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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ROYAL MEEKER, Commissioner
MONTHLY REVIEW
OF THE
U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
VOLUME I—AUGUST, 1915—NUMBER 2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
SERIES OF BULLETINS PUBLISHED BY THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
T h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e A n n u a l a n d S p e c i a l R e p o r ts a n d o f t h e b i m o n t h l y B u l le tin h a s
b e e n d i s c o n t i n u e d , a n d s in c e J u l y , 1012, a B u l l e t i n h a s b e e n p u b l i s h e d a t ir r e g u la r in te r v a ls .
E a c h n u m b e r c o n ta i n s m a t t e r d e v o t e d t o o n e o f a s e r ie s o f g e n e r a l s u b j e c t s . T h e s e B u lle
t i n s a r e n u m b e r e d c o n s e c u ti v e l y in e a c h s e r ie s a n d a ls o c a r r y a c o n s e c u ti v e w h o le n u m b e r ,
b e g in n in g w i t h N o . 101. A l i s t o f t h e s e r ie s , to g e t h e r w i t h t h e i n d iv id u a l B u l l e t i n s f a llin g
u n d e r e a c h , is g iv e n b e lo w . A l i s t o f t h e R e p o r ts a n d B u l le tin s o f t h e B u r e a u is s u e d p r io r
t o J u l y 1 , 1912, w il l b e f u r n is h e d o n a p p li c a ti o n .
Wholesale Prices.
No. 1. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1912. (B ui. No. 114.)
No. 2. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1913. (B ui. No. 149.)
No, 3. In d ex num bers of wholesale an d retail prices in th e U nited S tates a nd foreign countries.
(B ui. No. 173.)
Retail Prices and Cost of Living.
No. 1. R etail prices, 1890 to 1911: P a rt I. (B ui. No. 105: P a rt I.)
R etail prices, 1890 to 1911: P a rt I I —General tables. (B ui. No. 105: P a rt II.)
No. 2. R etail prices, 1890 to June, 1912: P a rt I. (B ui. No. 106: P a rt I.)
R etail prices, 1890 to June, 1912: P a rt I I —General tables. (B ui. No. 106: P a rt II.)
No. 3. R etail prices, 1890 to A ugust, 1912. (B ui. No. 108.)
No. 4. R etail prices, 1890 to October, 1912. (B ui. No. 110.)
No. 5. R etail prices, 1890 to December, 1912. (B ui. No. 113.)
No. 6. R etail prices, 1890 to F ebruary, 1913. (B ui. No. 115.)
No. 7. Sugar prices, from refiner to consumer. (B ui. No. 121.)
No. 8. R etail prices, 1890 to A pril, 1913. (B ui. No. 125.)
No. 9. W heat and flour prices, from farmer to consumer. (B ui. No. 130.)
No. 10. R etail prices, 1890 to Ju n e, 1913. (B ui. No. 132.)
No. 11. R etail prices, 1890 to A ugust, 1913. (B ui. No. 136.)
No. 12. R etail prices, 1890 to October, 1913. (B ui. No. 138.)
No. 13. R etail prices, 1890 to December, 1913. (B ui. No. 140.)
No. 14. R etail prices, 1907 to December, 1914. (B ui. No. 156.)
No. 15. B u tte r prices, from producer to consumer. (B ui. No. 164.)
Wages and Hours of Labor.
No. 1. Wages and hours of labor in th e cotton, woolen, an d silk industries, 1890 to 1912. (B ui. No. 128.)
No. 2. Wages and hours of labor in th e lum ber, millwork, and furniture industries, 1890 to 1912. (Bui.
No. 129.)
No. 3. U nion scale of wages and hours of labor, 1870 to 1912. (B ui. No. 131.)
No. 4. Wages a n d hours of labor in th e boot an d shoe a n d hosiery and k n it goods industries, 1890 to
1912. (B ui. No. 134.)
No. 5. Wages a n d hours of labor in th e cigar and clothing industries, 1911 and 1912.(B ui. No. 135.)
No. 6. Wages and hours of labor in the building and repairing of steam railroad cars. (B ui. No.
137.)
No. 7. U n io n scaleo f wages and hours of labor, May 15,1913. (B ui. No. 143.)
No. 8. Wages and regularity of em ploym ent in th e dress and w aist in d u stry of New Y ork City. (B ui.
No. 146.)
No. 9. Wages and regularity of em ploym ent in th e cloak, su it, and skirt industry. (B ui. No. 147.)
No. 10, Wages an d hours of labor in th e cotton, woolen, a n d silk industries, 1907 to 1913. (B ui. No.
150.)
No. 11. Wages and hours of labor in th e iron and steel in d u stry In the U nited States, 1907 to 1912.
(B ui. No. 151.)
No. 12. W ages and hours of labor in th e lum ber, millwork, a nd furniture industries, 1907 to 1913.
(B ui. No. 153.)
No. 13. Wages an d hours of labor in th e boot a n d shoe a n d hosiery and k n it goods industries, 1907 to
1913. (B ui. No. 154.)
No. 14. Wages and hours of labor in th e clothing and cigar industries, 1911 to 1913. (B ui. No. 161.)
No. 15. Wages an d hours of labor in th e building and repairing of steam railroad cars, 1890 to 1913.
(B ui. No. 163.)
No. 16. Wages a n d hours of labor in th e iron and steel in d u stry in the U nited States, 1907 to 1914.
(B ui. No. 168.)
No. 17. U nion scale of wages and hours of labor, May 1,1914. (B ui. No. 171.)
No. 18. Wages and hours of labor in th e hosiery and underw ear industry, 1907 to 1914. (Bui., No. 177.)
No. 19, W ages an d hours of labor in th e boot and shoe in d u stry, 1907 to 1914. (B ui. No. 178.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[Nee also th ir d p a g e o f c o ve r,
(iC
o n tin u e d f r o m s e c o n d p a g e o f c o v e r .)
o” l ” H ourelTarniiigs, and d uration of em ploym ent of wage-earning women in selected industries in
th e D istrict of Columbia. (B ui. No. 116.)
o. 2. W orking hours of women in the pea canneries of W isconsin. (B ui. No. 119.)
To 3 Em ploym ent of women in power laundries in Milwaukee. (B ui. No. 122.)
o. 4. H ours, earnings, and conditions of labor of women in Indiana m ercantile establishm ents and
garm ent factories. (B ui. No. 160.)
_
. 5. Sum m ary of th e report on condition of w oman and child wage earners in the U nited States.
(B ui. No. 175.)
o. 6. Effect of m inimum -wage determ inations in Oregon. (B ui. No. 176.)
kmen’s Insurance and Compensation (including laws relating thereto).
No. 1.
No. 2.
No. 3.
No. 4.
No. 5.
No. 6.
Caro of tuberculous wage earners in G erm any. (B ui. No. 101.)
B ritish N ational Insurance A ct, 1911. (B ui. No. 102.)
Sickness and accident insurance law of Switzerland. (B ui. No. 103.)
Law relating to insurance of salaried employees in G erm any. (B ui. No. 10/.)
W orkm en’s compensation laws of th e U nited States and foreign countries. (B ui. 1 o. 12b.)
Compensation for accidents to employees of the U nited States. (B ui. No. 155.)
ustrial Accidents and Hygiene.
,
No. 1. Lead poisoning in potteries, tile works, and porcelain enameled sam tary ware factories. (Bui.
No. 104.)
N o. 2. Hygiene of th e painters’ trade.
(B ui. No. 120.)
No. 3. Dangers to workers from d u sts and fumes, and m ethods of protection. (B ui. No. 127.)
No. 4. Lead poisoning in th e sm elting and refining of lead. (B ui. No. 141.)
No. 5. Industrial accident statistics. (B ui. No. 157.)
No. 6. Lead poisoning in th e m anufacture of storage batteries. (B ui. No. 165.)
No". 7. In d u strial poisons used in th e rubber in d u stry . (B ui. No. 179.)
dilation and Arbitration (including strikes and lockouts).
No. 1. Conciliation and arb itratio n in th e building trades of G reater New \ ork. (B ui. No. 124.) ^
No. 2. R eport of th e industrial council of th e B ritish Board of Trade on its inquiry into industrial
agreements. (B ui. No. 133.)
No. 3. Michigan copper district strike. (B ah No. 139.)
No 4 In d u strial court of th e cloak, suit, and sk irt ind u stry of New Y ork City. (B ui No. 144 )
No. 5. Conciliation, arbitration, and sanitation in th e dress and w aist industry of New 5 ork City.
(B ui. No. 145.)
or Laws of the United States (including decisions of courts relating to labor).
No. 1. Labor legislation of 1912. (B ui. No. 111.)
N o 2. Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1912. (B ui. No. 112.)
No. 3. Laoor laws of th e U nited States, w ith decisions of courts relating thereto.
No. 4. Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1913. (B ui. No. 152.)
No. 5. Labor legislation of 1914. (B ui. No. 166.)
No. 6. Decisions of courts affecting labor, 1914. (B ui. No. 169.)
(B ui. No. 148.)
reign Labor Laws.
.
.
No. 1. Administration of labor laws and factory inspection in certain European countries. (Bui.
No. 142.)
* ,SN a a^ V s t e ti s tf e o f unem ploym ent and th e work of em ploym ent offices in the U nited States.
(B ui.
No. 109.)
P rohibition of nightw ork of young persons. (B ui. No. 117.)
Ten-hour m axim um w orking day for women and young persons. (Bui. No. 118.)
Em ployers’ welfare w ork. (B ui. No. 123.)
_
.
.
G overnm ent aid to hom e owning and housing of working people in foreign countries.
,
(B ui.
No.
No.
No.
No.
2.
3.
4.
5.
No. 158.)
.
6 Short-unit courses for wage earners, and a factory school experim ent. (B ui. No. 159.)
7 In d u strial survey of R ichm ond, V a., for the purpose of vocational education. (B ui. No. 162.)
8. M inimum-wage legislation in th e U nited States and foreign countries. (B ui. No. 167.)
9. Foreign food prices as affected by th e w ar. (B ui. No. 170.)
No. 10. U nem ploym ent in New Y ork C ity, N . Y . (B ui. No. 172.)
No. 11. Subject index to th e publications of the U nited States B ureau of L abor Statistics up to May 1,
1915. (B ui. No. 174.)
No
N o’
No.
No.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ROYAL MEEKER, Commissioner
MONTHLY REVIEW
OF THE
U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
VOLUME I—AUGUST, 1915—NUMBER 2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1915
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CONTENTS,
Page.
Editorial note..........................................................................................................
Minimum-wage legislation, 1915............................................................................
Immigration in 1915................................................................................................
Agreement in the cloak, suit, and skirt industry of New York City...................
Compulsory arbitration in Denmark.................................. ...................................
Employment in various countries..........................................................................
Germany, May, 1915........................................................................................
Great Britain, June, 1915................................................................................
Swiss factory law..................................
Protection of workmen in Finland.........................................................................
Industrial hygiene...................................................................................................
Official reports relating to labor received from January 1 to May 31, 1915.........
United States....................................................................................................
Foreign countries.................. '.........................................................................
Periodical publications of foreign labor departments and bureaus......................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3
5
5, 6
6-8
8-14
14,15
16-20
16-18
18-20
20-22
23, 24
24-29
30-68
30-49
49-68
68-79
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY REVIEW
OF THE
U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
vol.
I—n o . 2
(
WASHINGTON
a u g u s t , 1915
EDITORIAL NOTE.
In order that the issues of the M o n t h l y R e v i e w may appear
on or before the 1st of the month for which they are issued, this
number is published earlier than was originally planned. This be
ing the August issue, the September number will appear on or before
September 1.
MINIMUM-WAGE LEGISLATION, 1915.
So far as appears at the date of this publication the only new
minimum-wage law enacted during the legislative sessions of 1915 is
that of Arkansas. The Legislature of Nebraska made an appropria
tion ($500) for the expenses of the minimum-wage commission of
that State, thus making it possible for the first time for any action
to be taken under the act of 1913. In Massachusetts the minimumwage commission is authorized to require employers to post in their
establishments such information or matter as the commission may
indicate.
The Arkansas statute is in immediate effect from the date of its
passage, and applies to females working in any manufacturing, me
chanical, or mercantile establishment, laundry, or express or trans
portation company, restricting also the hours of labor in such places
of employment to 9 per day and 54 per week.
The statute fixes a daily wage rate of not less than $1.25 for all
female workers of six months’ experience, with a minimum of $1 for
inexperienced workers. Where there is a shorter workday than the
maximum fixed by the act, the rate per hour shall be the same as for
those working 9 hours per day. Piecework, bonus systems, etc., must
secure to the worker a remuneration not less than that fixed by the
act. If the commissioners find that in any line of industry payment
by the piece is working an injury to the general health of the em
ployees, they may, after hearing, order the abolition of piecework
and the substitution of a daily rate of wages for all female em
ployees.
If it be shown “ beyond question of doubt ” that the limitation of
hours would u work irreparable injury ” in such industries as can
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5
6
MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
neries and candy factories, the commission may allow work in excess
of 9 hours daily for not more than 90 days in any year, the wages for
overtime to be at a rate of one and one-half times the regular rate.
If it appears that the rate fixed by the act is higher than necessary
to properly support a female worker in any occupation, a lower rate
may be fixed by the commission ; while if the rate proves inadequate,
a higher rate, such as is determined reasonable by the commission,
may be established. A special provision relates to hotels, restaurants,
and telephone offices, as to which rules and regulations may be pre
scribed by the commission not permitting more than 9 hours’ work
nor a lower rate of wages than will supply the cost of proper living
and safeguard health and welfare, the rate of wages not to “ be
greater than the rate of wages specified ” in the act. It should be
kept in mind in this connection, however, that the commission is not
fixing a maximum, but is simply precluded from fixing a higher
minimum than that named in the act.
The law does not apply to cotton factories, to the gathering or
preservation of fruits and perishable farm products, nor to establish
ments where fewer than three females are employed, nor to those
u working three or less employees in the same building at the same
time doing the same class of work.”
Violations by employers and employees are punishable by fine of
not less than $25 nor more than $100, each day of noncompliance to
constitute a separate offense.
The commission to administer the act consists of the “ commis
sioner of labor and statistics and two competent women, to be ap
pointed, one by the governor and the other by the State commissioner
of labor and statistics.”
The law is unique in that it provides a statutory rate and also a
commission with authority to fix rates. This puts the law into effect
immediately without awaiting the action of the commission. Action
to modify will apparently await the initiative of the parties in inter
est, though the act does not specify as to this. Findings are to be
reached after public hearings in which all interested persons may
present arguments. Questions as to the breadth of the exceptions
necessarily arise, and especially as to the definition of the term “ class
of work ” in the clause exempting establishments in which not more
than three females are employed in the same building at the same
time doing the same class of work. Doubtless this will be passed
upon by the commission, however, rather than by the employer.
IMMIGRATION IN 1915.
Data furnished by the Bureau of Immigration of the department
show a marked decrease in the number of immigrants admitted to the
United States during each of the months of the year 1915 as com
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7
MONTHLY REVIEW OP THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
pared with the numbers admitted for the same months of 1914.
Preliminary figures for August show this decrease to continue.
Thus from August 1 to 5 there arrived in 1913 at eastern ports 23,044
immigrants, as compared with 10,722 for the same period in 1914, a
decrease of 53.5 per cent, while in 1915 for the same days there was a
further decrease from the arrivals of 1914 of 66.7 per cent.
IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D TO A N D D E P A R T IN G FR O M T H E U N IT E D ST A T E S
D U R IN G E A C H O F T H E M O N TH S O F JA N U A R Y TO J U N E , 1914 A N D 1915.
ADMITTED.
Jan u ary .
F eb ru ary .
March.
A pril.
May.
June.
Races.
1914
A frican (b lack )...................
A rm enian............................
B ohem ian a n d M oravian.
B ulgarian, Servian, Montonegrin............................
Chinese........ ........................
Croatian and S lovenian..
C uban...................................
D alm atian, B o s n i a n ,
H erzegovinian................
D utch a n d F lem ish ..........
E a s t In d ia n .........................
E n g lish ................................
F in n ish ................................
F ren c h ..................................
G erm an............................ ...
G reek....................................
H ebrew ..............................
Ir is h ......................................
Ita lia n (n o rth )...................
Ita lia n (so u th )...................
Japanese..............................
K orean.................................
L ith u an ia n ..........................
M agyar.................................
M exican...............................
Pacific Isla n d e r..................
P olish....................................
Portuguese..........................
R o u m a n ian .........................
R ussian................................
R u th e n ian (R u ssn ia k ). . .
Scandinav ian .....................
Scotch...................................
S lo v a k .................................
S panish ................................
Spanish-A m orican.............
S y rian ..................................
T u rk ish ................................
W elsh....................................
W est In d ia n (except
C uban)..............................
O ther peoples.....................
1915
1914
1915
212
573
409
113
44
42
217
288
327
767
218
545
123
153
225
37
78
481
144
604
86
89
25
7C
1914
29
81
52
137
1914
1915
1914
1915
1914
1915
385
311
59C
159
63
81
1,302
211
846
256
29
102
1,356
203
958
817 1,0C0
35
230
111
590
487
41
77
82 1,391
83
138
51 1,035
97
70
316
135
53
85
3,222
179
1,784
153
248
142
107
97
1,591
157
2,423
284
266
798
185
218
99 1,465
388
188
258
293
78
432
441
8
605 1,282
1
16
2,902 4,868
238 1,033
1,114 1,643
1,176 7,982
989 4,636
585 8,304
2,075 5,732
1,087 4,672
5,480 22,477
882
702
200
8
784
626
12
7
2,682 4,173
882
'418
1,139 1,170
1,168 5,816
2,460 3,040
766 10,113
2,050 2,586
1,046 1,733
4,886 9,012
807
'792
4
2S8
6
3,099
308
889
1,034
998
811
2,648
485
2,358
722
42
5
300
72
5
401
422
617
553 1,436
8
1
4
4
5
2,451 2,232 2,482 2,137 3,137
548
114
568
533
155
902
681
660
695 1,158
2,914 1,068 3,384
860 6,405
1,351
915 3,174
313 7,131
8,270
753 7,733
641 8,735
787
867
839
923 1,363
2,016
734 1,302
657 4,070
6,837 2,994 6,672 2,448 22,980
789
800
610
651
668
14
16
15
14
603
35
382
558
15
1,777
44 2,996
38 5,748
982
712 1,307
484 1,350
2
2,986
87 3,067
101 5,251
308
116
303
987
70
660
24 1,076
6 2,922
1,800
107 1,098
128 3,183
1,422
59 1,517
28 2,359
777
666 1,213 1,107 3,533
754
878
785
731 1,242
888
25
986
25 1,849
439
252
521
270
921
68
100
42
56
67
411
64
127
46
279
339
7
83
101
21
50
92
112
74
142
55
170
1915
30
56
2
544
499 1,878
16
5
2,243 4,595
250
865
820 1,761
928 7,751
1,488 9,798
733 5,820
1,097 4,280
670 4,864
3,118 30,717
662
808
57
30
996
822
6,286
590
163
434
41
6,533
167 10,256
275 6,827
229
1,600
799 1,187
347 1,022
848
4,641
50 2,688
53 1,031
37
4,427
160 2,584
248 2,290
308
2,168
117 2) 532
88 2)119
144
4,855 2,236 3,718 2,006 2)789 1,875
1,740 1,010 1,745 1)004 1)720 1,125
2,141
27 2,520
18 1)483
12
1,390
469 1,132
699
658
747
151
157
191
213
186
199
377
45
754
48
558
69
101
7
103
28
54
21
216
76
210
63
199
99
124
1,885
943
6
435
173
76
7
96
38
323
55
175
89
236
23
33
686
60
280
1,264
5,165
673
163
143
18 1,710
36
40 3,002
44
806
654 1,076
64
264
120
244
115
230
T o tal.......................... 44,708 15,481 16,873 13,873 92,621 19,263 119,885 24,532 107,796 26,069 71,728 22,598
P e r cent decline, 1915.......
65.37
70.40
79.20
79.54
75.82
68.49
DEPARTING.
A frican (black).................
101
A rm enian............................
78
B ohem ian and Mora
v ia n ..................................
100
B ulgarian, S e r v i a n ,
M ontenegrin................... 1,120
C hinese__ ' . ........................
185
C roatian and S lo v e n ia n .. 1,951
C u b an ...................................
74
D alm atian, B o s n i a n ,
H erzegovinian................
89
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
82
7
77
47
70
14
106
92
69
18
150
142
111
4
183
116
231
,h
225
190
8
243
T52
4
46
3
39
1
85
3
105
174
4
426
216
8
158
305
120
928
70
181
76
6
69
215
114
704
51
145
86
7
113
384
117
1,395
77
104
137
9
569
258
132
1,162
42
73
526
177
89
8 2.203
94
613
59
115
8
191
45
1
45
56
91
53
8
MONTHLY REVIEW OP THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D TO A N D D E P A R T IN G FR O M T H E U N IT E D ST A TES
D U R IN G E A C H O F T H E M O N T H S O F JA N U A R Y TO J U N E , 1914 A N D 1915—Concluded.
DEPARTING—Concluded.
Jan u ary .
F eb ru ary .
M arch.
A pril.
May.
June.
Races.
1914
D u tch and F le m ish ..........
E a s t In d ia n .........................
E n g lish ................................
F in n ish ................................
French..................................
G erm an................................
G reek....................................
H ebrew ................................
Ir is h ......................................
1 talian (n o rth )...................
Ita lia n (so u th )...................
Japanese..............................
K o rean ........................
L ith u a n ia n ..........................
M agyar.................................
M exican................................
Pacific Isla n d e r..................
Polish....................................
Portuguese..........................
R o u m a n ian .........................
R ussian................................
R u th e n ian (R u ssn ia k ). . .
Scandinav ian ...............
Scotch..................................
Slovak...........................
Spanish................................
Spanish-A m erioan............
S y ria n ..............................
T u rk ish ...............................
W elsh............................
W est In d ia n (except Cub a n )..................................
O ther peonies.....................
N ot sp*ecifled.......................
1915
1914
1915
1914
1915
1914
1915
293
120
117
40
139
67
7
3
4
9
4
918 1,126
554
474
493
538
233
33
136
39
90
55
249
241
124
125
98
173
987
108
704
43
671
71
1,007
783
616
356
555
623
576
24
469
32
412
39
151
340
132
120
164
142
1,474
679
924
238
669
350
9,870 10,209 3,618 2,813 2,077 2,388
69
72
59
37
49
52
9
4
1
3
3
£94
322
13
203
1,931
6 1,041
16
922
17
426
31
30
158
68
20
166
52
3
8
734
717
25
182
187
216
64
1,158
1,029
558
19
71*
194
257
1,087
417
3,034 2,165
80
73
fi
I
389
13
1,434
19
55
16
3, £53
153
625
2,365
686
656
351
1,336
312
46
85
66
45
71
200
983
1914
1915
1914
1915
42 2,118
57
69
21
285
889
966
352
182
269
176
189
QQf)
2
221
143
48
58
9
40
3
61
11
9
47 1,795
133
113
5
174
566
720
316
96
264
135
148
791
124
127
33
26
16
46
4
66
13
15
118
90
9
607
2
159
199
8
773
39
9
3
17
3, 130
112
283
1,826
437
278
1 633
222
44
92
80
24
191
197
17
375
39
13
2
24
212
78
316
76
3
5
18
1,164
693 1,331 1,054
232
65
537
79
213
237
452
300
62 1,705
1,027
72
519
500 1,207
519
39 1,073
669
57
405
158
776
236
934
427 1,371
236
3,974 2,012 6,276 3,570
58
68
77
90
4
5
6
4
532
9
720
16
1,149
33 1,919
12
110
21
144
14
1
1
140 5,802
3,382
153
141
209
154
40
292
6
548
3
1,721
711 2,794
816
1
422
762
259 1,200
702
353
181
330
431
226
1,005
10 1.653
19
38Ì
296 '425
246
19
34
74
61
14
123
119
6
59
3
109
8
25
52
47
33
43
58
977
24
22
953
38
54
787
17
49
733
36
67
774
41
76
751
37
d2
58
36
111
42
50
142
1,615 1,257 2,611 1,488
28
76
971
108
121
19
856
adI
T otal.......................... 34,216 17,238 17,074 7,086 13,500 7,755 22,801 8,331 23,544 8,747 38,413 10,830
AGREEMENT IN THE CLOAK, SUIT, AND SKIRT INDUSTRY
OF NEW YORK CITY.
On August 5 a new agreement was entered into in the cloak, suit,
and skirt industry of New York City by the Cloak, Suit, and Skirt
Manufacturers’ Protective Association, and the International Ladies’
Garment Workers’ Union, and the Joint Board of the Cloak and
Skirt Makers’ Union, replacing the protocol which was in effect in
this industry in New York from September, 1910, to May, 1915.
The new agreement is the result of the efforts of a council of concili
ation, appointed by the mayor of New York City to endeavor to
bring about a settlement of the differences which had arisen and
thus avoid a serious strike. The council of conciliation consisted of
Felix Adler, chairman, Charles L. Bernheimer, Louis D. Brandeis,
Henry Bruere, George W. Kirchwey, and Walter C. Noyes.
The articles of settlement as laid down by the council provide for
an agreement for two years, to be renewed for a like term at the ex
piration of two years unless either party shall give a two months’
notice of a desire to abrogate the agreement. The union agrees that
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M O N T H L Y R E V IE W O F T H E B U R E A U O F LABOR S T A T IS T IC S .
there shall be no strike during the term of the agreement. The
agreement, besides defining the right of discharge, established a
minimum scale of wages, affirmed the right of the workers to organ
ize, gave the employer the right to distribute work* according to the
condition of trade, the right to select his own employees, and the
right to reorganize his shop when he thinks it necessary.
The following table shows the weekly wage scale won by the
unions, compared with the former scale:
Occupations.
C u tte rs.........................
......................................................................................
Jacket under pressers ................................................................ * ............................
Reefer upper pressers ................................................................................................
Skirt upper pressers....................................................................................................
S k irt under pressers....................................................................................................
Jacket under pressers....................................................................*............................
Reefer under pressers..................................................................................................
Sam ple m akers............
.....................................................................................
B asters............................................................................................................................
Skirt finishers..................
.................................................................. ................
New
rate.
Old
rate.
$27.00
25.00
25.00
23.00
18.00
21.00
21.00
23.00
15.00
11.00
$25.00
23.50
23.50
21.50
16.50
19.50
19.50
22.00
14.00
10.00
R ate
asked.
$30.00
28.00
28.00
26.00
20.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
16.00
12.00
The increases won by pieceworkers were: Operators granted wage
of 70 cents an hour; they asked for 75 cents. Finishers granted 50
cents; they asked for 60 cents. Buttonhole makers granted 90 cents
to $1.30 a hundred; they asked for $1 to $1.40.
The report and recommendations of the council of conciliation,
which were accepted without change by both parties, are as follows:
The council appointed by the mayor of the city of New York to assist the
Cloak, Suit and Skirt M anufacturers’ Protective Association and the In te r
national Ladies’ G arm ent W orkers’ Union to reach an agreement on the
m atters a t present in controversy between them, record on behalf of th e gen
eral public their appreciation of the peaceful and progressive relations which
have existed in the cloak-making industry during the past five years, a state
of things due not only to the enlightened self-interest of th e employers and
wage earners, but also to the large social ideals which have anim ated both
sides. If this fa ir prospect has for the moment been clouded, and these
friendly relations have suffered a tem porary interruption, it is the aim and
the hope of this council to pave the way for their resumption, not only to
prevent ground previously gained from being lost, but to bring about advances
in new directions.
The council remind both sides of the very notaDie achievement already to
th eir credit in the creation of the covenant known as the “ protocol.” And if
this instrum ent has been found defective in certain p articu lars it should be
modified, reconstructed, or some more suitable agreement p ut in its place. In
the endeavor to work out the plan of a new compact of this sort, the council
has laid down the following fundam ental r u le :
T hat the principle of industrial efficiency and th at of respect for the essen
tial hum an rights of the w orker should always be applied jointly, priority
being assigned to neither. Industrial efficiency may not be sacrificed to the
interests of the workers, for how can it he to their interest to destroy the
business on which they depend for a living, nor may efficiency he declared
param ount to the hum an rights of the w orkers; for how in the long run can
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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
the industrial efficiency of a country be m aintained if th e human values of
its w orkers are diminished or destroyed. The delicate adjustm ent required to
reconcile the two principles named m ust be made. Peace and progress depend
upon complete loyalty in the effort to reconcile them.
We, therefore, fincl:
I. Under the present competitive system the principle of industrial efficiency
requires th a t the employer shall be free and unham pered in th e performance
of the adm inistrative functions which belong to him, and this m ust be taken
to include:
( a) T hat he is entirely free to select his employees a t his discretion.
(&) T hat he is free to discharge the incompetent, the insubordinate, the in
efficient, those unsuited to the shop or those unfaithful to their obligations.
(c) T hat he is free in good faith to reorganize his shop whenever, in his
judgment, the conditions of business should make it necessary for him to do so.
( d ) T hat he is free to assign w ork requiring a superior or special kind of
skill to those employees who possess the requisite skill.
(e) T hat while it is the dictate of common sense, as well as common hum an
ity, in the slack season to d istribute w ork as fa r as possible equally among
wage earners of the same level and character of skill, th is practice can not be
held to imply the right to a j)ermanent tenure of employment, either in a given
shop or even in the industry as a whole. A clear distinction m ust be draw n
between an ideal aim and a present right.
The constant fluctuations—the altern ate expansions and contractions to which
the cloak-making industry is so peculiarly subject, and its highly competitive
character, enforce this distinction. B ut an ideal aim is not therefore to be
stigmatized as utopian, nor does it exclude substantial approxim ations to it
in the near future. Such approxim ations are w ithin th e scope of achievement,
by means of earnest efforts to regularize employment and by such increase of
wages as will secure an average adequate for the maintenance of a decent
standard of living throughout the year. The attem pt, however, to impose the
ideal of a perm anent tenure of employment upon the cloak-making industry in
its present transitional stage is impracticable, calculated to produce needless
irritatio n and injurious to all concerned.
II. In accordance w ith the rule above laid down th a t the principle of effi
ciency and th a t of respect for the hum an rights of the w orkers m ust be held
jointly and inseparably, we lay down—
( а) T h at the w orkers have an inalienable right to associate and organize
themselves for the purpose of m aintaining the highest feasible standard as to
wages, hours, and conditions, and of still fu rth er raising the standards already
reached.
(б) T h at no employee shall be discharged or discrim inated against on the
ground th a t he is participating directly or indirectly in union activities.
(c) T h at the employees shall be duly safeguarded ag ain st oppressive exer
cise by the employer of his functions in connection w ith discharge and in all
other dealings w ith the workers. I t is to be carefully noted th a t the phrase
“ oppressive exercise of functions ” need not imply a reflection on the character
and intentions of the high-minded employer.
An action m ay be oppressive in fact, even though inspired by the most
benevolent purpose. T his has been am ply dem onstrated by experience. No
hum an being is wise enough to be able to tru st his sole judgm ent in decisions
th a t affect the w elfare of others; he needs to be protected, and if he is tru ly
wise will welcome protection against the errors to which he is liable in common
w ith his kind, as well as against the inspirations of passion or selfishness.
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11
F or th is reason a tribunal of some kind is necessary, in case either of the
parties to this covenant believes itself to be unjustly aggrieved. And because
th e construction of such a tribunal is a delicate and difficult task, dem anding
the greatest care, lest on one hand the movements of industry be clogged by
excessive litigation, and lest on the other hand the door of redress ,be closed
against even the m ost real and justified complaint, therefore,
III. In accordance w ith these general principles the council propose th a t r.n
agreem ent be entered into by the Cloak, Suit and S kirt M anufacturers’ Pro
tective Association, and the International Ladies’ G arment W orkers’ Union and
the jo in t board of cloak and skirt m akers’ unions embodying these principles
and providing the follow ing:
( a) Every complaint from either organization to the other shall be in w rit
ing, and shall specify the facts which, in the opinion of the complaining o r
ganization, constitute the alleged grievance, and w arra n t its presentation by
one organization to the other. Such com plaints shall be investigated in the
first instance by the representatives of the two associations, chosen for the
purpose, it being impressed upon them th a t they use and exhaust every legiti
m ate effort to bring about an adjustm ent in an inform al m anner. In case,
however, an adjustm ent by them be not reached, the m atters in dispute shall
be referred for final decision to a
(&) T rial board of three, consisting of one employer, one worker, and one
im partial person, the la tte r to be selected by both organizations, to serve at
jo in t expense and to be a standing member in all cases brought before the
board. The rem aining two members shall be selected a s follow s:
The association and the union shall each m ake up a list of ten persons, to be
approved by the other. From these two lists, as each case arises, each party
shall select one person.
IV. The articles of the protocol numbered first, second, third, fourth, fifth,
sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, tw elfth, thirteenth, fourteenth,
and fifteenth are hereby incorporated in this agreement, except as herein ex
pressly revised and except as hereafter modified a fte r th e recommendations
of the council.
Sections 1 to 15 of Protocol.
First. So fa r as practicable, and by December 31, 1910, electric power be in
stalled for the operation of machines, and th a t no charge for power be made
against any of the employees of the m anufacturers.
Second. No charge shall be made against any employee of the m anufacturers
for m aterial except in th e event of the negligence or w rongful act of the em
ployee resulting in loss or inju ry to the employer.
Third. A uniform deposit system, w ith uniform deposit receipts, shall be
adopted by the m anufacturers, and the m anufacturers will adopt rules and
regulations for enforcing the prompt retu rn of all deposits to employees en
titled thereto. The am ount of deposit shall be $1.
Fourth. No w ork shall be given to or taken to employees to be perform ed a t
th e ir homes.
F ifth. In the fu tu re there shall be no tim e contracts w ith individual shop
employees, except foremen, designers, and p attern graders.
Sixth. The m anufacturers will discipline any member thereof proven guilty
of u n fair discrim ination among his employees.
Seventh. Employees shall not be required to w ork during the ten legal holi
days as established by the law s of the S tate of New York; and no employee
shall be perm itted to w ork more than six days in each week, those observing
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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M O N T H L Y R E V IE W
O F T H E B U R E A U O F L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S .
S aturday to be perm itted to w ork Sunday in lieu thereof; all week w orkers to
receive pay for legal holidays.
Eighth. The m anufacturers will establish a regular weekly pay day and
they w ill pay for labor in cash, and each pieceworker will be paid for all work
delivered as soon as his work is inspected and approved, which shall be w ithin
a reasonable time.
Ninth. All subcontracting w ithin shops shall be abolished.
Section 10 as Modified.
Tenth. The following schedule of the standard minimum weekly scale of
wages shall be observed:
Machine c u tte r s _______________________________________ $27. 50
Regular cutters________________________________________ 27. 50
Canvas cutters________________________________________ 13.00
S kirt cu tters___________________________________________ 23. 50
Jacket pressers________________________________________ 25. 00
U nderpressers__________________________________________ 18. 00
S kirt p re sse rs_________________________________________ 23. 00
S kirt underpressers____________________________________ 18. 00
F a rt pressers_________________________________________ >_ 15 . 50
Reefer pressers--------f Subject to investigation. 1__________ 18. 00
Reefer underpressers j See section 6 of report. J__________ 14.00
Sample m a k e rs________________________________________ 22. 00
Sample skirt m akers___________________________________ 22. 00
S kirt basters______________________ ____________________
15. 0 0
S kirt fin ish ers_________________________________________ 11 . 00
Buttonhole makers, class A, a minimum of $1.30 per 100
buttonholes. Class B, a minimum of 90 cents per 100 b u t
tonholes.
As to piecework, the price to be paid is to be agreed upon by a committee of
the employees in each shop and their employer. The chairm an of said price
committee of the employees shall act as the representative of the employees in
th eir dealings w ith the employer.
The weekly hours of labor shall consist of 50 hours in 6 working days, to
wit, 9 hours on all days except the sixth day, which shall consist of 5 hours
only.
Eleventh. No overtime w ork shall be perm itted between th e 15th day of No
vember and the 15th day of Ja n u ary or during the m onths of June and July,
except upon samples.
Twelfth. No overtime w ork shall be perm itted on S aturdays except to work
ers not w orking on Saturdays, nor on any day for more than two and one-half
hours, nor before 8 a. m. nor a fte r 8.30 p. m.
T hirteenth. F o r'o v ertim e work all week w orkers shall receive double the
usual pay.
Fourteenth. Each member of the m anufacturers is to m aintain a union shop,
a “ union shop ” being understood to refer to a shop w here union standards
as to working conditions, hours of labor, and rates of wages as herein stipu
lated prevail, and where, when hiring help, union men are preferred, it being
recognized that, since there are differences in degrees of skill among those
employed in the trade, employers shall have freedom of selection as between
one union man and another, and shall not be confined to any list, nor bound
to follow any prescribed order whatever.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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O F T H E B U R E A U O F LA BO R S T A T IS T IC S .
13
I t is fu rth e r understood th a t all existing agreem ents and obligations of the
employer, including those to present employees, shall be respected; th e m anu
facturers, however, declare their belief in the union, and th a t all who desire
its benefits should share in its burdens.
Fifteenth. The parties hereby establish a joint board of san itary control, to
consist of seven members, composed of two nominees of the m anufacturers, two
nominees of the unions, and three who a re to represent the public, the latter
to be named by Meyer London, esq., and Juliu s H enry Cohen, esq., and in the
event of th eir inability to agree, by Louis M arshall, esq.
Council to Continue Its Investigations.
V. This council has been requested by the mayor to continue as a commission
to investigate thoroughly the fundam ental problems of regularization, stand
ards of wages, and enforcement of standards throughout the industry, of trade
education, and a more thorough organization of the industry, and on the basis
of such investigation it shall submit a constructive policy to both organizations.
VI. Wages.
1.
As a tem porary arrangem ent until a m atu rer study of the industry shall
lead to a final adjustm ent, the standard observed for pieceworkers in fixing
piecework rates shall be a t the rate of 70 cents an hour for each hour of
continuous w ork for operators and piece tailors, and 50 cents an hour fo r each
hour of continuous work for finishers, taking the w orker of average skill as the
basis of computation, and making no allowance for idleness.
Piece prices shall be settled between the employer and a price committee.
If the p arties can not agree, they shall call in price ad ju sters furnished by
both sides.
Wages for week w orkers shall be as follow s:
For cutters___________________________________ ________ _ $27. 50
F or sk irt cu tters_______________________________________ 23. 50
F or jacket upper pressers______________________________ 25. 00
S kirt upper pressers___ ________________________________
23. 00
Skirt under pressers____________________________________ IS. 00
Jacket under pressers______________ ____________________
21. 00
Sample tailo rs_________________________________________ 23. 00
S kirt b a s te rs __________________________________________ 15.00
P a rt pressers__________________________________________ 15. 50
Canvas c u tte r s ________________________________________ 13. 00
S kirt finishers, $11, provided each departm ent be perm itted to have
one learner to six finishers.
Reefer pressers and under pressers to be paid as other pressers
providing the unions prove th eir contention th a t such wages have
been paid outside of the association houses.
Piece prices for buttonhole m a k e rs: Class A, $1.30 per hundred but
tonholes; class B, 90 cents per hundred.
VII. For determ ination by arbitration.
T hat the following questions shall be subm itted to the arb itratio n of this
council, their decision to be rendered w ithin 30 days, aud to be accepted as
final and bind in g :
(a) W hether the pressers and pieceworkers shall during eight weeks in
each season be perm itted to work overtime on S aturdays until 4 o’clock.
(b) W hat legal holidays shall be observed in the cloak, suit, and sk irt indus
try, and under w hat conditions they shall be observed.
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M O N T H L Y R E V IE W O P T H E B U R E A U O F LA BO R S T A T IS T IC S .
V III. I t is distinctly understood th a t there shall be no shop strike nor general
strike, nor individual nor general lockout during the term of this agreement.
IX. The union and the association, w ith the assistance of the council, will,
as soon as practicable, create a joint board of supervision and enforcement of
standards throughout the industry.
X. Since th e council will continue in existence for study and constructive
recommendations, it will he available whenever the p arties desire to consult
w ith it, and if either organization feels aggrieved against the other such
organization may address the council upon th e subject, and the council will do
the best it can to assist.
Finally, since peace in industry, as in fam ilies and among States, is the off
spring of good will, and since no peace can be sound or enduring th a t is not
based on th is indispensable prerequisite, it is agreed th a t th e leaders on both
sides shall exert th e ir utm ost endeavors to create a sp irit of m utual good will
among the members of their respective organizations, such good will taking the
specific form of a disposition to recognize the inherent difficulties which each
side has to meet—a spirit of large patience under strain, and w ithal, a belief in
the better elements which exist in hum an nature, be it among em ployers-or
wage earners, and the faith th a t an appeal to these elements will alw ays
produce bénéficient results. These recommendations, when accepted by both
parties, shall constitute th e agreem ent between them.
This agreem ent to enter into force on the date hereof and to continue for
th e period of two years, and thereafter for like periods of two years, unless
term inated by either party on two months’ notice.
Any modification of the term s of the agreement, requested by either party,
shall be presented to the other a t least two m onths before the term ination of
any period.
COMPULSORY ARBITRATION IN DENMARK.
Denmark stands alone among European countries as having a
limited compulsory arbitration law, recognizing about the same prin
ciples of State interference in the settlement of labor disputes as do
the arbitration laws of Australia. The permanent arbitration court
was established by the law of April 12,1910. It consists of 12 members
(6 associates and their alternates), a president, a vice president, and
a secretary. Three associates and their alternates are elected annu
ally by the Association of Danish Employers and Masters (Dansh
Arbejdgiver-og Mesterforening) ; the other three and their alternates
are chosen by the Danish Federation of Labor {De Samvirkende
Fagforbund) , as long as these organizations represent the majority
of employers and workmen on either side, and when they cease to do
so, steps are to be taken for a change in the law. The associate
justices select a president and vice president, while the Minister of
the Interior appoints the secretary.
The court may be cited by either of the above organizations in
the cases following: (1) When an employers’ association acts in vio
lation of an agreement with the labor organization; (2) when by
one or more members of an employers’ association an act is com
mitted which violates an agreement entered into by the association
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY REVIEW OE THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
15
whereby the rights of the workmen’s association or of any of its
members are infringed; (3) or, conversely, when a labor organiza
tion or any of its members violate an agreement entered into with
an employers’ association; (4) when a contract between a single
firm and a labor organization has been violated by either party;
(5) when an employers’ association or any of its members give
notice to a trade-union or its members of an intended lockout,
and the trade-union claims such lockout is a violation of contract;
(6) likewise when the legality of a proposed strike is at issue, and
(7) when other disputes between an employers’ organization and a
workmen’s organization or disputes between firms and individuals
arise, provided the parties agree on such reference, either in general
cases or in the specific one at issue.
Fines may be imposed on any parties who violate the terms of a
trade agreement, wTho refuse to comply with an arbitration award, or
who refuse to refer a case to arbitration when such reference has
been previously agreed upon.
The records and proceedings of the court conform to those of the
other courts of the country. Witnesses may be summoned who are
bound to appear and to testify under oath. The judgments of the
court are enforceable like those of any other court.
Since the organization of the court, in 1910, 136 cases have been
decided by it. During the two years 1913 and 1914, 48 cases (24 in
each year) were referred to the court for decision. As reported in
a recent issue of the British Board of Trade Labor Gazette (July,
1915, p. 240), during these same years 31 proceedings were begun by
employers’ associations or individual employers and 17 by tradeunions. Eight cases were settled by the parties before final proceed
ings were had, 4 were dropped, and 1 was postponed.
During the same two years the largest number of disputes occurred
in the building trades, where 22 cases were represented; transporta
tion and the woodworking trades came next, with 7 and 5 cases each.
The question at issue in 20 cases turned upon the matter of strikes
and lockouts; interpretation of agreements or awards in 17 cases;
alleged boycotts, 5; working conditions, 2; wages, 1; blacklisting or
dismissal, 1; employment of nonunionists and noncompliance with
the award of the court, 1.
Fines were imposed during 1913 and 1914 in 15 cases amounting to
approximately $1,207. The total costs involved in the settlement of
the 48 cases during the same two years amounted to $1,217, of which
$282 were assessed upon employers alone, $662 upon trade-unions
alone, $229 upon both employers and trade-unions in equal amounts,
while $44 were assessed upon both parties unequally.
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-1G
M O N T H L Y R E V IE W
O F T H E B U R E A U O F LABOR S T A T IS T IC S .
EMPLOYMENT IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES.
GERMANY, MAY, 1915.1
The j ournal of the imperial labor office reports for May on the
condition of the labor market as follows:
For the m ajority of industries business conditions were entirely satisfactory
during May. This is especially applicable to establishm ents which directly or
indirectly were engaged in the m anufacture of w ar m aterials. Several of these
establishm ents were compelled to strain all th e ir forces to fill these orders;
they had to w ork overtime, and operated w ith two and three shifts. Generally
speaking, no essential change has taken place as compared w ith the preceding
m o n th ; it is, however, a noteworthy fact th a t throughout the Em pire unemploy
ment among female w orkers has considerably decreased.
According to reports from individual concerns and from m anufacturers’ asso
ciations the favorable business conditions in the mining industry have remained
unchanged. In the iron and machine industry business w as as brisk as during
the preceding m o n th ; the same may be said of the electrical industry, in so
f a r as it is engaged in the m anufacture of w ar m aterials, for which large orders
have been placed. Conditions were equally satisfactory in the textile industry,
w ith the exception of certain special branches, such as the silk industry. Con
ditions in several other industries, such as the chemical and woodworking
industries, were less favorable. Among the industries which report prosperous
conditions should be mentioned several branches of the food-products industry,
as, for instance, beer brewing and cigar m anufacture. In the building trades,
conditions in which were unsatisfactory even before the outbreak of the war,
and were made worse by its occurrence, some improvement was reported in
certain cities during the current month, due to increased public building activity;
this improvement is indicated in the increased number employed in th a t trade.
RETURNS FROM EMPLOYEES.
Returns from 334 employers of labor showed 283,976 workmen
employed, as compared with 345,735 during the corresponding month
of 1914, being a decrease of 17.86 per cent. This decrease is ex
plained as due to the withdrawal of men to the army.
The relative decrease in numbers employed in different industries
in May, 1915, as compared with May, 1914, was as follows:
T er cent.
Mining and smelting____________________________________ 18. 83
Iron and steel, and m etal industry _______________________ 22. 38
Machine in d u s try ______ .________________________________ 9. 06
E lectrical in d u stry ______________________________________ 22.50
Chemical in d u s try ______________________________________ 29. 54
Textile in d u s try _____________ 1_________________________ 2. 58
Woodworking and carving_______________________________ 38. 67
Food p ro d u c ts__________________________________________ 21. 56
Clothing in d u stry ________________ i _____________________ 14. S6
Glass and porcelain industry_____________________________ 39. 00
Paper-m aking and printing industry_____________________ 32. 07
Miscellaneous, including building m aterials and navigation— 52.12
1 R e ic h sa rb e itsb la tt, H rsg. von. K. S ta tistisc h e n Am te, A bteilung fü r A rb e ite rsta tistik .
B erlin . Ju n e , 1915.
2 Increase.
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M O N T H L Y R E V IE W
O F T H E B U R E A U O F L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S .
17
R E T U R N S FRO M S IC K N E S S IN S U R A N C E SO CIETIES.
Monthly returns of the membership of local sick relief funds are
obtained by the imperial office of labor statistics. These returns are
in a way a measure of the amount of employment existing in any
month, as the sickness insurance law requires practically all wage
earners to enroll on a sick register, exempting them only if out of
employment. Returns of the sick funds show that the male mem
bership, compared with last month, has decreased 1.41 per cent, while
the female membership has increased 0.92 per cent; the total num
ber of employed members of both sexes decreased by 36,341, or 0.44
per cent. This small decrease was due largely to the calling in of the
last reserve (Landsturm) of the army.
RETURNS FROM TRADE-UNIONS.
Thirty-five trade-unions sent in returns as to the ratio of unem
ployment among their members on May 31. These had a member
ship of 1,097,279, although the information compiled pertained to
only 1,033,475. Since the outbreak of the war the ratio of the unem
ployed to total membership reported stands thus :
P er cent.
August, 1914__
September, 1914
October, 1914__
November, 1914 _
December, 1914 _
January, 1915 __
February, 1915 _
March, 1915___
April, 1915____
May, 1915_____
22.4
15. 7
10.9
8. 2
._
._
7.2
6.5
5.1
._
3.3
2. 9
2. 9
The percentage of unemployed in the six largest Social-Democratic
trade-unions appears as follows:
P E R C E N T U N E M P L O Y E D A T E N D O F E A C H M O N T H IN T H E SIX L E A D IN G SO C IA LD EM O CR A TIC T R A D E -U N IO N S IN G ER M A N Y , A U G U ST , 1914, A N D JA N U A R Y TO MAY,
1915.
Trade-unions.
M etal w ork ers...................................................
Factory w orkers...............................................
B uilding tra d e s ................................................
T ransportation w o rk ers.................................
W oodw orkers....................................................
T extile w ork ers................................................
4339°—-15-----2
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M ember
ship
M ay 31,
1915.
287,640
108,289
108,169
97,971
92,472
83,406
1914
Aug.
21.5
16.3
16.4
10.8
33.0
28.2
1915
Jan.
3.0
4.8
13.9
3.9
13.4
5.3
Feb.
2.3
3.9
11.5
2.9
9.6
5.1
Mar.
1.8
2.5
7.3
1.4
6.5
4.1
A pr.
1.7
1.5
2.8
1.3
5.6
4.8
M ay.
1.5
1.1
2.3
1.3
4.8
5.5
18
MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
RETURNS FROM LABOR EXCHANGES.
Of the 1,130 exchanges in Germany regularly in touch with the
labor office, reports as to adjustments in employment were received
from 896 exchanges. Compared with reports from the same ex
changes for the corresponding month (May) of the preceding year,
there was a decline in the number of applicants for positions of
181,000 in round numbers. For every 100 situations registered as
vacant, the number of applicants during each of the indicated
months stood as follows:
Males.
M ay, 1914................... ............................................................................... .......................................
A pril, 1915.........................................................................................................................................
May, 1915..........................................................................................................................................
172
100
99
Females.
100
165
158
GREAT BRITAIN, JUNE, 191;V
Conditions in the labor market in Great Britain are the subject of
monthly reports by the board of trade in its Labor Gazette. An
active demand for labor in dime is reported in many industries. The
increased substitution of female for male labor continues. There
are fewer persons employed in the textile, glass, pottery, and brick
trades, but the earnings of the employees are higher than a year ago.
Besides the reports furnished by the board of trade, the reports of
the number registered for benefits in the unemployment funds, re
ports from employers, and reports from labor exchanges show the
approximate state of employment. The following tables are selected
from the usual statistics compiled monthly from the January to
the June issue of the Labor Gazette for 1914 and 1915.
UNEMPLOYMENT IN TRADE-UNIONS.
Reports as to unemployment during the month of June, 1915,
were received from trade-unions having an aggregate net member
ship of 921,825, of which number 8,945 (or 1 per cent) were unem
ployed.
The following comparative table for the years 1914 and 1915 is
presented:
1 B r itis h B o a rd of T r a d e L a b o r G a z e tte , J u ly , 1915.
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19
MONTHLY EE VIEW OF THE BUEEAU OF LAEOE STATISTICS.
PER
C EN T
O F U N E M PL O Y M E N T IN C E R T A IN TR A D E -U N IO N S IN EA C H M O N TH
FRO M JA N U A R Y TO JU N E , IN C L U SIV E , 1914 AND 1915.
[Source: B oard of T rade L abor Gazette, London.]
January.
February.
March.
A pril.
June.
May.
Unions.
1915
1914
1915
1914
1915
1914
1915
1914
1915
1914
Building 1................................ 6.3
2.2
Coal m in in g ............................
.6
.9
Iron and ste e l......................... 3.7
2.1
Engineering............................
2.4
1.0
S hipbuilding........................... 2.8
./
1.1
Miscellaneous m e ta l.............
1.7
Textiles:
C otton..............................
2.0
3.0
W oolen an d w o rsted . . . 3.8
1.7
O th e r................................
1.8
3.9
P rin tin g , bookbinding, paper.........................................
3.7
5.0
F u rn itu re ................................ lf 3.4
a 1 f 7.4
W oodworking.........................
\ 1.9
C lothing................................... 2.4
.7
L e a th e r.................................... 6.7
1.8
G lass.........................................
.5
1.8
P o tte ry ....................................
.8
1.3
Tobacco................................... 2.3
4.9
5.9
.5
4.0
2.4
2.2
1.6
2.6
.9
2.2
.7
.8
.8
5.1
.5
2.9
2.4
1.9
1.6
2.7
.3
1.6
.6
.6
.6
3.4
.5
4.8
2.5
2.4
1.5
2.8
.2
2.2
.5
.6
.4
2.7
.5
5.4
2.7
3.9
1.3
3.2
.1
1.9
.6
.5
.4
2.9
.5
5.5
3.0
4.4
1.5
2.7
.1
1.4
.6
.4
.3
2.1
2.5
1.7
2.2
.9
2.2
2.3
2.6
1.6
2.5
.7
1.1
2.0
2.7
1.4
2.5
1.1
.9
2.1
2.6
1.8
2.7
2.8
.8
2.2
5.1
1.2
1.6
1.1
.7
3.4
3.6
3.2
/ 3.9 |lL177 / 3.0
\ 1.0
l -8
.3
.3
1.6
.7
.8
5.0
2.2
1.1
2.3
.1
.2
.7
2.4
2.8
4.1
3.2
1.7
4.7
.5
.8
3.6
2.4
/ 3.0
1 .8
.2
.4
2.5
.2
3.0
1.2
2.4
1.0
1914
T o ta l.............................
2.6
1.9
3.1
r 2-6
2.2
6.0
.5
.6
2.9
2.3
4.2
2.8
3.7
f 6.5 l 1 - / 4.6
1 1.6 / L ? \ 1.1
.5
.7
2.2
7.0
1.3
1.3
2.0
.4
2.3
.7
.5
.5
3.7
3.6
3.6
1.6
2.2
1.3
3.1
I 2.1
U7
6.7
.5
.9
4..0
2.1
1.2
2.3
1915
1 R etu rn s relate m ainly to carpenters and plum bers.
UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG INSURED PERSONS.
The percentage of insured persons under the Unemployment Insur
ance Act of 1911 reported unemployed at the close of June, 1915, was
0.9 per cent compared with 3.5 per cent at the close of the same
month in 1914. These returns were based on reports from 2,077,725
insured persons exclusive of those serving in the military forces.
The table which follows shows the percentage of unemployment
among insured persons at the close of each of the months, January
to June, 1915, compared with the corresponding per cent for the
same months in the year preceding.
P E R C E N T O F U N E M P L O Y M E N T IN T H E IN S U R E D T R A D E S A T T H E E N D O F EACH
M O N T H , JA N U A R Y TO J U N E , 1914 A N D 1915.
[Source: B oard of T rade L abor Gazette, London, 1914-15.]
January.
February.
March.
April.
May.
June.
In d u stry .
1914
1915
1914
1915
1914
1915
1914
1915
1914
1915
1914
1915
B u ilding ..................................
Engineering and iron found
ing .........................................
Shipbuilding...........................
Vehicle c onstru ctio n ............
Saw m illing..............................
N ot specified...........................
8.6
4.5
6.3
3.5
4.6
2.2
3.8
1.7
3.5
1.4
3.8
1.4
3.1
4.0
2.8
4.0
2.0
1.0
1.2
1.8
1.4
.9
3.2
3.7
2.6
4.0
2.0
.9
1.1
1.4
1.5
.7
3.0
3.5
2.5
3.5
1.7
.7
.9
1.0
1.4
.6
3.1
3.2
2.5
3.8
1.9
.7
.9
.8
1.4
.4
3.1
4.0
2.4
3.7
1.6
.5
.7
.5
1.2
.4
3.3
4.1
2.6
3.6
1.6
.5
.7
.5
.9
.3
T otal..............................
5.5
2.6
4.4
2.0
3.6
1.4
3.3
1.1
3.2
.9
3.5
.9
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20
MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
REPORTS FROM IABOR EXCHANGES.
Reports were received showing the operations of 402 exchanges
during the four weeks ending June 11, 1915. The following table
shows the aggregate applications for positions, vacancies reported
and vacancies filled during the same period, as compared with a
similar four-week period ending May 14 next preceding.
O P E R A T IO N S O F T H E L A B O R E X C H A N G E S , MAY AN D JU N E , 1915.
F o u r weeks ending—
M ay 14,
1915.
N um b er of registrations for w o rk .........................................................................................
N um b er of vacancies reported..............................................................................................
N um ber of vacancies filled .............................................................
A pplications per 100 vacancies filled...................................................................................
Vacancies reported p er 100 positions fille d ........................................................................
June 11,
1915.
231,502
144,219
100,065
231.4
144.1
225,749
135,327
95,580
236.2
141.6
SWISS FACTORY LAW.1
The former Swiss factory act of 1877, amended 1905, has been re
cently repealed and superseded by a new act which is in reality in the
nature of an industrial code, including as it does regulations defining
and limiting the contract of employment, provisions concerning the
payment of wages, apprenticeship, hygiene and safety, hours of
labor, employment of women and children, and the settlement of
labor disputes.
HEALTH AND SAFETY OF EMPLOYEES.
The provisions of the law under this head are very general. The
Federal Government merely prescribes that workrooms, machinery,
and tools shall be so maintained as to secure healthful and safe
conditions of work for the employees; and to secure these ends fac
tory rules and regulations may be enforced by the cantonal govern
ments. In the drafting of factory rules hearing must be granted to
the workmen, and the period of stay for holding such hearings
before enforcement of the rules must be at least two weeks, though
not in excess of eight weeks. These rules and regulations must then
be notified to the local authorities for sanction, and then properly
posted in the workroom; thereafter these rules become a part of the
contract of employment.
PAYMENT OF WAGES.
Wages are required to be paid every two weeks, or some shorter
interval, on a regular workday, at the place of work, and in specie.
1
B undesgesetz betreffend die A rbeit in den F abriken.
össische G esetzsam m lung. No. 52, 1914.)
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Vom. 18. J u n i 1914.
(E idgen
MONTHLY REVIEW OE THE BUREAU OE LABOR STATISTICS.
21
Deductions for defective work or spoiled material are permitted,
though not in excess of the actual cost thereof. The proceedings in
the ordinary tribunals for the settlement of disputes involving the
wage contract are free of cost.
HOURS OF LABOR.
The new law reduces the length of the working-day in factories
and workshops from 11 to 10 hours; the limit of 9 hours on Satur
day and on days before holidays is retained. These restrictions ap
ply to all employees irrespective of sex or age. Nor may this pro
vision of the law be evaded by giving out work to be done at home,
or by doing voluntary work in the factories after the prescribed
hours.
Under certain exceptions the workday may be extended, but not as
a rule in excess of 2 hours a day, nor for more than 80 days in a
year. For such overtime work the employer must pay time and onequarter.
NIGHT WORK AND SUNDAY WORK.
Night work and Sunday work is generally prohibited, although it
is allowed exceptionally, but under stricter control than formerly;
thus night work and Sunday work is restricted to 10 hours in every
24, and special authorization must be obtained to permit such work;
furthermore, the Federal Council must designate those industries in
which permanent night work and Sunday work is deemed absolutely
necessary. In establishments so designated a weekly rest day must be
granted to the workmen, including every alternate Sunday; and
night shifts must alternate with day shifts every 14 days at least.
EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN.
The provision of the former law is followed prohibiting nightwork and Sunday labor to women, while the Federal Council may
prescribe those industries where all employment of women is pro
hibited. Henceforth women must be granted a night’s rest of at
least 11 consecutive hours, including the period from 10 p. m. to
5 a. m. This period, however, may be exceptionally reduced to 10
hours, but not generally for more than 60 days in the year; vet,
when the working of perishable materials is involved, the exception
may be extended for 140 days in the year. The new law provides
for the exclusion of women from work in factories for 6 weeks fol
lowing confinement, which period may, however, be extended to
8 weeks.
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22
MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN.
The minimum age of employment of 14 years is retained in the
new law. A new provision is added requiring that children under
16 years shall not be employed where the normal hours of labor are
exceeded, while the Federal Council may further designate occupa
tions at which young persons under 16 may not be employed at all.
For children under 16 wrho are still attending to their religious in
struction and schooling, the daily hours of such attendance, together
with their hours of labor in the factory, must not exceed the pre
scribed maximum of 10 hours.
CONCILIATION BOARDS.
For the friendly settlement of disputes, without waiving the rights
of the employer and employee to establish voluntary boards, the new
law provides for the appointment of permanent cantonal concilia
tion boards. These boards may intervene in a dispute either on their
own initiative, or on the request either of the parties concerned or
of the local authorities. The boards have the right to compel the
attendance of witnesses and to conduct investigations under oath.
These conciliation boards are established for settling disputes only
in private industries, while a special permanent committee entitled
“ the Government workshops committee ” is appointed to inquire into
the claims of labor in Government workshops and departments. The
functions of this last-named committee are purely advisory, the
power of action lying wholly with the Federal Council. The Gov
ernment workshops committee has, however, no authority in connec
tion with the Federal railroad system. These conciliation boards
and the permanent Government committee recognize in their mem
bership the principle of the dual representation of the employer and
employee.
ADMINISTRATION.
The immediate administration, of the law is decentralized and
rests with the cantonal governments, but is subject to general super
vision by the Federal Council and the Federal board of inspectors.
The Federal Council may appoint functional inspectors for special
industries or kinds of inspection. There is created an advisory
council consisting of specialists and of representatives of the em
ployers and employees, in equal number, to advise the Federal
Council in the drafting of rules and regulations for the enforce
ment of the law.
Contraventions of the law are punishable by fines ranging from
5 to 50 francs (96.5 cents to $9.65) for ordinary infractions up to
as high as 500 francs ($96.50) with three months’ imprisonment in
aggravated cases.
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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
23
PROTECTION OF WORKMEN IN FINLAND.1
The Finnish Diet passed a general law for the protection of fac
tory workmen on April 4, 1914,2 which almost entirely repeals the
former law of April 15, 1889, the scope of which was limited prac
tically to the prevention of accidents. The law goes into effect Jan
uary 1, 1916.
The new law is broad in its scope and is applicable to a large
group of industries where there are employed others than the mem
bers of the family of the employer. Four groups of industrial un
dertakings are included:
(1) Factories and handworking trades, regardless of location,
whether in city or country districts.
(2) Building operations on a larger scale (i. e., of churches, fac
tories, etc., and dwelling houses of over one story).
(3) Building work in connection with railroads, street railways,
canals, harbors, and bridges of and over a certain size.
(4) Agricultural work where machines driven by natural power
are used. The law is made applicable to Government and munici
pal work, which would otherwise be within the scope of the law.
The law contains the usual provisions providing for adequate
ventilation, lighting, and heating of work places; the providing of
fire escapes, guards upon all dangerous machinery, the use of belt
shifters, etc. Each workman is to be provided with at least 10 cubic
meters (353.14 cubic feet) of air space while at work, but factories
have two years in which to comply with this provision.
Among the new provisions in the law not found in the former
legislation is one which provides that the labor inspector may require
suitable rooms for workmen where they may take their meals, and
may require the installation of lavatories, etc. Lunch rooms, wher
ever established, must be maintained at a suitable temperature, as
well as being kept well ventilated and clean.
The law is drawn in somewhat general terms and provides (sec
tion 17) that the Imperial Senate shall draw up a list of industries
and trades considered especially dangerous, and shall issue special
regulations for such industries and trades; it may also make rules
defining the application of the law to the various classes of industry,
so as to provide for the proper protection of employees. This sec
tion is apparently somewhat broad in its provision, but it is never
theless questionable whether it permits the Imperial Senate to regu
late, for instance, the hours of labor of adults and children, or in
1 A r b e tss ta tistik T id sk rift, u tg ifre n a f In d u stristy re lse n i F in lan d .
No. 2, pp. 83-92.
2 N adig F o ro rd n in g an g aende Skydd m ot Y rkesfara.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
H elsingfors, 1915,
24
M O N T H L Y R E V IE W
O F T H E B U R E A U OF LA BO R S T A T IS T IC S .
any other way to define the condition under which women and chil
dren may be employed.
Infractions of the law are punishable by fines. No minimum is
set, but a maximum of 2,000 marks ($386) is fixed. This is perhaps
a defect in the law, inasmuch as the courts might very probably, if
so inclined, impose only nominal fines. There is, perhaps, another
loophole in the law, contained in a provision which would seem
to shift blame from the employer to his agent, the provision reading
as follows: “ Should any representative of an employer be guilty of
such a contravention without any fault attaching to the employer
himself, the representative of the employer alone shall be punished.”
It has been estimated that the number of establishments subject to
inspection under the new law as compared with the act of 1889 will
increase from approximately 13,000 to lS^OO.1 Mr. G. It. Snellman,
the director of what is practically equivalent to an office or bureau
of labor, is responsible for this estimate, and is of the opinion that
it will be necessary to increase the present inspectorial force from 2
to 8, to provide for the additional supervision which will be required
under this new law.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE.
To those who are interested in industrial hygiene, the subject of a
new series of monographs by the Institute of Industrial Hygiene in
Frankfort (Institut fur Gewerbehygiene) may be informative.2
The first monograph3 is a series of medical bulletins, prepared and
published under the direction of the association of factory physicians
of the German chemical industry, and indicates the characteristics of
certain diseases resulting from industrial poisoning, briefly describ
ing their occurrence, their appearance, symptoms, diagnosis, treat
ment, and prevention. It is explained that it has been issued as an
aid to physicians who may be called upon to practice under the In
dustrial Code, which since 1911 has extended to industrial employees
the right to accident compensation for injuries resulting from in
dustrial poisoning.
The industrial poisons covered are: Lead poisoning, phosphorus
poisoning, arsenic poisoning, quicksilver poisoning, poisoning from
benzol and its derivatives, chromium poisoning, poisoning resulting
from the breathing of carbonoxychlorid fumes, and from the han
dling of poisons used in the dyeing industry, and in making aniline
1 A rb e tss ta tistik T id sk rift, utgifven a f In d u stristy re lse n i F in lan d . H elsingfors, 1915,
No. 2, p. 92.
2 S ch riften au s dem G esam tgebiet der Gewerbehygiene. H erausgegeben vom I n s titu te
f ü r G ew erbehygiene in F r a n k fu r t a. M. Neue Folge, B erlin , 1913—14. H e ft 1-4.
3 Ä rztlich e M e rk b lätter über berufliche V ergiftungen. A u fg estellt und v eröffentlicht von
d er K onferenz der F ab rik ärzte der deutschen chem ischen G rossindustrie. B erlin, 1913,
32 pp.
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25
dyes. There are also two bulletins on the relation of the physician
and the workingman and the need of medical inspection and investi
gation in the interest of the workingman.
The second monograph 1 treats of the significance of the chromates
for the health of workmen, and is prepared by Dr. Lehmann, director
of the hygienic laboratory of the University of Wurzburg and presi
dent cf the board of directors of the Imperial Museum of Safety at
Charlottenberg. It is a volume of 119 pages, and contains 11 cuts.
It is a summary of previous investigations on the effect of the absorp
tion of chromate into the human system, and contains also original
investigations of the author, experiments in the feeding of chromates
in small doses to cats, dogs, and rabbits. There is likewise presented
the result of a medical statistical investigation of a large dye factory.
The following is translated from his conclusions:
D uring the last decade industrial diseases caused by chrom ates have con
siderably decreased in German factories making chromium preparations, a
decrease due chiefly perhaps to the imperial safety regulations.
The m ajority of the establishm ents disclose favorable conditions as to the
number of days of sickness lost on account of both internal and external dis
eases; but some establishm ents form an exception. It may be safely asserted
th a t to-day the drying of sodium bichromate, i. e., the m anipulation of the dry
m aterial, is prim arily responsible for injuries to the health of the workmen.
The evaporation of acid-chromate solutions is to-day carried on so carefully
in closed apparatus or beneath suction hoods th a t danger to health is slight.
Some harm is inherent in molten masses which contain monochromates if there
is a chance for its pulverization. The reworking of monochromate is to be
considered in the same light as its original m anufacture.
W here all these dangers are being avoided, work w ith chromates, and espe
cially w ith bichromates, may be performed w ithout danger to the health of the
workmen. In instances w here bichrom ate is still being finely diffused into the
air diseases of the respiratory organs and influenza occur frequently, and in
a less m easure intestinal diseases also occur. Acute, though quite curable,
diseases frequently arise. Thus in experiments w ith anim als bronchitis may
be easily produced by the inhalation of small particles of chromium. Workmen
in chrom ate factories, however, it appears, do not cough while em ployed; they
have a good complexion and are well nourished—in many instances they may be
distinguished by their fresh complexion from aniline workers, who are rath er
pale. Several cases of chrom asthm a have been, however, already described.
N either in establishm ents m anufacturing chromates nor in chrom ate ta n
neries have I found any general disease, especially kidney diseases, due to
chrom ate poisoning; nor does the literatu re on the subject contain convincing
cases of kidney diseases, due thereto. T his agrees w ith the fact th a t the small
quantities of chromates, which even in an orderly managed factory workmen may
inhale through the nose or mouth, are so insignificant th a t they do not generate
kidney diseases, even in animals. In the literatu re cases are also lacking to
show th a t kidney diseases have occurred in the therapeutic adm inistration to
men of bichrom ate in doses of from 10 to 40 mg. per day. If large doses of
1 Die B edeutung der C hrom ate fiir die G esundheit der A rbeiter. K ritisch e und experim entelle U n tersu ch u n g en von P ro fesso r Dr. K. B. L ehm ann. B erlin, 1914. 119 p.
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M O N T H L Y R E V IE W
O F T H E B U R E A U O F LA BO R S T A T IS T IC S .
chrom ates are being fed, acute disease of the kidneys, which a t first affects the
epithelium, may easily be produced. Repeated aduiiuistrations of small quanti
ties of chromates, even if injected subcutaneously, as a rule do not produce
any kidney diseases. In my numerous experiments in feeding bichromates,
disturbances of the kidneys traceable w ith certainty to chromium w ere caused
in a few instances only, although the doses fed were relatively large. For
periods varying between three months and two years in most instances the
anim als used in the experim ents could stand, surprisingly well, gradually in
creasing doses of bichrom ates of medium strength.
Now and then serious burns are caused by hot, caustic .solutions of chromates,
as, for instance, in the handling of molten metals, strong acids, etc. Chrome
ulceration of the skin is to be considered as a rare and light industrial disease,
and avoidable to a large e x te n t; chrome eczema, like eczemas from other causes,
may become very troublesome and require a change of occupation. It has,
however, become very rare.
Perforation of the cartilaginous septum of the nose is still unavoidable in
some factories, while in others it no longer occurs. I t represents a process
which to-day as a rule takes a slow course w ithout pains w orth mentioning,
and leaves no serious perm anent injury, and, therefore, should not be considered
as a reason for exemption from m ilitary service. W henever frequent and speedy
perforation of the cartilaginous septum of the nose occurs, it may be concluded
th a t bronchitis and diseases of the duodenum w ill also be increased.
N äsal ulcers and perforation of the cartilaginous septum of the nose may
easily be generated in cats by the spraying of bichrom ate solutions; the theory
th a t irrita tin g the nose w ith the finger has some influence in causing ulcers
and perforation is not w orthy of general consideration. The localization of
the ulcer and the perforation may be explained by the fact th a t the entering
air current bounds against the cartilaginous septum and deposits its chromate
contents, th a t the locality h it by the a ir current is badly protected by cylinder
epithelium, and th a t the cartilage is w ithout vessels.
By careful observance of the German imperial safety regulations, by the
increasing supplantal in the chrom ate industry of machinery for human labor,
by the introduction and faithful use of up-to-date ventilating appliances, which
may be easily installed, by educating the workmen to strict cleanliness, and by
frequent supervision of the observance by the workmen of the safety regula
tions—by all these means—the frequent light diseases caused by chromates,
which statistics show to exist in individual factories, may, even w here such
m easures have so fa r not been taken, be lessened to a considerable degree.
The third monograph1 is a food study of a limited number of
workingmen’s families by Alfred Gigon, of the University of Basel.
The study included 8 persons, varying in age from 18 to 50 years;
it covered a period of 62 days, and the subjects ate as their desires
led them. The study was undertaken for the purpose of ascertaining
by actual analysis the food consumed and its cost, and the possibility
of reducing the workman’s cost of living.
Before summarizing his own investigations, the author presents
a very useful table to show the results of similar food studies by other
investigators. This is here presented:
1 Die A rb eiterk o st n ach U ntersuchungen über die E rn ä h ru n g B asler A rbeiter bei fre i
g e w äh lter K ost, von Dr. A lfred Gigon. B erlin, 1914. 54 pp.
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O F T H E B U R E A U O F LA BO R S T A T IS T IC S .
27
N U T R IE N T S AN D E N E R G Y C O N T A IN ED IN T H E FO O D O F W O R K M E N IN V A R IO U S
C O U N T R IE S ACCORDING TO S E V E R A L IN V E S T IG A T O R S .
Investigators, y ear of investigation, locality, an d persons
investigated.
Pro
tein.
F at.
Voit, 1877—Munich:
Grams. Grams.
W orkm an a t m oderate w o rk........................................................ 118
56
V oit, 1881—M unich:
W orkm an a t h a rd w ork....................................................... ......... 135
80
Forster, 1873—M unich:
W orkm an............................................................................................ 131.9
81.5
E rism an, 1889—Russia:
F actory w o rk er.................................................................................
131.8
79.7
H u ltgren, Landergren, 1891—Sweden:
W orkm an a t m oderate w o rk ......................................................... 134.4
79.4
W orkm an a t hard w ork.................................................................. 188.6
110.1
A tw ater, 1896—America:
W orkm an a t m oderate w o rk ......................................................... 150
150
W orkm an a t h a rd w o rk .................................................................. 175
250
G autier, 1904—P a ris.............................................................. .................
56.5
102.1
G rown person in absolute repose..................... ...........................
80
50
Grown person in relative repose...........................................
64.5
107.2
W orkm an a t h ard w ork.................................................................. 152
85
König, 1904—Germ any:
Repose a n d m oderate w o rk ..........................................
100
50
M edium hard w o rk ...........................................................
120
60
H a rd w ork..........................................................................
140
100
Sundstrom , 1907—F inland: U rban w orkmen—
(a) A t m oderate w o rk .............................................. ..............
124
105
(b) A t h a rd w o rk ..................................................................... 167
153
Slosse a nd W axw eiler, 1910—Belgium:
M oderately h a rd w o rk .......................................................
105.8
104.6
A lbertoni a nd Rossi—Italy :
Farm er in th e A bruzzi...................................................
72.8
53.3
Inaba, 1912—Japan:
W orkm an weighing 55-60 kilogram s......................................
90-95
16
Kreis, 1908—Basel:
Prison food........................... .........................
137.3
77.3
Gigon, 1914—Basel:
w o rkm an .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94.2
106.7
Carbohy
drates and
. alcohol.
Calorias.
500
3,054
500
3,347.5
457.4
3,174.1
583.8
3,675.2
522
714.4
3,436
4,726.2
500
650
400.4
250-300
407.5
630
4,060
5,705
2,585.7
1,818-2,083
2,711
3,884
400
500
450
2,515
3,100
3,344
380
554
3,011
4,378
392.8
3,023
450
2,746.4
560-600
2,800-3,000
631.3
3,870
450
3,157.6
Based on the data presented in this table, and on his own investi
gations, the author accepts as the normal nutritive content of the diet
of a European workman engaged in moderately hard work the fol
lowing standards:
(1) Protein: 90 to 110 grams, 50 per cent to be from animal food;
or 110 to 130 grams if only one-third of the protein comes from ani
mal food.
(2) Fat: 60 to 80 grams if the food contains 500 to 550 grams
carbohydrates; or 80 to 100 grams if the food contains only 500 to 500
grams carbohydrates.
(3) The heat content of the food should be 2,900 to 3,300 calories.
No fixed form should be prescribed for the food taken because per
sons differ so much from one another in their capacity to assimilate
certain foods, in their physical condition, etc.
The lower figures given in the standard should be considered as
minima, while the higher values are sufficient for the energy ex
penditures of a strong and healthy person who is engaged in moder
ately active muscular work.
The author finds some difficulty in suggesting ways in which to re
duce substantially the cost of the Basel workman’s diet by any
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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
changes which would not at the same time reduce its nutritive con
tent. A reduced consumption of coffee and soups is, however, sug
gested ; fruit, dried apples, prunes, etc., are recommended as a substi
tute. Fish, which is relatively inexpensive, could take the place of
the more expensive meats; the use of milk could he limited, and po
tatoes and more cereals substituted. Also, to be considered is the use
of the soja bean, rich in protein and fat.
The author does not favor a vegetarian diet; he considers meat an
absolute necessity.
The fourth monograph1 relates to the prevention of anthrax poi
soning in tanneries and in factories manufacturing horse hair and
other hair products. It is the work of Drs. O. Borgmann and R.
Fischer, medical inspectors in the districts of Schleswig and Pots
dam, respectively.
Dr. Borgmann suggests, as the result of his study on chromate
poisoning in tanneries, the following: (1) Promotion by the author
ities of all possible efforts to encourage the invention of a reliable
method for the disinfection of hides and skins. As one method of
encouraging this he suggests the giving of prizes for such an in
vention, but at the same time he considers it necessary to secure in
ternational agreements requiring the use of such method, if invented,
because of the increased price which it would bring about in the cost
of hides and skins generally. (2) Establishment by the tanning in
terests of an experimental laboratory for the study of the problems
in the tanning industry, along the lines of the one established by the
explosive industry. (3) The use of recent methods of treatment of
anthrax recommended by physicians as, for example, the use of the
serum of Sclavo and of Sobernheim, as well as the Salversan of
Ehrlich; a study and investigation of the various methods should
be carried on in those hospitals where treatment is given for anthrax
poisoning. (4) Enforcement of special preventative regulations for
the trade in hides and skins. Besides enforcing these regulations in
the interest of the workmen, there should be employed in the hand
ling of hides and skins the required “ soaks” and “ lime p its”. Nail
brushes should be supplied to the workmen in toilet rooms and wash
rooms, and separate wardrobes should be maintained for a change of
clothing. The wardrobes for the clothing should be located in the
wash room, which should in turn be so situated as to form the only
means of access to the workrooms by the employees. (5) Scientific
investigation of the problems as to whether tannery effluents may
be utilized for agricultural purposes and preventative methods
adopted in case of such use. Until the results of such.an investiga
tion have become known it should be required to mix fluids coming
from the “ soaks ” with those from the “ lime pits ” with abundant
1 Die B ekäm pfung der M ilzbrandgefahr in gew erblichen B etrieben von D rs. O. Borg
B erlin, 1914. 47 [48] pp.
m ann und R. F isch er.
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additions of quicklime, these to be composted for about three months
before being used for agricultural purposes. (6) Disposal by means
of irrigation of all effluents of tanneries which work up raw sheep
and goat skins and which dry imported hides, should be a condition
for the granting of a license; furthermore, all tanneries should be
granted onty a revocable form of license.
Dr. Fisher recommends the following requirements to meet the
dangers of anthrax in horsehair spinning mills and similar establish
ments : ( 1) Active work by the veterinary authorities in preventing
anthrax in animals; (2) incinerating completely the carcasses of ani
mals afflicted with anthrax or suspected of having been so afflicted;
(3) more stringent inspection of slaughterhouses and similar estab
lishments; (4) the disinfection of all animal hair intended to be
worked up into any products of manufacture. Such disinfection
should be carried on under strict license and through the public au
thorities, in accordance with regulations issued in each instance; (5)
examination and testing of all new methods of disinfection actually
in practice to test their adequacy; (6) careful inspection of all disin
fection apparatus by the district physicians and industrial inspectors;
(7) instruction of workmen as to the dangers of anthrax by means
of inspection, distribution of pamphlets, etc. Special instruction
should be given to the workmen regarding the danger of irritating
their skin; (8) the summoning of medical assistance whenever symp
toms of the disease appear and removal of the patient for hospital
treatment; (9) furnishing of suitable work clothes for the workmen,
made of washable, tightly woven material ; also furnishing of towels,
soap, disinfectants, nail brushes, etc. ; provision for special bathing
facilities and separate lunch room; the infliction of fines for failure
to use the protective appliances provided; (10) prohibition of the
employment of workmen under 18 years of age in handling material
which has not been disinfected; (11) prevention and removal of
dust collected in storage and workrooms by means of proper ventila
tion; (12) organization of a movement for an international agree
ment for the protection of workmen against the dangers of anthrax.
Not only in tanneries, storage houses for raw material, hide and
skin dealers’ establishments, horsehair spinning mills, establishments
for the working up of hair and bristles, brush factories and related
establishments, establishments for the keeping of animals and flay
ing houses, but also in factories for the manufacture of bone manure,
fertilizer, belts, shoes, leather goods, furs, harness and saddles, rag
sorting establishments, shoddy factories, paper factories, felt facto
ries, and haircloth mills, cases of anthrax infection were found to
have occurred. Official inspectors should call attention to the dan
ger of anthrax in these establishments and suggest measures for
combating it.
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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
OFFICIAL REPORTS RELATING TO LABOR RECEIVED FROM
JANUARY 1 TO MAY 31, 1915.
In the following pages the various State and foreign reports relat
ing to labor have been listed, and a brief note or statement made in
regard to the character of the report or its contents, and in certain
cases a brief summary of the more important facts presented in the
report. It will be the purpose of this R e v i e w to present such lists
monthly, adding wherever the material seems to demand it more
extended abstracts of the contents.
UNITED STATES.
A rizo n a .— State Mine Inspector.
1914-
Third A n n u a l Report fo r the year ending November 30 ,
64 pp.
Contains statistics of mines showing number of employees, character of ore, method
of operation, and tonnage for each mine. Particulars of each fatal, serious, and minor
accident are given. The report shows th a t among the men employed at last inspec
tion—surface, 1,917; underground, 7,505—the number of fatal accidents was 62; and
of serious and minor accidents, 758. No definition is given of the accidents classified
as serious and minor.
C alifo rn ia .—Bureau o f Labor Statistics. Sixteenth B iennial Report, 1913 and 1914.
1914-
328 pp.
Contains a review of the bureau’s activities in enforcing labor laws, special reports
on the lumber industry in California, the Portland cement industry in California, and
statistical tables in regard to hours and rates of wages of organized labor, and employees
and wages in manufacturing industries. The bureau’s activity in conducting prose
cutions during the last two years is shown by the following statement:
PR O SE C U T IO N S C O N D U C TED B Y B U R E A U D U R IN G TW O Y E A R S E N D IN G JU N E 30, 1914.
N ature of offense.
Blower la w ...................................
Child-labor la w ...........................
E ight-hour law:
For w om en...........................
Public w o rk ..........................
U nderground w o rk .............
Em ploym ent-agency la w :
L icense...................................
M isrepresentation...............
M isrepresentation as to strik e s.
Payment-of-wage la w ................
Pay-check la w .............................
Scaffolding, flooring, etc., laws
Ten-hour law for dru g clerk s. .
U nion card, unlaw ful use o f...
V ending-at-night la w ................
W eekly-day-of-rest law .............
T o ta l...................................
Fiscal year Fiscal year
1912-13.
1913-14.
1
2S
21
33
1
2
37
u
3
6
18
1
1
3
1
13
2
47
1
1
2
14
1
130
During the period covered by the report, the bureau collected 7,117 claims for
wages, amounting to $147,362.62. Claims against employment agencies, based on 1,402
complaints, secured the return of fees and expenses to the amount of $3,712.75.
The bureau reports especially interesting results from its investigation of th e col
lection of hospital fees by employers from employees, made in May, 1914. The
investigation had the definite obj ect of eliminating the evils connected w ith hospital
fees, particularly the practice of hiring the men for one or two days and deducting
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hospital fees of $1 from their wages for that time. The importance of the subject is
indicated by the bureau’s estimate that hospital fees collected by companies from
their employees in the State amount to over $600,000 a year.
Ind ustrial Welfare
123 pp.
Commission.
F irst
B iennial Report, 1913 and 1914.
1915.
Describes the organization of the commission established to administer the Cali
fornia minimum-wage law, and gives results of investigations of wages, hours, and
conditions in mercantile establishments, laundries, manufacturing industries, and
telephone and telegraph companies. The cost of living investigation included returns
from self-supporting women in San Francisco and Los Angeles. No minimum-wage
determinations had been made at the tim e of the report, the work of the commission
having been devoted to acquiring a thorough knowledge of conditions preliminary to
the fixing of wages.
State Board o f Education. Report o f the Commissioner o f Ind ustrial and Vocational
Education fo r the year ending June 30, 1914■ 47 pp.
Reviews situation in elementary high schools as related to the need for vocational
education; contains recommendations in regard to the establishment and mainte
nance of vocational education, and gives digests of laws of States th at provide State
aid.
C olorado .— Bureau o f Labor Statistics. Fourteenth B ie nn ial Report, 1913 and 1914.
Denver, 1914•
248 pp.
Reviews work of bureau, including factory inspection, operation of State’s four free
employment offices, the licensing and regulating of private employment offices, and
the enforcement of State labor laws. A section devoted to the wages of women workers
gives the result of investigations made w ith the object of assisting the State minimumwage board. I t covers telephone employees, and wages and cost of living in various
other occupations in Denver, Colorado Springs, and Pueblo. The report also gives
statistics of labor organizations and railroads, and an account of the Colorado coal strike
and of the efforts of the State bureau toward its settlement.
Bureau o f Mines.
1914. 228 pj).
Thirteenth B iennial Report fo r the years 1913 and 1914■
Denver,
Largely a description of metal mines and mining activities and development during
1913 and 1914. Report as to accidents in metal mines may be summarized as follows:
EM PL O Y E ES ABOVE AND U N D ER GROUND.
1913
Men engaged above g ro u n d ............................................................................
Men engaged u n d e r g ro u n d ........................................... ..................... .........
Total num b er engaged in m ining, m illing, and sm eltin g ......................
N onfatal accid en ts................................................................... .......................
F a ta l a cc id e n ts..................................................................................................
N onfatal accid en ts above g ro u n d .................................................................
F a ta l accidents above g ro u n d ......................................................................
N onfatal accidents under g ro u n d .................................................................
F a ta l accidents u nder g ro u n d .......................................................................
7,877
15,200
23,077
'641
50
420
9
221
41
1914
7,886
14,523
22,409
'531
46
367
6
164
40
Total.
15,763
29,723
45,486
1,172
96
787
15
385
SI
State Wage Board. F irs t Report fo r the biennial period ending November 30, 1914.
Denver, 1914. 28 pp.
Report was summarized in Bulletin No. 167, page 40.
C o n n e cticu t .—Board o f Compensation Commissioners.
year ending September 30, 1914■
Hartford, 1914.
F irs t A n n u a l Report fo r the
32 pp.
A brief report of the operation of the Workmen’s Compensation Act for the year shows
18,054 accidents reported, most of them, however, resulting in short disabilities.
The agreements entered into by employer and employee and approved by the com
missioners numbered 3,444, and the hearings where the formal finding and the award
were made numbered 106. Recommendations are made for amendment of the law.
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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
Bureau o f Labor Statistics. Twenty-sixth Report fo r the two years ending November 30,
1914• H artford, 1914- 78 pp.
Contains report of new factory and tenement house construction, occupational
diseases as reported under the Connecticut law, work of five free employment bureaus,
private employment agencies, a record of strikes, lockouts, and trade agreements,
and a directory of labor organizations in the State. The report shows th at only 25
cases of occupational diseases, 18 of which were lead poisoning, were reported to the
bureau between December, 1912, and November 30, 1914.
Bureaui o f Labor Statistics. Report on the conditions o f wage-earning women and
girls, by Charlotte M. Holloway. H artford, 1914. 138 pp.
Report will be summarized in the September issue of the R ev iew .
Factory Lnspector. Fourth Biennial Report fo r the two years ending September 30,1914Hartford, 1914. 107 pp.
Covers industrial accidents reported, inspection of bakeshops, mercantile elevators,
tenement houses, factories, home work, mercantile establishments, and contains
sections on welfare work and new legislation, and a list of Connecticut manufacturers
and their products. A number of illustrations show proper methods of safeguarding,
and the equipment of typical emergency rooms in Connecticut factories.
Convict Labor Commission.
90 pp.
Report o f the General Assembly, 1915.
Hartford, 1915.
Report of a commission to investigate convict labor in Connecticut and in other
States and foreign countries. Describes methods in various States and in foreign
countries and submits recommendations.
Id a h o .— Inspector o f Mines. Sixteenth A n n u a l Report fo r the year 1914- 1915. 55 pp.
Devoted chiefly to the mining, development, progress, and resources of the State.
The products of the Idaho mines are lead, zinc, silver, copper, and gold. The
inspector estimates the number of men exposed to the hazards of the mining industry
during 1914 as 5,200. The accidents reported were 27 fatal, 79 serious, and 312 minor.
Of the 27 fatal accidents 4 were shaft accidents, 20 were underground other than shaft
accidents, one was a milling accident, one a power-plant accident, and one a placermill accident.
Illin o is .—Bureau o f Labor Statistics. Seventeenth B iennial Report. Child labor.
Springfield, 1915.
131 pp.
The investigation was undertaken upon the recommendation of the board of labor
commissioners to obtain information as to the advisability of enacting a 16-year mini
mum-age law. The purpose was to ascertain the number of employers favorable to a
16-year minimum age, the extent of education, the apparent physical and mental
condition of the children, their reasons for working, and the income of the children
and of the families to which they belong. The report consists almost entirely of
statistical tables.
In the investigation 2,365 children employed in 139 industries were interviewed, all
except about 100 of whom were residents of Chicago. The employers of 912 children
were in favor of making 16 years the minimum working age. Those of 1,003 children
were opposed to the 16-year minimum, while the employers of 50 children were in
favor of a Federal 16-year minimum-age law. The wages receiyed varied greatly,
from less than $2 per week in three cases to $10 or more in six cases. Twenty-six per
cent were receiving between $4 and $4.50 per week. Of the children interviewed,
76 per cent reported that they left school to earn money to help provide for themselves
and families. Nearly 82 per cent of the children left school at 14 years of age, while
5 per cent left at an earlier age. Over 13 per cent left school before reaching the
fifth grade, while 14 per cent were in that grade when they left school. Slightly
over 25 per cent were in the eighth grade or in the high school when they left school.
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MONTHLY KEVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
State Board o f Prison Industries.
Report f o r the years 1913 and 1914.
1915.
33
88 pp.
Devoted chiefly to detailed financial statistics of the prison industries of Illinois.
The facts are given separately for each industry, showing the value of the products
and their disposition, the number of convicts employed, the number of days of labor
upon each class of product, and the value of the plant, and the amount of salaries
and expenses for each product.
Department o f Factory Inspection. Twentieth and Twenty-first A n n u a l Reports fo r
the years Ju ly 1, 1912, to June 30, 1914. 256 pp.
Twentieth annual report contains sections devoted to child labor, the garment law
and the garment industry, occupational diseases, Illinois law restricting hours of
female labor, report of inspections under the blower law, inspections according to
health, safety, and comfort law, inspections according to the structural law, inspec
tions according to the ice cream and butterine law. Twenty-first annual report con
tains a report of the chief factory inspector with a detailed discussion of the work of
his office and special sections on the work of inspection under the laws relating to
child labor, health, safety, and comfort, 10-hour law for women, garment factories,
washhouses, the structural law, the blower law, and the ice cream and butterine law.
Sections are also given to discussion of protective measures for females in the canning
industry in Illinois, the amendment of the compensation act to include occupational
diseases, and a review of factory inspection and factory legislation in Illinois.
¡,
State A linin g Board. T hirty-third A n n u a l Coal Report. Springfield , 1914. 269 pp.
Gives statistics of coal mines for 1913 and 1914 and a period of years, showing the
persons employed, the amount of output, days of operation, and earnings of miners.
An important section is that devoted to statistics of fatal and nonfatal accidents cover
ing a period of years. The fatalities during 1913 numbered 175 and during 1914 159.
These numbers show little change from the numbers in earlier years, although the
number of persons employed and the amount of coal mined both show a slight
increase. The number of nonfatal accidents in 1913 and in 1914 show marked
increases over earlier years, bu t it is possible that these increases are fully accounted
for by more complete reports. The number of nonfatal accidents reported in 1913
was 1,025 and in 1914 1,071.
I n d ia n a .—Bureau o f Statistics. Fifteenth B ie nn ial Report fo r 1913 and 1914. In d ia n
apolis, 1914.
790 pp.
Includes sections devoted to the free employment department, social statistics,
economic statistics, and agricultural statistics. The report shows a total of over
30,000 positions secured for men and women during 1913 and 1914 by the five free
public employment offices.
State Board o f Education.
62 pp.
F irs t A n n u a l Report on Vocational Education.
1914.
Includes an account of work of State vocational departments, a statement of prog
ress made, w ith the instructions in elementary agriculture, domestic science, and
industrial arts, taught as a part of the regular course of instruction in the public schools,
as required by law, an account of trade-extension work of the county agents of agri
culture, and the boys’ and girls’ clubs, and school and home garden work connected
with instruction in agriculture given in the regular schools.
Io w a .— Mine Inspector's Seventeenth B ie nn ial Report fo r the two years ending June 30,
1914•
Des Aloines, 1914.
132 pp.
Contains detailed reports of the several mine districts of the State, including sta
tistics of employment, production, mine equipment, and accidents. A summary
for the entire State reports 24 fatal accidents in the year ending June 30, 1913, and
34 in the year ending June 30, "1914. These numbers show slight differences as com
pared w ith earlier years. Number of nonfatal accidents reported in the two years
was 176 in 1913 and 161 in 1914. No statement is made of the definition of nonfatal
accidents reported.
4339°—15----- 3
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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
M a in e .—Department o f Labor and Industry.
Second B ie nn ial Report, 1913 and 1914,
w ith the reports o f the State Board o f A rb itra tio n and Conciliation fo r the years 1913
and 1914. Waterville, 1915. 216 pp.
Contains a directory of manufacturing industries, w ith months in operation and
average persons employed for each establishment, a directory of labor organizations,
the report of the State board of arbitration and conciliation, and sections on industrial
accidents, on child labor, and on training of. men for positions in pulp and paper
mills. The section on child labor is the result of an investigation of the home con
ditions of all 14-year-old minors employed throughout the State on June 10, 1913.
Statistics are also included regarding the employment of minors, based on the birth
certificates on file with the State departm ent of labor.
The statistics of accidents, which are given in considerable detail, show a total of
1,120 accidents, 55 of which were fatal, reported in the year ending June 30, 1913,
and 974, 20 of which were fatal, in the year ending June 30, 1914. These accidents
are described as those in which disability exists 6 days. The accidents are classified
to show industry, cause of accident, nature and extent of disability, age, nationality,
wages of injured, kind of employment at which injured, the hour of accident, and
th e number of hours at work at the tim e of the accident. The report of the board of
arbitration and conciliation is devoted to an account of controversies between the
engineers and firemen of the Bangor & Aroostook Railroad and said railroad company.
M a s s a c h u s e tts .— Bureau o f Statistics. F orty-fifth A n n u a l Report on the Statistics of
Labor fo r the year 1914.
Boston, 1914■
692 pp.
Consists of seven parts, issued during 1914 as labor bulletins, Nos. 97 to 103, bearing
the following titles:
Union scale of wages and hours of labor in Massachusetts, 1913.
Thirteenth annual directory of labor organizations in Massachusetts.
Immigrant aliens destined for and emigrant aliens departed from Massachusetts,
1913.
Labor bibliography, 1913.
Industrial home work in Massachusetts.
Action affecting labor during the legislative session, 1914.
Wages and hours of labor in the paper and wood-pulp industry in Massachusetts.
Bureau o f Statistics. Twenty-eighth A n n u a l Report on the Statistics o f Manufactures
fo r the year 1913. Boston, 1914. x x x v iii and 127 pp.
Contains an introductory summary of the statistics of 1913 in comparison with
those of former years, with the usual statistics of capital invested, material used,
wages paid, and number of wage earners, in detail and in summary form.
Bureau o f Statistics. Eighth A n n u a l Report on the State free employment offices fo r
the year ending November 30, 1914. Boston, 1915. 31 pp.
Summarizes the work of the four free public employment offices for the year, includ
ing comparisons with former years. From 1908 to 1913 the employment offices showed
a steady increase in the number of positions filled, b ut during 1914 there was a
decrease of 15 per cent as compared w ith the previous years. The work of the four
offices for the years 1910 to 1914 is summarized in the table which follows:
Y ear ending N ov. 30—
Classification.
Offers of positions.............................................
Positions reported filled..................................
Persons furnished em ploym ent.....................
Persons applied for b y em ployers................
Total.
1910
1911
1912
19131
19142
51,082
20,574
12,292
28,354
58,172
21,158
13,205
30,632
74,089
26,587
15,711
36,834
74,113
29,117
16,835
39,230
53,858
24,710
13,644
31,565
311,314
122,146
71,687
166,615
1 T he figures for 1913 are for a full 12 m onths for th e Boston an d Springfield offices, 11 m onths for th e
F all R iv er office (th is office having been closed d uring A ugust), an d 2 | m onths for th e W orcester office.
2 T he figures for 1914 are for a fu ll 12 m onths for th e Boston, Springfield, an d W orcester offices a nd 11
onths for th e F all R iv er office (this office having been closed during A ugust).
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MONTHLY BEYLSW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
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The positions which were reported filled by the offices during the year are classified
in the report as follows:
Classification.
Males.
Females.
Total.
A gricultural p u rsu its......................................................................................
A pprentices........................................................................................................
Domestic an d personal service......................................................................
M anufacturing^and m echanical p u rs u its ....................................................
Professional service..........................................................................................
T rade and tra n sp o rta tio n ...............................................................................
O ther trades........................................................................................................
1,637
197
5,408
4,096
14
2,018
53
24
9,199
1,585
1
459
19
1,637
221
14,607
5,881
15
2,477
72
T o tal..........................................................................................................
13,423
11,287
24,710
Bureau o f Labor Statistics. A sketch o f its history, organization, and functions, together
with a list o f its 'publications and illustrative charts. Boston, 1915. 115 pp.
A pam phlet prepared for the Massachusetts Panama-Pacific Exposition Commission
in connection with the exhibit of the bureau of statistics.
D istrict Police. Report fo r the year ending October 31, 1914 (including the detective,
building inspection, and boiler inspection departments). Boston, 1915. 336 pp.
M in im um Wage Commission. Second A n n u a l Report fo r the year ending December
31, 1914■ Boston, 1915. 158 pp.
Summarizes the work of the commission for the year, including the effect of its
determinations in the brush industry, its various investigations of candy factories,
laundries, and retail stores, and the work of the wage boards in the candy and
laundry industries, with certain recommendations for new legislation. Appendixes
reproduce the text of the Massachusetts Minimum Wage Act and summarize the
minimum-wage determinations in effect in the various States in December, 1914.
The commission made an examination of the pay rolls of the brush factories in
the State in November and December, 1914, after its wage determination had come
into effect on August 15. All of the 23 brush factories in the State which were
known to be employing women were investigated. Eleven, including all the larger
establishments of the State, were found to be complying with the commission’s
decree. In 5 establishments violations were found; 2 others claimed that they were
paying the prescribed rates, b u t they produced no record of hours worked. Four
establishments employed no women at the time of the inspection, and 1 establish
m ent had been merged with another concern. Out of approximately 1,000 female
employees, only 18 were found to be receiving less than the minimum rate. This
does not include 4 cases of technical violation which were claimed by the employers
to have been due to a misunderstanding of the decree.
The commission found that the amount of employment during the four months
preceding its investigation was probably somewhat less than during the period
covered by its investigation a year previous. This decrease of employment was sug
gested by brush manufacturers to be due to the following reasons: (1) Reduction of
the tariff; (2) war in Europe; (3) competition with prison labor; (4) pressure of in
creased labor legislation in general; (5) minimum wage.
Statements by the employees themselves throw light upon the varying defects of
the decree:
Employees who are in receipt of wages determined according to the new rates show
themselves very appreciative of the change. Others, thrown out of work either as a
result of the new schedule or on account of the general industrial depression, have sup
plied impressive accounts of ensuing hardships. In some factories they describe an
increased amount of “ speeding-up.” One worker, who instances a serious case of
unemployment resulting, as she believes, from the establishment of a minimum wage,
nevertheless entreats the attention of the commission for another industry, the low
wages and hardships of which she describes.
An impartial judgment, as to w hat part of the unemployment in the brush industry
is due to setting new rates for th a t industry, is difficult at the present time, only four
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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
months from the date when they w ent into effect. The commission is of the opinion,
however, that the unemployment is mainly due to the general business depression
rather than to the readjustment w ithin the industry resulting from the fixing of a mini
mum wage. Statements have been publicly made by brush manufacturers th a t the
principal hardship to their industry during the present war is the difficulty of obtaining
bristles from abroad, owing to the interference w ith the trade w ith certain foreign
countries. Since American bristles are of such a quality th at they can seldom be used
in brush making, the interruption of the foreign supply might be an important cause
of existing unemployment. Add to this the fact th a t unemployment is apparently
prevalent to an equal degree in other industries in this State, similar in other ways
b u t for which minimum rates have not been fixed, and there is sufficient explanation
for unemployment in this industry w ithout ascribing any large amount of it to the
operation of the minimum wage. The commission regrets exceedingly th at a disturb
ance in industry from other causes should have coincided w ith the establishment of
the new rates, not only on account of the hardships to individual workers, b u t because
the coincidence gives to those averse to the raising of wages by this means an oppor
tunity of ascribing to the minimum-wage system the difficulties which are actually
traceable to other sources.
The report of the commission’s investigation of wages of women in the candy,
laundry, and retail store industries has been published separately in its bulletins
Nos. 4, 5, and 6.
The report states that the wage hoard for the candy industry, consisting of 6 repre
sentatives of employers, 6 representatives of employees, and 3 other persons, including
the chairman, began its sessions in May, 1914, and had not at the time of the com
mission’s annual report reached a determination. For the laundry industry a board
consisting of 6 employers, 6 employees, and a chairman to represent the public was
appointed and began its sessions in September, 1914. For this industry, also, no
determination had been reached at the date of the commission’s report.
M in im um Wage Commission. B u lle tin No. 6, March, 1915. Wages o f women in retail
stores in Massachusetts. Boston, 1915. 64 pp.
Results of an investigation of rates of pay and earnings for women in department,
5 and 10 cent, and other retail stores in the Massachusetts cities, made preliminary
to the appointment of a wage board for fixing minimum wages in the industry. A
summary of the results will be given in the next number of the R eview .
State Board o f Conciliation and A rbitration.
December 31, 1914- Boston, 1915. 278 pp.
A n n u a l Report fo r the year ending
The board reports a total of 147 controversies considered, of which 4 came down
from 1913 and 143 were submitted during the year. Of this number 2 were adjusted
by reconciling the parties, and 9 were still pending at the end of the year. In the
remaining controversies the board made 114 awards and one report, which was
accepted by both parties. The cases considered by the board are summarized in detail.
The retirement system fo r employees o f the Commonwealth.
the provisions o f the law. Boston, 1914. 23 pp.
Circular explanatory of
Report o f the State Board o f Retirement, January, 1915 (P ublic Document No. 99).
Boston, 1915. 13 pp.
Reviews the operations of the retirem ent system of the State described in the circular
above.
M in n e so ta .— Department o f Labor and Industries. Fourteenth B iennial Report, 1913
and 1914■
Minneapolis.
250 pp.
Contains history of labor department and the development of labor laws, and sections
on workmen’s compensation, industrial accidents, inspections and orders, women and
children, mine inspections, employment agencies, special investigations, and labor
organizations.
The report of the commissioner submits a series of recommendations as follows:
(1) That the office of chief factory inspector be created, with a salary sufficient to
secure a high-class man for the position; (2) the creation of the office of superintendent
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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
37
of employment offices; (3) private employment agencies should be brought under
the State labor department, w ith the provision that licenses should be revocable by
the department on conviction of violation of the law; (4) enactment of a law for the
prevention of occupational diseases. This recommendation is based upon experience
under the law requiring reports of occupational diseases. The commissioner notes
the following cases, which he believes to be but a fraction of the occupational diseases
existing in the State: Lead poisoning, 9; copper and arsenic poisoning, 1; gasoline
poisoning, 1; ammonia poisoning, 1; poisoning from fur dyes, 2; typew riter’s cramp, 2;
paralysis of fingers due to knitting lace, 1. (5) The hours-of-labor law for women
should be extended to cover the entire State; (6) street trades should be regulated to
prevent the employment of small children in occupations known to be among the
most dangerous to the moral and physical h ealth ; (7) legislation should be enacted
regulating ventilation, sanitation, and lighting in boarding camps, and providing
for State inspection with power to enforce orders. The “ extortion of $1 a month
for hospital tickets ” which do not entitle the employee to medical care in certain
cases should be regulated by legislation.
M isso uri .—Bureau o f Labor Statistics. Thirty-fifth A n n u a l Report fo r the fiscal year
ending November 5, 1913.
Jefferson City.
802 pp.
Devoted chiefly to a presentation of the resources and opportunities of Missouri.
In a part of the report devoted more especially to labor matters, a large amount of
statistical and other information is given in regard to organized labor in Missouri and
elsewhere. Membership, wages, labor disputes, benefits, etc., are given. One
section gives facts and figures in regard to private employment agencies, and another
describes the work of the State factory inspection department. Recommendations
are made in regard to new labor legislation.
Department o f Factory Inspection. B ie nn ial Report, 1913 and 1914. St. Louis,
1914.
92 pp.
Gives in detail the work of inspection included under the heads of inspections,
collections, orders, safety and accident prevention, sanitation, occupational diseases,
foundry sanitation, women’s 9-honr law, child labor, prosecutions, defects and rec
ommendations in regard to the law, and the proposed industrial commission law.
The Missouri factory inspection law has the unusual feature th at fees are collected
for each inspection, the fees arranged on a graduated scale, the minimum being 50
cents where three or less persons are employed. Fees collected are paid into the
State treasury and placed to the credit of the factory inspection fund. During the
biennial period 1913 and 1914 the collection amounted to $40,366, a sum considerably
in excess of any previous biennial period. The report contains numerous illustrations showing dangerous conditions, and methods of safeguarding.
Workmen’s Compensation Commission. Report, with bills recommended by the com
mission and other inform ation. December 1, 1914■ 128 pp.
Presents the results of the commission’s investigations and its reasons for recom
mending the enactment of a compensation law. Its recommendations included the
passage of four bills: (1) An elective workmen’s compensation act; (2) an act creating
the Missouri Industrial Commission; (3) an act providing for the organization of
corporations on the mutual plan to insure against employers’ liability; (4) an act
levying a tax of 5 per cent on all premiums for employers’ liability insurance for the
support of the Industrial Commission. The Missouri Legislature at its session of 1915
did not enact a compensation law.
Senate Committee on Penitentiary Reform to the Forty-eighth General Assembly o f
Missouri. Jefferson City, 1915. 26 pp.
Gives the results of the investigations of a committee appointed “ to fully investi
gate present conditions in Missouri and the several States, and to report to the senate
of th e forty-eighth general assembly the advisability of abolishing the contract labor
system
in the Missouri prison, and, if abolished, to suggest what employment, if any,
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should be given to the inmates of the penitentiary and other penal institutions of the
State.” The recommendations of the committee covered 12 points as follows:
“ 1. The abolishment of the private contract system.
“ 2. A law creating the indeterm inate sentence system, save and except for
murder, treason, rape, arson, and robbery, with a maximum and minimum sentence.
“ 3. The creation of an interm ediate prison or reformatory for juvenile offenders,
separate and apart from the prison for confirmed criminals.
“ 4. A change or modification of the law providing for a hospital for the criminal
insane at or near the prison proper.
“ 5. Prisoners, whether confirmed or juvenile, afflicted w ith any disease of a seri
ous character, placed in separate apartments above other prisoners, to prevent the
contraction or dissemination of such disease. Transferring of prisoners afflicted Avith
pulmonary diseases to a separate institution at or near Mount Vernon, w ith separate
dining halls and marked tableware provided for all such as are diseased in any manner.
“ 6. The prisoner should be perm itted to earn money for himself and the support
of those dependent upon him.
“ 7. The adoption of an educational law giving all prisoners the benefit of an edu
cation.
“ 8. The creation of a nonpartisan and nonsectarian board, under statutory regula
tion, th at may cooperate with the governor in selecting a warden and supervise the
business of the institution.
“ 9. The transferring of female prisoners either to a reformatory for incorrigible girls
or a place of detention near some large city, to be used by the State for charity.
“ 10. The purchase of four farms of one or two sections each, 75 miles east and west
and north and south from the capital; the placing of 150 prisoners on each farm, pro
vided with tents, for the cultivation of the land, and brick manufacturing machinery
for the use of such prisoners in the erection of buildings; also building roads.
“ 11. The abolishment of the present system of hanging and the electric chair sub
stituted in lieu thereof; executions to be held only at the State prison in Jefferson
City.
“ 12. A certain amount of the appropriations to the penitentiary to be set aside as
a “ capital fund,” to be used in promoting factory enterprises at penal institutions.”
Senate Wage Commission fo r Women and Children in the State o f Missouri.
to the Senate o f the forty-eighth General Assembly.
Report
Gives the results of an investigation into the wages paid, etc., to females in fac
tories, departm ent stores, and other places where women are employed. A summary
of the results will be given in the next number of the R eview .
M o n ta n a .—Department o f Labor and Industry. F irs t B iennial Report, 1913 and 1914,
Helena, 1915.
350 pp.
Contains sections devoted to strikes and labor disturbances, violations of labor laws,
working conditions, report of the four free public employment offices, cost of living,
hydroelectric development, manufacturing in Montana, the fur industry, prospective
Montana industries, Montana markets, composition and characteristics of Montana
population, road building by State convicts, opinions of the attorney general, statistics
of railroads, general statistics, report of inspector of quartz mines, report of inspector
of coal mines, and report of boiler inspector.
The commissioner submits certain recommendations for new legislation, as follows:
(1) That authority be given the department of labor and industry to give assistance to
workmen in the collection of wages due them; (2) that toAvns of certain classes be
required to maintain free public employment bureaus; (3) that the commissioner be
given authority to require certain information from all county officials; (4) that the
child-labor law be amended to prohibit the employment of children in any kind of
theater, circus, or show; (5) that a law should be enacted requiring physicians to
submit to the commissioner reports of occupational diseases; (6) that a workmen’s
Digitized forcompensation
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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
N e b ra s k a .— Bureau o f Labor and In d u stria l Statistics.
1913 and 1914.
Lincoln, 1914.
Fourteenth B ie nn ial Report,
137 pp.
Contains a summary of the work of the bureau for the biennial period, the tex t of
certain labor laws, a list of manufacturing establishments reporting to the bureau,
reports in detail of industrial accidents, submitted to the bureau during a period of 18
months, and miscellaneous statistics.
N e v a d a .— Ind ustrial Commission. Report Ju ly 1, 1913, to December 31,1914 • Carson
City, 1915.
110 pp.
Covers the administration of the Nevada Industrial Insurance Act during its first 18
months. The Nevada law is an elective system, b u t compulsory as to public em
ployees. The report shows 813 contributors w ithin the act, 364 of which are in the
mining and smelting industry. The average number of employees is 10,709—748 of
which were employed in mining and smelting. In the mining and smelting industry
the average yearly premium for each employee was $26.28, or at a rate of $2.10 per
$100 of pay roll. The commission gives administration expenses as 11.13 per cent of
premium income.
During the period covered 1,849 accidents were reported, 986 of which resulted in
incapacity of less than two weeks. The fatal cases numbered 53.
Inspector o f Mines.
B ie nn ial Report, 1913 and 1914-
CarsomCity, 1915.
52 pp.
Contains a review of the mining development and operations during the period
covered, a report of the inspection work, reports in detail of fatal accidents, and in
somewhat less detail of nonfatal accidents causing the stoppage of work for 10 con
secutive days or more.
N ew H a m p s h ire .— Bureau o f Labor. Tenth B iennial Report f o r the fiscal period
ending August 31, 1914■
Concord, 1914-
98 pp.
Presents statistics of labor disputes, workmen’s compensation, accidents, occupa
tional diseases, and report of the State board of arbitration, with a directory of manu
facturing and mechanical establishments.
The recommendations of the commissioner included: (1) The workmen’s compen
sation law to include all employees, w ith the possible exception of agricultural and
domestic service; (2) a law regulating employment agencies; (3) a factory-inspection
law; (4) th at authority be given inspectors to require safety devices to be placed upon
dangerous machinery; (5) that provision be made for proper ventilation and lighting
in factories, with some central supervision over sanitary conditions; (6) th at one of the
factory inspectors be a woman who has had five years’ practical experience as a worker
in a New Hampshire factory ; (7) a law to be enacted requiring one day’s rest in seven.
Children's Commission.
cord, 1914. 136 pp.
Report to the governor and legislature, January, 1915.
Con
Report is in two parts, part 1 giving the preliminary statement and summarizing
existing conditions in the State, and part 2 giving detailed reports on subjects investi
gated by the commission, accompanied by statistical tables. A bill creating a State
board of children’s guardians is also submitted.
The report gives the commission’s recommendations for immediate action, as follows:
“ 1. The establishment of a centralized State administrative agency responsible for
all the children of the State, organized with adequate powers of execution as well
as supervision.
“ 2. The establishment of a colony for feeble-minded girls and women of child
bearing age.
“ 3. The appointment of probation-truant officers equipped to do preventive work in
all police districts, thus minimizing and at the same time making effective the work
of juvenile courts throughout the State.
“ 4. Compulsory supervision of all public schools, with a clear definition of the
respective powers of school boards and school superintendents, and compulsory
reporting by rural teachers to their superintendents of all conditions which are a
to child welfare in their districts.”
Digitized formenace
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N ew J e r s e y .—Board o f Tenement House Supervision.
1915.
Eleventh Report.
Paterson,
106 pp.
Covers the work of the commission in the State and supervision of the construction
and reconstruction of tenem ent houses, including the inspection of such houses to
insure safe and sanitary conditions. The work of the commission is described in
detail.
Employers’ L ia b ility Commission. Appointed fo r the purpose o f observing the opera
tion o f the Employers’ L ia b ility Act. Reportfo r the year 1914- Trenton, 1915. 48 pp.
Reviews the operations of the workmen’s compensation act in New Jersey, and in
conclusion submits the following recommendations:
“ 1. The passage of a resolution providing for the submission to the people of a con
stitutional amendment which will enable the legislature to pass a compulsory work
m en’s compensation law, including compulsory insurance. U ntil such amendment
has been adopted the present elective law should be continued in force, with supple
ments and amendments as hereinafter proposed.
“ 2. In our former reports we have pointed out th at the law was gravely defective
in th at the injured person or his dependents had no assurance of paym ent in the event
of the insolvency of the employer. As this serious defect can only be remedied by a
system of compulsory insurance, we now recommend the passage of a compulsory
insurance act, for the protection of the employer from financial disaster and the assur
ance to those persons entitled to compensation, of the payments provided by law.
In recommending this we have in mind the fact that it is quite as necessary for the pro
tection of the employer as for the employee, as otherwise he may be forced out of
business and into bankruptcy owing to his failure to voluntarily cover his liability
by insurance.
“ 3. The creation of a New Jersey workmen’s compensation State insurance fund.
In any scheme of compulsory insurance, the establishing of a State fund would seem
to be essential to insure equitable rates on the part of the privately owned companies
and associations, and to prevent the establishing of a monopoly by agreement or other
wise, by these companies. On the other hand, we desire to place the greatest empha
sis on the necessity for safeguarding the State insurance fund and placing i t on a
scientific basis, by requiring the commissioner of banking and insurance, who will
administer it, to conform to all of the rules and regulations which are imposed by him
on these other companies.
“ 4. The passage of an act supplementing the act establishing the departm ent of
labor, imposing additional duties on and giving additional powers to the commissioner
of labor, and providing for the organization of a bureau of workmen’s compensation
in th at departm ent in order to secure more efficient administration of the compensa
tion act.
“ 5. The passage of an act requiring certain protective clauses in all policies of lia
bility insurance issued in this State.
“ 6. In connection w ith the departm ent of labor we have given careful consideration
to the practicability of bringing w ithin the operation of the compensation law such
occupational diseases as can be clearly traced to causes connected with the different
trades. As a m atter of abstract justice there can be no question as to the right of the
workmen to compensation for injury received as a necessary result of the conditions
of employment, bu t heretofore the difficulty in clearly defining the responsibility has
prevented the inclusion of occupational diseases in the compensation acts of the
various States, including New Jersey.
“ Based on the report received from the commissioner of labor, a copy of which is
submitted herewith, we recommend the bringing within the operation of the law of
certain occupational diseases; in a supplemental report we will submit a proposed
form of amendment covering this subject.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
41
“ 7. The passage of a number of amendments to the present compensation act, of
which the most im portant are the following:
“ Increase of all schedules from the presen t basis of 50 per cent of wages to 66| per cent.
“ Increase of minimum payments to $6 instead of $5 and of maximum to $12 instead
of $10.
“ Increase of death payments to 400 weeks instead of 300.
. “ Increase of total permanent disability payments to life instead of 400 weeks.
“ Provision for appeal to court for additional medical services in exceptional cases.
‘‘ While we are convinced as to the justice of these increases in the rates of compensa
tion, we would hesitate to recommend them if the plan did not also include a scheme
of compulsory insurance which will scientifically distribute the risk. We therefore
respectfully suggest that our recommendations should be considered as a whole and
not in detached parts.
‘‘ Suggested forms for the above-mentioned resolution, acts, and amendments will be
submitted in a supplementary report.
‘‘ The total amount appropriated for the expenses of the commission for the year
1914 was $3,500. This has been expended to date approximately as follows: Salary
of secretary, $2,000; stenographers, $930; clerk, $110; distributor, $420.87; secretary’s
expenses, $8.05; office supplies, $15.50; commissioners’ expenses, $11.20; total,
$3,495.62.
‘‘ I t must be apparent to the most casual observer th at to provide any real supervision
of the operation of the workmen’s compensation law, a more liberal provision must be
made. Under the circumstances we have only been able to do the clerical work nec
essary for the tabulation of reports received from employers and insurance companies,
and have had no means at our disposal to enable us to determine to what extent the
purpose of the law has been defeated by the failure of employers to meet their obli
gations. Our report as to the actual operation of the law must, therefore, be limited
to these statistics which are at best incomplete and unsatisfactory.
“ On this account we welcome this opportunity to bring to your attention the result
of investigation of the working of our law, which has recently been made by a com
mittee of the American Association for Labor Legislation.
“ If our recommendations as to the enlarging of the powers and duties of the depart
ment of labor, the establishing of a bureau of workmen’s compensation in th at depart
ment, and the establishing of the State insurance fund are adopted, we strongly
recommend that sufficient funds be provided to enable these agencies to render
effective service.
“ In conclusion, if our work meets with your approval and our recommendations are
adopted, there would seem to be no necessity for the continuance of this commission.
We esteem it a high privilege to have been associated with the constituted authorities
in the great work of establishing a system of workmen’s compensation in this State.
The law, while not yet perfect in its operation, marks one of the greatest advances of
our generation in establishing more equitable relations between the employer and
employee, and in securing justice to the great body of workers on whose welfare must
depend, to a great degree, the future well-being of our State.”
N ew Y o rk .—Department o f Labor. Second A n n u a l Ind ustrial Directory , 1913.
Albany, 1915.
787 pp.
The report is in two parts, the first comprising tables of statistics cf factories and
factory employees, by geographical and industrial distribution; the second a register
of individual factories by firm names.
Department o f Labor. B u lle tin No. 69.
March, 1915. 41 PP-
Ldleness o f organized wage earners in 1914.
Contains statistics of monthly returns from representative trades-unions for the year
1914, with te x t discussion and comparisons with previous years.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
42
MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
The following table summarizes the statistics of the report, showing the per cent of
idle wage earners in representative trades-unions for each month, 1902 to 1914, inclusive:
Year.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
A pr.
May.
June.
Ju ly .
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
1902.....................
1903.....................
1904.....................
1905.....................
1906.....................
1907.....................
1908.....................
1909.....................
1910.....................
1911.....................
1912.....................
1913.....................
1914.....................
20.9
20.5
25.8
22.5
15.0
21.5
30.9
29.3
24.5
20.7
25.8
38.2
32.3
18.7
17.8
21.6
19.4
15.3
20.1
37.5
26.5
22.4
24.8
17.6
33.4
30.7
17.3
17.6
27.1
19.2
11.6
18.3
37.5
23.0
22.6
25.6
18.8
21.8
28.3
15.3
17.3
17.0
11.8
7.3
10.1
33.9
20.3
16.0
21.3
13.3
21.7
23.6
14.0
20.2
15.9
8.3
7.0
10.5
32.2
17.1
14.5
27.2
20.1
22.9
22.7
14.5
23.1
13.7
9.1
6.3
8.1
30.2
17.4
15.4
22.9
22.8
22.2
25.5
15.6
17.8
14.8
8.0
7.6
8.5
26.8
13.9
19.4
15.5
21.1
20.8
32.5
7.1
15.4
13.7
7.2
5.8
12.1
24.6
11.9
22.3
11.7
9.1
19.6
30.3
6.3
9.4
12.0
5.9
6.3
12.3
24.6
14.5
12.5
11.2
5.9
16.2
24.3
11.2
11.7
10.8
5.6
6.9
18.5
23.1
13.7
15.0
11.6
7.4
19.3
24.9
14.3
16.4
11.1
6.1
7.6
22.0
21.5
13.3
17.5
20.0
15.3
27.8
35.8
22.2
23.1
19.6
11.1
15.4
32.7
28.0
20.6
27.3
34.2
30.1
40.0
35.7
Mean, 1902-1913
25.6
22.9
21.7
17.1
17.5
17.1
15.8
13.4
11.4
12.9
16.1
25.4
The report in summarizing states:
T hat there was more idleness in 1914 than in 1913.
T hat there was less idleness on account of labor disputes, this decrease occurring
in the first half of the year only.
That the increased idleness was due entirely to a lessened demand for labor.
T hat in the first half of the year the total idleness was practically the same for the
period as a whole as in the first half of 1913, but that unemployment (idleness due to
the condition of trade) was nearly 7 points higher.
T hat in the second half of the year, also, unemployment idleness was nearly 7 points
higher than in the corresponding period of 1913.
T hat unemployment was greater not only in every industry represented in the
returns but also in nearly every month in every industry.
T hat unemployment for the year, as a whole, nearly equaled th at for 1908, which
was the highest in recent years.
Ind ustrial Commission. Department o f Labor. Bureau o f Statistics and Inform ation.
B u lle tin No. 70. New York court decisions concerning labor laws, fro m October,
1913, to January, 1915. June, 1915. 118 pp.
Industrial Commission. Department o f Labor. Bureau o f Statistics and Inform ation,
B u lle tin No. 71. Government labor reports, October, 1913, to May, 1915. June
1915. 29 pp.
An annotated list of Government reports in continuation of similar lists published
from 1905 to 1913 in the former quarterly bulletin of the department. The list is
arranged in four divisions: United States reports, State reports, foreign reports, and
periodicals.
Department o f Labor. In d u stria l Board. B u lle tin No. 8. Ind ustrial code. Rules
relating to the construction, guarding, equipment, maintenance, and operation of
elevators and hoistways in factories. I n effect January 1, 1915. 14 pp.
Department o f Labor. Ind ustrial Board. B u lle tin No. 8. Ind ustrial code as amended.
I n effect A p r il 15, 1915. 14 PPDepartment o f Labor.
Ind ustrial Board. B u lle tin No. 9.
Ind ustrial code. Rules
on sanitation o f factories and mercantile establishments. I n effect A p r il 15, 1915.
30 pp.
Department o f Labor.
Ind ustrial Board. B u lle tin No. 10. In d u stria l code. Rules
relating to the equipment, maintenance, and sanitation o f foundries and the employ
ment o f women in core rooms. I n effect A p r il 15, 1915. 13 pp.
Department o f Labor.
Ind ustrial Board. B u lle t in N o . il.
In d u s tria l code. Rules
relating to the m illing-industry and malt-house elevators. I n effect A p r il 15, 1915.
6 pp.
Department o f Labor.
Ind ustrial Board. B u lle tin No. 12.
In d u stria l code. Rules
relating to the removal o f dust, gases, and fumes. I n effect May 15, 1915. 13 pp.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY KEVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
l e w Y o rk C ity .— Mayor’s Committee on
February 5, 1915.
Unemployment.
F irst form al
43
report,
14 pp-
Gives in detail the report of the committee and its 6 subcommittees on: (1) Facts
regarding existing conditions of unemployment; (2) immediate private and public
employment opportunities; (3) relief needs and measures and the cooperation of pri
vate and public agencies of relief; (4) unemployment among women; (5) cooperation
of business and industry to promote employment; (6) national, State, and munici
pal policies.
N o rth C a ro lin a .—Department o f Labor and P rin tin g . Twenty-eighth A n n u a l Report.
Raleigh, 1914-
294 pp.
Contains chapters, almost entirely statistical, relating to condition of farmers, the
trades, giving preference to labor organization, wages, and methods of payment,
increase or decrease in wages, miscellaneous factories, cotton, woolen, and silk mills,
furniture factories, newspapers, railroads, and employees. The labor laws of North
Carolina are also reproduced.
The commissioner, commenting on the need for new labor legislation, says:
1. The passage of a specific 10-hour day and 60-hour week law. The law as enacted
by the legislature of 1911 has proven unsatisfactory and insufficient.
2. A specific age lim it prohibiting children under 13 years from working in any kind
of manufacturing establishment or in messenger service, or appearance in theaters in
any capacity (excepting, of course, attendance as auditors), or in any employment
whatsoever during the hours in which the public schools are in session.
3. That all manufacturing and other concerns of whatever kind, addressed by the
departm ent of labor and printing for information for use in the compilation of its report,
be required to answer promptly to the best of their knowledge and belief.
4. T hat the law designating the commissioner of labor and printing inspector of
mines be repealed, unless appropriation sufficient to put the present law into practice
is made. This would include the services of an active inspector, preferably, if not
essentially, a graduate of a school of mining.
5. Laws governing safety appliances and sanitation.
6. The passage of a law providing for inspection of factories and workshops, of what
ever kind, to the end th at the child-labor law, the limited-hours law, the fire-escape
law, and such laws of sanitation and safety as the legislature may see fit to enact, may
be enforced, such inspectors to act as statistical or census agents for this department.
Bearing especially upon the hours of labor and the inspection provision above
referred to, I am constrained to believe th at so long as the lack of confidence between
the advocates of restrictive and corrective measures and the manufacturers continue
to exist, there is small hope for either side of the controversy bringing in a satisfactory
bill. As it appears to this department, it is too much a game of hare and hounds, and
the time has come for some member of the general assembly, who is an independent
thinker, and one who has the courage of his convictions, to draft a bill th at 'will take
care of the situation.
I do not wish to be understood as taking sides on the proposition. This department
interprets its duties as covering the enforcement of whatever laws may be passed as
far as the authority vested in it will permit; but, at the same time, it feels th at it should
guard the rights of the manufacturers as zealously as it should the rights of the em
ployees. This is a time for m utual effort, and not a time for mistrust to be allowed
to obstruct the State’s march of progress.
N orth. D a k o ta .—-Department o f Agriculture and Labor. Thirteenth B ie nn ial Report
fo r the term ending June SO, 1914.
Devils Lake, 1914■
US pp.
Devoted chiefly to agricultural statistics.
O hio .— In d u stria l Commission. B u lle tin , January 1, 1915 (vo l. 2, No. 1). 48 p p .
Contains articles on evolution of workmen’s compensation legislation, woik of the
department of investigation and statistics, factors th a t determine the individual
rate of an employer, important committee appointments, three special rulings of the
industrial commission, a day in the claims department, rate revision as adopted by
resolution of the commission, ruling relative to application of the United States
revenue law to the industrial commission.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
44
MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
Ind ustrial Commission. B u lle tin , February 1, 1915 (vo l. 2, No. 2). 52 pp.
Contains the first annual report of the industrial commission covering the fiscal
year ending November 15, 1914, describing the organization of the commission and
the Work of its various departments and divisions. The scope of the commission’s
work will be indicated by its organization into departments and divisions, as follows:
1. Executive.
2. Department of workmen’s compensation—State insurance.
(а) Division of auditing.
(б) Division of rating.
(c) Division of claims.
3. Department of inspection.
(а) Division of workshops and factories.
(б) Division of boiler inspection.
(c) Division of steam engineers.
(d ) Division of mines.
4. Department of investigation and statistics.
(а) Division of investigation and statistics.
(б) Division of employment offices.
(c) Division of mediation and arbitration.
5. Department of film censorship.
The operations under the workmen’s compensation act for the fiscal year ending
November 15, 1914, show a total of over 58,000 claims disposed of. During the same
period the State insurance fund received as premiums over $2,900,000 and paid out
for compensation, medical, surgical, hospital, and nursing services, medicines, and
funeral expenses over $1,229,000. The average award under the act was $41.10; the
average medical award, including funeral, $9.
Ind ustrial Commission. Department o f Investigation and Statistics. Report No. 4.
Ind ustrial accidents in Ohio, January 1 to June 30, 1914■ Columbus, 1915. 324 pp.
Gives in great detail statistics of accidents and of claims and awards.
In d u stria l Commission. Department o f Investigation, and Statistics. Report No. 5.
Union scale o f wages and hours o f labor, May 15, 1914. Columbus, 1915. 96 pp.
Contains in addition to the union scales typical trade agreements. Investigation
made in cooperation with the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, and similar
in scope.
Industrial Commission. Department of Investigation and Statistics.
Deport of the work of the free labor exchanges of Ohio; monthly and weekly statis
tical reports issued in typewritten form and showing new restrictions, renewals, total
applicants for work, help wanted, number referred to positions, and number reported
placed for each of the seven free labor exchanges of the State.
Board o f Health. In d u stria l health hazards and occupational diseases in Ohio, by E. R.
Hayhurst, A . M . , M. I ) ., Director, D ivisio n o f Occupational Diseases. Columbus,
February, 1915. 438 pp.
Presents the results of a special investigation, covering two years, made by direction
of the Ohio General Assembly. Contains chapters on general principles of industrial
hygiene, industrial health hazards, plan, scope, and conduct of the investigation,
health hazards, processes, in detail, classification of occupational diseases, complaints
by industries and processes, special investigations and publicity, and measures of
prevention. Contains numerous illustrations. (Will be summarized in a later num
ber of the R eview'.)
O re g o n .— Bureau o f Labor Statistics and Inspector o f Factories and Workshops. Sixth
B iennial Report, fro m October 1, 1912, to September 30,1914. Salem, 1914- 195 pp.
Describes briefly the inspection and other administrative work of the bureau and
gives statistics of accidents, of labor unions, and of strikes, and miscellaneous statistics.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY EE VIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
In d u stria l Welfare Commission o f the State o f Oregon.
in Portland.
45
Report on the power laundries
Gives the results of an investigation made to learn whether the physical demands
of the work are excessive for the strength of the average woman worker, whether
sufficient ventilation is provided, whether a learner’s period w ith reduced wages is
necessary in all departments, and the extent to which the short week in the industry
interferes with the earning of a living wage. A summary cf the results will appear
xn the next issue of the R eview .
P e n n sy lv a n ia .—Department o f Labor and Industry. Bureau c f Statistics and In fo r
mation. F irs t A n n u a l Report. P art 1, production, wages, employees, immigration,
and unemployment. Harrisburg, 1915. 282 pp.
Contains production statistics, also information concerning immigration and unem
ployment, the latter section including a brief discussion of private employment
agencies, labor contractors, etc., with recommendations in regard to the establishment
of free public employment offices. These recommendations are quoted in full as
follows :
1. That a bureau of employment and immigration be created within the depart
ment of labor and industry, to be in charge of a director under the direction and super
vision of the commissioner of labor and industry.
2. That this bureau be given power to bring about communication between workers
and the employers, and generally to facilitate the distribution of native and immigrant
labor throughout the State.
3. T hat this bureau be given the power to license, supervise, and regulate the
business of all private employment agents, labor contractors, and padroni; and th at the
present employment agency law applying to first and second class cities be repealed.
4. T hat this bureau be given the power to investigate and inspect all labor camps
or housing accommodations maintained directly or indirectly in connection w ith any
factory, manufacturing establishment, transportation line, or any business or indus
try^ by any individual, firm, or company whatsoever; to investigate or inspect the
business or place of business of ail immigrant lodging place keepers, and of all steam
ship ticket agents; and generally to investigate and inspect all kinds of business affect
ing the welfare and conditions of immigrants and aliens within the State.
5. That this bureau be given the power to hold hearings, take testimony, make
investigations^ and inquiries, and to take steps toward prosecution w ith reference to
all matters w ithin its jurisdiction; and that it be given authority to entertain and
investigate^ any and all complaints of aliens against any individual, firm, company,
or corporation whatsoever; and th at it be given authority to entertain and investigate
any and all complaints against any employment agent; and to cooperate with any
properly constituted authorities in the prosecution of offenders.
6. That, finally, this bureau be given authority and be required to cooperate with
all officials and authorities of the United States,"or of any State, or of this Stata* for
the common good and welfare of all employees and employers, and of all citizens and
immigrants residing within the State.
Department o f Labor and Industry.
7). 174 pp.
Monthly B ulle tin, December, 1914 (vol 1 No
Contains articles on the new accident report form, the new standard code of the
cause of accidents, the value of eye goggles, and the departmental report for 1913 and
1914. The departmental report reviews the work of the department for the year and
reproduces the safety standards of the industrial board, covering the subjects of power
transmission machinery, standard railings and toe boards, stationary steam engines,
machine tools, forging and stamping, polishing and grinding, compressed air, wood
working machinery, and bakeshops. Suggested rules and regulations for the erec
tion, construction, etc., of moving-picture theaters, adopted as recommendations by
the industrial board, are also included.
Department o f Labor and Industry. Monthly B ulle tin, January, 1915 (vo l. 2, No. 1).
Harrisburg, 1915.
98 p p .
Contains report of (1) accidents reported during 1915, (2) inspection of tobacco and
stogy factories in Pennsylvania, and (3) conditions of women in mercantile establish
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
46
MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
mente in Philadelphia. The last of these reporte, which takes up 84 of the 98 pages
of the bulletin, will be summarized in the next issue of the R eview .
Industrial accidents to the number of 38,126 were received and classified as to the
industries in which they occurred and the nature of the injuries received. Only acci
dents involving a loss of over 2 days are included. As Pennsylvania was without a
compensation law it may be assumed that this number does not represent all the
accidents in Pennsylvania industries under the definition given of reported accidents.
These accidents involved a wage loss to employees of $1,048,504 and a working-day
loss of 426,824 days, or approximately an average loss of 12 days for each person in
jured. The number of persons actually dependent on the wage earners injured was
64,076, so that in reality the income was temporarily taken away from over 100,000
persons during the year. In other words, taking the population of the State to be,
in round numbers, 7,700,000, one person out of every 77 in the Commonwealth was
directly affected.
The following table shows the number of persons injured, by industries and nature
of injuries, and also the number of dependents.
IN D U S T R IA L A C C ID E N TS IN V O L V IN G A W O R K IN G T IM E LO SS O F O V E R TW O DA Y S,
B Y IN D U S T R IE S AN D CLASS O F IN J U R IE S , P E N N S Y L V A N IA , 1914.
[N ot including accidents reported to th e d e p artm e n t of mines or to the pub lic service commission.]
Persons injured u n d e r each class of injuries.
Industries.
Frac
Blood
tures, Loss
B u m s Crushes Cuts
H er pois P unc
sprains,
and
and
of
and
on ture.
lacera
and
nia.
scalds. bruises. tions. disloca p arts.
ing.
tions.
N ursery products—P lan ts
and flowers.......................
Engineering a n d labora1
to ry service.......................
B uilding tra d e s..................
35
Chemical an d allied produ c t s . ...................................
56
Clay, glass, an d stone
p ro d u cts............................
48
Clothing m anufacture.......
2
Food a n d k indred produ c ts .....................................
19
Lea Offer a n d ru b b e r goods.
14
1
L iquors a n d beverages___
L u m b er an d its rem anufacture ...............................
2
P a p e r an d p a p er products.
20
P rin tin g tra d e s ...................
2
T ex tiles.................................
18
Miscellaneous p ro d u c ts .. .
33
4
L aun d ries.............................
M etals an d m etal produ c ts ..................................... 1,973
Mines an d q u a rrie s............
33
P ublic service.....................
755
1
Tobacco and its p roducts.
1
Unclassified industries__
T o tal........................... 3,018
Total
de
Un- T otal. pend
clasents.
sified.
7
19
32
749
41
1,145
2
4
1
9
284
12
232
8
149
4
15
i
25
185
149
105
1
i
3
7
21
528
792
311
19
480
16
131
14
10
2
5
10
2
49
2
1,046
1,518
34
89
74
12
104
76
14
44
27
12
2
3
1
1
5
4
1
11
2
1
275
201
41
249
194
65
68
136
51
119
110
5
147
83
41
162
87
2
27
45
11
60
55
2
1
6
4
4
5 ..........
4
1
1
8
4
1
8
7
2
2
7
1
9
10
1
261
300
111
386
309
17
246
222
66
245
388
8
6 ,6G0
221
6,489
11
5
5,965
311
3,386
3
1
2,774
93
2,567
2
3
161
5
12
1
53
75
14
16
975 18,932
9
681
091 14,167
18
10
30,796
1,244
26,772
16
16
14,800 11,275
6,130
223
73
114
616 1,817 38,126
64,076
i
5
1
5
2
296
9
237
The injuries which resulted fatally and nonfatally, the wages lost and the number
of working days lost are shown in the following table.
•
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
47
MONTHLY REVIEW OP THE BUREAU OP LABOR STATISTICS.
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS, FATAL AND NONFATAL, INVOLVING A W ORKING TIME LOSS
OF OVER TWO DAYS, PENNSYLVANIA, 1914.
[Not including accidents reported to the departm ent of mines or to the public service commission.]
N um ber of pei sons injured—
Industries.
Male.
N ursery prod u cts—P lan ts and flowers.
Engineering an d lab o rato ry service___
B uilding tra d e s ......................... ................
Chem ical and allied p roducts.................
Clay, glass, a n d stone p ro d u c ts.............
Clothing m a n u fa c tu re !............................
Food a nd kindred p ro d u c ts....................
L eather and ru b b e r goods.......................
L iquors a nd beverages.............................
L u m b er and its rem an u factu re.............
P a p e r and p a p er p ro d u cts.......................
P rin tin g tra d e s.. ! ......................................
T e x tile s........................................................
Miscellaneous p ro d u cts............................
L aundries......................................
M etals and m etal p ro d u c ts.....................
Mines a nd quarries............. ......................
P ublic service.............................................
Tobacco and its p ro d u cts........................
Unclassified in d u strie s.............................
T o tal..................................................
Fem ale.
1
6
32
31
38
1
1
5
1
8
4
10
11
1
158
26
42
1
1
i
377
N um ber
of days
lost.
N onfatally.
F atally .
2
Male.
Wages
lost.
Fem ale.
32
2
1
28
221
5,552
4'783
12'183
'565
2,875
1,977
'580
2,686
2'628
1,559
4,184
3,294
237
225,372
6' 302
1 5 l'318
356
124
$147
488
13,918
9! 565
24.368
997
5,693
4,044
1,553
5,441
4,683
3,002
7; 230
7,173
595
547,026
Kb 104
398' 299
'884
294
220
426,824
1,048,504
5
23
715
496
997
43
248
195
40
251
278
99
310
292
8
18,755
1
3
2
1
11
11
26
1
2
18
12
65
5
8
19
14,093
16
8
37,527
In the following table is shown the number of accidents which occurred under each
of three specified causes. In 86.6 per cent of the accidents th e cause was not stated.
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS INVOLVING A W ORKING TIME LOSS OF OVER TWO DAYS,
BY CAUSES, PENNSYLVANIA, 1914.
• [Not including accidents reported to the department of mines or to the public service commission.]
Cause.1
Industries.
Lack of
Defective
equipm ent. safeguards.
N ursery products—P lan ts and flowers.............. , ...............
Engineering and laboratory service......................................
B uilding tra d e s ................. ! ....................................................
Chemical a nd allied p ro d u cts.................................................
Clay, glass, an d stone p ro d u cts.............................................
Clothing m a n u fa c tu re !..........................................................
Food and k in d re d p ro d u c ts...................................................
L eather a nd ru b b e r goods......................................................
L iquors and beverages.............................................................
L um ber and its rem an u factu re.............................................
P aper and pap er p ro d u cts......................................................
P rin tin g trades * ______________ ___________________
1
1
3
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
3
Miscellaneous p ro d u cts............................................................
L aundries....................................................................................
M etals and m etal p ro d u c ts.....................................................
Mines and quarries...................................................................
P ublic service.............................................................................
Tobacco and its pro d u cts........................................................
Unclassified in d u stries............................................................
47
2
10
47
T o ta l.................................................................................
66
66
6
Careless
m ethods.
2
2
47
69
123
3
29
44
6
43
44
25
63
52
1
2,989
23
1,297
4
5
30
699
456
920
52
243
157
35
218
253
86
321
254
14
15,849
656
12,851
14
10
4,866
33,123
1 Figures do not total 38,126. Figures are given as shown in the report.
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48
MONTHLY EEVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
Five hundred and thirty-five establishments are engaged in the manufacture of
cigars and stogies, employing 33,114 persons, of whom 13,049, or 39.4 per cent, were
males and 20,065, or 60.6 per cent, were females.
During the year 1914, 111 of these factories were inspected, attention being given
chiefly to ventilation, lighting, toilets and other conveniences, and general cleanli
ness. One shop was ordered closed for the reason that no toilet was available.
Measurement of the workrooms disclosed the fact th at none were overcrowded
beyond the legal requirement of 250 cubic feet of air space for each person. The
factories inspected employed 11,141 persons, 27.5 per cent of whom were males and
72.5 per cent females. The number of employees under 16 years of age was 49 males
and 396 females.
As a result of these inspections the report makes the following recommendations:
No minor under 16 years of age should be employed in factories engaged in the
manufacture of tobacco products.
Sufficient air, of suitable temperature and humidity, should be provided. If
necessary, mechanical means for accomplishing this should be installed.
Adequate wash, dressing, and lunch rooms, properly separated from the workrooms,
should be provided. Employees should not be allowed to remain in the workrooms
during lunch hour, and the rooms should be thoroughly aired during this time.
Windows should be kept clean, and artificial lights should be properly arranged
and so shaded as to protect the eyes of the workers.
Ind ustrial Accident Commission. Report , 1915. 51 p p .
The report of a commission appointed by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to
investigate and report w ith reference to the advisability of workmen’s compensation
legislation. The Pennsylvania Legislature in its session of 1915 enacted a compensa
tion act.
R h o d e Is la n d .— Factory Inspection Department. Twenty-first A n n u a l Report. P rovi
dence, 1915.
13 pp.
A brief statistical review of factory inspection work. The report urges the necessity
of providing adequate means of egress from factories and workshops in case of fire.
S o u th D a k o ta .—State Inspector o f Mines. Tiveniy-fifth A n n u a l Report fo r the year
ending November 1, 1914.
23 pp.
Contains descriptions of the principal mines of the State and statistics of mine
accidents. The report shows only 14 accidents, 4 of which were fatal, during the year.
The number of persons employed in mines is given as A,040, 1,344 of whom were
employed under ground.
T e n n e s s e e .— M in ing Department. Twenty-fourth A n n u a l Report. M ineral resources
o f Tennessee, 1914•
Nashville, 1915.
147 pp.
A list of the principal mineral products of the State is given, including the character
and condition of the mine, its production, employees, wages, days in operation, and
industrial accidents.
The report shows 24 fatal and 129 nonfatal accidents in the Tennessee coal mines.
The average number of persons employed is given as 10,948.
U ta h .— Department o f Mines and M ining. Tenth B ie n n ia l Report, 1913 and 1914.
S alt Lake, 1915.
149 pp.
Contains in detail the results of the inspection work of the department, fatal acci
dents, and coal production. A total of 16 fatal and 63 nonfatal accidents was reported
to the departm ent during the period. The number of men employed is given as 4,641.
V e rm o n t .— Factory Inspector. F irs t B ie nn ial Report. Rutland, 1914. 47 pp.
Reviews the operations of the factory inspector and gives detailed reports of fatal
accidents and a summary of nonfatal accidents. The inspector submits certain sug
gestions for new legislation in regard to reporting accidents, sanitation of factories,
fire escapes, opening of doors outward, handrails for stairs, elevator guards, the
guarding of machinery, heating and ventilating, and the protection of stone cutters
from stone dust.
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V irg in ia.—Bureau o f Labor and Ind ustrial Statistics.
1914-
Richmond, 1914.
49
Seventeenth A n n u a l Report,
192 pp.
Devoted chiefly to statistics of the various industries of the State, showing capital
invested, value of product, wages paid, and the wage rates for the various occupa
tions. The section devoted to the enforcement of labor laws gives the permits issued
allowing employment of children between the ages of 12 and 14, gives the results by
industries of the bureau’s inspection and shows in detail the record of prosecutions
against persons violating the labor laws. Report on coal mines shows a total of 26
fatal and 320 nonfatal accidents during 1914.
W a sh in g to n .— Bureau o f Labor. The safety-first movement in factories, m ills, and
workshops in the State o f Washington fo r 1914■
24 pp-
Shows the work in the interest of safety and the progress of the movement in
Washington.
Inspector o f Coal Mines. Sixteenth B ie nn ial Report fo r the period ending December 13,
1914- Olympia, 1915. 117 pp.
Gives statistics of mine production, including also days in operation and wages.
The report shows 22 fatal accidents in 1913 and 17 in 1914 and 773 nonfatal accidents
in 1913 and 831 in 1914.
W est V irg in ia .-—Bureau o f Labor. Twelfth B ie nn ial Report, 1913 and 1914. 218 pp Contains sections on statistics of manufactures, the work of inspection, labor unions
in West Virginia, oil and gas industries, an industrial directory of the State, and the
labor laws of West Virginia.
W isconsin .— In d u stria l Commission. Labor camps in Wisconsin. 48 pp.
Contains the result of a special investigation of 65 camps, capable of accommo
dating 5,000 men. The investigation included railroad camps of all im portant roads
in the State, lumber camps, ice camps, and also camps of dock laborers, sugar-beet
laborers, paper-mill workers, and laborers employed on the country roads.
Ind ustrial Commission.
Report o f old-age relief, issued March 1, 1915.
76 pp.
The report contains sections on the problem of old-age dependence, methods of oldage relief, proposed plans of old-age relief, condition of the aged in Wisconsin, and
foreign systems of old-age relief.
Ind ustrial Commission. Employment forbidden to children under 16 years o f age,
issued January 1,1915.
The prohibitive employments contained in this order are in two classes—those
where any child under 16 years of age may not be employed, and those where any
child under 18 years of age may not be employed.
FO R EIG N COUNTRIES.
A ustralia (Commonwealth ) .— B u re a u of Census and S ta tistics, L a b o r and Ind us
t r ia l B ranch. R eport No. 3 ( m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u strie s in Commonwealth,
1912). M elbourne. 58 pp.
Contains the results of a special census of m anufactures in November, 1912;
covers 14,878 establishm ents employing 292,329 workmen. Wage returns were
obtained from 90 per cent of all establishm ents reporting, including 97 per cent
of the total num ber of employees reported. The total am ount of wages paid
during the week ending November 30,' 1912, w as obtained, together w ith the
number of employees exclusive of managers, superintendents, accountants, and
clerks, but inclusive of outworkers. Classified wages were reported for these,
and for pieceworkers the average weekly earnings.
4339°—15— 4
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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS,
N U M B E R O F E M P L O Y E E S IN M A N U F A C T U R E S , C L A S S IF IE D
N O V E M B E R , 1912.
In d u stria l class.
New
South
Wales.
V ictoria.
B Y IN D U S T R IE S ,
Queens
South
W est
land.
A ustralia. A ustralia.
Tas
m ania.
Common
w ealth.
MALES.
198
55
510
5,353
3,160
1,224
423
674
212
17
206
1,766
1,473
888
449
409
515
22
481
183
10
71
339
16
68
396
44
308
75
725
45
86
1,326
146
1,056
335
5
150
658
17
142
29
7,587
1,698
11,809
26,489
60,786
31,504
17,427
13,760
514
478
11,238
3,141
8,222
2,298
162
1,703
7,581
653
2,078
64,523
25,944
19,788
13,302
6,527
209,128
2,903
17,457
1,953
2,046
3,188
26,564
2,094
2,332
468
5,710
526
195
474
3,980
518
165
151
2,003
180
95
183
1,048
81
55
7,367
56,762
5,352
4,888
24,359
34,178
6,899
5,137
2,429
1,367
74,369
R aw m a te ria l..................................
Oils a n d f a t ....................................
Stone, clay, e tc ...............................
W ood w orking...............................
M achine industries, e tc ...............
Food, d rin k , e tc .............................
Clothing, etc....................................
P rin tin g , etc....................................
Musical in stru m e n ts...................
A rm s, explosives, e tc ....................
Vehicles, sad d lery , e tc ..................
Shipbuilding, etc............................
F u rn itu re , e tc ................................
D rugs, chem icals...........................
Scientific in stru m en ts...................
Jew elry, etc.....................................
H eat, light, p o w er.........................
L eatherw arê (n. e. i.)..................
Minor w ares (n. e. i.) ..................
3,303
818
5,757
8,138
24,595
9,662
6,095
5,427
337
250
3,788
2,457
3,027
670
66
567
3,308
254
525
2,573
497
3,536
6,027
17,931
8,782
7,838
4,707
159
225
3,883
160
2,447
1,082
66
813
2,248
321
1,228
484
119
563
3,667
6,196
8,459
1,515
1,422
817
192
1,237
1,538
7,431
2,489
1,107
1,121
18
1,330
312
903
28
T o ta l......................................
79,044
Food, d rin k , e tc .............................
C lothing, etc....................................
P rin tin g , etc....................................
A ll o th e rs........................................
T o ta l......................................
3
27
303
FEM ALES.
B u re au of Census and S ta tistics, L a b o r and In d u s tria l B ranch. R eport
No. 4 ( exp en ditu re on liv in g in the Com m onwealth, November, 1913). M el
bourne. 36 pp.
An investigation of the cost of living by means of household budgets covering
four weeks (November 2 to 29, 1913). Number of books sent out 7,000, and
num ber returned filled out 417, or 6 per c e n t; 25 rejected, and retu rn s based on
392 complete fam ily budgets. The average number of persons per family was
5.1. Of the to tal number of fam ilies 183 were those of skilled la b o re rs; un
skilled laborers, 84; clerks, 43; professional men, 34; commercial employees, 35;
ag ricultural laborers, 2; the rem ainder not specified. The average weekly in
come of all 392 fam ilies was £3 16s. Sd. ($18.65), and the average weekly
expenditure was £3 13s. 6d. ($17.8S). Fifty-six and one-tentli per cent of
all the fam ilies were dependent on the income of th e husband alone. The per
centage of expenditures classified th u s:
H o u sin g _____
Food_________
Clothing _____
Fuel and light.
O ther________
12. 36
41.16
13. 61
4. 53
28. 34
T o ta l____________________________________________ 100. 00
B u re au o f Census and S tatistics, L a b o r and In d u s tria l B ranch. R eport
No. 5 (prices, cost of liv in g , wages, trade-unions, unem ploym ent, and gen
eral in d u s tria l conditions, 1913-14). M elbourne. 131 pp.
Contains inform ation in summarized form regarding trade-unions, unemploy
ment, rents, cost of living, and general industrial conditions which have been
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51
the subject of investigation since 1913 by the Commonwealth B ureau of Census
and Statistics.
B ureau o f Census and S ta tistics. O fficial Yearbook o f the Com m onwealth
o f A u s tra lia , con tain ing a u th o rita tiv e sta tis tic s f o r the pe rio d 1901-1913
(No. 7, 1914). 1098 pp.
The m aterial in this book is classified in 34 sections, of which sections 27
and 33 are of interest to labor. Section 27 contains inform ation concerning
trade-unionism and industrial legislation in A ustralia, and section 33 summarizes
labor and industrial statistics of various kinds, such as those relating to labor
organzations, fluctuations in employment and unemployment, changes in rates
of wages, current rates of wages in different States, retail prices, house rents,
cost of living, and wholesale prices.
C ourt o f Conciliatio-n and A rb itra tio n .
( vo l . 7).
A n n u a l A r b itra tio n Reports, 1913
These a re in the form of the usual reports of courts of record. The first
case arising under the A rbitration (Public Service) Act, 1911, th a t concerning
wages and conditions of employment of mechanics and others in the telephone
and telegraph service, is here reported. The court increased the minimum
of 1900 for mechanics in telephone service on three grounds: (1) increased
living cost; (2) increased complexity of w ork required of employees; (3) de
m and for greater efficiency in the service. H ours were reduced to 44 per week
to conform to indoor clerical employments. Replying to the claim of the
trade-unions for prom otions based on seniority, the court s a id : “ Efficiency is
the first consideration, and seniority comes into account only when efficiency
is equal ” (p. 18). Replying to the argum ent th a t security of tenure, leave
of absence, etc., for Government employees should m ilitate against increase of
wages, the court s a id :
“ B ut (1) these are not absolute privileges; they depend largely on the dis
cretion of the chief officers or other authorities, and on the conduct of the
officers as it appears to these authorities; (2) certain of these privileges are
commonly extended now to outside employees by industrial aw ards and indus
tria l agreem ents; (3) a man who becomes a public servant renounces forever
the chance which, even still, many outside the service would have of becoming
th eir own m asters; (4) it can not be supposed th a t th e public of A ustralia,
in granting such privileges a s these, m eant th a t they should be a ground for
giving less wages than would otherwise be proper, or th a t the public servants
should purchase the privilege out of th eir w ages; (5) it is the interest of the
public, an interest which this court should regard as supreme, to a ttra c t men
as good as can be found to the service of such public u tilitie s ” (p. 13).
In the case of the F ederated Gas Employees’ In dustrial Union v. The M etro
politan Gas Co. et al., regarding the fixing of a minimum wage, the court h e ld :
“ I refuse to be affected by the fact th a t one of the employers, w hether by
skillful management, o r by enterprise, or by the hugeness of its output, or by
its good fortune, can make very large profits. The minimum wage * * *
m ust be prim arily based on the needs and the qualifications of the class of
w orkers concerned—not usually, on the affluence of the employer. If the con
ditions and the m erits of the class of w orkers are substantially the same in
the several companies, I ought to prescribe the same m inim um ; otherw ise if I
increase the minimum by reason of wealth, I m ust reduce the minimum by
reason of poverty, and the object of the minimum wage would be defeated ”
(P- 72).
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D e partm ent o f the Treasury. Old-aye Pensions: Statem ent fo r the tw elve
m onths ending June 30, 1914. [M elbourne, 191lt .\ 12 pp.
Contains a report of operations under the Invalid and Old-age Pensions Act
of A ustralia, 1909. There are reported 104,645 pensioners on the rolls June 30,
1914 (S7,7S0 old-age, 16,865 invalid), to whom there was paid in pensions dur
ing the year £2,579,265 ($12,551,994). The average pension paid for the twoweek period ending June 30, 1914, w as 19s. 5d. ($4.72). The cost of adm inis
tration w as reported as 1.8 per cent of the total paid in pensions and asylumbenefit payments.
N ew South W ales.— Commission of In q u iry in to the Question o f the H ousing
of W orkm en in Europe and A m erica.
tions, maps, diag ram s:
Sydney. 1913.
283 pp.
I llu s tr a
This is the report of a commission appointed by the Governor of New
South Wales, August 22, 1912. There are discussed such topics a s : The hous
ing problem ; housing conditions to-day, causes and effects; general trend of
legislation; housing by the S tate; municipal housing; housing by industrial
com panies; housing hy associations; copartnership housing; garden cities;
tenem ent or block dwellings versus cottages; possibility of building good houses
cheaply; town planning as preventive of futu re evils. Legislation is recom
mended looking tow ard (1) a general housing and town planning a c t; (2) an
amendment of the public health, building, and roads acts so as to perm it of a
graduated w idth of streets for different purposes, requiring minimum stan d
ards as to size of lots, regulating buildings thereon, etc., minima as to height
and ventilation, air space and overcrowding; and (3) provision of ru ra l villages
for city workers. A housing and town planning act should lodge general con
trol in a branch of the local government for th a t purpose, and provide for the
m aintenance of full and accurate statistics in regard to housing; the duties of
m unicipalities and counties should comprise careful inspection, power to de
molish slum areas and rebuild, to lay out and purchase land for housing pur
poses, create a connected system of parks, boulevards, and playgrounds, control
factory areas, etc.
Copartnership housing should be encouraged by the loan of moneys from the
savings bank or from a special fund, while the State should also give direct
assistance in providing proper transportation facilities to garden city centers.
O rganization of household service on a common basis is suggested.
In d u s tria l A rb itra tio n Court.
X I I I — 6 p a rts.) Sydney.
The In d u s tria l A r b itra tio n Reports, 191 4 ( V ol .
Contains the reports of cases contested and indu strial agreements entered
into under the A rbitration and Conciliation Act. In the case of The M inister v.
Smith et al., under an aw ard affecting a tran sfe r company of Newcastle and
its employees, it was provided th a t the drivers of wagons should assist one
another in loading. Upon the refusal of the men to do this, but otherwise
continuing their work, the court held, as follow s: “ T hat where men in concert
refuse to work under the existing conditions of their employment, th a t then
th a t act constitutes a strike, and the mere fact th a t they are perm itted to
continue in the employment w ithout being dismissed, even though the em
ployer does not assent to their refusal, does not deprive or destroy the char
acter of strike which those acts co n stitu te” (p. 170).
The w ar having caused considerable disturbance in industry, it became a
problem for the different conciliation boards as to how to meet the demands for
increases in wages in the making of new agreements. The qiiestion was ap
pealed to the court, which, after a somewhat lengthy discussion of the general
economic questions arising out of the war, used the words following:
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“ Government employees and w orkers in tile position of Government em
ployees m ust not look a t present for higher wages; * * * even as to other
workers, the presumption is against any claims for increases. T h at presump
tion may be displaced in special cases, but the burden rests upon the applicants
for higher rate s or shorter hours to do so. The main ground upon which they
m ust base it is, * * * can the increase asked for he given w ithout d etri
ment to the public interest? * * *
“ Why are improved conditions not to be granted even in industries which
have been improved owing to the w ar? The answer is th a t claims for improved
conditions should certainly he heard if w hat we were considering was the con
dition created in the industry by the war, and not the condition created in the
community by the w ar. If an industry is prospering, th e employees get plenty
Of work and the employers plenty of business and both benefit, while in other
industries work is dull and both suffer; but if any output a t all is loaded w ith
heavier expenses, those expenses m ust be borne by the community. It might
very well be th a t to increase the output cost in a prosperous industry would hit
the public h arder than to increase it in a depressed industry. Perhaps a case
in which an industry is prospering, not through mere increased consumption
of the product a t the same price but through higher prices being demanded for
the product simply because the w ar made it specially necessary, might be an
exception” (pp. 311, 312).
Queensland.— D e pa rtm e nt of Labor.
R eport o f the D ire c to r o f L a b o r and
C hief Insp ector o f F actories and Shops f o r the year ending June 30, 1914'.
Brisbane, 191). 131 pp.
A p a rt of the report relates to the labor m arket and the activities of the
public employment bureaus. D uring the year 1913-14, 10,120 applications were
made for positions, 8,934 applications for help were made, and 7,035 places
were found. On M arch 31, 1913, there were reported 2,491 registered factories;
on March 31, 1914, 2,643. The number employed March 31, 1909, was 22,152; on
M arch 31, 1913, 28,666; and on March 31, 1914, 29,117. Of the total males em
ployed as of March 31, 1914, 19 were 13 years of age; 369, 14 y ears; 637, 15
y e a rs; 933, 16 years, and 824, 17 years of age. Among females the numbers for
the corresponding years of age was 14, 335, 594, S15, and S51. D etailed tables
are presented showing wages in different occupations and overtime work.
T asmania .— C hief In sp e cto r o f Factories.
F ir s t A n n u a l R eport of the C hief
Inspector o f F actorie s on the Factories, Wage Boards, and Shops Closing
Acts. H o b a rt, 1912. 60 pp.
The period covered by the report dates from April 1, 1911, to June 30, 1912.
There is presented a summ arized analysis of the acts subject to th e adm inis
tratio n of the factory inspector, who is under the direction of th e D epartm ent
of Public Health. Of the 7,704 employees working in 896 registered factories
a t the end of October, 1911, 79 per cent were male and 21 per cent female, while
a t the end of June, 1912, in 938 registered factories, in which there were 7,841
employees, 80 per cent were males and 20 per cent females. The percentage of
employees in 1911 between 14 and 16 years of age was 7.4, while in 1912 it had
declined to 6.6 per cent. Of the 958 factories registered in 1911, 311 were in
spected by local authorities; and in 1912, of S87 registered, 327 were inspected
by the same authorities. Under the Wages B oard Act boards had been organized
for 20 tr a d e s ; 42 licenses to hire aged, slow, and infirm w orkers had been
granted.
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MONTHLY BEVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
W estebn A ustralia .— C olonial S cre ta ry’s Office. Reports o f proceedings be
fo re the co u rt o f a rb itra tio n ( v o l. 12 ). P erth , 1913. 291, pp.
Contains a report of cases before the court of arb itratio n or its president,
and agreements entered into. There are several appendixes, in one of which
there are listed the minimum wages for certain designated classes, declared
and enforced by the court from tim e to tim e through its proceedings, and also
a table showing wages payable to w orkers in the gold mining and copper mining
industries under various aw ards of the court and under in d u strial agreements
up to December 31, 1912.
Denmark.—A rbejds- og F a b riktU syn e t. B e re tn in g om A rbejds- og F a b rik tilsynets V irksom hed.
A p r il 1 to December 31, 1913.
1,0 [1,1] pp.
Concerns the enforcement of the general factory law of 1901, the safeguarding
of machinery law, 18S9 (both consolidated and amended 1913), th e steamboiler inspection laws, 1875 and 1896, the bakery inspection law, 1912, and the
law on the employment of seasonal im m igrant labor, 1912. The inspectorial
staff consists of a director, two office associates, a clerk, a technical associate,
IS male inspectors and one female inspector, together w ith two consulting experts.
In conformity w ith the above laws, 26,187 inspections were made (4,913 under
factory law ), while the num ber of establishm ents was 26,661, a ratio of 93
inspections to every 100 establishments. There were 39 prosecutions under
the factory law, the largest num ber (17) due to a failu re to keep proper regis
ters of employees and to post notices. The fines assessed am ounted to 980
crowns ($262.64). U nder the bakery law there were 138 prosecutions, giving
rise to fines of 2,222 crowns ($595.50).
The report also contains a list of orders issued in pursuance of the law s men
tioned above.
S ta tis tik e D epartem ent. S ta tis tik Aarbog. 19de A argang, 1911,.
220 [221,] pp.
Copenhagen,
This is the 19th issue of the D anish statistical yearbook; it contains a classi
fied table of contents both in the vernacular and in French, divided into 12
sections, together w ith an index. Of interest to labor are section 2, a p art of
which contains tables of retail and wholesale prices, w ith index num bers of the
latter, and section 5, relating wholly to labor statistics, presenting statistical
inform ation concerning social insurance, unemployment, employment agencies,
strikes and lockouts, hours of labor, wages of both industrial and agricultural
laborers, trade-union statistics, employers’ associations, cooperation, old-age
pensions, and sick-benefit funds.
’F ra n ce — Commission S upérieure de la Caisse 'Nationale des R e tra ite s pour la
Vieillesse. R apport. Année 1913. P aris, 1911,. 109 pp.
Contains account of operations under the old-age and invalidity pensions acts
of 1886, 1898, and 1910 (see Twenty-fourth Annual Report of this Bureau, 1909.
Washington, 1911. pp. 831-945). The number of persons in receipt of pensions
on December 31, 1913, w as 362.876, whose average annual pension am ounted to
132 francs ($25.48) ; five years previous (190S) the number of pensioners w as
306,736, whose average annual pension was 131 francs ($25.28).
Germany .— R eichsam t des In n e rn .
Jahresberichte der Gewerbe-aufsichtsbeam
ten und Bergbehörden f ü r das J a h r 1913 (1, vo ls.). B e rlin , 1911,.
The annual reports of the factory and mine inspectors are, as usual, com
piled separately for each S tate of the Empire w ith a statistical summary in
the final volume of the set. The total number of establishm ents in the empire
subject to inspection in 1913 was 324,524, employing 7.3S8,173 workers, as com
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pared w ith 311,582 establishm ents in 1912, which employed 7,271,725 workers.
The number of establishm ents inspected in 1913 w as 56 per cent of the total,
as compared w ith 54.6 per cent in 1912. The inspections of 1913, however,
covered only 83.3 per cent of the total employed, while those of 1912 covered
84.6 per cent of the employed force.
The total factory inspection force of the States of the Em pire numbered 569
persons, including district heads, factory inspectors, scientific experts, and
women inspectors ; the number of mine inspectors was 123.
F or fu rth e r details concerning factory inspection in Germany reference is
made to Bulletin 142 of this Bureau.
Great Britain.—B o a rd of Education. Correspondence re la tin g to school a t
tendance between the hoard o f education and ce rta in local education
a u th o ritie s since the outbreak o f w a r. London, 1915. 19 pp.
Relates to the possibility of exemption from school attendance of children 13
years of age and over in order th a t these may be employed to assist in the h ar
vesting of the crop, etc., pending the dearth of labor during the war.
B o a rd o f T rade ( D e pa rtm e nt o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s ). In d u s tria l D ire c to ry of
the U nited K in gd om f o r 191If. London, 1911. 287 pp.
This is the ninth publication of its kind. There are listed 1,528 employers’
associations, excluding such organizations as chambers of commerce, of agri
culture and of shipping, trad e protection and insurance societies, and associa
tions existing for objects of a purely commercial or technical character. The
list of trade-unions num bers 1,133 ; there a re listed 111 federations of tradeunions, 284 trades councils, and 4 federations of trades councils. Included are
also 340 voluntary perm anent conciliation and arbitratio n boards and standingjoint committees. Among other associations enum erated are 3,346 coopex*ative
societies and 554 friendly societies.
B o a rd o f T rade ( D e pa rtm e nt o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s ). Seventeenth A b s tra c t of
L a b o r S ta tistics o f the U nited Kingdom . London, 1915. 31/8 pp.
This is in the n ature of a statistical yearbook relating to labor ; the subject
m atter is classified into 11 m ain sections : Employment ; production and con
sumption ; wages and hours of labor ; wholesale and retail prices ; cost of living ;
in d u strial diseases and accidents ; national insurance, workm en’s compensa
tions, and old-age pensions ; strikes and lockouts, and conciliation and a rb itra
tion ; associations of employers and workpeople ; growth, movement, housing,
ages, and occupations of the population; and savings banks and pauperism.
The figures generally relate to the year 1913, although in a few instances those
for 1914 are available.
B o a rd o f Trade. R eport on the state o f em ployment in the U nited K ingdom
in October, 1911. h i PVR e po rt on the state o f employment in the U nited K in gd om in December,
1911. 9 pp.
The retu rn s for October were based on reports from over 20,000 industrial
concerns, while the report for December covers 23,000 in d u strial concerns. The
number of workpeople involved w as approxim ately 4,000,000, or about 43 per
cent of the industrial population of the Kingdom. A summary table follows.
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S T A T E O F E M P L O Y M E N T IN T H E U N IT E D K IN G D O M D U R IN G S E P T E M B E R , O C T O B E R
A N D D E C E M B E R , AS C O M PA R E D W IT H T H E P E R IO D B E F O R E T H E W A R .
Males.
Em ployed in Ju ly .......................................
Still on full t i m e . . _.................
On overtim e................
On short tim e.....................
R eduction in n um bers em ployed.................
K now n b y employers to have joined the
forces.......... ....... *........
N et displacem ent ( —) or replacem ent ( + ) ..
Females.
Septem
ber.
October.
Decem
ber.
Septem
ber.
Per cent.
Per cent.
100. 0
Per cent.
Per cent.
100.0
60.2
3.6
26.0
10.2
8.8
- 1 .4
-
66.8
5.2
17.3
10.7
100.0
65.6
13.0
10.8
10.6
10.6
.1
13.3
+ 2.7
C entral Com m ittee on Women's Em ploym ent.
1/2 pp.
100.0
53.5
2.1
36.0
8.4
-8 .4
In te rim Report.
October.
Decem
ber.
Per cent.
100. 0
P er cent.
61.9
5.9
26.0
6.2
100.0
66.9
10.8
19.1
3.2
- 6 .2
-3 .2
London, 1915.
This is the report of the committee appointed by P arliam ent on August 20,
1914, to consider the opportunities for employment for women left unemployed
on account of the war. The committee studied the possibility of opening up
new trad es for women, but little actual work was attem pted along th a t line.
Two schemes, however, were p u t into operation. The first, promoted by the
Board of A griculture, consisted of opening a canning factory a t Studley Col
lege; the second scheme was an experiment in the employment of working girls
in fru it growing a t Radlett. The experim ents were reported as successful.
Hom e D e partm ent. E xplosions in M ines Committee.
don, 1911[. 17 pp.
S ix th R eport.
Lon
Contains a brief report upon the effect of small quantities of gas on the
inflam m ability of equal m ixtures of coal dust and incombustible dust, concern
in g w atering of coal dust, and concerning experim ents w ith various incombusti
ble dusts. Among the conclusions set forth are the following: (1) The presence
of fire damp may slightly facilitate the inflammation of pure coal dust, yet it
does not diminish appreciably the protective effect of incombustible d u st;
(2) the w etting of coal dust in a gallery can best be effected by a fine mist,
which sinks into and is absorbed by the d u st; (3) all protective action of dust
is m ainly dependent upon its fineness and not upon its chemical com position;
(4) the reduction of the oxygen content of air to as low as 17 per cent does not
seem to insure freedom from explosions.
Hom e Office. M ines and Q uarries.
(3 vo ls.). London, 1914.
General Report, w ith sta tistics, fo r 1913
P a rt 1 consists of statistics of persons employed, output, accidents, etc.,
arranged according to inspection d istricts; p art 2 shows details regarding
la b o r; and p a rt 3 concerning output.
According to this report, the total number of persons employed in and about
mines and quarries in the U nited Kingdom for 1913 was 1,236,211, of whom
1,155,302 w ere employed in and about mines and SO,909 in and about quarries.
Of the persons employed in mines 920,359 worked under ground. There were
C,74S females employed above ground in or about mines. A summ ary table of
persons employed follows.
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P E R S O N S E M P L O Y E D A T A L L M IN ES U N D E R T H E COAL AN D M E T A L L IF E R O U S M IN ES
R E G U L A T IO N ACTS, C L A S S IF IE D A CCO R D IN G TO A G E A N D SE X .
R in d of mine.
Coal mines. Iron mines.
N um ber of mines a t w o rk ....................... .
Other
mines.
Total in
1913.
Total in
preceding
year.
3,121
141
660
3,922
3,910
51,005
844,852
315
13,733
481
15,973
51,801
874,558
50,678
844,807
895,857
14,048
16,454
926,359
895,485
5,517
16,016
186,940
53
374
3,531
13
618
9,133
5,583
17,008
199,604
4,604
15,704
194,633
208,473
3,958
9,764
222,195
215,001
31
811
5,612
6
17
171
31
928
5,789
30
912
5,720
UNDERGROUND.
Males:
U nder 16 years of age.................
Over 16 years of a g e .....................
Total, underground........................
ABOVEGROUND.
Males:
U nder 14 years of age...................
14 to 16 years of age.................
Over 16 years of age..................
Total males.............................
Females:
U nder 14 years of age................................
14 to 16 years of age....................................
Over 16 years of age............................
Total females...........................................
6,554
6
188
6,748
6,662
215,027
3,964
9,952
228,943
221,663
Total underground and aboveground.
1,110,884
18,012
26,406
1,155,302
1,117,148
Percentage of total n u m b e r..............................
Comparison of to tal n u m b er employed
w ith th a t of preceding y ear........................
96.1
1.6
2.3
100.0
100.0
+38,491
+o3
-390
+38,154
+20,910
G rand total, aboveground...........
Home Office. R eport on Conferences between E m ployers, O peratives, and I n
spectors concerning the P recautions necessary fo r H e a lth and S afety in
T in p la te F actories. London, 191Jh 12 pp.
Contains reports of the conferences as stated, as well as the rules which were
adopted a fte r agreement.
Hom e Office.
Explosives.
T h irty -e ig h th A n n u a l R eport o f H is M ajesty's Inspectors of
London, 191Jj. 53 pp.
Contains a report of the annual operations under the Explosives Act of 1875,
and relates to the m anufacture, storage, packing, and transportation of explo
sives, num ber of accidents, etc. In the m anufacture of explosives there were
reported during the course of the year SG accidents, causing the death of 13
persons. As these fata lities were due to only five explosions, it is apparent
th a t the larger portion of the accidents were free from fatal results. However,
the number of deaths is in excess of the yearly average (6.9) for the preceding
10-year period. The num ber of accidents occurring in the use of explosives in
the course of the year w as 403, causing 48 fatalities. Contains summary p ara
graphs as to accidents in handling explosives, etc., in various countries.
Local G overnment B oard. Government B elgian Refugees Committee. F irs t
Report. 62 pp. M inutes o f Evidence. London, 1 9 l\ and 1915. 22Jf pp.
Contains a report of the activities undertaken by the Local Government
Board for the care of Belgian refugees in England. Up to the time of this
report (1914) it was estim ated th a t about 1,000.000 persons, or nearly a
sixth of the total population, had abandoned Belgian so il; of these some
500,000 or more were reported to have fled to Holland, while in England about
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110,000 had arrived. The rem ainder were reported to have fled to France.
The principal work of the committee consisted in finding positions for these
refugees, although only 607 were reported (Dec. 21) to have been placed
through the labor exchanges. The reason why so small a num ber had been
placed was explained by the fact th a t the machinery fo r notifying th e vacancies
to the refugees w as defective, and th a t the labor exchanges w ere required to
conform to certain arduous conditions, viz, (1) th a t they m ust not send un
m arried men of m ilitary age to employers, (2) th a t they m ust not supply Bel
gians until they are satisfied th a t no suitable B ritish laborers are available,
and (3) th a t they m ust not supply Belgians until they are satisfied th a t the
wages paid are equal to those paid by good employers.
Lo ca l G overnm ent B oa rd.
13 pp.
H ousing by Lo ca l A u th o ritie s .
London,
1915.
Contains statem ent of receipts and expenditures by the London County
Council and various local authorities for the housing of the working classes
under the acts of 1890 and 1903. The average yearly receipts during a threeyear period are reported as £69,542 ($338,426). The average yearly expendi
tu res for the same period, including loan charges, are £64,511 ($313,943).
Lo ca l G overnm ent Board. R eport o f the Special W o rk of the L o cal Govern
m ent B o a rd A ris in g out o f the W ar. (U p to 31st December, 1914.) London,
1915. 42 pp.
Statem ent of the relief work of various kinds necessitated by conditions
arising from the war, which were met largely by distributing w ar and other
Government contracts so as to provide the greatest am ount of employment, and
by providing new work on roads, etc. The Government road board arranged
to make grants to the extent of £450,000 ($2,1S9,925) to be placed on projects
involving an expenditure of over £1,000,000 ($4,866,500).
Lo ca l G overnment Board. Unemployed W orkm en A ct, 1905, R eport as to the
Proceedings of D istress Committees in E ng la nd and Wales and o f the
C entral Unemployed B ody f o r Lo ndon d u rin g the yea r ended M arch
31, 1911h
There were received, in England and Wales, 24,300 applications for out-ofwork assistance, of which num ber 16,349 w ere acted upon favorably. Of those
so acted upon about 50 per cent w ere made by casual laborers, 18 per cent by
those in the building trades, and 10 per cent by those engaged in the work of
hauling and drayage and messenger service. D uring th is same year (1913-14)
9,803 were provided w ith work, as compared w ith 18,409 for the year preceding,
during which la tte r year the applications favorably acted upon numbered
30,662.
Lo ca l G overnm ent B oard.
1915. 4 vols.
43d A n n u a l Report, 1913-14.
London, 1914 and
Consists of 3 separate p a rts and a supplem entary volume. P a rt 1 re
lates to the adm inistration of the Poor Law, the Unemployed Workmen Act,
1905, and the Old Age Pension Acts. The Pension Acts adm inistration report
shows 984,131 pensioners on M arch 27, 1914, an increase of 1.7 per cent over
M arch 27, 1913.
P a rt 2 relates to housing and town planning. “ The problem of th e housing
of the working classes in England and Wales is undoubtedly one of the most
serious social problems of the present day, and the attention which it has re
ceived both in and out of P arliam ent during the past few years shows no signs
of ab atem en t” (p. v).
P a rt 3 relates to the adm inistration of the public health laws and local ad
m inistration and taxation and valuation while the supplement contains th e re-
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59
p o rt of the medical officer, the th ird section of which relates to in fan t mor
tality. Since 1901 there has been apparent a m arked decline in th e in fan t
m ortality rate, as well as in the death rate, for children under 5 years of age.
“ I t will be seen th a t over .21 per cent of the total deaths in infancy and
nearly 33 per cent of the total deaths in the first five years of life are due to
various infective diseases. * * * The problem of saving child life and se
curing the correlative improvement in standard of health of survivors to higher
ages evidently consists very largely in the prevention of infections, including
d iarrh eal diseases and acute respiratory diseases” (p. xvii).
N a tio n a l H e a lth Insu ra nce J o in t Committee. O utw o rke rs' Com m ittee ( I r e
la n d ). R e po rt ( V o l. I ) . London, 1914. 23 pp.
Considers the advisability of extending the N ational H ealth Insurance Act
to outw orkers in Ireland. For practical reasons this extension w as not deemed
advisable, as the act in force makes no provision for the extension of medical
benefits to those to whom it applies in Ireland, and the outw orkers in Ireland,
scattered over the agricultural districts, would therefore get very slight benefits
for any contributions assessed upon them.
B irmingham .—Ju ve n ile E m ploym ent Exchange. R eport on B irm in g h a m
Trades.
London, 1913.
6 vols.
A series of six pam phlets describing the more im portant trades, indicating
the possibilities for work and the possible wages therein.
B radford.— E d u ca tio n Committee. Occupations open to Young People in
B ra d fo rd . [ B ra d fo rd , 1913.] 6 vols.
A series of six pam phlets which deal w tih a group of related occupations,
consisting of a description of the occupations, together w ith the possible wages
which may be earned in them. I t includes such occupations as the building
trades, engineering trades, woolen and w orsted trades, printing, m etal trades,
boots and shoes, and other leather work, etc., together w ith some of the pro
fessions such as th a t of accounting, architecture, teaching, civil service, etc.
L ondon.— County Council.
in g Trades of London.
T ra in in g and E m ploym ent o f Boys in the B u ild
London, 1914, 26 pp., 19 f u ll page charts.
A study based on census figures concerning the number of boys employed
in the building trades in London. On the whole, it appeared th a t there was
a sufficient supply of boys in training for most vacancies offered in the build
ing trades, but th a t there w as not a sufficient num ber of openings to receive all
those who applied.
N etherlands .— D epartem ente van Mnnenlandsche zaken.
Algcm een Verslag van
Jlctgecn m et B e tre k k in g to t V erhetering Her V o lksliu isve stin g in de Oemeenten is V e rric h t in het ja a r 1912. The Hague, 19 I f
294 PP-
Contains report on operations under the D utch housing law of 1901 relating
to health and hygiene of dwellings, expropriation of land for housing purposes,
and State loans to m unicipalities and building associations. D uring the year
1912, to which the report relates, 105 dwellings w ere declared uninhabitable
and subject to remodeling or destruction. Seventy-five loans for housing pur
poses were allowed by the State to different m unicipalities and building asso
ciations to the am ount of 0,491,271.61 florins ($2,609,491.19), bringing the total
loans under the act (1905—1912) up to 15,189,841.51 florins ($0,106,316.29).
Repaym ents made during the same period amounted to 548,079.45 florins
($220,327.90). Sixty-six new housing associations were registered during the
year as entitled to housing loans, bringing the total on December 31, 1912, up
to 224. For fu rth e r inform ation on housing in the N etherlands, reference is
made to Bulletin 158 of th is Bureau.
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G entraal B u re a u v o o r.d e S ta tistie k. U itko m ste n der B eroepstelling in her'
K o n in k r ijk der N edcrlanden Gehounden op den een en d e rtigsten Decem
ber, 1909. The Hague, 1912-13. 5 vols. ( B ijd ra g e n to t dc S ta tis tie k van
Nederland. New Series. No. 167.)
These 5 volumes constitute the occupational census of the N etherlands of
December 31, 1909, the final volume of which w as only recently received (Apr.
19, 1915) by the Bureau. All persons engaged in gainful occupations are
here listed, classified by town and commune or other geographical division, by
sex, age, and civil status, and by industrial group. No minimum age is indi
cated, the lowest age classification constituting th a t group of persons 12 years
of age and under. No text or sum m ary tables of any kind are presented. P er
sons engaged in each specified occupation are classed in one of four groups:
(1) Employers and heads of establishm ents of their own ownership ; (2) em
ployers and heads of establishm ents for others; (3) employees who direct
others, i. e., managers, superintendents, etc.; (4) w orkers or laborers. Thirtythree principal industrial groups are recognized, together w ith those retired, not
reported, or w ithout occupation, as follows: (1) Clay, pottery, and stone; (2)
Precious stones; (3) P rinting and lithographing; (4) Building, including
cleaning of buildings and streets; (5) Chemical industries (oils, varnish, paints,
explosives) ; (6) Wood working, mill work, e tc .; (7) Clothing and cleaning
thereof; (S) A rt industries; (9) Leather, oil cloth, rubber; (10) Mining and
peat digging; (11) M etals; (12) M achinery and machine tool m anufacture;
(IS) Ship and boat building; (14) P ap er; (15) Textiles; (16) M anufacture
of gas and electric pow er; (17) Foods and drink s; (IS) A griculture; (19)
Fishing and hunting; (20) Commerce and tra d e ; (21) T ransportation; (22)
Banks and credit institutions; (23) Insurance; (24) Liberal professions;
(25) Teaching, exclusive of public schools; (26) Care of the poor, sick, and
other dependents; (27) Domestic service; (28) Casual laborers; (29) Civil
service of the S tate; (30) Civil service of the Provinces; (31) Civil service of
m unicipalities (not including public works) ; (32) Canal and w aterw orks; (33)
Clergymen, religious workers, etc.; (34) R etired on pension; (35) Not reported;
(36) W ithout occupation.
N U M B E R O F P E R S O N S IN G A IN F U L O CCU PA TIO N S IN T H E N E T H E R L A N D S , D EC. 31,
1909.
In d u stry
groups.
M anufacturing and mechanical p u rs u its .................... .
A griculture, fishing, anim al h u sb an d ry ..............................
T rade and tra n sp o rta tio n ..................................................
Professional serv ice1................................................................
P ublic se rv ic e 2.................... - ....................................................
Domestic and personal service...............................................
Canal and w ater w orks............................................................
Casual laborers...........................................................................
All o th e rs.....................................................................................
T o tal..................................................................................
1-17
18,19
20-23
24,25,33
29-31
26,27
32
28
34,35,36
Male.
Fem ale.
Total.
675,784529,692
378,829
33, 718
64,945
13,086
2,103
22,445
1,178,523
114,353
112,401
63,481
18,958
9,729
222,323
12
30
2,418,063
790,137
642,093
442,010
52,676
74,674
235,409
2,115
22,475
3,596,586
2,899,125
2,959,050
5,858,175
1 E xclu d in g p u b lic school teachers.
2 E xcluding labor on p u b lic works and some other in d u strial enterprises like gas works, etc., b u t including
public school teachers.
D epartem ent van Landbouw , N ijv e rh e id en H andel. Verslag o m ire n t den
S taat der R ijksverze kerin gsb an k. The Hague, 1915. 213, vi. pp. F old ed
tables and diagrams.
This is a report for the year 1913 of the S tate insurance bank organized for
th e adm inistration of the D utch compensation act of 1901. Compensation is
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OF T H E B U R E A U O F LABOR S T A T IS T IC S .
61
payable for accidents in tlie course of employment causing death or disability
for over two days; the act covers practically all m anufacturing, mining, quarry
ing, building, and engineering enterprises, and all establishm ents using power
or handling explosive m aterials, together w ith transportation and fishing in
in tern al w aters; but agriculture is excluded. All workmen, both in private
and public employment, are included. D uring the year 1913 there were reported
82,703 accidents subject to compensation, as compared w ith 76,490 in 1912,
68,485 in 1911, and 62.963 in 1910. The total number of reported accidents was,
however, larger in each year by from 4 to 5 per cent.
A M OUNT P A ID IN B E N E F IT S (M ED IC A L COSTS, B U R IA L E X P E N S E S , A C C ID E N T COM
P E N S A T IO N TO D E P E N D E N T S , E T C .), C L A S S IF IE D B Y IN SU R A N C E C A R R IE R S , U N D E R
T H E D U TC H C O M PE N SA T IO N L A W , 1905-1913.
Year.
1905...................................................
1910...................................................
1911
....................................
1912
...................
1913..............................
S tate insurance
bank.
$266,429.81
604,290.31
648,024.89
709,039.21
757,056.07
Em ployers
carrying own
risk.
$37,543.78
46,824.67
56,568.76
66,074.41
75,677.38
Stock companies.
$534,557.84
661,634.35
738,967.18
840,804.88
971,140.67
Total.
$838,531.43
1,312,749.34
1,443,560.83
1,615,918.50
1,803,874.11
New Zealand.—D e pa rtm e nt o f Labor.
Twenty-second A n n u a l R eport of the
D e pa rtm e nt o f Labor, 1913. W elling to n, 1913. 175 pp. Folded diagrams.
T w e n ty -th ird A n n u a l R eport o f the D e pa rtm e nt o f Labor, 1914. W elling to n,
1914. 92 pp. F olded diagram s.
These reports cover operations of the public employment departm ent and the
activities of the factory inspection service, for each of the financial years end
ing M arch 31, 1913 and 1914. The num ber for whom employment w as found in
each of the years indicated was as follow s:
191011.
1911- 12.
191213.
191314.
7, 102
5, 735
5, S4S
5, 645
The total for whom employment had been found since the establishm ent of
the labor exchange departm ent in 1891 was 102,009, of whom 56,365 had been
placed in Government work and 45,644 in private work. There w as expended
by the departm ent in the paym ent of fares for persons to th e ir places of work
since the year 1909-10, when such assistance was first given, the sum of
£11.306 ($55,020.65), of which 96 per cent had been repaid. The num ber of
factories and employees for specified years w as as follows:
F acto ries.
Y e ar.
. 12,768
. 12, 847
. 13,375
. 13,469
191011.
191112.
191213.
1913- 14.
F acto ry
w orkers.
78,790
O
86, 598
87,517
The number of accidents reported in 1913-14 was 12.61 per thousand, slightly
higher than for the previous year. Thirty-eight strikes—35 w ere reported for
the preceding year—w ere reported during the year, involving 13,731 workers.
In December, 1912, the number of trade-unions w as reported as 322, and in
1913 as 372, whose membership w as 60,622 and 71,544, respectively. Under the
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N ot reported.
62
MONTHLY EEVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
Factory Act 64 prosecutions were taken before the courts, a s against 96 in
1913, and under tbe W orks and Shops Act 252 cases in 1913 and 217 in 1912.
Convictions were obtained in 63 cases in 1913, and 1 case was dismissed.
For tbe operations of tbe departm ent in relation to tbe Conciliation and Ar
bitration Act reference may be made to Bulletin 167 of th is Bureau.
D e pa rtm e nt o f La bo r. W orkers'’ D w e llin g s A ct. Y e a rly statem ent ending
M arch 81, 191:\. W elling to n. 7 pp. Illu s tra te d .
T his report relates to operations under tbe W orkers’ Dwellings Act of 1910,
concerning tbe extension of Government credit to workmen for tb e construc
tion and purchase of homes. D uring tbe year the Board set aside from public
land or otherw ise purchased 164Î acres to be available fo r the erection of
w orkers’ dwellings in country districts. In 1913 an act perm itted counties and
m unicipalities to buy, subdivide, and sell land for tbe same purpose. During
tbe year 81 dwellings were erected and disposed of by the Board. There was
expended in acquiring lands £13,601 15s. 8d. ($66,193.08) ; fo r preparing land
for housing puiqxoses £1,215 10s. lOd. ($5,915.43) ; fo r working houses £26,923
14s. 7d. ($131,034.32) ; w hile expenses of adm inistration and traveling am ounted
to £282 19s. 0d. ($1,376.97), m aking a total expenditure for th e fiscal year of
£42,024 0s. Id. ($204,509.80).
For fu rth e r inform ation concerning the operation of th is and sim ilar acts in
New Zealand reference may be made to Bulletin No. 158 of th is Bureau.
‘R e g is tra r General's Office.
The Yew Z ealand O fficial
T w e n ty -th ird Y ear o f Issue. W elling to n, 191%. 1017 pp.
Yearbook,
191%.
Contains in text and tab u lar form inform ation concerning economic condi
tions in New Zealand ; it is divided into 2S sections, w ith a supplement on cer
tain special subjects, appendixes, index, maps, and diagram s. P articularly of
interest as relating to labor are section 13 on railroads and th eir employees,
section 18 on mines and mine labor, section 20 on m anufacturing industries,
section 21 on labor laws, arbitration and conciliation, strikes and lockouts, em
ployment offices, etc., and section 22 on Government financial aid to settlers and
workers.
Norway .— S ta tis tis k e C entralbyraa. B ta tis tis k A a rb o k fo r K o n g e rike t Norge.
3%te A argang.
C h ris tia n ia , 191%.
196 pp.
T his is the thirty-fourth issue of the statistical yearbook for Norway, con
taining an analytical table of contents in both Norwegian and French, together
w ith an index by subject m atter. Of the 17 sections into which the work is
divided those of interest as relating to labor are section 6, on mining and
the factory and handw orking industries, which show th e number of estab
lishm ents and employees for the latest y ea r available; section 11 on social
insurance, summ arizing the reports of the S tate Insurance In stitu te ; and section
13, more p articularly devoted to labor conditions, reporting such m atters as
trade-unions, unemployment, employment offices, num ber employed in specified
industries, strikes and lockouts, and average retail prices.
R ik s fo rs ik rin g s a n s ta lte n .
F is k e rfo rs ik rin g e n f o r A a r 1913.
191%. 16*, 75 pp. <Norges O fficielle S ta tis tik . V I : 21.)
C h ristia n ia ,
This is a report of operations under the law of August 8, 1908, guaranteeing
accident compensation to fishermen in Norway. From 1909 to 1913 there had
been paid in premiums 677,638.50 crowns ($181,607.12), while compensation had
been paid to the am ount of 816,028.24 ($218,695.57). The difference between
the premiums and the compensation is paid by the State H arbor Fund, so
called.
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MONTHLY REVIEW OE THE BUREAU OP LABOR STATISTICS.
63
A CC ID EN TS R E P O R T E D AND CO M PENSATED AND R A T E P E R 10,000 PER SO N S
IN SU R E D , F IS H E R M E N ’S ACC ID EN T IN SU RA N C E D E PA R T M E N T , NORWAY,
1009 TO 1913.
C om pensated accidents resulting
in—
A ccidents reported.
Year.
N um ber
insured.
D eath.
Com
pen
sated.
1909.......................................
1910......................................
1911........................................
1912.......................................
1913......................................
91,240
89,925
87,832
87,896
87,038
422
342
291
260
279
T o tal.........................
443,931
1,594
N ot
com
pen
sated.
116
T otal.
R ate
per
,000.
10
N um
ber.
D isability.
R ate
per
N um
ber.
20.4
10,000.
R ate
per
10,000.
59.0
51.6
43.6
41.2
42.5
186
199
163
131
176
18.6
14.9
20.2
236
143
128
129
103
25.9
15.9
14.6
14.7
91
538
464
383
362
370
523
2,117
47.7
855
19.3
739
16.6
122
92
102
22.1
11.8
F o r fu rth e r in fo rm atio n concerning accidents in N orw ay fisheries, reference is m ade to
B u lletin No, 157 of th is B ureau, pp. 139—141.
S ta tistiske Centrallnrma. HaandverkstcelUngen i Norge 1910. Christiania,
1912—1914. 4 vols. ( Norges Officielle S tatistic. V : 167, 194; V I: 1, 7).
This is a report of the census of handw orking trades taken in connection
w ith the census of population December 1, 1910. I t is th e th ird of a series
of general occupation censuses, h a tin g been preceded by th a t of agriculture,
1907, and of factories in 1909. I t includes only those trad es not subject to the
factory law of 1909, including practically those industries subject to the op
eration of th e so-called law on handicrafts. A supplem entary trad e exercised
by handicraftsm en for three months or more during 1910 w as classed as a
sep arate trade. There is presented general inform ation concerning each trade,
its nature, income and earnings from it, number of workmen an d period during
which it has been exercised by each individual, etc. Inform ation concerning
the individuals in the trad e is presented, showing their age, place of birth,
occupation of th eir parents, education, etc. D etailed inform ation is shown
concerning th e use of power and power m achinery in the handicrafts, quantity
and value of production, hours of labor, and wages. The census included 31,766
trades, employing 28,939 additional workmen (not including 42 trad es and 24
workers, reported w hile the report was in process of p rin tin g ), making the
number of persons enum erated 60,705. Of the trades enum erated 4,004, em
ploying 1,547 additional workmen, were exercised as supplem entary trades, thus
reducing the actual num ber of handicraftsm en to 27,702, employing 27,392
workmen. The largest proportion of the trad es (34.8 per cent) a re classified
under the clothing and underw ear industry, and the next largest proportion
(20.6 per cent) under the building industry. R eturns as to average earnings
were reported for 15,658 independent handicraftsm en ; the average earnings
for males was 941 crowns ($252.19) and for females 340 crowns ($91.12). The
largest average annual earnings of those located in the country d istricts was
received by a butcher (S26 crowns, or $221.37), the nex t largest (773 crowns,
or $207.16) by a barber, and the th ird largest by a tanner (744 crowns, or
$199.39). In the cities the largest average income (4,208 crowns, or $1,127.74)
w as received by a shoemaker, the next largest (2,406 crowns, or $644.81) by
an instrum ent maker, and the th ird largest (2,404 crowns, or $644.27) by a
gold and silver smith. Reports were received from employer handicraftsm en
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
64
MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
ns regards the hours of labor for 23,726 workmen. The average hours were
59.07 per week. This average does not include overtime nor hours worked by
apprentices. One-half the employees had a working week of 57 to GO hours,
about one-fourth a working week of less than 57 hours, the rem aining fourth
a week of over 60 hours. Classified weekly wages for 15,485 handw orkers are
indicated in the table which follow s:
NUM BER OF H ANDW ORKERS AND P E R CENT RE C E IV IN G C L A S S IF IE D W EEKLY
W AGES ON DEC. 1, 1910.
O ccupation.
N um ber.
M asons.....................................................................................
P a in te rs...................................................................................
P aper h an g ers........................................................................
Steam fitters...........................................................................
Carpenters (fine w o rk )........................................................
T inners....................................................................................
Confectioners.........................................................................
B ookbinders...........................................................................
Carpenters (house)................................................................
Carpenters (rough w ork).....................................................
M achinists...............................................................................
Book p rin ters.........................................................................
G oldsm iths.............................................................................
Saiim akers..............................................................................
C abinetm akers.......................................................................
B ak ers.....................................................................................
B utch ers..................................................................................
T ailors......................................................................................
Stonem asons..........................................................................
B arbers....................................................................................
Coopers....................................................................................
W atch m ak ers..................................................... ..................
C arpenters (general).............................................................
B lacksm iths............... ...........................................................
T a n n e rs...................................................................................
Shoem akers............................................................................
B oat b uilders.........................................................................
. T otal an d average.................................. ..................
Per cent.
743
1,048
2.42
. 87
9.80
4.15
4.82
10.82
5. 23
10.53
13.88
11.19
12.29
17.19
13.39
16.97
17. 37
14.68
22. 79
30.65
Per cent.
384
267
2,074
366
15. 66
31.20
25.57
36.04
33.85
36.33
54.39
57. 38
19. 52
41.32
48.04
49.77
54.13
46.17
60.47
52.63
50.08
59.25
63.94
58.59
69.20
67.88
65. 83
69. 28
64.25
47.95
77.12
80.32
58.94
65.34
46.85
56.25
58.80
43.39
42. 35
15,485
22.4
52.6
102
217
436
379
172
114
605
1,367
122
128
224
165
875
1,390
193
828
118
219
436
176
111
Sweden.— S ta tis tis k a
A rganen.
to 26
U nder 18 18
Over 26
crowns
crowns
crowns Average
($4.82weekly($4.82)
($6.97)
$6.97)
per week.
per
week. wages.
per week.
C entralbyr&n. S ta tis tis k
Stockholm , 1915. 350 pp.
6
11.86
A rsbo k
fo r
Per cent.
78.06
51.81
42.16
46.08
41.05
43.01
34.30
36.84
36.04
29. 56
23. 77
24.22
17.41
15.15
16.80
16.04
12.96
21.40
$ 8 .4 4
6 .9 1
6 .7 6
6 .7 2
6 .6 3
6 .5 8
6 .5 0
6 .3 1
6 .2 7
6 .1 7
6 .0 4
6 .0 2
6 .0 1
5 .9 2
5 .9 0
5.89
5.68
5 .6 7
5 .6 1
1 1 .0 2
4.02
9.86
9.09
5.43
5 .4 2
5.38
5.24
5.24
1 7 .1 1
9 .9 0
4.87
5 .0 5
4 .5 2
4 .4 8
2 .2 2
.27
25.0
Sverige.
5 .9 3
A n d ra
This is the second issue of the yearbook issued by the Swedish statistical
office, and presents the usual inform ation contained in such publications. The
m aterial is grouped in 20 sections, together w ith an appendix. There is no
index, but a detailed table of contents both in the vernacular and in French.
Of interest to labor are p arts of section 8, presenting industrial statistics much
in the n atu re of our census of m anufactures; also sections 12 and 13, relating
to cooperative and benefit societies and labor conditions, presenting inform a
tion concerning industrial accidents for the current year, activities of employ
ment agencies, unemployment, strikes and lockouts, collective agreements, retail
prices, and wages of agricultural laborers.
R i k s f orsd Jcrin gsanstal ten d r 1912,
( Sveriges O fficiclla S ta tis tik .)
1913.
Stockholm ,
1913,
191Sf .
2
v.
Contains annual reports of operations under the Swedish compensation act of
3901 during the years 1912 and 1913. The act provides for compensation result
ing from an accident while a t work which may cause death or disability for more
than GO days. The act covers practically all m anufacturing industries, mining,
and quarrying, and trad e and transportation carried on by both private or State
enterprises. The act has been in operation since Ja n u ary 1, 1903; since 1908
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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
65
fishermen have had separate compensation, and since 1909 compensation has
been payable for accidents and sickness while in m ilitary service. The entire
burden of compensation is on the employer, who may carry his own insurance
or insure him self in the S tate Insurance Institute. D uring the year 1912 in
surance premiums were received to the amount of G2S,057.15 crowns
($168,319.32), as compared w ith 777,961.45 crowns ($208,493.67) in 1913. Bene
fit paym ents to the amount of 496,354.74 crowns ($133,023.07) w ere made in
1912, as compared w ith 574,381.12 crowns ($153,934.14) in 1913.
A CCID ENTS RE PO R T ED AND COM PENSATED AND RATE: P E R 10,000 PERSONS
SU B JEC T TO IN D U S T R IA L ACC ID EN T INSURANCE IN SW EDEN, 1009-1913.
Compensated accidents resulting in—
A ccidents reported.
Year.
N um ber
insured.
D eath.
N ot
Compen compen
sated.
sated.
1909...........................
1910...........................
1911...........................
1912...........................
1913...........................
64,673
71,969
80,701
99.247
115,120
4,000
4,476
4,949
6,783
8,251
79
3
549
938
850
T o tal.............
431,613
28,43S
2,419
Total.
R ate per
,000.
10
4,079
4,778
5,498
7,721
9,101
31,177
N um
ber.
D isability.
R ate
per
10,000.
N um
ber.
R ate
per
10,000.
631.7
663.8
681.3
778.0
790.6
40
43
54
60
75
6.7
6.2
6.0
6.0
6.5
3,960
4,432
4,895
6,723
8,176
613.3
615.8
606.5
677.4
710.2
722.3
272
6.3
28,186
653.0
Socialstyrelsen. Den O ffe n tlig a A rh e tsfo rm e d lin g cn i Sverige 1902-1912..
Stockholm , 1915, 232 p. ( Sveriges O fficiella S ta tis tik . Social s ta tis tik .)
Contains the results of a special study concerning the establishment, history,
and organization of the public employment offices, and results obtained, during
th e years 1902 to 1912. The movement began w ith the establishm ent of 2
municipal employment offices in 1902, and to-day the system consists of a cen
tra l office, 6 district offices, and subordinate local offices—in all, 93 agencies
throughout the Kingdom. Since 1906 a S tate subsidy has been accorded suffi
cient to pay adm inistrative expenses and the expenses necessary to assist
needy workmen to th eir places of work when positions have been found for
them. The personnel engaged in the operation of the system in 1912 numbered
140 persons, 76 a t the chief offices and the district offices and 64 a t the branch
offices; of this number 108 were men and 36 women. The d ata presented w as
obtained by a careful schedule inquiry and results analyzed by localities, by sex,
occupation, and education of applicants, and by those for whom positions were
secured. The to tal receipts from the m unicipalities and the S tate for the
support of the system in 1902 w ere 10,200 crowns ($2,733.60), which had in
creased to 293,400 crowns ($78,631.20) in 1912. The expenses in 1902 am ounted
to 10,600 crowns ($2,S40.S0) and in 1912 to 2S0,400 crowns ($75,147.20).
From 1902 to 1912, inclusive, 447,113 positions had been filled. The average
cost of filling each position for each of the years was as follows :
1902.
1903.
1904.
1905.
1906.
1907.
$4. 12
.4 3
.4 6
3 .0 3
. 57
.6 8
4339°—15
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
190S
1909
1910
1911
1912
.
_
_
_
_
$0. 99
.86
.88
.82
.72
66
MONTHLY REVIEW OE THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
The positions filled from 1902 to 1912 were distributed among 6 principal
industries according to the following percentages :
Industries.
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
10.0 10.0 9.7 6.8 7.6
.1 .1
22.8 19.1 25.3 23.2
18.2 20.0 17.0 14.6
.1 .2 J2, .3 .3 .3
27.4 30.8 33.7 27.0 32.1
22.6 18.8 18.0 17.2 23.5 22.1
16.2
20.7
23.1
24.4
24.5
13.9
13.5
14.5
13.2
.4
34.8
16.3
15.0
13.9
.3
34.3
13.4
14.7
13.9
.4
34.6
11.9
13.9
14.2
1902
A griculture and fo restry ................. 11.9
Minins? a n d q u a rry in g .....................
Factories a n d handicrafts............... 37.7
T rade an d tran sp o rtatio n ...............
8.3
Public service; clerical w ork..........
Domestic service............................... 19.4
N ot specified......................................
1903
1904
1905
1906
29.0
14.6
.2
37.9
18.3
.1
.1
1912
.2
.6
33.4
13.2
K . Socialstyrelsen. Byggnadsverksam heten i R ikets S tadssam hdllen A r 1913,
ja rn te O ve rsikt fo r A re n 190^-1912. Stockholm 1915, 65 p.
( Sveriges
O fflciella S ta tis tik . S o c ia ls ta tis tik .)
This report summ arizes building operations for tb e bousing of the popula
tion in Sweden during the years 1904 to 1912, w ith a more general analysis of
conditions for the year 1913. The office of labor which has prepared this
monograph notes the fact, that, in the light of general economic prosperity
during the years covered by the report, the movement of housing has been
practically parallel w ith th a t prosperity. Among other facts th e d ata presented
indicates th a t the largest proportion (73.6 per cent) of the new houses con
structed in 1913 in small towns and villages have been one to two fam ily
dwellings occupied by their owners who were largely those of lim ited means.
Of the 8,594 houses erected in 19^3 the distribution as to size w as as follows :
NUM BER AND P E R CENT OF HOUSES OF S P E C IF IE D SIZE E R E C T E D IN 1913.
Size.
N um ber. P er cent.
1room .............................................................................................................................................
1room w ith k itc h e n ........................................................................................................................
2rooms w ith k itc h e n ......................................................................................................................
3 rooms w ith k itc h e n ......................................................................................................................
4 rooms and. more w ith k itc h e n ...................................................................................................
Socialstyrelsen. K o lle k tiv a v ta l i Sverige d r 1913.
( Sveriges O fflciella S ta tis tik . S o c ia ls ta tis tik .)
1,126
2,647
2,184
'991
1,646
13.1
30.8
25.4
11.5
19.2
Stockholm , 1911\, 137 p.
Since 1907 the Swedish labor office has presented annually an analysis of
collective agreements entered into during the current year. In 1913, 237 agree
m ents were entered into fixing the term s of employment for 75,872 w ork
men of 1,540 employers. Of the agreem ents listed during th e year 21 per
cent were between employers’ associations and trade-unions and 71 per cent
were concluded between individual employers and trade-unions, while in 1912
agreem ents between associations on both sides formed 38 per cent of the total,
and in 59 per cent of all agreements trade-unions were parties. Of the contracts
entered into during the year 4 were national in th e ir scope and affected
52,525 workmen. As to duration, in 29 of the agreem ents it did not exceed 1 year ;
in 33, the duration w as from 1 year to 2 years ; in 113, from 2 to 3 years ; in 34,
from 3 to 4 years; and in 26, more than 4 years. Two contracts contained no
provision concerning th eir duration. The agreements of national scope were th e
most num erous among those containing a provision for th eir extension beyond
4 years. Of th e total agreements entered into, 97 per cent, affecting 73,477
workmen, contained provisions for preventing cessations from w ork through
arbitration. As to wages, 56 of the agreem ents concluded in 1913, adopted
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MONTHLY REVIEW OP THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
67
tim e rates of pay exclusively; the number of w orkers affected thereby was
4,362. The other contracts provided exclusively for piece ra te s or combination
of piece and time rates. A minimum rate for pieceworkers was fixed in 21
agreem ents applicable to 32,618 workmen. The agreem ents entered into be
tween 1,392 empl oyers and 73,SS7 workmen, or 97 per cent of all the workmen,
contained provisions relating to hours of labor. The hours of labor for
36,228 workmen, or 49 per cent of the number affected, were fixed a t 57 hours
per week and in the case of 26,006, or 35.2 per cent, a t 60 hours per week. In
th e case of 1,351 workmen, or 1.8 per cent of the above number, there was
fixed by agreement a working week of over 60 hours. A provision relative to
compensation for accidents w as inserted in 197 agreements, affecting 72,045
workmen.
Union of South Africa.—P a rlia m e n t.
on the M in ers' P h th isis.
House o f Assembly. Select Committee
Cape Town, 1912. x liv , 310, ix pp.
Contains the report of a committee appointed April, 1912, by th e House of
Assembly to inquire into the advisability of passing a bill then before the
assembly concerning the granting of compensation to miners who contract
phthisis in the course of their occupation. Considerable evidence w as taken
concerning various phases of the mining industry, wages, hours, cost of living,
health, and safety, etc., w ith the result th a t the committee recommended the
passage of the bill in such form “ as to secure to the sufferers from m iners’
phthisis compensation in conformity w ith the princples of workm en’s com
pensation.” Two m inority reports were, however, submitted. Since the report
of th is committee w as made a law such as recommended was approved June 22,
1912.
S m all H o lding s Commission. ( T ra n s v a a l ) Cape Town, 1913. in , 11$ pp.
Presents the results of an investigation as to the necessity for providing land
in mining and industrial centers out of which to create small holdings for
wage earners in the locality, to ascertain the extent of land available for such
use, and the conditions under which it should be allotted, together w ith a pro
posal for legislative changes necessary in existing acts, such as th e township
act of 1907, the m etals act of 1908, and the land-bank act of 1912. The com
m ittee in its recommendations adopted 1 acre as the minimum and 500 acres
as th e maximum size of a small holding. Among the advantages of creating
small holdings w ere considered: (1) A probable improvement of housing condi
tions; (2) making the population more settled; (3) encouraging habits of
saving; (4) providing new openings for the younger generation; and (5) re
ducing the cost of living. Four form s of S tate action were pointed o u t: (1)
The provision of land by indirect means, i. e„ by dividing large estates and by
a judicious system of taxation, etc.; (2) provision of land by direct means, i. e.,
by laying out small holdings on land acquired for the purpose on public land
and disposing of it to th e applicants; (3) State-aided settlement, financing
th e small holder and perm itting him to make paym ents on th e installm ent
p lan ; (4) provision of land for th ird parties, employers, and philanthropic
societies, who may wish to finance the prospective settler or wage earner.
P a rlia m e n t. House o f Assembly. Select Com m ittee on European E m ploy
m ent and L a b o r Conditions. Cape Town, 19,13. x liii, 112, x l i i i pp.
Contains the report of a parliam entary committee appointed in March, 1913,
to inquire into and report upon the question of extending the field of oppor
tu n ity for European labor in South Africa. The inform ation w as obtained
through extended hearings before representative men in South Africa. Con
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tains a review of existing labor conditions, in the course of which it is com
plained th a t native labor has forced the European out of his form er occupations
and created an undesirable class of depressed workmen deserving of attention.
The recommendations of the committee include, among other subjects, the
extension of means of communication; means of encouraging land settlem ent;
greater utilization of by-products; Government supervision of the acquisition
of lands for settlem ent; establishm ent of employment agencies to distribute
laborers, but particularly agricultural laborers; reform in the school system
looking tow ard a more practical course of instruction, especially in agriculture;
labor colonies for the employment of indigents and v a g ra n ts; and the publi
cation of statistics relative to unemployment and poverty.
PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS OF FOREIGN LABOR DEPART
MENTS AND BUREAUS.
In the pages following the various periodical publications issued
by the foreign departments and bureaus of labor are listed and the
contents given. This list includes all such periodical publications
received between January 1 and June 30, 1915. Some of the coun
tries, it will be noticed, are not represented by any publication.
During the period since the beginning of the European war most of
these publications have been somewhat irregular in their appearance,
and in certain cases it will be noted the issues of several months have
been postponed or consolidated.
A u s tra lia .— Commonwealth Bureau o f Census and Statistics, Labor and Ind ustrial
Branch. Labor B u lle tin . Melbourne.
A p ril-J u n e , 1914■—Industrial conditions.
Unemployment. Retail prices, house
rents, and cost of living. Wholesale prices. Industrial disputes. Changes in rates
of wages. Assisted immigrants. State free employment bureaus. Industrial acci
dents. The Commonwealth conciliation and arbitration acts. State legislation for
control of trade and prices during war. Reports from industrial centers. Reports of
departments and bureaus in Australia. Imperial and foreign publications received.
July-September, 1914■—Industrial conditions. Unemployment. Retail prices,
house rents, and cost of living. Wholesale prices. Industrial disputes. Changes in
rates of wages. Assisted immigrants. State free employment bureaus. Industrial
accidents. The Commonwealth conciliation and arbitration acts. Reports of depart
ments and bureaus in Australia. Imperial and foreign publications received.
B e lg iu m .—Revue du Travail, Publiee par VOffice du Travail de Belgique. Brussels.
July, 1914■—Labor market, June, 1914. Free employment bureau, June, 1914.
Labor conditions in Belgium and the Netherlands. Report of the bureau of factory
inspection. Legislation, decrees, etc.
C a n ad a .— The Department o f Labor. The Labor Gazette. Ottawa.
January, 1915.—Industrial and labor conditions during December, 1914. Special
articles on The Industrial Disputes Investigation Act, 1907; Industrial and labor con
ditions in Canada during 1914; prices in Canada during 1914; Special appeal by
Montreal Trades and Labor Council on behalf of Belgian trades-unionists; Alien
enemies’ right to m aintain actions in Canadian courts; General regulations under sec
tion 138 of the Alberta Mines Act; Review of the United States labor legislation in
1914; United States Commission on Industrial Relations; and Labor legislation in
British Columbia. Statistical and other returns during December, 1914, on Whole
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sale and retail prices, Canada, during 1914; Fair wages schedules in Government con
tracts awarded during the month of December, 1914; Trade disputes during the month
of December, 1914; Industrial accidents during the month of December, 1914; Immi
gration and colonization; Building permits during December, 1914; Reports of de
partments and bureaus; and Recent legal decisions affecting labor.
February, 1915.—Industrial and labor conditions during January, 1915. Special
articles on The Industrial Disputes Investigation Act, 1907; Review of trade disputes
in Canada during 1914; Proposed wage reduction; Semiannual convention of the
New Brunswick Federation of Labor; Annual convention of the British Columbia
Federation of Labor; Patriotism and production; and Changes in rates of wages and
hours of labor in Canada during the last quarter of 1914. Statistical and other returns
during January, 1915, on Wholesale and retail prices, Canada, during January, 1915;
Fair wages schedules in Government contracts awarded during the month of January,
1915; Trade disputes during the month of January, 1915; Industrial accidents during
the month of January, 1915; Immigration and colonization; Building permits during
January, 1915; Reports of departments and bureaus; and Recent legal decisions
affecting labor.
March, 1915.—Industrial and labor conditions during February, 1915. Special arti
cles on The Industrial Disputes Investigation Act, 1907 ; Distribution of labor in Canada;
Cooperative loans; British trade disputes; Workmen’s compensation in New Jersey;
Compensation for accidents to employees of the United States; The Danbury H atters’
case; Compensation to dependents of miners killed in Hillcrest mining disaster;
Twelfth annual convention of District 18 of the U nited Mine Workers of America;
and Ontario Workmen’s Compensation Act. Statistical and other returns during
February, 1915, on Wholesale and retail prices, Canada, during February, 1915; Fair
wages schedules in Government contracts awarded during the month of February,
1915; Trade disputes during the month of February, 1915; Industrial accidents during
the month of February, 1915; Immigration and colonization; Building permits dur
ing February, 1915; Reports of departments and bureaus; and Recent legal decisions
affecting labor.
A p ril, 1915.—Industrial and labor conditions during March, 1915. Special articles
on The Industrial Disputes Investigation Act, 1907 ; Report of board of dispute between
the corporation of the city of Edmonton and its power-house employees; Distribution
of labor; Government aid to housing of working people; Western coal miners’ agree
ment; Building operations in Canada during 1914; and Industrial accidents in Canada,
1914. Statistical and other returns during March, 1915, on Wholesale and retail prices,
Canada, during March, 1915; Fair wages schedules in Government contracts awarded
during the month of March, 1915; Trade disputes during the month of March, 1915;
Industrial accidents duiing the month of March, 1915; Immigration and colonization;
Building permits during March, 1915; Reports of departments and bureaus; and
Recent legal decisions affecting labor.
May, 1915.—Industrial and labor conditions during April, 1915. Special articles on
The Industrial Disputes Investigation Act, 1907 ; Report of board in dispute between
J. D. McArthur & Co. (Ltd.), contractors for the construction of the Edmonton,
Dun vegan & British Columbia and the Alberta & Great Waterway Railway and
train operatives; Western Coal Operators’ Association and District No. 18 of the
U nited Mine Workers of America; Dominion legislation affecting labor, 1915; The
Provincial employment bureau at Montreal as a barometer of unemployment;
and Changes in rates of wages and hours of labor in Canada during the first
quarter of 1915. Statistical and other returns during April, 1915, on Wholesale and
retail prices, Canada, during April, 1915; Building operations in 1914; Fair wages
schedules in Government contracts awarded during the month of April, 1915; Recent
industrial agreements; Trade disputes during the month of April, 1915; Industrial
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accidents during the month of April, 1915; Immigration and colonization; Building
permits during April, 1915; Reports of departments and bureaus; and Recent legal
decisions affecting labor.
D e n m a rk .—Statistislce Efterretninger, udgivet a f det statistishe Departement. Copen
hagen.
January 5, 1915.—Retail prices in January.
Foreign trade with the United States.
Bee culture in Denmark. Unemployment in November, 1914. Index numbers of the
Economist.
January 11, 1915.—Import and export of dairy products and grains and forage.
State and municipal finance. House congestion in provincial towns.
February 5, 1915.—Unemployment January 23, 1915. Export of pork, etc. Coal
imports, 1914.
February 18, 1915.—Export and import of meats and neat cattle. Retail prices,
February, 1915. Production and trade in sugar in Denmark, 1914. Statistics of
poultry, etc. Hail insurance. Index numbers of the Economist.
March 9, 1915.—The 1914 harvest. Export of eggs. Im port and export of hides
and skins. Import of grain and forage, January and February, 1914. Wages in the
dairy industry.
March 24, 1915.—Income taxes, 1914. Consumption of concentrates (fodder), 191415. Petroleum imports. Im port of pine lumber, 1914.
March S i, 1915.—Retail prices, March, 1915. Unemployment, March 20, 1915.
Summer grazing and field pasturage in Denmark. Educational qualifications of
persons subject to military duty. Cooperative associations in Denmark. Registered
sick benefit funds, 1914. Index numbers of the Economist.
A p r il 24, 1915.—Retail prices, April, 1915. Consumption of alcohol, 1914. Import
of grains and forage, March, 1915. Index numbers of the Economist.
A p r il 28, 1915.—Unemployment, 1914. Statistics of farm animals in Prussia,
December, 1914.
May 25, 1915.—The amount and value of fertilizer materials in daily import and
export. Immigration from Denmark, 1914. Membership of agricultural cooperative
associations. Index numbers of the Economist.
June 1, 1915.—Gross freight receipts from daily shipments to foreign countries,
1915. Retail prices, May, 1915. Condition of savings and other banks the first six
months of the war. Harvest yield and summer rains, 1914.
June 11, 1915.—Wages of commercial and office employees. Unemployment, May
29, 1915. Retail prices, April, 1915. Elections for the Popular Assembly (Folketing),
May 7, 1915. Index numbers of the Economist.
June 14, 1915.—The special census of farm animals, May 15, 1915.
F in lan d .—Industristyrelsen. Arbetsstatislisk Tidskrift. Helsingfors.
No. 1, 1915.—Prices of food and household commodities, by cities, in Finland,
1914. War measures in Finland. Maximum prices fixed by the Government. Prices
of certain varieties of cloth and other goods. Book notices. Reports from foreign
countries. Cost of living, by cities, last quarter, 1914.
No. 2, 1915.—New law on the protection of labor and its application. Labor dis
putes in Finland, 1914. Labor disputes reported up to December 31, 1914. Prices
of certain varieties of cloth and other goods, February, 1915. Public employment
offices, last quarter, 1914. Industrial accidents.
F ra n c e .—B u lle tin du Ministere du T ravail et de la Prévoyance Sociale. Paris.
October, November, December, 1914.—Social movement—France: Securing employ
m ent for French and Belgian refugees; Cooperative associations in January, 1914;
Strikes, conciliation and arbitration, 1913; Convict labor, 1913; Elections to the su
perior council of labor; Economic situation expressed in index numbers, second quar
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71
ter, 1914; Mine labor, August to November; Strikes, August to December. Reports
from foreign countries: Review of labor conditions in Germany, July to November;
Cost of living, Berlin, during the first four months of the war. Trade-unionism in
Australia in 1912. Effects of the war on labor conditions in Denmark. Decree of
August 24, 1913, fixing hours of labor in the textile industry in Spain. Labor con
ditions (review) in Great Britain, July to December, 1914; Strikes, July to December,
1914; Operations of employment bureaus, July to December, 1914; Strikes and lockouts
in the United Kingdom, 1913; Conciliation and arbitration, 1913. Strikes in Finland,
1913. Trade-unionism in Norway, 1911,1912. Unemployment (effects of the war) in
Sweden, August and September. Miscellaneous—Foreign commerce (France) during
the first 10 months of 1914; Current prices of staple articles, July to December; Em
ployers’ and workingmen’s organizations. Court decisions: Old-age pensions; Com
pulsory insurance (teachers in public schools); Accidents (responsibility of third
party). Laws, decrees, orders, circulars (relative to unionism, cheap houses, retire
ment funds, etc.).
G erm an y .—Reichs-Arbeitsblatt, Herausgegeben vom Kaiserlichen Statistischen Amte,
Abteilung f ü r Arbeiterstatistik. B erlin.
January, 1915.—Labor market: The labor market in Germany; Ratio of employ
ment on January 1, 1915, according to reports of the sick funds; The development of
a system of monthly reports of employment offices as to their activity ; The activity
of employment offices; The receipts of State insurance institutes from the sale of
insurance stamps; The labor market in foreign countries (Great Britain, Switzerland).
War measures: Regulation of the labor market, maintenance and creation of oppor
tunities for work, and public aid to the unemployed during the war; Employees’ fed
erations and the war; Employers’ federations and the war; Regulation of the food sup
ply during the war and organization of consumers. Employment offices and unem
ployment. Legislation: Regulation of the instrumentalities for war-welfare work
put at the disposal of municipalities by the Empire. Statistical tables of the labor
market.
February, 1915.—Labor market: The labor market; Ratio of employment on February
1, 1915, according to reports of the sick funds; The activity of employment offices in
January; The labor market in foreign countries (Great Britain, Switzerland, the
Netherlands). War measures: The regulation of the labor market, maintenance and
creation of opportunities for work, and public aid to the unemployed during the war.
Employment offices and unemployment: Unemployment in German trade-unions;
Unemployment in Denmark, January, 1915. Labor conditions: Wage statistics
furnished by the local sick funds in Plauen, Lübeck, and Strassburg in Alsace. Social
insurance: Industrial life insurance, including the present war insurance in Germany.
Legislation: Notification of January 28, 1915, as to sickness insurance and maternity
benefits during the war; Decree of the Prussian minister of the interior as to restriction
of the consumption of alcoholic beverages by building-trades workmen. Statistical
tables of the labor market.
March, 1915.—Labor market: The labor market; Ratio of employment on March 1,
1915, according to reports of the sick funds; The activity of employment offices; The
labor market in foreign countries (Great Britain, Norway, Switzerland). Employ
ment offices and unemployment: Unemployment in German trade-unions; Unemploy
ment in Austria, Sweden, and the Netherlands. Labor conditions: Wages of miners;
Wages of miners in Saxony; Classified wages of members of the Leipzig Sick Fund;
Labor agreements, individual and collective; Collective agreements in Germany at
the close of 1913. Social insurance: Sickness insurance, 1911-1913. Social hygiene:
Care of the tuberculous by the National Insurance Institutes during the war. Deci
sions of industrial courts, Berlin. Statistical tables of the labor market.
A p ril, 1915.—Labor market in Germany. Labor market in foreign countries
(Great Britain, France, Switzerland, and British colonies). Employment offices
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O F T H E B U R E A U O F LA BO R S T A T IS T IC S .
and unemployment. War measures: Regulation of the labor market; Public unem
ployment aid; Carriers of the invalidity insurance; Relief for those injured in war;
Housing conditions during the war. Organizations of employers and employees in
1913. Legislation: Special war measures in Prussia regarding miners’ benefit funds
(law of Mar. 26,1915); Sunday work in mining during the war. Strikes and lockouts
in 1914. Savings bank conditions in 1914, January and February, 1915. Sickness
insurance, 1913. Statistical tables of the labor market.
May, 1915.—Labor market in Germany. Labor market in foreign countries (Great
Britain, Switzerland, and British colonies). Employment offices and unemploy
ment. Labor conditions: Miners’ wages, 1914; Classified wages in the Leipzig Sick
Fund. Labor disputes: Strikes and lockouts in Germany, 1914; Strikes and lockouts
since the beginning of the war and up to the close of March, 1915. Legislation:
Decree concerning the increase of maternity aid during the war. Statistical tables of
the labor market. Supplement: (1) Cost of living studies in Germany; (2) Studies
of workingmen’s families at the Krupp works.
G re a t B rita in .— The Board, o f Trade Labor Gazette. London.
January, 1915.—Employment chart. The labor market in December. Special
articles on Employment, wages, prices, and labor disputes in 1914: Employment in
Germany; Food prices in Berlin; Retail food prices in the United Kingdom from
July to January 1; Retail prices of meat; Retail prices in Denmark since the war;
Employment of Belgian refugees; Prevention and relief of distress due to the war;
and Emergency grants to trade-unions. Recent conciliation and arbitration cases.
Reports on employment in the principal industries. Labor in the dominions and in
foreign countries. Board of Trade labor exchanges. Statistical tables: Prices of
bread, wheat, and flour; Trade disputes; Changes in rates of wages and hours of labor;
Unemployment insurance; Women’s employment bureaus; Distress committees;
Diseases of occupations in factories and workshops; Fatal industrial accidents; Pauper
ism ; Foreign trade ; Industrial unions and societies registered or dissolved ; Passenger
movement to and from the United Kingdom. Legal cases, official notices, etc.
February, 1915.—Employment chart. The labor market in January. Special arti
cles on Unemployment among women; Employment in Germany; Employment in
Denmark ; Retail food prices in the U nited Kingdom ; Cooperative small holdings socie
ties; Tenants’ copartnership societies; Ships b u ilt in 1914'; Food prices in Berlin; Rise
in cost of necessaries in Vienna; Labor statistics of the U nited Kingdom; Farm serv
ants’ wages in Scotland; and Work of the Board of Trade labor exchanges in 1914.
Recent conciliation and arbitration cases. Trade Boards Act, 1909. Reports on em
ployment in the principal industries. Labor in the dominions and in foreign coun
tries. Board of Trade labor exchanges. Statistical tables: Pricesof bread, wheat, and
flour; Pauperism; Occupational diseases in factories and workshops; Fatal industrial
accidents; Trade disputes; Emergency grants to trade-unions; Immigration and emi
gration to and from the United States; Changes in rates of wages and hours of labor;
Unemployment insurance; Women’s employment bureaus; Distress committees;
Building plans; Prices and wages in the coal and iron trades; Foreign trade; Industrial
unions and societies registered or dissolved; Passenger movement to and from the
United Kingdom. Legal cases, official notices, etc.
March, 1915.—Employment chart. The labor market in February. Special articles
on Employment among women in February; Retail food prices in the United King
dom; Retail prices in Vienna; Food prices in Berlin in January; Employment in Ger
many; German war measures; New Swiss labor law; Unemployment funds in Den
mark; Government work—Committee on production in engineering and shipbuilding
establishments. Recent conciliation and arbitration cases. Trade Boards Act, 1909.
Reports on employment in the principal industries. Labor in the dominions and in
foreign countries. Board of Trade labor exchanges. Statistical tables: Prices of
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bread, wheat, and flour; Emergency grants to trade-unions; Immigration to the United
States; Women’s employment bureaus; Distress committees; Trade disputes; Changes
in rates of wages; Unemployment insurance; Occupational diseases; Fatal industrial
accidents; Pauperism; Foreign trade; Cooperative wholesale societies; Passenger move
ment to and from the United Kingdom; Industrial unions and societies registered or
dissolved. Legal cases, official notices, etc.
A p ril, 1915.—Employment chart. The labor market in March. Special articles
on Retail coal prices committee; Employment in Denmark; Employment in Ger
many; Retail food prices in the United Kingdom; Retail food prices in Vienna in
March; Retail food prices in Berlin in February; Standardization of bread in Italy;
Cooperation in agriculture in 1913; State grants to unemployment funds in Denmark—
Amendment of law; Government work; Commonwealth of Australia; The South African
railway commission. Recent conciliation and arbitration cases. Reports on employ
ment in the principal industries. Labor in the dominions and in foreign countries.
Board of Trade labor exchanges. Statistical tables: Trade disputes; Changes in rates
of wages; Unemployment insurance ; Prices of bread, wheat, and flour; Distress com
mittees; Women’s employment bureaus; Occupational diseases; Fatal industrial acci
dents; Pauperism; Building plans; Foreign trade; Prices and wages in the coal and iron
trades; Industrial unions and societies registered or dissolved; Passenger movement to
and from the United Kingdom; Emergency grants to trade-unions. Legal cases,
official notices, etc.
May, 1915.—Employment chart. The labor market in April. Special articles on
Employment in Germany in March; Retail food prices in Berlin in March; Food sup
plies and retail food prices in Vienna; Retail food prices in the United Kingdom
May 1; Wholesale prices in the United Kingdom in 1914; Trade-unions in 1913; Agri
cultural cooperation; Disabled sailors and soldiers committee; Dutch law for the pro
tection of dock laborers; Government work. Conciliation and arbitration cases.
Reports on employment in the principal industries. Labor in the dominions and in
foreign countries. Board of trade labor exchanges. Statistical tables: Trade dis
putes; Changes in rates of wages; Unemployment insurance; Prices of bread, wheat,
and flour; Distress committees; Women’s employment bureaus; Occupational diseases;
Fatal industrial accidents; Pauperism; Foreign trade; Passenger movement to and from
the United Kingdom; Emergency grants to trade-unions. Legal cases, official notices,
etc.
I ta l y .—Bollettino delVUfficio del Lavoro, Ministero di Agricoltura, Industria e Commercio. Rome. Monthly.
January, 1915.—Operations of the employment agencies; The labor market in
Canada, October to December. Labor disputes: General strike of automobile opera
tors, 1912 and 1913, and other strikes, by industries; Labor disputes in 1913 in Austria,
England, Sweden. Residence of laborers in public employment, July, August, and
September. Retail prices of farm products and classes of food generally consumed by
workmen’s families, furnished by the consumers’ cooperative association, by Provinces,
by districts, November and December, 1914. Retail prices of articles of food in the
United Kingdom. Occupational dermatitis in the manufacture of nitrate of calcium;
Occupational diseases of lignite miners. Industrial diseases in Austria, 1913. Hours
of labor in establishments requiring continuous operation of furnaces. Legal protection
of laborers employed in compressed air. The activity of the board of conciliation in
Sweden, 1913. The shoemaking industry in Germany. Decisions of courts affecting
labor.
February-March, 1915.—Statistics of the operations of employment agencies. Opera
tions of employment agencies in England and in Sweden. Unemployment in Ger
many, 1914; in England, January, 1915. Changes in rates of wages and hours of labor
in England, 1913. la b o r disputes in Italy, fourth quarter 1914. Strikes in France,
August to December, 1914; in England, January, 1915. Retail prices of articles of
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food, of varieties generally sold to workingmen—Average prices for each. Province,
January, 1915; for each district, January and February. Occupational diseases in
England, 1913. Toxic action of benzol. Protection of workmen against industrial
poisoning. Legislation: Laws, regulations, proposed laws, and circulars. Collective
agreements in Austria; Wage agreements, 1913. Decisions of courts affecting labor.
B u lle tino dell’ Ufficio del Lavoro. Rome. Semimonthly.
January 1, 1915.—'Unemployment; Proposed public works; Labor conditions, by
localities; Labor disputes; Food prices; Employers’ and employees’ associations; Con
ventions; Labor legislation; Emigration; Activities of the labor office; Court decisions
in labor cases; Industrial hygiene; Safeguards on agricultural machinery.
January 16, 1915.—Unemployment; Public works in course of construction; Labor
conditions, by locality and by industry; Labor disputes; Trade-unionism; Local em
ployment offices; Decisions of courts affecting labor; Migratory labor in agriculture,
1913; Industrial hygiene.
February 1, 1915.—Unemployment; Returning emigrants; Public works in course of
construction; Labor conditions by localities; Labor disputes; Trade-unionism; Work
ingmen’s dwellings; Local employment offices; Activities of the labor office; Council
of prudhommes; Decisions of courts affecting labor; Industrial hygiene; Government
printing office.
February 16, 1915.—Unemployment; Returning emigrants; Public works in course
of construction; Investigation by labor inspectors in Milan and Brescia; Labor condi
tions, by localities, by industry; Labor disputes; Trade-unionism; Legislation; Activi
ties of the labor office.
March 1,1915.—Unemployment; Returning emigrants; Public works in course of
construction; Labor conditions, by localities, by industries; Labor disputes; Tradeunionism; Activities of the labor office; Legislation; Decisions of courts affecting labor;
Regulations applicable to transportation of employees in public service; Publications
of the labor office.
March 16, 1915.—Unemployment; Returning emigrants; Public works in course of
construction; Labor conditions, by localities, by industries; Legislation, limiting the
manufacture of bread to one grade only; Activities of the labor office; Trade-unionism;
Parliamentary discussions, conservation of grain, etc.; Regulations applicable to trans
portation of employees in public service; Decisions of courts affecting labor.
A p r il 1, 1915.—Unemployment; Public works in course of construction; Labor con
ditions, by locality, by industries; Labor disputes; Food prices (index numbers);
Workingmen’s dwellings; Employers’ and employees’ associations; Conventions and
congresses; Activities of the labor office; Legislation (grade of bread); Regulations
applicable to employees in public transportation; Decisions of courts affecting labor.
A p r il 16,1915.—Unemployment; Public works in course of construction; Labor con
ditions, by locality; Labor disputes; Employers’ and employees’ associations; Conven
tions and congresses; Activities of the labor office; Legislation (railroad operation,
dwellings of railroad employees, pensions, etc.); Appropriations for public works in
order to relieve the unemployed; Regulations applicable to employees in public trans
portation (wages, salaries, relief associations, etc.); Industrial hygiene; Decisions of
courts affecting labor.
May 1,1915.—Unemployment; Public works in course of construction; Labor condi
tions, by locality, by industries; Labor disputes; Food prices (index numbers); Em
ployers’ and employees’ associations; Conventions and congresses; Activities of the
labor office (twenty-second session of the Superior Council of Labor); International
Association Against Unemployment; Social insurance (mutual, cooperative); Legisla
tion (regulating emigration); Regulations applicable to transportation of employees;
Decisions of courts affecting labor; Death of Dr. Maris Chiri (first secretary of the labor
office).
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May 16, 1915.—-Investigations and provisions relative to unemployment; Notices of
public works under construction; Labor market, by locality; Labor disputes; Em
ployers’ and employees’ associations; Congresses and conventions; Activities of the
labor office; Legislation; Orders and decrees defining the application of the labor laws;
Industrial hygiene; Decisions of courts affecting labor.
N ew S o u th W ales.— The Department o f Labor and Ind ustry. Labor Gazette, Sydney.
January, 1915.—Introductory matter. The industrial situation, December, 1914.
The statute law of industrial import. Awards made under and continued by the
Industrial Arbitration Act, 1912 to December 31,1914. Early closing acts. Judicial
and quasi-judicial proceedings. Departmental records, December, 1914. Records
of industrial boards. Awards gazetted, from December 10, 1914, to January 13, 1915.
Industrial agreements filed from December 10, 1914, to January 13, 1915. Monthly
abridgment of records. Compendium of titles to awards published. Table of agree
ments published.
February, 1915.—Introductory matter. The industrial situation, January, 1915.
The statute law of industrial import. A calendar of industrial dislocations, JanuaryDecember, 1914. Appointment of industrial magistrates for year 1915 under Indus
trial Arbitration Act, 1912. Judicial and quasi-judicial proceedings. Departmental
Records, January, 1915. Records of industrial boards. Awards gazetted from January
14 to February 10, 1915. Industrial agreements filed from January 14 to February
10, 1915. Monthly abridgment of records. Compendium of titles to awards pub
lished. Table of agreements published.
March, 1915.—Introductory matter. The industrial situation, February, 1915.
The statute law of industrial import. Early closing acts. Industrial agreements, con
tinued by and filed under the Industrial A rbitration Act, 1912, to February 28,1915.
Awards made under and continued by the Industrial Arbitration Act, 1912. Judicial
and quasi-judicial proceedings. Departmental records, February, 1915. Records of
industrial boards. Awards gazetted from February 11 to March 10, 1915. Industrial
agreements filed, from February 11 to March 10, 1915. Monthly abridgment of
records. Compendium of titles to awards published. Table of agreements published.
A p ril, 1915.—Introductory matter. The industrial situation, March, 1915. The
statute law of industrial import. Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1910. Judicial and
quasi-judicial proceedings. Departmental records, March, 1915. Records of indus
trial boards. Awards gazetted from March 11 to April 7, 1915. Industrial agreements
filed from March 11 to April 7, 1915. Compendium of titles to awards published.
Table of agreements published.
N ew Z e a la n d .— Journal o f the Department o f Labor, W ellington.
January, 1915.— Labor. Conditions of employment and trade. Women’s employ
m ent branches (reports). Unions’ reports. Recent legal decisions. Cases under
Workers’ Compensation Act. Statistics: Persons assisted to employment during
December, 1914; Cooperative works in New Zealand; Accidents in factories reported
up to December 27, 1914; Accidents reported under the Scaffolding Inspection Act;
Additional unions registered under the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act,
1908; Alterations in title of industrial union; and Current retail prices, November 30,
1914. Special article on Wages boards in Australia (reprinted from Journal of Eco
nomics).
February, 1915.—Labor. Conditions of employment and trade. Women’s employ
m ent branches (reports). Unions’ reports. Recent legal decisions. Interpretation
of rules of industrial unions. Cases under Workers’ Compensation Act. Statistics:
Persons assisted to employment during January, 1915; Cooperative works in New
Zealand; Accidents in factories reported up to January 27, 1915; Accidents reported
Under the Scaffolding Inspection Act; Additional unions registered under the Indus
trial Conciliation and Arbitration Act, 1908; Alterations in title of industrial union ;
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M O N T H L Y R E V IE W
O F T H E B U R E A U O F LA BO R S T A T IS T IC S .
and. Current retail prices, January, 1915. Special article on Ethics of emigration
(reprinted from N ineteenth Century Magazine).
March, 1915.—Labor. Conditions of employment and trade. Women’s employ
ment branches (reports). Unions’ reports. Recent legal decisions. Shops and
Offices Act. Cases under Workers’ Compensation Act. Statistics: Persons assisted to
employment during February, 1915; Cooperative works in New Zealand; Accidents
in factories reported up to February, 1915; Accidents reported under the Scaffolding
Inspection Act; Additional unions registered under the Industrial Conciliation and
Arbitration Act, 1908; Current retail prices, February 27, 1915; and Average weekly
rent. Special article on Emigration and State aid (reprinted from Fortnightly
Review).
A p ril, 1915.—Labor. Conditions of employment and trade. Women’s employ
ment branches (reports). Unions’ reports. Recent legal decisions. Judgment of the
court of arbitration re hearing of industrial disputes. Wages Protection and Con-,
tractors’ Liens Act, 1908. Shops and Offices Act. Statistics: Persons assisted to
employment during March, 1915; Cooperative works in New Zealand; Accidents in
factories reported up to March 25, 1915; Accidents reported under the Scaffolding
Inspection Act; Additional unions registered under the Industrial Conciliation and
Arbitration Act, 1908; Additional union canceled under the Industrial Conciliation
and Arbitration Act, 1908; and Current retail prices, March 31, 1915. Special articles
on Teaching agriculture to families as a relief for unemployment and congestion of
population; Labor and the war (reprinted from Contemporary Review).
N o rw a y .—Sociale Meddelelser utg it av Socialavdelingen under Departementel fo r Sociale
Saker, Handel, In d u stri og Fiskeri. Christiania.
No. 2-3,1915. —A monograph containing the second report of the State unemploy
ment committee, the first report of which appeared in No. 5 of 1914.
S p a in .— Boletín del In stitu to de Reformas Sociales, Publicación Mensual. Madrid.
January, 1915.—Report of the secretary’s office and of the special divisions. Sum
mary of reports submitted by the labor inspectors concerning the effects of the war
upon Spanish industries. Reports of conventions and congresses. Current legisla
tion, bills, decrees, etc. Strikes and lockouts in France and England. Swiss Fed
eral law on the inspection of factories, June 29, 1914.
February, 1915.—Report of the secretary’s office and of the special divisions. Sum
mary of reports submitted by the labor inspectors concerning the effects of the war
upon Spanish industries. Strike statistics. Cost of living among workmen. Conven
tions and congresses. Current legislation, bills, decrees, etc. Strikes and lockouts in
Canada, England, and Italy. Portugal: Law of January 22, 1915, regulating hours of
work of employees in commercial establishments; Law of January 22,1915, regulating
hours of work in industrial establishments; Law of January 22, 1915, amendment
relating to employment of minors and women in industrial establishments.
March, 1915.—Report of the secretary’s office and of the special divisions. Sum
mary of reports submitted by the labor inspectors concerning the effects of the war upon
Spanish industries. Strike statistics. Cost of living among workmen. Conventions
and congresses relating to home work, cooperative associations .for cheap dwellings,
etc. Current legislation, bills, decrees, etc.: Law regarding day nurseries for children
of mulberry workers, etc. Court decisions affecting labor: Compensation to widow for
death of husband caused by industrial accident. Reports from foreign countries:
Strikes and lockouts in France, England, and Italy; Labor conditions in Germany and
Austria.
A p ril, 1915.-—Report of the secretary’s office and of the special divisions. Sum
mary of reports submitted by the labor inspectors concerning the effects of the war upon
Spanish industries. Strike statistics. Cost of living of workmen. Conventions and
congresses: Labor organizations; Old-age pensions. Current legislation, bills, decrees,
etc. Reports from foreign countries. Special measures taken in foreign countries for
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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R E V IE W O F T H E B U R E A U O F LABOR S T A T IS T IC S .
77
the conservation of the food supply and measures relating to labor. Strikes and lock
outs in Canada and Great Britian.
May, 1915.—Proposed law regulating hours of labor in the textile industry as drafted
and approved by the Institute for Social Reform. Reports of the secretary’s office and
of the special divisions. Accident statistics, 1913. Summary of reports submitted by
the labor inspectors concerning the effects of the war upon Spanish industries. Strike
statistics. Cost of living of workmen. Conventions and congresses: Old-age pensions.
Current legislation, bills, decrees, etc.: Royal order fixing the maximum income for
those who would benefit by legislation relating to low-cost dwelling in certain Provinces.
Reports from foreign countries: Strikes and lockouts in Austria.
Sweden. —Socialstyrelsen, Sociala Meddelanden. Stockholm.
No. 1, 1915.—Investigation on unemployment among tobacco workers, September 9
to November 30, 1914. Organization of accident reporting. Foreign countries and
the war (Finland). Organization among employers and workmen in Germany, 1911.
British land reform law. Report of the State insurance institute, 1913. Decree on the
application of the law for the protection of labor. Brief notices. Public employment
offices in Sweden, 1902-1912. Public employment offices in Sweden, December, 1914.
Review of detail prices in Sweden during the last quarter of the year 1914. Cost of
living in Sweden, 1904 to December, 1914. Cost of living in Sweden, by cities, for last
quarter of the year 1914. Fish prices in Stockholm, December, 1913, to December,
1914. Prices of farm animals in Sweden, 1904 to December, 1914. Prices of farm ani
mals in Sweden during the last quarter of 1914. Reports from the royal pension
bureau.
No. 2 , 1915.—State and municipal measures pending the war. The labor market
during the fourth quarter of 1914, according to employers’ reports. Unemployment
among labor organizations October 1, November 1, December 1, 1914. Bill concern
ing the sale of alcohol, wine, etc. Bill amending the law on the early closing of shops.
Poor relief convention between Sweden, Denmark, and Norway. Cost of living in
Stockholm, 1904-1914. Proposed law on invalidity and old-age insurance in Denmark.
Measures taken by the bureau of labor (Socialstyrelsen) for hastening registration under
the law of July 4,1910 (sick benefit funds). Labor disputes in Sweden, 1914. A ctivi
ties of the factory inspectors, October to December, 1914. Reports from the factory in
spectors on industrial accidents. Registration under the new sick benefit law (fourth
quarter, 1914). Brief notices. Public employment offices in Sweden, January, 1915.
Review of retail prices in Sweden, January, 1915. Cost of living in Sweden, 1904 to
January, 1915. Cost of living in Sweden, by cities, January, 1915. Prices of farm
animals in Sweden, 1904 to January, 1915. Prices of farm animals in Sweden, Novem
ber, 1914, to January, 1915. Fish prices in Stockholm, January, 1914, to January,
1915.
No. 3 , 1915.—State and municipal measures pending the war. Decree on the mill
ing of rye meal. Foreign countries and the war (Denmark, Germany, Holland, Switz
erland). Building and housing conditions according to the censuses of 1912 and 1914.
Public employment offices in Sweden in 1914. Activities of the factory inspectors,
1913. State su b sid ies^ lecture courses for workmen. Savings bank statistics, 1913.
Reports of the factory inspectors on fatal industrial accidents. Brief notices. Public
employment offices in SwTeden, February, 1915. Review of retail prices in Sweden,
February, 1915. Cost of living in Sweden, 1904 to February, 1915. Cost of living
in Sweden, by cities, February, 1915. Prices of farm animals in Sweden, 1904 to
February, 1915. Prices of farm animals in Sweden, December, 1914, to February,
1915. Fish prices in Stockholm. Reports from the royal pension bureau.
No. 4, 1915.—State and municipal measures pending the war. Seamen in Sweden.
Wages and conditions of labor among agricultural workers, by districts and by typical
estates. Safety measures. Private control of the sale of liquor. Accidents result
ing from high-tension currents, 1913. Proposed law of Norway on home labor. Pro
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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MONTHLY REVIEW OE THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
posed law of Denmark on accident insurance. Detail prices in Sweden, Norway, and
Denmark. Reports of the factory inspectors on fatal industrial accidents. Regis
tration under the new sick-benefit law (first quarter of 1915). Brief notices. Public
employment offices in Sweden, March, 1915. Review of retail prices in Sweden
(first quarter of 1915). Cost of living in Sweden, 1904 to March, 1915. Cost of
living in Sweden, by cities, first quarter of 1915. Prices of farm animals in Sweden,
1904 to March, 1915. Prices of farm animals in Sweden, first quarter of 1915. Fish
prices in Stockholm, March, 1914, to March, 1915.
T h e N e th e rla n d s .— Centraal Bureau voor de Statistieh. Maandschrift. The Hague.
January, 1915.—Some social and economic statistics, 1914. Review of the labor
market, 1914; fourth quarter, 1914. Review of the labor market (fishing), January,
1915. Employment offices, December, 1914. Unemployment and unemployment
insurance, December, 1914. Strikes and lockouts, December, 1914. Provisional
summary of strikes and lockouts commenced in 1914. Wholesale and retail prices,
1914. Miscellaneous information. Foreign countries: Review of the labor market;
Employment offices; Strikes and lockouts; Miscellaneous information. Statistical
tables: Employment, December, 1914; Wholesale prices, 1914; Retail prices, 1914;
Building and housing inspection, 1914; Factory licenses, 1914; Number and occur
rence of industrial diseases, 1914; Inspections by the factory inspectors, JanuaryJuly, 1914; State finances, 1914. Laws and official documents.
February, 1915.—Review of the labor market, January, 1915; (fishing) February,
1915. Employment offices, January, 1914 and 1915. Unemployment and unemploy
ment insurance, January, 1915. Strikes and lockouts, January, 1915. Strikes and
lockouts in the Netherlands, 1913. Miscellaneous information. International: War
measures in foreign countries (Austria); Savings banks; Coal industry, 1911-1913.
Foreign countries: Review of the labor market; Employment offices; Strikes and
lockouts; Miscellaneous information. Statistical tables: Employment offices, Janu
ary, 1914 and 1915; Factory licenses, January, 1915; Building and housing inspection,
January, 1915; Number and occurrence of industrial diseases, January, 1915; State
finances, January, 1915. Laws and official documents. Appendix, containing a
report on minimum wages of adult workers and the maximum hours of labor upon
public works and public contract by municipalities and by the provincial
governments.
March, 1915.—Review of the labor market, February, 1915; (harbors and fishing)
March, 1915. Employment offices, February, 1915. Unemployment and unemploy
m ent insurance, February, 1915. Strikes and lockouts, February, 1915. Wholesale
and retail prices: Public contract prices. Miscellaneous information. International:
War prices in certain foreign countries. Foreign countries: Review of the labor
market; Employment offices; Strikes and lockouts; Miscellaneous information. Sta
tistical tables: Employment, February, 1915; Employment offices, 1914; Grain prices;
Public contract prices; Building and housing inspection, February, 1915; Factory
licenses, February, 1915; Number and occurrence of industrial diseases, February,
1915; State finances, February, 1915. Laws and official documents.
A p ril, 1915.—Review of the labor market, first quarter, 1915;, (fishing) April, 1915.
Employment offices, March, 1915. Unemployment and unemployment insurance,
March, 1914 and 1915. Strikes and lockouts, March, 1915. Wholesale and retail
prices. Miscellaneous information. International: War measures in foreign coun
tries (Italy, Norway, Austria, Sweden, Russia). Foreign countries: Review of the
labor market; Employment offices; Strikes and lockouts; Wholesale and retail prices;
Miscellaneous information. Statistical tables: Employment, March, 1915; Unemploy
m ent and unemployment insurance, 1914; Wholesale and retail prices; Building and
housing inspection, March, 1915; Factory licenses, March, 1915; Number and occur
rence of industrial diseases, March, 1915; State finances, March, 1915. Laws and
official documents.
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