild e r s . 20 3,000 3,000 3,000 8,000 1,009,000 1,414,000 426, 000 282,000 528, 000 6,118,000 14,408,000 9, 818, 000 7,418,000 T otal. G u ild e r s . 41,000 54,000 281, 000 809,01X1 1,035, 000 1,134, 000 1,105, 000 2,388, (XX) 13,447, 000 14,388, C00 13,378,000 13,153,000 13,945,0C0 23,890,000 59,708, 000 56,530,000 54,738,000 1Average p er year. The expenditures indicated for 1919 and 1920 are provisional figures inasmuch as the full am ount of the money actually spent can not yet be ascertained. The expenditures for 1922 are the Govern m ent’s estimates. Interest in these figures centers chiefly in the expenditures for unemployment insurance. As has been reported heretofore these expenditures are made largely in connection with unem ploym ent doles made by labor unions and in some cases by the municipalities concerned and represent only a portion of the money actually devoted to such paym ents which apparently aggregated about 15,000,000 guilders ($6,030,000, par) in 1921 for unem ploy m ent doles alone. The expenditures for the enforcement of protective labor laws became m aterial in 1910 and 1911 by the increase of the inspection staff due to reorganization and the establishm ent of w hat is known as the “ Safety M useum ” in Am sterdam. The expenditures for workm en’s insurance became heavy when the pensions act and old age act w ent into effect in December, 1919. The aggregate ex penditure of 54,738,000 guilders ($22,004,676, par) in 1922 is equiva lent to $3.22 per capita of the total population of the Netherlands. Scandinavian Cooperation in Health insurance.1 INCE 1907 there has been close cooperation among Scandinavian countries w ith regard to accident insurance, large meetings hay ing been held alternately in Norway, Sweden, and Denm ark as a rule every three years. S 1 Social Forsorg, Copenhagen, Hefte No. 3, p. 81. Meddelelsesblad for Arbejderforsikrings-Raadet Arbejdsnaevnet, Arbejdsdirektoratet samt Arbejdsraadet. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [397] 168 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. A like cooperative work has now been initiated in another branch of social insurance, as on April 17-18, 1922, a t the invitation of the Norwegian D istrict Sick Funds N ational Organization ( K redsyge Tcassernes L a n d sfo re n in g ), a m eeting was held in Goteborg (Sweden), where steps were taken toward future system atic cooperation between Scandinavian countries in health insurance. I t was decided to hold meetings regularly of representatives of the several sick fund institutions of the three Scandinavian countries. According to the tem porary by-laws adopted, meetings are to be held alternately every three years in Denm ark, Norway, and Sweden. The three countries’ sick funds central organizations and inspection authorities are entitled to send delegates. A joint committee, consisting of a representative of inspection authorities and two representatives of sick funds central organiza tions in each country is elected for the period between meetings to arrange for meetings and to attend to perm anent cooperative work outside these, i t was resolved to hold the first Scandinavian health insurance meeting in Christiania in the spring of 1923. Up to th a t time the members present a t Goteborg are to act as the joint com m ittee. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [398] L A B O R LAW S A N D C O U R T DECISIONS. Rights and Status of Employees Injured in Commerce. B y L in d l e y D . Cla rk . R ECENT decisions by the Supreme Court of the U nited States bring into prominence the question of jurisdiction where em ployees in commerce suffer injury. The subject has been ad verted to a t various times, and the bulletins of the Bureu of Labor S tatistics containing decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor present from year to year a considerable quota of cases in which the turning point is the nature of the employment, whether intrastate and so under local law, or interstate and therefore under the Federal sta tu te — this in so far as commerce by steam railroads is concerned. Corresponding questions arise w ith regard to com merce by water, calling for distinctions between State and m aritim e jurisdiction. Decisions in both these fields recently handed down by the Supreme Court make pronouncements in direct contradiction of positions taken by State courts of last resort, and point out erro neous inferences which these courts have drawn in their attem p t to apply w hat were understood to be the principles laid down by the Supreme Court in earlier cases. T hat the situation has become more rather than less complicated is practically the declaration of the court in one of these cases, in which it was said th a t if ever the establishment of an invariable standard, applicable w ithout confu sion, was possible, it is not so now. W hether the problem of the rela tion between State and Federal laws governing railroad service, or th a t of the line of distinction between m aritim e emplovments sub ject only to adm iralty jurisdiction and those adjunct or correlated employments which m ay be held within the purview of S tate s ta t utes, is or is not incapable of solution would seem alm ost a super fluous question, were it not for the long-continued confusion and misunderstanding th a t have prevailed. As to commerce by railroad, prior to the legislation of 1906, State courts could act freely in rendering judgm ents for damages for in jured railroad workers, administering State legislation w ithout refer ence to the nature of their employment as interstate or intrastate, since Congress had not exercised its authority in regard to legislation in this field. The act of 1906 being held unconstitutional, th a t of 1908 (am endment of 1910) has taken its place, and is now the full standard and exclusive test of liability of the carrier by railroad as regards employees in interstate service. In the m eantim e m ost of the States of the Union have adopted the system of compensation, by which an entirely different principle is applied, questions of negligence being dispensed with, as well as th a t of the assum ption of risk. Several attem pts have been made to secure the enactm ent by Congress of a compensation sta tu te for employees in interstate corn- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1399] 169 170 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . merce, a sta tu te of this nature having at one time passed both Houses, b u t on account of am endm ents made in one House for the considera tion of which in the other House there was insufficient time because of the nearness of adjournm ent, the bill failed to become a law. This was in 1912, and no later attem p t has approxim ated the success th a t then seemed so near. M aritime occupations have never been the subject of legislation in the same sense th a t interstate commerce by rail has been, b u t amend m ents to the Judicial Code have sought to give to the States control over accidents occurring in the ports and harbors of the various jurisdictions. The failure of the first effort is w ritten in the finding of unconstitutionality of the attem pted am endm ent in the K nicker bocker case (see Monthly L abor R ev iew , June, 1920, pp. 171-175). The second attem pt, only recently consummated, has not yet received th a t consideration by the Supreme Court which is obviously necessary before any assurance cqn be felt as to its validity. In the m eantim e longshoremen and stevedores have been avowedly desirous of a compensation status, so th a t it would seem probable th a t if the present am endm ent to the Judicial Code is not found adequate they will take measures to secure the enactm ent of a Federal compensation statute, which is adm ittedly within the power of Congress, and by which a uniform compensation system will be established for this class of workers throughout the country. The situation is different w ith re gard to interstate employees of common carriers by railroad. Coun sel has been divided, some of the im portant railroad brotherhoods affected being strongly opposed to a compensation system, while others have favored it. In the m eantim e the divergencies of remedy mislead applicants, the m istake in taking action frequently not becom ing definitely known until it is too late to choose the proper remedy. A third subject, arising from a decision by a S tate court, is th a t of the status of employees of pipe-line companies. These are common carriers and m ay be engaged in both interstate and in trastate com merce. They are therefore within the possible control of Congress, b u t it has not yet acted. This leaves all employees of such compa nies potentially subject to S tate legislation. Interstate or Intrastate Commerce by Railroads. rT*H E Supreme Court of the U nited States decided on May 29, 1922, * a case involving the continuously recurring question of jurisdic tion in railroad accidents. (Industrial Accident Commission of Cal ifornia v. Payne, 42 Sup. Ct. 489.) T h at the question remains an unsettled one is evidenced not only by the fact th a t an appeal was taken from the State court, b u t also th a t the judgm ent of th a t court was reversed. A t the time of the accident causing the injury the injured workm an was employed in repairing an engine in the general repair shops of a railroad company. The engine had been employed in interstate commerce, and on the completion of repairs was again so employed. However, the industrial commission of the State regarded the work as local and awarded compensation benefits. John B arton Payne, Federal D irector General of Railroads, and the employing company carried the case to the courts on the ground th a t the employment was in interstate commerce, and under the Federal https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [400] LABOR LAW S AND COURT D EC ISIO N S. 171 liability law instead of under the compensation law of the State (195 Pac. 81). The court adopted this view and the industrial accident commission in tu rn brought the case to the Supreme Court of the U nited States, where the judgm ent of the court was reversed and the cause rem anded for further proceedings in accordance with the view th a t the Federal law was no t applicable, the employment not being interstate in its nature. The California court reviewed a num ber of decisions of the Supreme Court construing the application of the employers’ liability act of 1908 and concluded th a t “ the principle they established was simple, th a t its application had been rendered difficult by the diversity of decisions in the Federal and S tate courts, and th a t this (Supreme) Court had fixed no rule by which the conflict could be resolved, b u t had rem itted the decision of each case to its particular facts.” I t is interesting to note th a t though the court considered th a t the “ principle established was sim ple” the conclusion reached by it was repudiated by the Supreme Court. In response to the at least intim ated desire for a definite rule, Mr. Justice McKenna, who delivered the opinion in the case under review, said: “ We m ay say of them [the decided cases] at once th a t a precise ruling, one th a t enables an instant and undisputed application, has not been attem pted to be laid down.” Diverse decisions by Federal courts of appeal and of S tate courts of last resort were noted, b u t no explicit rule was attem pted, “ though we are besought to declare a standard invariable by circumstances or free from confusion by them in applica tion.” The test question is the one so often cited from the case of Shanks v. D., L. & W. R. Co. (1916), 239 U. S. 556, 36 Sup. Ct. 188: “ Was the employee at the time of the injury engaged in interstate transportation or any work so closely related to it as to be practically a p a rt of it ?” In th a t case a m achinist usually employed on repair ing locomotives in use in interstate and in trastate transportation was m oving an overhead shaft in order to provide for the more efficient operation of the m achinery used in such repair work. I t was here held th a t the em ploym ent was too rem ote from acts of commerce to come w ithin the Federal law. On the other hand, injury incurred on actual repair work done on a car in current use in interstate com merce comes within the purview of the Federal statu te. (Walsh v. N. Y., N. H. & H. R. Co., 223 U. S. 1, 32 Sup. Ct. 169.) B u t where an engine used in both lands of commerce was tem porarily w ith drawn for purposes of repair and taken to the shop it would not be regarded as an instrum entality of interstate commerce, b u t as sub ject to the provisions of the laws of the State. (Chicago, K. & S. R. Co. v. Kindlesparker, 246 U. S. 657, 38 Sup. Ct. 425.) This decision is exactly in line with th a t in the instant case, b u t was a reversal of a decision of the U nited States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (234 Fed. 1, 148 C. C. A. 17). In Minneapolis & St. L. R. Co. v. W inters (242 U. S. 353, 37 Sup. Ct. 170), decided in 1917, the court had held th a t the withdrawal of an engine used in handling freight trains containing products in both interstate and in trastate commerce destroyed its interstate status even though it m ight be a t once returned to such service. The case differed from th a t noted in the W alsh case since “ it was not interrupted in an interstate haul to be repaired and go on. I t simply had finished some interstate 2476°— 22- -12 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [401] 172 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . Business and had not yet begun upon any other.” Obviously varia tions in circumstances and conditions are limitless. “ There m ay be only a placem ent upon a sidetrack or in a roundhouse—the inter ruption of actual use, and the return to it, being of varying lengths of tim e; or there m ay be a removal to the repair and construction shops, a definite withdrawal from service and placem ent in new relations; the relations of a workshop, its employments and employees having cause in the movements th a t constitute commerce b u t are n o t imm ediate to it.” The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania had before it (July, 1921) a case involving the unloading of a portion of a wrecked car from a gondola on which it had been brought to the repair shop. The car had been used in interstate commerce, and because of this fact the resultant injury, which was fatal, was held by this court to be under the Federal statutes and not under the workm en’s com pensation law of the State. (Koons v. Phila. & R. R. Co., 114 Atl. 262.) I t was here said th a t the car having been disabled when in an inter state m ovem ent, “ its disablement does not suspend nor destroy th a t interstate character. The em ploym ent follows the kind of instru m entality through the delay in the repair shop until it returns to the destination indicated. This seems to be the doctrine [in deci sions of the U nited States Supreme Court cited].” One of the cases cited was the W inters case, in which the injury was found to be not in interstate commerce because the character of the engine under repair “ depended on its employment a t the time, not upon rem ote probabilities or upon accidental later events.” The other case was one (Great N orthern Car Co. v. Otos, 239 U. S. 349, 36 Sup. Ct. 124) in which, in 1915, the Supreme Court had held th a t an injury incurred while switching a defective car was under the Federal sta tu te even though its interstate m ovem ent was delayed and it was m arked for repairs and for switching to the repair track. The question presents itself as to the correctness of the analogy between the cases cited and the case before the Pennsylvania court, especially in view of the definite conclusion in the Payne case th a t a definite w ithdraw al from service, such as necessarily followed the actual wreckage of the car, would be more th an an interruption of commerce, so th a t the State law would apparently become applicable, as was decided in reversing the California court in th a t case. A t any rate it is evident th a t to say th a t “ the em ploym ent follows the kind of instrum entality through the delay in the repair shop”—for several weeks in the instan t case—is entirely too broad, since, as the Supreme Court has said: “ This is not like the m atter of repairs upon a road perm anently devoted to commerce among the States. An engine [or car] as such is not perm anently devoted to any kind of traffic” (W inters case.) In accord w ith the doctrine in the Payne case and the W inters case is a decision by the Supreme Court of Oklahoma th a t an engine taken out of service and placed in the shop for repairs, even though when in service it was used in operating an interstate passenger train, “ was not being used in commerce of any kind; it was ‘ dead. ’ ” (Chicago, R. I. & P . R. Co. v. Cronin, 176 Pac. 919.) As stated by Mr. Justice M cKenna in the Payne case, if ever it was possible to lay down an invariable standard for interstate as distin guished from in trastate commerce, it is not so now. “ Things do not https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [402] LABOR LAW S AND COURT D EC ISIO N S. 173 have to be in broad contrast to have different practical and legal con clusions. Actions take estim ation from degrees, and of this life and law are replete w ith examples.” Be th a t as it m ay, there is an obvious desirability of some clarification of a situation in which courts of high rank, apparently seeking earnestly to apply their understanding of the principles involved in the decisions of the Supreme Court, m ay be able more closely to harmonize their results. T h at this end has not been reached is apparent from the reversal of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court in the Koons case, of the U nited States Circuit C ourt of Appeals in the Kindlesparker case, of the California D istrict Court of Appeals in the Payne case, and of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court in the case of Philadelphia & Reading Co. v. H ancock (253 U. S. 284, 40 Sup. Ct. 512). In this last case it was held th a t a purely in trastate line, in fact a colliery line only, was engaged in interstate commerce though its employees never moved beyond a brief radius from the mine, the coal handled being in cars the ultim ate destination of some of which was outside the State. The view of the State Supreme Court was th a t the m ovem ent was purely in tra sta te com merce until weighed and billed a t the point a t which the actual con tinuous m ovem ent in interstate commerce began—a view th a t was rejected by the U nited States Supreme Court. A nother illustration of divergency is found in cases involving the m ovem ent of coal intended for use on railway locomotives. The Court of Appeals of Missouri held (H arrington v. C. B. & Q. R. Co., 180 S. W. 443) th a t shifting cars of coal to be placed in bins for engines used in both interstate and in trastate commerce was not interstate commerce, since until placed in the tender of an engine for such actual use it could not be regarded as an instrum entality of such commerce. On the other hand the Court of Appeals of New York found th a t a plaintiff m ight recover for injuries received while placing cars on a trestle so th a t coal could be dum ped into pockets from which it could be transferred to the tenders of engines engaged in interstate com merce, because “ th a t work was so closely connected w ith and related to interstate commerce as to be a p a rt of it. ” (Barlow v. Lehigh Valley R. Co., 107 N. E. 814.) Both of these cases went to the Supreme Court, the form er being affirmed (Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co. v. H arring ton, 241 U. S. 177,36 Sup. Ct. 517), and the la tte r reversed five years after the injury. (Lehigh Valley R. Co. v. Barlow, 244 U. S. 183, 37 Sup. Ct. 515.) However, the application by the Supreme Court of California of the principle involved in these cases was found to be in error by the Supreme Court of the United States. In this case (So. Pac. Co. v. Industrial Accident Commission, 251 U. S. 259, 40 Sup. Ct. 130) a lineman was killed while wiping insulators to which were attached wires conveying electricity for the operation of interstate and intrastate trains of the railroad company. Relying on the deci sion in the H arrington case, the California court held th a t this work m an was not in interstate commerce, and affirmed an award under the State compensation law (171 Pac. 1071). The Supreme Court reversed this, holding th a t the employment was so intim ately con nected w ith the movement of interstate traffic as to be a p a rt of it. Other applications of this principle appeared in Erie R. Co. v. Collins (253 U. S. 77, 40 Sup. Ct. 450), in which it was said th a t a pum p tender a t a w ater tank which supplied w ater to both interstate and intra- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [403] 174 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . state trains was under the Federal statu te, as was a workm an engaged in drying sand for engines engaged in both forms of commerce (Erie R. Co. v. Szary, 253 U. S. 86, 40 Sup. Ct. 454); and the inquiry seems b u t n atu ral as to why w ater in a tank furnishing a common supply or sand in a bin for indiscriminate use are in interstate commerce when coal in such a bin is not. N aturally State courts do not agree among themselves. As an illustration, identical situations were considered by the Supreme Court of Illinois and th a t of U tah. Old rails had been removed from the track and left on the right of way until their rem oval became con venient. The Illinois court held th a t such rem oval was an act of interstate commerce, as a p a rt of the general work of repairing the track. (K usturin v. Chicago & A. R. Co., 122 N. E. 512.) On the other hand in Perez v. Union Pac. R. Co. (173 Pac. 236), the Supreme Court of U ta h a year earlier (1918) denied any connection w ith interstate commerce, since the rail m ight have lain alongside the track in definitely w ithout any interruption of interstate commerce, its removal not being a work of repair. An exhaustive exam ination of the variations and conflicts of opinion is not attem pted here and would serve no purpose com m ensurate w ith the labor and space required for presentation. I t is sufficiently evident th a t an injured workman is in a great num ber of cases quite unable, even with the best of counsel, to determine under w hat law proceedings should be taken. I t not infrequently happens th a t proceedings under the wrong statu te are protracted until the expiration of the time during which the proper action m ight be begun and there is an entire loss of the right of recovery. In Williams v. Southern Pac. Co., 202 Pac. 356, it was stated that, as a precaution against such an event, a claim before a compensation commission m ay be made at the same or approxim ately the same time as the bringing of the suit, or, “ in States which provide b u t one tribunal for the trial of such actions, th a t tribunal determines in the one action whether the employment was interstate or intrastate, and enters judgm ent accordingly under the Federal law or the S tate law as the case m ay w arrant.” The conflicting character of the decisions handed down leads to the belief th a t the enactm ent of a general sta tu te covering as far as possible employees in commerce, interstate and intrastate, under a compensation system adjusted to coordinate operation w ith such S tate laws as m ight be found requisite would go far to relieve the situation; and if adm inistration were so arranged as to perm it the transfer of a case to the proper classification, if both m ust be m ain tained, it would avoid the loss of rights due to the expiration of lim ita tion periods. Pipe Lines. nPH E difficulty involved in giving to employees of common carriers * one status while engaged in interstate work and another status while engaged in in trastate work, the surroundings, personnel and instrum entalities being identical, has led a num ber of States to make special provision for all employees of such carriers. As stated in the introduction, apart from Federal legislation, State courts and S tate laws were free to operate w ith regard to employees of common https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis .[404] LABOE LAW S AND CO U ET D EC ISIO N S. 175 carriers until Congress acted. The action thus far taken, so far as liability for injuries is concerned, is restricted to common carriers by railroad. Pipe lines carrying oil are common carriers (Pipe Line Cases, 234 U. S. 548, 34 Sup. Ct. 956), while those carrying gas and w ater are definitely excluded from the operation of the interstate commerce act (34 S tat. 584). However, gas no less than oil is the subject of interstate commerce, b u t the employees in neither service have thus far been brought within the purview of Federal legislation. This would seem to leave them, w ithout question, subject to S tate compensation or other laws w ithout possiblity of conflicting juris diction. The laws of m ost States in excluding interstate service m ention railroads as the specific class of work th a t is excepted, either entirely, or in so far as the service is interstate, from the operation of the com pensation law. In the W est Virginia law, however, language capable of more general application is used, section 52 providing th a t the act shall apply to any employer under the act who “ is also engaged in interstate or foreign comm erce” only to the extent th a t interstate and in trastate work are clearly separable and distinguishable, and such employers are within the act only on active election. This phraseology was construed as exempting employers whose business it is to produce and transport n atu ral gas from the S tate of W est Virginia to other States from the compulsory operation of the State compensation law, enabling them to offer the common-law defenses in proceedings to secure redress in case of an injury in employment. In Suttle v. Hope N atural Gas Co. (82 W. Va. 729, 97 S. E . 429) this provision was said to have been incorporated to prevent con flict w ith the Federal power over interstate commerce, though it was pointed out th a t the S tate was free to act as to interstate carriers of gas until Congress should take measures covering the field. The production of oil and gas and the cleaning of wells were said to be purely in trastate activities and cleanly separable from the interstate business of a producer who supplied gas for export beyond the S tate boundaries. The same rule was applied in R oberts v. U nited Fuel Co. (84 W. Va. 368, 99 S. E. 549), where the injured workm an was at the tim e digging a ditch for the laying of an in terstate pipe line not yet brought into use. On the other hand an inspector of a pipe line carrying gas destined partly for use within the S tate and partly for export was said to be engaged in duties inseparably connected w ith interstate service and was not under the S tate compensation law unless by positive election. (Miller v. United Fuel Gas Co., 88 W. Va. 82, 106 S. E. 419.) The foregoing cases and others were cited in a very recent decision of the Supreme Court of Appeals of W est Virginia (Smith v. United Fuel Gas Co., 112 S. E. 205), in which the question of in terstate and in tra sta te employment was involved. Here the injured m an sued for damages, the employing company, a producer and exporter of gas by pipe line, regarding itself as outside the scope of the S tate compensation act. The in ju ry occurred while the workm an was engaged in the repair of a compressor engine, which, when in opera tion, was a p a rt of the p lan t used by the employing com pany to drive gas across the State line into Ohio. The engine was a large and perm anent machine, installed only for interstate use, and never [405] https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M 176 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . otherwise employed. I t was held by the court to be definitely an interstate instrum entality, the repair of which was an incident of its interstate use. This was held to place it outside the purview of the State law under the construction already adopted th a t, though the provision w ith regard to interstate and in tra sta te service was incorporated to avoid conflict w ith the Federal statutes, i t neverthe less had application to work of this _kind in which there was no Federal legislation w ith which to conflict . W hatever m ay have been the necessities imposed upon the court by the language of the act, it is difficult to see w hat advantage accrues by the extension of the confusion as to railroad service to any other field in the absence of actual, conflicting enactm ents. The rem ark of the judge in the S uttle case to the effect th a t it was the intention to avoid conflict w ith Federal power over in terstate commerce is a fair inference from the phraseology used. This con clusion is fortified b}- an am endm ent effected by chapter 131, Acts of 1919, inserting after the clause defining the employer as “ also engaged in interstate or foreign commerce,” the lim iting clause “ and for whom a rule of liability or m ethod of compensation has been or m ay be established by the Congress of the U nited S tates.” The words “ has b e e n ” obviously can refer only to railroads; w hat the inclusion of the words “ m ay b e ” is, has not y et been discussed by the courts, since, though the Miller case and the Sm ith case were bo th decided subsequent to the enactm ent of this amendm ent, the facts giving rise to the actions antedated the coming into force of the am endm ent. Stevedoring, Longshore Work, etc. r"THE Supreme Court of the U nited States in a decision rendered * May 29 reversed the Court of Appeals of New York in a case involving the problem of the status of workmen engaged in the loading and unloading of vessels. (State Industrial Com. v. N ordenholt Corp., 42 Sup. Ct. 473.) Guiseppe Insana was working on a dock as a longshoreman, stacking bags of cement which were being un loaded from a vessel, and during this work he received fatal injuries. His m other asked of the State industrial commission an allowance under the S tate w orkm en’s compensation law, which was awarded. The appellate division regarded this award as contrary to the p rin ciples laid down by the court of appeals of the S tate, and reversed it (Insana v. N ordenholt Corp., 195 App. Div. 913, 185 N. 1 . Supp. 933); the court of appeals affirmed this judgm ent w ithout opinion, October 25, 1921 (232 N. Y. 507, 134 N. E . 549). The decision of the appellate division was based on determ inations in the cases K eator v. R ock P laster Mfg. Co. (224 N. Y. 540, 120 N. E. 56), and Anderson v. Johnson Lighterage Co. (224 N. Y. 539, 120 N. E . 55). In both these cases the injured parties were helping to unload a vessel lying in navigable waters, and they were held to be outside the S tate w orkm en’s compensation law for reasons stated in a contem poraneous opinion in Doey v. How land Co. (Inc.) (224 N. Y. 30,, 120 N. E . 53), which in tu rn was held to be controlled b y the decision of the Supreme C ourt of the United States in Southern Pac. Co. v. Jensen (244 U. S. 205, 37 Sup. Ct. 524), and Clyde Steam ship Co. v. W alker (244 U. S. 255, 37 Sup. Ct. 545). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [406] LABOR LAW S AND COURT D EC ISIO N S. 177 In the Jensen case the injured m an was at work as a stevedore on a vessel. He was operating a small electric freight truck running from the pier over a gangplank about 10 feet long into the hold of the vessel. While coming out, standing on the loaded truck, his truck jam m ed against the guide pieces on the gangway. He then undertook to back into the hold of the vessel through the hatchw ay to m ake a new start, b u t failing to lower his head he struck the side of the vessel, receiving fatal injuries. His widow and children were awarded benefits under the compensation law of New York, b u t when the case reached the Supreme Court it was held to be outside the purview of this statute, as being a m aritim e injury under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Federal district courts. Furtherm ore, the rem edy proposed was held to be inconsistent w ith the uniform ity of jurisdiction contem plated and the declared lim itation upon the liability of the owners of vessels. Vigorous and lengthy opinions in dissent were filed, four justices opposing the m ajority opinion. The same division of opinion was in evidence in the W alker case. W alker suffered an injury to his hand while adjusting a hook for the purpose of rem oving a load of lum ber from the vessel on which he was. This case also arose under an award by the industrial commission of New York. In the Doey case the injured workman was m aking repairs on an ocean-going vessel lying at the dock in the navigable waters of New York, and, as stated, the court of appeals of the State regarded the decisions of the Supreme Court as controlling. A similar view was taken in still another instance. (Newham v. Chile E xploration Co., 232 N. Y. 37, 123 N. E. 120.) In the Anderson case, and apparently in the K eator case, the injured m an was on the pier or dock aiding in the unloading of a vessel, while in the Newham case the injured m an was acting as checker or tallym an, and was injured while on the dock. In m aking the decision in the Newham (the latest) case the court of appeals referred to the two earlier cases as falling under m aritim e jurisdiction, to which the w orkm en’s compensation law of the State could not apply, saying th a t “ this is the deduction which we have m ade fro m ” the Jensen case and the case of Knickerbocker Ice Co. v. Stew art (253 U. S. 149, 40 Sup. Ct. 438). Citing these decisions, the Supreme Court in the Insana case said th a t the New York court had made deductions from these cases “ which we think are unw arranted, and has proceeded upon an erroneous view of the Federal law .” Continuing, the court said: When an employee working on board a vessel in navigable waters sustains per sonal injuries there, and seeks damages from the employer, the applicable legal principles are very different from those which would control if he had been injured on land while unloading the vessel. In the former situation the liability of em ployer must be determined under the maritime law; in the latter, no general mari time rule prescribes the liability, and the local law has always been applied. The liability of the employer for damages on account of injuries received on shipboard by an employee under a maritime contract is matter within the admiralty jurisdiction; but not so when the accident occurs on land. In deciding the Jensen case the Supreme Court had cited a some w hat earlier case, A tlantic Transport Co. v. Im brovek (234 U. S. 52, 34 Sup. Ct. 733), in-which the doctrine th a t the place in which the injury occurred is the exclusive test of adm iralty jurisdiction in m at ters of to rt had been questioned. Flere the injured m an was stow- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [407] 178 M O N T H L Y LABOR, R E V IE W . ing copper on board the ship which he was assisting to load. I t was here said th a t “ the precise scope of adm iralty jurisdiction is not a m atter of obvious principle or of very accurate history.” The question of locality is not restricted to the m atter of being on a vessel, b u t upon the high seas or navigable waters. The work of loading and stowing the cargo, formerly done by the ship’s crew, is now done by a specialized class of workers “ as clearly identified with m aritim e affairs as are the m ariners.” Here, though the ship itself was not found liable for the injury, the stevedore com pany was held to be responsible and under adm iralty jurisdiction. A nother case cited by the Supreme Court, decided Jan u ary 3, 1922 (Grant Sm ith-Porter Ship Co. v. Rhode, 42 Sup. Ct. 157), de clared th a t where to rt m atters are involved the question of juris diction depends upon the locality, a fact which “ has been so fre quently asserted by this court th a t it m ust now be treated as settled.” I t was in view of the fact th a t Insana, the injured workm an in the case under present consideration, was on the dock when he received his fatal injury th a t the judgm ent of the court below was reversed, in effect discrediting also the decisions of the court of appeals in the Anderson, K eator, and Newham cases. The apparent result is th a t when a workm an is required to move back and forth from the dock to the vessel he is under constantly alternating jurisdictions. Jensen, who was held to be under the m aritim e jurisdiction and not under the State compensation law would, if his truck had not jam med, have been on the pier in a few seconds, where an injury, under the doctrine in the instant case, would have been under the S tate com pensation law. The situation can hardly be said to be clarified by the decision of the Supreme Court in the case of W estern Fuel Co. v. Garcia (1921) (42 Sup. Ct. 89). Here a stevedore at work on a vessel anchored in San Francisco Bay was killed. No recovery is allowed for the death of a m an through the negligent act of another under the common law or under general m aritim e law. However, a sta tu te of Cali fornia gives an action for damages on account of death, and it was held th a t where State laws gave such rights “ the adm iralty courts will entertain a libel in personam for the damages sustained by those to whom such right is given.” I t was explained th a t “ the subject is m aritim e and local in character and the specified modifi cation of or supplem ent to the rule applied in adm iralty courts when following the common law, will not work m aterial prejudice to the characteristic features of the general m aritim e law, nor interfere w ith the proper harm ony and uniform ity of th a t law in its in ter national and interstate relations.” This principle was applied in the Rhode case, where a ship car penter sought recovery in adm iralty for injuries received while at work on a partially completed vessel lying in navigable waters in the State of Oregon. Here it was said th a t the S tate compensation law prescribes an exclusive remedy and the w orkm an’s activities had at the time no direct relation to navigation or commerce, so th a t the right to com pensation was open to him b u t no right to re cover damages in an adm iralty court. I t is easy to see the grounds for exem pting the Rhode case, since the employment was not of a m aritim e nature although “ on navigable waters and the cause https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [408] LABOR LAW S AND COURT D ECISIO N S. 179 was of a kind ordinarily within the adm iralty jurisdiction. ” How ever, the vessel never had entered commerce and the w orkm an’s (carpenter’s) activities in no way affected either. The Garcia case, however, would seem to be on all fours w ith the Jensen case or the Im brovek case, since Garcia was on the vessel when injured in his em ploym ent as a stevedore; and the deviation from b oth common and m aritim e law effected by a sta tu te giving right of action for injuries causing death where no right of action existed can hardly be said to be greater than the substitution of a compensation scheme for one giving a right of action for damages under adm iralty rules. In other words the question of w hat is a departure th a t will “ work m aterial prejudice to the characteristic features of the general m aritim e law ,” and w hat deviation will not “ interfere w ith the proper harm ony and uniform ity of th a t law ,” rem ains an unsolved question. If “ in Jen sen ’s case rights and liabilities were definitely fixed by m aritim e rules, whose uniform ity was essential,” w hat will be the status of such a worker now under the 1922 am endm ent to the Judicial Code (see M o n t h l y L a b o r K e v i e w , July, 1922, p. 152) % This am endm ent purports to m ake the law uniform for stevedores and longshoremen in their m ovements back and forth from the dock into the ship over the gangplank. If the Jensen case is to stand and the Knickerbocker case, in which an earlier, though broader, atte m p t was m ade to amend the Judicial Code, was held to be void, the situation is not advanced by legislation beyond w hat it has been from the beginning of compensation legislation. The current deci sion does guarantee to such workers injured while on docks the protection of the local law, b u t there is no intim ation in the opinion of any relaxation of the rule laid down in the Jensen and K nicker bocker cases th a t where the injury is on the vessel, or rath er “ upon the high seas or navigable w aters,” no deviation from the m ari time law is possible except by Federal legislation of uniform force and effect, unless such intim ation can be said to be found in the cita tion of the Garcia case. Test of Hazard Under Compensation Law of New York. H E workm en’s compensation law of New York is professedly based on the m atte r of hazard, its coverage being restricted (section 2) to “ employees engaged in the following hazardous employm ents.” Section 2 of the law contains an enum eration of the groups, some 47 in number, into which so-called hazardous em ploym ents are divided. Group 45, added by an am endm ent after some years of experience under the act, includes “ all other employ m ents not hereinbefore enum erated * * * in which there are engaged or employed four or more workmen or operatives regularly, in the same business or in or about the same establishm ent, either upon the premises or a t the plan t or away from the p lan t of the em ployer,” farm labor and domestic service being exempted. I t m ay be noted in passing th a t the constitutional amendm ent, which was held necessary in view of the decision of the Court of Appeals of New York holding the first law enacted on the subject unconsti- T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [409] 180 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . tutional (Ives v. South Buffalo B. Co., 201 N. Y. 271, 94 N. E. 431), contains no provision restricting legislation to hazardous employ m ents b u t authorizes the enactm ent of laws for compensation “ for injuries to employees or for death of em ployees” generally. A case involving the construction of this classification, which suggests th a t there is a hazard in the num ber of persons employed, came before the Supreme Court of the U nited States, a decision thereon being rendered July 5, 1922. (W ard & Gow v. K rinsky, 42 Sup. Ct. 529.) The claim ant, K rinsky, was employed by a company which m aintained stands a t some 125 points in various subway and elevated railw ay stations in the city of New York for the sale of periodicals and other merchandise. In this departm ent there were 307 employees of all classes, including porters, chauf feurs, inspectors, and salesmen, one a t each station or booth. K rin sky, as a salesman, had no contact w ith other employees except the inspector, and the chauffeur who brought his supplies. For pur poses of cleanliness K rinsky was furnished w ith a pail for w ater, which he obtained from a washroom two floors above his work place. One morning while em ptying the w ater on the tracks pre p aratory to obtaining a new supply, following his custom, he was struck by an approaching train and suffered injuries for which compensation was claimed. The S tate industrial commission awarded benefits, from which award an appeal -was taken to the S tate supreme court, appellate division, the contention being th a t the injured m an, not being a “ workm an or operative,” was n o t w ithin the protection of the act. This contention was rejected, th a t court holding th a t the act by its classification declared the employment hazardous and th a t ‘‘all employees of a ‘hazardous em ploym ent7 are w ithin the protection of the sta tu te , irrespective of w hether or no t their particular duties bring them w ithin the hazards of the em ploym ent.’’ (Krinsky v. W ard & Gow, 184 N. Y. Supp. 443.) This decision was affirmed in a m em orandum opinion byr the court o f appeals of the S tate (231 N. Y. 525, 132 N. E . 873). The employer thereupon obtained a w rit of error, bringing the case before the Supreme Court. The decision of the Supreme Court, delivered by Mr. Justice Pitney, Mr. Justice McBeynolds and Mr. Justine M cKenna dis senting, considered the question involved a t length. The num ber of porters, who are adm ittedly workmen or operatives, was suffi cient to bring the em ploym ent w ithin the act, and the court found th a t they were clearly “ engaged in the same business” w ith sales men, since they loaded the trucks w ith the m erchandise which the salesmen disposed of. Various cases were cited in which the New York courts had held in substantially similar cases th a t all employees of an employer whose principal business comes w ithin the classifica tion of hazardous, are under the act, even though their duties are no t a p a rt of the characteristic operations or processes of the busi ness. Accepting this construction of the law by the highest au thority of the State, the Supreme Court found th a t its function is confined to ‘‘determining whether, as so construed and as applied to the concrete facts of the case, the sta tu te contravenes the lim ita tions imposed by the fourteenth am endm ent upon S tate actions.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [410] LABOR LAW S AND CO U RT D E C ISIO N S. 181 As to tlie contention th a t “ the validity of com pulsory workm en’s compensation acts depends upon the inherently hazardous character of the occupations covered/’ and th a t a mere declaration by the legislature th a t a certain em ploym ent is hazardous is not conclusive, the court said th a t the argum ent was based upon “ the curious m is conception th a t the legislature regarded the workmen or operatives as the sole source of the danger to those engaged in the same business w ith th e m ,” and upon an assumption, equally untenable, th a t the salesman was in an occupation free from inherent hazard even though his duties called him a t times to go into moving throngs of passengers and into close proxim ity to the railway tracks. The finding th a t the injuries “ arose out of and in the course of his em ploym ent” was m ade by the commission and affirmed by both the S tate courts, and m ust be accepted unless found to be w ithout support in the evidence. A sufficient basis for compulsory compensation laws was said to exist in the public interest of the State in the lives and personal security of those who are under the protection of its laws. This authorizes legislation calling for the securing of compensation, to be paid by the employers in hazardous occupations for gain where it m ay be con tem plated by both parties in advance th a t sooner or la tte r some of those employed probably will sustain accidental injury, b u t w ith no certainty a s 'to time, numbers, or seriousness of the injury. “ T h a t there was inherent hazard in K rinsky’s occupation is conclusively shown by the fact th a t in the course of it he received a serious and disabling personal injury arising out of it.”1 T h at such an injury as occurred m ight have been foreseen is dem onstrated not only by the fact of its occurrence in the way in which it occurred b u t also by the legislative provision made in advance; hence there was no undue deprivation of liberty or property. The contention th a t the construction of the provision establishing Group 45 goes beyond the lim its of due process of law was said to be controverted both by the facts of K rinsky’s experience and by the fact th a t no responsibility is entailed if the em ploym ent is entirely free from inherent hazard, since in the absence of injury or death no benefits or other costs accrued. If one is a self-insurer no insurance costs are involved except as disabling injuries actually occur. If insurance in a company is carried, “ presum ably the premiums will not exceed a reasonable estim ate of the risk.” The employer m ay as a third alternative invest in the State fund, where “ there is an assurance of equivalency in the public adm inistration of the fund * * * based upon the total pay roll and num ber of employees in each class of employment, at the lowest possible rate consistent w ith the m aintenance of a solvent insurance fund and the creation of a reasonable surplus and reserve.” F urther proof of the fallacy of any argum ent th a t any such legislation is arb itrary and unreasonable in placing burdens on the employer where injury is improbable, is found in the fact th a t in the absence of legislation of this kind any injury 1T h e im portance of th is announcem ent w arran ts th e calling of special a tte n tio n to it. I n B ulletin No. 272 of th e B u reau of Labor S tatistics (p . 140) i t is said: “ R ulings on th e question of hazard are obviously difficult, since th e y w ould seem to be practically answ ered b y th e fact of th e occurrence of the in ju ry which m u st hap p en before th e case can come to consideration; an d th e fact of th e in ju ry is in itself proof th a t the occupation is a t least in some degree hazardous. * * * I n an y view, th e m a tte r resolves itself In to this, th a t if a given occuoation is hazardous, those engaged in i t m ay properly expect provision to be m ade in th eir behalf; if th e risk is com paratively slight, th e cost for providing for occasional injuries arising in it is not burdensom e on th e em ployer while m inistering to th e needs of th e injured individual, which are none the less urgent because of th e com paratively sm all n u m b er of persons injured in like circum stances.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [4 1 1 ] 182 MONTHLY LABOE EEYIEW. “ would have to be assumed and borne by the disabled employee or his dependents, ju st as under the sta tu te they still m ust bear all beyond the scheduled compensation.” Instead of being unreason able, the extension of the compensation law by the addition of this group “ shows rather intelligent foresight, and anticipation, based upon practical experience in the operation of the law as it stood be fore, th a t however little foreseen by persons im m ediately concerned, accidental disabling injuries inevitably would occur in occupations not previously classed as hazardous.” No claim of denial of due process could therefore be allowed. The next point taken up was th a t of “ equal protection of the laws. ” The theory th a t “ h a z ard ,” as applied to the em ploym ent of four or more workmen or operatives, can be im puted only where there is group labor was said to be untenable. “ The employment of four or more workmen or operatives regularly is treated as the nucleus of a business probably involving personal hazard to some of those employed; and the same rule of construction is applied to this as to other groups.” The law “ is based upon the existence of actual, no t hypothetical, inherent hazards confronting employees in gainful occupations. ” Its validity has been m aintained in all courts, and the adm inistration of the provisions of the group under consideration is in harm ony w ith the general trend of the act. “ Any question about the validity of an act purporting to impose compulsory liability upon employers for losses due to occupational hazards, where there really are no o'ccupational hazards, m ay safely be left until such case is presented. ” The question of the connection between the isolated employee and his coemployees, “ workmen or operatives effective in establishing the classification,” is discussed a t length. The history and develop m ent of the law, w ith its m any amendm ents, are referred to. “ We have been impressed again and again, to the point of complete conviction, th a t this act or any of its am endm ents is not the work of novices and bunglers.” A m ultitude of compensation rulings, opinions of the attorney general, and court decisions, together w ith classifications and adm inistrative results, have furnished m aterial for such changes as have been incorporated in the law. The am end m ent expressing itself in Group 45 was designed to cover previously unclassified ground, “ where undefined and virtually undefinable industrial hazards rem ained.” The question of inherent hazard was not ignored, and a variety of grounds are suggested as a basis for the enactm ent in the form in which it came into being. Experience under the act in its amended form will work needed adjustm ents, and the group included under second Group 45 “ will cost nothing in the large sense, beyond expenses of adm inistration, if it should happen to reach where industrial hazard is nonexistent; it will not be more burdensome than the industrial losses prove to be, where such hazards do exist. ” The link between the group of four or more and the scattered salesman so far removed from contact w ith group labor m ay be regarded as the employer himself. Losses chargeable against the industry fall against the individual employers engaged in it. The various circumstances and conditions involved are to be disposed of by the industrial commission according to experience. The S tate has amended its constitution so as to m ake this system due https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [412] LABOR LAWS AND COURT DECISIONS. 183 process of law within its boundaries. We are unable to say th at, in extending it by the addition of the second Group 45, the S tate has in the least degree exceeded the lim itations imposed by the fourteenth amendment. Constitutionality of Statutes Requiring Service Letters. IIE custom of giving testim onials or service letters is quite general, m any employers requiring the production of a paper of this nature as a condition to the taking on of new workmen. A few States have undertaken to regulate this m atte r by statute, requiring the issue of such a letter on request, and th a t it should be a truthful statem ent of the nature of service and of the nature of term ination, w hether voluntary or by dismissal, reduction of force, etc. Such laws have been enacted in California, Georgia, K ansas, Indiana, Missouri, M ontana, Nebraska, Nevada, Oklahoma, and Texas. In Georgia, Kansas, and Texas these laws have been held unconsti tutional; while in M assachusetts a bill embodying the same general principles was subm itted in advance to the suprem e court of the State, and by it condemned as an im proper regulation of the con tra c t of employment. On the other hand, the courts of Missouri and Oklahoma have regarded this legislation as valid, and cases turning on the constitutionality of the laws were before the U nited States Supreme Court a t its recent term , the laws of both States being upheld. (Cheek v. P rudential Ins. Co. (Mo.), 192 S. W. 387; affirmed, 42 Sup. Ct. 516; Dickinson v. Perry, 75 Okla. 25, 181 Pac. 504; affirmed, 42 Sup. Ct. 524.) The Supreme Court, as well as the S tate courts, considered the reasoning used by the S tate courts in which laws of this natu re had been condemned, b u t did not find it persuasive. The Suprem e Court, after reviewing the adverse decisions, wdiich were cited by the plaintiff in error in support of its contentions of u n co n stitu tio n ally , stated th a t “ previous decisions of the court are far from furnishing support for these contentions.” The Suprem e Court of Georgia regarded its law as “ violative of the general private right of silence enjoyed in th a t S tate by all persons natural or artificial.” Freedom of speech being guaranteed by the Constitution, “ incident thereto is the correla tive liberty of silence, not less im p o rtan t.” Moreover, the subject m atte r was not of public interest. The K ansas court likewise regarded the requirem ent of the issue of a service lette r as an inter ference with the personal liberty guaranteed by the State and Federal constitutions; also as abridging the right to discharge an employee for any reason or no reason. Similar argum ents were advanced by the Texas Supreme Court, though the court of civil appeals of the State twuce sustained the act as constitutional. In M assachusetts also it was said th a t the proposed enactm ent would im pair freedom of contract “ to an unw arrantable degree.” None of these reasons received the approval of the Supreme Court. The laws under consideration were restricted to corporations— th at of Oklahoma to public service corporations; and the court regarded the enactm ents as legitim ate regulations which the State m ight impose as a condition under which corporations would be perm itted to do T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [413] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 184 business. “ The argum ent under the ‘general p rotection’ clause is unsubstantial, there being no difficulty in placing corporations in one class and individuals in another.” The interest of the S tate in the welfare of its citizens is sufficient w arrant for the enactm ent of a law of this kind, so th a t “ the conten tion th a t it involved a private and not a public m atter, in th a t only the individual employee and the individual employer were concerned, was a pure assum ption th a t failed to recognize existing conditions.” As to the right of privacy it was said “ neither the fourteenth am end m ent nor any other provision of the Constitution of the U nited States imposes upon the S tates any restrictions about ‘ freedom of speech ’ or ‘liberty of silence’; nor, we m ay add, does it confer any right of privacy on either persons or corporations.” I n the Cheek case there was an agreem ent between the insurance companies doing the principal business in the City of St. Louis no t to employ an agent leaving either of the other companies until after two years, and it was held th a t to give damages to the employee for the failure to issue a service letter in the existing situation would be to deprive the com pany of property w ithout due process of law. The S tate court had denied to these corporations the lawful right to enter into a com bination such as the one noted, and the Suprem e Court accepted this ruling as a valid declaration of the public policy of the S tate, so th a t no question of “ equal p ro tectio n ” could come before the Suprem e Court. B oth judgm ents in favor of the employees were therefore affirmed. Modifications of Eight-Hour Law in Belgium. H E te x t of two royal decrees of May 26, 1922, fixing the addi tional hours which m ay be worked a t certain seasons of the year in open quarries and in the building industry is given in the B ulletin of the Belgian Central Industrial Committee, June 7, 1922 (pp. 430-436). The extension of hours was favored by various employers’ and employees’ organizations and by the Superior Council of Labor and other governm ental organizations because of the time lost on account of bad weather. The decrees authorized the follow ing hours in stone quarries and the building industry: Nine hours a day or 108 hours each two weeks during the m onths of May, June, and July; 96 hours each fortnight or 8 hours per day during the m onths of February, March, April, August, Septem ber, and October, and 84 hours each fortnight or 7 hours a day during the rem ainder of the year. A t the same tim e in order to m ake up the tim e lost on account of the w eather the hours m ay be extended from 8 to 8% w ithin the six-m onths period F ebruary to A pril and A ugust to October and from 7 to 8 during the three m onths from Novem ber to January, though they can n o t exceed the m axim um fixed for each two weeks. One hour is added to the first five days of the week if S aturday afternoon is a holiday. M any applications for modifications of the 8-liour law have been m ade to the Superior Labor Council (Le M ouvement Syndical Belge, May 27, 1922, p. 99), chiefly because of the seasonal nature of various industries, and the council has decided th a t additional hours m ay T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [4 1 4 ] LABOR LAWS AND COURT DECISIONS. 185 be worked at certain periods, the extra hours to be offset by short workdays a t other seasons. The council has decided to grant these modifications in the following industries: Men’s and women’s ready made garm ents, fur, millinery, pleating m aterials, embroidering, felt and straw hats, upholstery, artificial ice, chocolate and ice cream, pastry, breweries, and cheese factories. These decisions are not binding, however, until decrees have been issued by the Government. New Czecho-Slovak Emigration Law .1 NEW law dealing with the question of emigration from Czecho slovakia was passed on February 15, 1922, by both Houses of Parliam ent of the Czecho-Slovak Republic. The new law becomes effective three m onths after its publication in the Collec tion of Laws and Decrees of the Czecho-Slovak Republic, auto m atically superseding the former A ustrian laws on emigration of 1897 and 1909. The new emigration act fulfills the m ost up-to-date demands made on behalf of the protection of emigrants and attem pts to ad ap t the recommendations of the International Em igration Commission to national requirem ents and to carry them out in practice. A n emi grant under the terms of this act is “ any person who proceeds from the territory of the Czecho-Slovak Republic to another country with the purpose of there seeking his living or w ith the purpose of not returning; also a mem ber of his fam ily who shall accom pany him or follow him .” A part from a brief reference to the national defense act, the new law places no restriction on emigration except in the vital interests of the em igrant himself. The only classes of citizens prohibited from emigration are: A (1) Citizens liable for service in the army under military law. Not included, however, are minors above the age of 18 and under 20 leaving for some other country in Europe. The emigration office nevertheless has power to refuse permission for this class to emigrate. (2) Minors under 16 years of age are not permitted to leave the country for per manent residence abroad unless they can prove that they are to be accompanied to their place of destination by a reliable person above the age of 24. (3) Parties to a criminal proceeding who are out on bail. (4) Parents intending to leave their children under 16 years at home without mak ing adequate provision for their maintenance. (5) Persons who are unable to work because of old age, disease, or physical defect are not permitted to emigrate tinless they can show the possession of sufficient property to insure them a living income. (6) Persons who do not possess more money than the actual amount of their passage, and persons prohibited to emigrate to a certain country by the laws of that country. (7) All citizens without exception not in possession of emigration papers issued by the proper authorities. All protective measures are based on a system of special em igra tion passports, and are, in general, directly handled by the S tate, although the assistance of philanthropic associations is contem plated and regulated. W ith a view to protecting the emigrant, recruitm ent of individuals for emigration to countries outside of Europe, w hether w ith a view to 1From a rep o rt of th e A m erican consulate a t Prague, dated M arch 28, 1922, a n d a n article in th e In te r natio n al L abor Review , G eneva, Ju n e, 1922, p . 977. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1415] 186 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. taking up land or to accepting employment, is prohibited. Excep tions by way of adm inistrative regulation m ay be allowed where due regard has been had to the interests of the emigrant, and where both his nationality and his right to retu rn are guaranteed to him. The clauses on the engagement of Czecho-Slovak nationals in Euro pean countries are modeled on the W ashington unem ploym ent rec om mendation; they enforce collective recruitm ent, the cooperation in both countries of the public employment exchanges, and the m en tion of a definite person or body as employer. Again, in the spirit of the resolutions of the International Em igration Commission, the text of the act runs: “ The em ploym ent contract m ust guarantee th a t there is neither strike nor lockout in the undertaking and th a t wage and labor conditions shall be accorded to the im m igrant worker which shall be at least as favorable as those accorded to nationals who are of the same degree of skill, and th a t these conditions shall continue during the whole period of the contract.” A new and very practical clause is th a t which enjoins th a t in the m atter of ter m inating an employment contract the im m igrant worker shall have rights equal to those granted to the national. In order to suppress secret recruiting of emigrants, the num ber of “ representatives” of foreign shipping companies and the num ber of licensed emigration offices is restricted. R epresentatives m ay receive only fixed salaries; they m ay take no sort of commission, nor m ay they act for any other transport agency. The transport agencies and their representatives m ay not m ane use of the services of any m iddle m en or of any persons operating outside their licensed offices. Should the M inistry of Social Welfare give permission for the em ploym ent of persons to conduct parties of emigrants, such persons m ust wear a badge which can be easily recognized and m ust be provided w ith a license. T ransport agencies m ust at all times be able to produce a list of their employees and at once dismiss an employee when re quested by the m inistry. They m ust undertake to preserve their books and correspondence for five years from the date of the last entry and to produce them on request. A part from announcem ents, the contents of which are strictly controlled, transport agencies are forbidden to enter into negotiations w ith any person until such per son shall himself have approached them . Principals are equally liable w ith representatives for any contraventions of the law of which the la tte r m ay have m ade themselves guilty. The regulations on the transport of emigrants are designed to cover the usual abuses. The Czecho-Slovak consular representatives at ports of em barkation abroad m ust be informed of the intended arrival of emigrants in good time. They will then note the carrying out of regulations dealing w ith accommodation and food arrange m ents before em barkation and on board ship, w ith m edical examina tion, w ith sanitary and other measures, and w ith the persons ap pointed to conduct parties of emigrants. E m igrants’ hotels situated at the frontier or a t the collecting centers will also be subject to control and, if necessary, be suppressed. The punitive clauses as to solicitation to emigrate in general, risk to young persons under 18 years of age, and the white-slave traffic appear to be drastic in their terms. They conform to the interna tional conventions on the white-slave traffic. The law also provides https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [416] LABOR LAWS AND COURT DECISIONS. 187 th a t the transport of emigrants shall be prohibited in cases where some foreign S ta te or foreign corporation is itself assisting or propos ing to assist such emigration; the object of this is to protect the em igrant against solicitation. The international policy of the Czecho-Slovak Governm ent is best characterized in the following clause: “ The Governm ent is empow ered to conclude treaties on emigration and im m igration with other States on the basis of m utual obligations and to carry them out with a view to the execution of the clauses of this act and of the regulations enforcing it on the territory of foreign S tates.” Respecting the tran sit of emigrants from other countries through Czechoslovakia the tex t of the act runs as follows: “ The Governm ent is empowered, w ith a special view to the relief of distress, public se curity, and health, to issue the necessary instructions regulating the entry and transit of emigrants from other States traveling through Czecho-Slovak territory.” Law Creating Employment Exchanges in Japan. N act dated April 8, 1921, provides for the establishm ent of free employment offices in cities and villages of Japan. A pam phlet of the legislative series published by the In te r national Labor Office gives the tex t of the law and of the imperial ordinances relating to it. E ach city, town, or village is empowered to establish one or more employment exchanges which shall be under the supervision of the chief official of each locality. The law provides th a t the work of the various employment exchanges is to be coordinated in district em ploym ent exchange boards, which in turn will be under the control of the Minister of Home Affairs, and an employment exchange com mission will be established under his direction, b u t these provisions were to become effective a t some later date through an imperial ordi nance. The expenses of the employment exchanges are m et by the locality establishing them and the S tate treasury is empowered to grant a subsidy amounting to one-half of the expenses incurred in the building of employment exchanges and all additional expendi tures for their establishm ent incurred during the first financial year. For other expenses the subsidy amounts to one-sixth. Perm its for opening employment offices or for m aking any changes in the offices or the staff are obtained from the prefectural governor, and he m ay designate one of the exchanges in his prefecture to be responsible for the system atic coordination of the activities of the different exchanges. Each m anager of an employment exchange is obliged to make reports a t 10-day intervals to the person designated by the Minister of Home Affairs. M onthly and quarterly reports are also required, and each exchange also is obliged to keep a card register of persons offering employment, those seeking employment, and of daily place ments. A 2476°—22- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 13 F4171 188 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Law Establishing the Eight-Hour Day in Latvia. R E PO R T received from the American consulate a t Riga states th a t the C onstituent Assembly of L atvia has recently enacted a law establishing the 8-hour day in industry. The law also provides for a 6-hour day for brain workers, w ith 6 and 4 hours for m anual and brain workers, respectively, on Saturdays and special provision for certain holidays. A Turkish Labor Legislation. CCORDING to an article in Commerce Reports, July 3, 1922 (p. 61), the Grand N ational Assembly of the Turkish N ational ist Government has recently enacted legislation designed to insure the safety of workmen and to improve their condition. This legislation was passed particularly in the interests of the 15,000 coal miners in the Zongouldak fields. These laws provide th a t mine owners in the future shall be obliged to construct houses for their workmen, conforming to regulations of the M inistry of Public H ealth. The regulations require th a t houses shall be constructed of concrete, stone, or brick, w ith wooden floors and an adequate num ber of windows. A public b a th and a mosque m ust be erected by the owners in each mine district, evening schools m ust be established, and a pension fund for injured and aged em ployees created. This is the first legislation enacted in Turkey for the betterm ent of conditions of the working class. A https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1418] LA B O R O R G A N IZA TIO N S. Forty-second Annual Convention of the American Federation of Labor. H E forty-second annual convention of the American Federation of Labor was held in Cincinnati, Ohio, June 12 to 24, 1922. On the first day it was reported th a t the credentials of 444 delegates had been examined, such delegates representing 94 interna tional and national unions, 4 departm ents, 27 S tate branches, 87 central bodies, 39 local trade and Federal labor unions, and 4 fra ternal delegates. Additional delegates were in attendance at sub sequent sessions. Dr. A lbert Freiberg, Mrs. Florence Kelley, Mr. W illiam Green, secretary-treasurer of the U nited Mine W orkers of America, and Hon. R obert M. La Follette, spoke on subjects relating to child labor, the Senator from Wisconsin discussing a t length the Supreme Court decision in re the Federal child labor tax law. Hon. Thom as J. Duffy, chairm an of the Ohio Industrial Commis sion, spoke on the insurance fund of his State, and Mr. John P. Frey, editor of the International Molders’ Journal, on injunctions. Addresses were m ade by Mr. M atthew Woll, president of the In ternational Photo E ngravers’ Union of N orth America, and a num ber of other labor leaders on m atters taken up in the special report of the comm ittee appointed to consider proposals in re recent decisions of the Supreme Court. T Adopted Recommendations and Resolutions. MONG the recom mendations and resolutions adopted a t the conveiiuion were the following: Proposing changes in the Federal Constitution, in view of certain recent decisions of the U nited States Supreme Court affecting labor, notably the child labor tax decision and the decision in the Coronado Coal Co. case th a t labor unions are suable, the changes recom mended being as follows: 1. An amendment prohibiting the labor of children under the age of 16 years in any mine, mill, factory, workshop, or other industrial or mercantile establishment, and conferring upon Congress the power to raise the minimum age below which children shall not be permitted to work, and to enforce the provisions of the proposed amend ment by appropriate legislation. 2. An amendment prohibiting the enactment of any law or the making of any judicial determination which would deny the right of the workers of the United States and its territories and dependencies to organize for the betterment of their conditions; to deal collectively with employers; to collectively withhold their labor and patron age and induce others to do so. 3. An amendment providing that if the United States Supreme Court decides that an act of Congress is unconstitutional, or by interpretation asserts a public policy at variance with the statutory declaration of Congress, then if Congress by a two-thirds majority re passes the law, it shall become the law of the land. 1D ata are from advance copy of proceedings, a n d R ep o rt of E x ecu tive Council. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [419] 189 190 MONTHLY LABOR. REVIEW. 4. In order to make the Constitution of the United States more flexible to meet the needs of the people, an amendment providing for easier amendments of the same. F urther recommending th a t Congress be urged to pass— 1. A child labor law which will overcome the objections raised by the United States Supreme Court to the laws heretofore passed by Congress and nullified by the court. 2. A law which will make more definite and effective the intention of Congress in enacting sections 6, 19, and 20 of the Clayton Act, which was manifestly ignored or overridden by the court. 3. An act repealing the Sherman antitrust law, which was intended by Congress to prevent illegal combinations in restraint of trade, commonly known as “ trusts,” but through judicial misinterpretation and perversion has been repeatedly and mainly invoked to deprive the toiling masses of their natural and normal rights. Authorizing the executive council to call conferences of persons and associations for assistance and cooperation in preparing the above proposed amendm ents and bills and in educating the public to sup port and adopt such measures. For the establishm ent of a legal defense bureau by the executive council. Calling for the repeal of the transportation act of 1920 creating the U nited States Railway Labor Board, declaring th a t “ the overwhelm ing m ajority of decisions functioned in the interest of railroad m an agement and against the employées,” and commending the dissent ing opinions of the labor members of the board. Declaring against the compulsory incorporation of trade-unions. For energetic action to secure the repeal of the K ansas court of industrial relations law and the Colorado industrial commission law. For the continued investigation of wage theories, to develop a comprehensive, well-considered theory capable of real service in the practical problems of determ ining wages. For the continuation of the federation’s bureau of cooperative societies. For the study by the executive council and report to the next convention of the m atte r of securing the cooperation of various organizations of industrial workers and farmers for the establishm ent in W ashington, D. C., of a central bank with such branches as m ay be required. For the selection of a committee to study workm en’s compensa tion w ith a view to standardizing workm en’s compensation legisla tion through the cooperation of S tate federations of labor, to pro viding an old-age pension system for handicapped and infirm per sons who can not secure employment because of “ alleged extra hazard,” and to extending workm en’s compensation through Federal am endm ent to include “ all employees engaged in interstate commerce.” For the developm ent of the federation’s inform ation and pub licity service and the unification of all publicity activities in one departm ent under the federation’s president. Authorizing the executive council to arrange, when practicable, for the establishm ent of a weekly newspaper. For the continuation of the federation’s perm anent comm ittee on education. A uthorizing the perm anent comm ittee on education and the executive .council to m ake such use of the report m ade under their direction on “ Social studies in public schools” and to take such https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [420] LABOR ORGANIZATIONS. 191 action as they deem m ost effective to further the progress of education. Commending the federation’s publication “ E ducation for a ll” and calling it to the attention of the educational committees of all State and local bodies as well as of educators and others interested in the public welfare. Calling attention to the present deplorable inadequacy of school preparation for the social life of the great m ajority of future citizens. Recom m ending th a t public school courses “ should be reorganized around social studies ” and th a t the federation should exercise its full influence “ in support of labor’s constructive educational program .” Urging th a t the executive council and the federation’s S tate and central bodies give all possible aid to the American Federation of Teachers in organizing teachers and improving the schools. Reaffirming the declaration of the A tlantic City convention (1919) th a t inquiries by school authorities into teachers’ personal, economic, political, and religious views are “ intolerable in a free country.” Recommending th a t the executive council and the educational comm ittee proceed with negotiations w ith the W orkers’ Educational B ureau of America for the furtherance of “ a comprehensive scheme of adult workers’ education,” and th a t all international and national unions, S tate federations of labor, and central labor unions be urged to appoint educational committees to be charged especially w ith the prom otion of such adult workers’ educational schemes. Urging the organization, wherever practicable, of labor courses and labor colleges under the auspices of trade-unionism. For the prom otion of such educational work as will inform farm ers on m atters affecting both them and industrial workers. Indorsing the report of the special comm ittee on unem ploym ent one section of which reads as follows: We believe that the economic problem of stabilizing employment must be worked out in the various industries by the groups associated together in production, each in organized capacity. Industrial order is impossible without organization. Wage earners through their trade-unions are prepared to do their part in this undertaking. Stabilization of employment will be in part the outgrowth of efforts to improve the methods and policies of production and development of a spirit of cooperation for service in production. To accomplish this end the active cooperation of the group of producing workers is necessary. For legislation licensing, regulating, if not entirely prohibiting, private detective business for industrial problems. Favoring the rem oval of all discrim ination against women, advo cating specific laws to this end, and opposing blanket legislation for this purpose. Urging th a t international and national organizations not adm itting women to membership give early consideration to this question and th a t where woman workers are refused entrance in international unions w ith jurisdiction over the industry in which such woman workers are employed, the executive council of the federation take up the m atte r w ith the unions involved and try to reach an understanding regarding the issuance of Federal charters. Urging Congress “ to deny admission, as im m igrants and per m anent residents, to all aliens who are ineligible to citizenship under the laws of the U nited S tates.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1421] 192 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . Approving the endeavor of the federation’s officers to secure funds to enable the U nited States Em ploym ent Service to function properly. Authorizing the federation officers to “ utilize every necessary power to prevent ” the demolition of the U nited States D epartm ent of Labor. Congratulating the united textile workers on their stand for the eight-hour day. In support of the printing trades unions fight for the 44-hour week. Recommending th a t the executive council aid affiliated civil service employees to secure more adequate retirem ent pensions based on length of service and n o t on age. Indorsing the effort of the United Mine W orkers of America to secure a thorough investigation into the coal industry. For cooperation with Federal employees to secure a S aturday half holiday in Government establishments. Instructing the executive council to continue efforts to bring about affiliation w ith the International Federation of Trades-Unions on the basis of the instructions of the 1920 and 1921 conventions of the Am erican Federation of Labor. Report of the Secretary. 'T TTE secretary reported th a t the federation’s total balance on hand April 30, 1921, was $178,262.72. The total receipts for the year to April 30, 1922, including this balance, were $761,382.75; the total expenses $562,588.07, leaving a balance of $198,794.68, $175,378.88 of which was in the defense fund for local trade and Federal labor unions. The average paid up and reported membership of the federation for the fiscal year 1921 was 3,906,528; for 1922, 3,195,635—a decrease of 710,893. In the fiscal year 1922 there were 35,277 local unions in 112 national and international unions and 666 local trade and Federal labor unions directly affiliated w ith the federation. The federation’s voting strength in 1922 was 33,336; in 1921, 40,410. A total of $2,211,686.26 was paid out in death benefits by affiliated international organizations during the p ast fiscal year; $1,305,048.11 in sick benefits, and $605,289.11 in unem ploym ent benefits, the am ount for the last m entioned benefits being over $298,000 less than in the preceding year. Elections and Next Meeting Place. TAHE following officers of the past year were reelected for the 1 1922-23 term : President, Mr. Sam uel Gompers (cigar makers). F irst vice president, Mr. Jam es D uncan (granite cutters). Second vice president, Mr. Joseph F . V alentine (molders). T hird vice president, Mr. F ran k D uffy (carpenters). F ourth vice president, Mr. W illiam Green (m ine workers). F ifth vice president, Mr. W illiam D. Mahon (street railw ay employees). S ixth vice president, Mr. T. A. B ick ert (garm ent workers). Seventh vice president, Mr. Jacob F ischer (barbers). E ighth vice president, Mr. M atthew Woll (photo engravers). Secretary, Mr. F rank Morrison (typographical union). Treasurer, Mr. D aniel J. Tobin (teamsters). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [422] LABOR ORGANIZATIONS. 193 The names of the elected fraternal delegates are: Mr. B enjam in Schlesinger (ladies’ garm ent workers), to B ritish Trades-Union congress; Mr. E dw ard J. McGivern (plasterers), to B ritish Trades-Union congress; Mr. W illiam E . H ulsbeck (K en tu ck y S tate F ederation of Labor), to C anadian Trades and Labor congress. The next annual convention will be held in Portland, Oregon. Eighth Biennial Convention of the National Women’s Trade-Union League of America.1 H E (deferred) eighth biennial convention of the N ational Wo m en’s Trade-Union League of America m et a t W aukegan, 111., June 5 to 10, 1922. Mrs. R aym ond Robins in her presidential address interpreted the Am erican standard of living as m eaning food and shelter and no suffering old age in poverty, “ schools for children, a certainty of high school for every child in America, and a possibility of university education for every child in Am erica.” D elegates .—Delegates were in attendance from the Birmingham , Chicago, K ansas City, Minneapolis, New York, Philadelphia, Rock Island, Seattle, W ashington, D. C., and W orcester branches of the league. O ther organizations represented by a delegate or delegates were the Boot and Shoe W orkers’ Union, International Brotherhood of Electrical W orkers, Joliet Central Trades and Labor Council, M aryland S tate Federation of Labor, Missouri S tate Federation of Labor, N ational Catholic W elfare Council, national board of Young W om en’s C hristian Association, N ational Federation of Federal E m ployees, N ational Federation of P o st Office Clerks, and South Chicago Trades and Labor Assembly. P la tfo r m .—The following platform was approved: T 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. O rganization of workers in to trade-unions. E qual pay for equal work, regardless of sex or race. Eight-liour day an d th e 44-hour week. An A m erican standard of living. F u ll citizenship for women. T he outlaw ry of war. Affiliation of woman workers of all countries. Som e resolutions a n d recom m endations adopted hy the convention .— T h a t the regular course of the N ational School for Active W orkers in the Labor M ovement be for six m onths instead of a year. T h at the league work for a legal compulsory education m inimum age of 16 years. T h at the national and local leagues— (a) Work w ith all progressive groups of educators to fu rth er th e ir plans for im proving and vitalizing th e con ten t of p rim ary and secondary school courses. (b) Work for th e establishm ent of free d en tal and m edical clinics and of free school lunches everyw here. (c) Urge upon boards of education th e need for very m uch sm aller classes in th e public schools, since w ithout th is atten tio n to th e in d iv id u al needs of th e child is impossible. 1Mimeographed report of proceedings. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 194 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . (d) Work for the establishment in local communities and through State aid of public subsidies which shall be used to give high-school scholarships to children who can profit by the opportunity but whose families can not afford to keep them in school. (e) Work for the establishment of the principle and practice of freedom of teaching in all our public schools from the lowest to the highest. (/) Work for teacher representation on boards of public education. For the creation of a Federal departm ent of education. For an adequate Federal em ploym ent service. T h at public works be planned in advance and timed to m eet periods of slack employment. T hat a study be made of how to regularize em ploym ent and th a t a practicable system for unem ploym ent compensation legislation be enacted. Reaffirming the 1919 indorsem ent of the principle of unemploy m ent insurance and placing a direct charge on industry, and for the backing, wherever possible, of legislation to th a t effect. T h at cooperative committees be favored by the local leagues; th at the convention recommend th a t cooperative education be inaugurated in trade-union colleges, women’s auxiliaries to trade-unions, women’s clubs, and other organizations of women; th a t the leagues aid woman workers in cooperative enterprises; th a t the leagues recommend their members to support wise cooperative undertakings; th a t “ careful and intelligent precaution” be exercised in establishing cooperative societies; th a t the convention indorse the Rochdale principles. T h at the league engage a finance director whose sole du ty shall be to carry on financial work. T h at Congress be asked to direct an investigation of the work of women in the home, the investigation to be made by the U nited S tates W omen’s Bureau. T h at the U nited States Public H ealth Service be authorized to investigate hygienic conditions in Government establishm ents and to m ake recom mendations as to health standards. Instructing the legislative com m ittee of the league to support certain legislation to facilitate home owning by the workers, such legislation to include an am endm ent to the farm loan act and the Federal reserve banks act. Recommending indorsem ent and support for S tate or Federal legislation ‘‘providing actual equality for women and men in specific term s and by means of specific measures, n o t involving danger to wom en’s labor laws and other laws for women which make for higher social and com m unity standards.” Favoring the principle and purposes of the Sterling-Lehlbach reclassification bill. Pledging support to the N ational Federation of Post Office Clerks in its efforts to reduce night work to a m inimum among employees in the P ostal Service. Protesting against the Supreme C ourt’s decision in re the Federal child labor tax law. For an appeal to the President for am nesty for political prisoners convicted under war laws. For cooperation with all groups working in the interests of peace. Indorsing the m iners’ program for the nationalization of the coal mines. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [424] LABOR ORGANIZATIONS. 195 R eiterating the league’s dem and of three years ago to the President for the recognition of the Russian Soviet Republic. N ew Officers. The newly elected officers for the next two years are Mrs. Maud Swartz, president; Miss Rose Schneidermann, vice pres ident; and Miss Elisabeth Christm an, secretary-treasurer. Mrs. R aym ond Robins, the form er head officer of the league, was u n an imously nom inated honorary president. I t was decided to hold the 1924 convention in New York City. international Trade-Union Congress, ¡922. H E proceedings of the third congress of the International Fed eration of Trade-Unions, held a t Rome, April 20 to 26, 1922, are _ reported in the June, 1922, issue of the In tern atio n al Labor Review. According to th a t article approxim ately 23,000,000 tradeunionists were represented by 94 delegates to the convention from the following 19 countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czecho slovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, G reat B ritain, H ungary, Italy, Latvia, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and Yugoslavia. Various international secre tariats wTere also represented. Although labor organizations in Greece, Canada, the Argentine Republic, Peru, and South Africa belong to the international federation, no delegates were sent to the 1922 congress from these countries. The reconstruction of Europe, disarm am ent and war, and inter national reaction, particularly in connection w ith the 8-hour day, were among the leading subjects on the program. The discussion on the reconstruction of Europe, which took place a t the International W orkers’ Conference in Genoa, April 15, 1922, was continued a t the congress in Rome. The chief suggestions made for such reconstruction were: An international loan to provide credits to Governments w ith depreciated currencies, international control of the distribution of the principal raw m aterials, a “ reciprocal can cellation” of war indebtedness, a revision of the reparations policy, agreement of the nations to regulate production to conform with requirem ents, and disarmam ent. A resolution on this last-m entioned subject opposed economic and ultrapolitical nationalism and under standings or alliances likely to result in combined m ilitary action. The federation pledged its backing “ for the establishm ent of some control over the m anufacture of arms and m unitions.” The Congress also held it to be the d u ty of organized workers to avert any threaten ing w ar by “ all m eans a t the disposal of the labor m ovement, and to prevent the actual breaking out of wars by proclaiming and carrying into effect an international general strike.” A resolution was adopted which declared th a t the promises m ade to labor had been broken, th a t the employers in all nations were threat ening the few gains thus far secured by the workers, and th a t the 8-hour day, wages, social legislation, and international conventions were being especially assaulted by reactionary forces. This resolu tion also instructed the bureau of the International Federation of Trade-Unions to send out as prom ptly as possible a m anifesto calling upon the m an and woman workers throughout the world to become members of the federation as a m ost effectual m eans of defense. T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [425] M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . 196 The executive comm ittee of the federation was directed by resolu tion to encourage the organization of women in industry. I t was asserted th a t the m ost efficient form of trade-union organ ization includes both sexes. W here separate organizations of women have been established for special reasons such organizations should be affiliated w ith their respective national federations. Union Labor Developments in Australia. H E amalgam ation of the A ustralian W orkers’ Union, m ade up of workers in the pastoral, building, and m anufacturing industries, with the miners and transport workers form s a new combina tion officially known as the A ustralasian W orkers’ Union, recently organized w ith a total membership of about 200,000. According to its “ Constitution and general ru le s” (p. 1), the objects of the new union are: T (a) To bind together in one organization all the wage workers in every industry to achieve the objective set forth in the above preamble. (b) To improve the standard of living and conditions of members, and reduce work ing hours, and generally protect their interest; to educate members, and build an organization for the purpose of abolishing capitalism and substituting in its place the social ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange to be con trolled by the workers in the respective industries. (c) To establish and maintain labor newspapers and journals. {d) The abolition of the contract system. German Trade-Union Rules lor Conducting Labor Disputes.1 T a joint meeting of the committee of the General Federation of German Trade Unions and of the Federation of Unions of Nonm anual W orkers (A fa ) , it was agreed th a t the following rules should be observed in future labor disputes: A 1. The preparation and direction of all wage movements should be in the hands of the committee of the trade-unions concerned, which, for this purpose, should get into touch with the responsible officials of all the groups and branches of the union. 2. A strike should not be decided upon until every method of reaching an under standing has been exhausted. 3. In the event of a labor dispute involving other groups of workers, the representa tives of such unions and the local trade-union councils (Ortskartel) should share in the preparation and direction of the strike. Where such local councils do not exist they should immediately be formed. 4. The strike must be approved by all the workers of the organizations concerned. A decision to declare a strike should be valid only if it is in conformity with the constitution of the trade-union concerned. 5. No strike should be sanctioned by the local trade-union officials unless they have entered into relations with all the trade-unions concerned. If a group of workers declares a strike against the decision of the organization (unrecognized strike) the local organization is not entitled to pay strike benefit before getting into touch with the other organizations concerned. 6. In the "event of a dispute it rests with the committee of the unions of manual and nonmanual workers to take a decision. 7. Urgent work in public utility undertakings should be carried out in accordance with the rules laid down by the organizations taking part in the strike. Civic aid societies are not recognized by the unions. i In tern atio n al L abor Office. In d u stria l an d L abor In fo rm atio n , https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [426] Geneva, M ay 12,1922. p . 32. LABOR ORGANIZATIONS. 197 Annual Conference of British Labor Party.1 H E annual conference of the B ritish Labor P a rty was held at Edinburgh June 28 to Ju ly 1 inclusive. The resolutions adopted covered a variety of subjects, b u t a few of them are of special interest as indicative of labor thought and policy. There was unanimous protest against the trade-union act (amend ment) bill, which would prevent trade-unions from collecting political contributions from members w ithout their consent. The proposal of the Communist P a rty for affiliation with the British Labor P a rty was rejected by a vote of 3,086,000 to 261,000. The feeling of the conference in regard to entangling political alliances is seen in its declaration against any alliance or electoral arrangem ent w ith any sec tion of the liberal or conservative parties. The treatm ent accorded the Russian social revolutionary prisoners by the present Russian Government was condemned as harsh and unjust. A comprehen sive resolution was also adopted indicting the policy of the- allied Government^ since the armistice and demanding (1) a revision of the Versailles T reaty; lim itation of German reparations to the re pairm en^ of the devastated regions of France; the reference to arbi tration of all disputes arising out of these reparations; and the im m ediate cessation of the m ilitary occupation of Germany; (2) im m ediate recognition of the Russian Government; (3) w ithdraw al of the Japanese forces from the F ar E astern Republic; (4) th a t the British Government should neither enter into nor encourage any m ilitary alliance. The belief was also expressed th a t onlv in a remodeled, strengthened League of Nations was there any hopeful means of promoting peace and security. Nationalization of land, mines, and other necessary services was agreed to unanimously. P ro test was m ade against economy in education and the continued postponem ent of the complete operation of the education act, 1918. 1 wo resolutions were adopted on agriculture, one favoring the re establishm ent of the agricultural wage boards, which was opposed as far as Scotland was concerned by the secretary of the Scottish Farm Servants’ Union, the second looking toward the improvement of the industry, which was as follows: T 1. That departments of agriculture be organized on a basis representative of the different interests in the industry and given wide powers of initiative and control. 2. That local agricultural committees of a similar representative character be formed and given powers to compel owners to equip agricultural land, properly to enforce a standard of cultivation on all owners and occupiers, to take over land from owners and occupiers who fail to farm up to the required standard, and to arrange for such lands as may be taken over by the committees to be cultivated by direct labor. _3. That security of tenure be granted to occupiers of agricultural land who main tain a satisfactory standard of cultivation, and that rents be fixed by land courts. 4. That the department and local committees should cooperate in establishing demonstration farms, and in particular should be given power to experiment with large scale holdings with a view to finding the most economic unit of production in agriculture. 5. That the local agricultural committees should cooperate with consumers’ organi zations and local authorities to organize the distribution of agricultural products so as to eliminate the present gross waste. 1 1 M anchester G uardian, Ju n e 28, 29, 30, an d Ju ly 1,1922. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [4 2 7 ] 198 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . National Conference of Labor Women in Great Britain. H E national conference of British labor women, held on May 9 and 10 of the present year, indorsed a scheme for the endow m ent of motherhood which provided for assistance in services, in money, and “ in k in d ” (meals, clothing, and shoes for children attending school). The Labor Gazette (London), June, 1922, page 248, from which this is reported, says th a t some of the other resolu tions adopted called for the governm ental ratification of the m aternity and hours conventions as adopted by the W ashington International Labor Conference, the provision of work or m aintenance for the unem ployed from the national exchequer, the m aintenance of the present powers of the trades boards, free education for children between 12 and 16 years of age, the right of free speech, m aintenance of national health, the necessity for trade-union organization among woman workers, higher education for working women, and improved housing conditions. ------- ^ T Trade-Union Activities in Sweden, 1920. H E report of the N ational Federation of Trade-Unions in Swe den, recently published in Stockholm, gives an account of the activities of the federation during 1920. There were 31 unions with 2,799 branches, having 280,029 members—-247,242 men and 32,787 women. The num ber of labor disputes during the year (3,419) was greater than in any other year in the period 1912 to 1920, the national federation paying 1,370,148 kronor ($367,200) to trade-unions for assistance in labor disputes. A t the end of the year there were 2,159 collective agreements in force, affecting 273,714 workers, of whom 232,133 were trade-union members and 41,581 were unor ganized workers. T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis STR IK ES A N D L O C K O U T S Strikes and Lockouts in the United States, January to March, 1922. CCORDING to inform ation received by the U nited States Bu reau of Labor Statistics 281 strikes and lockouts occurred in this country during the first quarter of 1922. Inasm uch as m any reports do no t reach the bureau until several m onths after the strikes occur, the num ber of strikes occurring during the q uarter was probably somewhat larger than the above figure. Complete data relative to these strikes have not been received by the bureau, and it has not been possible to verify all th a t have been received. The figures in the following tables should therefore be understood to be only an advance statem ent, and should no t be accepted as final. A N U M B E R O F S T R IK E S AN D LOCK O U TS, B E G IN N IN G IN EA C H M O N TH , JA N U A R Y TO M ARCH, IN C L U SIV E , 1921 A N D 1922. Year. 1921....................... 1922......................... January. 228 112 Febru ary. March. M onth not stated. Total. 168 82 181 66 17 21 594 281 From the standpoint of num ber of employees directly involved there were no very large strikes during the quarter. Taken collec tively the textile strikes of New England constituted probably the m ost im portant industrial disturbance. Beginning w ith Rhode Island in January, the strikes spread to M assachusetts, New H am p shire, and Connecticut. New Ham pshire, w ith about 30,000, heads the list of strikers, followed by M assachusetts w ith 22,000 and Rhode Island with 15,000. Only a few hundred employees w ent out in Connecticut. The m ain grievance was a 20 per cent wage reduction and, in some cases, an increase in hours. Building trades disputes in Chicago and Cleveland and the waist m akers’ strike in New York City were next in prominence. In Chicago the conditions following the so-called Landis award became somewhat chronic, and approxim ately 60,000 workers are reported to have been involved a t one time, b u t the conditions were such th a t there is no way of knowing the real num ber of persons directly involved on any given date in the labor disturbance of th a t city. The d a ta in the following tables relate to the 281 strikes and lock outs reported to have occurred in the three m onths under considera tion. The strikes th a t occurred during the quarter, b u t in which the exact m onth was not stated, appear in a group by themselves. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [429] 199 200 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . ST A TES IN W H IC H F O U R O R M O R E S T R IK E S AN D LO C K O U TS W E R E R E P O R T E D AS O C CU R R IN G IN T H E F IR S T Q U A R T E R O F 1922. N um ber of strikes a nd lockouts. State. January. F e b ru a ry Ma.ssaehusetts............................. New Y ork.................................... R hode Isla n d .............................. P ennsylvania.............................. Ohio............................................... Illin o is.......................................... Nfiw I o rs p y C a lifo rn ia W ashington................................ Colorado In d ia n a ......................................... Missouri Tennessee................................... r, on n ppti oi i t Towa Old ah oma W is p on ain 21 other S ta te s........................... Tntp.rstale T o tal.................................. M onth not stated. March. 12 14 8 9 12 10 4 5 2 1 1 4 1 1 3 1 4 20 11 10 10 4 7 3 6 3 2 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 12 7 8 12 4 5 4 2 1 3 4 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 13 2 4 2 3 112 82 60 21 Total. 38 35 28 27 24 19 14 10 6 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 40 4 1 2 281 Of these 281 strikes and lockouts, 209 occurred east of the Missis sippi River and north of the Ohio and Potom ac Rivers; 48 occurred west of the Mississippi, and 20 occurred south of the Ohio and Potom ac Rivers and west of the Mississippi River. Of the 4 interstate strikes, 1 occurred west and 3 east of the Mis sissippi River. As to cities, New York City had the largest num ber of disturbances, 22, followed by Cleveland w ith 9, Rochester and Chicago w ith S each, Philadelphia w ith 7, and Boston and Jersey City w ith 5 each. As to sex, the distribution was as follows: Males, 160 disputes; females, 2; males and females, 54; sex not reported, 65. The industries in which 3 or more strikes and lockouts were reported are shown in the table which follows: N U M B E R O F S T R IK E S A N D L O C K O U TS IN S P E C IF IE D IN D U S T R IE S R E P O R T E D AS O C C U R R IN G D U R IN G T H E F IR S T Q U A R T E R O F 1922. January. In d u s try or occupation. Textile P rintin g and publishing ..................... Clothing................................................................................... B uilding ....................................................................... Metal ........................................... M ining...... .................................................................... R ak o ry ..... ........... ........................................................ H otel an d re s ta u ra n t.......................................................... Ti^ymppr tim ber and mill work Cfiathor . .. ................................................. M usicians and theatrinal pmployees................................ .................................... ,q|.on e C hauh^m ^ and t.p.amstors B arbers ............................ B rink and tile ........ ..................................................... Railroads........................... Longshorpmpn anrj frp.ighl, handlprs ......................... Pnrnitlirp. street, railw ays Miscellaneous......................................................................... T o ta l............................................................................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [430] 11 34 16 11 5 4 1 3 4 4 F ebru ary. 19 8 10 7 9 3 5 1 1 4 3 2 1 1 2 2 3 2 6 2 1 9 112 82 M onth not stated. March. 25 2 11 7 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 4 1 Total. 2 6 3 2 1 1 1 3 1 57 44 39 32 17 12 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 1 3 18 66 21 281 201 STRIKES AKD LOCKOUTS. In 200 strikes and lockouts the employees were reported as con nected w ith unions; in 5 strikes they were not so connected; in 2 strikes both union and nonunion employees were involved; in 3 strikes the employees changed from union to nonunion after the strike began; in 1 strike they were unionized after the strike began; and in 70 strikes and lockouts the question of union affiliation was n o t reported. In 142 strikes and lockouts only one employer was concerned in each disturbance; in 16 strikes and lockouts, 2 employers; in 10 strikes, 3 employers; in 4 strikes, 4 em ployers; in 5 strikes, 5 em ployers; in 50 strikes and lockouts, more th an 5 employers; and in 54 strikes and lockouts the num ber of employers was not reported. In the 205 strikes and lockouts for which the num ber of persons was reported there were 213,396 employees directly involved, an average of 1, 041. In 28 strikes in which the num ber involved was 1,000 or more, the strikers num bered 187,820, thus leaving 25,576 involved in the rem aining 177 strikes and lockouts, or an average of 144 each. By m onths the figures are as follows: January, 101,442 persons in 94 strikes and lockouts, average, 1,079, of whom 11,905 were in 87 strikes and lockouts of less than 1,000 persons each, average 137; February, 57,129 persons in 58 strikes and lockouts, average 985, of whom 7,846 were in 52 strikes and lockouts of less than 1,000 persons each, average 151; March, 53,061 persons in 41 strikes and lockouts, average 1,294, of whom 3,888 were in 33 strikes and lockouts of less than 1,000 persons each, average 118. In 12 disputes, involving 1,764 persons, the m onth in which the strike began was not reported. The following table shows the causes of the strikes and lockouts in so far as reported. In nearly two-thirds of the disputes wages was a prom inent question. Hours, agreements, working conditions, and union recognition were disputed points of less prominence. P R IN C IP A L CAUSES O P S T R IK E S AND LO C K O U TS R E P O R T E D AS O C CU R R IN G D U R IN G T H E F IR S T Q U A R T E R O P 1922. N um ber of strikes and lockouts. Cause. January. February. 5 Increase of w ages................................ .................... D ecrease of wages......................................... Increase of hours............................ Decrease of wages a n d increase of h o u rs............... Recognition of u n io n ..................... Recognition a n d w ages...................................... Recognition a n d h o u rs............................ Recognition, wages, a n d hours.......................... G eneral conditions........................ Conditions a n d wages................................. Conditions an d recognition................ D ischarge of em ployees................................ E m ploym en t of nonunion m e n ........... Open or closed sh o p ........................................ In regard to ag reem en t................................... New agreem ent......................................... S y m p a th y .................................................... C ontract sy ste m ..................................... Miscellaneous................................ N ot rep o rted ..................................... 48 4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 32 3 26 7 4 1 7 5 1 2 1 2 1 1 i 2 1 2 M onth not stated. Total. 9 Q 13 114 1 34 1 2 2 8 A 2 1^ 3 2 8 63 g 3 3 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 3 i 2 3 11 4 (j g g 1 2 4 5 5 5 2 12 8 i 1 112 [431] 3 i 22 T o tal....................................................... March. 82 5 2 66 7 I« 21 OOI 202 M O NTH LY LABOR REVIEW. I t is often difficult to determine exactly when a strike term inates, since m any strikes end w ithout any form al vote on the p a rt of the strikers. The bureau has inform ation of the ending of 124 strikes and lockouts during the quarter, including several in which the positions of the employees were filled or they returned to work w ith probably little or no interruption of the work. The following table shows the num ber of strikes and lockouts end ing in the first quarter of 1921 and 1922: N U M B E R O F S T R IK E S A N D LO C K O U TS E N D IN G D U R IN G T H E F IR S T Q U A R T E R O F 1921 A N D 1922. Year. 1921......................... 1922......................... January. February. 57 37 March. M onth not stated. Total. 95 29 61 33 206 124 53 25 The table following shows the results of strikes and lockouts end ing in the first quarter of 1922: R E S U L T S O F S T R IK E S A N D LO C K O U TS E N D IN G D U R IN G T H E F IR S T Q U A R T E R O F 1922. N um ber of strikes and lockouts. R esult. January. February. In favor of em ployers.......................................................... In favor of employees........................................................... C n m p r o m i sod......................................................................... 'R m plnyp.es returned pending arb itratio n ...................... N ot rep o rted .......................................................................... T o ta l............................................................................. 8 8 8 13 37 10 3 2 2 8 25 March. 8 9 6 1 M onth not stated. Total. 28 54 2 27 5 3 16 3 24 29 33 124 The next table gives the duration of strikes and lockouts ending in the first quarter of 1922. D U R A T IO N O F S T R IK E S A N D L O C K O U TS E N D IN G D U R IN G T H E F IR S T Q U A R T E R O F 1922, O F N U M B E R R E P O R T IN G . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [432] STRIKES AKD LOCKOUTS. 203 The num ber of days lost in the strikes and lockouts ending in the quarter, for the 72 reporting, was 2,419. The average duration of these was about 34 days. The average duration of the disputes lasting less than 90 days was 23 days. By m onths the record is as follows: January, 972 days lost, average 29; February, 407 days lost, average 25; March, 1,040 days lost, average 45. Of the 72 disputes ending during the quarter and reporting the duration, 64 reported the num ber of employees involved, aggre gating 34,061, an average of 532. Of the 124 disputes reported as ending during the quarter, 102 reported the num ber of employees involved, aggregating 59,643, an average of 585. S trike of M e ta l W orkers in B ohem ia. CCORDING to a consular report from Prague, on Thursday, May 4, 1922, the great m ajority of m etal workers in Bohemia walked out on strike as a protest against the announced decision of their employers to effect a prelim inary reduction of 10 per cent in their wages. The principal foundries affected are the large Skoda Iron and Steel W orks a t Pilsen, employing 13,000 work men, the Poldihiitte W orks at Kladno, the Prokop W orks a t Parduhitz, and 36 workshops in G reater Prague. A notable exception occurred in the case of the Prague Iron W orks of Kladno, whose employees, num bering 5,000, had previously voted to accept the Governm ent’s proposal for a prelim inary reduction in wages of 10 per cent to be followed by a further decrease of 5 per cent in the near future. According to press reports, more than 50 establishm ents are affected; the num ber of strikers is estim ated a t between 30,000 and 40,000. Up to the present time, the strike has been lim ited to Bohemia; there are indications, however, th a t it will spread to other sections of the country. A Strikes an d L ockouts in F in la n d , 1921. RECEN T consular report from Helsingfors states th a t the labor situation in Finland during 1921 was m uch better than in 1920 and th a t there were only half as m any strikes and lockouts in 1921 as in 1920. The statistical office of the Sociological Board of Finland has received inform ation about 76 suspensions of work in 1921, caused by labor disputes, as compared w ith 146 in 1920. The greater p a rt (64) of these suspensions of work have been classified as strikes, 2 as lockouts, 3 as strikes and lockouts combined, while the rem aining 7 could not easily be classified. The total num ber of establishm ents affected by the suspensions was 468, and th a t of workers affected directly 6,251, while the corresponding figures in 1920 were 824 and 21,001, respectively. A bout 47 per cent of the suspensions of work were of short duration, not more than 7 days, although about 49 per cent of all workers affected were in A 2476°—22- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 14 [433] 204 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . th a t group. There were, however, several strikes of especially long duration (138 to 266 days). The industries having the greatest num ber of suspensions of work were m etal working (11) and logging (11). O ut of the total num ber of workers in Finland, 77.1 per cent participated in strikes and lockouts in 1921, com pared w ith 81.7 per cent in 1920. 'I n the case of 17 suspensions of work the workers received support to the extent of 102,500 Finnish m arks (819,783, par) from their trade-unions, while two employers are said to have received financial support from the employers’ association in the am ount of 205,000 m arks ($39,565, par). The principal cause of labor disputes was the question of wages. As concerns the settlem ent of the 76 labor disputes in 1921, 27 were settled by a compromise, 25 at the employers’ terms, 21 a t the workers’ terms, and in the case of 3 there was “no result.” D isputes in E ngineering an d S h ip b u ild in g industries in G re at B ritain .1 Lockout of Engineers. H E lockout of the B ritish engineering unions which became effective March 11, 1922, and which eventually affected more th an half a million men came to an end June 13, 1922. There were two m ain issues in this extended dispute. One related to the interpretation of the overtim e and night shift agreenient of 1920 and affected only the Am algam ated Engineering Union; the second issue, more vital to all employers and unionists in the industry, was the question of the employers’ freedom of m anagem ent. W orkers’ share in the m anagem ent of industry is a developm ent of the war, which has become particularly im portant in the engineering industry in G reat B ritain. As a result of the shop stew ards’ move m ent, shop committees organized to represent the workers in decisions regarding a change in their working conditions have greatly strength ened the power of the unions in the industry. In Septem ber, 1920, the overtime and night shift agreem ent was entered into by the Em ployers’ Federation and the Am algam ated Engineering Union. Differences soon rose regarding its in terp reta tion and after unsuccessful negotiations in the spring of 1921 a provisional agreem ent was finally reached between the representa tives of the employers and of the m en in November of last year, the term s of which follow: T I. (1) The trade-union shall not interfere w ith the right of th e employers to exercise managerial functions in th e ir establishm ents, and th e federations shall not interfere w ith th e proper functions of th e trade-union. (2) In th e exercise of these functions the parties shall have regard to th e provisions for avoiding disputes of A pril 17, 1914, w hich are am plified b y th e shop stewards and works com m ittee agreem ent of May 20, 1919, and to th e term s of other national and local agreem ents betw een th e parties. (3) Instructions of th e m anagem ent shall be observed pending any question in con nection therew ith being discussed in accordance w ith the provisions referred to. II . I t is agreed th a t, in term s of th e overtim e and nigh t shift agreem ent of Septem ber 29 and 30, 1920, the employers have th e right to decide w hen overtim e is necessary, the workpeople or th eir representatives being en title d to bring forward, under the 1 T h e d ata on w hich th is article is based are from L abor G azette (L ondon), M arch, A pril, an d May, 1922, a n d cu rren t issues of th e M anchester (E ngland) G uardian a n d th e M onthly Circular of th e L abor R esearch D e p artm e n t (L ondon). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [434] STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS. 205 provisions referred to, any cases of overtime they desire discussed. Meantime the overtime Required shall be proceeded with. (Labor Gazette, London, March, 1922, p. 106.) Tlie determ ination of “ necessary overtim e” then became a dis puted point. The union interpreted the agreement to mean th a t it should help determine w hat is “ necessary overtim e,” while the employers claimed th a t they were m ost com petent to judge of the urgency of any particular dem and for overtime, h u t granted the m en ’s right to bring up any case in the regular m anner. The men believed th a t a distinction should be made between overtime on ordinary work and overtime on special or rush work. They did not question the right of employers to call for overtime because of breakdown or repairs, or in order to fill orders a t certain dates, b u t objected to any arrangem ent whereby overtime for norm al produc tion m ight be demanded w ithout the un io n ’s consent. Indorse m ent of this claim to the right of m anagerial functions on the p a rt of the employers would, they believed, create possibilities for an attack upon the Am algam ated Engineering Union in its relation to other working conditions of its members. Their apprehension in this respect was accentuated by a realization of the- fact th a t the evolution in m achinery and the im provem ent in m odern m ethods of m anufacture, while m aking eventually for an expansion in the industry, m ight for a time result in a decreased demand for the specially trained mechanic. Experience in mass production during the war showed th a t the degree of skill required in a great num ber of occupations was not, in m any instances, so great as had form erly been thought. Furtherm ore, competition within and w ithout the industry has convinced the employer th a t he ought to have the right to employ any class of workers capable of doing the work. A ballot of the membership of the engineering union was therefore taken. The agreement was rejected. The employers then issued their notice for a lockout, which w ent into effect March 11 , 1922. The Federation of Engineering and Shipbuilding Trades, the Federa tion of General Workers, and the National Union of Foundry W orkers, which had not been parties to the overtime agreement of 1920 and which had been asked by the employers to indorse the m em orandum on overtime and the em ployers’ claim to managerial freedom, refused to acquiesce in the em ployers’ request and decided to take a ballot of their members. In the m eantim e, informal negotiations having proved futile, the N ational Joint Labor Council, representing the Trades-Union Con gress, the N ational Labor P arty, and the Parliam entary Labor P arty, m ade a form al request th a t the Government m ake an inquiry of the m atter under the industrial courts act. This the M inister of Labor, Doctor M acnamara, declined to grant on the ground th a t it m ight prejudice the balloting of the other unions which was still in progress. I t was announced March 24 th a t the result of the ballot sustained their executive’s decision, b u t on the same day, as a further effort toward securing a basis for a peaceful settlem ent, the com m ittee representing the men and the employers signed a document with the following provisions: Clause I affirmed the right of the employers to manage their own works and the right of the unions to exercise the proper functions of trade-unions. Clause II provided [435] https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 206 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . that in the exercise of these rights the parties should have regard to the provisions for avoiding disputes of April 17, 1914, amplified by the shop stewards and works com mittees agreement of May 20, 1919, or to such other procedure as might be agreed upon. It further provided that notice should be given by the management to the workmen concerned, or to their representatives, of any material change in the recog nized working conditions. The matter should thereupon be considered in accordance with the recognized procedure, and, in the event of failure to reach an agreement, the management should be entitled to give a decision, which should be observed pending further discussion of the matter through the proper machinery. In all other questions the instructions of the management should be observed, and discus sion between the employers and the workmen or their representatives should follow the managerial act. (Labor Gazette, London, April, 1922, p. 156.) The unions offered to accept the principles of Clause I of this mem orandum and to accept Clause I I as a basis of discussion, and asked th a t the employers suspend posting lockout notices in the case of the unions other than the Am algam ated Engineering Union and to con sider the w ithdraw al of those affecting the la tte r union. B ut the employers refused to suspend the notices unless the whole memo randum was accepted as the basis for a conference, and stated th a t they were not prepared to w ithdraw the lockout notices against the Am algam ated Engineering Union then in operation. Notices were therefore posted March 30 locking out the other unions. A series of in term ittent negotiations followed w ithout much prog ress being made, b u t the unions, other than the Am algam ated Engineering Union, gradually receded from the position they had first taken.° These unions, as stated before, were not involved in the original dispute, their strike funds were low, their members were dropping out, and furtherm ore, the employers served notice th a t their lockout notices which they had subsequently suspended would take effect May 2. On April 25 another effort was m ade by the N ational Jo in t Labor Council and the comm ittee representing the men to have a court of inquiry set up. On April 27 the employers decided to open federated shops on May 3 to such workmen as were willing individually to accord the employers’ entire m anagerial rights; in this action, combined w ith the suspension of lockout notices in the case of the “ o th e r” unions, the Am algam ated Engineering Union saw an effort on the p art of the employers to create a break in the union ranks and to isolate the Am algam ated Engineering Union. The same day (April 27) the Government, acting on the repeated request of the N ational Joint Labor Council, set up a court of inquiry under the industrial courts act, and its report (Cmd. 1653) was issued May 10. The court found as follows: Clauses I and II of the memorandum of November 17 and 18, 1921, are not in any sense the subject of difference or dispute So far as the unions other than the Amal gamated Engineering Union are concerned, the difference arises solely in respect of clause 3. In the case of the Amalgamated Engineering Union the section of the memorandum respecting overtime is also contested. (Labor Gazette, London, May, 1922, p. 200.) The court concluded th a t the refusal of the workers to assent to the proposition th a t “ instructions of the m anagem ent shall be observed pending any question in connection therew ith being discussed in accordance w ith the procedure for avoiding disputes” was the under lying cause of the lockout. Two questions, therefore, arose, one, as suggested before, affecting all the unions, the other, only the Amalga m ated Engineering Union. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [436] ■ ST R IK E S AND L O CK O U TS. 207 The first, arising under clause 3 of the memorandum of November, 1921, is whether, when any change in the workshop conditions is being introduced, it should be intro duced and given effect to pending the procedure laid down in the provisions for avoiding disputes being followed, or whether the matter should be held up pending such procedure being followed, which may be a period extending up to six weeks The second question, which affects the Amalgamated Engineering Union alone, is whether when the occasion for working overtime on production work (as distinguished from repair work) arises, the employer alone is to decide that it is “ necessary” within the limit of 30 hours in four weeks, or whether the employer and the union should agree that it is “ necessary.” (Labor Gazette, London, May, 1922, p. 200.) As regards an adjustm ent of these two phases of the dispute the summarized conclusions of the court are as follows: (1) Overtime —The general conditions in regard to overtime are settled by the over time agreement of September, 1920, which allows, without restriction, the necessary overtime for breakdown, repairs, replacements, alterations, trial trips, completion against delivery dates, etc ; and “ necessary” overtime on production work up to 30 hours in any four weeks, the rate of payment for overtime being increased to time and a half. The court concludes that, up to the limit of 30 hours in four weeks, there must be freedom to the management to act in the exercise of their discretion. Beyond that limit, overtime -would be open to the suggestion that it is unreasonable. (2) Managerial functions.—The employers are willing that the kind of question which has been under discussion during the present dispute should be settled by general national agreement, or determined in accordance with procedure set out by such agreements. This is a view to which the unions do not take exception. Information as to a proposed change in the recognized working conditions should be given to the workpeople directly concerned, or to their representatives in the shop; and this information should be available for a limited period before it is proposed that the change should be made, to allow time for discussion. The opportunity for prior consultation between the management and the men upon proposed changes in the recognized working conditions should be adequate, and should not involve undue delay. If consultation during the limited period above mentioned does not result in an agreement, the management may put the change into operation while the further stages of the provisions for avoiding disputes are followed. Any subsequent agreement should have retrospective effect where appro priate. The exposition to change on the part of the skilled men is due largely to the uncertainty as to their position if displaced thereby. _It is suggested that this might be met by readjustments, and by providing alternative avenues of employment for the skilled men set free by the change. Engineering is an expanding industry, and an agreement on these lines ought not, in the opinion of the court, to be difficult. (Labor Gazette, London, May, 1922, p. 200.) Following the publication of the report a joint conference of all parties concerned was called for May 16. A t this time the employers subm itted proposals based upon the findings of the court of inquiry, which, according to the M anchester (England) G uardian for May 19, 1922, reaffirmed their original position on overtim e and m anagerial rights, and proposed th a t general changes in wages, hours, or working conditions which were the subject of agreement should be dealt with according to the provisions for avoiding disputes, no alterations to go into effect until the proper procedure both local and central had been exhausted. In the case of other changes in working conditions which would involve a “ general replacem ent of one class of work people by an o th er” (but in no other case), the m anagem ent would g ran t 10 days’ notice during which time objections m ight be made by the workers’ representatives in a shop. If w ithin this period no settlem ent was reached, the change should take place pending a decision through the provisions for avoiding disputes. Consideration should also be given to the placing of workers, displaced by the m an agement, elsewhere in the establishm ent and a t work suited to their ability. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [437] 208 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . These terms the Am algam ated Engineering Union refused to accept, asserting th a t they did not differ appreciably from those on which the membership had balloted in the first place. After some m aterial changes had been made which brought the m em orandum more into line w ith the recommendations of the court of inquiry, m et some of the objections of the unions by giving them more opportunity for discussion in case of the replacem ent of one class ol workers by another, etc., and still left the employers the right to decide when overtime is necessary and wdiat work is urgent, the 47 “ o th e r” unions involved in the engineering dispute agreed to take a ballot of their members on the proposal subm itted, the result of which was a substantial m ajority for acceptance of-the employers’ offer. The boiler makers and iron-foundry men, however, voted against accep tance. M eantime the Am algam ated Engineering Union, after making counter proposals which were rejected by the employers, held a dele gate conference a t York and reached a decision to ballot its members on the employers’ modified proposals, the result of which, according to the Christian Science Monitor, June 13, 1922, was in favor of resuming work. The iron founders’ union has also come into the Am algam ated Engineering Union settlem ent. According' to press reports the members of the Am algam ated Engineering Union were influenced in this decision by their rapidly diminishing strike fund, and also by the extent to which unskilled men were being taken on in positions form erly held by trained men. The loss in wages is said to have been upward of £9,000,000 ($43,798,500, par). Dispute in the Shipbuilding Trade. rT T IE wage dispute in the shipbuilding trades has also been settled. I t arose out of the proposals made, Jan u ary 19, 1922, by the Shipbuilding Em ployers’ Federation to discontinue the 26s. 6d. ($6.45, par) per week w ar bonus in two installm ents, the first to be a cut of 16s. 6d. ($4.01, par) on March 15, 1922, the time for making the other cuts to be determined later, special consideration to be given to the lower-paid employees. The unions, which were pre pared to accept a reduction of only 10s. ($2.43, par), in 5s. ($1.22, par) installm ents, rejected these proposals by a vote of 115,000 to 13,000, and a t a joint conference on March 1 proposed th a t the whole ques tion of wages and the economic position of the industry be referred to a court of inquiry. The employers in their tu rn rejected this pro posal and the National Jo in t Council of the Trades Union Congress urged the Minister of Labor to refer the m atter to a court of inquiry. N egotiations between the parties in the dispute were resumed, however, and on the 16th of March the employers m ade a final offer amending their original proposal to the effect th a t the 16s. 6d. ($4.01, par) reduction should be m ade in two parts, namely, 10s. 6d. ($2.56, par) on M arch 29, and 6s. ($1.46, par), April 26, and asked the unions’ representative to subm it the offer, w ith a recom m endation for acceptance, to a ballot of their membership. No agreement hav ing been reached, the Shipbuilding Em ployers’ Federation on March 22 posted notices based on their am ended proposal, and on M arch 23 the engineering unions decided to take a ballot of their membership. The results announced April 4 shovred a m ajority against acceptance. M eantime, on March 29, the men had ceased work. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [438] S T R IK E S AND LOCK O U TS. 209 Through the continued good offices of the N ational Jo in t Council of the Trades-Union Congress and of the M inister of Labor, negotia tions were again resum ed and on April 25 the m en’s representatives recommended the following provisional agreement for the acceptance of the unions: (1) The reduction of 10s. 6d. ($2.56, par) which came into operation on March 29 to rem ain in operation on and from th a t date; (2) the further reduction of 6s. ($1.46, par) per week to take effect in two installm ents, namely, 3s. (73 cents, par) on May 17, and the rem aining 3s. on and from June 7. This proposal was also ballotted on by the unions and though voted on adversely the m ajority was too small to constitute the two-thirds vote necessary to continue the stoppage of work, and the m en returned, May 8, 1922, on these terms. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [439] CO NCILIATIO N A ND A R B ITR A TIO N . Conciliation Work of the Department of Labor in June, 1922. By H ugh L. K e r w i n , D ir e c t o r o f C o n c il ia t io n . H E Secretary of Labor, through the Division of Conciliation, exercised his good offices in connection w ith 13 labor disputes, exclusive of the coal m iners’, during June, 1922. These dis putes affected a to tal of 40,254 employees. The table following shows the nam e and location of the establishm ent or ind u stry in which the dispute occurred, the natu re of the dispute (w hether strike or lockout or controversy n o t having reached strike or lockout stage), the craft or trad e concerned, the cause of the dispute, its present status, the term s of settlem ent, the date of beginning and end ing, and the num ber of workmen directly or indirectly affected. On Ju ly 1, 1922, there were 28 strikes before the departm ent for settlem ent and in addition 9 controversies which had not reached the strike stage. Total num ber of cases pending, 37. T L A B O R D IS P U T E S H A N D L E D B Y T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R T H R O U G H IT S D IV IS IO N O F C O N C IL IA TIO N , JU N E , 1922. 210 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [440] 211 C O N C ILIA TIO N AND A RBITRATION . L A B O R D IS P U T E S H A N D L E D B Y T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O F LA B O R T H R O U G H IT S D IV IS IO N O F C O N C IL IA T IO N , J U N E , 1922-C oncluded. W orkm en affected. D ate of— Company or in d u stry and location. Term s of settlem ent. W olf & A braham s Co., Bridgeport, $1 increase, 45 hours a w eek.. Conn. Cleaners a n d dyers, New Y ork C ity.. $3 to $5 increase, 44 hours a week. Cleaners a n d dyers, H oboken, N. J . . ___ d o ......................................... Schm adel & D audistal, Evansville, Settled on com pany's term s, Ind. strik e lost. Silk situation, Paterson, N . J ............. A bner-D rury Co., W ashington, D. C. 5 p e r cent c u t accepted.......... H olders, Cleveland, O hio..................... 12 plan ts struck, 8 conceded w orkers’ dem ands. 38 firms; U n ited H a t Trim m ers of N o cut; sam e conditions al N o rth Am erica, New Y ork City lowed. a nd Brooklyn. M anufacturers of cloth h ats and caps, Association m et dem ands for New Y ork City. new agreem ents. B ates H a t Co., New Milford, C onn... On conferences........................ 17 m anufacturers, Cincinnati, O h io .. ___ d o ......................................... John H olbach & Co., Paterson, N . J . Meadowbrook Mine of th e Grasselli 1920 scale; m en n o t to oper Chemical Co., M eadowbrook, W. a te other th a n for Gras Va. selli Co. Begin ning. E nding. 1922 June 1 1922 June 12 400 435 May 16 June 7 28 100 ..May 16 June 12 June 7 June 14 12 28 30 A pr. 6 M ay 18 June 19 June 8 25,000 45 450 55 June 15 June 17 2,000 May 15 June 17 4,500 June 1 May 20 June 8 A pr. 1 June 16 • Di rectly. 5,000 110 1,061 Indi rectly. 1,000 Total. Compulsory Arbitration in Norway.1 new compulsory arbitration law of Norway wTas passed T ’ IEMarch 31, 1922, and is to be effective up to and including i April 1, 1923. The law in the main is the same as the com pulsory arbitration law of April 4, 1919 (see Monthly L abor R eview for July, 1919, p. 277), which after being extended a year was allowed to lapse in 1921. The arbitration board consists of five members, the Crown ap pointing a chairm an and two other members, and the National Federation of Trade-Unions and the Norwegian Em ployers’ Asso ciation each appointing a member. The Crown, if it finds th a t a dispute between a trade organiza tion and an employer or employers’ association as to wages or other labor conditions endangers considerable public interests, can compel reference of the dispute to arbitration. Pending arbi tration stoppage of work due to dispute m ay be forbidden, and the terms of employment in effect a t the outbreak of the dispute rem ain in force, unless the parties agree otherwise. U nder the new law an award is not to continue in force for more th an one year. The decision o f'th e board is final. Proceedings are carried on behind closed doors only when the board so decides or when proceedings pertain to business secrets or other private m atters. Fines ranging from 5 to 25,000 kroner ($1.34 to $6,700, par) m ay be imposed for violations of the law. The first meeting of the board of arbitration under the new law was held a t Christiania, April 18, 1922, to determine the wages to i Consular reports of A pril 5 and 25 and May 23, 1922; A rbeidsgiveren, Copenhagen, May 12, 1922. p. 197, May 26, 1922, p . 218, and Ju n e 2, 1922, p . 230. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [441] 212 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . be paid to men in the iron industry. The Norwegian Em ployers’ Association had announced imm ediately upon the passage of the law * th a t from April 6, 1922, all wages in the iron industry would be re duced by from 0.6 to 0.9 krone (16.1 to 24.1 cents, par) per hour, and the workers had served notice th a t if the reduction were made, they would stop work on April 15. The State conciliator had issued an order against a stoppage of work until conciliation had been attem pted, bu t the attem pts at conciliation had failed, and in consequence the dispute had been referred to the board of arbitration. The award was made May 4 and is to rem ain in force until March 31, 1923. The award in the iron industry was awaited w ith the m ost intense interest, it is stated, not only because the iron industry is so large and economically so im portant, b u t also because it was assumed th a t the award in a case of such scope would set a precedent for later awards and determ ine working conditions for Norwegian industrial life for the coming year. Under the award the actual hourly wages (including cost-of-livmg bonus) in effect April 1 for skilled workers were reduced 0.55 krone (14.7 cents, par); for helpers, 0.5 krone (13.4 cents, par), and for women, 0.3 krone (8 cents, par). The award for skilled workers was 0.5 krone (1.3 cents, par) below the average of the employers’ demand (0.9 krone) and the workers’ dem and (0.3 krone). As the hourly wage for skilled workers under the 1920 award 3 was 2.1 kroner (56.3 cents, par), this was a reduction of 26 per cent. The m inimum wage rate was fixed at 1.25 kroner (33.5 cents, par) per hour for skilled workers and 1.1 kroner (29.5 cents, par) per hour for helpers. Pre viously such wage rates were 1.5 and 1.3 kroner (40.2 and 34.8 cents, par), respectively, and the employers had asked for 0.8 and 0.7 krone (21.4 and 18.8 cents, par), respectively, and the employees for 1.4 and 1.2 kroner (47.5 and 32.2 cents, par), respectively. For electricians working outside the workshop the m inimum wage rate is 0.1 krone (2.7 cents, par) higher. For women under 18 years of age the wage rate is to be 0.7 krone (18.8 cents, par), and for those over 18 years, 0.85 krone (22.8 cents, par), with an increase of 0.5 krone (13.4 cents, par) for each half year employed until the wage reaches 1.05 kroner (28.1 cents, par) per hour. ^ Overtime pay for the first two hours of overtime on the first five days of the week is decreased to time and a quarter. This decrease was made to m eet conditions in other countries w ith which the Norwegian iron industry competes, and the change is m ainly a return to conditions previous to the 1920 award. The wage rates established by the award m ay, at the instance of either party, be taken up for revision if the cost-of-living index num ber of the Statistical Central Bureau for October of this year increases or decreases more than six points as compared w ith the April index number. W orkers’ vacations were an im portant question before the board of arbitration. Because of the existing depression the employers wanted vacation rights abolished b u t the workers dem anded a contin uation of the 12-day vacation established in the 1920 award. The present award establishes an 8-day vacation after 12 weeks’ employ2 See Monthly L abob R eview , Septem ber, 1920, p p . 110-112. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [442] C O N C ILIA TIO N AND AKBITRATION. 213 merit with the same employer. I t is assumed th a t the vacation will be arranged so th a t it will include two Sundays, making a total rest period of 10 days. If working on p a rt time, the vacation wage is reduced proportionately. The second award of the arbitration board, which was for the building trades, was made May 18, and is to be effective until March 31, 1923, w ith the right to have it revised in October to correspond with the change in cost of living, as in the iron industry. The award in the iron industry acted as a standard for the building trades award, bu t only to a limited extent. While in the award for the iron industry the vacation was reduced from 12 to 8 days the building workers were perm itted to keep their two weeks’ vacation, for the reason th a t the longer vacation would not hinder activities to the same extent in this industry as in the iron industry. The award reduces standard wage rates for journeym en and skilled workers from 2.1 kroner (56.3 cents, par) per hour to 1.6 kroner (42.9 cents, par), the reduction being 0.1 krone (2.7 cents, par) less than th a t in the iron industry. For cities where the hourly wage rate is higher than elsewhere a gradual decrease of such wage rate was fixed. The actual wage in those trades which have a m inimum wage system is decreased 0.5 krone (13.4 cents, par) per hour, and the m inimum wage rate fixed a t 1.35 kroner (36.2 cents, par), the former wage being 1.6 kroner (42.9 cents, par). The standard rate of wages of excavators and stone and cement workers who are not in cluded in the trade-w ork group was not changed, b u t the guaranteed hourly wage rate, as advance on contract, is fixed a t 20 per cent below the standard hourly rate. For the machine joiners of Chris tiania a reduction of 0.60 krone (18.5 cents, par) an hour was made. The standard wage rate for bricklayers, painters, and ordinary excavators and stone and cement workers is established a t 1.5 kroner (40.2 cents, par) per hour. Overtime pay is fixed a t time and a quarter for the first two horns of overtime, the same as th a t estab lished for the iron industry. In out-of-town work not requiring an overnight stay, the worker is to receive hourly wage ra te pay for the time spent in travel between the city limits and the place of work, instead of the 10 per cent increase for out-of-town work previously received. On May 22 an award was made for the furniture industry, including the m anufacture of pianos and organs and wicker furniture. The m inimum wage rate was reduced from 1.6 to 1.35 kroner (42.9 to 36.2 cents, par) per hour and the actual wage in force April 1 was reduced 0.6 krone (16.1 cents, par) per hour. Overtime is to be paid for at the rate of time and a quarter for the first two hours, the previ ous overtime rate having been time and a half. The vacation period was fixed at 8 days, and the regulations governing apprentices were abolished. The award term inates March 31, 1923, b u t contains the same provision as to opportunity for revision of wages according to the rise or fall of the cost-of-living index as in the iron industry award. On May 26 an arbitration award established a vacation period of 8 days for the paper and cellulose, wood, and electrochemical in dustries. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [4 4 3 ] C O O P E R A T IO N . Condition of the Consumers’ Cooperative Movement in the United States. ECAUSE of the general interest m anifested in the subject of con sum ers’ cooperation and also because of the fact th a t heretofore authoritative sources of general statistical inform ation have been lacking, the Bureau of Labor Statistics undertook a survey of the consumers’ m ovem ent in the U nited States. This survey, the report of which is soon to be published as B ulletin 313, covers the year 1920. In it an atte m p t was made, not only to obtain statistical inform ation w ith regard to the business operations of the societies, b u t to de termine, if possible, w hether or not the societies were accomplishing their prim ary purpose of reducing the cost of living and how their m ethods compared in efficiency w ith those of private stores. I t was unfortunate th a t the year covered by the survey, 1920, was one of abnorm al and m ost unfavorable business conditions, since this was bound to be reflected in the returns of the cooperative societies. Cooperative societies, especially those newly started and consequently w ithout opportunity to accum ulate a reserve fund, were confronted w ith peculiar difficulties. The year 1920 was character ized by rising wholesale prices during the first five m onths. After th a t tim e, during the rem ainder of the year they fell rapidly. Thus the societies which had laid in a large stock of goods a t the peak prices had often to sell their goods a t less th an cost. I t is evident th a t the societies which had begun business during the spring suffered m ost by this condition, since their whole stock of m erchandise was bought a t the tim e of highest prices. The drop in prices was also reflected in the decreased value of the inventory a t the end of the year. Toward the end of the year the difficulties of the cooperative societies were increased by the growing unem ploym ent among their members. Among the wage earners who form the m ajority of cooperators, loss of work m eans loss of purchasing^ power except on credit. This in tu rn m eans either th a t the society m ust extend credit or th a t its unemployed members m ust go to the private dealer who will do so. Credit is extended by m any societies, b u t granting of credit “ freezes ” their capital to the extent of the credit given. In reading the figures shown below these abnorm al conditions should be borne in mind. B Summary ol Results of investigation. D E P O R T S were received from 1,009 cooperative retail societies Ex anq from 10 cooperative wholesale societies. In addition, all the cooperative centers were visited and a num ber of local societies were given personal study. Two types of societies were included in the study: (1) Exclusively consumers’ societies and (2) societies which combine the functions of 214 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [444] COOPERATION. 215 consumers’ societies with those of m arketing associations. While the latte r are consumers’ associations only incidentally, their chief func tion being th a t of m arketing agencies, the volume of cooperative buying done through them is so considerable th a t it was thought desirable to include them in the report. Throughout the study, however, the data for the two types of society were kept separate. Analysis of the data showed th a t the m em bership of the 966 societies reporting on this point was 260,060. The two largest groups of cooperators are found in the E a st N orth C entral and W est N orth C entral sections, each of these having nearly one,third of the total num ber. Considered in relation to population, however, the strictly consumers’ m ovem ent has reached its greatest developm ent on the Pacific Coast. Kansas was found to be the leading S tate in point of num ber of societies, while W isconsin leads both as regards actual membership (49,503) and as to m em bership in relation to population^ The reports indicate th a t the consumers’ cooperative m ovem ent is little developed in the South, both actually and in rela tion to population. T h at the large societies of the foreign cooperative m ovem ents are far from num erous in the United States is shown by the study. Only 9 societies had 2,000 members or more, while more th an tw o-thirds of the whole num ber reporting had less th an 200 and one-third had less than 100 members. The average m embership of the societies was 269 persons. The com parative youth of the societies studied m ay be in p a rt the cause of the small size of the associations, for over 70 per cent of the strictly consumers’ societies and over half of the combined purchase and sale associations had been in business for less th an 5 years. Only 26 of the 1, 009 societies had been in business for a quarter of a century or more. Of the 9 societies having 2,000 m em bers or over, 3 had been in operation for 25 years or longer. All of these, however, are students’ societies. On the other hand, 8 of the 25-year-old organizations had fewer than 200 members. The type of business engaged in by cooperative societies is shown in the following table: N U M B ER O F SO C IE T IE S C A RR Y IN G ON EA C H S P E C IF IE D K IN D O F B U SIN E S S. Consumers’ societies. A gricultural societies.1 Type of society. Num ber. Per cent. N um ber. Per cent. H ousing societies............................................................................... H otel and re stau ran t societies...................................................... R estau ran t societies................................................................ Irrigation societies.............................................................................. P rintin g an d publishing societies....................................................... B akeries.................................................................................................... Laundries............................................................................................. Store societies dealing in — Groceries............................................................................................. Groceries a n d m e a t........................................................................... M eat..................................................................................................... M ilk............................................................................................ D ry goods........................................................................................... 3 6 2 2 4 10 2 0. 4 .8 .3 .3 .0 1. 4 .3 2 124 * 72 57 1 2 17.0 9.9 1. 0 .1 .3 86 1 2.1 .4 1 The term “ agricultural societies” is used in th e report to designate com bined purchasing (consumers’) and m arketing societies. 2 Including 3 societies which also handle coal. 8 Including 2 societies which also handle farm m achinery and 1 society which also handles farm m achinery and coal. * Including 1 society which also handles coal. 6 Including 1 society which also handles bakery goods. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [445] 216 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . NUM BER OF SOCIETIES CARRYING ON EACH SPEC IFIED KIN D OF B U SIN E SS—Con. Agricultural societies. Consumers’ societies. Type of society. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Score societies dealing in—Continued. General merchandise............. ............•-.............. ............................ General merchandise and coal....................................................... C o a l..................................................................................................... Farm machinery or implements................................................... Total................................................................................................. 1 83 -154 7 io 5 9 .4 62.3 1.0 .7 1.2 4 11 .6 1.5 728 100.0 8 83 » 90 88 12 11 29.6 31.8 31.4 h 3 .9 2 281 .7 100.0 6 Including 1 society which also handles furniture. i Including 13 societies which also handle farm machinery, 1 society which also handles coal, and 1 society which also handles miscellaneous building materials. 8 Including 2 societies which also handle miscellaneous building materials, 1 society which also handles miscellaneous building materials and farm machinery, 9 societies which also handle farm machinery, and 1 society which also handles farm machinery and coal. 9Including 2 societies which also handle farm machinery, 4 societies which also handle miscellaneous building materials, and 2 societies which also handle farm machinery and miscellaneous building materials. 10 Including 1 society which also handles farm machinery and 1 society which also handles miscellaneous building materials. . . , ., , , „ . 11 Including 18 societies which also handle farm machinery, 13 societies which also handle miscellaneous building materials, and 7 societies which also handle farm machinery and miscellaneous building materials. 12 Including 1 society which also handles miscellaneous building materials. I t is seen th a t the m ajority (62.3 per cent) of the strictly con sumers’ societies are doing a "general store business. The agricul tural societies, however, most generally deal in coal or general m er chandise or both. The reports received show th a t practically no m anufacturing is done by the consumers’ societies of the U nited States. The following table gives in summ ary the financial operations for 1920 for the societies studied: STATISTICS OF OPERATION OF E A C H ‘TYPE OF COOPERATIVE SOCIETY, IN 1920. Membership. Type of society. Total num Num ber of ber of socie socie ties ties. re port ing. Mem bers. Paid-in share capital. Num ber of socie ties re port ing. Amount. Retail societies: Consumers’............ Agricultural1........ 728 281 696 270 196,352 63,708 662 $11,290,973 265 11,079,945 Reserve fund. Business. Num ber of socie Amount. ties re port ing. Num ber of socie ties re port ing. 314 $1,614,483 120 1,177,665 650 161 $64,935,837 15,169,098 Amount. Total................... 1,009 966 260,060 927 22,370,918 434 2,792,148 811 80,104,935 Wholesale societies: Consumers’............ Agricultural1........ 7 3 6 3 271 707 5 3 140,965 167,990 4 31,538 6 3 3, 881,585 5,318,488 Total................... 10 9 978 8 308,955 4 31,538 9 9,200,073 i The term “ agricultural society" is used in the report to designate combined purchasing (consumers’) and marketing societies. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [446] COO PERATION. 217 I t is seen th a t the business of the 811 retail societies which fur nished inform ation on this point totaled more than 880,000,000 during 1920, and th a t the turnover of the wholesale societies reporting am ounted to over 89,000,000. Of the retail business nearly one-lialf was done by the cooperative societies of the W est N orth Central States. R etail sales of $1,000,000 or more were reported in each of 19 States. Of the individual retail societies 5 had a business during 1920 of $1,000,000 or more while 12 had sales of $500,000 or more. Some idea of the extent of the cooperative m ovem ent in the United States in 1920 m ay be obtained by assuming th a t the averages arrived a t in this study hold good for the other societies located by the bureau b u t not reporting and for the societies included in the study b u t not reporting on specific points. Thus the application of the average membership arrived a t—269 persons—to the known societies indicates th a t the membership of all these societies would be nearly 700,000. A sim ilar application of the average business done per society—$99,406—gives the to tal business by the known societies of the country a t $257,942,269. The known societies, how ever, probably include only about 90 per cept of all the cooperative societies in the United States. Making allowance for these unlocated organizations, the figure for total membership m ay be conserva tively placed at 775,000 and the yearly business done at $285,000,000. Profit or loss for the year was ascertainable for only 158 strictly consumers’ societies. Of these, 113 had a combined gain of $533,994 and 45 a loss of $87,170. The per cent of net profit m ade by the individual societies ranged from 0.1 per cent to 17.6 per cent of sales. The average per cent of net profit was 3.6 per cent. Altogether, 454 societies returned purchase dividends to their members during the last quarter of 1920. The rem aining 361 of the 815 associations which practice the return of dividends on purchases when earned either had no surplus savings to divide or elected to allow these to rem ain in the business. The rate of dividend most commonly returned by the consumers’ societies was between 5 and b per cent, by the agricultural societies between 2 and 3 per cent. The average rate was 5.9 and 4.7 per cent respectivelv. Dividends on purchases were returned, not only to members b u t also to non members, by 145 associations. The am ount returned in dividends on purchases during the year 1920 could be determined for only 69 consumers’ societies. The total am ount returned by these was $350,354, an average of $14.15 per member. Two stores in N orth D akota returned an average of $73.84 to each of their members, while in the reporting stores of 7 other States each member received between $20 and $40. The operating expense of the cooperative stores was found to com pare favorably w ith th a t of private stores doing the same kind of business. This expense ranged from 3.5 to 25.7 per cent of sales in the cooperative stores, the average expense being 11.9 per cent. The practice as to accounting and auditing of books conformed in a large num ber of cases to the highest standards, though in general the accounting m ethods disclosed left room for improvement. D an gerously large granting of credit and investm ent of too large a pro portion of capital in fixed assets were some of the more common iaults found. G ranting of credit was shown to have been the sole or https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [447] 218 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . contributing cause for lack of success in 12 of the 70 failures from which reports were obtained. Failures were frequent during the la tte r p a rt of 1920 and the begin ning of 1921. In m any cases, however, the failure was due not so much to business conditions as to some glaring error in basic organi zation or in methods. The failure of three cooperative wholesale societies was, because of the far-reaching effects, the m ost outstanding circumstance _of the m ovem ent during 1920. One of these wholesales was th a t which was organized to become the wholesale society for the whole United States. The failure of these societies had disastrous effects on the retail societies, since two of the wholesales were operating branches on the chain-store plan, the funds of the whole system being handled by the central office. In general these failures were due to wrong methods of organization, poor judgm ent in buying, poor m anagement, the desire for quick results which led to overexpansion, too large overhead expense in proportion to the business done, and to general incompetence at headquarters. In one case the situation was aggravated and failure hastened because of the steel strike, the m iners’ strike, and the “ outlaw ” railroad strike which came in succession and in which m any of the members of the constituent stores were involved. Present Condition of Movement. The poor business conditions of 1920 continued during 1921. How ever, while m any societies failed owing to these conditions, supple m entary reports received by this bureau indicate th a t the cooperative m ovem ent as a whole has fared surprisingly well, considering its youth. A good m any societies have failed or gone out of business voluntarily, bu t probably not a greater proportion than in private business. T hat p a rt of the m ovem ent in W ashington which was not connected w ith the N ational Cooperative Association or which, though affiliated, survived the general havoc th a t followed its failure, appears to be thriving. The report received from th a t State shows th a t 2 societies listed by the bureau failed; it states further: We know of two more failures in the cooperative movement during the past year which you have not listed. We think this is a considerably better showing than has been made by private business. This result has been largely due to the efforts of the Associated Grange Warehouse Co. in establishing a system of bookkeeping and audit ing through which we are now able to give them information and statistics on their business and on the general average of the State business which proves very helpful to the board of directors. The general business conditions have been very bad, and while there are a number of cooperatives that are “ pretty sick,” we_think that the failures will be less than in the privately conducted enterprises during a period of three or four years. In California the consumers’ m ovem ent has received a setback in the fact th a t the Pacific Cooperative League, a centralized system of cooperative stores throughout six far western States, has gone into receivership. Final action has not yet been taken in the case, but latest reports indicate th a t unprofitable stores will be closed and sold and th a t where possible the others will be taken over and run inde pendently by the local cooperators. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [448] COOPERATION. 219 In Kansas, where there is a large consumers’ m ovem ent, chiefly among the farmers, information from various sources reveals only 13 cases of failure or retirem ent from business among nearly 450 stores. N ebraska is also the field of an extensive m ovement. In th a t State, the report received shows, the cooperative stores have done more than merely to survive the general business depression. The cooperative movement in this State seems to he developing a fresh impetus. Many of these associations were pretty hard hit during the recent financial storm, but there have been remarkably few failures. Many of them are refinancing their concerns and are operating in such a way that the future outlook for them is very bright. It seems to us that the real cause of depression among our stores is the fact that the farmer received such a hard jolt in the dropping of prices in the past two years. This of course would be immediately reflected in his own business. But, as stated above, cooperative failures in this State have been remarkably few, which compares very favorably with other stores doing a like business. All reports combined disclose 10 failures among some 325 stores in operation in this State. The fatality rate has been a good deal higher in Illinois, with some 13 out of about 125 stores being reported as having failed or gone out of business. This num ber does not take into consideration the so-called cooperative stores of the bankrupt Cooperative Society of America, which investigation by this bureau proved to be entirely uncooperative, both in nature and operation. In Illinois m any of the stores are m iners’ stores, run either independently by the miners themselves or by the Central States Cooperative Society. No definite word concerning these stores has been received. They are doubtless affected by the m iners’ strike; experience has shown, however, th a t the cooperative m ovem ent can prove to be of very valuable assist ance to strikers. No direct report has been received by the bureau concerning the m ovem ent in M innesota and Wisconsin. Item s printed in Coopera tion (New York), however, seem to indicate a continuance of coopera tive strength there. A district league has been formed and steps have been taken toward the form ation of an association of coopera tive managers for the purposes of collective action. In Pennsylvania the m ovement appears not only to have held its own, b u t to have taken a fresh start. An organization for educa tional and other purposes has been formed there. In Pennsylvania, as in Illinois, the miners have been active in cooperation, using caution, however, in establishing stores, and doing a great deal of prelim inary educational work along cooperative lines. The report received from the U niversity of K entucky, which has interested itself in cooperation, states th a t while the university has made no very recent investigation it is believed th a t m ost of the cooperative societies of the State are “ getting along in fairly good shape. N aturally there are a few th a t have been having a difficult time during the last year or two.” New York has a very efficient S tate office, a p a rt of whose work it is to organize and assist cooperative societies. This office keeps in touch w ith the m ovem ent throughout the State. The report re ceived from this bureau states th a t m any societies have failed, especially in New York City. The suggestion is made, however, th a t the insolvency rate in th a t State which appears to be m uch greater than 2476°— 22— https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 15 [449] 220 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . elsewhere in the country is probably only “ ap p a re n tly ” so, “ due to the fact th a t we have a more accurate record in New York of the status of cooperatives.” Farm Women’s Marketing Associations. H E farm women of Louisiana, assisted by the extension division of the S tate U niversity, are organizing a cooperative m arketing association to dispose of surplus farm produce, according to a press release of the All-American Cooperative Commission. The aim of this association is to preserve fruits, vegetables, and dairy and poultry products which are now wasted, or do not find their way to m arket, to standardize and grade these, and to sell them coopera tively. I t is also proposed th a t handicraft articles be made and sold on the same basis. For the first year the Louisiana women are specializing on vegetable soup extracts. A sim ilar society, the South Carolina, Home Producers’ Associa tion, has been formed by the farm women of South Carolina. The members of this la tte r association have signed contracts to prepare, from uniform recipes, standardized canned goods which are scien tifically preserved and sold under a special label. The association has lim ited its activities to 10 articles. An educational campaign is being conducted to familiarize the people of the S tate w ith these home cooperative products. T Cooperation in Certain Foreign Countries. N ew Cooperative Law in Ontario. CCORDING to the Cooperative News Service No. 51 of the All- American Cooperative Commission, the Canadian Province of Ontario has recently passed a law (sec. X I-A of the cor porations act) dealing w ith cooperative associations. This lav/ provides th a t all organizations calling themselves cooperative m ust be conducted on the principle of one mem ber one vote, regardless of am ount of stock held; th a t proxy voting shall n o t be perm itted; th a t the surplus savings arising from the business shall be distributed to the shareholders a t a rate n o t to exceed 8 per cent per annum, and the rem ainder to the members in proportion to their volume of business w ith the corporation. A rebate m ay also be given to non members on the basis of purchases m ade, N ot over 2 per cent of the annual surplus m ay be placed in a reserve fund, and 5 per cent m ay be expended for educational or social purposes. The act provides for periodical reports to the provincial secretary and em powers th a t official to inspect and audit the books .of anv coopera tive society upon the request of 10 or more members belonging to the society for no t less than six m onths, or upon the application of more than one-third of all members. A Cooperative Societies in Czechoslovakia in 1920. A R E PO R T 1 issued by the Statistical Office of the Czecho-Slovak Republic gives the num ber of cooperative societies (other than i Czechoslovakia. Office de Statistique. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis R ap p o rt No. 18. [450] Prague, 1921. 221 COOPERATION. credit societies) in existence in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia at the end of 1920. These figures are shown in the table below: N U M B E R O F SO C IE T IE S O F EA C H T Y P E IN CZECH O SLO V A K IA A T E N D O F 1920. Bohem ia. T ype of society. M oravia. Silesia. T otal. A gricultural societies................................................................ In d u strial societies.................................................................... Consumers’ societies................................................................. C onstruction societies.............................................................. O ther consumers’ societies...................................................... Productive a n d puhlic-utility societies............................... 1,076 1,025 1,023 707 13 74 654 370 520 231 3 29 66 45 96 54 3 2 1,796 1,446 1,639 992 19 105 T o tal.................................................................................. 3,918 1,813 266 5,997 Finnish Cooperative Movement in 1921. '"THE March, 1922, issue of Kooperatoren (Stockholm) gives an * account of the activities of the Finnish Cooperative Wholesale Society, the O. T. K ., for 1921. According to this report, 1921 was a year of unfavorable business conditions, owing to falling prices, reduced purchasing power of members, and the condition of the money m arket. Toward the end of the year, however, conditions improved. The sales of the wholesale society, which in 1920 am ounted to 98.800.000 Finnish m arks ($19,068,400, par), reached the sum of 193.900.000 Finnish m arks ($37,422,700, par) in 1921. The sales of the 115 constituent societies increased from 525,400,000 Finnish m arks ($101,402,200, par) in 1920 to 673,000,000 Finnish m arks ($129,889,000, par) in 1921. The combined membership of these societies num bered 157,784, comprising, it is stated, about 47 per cent of all the members of consumers’ societies in Finland. A consular report of April 25, 1922, quotes Pellervo (Helsingfors) to the effect th a t there were in Finland a t the end of 1921,3,422 cooperative societies of different sorts. These were distributed, according to the kind of business done, as follows: 1920. 1921. Trading societies.............................................................. 770788 Dairies.............................................................................................. 504 515 Savings societies............................................................................. 728 775 Machinery societies..................................................................... 320 333 Peat societies................................................................................... 188 195 Egg-selling so cieties.......... .............................. 77 79 Telephone societies......................................................................... 112 120 Electricity societies............... 58 72 524545 Other societies..................................................... Total............................ ....................................................... 3,281 3,422 Wages Award for Cooperative Employees in Great Britain. rT T IE April 14, 1922, num ber of Industrial and Labor Inform ation -*• issued by the International Labor Office contains an account 1 of an award regarding wages of workers employed by the cooperative societies of G reat B ritain. This award was m ade by the joint com m ittee of trade-unionists and cooperators which is the arbitrating 1 T aken from M anchester (E ngland) G uardian, Mar. 8, 1922, a nd D aily H erald, London, Mar. 29, 1922. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [451] 222 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . body in disputes between cooperative societies and their workers. The award, which affects over 20,000 employees, came into effect on the pay day of the week commencing March 20, 1922. The action was taken as the result of the petition of the retail cooperative societies of the northw estern area th a t they be perm itted to reduce the wages of their adult male employees 6s. (SI.46, par), those of their adult female employees 4s. (97.3 cents, par), and those of the minor employees 3s. (73 cents, par) per week. The term s of the award and the am ount of reduction where such was allowed are shown below: W A GES O F C O O P E R A T IV E E M P L O Y E E S IN N O R T H W E S T E R N A R E A IN G R E A T B R IT A IN AS F IX E D B Y A W A R D . [Shilling a t par=24.3 cents; penny=2.03 cents.] Females. Males. Amount of reduc tion per week. Occupation and age. Workers, aged— 14 years................................................................................. 15 years................................................................................. 16 years................................................................................. 17 years................................................................................. 18 years................................................................................. 19 years................................................................................. 20 years................................................................................. 21 years................................................................................ 22 years. . . . ........................................... 23 years . _ ...................................................... Clerks, aged— • 21 years................................................................................. 22 years................................................................................. 23 years ................................................... Branch managers...................................................................... Buyers.......................................................................................... Porters ......................................... Warehousemen, aged— 1 No change. s. 0) 0) 0) 0) 3 3 3 4 4 4 Amount of reduc tion per week. New rate per week. s. 14 16 19 24 32 38 44 59 64 68 d. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 59 0 64 0 72 0 (2) 4 59 0 4 4 59 0 64 0 0) s. (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) New rate per week. s. d. 3 3 3 4 12 14 18 23 26 30 36 38 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 39 0 44 0 4 46 0 52 0 2 N ot reported. The central wages council of the northern section of the Cooperative Union has petitioned the D istributive W orkers’ Union for a reduction in the wages of all employees of cooperative societies in th a t section. Cooperation in India in 19 2 0 -2 1.1 ’“T H E following table compiled from the reports of the respective registrars shows the operations of the various types of coopera tive societies in certain parts of India: i The d a ta on which th is section is based are from C entral Provinces, A griculture D epartm ent, R eport on the w orking of th e cooperative societies in th e C entral Provinces and B erar for th e year 1920-21; AjmerMerwara, R egistrar of Cooperative Societies, R eport on th e w orking of th e cooperative societies in th e Dis tric t of Ajmer-M erwara for th e year ending Ju n e 30, 1921; U n ited Provinces, R egistrar of Cooperative Societies, A n n u al report on th e w orking of th e cooperative societies in th e U nited Provinces of Agra and O udh for th e year 1920-21 ; Assam, R egistrar of Cooperative Societies, R eport on th e w orking of th e coopera tiv e societies in Assam for th e year ending on M ar. 31, 1921; B ihar and Orissa, R egistrar of Cooperative Societies, R eport on th e w orking of cooperative societies in B ihar and Orissa for th e year 1920-21 ; and P u n jab, R eg istrar of Cooperative Societies, R ep o rt on th e -working of th e cooperative societies in th e P u n ja b for th e year ending J u ly 31, 1921. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [452] 223 COOPERATION. O P E R A T IO N S O F C O O P E R A T IV E SO C IE TIE S IN C E R T A IN P A R T S O F IN D IA IN 1920-21 B Y D IS T R IC T AN D T Y P E O F SO C IE TY . ’ [Rupee a t p a r = 48.66 cents.] D istrict and ty p e of society. N um ber of so cieties. N um ber of mem bers. A m ount of business. 494 21,638 i 242,194 6,171 168,567 615,279 24 3,186 i 200,225 97,428 28,345 438,703 25 3,260 314,309 48,985 2,702 99,120 3,247 112 95,112 1 2,689,325 7,992 98,849 214,194 677,286 45,408 4,832,591 676,137 4,535 73,879 i 6,920 629 6 28 325 401 15,824 Paid-in share capital. Reserve W orking fund. capital. A ssa m . A gricultural credit societies............................ N onagricultural societies: C redit societies.................................... Purchase and purchase and sale socie tie s........................................................... E s. E s. E s. E s. B i h a r a n d O r is s a . A gricultural credit societies......................... N onagricultural credit societies..................... C e n tr a l P r o v in c e s a n d B e r a r . A gricultural societies: Credit societies.................................... Purchase a n d purchase and sale societies.......................................... Productive societies.............................. N onagricultural societies: Credit societies............................ Purchase a n d purchase and sale societies.......................................... Production and sale societies.................. O ther s o c ie tie s ...................................... 966,867 12, 477,607 7,808 7,920 873 941 18,842 13,'986 65 1,533 i 111,451 39,800 13,349 152,813 30 3 1 3,357 55 88 284,822 10,317 i 2,881 155,475 9,480 3,645 697 223,518 18,703 51 4C0 10, 465 i 309,620 390, 621 182,762 2,049,103 11 9 1 1 433 108 96 23 963 403 3, 746 2 269 '457 112 137 l l ' 572 1,314 20 14 482 4,712 i 24,926 409,623 24,991 44,911 84 2,396 85,707 159,880 7,605 196,691 171 19 37 219 303 1,537 597 529 13,550 15,371 4,213 1 1 8 101,613 73 43 322 168 21 1 2 7,041 1,440 3 85 D is tr ic t o f A jm e r - M e r w a r a . A gricultural societies: C redit societies........................................ Purchase an d purchase and sale societies................................................. P roductive societies....................... Production and sale societies................ N onagricultural societies: C redit societies.................................... Purchase and sale societies..................... P u n ja b . A gricultural societies: Credit societies....................................... Purchase an d purchase a n d sale societies......................................... P ro d u ctio n and sale societies................... Insurance societies.................................... O ther societies............................................. N onagricultural societies.............................. i 8,289,140 5,172,065 5,174,716 - 21,613,017 353,657 346,395 60,342 59,829 75,020 i 643,106 20,229 2 , 388 335,051 16 R 355 312’787 99,331 874*273 i 3,487 580 1,184.427 2,968 6,350 1 337 5'129 976,375 441 6,893 9,003 28* 720 50,351 3,393 554,117 48,438 8 22,400 1 IIS U n i t e d P r o v in c e s o f A g r a a n d O u d h . A gricultural societies: Credit societies........................................ N oncredit central societies.................... P roductive societies.................................... O ther societies.................................. N onagricultural societies: Credit societies........................................... Purchase a n d sale societies....................... Productive societies.................................... O ther societies.............................................. i 483,239 26,880 154,848 20,827 8 22,460 17337 i Loans to individuals. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis * [453] 224 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . Cooperative Societies in Japan, 19! I to 1920. rT ‘H E following table taken from the Twenty-first Financial and Economic Annual of Jap an shows the num ber of cooperative societies of each type in Japan on December 31 of each year 1911 to 1920: N U M B E R OF C O O P E R A T IV E SO C IE T IE S O F E A C H T Y P E ON D EC . 31, 1911 TO 1920. 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 Credit societies............................ 2,534 225 Sale societies................................ Purchase societies....................... 787 114 Productive societies................... 535 Sale a n d purchase societies___ 150 Sale a n d pro d u ctiv e societies.. P u r c h a s e a n d p r o d u c tiv e 52 societies...................................... Sale, purchase an d productive 234 societies...................................... 395 C redit a n d sale societies............ C redit a n d purchase societies.. 1,626 Credit a n d productive societies. 15 C re d it, sale a n d p u rc h a se societies...................................... .1,459 Credit, sale an d productive 22 societies...................................... Credit, purchase an d produc 40 tiv e societies............................. C redit, sale, purchase an d pro 475 ductive societies...................... 2,673 220 673 117 510 138 2,767 233 641 138 491 138 2,930 224 599 143 498 139 3,015 234 535 133 461 141 3,070 221 448 134 402 127 3,092 248 414 133 401 134 3,059 290 419 127 412 163 2,895 272 456 115 407 157 2,650 235 454 107 385 167 T ype of society. T o ta l................................... 8,663 44 43 41 37 29 25 27 30 20 245 384 1,995 27 241 378 2,252 32 242 370 2,479 37 230 400 2,583 39 195 370 2,692 53 180 351 2,711 55 170 317 2,790 59 189 296 2,948 63 173 250 3,045 61 1,948 2,232 2,461 2,608 2,795 2,964 3,252 3,630 3,975 38 59 73 90 117 158 145 147 151 45 45 46 57 56 49 57 74 73 626 765 878 946 1,044 1,111 1,236 1,427 1,696 9,683 10,455 11,160 11,509 11,753 12,026 12,523 13,106 13,442 Operations of Norwegian National Cooperative Union for 1921. r"THE January, 1922, issue of Kooperatoren (Stockholm) contains a * brief sum m ary of the operations of the Norwegian N ational Co operative Union for 1921. This report, like those of other countries, remarks on the trading difficulties encountered during the year. I t is stated, however, th a t as a whole, the Norwegian cooperative m ovem ent “ m et the great strain very well.” The business of the union for 1921 am ounted to 20,966,223 kroner ($5,618,948, par), some 3,000,000 kroner ($804,000, par) more than in 1920. There were, a t the end of 1920, 402 retail societies in affiliation w ith the national body. Report of Swiss Union of Consumers’ Societies for 1921.1 rT T IE report of the Swiss Union of Consumers’ Societies ( Verb a n d A schw eiz. K o n su m verein e ) for the year 1921 showed a falling off in the wholesale business of the union from 172,028,668 francs ($33,201,533, par) in 1920 to 144,419,697 francs ($27,873,002, par) in 1921. There was a net loss for the year, the profits from the banking, agricultural, and real estate departm ents n o t being suffi cient to cover the losses m et in certain other departm ents of the union. Fortunately, special reserves had been accum ulated to m eet a situation like this, and these were more th an sufficient to m ake good the deficit. The perm anent reserve fund, which now am ounts to 3,050,000 francs ($588,650, par), rem ains untouched. The capi1 T h e d a ta on w hich th is section is based are from V erband Schweiz. K onsum vereine (V . S. K .), Basel, R apports e t com ptes concernant l’activité des organes en 1921; and L a Coopération, B asel, issues of A pr. 27, Maÿ 18, and Ju n e 1,1922. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [454] COOPERATION. 225 tal of the union on December 31, 1921, amounted to 5,375,500 francs (11,037,472, par). The num ber of persons employed by the union decreased from 841 in 1920 to 789 on December 31, 1921. There are in affiliation with the union 505 retail societies. A t the m eeting of the adm inistrative council of the union on April 18, 1922, the president of the union was authorized to enter into negotiations w ith the central cooperative unions of Russia w ith a view to establishing trading relations with them. Movement to Establish Cooperative Trade with Russia. L A COOPERATION, the organ of the Swiss Union of Consum ers’ Cooperative Societies, in its issues of April 27 and May 4, 1922, gives an account of a meeting of the central comm ittee of the International Cooperative Alliance held in Milan on April 11. As was noted in the Monthly L abor R eview for April, 1922 (p. 228), a delegation from the national cooperative wholesale societies of cer tain European countries was appointed to visit Russia w ith the object of studying the condition of the m ovem ent there w ith a view to the establishm ent of international trade relations among the cooperatives. This commission, which spent a m onth in Russia, made its report a t the Milan m eeting of the central committee. The commission stated th a t its study of the Russian cooperative m ovem ent had convinced it th a t a change was taking place in the m ovem ent there which would place the Russian m ovem ent in h ar mony w ith the cooperative principles of the m ovem ent in other coun tries. The establishm ent of trade relations w ith the Russian move m ent was recommended. This, in the commission’s opinion, will not necessitate the establishm ent of a new international cooperative society, since the trading can be carried on through the Centrosoyus (the central union) a t Moscow which is now freed from S tate control. As is noted above, the Swiss cooperative m ovem ent has already taken action on the commission’s recommendation. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [455] IM MIGRATION, Statistics of Immigration for May, 1922. B y W. W. H u s b a n d , Commissioner G en era l of I mmigration . following tables show the total num ber of im m igrant aliens adm itted into the U nited States and em igrant aliens departed from the U nited States in January, February, March, April, and May, 1922, and for the six m onths’ period from July to December, 1921. The tabulations are presented according to the countries of last perm anent or future perm anent residence, races or peoples, occupations, and States of future perm anent or last perm anent residence. The last table (Table 6) shows the num ber of aliens ad m itted under the per centum lim it act of May 19, 1921, up to June 30, 1922. T he T able 1.—IN W A R D AN D O U TW A R D P A S S E N G E R M O V EM EN T IN JA N U A R Y , F E B R U A R Y , M A R C H ,A P R IL ,A N D MAY, 1922,A N D D U R IN G T H E S IX M O N T H S E N D IN G D E C E M B E R 31, 1921. D epartures. A rrivals. Period. Im m i g ran t aliens ad m it ted. N on im m i U n ited Aliens States g ran t de aliens citizens barred. ad m it arrived. ted. T otal. E m i grant aliens de p arted. Nonemi g ra n t aliens de p arted. U n ite d States citizens de p arted. T otal. 1921. Ju ly to D ecem ber........ 200,121 65,287 133,111 6,678 405,197 137,878 86,749 162,735 387,362 1922. J a n u a ry ......................... F e b ru a ry ....................... M arch............................ A p ril.............................. M ay................................ 15,928 10,792 14,803 18,967 24,169 6,705 6,851 9,736 10,199 12,711 12,057 17,573 21,884 19,889 19,837 892 991 1,069 1,436 1,183 35,582 36,207 47,492 50,491 57,900 7,708 7,063 8,269 13,232 12,025 7,877 7,360 7,427 11,730 11,122 15,519 19,061 20,993 26,197 29,643 31,104 33,484 36,689 51,159 52,790 T o ta l................... 284,780 111,489 224,351 12,249 632,869 186,175 132,265 274,148 592,588 T able 2.—LA ST P E R M A N E N T R E S ID E N C E O F IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D , AND F U T U R E P E R M A N E N T R E S ID E N C E O F E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D , JA N U A R Y , F E B R U A R Y , M ARCH, A P R IL , A N D M AY, 1922, B Y C O U N T R IE S . Im m ig ran t. C ountry. Jan u F ebru March, A pril, ary, ary, 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. May, 1922. 502 21 25 1 75 511 14 16 1 42 217 A u stria ............................................ 89 H ung ary .......................................... 115 B elgium .......................................... 17 B ulg aria.......................................... Czechoslovakia, R epublic of— 1,297 226 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis E m igrant. 158 49 38 10 180 330 37 21 1 135 1456] Jan u F ebru March, April, May, ary, ary. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 9 119 84 29 199 17 225 29 25 277 31 233 69 11 437 50 310 107 29 627 60 256 166 10 697 IMMIGRATION, 227 T able 2.—LAST P E R M A N E N T R E S ID E N C E O F IM M IG RA N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D , A N D F U T U R E P E R M A N E N T R E S ID E N C E O F E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D , JA N U A R Y , F E B R U A R Y , M ARCH, A P R IL , A N D MAY, 1922, B Y C O U N T R IE S —Concluded. Im m ig ran t. C ountry. D enm ark ........................................ F in lan d ........................................... France, including Corsica.......... G erm any........................................ Greece.............................................. Italy , including Sicily a n d Sar d in ia............................................. N etherlands................................... N orw ay........................................... Poland, R epublic of..................... Portugal, including Cape Verde a nd Azores Islan d s................... R u m a n ia ........................................ R ussia............................................. Spain, including Canary a n d Balearic Islan d s......................... Sw eden............................................ Sw itzerland.................................... T urkey in E urope........................ U nited Kingdom: E n g lan d .................................. Irelan d ..................................... Scotland.................................. W ales....................................... Yugoslavia..................................... O ther E uropean countries......... E m igrant. Jan u Febru- March, April, ary, ary, 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. May, 1922. 78 101 174 1, 216 46 70 99 116 710 9 132 155 151 1,201 19 236 269 165 1,421 24 412 380 264 1,717 14 27 25 118 135 345 23 26 75 191 517 44 16 129 255 499 21 52 251 369 555 61 76 378 532 252 1,942 54 97 606 410 50 183 277 421 125 651 239 286 180 399 320 267 195 1,034 302 2,212 31 55 545 1,457 47 25 736 1,415 57 54 1,797 3,462 48 152 1,509 2,742 75 182 1,803 23 1,395 1,569 4 408 996 38 518 1,294 27 643 1,684 66 791 1,875 147 107 109 87 206 169 116 208 333 336 231 475 326 150 499 32 228 106 51 20 99 191 26 731 298 83 28 1,150 413 34 630 27 34 30 348 68 27 17 195 83 27 4 374 168 175 8 17 414 218 44 18 72 3 383 142 330 33 74 24 616 175 81 47 18 31 775 391 570 36 11 31 1,186 833 605 45 10 19 1,383 1,603 1,541 81 5 33 287 68 46 2 171 52 342 136 43 1 273 30 143 82 16 537 150 126 6 635 24 670 249 7,975 10,114 14,172 6,477 10,699 9,794 Jan u Febru March, April, May, ary. ary, 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 207 16 77 78 68 3 219 52 Total, E urope..................... 10,439 5,053 5,643 5,417 C hina............................................... Ja p a n ............................................... In d ia ................................................ T urkey in Asia.............................. O ther countries of A sia............... 422 250 30 67 28 261 635 24 25 39 248 820 16 21 20 205 312 19 15 22 476 472 24 41 9 474 300 27 19 4 305 247 7 53 8 398 314 5 82 2 361 370 9 91 7 538 202 15 101 9 Total, A sia.......................... 797 984 1,125 603 1,022 824 620 801 838 865 Africa............................................... 19 Australia, Tasm ania, an d New Z ealan d ............... ........................ 55 Pacific Islands, n o t specified__ B ritish N orth A m erica............... 3,001 Central A m erica........................... .. 26 Mexico............................................. 1,223 South A m erica.............................. 133 W est In d ies.................................... 233 O ther co u n tries............................. 2 13 11 17 13 7 16 3 18 4 43 4 2,803 34 1,509 136 212 55 16 69 3 5,303 92 2,348 271 876 71 3 199 63 424 135 336 3 50 1 197 52 47 4 658 38 1 6 3,332 53 1,725 172 349 . 4 5,342 79 1,911 235 644 2 G rand to ta l......................... 15,928 10, 792 14, 803 18,967 24,169 M ales............................................... 8,226 Fem ales........................................... 7,702 5,661 5,131 7,882 6,921 9,534 12,093 9,433 12,076 68 308 105 281 167 237 167 307 366 93 466 2 422 193 122 515 7,708 7,063 8,269 13, 232 12, 025 6,282 1,426 5,454 1, 609 6,066 2,203 9,283 3,949 ’,720 4; 305 T able 3.—IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D AN D E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D D U R IN G JA N U A R Y , F E B R U A R Y , M ARCH , A P R IL , A N D M AY , 1922, B Y R A C E S OR PEO PLES. Im m igrant. Races or peoples. A frican (black).............................. A rm enian....................................... B ohem ian an d Moravian(Czech) Bulgarian, Serbian, a n d M onte negrin........................................... C hinese.......................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis E m igrant. Jan u F ebru March, April, ary, ary, 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. May, 1922. Jan u F ebru March, A pril, May, ary, ary, 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 137 73 233 147 22 54 222 31 67 418 49 50 598 24 20 88 15 133 104 14 141 139 11 282 212 16 274 293 21 369 42 602 13 369 13 258 6 201 19 395 111 455 190 301 124 392 361 350 173 534 [4 5 7 ] 228 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, T able 3 .—IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D A N D E M IG R A N T A L IE N S DEPARTED D U R IN G JA N U A R Y , F E B R U A R Y , M ARCH , A P R IL , A N D MAY, 1922, B Y RA CES OR P E O P L E S —Concluded. E m igrant. Im m ig ran t. Races or peoples. Ja n u F ebru March, A pril, ary, ary , 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. M ay, 1922. Ja n u F ebru March, A pril, May, ary, ary, 1922. 1922, 1922. 19 2. 1922. 121 22 12 14 24 44 35 24 21 36 80 66 68 48 67 50 175 64 40 85 14 177 23 1,469 92 778 1,909 79 3,056 498 506 1,498 234 1 115 260 912 7 139 19 1,401 103 743 1,244 27 1,781 462 S3 424 631 13 79 60 1,332 2 117 5 39 124 7 7 182 15 1,714 151 1,033 1,923 37 2,039 826 93 415 735 4 140 59 1,632 12 263 10 2,926 205 1,425 2,401 31 2,666 1,536 66 346 338 2 144 32 1,848 1 74 37 24 219 16 14 305 9 3,254 263 1,473 2,729 35 2,994 2,402 127 306 468 7 168 36 2,272 6 115 22 474 26 176 192 336 6S 96 416 1,826 298 1 71 137 406 15 83 7 500 26 113 259 535 58 166 221 1,261 247 4 87 256 276 21 98 5 286 17 191 359 510 91 102 155 1,261 313 1 154 271 219 35 126 11 855 54 367 518 563 106 214 690 2,788 369 5 376 362 312 61 175 14 917 122 495 636 268 50 227 639 2,125 209 5 298 313 158 84 49 20 308 30 472 160 89 75 9 674 93 175 136 10 1,653 131 151 259 IS 1,407 351 211 192 25 1,760 335 111 131 21 461 508 83 68 65 46 1,323 978 51 86 99 99 53 25 10 47 36 31 1,587 1,457 22 134 113 42 3 71 98 35 2,871 2,271 15 203 118 27 1 85 94 18 135 94 52 700 121 35 3 6 64 79 133 89 113 413 105 22 26 4 46 44 199 57 148 257 137 46 21 4 30 39 401 224 417 455 100 77 25 18 91 35 380 132 327 268 113 85 6 8 40 83 T o tal..................................... 15,928 10,792 14,803 18,967 24,169 7,70S 7,063 C roatian a n d Slovenian.............. C uban ............................................ D alm atian, B osnian, a n d H erzogovinian.............................. D utch an d F lem ish ..................... East, In d ia n . ............. ............... E n g lish .. ................................ F in n is h ................... ....................... F ren ch ............................................. G erm an............. ............................. Greek ........................................... ITebrew ........................................... Trish................. .............................. Italian (n o r th ).............................. Ita lia n (s o u th ).............................. Jap an ese........................................ K orean............................................. L ith u an ia n ..................................... M agyar ........................................ M exican........................................... Facifi o. Islan d er P o lish .............................................. Portuguese...................................... F um a n ia n ...................................... R u ssia n ........................................... R n th e n ia n (R nssniak')............... Scandinavian (Norwegians, D anes, a n d Sw edes)................. S cotch.............................................. S lo v ak ............................................. S panish........................................... Spanish A m erican........................ S y ria n .............................................. ............................ T u rk is h .. W elsh.............................................. W est In d ia n ..............„.................. O ther peoples................................ 174 26 289 221 22 536 694 830 76 42 50 2 41 44 30 88 46 61 174 20 8,269 13,232 12,025 T able 4 ,—IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D AN D E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D D U R IN G JA N U A R Y , F E B R U A R Y , M ARCH, A P R IL , AN D MAY, 1922, B Y OCCUPA T IO N S . Im m ig ran t. O ccupation. Professional: A cto rs...................................... A rchitects................................ Clergy....................................... E d ito rs ..................................... E lec tric ia n s............................ Engineers (professional)— L aw yers................................... L iterary a n d scientific persons....................................... M usicians................................ Officials ( G o v ern m en t)........ P h y sician s.............................. Sculptors................................. T eachers.................................. O ther professional................. T o ta l..................................... Skilled: B a k e r s .................................... B arbers an d hairdressers. . . B lack sm ith s........................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis E m ig ra n t. J a n u F eb ru March, April, ary, ary, 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. May, 1922. Ja n u F ebru March, A pril, May, ary, a ry , 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 57 11 58 3 30 49 7 33 10 37 5 28 54 4 84 6 68 2 48 78 13 32 9 65 2 89 101 5 68 16 123 1 78 112 10 7 2 41 14 105 62 42 10 69 128 15 23 48 21 7 68 120 26 43 47 29 4 101 152 35 33 49 34 5 156 153 645 473 701 96 55 47 72 33 33 121 43 48 [458] 6 22 3 9 4 14 3 12 26 1 12 1 19 2 11 21 2 18 9 23 2 12 33 6 13 9 31 2 5 26 6 25 39 43 20 13 154 202 12 9 23 8 5 23 23 8 7 5 7 3 19 42 12 5 19 4 5 17 34 18 20 37 9 8 23 47 9 23 16 16 7 49 50 768 909 184 160 164 265 267 135 43 50 143 59 83 23 20 9 24 18 8 35 21 18 45 32 19 45 17 18 IMMIGRATION, 229 T able 3.—IM M IG RA N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D A N D E M IG R A N T A L IE N S DEPARTED D U R IN G JA N U A R Y , F E B R U A R Y , M AR C H , A P R IL , A N D MAY, 1922, B Y RA CES O R P E O P L E S —Concluded. Im m ig ra n t. Races or peoples. Skilled—Concluded. B ookbinders........................... Brew ers.................................... B u tch ers.................................. C abinetm akers....................... C arpenters an d jo in ers........ Cigarette m ak ers................... Cigar m a k e rs ......................... Cigar packers.......................... Clerks a n d acco u n tan ts....... D ressm akers........................... Engineers (locomotive, marine, an d sta tio n a ry )........ Furriers an d fur w orkers__ G ardeners................................ H a t a n d cap m akers............. Iro n an d steel w orkers......... Jew elers................................... L ocksm iths............................. M achinists.............................. M ariners.................................. M asons..................................... Mechanics (n o t specified)... M etal workers (other th a n iro n , steel, a n d tin ) ........... M illers...................................... M illiners.................................. M iners...................................... P ain ters a n d glaziers............ P a tte rn m akers...................... P h o to g ra p h e rs ..................... P lasterers................................ P lu m b ers................................ P rin te rs.................................... Saddlers a n d harness m ake rs .......................................... Seam stresses........................... Shoem akers............................ Stokers..................................... Sto n ecu tters........................... Tailors...................................... T anners an d cu rriers........... T extile w orkers (n o t specifle d )...................................... T in n ers................................... Tobacco w orkers................... U pholsterers........................... W atch an d clock m a k e rs. . . W eavers an d sp in n ers.......... W heelw rights......................... W oodworkers (n o t specifle d )...................................... O ther sk illed.......................... E m igrant. Jan u F ebru March, A pril, ary, ary, 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 5 2 73 10 172 2 2 34 3 113 May, 1922. Ja n u F ebru March, A pril, May, ary, ary, 19 2. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 5 2 523 151 6 i 369 88 2 2 70 8 245 4 3 i 603 125 37 6 26 9 47 7 33 80 119 55 97 42 8 18 2 27 5 26 61 179 38 63 57 5 40 7 59 14 4 76 224 54 79 71 7 34 6 62 6 28 106 176 98 98 105 8 52 19 102 12 55 165 268 101 140 26 3 10 2 11 7 3 23 121 20 30 2 2 12 1 8 3 1 36 85 23 24 9 4 25 133 45 2 12 8 11 20 3 2 23 79 36 2 4 11 11 14 4 6 20 109 55 1 13 9 10 25 17 9 36 156 78 5 19 22 14 26 13 13 36 158 104 11 15 25 9 47 2 i 2 116 18 5 2 148 22 8 75 90 27 5 195 3 6 56 42 9 5 123 6 74 59 23 5 155 4 10 120 64 25 16 162 5 8 146 66 25 8 213 4 1 6 28 8 5 51 2 8 30 6 4 34 1 1 8 40 8 3 44 5 5 1 7 17 106 13 2 12 27 125 1 i 2 2 2 2 2 7 2 3 13 1 63 1 37 1 7 3 61 10 323 3 10 724 154 13 1 83 19 550 4 12 1 924 250 103 14 1 108 7 1 8 6 45 10 3 3 6 3 9 2 4 9 58 1 4 5 2 4 1 9 39 1 4 10 48 1 109 2 87 152 173 13 265 T o tal..................................... 2,535 1,799 2,699 3,319 4,534 825 1 I 10 7 54 2 2 6 1 4 1 29 5 39 27 4 72 38 10 113 34 36 175 40 174 28 13 7 3 6 38 67 17 15 7 17 5 14 9 4 51 66 26 34 58 3 5 6 124 8 2 2 i 4 4 18 3 645 20 1 5 5 4 5 3 8 3 377 15 9 68 16 9 91 14 56 14 6 71 1 19 i 108 19 7 4 14 2 6 6 1 4 4 2 1 1 2 48 1 6 57 71 1 129 4 91 780 878 1,789 1,484 i 24 f) IS 2 14 11 3 67 54 23 45 Miscellaneous: A gents...................................... 23 B an k e rs................................... 7 D raym en, hackm en, a n d tea m ste rs............................. 11 F a rm laborers........................ 547 F a rm e rs................................... 450 F ish erm en .............................. 37 H otel keepers......................... 4 L aborers................................ . 1,713 M anufacturers....................... 4 490 M erchants an d dealers......... S erv an ts.................................. 1,854 O ther m iscellaneous............. 654 33 6 37 6 67 8 64 9 12 16 11 2 13 10 20 15 17 14 14 416 312 24 4 1,156 11 305 954 556 11 694 387 86 11 1,579 10 395 1,650 731 24 774 596 56 14 1,819 10 436 2,409 802 14 998 669 80 14 2,331 14 566 3,490 1,081 7 117 179 4 5 4,225 8 281 170 211 6 107 155 6 5 3,594 7 203 174 227 1 134 239 5 2 3,918 3 262 216 216 7 159 366 11 5 5,626 5 335 434 336 6 228 256 12 7 4,330 8 373 489 405 T o ta l..................................... 5,794 3,791 5,597 7,015 9,330 5,235 4,497 5,019 7,319 6,145 No occupation (including wom en an d c b d d re n ).................... 6,954 4,729 5,806 7,865 9,396 1,464 1,626 2,208 3,859 4,129 G rand to ta l......................... 15,928 10,792 14,803 18,967 24,169 7,708 7,063 8,269 13,232 12,025 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [459] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, 230 T able 5 .—F U T U R E P E R M A N E N T R E S ID E N C E O F IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D AND LA ST P E R M A N E N T R E S ID E N C E O F E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D , JA N U A R Y , F E B R U A R Y , M ARCH, A P R IL , AN D MAY, 1922, B Y ST A T E S AN D T E R R IT O R IE S . E m igrant. Im m ig ran t. S ta te a n d T erritory. A labam a......................................... A laska............................................. A rizona........................................... A rkansas......................................... California........................................ C olorado......................................... C onnecticut.................................... D elaware......................................... D istrict of Colum bia................... Florida............................................. Georgia. . . H aw aii............................................. Id a h o ............................................... Illinois............................................. In d ia n a ............................ ............. Iow a................................................. K ansas............................................. K en tu ck y ....................................... Louisiana........................................ Maine............................................... M aryland........................................ M assachusetts................................ Michigan......................................... M innesota....................................... M ississippi..................................... Missouri........................................... M ontana......................................... N ebraska........................................ N ev ad a........................................... New H am p sh ire........................... New Jerse y .................................... New Mexico................................... New Y o rk ...................................... N orth Carolina N orth D akota................................ O hio................................................. O klahom a....................................... Oregon............................................ P en n sy lv an ia................................ Porto R ico...................................... R hode Is la n d ................................ South Carolina. South D ak o ta................................ Tennessee....................................... Texas............................................... U ta h ................................................. V erm ont......................................... Virginia........................................... Jan u Febru March, April, ary, ary, 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 10 4 66 8 1,450 59 263 22 60 144 28 7 33 1,223 132 79 64 20 58 237 100 987 581 251 18 153 46 81 18 97 856 31 4,457 6 38 624 31 169 1,477 1 39 165 12 24 15 895 29 80 31 20 11 146 13 1,076 49 121 21 66 112 4 468 32 618 80 73 33 14 63 282 44 605 500 200 8 88 42 40 8 97 356 40 2,463 5 37 234 25 95 699 13 99 5 17 14 1,050 39 82 71 13 4 197 18 30 199 47 219 4 64 123 92 233 32 83 129 17 230 45 May, 1922. 18 20 8 12 12 1,373 1,689 2,221 12 320 33 957 87 145 41 9 51 445 83 970 660 280 18 85 80 85 11 134 565 100 10 3,753 97 364 10 162 925 20 1,212 103 1S4 41 16 47 580 100 1,917 760 351 24 109 82 107 14 261 754 45 4,676 14 58 429 26 217 1,157 1 1 39 243 9 51 13 1,143 36 75 55 1,420 40 129 55 136 66 11 2 353 no 397 36 73 168 23 13 58 1,551 140 236 94 21 40 557 131 2,103 1,166 536 9 195 106 131 14 204 1,095 116 6,589 24 102 547 35 270 1,481 2 12 336 17 60 14 1,477 48 137 50 Ja n u F ebru March, April, May, ary, ary, 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 1922. 2 3 49 7 758 35 219 12 16 75 8 16 401 40 29 31 6 63 13 22 401 316 62 12 21 31 10 9 9 26 44 504 33 145 4 19 57 635 25 168 14 15 141 252 5 463 53 25 25 3 40 49 9 465 74 1 8 26 272 186 55 6 48 42 15 30 13 247 30 3,036 15 246 29 2,864 11 12 298 11 31 671 20 32 8 14 4 226 40 4 9 2 8 11 12 3,208 111 781 87 30 3 59 27 48 69 23 3 43 35 888 1,302 233 55 86 351 123 10 21 52 38 3 47 508 28 4,818 21 220 7 145 9 3 107 6 9 2 7,063 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 45 374 5 895 21 14 93 2 10 7,708 66 66 8 20 2 2 229 5 1,201 T o tal..................................... 15,928 10,792 14,803 18,967 24,169 549 35 244 35 7 39 28 30 500 223 38 3 5 4 28 860 60 286 26 34 384 3 9 32 38 23 468 15 215 27 20 12 2 819 55 277 3 26 829 158 334 29 133 18 6 8 7 63 23 692 15 34 1,761 624 37 329 31 331 74 208 36 6 2 3 277 9 39 267 91 63 51 17 W ashington................................... W est V irginia................................ W isconsin....................................... W yom ing....................................... 4 9 2 10 88 68 8 77 24 33 5 29 531 12 4,414 3 9 366 31 40 1,362 18 147 3 5 6 4 7 12 3 6 147 37 18 25 90 23 18 71 71 58 4 173 172 95 45 149 103 8 1 10 88 23 8,269 13,232 12,025 IMMIGRATION, 231 T a b l e 6 .—A L IE N S A D M IT T E D TO T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S U N D E R T H E P E R CEN TU M L IM IT ACT O F MAY 19, 1921, D U R IN G T H E FISC A L Y E A R 1921-22, AS S P E C IF IE D . Total ad m itted, fiscal year 1921-22.1 C ountry or place of birth. A lb a n ia ................................................................................................................... A u stria .................................................................................................................... B elgium ................................................................................................................ B ulgaria.................................................................................................................. Czechoslovakia.................................................................................................... D anzig............................................................................................................... D e n m ark .............................................................................................. F in la n d ................................................................................................................... F lu m e ................................................................................................................ F ra n c e ............................................................................................. G erm any........................................................................................................... G reece........................................................................ H u n g a ry ................................................................................................................. I ta ly ......................................................................................................................... L u x em b u rg ........................................................................................................... N eth erlan d s........................................................................................................... N o rw ay ................................................................................................................... Poland” (including E astern G alicia).................................................... P ortug al (including Azores an d M adeira Isla n d s)...................................... R u m a n ia ............... T..................................................... ........................................ R ussia (including S ib eria)................................................................................ S p a in ....................................................................................................................... S w eden................................................................................................................... S w itzerlan d .......................................................................................................... U n ited K ingdom .......................................................................................... Y ugoslavia................................................................................................ O ther E urope (including A ndorra, G ib raltar, Liechtenstein, M alta, Memel, Monaco, San M arino, a n d I c e l a n d ) ........................................ A rm en ia)............. ( ......................( ..................................................... ................. P a le stin e ................................................................................................ S y ria .................................................................................................................. T urkey (E urope an d A sia, including Sm yrna d is tric t)............................ O ther A sia (including Persia, Rhbdes, Cyprus, an d territo ry other th a n Siberia w hich is no t included in th e A siatic b arred zone. Persons born in Siberia are included in th e R ussia q u o ta ).................. A frica........................................................................................*............................. A u stra lia ................................................................................................................ New Z e a la n d ..................................................................... .................................. A tlan tic Islan d s (other th a n Azores, M adeira, an d islands adjacent to th e A m erican continents)............................................................................... P aeificlslan d s (other th a n New Zealand and islands adj acent to A m er ican continents)................................................................................................ T o ta l............................................................................................................. 280 4,797 1,581 301 14 248 85 3,284 3,038 18 4,343 19,053 3,447 6,035 42,149 93 2,408 5,941 26,129 2,486 7,429 28,908 Total ad P er cent missible, fiscal year of quota adm itted. 1921-22.2 288 7,451 1,563 302 14,282 301 5,694 3,921 71 5,729 68,059 3,294 5,638 42,057 92 3,607 12,202 97.0 64.4 101.2 99.6 99.8 28.2 57.6 77.5 25.3 75.9 28.0 104.7 107.2 100.2 101.1 66.8 48.7 101.1 98.6 100.1 8,766 3,723 42,670 6,644 25,827 2,520 7,419 34 284 912 20,042 3,752 77,342 6,426 144 1 574 214 1,008 f , 096 1,589 56 906 656 528 195 279 75 279 54 83 65 127.7 13 26 50.0 243,953 356,995 68.3 888 86 81 122 84.4 97.4 43.8 99.2 55.2 103.5 167.4 99.0 382.1 111.2 166.9 651.9 159.8 100.0 138.9 1Includes aliens who were a d m itte d in e'xeess of q u o ta of certain nationalities for the m onth of June, 1921, and charged against th e quota for th e fiscal y ear 1921-22, as provided in H ouse Joint Resolution No. 153. The to ta l is subject to possible slight revision due to pending cases in w hich additional admissions chargeable to th e quotas of th e fiscal year 1921-22 m a y occur. 2The quotas here given differ in some instances from th e figures as originally published, th e differences being due to th e inclusion of th e foreign-born population of A laska, H aw aii, a nd Porto Rico in a revision of the basic population. Emigration from Austrian Burgenland to the United States. RECEN T consular report gives the results of an investigation by a clerk in the American consulate a t Vienna, in connection with her work as alien visé clerk, of the conditions causing the inhabitants of A ustrian Burgenland to emigrate and of their desir ability as future citizens of this country. The Burgenland is a strip of land between A ustria and H ungary about 90 miles long and 20 miles wide, w ith a population of about 345,000. This country, which through the centuries has been the scene of fre quent invasion and devastations, has been settled largely by German peasants from the Rhine Provinces who have retained the customs and language of the section from which they came. The Croats, who A https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [461] 232 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. form about one-seventh of the population, are descendants of fugi tives from Bosnia at the time of the Turkish invasion, and have kept their own traditions and their m other tongue, b u t in learning a second language have preferred the German to the H ungarian. The country is essentially agricultural, and a farm considered large enough to support one family, a so-called “ quarter-farm ,” consists of 21 joch (29.86 acres) of arable land, 1 yoke of oxen, 2 horses, and other live stock. As families are large and the country is densely populated, the children as they grow up have to look for work else where, the report states, especially as in m ost cases the elder son in herits the land. Wages for farm labor on the large estates have rem ained nearly a t the pre-war standard, so th a t there is little incen tive to seek employment as farm laborers. During the season from May to October a farm hand earns 24 kronen ($4.86 par) a day, with board and lodging, and receives a certain am ount of grain a t the end of the harvest. Before the war the girls w ent to Vienna and other cities to work as servants, b u t the bad food conditions of the cities do not encourage the country girls who are accustomed to plain b u t nourishing food to seek employment in the towns. For these reasons, therefore, the emigration to the U nited States, which first began about 1873, shows a steady increase a t the present time, although there has been a rem arkable general decrease in emi gration from A ustrian territory, owing to the depreciation of the A ustrian currency. P a rt of these im m igrants become American citizens, while others, after rem aining in this country 15 or 20 years, retu rn to their native country and use their savings to improve their fam ily farms. In either event the bonds between those settling in this country and those rem aining at home are always strong and the money earned here will play a p a rt in m aintaining the economic standards of the home country during this period of reconstruction. The m ajority of the emigrants are peasants, although there are a variety of trades represented also, and while they are a distinct loss to Austria, the report says th a t they become healthy, sober, and indus trious citizens of this country. Most of these emigrants settle in Pennsylvania. During the second half of 1921 nearly half of the A ustrian q u o ta came from the Burgenland. The total num ber of passports viseed for the six m onths period was about 1,900, and 900 of these were for Burgenland emigrants, only 1,000 belonging to the emigrants from other Austrian districts and Vienna. immigration to Canada. 'T 'H E following statistics on Canadian imm igration are reproduced from the May, 1922, issue of the Labor Gazette (O ttaw a): Immigrants to Canada, 1915-16 to 1921-22. Fiscal year. 191516.. 191617.. 191718.. 191819.. 1919-20.. 1920-21.. 1921-22.. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Im m igrants. .................................................................. 48,537 ...................................................... 75,374 .............................................................................. 79,074 ............................................................................. 57,702 ............................................................................. 117,336 ........................................................................... 148,477 ............................................................................. 89,999 [462] * IMMIGRATION. 233 IM M IG R A T IO N TO CANADA D U R IN G T H E F IR S T Q U A R T E R O F 1922. N um ber of im m igrants from— Period. G reat B rita in an d Ireland. 1922. J a n u a ry ......................................................................... F e b ru a ry ................................................................ M arch.. T........................................................ 467 509 1,504 F irst q u a rte r, 1922.......................................... F irst q u arter, 1921.............................................. F o u rth q u arter, 1921........................................ U nited States. Total. O ther countries. 1,003 1,078 2,670 975 596 1,374 2,480 4,751 2,945 10,176 7,232 4,217 7,979 5,191 5,379 4,575 20,590 13,983 2,445 2,183 5,548 Of the 10,176 im m igrants who entered the Dominion in the first quarter of 1922, 4,953 were adult males, 3,273 adult females, and 1,950 children under 14 years of age. German Oversea Emigration in 1921. CCORDING to a recent consular report from Berlin, German oversea emigration reached its high-water m ark in the early eighties, when for several years it was over 200,000 a year. I t then fell rapidly, so th a t by the year 1890 it was about 100,000, and continued to fall more or less consistently until the beginning of the war. For the year 1914 it fell to 11,803, as compared w ith 25,843 in 1913. No figures are available for the years covered by the w ar and for 1919. The German Statistical Office (Statistisches R eich sa m t) has recently published statistics of oversea emigration for the years 1920 and 1921.1 The following table gives the figures for the emigration for these two years and for each quarter of the year 1921, by ports through which this emigration took place: A D IS T R IB U T IO N O F G ER M A N E M IG R A T IO N AMONG T H E P R IN C IP A L P O R T S , 1920 A N D 1921. H am b u rg . Bremen. Em den. A m sterdam . R otterdam . N um P er ber. cent. N um P er ber. cent. N um P er ber. cent. N um Per ber. cent. 6,454 4,260 1,347 1,438 990 485 1,135 810 243 126 188 253 Period. N um ber. Per cent. 1920................................. 763 19211.............................. 15,883 1st a u arte r, 1921.......... 1,685 2d quarter, 1921........... 2,516 3d q u a rte r, 1921........... 5,911 4th q u a rte r, 1921......... 5, 771 9.0 68.3 50.1 59.5 76.3 72.9 106 2,239 87 141 633 1,378 1.3 9.6 62 17.4 9 23 30 2.6 3.3 8.2 76.3 18.3 40.0 34.0 12.8 6.1 13.4 3.5 7.2 3.0 2.4 3.2 Total. 8,458 23,254 3,362 4,230 7, 745 7,917 1 E xcluding 197 who em igrated through A ntw erp. The above table indicates th a t the oversea emigration increased from 8,458 in 1920 to 23,254 in 1921, which was about nine-tenths of the emigration in 1913. In 1921,18,184, or 77.5 per cent, emigrated through German ports, whereas in 1920, only 869, or 10.3 per cent, 1W irtschaft u n d S tatistik , B erlin, M arch, 1922, p. 174. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [463] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 234 emigrated through these ports. These figures furnish an indication of the recovery of the German oversea passenger traffic during the past year or two. I t will be noted th a t the em igration increased steadily throughout the four quarters of the year 1921, from 3,362 in the first quarter, to 7,917 in the fourth quarter. The following table indicates the countries to which these emigrants went in 1913, 1920, and 1921: D E S T IN A T IO N O F G ER M A N EM IG R A N T S, 1913, 1920, A N D 1921. D estination. 1913 E u ro p ean countries.................................................. ............................................. N o rth A m erica C entral America ....................................................... Brazil ....................................................................... A rgentine R ep u b lic.................................................. O ther South A m erican countries.......................... Africa ..................................................................... A ustralia .................................................................. 68 20,430 140 1,085 3,729 32 359 1920 1 1,429 231 131 588 6,078 1921 770 9,080 992 6,972 2,056 3,290 391 This table indicates that, whereas 20,430, or 79.1 per cent, emigrated to N orth America in 1913, only 9,080, or 38.7 per cent, em igrated to N orth Am erica in 1921. On the other hand, the emigration to South America was m uch greater after the war, being 52.1 per cent of the total emigration in 1921, as compared with 19.2 per cent in 1913. In 1921, 6,972 emigrants w ent to Brazil, as compared w ith 140 in 1913, and 2,056 emigrants w ent to the Argentine Republic in 1921, as compared w ith 1,085 in 1913. Central America to which no emi grants w ent in 1913, received 992 emigrants in 1921. In 1913, 19,124 German emigrants, or nearly 80 per cent, w ent to the U nited States. The total emigration to the U nited S tates for 1921 is n o t reported, b u t it is stated th a t of the em igrants whose sex is known 3,939 males and 4,134 females went to the U nited States, thus indicating th a t a t least 8,073 Germans em igrated to the United States. Inasm uch as the to ta l num ber of em igrants to N orth America in 1921 was 9,080, it is obvious th a t somewhat less than two-fifths of the German em igrants w ent to the U nited States in 1921, as compared w ith nearly four-fifths in 1913. The occupational distribution of the emigrants, including families, who passed through German ports during 1921, was as follows: Agriculture and forestry.......................................................................... 7, 585 Industry.................................................................................................... 3,190 Commerce................................................................................................. 1, 688 Hotel keepers, caterers, and employees.................................................. 1,238 Domestic servants..................................................................................... 793 Unskilled laborers..................................................................................... 461 Professional workers.................................................. 782 Mining....................................................................................................... 87 Without occupation or no occupation reported...................................... 2, 360 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [464] W H A T S T A T E LA B O R BU R EA U S A R E DOING. Massachusetts. investigation of Textile Industry.1 T H E D epartm ent of Labor and Industries, under an order adopted by the General Court, June 13, 1922, is required to endeavor to bring about a settlem ent of the textile strike and to investigate wage and business conditions in the industry in M assachusetts and in the Southern States, for the purpose of ascertaining w hether the recent reduction in wages was justified. The findings of the departm ent are to be reported to the governor and council a t as early a date as practicable. A further report including legislative recommendations m ay be made to the General Court on or before the first W ednesday in Jan u ary, 1923. Procedure in Issuing Employment Certificates. I lie D epartm ent of Labor and Industries and the D epartm ent of E ducation are working w ith a comm ittee of school superintendents and attendance officers in drawing up a plan for improving the pro cedure in th e issuance of employment certificates. Bulletins explain ing the use of the various forms and approved m ethods of keeping certificate records will probably be published as a result of these conferences. Pending the report of the committee, the D epartm ent of Labor and Industries has deferred publication of its handbook of instructions regarding procedure in issuing employment and edu cational certificates and badges for street trades. Report of Division of Industrial Safety, 1921. The work of the division of industrial safety of the M assachusetts D epartm ent of Labor and Industries for the year ending November 30, 1921, is reviewed in the departm ent’s annual report covering th a t period. This division has a staff of 36 inspectors, 4 of whom are building inspectors and 32 industrial inspectors, 8 of the la tte r being women. During 1921 the block system of inspection was extended and now includes 18 of the 34 districts. The use of this system has resulted in a reduction in the num ber of complaints concerning violations of the law. N ot only do^ the inspectors request orders to correct viola tions b u t they give technical advice and assist in other ways in bring ing about desirable working conditions. C ooperation o f in d u s tr y .—The m odern industrial establishments quite generally comply with the departm ent’s orders and usually take great care to guard against well-known hazards. To control 1M onthly ty p e w ritte n report from th e M assachusetts D e p artm e n t of L abor an d Industries, July, 1922. 2476°—22----- 16 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [4651 235 236 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. properly the point of operation of machines is much more difficult because of their intricacy and the character of the industrial proc esses. M assachusetts machine m anufacturers in num erous ^ in stances, however, have acted upon suggestions to furnish m achines w ith guards before such machines were p u t upon the m arket. W hen it is discovered th a t workers are being injured by im properly guarded machines m anufactured outside the State, the m atte r is taken up by correspondence. The departm ent found th a t several accidents had occurred from the same causes in connection w ith certain bread m aking m achinery, and th a t a slight modification in the construction would lessen the hazard. The attention of the m anufacturers was called to these facts, w ith the result th a t the departm ent’s recom m endations were gladly accepted. The following figures summarize the activities of the division for the year covered by the report, in which period there was consider able legislation passed strengthening and broadening the acts regu lating conditions of employment: 39,457 Inspections.................................................. 11,778 Reinspections............................................. 4,706 Visits........................................................... 11,403 Labor orders................................................ 5,538 Health orderB.................................................... 3,449 Industrial safety orders.............................. 2,184 Verbal orders.............................................. 22,574 Total orders................................................. 20,550 Orders complied with................................ 1,820 Complaints.................................................. 1,033 Licenses granted for home work.............. 664 Registrations of painters....................... $10, 336.12 Wages paid by employers after complaint 303 Prosecutions................................................ 235 Verdicts of guilty....................................... 83 Cases in which lines were imposed........... $1. 797. 00 Amount of fines imposed........................... B u ild in g in d u s tr y .—The num ber of building inspectors is inade quate for the proper supervision of construction work. _ The num er ous accidents occurring in the building industry emphasize the neces sity of more frequent inspection. Various small construction con cerns do n o t insure their employees against accident and often such concerns have no property, m aking it impossible for workers who are injured in the course of their em ploym ent to get redress through the courts. Because of these conditions special attention has been paid to the enforcement of the legal regulations for the safeguarding of employees against the hazards of this work. E m p lo ym en t o f ivom en a n d ch ild ren .—As a result of the inspection of 34,589 industrial establishm ents 11,403 orders were issued in the year ending November 30, 1921, concerning the em ploym ent of women and children, and 521 complaints were m ade regarding viola tion of statu tes for the protection of such workers. A c c id en ts .—In the year ending Novem ber 30, 1921, the depart m ent investigated 1,448 accidents, special attention being given to those occurring to children between the ages of 14 and 16. There were 35 cases of prosecution in violations of statu tes for the pre vention of the em ploym ent of minors near dangerous m achinery. W orking children in 47 continuation schools were taught safety practices in 1921, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [466] W H A T S T A T E L A B O R B U R E A U S A R E D O IN G . 237 The num ber of employed minors between 14 and 16 years of age in 1919 was 50,000, in 1920, 47,000, and in 1921 about 36,000. While the num ber of minors in this age group in 1921 was about 28 per cent below th a t in 1919 and 23 per cent below th a t in 1920, the fatal accident rate in 1921 had decreased 50 per cent since 1919 and 28 per cent since 1920, and the rate for perm anently disabling injuries in 1921 was 80 per cent below th a t of 1919 and 33 per cent below th a t of 1920. This progress in the prevention of accidents to minors is partly attrib u ted to the persistent efforts of the inspection staff. The safety committees organized in recent years in industrial establishm ents are composed of both employers and employees. The work of these committees has been stim ulated in various ways by the departm ent’s inspectors in the large m anufacturing centers O ccupational diseases .—In the 12-month period under review 96 cases of lead poisoning were investigated, 48 of which were in the painting trade, 9 in the rubber industry, and 6 in the plumbing trade. O ther cases were found among employees engaged in iron and m etal work, in sandpapering the bodies of automobiles, and in the printing industry. Six cases of anthrax were reported to the departm ent during the year, four of workers in leather establishments, the other two cases resulting from the use of new shaving brushes. The m arked decrease each year in the num ber of cases of industrial anthrax is considered the result in p a rt of the national and State regulations for the prevention of this disease. T h e . departm ent’s inspectors also investigate cases of gas, fume, acid, brass, and chrome poisoning. N ew Jersey. T T I E report of the D epartm ent of Labor of New Jersey for the year ending June 30, 1921, contains the reports of the bureaus of structural inspection, electrical and mechanical equipm ent, hygiene and sanitation, industrial statistics, child labor; engineers’ license, steam boiler and refrigerating p lan t inspection; employment, and w orkm en’s compensation. The activities of several of these sub agencies of the departm ent are here summarized: Bureau of Electrical and Mechanical Equipment. The following statistical statem ent shows in p a rt the work of the bureau of electrical and mechanical equipm ent for the period covered by the report: General inspections (electrical and mechanical).................................. Total number of orders issued.................................................................. Total number of orders complied with.................................................... Total number of orders canceled............................................................. Total number of machinery safeguarding items recommended.............. Orders issued for improved lighting conditions...................................... Orders issued for inauguration of factory fire drills........ f ..................... Orders issued for organization of factory fire brigades............................ 5, 644 2, 090 1, 022 679 5, 076 50 406 21 The chief of this bureau is the representative of the New Jersey D epartm ent of Labor and also of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions and the American Society https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [467] 238 M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W . of Safety Engineers on several of the sectional com m ittees which the American Standards Committee selected to form ulate universal industrial safety standards. The work of these sectional committees will undoubtedly result in the setting up of a very m uch higher safety standard as affecting the production of industrial machinery. This bureau has also cooperated w ith the board of education for the purpose of having industrial safety practices taught in the State vocational schools. During the year under review 144 hearings were held in the depart m en t’s offices regarding the application of safety codes. Technical and practical features of the work were discussed and differences of opinion between inspectors and industrial m anagem ent threshed out. I t is of interest to note th a t in practically all cases on which hearings were held compliance w ith outstanding orders was secured w ithout bringing pressure to bear under the provisions of the factory laws. Bureau of Hygiene and Sanitation. The jurisdiction of the bureau of hygiene and sanitation includes the enforcement of industrial safety and sanitation rules in factories, workshops, m ercantile establishments, bakeries, quarries, mines, and tunnel and caisson work. R eports were received at this bureau during the year of 42 cases of occupational diseases, 6 of which were caused by contact w ith m ercury compound, 29 w ith lead compound, 3 w ith arsenic compound, and 1 w ith amido compound. A bureau of safety education has been created in the bureau of hygiene and sanitation. Such education was prom oted and popu larized in New Jersey establishm ents in the fiscal year, a series of lectures illustrated by m otion pictures being given in Jersey City, Newark, and Camden. The chief of the bureau also m ade a num ber of addresses before m anufacturers’ councils, women’s organizations, labor unions, safety committees, civic associations, and other public spirited groups. Industrial safety councils have been established in some of the leading industrial cities of New Jersey and it is planned to organize similar bodies in all the large m anufacturing cities of the State. Bureau of industrial Statistics. The report of the industrial accident bureau which is under the bureau of industrial statistics contains tables of accidents, classified by causes, industries, and nature and extent of injuries. Table 13, which is reproduced below, gives the num ber and per cent of fatal and nonfatal accidents, by industrial groups, 1920-21: NUM BER AND P E R CENT OF FA TA L A N D N O N FA T A L ACCIDENTS, B Y IN D U ST R IA L GRO U PS, JU L Y 1, 1920, TO JUNE 30, 1921. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. ÏÎ 94 47.16 15.60 3.90 33. 34 12,091 6,951 215 8,497 43.50 25. 05 .77 30.62 12,224 6,995 226 8,591 43.60 24.95 .81 30.64 2S2 100. 00 27,754 100.00 28,036 100.00 Factories and workshops.......... Buildings and construction---Mines and quarries..................... Miscellaneous.............................. 133 T otal................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Total. Nonfatal. Fatal. Industrial group. 44 [46S] W H A T STATE LABOR BU REA U S ARE DOING. 239 The m onthly bulletins of the industrial accident bureau analyze the accidents of each m onth. The data issued by this bureau not only bring the hazards of in dustry to the attention of the S ta te ’s factory inspectors and safety engineers b u t are of interest and value to the rehabilitation commission in its study of the economic results of the perm anent injuries to the S ta te ’s industrial workers. In accordance w ith an act of the legislature, the State, after June 30, 1921, will bear a p a rt of the expense of the equipm ent and operation of the industrial safety museum, “ the departm ent of labor’s official clearing house for industrial conservation.” The institu te for the 12 m onths reported on “ rendered essential service to over 100,000 of New Jersey’s citizens, employers and employees.” This exhibit of stand ardization in hum an engineering is attractin g widespread attention among industrial executives. The subjects of the exhibits include scientific shop and office lighting, safeguarding of m achinery, approved installation of elevators, fire doors and windows, safety scaffolding, dependable electrical alarm systems, safety valves and boiler construc tion, dust rem oval systems, model cafeterias, first-aid hospitals, wash rooms, toilet and shower equipm ent, natural and m echanical exhaust ventilation, and safe m ining practices. The bureau chiefs of the departm ent have within the fiscal year 1920-21 held 1,000 conjferences with representatives of various establishm ents regarding the equipm ent of the museum building and the installation of exhibits. Child Labor Bureau. During the year proofs were approved for 14,638 age and schooling certificates for children 14, 15, and 16 years of age, 5,001 less than the num ber of proofs for the preceding period, 1919-20. In connection with the departm ent’s inspection work, 125 dis charges of children were ordered because the m anufacturing estab lishments employing them did n o t m eet the law ’s requirements. Bureau of Employment. F ed era l-S ta te-m u n icip a l em ploym ent service .—To increase the effi ciency of the public employment exchange the A tlantic City office had since January, 1920, been operated under the auspices of the D epartm ent of Labor and the local employers’ organizaton. In January, 1921, a similar arrangem ent was effected wffth Jersey City through the cooperation of the local chamber of commerce and the labor council. The employment bureaus in these two cities and the Camden office have a weekly bulletin for employers in which desirable applicants are listed and their qualifications given. A large percentage of applicants have secured jobs through this medium. The bulletin also contains inform ation on local and national indus trial conditions. Through the cooperation of the Federal Em ploym ent Service m onthly reports on volume of employment have been prepared and published. The form ation of industrial units in the larger cities by placing the employment bureau, compensation court, rehabilitation clinic and other departm ent activities under the same roof has substantially https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [469] 240 M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . advertised the work of each agency and has increased the num ber of the employment bureau’s patrons. F o r several m onths the service placed the physical handicaps for the S tate rehabilitation commission. I t is believed th a t the em ploym ent bureau’s relation w ith industrial executives will greatly aid the commission in carrying out its broadened program for vocational education and placement. P riv a te em p lo ym en t agencies .—In the calendar year 1920, 92 licenses in 29 cities were issued to private em ploym ent offices, 30 of which licenses were for summer resort agencies and 51 for domestic and m inor industrial agencies. The lam e num ber of seasonal agencies at summer resorts is regarded as further evidence of the fact th a t the strength of m ost of the private em ploym ent agencies lies in seasonal employment changes resulting from transient and vacation trade. Among the regulations governing the private em ploym ent offices in the State are the following: Fee schedule authorized b y th e commissioner of labor m ust be posted in office and th e term s of th e same be brought to th e atten tio n of all clients before service is rendered. References m ust be investigated of persons placed as dom estics or i n an y other tru sted capacity. Em ployer m ay release th e agency (in w riting) from th is responsi bility. No registration fee is p erm itted. This has been defined to m ean—a fee collected for w hich on th e same d ay th e ap p lican t is furnished w ith definite inform ation about a job or a suitable employee, as th e case m ay be. N ew York. New Industrial Advisory Committees. ADVISORY committee on laundries has been created in the New York S tate D epartm ent of Labor, according to the April, 1922, issue of the Industrial Bulletin of th a t office. This com m ittee will consider the need of special rules for protecting workers in laundries, including the regulation of hum idity and tem perature, the safeguarding of machines, and other questions th a t such com m ittee m ay deem necessary. The rules recommended to the com missioner by the comm ittee will be proposed to the industrial board for its consideration and adoption. Advisory committees have also been appointed to consider the existing industrial codes on elevators and boilers w ith a view to suggesting necessary modifications or amendm ents. Pennsylvania.1 Organization of Society of Safety Engineers. / “\N E of the im portant features of the nin th annual convention of ^ the G overnm ental Labor Officials of the U nited States and Canada a t H arrisburg, May 22 to 25, 1922, was the organization of the Pennsylvania Society of Safety Engineers. A bout 75 safety engineers and em ploym ent m anagers attended the safety rally which i Pennsylvania. Department ol Labor and Industry. try.” Harrisburg, June, 1922. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 470 ] Bulletin of Information and “ Labor and Indus W H A T STATE LABOR BU REA U S ARE DOING. 241 was called by the commissioner of labor and industry of Pennsylvania for May 24, 1922, “ to consider the possibility of organizing the safety interests of the Commonwealth into a State-wide m ovem ent, through which the departm ent of labor and industry m ight function in a bigger and b e tte r w ay.’7 The plan aroused a great deal of enthusiasm . A constitution was adopted, the first article of which declares the object of the associa tion to be the ‘‘advancem ent of the arts and sciences of engineering as related to safety for life and property.” I t is proposed to bring about such progress through the holding of conferences to discuss safety problems, by promoting safety education, and cooperating w ith S tate and other organizations having similar aims. Committee on industrial Relations. Mr. O tto T. Mallery, a member of the industrial board, who served on the P resident’s Unem ploym ent Conference, is about to form a committee on industrial relations to take up some im portant ques tions along this line, as they affect the whole State. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [4 7 1 ] C U R R E N T N O T E S O F IN T E R E S T T O LABOR. Labor Resolutions Adopted at Genoa Conference on Economic Reconstruction. T H E official bulletin of June 21, 1922, published by the Interna1 tional L abor Office, contains the following resolutions regarding labor which were adopted a t the Genoa Conference on Economic Reconstruction, held April 10 to May 19, 1922: Production. The economic reconstruction of Europe requires intensified production, which depends essentially on labor. The greatest importance should be attached to the assistance which the workers, men and women, of the whole world and their organizations are willing and able to give, in association with other factors of production, to the economic restoration of Europe. In order to obtain the fullest effort on the part of the workers, and m order to avoid regrettable competition between nations, the attention of all States is drawn to the importance of the conventions and recommendations adopted by the International Labor Conference, it being understood that each State reserves its right with regard to the ratification of any one or more of the conventions. Unemployment. Article 22.—The present economic crisis, which affects not only production but also the consuming capacity of the people, weighs heavily on the workers, both morally and materially. While it may be true that measures of economic reconstruction are alone capable of remedying this crisis, direct measures to deal with the resulting unemployment appear to be none the less efficacious for insuring sustained effort and efficiency on the part of the workers. Article 23.—In consequence, and in addition to any arrangements for insurance or assistance against unemployment the following measures are recommended : (a) The sytematic distribution of all the labor available by the national organization of employment agencies and by means of agreements between the countries concerned for the international coordination of labor distribution (emigration and immigration). (},) In countries in which conditions permit, the placing in agriculture of as large a number as possible of such of the unemployed in industry as are capable of being employed in agricultural work. (c) The systematic allocation of public contracts with due reference to the occurrence of unemployment and to the trades and districts affected, so far as may be consistent with the general interest. (d) Development of public works in aid of unemployment, provided that they are useful and productive. Article 24.—In order to accelerate the effects of the measures set out in article 23— (1) It is recommended that all States which are members of the International Labor Organization should ratify the convention relating to unemployment adopted by the Washington conference, and that all the States should take into consideration the measures against unemployment envisaged by that conference. (2) It is suggested that the international labor office should collect and publish periodically all information available on the experience gained by the different countries in dealing with unemployment. (3) It is further recommended that all the States should cooperate in the inquiry relating to unemployment decided upon by the International Labor Conference of 1921. 242 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [472] CURRENT NOTES OF INTEREST TO LABOR. 243 A Move to Standardize international Labor Statistics. 5 W ashington correspondent of the International Labor Office reports, under date of July 5, 1922, th a t Dr. Royal Meeker, former U nited States Commissioner of Labor Statistics, is m aking a tour of European countries for the purpose of studying the methods employed and the sources drawn upon in securing inform ation on various subjects which come w ithin the field of industry and labor. He will also devote a large portion of his tim e to examining the sta tistical m ethods used in compiling and tabulating statistics relating to labor. Doctor Meeker’s trip will include Switzerland, Germany, Poland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia. In speaking of this trip he says : I shall put myself at the disposition of the officers of the Governments I will visit to furnish them every assistance within my power by way of suggestions and advice in order to help them improve their methods of gathering and compiling information. I t is, of course, not possible at the present moment to set up uniform definitions of terms or statistical standards, but a long step in the direction of standardization and uniformization can be taken within the limits of existing legislation and administrative practice. In other words the Governments can, if they have the mind to do so, com pile their statistics of unemployment, wages, hours of labor, industrial accidents and illnesses, and prices in a much more nearly uniform way than they are now doing. I shall hope to be able to accomplish something along these lines. Doctor Meeker is m aking this study in his capacity as chief of the research division of the International Labor Office. He will also attem p t to bring about a closer relation between the International Labor Office and the ministries of labor and governm ental departm ents which deal w ith labor m atters. While on this trip Doctor Meeker expects to m ake a survey of the following industrial and economic subjects: Em ploym ent, hours of labor, wages and earnings, cost of living and retail prices, wholesale prices, industrial accidents, industrial hygiene, housing of workers, labor legislation, works councils, and factoryinspection. An International Clearing House of Labor Information.1 TE the fact th a t it has only been in existence for about two years the International Labor Office is becoming more and more an international clearing house of labor and industrial inform ation. The requests for inform ation from. Governments, trade unions, em ployers’ associations, and individuals are increasing alm ost daily and a great variety of topics is included. I t is of interest to note some of the inquiries which have been received since the beginning of the year. These range all the way from such item s as a request for inform ation as to the num ber of hairdressers in various European countries (received from the French N ational Federation of H air dressers’ Trade-Unions) to a request for th e address of organizations in the U nited States likely to be interested in literature on works councils (received from a prom inent B ritish firm of m anufacturers). The following requests m ay be cited by way of illu stratio n : From Germany, for information regarding technical education of m iners; 1Inform ation received from W ashington correspondent of In te rn a tio n a l L abor Office u n d e r d ate of July 5,1922. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [478] M O NTH LY LABOR REVIEW. 244 from Poland, data on public holidays in commerce and in industry in various countries; from Switzerland, for a bibliography on French technical handbooks. The International Federation of T ransport W orkers desired “ inform ation for studying the possibility of estab lishing an international m otor driving license.” M any em ployers’ organizations have m ade inquiries concerning their particular indus tries in other countries, and requests have come from various parts of the world for figures on the com parative cost of living. Cooperation Between International Labor Office and Solvay Institute. 9,1922,issue of In d u strial and Labor Inform ation (Geneva) state» th at a joint investigation of various international questions will be made b y the International Labor Office and the Solvay In sti tute (Brussels). The in stitu te’s valuable collection of m aterial regard ing economic m atters has been p u t a t the disposal of the International Labor Office. On the other hand, th a t office’s w ealth of m aterial on social smbjectswill be available for the use of the in stitu te’s 600 or more collaborators who are located in different parts of the world. Bryn Mawr Summer School for Working Girls. HTHE second annual session of the B ryn Mawr summ er school for working girls convened June 14, 1922. A bout 100 girls, among whom were garm ent and textile workers, candy packers, laundry women, corset and shoe fitters, electrical workers, and saleswomen, came from various parts of the country as guests of B ryn Mawr College to take two m onths’ course of study. According to the Christian Science M onitor of June 15, 1922, page 9, the aim of the work is to fit these girls “ to become pioneers in bringing about a closer relation between the college and women of industry and commerce.” Austrian Trade Boards Act in Operation. T 'T IE A ustrian act of December 19, 1918/ relating to the regulation of labor and wages conditions in home work is under the super vision of the factory inspection departm ent. In their reports for 1929 the inspectors state th a t owing to a lack of staff this phase of their work has been very inadequately done, only 318 hom e workers having been visited. M any of the home workers have given up doing piecework a t home either because they receive higher wages in other occupations or because their husbands are more highly paid. R e cruits have been m ade, however, from the middle classes who because of the rise in the cost of living have been forced to do som ething to meet it. i L abor G azette, L ondon, Ju n e, 1922, p . 250. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [474] CURRENT NOTES OF IN TEREST TO LABOR. 245 Work of British Institute of Psychology. HpKE N ational In stitu te of Industrial Psychology of G reat Britain 1 h elditsfirst annual m eeting on March 10, 1922." The International Labor Review of June, 1922, reports th a t the work of the in stitu te has been greatly appreciated by the employees whose tasks have been studied. According to a statem ent subm itted a t the March m eeting referred to above, more th an £1,900 ($9,246, par) have been received by the institute in subscriptions from m anufacturers for the support of its investigations. The work of this new and im portant agency is outlined as follows : (1) The study of the requisites of commercial and industrial occupa tions and the developm ent and use of appropriate tests in order to secure, (a) in cooperation w ith commerce and industry, a more scientific selection of employees, and (b) in cooperation w ith schools, more dependable vocational guidance for children. (2) The investigation of the m ost desirable m ethods for the applica tion of the workers’ energies in offices, factories, etc., w ith particular reference to (a) the avoidance of useless m otions, (b) the best arrange m ent of rest periods, (c) the decrease of m onotony and the arousing of eater interest. The discc 1 ' n tion of conditions which m ake for the m axim um workers and the m ost favorable relations between them and m anagem ent in regard to pay methods, employees’ representation, etc. (4) The study of the various factors which influence the sale of commodities, for instance, designing and advertising. (5) Providing (a) lectures for employers and employees and (b) courses of training for foremen, managers, welfare workers, and in vestigators. (6) The stim ulation and correlation of research in industrial psychology and physiology throughout G reat B ritain and the publi cation in practical form of the facts determined by such investiga tions. Agricultural Training Courses in Army of Yugoslavia.1 COME m onths ago it was proposed in Yugoslavia th a t a system of ^ agricultural training courses should be introduced in all m ilitary garrisons w ith a view to giving instruction in m odern m ethods of agriculture to soldiers who had been engaged in agricultural pursuits. The proposal was adopted and the delegates of the m inistry for agri culture and the m inistry of war and navy, to whom the task of working out a scheme was assigned, have completed their work, and it is expected th a t the system will soon be p u t into operation. 1Intern atio n al L abor Office, In d u stria l an d L abor Inform ation, Geneva, May 12, 1922, p. 58. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis F4751 246 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Program of Business Men's Group of N ew York Ethical Culture Society. r~PHE following principles of the business m en’s group of the New York Society of Ethical Culture were published in The Standard, May, 1922, issued by the American Ethical Union: 1. That there is a spiritual worth in every human being which industry must recognize. 2. That human exploitation is immoral and socially destructive. 3. That the highest service which any calling can render is the development of personality in all those who are affected by it. 4. That service to the community and not profit seeldng should be the main purpose of business and industry. 5. That there is a creative impulse in the mass of men sufficient to carry on industry without sole reliance upon the pecuniary motive; business and industry can call forth the same constructive interests that play such an important part in the practice of the sciences and the arts. The program of the business m en’s group states th a t industry should as far as possible solve its own problems. Federal, State, and local governm ents should, of course, m ake laws applicable to industry in general, b u t the group regards the trend tow ard shifting the problems of industry to the S tate “ as contrary to the best interests of the com m unity.” These business m en declare themselves in favor of a “ constitution for each in d u stry ” dealing w ith its requirem ents and difficulties and embodying its obligations and powers. Both employers and workers in each industry should m ake themselves responsible for— 1. Unemployment. 2. Education for adult workers. 3. Vocational training. 4. Industrial research and experimentation. 5. Industrial hygiene and safety. 6. Sickness insurance and old age pensions. 7. Planning to secure more regular and stable production. 8. Increasing efficiency of production. 9. Improving the quality of the product. 10. Observance of industrial laws. 11. Wages. 12. Hours of labor. 13. Distribution and marketing. O ther planks in the platform are the recognition of labor-unions, the dealing w ith them “ as integral u nits” and the increasing partici pation of such unions in the responsibility for carrying on industrial enterprises. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [4 7 6 ] O FFICIA L PU B LIC A TIO N S R EL A T IN G T O LA B O R . United States. G e o r g ia .—Industrial Commission. 1921. First annual report, March 1 to December 31, Atlanta [1922]. 21 pp. A brief summary of this report was given on pages 142 and 143 of the M onthly for July, 1922. L a bo r R e v ie w L o u is ia n a . —State housing commission. Report, Sept. 28, 1921. 12 pp. A su m m ary of th is re p o rt a p p ea rs on page — of th is issue of th e M onthly L abor R e v ie w . M a ssa ch u setts .— Department of Labor and Industries. ending November 30, 1921. Boston, 1922. 108 pp. Annual report for the year The activities of the various divisions of the department and of the board of con ciliation and arbitration for the year indicated are reviewed in the above publica tion. The work of the division of minumum wage for 1921 was noted in the M onthly L a b o r R e v ie w , April, 1922 (pp. 99, 100), from advance sheets; the report of the board of conciliation and arbitration for 1921 was digested in the M onthly L abor R e v ie w , June, 1922 (p. 213); and the report of the division of industrial safety for 1921 is summarized in the present issue of the M onthly L a b o r R e v ie w (pp. 235 to 237). M in n e so ta . (St. P a u l ). —Civil Service Bureau. Standardizing salaries. St. Paul, June, 1922. 8 pp. An account is given in this pamphlet of the standardization system of the city of St. Paul. The system which is adjustable according to the cost of living was put into effect in November, 1920. In the adjustment of salaries basic miriimnm rates of pay based upon the year 1916 were established and a percentage increase representing the increased cost of living was added to these basic rates. The full percentage increase, however, was allowed only to the lower-paid employees on the theory that the higher paid are not affected so seriously by a rise in the cost of living. M is s o u r i .—State Board for Vocational Education. Outline of plans for vocational education in Missouri under the Smith-Hughes Act. Jefferson City, 1922. 47 pp. Bulletin No. 10. Plans adopted by the State board for vocational education and approved by the Federal Board for Vocational Education for the period 1922-1927. N e w J e r s e y .—Department of Labor. Report, July 1, 1920, to June 30, 1921. Trenton, 1921. 71 pp. Sections of th is re p o rt are su m m arized on pages 166 a n d 237 to 240 of th is issue of th e M onthly L a b o r R e v ie w . P e n n s y l v a n ia .—Department of Internal Affairs. Report on productive industries, railways, taxes and assessments, waterways and miscellaneous statistics of the Common wealth of Pennsylvania for the year 1920. Harrisburg, 1921. 1040 pp. Some preliminary figures regarding production, employment, and wages in Penn sylvania in 1920 issued by that State’s department of internal affairs were published in the December, 1921, issue of the M onthly L a bo r R e v ie w (pp. 190, 191). Other preliminary figures on wages made public by the same office were reproduced in part in the February, 1922, issue of the M onthly L a b o r R e v ie w (p. 80). [477] 247 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M O N T H L Y LABOR R E V IE W . 248 P hilippine I sl a n d s .—Bureau of Commerce and Industry. 1921. Manila, 1922. Statistical bulletin No. 4, 58 pp. Figures on wages and retail prices in M anila are published on pages 85, 8G, and 107 of this issue of th e M o nthly L a b o r R e v ie w . U n it e d S t a te s .—Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Wages and hours of labor in the petroleum industry, 1920. Washington, 1922. 153 pp. Bulletin No. 297. Wages and hours of labor series. A brief review of th is b u lletin is given on pages 87 a n d 88 of th is issue of th e M o nthly L a b o r R e v ie w . ----- Department of the interior. Bureau of Education. List of references on vocational Washington, January, 1922. 20 pp. Library leaflet No. 15. --------------- -— Review of educational legislation, 1919 and 1920, by William R. Hood. Washington, 1922. 30 pp. Bulletin, 1922, No. 13. education. Includes sections on continuation schools, teachers’ salaries, an d teach ers’ pensions. Foreign Countries. A ustralia .—Bureau of Census and Statistics. Official yearbook, 1901-1920. Mel bourne, 1921. xxxviii, 1228 pp. Includes among other Commonwealth statistics a section on “ In d u strial unionism and industrial legislation,” and one on “ Labor and in d u strial statistics,” th e latter section covering em ploym ent, wages, trad e disputes, prices, and cost of living. ___ Premier's Department. Australian legislative digest. Summary of principal bills introduced into, and acts passed by, the parliaments of Australia during 1921; also summary of findings of royal commissions likely to lead to legislation. Sydney, 1922. 63 pp. A b rief su m m a ry of th is p a m p h le t w as g iv en on page 157 of th e M o nthly L a b o r R e v ie w for J u ly , 1922. Ca n a d a .—Department of Labor. Labor legislation in Canada for the calendar year 1921. Ottawa, 1922. 96 pp. A su m m a ry of th is re p o rt w as g iv en on pages 158 to 162 of th e M o nthly L a b o r R e v ie w for J u ly , 1922. ____ (N ova S cotia ). —Workmen's Compensation Board. Report, 1921. Halifax, 1922. 33 pp. A sum m ary of th is rep o rt was given on pages 144 and 145 of th e M o nthly L a b o r R e v ie w for Ju ly , 1922. D e n m a r k .—Arbejdsanvisningsdirektoratel. Indberetning, 1920-21. Copenhagen, 1922. 11 pp. A brief sum m ary of th is report appears on page 155 of th is issue of th e R e v ie w . ----- Direktoratet for Arbejds-og Fabriktilsynet. Beretning, 1919 og 1920. hagen, 1922. Copen 73 pp. R eport of th e factory inspection service for D enm ark for 1919 and 1920. F r a n c e .— Ministère du Travail. cinquième session. Conseil Supérieur du Travail. Compterendu. VingtNovember, 1921. Paris, 1922. xix, 76 pp. Proceedings of th e tw enty-fifth session of th e Superior Labor Council. T his volum e contains also special reports upon th e extension of th e law regulating home work to certain industries not now included u n d er th a t law, and upon fam ily allowances. ---------- - Statistique des grèves survenues pendant les années 1915-1918. Paris, 1921. viii, 312 pp. This report of th e M inistry of Labor deals w ith strikes in F rance during th e years 1915 to 1918. G r ea t B r it a in .— Registry of Friendly Societies. United Kingdom. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Registered provident societies in the General summary, 1918, 1919. London, April, 1922. 1 p. [478] OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR. I n t e r n a t io n a l L a bo r O ffice .— Technical survey of agricultural questions. 1921. 249 Geneva, 623 pp. A review of this publication appears on pages 20 to 23 of this issue of the M onthly L a b o r R e v ie w . J a p a n . —Département Imperial de Recensement. Japón. 36e Année. Resume statistique de VEmpire du [Tokyo] 1922. ix, 181 pp. The statistical year book of Japan contains data regarding the number of industrial establishments, number of employees, and wages and hours of labor for the years 1910 to 1919. ----- Department of Finance. Twenty-first financial and economic annual of Japan, 1921. Tokyo, [1922?]. vi, 232 pp. Summaries of certain parts of this annual which relate to labor appear in this issue of the M onthly L a bor R e v ie w —wages on pages 103 to 105 production, in coal mines on page 111, employment on pages 155 and 156, and cooperative societies on page 224. N e w Z e a l a n d .—Census and Statistics Office. Zealandfor the year 1920. Vol.III. Wellington, 1921. 246 pp. Statistics of the Dominion of New Production, Finance. Postal and telegraph. A short summary of part of this publication appears on page 112 of this issue of the M onthly L a b o r R e v ie w . S p a in .—Dirección General del Instituto Geográfico y Estadístico. España, año vii, 1920. Anuario Estadístico de Madrid, 1922. 468 pp. In addition to a wealth of statistical data relative to population, production, com merce, education, etc., this volume contains twelve tables of index numbers of prices of food, animal and vegetable, and drinks; combustibles and fluids; textiles; metals; building materials; and chemical products and miscellaneous articles. S w e d e n .—Riksforsakringsanstalten. vii, 72 pp. Olycksfall i arbete, ar 1918. Stockholm, 1922. Sveriges Officiella Statistik. Socialstatistik. Report of the State Insurance Institute on industrial accidents in Sweden during 1918. This report was formerly issued by the Bureau of Labor (Socialstyrelsen). ----- Socialfórsakringskommittén. I. Betankande och fórslag angdende allman sjukfórsakring. Stockholm, 1919. 240 pp.; II. Oversikt av utlandsk lagstiftning angdende social sjukfórsakring avensom statistiska undersokningar m. m. Stock holm, 1919. 376 pp. Report of the Swedish Social Insurance Committee on sickness insurance in certain foreign countries and in Sweden. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis o [479] https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis __ _