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o f S t« uöuu » . MONItiCUyABOR U.S. D e p a rim e o i of Labor Bureau of LaöurS ta tistics A pril 1985 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis EW In this issue: Inflat on in 1984 Im ports and exports in 1984 Revision of the C onsum er Price Index U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Janet L. N orw ood, Commissioner T h e M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w is p u b lis h e d b y th e B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s o f th e U .S . D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r. C o m m u n ic a tio n s o n e d ito ria l m a tte rs s h o u ld b e a d d re s s e d to th e E d ito r-in -C h ie f, M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s , W a s h in g to n , D .C . 2 0 2 1 2 . P h o n e : (2 0 2 ) 5 2 3 - 1 3 2 7 . S u b s c rip tio n p ric e p e r y e a r— $ 2 4 d o m e s tic ; $ 3 0 fo re ig n . S in g le c o p y $ 4 , d o m e s tic ; $ 5 fo re ig n . S u b s c rip tio n p ric e s a n d d is trib u tio n p o lic ie s fo r th e M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w (IS S N 0 0 9 8 - 1 8 1 8 ) a n d o th e r G o v e rn m e n t p u b lic a tio n s a re s e t b y th e G o v e rn m e n t P rin tin g O ffic e , an a g e n c y o f th e U .S . C o n g re s s . S e n d c o rre s p o n d e n c e o n c irc u la tio n a n d s u b s c rip tio n m a tte rs (in c lu d in g a d d re s s c h a n g e s ) to : S u p e rin te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , G o v e rn m e n t P rin tin g O ffic e , W a s h in g to n , D .C . 2 0 4 0 2 M a k e c h e c k s p a y a b le to S u p e rin te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts . T h e S e c re ta ry o f L a b o r h a s d e te rm in e d th a t th e p u b lic a tio n o f th is p e rio d ic a l is n e c e s s a ry in th e tra n s a c tio n o f th e p u b lic b u s in e s s re q u ire d by la w o f th is D e p a rtm e n t. U se o f fu n d s fo r p rin tin g th is p e rio d ic a l h a s b e e n a p p ro v e d b y th e D ire c to r o f th e O ffic e o f M a n a g e m e n t a n d B u d g e t th ro u g h A p ril 3 0 , 1 9 8 7 . S e c o n d -c la s s p o s ta g e p a id a t W a s h in g to n , D .C . a n d at a d d itio n a l m a ilin g a d d re s s e s . Regional Commissioners for Bureau of Labor Statistics Region I— Boston: Anthony J. Ferrara 1 6 0 3 J o h n F. K e n n e d y F e d e ra l B u ild in g , G o v e rn m e n t C e n te r, B o s to n , M a s s . 0 2 2 0 3 P h o n e : (6 1 7 ) 2 2 3 - 6 7 6 1 C o n n e c tic u t M a in e M a s s a c h u s e tts N e w H a m p s h ire R h o d e Is la n d V e rm o n t Region II— New York: Samuel M. Ehrenhalt 1 5 1 5 B ro a d w a y , S u ite 3 4 0 0 , N e w Y o rk , N .Y . 1 0 0 3 6 P h o n e : (2 1 2 ) 9 4 4 - 3 1 2 1 N e w J e rs e y N e w Y o rk P u e rto R ico V irg in Is la n d s Region III— Philadelphia: Alvin I. Margulis 3 5 3 5 M a rk e t S tre e t P .O . B o x 1 3 3 0 9 , P h ila d e lp h ia , P a. 19101 P h o n e : (2 1 5 ) 5 9 6 - 1 1 5 4 D e la w a re D is tric t o f C o lu m b ia M a ry la n d P e n n s y lv a n ia V irg in ia W e s t V irg in ia Region IV—Atlanta: Donald M. Cruse 1371 P e a c h tre e S tre e t, N .E .. A tla n ta , G a . 3 0 3 6 7 P h o n e : (4 0 4 ) 8 8 1 - 4 4 1 8 A la b a m a F lo rid a G e o rg ia K e n tu c k y M is s is s ip p i N o rth C a ro lin a S o u th C a ro lin a Tennessee Region V—Chicago: William E. Rice 9th F lo o r, F e d e ra l O ffic e B u ild in g , 2 3 0 S. D e a rb o rn S tre e t, C h ic a g o , III. 6 0 6 0 4 P h o n e : (3 1 2 ) 3 5 3 - 1 8 8 0 Illin o is In d ia n a M ic h ig a n M in n e s o ta O h io W is c o n s in Region VI— Dallas: Bryan Richey F e d e ra l B u ild in g , R o o m 221 5 2 5 G riffin S tre e t, D a lla s , T e x a s 7 5 2 0 2 P h o n e : (2 1 4 ) 7 6 7 - 6 9 7 1 A rk a n s a s L o u is ia n a N e w M e x ic o O k la h o m a Texas Regions VII and VIII—Kansas City: Elliott A. Browar 911 W a ln u t S tre e t, K a n s a s C ity , M o. 6 4 1 0 6 P h o n e : (8 1 6 ) 3 7 4 - 2 4 8 1 VII Io w a Kansas M is s o u ri N e b ra s k a VIII A pril cover: C o lo ra d o M o n ta n a N o rth D a k o ta S o u th D a k o ta U ta h W y o m in g Regions IX and X— San Francisco: " A P o tte r," a c o p p e rp la te e tc h in g fro m L ittle Book o f E arly A m erican C rafts & Trades, fir s t p u b lis h e d in 1804. C o v e r d e s ig n b y R ic h a rd L. M a th e w s https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4 5 0 G o ld e n G a te A v e n u e , B o x 3 6 0 1 7 , S a n F ra n c is c o , C a lif. 9 4 1 0 2 P h o n e : (4 1 5 ) 5 5 6 - 4 6 7 8 IX A m e ric a n S o m o a A riz o n a C a lifo rn ia G uam H a w a ii N evada T ru s t T e rrito ry o f th e P a c ific Is la n d s X A la s k a Id a h o O re g o n W a s h in g to n Sam M. Hirabayashi RESEARCH LIBRARY Federal Reserve Bank M O N TH LY LABO R REVIEW of St. Louis A PR IL 1985 V O LU M E 108, NUM BER 4 2 8 1995 Craig Howell, W illiam Thom as Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor 3 Inflation rem ained low during 1984 C onsum er prices rose by 4.0 percent, w hich m arked the third straight year of m oderation, w hile p ro d u ce r p rice s increased only 1.8 p ercent Patricia Szarek, Brian C ostello 10 Prices of U.S. im ports and exp orts declined in 1984 The flow of im ported goods w id e n e d in the w ake of low er prices, but com p e tition and the continued strength of the d o llar sp elled tro u b le for the N a tio n ’s exporters John L. M arcoot 27 Revision of the C onsum er Price Index now under w ay Upon com pletion in 1987, the revised C onsum er P rice Index w ill re fle c t c u rre n t population and spending p atterns, as w ell as te c h n ic a l e nhancem ents J. J. Laco m be II, J. R. Conley 39 M ajor agreem ents in 1984 provided record low w age increases Pay boosts w ere the sm allest since 1968 as m any w orkers saw their w ages frozen or reduced, reflecting co st-cu ttin g efforts and w orkers' co n ce rn over jo b security R EPO RTS P. K. Lattim ore, A. D. Witte 46 Program s to aid ex-offenders: we d o n ’t know ‘nothing w orks' F rederick Englander 49 The author replies: we still need to test program effectiveness H. S. Tanim oto, G. F. Inaba 51 C ollective bargaining status of State em ployees, 1 9 8 1 -8 3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis D E PA R TM EN TS 2 46 51 57 60 62 65 Labor m onth in review C om m unications Research sum m aries M ajor agreem ents expiring next m onth D evelopm ents in industrial relations Book reviews Current labor statistics Labor M onth In Review DATA NEEDS. What do current labor market data tell us about the data needs of the future? Commissioner of Labor Statistics Janet L. Norwood offered some answers to that question in an ad dress to the First Annual Census Research Conference, March 21, in Reston, Va. Excerpts: Service sector. Throughout the last 4 decades, job growth has been primarily concentrated in the service-producing sector of the economy. In February, employment in the nonagricultural goods-producing sector was only about Vi of that in the service-producing sec tor. Yet there are 100 more 4-digit sic in dustries in the goods-producing sector than in the service-producing sector. The fastest growing industry within the service-producing sector is services, with a seasonally adjusted February employ ment level of 21.3 million, but with 131 4-digit Sic industries. Manufacturing, on the other hand, with a February employ ment level of 19.7 million had 452 separate industry codes. Clearly adjust ment is in order. This could be done far more efficiently if the statistical system had data-sharing arrangements and with some front-end capital investment in computer-matching programming. Local area data. We all know that Local Area Unemployment Statistics are dif ficult to produce with accuracy, b l s has made a number of improvements in the system, through use of the Current Population Survey and changes in use of administrative data. Even the establish ment of standards for use of c p s data is a difficult task, b l s has used the sam pling error of c p s series to develop minimum standards, but a great deal more work is needed in this field. 2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Even in a survey of such high quality as the c p s , response rates differ con siderably from one sampling area to another. It is becoming increasingly dif ficult to get cooperation from central city residents in such places as New York City, Chicago, Miami, and Los Angeles. Moreover, turnover among interviewers is relatively high in some central cities, and error rates among new interviewers are always considerably greater than among more seasoned ones. The impact of this trend came home to us recently when we were forced to cancel plans to expand samples in New York and Los Angeles because of operational prob lems and constraints in resources to deal with them. Efforts to deal with these issues have not been successful thus far. The need is critical. We must undertake a serious new effort—involving new ap proaches to data collection perhaps through computer assisted telecom munications interviews as well as methods for upgrading the status of Census Bureau data collectors—as rapidly as possible. Longitudinal data. If we are to under stand the problems of unemployment, we will need to know more about the job experience and labor market attachment of the unemployed members of groups who have difficulty in the labor market. One way to do this is to exploit better than we have done in the past the longitudinal capability of the c p s . The rotation pattern of the c p s (a household is in the sample for 4 months, out for 8 and back in for 4 months) makes it possible to follow the labor m arket experience of individual respondents over a period of as many as 16 months. But this effort, like the related problems with the gross flow data, is seriously hampered by inac curate coding, errors in classification, and the lack of identifiers on many c p s observations. The c p s has been treated each month as a new set of cross sec tional data. We should begin to rethink our whole concept of that survey and take steps to improve the coding and processing to take account of the longitudinal character of the c p s data base. Testing c p s questions. We must somehow find a way to test changes in questionnaire content and design. Although a Presidentially appointed Commission made a recommendation nearly 6 years ago to change the defini tion of discouraged workers—a change that was accepted by two Secretaries of Labor—we are no closer to implementa tion in 1985 than we were in 1979. We do not want to risk generating uncertain results in the c p s by the use of new prob ing questions to refine concepts without an adequate period of testing and overlap. Yet, labor market conditions change very rapidly. While we must maintain sufficient uniformity to protect statistical time series, the avoidance of all change will not ensure that our data remain relevant to current conditions. A sizable panel of households—perhaps as large as 10,000—should be established to test changes in questionnaire content and design. Unless we do so, we will never be able to change our questions to keep our data current. The problems I have cited are increas ingly evident in the data on employment and unemployment b l s issues each month. I look forward to a joint b l s Census research agenda that will address them. □ Inflation remained low during 1984 Consumer prices rose only 4.0 percent in 1984, marking the third straight year of moderation; producer prices rose only 1.8 percent C r a ig H o w ell an d W il l ia m T hom as In 1984, a variety of factors reinforced each other to hold inflation substantially in check as was the case in 1983: • Good harvests for many agricultural crops, both in the United States and abroad; • Continued weakness in world commodity markets for en ergy and many basic industrial materials; • The unusually high value of the U.S. dollar in interna tional currency markets, which encouraged a surge of imports that averted production and labor bottlenecks by siphoning off much of the upswing in domestic demand; • Weak export demand for most U.S.-made goods, also caused in large part by the strength of the dollar; • An excellent year for domestic capital investment projects designed to expand capacity with demand; • Solid U.S. productivity improvements and general wage restraint, both of which held down rises in unit labor costs; • American monetary policies which gave high priority to maintaining a low rate of inflation; and • The slowing of the domestic economic expansion in the latter half of the year. The 4.0-percent increase in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers ( c p i - u ) for the 12-month period ended in December 1984 followed increases of 3.9 percent in 1982 and 3.8 percent in 1983. (See table 1.) While the overall increases were virtually the same in each of the 3 years, the composition of the change was different each year. Specif ically, the moderation became more broadly based with each successive year. In 1982, declines in energy commodities— motor fuel, fuel oil, coal, and bottled gas— and small in creases in grocery store foods and shelter costs were largely responsible for reducing the all-items increase from 8.9 percent in 1981 to 3.9 percent in 1982. The following tab ulation shows the annual increases for selected groupings of c p i expenditure classes, December 1981-84: As a result, inflation in 1984 at both the retail and the producer levels rose at a rate of less than 5 percent for the third consecutive year. This moderate performance coin cided with the second year of strong economic recovery from a recession that ended in late 1982. Craig Howell and William Thomas are economists in the Office of Prices and Living Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics. They were assisted by Doug Robertson, Andrew Clem, Eddie Lamb, Jessie Thomas, Tom Mosimann, and Mary Lynn Schmidt, economists in the same office. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis All items ................... Food at hom e, shelter, and energy com m odi ties ..................................... All items less food at hom e, shelter, and en ergy com m odities ___ 1981 1982 1983 1984 8.9 3.9 3.8 4.0 8.5 1.3 2.4 3.5 9.5 6.6 4.8 4.3 After rising 8.5 percent in 1981, the combination of the food, energy commodity, and shelter components deceler ated sharply, increasing only 1.3 percent in 1982. All other items in the c p i also moderated that year, but not so sharply, posting an average increase of 6.6 percent after advancing 9.5 percent in 1981. In 1983, the energy commodities, grocery store foods, and shelter grouping advanced 2.4 per cent while all other items in the c p i slowed down further 3 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Inflation Low Düring 1984 to a 4.8-percent increase. By 1984, the variance in the behavior of the two groups had further diminished: The energy commodities, grocery store foods, and shelter com bination increased 3.5 percent, while all other c p i items advanced 4.3 percent. The Producer Price Index ( p p i ) for Finished Goods moved up 1.8 percent from December 1983 to December 1984, following an even smaller increase of 0.6 percent in 1983 and a 3.7-percent advance in 1982. Consumer food price increases accelerated modestly, from a 2.3-percent increase in 1983 to 3.8 percent in 1984. Prices for finished energy goods continued to drop ( - 4 .1 percent), although by less than half as much as in 1983: —9.2 percent. Prices received by producers of other kinds of finished goods rose 2.2 per cent in 1984, slightly more than the 1.8-percent increase in 1983 but considerably less than 1982’s 4.9 percent. (See table 2.) The 1984 inflation record at earlier stages of processing was also encouraging. The Intermediate Goods Price Index increased 1.3 percent, compared with 1.8 percent a year earlier. This index rose at a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 3.2 percent in the first half of 1984, when the general Table 1. economic expansion maintained the exceptionally fast pace of 1983. The ensuing slowdown in the economy was re flected in the 0.6-percent rate of decline in this index during the latter half of the year. Crude material prices, which had advanced 4.7 percent from December 1982 to December 1983, fell 1.3 percent in 1984. This reversal resulted from drops in the indexes for foodstuffs and sensitive industrial materials, both of which had advanced substantially during 1983. In this article, we will next examine price changes during 1984 for all major expenditure categories within the Con sumer Price Index. Then we will focus on price changes for those components of the Producer Price Index which do not overlap with categories of the c p i . (Price movements for consumer energy goods— gasoline, home heating oil, and natural gas— are discussed at both the retail and the producer market levels because of important distinctions between what affects the c p i and what affects the p p i for those items.) Consumer prices: food and housing Food and beverages. The food and beverage component P ercent changes in selected consum er price indexes ( c p i- u ), 1 9 8 2 -1 9 8 4 Index Relative Importance, Dec. 1984 Percent change Dec. 1981 to Dec. 1982 Compound annual rate, seasonally adjusted except as noted, for 3 months ended— Contribution Dec. 1982 to Dec. 1983 Dec. 1983 to Dec. 1984 Dec. 1981 to Dec. 1982 Dec. 1982 to Dec. 1983 Dec. 1983 to Dec. 1984 March 1984 June Sept. Dec. All Items ............................ Food ............................... Commodities less food and energy ............. Energy .......................... Energy commodities . Energy services .......... Services less energy . . 100.0 18.7 3.9 3.1 3.8 2.6 4.0 3.8 100.0 13.4 100.0 12.9 100.0 18.0 5.4 84 3.2 5 45 39 3J) 37 26.3 11.5 6.8 4.7 43.5 5.8 1.3 -5 .0 14.1 3.4 5.0 -.5 -3 .2 4.1 4.8 3.1 .2 -1 .9 3.4 5.6 48.8 3.7 34.4 -1 .5 __ 54.2 3.8 12 8 18 6.0 39 3 -3 3 59 5.2 38 01 79 13 2 6.2 QJ 34.1 20.6 .6 -3 .4 4.0 60.7 34 63 5.0 All Items ............................... Services............................ Commodities.................... 100.0 48.2 51.8 3.9 4.3 3.6 3.8 4.8 2.9 4.0 5.4 2.6 100.0 47.5 52.5 100.0 59.2 40.8 100.0 64.7 35.3 5.4 54 5.0 32 54 1.3 45 69 2.2 30 39 2.3 All Items ............................... Food and beverages . . . . Food at hom e............... Food away from home Alcoholic beverages . . . Housing............................... Shelter............................... Renters’ costs ............. Rent residential1 . . . Homeowners' costs1 Homeownership2 .......... Fuel and other utilities . . . Household furnishings and operation....................... Apparel and upkeep ............. Apparel commodities .......... Apparel services .................. 100.0 19.8 12.6 6.1 1.1 3.9 3.2 2.2 5.0 4.0 3.8 2.7 1.9 4.1 3.4 4.0 3.7 3.6 4.2 2.7 100.0 14.4 6.6 6.8 1.0 100.0 13.9 6.8 6.6 100.0 100.0 18.8 11.6 6.4 .7 5.4 80 10.5 41 1.5 3*2 3 -3 0 47 3'1 45 37 41 35 2.2 30 38 35 4.0 37.7 21.8 7.1 6.2 14.1 — 3.6 2.4 — 6.6 3.5 4.7 5.1 4.9 5.4 44.5 19.7 34.8 26.6 9.3 7.6 16 6 64 70 64 66 19 46 56 60 3.9 8.6 4.1 4.0 4.6 47 43 -7 6 85 44 53 65 60 9.3 17.3 40.0 28.4 10.4 9.0 17 7 ?2 46 21 0 7.2 40 64 64 5^4 4 o 4.5 48 63 4.6 — ___ CNJ CO 1.7 9.7 1.8 4.2 5.2 5.9 5.8 5.1 4.2 5.1 7.7 5.1 4.3 .8 3.5 1.6 .9 6.2 2.0 2.9 2.5 5.0 2.0 2.0 1.4 4.9 6.5 2.0 .9 1.1 4.4 4.0 2.9 1.0 3.0 2.5 1.6 1.0 - 3 6 0 4.1 18 8 17 4.9 Transportation....................... Private transportation . . . Public transportation . . . . 21.6 20.1 1.6 1.7 1.4 6.5 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.1 2.8 6.4 8.6 6.4 2.2 22.4 20.9 1.5 58 54 9.4 3J> 3? 8.5 Medical care......................... Medical care commodities Medical care services . . . 6.3 1.0 5.2 11.0 9.6 11.2 6.4 7.6 6.1 6.1 7.6 5.8 13.8 2.0 11.8 10.1 1.9 8.1 17.0 14.5 2.5 9.4 1.9 7.5 75 8.0 7.5 61 66 6.0 — — 8.7 5^2 3.4 58 92 5.1 Entertainment....................... 4.2 5.6 3.9 4.2 5.2 4.3 4.5 1.1 5.5 5.0 5.5 Other goods and services . . 5.3 12.1 8.0 6.1 12.6 10.5 7.8 6.7 5.9 6.9 4.4 1 Not seasonally adjusted. 4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 old series cpi- w . Table 2. P ercent changes in selected produ cer price indexes by stage of processing, 1 9 8 3 -8 4 Index Finished goods.................................... Consumer foods ............................ Energy goods................................. Consumer goods excluding foods and energy ................................. Capital equipment ......................... Intermediate materials, supplies, and components .............................. Food and feeds .............................. Energy goods................................. Materials excluding foods and energy ......................................... Crude materials for further processing ................................. Foodstuffs and feedstuffs ............. Energy materials1 .......................... Nonfood materials excluding energy ......................................... 1 Relative Importance, Dec. 1984 Dec. 1982 to Dec. 1983 Dec. 1983 to Dec. 1984 March 1984 June 1984 Sept. 1984 Dec. 1984 1 00 .0 0 .6 24.4 11.5 1.8 2.3 -9 .2 6.1 3.8 -4 .1 15.2 -5 .2 -0 4 -7 .5 5.0 o 45 -1 9 .7 42.4 1.9 1.9 2 .2 2.1 5.6 3.9 .8 2 .2 25 2.3 1 00 .0 1.8 4.9 15.1 9.3 -5 .5 1.3 -5 .4 4.1 3.0 2 .6 2.4 -4 .8 3.8 -1 9 -1 4 7 -9 .2 32 3.0 80.1 3.0 4.1 2 .0 .9 1.3 1 00 .0 4.7 53.0 31.7 4.4 8.9 1 .6 -7 7 -1 9 2 4.0 33 -4 .6 2 1 12 0 - 6 .5 15.4 15.5 9 14.3 -1 5 .3 2 1 .6 8 .0 Not seasonally adjusted. Data reflect revisions in not seasonally adjusted indexes through September 1984, note : of the CPI, whose deceleration predated the overall slow down in prices, continued its moderate behavior in 1984, increasing 3.7 percent. For the fourth consecutive year, grocery store food prices rose less than 4 percent. The 3.6percent rise in 1984, however, was nearly double the 1983 increase. While all major grocery store food groups con tributed to the acceleration, a turnaround in meat prices was primarily responsible. Following declines in 1983, beef prices rose 3.8 percent and pork prices, 6.0 percent in 1984. The drought in the summer of 1983 had a major impact on those prices in both years. Higher feed costs induced owners to market their livestock early, which resulted in meat price reductions in 1983. These declines were interrupted in early 1984, when harsh winter weather restricted supplies to retail markets and caused a temporary jump in prices. The effect of accelerated slaughterings in 1983, however, led to some liquidation of stocks, lower marketings, and higher prices for pork by early summer and for beef, by the fourth quarter. By contrast, poultry and egg prices, reflecting the effects of the drought and avian influenza, rose sharply in the sec ond half of 1983 and in early 1984 before declining in the last 3 quarters of 1984. The 1983 summer drought and winter freeze played a major role in the 1984 price movement for fresh vegetables and fruits. Drought-reduced harvests caused fresh vegetable prices to rise sharply in the fall of 1983 and early 1984 before declining in the remainder of 1984. By the year’s end, prices were 6.9 percent below the December 1983 level. Fresh fruit prices, which declined in 1983, increased 22.6 percent in 1984. The late 1983 freeze, which severely damaged orchards as well as the early 1984 citrus crop, is likely to have a long-run impact on prices. Prices for dairy products rose 3.4 percent in 1984, fol https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Compound annual rale, seasonally adjusted except as noted, for 3 months ended— Percent change -.1 2 .0 -1 .3 -.9 - 1.0 - 3.3 - 1 .8 45 57 0 0 3 1 7 '4 - 1 0 .7 as well as the recalculation of seasonally adjusted data from January 1980 through December 1984, efiective with the release ot January 1985 indexes. lowing increases of less than 1 percent in each of the pre ceding 2 years. The introduction of the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Dairy Diversion Program, which was de signed to reduce milk production and government support payments, contributed to the advance in milk prices. The indexes for cereal and bakery products, processed fruits and vegetables, and other foods at home all registered moderate increases in 1984, which were nevertheless larger than in 1982 and 1983. Housing. The cpi- u housing index rose 4.2 percent in 1984, following a 3.5-percent increase in 1983. Larger in creases in the costs for shelter and fuels and other utilities more than offset the smaller rise in household furnishings and operations. Prices for fuel and other utilities rose 4.2 percent in 1984, compared with 1.8 percent in 1983. The sharpest advance in the fuel and other utilities component was the rise in telephone service charges, which coincided with the January 1, 1984, restructuring of the telephone industry. Telephone services, which rose 3.6 percent in 1983, jumped 9.2 percent in 1984 as local charges soared 17.1 percent, intrastate toll charges increased 3.7 percent, while interstate toll charges declined 4.3 percent. Fuel oil prices, which had decreased sharply during 1983 in the wake of the oil glut— down 10.9 percent— were un changed in 1984, as oil prices remained stable amid suffi cient supplies and moderate heating oil demands. The sharp increases which occurred during the bitter cold of January and February were offset by declines throughout the re mainder of the year. Charges for electricity rose 5.6 percent, following increases of 3.2 percent in 1983 and 6.4 percent in 1982. Natural gas prices increased less than a percentage point (0.8 percent) in 1984, well below the 5.2-percent 5 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Inflation Low Düring 1984 increase in 1983; this was their smallest increase since 1967. In the 9-year period ended in 1982, annual increases in natural gas prices averaged 17.1 percent a year and never dropped below a double-digit level. The cessation of takeor-pay contracts,1 together with court-ordered refunds to compensate for overcharges based upon these contracts, helped hold down the 1984 increase. Shelter costs rose 5.2 percent in 1984. Renters’ costs rose 5.9 percent, up slightly from the 5.1-percent rise in 1983. Homeowners’ costs also rose slightly more in 1984 (5.1 percent) than they had in 1983 (4.5 percent). However, home maintenance and repair prices slowed from a 5.0percent increase in 1983 to a 2.7-percent rise in 1984, as charges for maintenance and repair services moderated sub stantially. The 1.5-percent increase in the household furnishings and operations index was the smallest annual increase since the series began in 1967. The index for housefumishings was up only marginally, as price increases in textile housefurnishings (4.2 percent), furniture and bedding (1.9 percent), and other household equipment (1.1 percent) were nearly offset by price declines for household appliances, televi sions, and sound equipment. Prices for housekeeping sup plies advanced 3.0 percent and services, 2.4 percent. percent— registered their smallest annual increase since 1966. The public transportation component, which had risen 3.8 percent in 1983, advanced 6.4 percent in 1984. Airline fares, fluctuating throughout the year, showed a net increase of 6.5 percent. Intercity bus fares rose sharply (12.3 per cent). By contrast, taxi fares rose only 1.2 percent, the lowest increase since 1964 when the taxi fare index was first published. Medical care. The 6.1-percent advance in the cost of med ical care in 1984 followed an increase of 6.4 percent in 1983 and increases of 10 percent or more in each of the preceding 4 years. The slight deceleration in 1984 reflected a slowdown in prices for medical care services, while prices for medical care commodities rose at the same rate as in 1983. Within the medical care service component, charges for physicians’ services rose 6.0 percent, the smallest in crease in 11 years. Charges for dental services and other professional services also decelerated in 1984. Following a 9.3-percent increase in 1983, the costs of hospital rooms rose 7.4 percent in 1984, the smallest since 1973. Within the medical care commodities component, the index for prescription drugs rose 9.9 percent, about the same as in 1983. Prices for nonprescription drugs and medical supplies decelerated slightly in 1984, increasing 5.4 percent. Transportation and medical care Transportation. Transportation costs rose 3.1 percent in 1984, following increases of 3.9 percent in 1983 and 1.7 percent in 1982. The 9-percent advance over the past 3 years compares with a 50-percent increase for the 3-year period ended in 1981. The turnaround in gasoline prices and the smaller increases in automobile prices were largely respon sible for the slowdown. Although used car prices decelerated substantially in the last half of 1984, the sharp 7.0-percent rise for the year accounted for nearly half of the total transportation increase. Larger inventories, associated with the increase of trade-ins from strong new car purchases, resulted in downward pres sure on used car prices. New car prices rose only 2.5 percent during 1984, the third consecutive small annual increase. The moderate increases in 1983 and 1984, unlike that in 1982, coincided with expanding production and sales. Again exerting downward pressure on the transportation index, motor fuel prices decreased 2.4 percent during 1984. This decline was slightly greater than 1983’s 1.7-percent drop, which included the 5-percent Federal excise tax in crease, but it was less than the 6.5-percent decline in 1982. From their peak level of March 1981, gasoline prices had declined 13.2 percent by December 1984. Among other automotive expenses, automobile finance charges rose 6.8 percent in 1984, after registering sharp declines in each of the preceding 2 years. The cost of au tomobile insurance— up 7.9 percent— continued to ad vance. Tire prices, however, declined for the third consecutive year, and automobile maintenance and repair costs— up 3.2 6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Apparel and other expenses Apparel. The index for apparel rose 2.0 percent in 1984, declining in the first half of the year before rising sharply in the third quarter. The introduction of higher-priced fall merchandise was responsible for the third-quarter spurt. Clothing sales and promotions were prevalent throughout the rest of the year. Small-to-moderate price increases were recorded for most men’s, boys’, women’s, girls’, and in fants’ clothing items and for footwear. The index for jewelry and luggage declined slightly, reflecting a decline in prices for precious metals. Charges for apparel services (such as laundering and dry cleaning), which rose 4.9 percent in 1984, continued to decelerate from their peak level increase of 12.5 percent in 1978. Most of the 1984 advance was due to higher prices for dry cleaning services. Entertainment. The index for entertainment, which had decelerated yearly from 1980 to 1983, rose slightly faster in 1984, increasing 4.2 percent. The cost of entertainment services rose 5.7 percent in 1984. Admission fees for mov ies, theaters, sporting events, and other forms of entertain ment rose 7.5 percent on average. Increased charges for membership to fitness centers, health centers, and fees for participant sports averaged 5.7 percent. The index for en tertainment commodities— up 3.3 percent— also rose slightly more than in 1983, principally because of larger price in creases for photographic supplies and equipment. Prices for reading materials, however, slowed substantially in the past 2 years, reflecting a moderation in printing costs. The 4.0- percent increase in 1984 was the smallest advance since this series was introduced in 1977. Prices for sporting goods and equipment rose 3.4 percent, as a 5.3-percent increase in sports vehicles was partially offset by near-stable prices for bicycles and sporting equipment. Other goods and services. The other goods and services index increased 6.1 percent in 1984, the smallest annual increase in this category since 1976. Increases in personal and educational expenses (up 9.1 percent) accounted for half of the 1984 increase in this component. Tuition and other school fees increased 10.1 percent in 1984 after having doubled over the past 7 years. Prices for school books and supplies also continued to advance— up 8.1 percent— but by less than in other recent years. The index for personal expenses rose 6.5 percent, substantially less than in any year since this series was introduced in 1977. The dere gulation of banks increased competition for depositors and coincided with the smaller increases in charges for banking services. The index for tobacco rose 4.9 percent in 1984, following increases of 20.1 in 1982 and 10.1 percent in 1983. Leg islation passed in the summer of 1982 and effective January 1, 1983, doubled the Federal excise tax on cigarettes from 8 to 16 cents per pack. Sharp increases were recorded from September 1982 through January 1983 as manufacturers immediately began phasing in the effect of the tax increase. In 1984, two moderate increases in wholesale prices for tobacco were passed on at retail. Producer prices: energy trends Prices received for domestic energy products decreased in 1984, following more substantial and pervasive declines in 1983. The indexes for both finished energy goods and crude energy materials continued to fall, although not nearly so much as in 1983; prices for intermediate energy goods were almost unchanged, following 2 consecutive years of decline. Major influences on energy prices in 1984 included unusual weather patterns, climbing foreign exchange rates, heavy inventories of crude oil and refined petroleum prod ucts, and the decontrol of natural gas. (Prices for major refined petroleum products and natural gas are lagged 1 month in the Producer Price Index.) The index for finished energy goods decreased 4.1 percent from December 1983 to December 1984. Indexes for gas oline and home heating oil— both of which had fallen at double-digit rates during 1983— fell again but by consid erably less. These declines largely reflected the general ov ersupply of petroleum and intense competition among refiners to boost their market share. Natural gas prices rose slightly, mostly in response to earlier regulatory adjustments and increased sales of unregulated “ new” gas. Natural gas is now essentially competitive with other fuels, as evidenced in declines in the natural gas index in the last 4 months of 1984. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The Producer Price Index for intermediate energy goods was virtually unchanged in 1984, as price increases for most refined petroleum products were largely offset by an advance in the index for electric power. Extreme weather patterns in both summer and winter caused users to increase elec tricity consumption. The increased costs, particularly for fuels for generating this additional power, were passed on to consumers. Prices for residual fuel moved slightly higher in 1984, when electric utilities opted for this fuel to meet some of the surge in demand during severe weather. Prices continued to decline for liquefied petroleum gas, kerosene, jet fuel, and diesel fuel, reflecting the oversupply of such fuels. The p p i for crude energy moved down 1.0 percent in 1984, after falling 4.6 percent a year earlier. Prices for domestic crude petroleum fell 3.2 percent, much less than in other recent years. As in 1983, continued global surpluses in energy supplies frustrated attempts by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ( o p e c ) to maintain price levels. The index for coal edged up just 0.8 percent. Al though coal consumption grew about 8 percent in 1984, producer stockpiles were up significantly over the year in anticipation of a strike that never materialized. Capital equipment Business spending on new plant and equipment surged 13 percent in 1984, the largest advance in 18 years. This increase was due to enhanced after-tax returns on investment and widespread optimism about the durability of the general expansion in the economy. Nevertheless, the Producer Price Index for capital equipment continued to rise only mod estly— 2.1 percent from December 1983 to December 1984, roughly the same as in 1983. Moreover, prices of few major products moved up more than 4 percent during the year. As in 1983, intense competition from imports was a major factor restraining inflation in this sector of the economy. Prices for machine tools rose about 4 percent, as orders and domestic shipments were sharply higher than a year earlier, although still well below prerecession levels. These types of machinery— key to industrial automation— range from computer-controlled lathes to automated presses that shape metal parts. The level of orders for machine tools is considered an indication of capital spending by the auto motive, appliance, aircraft, and other durable goods indus tries.2 Imports controlled an unusually high share of the American market for machine tools, just as they had in 1983. However, the recovery was strong enough in 1984 to allow increased sales by both domestic and foreign manufacturers of machine tools. Prices for heavy trucks rose 4.2 percent over the year, on the strength of sharply increased sales of 0.26 million units from a low of 0.18 million in 1983. These trucks range from medium-duty general delivery trucks to heavy-duty diesel tractor-trailers. The turnaround in sales reflected the strong recovery in business investment in 1984. 7 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Inflation Low Düring 1984 Intermediate goods less foods and energy After accelerating moderately to a 3.0-percent increase in 1983, the Producer Price Index for intermediate goods other than foods and energy eased somewhat, registering a 2.0-percent rise for the 12 months ended in December 1984. The unusually strong pace of economic growth early in the year enabled manufacturers to raise prices for many goods whose prices had slumped during the preceding 2 years. However, these increases were mitigated by the soaring foreign exchange value of the U.S. dollar, which severely curtailed export demand for American-made industrial goods, and prompted increased imports of products that undercut domestic markets. This unfavorable trade balance, plus a slowdown in the overall economy, caused prices for most intermediate goods to either rise more slowly or decline during the latter part of 1984. Manufacturing materials. The index for nondurable man ufacturing materials moved up 1.3 percent over the course of the year, about half as much as in 1983. Following a small increase in 1983, prices for industrial chemicals turned down 4.0 percent, reaching their lowest level since the end of 1980. Double-digit decreases occurred for vinyl chloride monomer (used in making plastics), as well as for benzene and ethylene, two widely used primary industrial chemicals. These resulted from lower crude petroleum costs, heavy import competition, and uncertain prospects in housing and automotive industries. Lower chemical prices tended to re strain prices for derivative products; synthetic fibers and synthetic rubber showed little net change over 1984, the third consecutive year of flat or declining prices. Price in creases also moderated for plastic resins, gray fabrics, fin ished fabrics, leather, and inedible fats and oils (the last nevertheless still advanced sharply). A major exception to the moderation of prices of inter mediate industrial goods was in the pulp and paper products industry, where strong demand kept manufacturers oper ating at over 95 percent of capacity throughout the year. Import competition was not very serious because labor dis putes reduced output in the Canadian paper industry; this also made it possible for U.S. paper producers to maintain export levels in spite of the strength of the U.S. dollar. As a result, price increases accelerated over the year for woodpulp and paperboard (recording double-digit advances), as well as for paper. Reversing the 4.3-percent climb of the previous year, the index of materials for durable manufacturing edged down 0.3 percent during 1984, led by nonferrous metals. The market for aluminum was not as strong as anticipated. American producers reacted to bulging inventories and sag ging prices by closing several major smelting-refining op erations that together accounted for almost one-tenth of total production capacity. Aluminum prices continued to slide, nonetheless, ending the year about 7 percent below 1983 levels. Copper prices declined for the fifth consecutive year. 8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The urgent need for foreign exchange to repay debts prompted Chile, Peru, and Zambia to continue heavy exports of copper in spite of minimal profits. The American copper mining industry petitioned the Federal Government for relief against imports, but was denied. Prices for lead, zinc, gold, and silver also fell during the year. Flat glass prices fell 5.1 percent, the first drop since 1972. This resulted from mod eration in costs for inputs such as natural gas, as well as uncertainty in the construction industry. The steel mill products index did register an increase (2.2 percent), but this was only half as much as in 1983. The import share of the U.S. steel market reached a record high of 26 percent during 1984, up from a 21-percent share a year earlier, thereby displacing more U.S. production. Un like the previous year, when decreases for tubular products and wire partly offset steep increases for sheets and strip, the principal steel categories showed uniformly modest ad vances in 1984. Moderate increases also took place for hardwood lumber and Portland cement. Construction materials. The housing construction market began the year on a very strong note, but then generally subsided as mortgage interest rates climbed during the sec ond and third quarters. Correspondingly, softwood lumber prices rose during the first quarter, but subsequently turned down, ending the year 5.2 percent below the December 1983 level. Plywood prices likewise declined 4.6 percent over the year. Continued expansion of lumber and plywood imports from Canada (now accounting for nearly 40 percent of the U.S. market) forced many American sawmills to go out of business during 1984. Prices for gypsum products (such as wallboard) continued the 1983 rapid increase through the middle of 1984, as shortages persisted in several areas. However, the gypsum industry finally began to catch up with demand as the market softened around mid-year. Prices receded during the second half, to finish the year only 2.1 percent above the December 1983 level, compared with the 27.1-percent surge in the prior 12-month period. However, sizable increases for certain products tended to offset the moderation observed among other construction materials. Those showing significant advances included wir ing devices, asphalt felts and coatings (formerly asphalt roofing), and prepared paint. This mixture of price move ments over 1984 resulted in a 2.4-percent rise in the overall index for materials and components for construction, the third consecutive yearly advance of less than 4 percent. Grains and feedstuffs During 1984, the Producer Price Index for grains fell 12.8 percent, largely reflecting good harvests in the United States and abroad. Grain prices had climbed more than 20 percent a year earlier because of severe drought in many growing regions, combined with the impact of the acreage reduction prompted by the payment-in-kind ( p i k ) program. The p ik program was formally discontinued for most grains before the 1984 growing season. Wheat prices rose moderately in the first half of 1984, partly because of good export demand, but then retreated in the second half as record harvests occurred in this country and several other major producing nations. The net result was a 4.6-percent drop in prices from December 1983 to December 1984. Com prices fell in almost every month of the year, for a total decrease of 18.1 percent by the end of 1984. Expanded harvests after unusually low production in 1983, combined with stagnant foreign demand restrained by the continuing climb in the value of the American dollar in international currency markets, were the principal influ ences behind the drop in com quotations. Prices for barley, oats, and rye also moved down over the year. The index for oilseeds declined sharply over the year, largely because of reduced prices for soybeans and peanuts. Soybean quotations fell more than 20 percent, reflecting increased domestic production, lagging demand from Eu rope and Japan, and increased competition from Argentine and Brazilian exports. A record harvest, made possible by a yield 7 percent greater than the previous record yield in 1982, led to a 17.4-percent drop in peanut prices. Hay prices also moved down in the face of abundant alternative animal feeds and extensive pasture feeding for much of the year. Price-sensitive industrial materials The Producer Price Index for crude nonfood materials other than energy, which measures changes in prices of raw industrial commodities usually responsive to cyclical shifts in general economic conditions, dropped 3.3 percent from December 1983 to December 1984. Responding to the vig orous recovery from the 1981-82 recession, this index had climbed 15 percent in 1983 and continued to advance briskly (at a 7.4-percent rate) through the first half of 1984. The impact of the second-half economic slowdown was evident in the behavior of the index for these price-sensitive indus trial materials, which fell at a 13.0-percent rate from June to December. 1Under long-term take-or-pay contracts, natural gas producers required pipelines to pay for a minimum quantity of gas whether it was needed or not. If demand for gas fell, a fixed charge under a take-or-pay contract had to be spread over a smaller volume, leading to rate increases for the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Scrap metals were especially prominent in the 1984 down turn. Iron and steel scrap prices, which had soared more than 50 percent a year before, decreased considerably during most of 1984, ending the year 5.2 percent lower than their December 1983 level. The low output of domestic steel mills, which again were confronted with heavy imports of steel products, lowered ferrous scrap demand and prices. Increased export demand for ferrous scrap kept their prices from falling more. Nonferrous scrap prices dropped nearly 16 percent during 1984, in distinct contrast to the 36.7percent upward jump in the preceding 12 months. Alumi num base scrap prices were nearly one-third lower by the end of the year than they had been in December 1983, reflecting the unexpected weakness in industrial demand for aluminum products. Like scrap metals, prices for raw cotton and crude natural rubber fell in 1984 after jumping substantially a year before. Raw cotton prices had climbed 23.8 percent in 1983 and continued to rise in early 1984. These prices fell through the rest of the year, however, to close with a net loss of nearly 19 percent from December 1983 quotations. Demand for some cotton fabrics, notably corduroy and denim, was considerably lower in 1984 than in other recent years, in part reflecting a saturation of consumer markets with blue jeans and other apparel made from those fabrics. Minimal inventory rebuilding by domestic mills, reduced export de mand, and recent excellent harvests in this country and China added further downward pressure on raw cotton prices. After advancing about one-third in 1983, crude natural rub ber prices dropped nearly one-fourth in 1984, as world sup plies expanded more than enough to meet demand. Prices for cattle hides had surged 36.2 percent in 1983 and continued to advance in most of 1984. However, in creased supplies and lagging foreign and domestic demand lowered fourth-quarter prices, resulting in a net rise of just 2.3 percent from December 1983 to December 1984. Prices for leaf tobacco and for construction sand and gravel also rose in 1984, while indexes for logs and wastepaper de creased moderately. ultimate gas user. 2 See John Duke and Horst Brand, “ Cyclical behavior of productivity in the machine tool industry,” Monthly Labor Review, November 1981, pp. 2 7 -3 4 . 9 Prices of U.S. imports and exports declined in 1984 Throughout the year, the economy benefited from lower prices and abundant quantities o f imported goods; however, the continued strength o f the dollar and stiffer competition from foreign producers spelled trouble fo r the Nation s exporters in sluggish world markets Pa t r ic ia Sz a rek an d B r ia n C ostello U.S. import prices declined for the second consecutive year in 1984, decreasing 1.7 percent after a 2.5-percent drop in 1983. (See table 1.) The downward trend in import prices during the year was more broad-based than in 1983, when aggregate price movements were predominately influenced by falling energy prices. The price index for nonenergy imports decreased a moderate 1.0 percent in 1984, after having advanced 2.1 percent in 1983. Substantial price re ductions were registered for food, chemicals, and machinery and transport equipment in 1984. While price increases for fats and oils, and tobacco and beverages helped to moderate the decline, prices for intermediate manufactures and mis cellaneous manufactures also drifted downward over the year. The appreciation of the U.S. dollar and plentiful supplies of foreign-produced goods were the principal factors ex erting downward pressure on import prices, despite the Na tion’s vigorous economic growth. Strong U.S. demand was increasingly met by imported merchandise; the record $328 billion of goods imported in 1984 represented a 25.5-percent increase over 1983.1 The large supplies and lower prices of foreign-made merchandise contributed to low levels of do mestic inflation.2 The export price index, which was first published for the Patricia Szarek and Brian Costello are economists in the Division of In ternational Prices, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 10 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis fourth quarter of 1983, fell 1.4 percent during 1984. (See table 2.) The principal contributors to the downward drift in the index were declining prices for food, crude materials, chemicals, and miscellaneous manufactures, which were partially offset by increases in export prices for machinery and transport equipment, and fats and oils. Export prices for intermediate manufactures and fuels were relatively sta ble, with slight rises registered for the year, while a small price decrease occurred for beverages and tobacco. As with imports, escalating competition in the world market and the strength of the U.S. dollar exerted downward pressure on prices, but rising demand moderated some price declines. Sluggish economic growth in Western Europe in recent years and international debt problems experienced by some of the Nation’s major trading partners also contributed to the mod eration in U.S. export prices. The $220 billion worth of merchandise exported by the United States in 1984 was almost 10 percent above the $200 billion exported in 1983, but was only 4 percent higher than the 1982 level and still well below the $237 billion exported in 1981.3 The U.S. share of total world exports has been declining since 1980.4 The price indexes discussed in this article are not sea sonally adjusted and are based on transaction price infor mation provided by a sample of U.S. importers and exporters. They represent 100 percent of the value of all imported and exported products. Indexes are published for detailed and aggregate categories of imports and exports.5 Tab le 1. C hange in selected im port price indexes in 1984, and com m o dity shares of total 1980 trade value Commodity All commodities'........................................................ All commodities, except fuels and related products'...................................... Share of total 1980 trade value 100.000 67.223 Fuels and related products............................................................................ Crude petroleum and petroleum products......................................... Crude petroleum.......................................................................... Natural gas and liquified natural g a s ........................................................... 32.776 30.653 25.799 1.642 Machinery and transport equipment...................................................... Metalworking machinery.................................................................. Telecommunications, sound recording and reproducing equipment . . . Electric machinery and equipment................................................... 25.442 .755 2.785 3.396 Road vehicles and parts..................................................................... Passenger automobiles................................................... Parts for motor vehicles............................................................. Food................................................................................................. Meat........................................................................ Fruits and vegetables..................................................................... Vegetables, fresh, chilled, or frozen................................................................ Fruits and nuts, fresh or dried................................................... Coffee, tea, and cocoa............................................................................. Coffee.................................................................. Tea............................................................................................ 10.887 7.201 .814 Percent change in— All of 1984 - - 1.7 0.7 1.0 0.8 3.0 3.1 3.5 3.6 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.2 - 1.2 6.1 3.8 9.8 - 1.6 2.3 5.1 - First quarter 6.554 .977 .838 .183 .347 2.241 1.644 .054 2.3 1.3 - 6.2 - 33.0 - 3.0 - 2.0 - 0.2 3.7 13.520 3.127 3.123 1.037 .581 0.4 3.5 7.9 - 14.2 - 7.1 Miscellaneous manufactures........................................................... Clothing............................................................................... Footwear.......................................................................... Watches and clocks..................................................................... Professional, scientific, and controlling apparatus.............................................. Collectors' pieces, including gold and silver coins......................................... Musical instruments and accessories.............................................. 9.794 2.666 1.232 .437 .628 .802 .203 0.1 7.8 4.8 5.3 - 4.8 - 17.3 - 7.6 Beverages and tobacco ................................................................ Crude materials............................................................................. Fats and o ils .......................................................................... Chemicals and related products........................................................... 1.082 4.275 .226 3.475 0.7 0.2 14.4 - 2.4 'This category includes indexes in addition to those shown here. For all of the indexes available in each category, see U .S . Im p o rt and E xport Indexes, usdl- 85-45 (Bureau of Labor Statistics) Jan. 31, 1985. Intermediate manufactures................................................................ Iron and steel................................................................ Nonferrous metals............................................................. Silver and platinum............................................................................... Copper................................................................................................. General developments in U.S. foreign trade Appreciation of the dollar against the currencies of our major trading partners in recent years has had a significant impact on U.S. export and import prices. From its low in July 1980 to December 1984, the dollar’s trade-weighted exchange rate gained 46 percent.6 (See chart 1.) Over this period, the dollar rose 14.6 percent against the Canadian dollar and 12.2 percent against the Japanese yen. In 1984, the dollar reached all-time peaks against the currencies of the United Kingdom and France, and climbed to an 11-year high against the Deutschemark. The dollar’s rise was par ticularly dramatic against currencies of countries experi encing large external debts. For example, the dollar surged 219 percent against the Brazilian cruzeiro and 33 percent against the Mexican peso from December 1983 to December 1984.7 This rapid appreciation has made U.S. imports less expensive while driving up the prices of U.S. exports in foreign markets. (See chart 2.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.1 1.5 0.7 1.8 0.5 0.9 1.1 2.1 0.5 8.9 20.0 2.2 3.0 2.9 9.1 0.2 0.8 0.2 1.4 3.1 0.6 1.3 0.6 0.4 1.1 0.4 1.0 0.1 4.7 16.9 1.6 Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter 0.3 - 1.6 - 1.7 - 1.1 0.5 - 0.3 0.1 0.4 2.3 -1 3 -1 2 -0 6 - 1.6 ?? 24 2J 0.0 - 0.1 0.5 0.6 3.2 -1 4 -1 8 -1 3 - 4.6 - 03 24 25 0.6 - 1.3 2.0 0.2 -0 5 -0 3 - 4.2 - 14 15 1.8 1.0 0.3 0.2 1.3 2.9 1.6 1.0 0.1 1.4 12 -0 3 18 -0 8 - 3.4 0.3 - 4.4 - 3.8 -2 3 -1 3 4 -4 4 4 -1 4 - 3.2 - 4.2 - 0.6 1.5 4.5 1.4 2.6 3.1 -1 7 07 -6 3 - 14.3 - 4.7 03 -0 8 -3 2 13 - 2.5 0.9 1.8 2.9 6.6 0.9 2.4 3.3 - 1.8 2.2 -1 7 -1 5 - 2.2 -1 2 6 - 2.8 0.2 23 30 07 -2 8 -2 7 - 2.6 0.6 0.6 20.8 - 0.5 05 1.9 - 12.3 - 1.8 -0 4 -2 2 -7 6 - 1.7 - - - - - - - - - 0.5 Relative economic growth rates also had an important influence on trade patterns and export and import price movements in 1984. A robust U.S. economic recovery boosted demand for a wide variety of imported products. Total U.S. auto sales in 1984 were 13.1 percent higher than in 1983, which fueled demand for such products as steel, aluminum, and rubber.8 In addition, housing starts were up by 2.6 percent over strong 1983 levels, and private nonresidential construction leaped 41 percent from December 1983 to De cember 1984.9 This activity boosted sales of lumber, copper, appliances, and other products associated with construction. Moreover, personal consumption expenditures were 8.6 per cent higher than in 1983.10 The increasingly important role played by imports in satisfying both investment and con sumer demand was seen in the unprecedented $59 billion worth of capital goods imported in 1984; this represented a 46-percent rise over 1983. Imports of consumer goods also jumped 33 percent over the year.11 11 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • U.S. Import and Export Prices These import surges influenced economic growth in some foreign countries, especially those Far Eastern and European nations with economies substantially affected by export lev els (such as West Germany, Japan, South Korea, and Tai wan), and those developing nations facing large external debts (including Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina). Increased production for export in these nations has spurred compe tition in the world market, contributing to lower price levels. U.S. imports from Asia grew 31.6 percent in 1984 while imports from Latin America and the European Economic Community increased 18.8 percent and 31.4 percent, re spectively.12 Conversely, lower economic growth rates in some tra ditional export markets tended to depress demand for U.S. products, particularly as the strength of the dollar has made them more expensive. While Europe experienced moderate economic growth in 1984, its expansion was sluggish com pared with developments in the United States and Japan; U.S. exports to the European Economic Community in creased 6 percent in 1984, but were still 2.1 percent below the $48 billion exported in 1982.13 Although up 16 percent Tab le 2. over 1983 levels, U.S. exports to Latin America were well below those of 1980, 1981 and 1982, primarily because the international debt situation of many of these nations has forced them to cut back their imports.14 Major oil-producing nations had lower export revenues in 1984, and thus bought fewer U.S. products. Forty-eight percent of the growth in total U.S. exports for the year was attributable to a 22percent increase in exports to Canada. This top trading part ner of the United States has experienced healthy economic growth during the past 2 years.15 Exports of capital goods, which have traditionally been the largest U.S. export cat egory, increased moderately in 1984 following declines in each of the previous 3 years. (See chart 3.) The U.S. merchandise trade deficit soared to a record $107.6 billion in 1984, 76 percent over the 1983 amount, and 195 percent above the 1982 level.16 (See chart 4.) Rising imports led to higher U.S. deficits with almost all major trading partners, and particularly with Japan; the $36.8 bil lion deficit vis a vis that country in 1984 represented a 70percent increase over the 1983 figure. (See table 3.) The trade deficit with Canada rose 42.5 percent, as strong U.S. C hange in selected export price indexes in 1984, and com m o dity shares of total 1980 trad e value Commodity Share of total 1980 trade value Percent change in All of 1984 First quarter -1 .4 0.7 All commodities1 ................................................................................................. 10 0. 00 0 Machinery and transport equipment....................................................................................... Power generating machinery and equipment..................................................................... Office machines and automatic data processing equipment.............................................. Road vehicles and parts...................................................................................................... Passenger automobiles................................................................................................... Parts for motor vehicles................................................................................................. Other transport equipment, except military and commercial aircraft............................... 35.261 3.943 3.990 6.726 1.861 3.499 2.718 Grain and grain preparations................................................................................................... Wheat................................................................................................................... Yellow corn.......................................................................................................................... Yellow sorghum.............................................................................................................. 8.341 2.943 3.956 .498 - 0 .2 -1 8 .4 -1 8 .0 Animal feeds, except unmilled cerals.................................................................................... Vegetable oilcake extracts and residues............................................................................ 1.332 .800 -3 0 .0 -3 3 .5 Crude materials........................................................................................................................ Oilseeds........................................................................................................................ Soybeans ........................................................................................................................ Wood......................................................................................................... Textile fibers...................................................................................................... Cotton.............................................................................................. 10.948 3.024 2.716 1.417 1.813 1.341 -9 .6 -2 2 .7 -2 2 .9 -3 .4 -1 3 .3 -1 6 .2 Chemicals and related products.............................................................................................. Organic chemicals.............................................................................................. Hydrocarbons not elsewhere specified and their derivatives......................................... Polymerization and copolymerization products............................................................. 9.578 2.289 .799 1.042 -0 9 -5 .3 -1 6 .9 - 12. 2 Intermediate manufactures...................................................................................................... Paper and paperboard products....................................................................................... Kraft paper and paperboard............................................................................................ Nonferrous metals................................................................................................................ Aluminum................................................................................................. 10.544 1.300 .442 2.280 .919 0.4 9.6 17.5 Beverages and tobacco ....................................................................................... Fuels and related products...................................................................................................... Fats and o ils ..................................................................................................................... Miscellaneous manufactures................................................................................................... 1.229 3.691 .911 7.397 'This category includes indexes in addition to those shown here. For all of the indexes available in each category, see U .S . Im p o rt and Export Indexes, usdl- 85-45 (Bureau of Labor Statistics), Jan. 31, 1985. 12 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3.3 8.5 - 1.1 - 2.3 2.7 0.8 6.9 - -8 .9 - 10. 2 0.3 -3 .0 -3 .8 1.0 - 2.1 -0 .3 0.5 - 21 .2 -0 .9 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.1 4.6 4.8 5.4 6 .0 -5 .8 -1 .7 -6 .5 -1 9 .5 - 8.2 - 1.1 -1 4 .3 0.9 -7 .6 - 6 .8 -1 5 .5 -1 6 .9 - 1.6 -4 .4 5.2 - 11.1 -2 3 .4 -23.1 -4 .3 -1 2 .9 -1 7 .5 -3 .6 -6 .4 -5 .1 1.3 -2 .5 -3 .1 -3 .2 14 -3^6 -9 .5 -4 .3 - 2.8 -5 .1 - 6 .6 0.3 3.0 7.4 -1 .4 -4 .4 0.7 3.4 4.6 -2 .7 5.6 - 1.6 -0 .3 - 2.8 -8 .7 -1 4 .5 0.3 0.9 0 .6 0 .0 26.7 -1 1 .4 0.3 -1 .5 0.0 1.5 -1 .4 11.1 9.8 -1 .3 4.2 5.2 0.1 0.1 6.4 0.4 - 2.5 -0 .5 1 7 0 .0 2 .2 Fourth quarter 0.5 2.4 -1 .7 - 0 .2 0.5 -0 .7 0 '8 0.1 3.2 7.6 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.1 0 .8 0 .2 1.0 - 12. 0 -1 3 .7 - 2J -3 .4 1.4 Third quarter 1.3 -0 .9 -2 .7 - 2.1 -3 .3 -4 .8 12 .0 - 1.1 2.6 1.1 1.1 0 .2 1.6 2.1 Second quarter - 0 .2 1.0 4.3 1.6 0.6 2.5 - 0 6 C hart 1. T rad e -w eig h ted exc h an g e rate index for the U.S. dollar, q u arterly averages, 1 9 7 0 -8 4 [1980-82 = 100] N O T E : E s tim a te s a re b a s e d o n 1 9 8 0 b ila t e r a l tra d e w e ig h ts . S O U R C E : In te r n a t io n a l E c o n o m ic s D e p a rtm e n t, M o r g a n G u a r a n ty T r u s t C o m p a n y . exports to that country were more than offset by increased imports of Canadian goods in most nonagricultural product categories. The trade deficit with the United Kingdom ex panded 24.4 percent, with Taiwan it jumped 48.9 percent, and with Western Germany it soared 96.4 percent.17 Of the top trading partners of the United States, Mexico was the only one with which the trade deficit narrowed in 1984, by 2.1 percent.18 The product group which experienced the largest import gains over the year was machinery; such imports grew 46 percent, resulting in the first annual trade deficit for the category.19 Other high-deficit product groups were transport equipment and miscellaneous manufactures. However, surpluses were recorded for food, crude materi als, and chemicals. Gross trade (imports plus exports) as a percentage of U.S. final goods production, a measure of the importance of foreign trade to the goods sector of the economy, began to increase during the year after some minor decreases in 1983 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and 1982. The figure stood at 30 percent in 1984, com pared to 16 percent in 1970.20 The U.S. current account, which incorporates the balances on both merchandise trade and services (including payments and receipts of interest and dividends on international investments), also set a re cord deficit of $101.6 billion in 1984, compared with the previous record of $41.6 billion in 1983.21 Import price determinants Fuels and related products. Import prices for fuels and related products fell 3 percent in 1984, after an 11.8-percent drop in 1983. Because this product group comprised over 32 percent of U.S. imports in 1980, the base year for the all-import index, its price movement contributes substan tially to fluctuations in that index. The 1984 price decrease for fuels and related products was the result of a 3.5-percent fall in crude oil prices and a 3.6-percent decline in natural gas prices, which were only partially offset by moderate MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • U.S. Import and Export Prices rises in prices for petroleum products. Import prices for crude petroleum have consistently fallen in recent years, registering a 29-percent drop from March 1981 to December 1984. (See chart 5.) The price slide reflects declining de mand due to sluggish world economic growth, increased substitution of other forms of energy for crude oil, and stepped-up conservation in the major industrialized nations. Moreover, most major producing nations— including such non-OPEC members as Mexico, the United Kingdom, and Norway— increased production significantly during those years. Fuel and related products accounted for 18.6 percent of the total value of U.S. imports in 1984. The 1984 world oil market was characterized by excess capacity and competition for market share among major producers. Supplies were not reduced when the Iran-Iraq conflict escalated in the first half of the year because other opec members boosted output more than enough to com pensate for any disruption in shipments.22 Inventory accu mulation by oecd countries also exerted further downward pressure on oil prices.23 By mid-1984, oecd inventories had climbed to their highest level in 3 years, with U.S. stocks about 7 percent above year-earlier estimates. Oil surpluses led to widespread discounting below official price levels, which rapidly drove down spot, or non-contract, prices from June through December 1984. This slide was especially evident for the more expensive light crudes, and it was increasingly difficult for producers of this product grade to maintain official price quotes. In mid-October, reductions in official crude oil prices were announced by several producers of light crudes.24 An opec meeting held in late October to shore up oil prices resulted in an agreement to curb opec output by approximately 9 percent, and in regulations to end the practice of discounting from the of ficial price on certain oil transactions.25 During the remain ing 2 months of the year, however, a number of opec members continued to boost production and/or offer price discounts, although the benchmark price officially remained at $29 per barrel. World oil consumption in 1984 was an estimated 3 percent above depressed 1983 levels, primarily because of economic upturns in the major industrialized nations.26 Tending to curb the growth in demand, however, was the strength of the U.S. dollar. Specifically, the dollar’s appreciation against the currencies of our major trading partners meant that those nations did not reap the full benefit of the cuts in posted dollar prices for oil. In fact, buyers in several nations found that oil prices in their own currencies actually rose in 1984 because of the depreciation of those currencies against the dollar. This phenomenon contributed to low levels of world oil demand in the face of robust economic growth. Even in the United States, where a strong economic recovery sharply stimulated overall import demand, 1984 crude oil imports were just 2.7 percent (in thousands of barrels per day) above 1983 amounts.27 14 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis U.S. imports of petroleum products rose a more sub stantial 15.3 percent in 1984.28 Purchases of foreign gas oline and heating oil at the end of the year were nearly double those registered 3 years earlier.29 New refineries in the Persian Gulf contributed to the increased supplies and lower prices, particularly because these nations have no rules for pricing refined products as they have for crude oil.30 The growing volume of oil products from foreign sources was instrumental in lowering the capacity rate of U.S. refineries, which averaged between 65 and 70 percent during 1980-83. By the end of 1984, the capacity utilization rate had risen moderately to 76 percent as U.S. refiners continued to trim costs by cutting back excess capacity.31 Early in 1984, heating oil demand and prices rose tem porarily as a result of an unusually cold winter in the north eastern United States. Demand slackened in the remainder of the year, leading U.S. refineries to cut prices in Novem ber. As a result, the U.S. average price for heating oil was C h art 3. C o n stan t-d o llar index of U.S. exports of c a p ita l goods, exc ep t autos [March 1980 = 100] SOU R C E: B ureau o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s , ba sed on d a ta fro m th e Bureau an d fro m th e U.S. D ep artm ent o f C om m erce. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $1.12 per gallon in 1984, compared with $1.17 per gallon in 1983.32 The increase in gasoline supplies drove U.S. prices for all types of the fuel down by 3 percent from December 1983 to December 1984.33 When the improved fuel efficiency of the Nation’s auto fleet is taken into ac count, gasoline costs per mile driven for U.S. consumers have declined substantially since 1980. U.S. oil and petroleum product imports continued to come predominately from non-OPEC sources in 1984. The United States purchased 38 percent of its oil and oil products from opec sources in that year, compared with 37 percent in 1983, 42 percent in 1982, and 70 percent in 1977— the year of the greatest volume of U.S. oil imports.34 Leading sup pliers in 1984 were Mexico at 740 thousand barrels per day (bpd), Canada (629 thousand bpd), Venezuela (536 thou sand bpd), the United Kingdom (395 thousand bpd), and Saudi Arabia (322 thousand bpd).35 The 3.6-percent price fall for imported natural gas in 1984 reflected lower prices for imports from Canada, which sup plies approximately 90 percent of total U.S. imports of natural gas. Bountiful supplies of gas and oil were the pri mary influence on gas prices for the year. Machinery and transport equipment. This index, which accounts for 25.4 percent of the weight of the all-import price index, decreased 1.2 percent in 1984, after rising 2.4 percent in 1983. Some $123 billion of this merchandise was imported during 1984, up 38.4 percent from $89 billion in 1983, as economic recovery fueled demand.36 As indicated earlier, this substantial increase was a major factor in wid ening the 1984 U.S. merchandise trade deficit. Approxi mately half of the dollar value in this index consists of consumer products such as autos, videocassette recorders, and household appliances. As consumer spending grew, purchases of these types of items rose. The index also in cludes many important components of manufacturing pro cesses, such as electric motors, air pumps, compressors, valves, and roller bearings, for which demand grew with U.S. manufacturing output. However, expanding foreign production along with the continued appreciation of the dollar tended to drive down prices for imported machinery in 1984, with the notable exception of prices for road ve hicles. Import prices for automobiles rose 1.6 percent over the year. This movement incorporates adjustments to the data to account for quality improvements in new models intro duced in the fourth quarter. In 1984, total U.S. car sales (domestic and foreign) exceeded the 10 million unit sales barrier for the first time since 1979. In addition, imports achieved record sales of almost 2.5 million units. However, due to strong sales of domestic models, the import pene tration rate declined to 23.5 percent from 26.0 percent in 1983.37 A noteworthy trend is the significant upgrading of the import vehicle mix, with respect to both value and options. 15 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • U.S. Import and Export Prices The domestic industry now faces the strong competition on the high end of the market ($15,000 + ) that it has felt previously on the lower end. The share of the U.S. market for high-priced cars held by imports has grown from 5.7 percent in 1965 to 19 percent in 1984.38 The West German share of the overall import market increased to 13.5 percent in 1984 from 11.7 percent a year ago, with a number of manufacturers from that nation and other European countries registering all-time U.S. sales records.39 In addition, Jap 16 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis anese manufacturers have continued to promote their higherpriced, option-rich models in an effort to counteract the constraints of the Voluntary Restraint Agreement. (The Agreement was extended for another year in April 1984, with quotas expanded to 1.85 million units for shipment to the United States.) As a result of this change in the mix of imported auto mobiles, the unit value index for automobiles increased at a much sharper rate than did the price index. (See chart 6.) The price index adjusts for quality changes and maintains a constant mix of goods; price is the only fluctuating var iable. The unit value index reflects the shift to higher-valued models, as well as price change. The Voluntary Restraint Agreement on Japanese autos continues to be a major price-related issue. Most segments of the domestic industry still contend that the quotas are necessary to compensate for the market advantages arising from the differences in the Japanese commodity tax structure and the undervaluation of the yen. It is clear that the agree ment has limited supplies of Japanese autos to U.S. con sumers. In the robust car market of 1984, the Japanese share of the American market declined to 18.3 percent from 20.8 percent in 1983, with a decrease of over 9,000 units sold.40 In addition, the quota-driven shift to higher-priced cars has, in effect, provided a pricing floor for competition. The do mestic industry has benefited from the combination of com petitive new products, a resurgence of consumer interest in larger, more profitable cars, and from strenuous cost-cutting programs. The three major auto makers set all-time highs in net income in 1984 with the industry total at over $10 billion dollars.41 As of this writing, there has been no official decision on extension of the quota system beyond April 1985. U.S. and Japanese automakers continued to pursue co operative agreements throughout the year. General Motors and Toyota began to assemble prototypes of their jointlyproduced subcompact to be delivered to dealers in the spring of 1985. The other three domestic automakers have also entered into joint projects with foreign auto companies, while a third Japanese producer is preparing to produce autos in this country. Although this trend is consistent with the internationali zation of the world automobile industry, the U.S.-Japanese efforts are specially designed for mutual advantage. The Japanese enjoy access to the lucrative U.S. market and dampen pressures for domestic content legislation; the do mestic industry gains technological and financial assistance in the area of capital-intensive small car production. Prices for imported metalworking machinery continued to decline in 1984, particularly in the second half. Favorable exchange rates and decreasing production costs were key factors in this downward movement. In addition, compe tition from foreign producers intensified as undercapacity in the domestic industry tended to lengthen delivery times. Under these conditions, the dollar volume of machine tool imports increased 43 percent over 1983 levels, while the value of imported machinery for cutting metal was up by 48 percent.42 Japanese machine tool builders increased their share of import sales in this country to 50 percent in 1984, up from 42 percent in 1982.43 This reflects a strategy of concentration on metal-cutting tools, such as computer numerically controlled ( c n c ) lathes and machining centers (units which feature a series of variable metal-cutting func tions). These Japanese tools have attained a reputation for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 3. A nnual U.S. im ports from and exports to selected areas, 1 9 8 2 -8 4 [In billions of dollars] Area 1982 Imports 1983 1984 1982 Exports 1983 1984 Developed countries1 ............... $147.0 $157.9 $208.6 $122.5 $122.8 $135.9 Canada.................................... 46.8 52.5 66.9 33.7 38.2 46.5 Japan...................................... 39.9 43.6 60.4 21.0 21.9 23.6 United Kingdom.................... 13.5 12.9 15.0 10.6 10.6 12.2 West Germany....................... 12.5 13.2 17.8 9.3 8.7 9.1 France .................................... 5.7 6.3 8.5 7.1 6.0 6.0 Developing countries2............... Mexico.................................... Venezuela............................... Brazil...................................... Taiwan.................................... South Korea......................... Hong Kong ............................ Saudi Arabia......................... 104.2 15.8 5.0 4.6 9.6 6.0 5.9 7.9 108.0 17.0 5.2 5.4 12.1 7.7 6.8 3.8 126.9 18.3 6.8 8.3 16.1 10.0 8.9 4.0 82.7 11.8 5.2 3.4 4.4 5.5 2.5 9.0 72.3 9.1 2.8 2.6 4.7 5.9 2.6 7.9 74.4 12.0 3.4 2.6 5.0 6.0 3.1 5.6 'Generally follows the assignment of countries made by the United Nations to include Canada, Western Europe, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and the Republic of South Africa. Generally follows the assignment of countries made by the United Nations to exclude the developed countries and communist countries in Europe and Asia but include the rest of the world. Note: Export data are on a free-alongside-ship (f.a.s.) value basis, and import data are on a cost-insurance-freight (c.i.f.) basis. Source: Highlights o f Export and Im p o rt 5, section b , and table 8, section c. Trade, ft-990 (Bureau of the Census), table reliability and competitive price, and deliveries tend to be prompt. In this climate of fierce international competition and shifting markets, the pace of technological development has quickened. Machine tool flexibility and computer compatability are two areas in which product innovation has been swift in recent years. Intensified competition has also in creased protectionist pressures. At yearend, the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry ( m i t i ) was ex pected to approve a 1-year extension of a floor-price system for numerically controlled machine tools exported to the United States, Canada, and Western Europe.44 Meanwhile, there has not yet been any action taken in response to a petition filed by the National Machine Tool Builders’ Association seeking restrictions on machine tool im ports to this country. Following a 4.1-percent slide from December 1981 to December 1983, prices for imported electrical machinery and equipment dropped another 9.8 percent in 1984, despite brisk demand for new appliances for residential housing and electronic components for military equipment. A substantial 17.4-percent price decline for imported electronic compo nents was the main contributor to the large downward move ment in the index, although moderate decreases also occurred for household appliances, electrical apparatus for circuits, electric power machinery, and automotive electric equip ment. Soaring U.S. demand for Asian electronics in 1984 induced hurried expansion of foreign manufacturing facil ities. Output increases occurred in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and South Korea, and in Malaysia, where some new factories 17 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • U.S. Import and Export Prices were completed in 1984.45 Economies of scale and tech nological advancements combined with lower costs for alu minum, copper, and steel inputs to further depress 1984 import prices for this product group. Similarly, import prices for telecommunications, sound recording, and sound reproducing equipment fell 3.8 percent in 1984. Since June 1983, this product group had experi enced a 6.1-percent price erosion, despite healthy growth in demand. Intense competition among an increasing num ber of domestic and foreign companies continued to depress prices for some high-growth products within the group in 1984. Videocasette recording (vcr) equipment is a case in point. U.S. vcr sales were about 7 million units in 1984, compared to 4 million in 1983 and 2 million in 1982.46 Throughout 1984, however, U.S. and Japanese producers fought to maintain and expand market shares and distri bution channels, in anticipation of Korea’s entry into the U.S. vcr market in the summer of 1985.47 Many producers of equipment in this import price index have taken advantage of technological advancements which tend both to reduce production costs of new output and to lower prices on competing older models. Some products in this group, such as stereos and televisions, enjoyed less spectacular U.S. sales growth in 1984, but experienced sim 18 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ilar levels of competition among Asian suppliers as well as large inventory accumulation. Furthermore, deregulation of the U.S. telecommunications industry has led European and Japanese manufacturers of telephone and telegraph equip ment to enter the U.S. market aggressively.48 In April 1984, however, the U.S. International Trade Commission ruled that imports of color television sets from South Korea and Taiwan were injuring domestic producers and penalty duties were imposed, helping to mitigate the price decline in the index for telecommunications, sound recording and repro ducing equipment.49 Food. The import price index for food decreased 2.3 per cent in 1984, following a 3.8-percent advance in 1983. The 1984 decline was mainly the result of a 6.2-percent drop in the index for fruits and vegetables, a 2.0-percent fall in coffee, tea, and cocoa prices, and a 1.3-percent lowering of meat prices. Domestic meat supplies were at a record level in the first half of the year, while U.S. crop output was up sharply in the second half.50 Furthermore, global commodity prices were under pressure, as large yields were only partially offset by a modest expansion in consump tion.51 U.S food imports were $19.4 billion for the year, up from $16.7 billion in 1983.52 The price index for food, which represents 6.6 percent of the all-import price index, is one of the most volatile components of that index because of production uncertainties related to weather and other fac tors. The index for coffee, tea, and cocoa comprises 35 percent of import food index. World coffee prices fell rapidly in the second half of the year, following steep gains in 1983 and the first half of 1984. Undershipments caused by trans portation difficulties, the threat of a frost in Brazil, and shortages of quality beans from West Africa and Brazil resulted in rising coffee prices in first-half 1984. Additional stocks equivalent to 7 percent of the quotas initially nego tiated by the International Coffee Organization (ico) were released during the first three quarters of 1984 to reverse the upward price trend.53 (The ico is an organization of producing and consuming nations which uses export quotas to stabilize global prices.) A new ico agreement concluded in October 1984 allowed for an especially large release of coffee between October and December— a peak consump tion period in the Northern Hemisphere— and abundant sup plies contributed to the decline in coffee prices in the second half.54 Expectations of good crops in major African pro ducing countries placed further downward pressure on cof fee prices late in the year.55 Similarly, abundant cocoa supplies in the second half of 1984 drove prices downward. This decline was sharper than that for coffee in the absence of any price-stabilizing agree ment among major exporter and importer countries. Con versely, imported tea prices rose 3.7 percent over the year, for a price gain of 55 percent since June 1982. The price advance reflected a shortage of raw tea in the world market, as production failed to keep pace with increased demand, particularly in the Middle East, the Soviet Union, and West ern Asia. Exports from China and India were also limited in 1984 by strong internal demand. From late 1983 to the summer of 1984, the Indian government banned exports of certain types of teas to ensure adequate domestic supplies.56 However, tea prices began to fall in late 1984, primarily because favorable weather conditions in Sri Lanka boosted that country’s tea output approximately 17 percent above 1983 levels.57 An abundance of lower quality teas in May and June also moderated the 1984 price increase. The import price index for meat decreased 1.3 percent in 1984, after dropping 6.5 percent the previous year. The price reduction was influenced by a 4-percent rise in do mestic cattle slaughter in 1984, which added to already large meat supplies.58 The price decline also reflected sluggish demand, as U.S. consumers showed a continued dietary preference away from red meat. Imports of meat were down 9 percent in the 1983/1984 marketing year (October-Au gust), while poultry imports increased 37 percent for the same period.59 Import prices for fruits and vegetables decreased a sub stantial 6.2 percent in 1984, as steep price drops in the second half dominated significant first-half increases. (The offsetting price movements reflect differences in the types https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C hart 6. Q u arterly unit value and price indexes for U.S. au to m o tive im ports, 1 98 0-8 4 [June 1981 = 100] 1 F irs t p u b lis h e d fo r se c o n d -q u a rte r 1981. SOURCE: B ureau o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s an d B ureau o f th e C en sus. of crops harvested in the 2 marketing years included in calendar year 1984.) Fruits and vegetables are particularly sensitive to weather developments, with domestic supplies limited early in 1984 because of harsh weather conditions. Imports of vegetables and vegetable preparations, mainly from Mexico and Canada, jumped 24 percent over the 1984 marketing year (October-August), while fruit and nut im ports gained a similar 21 percent for the same period.60 However, spring yields of vegetables in the United States and worldwide were considerable, and the upward trend of prices was rapidly reversed. Imports of orange juice from Brazil continued to soar during the year as Florida citrus was damaged by the fourth freeze within the decade in December 1983, and was threatened by an outbreak of citrus canker late in 1984. Intermediate manufactures. Prices for imports of inter mediate manufactures decreased a slight 0.4 percent in 1984, MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • U.S. Import and Export Prices after rising 3.7 percent in 1983. This product category in cludes a number of basic inputs to manufacturing processes, such as paperboard, glassware, iron and steel, and nonferrous metals. The United States imported $49 billion of these products in 1984, up from $37 billion in 1983, as the eco nomic recovery spurred demand.61 Substantial price de clines for nonferrous metals, cork and wood manufactures, and nonmetallic mineral manufactures during the year were almost wholly offset by sharp price gains for textiles, paper, and iron and steel. Prices for imported iron and steel rose 3.5 percent in 1984, following a 1.8-percent increase during the preceding year. Iron and steel imports were 60 percent higher in 1984 than in 1983, and import penetration of the domestic market climbed to 26 percent from 20 percent in the earlier year.62 U.S. demand for sheet steel was particularly strong because of increased sales of autos and appliances. Although import prices for steel have increased over the past 2 years, many foreign suppliers are still able to deliver steel to the United States at prices below those of the major domestic steel makers, primarily because of the strength of the U.S. dollar and their own relatively low output costs. Specifically, for eign producers often enjoy lower labor costs than U.S. firms, receive some form of government subsidization, and/or make extensive use of more efficient production methods, such as the continuous casting method of production.63 In 1984, domestic steel production was up a modest 8 percent from depressed 1983 levels.64 A significant portion of the post-1981 steel import surge came from developing nations— particularly Mexico, Ar gentina, and Brazil— which engaged in aggressive market ing practices in order to obtain foreign exchange to service their international debts. Other countries, such as South Korea, expanded steel facilities in 1984, adding to the glut in world steelmaking capacity. Also in 1984, additional foreign shipments entered the United States after beings di verted from other countries which had imposed restrictions on their steel imports.65 The wave of imports led the U.S. steel industry to petition for Federal relief in May of 1984. This threat of quotas or tariffs caused some foreign steelmakers to step up shipments during the first 6 months of the year. Others, fearing that they would be charged with selling steel below cost, raised their prices to the United States. The end result of the do mestic industry’s efforts to limit imports was a pledge by the U.S. government to restrict 1985 steel imports to 18.5 percent of the domestic steel market through voluntary agreements with major suppliers. By mid-December, the United States had concluded several supply-limiting agree ments with foreign steel producers, including Japan’s com mitment to limit her exports to the United States to 5.5 to 6.0 percent of the U.S. market.66 Other negotiations, such as those conducted with South Korea, were stalled at year’s end, with domestic steel producers threatening revival of numerous other import petitions if the Government failed 20 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis to conclude such export-restraint accords.67 Nonetheless, stiff competition among fully integrated U.S. steelmakers, foreign suppliers, and domestic minimills con tinued during 1984. Minimills convert steel scrap and semi finished slabs into products such as bars, rods, and light structural. Taking advantage of production costs that are approximately one-third less than those of integrated plants, they continued to expand their market share over the year. To become more competitive, the major U.S. steel firms have sought mergers, cut capacity, lowered labor costs, and invested in technological advancements. Domestic steel ca pacity was reduced from 160 million tons in 1977 to 135 million tons at the start of 1984.68 Since the beginning of 1982, 20 major continuous casting capital projects have been completed or initiated, and plans for four electrogalvanizing lines have been announced since the start of 1984. During the year, the development of a new process called thin-slab casting (already being tested in Japan and Europe) spurred a joint research project between U.S. Steel and Bethlehem Corporation. A 1984 merger between l t v Steel and Re public Steel formed the second largest U.S. steel producer, and a venture between this company and Sumitomo Metal Industries of Japan to produce rust-resistant steel in the United States also was undertaken during the year.69 The competition among producers has become even sharper as demand for steel in this country declines. Demand has been dampened by significantly higher U.S. spending on foreign-made capital goods, by the downsizing of U.S. au tomobiles in recent years, and by the substitution of other metals and plastics for steel by many of the industry’s tra ditional customers. The effect of the strong dollar was evident in price de creases for imported nonferrous metals in 1984. The volume of imports of many metals sharply increased over the year as suppliers in debt-burdened developing countries stepped up production for export. Moreover, exchange rates further enhanced the price competitiveness of imports, which stems from production cost advantages. Copper and copper alloy imports by the United States increased 13.0 percent in 1984, leading domestic producers to seek (albeit unsuccessfully) quota protection from the U.S. International Trade Com mission.70 The oversupply on world markets has also caused market prices for copper to fall, despite low domestic in ventory levels and an 8-percent increase in copper con sumption by the non-Communist world.71 Prices for zinc did not sustain their strong growth of the first half of 1984, yet showed a decline of only 0.3 percent for the year as a whole. The metal was in great demand for steel galvanizing applications, especially in the domestic automobile sector where increased steel durability is being emphasized under expanded warranty protection. Tin prices, on the other hand, continued in steep decline, reflecting a combination of slack demand and significant oversupplies in world markets. The metal for which price is most directly affected by movements in the dollar and interest rates is silver, due to its appeal as a speculative commodity and a hedge against inflation. In the past, there has tended to be an inverse relationship between the price performance of silver and the direction of interest rates. Thus, in the economic climate of 1984, silver prices hovered at depressed levels, although there was a small rally in the fourth quarter in response to a decline in short-term interest rates. Miscellaneous manufactured goods. The import price in dex for miscellaneous manufactures, which comprise almost 10 percent of the all-import index, experienced a very slight, 0.1-percent downward drift in 1984. The stability of this index was the result of significant price movements in both directions for a number of consumer items. The upward pressure exerted by a 7.8-percent increase in clothing prices, a 4.8-percent rise in footwear prices, and a 5.3-percent gain in watch and clock prices was more than offset by a 17.3percent price drop for collectors’ pieces, a 4.8-percent de cline for professional, scientific, and controlling instru ments, a 7.6-percent decrease for musical instruments and accessories, and various more-moderate drops for such items as toys and jewelry. U.S. imports of miscellaneous man ufactures leaped 35 percent in 1984.72 Increased clothing and footwear prices reflected healthy domestic demand throughout 1984, and imports of these products soared. Limited supplies of some apparel items contributed to higher price levels, in part because of Federal tightening of import controls in 1983 and 1984, and new quota regulations issued late in 1984.73 These new “ tran shipping” rules attempt to prohibit shipment of a garment under a country’s quota if the garment was not substantially constructed in that country. The regulations especially curbed supplies of sweaters and knit shirts from Hong Kong, Tai wan, and China. Investigations by the U.S. International Trade Commission on the effect of footwear imports on the domestic industry took place in 1984. Although a June ruling determined that imports were not injuring the domestic in dustry, another investigation was initiated in November and the possibility of increased import controls placed upward pressure on prices for the year as a whole. The substantial 17.3-percent price drop for imported col lectors pieces in 1984 was primarily caused by a decline in gold prices, as speculative demand abated in response to the strength of the U.S. dollar. Similarly, jewelry prices dropped 5.7 percent because of falling metal prices. Other imported consumer products in the miscellaneous manufac tures group experienced price decreases despite booming U.S. demand, reflecting expanded foreign output levels and sluggish economic growth in other parts of the world. Vid eotapes provide an example of a product in this index for which production outpaced sales growth in 1984. Twice as many brands of videotapes were available in the United States in 1984 as in 1983, and prices declined substantially during the year. Worldwide capacity for videotapes in https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis creased from 121 million units in 1980 to 736 million units in 1984, resulting in an estimated 25-percent surplus ca pacity.74 Major Japanese videotape producers kept unit costs down during the year by manufacturing tapes for other com panies to sell under their own brand names, and this practice further depressed prices over the year.75 Also in 1984, Ko rean manufactures began shipping tapes to the United States and these newcomers captured more than 8 percent of the U.S. market in that year.76 Export price trends M achinery and transport equipment. Machinery and transportation equipment account for 35.3 percent of the value of all U.S. exports. Export prices for these products advanced by 3.3 percent in 1984, following a rise of 2.2 percent in 1983. All major product groups within the ma chinery and transportation equipment index, with the ex ception of office machines and computers, showed moderate price gains for the year. Also, the trade value of U.S. exports falling into this category was 8.7 percent greater in 1984 than in the previous year.77 Price growth was strongest in such areas as power-generating equipment, electrical ma chinery, and aircraft, where the technical sophistication of U.S. production provides a comparative advantage. Other product areas in which world competition based on quality considerations has intensified— such as telecommunications equipment, office machines, and transportation equip ment— showed more moderate price movements, as U.S. producers attempted to cope with the current exchange rate climate. One export category demonstrating significant price growth was power-generating machinery and equipment, for which the index advanced 8.5 percent in 1984. This grouping includes a variety of powerplant equipment for transporta tion uses, as well as industrial motors, turbines, generators, and their parts. Benefiting from increasing demand for cap ital equipment in export markets, export trade volumes for power-generating machinery and equipment increased by 5.8 percent in 1984.78 Due to the reputation of U.S. man ufacturers, product categories such as aircraft engines and their parts, and automotive engine parts have consistently enjoyed high levels of export demand, which has permitted moderate price advancement. Some groups, such as marine powerplants and replacement parts for generators, demon strated even stronger price growth during the year. The export price index for road vehicles and parts is the largest component of the machinery and transportation in dex. The indexes of its two major product groups, passenger automobiles and motor vehicle parts, moved in different directions during the second half of the year, although both categories registered moderate overall increases for the year as a whole. The export index for automobiles advanced by 2.3 percent in 1984. The overwhelming majority of automobile exports from U.S. plants are shipped to Canada; in 1983, for ex21 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • U.S. Import and Export Prices ample, 93.9 percent of such exports were to the Canadian market.79 Buoyed by an economic recovery in Canada, new car sales in that country increased by 15 percent in final 1984 figures.80 This market growth has permitted U.S. au tomakers to raise prices, and thus to begin recouping the substantial investment in new design and production tech nologies made in recent years. Significant capital equipment outlays, in conjunction with strenuous cost-cutting efforts in other industry spending, are helping U.S. automakers compete effectively in the rapidly changing world auto motive market. Despite the continuing surge in shipments of export motor vehicle parts, the index for this category increased by only 0.8 percent in 1984. Increased original equipment manu facture in both Canada and Mexico has fueled demand for U.S. exports of auto parts. However, price growth for these components has been dampened by the strength of the U.S. dollar in an increasingly competitive world market, as ev idenced by price erosion of 1.5 percent in the second half. The evolution of the “ world car” concept has enhanced the development of parts industries in many countries, where high standards of quality control have been applied. The “ other transport” export price index, which includes aerospace parts, railway equipment, ships and boats, and general aviation aircraft, advanced 6.9 percent in 1984. Excluded from coverage in the index are commercial trans port and military aircraft. Prices for exported general aviation aircraft registered a 10.2-percent increase for the year. The percentage share of industry billings represented by exports continued to decline in 1984, having dropped to 15.4 percent from a 33-percent level in 1982.81 However, because price levels also reflect the state of domestic demand and the industry’s high pro duction costs, a stronger domestic sales performance in the second half, especially in the high-priced business jet air craft segment, contributed to price growth. Export prices for aircraft parts rose 6.3 percent during the year. The high quality and technological sophistication inherent in U.S. products has earned a worldwide reputation and sales dominance. Despite the disadvantageous exchange rate, U.S. manufacturers are able to raise prices as produc tion costs increase because of the demonstrated inelasticity of demand for aerospace replacement parts. In 1984, the office machine and data processing ( a d p ) equipment category continued to be the only major sector in the export machinery and transportation equipment index to register regular patterns of price erosion. The index for the category declined 1.1 percent over the year, and has fallen 15.6 percent since yearend 1980. In 1984, prices for office machines fell 0.5 percent, a d p machines and units were down 0.4 percent, and prices for associated parts weak ened at a 1.8-percent rate. This downward price trend is in part attributable to the high fixed costs of product development and low variable costs of production characteristic of goods in the category: 22 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Once fixed costs arg covered by sales in the initial period, it is relatively easy for producers to reprice output in order to compete successively in a variety of markets. As higher priced markets become saturated, the price of a given prod uct is often lowered over time to be competitive in lessprofitable market segments. Another major factor associated with price declines is the fiercely competitive world market for these products, in which U.S. exporters are again burdened by the sustained strength of the dollar. This market context has stimulated alliances and partnerships between competitors for purposes of product-line diversification. For example, Burroughs, NCR, Sperry-Rand, Control Data Corp., and Honeywell— com panies that formerly specialized in computer mainframes— all have made alliances with other firms that enable- them to offer a more complete range of products.82 The world competitiveness of U.S. exports of office ma chines and computers is reflected in export trade volumes for 1984, which were up 67.5 percent from 1980 levels and 25 percent from yearend 1983 levels.83 Export trade was buoyed in 1984 by improved economic performance in European economies, a maj.or export market for this equip ment. Food. Grain prices— the main component of the export food index— declined 12 percent in 1984 following a 16.8percent advance in 1983. The drop in the index was attrib utable to significant reductions in com and sorghum prices, and a slight downward movement in wheat prices. (Soybean prices, which also declined sharply over the year, are in cluded in the crude materials index.) Market prices de creased as 1984 U.S. com output was almost double that of 1983 and as wheat stockpiles remained large through the year. U.S. grain exports were $16.1 billion in 1984, rep resenting a 6.1-percent increase over 1983 levels and ac counting for 7.4 percent of the value of total U.S. merchandise trade exports.84 Com prices dropped 18.4 percent in 1984, after a 34.5percent jump in 1983. U.S. com production had plummeted more than 50 percent in the 1983/84 marketing year (October through September), but should increase an estimated 80 percent for the same period in 1984/85.85 The drawing down of com surpluses in 1983 due to crop reduction programs and dry weather, and floods in the Midwest which disrupted the planting of spring crops in 1984 combined to increase speculative demand. Initially, high prices resulted, but these began to fall rapidly in mid-1984, because only an estimated 4.2 million acres of the com base were idled in Federal land retirement programs in that year compared with 32 million acres in 1983.86 In addition, yields were up about 30 percent from 1983’s abnormally low level.87 A factor inhibiting demand for com during the year was the com feeding rate; its 1983/84 level was the lowest since 1976/77, primarily because higher livestock prices encouraged large slaughters which reduced cattle herds.88 Also, wheat prices were low enough that wheat tended to be substituted for corn. Other coarse grains, such as sorghum and barley, can also be used as substitutes for com and these exhibited similar price declines in 1984 because of plentiful supplies. Competition from Argentina, Australia, Canada, South Af rica, and Thailand limited U.S. export sales of coarse grains over the year. Production in these major exporting countries rose an estimated 10 percent in 1984, while the appreciation of the dollar made U.S. commodities relatively more ex pensive.89 Meanwhile, China’s coarse grain harvest set a record in crop year 1983/84 and is expected to increase another 3 percent in 1984/85.90 China has not purchased major amounts of coarse grains from the United States since March 1983, despite the Long-Term Grain Agreement be tween the two nations that stipulates purchases of almost 1 million tons annually.91 Projected record production in Eu rope (stemming from increased use of high-yielding vari eties), along with ideal weather conditions in the United States during the summer, further drove down prices of com and other coarse grains in 1984. The price decline was somewhat tempered by large Soviet purchases to supplement poor harvests in that country, and by growing demand for high-fructose com syrup as the U.S. beverage industry in creasingly substituted this product for sugar. Export prices for wheat edged downward 0.2 percent in 1984, a decline attributable to an abundant domestic harvest, huge U.S. stockpiles, and rising world production. The poor Soviet harvest, a drought in Africa, and severe spring flood ing in the Midwestern part of the United States mitigated the price decline for the year. Competition in the world wheat market was heightened by output gains in Australia, China, and Europe. Moreover, harvests were better than expected in Argentina, a country which has substantially expanded its exports of hard winter wheat in recent years. Wheat prices also tumbled in second-half 1984 for the same reasons that export prices for other agricultural products were falling— the strength of the U.S. dollar, higher yields, and excellent summer weather conditions in the United States. Although the Soviet Union imported more U.S. wheat in 1984 than in 1983, that nation seemed to be shifting some of its business to the European Community and particularly to France, which had large export amounts available in 1984.92 Foreign-grown wheat exports in 1983/84 (July-June) were 10 percent higher than for the 1982/83 crop year, with slightly higher projections for the 1984/85 period. U.S. wheat exports will have increased approximately 4 percent between July 1982 and June 1985.93 Crude materials. The 9.6-percent price drop for crude materials in 1984 contributed significantly to the decrease in the all-export price index, as these materials represent almost 11 percent of the index weight. Although demand for these products, which are used in the early stages of production, increased as worldwide industrial activity began to pick up in 1984, rising supplies of crude materials and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the dollar’s strength tended to depress export prices. U.S. exports of crude materials during the year were $20.25 billion, an 8.9-percent increase over the 1983 dollar vol ume.94 Substantial price declines for oilseeds, textile fibers, wood, and metal ores and scrap were partially offset by increased prices for pulp and waste paper, crude minerals, and cmde rubber. Falling soybean prices contributed substantially to the decline in index for cmde materials. Soybean supplies re bounded significantly in 1984 following a drought in 1983. Soybeans are processed into meal or oil. In November 1984, soybean meal prices stood at their lowest level since October 1977, in part because reduction of U.S. livestock herds had dampened demand for feeds.95 Lower prices for soybean meal also reflected the increased use of wheat for feed; because wheat contains more protein than com, less meal is required to balance rations when wheat is used.96 In creased Brazilian exports, which were relatively inexpensive because of the rapid appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the cruzeiro, also depressed soybean prices in 1984. Strong demand for soybean oil helped mitigate the price decline, even as vegetable oil supplies in Southeast Asia increased in the second half of the year. Falling cotton prices were the principal reason for the 13.3-percent slide in the textile fibers price index in 1984. U.S. cotton prices dropped 16.2 percent over the year, fol lowing a 30-percent gain in 1983. The United States is the world’s leading exporter of raw cotton, and U.S. exports of this commodity for the 1983/84 season were 31 percent above those for the 1982/83 year.97 (The cotton year runs from August through July.) This higher export demand had to be met from U.S. surplus stocks because cotton produc tion had declined dramatically during the 1983/84 year. Consequently, cotton prices rose significantly in 1983 and first-half 1984. The upward price trend for cotton was reversed in mid1984, when it became apparent that world cotton production in the 1984/85 season could reach record levels, exceeding the previous season’s output by 20 percent.98 The downward price movement also reflected a 41-percent increase in acreage planted and a 22-percent higher yield from the 1984/85 U.S. crop.99 Furthermore, the U.S. Department of Agriculture projected that U.S. cotton exports would decline 7.4 percent for the 1984/85 year, compared with the same July-June period in 1983/84.100 However, cotton exports remained fairly strong in the second half of 1984, principally because of significantly higher shipments to the Soviet Union, Italy, Yugoslavia, West Germany, and Greece. Competition for the important Asian market escalated over the year as China enjoyed record-breaking harvests, and yields in Mexico and Brazil proved large. (Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan are the leading buyers of U.S. cotton.) While textile production and imports of U.S. cotton have grown in Latin America in recent years, these countries also have greatly expanded 23 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • U.S. Import and Export Prices their internal cotton production. Such policies have tended to dampen the growth of U.S. cotton exports to Latin Amer ica, particularly in the latter half of 1984. Export prices for wood fell 3.4 percent in 1984, following a 1.2-percent increase in 1983. Prices for wood had reg istered decreases in 1980 and 1982, with only a slight in crease in 1981; from March 1980 through December 1983, the index for this product group slid 18 percent. A significant proportion of U.S. wood exports consists of high-quality lumber and logs for furniture production in Japan, Europe, and, increasingly, in the newly industrialized Far Eastern countries. Lower quality U.S. lumber is used as general construction material in the Caribbean. The declining export prices in recent years were partially the result of the slow pace of construction and consumer spending in these foreign markets. Furthermore, competition from Canada combined with excess supplies in the United States to exert downward pressure on prices in 1984. U.S. log and lumber exports for the year were 3 percent below 1983 amounts.101 The U.S. wood and wood-products industry faced stiff competition in 1984 from Canadian companies, which en joyed a price advantage because of abundant supplies of inexpensive government-owned timber, and the relative strength of the U.S. dollar. To become more competitive, U.S. manufacturers attempted to lower costs and to expand offshore markets. However, some foreign countries, such as Japan, have enacted measures to protect their domestic industries. Moreover, lumber for export must be sized to conform to metric standards, and some domestic mills are not equipped to cut wood in this manner. Excess capacity and high production costs have beset the U.S. wood industry in recent years, primarily because homebuilding activity during the early 1980’s was less than an ticipated. Lumber companies had expected rapid growth in starts of single-family homes because of the maturing of the U.S. population. Accordingly, firms expanded their facil ities and land holdings in the 1970’s and bid up prices on Federal timberlands, resulting in high operating costs.102 Over the past 2 years, the industry has initiated deep pro duction cuts and widespread mill closings, despite a pick up in housing. A law enacted in October 1984, which per mits companies to buy out of their high-priced Federal tim ber contracts, also helped to reduce costs late in the year.103 Chemicals. The chemical export price index registered a 0.9-percent decline for 1984, reflecting increasingly com petitive conditions in the world chemical market, the con tinued strength of the U.S. dollar, and lower raw material costs. Foreign market sales have historically been a sub stantial percentage of U.S. chemical shipments, and have resulted in trade surpluses for most chemical categories. These trade surpluses have narrowed in recent years because of a proliferation of imported chemicals in the domestic market at the same time that U.S. exports were being ham pered by the strong dollar. Although chemical exports jumped 24 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 13 percent in 1984, imports climbed 27 percent, resulting in only a $7.9 billion trade surplus, compared with $8.5 billion in 1983 and $10.4 billion in 1982.104 Chemical prices were influenced by the expansion of for eign chemical production capacity, particularly in oilproducing nations such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Mex ico. These nations enjoy the cost advantage resulting ffom the ready availability of extremely low-cost petroleum feed stocks, which has exerted downward pressure on world chemical prices in recent years. However, a continued de cline in crude oil prices during 1984 enabled other produc ers, including those in the United States, to lower prices on some chemical products. For example, the production of polymers and copolymers (plastics) involves substantial pe troleum use, and U.S. export prices for this group dropped 12 percent in 1984. Although export prices for some chemical products, such as polyvinyl chloride ( p v c ) , rose moderately in 1984, U.S. manufacturers of these products were also adversely affected by a rising tide of imports. Forty percent of the consumption of p v c is for pipeline, the demand for which depends on residential construction. The year saw an approximate dou bling of p v c imports and a 50-percent reduction in U.S. exports.105 Excess supplies of this product thus persisted in the United States despite healthy demand. Other chemical categories were similarly affected, and some U.S. producers continued to reduce their operating costs in 1984 in an attempt to remain competitive in both the domestic and foreign markets. These cost-reduction measures followed deep cuts induced by recession in the previous 3 years, and furthered the long-term slide in chemical prices. For ex ample, export prices for hydrocarbons decreased 29.3 per cent from June 1981 through December 1984. Intermediate manufactured products. Export prices for in termediate manufactured products advanced 0.4 percent in 1984. A significant increase of 9.6 percent for paper and paperboard products was offset by a 12-percent decrease in prices for nonferrous metals. In 1983, this category had registered a 3.1-percent price increase. The decline’in value of U.S. exports of intermediate manufactured goods over the past few years was halted in 1984, as volumes increased slightly to $15.1 billion from the $14.9 billion posted in 1983.106 A 9.6-percent price advance for exported paper and pa perboard products was a principal contributor to the upward movement in the intermediate manufactures export price index for 1984, as U.S. paper exports increased 11.9 per cent.107 Paper supplies remained tight as U.S. producers were operating at close to full capacity throughout the year. Production in this industry is highly capital-intensive and additional capacity cannot be brought on-line easily over a short period. In some cases, capacity planned in 1984 will not be ready for use until 1986. Foreign and domestic de- mand for kraft paper, which is primarily used for packaging material, grew dramatically as manufacturing output rose, particularly in the United States and Japan. White coatedpaper demand was up with brisk magazine sales, and boom ing catalog and advertising distribution. And the growing use of office and home automation products boosted demand for both writing and printing papers. From the supply side, a labor strike in the major pulp-producing region of Canada limited shipments from that nation in first-half 1984, further driving up world paper prices. Export prices for nonferrous metals declined by 12 percent in 1984, following an increase of 1 percent in 1983. Significant price drops were registered for silver ( —21.0 percent) and aluminum ( - 13.7 percent). Demand for silver remained very slack as the strength of the dollar and the level of interest rates weakened the metal’s attractiveness as a speculative com modity. Demand by industrial users was not sufficient to offset price dampening factors. Aluminum prices, which fell sharply in the fourth quarter, have been affected by steep drops in ingot prices and growing producer inventories, which in creased by 738 million pounds between November 1983 and November 1984.108 Export volumes for aluminum were down by 15.5 percent in a similar November to November com parison.109 High domestic energy costs (the largest cost factor in aluminum production) and the strength of the dollar have damaged U.S. competitiveness in a world market that has seen dramatic increases in foreign capacity in recent years, partic ularly in such countries as Brazil, Australia, and Canada. □ FOOTNOTES Acknowledgment: The following economists in the Bureau’s Divi sion o f International Prices assisted in the analysis of the various indexes discussed in this article: Todd Darr, Mohamed Elitreby, David Friedman, Jerry Halpin, Hans Jorgensen, Shelley Meister, Nicholas Peters, Mildred Tweedy, Paul Washburn, David Wawro, and Peter Zaleski. Carol Burger o f the division prepared the graphics. 1Amount indicated is on Balance of Payments basis. See U.S. Depart bea 8 5 -0 5 (Bureau of Economic Analysis), Feb. 7, 1985. 2 Seymour Zucker, “ Zero Inflation: An Impossible Dream That May Come True,” Business Week, Aug. 20, 1984, p. 30, and “ Why a Booming Economy is not Causing Shortages,” Business Week, July 16, 1984, p. 150. 3 U.S. Department o f Commerce News, bea 85 -0 5 (Bureau of Economic Analysis), Feb. 7, 1984. 17Highlights of Export and Import Trade, ft-990 (Bureau of the Census), December 1984, tables b- 5 and c -8 . 18 Ibid. 19Ibid., tables b- 2 and c - 3 . 20The share of final good production that is accounted for by gross trade (merchandise imports plus merchandise exports) is calculated as: Merchandise imports + Merchandise exports --------------------- l ------------------------------------ x 100 ment o f Commerce News, 4Estimates from Data Resources Inc. See “ The Superdollar,” Business Sales of final goods + Merchandise imports It is computed using data from Survey o f Current Business, various issues. 21 Summary o f U.S. International Transactions (U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis), March 1984. 22 Youssef M. Ibrahim, “ Persian Gulf War Helps Depress Oil Prices on Spot Market Instead of Raising Them ,” The Wall Street Journal, June 20, 1984, p. 3. 23“ Oil Prices Hit the Skids,” Business Week, Aug. 13, 1984, p. 55. Week, Oct. 8, 1984, p. 164. 5 Import price indexes are weighted by 1980 import values and are published on an f.o.b. (free-on-board) foreign port or c.i.f. (cost, insur ance, and freight) U.S. port basis. Export price indexes are weighted by 1980 U .S. merchandise trade values and are published on an f.o.b. factory or f.a .s. (free-alongside-ship) U .S. port basis. See “ International Price Program” (Bureau o f Labor Statistics). 6 World Financial Markets (New York, Morgan Guaranty Trust Com pany, International Economics Department), December 1984, pp. 12-13. IFederal Reserve Statistical Release, G . 5(405) (Federal Reserve Board), Dec. 31, 1984. For further details on the value of the dollar against in dividual currencies, see Federal Reserve Bulletin, December 1984. 8 “ Import car, truck sales soar to record heights,” Ward's Automotive Reports, Jan. 7, 1985, p. 1. 9 U.S. Department of Commerce News, Housing Starts, CB85-13 (Bu reau o f the Census), Jan. 17, 1985, table 1b ; and U.S. Department of Commerce News, New Construction, cb85-23 (Bureau of the Census), Feb. 1, 1985, table 1. 10 U.S. Department o f Commerce News, bea 8 5 -0 7 (Bureau of Economic Analysis), Feb. 7, 1985. II Highlights of Export and Import Trade, ft-990 (Bureau of the Census), December 1984, tables b- 4 and c - 7 . 12Ibid., table c - 8 . 13Ibid., table b-5 . 14 Ibid. 15 Ibid. 16For information on imports, exports, and trade deficits, see U.S. De partment o f Commerce News, bea 85 -0 5 (Bureau of Economic Analysis), Feb. 7, 1985. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis of 24Y oussefM . Ibrahim, “ Britain Cuts Oil Prices $1.35 a Barrel; Meeting o p ec is Expected S oon,” The Wall Street Journal, Oct. 19, 1984, p. 3. 25 Youssef M. Ibrahim, “ opec Says 11 of 13 Members to Reduce Oil Production Ceilings to Bolster Prices,” The Wall Street Journal, Nov. 1, 1984, p. 2. 26 Data from the International Energy Agency for non-Communist na tions. See “ Oil and Gas: More Bad News is in the Pipeline,” Business Week, Jan. 14, 1985, p. 86. 27Monthly Energy Review, doe- eia-0035 (84-1 0 ) (U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration), January 1985, p. 40. 28Ibid., pp. 4 5 -5 2 . 2y“ Oil and Gas: More Bad News is in the Pipeline,” Business Week, Jan. 14, 1985, p. 87. 30 Ibid. 31 Ibid. 32 See Consumer Price Indexes for Fuel Oil, various issues; and Con sumer Price Index fo r Energy and Food, usdl-85-31 (Bureau of Labor Statistics), Jan. 23, 1984. 33 Ibid. 34Monthly Energy Review, doe/ eia-0035-84/12 (U.S. Department of Energy,Economic Energy Administration), February 1985, pp. 4 2 -4 3 . 35 Ibid. 36Highlights of Export and Import Trade, ft-990 (Bureau of the Census), December 1984, table b-3 . 37 “ Import Car, Truck Sales Soar to Record Heights,” Ward’s Auto motive Reports, Jan. 7, 1985, p. 1. 38John Holusha, “ Boom in Luxury Car Imports,” The New York Times, Nov. 1, 1984, p. Dl. 25 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • U.S. Import and Export Prices 73 “ U .S. Court Upholds New Regulations on Textile Imports,” The Wall 39 Ibid. Street Journal, Oct. 8, 1984, p. 14. 4(1Ibid. 41 “ Big Three Set Profit Record of $9.8 Billion,” Automotive News, Feb. 18, 1985, p. 8. 42 U.S. Foreign Trade in Machine Tools (National Machine Tool Build ers’ Association, March 1985). 43 Information from industry sources. ^ “ Japan Extending N/C Tool Floor Prices,” American Metal Market Metalworking News, Nov. 26, 1984, p. 23. 45 “ Electronics May Turn Malaysia Into the Fifth Tiger,” Business Week, Aug. 6, 1984, pp. 35, 38. 46“ A.New p. 104f . vcr War is About to Erupt,” Business Week, Oct. 1, 1984, vcr Boom Puts Blank Tapes Into Fast Forward,” Business 75 Ibid. 76 Ibid. 77Highlights o f U.S. Export and Import Trade, FT-990 (Bureau of the Census), December 1984, table 2, p. b - 6 . 78 Ibid. 79Motor Vehicle Exports from U.S. Plants (1984 Ward’s Automotive Yearbook), p. 62. 80“ Canada: New Car Sales Up 15%,” Ward’s Automotive Reports, Jan. 21, 1985, p. 23. 81 News from General Aviation Manufacturers’ Association (Washing ton, General Aviation Manufacturer’s Association), Jan. 10, 1985. 47 Ibid. 48Mark Maremont and John Wilke, “ In Long Distance, a Battle for Survival,” Business Week, Jan. 14, 1985, p. 106. 49“ Korea and Taiwan Color 74“ The Week, Aug. 6, 1984, pp. 9 2 -9 3 . Tvs Found Hurting U.S. Firms,” The Wall Street Journal, April 6, 1984, p. 14. 83Highlights o f U.S. Export and Import Trade, FT-990 (Bureau of the Census), December 1984, table 2, p. 50James R. Donald, “ Agricultural Outlook,” Annual u.s.D.A. Outlook (U .S. Department o f Agriculture), Dec. 3, 1984, pp. Ml and m2. 51 Ibid. 52Highlights of Export and Import Trade, 82“ Reshaping the Computer Industry,” Business Week, July 16, 1984, p. 84. ft-990 (Bureau of the Census), December 1984, table c - 3 . 53 World Coffee and Tea (Washington, McKeand Publications), Decem ber 1984, p. 17. 54Neil Behrmann and Kathleen Hughes, “ International Coffee Accord is Reached, Prices are Likely to Stay Flat or Decline,” The Wall Street Journal, Oct. 2, 1984, p. 51. 55IM F Survey (International Monetary Fund), Jan. 21, 1985, p. 25. 56 World Coffee and Tea (McKeand Publications), December 1984, p. 24. 57 Ibid. 58Livestock Slaughter, MtAn 1 -2 (11-84) (U.S. Department of Agri culture Crop Reporting Board), Nov. 23, 1984. 59Agricultural Outlook (U .S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Re search Service), Nov. 1984, p. 46. 60 Ibid. 61 Highlights of Export and Import Trade, FT-990 (Bureau of the Census), December 1984, table c - 6 . 62 “ Even with Import Curbs, It Looks Like a Tough Year,” Business Week, Jan. 14, 1985, p. 84. 63 “ The Worldwide Steel Industry, Reshaping to Survive,” Business Week, Aug. 20, 1984, pp. 150-54. 64Annual Statistical Report (Washington, American Iron and Steel In stitute), June 1984. Preliminary 1984 figures from the Statistical Depart ment o f the aisi. Final figures will be available in the June 1985 Report. 65Thomas F. O ’Boyle, “ U.S. Steelmakers Buoyed by Reagan Plan to Seek Voluntary Restraints on Imports,” The Wall Street Journal, Sept. 20, 1984, p. 2. 66Art Pine, “ Japan Agrees to Limit Its Steel Shipments to U .S.; Pact With Other Nations Seen,” The Wall Street Journal, Dec. 6, 1984, p. 3. b- 6 . 84Highlights of Export and Import Trade, ft-990 (Bureau of the Census), December 1984, table c - 6 . 85Foreign Agriculture Circular-Grains, fg - 17-84 (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service), December 1984, p. 12. 86Feed-Outlook and Situation Report, fds-295 (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service), November 1984, p. 4. 87 Ibid. 88Ibid., p. 5. 89Ibid., p. 12. 90Ibid., p. 13. 91 Ibid. 92Agricultural Outlook, ao-104 (U .S. Department of Agriculture, Eco nomic Research Service), November 1984, p. 8. 93Foreign Agriculture Circular-Grains, FG-17-84 (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service), December 1984, p. 9. 94Highlights o f Export and Import Trade, ft-990 (Bureau of the Census), December 1984, table b-2 . 93Foreign Agriculture Circular-Oilseeds and Products, fop - 12-84 (U.S. Department o f Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service), December 1984, p. 23. 96 Ibid. 97 World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates, w a s d e - 176 (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service and Foreign Ag ricultural Service), Dec. 11, 1984, p. 23. 98 Ibid. " Ib id ., pp. 2 3 -2 4 . 100 Ibid. 101 Highlights o f Export and Import Trade, FT-990 (Bureau of the Cen sus), December 1984, table b-2 . 102Patricia A. Bellew, “ Northwest Wood-Products Industry Faces Re structuring Due to Import Competition,” The Wall Street Journal, Sept. 18, 1984, p. 33. 67 Art Pine and Thomas F. O ’Boyle, “ Seoul Rejects Cutting Exports of Steel to U .S .,” The Wall Street Journal, Dec. 11. 1984, p. 4. 103Mike Tharp, “ Law Allowing Timber Contract Buyouts May Help Many Pacific Northwest M ills,” The Wall Street Journal, Oct. 22, 1984, p. 50. 68 George J. McManus and Cynthia Stueber, “ Making Steel More Com petitive,” Iron Age, Oct. 1, 1984, p. 33. 104Highlights o f Export and Import Trade, ft-990 (Bureau of the Cen sus), December 1984, tables b- 2 and c -6 . 69Thomas F. O ’Boyle, “ l t v Unit, Japanese Firm Plan Venture to Pro duce Rust-Resistant Steel in U .S .,” The Wall Street Journal, Nov. 28, 1984, p. 10. 105 “ The p v c Paradox: Higher Demand, Lower Prices,” Chemical Week, Oct. 24, 1984, p. 10. 70Highlights of Export and Import Trade, ft-990 (Bureau of the Census), December 1984, table c - 6 . 71 “ Demand Can't Shake the Depression in Metals,” Business Week, Jan. 14, 1985, p. 94. 12Highlights o f Export and Import Trade, December 1984, table c - 6 . 26 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ft-990 (Bureau of the Census), 106Highlights o f U.S. Export and Import Trade, ft-990 (Bureau of the Census), December 1984, table 2, p. b - 6 . 107Highlights o f Export and Import Trade, FT-990 (Bureau of the Cen sus), December 1984, table b-2 . 108The Aluminum Situation (Washington, The Aluminum Association), January 1985, p. 4. 109 Ibid. Revision of Consumer Price Index is now under way Upon completion in 1987, the revised c p i will reflect current population and spending patterns, as well as an improved housing survey and other technical enhancements Jo h n L. M arcoot The Bureau of Labor Statistics is in the midst of a 5-year program to update and improve the Consumer Price Index ( c p i ). The resulting changes will be introduced in the Jan uary 1987 indexes. The 1987 revision will use the Consumer Expenditure Survey data from 1982-84 and population dis tributions from the 1980 census to update the c p i market basket. A greatly enhanced housing survey is being devel oped that will improve the rental equivalence measure of homeowner costs recently introduced in the c p i . Many of the sampling advances introduced in the 1978 revision will be refined for 1987 and other methodological enhancements will be made. This article explains why periodic c p i revisions are needed, briefly reviews previous revisions, and describes the current revision plans. Why periodic revisions are needed The c p i is a measure of price change for a fixed market basket of goods and services of constant quantity and quality purchased for consumption. It is essential to update that market basket periodically so that the c p i reflects price changes of items currently purchased by consumers. Consumers change their purchasing patterns as a result of changes in a number of factors, including relative prices, real income, demo graphic characteristics, and tastes. John L. Marcoot is the manager of the CPI Revision Program in the Office o f Prices and Living Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Anna Hill of the Review staff provided special editorial assistance. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Price changes over time may differ among items and these differences can affect consumer demand. This is illustrated by rapidly rising prices for energy items over the last decade. In the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers ( c p i - u ) , energy products (gasoline, motor oil, electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, bottled gas, and coal) rose 218 percent from December 1972 to December 1980, more than twice as fast as the average increase for all items. According to data from the Consumer Expenditure Surveys, urban con sumer units1 reported an average annual expense for energy items of $743 for the 1972-73 period and an annual average of $1,783 for the 1980-81 period. This 140-percent increase is substantially smaller than the change that occurred for prices and implies a reduction in consumption of energy items as a result of higher relative prices. This adjustment was also seen in related consumption such as the increased demand for smaller and more fuel-efficient automobiles. Another factor which can influence consumers’ con sumption patterns is changing real income. If prices paid by consumers and their money income were to increase at the same rate, consumers’ real income would remain un changed. Average money income in constant dollars de clined about 7 percent between 1972 and 1981, both for households and for families. However, per capita average real money income increased by more than 3 percent during the same period.2 The rise in per capita income, in contrast to the decline experienced by families and households, is a direct result of the average size of families and households becoming smaller. 27 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Revision o f Consumer Price Index The impact of rising prices on some families can be offset by having additional income from another member joining the labor force. For example, in 1972, 41.5 percent of married women with a husband present were in the labor force. By 1981, the percentage increased to 51. The labor force participation rate for married women, husband pres ent, and with children under 6 years of age increased from 30.1 percent in 1972 to a rate of 47.8 in 1981.3 Demographic-related changes of this kind affect expenditure pat terns. For example, expenses for such items as day care/ nursery school and babysitting might increase and there could be additional expenses for eating meals out and trans portation. Still other factors which affect the pattern of consumption over time are product changes and technological changes which can affect consumers’ demand for various goods and services. The electronics industry in particular has influ enced consumer preferences by its introduction of such items as the personal computer, video games, and video recorders. Over time, a number of products are modified, expanded, or improved, depending on the demand of consumers, and these changes influence subsequent purchasing decisions of consumers. Finally, a more subtle phenomenon which contributes to changes in the relative importance of items in the market basket is that tastes of consumers change. There are a variety of ways in which lifestyles and tastes change, such as the increasing number of persons who are active in some form of physical exercise such as jogging, cycling, or using the facilities of a physical fitness organization. These preference shifts also change expenditure patterns for items such as sports clothing and equipment, and fees paid for recreational facilities. Population changes. Not only do the consumption patterns of individual consumer units change over time, but also the geographic distribution of the population may change. Be tween 1970 and 1980, the total population of the United States grew 11.5 percent. The population of the South grew 20 percent and the population of the West increased 25 percent.4 This means that consumer units in the South and West represent approximately 52 percent of the population for which the revised c p i market basket will be based, com pared with 48 percent in the 1972-73 market basket cur rently being used. Thus, consumption patterns of consumers in the warmer climates of the South and West will have a greater influence on the c p i than before. Prior revisions The first major activity in prior revisions of the c p i has been the implementation of a Consumer Expenditure Survey as the basis for selecting and weighting a new market basket of goods and services to be priced. Until these data are in hand, it is impossible to complete a revision of the c p i . The 28 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis periods when expenditures were collected that were the basis for the last four revisions are as follows: R eference year(s) R elease o f revised CPI 1 9 3 4 -3 6 ............................................................ 1950 ..................................................................... 1960-61 ............................................................ 1 9 7 2 -7 3 ............................................................ 1940 1953 1964 1978 The time between the reference years of the Consumer Ex penditure Survey and the introduction of the c p i with revised expenditure weights was typically 3 years, except for the 1978 revision. The 1940 revision introduced the concept of a sample of cities and items and the principal of imputation, permitting the c p i to represent price change in all cities and all items purchased for consumption. Prior to 1940, the c p i measured the price change in only the 33 cities being surveyed and for only the items actually priced. Prior to the 1950 Consumer Expenditure Survey (on which the 1953 revision was based), b l s conducted experimental surveys and test pricings to improve data collection methods and to establish the basic procedures for processing these data. The 1953 revision took 3 years to implement surveys which revised the areas and weights, and updated the item samples priced. This effort was primarily a clerical opera tion. After the 1953 revision, it became apparent that the c p i should be revised every decade. By the late 1950’s, dramatic changes had occurred: The composition of the urban pop ulation changed, with rapid growth of suburban areas, in creased use of the automobile affected lifestyles, and new shopping centers catered to the American consumer. A con tributing factor to this growth was the 37-percent increase in personal disposable income between 1950 and 1956, with more than two-thirds of the rise being reflected in real in come. The b l s received, in mid-1959, authorization for a revision program, which was completed in 1964 with the release of an index with revised weights and outlet samples which included, for the first time, areas outside the central city of metropolitan areas.5 The first year of the 1964 revision was dedicated to pilot surveys for testing and debugging procedures to be used nationwide. After clerical edits and professional reviews of the data, the computer was used to process estimates of expenditures and indexes. The 1978 c p i revision took longer than the previous re visions because it included the introduction of new ap proaches to the collection of consumer expenditures and a number of complex improvements and innovations in pric ing for the c p i . A thorough examination of the c p i , its concepts and operational processes, was made during the revision. The growth of computer applications during the decade of the 1960’s made it possible to introduce statistical techniques and monthly operational processes which were not feasible in earlier efforts of producing estimates of monthly price change. Innovations of the 1978 revision Innovations in collecting expenditure data for the 1978 revision contributed to a longer time between the Consumer Expenditure Survey reference data and the introduction of the revised c p i . Prior to the 1972-73 Consumer Expenditure Survey, interviewers visited all sample households during February through June and asked the respondents questions needed to reconstruct their living expenses for the previous calendar year. These global estimates of expenditures were used to obtain annual expenditures for most items. Re spondents were asked to recall weekly expenditures for food store items and small frequently purchased items.6 Several changes in these procedures were made early in 1972. A quarterly interview survey for a sample of consumer units was introduced. Expenditures for a number of items were collected for purchases made throughout the preceding 3 months, while other items were surveyed for varying reference and recall periods. Another separate sample of consumer units was asked to keep two 1-week diaries in which each purchase was recorded on the day it was made. Although this change in methodology was more expensive and took somewhat longer to process, it resulted in a marked improvement in the data used in the estimation of expen diture weights. It reduced the length of recall in the collec tion of data, and, therefore, reduced response errors associated with either telescoping purchases from an earlier period or forgetting certain purchases. (Telescoping occurs when the respondent inadvertently recalls and reports a purchase made prior to the survey period.) Another significant innovation in the 1978 revision was the introduction of the Point-of-Purchase Survey.7 In earlier revisions, the b l s had to rely on secondary data to establish sampling frames used in selecting outlets in which to price items comprising the market basket. These secondary data provided only the broadest classification of the outlet and provided no detail on the merchandise lines actually pur chased. For example, it was not possible to identify all the types of outlets where motor oil was sold, and it was im possible to tell whether a particular grocery store sold fresh fish. As a result, despite substantial efforts, it was impossible to obtain a statistical sample of outlets for the c p i that rep resented where people shopped. The growth of metropolitan areas and the spread of shopping centers added to the con cern about the quality of outlet samples. In the Point-of-Purchase Survey, consumer units were interviewed in each local area where prices were to be col lected for the c p i . Respondents specified the amount they actually spent in each outlet in which they shopped for a category of items. Each category was structured to be com patible with a major line of goods or services sold, and so that the category would contain one or more “ entry level items” 8 for which a relatively broad class of products or services could be priced to represent that entry level item. (The current c p i market basket contains 382 such items.) The Point-of-Purchase Survey respondents were asked if https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis they purchased an item within a specific category during a prescribed reference period. If a purchase was made, the name and address of the outlet was recorded along with the cost of each transaction. Prior to the introduction of the Point-of-Purchase Survey, each outlet was selected and weighted without specific re gard for the relative sales that the outlet had for the priced item. The only exception to this procedure was in the gro cery store food index where sales data were obtained from food chain organizations so that differential weights could be used to weight prices in the food index for large food chains. Since 1978, the b l s has used a probability procedure with the value of purchases of each outlet as a measure of size to select outlets for each Point-of-Purchase Survey cat egory. This ensures that the outlet sample has an unbiased representation of large and small establishments and also allows for the estimation of variances and sampling error. In addition, prior to 1978, there was no systematic sta tistical process for replacement of outlets which closed, moved, or changed merchandise lines, b l s had to rely pri marily on its c p i field representatives to locate a comparable establishment to obtain price quotes for the specific items to be priced. With the composition of outlets gradually changing due to the entry of new establishments, it was difficult to ensure the representativeness of the sample of outlets. In 1978, b l s introduced a new system, based on data from the continuing Point-of-Purchase Survey, to up date c p i outlet samples in each urban area on a 5 -year cycle. Outlet samples in about 20 percent of the urban areas priced for the index are updated each year so that the entire outlet sample is completely updated over a period of 5 years. When substituting a price quote for an outlet item selected from the updated sample for a corresponding outlet item quote previously priced, it is necessary to factor out of the index measure any difference between the two prices which results from this substitution. For example, if a man’s 100percent cotton dress shirt is selected in the newly selected outlet to replace a cotton blend shirt which was priced in the outlet to be replaced, the prices of these two items would not be viewed as comparable for an index measuring price change. Differences that may exist between the new outlet item quote and the old one are factored out of the mea surement of price change by a method described as linking with an overlap price. This linking method used in outlet sample updating requires that both the new and old outlet item quotes be priced in the same month. The price for the item quote or the outlet being replaced measures any price change from the previous index month up to the link month when both outlets were priced. The price of the item quote from the newly selected outlet is used to measure price change from the link month forward. This linking method assures that the process of introducing the new item has no effect on the index. Prior to 1978, an item designated for pricing in an outlet would have characteristics specified by commodity analysts 29 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Revision o f Consumer Price Index in the national office. The detailed specification was usually the same for all outlets in the country and would generally limit the number of products that could be priced to represent the expenditures within the item class. In the 1978 revision, the b l s introduced new sampling procedures to permit all products or services within a respective item classification to be eligible for pricing, thereby increasing the efficiency and representativeness of the index. However, once an outlet item is selected, the field representative records the specific narrow characteristics of the item to identify it for contin uous pricing as long as the item is available in the store. The process used in the selection of an item within an outlet is called disaggregation. This process gives an op portunity for every variety of an item within a store to be selected to represent purchases for the whole item class. This disaggregation is an objective and efficient process which results in the selection of a sample of varieties that covers the full spectrum of purchased items.9 During the 1978 revision, a great amount of time was spent examining alternative methods of measuring price change in homeownership. This effort resulted in the defi nition of a flow-of-services approach10 which is consistent with the economic concepts on which the c p i is based. This approach was not introduced during the 1978 revision be cause of difficulties in developing a workable flow-of-services measure and because of the diversity of views held by various advisory groups.11 Shortly after the revision, concern over the measurement of homeownership costs increased because of the major changes that were occurring in the financing of homes and the increasing difficulties of obtaining adequate house price data. Because of these changes and the increasing impact and importance of the c p i , b l s changed the homeownership component of the index between revisions.12 A rental equiv alence measure13 was introduced as the measure of homeowner cost in the January 1983 c p i - u index and in the c p i - w with the January 1985 index. The rental equivalence measure estimates the change in shelter costs as the change in rents which would have to be paid for occupancy of housing units occupied by owners. This new measure re placed the previous treatment in which homeownership costs were measured by current house prices, mortgage interest, costs of new mortgages, property taxes, property insurance, and maintenance and repair costs. Because it measures the cost of consuming shelter services provided by a house (that is, the rent that would be paid), rental equivalence is con sistent with the underlying concept of the c p i as a measure of price change for consumption. The old homeownership measure included investment aspects of homeownership as sociated with obtaining and maintaining the house as an asset. The 1987 revision The c p i relates to expenditures of the civilian noninstitutional urban population of the United States. The urban 30 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis population is defined as persons who live in Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the Office of Management and Budget (including the rural nonfarm within these areas) and urban areas, including places with 2,500 or more per sons outside of the Metropolitan Statistical Areas. Since the 1978 revision, the c p i has been calculated for two populations. The All Urban ( c p i - u ) index is based on expenditures reported by all consumer units in urban areas of the United States with two exceptions: consumer units on farms within urban areas and consumer units receiving a majority of their income from a member who is in the military and lives off base with the unit. The c p i - u popu lation represented 81 percent of the total U.S. civilian noninstitutional population in 1981. Because a large proportion of the population is covered, this index is extremely useful in discerning the effect of changing prices on consumers. The c p i for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers ( c p i - w ) is based on urban consumer units who meet ad ditional requirements related to their employment: more than one-half of the consumer unit’s income has to be earned from clerical or wage occupations, and at least one of the members had to be employed for 37 weeks or more in an eligible occupation. The c p i - w population was 30 percent of the total U.S. population in 1981. Geographic coverage. The first phase of a revision is to make a new selection of the geographic areas, or primary sampling units, in which price data collection will be done. The new area sample for the 1987 revision is based on the 1980 Census of Population and uses the new Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area definitions.14 The use of these definitions resulted in some changes. For instance, the def inition for the New York area now includes Danbury and other parts of Connecticut; Philadelphia includes Wilmington and Trenton; Los Angeles includes Riverside-San Bernardino; and San Francisco includes San Jose. The Metropolitan Stat istical Areas which are not a part of a Consolidated Metro politan Statistical Area were defined as individual primary sampling units. All nonmetropolitan counties were grouped into primary sampling units to allow urban places with a population greater than 2,500 outside metropolitan areas an opportunity to be selected. The overall primary sampling units design consisted of 278 metropolitan areas and 810 nonmetropolitan urban areas, which cover all urban popu lation. Primary sampling units with at least 1.2 million persons were designated “ certainty areas.” This means that each of these areas represents itself in the weighting of the estimates to the total c p i population. The noncertainty se lections have a population weight that represents the pop ulation of all cities including their own population in their stratum— a collection of similarly sized areas in the same general geographic region. Twenty-nine largest primary sampling units and two unique areas— Anchorage and Hon olulu— were designated certainty areas.15 The remaining primary sampling units were assigned to three city-size classes— medium-sized cities, small-sized cities, and nonmetropolitan areas— within the Northeast, North Central, South, and West regions.16 The result of the sampling process was the selection of 39 new areas with the retention of 52 primary sampling units from the old sample, of which 30 were certainty selections in the new sample. Overall, the number of primary sampling units to be surveyed for the c p i has increased by six. A comparison of primary sampling units in the old and new samples by population size and region is shown in table 1. The South will have eight more primary sampling units than it had previously. Despite the West’s large population growth between the 1970 and 1980 censuses, it will still have the same number of primary sampling units; however, it will have two more certainty selections. Two reasons account for the unchanged overall number of primary sam pling units in the West. First, additional primary sampling units were allocated disproportionately to the West in pre vious allocations to permit publication of a separate non metropolitan urban index for the region. Second, use of Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas resulted in two certainty selections, Los Angeles and San Francisco, be coming substantially greater in population. Because of their larger populations in the new c p i design, the number of items and outlets priced in each of these two areas will be expanded.17 Allocating samples to produce the most accurate national possible with the funds available will affect the fre quency of publishing c p i ’ s for 13 local areas. Beginning with the January 1987 c p i , a monthly index will continue to be published for only the four largest local areas— New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Philadelphia. The index for Detroit, the smallest of the areas now published monthly, will be compiled on a bimonthly basis only for even num bered months. Bimonthly indexes will be published for each of the next 10 largest areas. Bimonthly indexes which are now published for the 12 smaller local areas will be replaced by semiannual average indexes, and the index for Northeast Pennsylvania (Scranton) will be discontinued.18 cpi Expenditure weights. The relative weight of each entry level item in the c p i is tabulated from data obtained by the Consumer Expenditure Survey. This survey is actually com posed of two separate surveys— an interview survey and a T able 1. diary survey— both conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the b l s . As in the 1972-73 interview survey, Bureau represen tatives collect data for expenditures which respondents can remember fairly accurately for periods of approximately 3 months. Each consumer unit designated for sampling is contacted each quarter for five consecutive quarters. The initial contact is used to collect socioeconomic character istics of the unit— an inventory of properties, vehicles, ma jor durable goods, and insurance policies. In addition, purchases of goods and services made in the past month are recorded together with a date of purchase and a description of each item .19 b l s uses only the second, third, fourth, and fifth inter views in estimating a 12-month consumption pattern for the consumer units surveyed. The current interview question naire differs from that used in the 1972-73 survey in that it has a uniform reference period of 3 months for each expenditure item, whereas the 1972-73 questionnaire al lowed for variable lengths of the period of recall. The major advantage of a uniform reference period is that it permits each interview to be used in a quarterly estimate, even when a consumer unit was not interviewed for the full 12 months of consumption. All data collected from consumer units are used, in contrast to 1972-73 when data from consumer units who later moved were not used. The uniform reference period facilitates rotating the sam ple. Each quarter, one-fifth of the consumer units are in terviewed for the first time, an additional one-fifth for the second time, and so on. The rotation spreads over the cal endar year any bias which may result from either condi tioning or fatigue on the part of respondents as they progress from the first to the fifth interview. Because many expen diture items are seasonal, it is advantageous to have a mix ture of interviews in each quarterly estimate of consumption patterns. The purpose of the diary survey is to obtain expenditure information for small frequently purchased items which con sumers tend to forget. Each selected sample unit is asked to keep 1-week diaries of expenditures for 2 consecutive weeks. The diary sample is spread among the 52 weeks of the year. However, the sample size is doubled in the last 6 weeks of the year to obtain better estimates of items pur- C urrent and new prim ary sam pling units, by city-size and region City-size All areas Northeast South North Central West Current New Current New Current New Current New Current New Total .............................................................................................. 85 91 18 15 22 23 26 34 19 19 Metropolitan Statistical Areas: Large-sized cities............................................................................... Medium-sized cities.......................................................................... Small-sized cities............................................................................... 27 20 22 31 22 24 6 4 4 5 4 4 8 4 6 9 4 6 6 8 8 8 10 10 7 4 4 9 4 4 Nonmetropolitan Statistical Areas............................................................. 16 14 4 2 4 4 4 6 4 2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 31 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Revision o f Consumer Price Index chased seasonally. The interviewer, when placing the firstweek diary, obtains the socioeconomic characteristics of the consumer unit and provides instructions to the respondent. The respondent records purchases made by any member of the unit during the week. (This eliminates any questions the respondent might have in determining if an item is within the scope of the survey.) The diary focuses on the recording of purchases made in grocery stores and of meals, snacks, and beverages purchased in restaurants or other eating places. Other purchases are also recorded; therefore, a number of items reported in the interview survey can also be recorded in the diary. A major difference in the two surveys is that the diary does not record expenses made while out of town on trips. Both surveys have a sample size of approximately 4,800 consumer units per year. However, in the interview survey, each unit can potentially provide four quarters of data, whereas in the diary only 2 weeks of data can be obtained from the same unit. The b l s staff has to identify from which survey— inter view or diary— estimates should be used in developing ex penditure weights and selecting item samples. For many items, the design of each survey predetermines which data should be used. For example, the diary estimates are used for all individual food and beverage items because the in terview survey only collects a total estimate of expenses for these items. The diary is also used for a number of small and frequently purchased items in the categories of personal care, household supplies, and nonprescription drugs and supplies which are not covered in the interview survey. For other expenses, the interview survey is the better source as it has an effective sample size of 4,800 units each quarter and expenses are recalled for a period of 3 months. The diary panel, in contrast, only has an effective sample of 1,200 units per quarter for a total of approximately 2,400 diary weeks. There are a few expenditures that are collected in both surveys for which an evaluation is necessary to determine which estimate is best. For example, gasoline purchases are a frequently reported entry in the diary, and the estimate obtained from the interview is based on an average monthly expense pattern. Also, small clothing items such as hosiery and accessories could be overlooked in the 3-month recall which is the heart of the interview survey, but are likely to be recorded in the diary. Each expenditure reported in these two surveys is coded to one of the 382 entry level items which constitute the lowest level of the c p i classification structure. The highest level of the c p i structure consists of the seven major groups of expenditures: (1) food and beverages, (2) housing, (3) apparel and upkeep, (4) transportation, (5) medical care, (6) entertainment, and (7) other goods and services. Expen ditures within a major group are divided into expenditure classes which have been established either by categories of commodities or services and with some regard to similarity in their characteristics. The c p i structure currently has 68 expenditure classes and a new one will be established in 32 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis this revision for electronic products covering personal com puters, computer software, calculators, telephones and other information processing equipment. (See exhibit 1.) Most of the expenditure classes are divided into two or more strata.20 The stratum is the lowest level for which expenditure weights are calculated, and thus, the level at which the priced market basket is fixed between revisions. Because the allocation of the sample of quotes and outlets is also done at the item stratum level, the number of strata within an expenditure class generally has some overall re lationship to the relative importances of expenditures in that class. The variances of the c p i can be greatly influenced by the way price quotations are allocated among the item strata. In this revision, a paramount consideration was to maximize the efficiencies that could be achieved through sample de signs and the allocation of samples. Using data from the 1980-81 c e s and preliminary data on variances, item strata were restructured so that, given the available resources for pricing, the variance of the All Items c p i would be a min imum. A very few selected strata were left unchanged be cause of their individual uses or interest. The number of strata for which expenditure weights are calculated will drop from 265 to 203.21 (See exhibit 1.) Each item stratum has at least one entry level item which is usually structured to facilitate the selection of a unique item to be priced. If there is much heterogeneity among the goods or services which comprise an item stratum or in the types of outlets where they are purchased, the stratum is usually subdivided into two or more entry level items. Cur rently, there are 382 entry level items and although the composition of several will be changed in this revision, the total number will probably not change by much. In the past, there have been a few sample entry level items which have not been priced. Sometimes the item was difficult to price because its quality changed constantly. An example would be the pricing of books purchased through book clubs. The book offered varies substantially over time and various discounts or premiums may be earned. Also, an entry level item may not have been priced because an appropriate outlet sample could not be established. This is the case particularly for services provided by household workers and babysitters. If an entry level item or a potential one has a small relative importance, the Bureau does not go to a great disproportionate expense to price it. In the current revision, the Bureau plans to use the relative im portances of entry level items reported in the interview and diary surveys to identify those that have become more sig nificant since the last revision. As a result, unpriced strata are expected to comprise only 1.5 percent of the c p i , com pared with 3.7 percent currently. Outlet selection. The 1987 revision will rely primarily on the continuing Point-of-Purchase Survey for the selection of outlet samples. When this survey was initially designed in 1974, there was some concern that it would not be useful E xhibit 1. S trata title s fo r revised C onsum er Price Index Expenditure class Stratum number 01 ............... 1 .......... 2 .......... 3 .......... Flour, prepared flour mixes Cereal Rice, pasta, cornmeal 0 2 ............... 1 .......... 2 .......... 3 ................ 4 .......... White bread Other breads, rolls, biscuits, muffins Cakes, cupcakes, cookies Other bakery products 1 .......... Stratum title Expenditure class Stratum number Food and beverages (at home) 2 4 ............... 1 .......... 2 .......... Materials, supplies, equipment for home repairs Other property maintenance/repalr commodities 2 5 ............... 1 2 Fuel oil Other fuels 2 6 ............... 1 ................ 2 .......... Electricity Utility (piped) gas 2 7 ............... 1 2 3 4 5 6 Telephone— main station service Water/sewerage maintenance Community antenna, cable TV Garbage/trash collection Telephone— interstate toll calls Telephone— intrastate toll calls 2 8 ............... 1 .......... Linens, curtains, drapes, sewing materials 2 9 ............... 1 2 3 4 Bedroom furniture Sofas Living room chairs, tables Other furniture 2 3 4 5 6 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... Ground beef Chuck roast Round roast Other steak, roast and other beef Round steak Sirloin steak 0 4 ............... 1 2 3 4 .......... .......... .......... .......... Bacon Pork chops Ham Other pork, including sausage 0 5 ............... 1 .......... Lunchmeat, lamb, organ meats, game, mutton, goat 2 .......... 1 .......... 3 .......... Fresh whole chicken Fresh/frozen chicken parts Other poultry 0 7 ............... 1 .......... 2 .......... Canned fish and seafood Fresh/frozen fish and seafood 0 8 ............... 1 .......... Eggs 0 9 ............... 1 .......... 2 .......... Fresh whole milk Other fresh milk and cream 1 0 ............... 1 .......... 2 .......... 3 .......... Butter and other dairy products (excluding cheese, ice cream) Cheese Ice cream and related products 1 .......... 2 .......... 3 .......... 4 .......... Apples Bananas Oranges Other fresh fruits 1 2 ............... 1 2 3 4 Potatoes Lettuce Tomatoes Other fresh vegetables 1 3 ............... 1 .......... 2 Fruit juices and frozen fruits Canned and dried fruits 1 4 ............... 1 .......... 2 .......... Frozen vegetables Canned and other processed vegetables 1 5 ............... 1 .......... 2 .......... Candy and other sweets Sugar and artificial sweetener 1 6 ............... 1 .......... 1 .......... 2 3 .......... Carbonated drinks 0 3 ............... 0 6 ............... 11 ............... 1 7 ............... 1 8 ............... .......... .......... .......... .......... 1 .......... 2 .......... 4 5 20 1 2 3 9 .......... .......... .......... .......... 1 2 .......... 3 4 31 ............... 2 2 ............... 1 2 3 1 .......... .......... .......... .......... 2 3 ............... 1 .......... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis .......... .......... .......... .......... 1 .......... 2 .......... 1 .......... 2 .......... 3 .......... 9 .......... 3 2 ............... 1 .......... 2 .......... 3 .......... 4 .......... 5 .......... 6 .......... 9 .......... 3 3 ............... 1 .......... 2 .......... 3 .......... 3 4 ............... 1 2 3 4 5 6 9 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 3 5 ............... 1 .......... Refrigerators, home freezers Laundry equipment Stoves, ovens, portable dishwashers, window air conditioners Televisions Video tape recorders, cassettes, tapes Radios, phonographs, components, recordings Unpriced accessories for electronic equipment Floor/window coverings, outdoor/lnfant/laundry/cleanlng equipment Clocks, lamps, and decorator items Tablewear, serving pieces, nonelectric kitchenware Lawn and garden equipment, tools, hardware Small kitchen appliances, sewing machines, portable heating/coollng equipment Indoor plants and fresh flowers Unpriced household equipment parts, small furnishings Laundry and cleaning products Household paper products, including stationery Other household products, lawn and garden supplies Postage Babysitting Domestic service Other household services Appliance and furniture repair Care of invalids, elderly at home Unpriced rental and repairs of household and audio equipment Tenants' insurance Apparel and upkeep Fats and oils 3 6 ............... 1 2 3 4 9 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... Men’s suits, coats, sportcoats, jackets Men's furnishings, special clothing Men’s shirts Men’s dungarees, jeans, trousers Unpriced men’s uniforms and other clothing 3 7 ............... 1 9 1 2 3 4 5 9 1 9 1 2 3 1 9 1 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... Boys’ apparel Unpriced boys' uniforms and other clothing Other noncarbonated drinks Canned and packaged soup Frozen prepared foods Snacks ....................... Spices, seasonings, condiments, sauces Other ....................... prepared food Lunch Dinner Other meals and snacks Unpriced board and catered affairs Beer and ale at home Other alcoholic beverages at home Wine ....................... at home Alcoholic ....................... beverages away from home Housing 21 ............... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 3 .......... Food (away from home) and alcoholic beverages 1 9 ............... 3 0 ............... ................ Stratum title Rent of dwelling Lodging while out of town Lodging while at school Homeowners' insurance Property maintenance and repair services 3 8 ............... 3 9 ............... 4 0 ............... 41 ............... 42 Women’s coats and jackets Women’s dresses Women’s separates, sportwear Women’s underwear, nightwear, accessories Women's suits Unpriced women’s uniforms and other clothing Girls’ apparel Unpriced girls’ uniforms and other clothing Men’s footwear Boys’ and girls' footwear Women’s footwear Infants’ and toddlers’ apparel Unpriced infants’ accessories and other clothing Sewing materials, notions, luggage 4 3 ............... 1 .......... 2 .......... Watches Jewelry 4 4 ............... 1 .......... 2 .......... Other apparel services Apparel laundry, dry cleaning, storage 33 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Revision of Consumer Price Index Exhibit 1. Expenditure class C o n tin u ed — S trata titles for revised C onsum er Price Index Stratum number Stratum title Expenditure class Stratum number Transportation 4 5 ........................ 4 6 ........................ 4 7 ............... 4 8 ........................ 1 2 3 1 9 1 2 5 0 ........................ 51 ........................ 1 2 3 4 9 1 5 3 ........................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ 1 2 9 Used cars Unpriced other used motor vehicles 6 0 ........................ Motor fuel Motor oil, coolant, and other products 61 ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ 5 5 ........................ 1. . 1 ................ 2 5 6 ........................ 5 7 ........................ 5 8 ........................ 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 9 ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ 1 ................ State and local auto registration, license, inspection Other automobile related fees Unpriced docking/landing fees https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ................ ................ ................ 1 ................ 2 3 4 5 9 ................ ................ Newspapers Magazines, periodicals, and books Unpriced newsletters Sports vehicles, including bicycles Sports equipment Toys, hobbies, and music equipment Photo supplies, equipment Pet expense Unpriced souvenirs, fireworks, visual goods Club membership and fees Fees for participant sports .................................... Admissions .................................... Fees for lessons and instructions ....................................film processing, pet services Photographers, Unpriced rental of recreational vehicles Other goods and services 6 3 ........................ 6 4 ........................ Airline fare Intercity transportation Intracity transportation Unpriced school bus 1 ................ 1 ................ 2 6 5 ........................ 6 6 ........................ Internal and respiratory over-the-counter drugs Nonprescription medical equipment and supplies 6 7 ........................ Hospital room Other inpatient services Lab tests, x-rays, emergency room, other outpatient service Unpriced rent/repair of medical equipment Health insurance 6 8 ........................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ 1 ................ 2 3 9 6 9 ........................ ................ 1 ................ 2 3 4 9 Physicians' services Dental services Eveg lasses and eyecare Services by other medical professionals ................ 1 ................ 2 9 Prescription drugs ................ 1 ................ 2 9 in selecting outlets for entry level items which were pur chased either infrequently or by a relatively small percentage of consumers. In updating outlet samples over recent years, a number of these entry level items have been added to the Point-of-Purchase Survey. By extending the reference pe riod for such items, the continuing Point-of-Purchase Survey has proved effective in securing a sufficient outlet sample. There are a few entry level items for which outlet samples are obtained from sources other than the Point-of-Purchase Survey. Generally, these items are found in a relatively small number of establishments, and reliable information is readily available for establishing a measure of size in the sampling frame. Examples of such entry level items are natural gas, electricity, basic telephone service, casualty insurance premiums, postage rates, and train fares. The ongoing Consumer Expenditure Survey is collecting outlet information (along with the expenditure data) for a small number of these entry level items. After these data are evaluated, we will determine if it is possible to use the Consumer Expenditure Survey for selecting outlet samples for such entry level items as electricity, natural gas, and 34 ................ 1 .......... 2 3 9 6 2 ........................ ................ Auto finance charges Unpriced other vehicle finance charges Medical care 5 4 ........................ ........................ ................ 1 ................ 2 Tires Other parts and equipment Automobile insurance ................ 1 ................ 2 9 ................ 1 ................ 2 3 9 5 9 ........................ ................ ................ Entertainment New cars New trucks New motorcycles Automotive body work Auto drive train, front end repair .................................... Auto maintenance and servicing .................................... Auto power plant repair Unpriced auto repair service policy ................ 1 ................ 9 5 2 ........................ ................ 1 .......... 2 4 9 ........................ ................ Stratum title ................ ................ ................ 1 ................ Tobacco and smoking supplies Hair, dental, shaving, miscellaneous personal care products Cosmetics/bath/nail preparations and implements Beauty parlor services— females Haircuts and other barber services— males Unpriced repair of personal care appliances School books and supplies for college Reference books and elementary/high school books Unpriced miscellaneous school purchases College tuition Elementary and high school tuition Child daycare, nursery school Other tuition Unpriced miscellaneous school item rentals and other services Legal fees Banking and accounting expenses Cemetery lots and funeral expenses Unpriced miscellaneous personal services Electronic and office equipment for nonbusiness use tuition. Data collected in the Consumer Expenditure Survey with regard to consumption quantities on utility bills will be used for selecting the consumption amounts to be priced for the c p i . New strategy: ‘rolling-in’ samples In previous c p i revisions, a new area sample (primary sampling unit) and new item and outlet samples were in troduced at the same time. The 1987 revision will use a concept of rolling-in the new area, item, and outlet samples. That is, the composition of the area and item samples will be gradually updated over a period of years, rather than substituting the full set of new area and outlet samples at a single time. Two innovations of the 1978 revision facilitate this rolling-in strategy: the use of the continuing Point-ofPurchase Survey for a systematic updating of outlet samples, and the broader definition of the characteristics of items which define strata. The first stage of rolling-in the new sample is to initiate pricing in new areas which will be needed in January 1987 for updating the U.S. c p i to reflect changes in population distributions. A number of the areas which had been representative of a specific city-size had sufficient population growth between 1970 and 1980 so that they no longer represented that particular city-size. There are 19 new areas classified as either small- or medium-sized or nonmetropolitan, and one large-sized area which have to be surveyed prior to 1987 in order for the U.S. c p i to reflect the distribution of the U.S. population as enumerated by the 1980 census. The second aspect of this phased update pertains to the item samples in all c p i areas retained in the new design. Any new entry level item or any entry level item that is substantially modified in definition will be initiated in all areas prior to the issuance of the revised c p i for January 1987. The continuing Point-of-Purchase Survey for 1985 will be conducted in the 20 new areas so the item and outlet samples for these areas can be initiated and results intro duced in the January 1987 c p i . (An additional 19 new areas will be initiated and introduced over the 1987-89 period.) The new item expenditure weights tabulated from the 1982-84 Consumer Expenditure Surveys will replace those tabulated from 1972-73 survey data. To make this substi tution of expenditure weights without causing a disconti nuity in the c p i ’ s measurement of price change, the index levels using the new expenditure weights will be set equal to those published for the old series in December 1986. The official c p i for January 1987, therefore, will reflect the price change between December and January based on the new expenditure weights. As in the past, the Bureau will continue to publish overlap indexes using the old expenditure weights for 6 months after the issuance of the revised c p i , for the convenience of users. Outlet samples for entry level items retained from the old primary sampling unit design will be updated through the use of the continuing Point-of-Purchase Survey and the ex isting outlet updating procedures. A few of the retained areas will have their outlet samples updated in 1987 when 10 more new areas are rolled-in. The remaining areas will have item and outlet samples rolled-in over the next 3 years. Advantages. By rolling-in the new areas and using the established outlet updating process for areas retained in the c p i design, it is possible to effect significant time and cost savings. One of the most costly activities of past revisions was the initiation of pricing of the item and the outlet sam ples in all areas selected in the primary sampling unit rede sign. Prior to the introduction of the revised c p i , all of the item and outlet samples had to be initiated and priced in the same month as the existing samples. Even for the areas retained, a reselection of item and outlet samples required substantially more new pricing because the probability of reselecting the same outlet for an entry level item is very small. Additional field representatives had to be hired and trained to do this work while pricing was continued to pro duce the ongoing c p i . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Because the existing c p i is official until the revised index is released, the review and processing of data from the new samples must be done in a framework which does not jeop ardize production schedules. Rolling-in the new areas into the c p i estimate over a 3-year period allows more time to train field representatives and lessens problems associated with a rapid expansion and subsequent reduction in staff. More importantly, using the existing updating procedures for introducing new outlet samples on a systematic basis precludes the need to maintain extended dual operations— one for the existing c p i and one for the data scheduled to supersede it. Over the past 6 years, the Bureau has used this technique for updating outlet samples. A few modifi cations to accommodate new areas and entry level items will increase the amount of data requiring processing, but by substantially less than the old procedure. Expenditure weights for the 203 strata in the c p i market basket will be tabulated using 3 years of Consumer Expen diture Survey data— 1982, 1983, and 1984. Because the c p i is a base-weighted index designed to reflect price change (and not changes in the quantities purchased), these expen diture weights will remain fixed until the next revision of the c p i . As in the past, of course, b l s will continue to update the outlet sample in one-fifth of the c p i areas each year. Within the c p i fixed-weight constraint, however, b l s in tends to make maximum use of data from the ongoing Con sumer Expenditure Survey to keep the items priced to represent the strata up to date. A number of c p i strata, for example, are represented by 2 or more entry level items. The sample of entry level items for these multiple-entry level item strata have been selected from the Consumer Expenditure Survey. Beginning in 1987, when the outlet samples are updated for one-fifth of the urban areas and new detailed items are selected for pricing, this sample of entry level items will also be updated based on the two most recent years of Consumer Expenditure Survey data. If relative shifts of consumption occur among items within a stratum or new products appear within the stratum, then entry level item reselection will gradually change the composition of the entry level items being priced. In other words, the entry level item sample will begin to reflect the changes consumers are making in the variety of products purchased which make up an item stratum of the index. The reselection of the item samples within each fixed-weight category for one-fifth of the area sample does not alter the fixed-weight nature of the c p i because the population-expenditure weights will remain fixed, as now, at the item strata level until the next revision. This reselection will not affect entry level items which have a very large relative importance or are the only ones in the particular strata and, therefore, are certain to be priced in all urban areas. Although the c p i will continue to have its basic fixedweight character, the existence of annual expenditure data will offer a number of opportunities for developing exper35 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Revision o f Consumer Price Index imental indexes with different characteristics. For example, while the expenditure weights for the official c p i are updated only about once every 10 years, experimental indexes could be developed with more frequent weight changes. Improvements of the 1987 revision Enhanced shelter survey. The adoption in 1983 of rental equivalence to measure changes in the cost of the shelter component of owner-occupied homes put the housing com ponent of the c p i on a flow-of-services conceptual footing, and isolated the consumption element of owner housing from its investment element. In addition to updating the housing sample based on the 1980 census, the 1987 c p i revision program will enhance the rental equivalence method adopted in 1983.22 The se lection of a new housing sample is designed to represent optimally both owners and renters. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used that stratifies the residential areas of each primary sampling unit by tenure (percent owner-oc cupied) and rent level. Smaller areas are then defined and sampled within each selected area. The housing units of each selected small area are screened for tenure and sampled at differential rates according to tenure. In heavily owneroccupied areas, for example, the renters are selected more frequently than owners in order to find renters who are like owners, because it is from these rentals that the best esti mates can be made in the implicit rent of owner-occupied dwellings. Enhancement o f statistical techniques. Because the Con sumer Expenditure Survey estimates for each of the indi vidual areas of the country are based on relatively small samples, b l s has undertaken research in statistical tech niques to reduce the error on local area index weights. In the 1978 revision, a compositing technique was used in which the local area average expenditures were weighted together with the expenditure estimates for the same item class for the geographic region to which the local area be longs. Research done at the b l s during the current revision in volved use of the composite estimation of relative impor tances rather than of mean expenditures of the item categories. Relative importances in the c p i are the mean expenditures for each item as a percentage of all expenditures, b l s stat isticians found compositing of relative importances to be more effective in reducing the average mean squared error than compositing of the expenditures themselves.23 Another refinement under consideration is to replace es timates for each of the four broad geographic regions of the country (Northeast, North Central, South, West) with two sub-area estimates— one for the certainty areas within each region and one for all other areas within each region. The relative importances of each certainty area within each re gion would be estimated based on composites which use relative importances of expenditure patterns from all cer 36 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tainty areas in the region. The division of the regional es timate between certainty areas and all other areas has also proved effective in reducing the average mean squared error. Publication of quantitative measures of sampling error for selected indexes is planned for the 1987 revision. Initially, estimates of the index variance will be available in the All Items c p i and for some of the major group indexes. Even tually, more indexes will have an estimate of variance pub lished. Enhanced quality. During the implementation of the 1987 revision, the Bureau will add a new dimension to quality assurance and control of the c p i program. Throughout the years, the staff has devoted substantial time to the inspection of data collection and processing activities. The goal of the inspections was to identify and correct individual error. The goal of the new audit process to be instituted in this revision will be to achieve long-term quality improvement. This will be accomplished, in part, by an independent staff which will systematically evaluate survey processes empirically. By having independent audit data for comparison pur poses, error profiles can be used to identify the type of errors, diagnose their sources, and prescribe procedural changes to prevent these errors from occurring in the first place. The techniques used will include special, detailed evaluation studies of specific processes, ongoing process controls and reports, statistical quality control and mea surement, and a system for information feedback and cor rective action. The goal is to develop processes that will result in enhanced estimators of price change. Other concepts to be investigated As part of the revision, b l s will investigate the appro priate treatment of insurance premiums in the c p i . Currently, premium costs for health insurance and casualty insurance for vehicles and household furnishings are priced for the index. The overriding issue in the pricing is the one of constant quality in the coverage. Quality changes that affect premium level should be removed before being used in the c p i . Using health insurance as an illustration, there are four factors which affect changes in premiums: (1) changes in the costs of medical procedures, (2) administrative cost and surplus requirements and the profit needs of commercial carriers, (3) policy benefit changes, and (4) utilization changes, that is, changes in the frequency of a covered event occurring. Changes in the first two factors do not affect policy quality, whereas changes in the latter two will. For the past 20 years, the Bureau has used an indirect method of pricing health insurance because it has been unable to develop an effective methodology for removing the effect of most changes in the coverage or the utilization rate.24 The indirect method of pricing health insurance measures changes in medical costs (factor 1) by using the price changes which have occurred in physicians’ and hospital fees in the c p i to represent the change in costs that insurance carriers have incurred for their policy holders. Changes in costs for carriers (factor 2) are measured by the annual changes in the retained earnings (premium revenue less benefit pay ments) of insurance carriers. Thus, the indirect method mea sures changes which affect policy premiums while excluding from the measurement the two factors which affect quality. Direct pricing of a sample of policies was tried during the 1978 revision, but was dropped due to the unresolved issue of quality adjustment, b l s was unable to measure satisfactorily the premium value for changes in the coverage of the policies and for the impact of changes in the utilization of policies. For the 1987 revision, research is continuing to determine if a procedure can be adopted that produces ad equate direct adjustment for changes in coverage and uti lization. Casualty insurance on vehicles and household effects is directly priced in the c p i . Factors for removing quality changes from these kinds of policies were developed for changes in deductible provisions and for mandatory “ no fault” auto mobile insurance. Generally, other policy coverage changes are treated by not using the policy and its premium in the index calculation for the month of the change. With casualty insurance, however, price changes which result from changes in utilization rates are usually reflected in the index. The difference in the treatment of utilization changes for health insurance and casualty insurance is being reviewed as part of the revision. Evaluating substitute items One of the most difficult problems for those who compile price indexes is that of quality change. Products and services change constantly, and new items replace old ones on the market. There is a large body of literature on the effect of quality change on Consumer Price Indexes.25 Most of these studies show mixed results. Although it is generally agreed that quality adjustment error exists, the extent of the error, and, indeed, even its direction, are not known. A series of practical techniques for handling substitution and quality change issues in an operating environment has been developed. Briefly, if an item and its substitute are comparable, with no significant difference in quality, then the prices are directly compared and used in the index. If the items are judged not comparable, then the price differ ence must be broken down into quality change and price change. This process results in one of three actions: (1) a quality adjustment is made by using the difference in pro duction costs and adding a markup to retail or by some other method of valuing the difference in characteristics, (2) if both the old and new items can be priced in the current period, the difference in price in this period is considered the value of quality change (this “ overlap pricing” is the technique used in outlet updating), or (3) if neither a quality adjustment nor an overlap price is possible, then the price change of the new item is not used in the current estimate, and a current price for the old item is imputed using price movements of the quotes with comparable prices in both periods in the item strata or market basket. This third action (referred to as linking) not only precludes a quality change from being reflected in the index, but can also preclude capturing the price change— either positive or negative— which may have occurred at the time of the substitution in the specific item. Of the more than 1 million distinct price quotes obtained for items other than shelter in the index during 1983, only 3.8 percent were substitutions. But this relatively low fre quency of substitution still had a major impact on the c p i . Price changes associated with the substitutions accounted for more than one-half of the total price change in the year, and quality changes equal to about one-third of the total price change were excluded from the index. More than 40percent of these substitutions were comparable, and an ad ditional 8 percent were adjusted explicitly for quality changes. An additional 45 percent of the substitutions were judged noncomparable and linked, while an overlap price was ob tained about 6 percent of the time. The highest substitution rate (17.3 percent) was for apparel and upkeep items.26 In cases where noncomparable substitutes are “ linked” out of the index, there is a danger that the c p i is missing some real price change. The converse danger of including some quality change in the index also occurs when two versions of an item are declared comparable. Because of the significant impact such substitutions have on the index, research is under way to identify methods to reduce the risks associated with missing price change by linking and with reflecting quality change as price change when declaring substitutes comparable. As the revision progresses, detailed reports will be prepared on the results of specific investigations and research. □ FOOTNOTES 1A consumer unit is comprised of either all members of a particular household who are related by blood, marriage, adoption, or other legal arrangements such as a foster child; a person living alone or sharing a household with others or living as a roomer in a private home or lodging house or in permanent living quarters in a hotel or motel, but who is financially independent; or two or more persons living together who pool 142 (Washington, Bureau of the Census, February 1984), tables 3, 14, and 38. their income to make joint expenditure decisions. U n ite d S ta te s S u m m a ry , G e n e r a l P o p u la tio n C h a r a c te r is tic s , pc80—1—81 2 See C u r r e n t P o p u la tio n R e p o r ts , C o n s u m e r I n c o m e , Series P-60, No. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3Elizabeth Waldman, “ Labor force statistics from a family perspec tive,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , December 1983, pp. 16-20. 4Derived from table 52, P e r s o n s b y R a c e f o r R e g io n s : 1 9 8 0 a n d 1 9 7 0 , (Washington, Bureau of the Census, May 1983). 37 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Revision o f Consumer Price Index 5For a detailed description of the 1964 c pi revision, see T h e C o n s u m e r P r ic e In d e x : H is to r y a n d T e c h n iq u e s, Bulletin 1517 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1966). 6For a detailed description of the 1960-61 survey, see C o n s u m e r E x p e n d itu r e s a n d I n c o m e : S u r v e y G u id e lin e s , Bulletin 1694 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1971). 7The Point-of-Purchase Survey is a household survey conducted by the Bureau o f the Census each year in one-fifth of the areas sampled by bls for the c p i . The survey is designed to periodically update the outlet sample used for pricing various items. Approximately 4,000 households are con tacted each year and asked to provide data on names of retail, wholesale, or service establishments for purchases of 156 categories of goods and services. 8 An entry level item is the ultimate sampling unit for expenditure items selected from the Consumer Expenditure Surveys by the Washington office. Each entry level item establishes the definition to be used by data collectors in the identification of unique items within an outlet that can be selected for pricing an entry level item. 9For further elaborations of the CPI methodologies, see bls H a n d b o o k o f M e th o d s , V o lu m e II, T h e C o n s u m e r P r ic e In d e x , Bulletin 2134 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1984). '°The flow-of-services approach measures the cost of consuming shelter services provided by a house. The approach focuses on consumption and abstracts from the investment aspects of home purchase decisions. See the following M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w articles: Robert Gillingham, “ Esti mating the user cost o f owner-occupied housing,” February 1980, pp. 3 1 35; and Robert Gillingham and Walter Lane, “ Changing the treatment of shelter costs for homeowners in the c p i , ” June 1982, pp. 9 -1 4 . 11 For more information, see ‘ ‘Changing the Homeownership Component o f the Consumer Price Index to Rental Equivalency,” c p i D e ta ile d R e p o r t, January 1983, pp. 7 -1 3 . 12Janet L. Norwood, “ Statement Regarding Changes in the Consumer Price Index,” u s d l N e w s R e le a s e , 8 1 -5 0 6 , Oct. 27, 1981. This release explains reasons for introducing rental equivalence between revisions. See also “ Changing the treatment of shelter costs” and “ Changing the Homeownership.” 13The rental equivalence approach as incorporated into the cpi attempts to answer the following question: How much rental income do the owners o f housing units forego when they choose to occupy the units themselves instead o f renting them out? 14Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area is an area which has more than 1 million population and is contiguous to one or more primary met ropolitan statistical areas. 15 Anchorage and Honolulu have been designated certainty areas since 1964, shortly after these territories were legislated to statehood. They are great distances from the areas comprising the West region so it is unlikely that a population market basket of other areas would provide a good representation of them. 16In order to allocate the remaining primary sampling units to each size class o f the design as proportionally as possible to its share of the urban population, the population demarcation between medium-sized cities and small-sized cities varies by region— from 330,000 in the West to 500,000 in the Northeast. Further, proportional allocation will preclude the pub lication o f nonmetropolitan urban areas in the Northeast and West as a minimum o f four primary sampling units are required, and these regions received only two. When selecting the sample of primary sampling units, major consid erations are the costs of hiring and training field staff in new areas as well as the requirements related to the linking of c pi region city-size indexes. Thus, the bls uses a statistical procedure which maximizes the probability o f retaining primary sampling units from the old design. The goal o f this procedure is to increase the number of primary sampling units overlapped between the two designs, compared to an independent selection o f primary sampling units, while at the same time reflecting the shifts in population of primary sampling units between the censuses. The bls also uses a controlled selection to ensure that the representation of the 38 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis sample by State is directly proportional to the population of the State. (See Cathryn S. Dippo and Curtis A. Jacobs, “ Area Sample Design for the Consumer Price Index,” 1983 Proceedings, American Statistical Asso ciation.) 17The budget of the CPI constrains the number of items and outlets which can be priced. The item sample design developed in the 1978 revision designates the number of price quotes which are required for each item stratum in the c p i market basket. Some variability in the number of quotes obtained occurs because of the greater relative importance of some items and differential allocation based on collection costs and variances of price change. The basic unit for allocating item quotes among the primary sam pling units selected for pricing is called a halfsample. Each halfsample has approximately 1,100 quotes and is called a halfsample because at least two are required to calculate a price index for a specific c p i market basket area. The proposed budget for maintaining the c p i after the 1987 revision supports 127 halfsamples. When allocating the 127 halfsamples among the primary sampling units of the new design, the primary objective was to make the sample as efficient as possible to minimize the sampling error of the national index. Each of the 91 primary sampling units was allocated one halfsample. For the op timization of the design, a primary sampling unit should only receive an additional halfsample if its population is greater than Vm of the total population. The remaining halfsamples were allocated among the 15 largest primary sampling units. By doing this, the efficiency of the national c p i estimate was improved. With other changes made by establishing popu lation proportionality among the region according to size of cities, and optimizing the sample allocation between major groups, the overall effi ciency of the national index will be improved by approximately 35 percent. However, the policy of optimization of the area design did have an impact on the publication policy. 18Bimonthly indexes will continue to be published for the local areas of Boston, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, St. Louis, Baltimore, Dallas, Houston, Miami, Washington, D .C ., and San Francisco. Semiannual averages will be published for Buffalo, Cincinnati, Kansas City, Milwaukee, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Atlanta, Anchorage, Denver, Honolulu, Portland, San Diego, and Seattle. 19These data are used in a technique described as “ bounding” the reference period of the subsequent interview. Bounding minimizes response errors which may result from the respondent inadvertently duplicating purchases from an earlier period. By recording dates and descriptions of purchases for the preceding month of each visit, the technique can be repeated in each subsequent interview. “°Item strata constitute the level of detail for calculating the expenditure weights of the c p i market basket, and the qualities and implicit quantities o f this market basket are kept fixed between revisions. That is, any change in the c p i from one month to another is the effect of price changes of the item strata comprising the market basket. 21 The reduction in the number of strata will affect the number of indexes that are currently published. The b l s will, however, produce a number of substratum (entry level items) indexes for old item strata that are now published and that have a significant number of price quotations collected. 2 iSee Walter F. Lane and John P. Sommers, “ Improved Measures of Shelter C osts,” 1984 Proceedings, American Statistical Association. 23 Michael P. Cohen and John P. Sommers, “ Evaluation of Methods of Composite Estimation of Cost Weights for the c p i , ” 1984 Proceedings, American Statistical Association. 24See Daniel H. Ginsburg, “ Medical care services in the Consumer Price Index,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1978, pp. 3 5-39. 25For a detailed discussion of this and other problems, see Janet L. Norwood, Problems in Measuring Consumer Prices, Report 697 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1983) and Jack E. Triplett, “ Quality Bias in Price Indexes and New Methods of Quality Measurement,” in zvi Griliches, ed., Price Indexes and Quality Change (Cambridge, m a , Harvard Uni versity Press, 1971). 26Paul A. Armknecht, “ Quality Adjustments in the c p i and Methods to Improve It,” 1984 Proceedings, American Statistical Association. Major agreements in 1984 provide record low wage increases A substantial portion o f workers had their wages frozen or reduced; and specified increases were the smallest since the bargaining series began in 1968, reflecting both management's desire to hold down labor costs and workers’ concern over job security John J. Lacombe ii and James R. Conley In 1984, the size of wage adjustments under major collective bargaining agreements in private industry reached historic lows for the Bureau of Labor Statistics 17-year-old series.1 Settlements reached during the year provided adjustments (increases, decreases, and no wage change) averaging 2.4 percent for both the first year and annually over the life of the contracts. Adjustments peaked in 1981 and have de clined steadily since. (See chart 1.) Wage adjustments ac tually put into effect during 1984, 3.7 percent on average, were also at a historic low. Average wage adjustments under 1984 settlements were low because wages were frozen or reduced for a substantial proportion of workers, and average increases were the small est ever. Such developments were not new, having first emerged as a result of 1981 negotiations. They were es pecially evident in 1982 settlements, and persisted in 1983 and 1984. (See table 1.) When most of the parties involved in 1984 contracts last bargained in 1981 or 1982, the economy was in a recession and individual industries and firms were in particular dif ficulty. By 1984, much of the economy had emerged from the 1981-82 recession, as reflected by major economic in dicators. The gross national product increased 6.8 percent in constant (1972) dollars in 1984, following a 3.3-percent increase in 1983 and a 1.9-percent decrease in 1982; total industry utilization was 81.7 percent in December 1984, compared with 79.0 percent in December 1983, and up from 69.6 percent in November 1982; productivity (output per hour) in the business sector rose 3.6 percent in 1984, the largest annual average increase since 1976; the unemploy ment rate fell from a recession high of 10.7 percent in December 1982 to 8.1 percent in December 1983 and 7.1 percent a year later; the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (cpi- u ) rose 4.0 percent in 1984, continuing the moderate rate of increase that started in 1982 (this index increased 13.3 percent in 1979 and 12.4 percent in 1980); the Employment Cost Index (eci) showed a dampening of increases in employer costs for employee compensation, rising by only 4.9 percent in 1984, after a 9.8-percent in crease in 1981, 6.4 percent in 1982, and 5.7 percent in 1983. Despite the improvement in the overall economy in 1984, many negotiators continued to face problems stemming from import competition, deregulation of the airline industry, nonunion competition (particularly in the construction in dustry), and structural changes in some industries (for ex ample, changing product lines or production methods). Thus, settlements reached in 1984 reflected the pressure on man agement to reduce or hold down labor costs, and the job security concerns of workers which continued to dampen union wage demands. Settlements provide record low adjustments John J. Lacombe II and James R. Conley are economists in the Office of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Reacting to a variety of economic concerns, 1984 con tracts provided record low adjustments, averaging 2.4 per cent in both the first contract year and annually over the 39 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Major Agreements in 1984 life of the agreement. (See table 2.) The previous lows, in 1983, were 2.6 percent in the first year and 2.8 percent over the life of the contract. About 2.3 million of the 7.3 million workers under major agreements were covered by 1984 settlements. The last time parties to these settlements bargained (2 to 3 years ago in most cases), wage adjustments averaged 5.9 percent in the first contract year and 4.9 percent annually over the contract life. These averages reflect, in part, settlements reached in 1982, and to a lesser extent 1983, which provided smaller wage adjustments than in earlier years. About 720,000 workers (or 31 percent of those covered under 1984 settlements) will receive lump-sum payments that are not incorporated into employees’ wage rates during their contract term. Such payments are provided by 38 (7 percent) of the 550 agreements reached in the year. (Lump- C hart 1. A verage w ag e a d ju stm en ts in private-sector s e ttle m e n ts covering 1,000 w orkers or m ore, 197 3 -8 4 P e rce n t 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 P e rce n t 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 N O T E : A ll a d ju s tm e n ts in c lu d e in c r e a s e s , d e c r e a s e s , a n d n o c h a n g e . 40 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis sum payments are excluded from all wage and benefit mea sures in the major collective bargaining agreements series.) Most workers under 1984 settlements that provide lump sum payments will receive a specified wage increase but no lump-sum payment in the first contract year, and will receive lump-sum payments but no specified wage increase in the second and third contract years. Tlius, settlements with lump sum payments specified wage adjustments averaging 2.5 percent the first contract year, but only 1.4 percent annually over the contract term. Corresponding adjustments in set tlements without lump-sum payments averaged 2.4 and 2.8 percent. The small 1984 adjustments stem from the smallest wage increases and the largest wage decreases on record. Ap proximately three-fourths of the workers had wage increases averaging 3.8 percent in the first contract year, almost onefifth had no wage change, and the remainder had decreases averaging 9.5 percent. About three-tenths of those with wage decreases or no change in the first year will receive subsequent increases, resulting in a net wage gain for the contract term. Thus, by the end of their contracts, 84 percent of the workers will have received a specified wage increase. Compensation adjustments. The Bureau measures total compensation (wages and benefit costs) adjustments in agreements covering 5,000 workers or more. These con tracts involved slightly more than 60 percent of all workers under major settlements in 1984. Agreements covering 5,000 workers or more provided compensation adjustments of 3.6 percent in the first year and 2.8 percent a year over the contract life. (See table 3.) Approximately 5 percent of the workers will have no change or a decrease in total com pensation over the life of their agreements; for the remain der, increases will average 3.0 percent a year. Changes by industry. Wage increases were negotiated in a variety of industries, including automobile manufacturing, coal mining, petroleum refining, public utilities, water trans portation, construction, building service and maintenance, and health services. Settlements providing no wage changes were primarily in the construction industry, but appeared in some contracts in other industries, including primary metals, transportation equipment, water transportation, food stores, Tab le 1. Proportion of w orkers w ith increases, decreases, or no w age change under settlem ents covering 1,000 w orkers or m ore reached in 1 9 7 9 -8 4 [In percent] Year 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 First year Over the life of contract Increases No change Decreases increases No change Decreases .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 96 100 92 56 63 77 4 0 3 42 22 18 0 0 5 2 15 5 100 100 94 64 73 84 0 0 1 35 14 12 0 0 5 1 13 4 T able 2. W age adjustm ents in private sector settlem ents covering 1,000 w orkers or m ore, 1984 First year Industry Average adjustment (percent) Workers (thousands) Over life of contract Average annual Workers adjustment (thousands) (percent) All settlements All Industries .................. With cola clauses . . Without cola clauses Manufacturing ............. With cola clauses . . Without cola clauses Nonmanufacturing . . . With cola clauses . . Without cola clauses Construction ............... All industries, excluding construction............. Nonmanufacturing, excluding construction............. 2.4 2.9 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.9 2.5 5.5 2.0 .5 2,307 855 1,452 863 660 203 1,443 195 1,249 482 2.4 1.8 2.7 1.5 1.0 3.3 2.9 4.8 2.6 1.0 2,307 855 1,452 863 660 203 1,443 195 1,249 482 2.9 1,824 2.7 1,824 3.4 961 3.8 961 3.8 3.3 4.1 2.8 2.4 4.0 4.5 6.1 4.1 4.1 1,778 762 1,016 736 579 156 1,042 183 860 233 3.1 2.0 4.0 1.7 1.0 3.8 4.2 5.1 4.0 3.7 1,936 809 1,127 803 621 181 1,134 188 946 261 3.7 1,545 3.0 1,675 4.6 809 4.3 872 - 9.5 -1 2 .6 - 9.4 -1 0 .9 - 9.4 - 9.9 121 4 117 5 116 72 -6 .1 -6 .8 -6 .1 -4 .1 -6 .2 -7 .0 101 4 96 5 96 68 - 8.9 49 -4 .3 33 - 8.7 44 -4 .3 28 Settlements providing increases All industries .................. With cola clauses . . Without cola clauses Manufacturing ............. With cola clauses . . Without cola clauses Nonmanufacturing . . . With cola clauses . . Without cola clauses Construction ............... All industries, excluding construction............. Nonmanufacturing, excluding construction............. Settlements providing decreases All industries .................. With cola clauses . . Without cola clauses Manufacturing ............. Nonmanufacturing . . . Construction ............... All industries, excluding construction............. Nonmanufacturing, excluding construction............. and airlines. Of the 121,000 workers sustaining first-year wage de creases, approximately three-fifths were in the construction industry. The remainder were primarily in air transportation and food stores. Subsequent wage increases will restore the cuts for about 20,000 of the workers with first-year cuts, most of whom are in airlines and food stores. For the others, wage cuts will average 6.1 percent annually over the contract life. Settlements covering nearly one-half million construction workers (one-fifth of those under 1984 agreements) helped dampen the overall average wage adjustments for the year. Wages were either cut or frozen for about one-quarter mil lion construction workers, bringing construction wage set tlements to a 17-year low— averaging 0.5 percent in the first contract year and 1.0 percent a year over the contract 41 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Major Agreements in 1984 Table 3. A verage com pensation (w age and benefit costs) adjustm ents in private sector settlem en ts covering 5,000 w orkers or m ore, 1984 [In percent] Industry First-year adjustments1 Annual adjustment over life of contracts2 Number of workers (thousands) All industries ......................... Contracts with cola clauses Contracts without cola clauses............................ Manufacturing.......................... Contracts with cola clauses Contracts without cola clauses............................ Nonmanufacturing .................. Contracts with cola clauses Contracts without cola clauses............................ Construction3 ......................... All industries, excluding construction ....................... Nonmanufacturing, excluding construction ....................... 3.6 4.0 2.8 2.3 1,396 679 3.2 3.5 3.7 3.3 1.9 1.7 716 596 535 2.6 3.7 5.3 3.0 3.5 4.4 62 799 144 3.3 1.7 3.3 1.8 655 159 3.8 3.0 1,237 4.1 4.0 640 1 Change effective within first 12 months of contract term. 2 Total adjustment over contract term expressed as an average annual (compound) rate. 3 Data by cola coverage for construction do not meet publication standards. Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals. life, compared with corresponding adjustments of 2.9 per cent and 2.7 percent in other industries. The last time the same parties bargained, wage adjustments for construction workers averaged 6.2 percent in the first year and 5.3 percent annually over the contract life. cola clauses Cost-of-living adjustment (cola) clauses covered 37 per cent of the workers under 1984 settlements. This was about the same proportion that had been covered under the old agreements, as 68,000 workers lost coverage, while 12,000 gained coverage. Wage adjustments stemming from cola clauses are not included in settlement data because cola ’s depend on future changes in the Consumer Price Index— changes that are unknown at the time of settlement. How ever, guaranteed cola amounts (those specified when the agreement is reached and scheduled to be implemented later) are included in settlement calculations because they are not tied to subsequent price movements. In 1984, wage adjustments over the life of the contract averaged 1.8 percent annually for settlements with cola , compared with 2.7 percent for those without. This follows the historic pattern, in which settlements with cola clauses have provided lower specified wage adjustments over the life of the contract than those without cola because it is expected that the cola provision will yield additional wage increases. (See chart 2.) This relationship often has been true for first-year wage adjustments as well, but it was not the case in 1984. First-year wage adjustments averaged 2.9 percent in settlements with cola and 2.1 percent in the others. Many factors contributed to this relationship. For 42 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis example, record low wage settlements in construction con tracts, which usually do not have cola clauses, dampened the size of non-coLA settlements. At the same time, some contracts with cola ’s only provide them in the second or third year of the contract or after a substantial cpi increase has been reached, and thus did not moderate the first-year wage increase in anticipation of cola payments. Adjustments implemented by previous contracts Contracts that preceded 1984 settlements provided av erage wage adjustments (specified adjustments plus cola ) of 5.7 percent a year while they were in effect. This is down from 9.1 percent for those replaced by 1983 settlements. The lower adjustments reflect the moderation in the size of specified wage adjustments that began with 1982 settle ments, as well as smaller cola ’s , stemming primarily from the moderation in the rate of inflation. Contracts with cola clauses provided a smaller total average annual adjustment than those without. This continues the relationship between contracts with cola ’s and those without that occurred in 1983 for the first time in the 9 years for which comparable data are available. Previously, contracts with cola ’s pro vided smaller specified wage adjustments than those with out, but cola ’s more than made up the difference. The following tabulation shows average annual wage ad justments (in percent) over the life of contracts with and without cola ’s replaced in 1984: Total adjustment....................... Specified .......................... co la ................................. W ith CO LA W it h o u t CO LA 4.3 1.9 2.5 6.8 6.8 0 Wage adjustments effective in 1984 As noted earlier, wage adjustments put into effect in 1984 were the lowest since the series began in 1968. These ad justments result from (1) settlements during the year; (2) deferred changes made under agreements negotiated in earlier years; and (3) cola provisions. Of the 7.3 million workers under major contracts, 6.2 million received wage changes which averaged 4.4 percent; the remaining 1.1 million had no wage changes. When prorated over all 7.3 million workers, effective wage adjustments averaged 3.7 percent, the lowest ever re corded by this series. The following tabulation shows average wage adjust ments (in percent) effective in 1984 for workers receiving a wage change and prorated for all workers:2 W o rk ers r e c e iv in g All adjustments......................... New settlements................... Deferred from prior agree ments ................................ c o la ..................................... a change A ll w o rk e rs 4.4 3.0 3.7 4.0 2.7 2.0 .8 .9 C hart 2. Average annual w ag e ad ju stm en ts over the life of co n tracts w ith and w ith o u t cola in private-sector se ttle m e n ts covering 1,000 w orkers or m ore, 197 3 -8 4 Workers can receive wage changes from more than one source; thus the size of the average change (4.4 percent) is larger than any of the component parts. The record low effective wage adjustment reflects the moderation in the size of new settlements and c o l a ad justments. (See chart 3.) During heavy bargaining years, the new settlement component of the effective wage ad justments series was larger than or equal to the deferred adjustment component until 1982. in 1982 and 1983 (years of heavy bargaining), deferred adjustments averaged more than those from new settlements. In 1984 (a moderate bar gaining year), adjustments from prior-year contracts aver aged 2.0 percent, compared with 0.8 percent from new settlements. In 1984, the prorated c o l a averaged 0.9 percent, up from the record low of 0.6 percent set in 1983. The size of the c o l a is determined by movement in the Consumer Price Index, timing of reviews, and the adjustment formula used. Changes in two of these factors— the decline in the rate of increase in the c p i and the negotiation of less generous c o l a formulas— contributed to the small 1984 c o l a ’ s . About 3.8 million workers had c o l a reviews in 1984, of which 2.5 million received c o l a increases averaging 2.7 percent; approximately 1.4 million had at least one c o l a review that yielded no wage change; and none had c o l a https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis decreases. Wage adjustments stemming from all 1984 c o l a reviews averaged 50 percent of the rise in consumer prices during the c o l a review period Effective wage changes in major collective bargaining agreements are reflected in the Bureau’s Employment Cost Index, which measures the change in the price of labor, free from the influence of employment shifts among industries and occupations. The wage and salary series of the e c i is limited to straight-time average hourly earnings, including production bonuses, incentive earnings, and c o l a ’ s . It ex cludes employer costs for employee benefits. The e c i wage and salary component shows that in private industry, the cost of wages and salaries rose 4.1 percent during 1984, less than in any other of the 9 years for which such data exist. Continuing the relationship that first oc curred in 1983, wages went up more for nonunion than union workers in 1984—4.5 percent versus 3.4 percent. The e c i wage and salary component, although relating to all union workers, is conceptually similar to the effective wage adjustment measure for all workers covered by major agreements which, as noted earlier, was 3.7 percent in 1984. Quarterly developments The following summary of significant developments by quarter in 1984 traces the course of major collective bar43 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Major Agreements in 1984 gaining throughout the year.3 First quarter. Contracts negotiated in the first quarter pro vided average wage adjustments of 2.8 percent in the first year and 3.3 percent annually over the life of the contract. Bargaining activity was relatively light. The 387,000 cov ered workers were spread among such industries as petro leum refining, water transportation, public utilities, and building service and maintenance. No single industry was a major factor affecting the data for the quarter. Construction settlements covering 46,000 workers provided average ad justments of - 3.6 percent in the first year and —2.8 percent annually over the life of the contract. A 2-year contract reached in January between Gulf Oil Corp. and the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers set the pattern for pacts at other major oil companies. The petroleum settlements cov ered about 23,000 workers and generally provided for an immediate wage hike of 20 cents an hour and a 35-cent increase in the second contract year. Another 31,000 work ers under major agreements were covered by a 3-year “ mas- C h art 3. A verage w ag e a d ju stm en ts e ffe c tiv e in private-sector ag ree m e n ts covering 1,000 w orkers or m ore, by 3-year b argaining cycle, 1 9 7 3 -8 4 Percent Percent 12 12 11 □ COLA H i Prior agreements TZH Current settlements H = H e a v y b a r g a in in g - 11 L = L ig h t b a r g a in in g M = M o d e r a t e b a r g a in in g 10 -10 9- - 7- 6 8 - 7 - 5- - 5 - 4 3- 1973 1974 44 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1975 1976 1 977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 ter” contract between East and Gulf Coast stevedoring companies and the International Longshoremen’s Associa tion, which was ratified in February. The master contract provided a $1 an hour pay increase retroactive to October 1 of 1983, $1 an hour on October 1 of 1984 and 1985, plus a $1.25 an hour increase in employer payments to benefit funds. Second quarter. Construction settlements dominated sec ond quarter statistics, covering more than half (54 percent) of the 554,000 workers under settlements. Wage adjust ments in construction settlements averaged 1.1 percent in the first year and 1.4 percent annually over the contract life. In other industries, wage adjustments averaged 3.9 percent the first year and 3.8 percent annually over the contract life. When combined with construction settlements, however, they produced average wage adjustments of 2.6 percent for the first contract year and 2.7 percent over the contract life. Third quarter. Construction was an important influence on settlement statistics, accounting for 26 percent of 573,000 workers covered by major contracts settled in the third quarter. Construction contracts provided wage adjustments that av eraged 2.0 percent the first year and 2.1 percent annually over the contract life. An important settlement during the third quarter covered 105,000 active mine workers, and was negotiated in Sep tember by the Bituminous Coal Operators Association and the United Mine Workers of America. Negotiated against the backdrop of a depressed industry with about 55,000 unemployed miners, the settlement provided pay increases of $1.40 an hour over the term of the 40-month pact, com pared with $3.60 an hour over the previous 40-month pact. Other settlements in the third quarter covered 65,000 United Food and Commercial Workers in southern California who received a total of 2.3 percent in wage increases over the life of the 3-year contract; and 50,000 workers under a 2year pact between the league of Voluntary Homes and Hos pitals of New York and District 1199 of the Retail, Whole sale and Department Store Union which provided 5-percent pay hikes each year. By the end of the third quarter, contracts had been con cluded for about 9 of 10 construction workers for whom contracts would eventually be settled in the year. It was clear that average wage adjustments in settlements negoti ated in the construction industry for 1984 would be histor ically low and would dampen the all-industry averages for the year. The fourth-quarter developments reinforced this by providing first-year adjustments of - 2 .8 percent and over the life of the contract adjustments of - 0 .8 percent for 47,000 construction workers. Construction contracts covered about one-fourth of all workers under 1984 settle ments and provided record low average wage and compen sation (wage and benefit costs) adjustments. Fourth quarter. This quarter generally is light in terms of settlement activity, but 1984 was different. Settlements cov ered 797,000 workers, more than in any other quarter. A notable settlement was the agreement between United Parcel Service and the Teamsters ratified in late October. This pact, covering 90,000 workers (including a substantial number of part-timers), extended the 1982 agreement until July 31, 1987. (The 1982 agreement had been scheduled to expire June 1, 1985.) It set an initial pay hike of 68 cents an hour, retroactive to September 4, 1984. This is the total amount of the cola ’s that had been diverted in 1983 and 1984 to help finance health and welfare and pension benefits. Also, it provided for a 50-cent hourly pay increase on September 1 of 1985 and 1986. Settlement data were dominated by 3-year contracts ne gotiated by the Auto Workers at General Motors Corp. (for 350,000 workers) and at Ford Motor Co. (114,000 workers). Both auto contracts provided immediate specified wage in creases ranging from 9 to 50 cents an hour (depending on pay bracket). Although wage rates will not be raised as a result of specified increases for the remainder of the pacts, workers will receive lump-sum ‘performance bonuses’ in 1985 and 1986. These bonuses will equal 2.25 percent of the previous contract year’s pay for all compensated hours, including straight-time (but not premium) pay for overtime. Similar contract terms were extended to 24,000 workers represented by the International Union of Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers and 4,000 represented by the United Rubber Workers at General Motors. As discussed earlier, lump-sum payments are not incorporated into wage rates and are not included in the major collective bargaining agreements series. The large number of workers who re ceived lump-sum payments but no specified wage increase after the first contract year had a noticeable influence on settlement statistics for 1984. FOOTNOTES 1The major collective bargaining agreement series for private industry covers 7.3 million workers in bargaining units with at least 1,000 workers. For definitions o f terms, see Current Labor Statistics, Wage and Com pensation Data, pp. 98. Additional tabulations from this series appear in the April 1985 issue of the Bureau’s Current Wage Developments. change is divided by the number of workers receiving the changes. The prorated adjustment is calculated by dividing the total worker-weighted change by the total number of workers covered by major agreements. Therefore, the size of the average adjustment and each of its components reflects both the size of each change and the number of workers it affects. 2To calculate the effective adjustment and each component for workers receiving wage changes, each percent change in wages is weighted by the number o f workers receiving the change, then the total worker-weighted 3 For details of these settlements, see George Ruben, “ Modest labormanagement bargains continue despite recovery,” Monthly Labor Review, January 1985, pp. 3 -1 2 . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 45 Communications Programs to aid ex-offenders: we don’t know ‘nothing works’ Pamela K. Lattimore and A nn D. W itte In his article, “ Helping ex-offenders enter the labor mar ket,” Frederick Englander surveys some of the recent re search on how employment programs affect the behavior of offenders and former offenders.1He concludes that the avail able evidence on the effectiveness of the various programs indicates that nothing works when it comes to rehabilitation. Englander suggests that it may be time to shift resources from programs for offenders and ex-offenders to education and training of young people with limited access to those services. We believe that Englander’s conclusions are premature. Our own reading of the literature and work with a number of employment programs support different conclusions: (1) we don’t know what does work and (2) available research does not suggest abandoning employment programs for pris oners or parolees but rather initiating different types of pro grams that will build on what has been learned over the past 12 years. Nothing works? The rehabilitation literature has been evaluated exten sively.2 Most researchers, like Englander, find that only a few methodologically sound studies indicate that any single rehabilitative program significantly alters the behavior of large segments of the offender population. There are, how ever, marked differences in the conclusions that are drawn from this finding. Douglas Lipton, Robert Martinson, and Judith Wilks, like Englander, conclude that nothing works.3 However, James Wilson states: “ The conclusion that Mar tinson was right does not mean that he or anyone else has Pamela K. Lattimore is a research associate at the North Carolina Center for Urban Affairs at North Carolina State University. Ann D. Witte is a professor o f economics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 46 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis proved that ‘nothing works,’ only that nobody has proved that something works.” 4 Our response to Englander’s findings is similar to Wil son’s reaction to Martinson’s. Although Englander has been careful in reporting the results of the major evaluations of employment programs conducted during the last 10 years, his conclusion that nothing works is not merited. In his assessment of the rehabilitation literature, En glander concentrated on the methodology used in each of the studies surveyed and also on the significance of behav ioral differences. While these aspects are extremely impor tant to any program evaluation, other things also need to be considered. We suggest that the strength and the degree of program implementation must be considered before con cluding that “ nothing works.” Some of the programs surveyed by Englander consisted of only very weak interventions. Consider a few examples. Work-release programs generally place inmates in very lowlevel jobs for relatively short periods of time.5 The transi tional aid programs consisted of providing financial assis tance to newly released ex-offenders for up to 6 months. Most prison programs provide little or no training and often what is provided is not relevant to today’s labor market (for example, making mailbags or license plates). In evaluating the effects of correctional programs, it is necessary to con sider the strength of the treatment along with expected re sults. For many of the programs considered by Englander, insignificant effects on behavior should have been expected. Even a “ strong” intervention will not be effective if it is not implemented. In assessing the strength of the program being evaluated, it is necessary to obtain detailed infor mation on how the program was conducted. It is rare, in deed, that a program is implemented precisely as planned. Englander should have considered the degree of program execution, as well as the merits of the methodology used in evaluating it. Englander appears to believe that only the results of ran dom experiments should be considered valid. While sym pathetic to this position, we realize that there are often reasons to question the results of random experiments and to applaud carefully conducted quasi-experiments. For ex ample, Gordon Waldo and T. G. Chiricos’ study of work release used an experimental design that had a comparatively large sample size (281 individuals). Even so, given the reasonably small effects on recidivism that could be ex pected to accompany a short (2-to-6 month) timespan on work release (placement in low-skill jobs), the probability that they incorrectly concluded that work release had no significant effect on recidivism (measured by post-release arrest) was approximately 60 percent.6 Conversely, the good quasi-experiments when carefully compared and contrasted can provide valuable insight and should not be dismissed as providing no information.7 gests that economically motivated offenders may reduce their criminal activity if they are provided with desirable legit imate means of satisfying their economic needs.11 Specifi cally, the model suggests that participants who find and keep “ good jobs” are less likely to commit crimes than those who cannot find suitable work. The model implies that we select a subset of offenders who relied on illegal means to fulfill their economic needs.12 It also suggests that the program must be of sufficient duration and thoroughness so that participants are able to find and keep “ good” jobs. Manpower programs for offenders are founded on the following model. M anpow er p ro g ra m le a d s to —» Im p ro ved la b o r m arket Programs for offenders? Abolishing employment programs for offenders will not decrease the prison population but could increase the cost of running the prison systems.8 Employment and other re habilitative programs currently carried out in the prison sys tems serve a number of functions: (1) lowering the costs of running the prison system; (2) facilitating prison man agement; (3) attracting suitable personnel; and (4) improv ing the post-release behavior of participants. These goals often conflict. For example, a work-release program which places a large number of prison inmates in low-skilled jobs may be effective in lowering prison costs but may have little or no effect on post-release behavior. Perhaps we should honestly admit that the major goal of most prison “ reha bilitation programs” has not been rehabilitation. These pro grams should be continued if they meet other goals but they should not be expected to rehabilitate inmates. Promising research directions Although the existing literature does not suggest that there is a single employment program that “ will work” for large segments of our prison population, various studies suggest that some strategies are workable for certain types of of fenders. Transitional aid and programs which provide work in supportive environments have met with limited success.9 This literature provides a basis on which to build more successful rehabilitative programs within our prison sys tems. However, it does not yet provide any basis for di verting large amounts of resources into another untested “ rehabilitative” program. Instead, we believe that limited resources should be pro vided to develop, implement, and evaluate programs that have as their primary purpose the rehabilitation of offenders. We believe that employment programs will be best devel oped through the coordinated efforts of social scientists, employment professionals, and correctional officials.10 Some social scientists’ models of human behavior indi cate programs which may be effective for certain types of offenders. For example, an economic model of crime sug https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis le a d s to —* L essen ed c r im in a l a c tiv ity p erfo rm a n ce This model has not been fully tested because it is often implicitly rather than explicitly stated. We do not know if the programs surveyed by Englander “ failed” because labor market performance was not improved or because it did not affect criminal activity, or both. It is important from both a programmatic and theoretical perspective to know whether the causal relationships hold and, if so, to what extent. Available literature indicates that certain types of programs (for example, on-the-job training) result in greater improve ments in labor market performance than others. Further, the existing criminological literature suggests that job satisfac tion may have a stronger effect on recidivism than increased wages. With social science theory providing only general guid ance for program development, the participation of em ployment professionals in program development becomes extremely important. These professionals are familiar with the labor markets to which ex-offenders may return and they have the ability to develop and administer programs that will allow former inmates to successfully participate in these markets. Correctional officials have expertise in dealing with offenders who are often unstable and have many needs. In some cases, there may be a need for counseling, drug and alcohol treatment, as well as vocational training. Once developed, the employment program must be care fully implemented. Implementation is a serious problem in many employment programs. In recent years, researchers have considered implementation issues and have come up with various methods for documenting program implemen tation. 13 Following implementation, the effects of the program on the behavior of ex-offenders must be assessed. Evaluation of the impact of the program should be carefully planned at the same time that the program is developed. The eval uation should involve random assignment, a sample size sufficient to assure the detection of small effects, and mea surement of the post-release labor market performance as 47 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Communications well as criminal activity.14 An indepth study considering theory, institutions, effectiveness of interventions, and re quirements of evaluation research would assist in resolving some of the questions concerning offender rehabilitation. We believe it is too early to abandon employment programs for offenders. p r o g r a m s take on important roles in our prison systems including (1) cost reduction; (2) ensuring that inmates are occupied, thereby assisting in prison man agement; and (3) the rehabilitation of offenders. Each role needs to be considered when assessing the effectiveness of employment programs for offenders. To date, we believe that only a few prison employment programs hold the rehabilitation of offenders as their major objective. But if rehabilitation is to be a primary goal for at least some of the prison employment programs, current literature provides guidance for the development of more successful programs. Most importantly, perhaps, we should learn from the literature that weak interventions, which do not consider the need to accommodate different types of offenders, have little chance of working. Before eliminating offender employment programs, their effectiveness should be given a full and careful trial. [j] E m plo ym ent ---------- FOOTNOTES ---------'S ee Monthly Labor Review, July 1983, pp. 2 5 -3 0 . 2 For example, see Douglas Lipton, Robert Martinson, and Judith Wilks, The Effectiveness o f Correctional Treatment: A Survey o f Treatment Eval uation Studies (New York, Praeger Publishers, 1975); Lee Sechrest, Su san O. White, Elizabeth D. Brown, eds., The Rehabilitation o f Criminal Offenders: Problems and Prospects (Washington, National Academy of Sciences, 1979); and Paul Gendreau and Robert K. Ross, Correctional Potency: Treatment and Deterrence on Trial (Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Ontario Ministry o f Correctional Services) and the references cited within. 3 Lipton and others, The Effectiveness o f Correctional Treatment. 4James Q. Wilson, Thinking About Crime (New York, Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, 1983), p. 167. 5 Ann D.W itte, Work Release in North Carolina: The Program and the Progress (Chapel Hill, n c , University of North Carolina, Institute of Gov ernment, 1973). 6This is, of course, the probability of type II error. See Jacob Cohen, Statistical Power Analysis fo r the Behavioral Sciences (New York, Aca demic Press, 1977) for the tables from which we obtained our estimate of the probability of type II error for the study by G. P. Waldo and T. G. Chiricos, “ Work Release and Recidivism: An Empirical Evaluation of a Social P olicy,” Evaluation Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1977, pp. 87-108. Specifically, we examined the power of a X 2 test at a = .05, sample size = 281, eifect size = .10 (which we believe to be reasonable for the 2- to 6-month work-release experience of this sample group). The power for these values o f the tests was less than .40 (see p. 235), indicating a probability o f type II error of approximately 60 percent. Two aspects o f Englander’s assessment of work-release programs are also worthy of brief note. First, Englander bases his overall evaluation of the eifect o f work release largely on the conclusions of a survey by Jonathan Katz and Scott Decker, “ An Analysis of Work Release,” Criminal Justice and Behavior, June 1982, pp. 229 -5 9 . Unfortunately, this survey is not as carefully done as Englander’s. Second, in interpreting our research related to the post-release effects of work release in North Carolina, Eng lander does not appear to appreciate the reasons for the different types of research. We conducted a quasi-experimental evaluation of the North Car olina work-release program (Ann D. Witte, “ Work Release in North Car 48 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis olina— A Program that Works!” Law and Contemporary Problems, Winter 1977, pp. 2 3 0 -3 7 ), which involved selection of a comparison and control group and control via multivariate statistical techniques for a wide range of factors affecting the post-release behavior of offenders. We concluded that work release had no significant effect on the recidivism rate but did reduce the severity of recidivist offenses. Subsequent to this evaluation, we used the same data set to explore the nature of labor markets for prison releases. See Ann D. Witte and Pamela Reid, “ An Exploration o f the Determinants of Labor Market Performance of Prison Releases,” Journal o f Urban Economics, August 1980, pp. 313 -2 9 . As we only have detailed labor market data for a subset of individuals involved in the work-release evaluation, the study involves a different population than did the workrelease evaluation. Further, as the purpose of this research was exploratory, we made no use of quasi-experimental design. We do not believe that this research tells us anything definitive about the effect of work release on post-release labor market performance, although we do believe that it provides some useful insights concerning the nature of labor markets for ex-offenders. Englander also cites research which used an entirely different data set. See Peter Schmidt and Ann D. Witte, “ Evaluating Correctional Programs: Models of Criminal Recidivism and an Illustration of Their U se,” Eval uation Review, October 1980, pp. 585-600. The purpose of this research was to provide the North Carolina Department of Corrections with models that could predict recidivism. The Department wished to use these models to predict future prison population and to evaluate correctional programs. The work encompassed no quasi-experimental design and, therefore, should not be considered to provide useful insights concerning the effect o f work release on post-release behavior. 7 See Frank Zimring, “ Policy Experiments in General Deterrence: 19701975,” in Alfred Blumstein, Jacquelin Cohen, Daniel Nagin, eds., De terrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects o f Criminal Sanctions on Crime Rates (Washington, National Academy of Sciences, 1978); and Philip J. Cook, “ Research in Criminal Deterrence: Laying the Ground work for the Second D ecade,” in Norval Morris and Michael Tonry, eds., Crime and Justice: An Annual Review o f Research (Chicago, University of Chicago, 1980), pp. 211-68. 8Sechrest and others, eds., Rehabilitation. 9See Peter H. Rossi, Richard A. Berk, Kenneth J. Lenihan, Money, Work and Crime: Experimental Evidence (New York, Academic Press, 1980), and Board of Directors, Manpower Development Research Corp., Summary and Findings o f the National Supported Work Demonstration (Cambridge, ma, Ballinger Publishing Co., 1980). 10We are currently involved in such an effort. See Pamela K. Lattimore and Ann D. Witte, Research Services in Support o f the Sandhills Evaluation Project, Phase I: Criteria, Randomization, and Data (Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina, Department of Economics, 1983). "For a survey o f economic models of crime, see Peter Schmidt and Ann D. Witte, An Economic Analysis o f Crime and Justice (New York, Academic Press, 1984), pt. II. l2In our current project, the criteria for inclusion in the study population are: conviction for an income-producing offense, 18- to 21-year-olds, no serious drug problems, no physical disabilities, normal intelligence, and a minimum of 8 months remaining to be served before release (to assure a minimum of 6 months in the program). These criteria are not as stringent as would be desirable but were chosen to ensure some control over the type of inmate entering the program and to provide a sufficient sample size to allow us to discern positive program effects, if present. 13Ronald G. Tharp and Ronald Gallimore, “ The Ecology of Program Research and Development: A Model of Evaluation Succession,” in Lee Sechrest and others, eds., Evaluation Studies Review Annual, Vol. 4 (Bev erly Hills, c a , Sage Publications, 1979). See also Gary D. Gottfredson, ed., The School Action Effectiveness Study: First Interim Report (Balti more, m d , The Johns Hopkins University, Center for Social Organization of Schools, 1982). 14The legal and moral problems surrounding random assignment often have been overstated although they certainly must be considered. See Eva Lantos Rezmovic, “ Methodological Considerations in Evaluating Correc tional Effectiveness: Issues and Chronic Problems,” in Sechrest and others, Rehabilitation, p. 165. Also see Robert E. Boruch and Joe S. Cecil, So lutions to Ethical and Legal Problems in Social Research (New York, Academic Press, 1983). The author replies: we still need to demonstrate program effectiveness F r e d e r ic k E n g l a n d e r It was not my contention that “ nothing works when it comes to rehabilitating offenders.” Pamela K. Lattimore and Ann D. Witte repeatedly state this to be my position. There is an important difference between saying nothing works and saying no one rehabilitation strategy has consistently been shown to be successful. Just as Professors Lattimore and Witte subscribe to the latter view, so do I. They state that I favor abandoning or abolishing em ployment programs for offenders. There was no such rec ommendation in my article. Rather, the conclusion asks whether ‘‘some of the dollars currently spent on facilitating the labor market adjustment of offenders could be better applied to increasing the education and training of those young people with the least access to these services.” 1 Lattimore and Witte argue for stronger interventions. They characterize work release, transitional aid, and some prison training programs as intrinsically weak rehabilitative treat ments. Hence, “ insignificant effects on behavior are pre cisely what should have been expected.” Although the plea for stronger rehabilitative treatments may be correct, it may not always be easy to discern the weaker interventions from the stronger ones. For example, in Witte’s 1977 evaluation of work release (“ Work Release in North Carolina— A Pro gram That Works!” )2 there was little indication from the title or the content that work release was a weak intervention from which little could be expected. Although Lattimore and Witte also use transitional aid as another example of a weak intervention, this strategy is supported in another 1977 article coauthored by Witte.3 Lattimore and Witte state that, whenever possible, the evaluation of rehabilitative treatments should involve careful planning, random assignment, adequate sample size, and measurement of labor market performance and recidivism. When random assignment is not possible, carefully designed quasi-experiments are appropriate. I agree. The record to date Lattimore and Witte suggest that rehabilitative labor pro grams may not have performed better because these inter ventions were not “ implemented precisely as planned.” If the disappointing performance of some or all of the reha bilitative treatments reviewed in my article is to be attributed to inadequate implementation, rather than to the treatments themselves, Lattimore and Witte have missed an excellent opportunity to be more specific as to which interventions Frederick Englander is an associate professor of economics at Fairleigh Dickinson University. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis have been significantly affected by poor implementation and in what ways. Unsupported generalizations such as “ im plementation has been a problem in many manpower pro grams” do not substantially advance the dialogue. More detailed information regarding the difficulties of implementing rehabilitative interventions would have been especially helpful in understanding the findings from the “ Supported Work” program. This approach, with its em phasis on peer group support, close supervision, and grad ually accelerating performance expectations, was implemented for groups of ex-offenders, welfare recipients, ex-addicts, and youth. Although the program was judged to be suc cessful for welfare recipients and ex-addicts, program ob jectives were not achieved for ex-offenders and youth.4 If implementation problems frustrated the successful appli cation of this program to help ex-offenders, how is it that such problems did not undermine the services provided to welfare recipients and ex-addicts? This is not to deny, however, that program implemen tation may not seriously constrain the success of rehabili tative manpower efforts for offenders. In his review of these programs undertaken in the 1960’s and early 1970’s, Robert Taggart analyzes some of the inherent difficulties in ad ministering rehabilitative treatments for the offender pop ulation. Taggart asserts that implementation is often thwarted by hostility toward those programs on the part of offenders, officials of the criminal justice system, and potential em ployers. Taggart concludes, “ This negative attitude can be a greater impediment to the success of manpower services than any identifiable problem in the system or the indi vidual.” 5 In discussing the importance of program implementation in their “ Promising research directions” section, Lattimore and Witte indicate that recent progress has been made. They cite two recent studies involving innovative approaches to the problem in the education area. On the basis of these comments by Lattimore and Witte, it may appear that be cause we now know more about program implementation, it should be a somewhat straightforward matter to implement a given rehabilitation strategy designed for offenders and then carefully evaluate the efficacy of the intervention. A review of the two studies suggests that this may not be the case. The implementation technique tested by Ronald G. Tharp and Ronald Gallimore was applied in what even the editors of the volume in which the article appears con cede was a rather unusual environment. The approach relies upon what the authors admit are subjective signals in de termining whether the implementation should continue and whether it is proceeding according to plan. It also relies upon subjective and somewhat ad hoc methods for cor recting any particular perceived deviation from the intended implementation.6 The strategy tested by Gary D. Gottfredson is similar to that discussed by Tharp and Gallimore and shares some of the same potential threats to successful replicability. Sub49 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Communications jective judgments appear to determine the detection of de viations from an implementation blueprint and the appropriate corrective actions.7 Although these models of improved program implemen tation have been successful, it remains to be seen if they can be applied in many organizational and environmental settings. This is especially true because, as Gottfredson concedes,8 the approaches are very expensive and require the services of the relatively small number of researchers with the requisite skills to apply these models. In sum, implementation is a complex and unsettled problem. It seems much too early to determine to what extent the innovations cited by Lattimore and Witte may be generalized to em ployment programs for offenders. rectional system already has too many lethargic, bureaucratically insensitive and even sadistic employees. A warehousing phi losophy attracts more of them and reduces the possibility of creating a benign environment.11 This is a powerful analysis. However, unless prison train ing and rehabilitation programs can, at some point, dem onstrate that they are effective in improving post-release outcomes, will not these programs eventually risk being viewed by all concerned as a sham or simply as busy work? In that event, would they not exacerbate rather than ame liorate the alienation and embitterment of the inmates? If prison rehabilitation programs do not eventually establish a credible record of effectiveness, would prisons still succeed in attracting more humane correctional personnel? □ Rehabilitation as the one program goal Lattimore and Witte raise an interesting and important question regarding the objectives of prison rehabilitation programs. They argue that facilitating the labor market ad justment of releases may be just one objective of such pro gram activities. Prison training and rehabilitation services may lower prison costs, facilitate prison management, and attract less sadistic and authoritarian personnel. It is cor rectly argued that if rehabilitation programs efficiently ad vance these other objectives, they should be continued even though they may not be effective in rehabilitating inmates. Although it may not be possible to make any conclusive judgments at this time, this position deserves additional consideration. With respect to the impact of rehabilitation programs on prison costs, a recent examination of costs in 19 institutions by Peter Schmidt and Witte indicates no systematic statis tical association between rehabilitation programs and either short-run or long-run prison costs.9 It would have been helpful if Lattimore and Witte had explained the hypothesized relationship between rehabili tation programs and prison management. However, an ear lier analysis of this issue, coauthored by Witte, does construct such a relationship: To survive the ordeal o f captivity, an offender must hope that he will emerge from it capable o f enjoying life in a free world, and he must be assured that the portion o f his life that is spent in prison was not entirely wasted. Without hope and a sense o f significance, he is more likely to become embittered and to view him self as a victim o f society’s arbitrary vengeance. The of fender who feels society is trying to help him may accept some o f the restrictions imposed on him. The offender who feels that society has no other goal other than to punish him will feel justified in attacking his captors.10 In that same work, Seymor Halleck and Witte also explain how prisons attempting to rehabilitate, rather than ware house, prisoners attract a higher quality staff: Correctional workers, too, must have hope and a sense o f use fulness. No one wants to be his brother’s keeper unless he is convinced that the process o f keeping will be helpful. Our cor 50 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ---------- FOOTNOTES ---------A c k n o w l e d g m e n t : The author thanks Steven M. Director, Valerie En glander, and Michael E. Borus for their helpful comments. ‘ Frederick Englander, “ Helping ex-offenders enter the labor market,” Monthly Labor Review, July 1983, pp. 2 5 -3 0 . My suggestion that some of the funds now allocated to rehabilitation programs be diverted to what may be called prevention programs implies, of course, that the remainder of the rehabilitation funds should not be transferred. If it were my position that “ nothing works,” it would be inconsistent to support the continuation of rehabilitation, even on a smaller scale. 2Ann D. Witte, “ Work Release in North Carolina— A Program That Works!” Law and Contemporary Problems, Winter 1977, pp. 2 3 0 -5 1 . 3 Seymor L. Halleck and Ann D. Witte, “ Is Rehabilitation Dead?” Crime and Delinquency, October 1977, pp. 372 -8 2 . Of course, interven tions that are weaker need not be less effective or subject to more modest expectations. Irving Piliavin and Rosemary Gartner (“ The Impact o f Sup ported Work on Ex-Offenders,” University of Wisconsin, Institute for Research on Poverty, 1981) suggest, following the early success o f tran sitional aid, that this weaker intervention may have been more successful than earlier, stronger interventions, because transitional aid encouraged a sense of self sufficiency, while more comprehensive assistance may foster institutional dependency and perpetuate the stigma o f being an ex-offender. 4 Board of Directors, Manpower Development Research Corp., Summary and Findings o f the National Supported Work Demonstration (Cambridge, m a , Ballinger Publishing C o., 1980). 5 Robert Taggart, The Prison o f Unemployment: Manpower Programs fo r Offenders (Baltimore, M D , The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972). 6 Ronald G. Tharp and Ronald Gallimore, “ The Ecology of Program Research and Development: A Model of Evaluation Succession,” in Lee Sechrest and others, eds., Evaluation Studies Review Annual, vol. 4 (Bev erly Hills, c a , Sage Publications, 1979). 7Gary D. Gottfredson, ed., The School Action Effectiveness Study: The First Interim Report (Baltimore, M D , The Johns Hopkins University, Center for Social Organization of Schools, 1982); and Gary D. Gottfredson, “ A Theory Ridden Approach to Program Evaluation,” American Psychologist, forthcoming. Note that Gottfredson envisions a closer union of the eval uation researcher and program implementer who would “ collaborate in evaluation design, question formulation, and planning. As a result, re searchers extensively intervene in project development— indeed they be come part of the project.” This would seem to threaten the objectivity of the evaluator. 8Gottfredson, “ A Theory Ridden Approach.” 9 Peter Schmidt and Ann D. Witte, An Economic Analysis o f Crime and Justice (New York, Academic Press, 1984). 10Halleck and Witte, “ Is Rehabilitation Dead?” p. 379. "Ibid. Research Summaries State employee bargaining: policy and organization Helene S. T animoto and G ail F. Inaba At least 35 State governments engage in some type of labor negotiations with their employees,v according to a survey conducted during the 1981-83 period by the Industrial Re lations Center at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. A majority have formal negotiations; others have some type of “ meet and confer” procedure. States which engage in formal negotiations have bar gaining units reflecting the history of organizing and ne gotiation activities in the respective States. The larger groups of organized State employees are in administrative/clerical, corrections, engineering/science, hospital, maintenance/ trades, and public welfare occupations. Some professional employees— dentists, lawyers, doctors, teachers, engi neers, and administrators— also are in bargaining units. The American Federation of State, County, and Munic ipal Employees (afscme) is the major State employee union, representing 44 percent of the more than 943,000 covered employees in the survey. State employee associations rep resent about 75,000, or 18 percent of the employees, but the employee associations are affiliating with other unions, the most recent being the affiliation of the California State Employees’ Association with the Service Employees Inter national Union (afl- cio ). In the fall of 1981, a questionnaire was sent to the board responsible for collective bargaining procedures or the agency involved in personnel administration in each of the 50 State governments. By the fall of 1983, responses had been re ceived from all States except New Mexico. The question naire was designed to identify States according to the extent of employee bargaining activity and to obtain basic data for a study of the characteristics of such activity. Questions were asked about State labor relations policy, organization of the administering agency, unit determination, and im passe resolution procedures. This summary discusses in formation related to policy and unit determination. Helene S. Tanimoto is an assistant researcher and Gail F. Inaba is a junior researcher, Industrial Relations Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis a 0 Q Of a a o Labor relations policy Collective bargaining occurs in 27 State governments and, in most instances, is authorized by law. (See table 1.) State employee collective bargaining is now authorized in Illinois by the Public Labor Relations Act (which became effective on July 1, 1984) and by the Education Labor Relations Act (effective January 1, 1984), and in Ohio with the enactment of a comprehensive statute (effective April 1, 1984). Infor mal consultations with no written agreements take place in four States— Utah, Indiana, Nevada, and Wyoming. In Utah, the State constitution1 and attorney general opinion are the legal basis for such informal consultation. The other three States report no legal basis for their policies. “ Meet and confer” discussions with mutual understandings outlined in a memorandum of understanding occur in Alabama. Infor mal negotiations with written memorandum of understand ing are authorized by State law and attorney general opinion in North Dakota. North Dakota also confers exclusive rec ognition status to unions for the purpose of informal ne gotiations. In Maryland and Missouri, informal “ meet and confer” sessions are authorized by law. Such discussions are held between the Governor and the employee organi zations in Maryland. Five States— Arkansas, Mississippi, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Texas— report that State employees had “ no bargaining rights.” There was no legal basis in Arkansas for this policy. Mississippi reported “ there is no State leg islation relative to collective bargaining in the public sec tor.” Oklahoma and South Carolina replied that State employees were not among employees permitted to bargain, with South Carolina noting attorney general opinions and court rulings as the legal basis for not bargaining. Oklahoma did not provide the legal basis for the State policy. Texas reported that the “ employer [is] not required to meet with employee groups, except to accept their grievances.” Arizona, Georgia, Idaho, Kentucky, and West Virginia reported simply that “ bargaining does not occur.” Georgia indicated only that “ State employees are prohibited from striking— there are no unions or Board [Public Employee Relations Board],” without any reference to collective bar gaining. Kentucky said that “ employees have the right to collectively bargain, but [the] State isn’t mandated to rec ognize. Bargaining does not occur.” Citations to State law MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Research Summaries and an attorney general opinion were given as the legal basis for this policy. Collective bargaining is prohibited in four States— by law in North Carolina and Colorado, by attorney general opinion in Tennessee, and by court ruling in Virginia. Thus, while the policy and practices vary among States, some kind of negotiating activity— collective bargaining, meet and confer, consultation, or other mechanism— occurs in at least 35 States. Bargaining units More than 943,000 State employees are included in at least 470 bargaining units, according to responses from 27 States. (See table 1.) Most (90 percent) of these employees are concentrated in 15 States. The State of New York em ploys some 161,000, or 17 percent; California has approx imately 130,000, or 14 percent. As a group, bargaining units carved along occupational lines (for example, nurses, teachers, guards) are found more frequently than units drawn along functional or departmental lines. Such occupational units are represented by unions or associations that limit membership according to a specific occupation or profession. For example, affiliates of the American Nurses Association represent 13 of the 15 units of nurses reported in this survey. However, there are certain groups of employees who, although organized in their own units, have chosen to be represented by broad-based unions, such as AFSCME. States permitting collective bargaining generally have the appropriate bargaining units determined by Public Employee Relations Boards, other government agencies, or State of ficials. In Hawaii, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, bargaining units are set forth in the collective bargaining statutes; in Florida, they are established by rules promulgated by the Public Employees Relations Commission. In California, there are 46 potential units. The Public Employment Relations Board has carved 20 units for employees covered by the State Employer-Employee Relations Act; 17 units for the University of California system, and 9 units for the Cali fornia State University system under the Higher Education Employer-Employee Relations Act. (At the time of the survey, only 9 higher education units had exclusive repre sentatives certified for representation purposes.) In Mas sachusetts, the Labor Relations Commission has established 10 statewide units of “ nonprofessional” and professional employees, and 28 higher education units. Eight additional units (which cover State police, metropolitan district com mission police, judiciary, and lottery commission employ ees) are set by statute. The number of bargaining units ranges from two in New Hampshire to 51 in Washington; 13 States reported fewer than 15 units. The average number of units is 18. States tend to have relatively few units when employees are or ganized by occupation on a statewide basis, as is the case in Florida, Iowa, Maine, Michigan, New York, and Ver 52 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis mont (each of these States has 10 or fewer units). Other States (Minnesota with 16 statewide units and Hawaii and Wisconsin with 12 each) carve out additional units by sep arating subgroups of professional employees and establish ing units for supervisory employees. The case of Ohio is unusual. Prior to the 1983 passage of the collective bargaining law, the State had negotiated agreements with a number of employee organizations. How ever, the bargaining agent was recognized “ based on a percentage of showing of interest determined by the ap pointing authority of each state agency evidenced by dues payment to an employee organization. Generally, employee organizations were granted the right to negotiate a contract when twenty (20) percent to thirty (30) percent of the total number of employees paid dues to an employee organiza tion. . . . Therefore, recognition was granted based on this showing of interest and not through representation elec tions.” It was also explained that Ohio had “ agreements which do not define the bargaining unit. In these instances, all dues-paying employees of an agency constitute the bar gaining unit.” Presently, the law authorizes the Ohio Public Employment Relations Board to determine the appropriate unit. Excluded employees Information on types of employees excluded from bar gaining was provided by the 27 States with collective bar gaining activities. (See table 1.) Only one State, Louisiana, extends bargaining to all employees, stating “ no State em ployee groups are excluded from appropriate bargaining units.” Managerial employees and confidential employees (generally those who have access to confidential informa tion, or who participate in negotiating on behalf of the employer) are most often excluded (20 States), followed by elected and appointed officials (11) and supervisory em ployees (9). Among the collective bargaining units in Alaska is a unit of confidential employees, who are defined as “ classified employees of the Executive Branch who ‘assist or act in a confidential capacity to a person who formulates, deter mines, and effectuates management policies in the area of collective bargaining’.” Ohio generally included supervi sors in the bargaining units if they paid dues to an employee organization. However, some agreements in Ohio defined the bargaining unit to exclude supervisory, confidential, and management-level employees. Practice varies in terms of coverage of supervisory em ployees under the bargaining laws. Supervisors are included in the same bargaining unit with nonsupervisory employees in Connecticut, Louisiana, and New York. Two broad su pervisory units are set forth by law in Hawaii, but some units combine supervisory and nonsupervisory employees. In Delaware and Washington, most supervisors, if orga nized, are in units with other employees, although this prac- T ab le 1. S tate governm ent em ployees in bargaining units in S tates in w hich collective bargaining is authorized, 1 9 8 1 -8 3 Employees covered Number of units Number Percent Total............................... 470 943,042 100.0 Alaska ......................................... 11 11,541 1 State Excluded employees Elected or appointed officials; teachers and noncertified employees of school districts covered by a s 1 4 . 2 0 . 5 5 0 et seq. (Alaska teachers collective bargaining law]. California.................................... 29 130,497 14 Connecticut............................... 27 41,452 4 Elected and appointed officials; board and commission members; managerial, part-time, and confidential employees; staff of Board of Labor Relations and Board of Mediation and Arbitration. Delaware.................................... 30 4,768 1 Elected officials; appointees of Governor; public school teachers; prisoners. Florida......................................... 10 68,210 7 Legislative employees; managerial and confidential employees; appointed and elected officials; agency heads; members of boards and commissions; militia; negotiating representatives; persons convicted of crime in State institutions; Federal and State fruit and vegetable inspectors; Public Employees Relations Commission employees. Hawaii......................................... 12 31,629 3 Appointed and elected officials; members of boards and commissions; administrative officers, director or chief of a State agency or major division, and other top-level management and administrative personnel; individuals handling confidential matters. Illinois......................................... 16 45,500 5 All State employees not under the jurisdiction of the Governor; supervisors; managers; confidential employees; temporary and emergency employees. Iowa........................................... 7 14,830 2 Elected officials; appointees and members of boards or commissions; representatives of public employer; supervisory employees; school superintendents, assistant superintendents, principals, and assistant principals; confidential employees; students working part time; temporary employees; national guard; judges and other court employees; patients and inmates employed, sentenced, or committed to a State or local institution; Department of Justice and Commission for the Blind personnel. Kansas ...................................... 31 7,707 1 Supervisory and confidential employees. Louisiana.................................... 20 9,800 1 None. Maine......................................... 7 11,600 1 Certain appointees; department heads; temporary, seasonal, and on-call employees; employees with less than 6 months of service; militia; assistant attorneys general; elected officials; labor relations employees; confidential employees. Managerial and confidential employees. Massachusetts.......................... 45 61,280 6 Managerial and confidential employees. Michigan.................................... 10 43,104 5 Supervisors, managers, and confidential employees. Minnesota................................. 16 31,398 3 Managerial employees; physicians; unclassified employees appointed by the Governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of State, attorney general, treasurer, and auditor; all positions in the Bureau of Mediation Services and Public Employment Relations Board; hearing examiners in the Office of Administrative Hearings; confidential employees. Montana.................................... 34 4,646 1 Elected officials; appointees of the Governor; supervisory employees; management officials; confidential employees; engineers. National guard; militia. Nebraska.................................... 15 7,359 1 New Hampshire......................... 2 9,019 1 Unclassified and nonclassified employees; legislative service employees. New Jersey............................... 32 72,030 8 Confidential employees; managerial executives; elected officials; members of boards and commissions. 9 161,300 17 Management; confidential employees. - Supervisors; confidential and management-level employees. New York.................................... Ohio............................................ ( 1) - Oregon...................................... 10 22,360 2 Pennsylvania............................... 25 88,398 9 Rhode Island............................ - Supervisors; confidential employees. Managerial and confidential employees. - - Governor and his designee; top-level supervisors. South Dakota............................ 3 2,550 (2) Elected and appointed officials; administrators (except elementary and secondary school), administrative officers, directors, chief executive officers, chief deputies, first assistants, and others having authority to hire, transfer, suspend, layoff, recall, promote, discharge, assign, reward, or discipline other public employees or the responsibility to direct them, or to adjust their grievances or to recommend such action; students working 20 hours a week or less; temporary workers employed for 4 months or less; commissioned and enlisted personnel of the national guard; judges and employees of the unified court system; legislators and other employees of the legislature or any agency statutorily directed by the legislative branch. Vermont.................................... 6 6,565 1 Employees exempt or excluded from State classified service; employees in the office of the lieutenant governor; legal assistants to the attorney general; department or agency head or deputy officer; head of an institution or a division director in the department of administration and similar positions in State colleges; managerial employees; private secretaries; Department of Personnel employees; budget and management analysts; revenue research analysts; director of budget and management operations; director of program formulation and evaluation; director of State information system. Washington............................... 51 24,061 3 Personnel exempt from civil service. Wisconsin................................. 12 27,916 3 University faculty and administrators; employees outside the classified service; limited term, sessional, and project employees; supervisory employees; management employees; confidential employees; Employment Relations Commission staff. ’ Bargaining units were not defined in Ohio. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2Fewer than 1 percent. 53 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Research Summaries tice may vary. Separate supervisory units are called for under the laws of Alaska, California, Florida, Maine, Min nesota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsyl vania, and Vermont. In Alaska, however, the law grandfathers units that combined nonsupervisory and supervisory em ployees prior to the enactment of the Public Employment Relations Act. In Florida, only the health care unit includes both supervisors and nonsupervisors, according to rules of the Public Employees Relations Commission. In New Jer sey, the Public Employment Relations Commission is au thorized to allow a bargaining unit made up of supervisory and nonsupervisory employees under special limited cir cumstances. Under the Pennsylvania law, supervisors are granted meet and discuss rights only. Supervisory employ ees in Michigan have only limited recognition rights. Bargaining organizations Unions enjoying exclusive representation rights in each of the States range in number from one (Louisiana) to 20 (Rhode Island). Washington has 51 bargaining units, but only eight unions are involved. Affiliates of a f s c m e are found in 24 States in the survey. In contrast, State employee associations, are recognized in 132 of the 26 States providing union representation infor mation, and represent approximately 18 percent of the em ployees included in the survey. (In January 1984, the California State Employees’ Association, with current mem bership of approximately 90,000, announced it would af filiate with the Service Employees International Union, thus reducing the percentage of employees in the survey repre sented by employee associations to 8 percent.) A number of private sector unions hold exclusive rep resentation rights among certain groups of State public em ployees. For example, the Communications Workers of America represents the largest number of employees, 42,313, in six units in New Jersey and one unit in California. The Service Employees International Union represents more than 34,000 employees in Illinois, Kansas, Michigan, New Jer sey, Oregon, and Pennsylvania. Other private sector unions representing State employees include the International Fed eration of Professional and Technical Engineers (six units with 9,000 employees in New Jersey and Washington), the Retail Clerks (four units with 3,380 employees in Montana, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, and Washington), and the Teams ters (11 units with 9,000 employees in Illinois, Massachu setts, Minnesota, Montana, New Jersey, Oregon, and Washington). At least 19 other private sector unions are represented in the survey. In representing State government employees, the private sector unions follow jurisdictional lines in most cases (that is, the Painters, Electricians, and Machinist unions represent craft employees, and the Plant Guard Workers represent security employees). There are, however, variations. For example, the Teamsters union, which has primary interest 54 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in “ transportation, warehousing, and the manufacture, pro cessing, sale, and distribution of food, milk, and dairy prod ucts,” 3 claims among its members a unit of university administrative employees in Minnesota. The Communica tions Workers of America, which began as a union of tele phone employees,4 represents State administrative, clerical, professional, and supervisory employees and psychiatric technicians. Until 1981, four of the six c w a units in New Jersey were jointly represented by the Civil Service Asso ciation and the State Employee Association. By occupation. Nearly 75,000 education employees in 21 States are represented by the American Federation of Teach ers, National Education Association, American Association of University Professors, and other education employee or ganizations. These employees include both instructional and noninstructional professional personnel in institutions of higher education, community colleges, vocational-technical schools, schools for the blind and the deaf, and schools in correc tional departments and hospitals. Affiliates of the American Federation of Teachers and the National Education Asso ciation represent the largest numbers of employees, ap proximately 28,700 and 28,300, respectively, followed by the American Association of University Professors with ap proximately 7,750. Three additional units in Hawaii and Tab le 2. P ercent of organized full-tim e em ployees in State g overnm ent and in private nonagriculture industries, selected States, 1980 State State government Private nonagriculture industries All States1 .............................................. 40.5 25.2 Alaska................................................ California........................................... Connecticut......................................... Delaware........................................... Florida................................................ 67.9 48.1 78.5 40.0 84.5 33.7 27.0 23.0 25.2 Hawaii................................................ Illinois................................................ Iow a................................................... Kansas................................................ Louisiana........................................... 88.5 44.5 18.2 17.3 15.7 28.0 30.4 22.2 M ain e................................................ Massachusetts.................................... Michigan........................................... Minnesota........................................... Montana.............................................. 69.4 67.4 54.0 54.3 53.7 24.1 24.9 37.3 26.2 29.2 Nebraska........................................... New Hampshire................................. New Jersey......................................... New York........................................... O hio................................................... Oregon................................................ 17.9 41.5 45.2 82.6 27.5 48.3 18.1 15.8 25.7 38.8 31.3 26.1 Pennsylvania...................................... Rhode Island...................................... South Dakota...................................... Vermont.............................................. Washington......................................... Wisconsin........................................... 60.3 88.3 13.7 65.5 36.2 53.9 34.6 28.3 14.8 18.0 34.4 28.5 11.8 15.4 16.4 ’ Includes States other than those listed separately. N o te: selected. S ource: Only States with collective bargaining authorized for State employees were Bureau of the Census and Bureau of Labor Statistics. Pennsylvania, totaling 7,770 faculty members, are repre sented jointly by the American Association of University Professors/National Education Association, and American Association of University Professors/American Federation of Teachers. Nonteacher organizations such as the Califor nia State Employees’ Association, California Federation of the Union of American Physicians and Dentists, Statewide University Police Association, Nebraska Association of Public Employees, and a f s c m e represent an additional 51 units consisting of 24,000 employees in education institutions; the majority (22,700) are noninstructional, nonprofessional employees. Affiliates of the American Nurses Association represent 13 units comprising more than 12,700 nurses in Delaware, Florida, Illinois, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Montana, Or egon, Pennsylvania, and Washington. Two units, together covering more than 2,400 registered nurses, are represented by the California State Employees ’ Association and the Ha waii Government Employees Association. In addition, a bargaining unit of 2,000 professional health care employees in Connecticut is represented by the N.E. Health Care Em ployees, District 1199, and a unit of 1,100 patient care employees in Wisconsin is represented by the United Profes sionals for Quality Health Care. More than 20,700 State troopers and police were orga nized in 15 States. The Policemen’s Benevolent Association is by far the largest, representing nearly 8,000 employees in Florida, New Jersey, and New York. The Fraternal Order of Police represents six units totaling 760 employees in Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. Other police and State trooper organizations, representing more than 12,000 members, include the Alaska Public Safety Employees As sociation, California Association of Highway Patrolmen, Connecticut State Police Union, Iowa State Police Officers’ Council, Kansas Troopers Association, Maine State Troop ers Association, State Police Association of Massachusetts, Michigan State Police Troopers Association, Minnesota State Patrol Troopers Association, the State Troopers Fraternal Association of New Jersey, Inc., and the State Troopers Noncommissioned Officers Association of New Jersey, Inc. The Vermont State Employees Association represents a unit of State police officers in that State. Some observations The survey results presented here provide the basis for some general observations concerning characteristics of State government employee bargaining: the existence of a bar gaining statute determines the bargaining unit coverage, but it may not be determinative of the extent of organization in terms of organized employees; and the extent of organization in the nonagriculture sector appears to influence the orga nization of State employees, although in States in which collective bargaining is authorized by law, the proportion of organized workers is larger in State government than in private nonagriculture industries. (See table 2.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The findings reveal State government bargaining char acteristics which are not entirely like those that describe the private sector. This leads to questions which require further investigation. What factors other than the existence of a bargaining statute influence or promote organization of State employees? Does the existence of a merit system affect the development of a State’s labor relations policy and orga nization of employees? Are there differences in the bar gaining outcomes developing out of State government bargaining? It may be that the perceived differences are only minor variations; but without further examination, it is not clear whether they reflect the environment unique to State government and the individual States. Q ---------- FOOTNOTES ---------A c k n o w l e d g m e n t : The authors thank Professor James L. Stem, Uni versity of W isconsin-M adison for comments and suggestions. 1According to the Utah respondent, the prohibition of collective bar gaining by State Constitution is found in Utah Code Annotated, Secs. 3 4 34-1 to 3 4 -3 4 -1 7 (Utah’s right-to-work law). 2The States are Alaska, California, Connecticut, Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Michigan, Montana, Nebraska. New Hampshire, North Dakota, Vermont, and Washington. 3 See Jack Stieber, Public Employee Unionism: Structure, Growth, Pol icy (Washington, The Brookings Institution, 1973), p. 5. 4See Jack Barbash, Unions and Telephones (New York, Harper & Row, 1952). Proportion of higher income families declines during the 1969-82 period The proportion of families earning $25,000 or more after inflation decreased to 39 percent in 1982, after remaining constant at about 45 percent in 1969 and 1976, according to the 1983 Survey of Consumer Finances. This change in the distribution of real income reflects changes in the econ omy and in the size of families. For example, both 1969 and 1982 were recession years, and the number of families maintained by unmarried persons increased over the 196982 period, causing a decrease in average family size and, therefore, reduced family income. The older the head of the household, the more the average family income. Incomes ranged from $13,835 when the household head was under age 25 to nearly $33,000 when the head was in the 45- to 54-year-old group. Family in comes fell for each age group thereafter— reaching $11,335 for households headed by persons age 75 or older. Occupation, education, and race played a key role in family income. The higher the educational attainment of the family head, the higher the family income. Income was lowest in families maintained by persons with an eighth grade education or lower, and rose consistently with each level of attainment. Families maintained by a professional, 55 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Research Summaries technical, or managerial worker averaged higher incomes than those maintained by other workers. Incomes also tended to be higher when the family head was white. As might be expected, the lowest income was in households maintained by unmarried persons with children, followed by households maintained by retirees. About 60 percent of the nonfarm families owned their homes in 1983, down from 65 percent in 1977. The decrease can be partly attributed to the high mortgage interest rates in recent years, as well as to the increase in the number of families headed by unmarried persons. Families maintained by persons 45 years and over were most likely to own their homes; those maintained by persons under age 35 were least likely. The survey questioned homeowners about the current market value of their homes and about the outstanding mort gage debt. From the responses, home equity was deter mined. The average real value of homes increased from $53,190 in 1970 to $72,238 in 1980. During the same pe riod, real equity increased from $37,853 to $56,133. Total assets (in 1983 dollars) increased over the 197083 period. Average holdings of liquid assets were $11,274 in 1970, $15,224 in 1977, and $12,934 in 1983. The 1969 and 1982 recessions attributed to the lower holdings in 1970 56 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and 1983, as families used liquid assets to meet shortfalls in income. The proportion of owners of liquid holdings and the dollar amount of holdings of liquid assets increased with family income. For example, slightly more than half (53 percent) of the families with incomes under $5,000 had liquid assets in 1983, while nearly all (99 percent) of those with incomes of at least $30,000 had such assets. The 1983 Survey of Consumer Finances was jointly spon sored by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Department of Health and Human Services, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Comptroller of the Cur rency, Federal Trade Commission, Department of Labor, and U.S. Treasury. Personal interviews of 3,824 families were conducted by the University of Michigan’s Survey Research Center. The individual selected as the respondent for each family was either the head of the family, or, for married couples, the person most knowledgeable about fam ily finances. This summary is from the report “ Survey of Consumer Finances, 1983,” Federal Reserve Bulletin, September 1984. Future articles based on survey results will examine family debts and the financial behavior of high income families. M ajor Agreements Expiring Next M onth This list of selected collective bargaining agreements expiring in May is based on information from the Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The list includes agreements covering 1,000 workers or more. Private industry is arranged in order of Standard Industrial Classification. Em ployer and location Private industry A n t h r a c i t e C o a l O p e r a to r s A s s o c ia t io n ( P e n n s y l v a n ia ) ............................................ A s s o c ia te d G e n e ra l C o n tra c to rs o f M a s s a c h u s e tts , In c. a n d o n e o th e r M in i n g .................................................. C o n s tru c tio n Labor organ ization 1 M in e W o r k e r s N um ber of workers ............................................ 1 ,2 0 0 ...................................... L a b o rers ......................................................... 6 ,6 5 0 ( M a s s a c h u s e t ts ) M a s t e r B u i ld e r s A s s o c ia t io n o f W e s t e r n P e n n s y lv a n i a , I n c . ( P e n n s y l v a n ia ) C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... C a r p e n t e r s ...................................................... 5 ,0 0 0 M a s t e r B u i ld e r s A s s o c i a t i o n o f W e s t e r n P e n n s y lv a n i a , I n c . ( P e n n s y l v a n ia ) C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... O p e r a t i n g E n g i n e e r s ................................ 2 ,5 0 0 ................... C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... L a b o rers 1 ,0 0 0 I n d e p e n d e n t e m p l o y e r s ( K e n tu c k y a n d I n d i a n a ) ............................................................ C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... C a r p e n t e r s ...................................................... 1 ,2 0 0 G e n e r a l B u i ld i n g C o n t r a c t o r s A s s o c i a t i o n , I n c . ( P h i l a d e l p h i a , ............................ C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... C a r p e n t e r s ...................................................... 5 ,0 0 0 .......................................................................... C o n s tru c tio n ...................................... C a r p e n t e r s ...................................................... 2 ,0 0 0 C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... C a r p e n t e r s ...................................................... 2 ,5 0 0 C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... L a b o rers ......................................................... 2 ,2 0 0 C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... O p e r a ti n g E n g i n e e r s ................................ 1 ,3 5 0 A s s o c ia te d G e n e ra l C o n tra c to rs o f A m e ric a , In c . (K n o x v ille , B u i ld i n g C o n t r a c t o r s A s s o c ia t io n ( I n d i a n a p o l i s , in ) ) t n p a ) A s s o c ia te d G e n e ra l C o n tra c to rs o f A m e ric a , I n c ., D e tro it C h a p te r ......................................................... ( M i c h ig a n ) A s s o c i a t e d G e n e r a l C o n t r a c t o r s o f A m e r i c a , I n c . a n d B u i ld e r s A s s o c ia t io n o f S o u t h e a s t M ic h i g a n ( D e t r o i t , m i ) A s s o c i a t e d G e n e r a l C o n t r a c t o r s o f A m e r i c a , I n c . ( D e tr o i t, F o x V a l le y G e n e r a l C o n t r a c t o r s A s s o c ia t io n ( I l li n o i s ) ) m i ......................... ............................................ C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... C a r p e n t e r s ...................................................... 1 ,0 0 0 ......................................... C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... L ab o rers ......................................................... 1 ,0 0 0 C o n s t r u c t i o n E m p l o y e r s o f N o r t h C e n t r a l W e s t V i r g in i a ( W e s t V i r g in i a ) . . C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... C a r p e n t e r s ...................................................... 1 ,0 0 0 A s s o c ia t e d G e n e r a l C o n t r a c t o r s o f A m e r i c a , I n c . a n d o t h e r s ( E a s t e r n C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... C a r p e n t e r s ...................................................... 3 ,0 0 0 C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... L a b o rers 3 ,3 5 0 B u i ld i n g T r a d e s E m p l o y e r s A s s o c ia t io n ( S y r a c u s e , n y ) M a s s a c h u s e tts , e x c e p t B o s to n ) C o n s t r u c t i o n I n d u s t r ie s o f M a s s a c h u s e t t s , h e a v y a n d h i g h w a y ......................................................... ( M a s s a c h u s e t ts ) C o n s t r u c t i o n I n d u s t r ie s o f M a s s a c h u s e t t s a n d o t h e r s ( M a s s a c h u s e t t s ) ............. C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... O p e r a ti n g E n g i n e e r s ................................ 3 ,4 0 0 M a s t e r B u i ld e r s A s s o c ia t io n o f W e s t e r n P e n n s y lv a n i a ( P e n n s y l v a n ia ) C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... L ab o rers 4 ,0 0 0 C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... M u lt i- c r a f t s ................................................... 1 ,9 5 0 .... A s s o c i a t e d G e n e r a l C o n t r a c t o r s o f A m e r i c a , I n c . , h e a v y c o n s tr u c ti o n ......................................................... (A la b a m a ) O h i o V a l le y C o n s t r u c t i o n E m p lo y e r s C o u n c i l ( W e s t V i r g in i a ) ......................... C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... O p e r a ti n g E n g i n e e r s ................................ 2 ,0 0 0 W is c o n s in R o a d B u i ld e r s A s s o c ia t io n ( W i s c o n s i n ) ...................................................... C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... L a b o rers 1 ,7 0 0 W is c o n s in R o a d B u i ld e r s A s s o c ia t io n ( W i s c o n s i n ) ...................................................... C o n s tru c tio n ...................................... T e a m s te rs (In d .) ...................................... 1 ,0 0 0 I r o n w o r k e r s E m p lo y e r s A s s o c ia t io n o f W e s t e r n P e n n s y l v a n i a , I n c . C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... I ro n W o r k e r s ................................................ 2 ,0 0 0 M e c h a n i c a l C o n t r a c t o r s A s s o c ia t io n o f W e s t e r n P e n n s y lv a n i a ( P e n n s y l v a n ia ) C o n s tru c tio n ...................................... P l u m b e r s ......................................................... 1 ,3 5 0 A s s o c i a t e d S te e l E r e c t o r s ( C h i c a g o , C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... I r o n W o r k e r s ................................................ 1 ,7 0 0 ......................................................... C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... E l e c t r ic a l W o r k e r s ................... 5 ,3 0 0 ......................................................... C o n s tru c tio n ...................................... P l u m b e r s ......................................................... 4 ,5 0 0 ...................................................... C o n s tru c tio n ...................................... P l u m b e r s ......................................................... 8 ,0 0 0 C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... P l u m b e r s ......................................................... 1 ,8 0 0 ......................................................... (P e n n s y lv a n ia ) il ) .................................................................................................................... E l e c t r ic a l C o n t r a c t o r s A s s o c ia t io n ( C h i c a g o , il ) P l u m b i n g C o n t r a c t o r s A s s o c ia t io n ( C h i c a g o , il ) M e c h a n i c a l C o n t r a c t o r s A s s o c ia t io n ( C h i c a g o , il ) M e tr o p o li t a n D e t r o i t P l u m b i n g a n d M e c h a n i c a l C o n t r a c t o r s A s s o c ia t io n ( ib e w ) ( M i c h ig a n ) M e t r o p o l i t a n D e t r o i t P l u m b i n g , p i p e f i tt e r s ( M i c h ig a n ) ............................................ C o n tra c t A d m in is tra tio n F u n d o f N o rth e a s te rn C o lo ra d o a n d o n e o th e r (D e n v e r, C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... P l u m b e r s ......................................................... 1 ,8 5 0 C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... P l u m b e r s ......................................................... 1 ,2 5 0 C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... P l u m b e r s ......................................................... 2 ,5 0 0 C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... S h e e t M e ta l W o r k e r s ............................ 1 .0 0 0 C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... C a r p e n t e r s ...................................................... 2 ,8 0 0 co) M e c h a n i c a l C o n t r a c t o r s ’ A s s o c ia t io n a n d in d e p e n d e n t c o m p a n i e s ( W a s h i n g to n ) S h e e t M e ta l E m p lo y e r s A s s o c ia t io n ( D e t r o i t , m i ) ......................................................... A s s o c ia t e d G e n e r a l C o n t r a c t o r s o f A m e r i c a , I n c . a n d o n e o t h e r ( C in c in n a ti, o h ) N a t io n a l E l e c t r ic a l C o n t r a c t o r s A s s o c ia t io n ( W i s c o n s i n ) ......................................... C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... E l e c t r ic a l W o r k e r s ( ib e w ) ............................ 1 ,3 0 0 N a t io n a l E l e c t r ic a l C o n t r a c t o r s A s s o c ia t io n ( L a s V e g a s , C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... E l e c t r ic a l W o r k e r s ( ib e w ) ............................ 1 ,1 0 0 S e e f o o tn o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis n v ) ............................................... MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Major Agreements Expiring Next Month Continued— Major Agreements Expiring Next Month P riv a te in d u s try E m p lo y e r a n d lo c a tio n N a t io n a l E l e c t r ic a l C o n t r a c t o r s A s s o c i a t i o n , O r a n g e C o u n t y ( C a li f o r n i a ) N um ber of L a b o r o r g a n iz a tio n 1 w o rk e rs . . C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... E l e c t r ic a l W o r k e r s ( ib e w ) ............................ 1 ,2 0 0 . C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... E l e c t r ic a l W o r k e r s ( ib e w ) ............................. 1 ,1 0 0 C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... P l u m b e r s .......................................................... 2 ,5 0 0 N a t io n a l E l e c t r ic a l C o n t r a c t o r s A s s o c i a t i o n , A l a m e d a C o u n t y ( C a li f o r n i a ) M e c h a n i c a l C o n t r a c t o r s A s s o c ia t io n a n d i n d e p e n d e n t c o m p a n i e s ( W a s h i n g to n ) N a t io n a l E l e c t r ic a l C o n t r a c t o r s A s s o c i a t i o n , S a n t a C l a r a C o u n t y ( C a li f o r n i a ) C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... E l e c t r ic a l W o r k e r s ............................ 1 ,8 0 0 M e c h a n i c a l C o n t r a c t o r s o f C i n c in n a t i a n d A i r C o n d i ti o n i n g C o n t r a c t o r s o f C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... P l u m b e r s ......................................................... 1 ,1 0 0 C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... B ric k la y e rs 1 ,0 0 0 ( ) ib e w C i n c in n a t i ( O h i o ) ............................................................................................................................ M a s o n C o n t r a c t o r s A s s o c i a t i o n ( P it ts b u r g h , pa ) .................................................................... ................................................... . . C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... O p e r a t i n g E n g i n e e r s ................................ 1 ,3 5 0 M i d - S o u t h E r e c t o r s A s s o c ia t io n ( I n t e r s t a t e ) ...................................................................... C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... I r o n W o r k e r s ................................................ 1 ,0 5 0 A s s o c ia te d G e n e ra l C o n tra c to rs o f A m e ric a , In c . a n d o th e rs (D e tro it, m i ) C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... I ro n W o r k e r s ................................................ 1 ,1 0 0 M illw r ig h ts , C o n v e y o r a n d M a c h in e E re c to rs C o n tra c to rs ( D e tr o it, ) . . . C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... C a r p e n t e r s ...................................................... 1 ,3 5 0 I n d u s t r ia l C o n t r a c t o r s a n d B u i ld e r s A s s o c a ti o n a n d o n e o t h e r ( I n d i a n a ) . . . C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... G r e a t L a k e s F a b r i c a t o r s a n d E r e c t o r s , c o n v e y o r a g r e e m e n t ( D e tr o i t, m i m i ) . . I r o n W o r k e r s ................................................ 1 ,3 5 0 N a t io n a l D i s ti ll e r s P r o d u c ts C o . ( I n t e r s t a t e ) ...................................................................... F o o d p ro d u c ts ................................... D i s ti ll e r y W o r k e r s ................................... 1 ,5 0 0 S o ft d r in k b o ttlin g c o m p a n ie s ( C h ic a g o , .................................................................. F o o d p ro d u c ts ................................... T e a m s te rs ( In d .) ...................................... 1 ,1 0 0 ) .................................................................................. F o o d p ro d u c ts ................................... T e a m s te rs ( In d .) ...................................... 1 ,4 0 0 C a l i f o r n i a P r o c e s s o r s , I n c . a n d o t h e r s ( C a l i f o r n i a ) ...................................................... F o o d p ro d u c ts ................................... T e a m s te rs ( In d .) ...................................... 5 0 ,0 0 0 K n i t t e d O u t e r w e a r M a n u f a c t u r e r s A s s o c i a t i o n , P e n n s y l v a n i a D i s tr i c t T e x t i l e s ................................................... L a d i e s ’ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ................... 5 ,0 0 0 T e x t i l e s ...................................................... C lo th in g a n d T e x tile W o rk e rs .... 1 ,7 0 0 ) ............................................................................................... T e x t i l e s ................................................... C lo th in g a n d T e x tile W o rk e rs .... 1 ,1 0 0 N e w Y o r k C o a t a n d S u i t A s s o c ia t io n ( I n t e r s t a t e ) ......................................................... A p p a r e l ................................................... L a d i e s ’ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ................... 2 0 ,0 0 0 C o t t o n d r e s s a n d j u v e n i l e a p p a r e l a s s o c i a ti o n s ( I n t e r s t a t e ) ...................................... A p p a r e l ................................................... L a d i e s ’ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ................... 6 ,0 0 0 A f f il ia t e d D r e s s A s s o c i a t i o n , n a ti o n a l d r e s s a g r e e m e n t ( I n t e r s t a t e ) ................... A p p a r e l ................................................... L a d i e s ’ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ................... 5 0 ,0 0 0 ...................... A p p a r e l ................................................... L a d i e s ’ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ................... 3 ,0 0 0 ............................................................................................ A p p a r e l ................................................... L a d i e s ’ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ................... 4 ,5 0 0 A p p a r e l ................................................... L a d i e s ’ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ................... 1 ,5 0 0 A p p a r e l ................................................... L a d i e s ’ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ................... 1 ,5 0 0 A p p a r e l ................................................... L a d i e s ’ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ................... 2 ,0 0 0 A p p a r e l ................................................... L a d i e s ’ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ................... 5 ,0 0 0 C a m p b e ll S o u p C o . ( S a c r a m e n t o , ca il )2 (P e n n s y lv a n ia ) C o n e M il ls C o r p . , W h it e O a k p l a n t ( G r e e n s b o r o , E rw in M ills , In c . ( D u rh a m , nc nc ............................................ ) N a t io n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f B l o u s e M a n u f a c t u r e r s , I n c . ( I n t e r s t a t e ) J o n a th a n L o g a n , In c . ( In te rs ta te ) N e w E n g l a n d S p o r t s w e a r M a n u f a c tu r e r s A s s o c ia t io n ( B o s to n , m a ................ ) N e w E n g l a n d C l o t h i n g a n d R a i n w e a r M a n u f a c tu r i n g A s s o c ia t io n ( B o s to n , m a ) N e w E n g l a n d A p p a r e l M a n u f a c tu r e r s A s s o c ia t io n ( F a ll R i v e r , m a ................ ) P h i l a d e l p h i a A p p a r e l P r o d u c e r s A s s o c i a t i o n , P h i l a d e l p h i a a r e a a n d S o u th J e rs e y a re a (In te rs ta te ) ) . . . . A p p a r e l ................................................... L a d i e s ’ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ................... 2 3 ,0 0 0 ...................................... A p p a r e l ................................................... L a d i e s ’ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ................... 3 ,6 0 0 N a t io n a l S k i r t a n d S p o r t s w e a r A s s o c i a t i o n , I n c ................................................................ A p p a r e l ................................................... L a d i e s ’ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ................... 1 ,5 0 0 N a t io n a l W o m e n ’s N e c k w e a r a n d S c a r f A s s o c i a t i o n , I n c . ( N e w Y o r k , A p p a r e l ................................................... L a d i e s ’ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ................... 1 ,0 0 0 N e w J e r s e y A p p a r e l C o n t r a c t o r s A s s o c i a t i o n , I n c . ( N e w J e r s e y ) ...................... A p p a r e l ................................................... L a d i e s ’ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ................... 3 ,0 0 0 A s s o c ia tio n o f R a in A p p a re l C o n tr a c to rs , In c . (N e w Y o rk , G r e a t e r B l o u s e , S k i r t a n d U n d e r g a r m e n t A s s o c ia t io n ( N e w Y o r k , U n i t e d K n i t w e a r M a n u f a c tu r e r s L e a g u e ( N e w Y o r k , ) ny ny ny ) ...................... A p p a r e l ................................................... L a d i e s ’ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ................... 3 ,8 0 0 ...................................... A p p a r e l ................................................... L a d i e s ’ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ................... 3 5 ,0 0 0 ) ...................................... A p p a r e l ................................................... L a d i e s ’ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ................... 3 ,0 0 0 3 ,0 0 0 A t l a n t i c A p p a r e l C o n t r a c t o r s A s s o c ia t io n ( P e n n s y l v a n ia ) I n f a n t s a n d C h i l d r e n ’s C o a t A s s o c ia t io n ( N e w Y o r k , ny K n i t M a n u f a c tu r e r s o f N e w J e r s e y ( N o r th e r n N e w J e r s e y ) ny ) A p p a r e l ................................................... L a d i e s ’ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ................... R . a n d M . K a u f m a n C o . ( I n t e r s t a t e ) ...................................................................................... A p p a r e l ................................................... L a d i e s ’ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ................... 1 ,0 0 0 A s s o c i a t e d G a r m e n t I n d u s t r ie s o f S t. L o u i s , u n d e r w e a r b r a n c h ( I n t e r s t a t e ) ................................... A p p a r e l ................................................... L a d i e s ’ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ................... 3 ,0 0 0 A s s o c ia t io n o f G a r m e n t C o n t r a c t o r s , l a d i e s s p o r t s w e a r ( B o s t o n , ) .............. A p p a r e l ................................................... L a d i e s ’ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ................... 4 ,0 0 0 ) .................................................................................................. F u r n i t u r e ............................................... F u r n it u r e W o r k e r s ................................... 1 ,1 5 0 M e m p h i s F u r n it u r e C o . ( T e n n e s s e e ) ..................................................................................... F u r n i t u r e ............................................... F u r n it u r e W o r k e r s ................................... 1 ,2 5 0 S c o tt P a p e r C o ., S .D . W a rre n C o . D iv isio n (M a in e ) ................................................ Paper ...................................................... P a p e r w o r k e r s ................................................ 1 ,1 0 0 N e k o o s a - E d w a r d s P a p e r C o . ( W i s c o n s i n ) ......................................................................... Paper ...................................................... P a p e r w o r k e r s ................................................ 1 ,5 0 0 D a y c o C o rp . ( W a y n e s v ille , R ubber .................................................. R u b b e r W o r k s ............................................. 1 ,2 0 0 S to n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p ro d u c ts P o t te r y a n d A l l ie d W o r k e r s ................ 1 ,5 0 0 M a c h i n i s t s ...................................................... 2 ,1 0 0 1 ,5 5 0 R o p e r E a s te r n ( B a l t i m o r e , m d nc m a ............................................................................................... ) A m e ric a n S ta n d a rd In c . (In te rs ta te ) ..................................................................................... T h e S t a n le y W o r k s ( N e w B r i t a i n , c t I n g e r s o ll- R a n d C o . (N e w Y o rk ) ............................................................................................ tn ) F a b r ic a te d m e t a l p r o d u c t s .... 1 ,1 5 0 M a c h i n e r y ............................................ E le c tro n ic W o rk e rs M a c h i n e r y ............................................ U n ite d P ro d u c t W o rk e rs ( In d .) ................................................................................................................... M a c h i n e r y ............................................ S h e e t M e ta l W o r k e r s ................................................................................... E le c t r ic a l p r o d u c t s ......................... E l e c t r o n ic W o r k e r s ........................................................................................................ E l e c t r ic a l p r o d u c t s ......................... A l l ie d I n d u s t r ia l W o r k e r s E l e c t r ic a l p r o d u c t s ......................... S p r a g u e E l e c t r ic C o . ( N o r th A d a m s , M a g n a v o x C o . (F o rt W a y n e , .... ............................................................................ T e c u m s e h P r o d u c ts C o . ( T e c u m s e h , C a r rie r C o rp . (M o rris o n , ) .................................................................................. F a b r ic a te d m e t a l p r o d u c t s in ) m i) m a ) W h ir l p o o l C o r p . , S t. J o s e p h D i v i s i o n ( S t. J o s e p h , A v c o C o r p . , L y c o m i n g D i v i s i o n ( S tr a tf o r d , W e s t i n g h o u s e A i r B r a k e C o . ( P e n n s y l v a n ia ) m i ) ............................................ ( iu e ) ................... . . . 1 ,5 0 0 a n d o th e rs 1 ,2 0 0 ................... 1 ,8 0 0 M a c h i n i s t s ...................................................... 1 ,6 0 0 2 ,7 0 0 ( iu e ) ) ............................................................ T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u ip m e n t .... A u to W o rk e rs .................................................................. T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u ip m e n t .... E l e c t r ic a l W o r k e r s ( U E - I n d .) T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u ip m e n t .... M a r i n e a n d S h i p b u il d in g W o r k e r s c t M a r y l a n d S h i p b u il d in g a n d D r y d o c k C o . ( B a lt i m o r e , m d N a t io n a l A u t o m o b il e T r a n s p o r t e r s a g r e e m e n t ( I n t e r s t a t e ) ) ................................... 1 ,7 5 0 ............................. ............................................. .... 2 ,5 0 0 1 ,6 0 0 ...................................... T r u c k i n g ................................................ T e a m s t e r s ( I n d .) ...................................... 2 0 ,0 0 0 G a r m e n t I n d u s t r y T r u c k i n g A s s o c ia t io n s ( I n t e r s t a t e ) ................................................... T r u c k i n g ................................................ L a d i e s ’ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ................... 1 ,8 0 0 S e e f o o tn o t e s a t e n d o f ta b l e . 58 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Continued—Major Agreements Expiring Next Month Em ployer and location U . S . A i r , p i lo t s ( I n t e r s t a t e ) 3 Private industry N um ber of w orkers Labor organ ization 1 ..................................................................................................... G e n e r a l T e l e p h o n e C o m p a n y o f I n d ia n a ( F t. W a y n e , P u b l ic S e r v ic e C o m p a n y o f I n d ia n a ( P la i n f i e ld , G im b e l B ro th e rs , In c . (N e w Y o rk , n y ) in ) tN ) ........................................................ .......................................................................... .................................................................................................................... 1 ,1 0 0 C o m m u n i c a ti o n ............................... U t i l i t i e s ................................................... R e ta il t r a d e ......................................... C o m m u n i c a t i o n s W o r k e r s ................... E l e c t r ic a l W o r k e r s ( ib e w ) ............................. R e t a il , W h o l e s a l e a n d D e p a r tm e n t 2 ,2 0 0 2 ,2 0 0 4 ,0 0 0 S to re F i r s t N a t io n a l S t o r e s , I n c . ( C o n n e c t i c u t ) ............................................................................ R e ta il t r a d e ......................................... F o o d a n d C o m m e r c ia l W o r k e r s C h a i n a n d i n d e p e n d e n t f o o d s to r e s ( S t. L o u i s , R e ta il t r a d e ......................................... F o o d a n d C o m m e rc ia l W o rk e rs . . . 8 ,5 0 0 R e ta il t r a d e ......................................... F o o d a n d C o m m e rc ia l W o rk e rs 2 ,5 0 0 m o ) .................................................. I n d e p e n d e n t f o o d s to r e s , c e n tr a l a n d n o r th e a s t I ll in o i s a n d I n d ia n a ................ A s s o c i a t i o n o f T e l e p h o n e A n s w e r i n g S e r v ic e s , I n c . ( N e w Y o r k , ) n y .... S e r v ic e s ............................................... . . . . . . R e t a il , W h o l e s a l e a n d D e p a r tm e n t 3 ,3 0 0 1 ,0 0 0 S to re G overnm ent activity A riz o n a : P h o e n i x B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n , t e a c h e r s ......................................................... E d u c a ti o n ............................................ Labor organ ization 1 N a t io n a l E d u c a t i o n A s s o c ia t io n N um ber of workers 1 ,1 0 0 ( I n d .) D is tric t o f C o lu m b ia : B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n , c u s to d i a n s ......................................... E d u c a ti o n ............................................ S t a t e , C o u n t y a n d M u n ic i p a l 1 .0 0 0 E m p lo y e e s N e w Y o rk : N e w Y o r k C i ty T r a n s i t A u t h o r it y , s u p e r v i s o r s ( B r o o k ly n ) . . . T ra n sp o rta tio n ................................... S u b w a y - S u r f a c e S u p e r v is o r s 3 ,6 0 0 A s s o c ia t io n ( I n d .) 'A f f i l i a t e d w i t h afl - cio e x c e p t w h e r e n o t e d a s i n d e p e n d e n t ( I n d . ). i n d u s t r y a r e a ( g r o u p o f c o m p a n i e s s ig n i n g s a m e c o n tr a c t) , i n f o r m a t i o n is f r o m n e w s p a p e r r e p o r t . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 59 Developments in Industrial Relations Harvester accord focuses on ‘job content’ A new Job Content Protection Program is the centerpiece of a settlement between International Harvester Co. and the United Auto Workers. Under the program, if straight-time hours worked by uaw members in a given product line decline during a 6-month period, the company must reduce overtime hours; return to plants where the union holds rep resentation rights work that had been subcontracted; or com pensate workers in training programs at regular straighttime rates. The 3-year agreement also provides for a 31-cent-an-hour pay increase retroactive to October 1, 1984, and a 2.25percent increase on October 7, 1985. The provision for automatic quarterly cost-of-living pay adjustments was con tinued, with up to 13 cents an hour to be diverted from the allowance over the term to bolster the Supplemental Un employment Benefits (sub ) fund. The 13 cents will be re stored to the allowance, without retroactivity, when the total diverted amount matches a $3 million company advance to the fund. Harvester also agreed to advance $9 million into the sub fund to permit payment of a backlog of benefits. The company will recoup this amount by reducing its normal payment into the fund for each hour worked. Other terms include restoration of 8 paid days each year that the employees had given up in 1982 to aid the company; liberalization of the profit-sharing plan; and improvements in health care and other insurance. The accord, which ended a 2-day weekend strike, also provides for employees to retain all benefits and credits if Tenneco’s planned purchase of Harvester’s farm equipment operations is approved by the Federal Government, and the Harvester operations are merged into Tenneco’s J. I. Case unit. of $2 an hour: 70 cents effective January 1, 1985, followed by 65-cent increases on March 1 of 1986 and 1987. Under the prior contract, pay averaged about $15 an hour, ac cording to a union official. In March 1986, the company will end the practice of supplying the employees with free beer during lunch and rest breaks. In return for this change, Anheuser-Busch agreed to other forms of compensation, varying by location, such as increased payments to benefit funds or distribution of free beer to take home. A union official said the change reflected the mood of the country, particularly the increasing concern over the danger of drinking and driving. Elsewhere in the industry, the Miller Brewing Co. and the Teamsters negotiated a contract for 1,000 workers in Fort Worth, t x . Terms were similar to those at AnheuserBusch. In 1984, Miller and the union negotiated a contract in Eden, n c that provided for some 1,000 workers to receive the same wage increases as the Anheuser-Busch employees. Auto Workers settle at Jeep plant The Auto Workers negotiated a 3-year contract for Amer ican Motors employees at Toledo, o h , who produce Jeep vehicles. Terms for the 5,800 workers were similar to the union’s 1984 settlements with General Motors Corp. and Ford Motor Co. (See Monthly Labor Review, December 1984, pp. 46-49.) Still to be negotiated is a contract for American Motors’ Kenosha, wi, plant, which produces automobiles. First in dications are that the talks will be difficult, as a top company official said the union had been informed that “ costs at that plant are too high.” The current Kenosha contract expires on September 15, 1985. Newspaper’s contract provides for job security Anheuser-Busch settles in 10 States In the beer brewing industry, 9,000 workers in 10 States were covered by a settlement between Anheuser-Busch, Inc., and the Teamsters union. The contract, scheduled to expire in February 1988, provides for a total wage increase “ Developments in Industrial Relations” is prepared by George Ruben of the Division of Developments in Labor-Management Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and is largely based on information from secondary sources. 60 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A 5 '/2 -year dispute between the Kansas City Star and International Typographical Union ( i t u ) Local 80 ended when the parties agreed on a 6-year contract. The dispute began in 1979, when the parent corporation, Capital City Communications, refused to extend lifetime job security provisions in the union’s contract. Despite this, the 140 workers remained on the job without a contract or wage increase until the settlement. Under the new contract, the workers received wage in creases of $120 a week effective immediately, $17 in the second through fifth years, and $12 in the final year, for a total of $200. Job security is provided through 1990 for workers who were on the payroll when the last contract expired. The company also agreed to promptly inform the union of plans to introduce new technology and to train the i t u members for the jobs. Contract covers 80 Illinois nursing homes Some 5,000 employees of 80 nursing homes in Cook and Lake counties were covered by a settlement between the Illinois Association of Health Care Facilities and the Service Employees. A Local 2 official said the accord provides for a “ modest” 53-cent-an-hour wage increase over the 3-year term because priority was given to bolstering the health and welfare fund, which is “ in the hole.” The new employer payment to the fund is $70 a month for full-time employees, up from $40. The accord covers nurses aides, and dietary, housekeep ing, and maintenance employees. Under the prior contract, the starting rate was $3.65 an hour and the average pay rate was $5.25, according to the union. DuPont offers early retirement In a move to reduce labor costs, DuPont Co. offered early retirement to its employees in the United States. About 6,500, or 4 percent, of them were expected to accept the offer. Under the plan, as many as 5 years will be added to an employee’s age and length of service in computing pen sions. With the credit, the pension of a 53-year-old worker with an annual salary of $25,000 and 22 years of service would rise to $675 a month, from $275. Company officials said the cut in employment was part of its plan to streamline operations and reduce a large over lap of staff resulting from its 1981 acquisition of Conoco. Automakers share profits with employees General Motors Corp. reported a record $3.87 billion profit on domestic operations in 1984, compared with the previous record of $3.47 billion in 1983. Despite the rise, the average profit-sharing payment for UAW-represented workers dropped to $515 per person, from $606 in 1983. gm said one reason for this was that 100,000 laid-off em ployees had been recalled during the year, meaning that the available money had to be divided among more people. Chrysler Corp. earned record profits of $2.4 billion in 1984. Chrysler employees do not have a profit-sharing pro vision (their current contract, negotiated in 1983 and sched uled to expire on October 15, 1985, terminated such a provision), but Chrysler nevertheless awarded $1,000 to each of its 100,000 nonbonus employees— $500 in cash and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis a $500 certificate that can be applied toward purchase of a new Chrysler vehicle. At Ford Motor Co., the 1984 profit was $2.9 billion, exceeding the record $1.9 billion for 1983. The profit-shar ing formula, which differs from that at General Motors, resulted in a 1984 distribution averaging more than $2,000 each for 170.000 workers, including low and mid level white-collar workers not represented by the u a w . The 1983 distribution averaged $400 each. Some critics claimed that much of the profit rise at the companies resulted from the voluntary restraint on ship ments to the United States accepted by Japanese producers (and scheduled to lapse on March 31), but Chrysler claims much of its improved finances resulted from a doubling of its output per worker since 1980. Idaho’s ‘right-to-work’ law temporarily blocked Idaho became the 21st State to enact a “ right-to-work” law, but union leaders won a court order temporarily block ing implementation of the law. The labor leaders contended that the law was illegal because it was to become effective immediately, thwarting the citizens’ right to a referendum on all laws passed by the legislature. Under the Idaho law, employers would be prohibited from entering into agreements with unions under which only union members or dues paying workers could be employed. The last State to enact a right-to-work law was Louisiana, in 1976. eeoc to focus on individual complaints In a major policy change, the Federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( e e o c ) announced that it will con centrate on resolving complaints by specific individuals. In the past, the e e o c had initiated a number of major actions on behalf of classes of employees of companies such as General Electric, a t & t , and Sears Roebuck. e e o c Chairman Clarence Thomas said the agency will now “ seek remedies for individuals where there is a finding of discrimination. This is a significantly tougher stand for people who have been hurt by discrimination.” He said the new approach will not involve goals or timetables. Thomas indicated that the e e o c might on occasion initiate actions on behalf of classes of employees, but in such cases will press for damages and jobs only for the individuals of the class who can prove they have been discriminated against. For other members, remedies sought will be limited to pro cedural changes in personnel policies. Ann Ladky, executive director of Women Employed, an ad vocacy group that monitors the e e o c , criticized the change in enforcement approach. She contended that much discrimination is systemic, requiring broad enforcement actions rather than in dividual actions. She also claims that the new approach means that “enforcement won’t be vigorous.” 61 Book Reviews The Japanese approach to labor issues Japan’s Reshaping o f American Labor Law. By William B. Gould. Cambridge, ma , The mit Press, 1984. 187 pp. $19.95. This book, by a Stanford law school professor who has twice served as a visiting professor in the Tokyo University Law Faculty, is a comparison of labor law under the Na tional Labor Relations Act in the United States and the Trade Union Law in Japan. It consists of an overview, a brief historical review, four chapters dealing with the adminis trative process of the two laws, as well as remedies, job security, unfair labor practices, a short discussion of the law affecting public sector unions, and the conclusion. Wil liam B. Gould’s objectives are (1) to use the law to explain and compare industrial relations systems, and (2) to explain how similar legislation has operated quite differently in the two countries. The chapter on the historical evolution of Japanese labor law notes differences between U.S. practices and those in Japan, despite the fact that Japanese unionization after World War II went forward under U.S. occupation authorities who had been significantly influenced by the National Labor Relations Act, known also as the Wagner Act, and the development of the National Labor Relations Board (nlrb ). Of particular interest to Americans is that elections for an exclusive bargaining agent in a work unit, whose charac teristics were determined by an administrative agency, has no counterpart in Japan. Considering the essential role played in the evolution of current American industrial relations by the concept of a single responsible agent in an appropriate unit, it is a wonder that major differences exist between Japan and the United States. The chapter on administrative processes shows that one of the major differences is that in Japan, the Labor Relations Commissions will give great deference to facilitating the continuing relationship between the parties, even at the ex pense of what might have been the Commissions’ decisions. In the United States, the introduction of the n Lrb into a dispute brings public concerns and public goals into play and these then become dominant. The chapter on remedies looks at those associated with seven different issues of dispute. Overall, the author found the Japanese approach to be imaginative and foresighted. 62 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis He was, however, particularly critical of the limited role played by the Commissions in issues involving discrimi nation against one union in favor of another. This is a major problem area with 177 new cases in 1983, about 37 percent of all new unfair labor practice cases in that year. Gould’s concern may have lessened somewhat by the post-publi cation (May 1984) decision of the Supreme Court in the case of the Japan Mail Order Co. in which the Court upheld the original Commission decision. However, the fact that the original discrimination occurred during bargaining over the yearend bonus in 1972, with the final court decision coming more than 11 years later, only underlines the po tentials for delay in Japanese legal proceedings. The chapter on job security sharply contrasts the United States with its emphasis upon the individual and adversary proceedings to settle issues with the more cooperative model which the author found in Japan. He also found that Japanese law gives individuals greater protection from arbitrary dis charge and unions the right to more information from com panies. He argues that these occur because of their consistency with general Japanese personnel practices. Under unfair labor practices, Gould finds provisions of the laws in the two countries to be roughly comparable. He notes that in Japan, the line between violence and power is not as clearly drawn as in the United States. Yet, he finds a close correspondence in the treatment involving the wear ing of ribbons and other insignia on uniforms of employees in contact with the public. Overall, though, there does not appear to be a common theme to the various decisions. The author’s basic conclusion is that, with a labor law very similar to that of the United States, Japanese legal institutions have moved in different directions from those in the United States. He sees this as support for reforms through changes in our legal approach, either by statute or interpretations by the nlrb and the Supreme Court. This is an interesting book because of the constant in terplay between Japanese and American legal approaches to what are, at least on the surface, similar situations. It is a well-written book, setting out quite clearly a number of specifics concerning the law and particular cases. Yet, the book’s audience may be quite small. One should already be interested in and knowledgeable about the labor laws of Japan and the United States. Otherwise, there is too great an expectation of detailed prior knowledge. The general reader wishing information about Japan will be better served by chapters in Taishiro Shirai, ed., Contemporary Industrial Relations in Japan (University of Wisconsin, 1983) or by Tadashi Hanami, Labor Relations in Japan Today (Kondansha, 1979). The author sought to use the law to examine and compare the two industrial relations systems. For Japan, the system seems to explain the law, for decisions are explained by the influence of current employer and union practice or the need to facilitate the maintenance of relationships. There have been fundamental changes in Japanese industrial relations since the 1950’s. This is illustrated in the dramatic decline, by a factor of 10, in the days lost to industrial disputes between 1952-84 and 1976-81. Yet, legal issues do not seem to provide an explanation. In the United States, we are accustomed to thinking of laws and the nlrb as playing a crucial role. Certainly, early decisions concerning a single representative union, the def inition of what was a company-supported union, and key postwar decisions on the required areas of bargaining, es pecially pensions, do seem to have played essential roles in defining American industrial relations. Yet, increasingly, the law seems irrelevant. One of the striking differences between the countries is the number of unfair labor practices cases. In 1980, there were 778 new cases filed with the local boards in Japan and in the United States, the nlrb closed some 42,000 cases. Yet, some 20 years earlier there were only about one-sixth as many cases, a fact that suggests that, rather than defining an industrial relations systems, it is being used as a weapon to help one side or the other. This book will be of special interest to those readers who are concerned and fascinated by issues of national labor policy under the National Labor Relations Act in the United States or the Trade Union Law in Japan. — Robert Evans , Jr . Atran Professor o f Labor Economics Brandeis University Economic Research, Inc., 1985, 26 pp., bibliography, ( nber Working Paper Series, 1536.) $1.50, paper. Paris, James A ., D e m o g r a p h ic s , “ The Group Quarters Quandary,” February 1985, pp. 3 4 -3 7 . A m e r ic a n Rogerson, Peter A. and David A. Plane, “ Monitoring Migration Trends,” A m e r i c a n D e m o g r a p h i c s , February 1985, begin ning on p. 26. The Center for Afroamerican and African Studies, g r a tio n a n d E t h n i c i t y in th e B la c k I m m i U n ite d S ta te s : A n A n n o ta te d Ann Arbor, The University of Michigan, Center for Afroamerican and African Studies, 1985, 181 pp. (Bib liographies and Indexes in Afro-American and African Stud ies, 2.) $ 2 9.95, Greenwood Press, Westport, c t . B ib lio g r a p h y . W alsh, Doris L ., “ Targeting T een s,” A m e r i c a n February 1985, beginning on p. 20. D e m o g r a p h ic s , Witte, Willard E ., “ M acroeconomic Stability and the Short Run Federal Reserve Reaction Function, 1 9 6 9 -1 9 7 9 ,” E c o n o m i c I n q u i r y , October 1984, pp. 5 7 1 -7 8 . Education Hamilton, James B ., T h e P u b l i c R e a c t s to E d u c a t i o n f o r T o Columbus, The Ohio State University, The National Center for Research in Vocational Education, 1984, 127 pp. m o r r o w ’s J o b s . M anski, Charles F ., c is io n A c a d e m i c A b i l i t y , E a r n i n g s , a n d th e D e to B e c o m e a T e a c h e r: E v id e n c e fr o m th e N a t i o n a l Cam bridge, ma , National Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 1985, 37 pp. ( nber Working Paper Series, 1539.) $1.50, paper. L o n g i t u d i n a l S t u d y o f th e H i g h S c h o o l C l a s s o f 1 9 7 2 . Industrial relations Barker, Allan, Paul Lew is, Michael McCann, “ Trades Unions and the Organization o f the U nem ployed,” B r i t i s h J o u r n a l o f I n d u s t r i a l R e l a t i o n s , November 1984, pp. 3 9 1 -4 0 4 . Barkin, Solom on, T r o u b le d W o rk e r M ilita n c y : C h a lle n g e s C o n Reprinted from Vol. 38, N o. 4, 1983, pp. 7 1 3 -2 6 . Amherst, University o f Massachusetts, Labor Relations and Research Center. (Reprint Series, 73.) f r o n t i n g W e s te r n I n d u s t r i a l R e l a t i o n s S y s te m s . R e la tio n s I n d u s tr ie lle s , Beaumont, P. B ., land,” B r it is h pp. 3 6 4 -7 1 . “ Trade Union Recognition in Northern Ire November 1984, J o u r n a l o f I n d u s tr i a l R e l a t i o n s , Hym an, Jeffrey and Tom Schuller, “ Occupational Pension Schem es and Collective Bargaining,” B r i t i s h J o u r n a l o f I n d u s t r i a l R e l a t i o n s , November 1984, pp. 2 8 9 -3 1 0 . Q ueen’s University at Kingston, Publications received Economic and social statistics Beresford, John C ., D e v e lo p m e n t o f L o c a l A r e a L e a d in g I n d i c a to r s o f E c o n o m ic a n d D e m o g r a p h ic C h a n g e . Washington, DUAL-Comm, Inc., 1985, 50 pp. Borjas, George J., “ Electoral Cycles and the Earnings o f Federal Bureaucrats,” E c o n o m i c I n q u i r y , October 1984, pp. 4 4 7 59. Exter, Thomas G ., “ Dental Dem ographics,” A m e r i c a n g r a p h i c s , February 1985, beginning on p. 30. Morrison, Catherine J., On th e E c o n o m i c I n t e r p r e t a t i o n M e a s u r e m e n t o f O p tim a l C a p a c ity p a to r y E x p e c ta tio n s . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis D em o U tiliz a tio n and w ith A n t i c i Cambridge, ma , National Bureau o f R e c e n t P u b lic S e c to r R e s tr a in t L e g a l I s s u e s , by D . D. Carter; T h e E c o n o m i c a n d L a b o u r M a r k e t R a t i o n a l e , by Pradeep Kumar. Kingston, Ontario, Canada, Q ueen’s Uni versity, The Industrial Relations Center, 1984, 32 pp. (Re print Series, 53.) $6. P rogram s— Two V ie w s : The Seifert, Roger V ., “ Some Aspects o f Factional Opposition: Rank and File and the National Union o f Teachers, 1 9 6 7 -1 9 8 2 ,” B r i t i s h J o u r n a l o f I n d u s t r i a l R e l a t i o n s , November 1984, pp. 3 7 2 -9 0 . “ Sym posium — The Role o f Unions in the 1980’s: Introductory Remarks,” by John D. Feerick; “ The Role o f and Chal lenges Facing Unions in the 1940’s and the 1980’s— A Com parison,” by Thomas R. Donahue and A. H. Raskin; “ The Rights o f Individual Workers— The Contract o f Employment and the Rights o f Individual Employees: Fair Representation 63 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Book Reviews and Employment at W ill,” by Clyde W. Summers; “ Women in the Workplace: Comparable W orth,” by Judith P. Vladeck; “ Chapter 11 o f the Bankruptcy Act and C ol lective Bargaining Agreements— The Rejection o f Collective Bargaining Agreements Under the Bankruptcy Code— An Abuse or Proper Exercise o f the Congressional Bankruptcy Power?’ ’ by Harvey R. Miller; “ Filing a Post- B i l d i s c o Chapter 11 Petition to Reject a Labor Contract,” by Bruce H. Simon and Barbara S. Mehlsack; “ Is There a Need to Amend the National Labor Relations A ct?” by John Sw eeney and Jay S. S ieg el , F o r d h a m L a w R e v i e w , May 1984, pp. 1061-1157. Industry and government organization Berry, W illiam D. and David Lowery, “ The Growing Cost of Government: A Test o f Two Explanations,” S o c i a l S c i e n c e Q u a r t e r l y , September 1984, pp. 7 3 5 -4 9 . U .S . Department o f Commerce, 1 9 8 5 U .S . I n d u s t r i a l O u t l o o k : P r o s p e c ts f o r O v e r 3 5 0 M a n u fa c tu r in g a n d S e r v ic e I n d u s tr ie s . W ashington, U .S. Department o f Commerce, International Trade Administration, 1985, 746 pp. $15, Superintendent o f Docum ents, Washington 20402. International economics International Labour Organization, W o r l d L a b o r R e p o r t : V o l. 2 , L abour R elations, International Labour Standards, Training, C o n d i t i o n s o f W o r k , W o m e n a t W o r k . Geneva, International Labour Organization, 1985, 245 pp. $25.65. Available in the United States from the Washington branch o f ilo. Madura, Jeff and E. Joe Nosari, “ Speculative Trading in the Eurocurrency M arket,” A k r o n B u s i n e s s a n d E c o n o m i c R e v i e w , Winter 1984, pp. 4 8 -5 2 . Mattione, Richard P ., O P E C 's I n v e s t m e n t s a n d th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Washington, The Brookings Institution, 1985, 201 pp. $ 2 6.95, cloth; $9.95, paper. F in a n c ia l S y s te m . Weaver, K. Mark, S m a l l B u s i n e s s in E x p o r t M a r k e t s . W ashing ton, National Federation o f Independent Business, 1985, 45 pp. Labor and economic history Fink, Gary S . , e d ., B i o g r a p h i c a l D i c t i o n a r y o f A m e r i c a n L a b o r . Westport, c t . Greenwood Press, 1984, 767 pp. $49.95. 64 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Ozanne, Robert W ., T h e L a b o r M o v e m e n t in W i s c o n s i n : A H i s t o r y . M adison, The State Historical Society o f W isconsin, 1984, 290 pp., bibliography. $20. Rodden, Robert G ., T h e F i g h t i n g M a c h i n i s t s . A C e n t u r y o f S t r u g g l e . Washington, Kelly Press, Inc., 1985, 304 pp. $5, paper. Labor force Hamermesh, Daniel S ., T h e C o s t s o f W o r k e r D i s p l a c e m e n t . Cambridge, ma , National Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 1984. ( nber Working Paper Series, 1495.) $1.50, paper. Pennar, Karen and Edward M ervosh, “ Women at W ork,” n e s s W e e k , Jan. 26, 1985, pp. 8 0 -8 5 . Podgursky, M ichael, L a b o r j u s t m e n t . Reprinted from B u s i M a r k e t P o lic y a n d S tr u c tu r a l A d P o l i c i e s f o r I n d u s t r i a l G r o w t h in a (U .S. C on g., Joint Economic Committee), pp. 7 1 -9 6 . Amherst, University o f Massachusetts, Labor Relations and Research Center. (Reprint Series, 74.) C o m p e t i t i v e W o r l d : A V o lu m e o f E s s a y s , A p r . 2 7 , 1 9 8 4 ------- S o u r c e s o f s e c u l a r i n c r e a s e s o n th e u n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e , 1 9 6 9 82. Reprinted from the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , July 1984, pp. 1 9 -2 5 . Amherst, University o f Massachusetts, Labor Re lations and Research Center. (Reprint Series, 75.) Welfare programs and social insurance O zawa, Martha N. and William T. Alpert, “ Distributive Effects o f Survivors Insurance Benefits and Public A ssistance,” S o c i a l S e r v i c e R e v i e w , December 1984, pp. 6 0 3 -2 1 . U .S . Railroad Retirement Board, R a ilr o a d R e tir e m e n t B o a r d : 1 9 8 3 A n n u a l R e p o r t f o r F is c a l Y e a r E n d in g S e p te m b e r 3 0 . Chicago, il, U .S . Railroad Retirement Board, 1984, 101 pp. Worker training and development O ’Connell, Joan M. and John Hoerr, “ There Really Are Jobs After Retraining,” B u s in e s s W e e k , Jan. 26, 1985, pp. 7 6 -7 7 . Swigart, Richard P ., ed ., M a n a g in g P la n t C lo s in g s a n d O c c u W ashing ton, National Center for Occupational Readjustment, Inc., 1984, 237 pp. $40, paper. □ p a tio n a l R e a d ju s tm e n t: A n E m p lo y e r s G u id e b o o k . Current Labor Statistics Notes on Current Labor Statistics Schedule of release dates for major BLS statistical series ........................................................................................... Employment data from household survey. Definitions and notes ......................................................................... 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Employment status of the noninstitutional population, 16 years and over, selected years, 1950-84 ................................ Employment status of the population, including Armed Forces in the United States, by sex, seasonally a d ju sted ___ Employment status of the civilian population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted .................. Selected employment indicators, seasonally ad ju sted ...................................................................................................................... Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally ad ju sted ................................................................................................................. Unemployment rates, by sex and age, seasonally adjusted ........................................................................................................... Unemployed persons, by reason for unemployment, seasonally ad ju sted .................................................................................. Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted............................................................................................................................... Employment, hours, and earnings data from establishment surveys. Definitions and notes 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Employment, by industry, selected years, 1950-84 ........................................................................................................................ Employment, by State ........................................................................................................................................................................... Employment, by industry, seasonally a d ju sted ................................................................................................................................. Average hours and earnings, by industry, 1968-84 ........................................................................................................................ Average weekly hours, by industry, seasonally adjusted ............................................................................................................... Average hourly earnings, by industry ................................................................................................................................................. Hourly Earnings Index, by industry..................................................................................................................................................... Average weekly earnings, by industry................................................................................................................................................ Indexes of diffusion: industries in which employment increased, seasonally ad ju sted ........................................................... Unemployment insurance data. Definitions............................................................................................................................... 18. Unemployment insurance and employment service operations ................................................................................................... Price data. Definitions and notes ...................................................................................................... 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. Consumer Price Index, 1967-83 .......................................................................................................................................................... Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, general summary and selected it e m s .................................................................... Consumer Price Index, cross-classification of region and population size c l a s s ...................................................................... Consumer Price Index, selected areas ................................................................................................................................................. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing ............................................................................................................................... Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings .......................................................................................................................... Producer Price Indexes, by special commodity g rou p in gs............................................................................................................. Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product ............................................................................... ...........................i Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries ............................................................................................... Productivity data. Definitions and notes 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. ..................................................................................................................................... Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years, 1950-83 ................................................ Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years, 1950-84 ......................... Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1974-84 .................................................... Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted .............................. Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs,and p r ic e s............... Wage and compensation data. Definitions and notes 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. ...................................................................................................... Employment Cost Index, by occupation and industry group ........................................................................................................ Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group .................................................................. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size ....................................... Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements, 1980 to d a te ..................... ............................... Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more, 1980 todate ...................... Work stoppage data. Definition ......................................................................................................................................................... 38. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 1947 to date ............................................................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 66 67 67 68 69 70 70 71 71 71 72 73 73 74 75 76 77 77 78 78 79 79 so 81 81 87 88 89 90 92 92 93 94 95 95 96 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 102 103 103 65 NOTES ON CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS This section o f the R e v i e w presents the principal statistical series collected and calculated by the Bureau o f Labor Statistics. A brief introduction to each group o f tables provides definitions, notes on the data, sources, and other material usually found in footnotes. Readers who need additional information are invited to consult the b l s regional offices listed on the inside front cover o f this issue o f the R e v i e w . Som e general notes applicable to several series are given below. quarter to quarter are published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price Index series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U.S. average All Items c p i . Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are available for this series. Adjustments for price changes. Some data are adjusted to eliminate the effect o f changes in price. These adjustments are made by dividing current dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate component of the index, then multiplying by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price index number of 150, where 1967 = 100, the hourly rate expressed in 1967 dollars is $2 ($3/150 x 100 = $2). The resulting values are described as “ real,” “ constant,” or “ 1967” dollars. Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate the effect o f such factors as climatic conditions, industry pro duction schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying periods, and vacation practices, which might otherwise mask short-term movements o f the statistical series. Tables containing these data are identified as “ sea sonally adjusted.” Seasonal effects are estimated on the basis of past experience. When new seasonal factors are computed each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for several preceding years. Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 3 - 8 were revised in the February 1985 issue o f the Review, to reflect experience through 1984. Beginning in January 1980, the BLS introduced two major modifications in the seasonal adjustment methodology for labor force data. First, 'he data are being seasonally adjusted with a new procedure called X -l 1 / a r i m a , which was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension of the standard X -l 1 method. A detailed description of the procedure appears in The X11 a r m a Seasonal Adjustment Method by Estela Bee Dagum (Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 12-564E, January 1983). The second change is that seasonal factors are now being calculated for use during the first 6 months o f the year, rather than for the entire year, and then are calculated at mid year for the July-December period. Revisions of historical data continue to be made only at the end of each calendar year. Annual revision o f the seasonally adjusted payroll data shown in tables 11, 13, 15, and 17 were made in July 1984 using the X -11 a r i m a seasonal adjustment methodology. New seasonal factors for productivity data in tables 29 and 30 are usually introduced in the September issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and percent changes from month to month and from Availability of information. Data that supplement the tables in this section are published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in a variety of sources. Press releases provide the latest statistical information published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published according to the schedule given below. More information from household and establishment surveys is provided in Employment and Earnings, a monthly publication o f the Bureau. Comparable household information is published in a two-volume data book— Labor Force Statistics Derived From the Current Population Survey, Bulletin 2096. Comparable establishment information appears in two data books— Employment and Earnings, United States, and Employ ment and Earnings, States and Areas, and their annual supplements. More detailed information on wages and other aspects of collective bargaining appears in the monthly periodical, Current Wage Developments. More detailed price information is published each month in the periodicals, the c p i Detailed Report and Producer Prices and Price Indexes. Symbols p = preliminary. To improve the timeliness of some series, pre liminary figures are issued based on representative but in complete returns. r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability of later data but may also reflect other adjustments, n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. S chedule o f release dates for BLS statistical series S e r ie s R e le a s e P e r io d R e le a s e P e r io d R e le a s e P e r io d M L R t a b le d a te c o v e re d d a te c o v e re d d a te c o v e re d num ber E m plo y m e nt situation ............................................... April 5 M arch M ay 3 April June 7 May 1 -1 1 Producer Price Index ............................................... April 12 M arch M ay 10 April June 14 M ay 2 3 -2 7 C o nsu m er Price I n d e x ............................................... April 23 M arch M ay 21 April June 20 M ay 1 9 -2 2 Real e a r n in g s ................................................................... April 23 March M ay 21 April June 2 0 M ay 1 2 -1 6 April 25 1st quarter M ay 29 1st quarter M a jo r collective bargaining settlem ents April 26 1st quarter 3 6 -3 7 Em p lo y m e n t Cost I n d e x ........................................... April 30 1st quarter 3 3 -3 5 Productivity and costs: N onfa rm business and m anufacturing N onfinancial c o r p o r a tio n s ................................... 66 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis EMPLOYMENT DATA FROM THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY E m p l o y m e n t d a t a in this section are obtained from the Current Population Survey, a program o f personal interviews conducted monthly by the Bureau o f the Census for the Bureau o f Labor Statistics. The sample consists o f about 5 9,500 households selected to represent the U .S population 16 years o f age and older. H ouse holds are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths o f the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months. Definitions Employed persons include (1) all civilians who worked for pay any time during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because of illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. Members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States are also included in the em ployed total. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at which he or she worked the greatest number of hours. Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and had looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look for work because they were on layoff or waiting to start new jobs within the next 30 days are also counted among the unemployed. The overall unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force, including the resident Armed Forces. The unemployment 1. rate for all civilian workers represents the number unemployed as a percent o f the civilian labor force. The labor force consists of all employed or unemployed civilians plus members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. Persons not in the labor force are those not classified as employed or unemployed; this group includes persons who are retired, those engaged in their own housework, those not working while attending school, those unable to work because of long-term illness, those discouraged from seeking work because of personal or job market factors, and those who are voluntarily idle. The noninstitutional population comprises all persons 16 years of age and older who are not inmates of penal or mental institutions, sani tariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy, and members o f the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. The labor force participation rate is the proportion of the noninstitutional population that is in the labor force. The employment-population ratio is total employment (including the resident Armed Forces) as a percent of the noninstitutional population. Notes on the data From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating errors during the preceding years. These adjustments affect the compara bility of historical data presented in table 1. A description of these ad justments and their effect on the various data series appear in the Explanatory Notes of Employment and Earnings. Data in tables 2 - 8 are seasonally adjusted, based on the seasonal ex perience through December 1984. E m ploym ent status of the noninstitutional population, 16 years and over, selected years, 1 9 5 0 -8 4 [Numbers in thousands] L a b o r t o rc e U n e m p lo y e d E m p lo y e d N o n in s t i Year p o p u la tio n N o t in C iv ilia n t u tio n a l N um ber P e rc e n t o( p o p u la tio n T o ta l P e rc e n t of p o p u la tio n P e rc e n t ot R e s id e n t N o n a g r i- A rm e d F o rc e s T o ta l A g r ic u lt u r e N um ber c u ltu r a l la b o r t o rc e la b o r fo rc e i n d u s tr ie s 1950 .................... 1 0 6 ,1 6 4 6 3 ,3 7 7 5 9 .7 6 0 ,0 8 7 5 6 .6 1 ,1 6 9 5 8 ,9 1 8 7 ,1 6 0 5 1 ,7 5 8 3 ,2 8 8 5 .2 4 2 ,7 8 7 1955 .................... 1 1 1 ,7 4 7 6 7 ,0 8 7 6 0 .0 6 4 ,2 3 4 5 7 .5 2 ,0 6 4 6 2 ,1 7 0 6 ,4 5 0 5 5 ,7 2 2 2 ,8 5 2 1960 .................... 1 1 9 ,1 0 6 7 1 ,4 8 9 6 0 .0 6 7 ,6 3 9 5 6 .8 1 ,861 6 5 ,7 7 8 5 ,4 5 8 6 0 ,3 1 8 3 ,8 5 2 4 .3 5 .4 4 6 ,6 1 7 1965 .................... 1 2 8 ,4 5 9 7 6 ,4 0 1 5 9 .5 7 3 ,0 3 4 5 6 .9 1 ,9 4 6 7 1 ,0 8 8 4 ,3 6 1 6 6 ,7 2 6 3 ,3 6 6 4 .4 5 2 ,0 5 8 1966 1967 .................... .................... 1 3 0 ,1 8 0 1 3 2 ,0 9 2 7 7 ,8 9 2 5 9 .8 7 5 ,0 1 7 5 7 .6 2 ,1 2 2 7 2 ,8 9 5 3 ,9 7 9 6 8 ,9 1 5 2 ,8 7 5 3 .7 7 9 ,5 6 5 6 0 .2 7 6 ,5 9 0 2 ,2 1 8 7 4 ,3 7 2 3 ,8 4 4 7 0 ,5 2 7 5 2 ,5 2 7 7 5 ,9 2 0 3 ,8 1 7 7 2 ,1 0 3 2 ,9 7 5 2 ,8 1 7 3 .7 2 ,2 5 3 3 .5 5 3 ,2 9 1 4 4 ,6 6 0 5 2 ,2 8 8 .................... 1 3 4 ,2 8 1 8 0 ,9 9 0 6 0 .3 7 8 ,1 7 3 5 8 .0 5 8 .2 1969 .................... 1 3 6 ,5 7 3 8 2 ,9 7 2 6 0 .8 8 0 ,1 4 0 5 8 .7 2 ,2 3 8 7 7 ,9 0 2 3 ,6 0 6 7 4 ,2 9 6 2 ,8 3 2 3 .4 5 3 ,6 0 2 1970 1971 .................... .................... 1 3 9 ,2 0 3 8 4 ,8 8 9 6 1 .0 8 0 ,7 9 6 5 8 .0 2 ,1 1 8 7 8 ,6 7 8 3 ,4 6 3 7 5 ,2 1 5 4 ,0 9 3 4 .8 1 4 2 ,1 8 9 8 6 ,3 5 5 6 0 .7 8 1 ,3 4 0 5 7 .2 5 4 ,3 1 5 5 5 ,8 3 4 8 8 ,8 4 7 6 0 .9 8 3 ,9 6 6 5 7 .5 7 8 ,6 6 9 5 ,0 1 6 4 ,8 8 2 5 .8 1 4 5 ,9 3 9 3 ,3 9 4 3 ,4 8 4 7 5 ,9 7 2 .................... 5 .5 5 7 ,0 9 1 1973 1974 .................... .................... 1 4 8 ,8 7 0 9 1 ,2 0 3 8 6 ,8 3 8 5 8 .3 3 ,4 7 0 8 1 ,5 9 4 4 ,3 5 5 4 .8 1 5 1 ,8 4 1 9 3 ,6 7 0 6 1 .3 6 1 .7 1 ,9 7 3 1 ,8 1 3 1 ,7 7 4 7 9 ,3 6 7 1972 8 8 ,5 1 5 5 8 .3 1 ,721 8 6 ,7 9 4 3 ,5 1 5 8 3 ,2 7 9 5 ,1 5 6 5 .5 5 7 ,6 6 7 5 8 ,1 7 1 1975 .................... 1 5 4 ,8 3 1 9 5 ,4 5 3 6 1 .6 8 7 ,5 2 4 5 6 .5 1 ,6 7 8 8 5 ,8 4 5 3 ,4 0 8 8 2 ,4 3 8 7 ,9 2 9 8 .3 5 9 ,3 7 7 1976 .................... 1 5 7 ,8 1 8 9 7 ,8 2 6 6 2 .0 9 0 ,4 2 0 5 7 .3 1 ,6 6 8 8 8 ,7 5 2 3 ,3 3 1 7 .6 5 9 ,9 9 1 9 2 ,0 1 7 8 5 ,4 2 1 8 8 ,7 3 4 7 ,4 0 6 1 ,6 5 6 6 ,9 9 1 6 .9 6 0 ,0 2 5 9 2 ,6 6 1 6 ,2 0 2 6 ,1 3 7 6 .0 5 9 ,6 5 9 5 .8 5 9 ,9 0 0 1968 8 2 ,1 5 3 8 5 ,0 6 4 1977 .................... 1 6 0 ,6 8 9 1 0 0 ,6 6 5 6 2 .6 9 3 ,6 7 3 5 8 .3 1978 .................... 1 6 3 ,5 4 1 1 0 3 ,8 8 2 6 3 .5 9 7 ,6 7 9 5 9 .7 1,631 9 6 ,0 4 8 3 ,2 8 3 3 ,3 8 7 1979 .................... 1 6 6 ,4 6 0 1 0 6 ,5 5 9 6 4 .0 10 0 ,4 2 1 6 0 .3 1 ,5 9 7 9 8 ,8 2 4 3 ,3 4 7 9 5 ,4 7 7 1980 .................... 1 6 9 ,3 4 9 1 0 8 ,5 4 4 64.1 1 0 0 ,9 0 7 5 9 .6 1 ,6 0 4 9 9 ,3 0 3 3 ,3 6 4 9 5 ,9 3 8 7 ,6 3 7 7 .0 6 0 ,8 0 6 1981 .................... 1 7 1 ,7 7 5 1 1 0 ,3 1 5 65 2 1 0 2 ,0 4 2 5 9 .4 1 ,6 4 5 1 0 0 ,3 9 7 3 ,3 6 8 9 7 ,0 3 0 8 ,2 7 3 7 .5 6 1 ,4 6 0 1982 .................... 1 7 3 ,9 3 9 1 1 1 ,8 7 2 6 4 .3 5 8 .2 1 ,6 6 8 9 6 ,1 2 5 1 0 ,5 7 8 9 .5 1983 1984 .................... .................... 1 7 5 ,8 9 1 1 1 3 ,2 2 6 6 4 .4 1 0 2 ,5 1 0 5 8 .3 1 ,6 7 6 1 0 0 ,8 3 4 3 ,3 8 3 9 7 ,4 5 0 1 0 ,7 1 7 9 .5 6 2 ,6 6 5 1 7 8 ,0 8 0 1 1 5 ,2 4 1 6 4 .7 1 0 6 ,7 0 2 5 9 .9 1 ,6 9 7 1 0 5 ,0 0 5 3 ,3 2 1 1 0 1 ,6 8 5 8 ,5 3 9 7 .4 6 2 ,8 3 9 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 0 1 ,1 9 4 9 9 ,5 2 6 3 ,4 0 1 6 2 ,0 6 7 67 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data 2. E m ploym ent status of th e population, including A rm ed Forces in the U nited States, by sex, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] A nnu al a verag e 1984 1985 E m p lo y m e n t s t a tu s a n d s e x 1983 1984 Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly A ug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. TO TAL Noninstitutional pop u la tio n 1 ’ 2 Labor fo rc e 2 ................................ 1 7 5 ,8 9 1 1 7 8 ,0 8 0 1 7 7 ,3 6 3 1 7 7 ,5 1 0 1 7 7 ,6 6 2 1 7 7 ,8 1 3 1 7 7 ,9 7 4 1 7 8 ,1 3 8 1 7 8 ,2 9 5 1 7 8 ,4 8 3 1 7 8 ,6 6 1 1 7 8 ,8 3 4 1 7 9 ,0 0 4 17 9 ,0 8 1 1 7 9 ,2 1 9 ............................................................... 1 1 3 ,2 2 6 1 1 5 ,2 4 1 1 1 4 ,4 0 8 1 1 4 ,5 9 2 1 1 4 ,8 9 5 1 1 5 ,4 1 2 1 1 5 ,3 0 9 1 1 5 ,5 6 6 1 1 5 ,3 4 1 1 1 5 ,4 8 4 1 1 5 ,7 2 1 1 1 5 ,7 7 3 1 1 6 ,1 6 2 1 1 6 ,5 7 2 1 1 6 ,7 8 7 6 4 .4 6 4 .7 6 4 .5 6 4 .6 6 4 .7 6 4 .9 6 4 .8 6 4 .9 6 4 .7 6 4 .7 6 4 .8 6 4 .7 6 4 .9 6 5 .1 6 5 .2 1 0 2 ,5 1 0 1 0 6 ,7 0 2 1 0 5 ,5 7 2 1 0 5 ,8 0 9 1 0 6 ,0 9 5 1 0 6 ,8 5 2 10 7 ,0 8 1 1 0 7 ,0 7 5 1 0 6 ,8 6 0 1 0 7 ,1 1 4 1 0 7 ,3 5 4 1 0 7 ,6 3 1 1 0 7 ,9 7 1 1 0 8 ,0 8 8 1 0 8 ,3 8 8 5 8 .3 5 9 .9 5 9 .5 5 9 .6 5 9 .7 6 0.1 6 0 .2 60.1 5 9 .9 6 0 .0 6 0 .1 6 0 .2 6 0 .3 6 0 .4 Participation rate3 .................................... Total e m p lo y e d 2 E m p lo ym ent-p opulatio n rate4 . . . . 6 0 .5 R esident A rm ed Forces1 ............................ 1 ,6 7 6 1 ,6 9 7 1 ,6 8 4 1 ,6 8 6 1 ,6 9 3 1 ,6 9 0 1 ,6 9 0 1 ,6 9 8 1 ,7 1 2 1 ,7 2 0 1 ,7 0 5 1 ,6 9 9 1 ,6 9 8 1 ,6 9 7 1 ,7 0 3 Civilian e m p lo y e d ........................................... 1 0 0 ,8 3 4 1 0 5 ,0 0 5 1 0 3 ,8 8 8 1 0 4 ,1 2 3 1 0 4 ,4 0 2 1 0 5 ,1 6 2 1 0 5 ,3 9 1 1 0 5 ,3 7 7 1 0 5 ,1 4 8 1 0 5 ,3 9 4 1 0 5 ,6 4 9 1 0 5 ,9 3 2 1 0 6 ,2 7 3 1 0 6 ,3 9 1 1 0 6 ,6 8 5 A griculture ................................................... 3 ,3 8 3 3 ,3 2 1 3 ,3 6 4 3 ,3 0 5 3 ,3 7 9 3 ,3 6 7 3 ,3 6 8 3 ,3 3 3 3 ,2 6 4 3 ,3 1 9 3 ,1 6 9 3 ,3 3 4 3 ,3 8 5 3 ,3 2 0 3 ,3 4 0 Nonag ricultural in d u s t r i e s .................... 9 7 ,4 5 0 1 0 1 ,6 8 5 1 0 0 ,5 2 4 1 0 0 ,8 1 8 1 0 1 ,0 2 3 1 0 1 ,7 9 5 1 0 2 ,0 2 3 1 0 2 ,0 4 4 1 0 1 ,8 8 4 1 0 2 ,0 7 5 1 0 2 ,4 8 0 1 0 2 ,5 9 8 1 0 2 ,8 8 8 1 0 3 ,0 7 1 1 0 3 ,3 4 5 U n e m p l o y e d ........................................................... 1 0 ,7 1 7 8 ,5 3 9 8 ,8 3 6 8 ,7 8 3 8 ,8 0 0 8 ,5 6 0 8 ,2 2 8 8 ,4 9 1 8 ,4 8 1 8 ,3 7 0 8 ,3 6 7 8 ,1 4 2 8 ,1 9 1 8 ,4 8 4 8 ,3 9 9 U n e m p lo y m e n t rate5 ............................-, 9 .5 7 .4 7 .7 7 .7 7 .7 7 .4 7.1 7 .3 7 .4 7 .2 7 .2 7 .0 7.1 7 .3 7 .2 6 2 ,6 6 5 6 2 ,8 3 9 6 2 ,9 5 5 6 2 ,9 1 8 6 2 ,7 6 7 6 2 ,4 0 1 6 2 ,6 6 5 6 2 ,5 7 2 6 2 ,9 5 4 6 2 ,9 9 9 6 2 ,9 4 0 6 3 ,0 6 1 6 2 ,8 4 2 6 2 ,5 0 9 6 2 ,4 3 2 ................................ 8 4 ,0 6 4 8 5 ,6 9 2 ............................................................... N ot in labor force ................................................... M e n , 16 y ears an d over N oninstitutional p o p u la tio n 1 ’2 8 5 ,1 5 6 8 4 ,8 1 1 8 4 ,8 8 0 8 4 ,9 5 3 8 5 ,0 2 4 8 5 ,1 0 1 8 5 ,1 7 9 8 5 ,2 5 7 8 5 ,3 5 2 8 5 ,4 3 9 8 5 ,5 2 3 8 5 ,6 0 7 8 5 ,6 2 9 6 4 ,5 8 0 6 5 ,3 8 6 6 5 ,2 0 0 6 5 ,3 0 4 6 5 ,3 4 8 6 5 ,4 1 2 6 5 ,3 5 7 6 5 ,5 8 9 6 5 ,5 5 8 6 5 ,6 5 7 6 5 ,8 1 4 6 5 ,8 2 2 76 8 7 6 .8 6 5 ,0 8 1 7 6 .7 6 5 ,1 5 1 .................................... 7 6 .8 7 6 .7 7 6 .8 7 6 .8 7 6 .8 7 6 .7 7 6 .8 7 6 .7 7 6 .8 7 6 .9 7 6 .9 7 6 .8 Total e m p lo y e d 2 .................................................... 5 8 ,3 2 0 6 0 ,6 4 2 6 0 ,1 1 3 6 0 ,2 6 2 6 0 ,2 8 9 6 0 ,5 7 8 6 0 ,7 5 8 6 0 ,6 8 7 6 0 ,7 6 6 6 0 ,9 5 9 6 1 ,0 1 8 6 1 ,1 5 5 6 1 ,2 5 2 6 1 ,2 1 3 6 1 ,2 2 6 Labor fo rc e 2 Participation ra te 3 E m p lo ym ent-p opulatio n rate4 . . . . 69 4 7 1 .2 70 9 7 1 .0 7 1 .0 7 1 .2 7 1 .4 7 1 .2 7 1 .3 7 1 .4 7 1 .4 7 1 .5 7 1 .6 7 1 .5 6 5 ,8 1 8 7 1 .4 Resident A rm ed F orces1 ............................ 1 ,5 3 3 1 ,551 1 ,5 4 0 1 ,5 4 2 1 ,5 4 8 1 ,5 4 5 1 ,5 4 5 1 ,551 1 ,5 6 3 1 ,571 1 ,5 5 7 1 ,5 5 2 1 ,5 5 0 1 ,5 4 9 1 ,5 5 4 Civilian e m p lo y e d ........................................... 5 6 ,7 8 7 5 9 ,0 9 1 5 8 ,5 7 3 5 8 ,7 2 0 5 8 ,7 4 1 5 9 ,0 3 3 5 9 ,2 1 3 5 9 ,1 3 6 5 9 ,2 0 3 5 9 ,3 8 8 5 9 ,4 6 1 5 9 ,6 0 3 5 9 ,7 0 2 5 9 ,6 6 4 5 9 ,6 7 2 U n e m p l o y e d ........................................................... 6 ,2 6 0 4 ,7 4 4 4 ,9 6 8 4 ,8 8 9 4 ,9 1 1 4 ,7 2 6 4 ,5 9 0 4 ,7 2 5 4 ,5 9 1 4 ,6 3 0 4 ,5 4 0 4 ,5 0 2 4 ,5 6 2 4 ,6 0 9 4 ,5 9 2 U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te 5 ................................ 9 .7 7 .3 7 .6 7 .5 7 .5 7 .2 7 .0 7 .2 7 .0 7.1 6 .9 6 .9 6 .9 7 .0 7 .0 ................................ 9 1 ,8 2 7 9 2 ,9 2 4 9 2 ,5 5 2 9 2 ,6 3 0 9 2 ,7 0 9 9 2 ,7 8 9 9 2 ,8 7 3 9 2 ,9 5 8 9 3 ,0 3 9 9 3 ,1 3 2 9 3 ,2 2 2 9 3 ,3 1 1 9 3 ,3 9 7 9 3 ,4 5 2 9 3 ,5 2 7 ............................................................... 4 8 ,6 4 6 4 9 ,8 5 5 4 9 ,3 2 7 4 9 ,4 4 1 4 9 ,6 9 5 5 0 ,1 0 8 4 9 ,9 6 1 5 0 ,1 5 4 4 9 ,9 8 4 4 9 ,8 9 5 5 0 ,1 6 3 5 0 ,1 1 6 5 0 ,3 4 8 5 0 ,7 5 0 .................................... 5 3 .0 5 3 .7 5 3 .3 5 3 .4 5 3 .6 5 3 .8 5 4 .0 5 3 .7 5 3 .6 5 3 .8 5 3 .7 5 3 .9 5 4 .3 5 4 .5 Total e m p lo y e d 2 .................................................... 4 4 ,1 9 0 4 6 ,0 6 1 4 5 ,4 5 9 4 5 ,5 4 7 4 5 ,8 0 6 5 4 .0 4 6 ,2 7 4 4 6 ,3 2 3 4 6 ,3 8 8 4 6 ,0 9 4 4 6 ,1 5 5 4 6 ,3 3 6 4 6 ,4 7 6 4 6 ,7 1 9 4 6 ,8 7 5 4 7 ,1 6 2 4 8.1 4 9 .6 49.1 4 9 .2 49 4 4 9 .9 W o m e n , 1 6 yea rs and o ver Noninstitutional p o p u la tio n 1 ' 2 Labor fo rc e 2 Participation rate3 E m p lo ym ent-p opulatio n rate4 . . 4 9 .9 4 9 .9 4 9 .5 4 9 .6 4 9 .7 4 9 .8 5 0 .0 5 0 .2 5 0 ,9 7 0 5 0 .4 R esident A rm ed F o rces1 ............................ 143 146 144 144 1 45 145 145 147 149 149 1 48 1 47 148 148 1 49 Civilian e m p lo y e d ............................................ 4 4 ,0 4 7 4 5 ,3 1 5 4 6 ,2 4 1 4 5 ,9 4 5 4 6 ,0 0 6 4 6 ,1 8 8 4 6 ,3 2 9 4 6 ,5 7 1 4 6 ,7 2 7 4 7 ,0 1 3 3 ,8 6 8 3 ,8 8 9 4 6 ,1 2 9 3 ,8 3 4 4 6 ,1 7 8 4 ,4 5 7 4 5 ,4 0 3 3 ,8 9 4 4 5 ,6 6 1 U n e m p l o y e d ........................................................... 4 5 ,9 1 5 3 ,7 9 4 3 ,6 3 8 3 ,7 6 6 3 ,8 9 0 3 ,7 4 0 3 ,8 2 7 3 ,6 4 0 3 ,6 2 9 3 ,8 7 5 3 ,8 0 7 U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te 5 ................................ 9 .2 7 .6 7 .8 7 .9 7 .8 7 .7 7 .3 7 .5 7 .8 7 .5 7 .6 7 .3 7 .2 7 .6 7 .5 1 Th e population and A rm ed Forces figures are not adjusted fo r seasonal variation. i n c lu d e s m e m b e rs of the A rm ed Forces stationed in the U nited States. 4 Total em ployed as a percent of the noninstitutional population. 3 Labor fo rc e as a percent of the noninstitutional population. 5 U n em p lo ym en t as a percent of the labor force (includin g the resident A rm ed Forces). 68 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3. E m ploym ent status of th e civilian population by sex, age, race, and H ispanic origin, seasonally adjusted [ N u m b e r s in th o u s a n d s ] 1984 A nnu al a verag e 1985 E m p lo y m e n t s t a tu s 1983 1984 Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly A ug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. TO TAL Civilian noninstitutional p o p u latio n 1 .................... 1 7 4 ,2 1 5 1 7 6 ,3 8 3 1 7 5 ,6 7 9 1 7 5 ,8 2 4 1 7 5 ,9 6 9 1 7 6 ,1 2 3 1 7 6 ,2 8 4 1 7 6 ,4 4 0 1 7 6 ,5 8 3 1 7 6 ,7 6 3 1 7 6 ,9 5 6 1 7 7 ,1 3 5 1 7 7 ,3 0 6 1 7 7 ,3 8 4 1 7 7 ,5 1 6 Civilian labor f o r c e .................................................... 1 1 1 ,5 5 0 1 1 3 ,5 4 4 1 1 2 ,7 2 4 1 1 2 ,9 0 6 1 1 3 ,3 0 2 1 1 3 ,7 2 2 1 1 3 ,6 1 9 1 1 3 ,8 6 8 1 1 3 ,6 2 9 1 1 3 ,7 6 4 1 1 4 ,0 1 6 1 1 4 ,0 7 4 1 1 4 ,4 6 4 1 1 4 ,8 7 5 1 1 5 ,0 8 4 Participation r a t e ....................................... 6 4 .0 6 4 .4 6 4 .2 6 4 .2 6 4 .3 6 4 .6 6 4 .5 6 4 .5 6 4 .3 6 4 .4 6 4 .4 6 4 .4 6 4 .6 6 4 .8 6 4 .8 1 0 0 ,8 3 4 1 0 5 ,0 0 5 1 0 3 ,8 8 8 1 0 4 ,1 2 3 1 0 4 ,4 0 2 1 0 5 ,1 6 2 1 0 5 ,3 9 1 1 0 5 ,3 7 7 1 0 5 ,1 4 8 1 0 5 ,3 9 4 1 0 5 ,6 4 9 1 0 5 ,9 3 2 1 0 6 ,2 7 3 1 0 6 ,3 9 1 1 0 6 ,6 8 5 Em ployed ............................................................... E m p lo ym ent-p opulatio n ratio 2 . . . . 5 7 .9 5 9 .5 59.1 5 9 .2 5 9 .3 5 9 .7 5 9 .8 5 9 .7 5 9 .5 5 9 .6 5 9 .7 5 9 .8 5 9 .9 6 0 .0 6 0 .1 U n e m p l o y e d ........................................................... 1 0 ,7 1 7 8 ,5 3 9 8 ,8 3 6 8 ,7 8 3 8 ,8 0 0 8 ,5 6 0 8 ,2 2 8 8 ,4 9 1 8 ,4 8 1 8 ,3 7 0 8 ,3 6 7 8 ,1 4 2 8 ,1 9 1 8 ,4 8 4 8 ,3 9 9 ................................ 9 .6 7 .5 7 .8 7 .8 7 .8 7 .5 7 .2 7 .5 7 .4 7 .3 7.1 7 .2 7 .4 7 .3 .................................................... 6 2 ,6 6 5 6 2 ,8 3 9 6 2 ,9 5 5 6 2 ,9 1 8 6 2 ,6 6 7 6 2 ,4 0 1 6 2 ,6 6 5 6 2 ,5 7 2 7 .5 6 2 ,9 5 4 6 2 ,9 9 9 6 2 ,9 4 0 6 3 ,0 6 1 6 2 ,8 4 2 6 2 ,5 0 9 6 2 ,4 3 2 U n e m p lo y m e n t rate N ot in labor fo rc e M e n , 2 0 y e a rs and o ver .................... 7 4 ,8 7 2 7 6 ,2 1 9 7 5 ,7 8 6 7 5 ,8 8 0 7 5 ,9 7 3 7 6 ,0 7 3 7 6 ,1 7 6 7 6 ,2 6 9 7 6 ,3 5 0 7 6 ,4 5 1 7 6 ,5 6 5 7 6 ,6 6 3 7 6 ,7 5 3 7 6 ,7 6 0 7 6 ,8 2 9 Civilian labor f o r c e .................................................... 5 8 ,7 4 4 5 9 ,7 0 1 5 9 ,3 7 2 5 9 ,4 0 0 5 9 ,4 7 4 5 9 ,5 7 2 5 9 ,6 6 8 5 9 ,7 3 0 5 9 ,7 7 1 5 9 ,8 9 2 5 9 ,9 9 4 6 0 ,1 3 1 6 0 ,0 3 3 6 0 ,0 6 1 5 6 ,2 8 7 Civilian noninstitutional p o p u latio n 1 7 8 .5 7 8 .3 7 8 .3 7 8 .3 7 8 .3 7 8 .3 7 8 .3 7 8 .3 7 8 .3 7 8 .3 5 9 ,9 1 3 7 8 .3 7 8 .3 7 8 .3 ............................................................... 5 3 ,4 8 7 5 5 ,7 6 9 5 5 ,2 3 3 5 5 ,3 5 2 5 5 ,3 8 7 5 5 ,6 6 3 5 5 ,8 6 1 5 5 ,8 4 6 5 5 ,9 3 5 5 6 ,0 7 5 5 6 ,1 8 2 5 6 ,2 6 9 5 6 ,3 7 2 7 8 .2 5 6 ,2 3 4 E m p lo ym ent-p opulatio n ratio 2 . . . . 7 1 .4 7 3 .2 7 2 .9 7 2 .9 7 2 .9 7 3 .2 7 3 .3 7 3 .2 7 3 .3 7 8 .3 7 3 .4 7 3 .4 7 3 .4 7 3 .3 7 3 .3 2 ,4 2 9 2 ,4 1 8 2 ,3 9 9 2 ,3 8 2 2 ,4 4 6 2 ,4 4 3 2 ,4 4 8 2 ,4 4 4 2 ,4 0 6 2 ,4 1 4 2 ,3 3 4 2 ,4 3 4 2 ,4 9 4 2 ,4 1 7 2 ,3 6 2 ........................ 5 1 ,0 5 8 5 3 ,3 5 1 5 2 ,8 3 4 5 2 ,9 7 0 5 2 ,9 4 1 5 3 ,2 2 0 5 3 ,4 1 3 5 3 ,4 0 2 5 3 ,5 2 9 5 3 ,6 6 1 5 3 ,8 4 8 5 3 ,8 3 5 5 3 ,8 7 8 5 3 ,8 1 7 5 3 ,9 2 6 U n e m p l o y e d ........................................................... 5 ,2 5 7 3 ,9 3 2 4 ,1 3 9 4 ,0 4 8 4 ,0 8 7 3 ,9 0 9 3 ,8 0 7 3 ,8 8 4 3 ,8 3 6 3 ,8 1 7 3 ,7 3 1 3 ,7 2 5 3 ,7 5 9 3 ,7 9 8 3 ,7 7 4 8 .9 6 .6 7 .0 6 .8 6 .9 6 .6 6 .4 6 .5 6 .4 6 .4 6 .2 6 .2 6 .3 6 .3 6 .3 Participation r a t e ........................................ Em ployed A g r ic u ltu r e ............................................................ N onag ricultural industries U n e m p lo y m e n t rate ................................ 7 8 .2 W o m e n , 20 y ears and o ver Civilian noninstitutional p o p u latio n 1 .................... 8 4 ,0 6 9 8 5 ,4 2 9 8 4 ,9 6 2 8 5 ,0 6 4 8 5 ,1 6 8 8 5 ,2 7 2 8 5 ,3 8 0 8 5 ,4 8 8 8 5 ,5 8 1 8 5 ,6 8 8 8 5 ,7 9 3 8 5 ,8 9 7 8 5 ,9 9 5 8 6 ,0 1 5 8 6 ,0 8 6 Civilian labor f o r c e .................................................... 4 4 ,6 3 6 4 5 ,9 0 0 4 5 ,3 1 3 4 5 ,4 8 2 4 5 ,6 8 5 4 6 ,1 3 0 4 5 ,9 5 8 4 6 ,1 3 1 4 6 ,0 9 2 4 5 ,9 5 0 4 6 ,2 6 4 4 6 ,2 7 9 4 6 ,4 6 3 4 6 ,7 7 1 4 6 ,8 9 4 Participation r a t e ........................................ 53.1 4 1 ,0 0 4 5 3 .7 5 3 .3 5 3 .5 5 3 .6 5 4.1 5 3 .8 5 4 .0 5 3 .9 5 3 .6 5 3 .9 5 3 .9 5 4 .0 5 4 .4 5 4 .5 4 2 ,7 9 3 4 2 ,1 7 8 4 2 ,3 3 4 4 2 ,5 2 4 4 3 ,0 0 3 4 2 ,9 8 6 4 3 ,0 0 1 4 2 ,8 7 8 4 2 ,9 0 6 4 3 ,0 9 1 4 3 ,2 5 2 4 3 ,5 1 1 50.1 4 9 .6 4 9 .8 4 9 .9 5 0 .4 5 0 .3 5 0 .3 50.1 50.1 5 0 .2 5 0 .4 5 0 .6 4 3 ,6 1 0 5 0 .7 4 3 ,7 6 8 4 8 .8 Em ployed ................................................................ 620 5 95 627 58 7 613 603 611 5 80 573 590 569 5 80 5 95 592 5 0 .8 614 ........................ 4 0 ,3 8 4 4 2 ,1 9 8 4 1 ,5 5 1 4 1 ,7 4 7 41 ,9 1 1 4 2 ,4 0 0 4 2 ,3 7 5 4 2 ,4 2 1 4 2 ,3 0 5 4 2 ,3 1 6 4 2 ,5 2 2 4 2 ,6 7 2 4 2 ,9 1 6 4 3 ,0 1 8 4 3 ,1 5 3 U n e m p l o y e d ............................................................ 3 ,6 3 2 3 ,1 0 7 3 ,1 3 5 3 ,1 4 8 3 ,1 6 1 3 ,1 2 7 2 ,9 7 2 3 ,1 3 0 3 ,2 1 4 3 ,0 4 4 3 ,1 7 3 3 ,0 2 7 2 ,9 5 2 3 ,1 6 1 3 ,1 2 6 8.1 6 .8 6 .9 6 .9 6 .9 6 .8 6 .5 6 .8 7 .0 6 .6 6 .9 6 .5 6 .4 6 .8 6 .7 Civilian noninstitutional p o p u latio n 1 .................... 1 5 ,2 7 4 1 4 ,7 3 5 1 4 ,9 3 1 1 4 ,8 8 0 1 4 ,8 2 8 1 4 ,7 7 8 1 4 ,7 2 8 1 4 ,6 8 3 1 4 ,6 5 3 1 4 ,6 2 4 1 4 ,5 9 8 1 4 ,5 7 5 1 4 ,5 5 7 1 4 ,6 1 0 1 4 ,6 0 0 Civilian labor f o r c e .................................................... 8 ,1 7 1 7 ,9 4 3 8 ,0 3 9 8 ,0 2 4 8 ,0 4 3 8 ,0 2 0 7 ,9 9 3 8 ,0 0 7 7 ,7 6 6 7 ,9 2 2 7 ,8 3 9 7 ,8 0 1 5 4 .5 5 3 .0 5 4 .2 5 3 .7 5 3 .5 7 ,8 7 0 5 4.1 8 ,0 7 2 5 4 .3 5 5 .2 5 5 .7 E m plo y m e nt-p opulatio n ratio 2 . . . . A g r ic u ltu r e ........................................................... Nonag ricultural industries U n e m p lo y m e n t rate ................................ B o th s e x e s , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s 8 ,1 2 9 Participation r a t e ........................................ 5 3 .5 5 3 .8 5 3 .9 5 4 ,2 Em ployed ................................................................ E m plo y m e nt-p opulatio n ra tio 2 . . . . 6 ,3 4 2 5 3 .9 6 ,4 4 4 5 4 .3 6 ,4 7 7 6 ,4 3 7 6 ,4 9 1 6 ,4 9 6 6 ,5 4 4 6 ,5 3 0 6 ,3 3 5 6 ,4 1 3 6 ,3 7 6 6 ,4 1 1 6 ,3 9 0 6 ,5 4 7 6 ,6 3 0 4 1 .5 4 3 .7 4 3 .4 4 3 ,3 4 3 .8 4 4 .0 4 4 .4 4 4 .5 4 3 .2 4 3 .9 4 3 .7 4 4 .0 4 3 .9 4 4 .8 4 5 .4 A g r ic u ltu r e ............................................................ 334 30 9 338 336 320 321 309 309 285 315 266 320 296 311 364 ........................ 6 ,0 0 8 6 ,1 3 5 6 ,1 3 9 6 ,1 0 1 6 ,1 7 1 6 ,1 7 5 6 ,2 3 5 6 ,2 2 1 6 ,0 5 0 6 ,0 9 8 6 ,1 1 0 6 ,0 9 1 6 ,0 9 4 6 ,2 3 6 6 ,2 6 6 U n e m p l o y e d ............................................................ 1 ,8 2 9 1 ,4 9 9 1 ,5 6 2 1 ,5 8 7 1 ,5 5 2 1 ,5 2 4 1 ,4 4 9 1 ,4 7 7 1 ,4 3 1 1 ,5 0 9 1 ,4 6 3 1 ,3 9 0 1 ,4 8 0 1 ,5 2 5 1 ,4 9 9 ................................ 2 2 .4 1 8 .9 1 9 .4 1 9 .8 1 9 .3 1 9 .0 18.1 1 8 .4 1 8 .4 1 9 .0 1 8 .7 1 7 .8 1 8 .8 1 8 .9 1 8 .4 Civilian noninstitutional p o p u latio n 1 .................... 1 5 0 ,8 0 5 1 5 2 ,3 4 7 1 5 2 ,0 7 9 1 5 2 ,2 8 5 1 5 2 ,1 7 8 1 5 2 ,2 2 9 1 5 2 ,2 9 5 1 5 2 ,4 7 1 1 5 2 ,6 0 5 1 5 2 ,6 5 9 1 5 2 ,7 3 4 1 5 3 ,1 0 3 9 7 ,0 2 1 9 8 ,4 9 2 9 8 ,1 2 1 9 8 ,3 4 3 9 8 ,4 1 9 9 8 ,7 4 9 9 8 ,6 9 0 1 5 2 ,2 8 6 9 8 ,6 2 7 1 5 2 ,4 0 2 Civilian labor f o r c e .................................................... 9 8 ,2 2 3 9 8 ,4 2 6 9 8 ,6 3 1 9 8 ,6 3 0 1 5 3 ,1 9 1 9 9 ,7 1 1 Participation r a t e ........................................ 6 4 .6 6 4 .5 6 4 .6 6 4 .7 64 9 6 4 .8 6 4 .8 6 4 .4 6 4 .6 6 4 .6 Em ployed ................................................................ E m plo y m e nt-p opulatio n ratio 2 . . . . 8 8 ,8 9 3 9 2 ,1 2 0 9 1 ,4 9 4 9 1 ,7 5 0 9 1 ,8 5 2 9 2 ,3 3 0 9 2 ,5 1 6 9 2 ,3 8 9 9 1 .9 5 1 9 2 ,1 7 7 9 2 ,4 0 7 6 4 .6 9 2 ,5 8 7 9 9 ,0 0 5 6 4 .8 9 2 ,8 8 4 9 9 ,4 9 6 6 4 .3 5 8 .9 U n e m p l o y e d ........................................................... 8 ,1 2 8 8 .4 6 0 .5 6 ,3 7 2 6 0 .2 6 ,6 2 7 6 .5 6 .8 Nonag ricultural industries U n e m p lo y m e n t rate W h it e U n e m p lo y m e n t rate ................................ 6 0 .2 6 0 .4 6 0 .7 6 0 .7 6 0 .7 6 0 .3 6 0 .5 6 0 .6 6 0 .6 6 0 .8 6 ,5 9 3 6 .7 6 ,5 6 7 6 ,4 1 9 6 ,1 7 4 6 ,2 3 8 6 ,2 2 4 6 ,0 4 3 6 ,1 2 1 6 .5 6 .3 6 .3 6 ,2 7 2 6 .4 6 ,2 4 9 6 .7 6 .3 6 .3 6.1 6 .2 6 5 .0 6 5 .1 9 3 ,1 2 4 9 3 ,5 5 2 6 0 .8 6 ,3 7 2 6 .4 6 ,1 5 9 6 1 .1 6 .2 B la c k Civilian noninstitutional p o p u latio n 1 .................... 1 8 ,9 2 5 1 9 ,3 4 8 1 9 ,2 2 2 1 9 ,2 4 8 1 9 ,2 7 4 1 9 ,3 0 2 1 9 ,3 3 0 1 9 ,3 6 0 1 9 ,3 8 6 1 9 ,4 1 6 1 9 ,4 4 9 19 ,4 8 1 1 9 ,5 1 3 1 9 ,5 1 8 1 9 ,5 4 2 Civilian labor f o r c e .................................................... 1 1 ,6 4 7 1 2 ,0 3 3 1 1 ,8 9 0 1 1 ,8 4 5 1 1 ,8 9 8 1 1 ,9 6 8 1 1 ,9 5 9 1 2 ,0 8 3 1 2 ,1 4 2 1 2 ,0 8 2 1 2 ,2 0 8 1 2 ,2 7 6 1 2 ,3 0 6 1 2 ,3 1 5 1 2 ,3 0 9 Participation r a t e ........................................ 6 1 .5 6 2 .2 6 1 .9 6 1 .5 6 1 .7 6 2 .0 6 1 .9 6 2 .4 6 2 .6 6 2 .2 6 2 .8 6 3 .0 6 3.1 6 3 .1 6 3 .0 Em ployed ............................................................... E m plo y m e nt-p opulatio n ratio 2 . . . . 9 ,3 7 5 1 0 ,1 1 9 9 ,9 2 8 9 ,8 7 8 1 0 ,1 3 8 1 0 ,0 7 9 1 0 ,2 2 2 1 0 ,2 6 0 1 0 ,3 4 0 1 0 ,4 2 6 1 0 ,4 6 2 1 0 ,4 7 5 1 0 ,3 0 1 5 2 .3 5 1 .6 5 1 .3 9 ,9 1 3 5 1 .4 1 0 ,0 5 3 4 9 .5 52.1 5 2 .4 5 2.1 5 2 .7 5 2 .8 5 3 .2 5 3 .5 5 3 .6 5 3 .7 5 2 .7 U n e m p l o y e d ........................................................... 2 ,2 7 2 1 ,9 1 4 1 ,9 6 2 1 ,9 6 7 1 ,9 8 5 1 ,9 1 5 1,821 2 ,0 0 4 1 ,9 2 0 1 ,8 2 2 1 ,8 6 8 1 ,8 5 0 1 ,8 4 4 1 ,8 4 0 2 ,0 0 8 ................................ 1 9 .5 1 5 .9 1 6 .5 1 6 .6 1 6 .7 1 6 .0 1 5 .2 1 6 .6 1 5 .8 15.1 1 5 .3 15.1 1 5 .0 1 4 .9 1 6 .3 Civilian noninstitutional p o p u latio n 1 .................... 1 0 ,7 9 5 6 ,8 8 4 1 1 ,1 6 4 1 1 ,0 2 6 1 1 ,1 1 8 1 1 ,1 4 8 1 1 ,1 8 0 1 1 ,2 0 9 1 1 ,2 4 0 1 1 ,3 9 4 7 ,1 7 0 7 ,2 6 7 7 ,2 6 4 7 ,2 9 9 7 ,3 5 3 1 1 ,3 0 1 7 ,3 9 4 1 1 ,3 6 3 7 ,1 1 3 1 1 ,2 7 0 7 ,3 8 4 1 1 ,3 3 2 7 ,0 1 8 1 1 ,0 5 8 7 ,1 4 4 1 1 ,0 8 8 7 ,2 4 7 7 ,4 7 2 7 ,2 5 5 7 ,3 3 0 6 3 .8 5 ,9 4 3 6 4 .9 6 3 .6 6 4 .6 6 4 .2 6 4 .5 6 5 .2 65.1 6 5 .4 6 ,2 9 3 6 ,3 3 3 6 ,2 9 4 6 ,4 0 2 6 ,5 1 9 6 ,5 2 1 6 ,5 7 3 6 5 .5 6 ,5 7 4 6 5 .4 6 ,4 6 9 6 5 .0 6 ,5 0 3 6 ,6 3 6 6 5 .9 6 ,6 9 8 6 3 .8 6 ,4 8 7 6 ,6 2 1 55.1 5 7 .9 57.1 5 7 .3 5 6 .8 5 7 .6 5 8 .5 5 8 .2 5 8 .2 5 8 .5 5 8 .3 5 8 .7 5 9.1 5 7 .1 5 8 .1 940 7 78 7 25 811 819 7 68 7 48 761 7 78 7 80 810 758 774 768 709 1 3 .7 1 0 .7 1 0 .3 1 1 .4 1 1 .5 1 0 .7 1 0 .3 1 0 .5 1 0 .7 1 0 .6 1 1 .0 1 0 .3 1 0 .4 1 0 .6 9 .7 U n e m p lo y m e n t rate H is p a n ic o r ig in Civilian labor f o r c e .................................................... Participation r a t e ........................................ Em ployed ............................................................... E m p lo ym ent-p opulatio n ratio 2 . . . . U n e m p l o y e d ........................................................... U n e m p lo y m e n t rate ................................ 6 4 .3 1 The population figures are not seasonally adjusted. NOTE: Detail fo r the above race and H ispanic-orig in groups will not sum to totals because data for the “ other races” groups are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the w h ite and black ^C ivilian e m p lo y m e n t as a percent o f the civilian noninstitutional population. population groups. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 69 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data 4. S elected em ploym ent indicators, seasonally adjusted [In th o u s a n d s ] A nnu al a verag e 1984 1985 S e le c t e d c a t e g o r ie s 1983 1984 Feb. M a r. A p r. May June J u ly A ug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. 1 0 0 ,8 3 4 1 0 5 ,0 0 5 1 0 3 ,8 8 8 1 0 4 ,1 2 3 1 0 4 ,4 0 2 1 0 5 ,1 6 2 1 0 5 ,3 9 1 1 0 5 ,3 7 7 1 0 5 ,1 4 8 1 0 5 ,3 9 4 1 0 5 ,6 4 9 1 0 5 ,9 3 2 1 0 6 ,2 7 3 1 0 6 ,3 9 1 1 0 6 ,6 8 5 C H A R A C T E R IS T IC Civilian e m ploy e d , 16 years and over ............................ M e n ........................................................................................... 5 6 ,7 8 7 5 9 ,0 9 1 5 8 ,5 7 3 5 8 ,7 2 0 5 8 ,7 4 1 5 9 ,0 3 3 5 9 ,2 1 3 5 9 ,1 3 6 5 9 ,2 0 3 5 9 ,3 8 8 5 9 ,4 6 1 5 9 ,6 0 3 5 9 ,7 0 2 5 9 ,6 4 4 5 9 ,6 7 2 W o m e n ................................................................................... 4 4 ,0 4 7 4 5 ,9 1 5 4 5 ,3 1 5 4 5 ,4 0 3 4 5 ,6 6 1 4 6 ,1 2 9 4 6 ,1 7 8 4 6 ,2 4 1 4 5 ,9 4 5 4 6 ,0 0 6 4 6 ,1 8 8 4 6 ,3 2 9 4 6 ,5 7 1 4 6 ,7 2 7 4 7 ,0 1 3 M a rrie d m e n, spouse p r e s e n t .................................... 3 7 ,9 6 7 3 9 ,0 5 6 3 8 ,8 5 9 3 8 ,8 9 5 3 9 ,0 1 2 3 9 ,0 6 0 3 9 ,0 6 0 3 9 ,1 2 3 3 9 ,0 7 3 3 9 ,0 7 1 3 9 ,0 5 4 3 9 ,3 3 7 3 9 ,4 4 3 3 9 ,4 4 1 3 9 ,3 5 7 M a rrie d w o m e n , spouse present ............................ 2 4 ,6 0 3 2 5 ,6 3 6 2 5 ,2 4 4 2 5 ,2 8 6 2 5 ,4 6 8 2 5 ,6 5 8 2 5 ,7 3 4 2 5 ,7 1 9 2 5 ,7 7 2 2 5 ,7 1 5 2 5 ,8 9 7 2 5 ,9 9 5 2 6 ,1 2 2 2 5 ,9 1 2 2 6 ,1 0 8 ................................ 5 ,0 9 1 5 ,4 6 5 5 ,3 7 3 5 ,4 4 9 5 ,4 8 2 5 ,6 0 6 5 ,6 2 2 5 ,6 2 6 5 ,4 9 6 5 ,4 2 9 5 ,3 7 8 5 ,3 9 6 5 ,3 9 6 5 ,5 8 4 5 ,5 2 5 W age and salary w o r k e r s ........................................... 1 ,5 7 9 1 ,5 5 5 1 ,5 4 7 1 ,5 2 2 1 ,6 2 7 1 ,5 8 0 1 ,5 7 8 1 ,5 1 9 1 ,4 5 3 1 ,5 6 5 1 ,5 1 1 1 ,5 9 3 1 ,7 3 3 1 ,5 9 6 1 ,6 1 1 S e lf-em ployed w o rkers ............................................... 1 ,5 6 5 1 ,5 5 3 1 ,5 9 8 1 ,5 7 9 1 ,5 4 5 1 ,5 4 9 1 ,5 6 6 1 ,5 5 7 1 ,5 6 2 1 ,5 5 5 1 ,4 8 7 1 ,5 5 5 1 ,4 8 5 1 ,5 3 1 1 ,5 0 3 U npaid fa m ily w o r k e r s ................................................... 240 213 230 211 215 23 9 211 220 209 1 95 1 87 204 212 227 242 W a g e and salary w o r k e r s ........................................... 8 9 ,5 0 0 9 3 ,5 6 5 9 2 ,3 7 4 9 2 ,7 4 7 9 2 ,9 0 8 9 3 ,7 8 0 9 3 ,8 4 5 9 3 ,7 6 8 9 3 ,6 8 0 9 4 ,1 4 0 9 4 ,4 1 5 9 4 ,4 4 2 9 4 ,7 2 5 9 5 ,0 6 8 9 5 ,3 4 8 G o v e r n m e n t ............................................................... 1 5 ,5 3 7 1 5 ,7 7 0 1 5 ,7 7 3 1 5 ,7 6 5 1 5 ,7 6 5 1 5 ,7 4 4 1 5 ,7 1 3 1 5 ,6 3 9 1 5 ,7 5 8 1 5 ,8 8 1 1 5 ,9 9 7 1 5 ,7 8 5 1 5 ,8 5 8 1 5 ,7 3 8 1 6 ,0 0 9 Priva te i n d u s tr ie s ................................................... 7 3 ,9 6 3 7 7 ,7 9 4 76 ,6 0 1 7 6 ,9 8 2 7 7 ,1 4 3 7 8 ,0 3 6 7 8 ,1 3 2 7 8 ,1 2 9 7 7 ,9 2 2 7 8 ,2 5 9 7 8 ,4 1 8 7 8 ,6 5 7 7 8 ,8 6 7 7 9 ,3 3 0 7 9 ,3 3 9 .................................... 1 ,2 4 7 1 ,2 3 8 1 ,2 3 5 1 ,1 6 4 1 ,2 8 0 1 ,3 2 7 1 ,2 9 7 1 ,2 3 8 1 ,1 9 9 1 ,1 9 8 1 ,2 1 3 1 ,2 2 8 1 ,2 5 7 1 ,3 7 4 1 ,3 0 4 Other ................................................................... W o m e n w h o m aintain fam ilies M A J O R IN D U S T R Y A N D C L A S S O F W O R K E R Agriculture: Nonag ricultural industries: Private households 7 2 ,7 1 6 7 6 ,5 5 6 7 5 ,3 6 6 7 5 ,8 1 8 7 5 ,8 6 3 7 6 ,7 0 9 7 6 ,8 3 5 7 6 ,8 9 1 7 6 ,7 2 3 7 7 ,0 6 1 7 7 ,2 0 5 7 7 ,4 2 9 7 7 ,6 1 0 7 7 ,9 5 6 7 8 ,0 3 5 ............................................... 7 ,5 7 5 7 ,7 8 5 7 ,8 2 4 7 ,7 6 9 7 ,8 1 2 7 ,7 4 5 7 ,8 1 5 7 ,7 4 4 7 ,8 0 7 7 ,7 5 2 7 ,7 8 2 7 ,7 3 1 7 ,7 8 6 7 ,7 8 3 7 ,6 7 3 U npaid fa m ily w o r k e r s ................................................... 3 76 335 331 332 341 323 347 318 321 318 314 357 357 343 340 S e lf-e m ploy e d w o rk e rs P E R S O N S A T W O R K P A R T T IM E 1 All industries: P art tim e fo r e c onom ic r e a s o n s .................................... 6 ,2 6 6 5 ,7 4 4 5 ,9 3 7 5 ,6 1 9 5 ,7 5 8 5 ,6 2 5 5 ,8 3 1 5 ,7 5 9 5 ,5 8 2 5 ,6 9 0 5 ,7 1 0 5 ,8 1 4 5 ,6 2 8 5 ,3 3 5 Slack w o r k ........................................................................... 2 ,4 3 0 3 .0 3 9 2 ,3 9 0 3 ,0 8 5 2 ,2 8 6 3 ,0 4 2 2 ,3 2 6 2 ,9 8 4 2 ,3 7 3 2 ,8 3 2 2 ,3 7 1 2 ,9 4 8 2 ,4 9 9 3 ,1 1 2 2 ,3 4 3 ................................ 2 ,8 3 3 3 ,0 9 9 2 ,7 4 3 2 ,4 6 1 2 ,9 4 3 2 ,5 1 4 2 .8 7 9 2 ,8 5 5 2 ,5 9 6 2 ,8 7 3 2 ,4 3 1 2 ,8 4 8 2 ,2 1 2 2 ,8 3 5 V o lu n ta ry part t i m e ............................................................... 1 2 ,9 1 1 1 3 ,1 6 9 1 3,091 1 3 ,1 0 0 1 3 ,3 2 6 1 3 ,2 5 0 1 3 ,0 9 0 1 3 ,2 4 8 1 3 ,2 1 0 1 3 ,1 4 4 1 3 ,1 2 6 1 3 ,1 4 2 1 3 ,2 3 9 1 3 ,3 5 5 1 3 ,6 4 7 5 ,9 9 7 5 ,5 1 2 5 ,6 9 7 5 ,4 6 5 5 ,5 2 0 5 ,3 7 7 5 ,5 4 9 5 ,4 8 2 5 ,3 8 4 5 ,4 4 9 5 ,4 1 3 5 ,5 9 6 5 ,3 8 9 5 ,0 7 7 2 ,6 8 4 2 ,2 9 1 2 ,3 5 4 2 ,2 3 7 2 ,2 5 5 2 ,1 5 3 2 ,1 6 0 2 ,2 1 4 2 ,2 5 4 2 ,3 0 6 5 ,4 8 3 2 ,3 6 4 2 ,3 1 9 2 ,4 7 3 2 ,2 8 7 2 ,0 4 0 2 ,9 9 3 1 2 ,4 1 7 2 ,8 6 6 3 ,0 1 2 2 ,9 5 8 2 ,9 8 2 2 ,9 4 9 2 ,9 1 1 2 ,7 5 6 2 ,6 7 5 2 ,8 4 7 2 ,8 2 1 2 ,7 8 2 2 ,7 9 3 2 ,7 4 9 2 ,7 5 1 1 2 ,7 0 4 1 2 ,6 0 2 1 2 ,5 9 2 1 2 ,9 2 4 1 2 ,7 9 9 1 2 ,6 2 1 1 2 ,7 8 6 1 2 ,7 4 7 1 2 ,6 6 9 1 2 ,6 7 9 1 2 ,6 7 0 1 2 ,7 7 8 1 2 ,8 6 1 1 3 ,1 5 7 J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. 7 .4 7 .3 1 8 .7 7.1 1 9 .0 1 7 .8 6 .3 6 .4 6 .3 6 .3 6 .8 6 .7 Could only find p a rt-tim e w o rk 5 ,6 2 3 2 ,4 4 9 N onag ricultural industries: P art tim e fo r e c onom ic r e a s o n s .................................... Slack w o r k ........................................................................... Could only find p a rt-tim e w o r k ................................ V o lu n ta ry p art t i m e ............................................................... 1 Excludes persons " w ith a job but not at w o rk " during the survey period fo r such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes. 5. S elected unem ploym ent indicators, seasonally adjusted [U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te s ] A nnu al ave ra g e 1Q85 1984 S e le c t e d c a t e g o r ie s 1983 1984 Feb. M a r. 9 .6 2 2 .4 7 .5 7 .8 1 9 .4 7 .8 7 .8 7 .5 7 .2 7 .5 18 9 1 9 .8 1 9 .3 1 9 .0 18.1 1 8 .4 7 .5 1 8 .4 A p r. M ay June D ec. Jan. Feb. 7 .2 7 .4 1 8 .8 1 8 .9 7 .3 1 8 .4 C H A R A C T E R IS T IC T ota l, all civilian w o r k e r s ....................................................... Both sexes, 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s ........................................ M e n , 2 0 years and over ................................................ 8 .9 6 .6 7 .0 6 .8 6 .9 6 .6 6 .4 6 .5 6 .4 6 .4 6 .2 6 .2 W o m e n , 2 0 years and o v e r ........................................ 8.1 6 .8 6 .9 6 .9 6 .9 6 .8 6 .5 6 .8 7 .0 6 .6 6 .9 6 .5 W h ite , t o t a l ........................................................................... M e n , 16 to 19 years 8 .4 6 .8 6 .7 6 .7 6 .5 6 .3 6 .3 6 .4 6 .3 6 .3 6.1 6 .2 6 .4 6 .2 ............................ 1 9 .3 1 6 .0 1 6 .5 1 6 .9 1 6 .2 1 6 .2 1 5 .8 1 5 .2 1 6 .0 1 6 .3 1 5 .9 15.1 1 5 .9 1 5 .8 1 5 .2 ................................ 2 0 .2 1 6 .8 1 6 .8 1 7 .0 1 3 .4 Both sexes, 1 6 to 1 9 years 6 .5 1 6 .9 1 6 .6 1 7 .4 1 6 .7 1 7 .0 1 6 .6 1 6 .2 1 6 .2 1 5 .9 1 8 .3 16.1 1 5 .7 1 5 .5 1 5 .4 1 5 .5 1 5 .2 1 3 .9 5 .9 5 .9 5 .7 5 .5 5 .5 5 .5 5 .4 5 .4 1 5 .5 5 .4 1 5 .8 6.1 15.1 5 .4 1 2 .9 7 .9 1 5 .2 5 .7 1 7 .3 1 6 .4 1 6 .8 ........................ M e n , 2 0 years and o v e r .................................... 5 .5 5 .4 W o m e n , 2 0 years and over 6 .9 5 .8 5 .9 5 .9 6 .0 5 .8 5 .6 5 .8 5 .9 5 .7 5 .8 5 .5 5 .5 5 .9 5 .6 W o m e n , 16 to 19 years ............................ Black, t o t a l ........................................................................... 1 9 .5 1 5 .9 1 6 .5 1 6 .6 1 6 .7 1 6 .0 1 5 .8 15.1 1 5 .3 15.1 1 5 .0 1 4 .9 1 6 .3 4 8 .5 4 2 .7 4 3 .8 4 6 .6 4 4 .3 4 4 .4 1 5 .2 3 7 .1 1 6 .6 ............................ 4 2 .3 4 1 .3 4 1 .9 4 0 .2 4 1 .2 4 2 .1 4 2 .1 ................................ 4 8 .8 4 2 .7 4 6 .0 4 2 .9 4 1 .4 3 8 .2 4 2 .3 4 0 .5 4 1 .0 4 3 .8 4 2 .0 4 3 .8 4 5 .3 43 .1 41 .1 4 8 .2 4 2 .6 4 1 .4 4 4 .3 4 9 .4 4 5 .9 4 8 .1 3 5 .8 4 2 .2 40.1 3 8 .5 4 5 .3 Both sexes, 1 6 to 1 9 years M e n , 16 to 19 years W o m e n , 16 to 1 9 years ........................ 1 4 .3 1 4 .6 15.1 1 5 .6 1 4 .3 1 4 .6 1 5 .5 1 3 .5 3 6 .2 1 3 .4 4 0 .2 18.1 4 2 .2 14.1 4 3 .0 M e n, 2 0 years and o v e r .................................... 1 2 .8 1 3 .3 1 2 .7 1 4 .4 W o m e n , 2 0 years and over ............................ 1 6 .5 1 3 .5 1 4 .4 1 3 .8 1 3 .6 1 3 .7 1 2 .6 1 3 .8 1 3 .8 1 2 .6 1 3 .4 1 3 .5 1 2 .7 1 2 .8 1 3 .9 Hispanic o rigin, t o t a l ....................................................... 1 3 .7 1 0 .7 1 0 .3 1 1 .5 1 0 .7 1 0 .3 1 0 .5 1 0 .7 1 0 .6 1 1 .0 1 0 .3 1 0 .4 1 0 .6 9 .7 9 .7 M a rried m e n, spouse p r e s e n t .................................... 6 .5 4 .6 4 .9 4 .7 4 .7 4 .6 4 .6 4 .5 4 .5 4 .6 4 .5 5 .7 4 .4 4 .4 4 .6 4 .4 5 .4 5 .4 5 .7 5 .4 1 0 .4 10 8 7.1 9 .6 6 .9 1 0 .0 7.1 1 1 .0 7.1 M a rried w o m e n , spouse present ............................ 7 .0 5 .7 5 .9 5 .8 5 .8 5 .8 5 .7 5 .8 5 .8 5 .7 ................................ 1 2 .2 1 0 .3 1 0 .8 1 0 .8 1 0 .5 1 0 .0 9 .8 9 .8 1 0 .3 Full-tim e w o r k e r s ............................................................... 7 .2 9 .3 7 .6 9 .4 7 .5 6 .7 1 0.1 7.1 9 .4 9.1 2 7 2 5 2 5 9 .6 ? 3 9 .3 2 4 1 0 .0 2 .3 6 .9 8 .6 3 8 7 .2 9 .6 2 .3 7.1 9 .3 2 6 7 .5 9 .3 7 .2 ........................................................... 9 .5 1 0 .4 Labor force tim e lo s t1 .................................................... 1 0 .9 8 6 9 .0 8 .9 8 .8 8 .6 8 .4 8 .5 8 .5 8 .5 8 .4 8 .2 W o m e n w h o m aintain fa m ilies P a rt-tim e w o rk e rs 8 .8 9 .3 8 .7 8 .3 8 .2 8 .2 IN D U S T R Y N onag ricultural private wage and salary w o rkers . . M ining ................................................................................... Construction ....................................................................... 9 .9 7 .4 7 .8 7 .7 7 .7 1 7 .0 18 4 1 0 .0 1 1 .8 1 4 .9 1 0 .8 1 4 .3 1 3 .6 10.1 1 4 .4 1 1 .2 7 .5 7 .7 7 .6 7 .3 8 .8 7 .4 7 .4 7 .5 7 .7 1 4 .7 1 4 .6 7 .0 1 4 .6 1 0 .2 14.1 7 .5 7 .3 7 .2 7 .2 7 .2 7 .3 7 .3 8 .6 1 0 .5 1 3 .7 1 1 .7 1 0 .7 1 4 .2 1 3 .7 1 0.1 13 4 1 0 .9 13 4 7 .3 7 .4 7 .3 7 .2 7 .2 7 .6 7 .5 12.1 7 .2 7 .5 7 .7 7 .5 7 .2 7.1 1 3 .9 7 .4 7 .2 6 .9 6 .9 6 .9 6 .9 7 .2 7.1 7 .8 8 .0 8 .0 7 .3 7 .5 8 .5 8.1 8.1 7 .8 7 .2 T ransportation and public u t ilit ie s ............................ 7 4 5 .5 5 .9 7 .5 5 .4 7 .0 7 .4 7.1 1 0 .0 5 .5 5 .7 5 .3 5 .9 5 .9 5 .9 5 .0 8.1 4 .9 10 0 8 .0 8 .3 8 .2 8 .7 8 .0 7 .3 7 .8 7 .7 8 .0 5 .3 7 .9 5 .2 W h olesale and retail t r a d e ........................................... 7 .6 7 .5 7 .7 ................................ 7 .2 5 9 6 .3 6 .3 6.1 5 .7 5 .5 5 .9 ............................................................... 5 .3 4 .5 4 .5 4 .5 4 .4 4 .7 4 .2 4 .5 6 .0 4 .4 4 .5 4 .4 4 .3 4 .4 5 .9 4.1 3 .9 1 6 .0 1 3 .5 14.1 1 4 .6 1 2 .7 1 3 .8 1 2 .3 1 4 .3 13.1 1 4 .7 1 3 .7 1 1 .2 1 2 .2 1 5 .5 1 3 .6 M a nufa c turing ................................................................... D urable goods ....................................................... Nond urable goods ............................................... Finance and service industries G o v e rnm e nt w o rk e rs A gricultural w age and salary w o rk e rs ........................... 7 .7 1 Aggregate hours lost by the unem ployed and persons on part tim e fo r econom ic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force hours. 70 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5 .6 5 .7 5 .8 5 .9 8 .2 5 .5 7 .7 5 .7 6. U nem p loym ent rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted [C iv ilia n w o rk e r s ] 1984 A n n u al a verag e 1985 Sex and age 1983 7 .8 M ay 7 .5 June 7 .2 J u ly 7 .5 Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. 7.1 D ec. Jan. Feb. 7 .5 7 .4 7 .3 1 7 .2 1 3 .9 1 4 .3 1 4 .4 1 4 .5 14.1 1 3 .2 1 3 .6 1 3 .9 1 3 .9 1 3 .5 1 3 .2 1 3 .5 1 3 .6 1 3 .7 1 8 .9 1 9 .4 1 9 .8 1 9 .3 1 9 .0 18.1 1 8 .4 1 8 .4 1 9 .0 1 8 .7 1 7 .8 1 8 .8 1 8 .9 1 8 .4 1 6 to 1 7 y e a r s ............................................................... 2 4 .5 2 1 .2 2 2.1 2 2 .7 2 2.1 2 0 .6 2 0.1 2 0 .7 2 1 .2 2 0 .9 2 0 .2 2 0 .0 2 1 .0 2 1 .2 2 0 .0 1 8 to 1 9 y e a r s ............................................................... 2 1.1 1 7 .4 1 7 .8 18.1 1 7 .6 1 7 .9 1 6 .8 1 6 .7 1 6 .7 1 7 .7 1 7 .8 1 6 .8 1 7 .7 1 7 .4 1 7 .4 2 0 to 2 4 y e a r s ................................................................... 7 .5 7 .8 A p r. 2 2 .4 ........................................................ 7 .8 M a r. ....................................................................... 1 6 to 2 4 years 7 .2 7 .4 7 .3 1 4 .5 1 1 .5 1 1 .7 1 1 .7 12.1 1 1 .6 1 0 .8 1 1 .2 1 1 .7 1 1 .4 1 1 .0 1 0 .9 1 0 .9 1 0 .9 1 1 .2 ............................................................... 7 .5 5 .8 6.1 6 .0 6 .0 5 .8 5 .7 5 .8 5 .7 5 .6 5 .7 5 .5 5 .5 5 .8 5 .6 2 5 to 5 4 y e a r s ............................................................... 8 .0 6.1 6 .4 6 .3 6 .3 6 .0 5 .8 6.1 6 .0 5 .9 5 .9 5 .8 5 .8 6.1 5 .9 5 5 years and over ....................................................... 5 .3 4 .5 4 .4 4 .4 4 .3 4 .5 4 .5 4 .5 4 .5 4 .5 4 .7 4 .4 4.1 4 .2 3 .9 2 5 years and over M e n , 1 6 years and o v e r ............................................... 9 .9 7 .4 7 .8 7 .7 7 .7 7 .4 7 .2 7 .4 7 .2 7 .2 7.1 7 .0 7.1 7 .2 7.1 1 6 to 2 4 y e a r s ............................................................... 1 8 .4 1 4 .4 1 4 .7 1 4 .7 1 4 .9 1 4 .3 1 3 .9 1 4 .5 1 4 .3 1 4 .6 1 3 .8 1 3 .7 14.1 1 3 .8 1 4 .4 ....................................................... 2 3 .3 1 9 .6 1 9 .9 2 0 .0 1 9 .7 1 9 .5 1 8 .9 2 0 .4 1 8 .8 1 9 .7 1 9 .8 1 8 .9 1 9 .4 1 9.1 1 9 .5 1 6 to 1 7 y e a r s ................................................... 2 5 .2 2 1 .9 2 2 .2 2 3 .0 2 3 .3 2 1 .7 2 2 .4 2 2 .6 2 2 .2 2 1 .0 2 1 .3 2 0 .3 1 9 .8 2 1 .2 2 0 .7 1 8 to 1 9 y e a r s ................................................... 2 2 .2 1 8 .3 1 8 .3 1 8 .2 1 7 .7 18.1 1 7 .0 1 8 .5 1 6 .6 1 8 .7 1 8 .9 1 8 .3 1 9 .3 1 8 .0 1 8 .6 1 5 .9 1 1 .9 1 2 .2 1 2 .0 1 2 .6 1 1 .7 1 1 .5 1 1 .6 12.1 1 2 .2 1 0 .9 1 1 .2 1 1 .2 1 1 .8 1 6 to 1 9 years 2 0 to 2 4 years ........................................................ 2 5 years and o ver ........................................................ 7 .8 5 .7 6.1 5 .9 5 .9 5 .7 5 .4 5 .4 1 1 .5 5 .4 5 .5 5 .4 2 5 to 5 4 years .................................................... 8 .2 5 .9 6 .4 6.1 6 .2 5 .9 5 .7 5 .8 5 .7 5 .6 5 .6 5 .6 5 .6 5 .8 5 .6 5 5 years and over ........................................... 5 .6 4 .6 4 .6 4 .7 4 .5 4 .6 4 .5 4 .6 4 .6 4 .8 4 .7 4 .7 4 .4 4 .3 4 .0 5 .5 5 .6 5 .5 5 .5 9 .2 7 .6 7 .9 7 .9 7 .8 7 .7 7 .3 7 .5 7 .8 1 6 to 2 4 y e a r s ............................................................... 1 5 .8 1 3 .3 1 3 .8 14.1 1 4 .0 1 3 .9 1 2 .5 1 2 .7 1 3 .5 1 3 .2 1 3 .2 1 2 .6 1 2 .8 1 3 .3 1 2 .9 ....................................................... 2 1 .3 1 8 .0 1 8 .9 1 9 .6 1 8 .8 1 8 .4 1 7 .3 1 6 .4 18.1 1 8 .3 1 7 .4 1 6 .6 18.1 1 8 .6 1 7 .3 1 6 to 1 7 y e a r s ................................................... 2 3 .7 2 0 .4 2 2.1 2 2 .3 2 0 .8 1 9 .4 1 7 .6 1 8 .7 2 0 .3 2 0 .9 1 9 .0 1 9 .7 2 2 .3 2 1 .2 1 9 .4 1 8 to 19 y e a r s ................................................... 1 9 .9 1 6 .6 1 7 .2 1 7 .9 1 7 .6 1 7 .7 1 6 .5 1 4 .7 1 6 .7 1 6 .6 1 6 .5 15.1 1 6 .0 1 6 .7 1 6 .2 1 0 .6 W o m e n , 1 6 years and o v e r ........................................ 1 6 to 1 9 years 7 .5 7 .7 7 .3 7 .2 7 .7 7 .5 ........................................................ 1 2 .9 1 0 .9 11.1 1 1 .2 1 1 .4 1 1 .5 1 0 .0 1 0 .8 1 1.1 1 0 .5 1 1.1 1 0 .7 1 0 .2 1 0 .5 2 5 years and over ........................................................ 7 .2 6 .0 6.1 6.1 6 .0 5 .9 5 .9 6 .0 6.1 5 .9 6 .0 5 .7 5 .6 6.1 5 .9 2 5 to 5 4 years .................................................... 7 .7 6 .3 6 .5 6 .5 6 .4 6 .2 6 .0 6 .4 6 .5 6 .2 6 .2 6.1 6 .0 6 .4 6 .3 5 5 years and over ........................................... 4 .7 4 .2 4.1 4 .0 4 .0 4 .3 4 .5 4 .2 4 .3 4 .0 4 .8 3 .9 3 .7 4 .2 3 .8 2 0 to 2 4 years 7. Feb. 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s ................................................................... T otal, 1 6 years and over 9 .6 1984 U nem ployed persons by reason fo r unem ploym ent, seasonally adjusted [ N u m b e rs in th o u s a n d s ] 1984 A n n u al a verag e 1985 R e a s o n f o r u n e m p lo y m e n t Job losers ....................................................................................... On layoff ............................................................................... O ther job losers ............................................................... 1983 1984 Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly A ug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. 6 ,2 5 8 4 ,4 2 1 4 ,7 3 9 4 ,6 2 2 4 ,5 3 1 4 ,3 7 3 4 ,2 7 1 4 ,4 7 5 4 ,2 2 7 4 ,1 8 8 4 ,2 6 1 4 ,1 4 1 4 ,1 7 6 4 ,3 1 3 4 ,2 5 1 1 ,7 8 0 1,171 1 ,2 7 1 1 ,2 4 8 1 ,1 1 7 1 ,1 8 7 1 ,1 6 2 1 ,1 6 5 1 ,1 4 6 1 ,1 1 0 1 ,1 5 1 1 ,0 6 8 1 ,0 7 0 1 ,2 2 9 1 ,2 4 0 4 ,4 7 8 3 ,2 5 0 3 ,4 6 8 3 ,3 7 4 3 ,4 1 4 3 ,1 8 6 3 ,1 0 9 3 ,3 1 0 3 ,0 8 1 3 ,0 7 8 3 ,1 1 0 3 ,0 7 3 3 ,1 0 6 3 ,0 8 4 3 ,0 1 1 Job le a v e r s ....................................................................................... 830 823 786 777 792 812 809 850 833 841 829 869 858 8 84 865 R e e n t r a n t s ....................................................................................... 2 ,4 1 2 2 ,1 8 4 2 ,1 7 1 2 ,2 0 8 2 ,3 0 1 2 ,1 8 4 1 ,9 8 9 2 ,1 1 1 2 ,2 9 4 2 ,2 5 4 2 ,1 5 0 2 ,1 6 1 2 ,2 1 8 2 ,2 4 4 2 ,2 3 3 N ew e n t r a n t s ................................................................................... 1 ,2 1 6 1 ,1 1 0 1 ,1 0 2 1 ,2 0 0 1 ,1 9 7 1 ,1 7 0 1 ,1 3 4 1 ,0 9 2 1 ,0 8 8 1 ,0 5 7 1 ,0 6 0 1 ,0 2 4 1 ,0 1 1 1 ,0 4 9 1 ,0 3 5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 5 8 .4 5 1 .8 5 3 .9 5 2 .5 5 1 .4 5 1 .2 5 2.1 50.1 5 0 .2 5 1 .3 5 0 .5 5 0 .5 5 0 .8 P E R C E N T D IS T R IB U T IO N Total u n e m p lo y e d ....................................................................... 1 6 .6 1 3 .7 1 4 .4 1 4 .2 1 2 .7 1 3 .9 1 4 .2 5 2 .5 1 3 .7 1 3 .6 1 3 .3 1 3 .9 1 3 .0 1 2 .9 1 4 .5 1 4 .8 ............................................................... 4 1 .8 38.1 3 9 .4 3 8 .3 3 8 .7 3 7 .3 3 7 .9 38 8 3 6 .5 3 6 .9 3 7 .5 3 7 .5 3 6 .3 3 5 .9 Job l e a v e r s ....................................................................................... 7 .7 9 .6 8 .9 8 .8 9 .0 9 .5 9 .9 1 0 .0 9 .9 10.1 1 0 .0 1 0 .4 1 0 .3 R e e n t r a n t s ....................................................................................... 2 2 .5 2 5 .6 2 4 .7 25.1 26.1 2 5 .6 2 4 .2 2 4 .8 2 7 .2 2 5 .9 26 8 2 6 .4 2 6 .6 N ew e n t r a n ts ................................................................................... 1 1 .3 1 3 .0 1 2 .5 1 3 .6 1 3 .6 1 3 .7 1 3 .8 1 2 .8 1 2 .9 2 7 .0 1 2 .7 1 0 .6 2 6 .4 3 7 .6 1 0 .4 1 2 .8 1 2 .5 1 2 .2 1 2 .4 1 2 .3 ....................................................................................... 5 .6 3 .9 4 .2 4.1 4 .0 3 .8 3 .8 3 .9 3 .7 3 .7 3 .7 3 .6 3 .6 3 .8 3 .7 Job le a v e r s ....................................................................................... .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 8 .7 8 .8 R e e n t r a n t s ....................................................................................... 2 .2 1.9 1 .9 2 .0 2 .0 1 .9 1 .8 1 .9 2 .0 2 .0 1 .9 1 .9 1 .9 2 .0 1 .9 N ew e n t r a n ts ................................................................................... 1.1 1 .0 1 .0 1.1 1.1 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 June J u ly A ug. S e p f. O c t. Nov. D ec. 3 ,3 9 5 2 ,4 0 6 3 ,3 5 2 2 ,3 2 4 Job losers ....................................................................................... On layoff ............................................................................... O ther job losers 5 0 .7 PERCENT OF C IV IL IA N L A B O R F O R C E Job losers 8. D uration of unem ploym ent, seasonally adjusted [ N u m b e rs in th o u s a n d s ] A n n u al a verag e 1984 1985 W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t 1983 1984 Feb. Mar A p r. M ay Less than 5 w ee ks ....................................................................... 5 to 1 4 w e e k s ............................................................................... 3 ,5 7 0 2 ,9 3 7 3 ,3 5 0 3 ,3 5 9 3 ,3 7 8 3 ,4 0 7 3 ,2 7 5 3 ,2 2 9 3 ,4 0 9 3 ,5 1 3 3 ,3 1 3 2 ,5 1 4 2 ,4 8 5 2 ,4 4 0 2 ,4 0 6 2 ,5 3 3 4 ,2 1 0 3 ,0 0 2 2 ,8 9 4 2 ,8 4 2 2 ,8 3 3 2 ,3 0 3 2 ,6 3 0 2 ,4 4 9 ................................................................... 2 ,4 5 1 2 ,7 3 7 2 ,4 8 2 1 5 w ee ks and over 2 ,6 7 2 2 ,6 2 1 2 ,6 0 5 1 5 to 2 6 w e e k s ................................................................... 1 ,6 5 2 1 ,1 0 4 1 ,1 7 2 1 ,1 2 2 1 ,1 0 2 1 ,1 7 3 1 ,0 1 2 1 ,1 1 6 2 7 w ee ks and over ........................................................... 2 ,5 5 9 1 ,6 3 4 1 ,8 3 0 1 ,7 7 2 1 ,7 4 0 1 ,6 6 0 1 ,6 1 8 1 ,0 8 8 1 ,5 8 4 1 8 .5 18.1 8 .3 7 .5 M e an duration in w e e k s ........................................................... 2 0 .0 1 8 .2 1 9 .0 1 8 .9 1 8 .7 M e dian duration in w e e k s ....................................................... 10.1 7 .9 8 .4 8 .4 8.1 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Jan. Feb. 3 ,2 8 2 3 ,6 6 2 3 ,5 2 4 2 ,4 6 9 2 ,4 2 8 2 ,5 1 6 2 ,3 7 4 2 ,5 5 2 990 972 2 ,2 4 3 941 2 ,4 1 6 1 ,1 0 6 2 ,5 2 7 1 ,0 9 2 1 ,5 0 5 1 ,4 9 9 1 ,4 3 5 1 ,4 3 8 1 ,4 0 2 1 ,3 0 2 1 ,3 4 0 1 8 .0 1 7 .6 1 7 .3 1 6 .7 1 7 .4 1 7 .3 1 5 .3 1 5 .9 7 .6 7 .6 7 .6 7 .3 7 .3 7 .4 6 .7 7 .2 1 ,0 7 6 71 EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS DATA FROM ESTABLISHMENT SURVEYS Employment, hours, and earnings data in this section are com piled from payroll records reported monthly on a voluntary basis to the Bureau o f Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies by over 2 00,000 establishments representing all industries except agriculture. In most industries, the sampling probabilities are based on the size o f the establishment; most large establishments are therefore in the sample. (An establishment is not necessarily a firm; it may be a branch plant, for exam ple, or warehouse.) Selfem ployed persons and others not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope o f the survey because they are excluded from establishment records. This largely accounts for the difference in em ploym ent figures between the household and establishment sur veys. Definitions Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holiday and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period including the 12th of the month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 percent of all persons in the labor force) are counted in each establishment which reports them. Production workers in manufacturing include blue-collar worker su pervisors and all nonsupervisory workers closely associated with produc tion operations. Those workers mentioned in tables 12-16 include production workers in manufacturing and mining; construction workers in construc tion; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; in wholesale and retail trade; in finance, insurance, and real estate; and in services industries. These groups account for about four-fifths of the total employment on private nonagricultural payrolls. Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers re ceive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special payments. Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). The Hourly Earnings Index is calculated from average hourly earnings data adjusted to exclude the effects of two types of changes that are unrelated to underlying wage-rate developments: fluctuations in overtime premiums 72 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in manufacturing (the only sector for which overtime data are available) and the effects of changes and seasonal factors in the proportion of workers in high-wage and low-wage industries. Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsuper visory workers for which pay was received and are different from standard or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the portion of gross average weekly hours which were in excess of regular hours and for which overtime premiums were paid. The Diffusion Index, introduced in table 17 of the May 1983 issue, represents the percent of 185 nonagricultural industries in which employ ment was rising over the indicated period. One-half of the industries with unchanged employment are counted as rising. In line with Bureau practice, data for the 3-, 6-, and 9-month spans are seasonally adjusted, while that for the 12-month span is unadjusted. The diffusion index is useful for measuring the dispersion of economic gains or losses and is also an eco nomic indicator. Notes on the data Establishment data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics are pe riodically adjusted to com prehensive counts o f em ploym ent (called “ benchmarks” ). The latest complete adjustment was made with the release of May 1984 data, published in the July 1984 issue of the Review. Con sequently, data published in the Review prior to that issue are not necessarily comparable to current data. Unadjusted data have been revised back to April 1982; seasonally adjusted data have been revised back to January 1979. Unadjusted data from April 1983 forward, and seasonally adjusted data from January 1980 forward are subject to revision in future bench marks. Earlier comparable unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data are published in a Supplement to Employment and Earnings (unadjusted data from April 1977 through February 1984 and seasonally adjusted data from January 1974 through February 1984) and in Employment and Earnings, United States, 1909-78, BLS Bulletin 1312-11 (for prior periods). A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, “ Com paring employment estimates from household and payroll surveys,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1969, pp. 9 -2 0 . See also BLS Handbook o f Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982). 9. E m ploym ent, by industry, selected years, 1 9 5 0 -8 4 [Nonagricultural payroll data, In thousands] G o o d s -p r o d u c in g S e r v ic e - p r o d u c in g T ra n s p o r Year P r iv a te T o ta l s e c to r T o ta l M in in g C o n s tru c M a n u fa c tio n t u r in g t a tio n T o ta l W h o le and s a le p u b lic tra d e G o v e rn m e n t F in a n c e , R e t a il in s u ra n c e , tra d e and real S e r v ic e s T o ta l F e d e ra l S t a te 1 ,9 2 8 Local e s ta te u t il it ie s 1 9 5 0 ............................................ 4 5 ,1 9 7 901 2 ,3 6 4 1 5 ,241 2 6 ,6 9 1 ............................................ 5 0 ,6 4 1 3 9 ,1 7 0 4 3 ,7 2 7 1 8 ,5 0 6 1955 2 0 ,5 1 3 792 2 ,8 3 9 1 6 ,8 8 2 3 0 ,1 2 8 4 ,1 4 1 2 ,9 2 6 7 ,6 1 0 2 ,2 9 8 6 ,2 4 0 6 ,9 1 4 2 ,1 8 7 ( 1) 1 ,1 6 8 <1 ) 3 ,5 5 8 ........................................ 5 4 ,1 8 9 4 5 ,8 3 6 2 0 ,4 3 4 7 12 2 ,9 2 6 1 6 ,7 9 6 3 3 ,7 5 5 4 ,0 0 4 3 ,1 4 3 8 ,2 4 8 2 ,6 2 9 7 ,3 7 8 8 ,3 5 3 2 ,2 7 0 1 ,5 3 6 4 ,5 4 7 I9 6 0 2 4 ,0 3 4 2 ,6 3 5 6 ,7 5 1 1 ,8 8 8 5 ,3 5 7 6 ,0 2 6 1964 ............................................ 5 8 ,2 8 3 4 8 ,6 8 6 2 1 ,0 0 5 634 3 ,0 9 7 1 7 ,2 7 4 3 7 ,2 7 8 3 ,9 5 1 3 ,3 3 7 8 ,8 2 3 2 ,9 1 1 8 ,6 6 0 9 ,5 9 6 2 ,3 4 8 1 ,8 5 6 5 ,3 9 2 1965 ............................................ 6 0 ,7 6 5 5 0 ,6 8 9 2 1 ,9 2 6 632 3 ,2 3 2 1 8 ,0 6 2 3 8 ,8 3 9 4 ,0 3 6 3 ,4 6 6 9 ,2 5 0 2 ,9 7 7 9 ,0 3 6 1 0 ,0 7 4 2 ,3 7 8 1 ,9 9 6 5 ,7 0 0 1 9 6 6 ............................................ 6 3 ,9 0 1 5 3 ,1 1 6 1 9 ,2 1 4 4 0 ,7 4 3 4 ,1 5 8 3 ,5 9 7 9 ,6 4 8 3 ,0 5 8 9 ,4 9 8 1 0 ,7 8 4 2 ,5 6 4 2 ,1 4 1 6 ,0 8 0 1967 ............................................ 6 5 ,8 0 3 5 4 ,4 1 3 2 3 ,3 0 8 613 3 ,2 4 8 1 9 ,4 4 7 4 2 ,4 9 5 4 ,2 6 8 3 ,6 8 9 9 ,9 1 7 3 ,1 8 5 1 0 ,0 4 5 1 1 ,3 9 1 2 ,7 1 9 2 ,3 0 2 6 ,3 7 1 1968 ............................................ 6 7 ,8 9 7 5 6 ,0 5 8 2 3 ,7 3 7 6 06 3 ,3 5 0 1 9 ,7 8 1 4 4 ,1 6 0 4 ,3 1 8 2 3 ,1 5 8 627 3 ,3 1 7 3 ,7 7 9 1 0 ,3 2 0 3 ,3 3 7 1 0 ,5 6 7 2 ,7 3 7 2 ,4 4 2 1969 ............................................ 7 0 ,3 8 4 5 8 ,1 8 9 2 4 ,3 6 1 619 3 ,5 7 5 2 0 ,1 6 7 4 6 ,0 2 3 4 ,4 4 2 3 ,9 0 7 1 0 ,7 9 8 3 ,5 1 2 1 1 ,1 6 9 1 2 ,1 9 5 2 ,7 5 8 2 ,5 3 3 6 ,9 0 4 1970 ............................................ 7 0 ,8 8 0 5 8 ,3 2 5 2 3 ,5 7 8 623 3 ,5 8 8 1 9 ,3 6 7 4 7 ,3 0 2 4 ,5 1 5 3 ,9 9 3 1 1 ,0 4 7 3 ,6 4 5 1 1 ,5 4 8 1 2 ,5 5 4 1 1 ,8 3 9 2 ,7 3 1 2 ,6 6 4 7 ,1 5 8 4 8 ,2 7 8 6 ,6 6 0 1 9 7 1 ............................................ 7 1 ,2 1 4 5 8 ,3 3 1 2 2 ,9 3 5 609 3 ,7 0 4 1 8 ,6 2 3 1 9 7 2 ............................................ 7 3 ,6 7 5 7 6 ,7 9 0 6 0 ,3 4 1 2 3 ,6 6 8 628 3 ,8 8 9 1 9 ,1 5 1 5 0 ,0 0 7 4 ,5 4 1 4 ,1 1 3 1 1 ,8 3 6 3 ,9 0 8 1 2 ,2 7 6 1 3 ,3 3 4 2 ,6 8 4 2 ,8 5 9 7 ,7 9 0 6 3 ,0 5 8 2 4 ,8 9 3 642 4 ,0 9 7 2 0 ,1 5 4 5 1 ,8 9 7 4 ,6 5 6 4 ,2 7 7 1 2 ,3 2 9 4 ,0 4 6 1 2 ,8 5 7 1 3 ,7 3 2 2 ,6 6 3 2 ,9 2 3 8 ,1 4 6 1973 ............................................ 4 ,4 7 6 4 ,0 0 1 1 1 ,3 5 1 3 ,7 7 2 1 1 ,7 9 7 1 2 ,8 8 1 2 ,6 9 6 2 ,7 4 7 7 ,4 3 7 1974 ............................................ 7 8 ,2 6 5 6 4 ,0 9 5 2 4 ,7 9 4 6 97 4 ,0 2 0 2 0 ,0 7 7 5 3 ,4 7 1 4 ,7 2 5 4 ,4 3 3 1 2 ,5 5 4 4 ,1 4 8 13 ,4 4 1 1 4 ,1 7 0 2 ,7 2 4 3 ,0 3 9 8 ,4 0 7 1975 ............................................ 7 6 ,9 4 5 6 2 ,2 5 9 2 2 ,6 0 0 7 52 3 ,5 2 5 1 8 ,3 2 3 5 4 ,3 4 5 4 ,5 4 2 4 ,4 1 5 1 2 ,6 4 5 4 ,1 6 5 1 3 ,8 9 2 1 4 ,6 8 6 2 ,7 4 8 3 ,1 7 9 8 ,7 5 8 1 3 ,2 0 9 4 ,2 7 1 1 9 7 6 ............................................ 1 9 7 7 ............................................ 7 9 ,3 8 2 6 4 ,5 1 1 14 ,5 5 1 1 4 ,8 7 1 2 ,7 3 3 3 ,2 7 3 8 ,8 6 5 8 2 ,4 7 1 6 7 ,3 4 4 2 4 ,3 4 6 813 3 ,8 5 1 1 9 ,6 8 2 5 8 ,1 2 5 4 ,7 1 3 4 ,7 0 8 1 3 ,8 0 8 4 ,4 6 7 1 5 ,3 0 3 1 5 ,1 2 7 2 ,7 2 7 3 ,3 7 7 9 ,0 2 3 1978 ............................................ 8 6 ,6 9 7 7 1 ,0 2 6 2 5 ,5 8 5 2 3 ,3 5 2 851 7 79 4 ,2 2 9 2 0 ,5 0 5 6 1 ,1 1 3 4 ,9 2 3 4 ,9 6 9 1 4 ,5 7 3 4 ,7 2 4 1 6 ,2 5 2 1979 3 ,5 7 6 1 8 ,9 9 7 5 6 ,0 3 0 4 ,5 8 2 4 ,5 4 6 1 5 ,6 7 2 2 ,7 5 3 3 ,4 7 4 9 ,4 4 6 ............................................ 8 9 ,8 2 3 7 3 ,8 7 6 2 6 ,4 6 1 958 4 ,4 6 3 2 1 ,0 4 0 6 3 ,3 6 3 5 ,1 3 6 5 ,2 0 4 1 4 ,9 8 9 4 ,9 7 5 1 7 ,1 1 2 1 5 ,9 4 7 2 ,7 7 3 3 ,5 4 1 9 ,6 3 3 1 9 8 0 ............................................ 9 0 ,4 0 6 7 4 ,1 6 6 2 5 ,6 5 8 1 ,0 2 7 4 ,3 4 6 2 0 ,2 8 5 6 4 ,7 4 8 5 ,1 4 6 5 ,2 7 5 1 5 ,0 3 5 5 ,1 6 0 1 7 ,8 9 0 1 6 ,2 4 1 2 ,8 6 6 3 ,6 1 0 9 ,7 6 5 1 8 ,6 1 9 2 ,7 7 2 3 ,6 4 0 9 ,6 1 9 1 9 8 1 ............................................ 9 1 ,1 5 6 7 5 ,1 2 6 2 5 ,4 9 7 1 ,1 3 9 4 ,1 8 8 2 0 ,1 7 0 6 5 ,6 5 9 5 ,1 6 5 5 ,3 5 8 1 5 ,1 8 9 5 ,2 9 8 1 9 8 2 ............................................ 8 9 ,5 6 6 7 3 ,7 2 9 2 3 ,8 1 3 1 ,1 2 8 3 ,9 0 5 1 8 ,7 8 1 6 5 ,7 5 3 5 ,0 8 2 5 ,2 7 8 1 5 ,1 7 9 5 ,3 4 1 1 9 ,0 3 6 1 5 ,8 3 7 2 ,7 3 9 3 ,6 4 0 9 ,4 5 8 1983 ............................................ 9 0 ,1 3 8 7 4 ,2 8 8 2 3 ,3 9 4 957 3 ,9 4 0 1 8 ,4 9 7 6 6 ,7 4 4 4 ,9 5 8 5 ,2 5 9 1 5 ,5 4 5 5 ,4 6 7 1 9 ,6 6 5 1 5 ,8 5 1 2 ,7 5 2 3 ,6 6 0 9 ,4 3 9 1984 ............................................ 9 4 ,1 5 6 7 8 ,1 8 7 2 4 ,9 0 4 998 4 ,3 1 6 1 9 ,5 9 0 6 9 ,2 5 4 5 ,1 7 0 5 ,5 2 6 1 6 ,2 6 1 5 ,6 6 5 2 0 ,6 6 2 1 5 ,9 6 9 2 ,7 8 3 3 ,7 0 2 9 ,4 8 3 1 6 ,0 3 1 1 N ot available. 2 D ata include Alaska and Haw aii beginning in 1 9 5 9 . 1 0 . E m p lo y m e n t , b y NOTE: See "N o te s on the d a ta " fo r a descrip tion of the m o st recent ben ch m ark revision. S ta te [N o n a g r ic u ltu ra l p a y ro ll d a ta , in th o u s a n d s ] S tate Jan u ary 1 9 8 4 D e c e m b e r 1 984 J an u ary 1985P A la b a m a ............................................................................ 1 ,3 4 5 .7 1 ,3 8 5 .3 1 ,3 7 0 .1 A a s k a ................................................................................ A rizona ........................................................................... 2 0 3 .7 2 2 0 .1 2 1 5 .3 1 ,2 4 3 .4 1 ,2 2 8 .4 S tate Ja n u a ry 1 9 8 4 M o n ta n a ........................................................................... 2 6 9 .1 Nebraska Decem ber 1984 Jan u a ry 1 985P 2 8 5 .1 278 4 ....................................................................... 6 0 4 .2 6 4 1 .9 6 3 0 .5 ........................................................................... 4 0 6 .1 4 3 8 .4 4 3 4 .5 , N ew H a m p s h ir e ........................................................... 4 1 9 .9 4 5 5 .6 4 5 2 .0 3 ,3 4 6 .3 A rkansas ........................................................................ 1 ,1 2 6 .9 7 4 9 .4 7 9 6 .0 7 8 0 .9 California ........................................................................ 1 0 ,2 4 0 .4 1 0 ,7 9 8 .4 1 0 ,6 6 4 .8 N ew J e r s e y ................................................................... 3 , 1 9 6 .7 3 ,4 0 6 .1 Colorado ....................................................................... 1 ,3 4 5 .3 1 ,4 1 5 .8 1 ,3 9 3 .5 4 8 4 .5 5 1 2 .6 5 0 3 .7 C o n n e c tic u t .................................................................... 1 ,4 6 9 .0 1 ,5 7 5 .6 1 ,5 3 5 .7 N ew M e x ic o ................................................................... New Y o r k ....................................................................... 7 ,3 3 2 .6 7 ,6 9 8 .6 7 ,5 2 5 .4 2 6 5 .5 2 8 8 .3 2 8 0 .8 Delaw are ....................................................................... District of C olum bia Nevada North Carolina ........................................................... 2 ,4 8 7 .2 2 ,6 1 8 .1 2 ,5 8 6 .4 ................................................ 5 9 6 .9 6 1 8 .8 6 1 0 .6 North D a k o t a ............................................................... 2 4 5 .8 2 5 5 .1 249 3 F l o r i d a ............................................................................... 4 ,0 9 4 .1 4 ,3 6 8 .5 4 ,3 4 4 .3 O h i o ................................................................................... 4 ,1 0 7 .8 4 , 3 3 2 .8 4 ,2 4 3 .1 Georgia O k .a h o m a ....................................................................... 1 ,1 6 6 .6 1 ,1 9 4 .2 9 6 8 .1 1 ,0 1 5 .3 1 ,0 0 4 .3 4 ,5 0 7 .4 4 ,7 2 0 .4 ............................................................................ 2 ,3 4 6 .1 2 ,5 6 4 .9 2 ,5 3 2 .5 H a w a i i ............................................................................... 4 0 5 .8 4 1 7 .6 4 1 4 .6 Oregon Idaho 3 1 5 .1 3 2 9 .3 3 2 1 .1 Pennsylvania ............................................................... ............................................................... 4 0 0 .9 4 1 8 .4 4 ,6 2 3 .3 4 1 1 .1 ........................................................... 1 ,2 1 4 .0 1 ,3 1 0 .2 1 ,2 9 1 .6 ............................................................................... ........................................................................... I ll i n o i s ............................................................................... 4 ,5 4 3 .6 4 ,6 5 4 .3 4 ,6 1 7 .8 Rhode Island Indiana 2 ,0 5 0 .2 2 ,1 6 9 .8 2 ,1 3 8 .3 South Carolina 1 ,0 7 0 .6 1 ,0 4 5 .9 ........................................................................... I o w a ................................................................................... 1 ,0 3 9 .2 928 0 9 7 9 .8 9 6 0 .4 Kentucky ....................................................................... 1 ,1 6 9 .1 1 ,2 3 6 .4 1 ,2 1 7 .6 Louisiana ........................................................................ 1 ,5 6 1 .6 1 ,6 1 0 .9 1 ,5 8 5 .0 U t a h ................................................................................... M a i n e ............................................................................... 4 2 1 .9 4 4 8 .7 4 3 4 .8 V e r m o n t ........................................................................... M a ryland ....................................................................... M a s sachusetts M ichigan South D a k o t a ............................................................... Texas ............................................................................... 2 3 4 .9 1 ,1 7 6 .9 2 3 8 .7 1 741 7 2 4 3 .9 1 849 9 1 810 6 6 Ì 2 8 2 .3 6 ,5 4 8 6 6 Ì4 8 5 .5 5 7 6 .3 6 2 0 .4 2 0 8 .3 2 2 0 .4 6 1 1 .1 2 1 7 .4 2 ,3 5 8 .9 1 ,7 2 6 .3 1 ,8 6 1 .8 1 ,8 1 6 .2 V irg inia ........................................................................... 2 , 2 3 8 .0 2 .3 8 5 .8 ........................................................... 2 ,7 3 2 .4 2 ,9 4 2 .4 2 ,8 7 3 .0 W a s h in g to n ................................................................... 1 ,5 7 9 .5 1 ,6 6 3 .7 1 ,6 3 7 .7 ....................................................................... 3 ,2 6 2 .0 3 ,4 0 7 .3 3 ,3 4 0 .4 W est V i r g i n i a ............................................................... 5 7 8 .6 5 9 5 .6 584 1 M in n e s o t a ....................................................................... 1 ,7 3 5 .9 1 ,8 7 0 .1 1 ,8 2 7 .6 W is c o n s in ....................................................................... 1 ,8 6 3 .9 1 ,9 8 2 .9 M ississippi ................................................................... M is s o u r i........................................................................... 8 0 1 .0 1 ,9 5 1 .4 8 4 3 .3 2 ,0 4 1 .2 8 3 1 .9 ....................................................................... 1 9 4 .6 1 9 1 .3 1 ,9 3 1 .1 1 8 7 .3 V irg in I s la n d s ............................................................... 3 6 .7 3 6 .3 3 6 .0 W yo m in g 1 ,9 9 9 .2 p = prelim inary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 73 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 11. E m ploym ent, by industry, seasonally adjusted [Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands] A n n u al a verag e 1984 1985 In d u s tr y d iv is io n a n d g r o u p TO TAL ........................................................................................ P R IV A T E S E C T O R G O O D S -P R O D U C IN G M in in g Oil and gas e x t r a c t i o n .................................................... C o n s t r u c tio n General building c o n tra c to r s ........................................ M a n u f a c t u r in g Production w o rk e rs ........................................................ 1983 1984 Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. J a n .F F e b .F 9 0 ,1 3 8 9 4 ,1 5 6 9 2 ,8 4 6 9 3 ,0 5 8 9 3 ,4 4 9 9 3 ,7 6 8 9 4 ,1 3 5 9 4 ,3 5 0 9 4 ,5 2 3 9 4 ,8 0 7 r9 5 , 1 57 r9 5 ,4 9 7 9 5 ,6 8 1 9 5 ,9 9 3 9 6 ,1 1 2 7 4 ,2 8 8 7 8 ,1 8 7 7 6 ,9 7 1 7 7 ,1 8 5 7 7 ,5 4 6 7 7 ,8 6 4 7 8 ,2 4 1 7 8 ,4 2 2 7 8 ,5 6 6 7 8 ,6 9 8 7 9 ,0 5 4 7 9 ,3 7 1 7 9 ,6 1 8 7 9 ,9 5 7 8 0 ,0 7 2 2 3 ,3 9 4 2 4 ,9 0 4 2 4 ,5 7 7 2 4 ,5 9 5 2 4 ,7 6 0 2 4 ,8 5 1 2 4 ,9 7 4 2 5 ,0 5 9 2 5 ,0 9 8 2 5 ,0 1 0 2 5 ,0 8 0 2 5 ,1 2 3 2 5 ,2 5 8 2 5 ,3 3 2 2 5 ,1 9 5 957 998 978 978 984 995 1 ,0 0 2 1 ,0 0 7 1 ,0 1 7 1 ,0 2 0 1 ,0 1 2 1 ,0 0 9 1 ,0 0 0 995 988 600 62 7 607 6 07 61 2 619 623 629 636 6 42 643 648 646 639 633 3 ,9 4 0 4 ,3 1 6 4 ,2 2 6 4 ,1 5 1 4 ,2 4 6 4 ,2 8 6 4 ,3 4 3 4 ,3 5 6 4 ,3 5 6 4 ,3 7 4 4 ,3 8 2 4 ,3 9 6 4 ,4 5 7 4 ,5 3 2 4 ,4 8 0 1 ,0 1 5 1 ,1 2 8 1 ,111 1 ,0 9 9 1 ,1 1 0 1 ,1 2 6 1 ,1 3 5 1 ,1 3 3 1 ,1 3 2 1 ,1 4 0 1 ,1 4 0 1 ,1 4 6 1 ,1 5 9 1 ,1 8 7 1 ,1 7 1 1 8 ,4 9 7 1 9 ,5 9 0 1 9 ,3 7 3 1 9 ,4 6 6 1 9 ,5 3 0 1 9 ,5 7 0 1 9 ,6 2 9 1 9 ,6 9 6 1 9 ,7 2 5 1 9 ,6 1 6 1 9 ,6 8 6 1 9 ,7 1 8 19 ,8 0 1 1 9 ,8 0 5 1 9 ,7 2 3 1 2 ,5 8 1 1 3 ,4 5 5 1 3 ,3 2 6 1 3 ,3 8 8 1 3 ,4 4 3 1 3 ,4 6 5 1 3 ,4 9 2 1 3 ,5 4 1 1 3 ,5 5 8 1 3 ,4 4 8 1 3 ,4 9 7 1 3 ,5 0 5 13 ,5 7 1 1 3 ,5 7 5 1 3 ,5 0 3 1 0 ,7 7 4 1 1 ,6 3 5 1 1 ,4 4 0 1 1 ,5 1 3 1 1 ,5 5 1 1 1 ,5 9 8 1 1 ,6 5 2 1 1 ,7 0 2 1 1 ,7 5 8 1 1 ,6 9 6 1 1 ,7 5 2 1 1 ,7 7 6 1 1 ,8 3 4 1 1 ,8 4 0 1 1 ,7 8 5 7 ,1 5 1 7 ,8 4 6 7 ,7 1 8 7 ,7 6 9 7 ,7 9 9 7 ,8 2 6 7 ,8 6 0 7 ,8 9 9 7 ,9 4 5 7 ,8 7 6 7 ,9 1 5 7 ,9 2 5 7 ,9 6 9 7 ,9 6 6 7 ,9 0 5 6 58 710 7 06 7 12 71 4 711 7 12 70 8 7 06 703 710 713 717 7 16 707 Furniture and f i x t u r e s ....................................................... 4 47 484 480 4 83 48 2 482 485 485 484 481 487 492 495 497 499 S to n e , clay, and glass products 573 60 5 604 6 06 60 4 605 605 606 603 603 606 606 612 613 D u r a b le g o o d s Production w o rk e rs ........................................................ L u m b e r and w o od products P rim a ry m etal industries ....................................... ................................ ............................................... Blast furnac es and basic steel products . . . . 608 838 87 4 877 8 77 879 8 87 8 84 880 879 865 8 66 8 65 859 860 858 343 337 348 3 47 345 347 345 34 2 334 324 320 320 318 318 319 Fabricated m etal p r o d u c t s ............................................... 1 ,3 7 4 1 ,4 7 6 1 ,4 4 7 M a c h in e ry , e xcept electrical ........................................ 2 ,0 3 8 2 ,2 1 4 2 ,1 5 1 Electrical and electronic e q u ip m e n t ............................ 2 ,0 2 4 T ra ns porta tion e q u ip m e n t ................................................ . 1 ,4 5 6 1 ,4 5 9 1 ,4 6 9 1 ,4 7 9 1 ,4 9 0 1 ,491 1 ,4 8 5 1 ,4 9 5 1 ,4 9 8 1 ,5 0 2 1 ,4 9 9 1 ,4 9 1 2 ,1 6 6 2 ,1 8 9 2 ,2 0 3 2 ,2 2 6 2 ,2 4 2 2 ,2 5 2 2 ,2 4 3 2 ,2 5 5 2 ,2 5 1 2 ,2 5 3 2 ,2 4 6 2 ,2 3 6 2 ,2 3 4 2 ,1 7 5 2 ,2 0 2 2 ,2 1 2 2 ,2 2 8 2 ,2 3 7 2 ,2 5 2 2 ,2 6 7 2 ,2 6 3 2 ,2 6 9 2 ,2 7 4 2 ,2 8 1 2 ,2 8 2 2 ,2 8 0 1 ,7 5 6 1 ,9 2 8 1 ,8 9 8 1 ,9 0 5 1 ,9 0 5 1 ,9 0 6 1 ,9 1 7 1 ,9 2 6 1 ,9 4 5 1 ,9 5 7 1 ,9 9 3 2 ,0 0 9 1 ,9 9 2 7 58 86 7 8 65 863 8 57 8 48 8 55 8 58 1 ,9 6 1 8 94 1 ,9 3 9 ................................ 86 4 8 65 87 7 9 04 911 885 ............................ 6 95 7 23 7 15 71 8 7 19 722 723 727 726 7 26 7 29 731 732 73 2 735 M iscellaneou s m a n u fa c tu r in g ........................................ 371 387 3 87 388 388 385 3 84 386 389 388 390 389 390 386 379 7 ,7 2 4 7 ,9 5 4 7 ,9 3 3 7 ,9 5 3 7 ,9 7 9 7 ,9 7 2 7 ,9 7 7 7 ,9 9 4 7 ,9 6 7 7 ,9 2 0 7 ,9 3 4 7 ,9 4 2 7 ,9 6 7 7 ,9 6 5 7 ,9 4 3 ....................................................... 5 ,4 3 0 5 ,6 1 0 5 .6 0 8 5 ,6 1 9 5 ,6 4 4 5 ,6 3 9 5 ,6 3 2 5 ,6 4 2 5 ,6 1 3 5 ,5 7 2 5 ,5 8 2 5 ,5 8 0 5 ,6 0 2 5 ,6 0 9 5 ,5 9 8 Food and kindred p r o d u c t s ............................................ 1 ,6 2 2 1 ,6 4 3 1 ,6 3 7 1 ,6 3 8 1 ,6 4 3 1 ,6 4 4 1 ,6 5 5 1 ,6 4 2 1 ,6 3 0 1 ,6 4 0 1 ,6 4 4 1 ,6 5 8 1 ,6 6 0 1 ,6 5 5 69 67 65 66 1 ,6 4 8 67 67 67 66 65 69 69 67 69 70 71 M o to r vehicles and equ ip m e n t In s tru m e n ts and related products N o n d u r a b le g o o d s P roduction w o rk e rs T obacco m a nufactures .................................................... Textile m ill p r o d u c t s ........................................................... 744 7 53 7 67 769 766 7 62 759 755 751 7 44 7 35 731 727 728 720 Apparel and other textile p r o d u c t s ............................ 1 ,1 6 4 1 ,2 0 2 1 ,2 1 3 1 ,2 1 8 1 ,2 2 6 1 ,2 1 7 1 ,2 0 9 1 ,2 0 6 1 ,2 0 0 1 ,181 1 ,1 8 6 1 ,1 8 5 1 ,1 7 5 6 62 682 6 80 680 6 80 681 685 687 686 680 1 ,1 7 8 6 84 1 ,1 7 8 Paper and allied p r o d u c t s ................................................ 68 3 6 84 685 686 Printing and p u b l is h i n g .................................................... 1 ,2 9 6 1 ,361 1 ,3 3 9 1 ,3 4 8 1 ,3 5 6 1 ,3 6 2 1 ,3 7 5 1 ,3 8 0 1 ,3 8 6 1 ,3 8 6 1 ,061 1 ,0 5 4 1 ,0 5 7 1 ,0 5 7 1 ,0 6 2 1 ,0 6 7 1 ,0 6 3 1 ,0 6 5 1 ,0 6 6 1 ,3 8 9 1 ,0 6 4 1 ,3 9 1 1 ,0 4 7 1 ,3 6 8 1 ,0 6 4 1 ,371 Chem icals and allied products 1 ,3 3 3 1 ,0 5 4 .................................... Petroleum and coal p r o d u c t s ........................................ 1 95 188 190 190 1 89 188 188 1 87 187 1 86 185 185 1 ,0 6 8 184 R ubb er and m iscellaneo us plastics products . . 7 18 7 96 7 84 79 0 790 7 95 797 801 800 798 8 05 810 8 14 813 Leather and le ather p r o d u c t s ........................................ 2 08 2 02 210 209 2 08 2 06 2 04 205 1 98 1 94 193 192 191 18 7 188 6 6 ,7 4 4 6 9 ,2 5 4 6 8 ,2 6 9 6 8 ,4 6 3 6 8 ,6 8 9 6 8 ,9 1 7 6 9 ,1 6 1 6 9 ,2 9 1 6 9 ,4 2 5 6 9 ,7 9 7 r7 0 ,0 7 7 7 0 ,3 7 4 7 0 ,4 2 3 7 0 ,6 6 1 7 0 ,9 1 6 5 ,2 6 4 S E R V IC E -P R O D U C IN G 184 1 ,0 6 0 183 814 T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s ................................... 4 ,9 5 8 5 ,1 7 0 5 ,1 0 5 5 ,1 1 2 5 ,1 2 9 5 ,1 4 4 5 ,1 6 3 5 ,1 7 5 5 ,2 0 2 5 ,2 1 3 5 ,2 2 5 5 ,2 2 6 5 ,2 4 9 5 ,2 5 7 T r a n s p o r ta t io n ....................................................................... 2 ,7 3 9 2 ,8 9 5 2 ,8 2 8 2 ,8 3 9 2 ,8 6 2 2 ,8 7 1 2 ,8 8 3 2 ,8 9 6 2 ,9 2 4 2 ,9 3 7 2 ,9 5 1 2 ,9 5 3 2 ,9 7 4 2 ,9 7 2 2 ,9 8 0 C o m m u n ic a tio n and public u t il it ie s ............................ 2 ,2 1 9 2 ,2 7 6 2 ,2 7 6 2 ,2 7 3 2 ,2 6 7 2 ,2 7 3 2 ,2 8 0 2 ,2 7 9 2 ,2 7 8 2 ,2 7 6 2 ,2 7 4 2 ,2 7 3 2 ,2 7 5 2 ,2 8 5 2 ,2 8 4 5 ,2 5 9 5 ,5 2 6 3 ,2 5 4 5 ,4 3 8 5 ,4 5 7 5 ,4 7 3 5 ,4 9 2 5 ,5 0 2 5 ,5 2 8 5 ,5 4 4 5 ,5 8 8 5 ,6 1 2 5 ,6 2 3 5 ,6 4 1 5 ,6 6 9 5 ,6 8 6 3 ,0 6 4 3 ,1 9 3 3 ,2 0 5 3 ,2 1 5 3 ,2 3 5 3 ,2 4 9 3 ,2 6 8 3 ,2 7 8 3 ,2 9 3 3 ,3 0 1 3 ,3 1 7 3 ,3 2 8 3 ,3 4 3 3 ,3 5 9 2 ,1 9 5 2 ,2 7 1 2 ,2 4 5 2 ,2 5 2 2 ,2 5 8 2 ,2 5 7 2 ,2 5 3 2 ,2 6 0 2 ,2 6 6 2 ,2 9 5 2 ,3 1 1 2 ,3 0 6 2 ,3 1 3 2 ,3 2 6 2 ,3 2 7 1 5 ,5 4 5 1 6,261 1 5 ,9 8 0 1 6 ,7 0 8 1 6 ,8 0 5 W h o le s a l e t r a d e Durable g o o d s 1 ................................................................... N ond urable g o o d s 1 ........................................................... R e t a il t r a d e 1 6 ,0 3 0 1 6 ,0 9 5 1 6 ,1 6 6 1 6 ,2 4 5 1 6 ,2 8 3 1 6 ,2 9 5 1 6 ,3 4 2 1 6 ,4 6 8 1 6 ,6 4 4 1 6 ,6 2 6 ........................................ 2 ,161 2 ,2 8 9 2 ,2 1 1 2 ,2 3 0 2 ,2 5 1 2 ,2 7 3 2 ,3 0 3 2 ,3 1 8 2 ,3 3 4 2 ,3 9 1 2 ,3 3 1 2 ,3 6 3 2 ,3 9 9 2 ,5 6 0 2 ,6 4 9 2 ,6 2 6 2 ,6 2 6 2 ,6 3 5 2 ,6 3 0 2 ,2 9 5 2 ,6 4 1 2 ,3 0 1 ........................................................................... 2 ,6 4 8 2 ,6 4 0 2 ,6 4 8 2 ,6 7 7 2 ,6 9 6 2 ,7 1 0 2 ,7 1 5 2 ,7 3 0 A u tom otive dealers and service s t a t i o n s ................ 1 ,6 6 7 1 ,7 5 4 1 ,7 4 0 1 ,7 4 8 1 ,7 4 3 1 ,751 1 ,7 5 1 1 ,7 6 2 1 ,7 5 8 1 ,7 5 5 1 ,7 6 3 1 ,7 7 2 1 ,7 7 7 1 ,7 8 0 1 ,7 9 6 Eating and drinking places 5 ,0 0 7 5 ,2 1 2 5 ,121 5 ,1 3 6 5 ,1 5 4 5 ,1 8 3 5 ,1 9 9 5 ,2 1 1 5 ,2 3 8 5 ,2 5 5 5 ,2 8 0 5 ,3 0 3 5 ,3 2 7 5 ,3 5 6 5 ,3 8 7 G eneral m e rcha ndise stores Food stores ............................................ 5 ,4 6 7 5 ,6 6 5 5 ,5 9 3 5 ,6 1 3 5 ,6 4 0 5 ,6 6 2 5 ,6 7 6 5 ,6 7 6 5 ,6 7 9 5 ,6 8 4 5 ,7 0 5 5 ,7 2 5 5 ,7 6 0 5 ,7 9 0 F in a n c e ....................................................................................... 2 ,7 4 0 2 ,8 5 0 2 ,8 1 2 2 ,8 3 1 2 ,8 5 1 2 ,8 6 3 2 ,8 5 4 2 ,8 5 4 2 ,8 5 0 2 ,8 5 6 2 ,8 6 5 2 ,8 7 4 2 ,8 8 6 2 ,8 9 9 2 ,9 2 2 Insuran ce ............................................................................... 1,721 1 ,7 5 7 1 ,741 1 ,7 4 2 1 ,7 4 6 1 ,7 5 2 1 ,7 5 9 1 ,7 6 3 1 ,7 6 6 1 ,7 7 4 1 ,7 7 8 1 ,7 8 5 1 ,7 8 6 1 ,7 9 0 Real e s t a t e ............................................................................... 1 ,0 0 5 1 ,0 5 8 1 ,0 4 0 1 ,7 4 2 1 ,041 1 ,0 4 7 1 ,0 5 3 1 ,0 6 6 1 ,0 6 3 1 ,0 6 6 1 ,0 6 2 1 ,0 6 6 1 ,0 7 3 1 ,0 7 8 1 ,0 7 5 1 ,0 7 9 2 1 ,0 9 5 2 1 ,2 3 1 2 1 ,3 3 1 F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e 5 ,7 4 9 1 9 ,6 6 5 2 0 ,6 6 2 2 0 ,2 7 8 2 0 ,3 7 8 2 0 ,4 4 9 2 0 ,7 0 1 2 0 ,7 4 8 2 0 ,8 6 1 2 0 ,9 6 4 2 1 ,0 3 0 3 ,5 3 9 4 ,0 0 3 3 ,8 4 5 3 ,8 7 5 3 ,9 1 2 2 0 ,5 4 9 3 ,9 7 9 2 0 ,6 8 1 Business s e r v i c e s ............................................................... 4 ,0 1 4 4 ,0 3 5 4 ,0 6 9 4 ,0 8 5 4 ,1 1 0 4 ,1 4 2 4 ,1 5 1 4 ,2 1 8 4 ,2 4 2 Health services 5 ,9 7 3 6 ,0 6 8 6 ,0 4 0 6 ,0 5 2 6 ,0 6 2 6 ,0 7 3 6 ,0 6 4 6 ,0 7 9 6 ,0 3 4 6 ,0 8 5 6 ,0 8 7 6 ,1 0 4 6 ,1 1 5 6 ,1 4 0 6 ,1 5 2 1 5 ,8 5 1 1 5 ,9 6 9 1 5 ,8 7 5 1 5 ,8 7 3 1 5 ,9 0 3 1 5 ,9 0 4 1 5 ,8 9 4 1 6 ,0 3 6 1 6 ,0 4 0 S e r v ic e s ................................................................... G o v e rn m e n t 1 5 ,9 2 8 1 5 ,9 5 7 1 6 ,1 0 9 r1 6 ,1 0 3 r1 6 ,1 2 6 1 6 ,0 6 3 F e d e r a l ....................................................................................... 2 ,7 5 2 2 ,7 8 3 2 ,7 6 3 2 ,7 7 0 2 ,7 7 1 2 ,7 6 7 2 ,7 7 7 2 ,7 7 9 r2 ,7 9 3 r2 ,8 0 9 ........................................................................................... 3 ,6 6 0 3 ,7 0 2 3 ,6 8 2 3 ,6 8 6 3 ,6 9 3 3 ,6 9 9 3 ,6 9 9 3 ,6 9 7 2 ,7 8 5 3 ,7 1 4 2 ,8 0 4 State 3 ,7 2 5 3 ,7 1 9 3 ,7 2 4 2 ,8 0 9 3 ,7 1 1 L o c a l ........................................................................................... 9 ,4 3 9 9 ,4 8 3 9 ,4 3 0 9 ,4 1 7 9 ,4 3 9 9 ,4 3 8 9 ,4 1 8 9 ,4 5 2 9 ,4 5 8 9 ,5 8 0 9 ,5 9 1 9 ,5 9 8 9 ,5 4 3 'U n d e r W holesale trade, data tor Durable goods and N ond urable goods have been corrected in this 2 ,7 9 4 2 ,8 0 5 3 ,7 0 1 9 ,5 4 1 9 ,5 4 7 p = prelim inary, table as of the April 1 9 8 5 issue o f the Monthly Labor Review. r = revised. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTE: See "N o te s on the d a ta " fo r a descrip tion of the m ost recent benchm ark revision. 3 ,6 8 8 12. A verage hours and earnings, by industry 1 9 6 8 -8 4 [Production or nonsupervisory workers on nonagricultural payrolls] A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e w e e k ly h o u r ly w e e k ly w e e k ly h o u r ly w e e k ly w e e k ly h o u r ly w e e k ly h o u rs e a r n in g s e a r n in g s h o u rs e a r n in g s e a r n in g s h o u rs e a r n in g s e a r n in g s A v e ra g e Year A v e ra g e A v e ra g e M in in g P r iv a t e s e c t o r A v e ra g e A v e ra g e C o n s t r u c tio n 1 9 6 8 ........................................................................................... 3 7 .8 $ 2 .8 5 $ 1 0 7 .7 3 4 2 .6 $ 3 .3 5 $ 1 4 2 .7 1 3 7 .3 $ 4 .4 1 $ 1 6 4 49 1 9 6 9 ........................................................................................... 3 7 .7 3 .0 4 1 1 4 .6 1 4 3 .0 3 .6 0 1 5 4 .8 0 3 7 .9 4 .7 9 1 8 1 .5 4 1 9 7 0 ........................................................................................... 3 7 .1 3 .2 3 1 1 9 .8 3 4 2 .7 3 .8 5 1 6 4 .4 0 3 7 .3 5 .2 4 1 9 5 .4 5 1 9 7 1 ........................................................................................... 3 6 .9 3 .4 5 1 2 7.31 4 2 .4 1 7 2 .1 4 3 7 .2 5 .6 9 2 1 1 .6 7 1972 ........................................................................................... 3 7 .0 3 .7 0 1 3 6 .9 0 4 2 .6 4 .0 6 4 .4 4 1 8 9 .1 4 3 6 .5 6 .0 6 2 2 1 .1 9 1973 ........................................................................................... 3 6 .9 3 .9 4 1 4 5 .3 9 4 2 .4 4 .7 5 2 0 1 .4 0 3 6 .8 6 .4 1 2 3 5 .8 9 1 5 4 .7 6 4 1 .9 5 .2 3 2 1 9 .1 4 3 6 .6 6 .8 1 2 4 9 .2 5 1 6 3 .5 3 4 1 .9 5 .9 5 2 4 9 .3 1 3 6 .4 7.31 2 6 6 .0 8 1 7 5 .4 5 4 2 .4 7 .7 1 ........................................................................................... 3 6 .5 4 .2 4 1 9 7 5 ........................................................................................... 3 6 .1 4 .5 3 1 9 7 6 ........................................................................................... 36.1 4 .8 6 1974 3 6 .8 3 6 .0 5 .2 5 1 8 9 .0 0 4 3 .4 6 .4 6 6 94 2 7 3 .9 0 ........................................................................................... 3 0 1 .2 0 3 6 .5 8 .1 0 2 9 5 .6 5 1 9 7 8 ........................................................................................... 3 5 .8 5 .6 9 2 0 3 .7 0 4 3 .4 7 .6 7 3 3 2 .8 8 3 6 .8 8 .6 6 3 1 8 .6 9 1 9 7 9 ........................................................................................... 3 5 .7 6 .1 6 2 1 9 .9 1 4 3 .0 8 .4 9 3 6 5 .0 7 3 7 .0 9 .2 7 34 2 99 1 9 8 0 ........................................................................................... 3 5 .3 6 .6 6 2 3 5 .1 0 4 3 .3 9 .1 7 3 9 7 .0 6 3 7 .0 9 .9 4 3 6 7 .7 8 1 9 8 1 ........................................................................................... 3 5 .2 7 .2 5 2 5 5 .2 0 4 3 .7 1 0 .0 4 4 3 8 .7 5 3 6 .9 1 0 .8 2 3 9 9 .2 6 1 9 8 2 ........................................................................................... 3 4 .8 7 .6 8 2 6 7 .2 6 4 2 .7 1 0 .7 7 4 5 9 .8 8 3 6 .7 1 1 .6 3 4 2 6 .8 2 1 9 8 3 ........................................................................................... 1 9 8 4 ........................................................................................... 3 5 .0 8 .0 2 2 8 0 .7 0 4 2 .5 1 1 .2 7 4 7 8 .9 8 3 7 .2 1 1 .9 2 4 4 3 .4 2 3 5 .3 8 .3 3 2 9 4 .0 5 4 3 .4 1 1 .5 8 5 0 2 .5 7 3 7 .8 1 2 .0 3 4 5 4 .7 3 1977 M a n u fa c t u r in g T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b lic u t il it ie s 2 8 3 .7 3 W h o le s a l e t r a d e 1 9 6 8 ........................................................................................... 4 0 .7 $ 3 .0 1 $ 1 2 2 .5 1 4 0 .6 $ 3 .4 2 $ 1 3 8 .8 5 40.1 $ 3 .0 5 $ 1 2 2 .3 1 1 9 6 9 ........................................................................................... 4 0 .6 3 .1 9 1 2 9 .5 1 4 0 .7 3 .6 3 1 4 7 .7 4 4 0 .2 1 9 7 0 ........................................................................................... 3 9 .8 3 .3 5 1 3 3 .3 3 4 0 .5 3 .8 5 1 5 5 .9 3 3 9 .9 3 .2 3 3 .4 4 1 3 7 .2 6 1 9 7 1 ........................................................................................... 3 9 .9 3 .5 7 1 4 2 .4 4 40.1 4 .2 1 1 6 8 .8 2 3 9 .5 3 .6 5 1 2 9 .8 5 1972 4 0 .5 3 .8 2 1 5 4 .7 1 4 0 .4 4 .6 5 1 8 7 .8 6 3 9 .4 3 .8 5 1 4 4 .1 8 4 .0 8 1 5 1 .6 9 ........................................................................................... 4 .0 9 1 6 6 .4 6 4 0 .5 5 .0 2 2 0 3 .3 1 1 9 7 4 ........................................................................................... 4 0 .0 4 .4 2 1 7 6 .8 0 4 0 .2 5.41 2 1 7 .4 8 3 8 .8 4 .3 9 1 6 0 .3 4 1 9 7 5 ........................................................................................... 3 9 .5 4 .8 3 1 9 0 .7 9 3 9 .7 5 .8 8 2 3 3 .4 4 3 8 .7 4 .7 3 1 8 3 .0 5 1 9 7 6 ........................................................................................... 4 0.1 3 9 .8 6 .4 5 1 9 7 3 ........................................................................................... 4 0 .7 1 2 9 .8 5 5 .2 2 2 0 9 .3 2 2 5 6 .7 1 3 9 .3 3 8 .7 5 .0 3 1 9 4 .6 6 1 9 7 7 ........................................................................................... 4 0 .3 5 .6 8 2 2 8 .9 0 3 9 .9 6 .9 9 2 7 8 .9 0 3 8 .8 5 .3 9 2 0 9 .1 3 1978 4 0 .4 6 .1 7 2 4 9 .2 7 4 0 .0 7 .5 7 3 0 2 .8 0 3 8 .8 5 .8 8 2 2 8 .1 4 ........................................................................................... 1979 ........................................................................................... 4 0 .2 6 .7 0 2 6 9 .3 4 3 9 .9 8 .1 6 3 2 5 .5 8 3 8 .8 6 .3 9 2 4 7 .9 3 1980 ........................................................................................... 3 9 .7 7 .2 7 2 8 8 .6 2 3 9 .6 8 .8 7 3 5 1 .2 5 3 8 .5 6 .9 6 2 6 7 .9 6 1 9 8 1 ........................................................................................... 3 9 .8 7 .9 9 3 1 8 .0 0 3 9 .4 9 70 3 8 2 .1 8 3 8 .5 7 .5 6 2 9 1 .0 6 1982 ........................................................................................... 3 8 .9 8 .4 9 3 3 0 .2 6 3 9 .0 1 0 .3 2 4 0 2 .4 8 3 8 .3 8 .0 9 3 0 9 .8 5 1983 ........................................................................................... 4 0 .1 8 .8 3 3 5 4 .0 8 3 9 .0 1 0 .8 0 4 2 1 .2 0 3 8 .5 8 .5 4 3 2 8 .7 9 1984 ........................................................................................... 4 0 .7 9 .1 7 3 7 3 .2 2 3 9 .4 1 1 .1 5 4 3 9 .3 1 3 8 .6 8 .9 4 3 4 5 .0 8 R e t a il t r a d e 1 9 6 8 ........................................................................................... 1 9 6 9 ........................................................................................... 3 4 .7 1 9 7 0 ........................................................................................... 3 3 .8 3 4 .2 $ 7 4 .9 5 7 8 .6 6 8 2 .4 7 in s u ra n c e , a n d re a l e s ta te S e r v ic e s 3 7 .0 3 7.1 $ 2 .7 5 $ 1 0 1 .7 5 3 4 .7 $ 2 .4 2 2 .9 3 2.61 9 0 .5 7 3 .0 7 1 0 8 .7 0 1 1 2 .6 7 3 4 .7 3 6 .7 3 4 .4 2.81 9 6 .6 6 8 7 .6 2 3 6 .6 3 3 .9 3 .0 4 1 0 3 .0 6 1 9 7 2 ........................................................................................... 3 3 .4 2 .7 5 9 1 .8 5 3 6 .6 3 .3 6 1 2 2 .9 8 3 3 .9 3 .2 7 1 1 0 .8 5 3 3 .1 2.91 9 6 .3 2 3 6 .6 3 .5 3 1 2 9 .2 0 3 3 .8 3 .4 7 1 1 7 .2 9 3 2 .7 3 .1 4 1 0 2 .6 8 3 6 .5 3 .7 7 1 3 7 .6 1 3 3 .6 3 .7 5 1 9 7 5 ........................................................................................... 3 2 .4 3 .3 6 1 0 8 .8 6 3 6 .5 4 .0 6 1 4 8 .1 9 3 3 .5 4 .0 2 1 2 6 .0 0 1 3 4 .6 7 1 9 7 6 ........................................................................................... 1 9 7 7 ........................................................................................... 3 2 .1 3 .5 7 1 1 4 .6 0 3 6 .4 4 .2 7 1 5 5 .4 3 3 3 .3 4 .3 1 1 4 3 .5 2 3 1 .6 3 .8 5 1 2 1 .6 6 3 6 .4 4 .5 4 1 6 5 .2 6 3 3 .0 4 .6 5 1 5 3 .4 5 2 .6 0 3 .2 2 $ 8 3 .9 7 1 9 7 3 ........................................................................................... 1 9 7 4 ........................................................................................... 1 9 7 1 ........................................................................................... 3 3 .7 $ 2 .1 6 2 .3 0 2 .4 4 F in a n c e 1 1 7 .8 5 ........................................................................................... 3 1 .0 4 .2 0 1 3 0 .2 0 3 6 .4 4 .8 9 1979 ........................................................................................... 3 0 .6 4 .5 3 1 3 8 .6 2 3 6 .2 5 .2 7 1 9 0 .7 7 3 2 .7 5 .3 6 1 7 5 .2 7 1980 ........................................................................................... 3 0 .2 4 .8 8 1 4 7 .3 8 3 6 .2 5 .7 9 2 0 9 .6 0 3 2 .6 5 .8 5 1 9 0 .7 1 1 9 8 1 ........................................................................................... 1978 1 7 8 .0 0 3 2 .8 4 .9 9 1 6 3 .6 7 3 0 .1 5 .2 5 1 5 8 .0 3 3 6 .3 6.31 2 2 9 .0 5 3 2 .6 6 .4 1 1 9 8 2 ........................................................................................... 29 9 5 .4 8 1 6 3 .8 5 3 6 .2 6 .7 8 2 4 5 .4 4 3 2 .6 6 .9 2 2 2 5 .5 9 1 9 8 3 ........................................................................................... 2 9 .8 5 .7 4 1 7 1 .0 5 3 6 .2 7 .2 9 2 6 3 .9 0 3 2 .7 7 .3 0 2 3 8 .7 1 1 9 8 4 ........................................................................................... 3 0 .0 5 .8 9 1 7 6 .7 0 3 6 .5 7 .6 2 2 7 8 .1 3 3 2 .8 7 .6 2 2 4 9 .9 4 NOTE: 2 0 8 .9 7 See “ N otes on the d a ta " fo r a description of the m ost recent benchm ark revision. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 75 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 13. A verage w eekly hours, by industry, seasonally adjusted [Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] A n n u al ave ra g e 1984 1985 In d u s tr y 1983 P R IV A T E S E C T O R M A N U F A C T U R IN G O ve rtim e h o u r s ....................................................... D u r a b le g o o d s O ve rtim e h o u r s .................................................... L um be r and w o od p r o d u c t s ........................................ Furniture and fixture s .................................................... 1984 Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly A ug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. J a n .P Feb. F 3 5 .0 35 3 3 5 .3 3 5 .3 3 5 .4 3 5 .3 3 5 .3 3 5 .2 3 5 .2 3 5 .4 3 5 .1 3 5 .2 3 5 .3 3 5 .2 3 5 .0 40.1 4 0 .7 4 0 .9 4 0 .7 4 1 .1 4 0 .6 4 0 .6 4 0 .5 4 0 .5 4 0 .6 4 0 .4 4 0 .5 4 0 .7 4 0 .6 4 0 .0 3 .0 3 .4 3 .5 3 .5 3 .7 3 .3 3 .3 3 .3 3 .3 3 .3 3 .3 3 .4 3 .4 3 .3 3 .3 4 0 .7 4 1 .4 4 1 .7 4 1 .4 4 1 .8 4 1 .3 4 1 .2 4 1 .2 4 1 .2 4 1 .5 4 1 .3 4 1 .2 4 1 .4 4 1 .4 4 0 .6 3 .6 3 .0 3 .6 3 .8 3 .7 4 .0 3 .5 3 .5 3 .5 3 .4 3 .5 3 .5 3 .6 3 .6 3 .6 4 0 .1 3 9 .9 4 0 .4 4 0 .1 4 0 .4 3 9 .6 3 9 .4 3 9 .3 39 4 4 0 .2 3 9 .7 3 9 .5 4 0 .0 3 9 .9 3 8 .6 3 9 .4 3 9 .7 3 9 .9 3 9 .6 3 9 .7 3 9 .7 3 9 .1 3 9 .8 3 9 .1 3 9 .9 3 9 .6 3 9 .8 3 9 .6 4 0 .4 3 9 .4 ............................ 4 1 .5 4 2 .0 4 2 .5 4 1 .9 4 2 .3 4 2 .1 4 1 .8 4 1 .9 4 1 .7 4 2 .0 4 1 .8 4 1 .8 4 1 .7 4 1 .6 4 1 .1 P rim ary m etal in d u s tr ie s ............................................... 4 0 .5 4 1 .6 4 2 .0 4 1 .8 4 2 .2 4 2 .1 4 1 .7 Stone, clay, and glass products 4 1 .5 4 1 .0 4 1 .3 4 1 .3 4 1 .5 4 1 .2 4 1 .0 4 0 .7 Blast furnac es and basic steel products . . . . 3 9 .5 4 0 .6 4 1 .3 4 1 .2 4 1 .0 4 1 .6 4 1 .1 3 9 .9 3 9 .6 4 0 .0 4 0 .1 4 0 .8 3 9 .7 3 9 .7 4 0 .0 Fabricated m etal p r o d u c t s ........................................... 4 0 .6 4 1 .4 4 1 .8 4 1 .3 4 1 .8 4 1 .4 4 1 .3 4 1 .3 4 1 .1 4 1 .5 4 0 .3 4 1 .1 4 1 .4 4 1 .3 4 0 .7 M a c h in e ry , e xcept e le c tr ic a l....................................... 4 0 .5 4 1 .9 4 1 .9 4 1 .9 4 2 .3 4 1 .9 4 2 .0 4 1 .8 4 2 .0 4 2 .0 4 1 .9 4 1 .7 4 1 .8 4 1 .7 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 4 2 .7 4 1 .2 4 1 .0 4 1 .3 4 1 .0 4 0 .8 4 0 .8 4 0 .9 4 1 .2 4 0 .9 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 4 0 .9 4 0 .2 4 3 .1 4 2 .9 4 3 .5 4 2 .4 4 2 .3 4 2 .2 4 2 .4 4 2 .8 4 2 .4 4 2 .4 4 3 .0 4 3 .4 4 2 .2 4 3 .3 4 3 .9 4 3 .3 4 3 .4 4 4 .4 4 4 .8 4 2 .5 Electrical and electronic e q u ip m e n t ........................ 4 0 .5 T ransportation e q u i p m e n t ........................................... 42.1 M o to r vehicles and e q u ip m e n t ................................ 4 3 .3 4 3 .7 4 4 .3 4 4 .4 4 4 .8 4 2 .9 4 3.1 4 2 .4 Ins trum e nts and related p r o d u c t s ............................ 4 0 .4 4 1 .3 4 1 .2 4 1.1 4 1 .4 4 0 .7 4 1 .3 4 1 .3 4 1 .1 4 1 .5 4 1 .2 4 1 .5 4 1 .8 4 1 .2 4 0 .7 ...................................................................... 3 9 .4 3 9 .6 3 9 .9 3 9 .8 4 0 .2 3 9 .6 3 9 .6 3 9 .4 3 9 .5 3 9 .4 3 9 .3 3 9 .4 3 9 .6 3 9 .5 3 9 .0 O ve rtim e h o u r s ....................................................... 3 .0 3.1 3 .3 3 .3 3 .4 3.1 3 .2 3.1 3.1 3 .0 2 .9 3 .2 3.1 2 .9 2 .9 ........................................ 3 9 .5 3 9 .8 3 9 .7 3 9 .8 4 0.1 3 9 .7 3 9 .8 3 9 .5 3 9 .7 3 9 .6 3 9 .6 3 9 .7 4 0 .1 3 9 .8 3 9 .5 Textile m ill p r o d u c t s ....................................................... 4 0 .5 4 0 .6 4 1 .2 4 0 .0 4 0 .0 3 9 .8 3 9 .4 3 9 .2 3 8 .7 3 9 .0 3 9 .2 3 9.1 3 8 .6 3 6 .2 4 2 .6 3 9 .9 3 6 .4 4 0 .8 A pparel and other textile products ........................ Paper and allied p r o d u c t s ............................................ 3 6 .9 4 3 .2 3 6 .7 4 3 .0 3 7 .4 4 3 .2 3 6 .5 4 3 .1 3 6 .4 4 2 .9 3 5 .8 4 3 .3 3 6 .0 4 3 .1 3 5 .9 4 3 .1 3 5 .9 4 3 .0 3 6 .0 4 3 .2 3 6 .4 4 3 .1 3 6.1 4 3.1 3 5 .4 4 2 .3 N o n d u r a b le g o o d s Food and kindred products Printing and publishing ................................................ 3 7 .6 4 3 .1 3 7 .9 3 7 .9 3 7 .9 3 8 .2 3 8 .0 3 7 .7 3 7 .7 3 7 .8 3 7 .9 3 7 .8 3 7 .9 3 7 .7 3 7 .8 3 7 .6 Chem icals and allied p r o d u c t s .................................... 4 1 .6 4 1 ,9 4 2 .1 4 2 .0 4 2 .0 4 1 .8 4 1 .9 4 1 .9 4 2 .0 4 1 .8 4 1 .6 4 1 .7 4 1 .9 4 2 .0 4 1 .6 Petroleum and coal p r o d u c t s .................................... 4 3 .9 4 3 .7 4 4 .5 4 4 .7 4 3 .7 4 3 .5 4 3 .2 4 3 .9 4 3.1 4 3 .5 4 3 .5 4 2 .9 4 3 .8 4 3 .7 Leather and le ather products 3 6 .8 3 6 .8 37 2 3 6 .7 3 7 .5 3 6 .5 4 3 .1 3 6 .7 3 7 .0 3 6 .0 3 6 .5 3 6 .4 3 6 .4 3 6 .9 3 6 .8 3 6 .8 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S 3 9 .0 39 4 3 9 .3 3 9 .2 3 9 .5 3 9 .4 3 9 .6 3 9 .8 3 9 .4 3 9 .8 3 9 .1 3 9 .4 3 9 .2 3 9 .4 3 9 .5 W H O LE SA LE TR A D E 3 8 .5 3 8 .6 3 8 .5 3 8 .5 3 8 .7 3 8 .6 3 8 .6 3 8 .6 3 8 .7 3 8 .8 3 8 .6 3 8 .6 3 8 .6 3 8 .6 3 8 .6 R E T A IL T R A D E 2 9 .8 3 0 .0 3 0 .0 30.1 3 0 .0 3 0 .1 3 0 .2 2 9 .9 2 9 .9 3 0 .0 2 9 .8 2 9 .9 30.1 3 0 .0 2 9 .8 S E R V IC E S 3 2 .7 3 2 .8 3 2 .7 3 2 .8 3 2 .8 3 2 .7 3 2 .7 3 2 .7 3 2 .6 3 2 .8 3 2 .7 3 2 .7 3 2 .8 3 2 .7 3 2 .8 p - p relim inary. 76 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis .................................... NOTE: See 'N otes on the d a ta " fo r a description of the m ost recent benchm ark revision. 14. A verage hourly earnings, by industry [Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] A n n u al ave ra g e 1984 1985 In d u s tr y P R IV A T E S E C T O R 1983 1984 Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. J a n .P F e b .P $ 8 .0 2 $ 8 .3 3 $ 8 .2 4 $ 8 .2 4 $ 8 .2 9 $ 8 .2 8 $ 8 .2 9 $ 8 .3 2 $ 8 .3 0 $ 8 .4 3 $ 8 .4 0 $8 43 $ 8 .4 6 $ 8 .5 0 $ 8 .5 1 ( 1) ( 1) 8 .2 3 8 .2 5 8.31 8 .2 9 8 .3 3 8 .3 5 8 .3 4 8 .4 0 8 .3 8 8 .4 2 8 .4 7 8 .4 5 8 .4 9 Seasonally a d ju s te d ................................................ M IN IN G 1 1 .2 7 1 1 .5 8 1 1 .4 9 1 1 .6 0 1 1 .6 2 1 1 .5 6 1 1 .5 7 1 1 .5 7 1 1 .5 7 1 1 .6 6 1 1 .5 2 1 1 .5 7 1 1 .6 4 1 1 .7 7 1 1 .7 8 C O N S T R U C T IO N 1 1 .9 2 1 2 .0 3 1 1 .9 9 1 1 .9 7 1 1 .9 5 1 1 .9 9 1 1 .9 4 1 1 .9 7 1 2.01 1 2 .1 5 1 2 .1 4 1 2 .0 1 1 2 .1 7 1 2 .2 0 1 2 .2 3 M A N U F A C T U R IN G D u r a b le g o o d s L um ber and w o od p r o d u c t s ............................ 8 .8 3 9 .1 7 9 .0 6 9 .0 9 9 .1 1 9 .1 1 9 .1 4 9 .1 8 9 .1 4 9 .2 3 9 .2 2 9 .3 0 9 .3 8 9 .4 2 9 .4 2 9 .3 8 9 .7 2 9 .6 3 9 .6 6 9 .6 7 9 .6 6 9 .6 9 9 .7 0 9 .6 8 9 .7 7 9 .7 6 9 .8 2 9 .9 4 9 .9 7 9 .9 7 7 .7 9 7 .9 9 7 .8 9 7 .9 2 8 .0 4 8 .01 8 .0 5 8 .1 5 8 .0 6 8 .0 1 8 .0 4 8 .0 5 8 .0 7 Furniture and f ix t u r e s ............................................ 6 .6 2 6 .8 6 6 .7 5 6 .7 6 6 .7 6 6 .8 8 6 .9 0 6 .9 5 6 .9 5 6 .9 6 7.01 7 .0 4 7 .0 4 9 .2 7 9 .5 6 9 .3 8 9 .4 0 9 .5 1 6 .8 0 9 .5 4 6 .8 4 Stone, clay, and glass p r o d u c t s .................... 7 .8 8 7 .8 7 9 .5 8 9 .6 4 9 .6 3 9 .6 6 P rim a ry m etal in d u s t r ie s .................................... 1 1 .3 4 1 1 .4 3 1 1 .4 9 1 1 .4 4 1 1 .5 1 1 1 .4 9 1 1 .4 6 1 1 .4 5 1 1 .3 4 1 1 .3 9 1 1 .3 1 1 1 .4 4 1 1 .4 4 1 1 .5 2 1 1 .6 2 Blast furnac es and basic steel products 1 2 .8 9 1 2 .9 9 1 3 .1 0 1 2 .9 7 1 3 .1 2 1 3 .0 9 1 3 .0 2 1 3 .0 2 1 2 .9 0 12 86 1 2 .9 9 1 2 .9 5 1 3 .1 0 1 3 .3 0 9 .3 8 9 .4 2 9 .5 5 9 .5 7 9 .6 0 1 0 .0 1 1 0 .0 6 1 0 .1 6 1 0 .1 2 1 0 .1 2 9 .6 2 9 .6 4 Fabricated m etal p r o d u c t s ................................ 9 .1 1 9 .3 6 9.31 9.31 9 .3 4 9 .3 3 9 .3 3 9 .3 3 9 .3 0 1 3.01 9 .4 1 M a c h in e ry , e xcept e l e c t r ic a l ............................ 9 55 9 .9 6 9 .8 7 9 .9 0 9 .9 1 9 .9 0 9 .9 3 9 .9 6 9 .9 2 1 0.01 Electrical and electronic eq u ip m en t 9 .6 9 9 .7 3 8 65 8 .9 9 8 .8 6 8 88 8 .8 9 8 .8 9 8.91 8 .9 5 9 .0 0 9 .0 8 9 .0 9 9 .1 5 9 .2 7 9 .2 9 9 .3 0 ................................ 1 1 .6 6 1 2 .1 9 1 2 .0 0 1 2 .1 2 1 2 .0 6 1 2 .0 4 1 2 .1 4 1 2 .1 3 1 2 .1 3 1 2 .2 3 1 2 .2 9 1 2 .4 2 1 2 .5 9 1 2 .6 2 1 2 .5 3 M o to r vehicles and e q u i p m e n t .................... 1 2 .1 2 1 2 .6 9 12.41 1 2 .6 2 1 2 .5 6 1 2.51 1 2 .6 7 1 2 .6 1 1 2 .5 9 1 2 .6 9 1 2 .8 1 1 2 .9 6 1 3.21 1 3 .3 2 1 3 .1 7 Ins trum e nts and related p r o d u c t s ................ 8 46 8 .8 1 8 .6 6 8.71 8 .7 3 8.71 8 .7 8 8 .8 3 8 .8 5 8 .9 2 8 .8 9 8 .9 1 8 .9 9 8 .9 5 9 .0 6 M iscellaneou s m anufacturing 6 .8 0 7 .0 0 6 .9 7 6 .9 7 6 .9 7 6 .9 9 6 .9 8 7 .0 2 6 .9 7 7.01 7 .0 2 7 .0 3 7 .1 2 7 .2 1 7 .2 2 T ransportation e q uipm en t . . . . 9 .6 7 ........................ 8 .0 8 8 .3 7 8 .2 4 8 .2 7 8 .2 9 8 .3 0 8 .3 3 8 .41 8 .3 7 8 .4 4 ............................ 8 .2 0 8 .4 1 8 .3 7 8 .3 9 8 .4 3 8 .4 3 8 .4 4 8 .41 8 .3 6 8 .3 7 8 .3 3 8 .4 6 8 .4 8 8 .4 8 8 .5 0 T obacco m a n u fa c t u r e s ........................................ 1 0 .3 5 1 1 .1 2 1 1 .1 3 1 1 .2 9 1 1 .4 3 1 1 .5 5 1 1 .9 2 1 1 .6 7 1 0 .7 5 1 0 .3 1 1 0 .3 5 1 1 .7 6 1 0 .9 7 1 1 .1 5 1 1 .3 3 N o n d u r a b le g o o d s Food and kindred products T extile m ill products ............................................ 6 .1 8 6 .4 6 6 .4 0 6 .4 1 6 .4 2 6 .4 3 6 .4 3 6 .4 3 6 .4 6 6 .4 9 8 .4 4 8 .5 2 6 .4 9 6 .5 5 8 .5 5 8 .6 0 6 .5 7 8 .6 0 6 .5 9 6 .6 0 Apparel and other textile p r o d u c t s ................ 5 .3 7 5 .5 3 5 .4 6 5 .4 8 5 .4 9 5 .4 8 5 .5 0 5 .5 1 5 .5 3 5 .6 1 5 .5 9 5 .5 9 5 .6 5 5.71 5 .6 9 Paper and allied products 9 .9 4 1 0 .4 4 1 0 .2 2 1 0 .2 5 1 0 .2 9 1 0 .3 4 1 0 .4 2 1 0 .5 6 1 0 .5 0 1 0 .5 5 1 0 .5 6 1 0 .6 7 1 0 .6 9 1 0 .6 8 1 0 .7 3 ................................ P rin ting and p u b lis h in g ........................................ 9 .1 1 9 .3 9 9 .3 0 9 .2 9 9 .2 9 9 .3 6 9 .5 1 9 .4 8 1 0 .5 9 1 1 .1 1 1 0 .9 0 1 0 .9 5 1 0 .9 7 9.31 1 1 .0 2 9 .3 0 C hem icals and allied p r o d u c t s ........................ 1 1 .0 3 1 1 .1 2 1 1 .1 3 1 1 .2 3 1 1 .3 2 1 1 .3 5 1 1 .3 7 1 1 .4 3 1 1 .4 0 Petroleum and coal products 1 3 .2 9 1 3 .4 5 1 3 .4 3 1 3 .4 4 1 3 .4 4 1 3 .3 2 1 3 .3 3 1 3 .2 7 1 3 .3 2 1 3 .5 4 1 3 .5 2 1 3 .6 7 1 3 .6 3 1 3 .9 0 1 3 .8 6 ........................ 9 .4 2 9 .5 4 9 .5 6 9 .5 7 9 .5 9 R ubber and m iscellaneo us plastics p r o d u c t s ................................................ Leather and leather products ........................ 7 .9 9 8 .2 7 8 .1 6 8 .2 0 8 .2 5 8 .2 0 8 .2 3 8 .3 0 8 .2 8 8.31 8 .3 1 8 .3 9 8 .4 3 8 .5 0 8 .4 9 5 .5 4 5 .7 0 5 .6 7 5 .6 8 5 .6 8 5 .6 8 5 .6 7 5 .7 0 5 .6 7 5 .7 2 c5 .7 2 5 .7 6 5 .8 0 5 .8 3 5 .8 2 1 1 .3 2 1 1 .3 3 1 1 .3 2 1 0 .8 0 1 1 .1 5 11.01 1 1 .0 2 1 1 .0 7 1 1 .0 3 1 1 .0 7 1 1 .1 8 1 1 .1 7 1 1 .2 7 C1 1 .2 3 1 1 .2 9 W HO LESALE TRADE 8 .5 4 8 .9 4 8 .7 9 8 .7 9 8 .8 9 8 .8 6 8 .9 0 8 .9 7 8 .9 5 9 .0 5 8 .9 9 9 .0 6 9 .1 8 9 .1 5 9 .1 7 R E T A IL T R A D E 5 .7 4 5 .8 9 5 .8 9 5 .8 9 5 .9 0 5 .8 8 5 .8 8 5 .8 7 5 .8 4 5 .8 9 5 .8 8 5 .9 4 5 .8 9 5 .9 7 5 .9 9 F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E 7 .2 9 7 .6 2 7 .5 4 7 .5 4 7 .6 2 7 .5 5 7 .5 8 7 .6 0 7 .5 7 7 .7 6 7 .6 7 7 .7 1 7 .7 8 7 .7 8 7 .8 3 S E R V IC E S 7 .3 0 7 .6 2 7 .5 5 7 .5 4 7 .6 0 7 .5 5 7 .5 3 7 .5 6 7 .5 3 7 .6 9 7 .6 9 7 .7 4 7 .8 2 7 .8 2 7 .8 6 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N O P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S 1 Not available. c = corrected. p = p re lim ina ry . NOTE: 15. See "N o te s on the d a ta " fo r a descrip tion of the m o st recent benchm ark revision. T he H ourly E arnings Index, by industry [Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls; 1977 = 100] N o t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d S e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d P e rc e n t P e rc e n t change In d u s tr y D ec. Jan. 1984 1984 1985P 1 5 8 .8 P R IV A T E S E C T O R ( In c u r r e n t d o l la r s ) M ining Feb. Feb. 1985P change f ro m : Feb. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. f ro m : Feb. 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1985P 1985P Jan. 1985 to to Feb. 1985 Feb. 1985 1 6 3 .2 1 6 3 .5 1 6 4 .0 3 .3 1 7 6 .8 177.1 1 7 7 .3 3 .9 1 5 8 .5 1 6 1 .3 1 6 2 .0 1 6 3 .1 1 6 2 .8 1 6 3 .7 0 .6 ( 1) .9 ........................................................................... 1 7 0 .7 C o n s t r u c tio n ............................................................... 1 4 5 .5 1 4 7 .9 1 4 8 .0 1 4 8 .3 2 .0 ( 1) 1 4 6 .2 (1) 146 3 ( 1) 1 4 6 .5 ( 1) 1 4 7 .5 ( 1) 1 4 7 .7 (’ ) 149.1 M a n u fa c t u r in g ........................................................... 160 8 1 6 5 .5 1 6 6 .5 1 6 6 .7 3 .7 1 6 0 .7 1 6 3 .8 1 6 4 .5 1 65.1 1 6 5 .9 1 6 6 .6 .4 T ransportation and public utilities ................ 1 6 0 .3 1 6 4 .9 1 6 4 .9 1 6 3 .0 1 63.1 1 6 4 .3 1 6 3 .7 1 6 4 .6 .5 1 6 2 .7 3 .0 4.1 1 5 9 .8 W h o lesale t r a d e ....................................................... ( 1) 1 5 2 .9 ( 1) 1 5 3 .9 (1) 1 55.1 ( 1) 1 5 5 .4 <1) 1 5 4 .5 ( 1) 1 5 5 .3 ( 1) .5 ( 1) 1 6 4 .0 ( 1) 1 6 4 .8 ( 1) 1 6 6 .6 ( 1) 1 6 4 .9 ( 1) 1 6 6 .2 ( 1) .8 9 3 .9 9 4 .3 9 4 .7 9 4 .4 (2) 1 6 9 .6 1 6 9 .0 1 65.1 1 6 9 .4 Retail t r a d e ................................................................... 1 5 3 .4 1 5 4 .3 1 .6 1 6 4 .0 1 6 8 .6 1 5 5 .0 1 6 8 .4 1 5 5 .8 Finance, insuran ce, and real e s t a t e ................ 1 6 9 .6 3 .4 Services 1 6 0 .8 1 6 6 .8 1 6 6 .5 1 6 7 .2 4 .0 ( 1) 1 5 9 .8 9 5 .0 9 4 .9 9 5 .0 (2 ) 9 4 .8 ....................................................................... P R IV A T E S E C T O R ( In c o n s t a n t d o l la r s ) (2) 1T his series is not seasonally adjusted because the seasonal c o m ponent is sm all relative to the tren d cycle, irre g u la r com p o n e n ts , or both, and consequently cannot be separated w ith sufficient precision. 2 N ot available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis <2 ) P = prelim inary. NOTE: See “ N otes on the d a ta " fo r a descrip tion of the m o st recent benchm ark revision. 77 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 16. A verage w eekly earnings, by industry [P ro d u c tio n o r n o n s u p e rv is o r y w o rk e r s o n p riv a te n o n a g ric u ltu ra l p a y ro lls ] A n n u al a v e ra g e 1984 1985 In d u s tr y 1983 1984 Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly A ug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. J a n .F F e b .F C urrent d o l l a r s ................................................................... $ 2 8 0 .7 0 $ 2 9 4 .0 5 $ 2 8 8 .4 0 $ 2 8 8 40 $ 2 9 2 .6 4 $ 2 9 1 .4 6 $ 2 9 4 .3 0 $ 2 9 6 .1 9 $ 2 9 4 .6 5 $ 2 9 9 .2 7 $ 2 9 5 .6 8 $ 2 9 5 .8 9 $ 3 0 0 .3 3 $ 2 9 6 .6 5 $ 2 9 5 .3 0 Seasonally a d j u s t e d ................................................... ( 1) 1 7 3 .4 8 2 9 0 .5 2 2 9 1 .2 3 2 9 4 .1 7 2 9 2 .6 4 2 9 4 .0 5 2 9 3 .9 2 2 9 3 .5 7 2 9 7 .3 6 2 9 4 .1 4 2 9 6 .3 8 2 9 8 .9 9 2 9 7 .4 4 2 9 7 .1 5 C onstant (1 9 7 7 ) d o l l a r s ............................................... (1 ) 1 7 1 .3 7 1 7 2 .5 9 1 7 2 .5 9 1 7 4 .7 1 1 7 3 .1 8 1 7 4 .4 5 1 7 4 .8 5 1 7 2 .3 1 1 7 3 .9 9 1 7 1 .9 1 1 7 2 .2 3 1 7 4 .6 1 1 7 5 .0 1 ( 1) M I N I N G ..................................................................................................... 4 7 8 .9 8 5 0 2 .5 7 4 9 2 .9 2 4 9 6 .4 8 4 9 9 .6 6 4 9 9 .3 9 5 0 5 .6 1 4 9 7 .5 1 5 0 3 .3 0 5 1 3 .0 4 4 9 7 .6 6 5 0 3 .3 0 5 1 4 .4 9 5 0 4 .9 3 5 0 1 .8 3 C O N S T R U C T IO N 4 4 3 .4 2 4 5 4 .7 3 4 4 3 .6 3 4 3 9 .3 0 4 4 8 .1 3 4 5 8 .0 2 4 6 0 .8 8 4 6 2 .0 4 4 6 2 .3 9 4 6 7 .7 8 4 6 1 .3 2 4 4 9 .1 7 4 5 7 .9 7 4 4 2 .8 6 4 4 1 .5 0 C urrent d o l l a r s ................................................................... 3 5 4 .0 8 3 7 3 .2 2 3 6 8 .7 4 3 6 9 .9 6 3 7 2 .6 0 3 6 9 .8 7 3 7 2 .9 1 3 6 9 95 3 6 9 .2 6 3 7 5 .6 6 3 7 3 .4 1 3 7 8 .5 1 3 8 6 .4 6 3 7 9 .6 3 3 7 3 .9 7 C onstant ( 1 9 7 7 ) d o l l a r s ............................................... 2 1 6 .1 7 2 2 0 .1 9 2 2 0 .6 7 2 2 1 .4 0 2 2 2 .4 5 2 1 9 .7 7 2 2 1 .0 5 2 1 8 .3 9 2 1 5 .9 4 2 1 8 .4 1 2 1 7 .1 0 2 2 0 .3 2 2 2 4 .6 9 2 2 0 .4 6 <1> 3 8 1 .7 7 4 0 2 .4 1 3 9 8 .6 8 3 9 9 .9 2 4 0 2 .2 7 3 9 9 .9 2 4 0 2 .1 4 3 9 6 .7 3 3 9 6 .8 8 4 0 5 .4 6 4 0 3 .0 9 4 0 6 .5 5 4 1 8 .4 7 4 0 9 .7 7 4 0 2 .7 9 3 1 2 .3 8 2 6 0 .8 3 3 1 8 80 3 1 3 .6 2 3 1 4 .0 1 3 1 7 .1 8 3 1 7 .5 9 3 2 4 .0 1 3 1 6 .4 0 3 2 2 .0 0 3 2 9 .2 6 3 2 0 .7 9 3 1 3 .9 9 3 1 9 .9 9 3 1 2 .3 4 3 0 7 .4 7 Furniture and f i x t u r e s ....................................................... 2 7 2 .3 4 2 6 3 .9 3 2 6 7 .0 2 2 6 7 .0 2 2 6 8 .6 0 2 7 0 .8 6 2 6 9 .7 0 2 7 3 .2 4 2 7 8 .7 0 2 7 9 .3 9 2 7 9 .1 0 2 8 4 .6 1 2 7 6 .6 7 2 7 1 .7 4 Stone, clay, and glass products ................................ 3 8 4 .7 1 3 8 9 .1 6 4 0 1 .3 2 4 0 4 .5 0 4 0 7 .1 5 4 0 6 .8 1 4 0 5 .9 6 4 0 8 .7 4 4 0 5 .4 2 4 0 5 .7 2 4 0 3 .2 4 3 9 2 .4 5 3 9 1 .1 5 4 5 9 .2 7 4 0 1 .5 2 4 7 5 .4 9 3 8 9 .2 7 ............................................... 4 8 2 .5 8 4 8 0 .4 8 4 8 8 .0 2 4 8 1 .4 3 4 8 0 .1 7 4 7 2 89 4 6 2 .6 7 4 7 2 .6 9 P R IV A T E S E C T O R M A N U F A C T U R IN G D u r a b le g o o d s L u m b e r and w o od products P rim a ry m etal industries ....................................... 4 6 2 .5 8 4 7 3 .6 2 4 7 5 .9 0 4 7 2 .3 2 Blast furnaces and basic steel p ro d u c ts ................ 5 0 9 .1 6 5 2 7 .3 9 5 3 9 .7 2 5 3 4 .3 6 5 4 9 .7 3 5 4 0 .6 2 5 3 6 .4 2 5 2 4 .7 1 5 0 6 .9 7 5 2 4 .3 0 5 0 6 .6 8 5 2 4 .8 0 5 1 6 .7 1 5 1 8 .7 6 5 3 2 .0 0 Fabricated m etal p r o d u c ts ................................................ 3 6 9 .8 7 3 8 7 .5 0 3 8 6 .3 7 3 8 4 .5 0 3 8 7 .6 1 3 8 6 .2 6 3 8 8 .1 3 3 8 0 .6 6 3 8 1 .3 0 3 8 9 .5 7 3 8 7 .3 9 3 8 9 .0 5 4 0 3 .0 1 3 9 3 .3 3 3 8 8 .8 0 4 7 2 .9 3 M a c h in e ry except e l e c t r ic a l ............................................ 3 8 6 .7 8 4 1 7 .3 2 4 1 3 .5 5 4 1 5 .8 0 4 1 7 .2 1 4 1 3 .8 2 4 1 7 .0 6 4 1 1 .3 5 4 1 1 .6 8 4 2 0 .4 2 4 1 7 .4 2 4 2 2 .5 2 4 3 4 .8 5 4 2 2 .0 0 4 1 4 .9 2 Electrical and electronic e q u ip m e n t............................ 3 5 0 .3 3 3 6 8 .5 9 3 6 4 .1 5 3 6 4 .0 8 3 6 4 .4 9 3 6 3 .6 0 3 6 5 .3 1 3 6 1 .5 8 3 6 6 .3 0 3 7 4 .1 0 3 7 1 .7 8 3 7 6 .9 8 3 8 7 .4 9 3 7 9 .0 3 3 7 2 .9 3 T ransportation e q u ip m e n t ............................................... 4 9 0 .8 9 5 2 0 .5 1 5 1 4 .8 0 5 2 1 .1 6 5 2 3 .4 0 5 1 4 .1 1 5 1 9 .5 9 5 0 8 .2 5 5 0 4 .6 1 5 1 7 .3 3 5 2 1 .1 0 5 3 0 .3 3 5 5 2 .7 0 5 4 3 .9 2 5 2 6 .2 6 M o to r vehicles and e q u ip m e n t ................................ 5 3 2 .5 6 5 4 8 21 5 5 4 67 5 6 2 .4 6 5 9 3 .1 3 5 9 1 .4 1 5 2 4 .8 0 5 5 4 .5 5 5 4 4 .8 0 5 6 0 .3 3 5 6 3 .9 4 5 4 6 .6 9 5 5 7 .4 8 5 3 7 .1 9 ............................ 3 4 1 .7 8 3 6 3 .8 5 3 5 6 .7 9 3 5 8 .8 5 3 5 8 .8 0 3 5 4 .5 0 3 6 2 .6 1 3 6 1 .1 5 3 6 2 .8 5 3 7 1 .0 7 3 6 5 .3 8 3 7 1 .5 5 3 8 0 .2 8 3 6 6 .9 5 3 6 8 .7 4 M iscellaneou s m a n u fa c tu r in g ........................................ 2 6 5 .8 8 2 7 5 .8 0 2 7 6 .0 1 2 7 6 .0 1 2 7 5 .3 2 2 7 4 .7 1 2 7 3 .6 2 2 7 3 .0 8 2 7 2 .5 3 2 7 7 .6 0 2 7 8 .6 9 2 7 9 .0 9 2 8 4 .0 9 2 7 9 .7 5 2 7 9 .4 1 3 2 9 .9 4 3 2 8 .6 8 Ins trum e nts and related products 5 5 5 .7 7 ...................................................................... 3 1 8 .3 5 3 3 1 .4 5 3 2 6 .3 0 3 2 7 .4 9 Food and kindred p r o d u c t s ........................................... 3 2 3 .9 0 3 3 4 .7 2 3 2 7 .2 7 3 2 9 .7 3 3 3 2 .9 9 3 3 3 .8 3 3 3 7 .6 0 3 3 3 .0 4 3 3 5 .2 4 3 3 6 .4 7 3 3 1 .5 3 3 3 8 .4 0 3 4 1 .1 5 3 4 3 .4 4 3 3 4 .9 6 3 3 0 .6 5 Tobacco m anufactures .................................................... 3 8 7 .0 9 4 3 2 .5 7 4 0 5 .1 3 4 1 6 .6 0 4 5 1 .4 9 4 8 2 .7 6 4 3 7 .6 3 4 2 1 .4 0 4 0 8 .2 8 4 1 2 .9 7 4 7 1 .5 8 4 2 5 .6 4 4 1 4 .7 8 T extile m ill p r o d u c t s ........................................................... 2 5 0 .2 9 2 5 7 .7 5 2 5 9 .8 4 2 5 9 .7 7 2 5 2 .7 0 2 5 6 .4 6 2 5 5 .7 1 2 5 3 .1 1 2 5 7 .4 2 2 5 8 .8 6 N o n d u r a b le g o o d s 3 3 1 .5 3 3 3 1 .3 5 3 3 1 .4 5 3 3 5 .0 7 3 3 2 .5 4 3 3 7 .3 9 3 3 7 .1 2 3 3 2 .8 2 2 5 8 .9 6 2 6 0 .4 2 4 5 7 .3 8 2 5 7 .4 4 2 5 5 .6 9 4 2 1 .4 8 2 5 3 .4 4 Apparel and other textile p r o d u c t s ............................ 1 9 4 39 2 0 1 .2 9 2 0 0 .3 8 2 0 1 .1 2 2 0 2 .0 3 2 0 0 .0 2 2 0 2 .4 0 1 9 8 .3 6 2 0 0 .7 4 2 0 1 .9 6 2 0 1 .8 0 2 0 1 .8 0 2 0 5 .6 6 2 0 3 .2 8 2 0 0 .2 9 Paper and allied p r o d u c t s ................................................ 4 2 3 .4 4 4 4 9 96 4 3 8 .4 4 4 3 7 .6 8 4 4 2 .4 7 4 4 3 .5 9 4 4 9 .1 0 4 5 6 .1 9 4 5 1 .5 0 4 5 7 .8 7 4 5 5 .1 4 4 6 2 .0 1 4 6 8 .2 2 4 5 8 .1 7 4 5 0 .6 6 P rin ting and p u b l is h i n g .................................................... 3 4 2 .5 4 3 5 5 .8 8 3 4 9 .6 8 3 5 3 02 3 4 9 .6 8 3 5 1 .9 4 3 5 7 .0 2 3 6 2 .3 3 3 5 8 .3 4 3 6 3 .4 7 3 6 7 .1 0 3 5 7 .9 2 3 5 7 .7 1 4 4 0 54 4 6 5 .5 1 4 5 7 .8 0 4 5 8 .8 1 3 5 3 .0 2 4 6 0 .7 4 3 5 1 .9 2 .................................... 4 6 0 .6 4 4 6 3 .2 6 4 6 3 .7 0 4 6 4 .1 2 4 7 1 .6 6 4 7 0 .9 1 4 7 5 .5 7 4 8 2 .0 9 4 7 8 .9 2 4 7 3 .1 0 Petroleum and coat p r o d u c t s ....................................... 5 8 3 .4 3 5 8 7 .7 7 58 4 .2 1 5 8 5 .9 8 5 9 0 .0 2 5 8 0 .7 5 5 7 9 .8 6 5 7 9 .9 0 5 8 4 .7 5 5 9 8 .4 7 5 9 0 .8 2 5 9 7 .3 8 5 8 4 .7 3 6 0 0 .4 8 5 9 1 .8 2 plastics p r o d u c t s ........................................................... 3 2 9 .1 9 3 4 4 .8 6 3 4 2 .7 2 3 4 1 .9 4 3 4 7 .3 3 3 4 1 .9 4 3 4 4 .8 4 3 4 1 .9 6 3 4 2 .7 9 3 4 4 .8 7 3 4 4 .0 3 3 4 9 .0 2 3 5 4 .0 6 3 5 1 .0 5 3 4 3 .0 0 Leather and leather p r o d u c t s ....................................... 2 0 3 .8 7 2 0 9 .7 6 2 0 8 .6 6 2 0 5 .0 5 2 1 0 .1 6 2 0 9 .5 9 2 1 3 .7 6 2 1 2 .6 1 2 0 6 .3 9 2 0 8 .2 1 c2 0 7 .6 4 2 1 0 .8 2 2 1 5 .1 8 2 1 1 .0 5 2 1 1 .8 5 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S 4 2 1 .2 0 4 3 9 .3 1 4 2 9 .3 9 4 2 9 .7 8 4 3 5 .0 5 4 3 2 .3 8 4 4 0 .5 9 4 4 7 .2 0 4 4 3 .4 5 4 4 9 .6 7 c4 4 0 .2 2 4 4 5 .9 6 4 4 7 .1 4 4 4 3 .0 0 4 4 3 .7 4 W H O LE SA LE TR A D E 3 2 8 .7 9 3 4 5 .0 8 3 3 5 .7 8 3 3 6 .6 6 3 4 2 .2 7 3 4 2 .0 0 3 4 4 .4 3 3 4 8 .0 4 3 4 7 .2 6 3 5 1 .1 4 3 4 7 .9 1 3 5 0 .6 2 3 5 7 .1 0 3 5 1 .3 6 3 5 1 .2 1 Chem icals and allied products Rubb er and m iscellaneous R E T A IL T R A D E 1 7 1 .0 5 1 7 6 .7 0 1 7 3 .1 7 1 7 4 .3 4 1 7 5 .8 2 1 7 6 .4 0 1 7 8 .7 5 1 8 0 .2 1 1 7 8 .7 0 1 7 7 .2 9 1 7 4 .6 4 1 7 6 .4 2 1 8 0 .2 3 1 7 4 .9 2 1 7 4 .9 1 F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E 2 6 3 .9 0 2 7 8 .1 3 2 7 4 .4 6 2 7 3 .7 0 2 7 8 .1 3 2 7 4 .0 7 2 7 5 .1 5 2 7 8 .9 2 2 7 5 .5 5 2 8 4 .0 2 2 7 9 .9 6 2 8 0 .6 4 2 8 5 .5 3 2 8 3 .9 7 2 8 5 .8 0 S E R V IC E S 2 3 8 .7 1 2 4 9 .9 4 2 4 6 .1 3 2 4 5 .8 0 2 4 8 .5 2 2 4 6 .1 3 2 4 7 .7 4 2 5 0 .2 4 2 4 8 .4 9 2 5 2 .2 3 2 5 0 .6 9 2 5 2 .3 2 2 5 6 .5 0 2 5 4 .1 5 2 5 6 .2 4 ^ N ot available. c = corrected. NOTE: 17. See “ N otes on the d a ta " fo r a description of the m o st recent b enchm ark revision. Indexes of diffusion: industries in w hich em ploym ent increased, seasonally adjusted [In p e rc e n t] T im e Year span Jan. Over 1983 1 -m onth 1984 span 1985 . . . . 1983 . . . 1984 . . . . Feb. M a r. Apr. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. 5 4 .3 4 6 .5 6 0 .8 6 8 .9 6 9 .5 6 4 .6 7 4 .3 6 8 .6 6 9 .5 7 5 .4 6 9 .7 7 3 .8 71.1 7 3 .2 6 7 .0 6 3 .8 64.1 6 3 .0 6 2 .4 5 7 .6 4 0 .8 6 5 .7 5 1 .9 6 3 .5 P 5 6 .8 P 47.3 7 9 .5 P64 9 P 5 8 .6 8 3 .8 Over 3 -m o n th span 4 6 .8 5 7 .3 64.1 75.1 7 5 .7 7 7 .8 7 4.1 8 1 .6 8 0 .8 7 8 .9 8 2 .2 8 0 .5 7 6 .5 71.1 6 8 .4 6 8 .9 6 3 .5 58.1 5 8 .6 5 3 .5 6 3 .0 8 2 .7 6 9 .2 75.1 7 5 .4 8 0 .0 6 9 .2 8 2 .4 8 4 .1 82 4 8 4 .6 85 9 8 6 .8 63 2 6 2 .4 6 2 .7 6 3 .5 P 6 0 .3 P 5 2 .2 86 8 8 7 .3 8 5 .4 1985 P 57.3 1983 1984 8 1 .9 7 7 .6 Over 6 -m o n th span 5 0 .8 7 9 .7 Over 1 2 -m o n th 1983 span 1984 . . . . . 4 9 .5 5 4 .3 6 1 .9 7 1.1 7 7 .3 7 9 .5 8 3 .8 88.1 86 5 8 1 .9 7 8 .9 7 6 .8 74 3 7 3 .8 P 7 1 .9 P 6 2 .2 8 7 .3 p = prelim inary. NOTE: Figures are the percent o f industries w ith em p lo ym en t rising. (H a lf of the unchanged com ponents 78 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis are counted as risin g .) Data are centered w ithin the spans. See the “ D efinitions’ ' in this section. See "N o te s on the d a ta " fo r a descrip tion of the m ost recent b enchm ark revision. UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE DATA a t i o n a l u n e m p l o y m e n t i n s u r a n c e d a t a are compiled monthly by the Employment and Training Administration of the U.S. De partment of Labor from monthly reports of unemployment insur ance activity prepared by State agencies. Railroad unemployment insurance data are prepared by the U.S. Railroad Retirement Board. persons in unemployment insurance programs to indicate they are out of work and wish to begin receiving compensation. A claimant who continued to be unemployed a full week is then counted in the insured unemployment figure. The rate of insured unemployment expresses the number o f in sured unemployed as a percent of the average insured employment in a 12-month period. N Definitions Average weekly seasonally adjusted insured unemployment data are computed by BLS’ Weekly Seasonal Adjustment program. This procedure incorporated the X -11 Variant of the Census Method II Seasonal Adjust ment program. Data for all programs represent an unduplicated count of insured un employment under State programs, Unemployment Compensation for ExServicemen, and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees, and the Railroad Insurance Act. Under both State and Federal unemployment insurance programs for civilian employees, insured workers must report the completion of at least 1 week o f unemployment before they are defined as unemployed. Persons not covered by unemployment insurance (about 10 percent of the labor force) and those who have exhausted or not yet earned benefit rights are excluded from the scope of the survey. Initial claims are notices filed by 18. An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is required for subsequent periods in the same year. Number of payments are payments made in 14-day registration periods. The average amount of benefit payment is an average for all compensable periods, not adjusted for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments. However, total benefits paid have been adjusted. U nem p loym ent insurance and em ploym ent service operations [All items except average benefits amounts are in thousands] 1984 1985 It e m Jan. M a r. Feb. M ay A p r. June J u ly A ug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D e c .P J a n .)1 All program s: 3 ,3 7 4 Insured u n e m p lo y m e n t .................................... 3 ,1 7 4 2 ,9 5 8 2 ,2 9 0 2 ,6 1 3 2 ,1 6 6 2 ,3 2 7 2 ,1 8 4 2 ,0 8 3 2 ,1 4 9 2 ,4 4 1 2 ,7 7 8 State u n e m p lo y m e n t insurance p ro g ra m :' Initial c la im s 2 ........................................................ 2 ,3 5 5 1 ,5 2 8 1 ,4 2 4 1 ,4 2 9 1 ,3 6 8 1 ,3 8 7 1 ,7 6 7 1 ,4 5 9 1 ,2 6 0 1 ,7 5 8 1 ,8 2 5 2 ,0 7 4 3 ,2 4 9 3 ,0 5 6 2 ,8 4 3 2 ,5 1 5 2 ,2 1 5 2 ,1 1 1 2 ,2 7 0 2 ,1 2 9 2 ,0 2 3 2 ,0 7 2 2 ,3 5 5 2 ,6 9 1 3.1 9 ,2 7 1 Insured u n e m p lo y m e n t (average w ee kly v o l u m e ) ................................................ Rate of insured u n e m p lo y m e n t.................... 3 .8 3 .6 3 3 2 .9 2 .6 2 .5 2 .6 2 .5 2 .3 2 .4 2 .7 W eeks of unem plo ym ent com pensated . . 1 2 ,2 3 2 1 1 ,6 2 2 1 1 ,3 3 9 9 ,6 9 5 9 ,3 0 4 8 ,0 5 3 8 ,3 8 0 8 ,7 1 6 7 ,2 0 9 8 ,0 9 2 8 ,4 2 1 $ 1 2 3 .6 0 $ 1 2 4 .3 0 $ 1 2 4 .6 7 $ 1 1 9 .8 3 $ 1 2 0 .2 4 $ 1 2 2 .4 9 $ 1 2 3 .1 9 $ 1 2 3 .9 5 $ 1 2 5 .7 1 $ 9 7 4 ,1 3 5 $ 1 ,0 1 7 ,8 0 4 $ 8 5 3 ,4 2 4 $ 9 6 2 ,8 5 6 $ 1 ,0 0 5 ,7 2 7 $ 1 ,1 2 4 ,8 4 9 A verage w ee kly benefit am o u n t fo r total u n e m p lo y m e n t Total benefits paid ............................ ............................................ $ 1 ,4 5 7 ,9 8 3 $ 1 ,4 0 0 ,4 5 8 $ 1 2 5 .2 6 $ 1 2 3 .6 9 $121 96 $ 1 ,3 6 9 ,5 3 6 $ 1 ,1 7 3 ,6 0 1 $ 1 ,1 0 9 ,2 6 8 $ 9 4 8 ,3 8 1 S tate u n e m p lo y m e n t insurance p ro g ra m :' (S easonally adjusted data) Initial c la im s 2 ........................................................ Insured une m p lo y m e n t (average 1 ,6 1 7 1 ,5 7 2 1 ,5 7 0 1 ,5 6 9 1 ,6 1 4 1 ,5 5 9 1 ,6 6 1 1 ,6 1 8 1 ,7 0 7 1 ,7 4 6 1 ,7 6 5 1 ,6 0 2 w ee kly v o l u m e ) ................................................ 2 ,5 1 0 2 ,4 2 8 2 ,4 7 0 2 ,5 0 7 2 ,3 5 6 2 ,4 5 7 2 ,3 5 5 2 ,5 6 7 2 ,4 6 1 2 ,5 5 1 2 ,5 4 1 Rate o f insured u n e m p lo y m e n t.................... 2 .9 2 .8 2 .9 2 .9 2 ,3 0 0 2 .7 2 .7 2 .8 2 .7 3 .0 2 .8 2 .9 2 .9 15 13 13 12 12 12 13 14 13 15 13 12 18 19 20 U n e m p lo y m e n t com pensation fo r exs e rv ic e m e n :3 Initial c l a i m s ' ........................................................ Insured une m p lo y m e n t (average w ee kly v o l u m e ) ................................................ W eeks of unem ploym ent com pensated . Total benefits paid ........................................... 20 18 18 1 12 96 89 78 71 79 72 86 22 87 89 $ 1 2 ,5 4 0 $ 1 1 ,8 1 3 $ 1 0 ,3 4 9 79 $ 1 0 ,5 7 7 71 $ 1 4 ,5 3 2 $ 9 ,4 6 7 $ 9 ,5 7 3 $ 1 0 ,7 1 5 $ 9 ,8 2 0 $ 1 1 ,7 6 6 $ 1 1 ,9 8 4 $ 1 2 ,0 7 2 27 24 22 21 23 U n e m p lo y m e n t com pensation for Federal civilian em p lo y e e s :4 Initial c laim s . . .................................................... Insured unem p lo ym en t (average 16 10 9 13 9 11 12 10 9 15 12 11 w ee kly v o l u m e ) ................................................ 32 31 28 23 20 19 20 19 19 21 23 24 88 W eeks of unem plo ym ent com pensated Total benefits paid . . ........................................... 133 129 98 $ 1 1 ,8 4 4 69 85 89 94 $ 1 0 ,5 2 9 76 $ 8 ,9 9 4 83 $ 1 5 ,0 0 3 122 $ 1 4 ,7 7 8 80 $ 1 5 ,5 8 8 $ 9 ,4 8 9 $ 9 ,7 7 6 $ 8 ,1 9 8 $ 1 0 ,0 8 8 $ 1 0 ,8 3 0 $ 1 1 ,4 4 2 10 4 3 2 2 11 25 7 6 9 10 11 Railroad une m p lo y m e n t insurance: A p p lic a tio n s ........................................................... 13 Insured un e m p lo y m e n t (average 99 70 19 54 38 35 37 18 34 46 52 61 31 94 $ 2 0 8 .9 6 $ 1 9 6 .3 2 $ 1 8 8 .4 5 $ 1 8 7 .3 7 $ 1 8 9 .0 6 $ 1 9 7 .8 5 $ 1 9 6 .1 5 $ 1 9 5 .2 0 $ 1 9 8 .8 5 $ 2 0 5 .2 6 $ 2 0 6 .9 9 Total benefits paid $ 2 3 ,8 6 6 $ 2 0 ,1 1 2 $ 1 3 ,3 5 6 $ 1 0 ,2 3 3 $ 7 ,0 3 9 $ 6 ,6 9 1 $ 6 ,6 9 5 $ 6 ,3 4 9 $ 8 ,5 9 6 ........................................... 27 16 21 26 29 104 $ 2 0 9 .5 6 $ 2 3 ,2 2 8 51 41 17 121 $ 2 1 0 .7 3 w eekly v o l u m e ) ................................................ 49 16 N u m b e r of p a y m e n t s ........................................ A verage am o u n t of b e nefit paym ent . . . Em p lo y m e n t se rv ic e :5 N ew applicatio ns and r e n e w a ls .................... 8 ,231 9 ,5 1 7 4 ,1 3 2 N onfarm placem ents 1 ,4 6 9 1 ,8 1 0 1 ,0 0 0 ....................................... 'in itia l c laim s and State insured unem plo ym ent include data under the program for Puerto Rican sugarcane w o rkers. E x c lu d e s data o r claim s and paym ents m ad e jointly w ith S tate program s, 5 Cum ulative total fo r fiscal year (O ctober 1 -S e p te m b e r 3 0 ). Data com puted quarterly. ^E xcludes transition claim s under S tate pro g ram s. p_ ^E xcludes data on claim s and paym ents m ade jointly w ith o ther program s. NOTE: Data fo r Puerto Rico and the V irg in Islands included. D ashes indicate data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis prelim inary 79 PRICE DATA P r i c e d a t a are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail and primary markets in the United States. Price indexes are given in relation to a base period (1967 = 100, unless otherwise noted). Definitions The Consumer Price Index is a monthly statistical measure of the average change in prices in a fixed market basket of goods and services. Effective with the January 1978 index, the Bureau of Labor Statistics began pub lishing CPI’s for two groups of the population. It introduced a CPI for All Urban Consumers, covering 80 percent of the total noninstitutional pop ulation, and revised the CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, covering about half the new index population. The All Urban Consumers index covers in addition to wage earners and clerical workers, professional, managerial, and technical workers, the self-employed, short-term workers, the unemployed, retirees, and others not in the labor force. The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs, transportation fares, doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods and serv ices that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quality of these items is kept essentially unchanged between major revisions so that only price changes will be measured. Data are collected from more than 24,000 retail establishments and 24,000 tenants in 85 urban areas across the country. All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of items are included in the index. Because the CPI’s are based on the ex penditures o f two population groups in 1972-73, they may not accurately reflect the experience o f individual families and single persons with dif ferent buying habits. Though the CPI is often called the “ Cost-of-Living Index,” it measures only price change, which is just one of several important factors affecting living costs. Area indexes do not measure differences in the level of prices among cities. They only measure the average change in prices for each area since the base period. Producer Price Indexes measure average changes in prices received in primary markets o f the United States by producers of commodities in all stages of processing. The sample used for calculating these indexes contains about 2,800 commodities and about 10,000 quotations per month selected to represent the movement of prices of all commodities produced in the manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, gas and electricity, and public utilities sectors. The universe includes all commodities produced or imported for sale in commercial transactions in primary markets in the United States. Producer Price Indexes can be organized by stage of processing or by commodity. The stage o f processing structure organizes products by degree o f fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate or semifinished goods, and crude materials). The commodity structure organizes products by sim ilarity o f end-use or material composition. 80 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price Indexes apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the United States, from the production or central marketing point. Price data are generally collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire. Most prices are ob tained directly from producing companies on a voluntary and confidential basis. Prices generally are reported for the Tuesday of the week containing the 13th day of the month. In calculating Producer Price Indexes, price changes for the various commodities are averaged together with implicit quantity weights repre senting their importance in the total net selling value of all commodities as of 1972. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes for stage of processing groupings, commodity groupings, durability of product groupings, and a number of special composite groupings. Price indexes for the output of selected SIC industries measure av erage price changes in commodities produced by particular industries, as defined in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual 1972 (Washing ton, U .S. Office of Management and Budget, 1972). These indexes are derived from several price series, combined to match the economic activity of the specified industry and weighted by the value of shipments in the industry. They use data from comprehensive industrial censuses conducted by the U .S. Bureau of the Census and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Notes on the data Regional CPI’s cross classified by population size were introduced in the May 1978 Review. These indexes enable users in local areas for which an index is not published to get a better approximation of the CPI for their area by using the appropriate population size class measure for their region. The cross-classified indexes are published bimonthly. (See table 20.) For details concerning the 1978 revision of the CPI, see The Consumer Price Index: Concepts and Content Over the Years, Report 517, revised edition (Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 1978). As of January 1976, the Producer Price Index incorporated a revised weighting structure reflecting 1972 values of shipments. Additional data and analyses of price changes are provided in the CPI Detailed Report and Producer Prices and Price Indexes, both monthly publications of the Bureau. For a discussion of the general method of computing producer, and industry price indexes, see BLS Handbook o f Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 7. For consumer prices, see BLS Handbook o f Methods fo r Surveys and Studies (1976), chapter 13. See also John F. Early, “ Improving the measurement of producer price change,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1978. For industry prices, see also Bennett R. Moss, “ Industry and Sector Price Indexes,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1965. 19. C onsui n e r P rice Inde x fo r Urban W jage E arners and C lerical W orkers, annual averages and changes 1 9 6 7 - 83 [1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 ] A ll Foot and te rn s A p p a re l and H o u s in g b e v e ra g e s T r a n s p o r ta t io n upkeep M e d ic a l c a r e O th e r g o o d s E n t e r t a in m e n t a n d s e r v ic e s Year P e rc e n t In d e x change In d e x P e rc e n t change P e rc e n t In d e x change P e rc e n t In d e x change P e rc e n t In d e x change In d e x P e rc e n t change P e rc e n t In d e x change In d e x P e rc e n t change 1967 ........................ 1 0 0 .0 1968 ........................ 1 0 4 .2 4 .2 1 0 3 .6 3 .6 1 0 4 .0 4 .0 1 0 5 .4 5 .4 1 0 3 .2 3 .2 1 0 6 .1 6.1 1 0 5 .7 1969 ........................ 5 .7 1 0 9 .8 5 .4 1 0 5 .2 108 8 5 2 5 .0 1 1 0 .4 6 .2 1 1 1 .5 5 .8 1 0 7 .2 3 .9 1 1 3 .4 6 .9 1 1 1 .0 1970 ........................ 5 .0 1 1 6 .3 1 1 0 .4 4 9 5 .9 1 1 4 .7 5 .4 1 1 8 .2 7 .1 , 1 16.1 4.1 1 1 2 .7 5.1 1 2 0 .6 6 .3 1 1 6 .7 5.1 1 1 5 .8 5 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100 0 1971 ........................ 1 2 1 .3 4 .3 1 1 8 .3 4 .4 1 1 9 .8 3 .3 1 1 8 .6 ........................ 1 2 5 .3 3 .3 1 2 3 .2 3.1 4.1 1 2 3 .4 1972 1 28.1 3 .8 1 2 2 .3 2.1 1 1 9 .9 1.1 1 3 2 .5 3 .2 1973 ........................ 1 2 6 .5 2 .9 1 3 3 .1 6 .2 1 2 7 .5 4 .2 1 3 9 .5 1 3 .2 1 3 3 .7 4 .4 1 2 6 .8 3 .7 1 2 3 .8 3 .3 1 3 7 .7 3 .9 1974 ........................ 1 3 0 .0 1 4 7 .7 2 .8 1 1 .0 1 3 2 .5 1 5 8 .7 3 9 1 3 .8 1 4 8 .8 1 1 .3 1 3 6 .2 7 .4 1 3 7 .7 1 1 .2 1 5 0 .5 9 .3 1975 ........................ 1 3 9 .8 1 6 1 .2 7 .5 9.1 1 4 2 .0 7 2 1 72.1 8 .4 1 6 4 .5 1 0 .6 1 4 2 .3 4 .5 1 5 0 .6 9 .4 1 6 8 .6 1 2 .0 1 5 2 .2 8 .9 1 5 3 .9 8 .4 5 7 5 .2 1 2 8 .4 6 .5 1 2 2 .9 5 .3 1 2 2 .4 4 8 1976 ........................ 1 7 0 .5 5 .8 1 4 7 .6 3 .7 1 6 5 .5 1 8 4 .7 9 .5 1977 ........................ 1 5 9 .8 5 .0 1 8 1 .5 6 .5 1 6 2 .7 1 8 8 .0 8 .0 1 8 6 .5 6 .8 1 5 4 .2 7.1 2 0 2 .4 9 .6 ........................ 1 6 7 .7 1 9 5 .3 7 .6 4 .9 2 0 6 .2 1 7 2 .2 9 .7 5 8 2 0 2 .6 8 .6 1 5 9 .5 4 .5 3 .4 1 7 7 .2 1978 1 8 5 .8 4 .9 2 1 9 .4 8 .4 1979 ........................ 1 7 6 .2 2 1 7 .7 5.1 1 1 .5 2 2 8 .7 1 8 3 .2 1 0 .9 2 2 7 .5 1 2 .3 1 6 6 .4 4 .3 2 1 2 .8 1 4 .5 2 4 0 .1 9 .4 1980 ........................ 1 8 7 .6 6 .5 2 4 7 .0 1 96 3 6 4 7 2 1 3 .5 248 7 8 .7 2 6 3 .2 1 5 .7 1 7 7 .4 6 .6 2 5 0 .5 1 7 .7 2 8 7 .2 1 1 .3 2 0 3 .7 8 .5 2 1 3 .6 8 .8 1981 ........................ 2 7 2 .3 1 0 .2 2 6 7 .8 7 .7 2 9 3 .2 1 1 .4 1 8 6 .6 5 .2 2 8 1 .3 1 2 .3 2 9 5 .1 1 0 .4 2 1 9 .0 1982 ........................ 7 .5 2 8 8 .6 6 .0 2 3 3 .3 2 7 8 .5 9 2 4 .0 3 1 4 .7 7 .3 1 9 0 .9 2 .3 2 9 3 .1 4 .2 3 2 6 .9 1 0 .8 2 3 2 .4 1983 ........................ 2 9 7 .4 6.1 3 .0 2 8 4 .7 2 5 7 .0 1 0 .2 2 .2 3 2 2 .0 2 .3 1 9 5 .6 2 .5 3 0 0 .0 2 .4 3 5 5 .1 8 .6 2 4 2 .4 4 .3 2 8 6 .3 1 1 .4 1 7 7 .4 3.1 1 7 4 .6 6.1 9 .9 20. C onsum er P rice Index for All Urban C onsum ers and revised CPI for Urban W age E arners and C lerical W orkers, U.S. city averag e— general sum m ary and groups, subgroups, and selected item s [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s G e n e ra l s u m m a ry U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C l e r ic a l W o r k e r s 1 984 1985 1984 1985 J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. A ll i t e m s ................................................. 3 0 5 .2 3 1 3 .0 3 1 4 .5 3 1 5 .3 3 1 5 .3 3 1 5 .5 3 1 6 .1 3 0 2 .7 3 1 0 .3 3 1 2 .1 3 1 2 .2 Food and beverages ................................................................ H ousing ............................................................... 2 9 1 .6 2 9 6 .9 2 9 6 .4 296 6 2 9 6 .3 2 9 7 .2 2 9 9 .3 291 9 296 9 2 9 6 .3 2 9 6 .5 3 2 9 .2 3 3 9 .5 3 4 1 .4 3 4 1 .2 3 4 0 .9 3 4 1 .2 3 4 2 .0 3 2 4 .7 A pparel and u p k e e p .................................... 3 3 4 .2 3 3 6 .8 3 3 5 .5 1 9 6 .4 2 0 0 .1 2 0 4 .2 2 0 5 .7 2 0 5 .2 2 0 3 .2 19 9 8 T r a n s p o r ta t io n ................................................................ 2 0 4 .8 3 1 2 .9 3 1 3 .7 3 9 1 .1 3 6 7 .5 3 1 6 .0 3 8 1 .2 3 1 7 .8 383 7 3 1 8 .3 3 8 5 .6 2 5 8 .3 3 1 6 .1 3 8 7 .5 2 5 9 .0 3 1 5 .8 3 8 8 .5 .................................................................... 3 8 3 .1 2 5 7 .3 3 1 5 .5 3 8 5 .5 3 1 4 .7 3 8 1 .9 2 5 6 .4 1 9 9 .0 3 1 5 .2 3 8 0 .1 2 0 3 .3 3 0 6 .0 369 5 2 4 9 .9 1 9 5 .3 3 0 7 .9 O ther g oods and s e r v ic e s ............................................ 256 6 3 1 6 .5 2 5 2 .5 3 0 5 .3 255 8 3 1 5 .8 2 4 6 .2 2 9 8 .1 2 5 4 .8 3 1 4 .6 2 6 1 .0 3 1 9 .1 2 5 4 .2 3 0 7 .2 2 6 0 .1 3 1 6 .7 2 5 3 .4 3 0 0 .5 3 1 0 .9 3 1 1 .9 3 1 2 .6 3 1 2 .8 3 1 5 .6 2 8 2 .7 2 7 7 .3 2 6 6 .4 2 8 2 .5 2 8 3 .1 2 7 0 .0 2 7 1 .8 272 5 282 8 272 3 282 7 271 8 2 7 6 .6 2 7 9 .0 2 8 0 .3 2 7 9 .9 2 7 8 .7 275 8 2 6 3 .0 264 4 2 6 4 .6 2 6 4 .5 2 6 4 .6 2 6 4 .9 3 6 5 .9 254 0 3 6 6 .8 255 3 368 3 256 3 E nte rta inm e n t C o m m o d it ie s .................................................... C om m oditie s less food and b e v e r a g e s .................... Nond urables less food and b e v e r a g e s .................... D u r a b l e s ........................................................ Services ........................................................ D ec. Jan. 276 8 2 8 1 .4 2 8 2 .3 2 6 5 .2 2 6 9 .3 2 7 1 .0 2 8 3 .1 2 7 2 .1 2 7 2 .2 2 8 2 .8 2 7 1 .4 2 7 0 .0 2 7 2 .3 2 7 4 .8 277 2 2 7 8 .6 2 7 8 .2 2 7 7 .0 2 7 4 .4 2 6 1 .4 2 6 7 .8 2 6 8 .7 2 6 9 .3 2 7 0 .0 2 6 9 .8 2 7 0 .2 2 8 3 .0 Jan. 2 7 4 .2 2 5 8 .4 A ug. 2 8 1 .4 S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. 3 1 1 .9 3 1 2 .2 3 1 2 .6 2 9 6 .2 2 9 7 .1 299 1 3 3 4 .4 335 0 335 7 2 0 4 .2 202 1 198 5 3 1 7 .9 386 7 3 1 6 .7 389 3 353 9 3 6 6 .5 3 6 8 .9 3 6 9 .7 3 6 9 .9 3 7 0 .6 3 7 2 .1 3 4 9 .8 .................................... 3 6 3 .9 3 6 6 .8 3 6 6 .3 2 4 2 .9 2 5 1 .1 2 5 2 .4 253 8 2 5 4 .8 2 5 6 .1 2 5 7 .1 2 4 2 .3 House hold services less rent of shelter (1 2 /8 2 = 1 0 0 ) Transportation services .................................... 2 5 0 .3 2 5 1 .7 2 5 3 .1 105.1 1 1 0 .5 1 1 1 .0 1 0 9 .9 1 0 8 .8 1 0 8 .5 1 0 8 .9 3 1 4 .1 M e dical care services 3 2 3 .8 4 1 2 .7 3 2 4 .6 4 1 3 .9 3 9 7 .5 3 1 9 .6 4 1 0 .4 327 7 4 1 8 .5 3 3 1 .8 4 2 2 .4 3 2 6 .1 4 1 6 .5 3 3 0 .1 4 1 9 .3 3 2 5 .1 4 0 0 .2 4 1 1 .5 4 1 4 .1 4 1 6 .1 2 8 8 .0 4 1 7 .0 2 9 5 .5 420 1 3 0 2 .5 3 0 4 .2 3 0 5 .2 3 0 6 .1 3 0 7 .1 2 8 5 .0 2 9 2 .8 2 9 9 .0 3 0 0 .6 3 0 1 .5 3 0 2 .3 3 0 3 .5 3 0 4 .8 3 1 3 .2 3 1 5 .2 3 1 6 .1 3 1 6 .2 3 1 6 .2 316 3 3 0 2 .3 3 1 0 .4 3 1 2 .7 3 1 2 .9 312 6 312 7 312 7 1 0 4 .3 1 0 6 .9 1 0 7 .4 1 0 7 .6 1 0 7 .6 1 0 7 .6 1 0 7 .8 2 9 0 .0 2 9 6 .4 2 9 7 .9 2 9 8 .4 2 9 8 .2 2 9 8 .3 Rent, residential .................................... 3 2 7 .5 3 2 8 .9 3 1 0 .3 3 2 0 .7 3 2 3 .7 S p e c ia l in d e x e s : All Item s less f o o d ........................................ All item s less h o m e o w n e rs ' costs .................... All Item s less m ortg a g e interest costs C om m oditie s less food .................... . . . 2 6 3 .0 2 6 7 .4 2 6 7 .1 2 6 8 .8 2 6 9 .8 2 6 9 .9 2 6 9 .2 2 7 0 .0 2 7 2 .3 2 7 3 .6 2 7 3 .3 2 7 2 .2 2 6 7 .8 2 6 9 .7 N ond urables less food and apparel . . N o n d u r a b le s ....................................................... 3 0 8 .6 3 1 1 .0 3 1 2 .3 3 1 3 .5 3 1 3 .4 3 1 2 .8 3 1 0 .9 2 8 3 .2 2 8 7 .1 2 8 8 .0 2 8 8 .8 2 8 8 .5 Services less rent of shelter (1 2 /8 2 = 100) Services less m edical care ........................ 1 0 5 .7 1 0 9 .7 1 1 0 .5 1 1 0 .6 1 1 0 .5 110 6 1 1 1 .1 3 4 6 .6 3 5 9 .2 3 6 1 .7 3 6 2 .3 3 6 3 .0 2 7 8 .8 2 7 9 .9 3 6 4 .3 2 8 2 .1 2 7 1 .6 2 7 6 .0 2 7 6 .2 2 7 5 .8 275 5 4 1 8 .9 4 0 4 .1 4 1 4 .5 4 1 7 .0 3 9 5 .7 4 1 0 .7 426 5 404 9 N ond urables less food .................................... D o m estically produced fa rm f o o d s ............................ 2 7 7 .2 2 8 1 .4 2 8 0 .0 3 6 2 .3 2 7 9 .7 Selected beef c u t s .................................... 2 7 4 .6 2 7 4 .2 2 7 1 .5 2 7 1 .0 Energy c o m m o d itie s All item s less e n ergy ............................................... ................................ All Item s less food and e n e r g y ........................ 4 1 6 .7 4 2 7 .3 4 2 9 .0 4 2 6 .7 4 2 1 .8 4 0 9 .9 4 0 4 .2 4 0 5 .4 4 0 8 .2 4 0 7 .2 2 8 8 .3 2 8 8 .0 2 6 4 .2 2 6 7 .8 269 4 2 7 1 .8 2 6 9 .6 2 7 4 .1 2 7 0 .3 275 4 270 1 275 0 269 6 273 9 268 2 271 2 3 1 0 .0 2 8 4 .1 3 1 2 .2 3 1 3 .5 3 1 4 .8 2 8 8 .8 289 5 3 1 3 .8 289 0 311 8 2 8 7 .8 3 1 4 .5 289 2 3 4 2 .6 3 5 6 .6 3 5 9 .6 3 5 8 .9 358 2 359 2 360 4 2 7 6 .0 2 7 9 .8 2 7 8 .3 2 7 8 .0 2 7 7 .2 278 2 280 4 2 7 7 .4 2 7 7 .5 413 8 2 9 7 .0 3 0 4 .6 3 06.1 3 0 7 .1 3 0 7 .7 3 0 8 .2 3 0 9 .2 2 9 3 .5 3 0 1 .0 294 6 302 8 3 0 4 .9 306 1 3 0 6 .9 3 0 7 .3 3 0 7 .9 2 9 0 .7 2 9 8 .7 2 7 3 .2 2 7 2 .2 2 7 3 .0 4 2 8 .3 4 2 6 .1 4 2 1 .5 418 5 4 0 6 .3 3 0 2 .7 4 0 8 .9 4 0 7 .8 4 0 4 .7 396 2 3 0 3 .1 3 0 3 .2 303 8 301 6 302 1 304 7 302 7 3 0 1 .0 3 0 1 .5 C om m oditie s less food and e n e r g y ........................ Services less e n e r g y ........................................ 2 4 8 .3 2 5 4 .2 2 5 b .0 2 5 6 .8 2 5 7 .0 2 5 6 .7 2 5 2 .0 2 5 3 .8 2 5 4 .3 2 5 4 .2 254 0 253 8 3 5 8 .6 3 6 1 .0 3 6 2 .7 3 6 4 .0 365 0 2 5 6 .5 3 6 6 .4 2 4 7 .2 3 4 8 .1 3 4 3 .4 3 5 5 .5 3 5 8 .4 3 5 8 .9 3 5 9 .4 3 6 0 .7 3 6 2 .0 Purchasing pow er of the con s u m er d ollar, 1 9 6 7 = $1 $ 0 .3 2 8 SO 3 19 $ 0 .3 1 8 $ 0 .3 1 7 $ 0 .3 1 7 $0 317 $ 0 .3 1 6 $ 0 .3 3 0 $ 0 .3 2 2 $ 0 .3 2 0 $ 0 .3 2 0 $ 0 .3 2 1 $ 0 .3 2 0 $ 0 .3 2 0 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 81 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 20. C o n tin u ed — C onsum er Price In dex— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s G e n e ra l s u m m a ry U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C l e r ic a l W o r k e r s 1984 Jan. A ug. S e p t. 1985 O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. 1984 Jan. A ug. S e p t. 1985 O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. FO OD A N D BEVERAG ES 2 9 1 .6 2 9 6 .9 2 9 6 .4 296 6 2 9 6 .3 2 9 7 .2 2 9 9 .3 2 9 1 .9 2 9 6 .9 2 9 6 .3 2 9 6 .5 296 2 2 9 7 .1 2 9 9 .1 Food 2 9 9 .4 3 0 4 .8 3 0 4 .2 3 0 4 .4 3 0 4 .1 3 0 5 .1 3 0 7 .3 2 9 9 .4 3 0 4 .5 3 0 3 .8 3 0 4 .0 3 0 3 .7 3 0 4 .7 3 0 6 .9 2 9 0 .2 2 9 4 .4 ....................................................................................................................................................................... Food at hom e .................................................................................................................................. 2 9 3 .4 2 9 3 .4 2 9 2 .4 2 9 3 .2 2 9 6 .1 2 8 9 .1 2 9 2 .9 2 9 1 .9 2 9 1 .7 2 9 4 .5 3 0 7 .8 3 0 7 .9 3 0 8 .7 3 0 9 .0 3 1 0 .7 3 1 2 .4 2 9 8 .3 3 0 6 .3 3 0 6 .3 2 9 1 .8 3 0 7 .1 2 9 0 .9 2 9 9 .8 3 0 7 .4 3 0 9 .0 3 1 0 .7 ........................................... 1 5 9 .3 1 6 5 .0 1 6 4 .5 1 6 3 .6 1 6 3 .8 1 6 4 .2 1 6 5 .6 1 6 0 .0 1 6 5 .7 1 65.1 1 6 4 .3 1 6 4 .4 1 6 4 .7 1 6 6 .2 Flour and prepared flour m ixes ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................ 1 4 3 .0 1 4 8 .3 1 4 6 .3 1 4 5 .2 1 4 3 .9 1 4 3 .4 1 4 6 .6 1 4 3 .3 1 4 8 .6 1 4 6 .6 1 4 5 .6 1 4 4 .4 1 4 3 .6 1 4 6 .8 Cereals and bakery products ....................................................................................... Cereals and cereal products (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) Cereal (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................... 1 7 8 .6 1 8 5 .9 1 8 6 .2 1 8 6 .7 1 8 7 .6 1 8 9 .4 1 8 0 .8 .................................... 1 4 6 .7 1 5 0 .5 1 5 0 .4 1 4 8 .5 1 4 9 .3 1 4 7 .9 1 5 1 .7 1 5 1 .5 1 4 9 .7 1 5 0 .5 1 5 1 .0 1 5 0 .3 1 5 8 .4 1 6 2 .2 1 6 2 .4 1 6 3 .3 1 4 9 .3 1 6 3 .4 1 4 9 .9 1 0 0 ) ....................................................................... 1 6 4 .5 1 6 5 .2 1 57.1 1 6 0 .9 1 6 1 .1 1 6 1 .9 1 6 2 .1 1 63.1 1 6 3 .8 W hite b r e a d ....................................................................................................... 2 5 9 .1 O ther breads (1 2 /7 7 = Rice, pasta, and cornm eal ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) Bakery products ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 8 8 .2 1 8 8 .3 1 8 8 .4 1 8 9 .0 1 8 9 .8 1 9 1 .7 2 6 2 .6 263 2 2 6 4 .3 2 6 5 .8 2 6 5 .4 2 6 7 .2 2 5 4 .8 2 5 8 .5 2 5 8 .8 2 6 0 .1 2 6 1 .3 2 6 1 .0 2 6 3 .0 1 5 3 .7 1 5 4 .9 1 5 5 .8 1 5 5 .7 1 5 5 .4 1 5 6 .2 1 5 6 .0 1 5 5 .8 1 5 7 .3 1 5 8 .0 1 5 8 .0 1 5 7 .6 1 5 8 .4 1 5 8 .1 .................... 1 5 7 .9 1 5 9 .3 1 5 9 .7 1 6 0 .7 161.1 1 6 1 .9 1 6 1 .8 1 5 3 .9 155.1 1 5 5 .6 1 5 6 .4 1 5 7 .0 1 5 7 .5 1 5 7 .6 .................................... 1 6 1 .5 1 6 4 .9 1 6 5 .9 1 6 7 .4 1 6 6 .4 1 6 9 .6 1 6 9 .6 1 5 9 .5 1 6 2 .7 1 6 3 .6 1 6 5 .0 1 6 4 .1 1 6 7 .3 1 6 7 .3 ........................................................................... 1 61.1 1 6 7 .9 1 6 7 .3 1 6 8 .3 1 6 8 .5 1 7 0 .9 1 7 1 .3 1 6 1 .9 1 6 8 .9 1 6 8 .3 1 6 9 .5 1 6 9 .6 1 7 1 .9 1 7 2 .3 . . . 1 5 1 .2 1 6 2 .0 1 6 1 .7 1 6 2 .7 1 6 0 .9 1 6 4 .3 1 6 6 .3 1 5 2 .6 1 6 3 .4 1 6 3 .0 1 6 4 .2 1 6 2 .4 1 6 6 .0 1 6 7 .8 . . 1 5 9 .7 1 6 3 .4 1 6 2 .9 1 6 3 .8 1 6 3 .9 1 64.1 1 6 4 .9 1 6 2 .4 1 6 6 .3 1 6 5 .9 1 6 6 .6 1 6 6 .7 1 6 6 .9 1 6 7 .7 1 7 1 .7 1 7 2 .9 1 5 6 .5 1 6 1 .8 1 6 2 .0 1 6 2 .7 1 6 3 .8 1 6 4 .3 1 6 5 .5 1 0 0 ) ................................................................... Fresh biscuits, rolls, and m uffins (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) Fresh cakes and cupcakes ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) Cookies ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) 186.1 Crackers, bread, and cracker products ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) Fresh sw e etrolls, coffeecake, and donuts ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) Frozen and refrigerated bakery products and fresh pies, ta rts , and tu rno vers ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .................... M e a ts , p o ultry, fis h, and eggs ................................................................................... 1 6 3 .3 1 6 8 .9 1 6 9 .3 1 7 0 .0 1 7 1 .1 2 6 8 .9 2 6 5 .7 2 6 4 .5 2 6 3 .5 2 6 2 .4 2 6 5 .9 2 6 6 .6 2 6 4 .1 2 6 2 .9 2 7 1 .6 2 7 0 .4 2 6 9 .4 2 7 2 .5 2 7 5 .0 2 7 2 .1 2 7 1 .0 2 6 9 .7 2 6 1 .8 2 6 8 .7 2 6 5 .3 2 7 2 .7 2 6 8 .3 2 6 9 .1 265 2 2 6 9 .8 2 7 1 .7 2 7 4 .2 .................................................................................................................. 2 6 6 .4 2 6 9 .9 2 6 8 .0 2 6 7 .1 2 6 6 .1 2 6 9 .6 2 7 0 .8 2 6 5 .8 2 6 9 .4 2 6 7 .7 2 6 6 .6 2 6 5 .5 2 6 8 .9 2 7 0 .2 Beef and v e a l ............................................................................................... 2 7 4 .9 2 7 4 .3 2 7 1 .9 2 7 1 .3 2 7 1 .9 2 7 6 .2 2 7 6 .4 2 7 5 .4 2 7 4 .9 2 7 7 .0 2 5 4 .8 2 7 2 .7 2 5 2 .9 2 7 1 .8 2 5 2 .4 2 7 6 .6 2 5 4 .3 2 8 0 .9 2 5 7 .2 2 8 6 .1 2 5 6 .0 2 8 1 .5 2 5 7 .7 2 9 1 .6 2 5 6 .0 2 8 0 .4 2 5 3 .5 2 8 5 .1 2 7 2 .5 2 5 5 .7 2 8 9 .9 2 7 6 .9 2 5 6 .9 2 8 2 .8 2 7 2 .8 2 5 4 .4 2 8 0 .6 2 7 1 .9 G round beef o ther than c a n n e d ................................................... Chuck roast ........................................................................................... 2 5 8 .2 2 9 4 .7 2 5 7 .0 2 9 0 .6 Round r o a s t ........................................................................................... 2 4 6 .2 2 3 5 .7 2 3 4 .3 2 3 6 .5 234 1 2 3 9 .0 2 4 0 .7 2 5 0 .0 2 3 9 .9 2 3 7 .8 2 4 0 .3 2 3 7 .9 2 4 2 .3 2 4 4 .3 2 7 4 .5 M e ats, poultry, and f i s h ....................................................................................... M e ats 2 6 6 .0 Round s t e a k ........................................................................................... 2 5 6 .2 2 5 4 .7 2 5 2 .4 2 5 1 .3 2 4 8 .4 2 5 5 .7 2 5 8 .8 2 5 3 .0 2 5 4 .4 2 5 1 .4 2 4 8 .3 2 4 6 .4 Sirloin s t e a k ........................................................................................... 2 6 5 .7 2 8 7 .7 2 8 6 .1 2 7 3 .9 2 7 1 .6 2 7 6 .2 2 7 2 .7 2 6 6 .0 2 8 8 .9 2 8 8 .7 2 7 5 .3 2 7 3 .6 2 5 3 .6 2 7 9 .1 O ther beef and veal (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................ P o r k ................................................................................................................... 1 6 9 .7 1 7 1 .2 1 6 9 .0 1 6 8 .5 1 6 8 .8 1 7 1 .2 1 7 2 .6 1 6 8 .5 169 8 1 6 7 .8 1 6 7 .2 1 6 7 .3 1 7 0 .0 1 7 1 .2 2 5 1 .2 2 5 4 .6 2 5 8 .5 2 5 0 .1 2 5 9 .2 2 5 7 .0 2 5 4 .3 2 5 0 .3 2 5 7 .6 2 5 6 .3 2 5 0 .8 2 5 9 .9 2 5 7 .5 Bacon ....................................................................................................... 2 5 9 .0 2 7 2 .3 2 7 0 .3 2 5 5 .0 2 7 1 .1 2 7 0 .5 2 7 6 .9 2 6 2 .4 2 7 6 .3 2 7 4 .2 2 7 5 .0 2 7 0 .4 Chops ....................................................................................................... 2 3 6 .5 2 5 0 .7 2 4 2 .3 2 3 5 .9 2 6 6 .5 2 3 2 .7 2 5 3 .7 2 7 4 .1 2 3 4 .1 2 3 6 .3 2 3 4 .5 2 4 8 .3 2 4 0 .6 2 3 4 .0 2 3 0 .4 2 3 2 .1 2 3 4 .2 H am o ther than canned ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................ 1 1 3 .0 1 1 3 .5 1 1 6 .8 1 1 7 .2 1 1 5 .6 1 2 0 .9 1 2 0 .0 1 1 0 .0 1 1 0 .4 1 1 3 .6 1 1 3 .8 - 1 1 2 .5 1 1 7 .7 1 1 6 .7 Sausage ................................................................................................... 2 8 0 .9 3 1 1 .0 3 2 2 .9 3 2 1 .2 3 1 9 .0 3 1 5 .3 3 1 6 .6 3 2 4 .5 3 1 2 .2 3 2 3 .6 3 2 2 .7 3 1 9 .6 3 1 5 .5 3 1 6 .7 3 2 5 .0 ........................................................................................... 2 5 2 .4 2 4 8 .1 2 5 1 .4 2 5 2 .6 2 4 6 .8 2 4 8 .8 2 5 5 .3 2 5 7 .5 2 5 3 .4 2 5 6 .0 2 5 8 .4 2 5 0 .4 2 5 3 .9 2 5 9 .2 O ther pork ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................... Other m eats ............................................................................................... 1 3 9 .7 1 46.1 1 3 9 .0 1 3 7 .0 1 3 7 .3 1 4 0 .4 1 3 8 .9 1 4 5 .3 1 4 1 .7 1 3 8 .5 1 3 6 .4 1 3 6 .7 1 3 9 .8 2 6 2 .5 2 6 8 .4 1 4 2 .5 2 6 8 .7 2 7 0 .0 2 6 9 .4 2 7 0 .2 2 6 9 .8 2 6 2 .0 2 6 8 .0 2 6 8 .2 2 6 9 .5 2 6 8 .6 2 6 9 .4 2 6 9 .2 2 6 0 .0 Canned ham Frankfurters ........................................................................................... 2 6 7 .8 2 6 7 .6 2 6 9 .6 2 6 5 .0 2 6 6 .6 2 6 7 .6 2 5 8 .9 2 6 6 .3 2 6 6 .1 2 6 8 .0 2 6 3 .3 2 6 5 .1 2 6 6 .6 . . . . 1 5 0 .6 1 5 4 .8 1 5 5 .6 1 5 6 .2 1 5 5 .8 1 5 6 .2 1 5 5 .6 1 5 0 .4 1 5 6 .0 1 5 5 .7 1 56.1 1 5 5 .6 1 3 5 .2 1 3 8 .2 1 3 9 .4 1 3 8 .6 1 3 9 .2 1 3 8 .2 1 3 3 .2 1 3 7 .0 1 3 7 .5 1 3 6 .7 1 3 7 .3 1 3 6 .2 Lam b and organ m eats ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................ P o u l t r y ................................................................................................................... 1 3 7 .6 1 3 8 .6 1 3 8 .8 1 3 7 .3 1 5 4 .7 1 3 6 .4 1 5 5 .4 ........................................... 1 3 8 .2 141.1 1 4 0 .8 1 4 0 .9 1 4 1 .7 1 4 3 .9 1 4 3 .4 1 4 4 .4 2 1 6 .5 2 1 7 .2 2 1 4 .0 2 1 3 .8 2 1 5 .4 2 1 4 .0 2 1 1 .3 2 1 5 .1 2 2 0 .2 2 1 3 .8 2 1 0 .4 2 1 4 .3 2 2 6 .1 2 1 6 .1 2 1 7 .5 2 1 1 .6 2 1 1 .4 2 1 0 .9 2 1 8 .6 2 1 3 .1 2 1 5 .4 1 4 0 .1 2 1 4 .7 1 4 1 .0 2 1 7 .5 2 2 8 .7 1 4 1 .5 2 1 7 .4 2 1 3 .0 2 0 8 .0 2 1 2 .0 1 4 4 .7 14 4.1 1 4 4 .7 1 4 1 .4 1 4 0 .4 1 4 0 .4 1 4 1 .7 1 4 1 .8 1 4 2 .4 1 3 9 .2 1 3 8 .4 1 3 8 .2 1 3 9 .5 1 2 5 .4 3 8 3 .4 1 3 3 .3 3 8 7 .0 1 3 2 .7 1 35.1 1 3 8 .9 1 4 2 .4 1 3 2 .3 1 3 1 .8 1 3 8 .0 1 4 1 .8 3 9 0 .6 3 9 2 .2 4 0 6 .1 3 8 2 .4 3 8 5 .7 3 8 9 .1 1 3 4 .3 3 8 9 .1 1 3 1 .9 3 9 0 .6 1 3 2 .6 3 8 9 .2 1 4 2 .5 1 2 4 .9 3 8 8 .2 3 9 1 .4 4 0 5 .3 1 3 4 .4 1 3 3 .7 1 3 2 .9 1 3 3 .0 133 4 1 3 4 .4 1 3 2 .6 1 3 3 .9 1 3 3 .2 1 3 2 .5 1 3 2 .5 1 3 2 .9 1 3 4 .0 . .. 1 33.1 1 5 3 .7 1 5 5.1 1 5 7 .7 1 5 8 .2 1 5 7 .3 1 5 8 .9 1 6 6 .7 1 5 3 .7 1 5 5 .0 1 5 7 .5 1 5 7 .9 1 5 7 .3 1 5 9 .1 1 6 6 .9 E g g s .................................................................................................................................. 2 6 6 .5 1 7 9 .3 1 7 8 .6 1 7 7 .8 1 7 5 .6 1 8 5 .7 1 6 1 .3 2 6 8 .1 180 4 179 7 1 7 8 .7 1 7 6 .4 1 8 6 .5 1 6 2 .0 Bologna, liverw urst, and salam i ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) Other lunchm ea ts (1 2 /7 7 = 10 0 ) Fresh w h ole c h ic k e n ........................................................................... Fresh and frozen chicken parts (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................ Other poultry ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................... Fish and seafood ........................................................................................... Canned fish and seafood ............................................................... Fresh and frozen fish and seafood (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) D airy p r o d u c t s ...................................................................................................................... 2 5 0 .8 2 5 2 .7 1 3 6 .7 2 5 4 .9 2 5 6 .1 2 5 7 .2 2 5 8 .4 2 5 8 .8 249 8 2 5 1 .7 2 5 3 .8 2 5 7 .3 2 5 7 .8 1 3 7 .7 1 3 8 .7 140 4 1 4 0 .4 1 3 5 .8 1 3 6 .0 1 3 6 .9 1 39.1 2 2 2 .7 2 2 3 .2 2 2 4 .7 2 2 6 .8 1 3 9 .8 2 2 8 .7 2 5 5 .1 137 9 2 5 6 .2 1 3 6 .4 ........................................................................................... 2 2 9 .6 2 2 9 .6 2 2 1 .7 2 2 2 .0 2 2 3 .5 2 2 5 .6 2 2 7 .5 1 3 9 .6 2 2 8 .4 2 2 8 .4 Other fresh m ilk and cream (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................... 1 3 7 .3 1 3 7 .7 1 3 8 .7 1 3 9 .0 1 4 0 .0 1 4 0 .7 1 4 1 .0 1 3 6 .7 1 3 7 .0 1 3 8 .0 1 3 8 .3 Fresh m ilk and cream (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................... Fresh w h ole m ilk Processed dairy products ................................................................................... 1 3 9 .3 1 3 9 .9 1 3 9 .7 1 4 0 .3 1 4 9 .3 1 5 1 .5 1 53.1 1 5 3 .3 1 5 3 .3 1 54.1 1 5 4 .5 1 4 9 .6 1 5 1 .8 1 5 3 .4 1 5 3 .7 1 5 3 .6 1 5 4 .4 1 5 4 .8 2 5 4 .7 2 6 4 .4 2 6 6 .0 268 8 2 6 8 .7 2 6 9 .4 2 6 6 .4 2 5 7 .1 2 6 6 .7 2 6 8 .6 2 7 1 .4 2 7 1 .5 2 7 2 .3 2 6 9 .1 Cheese ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................... 1 4 7 .0 1 4 8 .2 1 49.1 1 4 9 .5 150.1 1 50.1 1 5 0 .3 1 4 7 .3 1 4 8 .6 149 4 1 4 9 .9 1 5 0 .5 1 5 0 .5 1 5 0 .6 Ice cream and related products (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................ 1 5 4 .8 1 5 7 .4 1 6 0 .9 1 6 0 .0 158.1 1 60.1 1 6 2 .3 1 5 3 .8 1 5 6 .5 1 5 9 .9 1 5 9 .0 1 57.1 1 5 9 .0 1 6 1 .3 Other dairy products ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................... 1 46.1 1 48.1 1 4 9 .9 1 5 0 .0 1 5 0 .9 1 5 2 .5 1 5 3 .0 1 4 6 .7 1 4 8 .6 1 5 0 .4 1 5 0 .4 1 5 1 .3 1 5 2 .8 1 5 3 .3 ....................................................................................................... 3 1 1 .0 3 2 7 .7 3 1 9 .7 3 1 8 .4 Butter ........................................................................................................... Fruits and vegetables 3 1 4 .8 3 0 9 .7 3 0 7 .3 322 4 3 1 3 .6 3 1 2 .3 3 0 8 .9 3 0 3 .9 314 9 ............................................................................... 3 2 7 .8 3 4 5 .7 3 3 2 .5 3 2 9 .3 3 2 3 .4 3 1 2 .6 3 3 2 .7 3 2 2 .5 3 3 7 .6 3 2 3 .0 3 1 9 .9 3 1 4 .6 3 0 3 .9 3 2 3 .6 Fresh fru ts ....................................................................................................... 2 8 9 .6 3 4 3 .9 3 3 1 .6 2 9 7 .5 3 4 1 .5 3 0 4 .1 2 7 9 .5 338 8 3 4 9 .6 3 3 7 .4 3 2 9 .3 3 1 7 .6 ....................................................................................................... 3 6 4 .8 3 3 7 .9 3 5 4 .3 Apo es 3 5 3 .3 3 4 1 .8 3 2 6 .1 3 0 4 .9 Fresh fru its and vegetables 2 7 7 .0 3 2 0 .8 3 3 9 .6 2 9 9 .9 3 0 4 .5 2 9 9 .3 ................................................................................................... 2 4 4 .3 2 5 7 .0 2 4 9 .9 2 9 8 .0 2 4 2 .1 3 0 2 .8 Bananas 2 3 4 .9 2 2 5 .2 2 4 8 .6 2 4 2 .4 2 5 4 .7 2 4 8 .4 3 0 1 .3 5 5 3 .6 5 3 8 .4 4 7 3 .6 4 2 8 .0 4 2 9 .7 2 7 5 .1 4 8 7 .7 5 0 7 .1 3 9 0 .2 3 8 8 .9 O ther fresh fru its (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................... 1 5 6 .9 5 3 0 .8 1 6 0 .4 2 3 2 .7 4 3 4 .1 2 4 6 .7 ................................................................................................... 2 4 0 .6 4 8 9 .1 2 2 4 .0 Oranges 1 7 0 .4 1 7 2 .7 1 7 5 .3 1 7 4 .3 1 8 0 .0 1 5 1 .1 1 5 3 .6 1 6 3 .6 1 6 5 .2 1 6 8 .1 1 6 7 .0 1 7 2 .0 3 0 6 .0 3 0 4 .4 2 9 4 .8 3 2 4 .5 3 6 1 .4 3 3 6 .7 2 9 9 .2 3 0 4 .2 3 0 1 .5 2 9 1 .6 3 2 1 .5 3 2 4 .3 3 1 3 .1 3 2 7 .3 3 3 1 .5 3 3 7 .5 4 7 0 .0 3 4 4 .5 2 7 6 .0 2 3 2 .4 3 8 5 .6 3 2 9 .8 2 9 0 .4 3 1 9 .1 3 1 4 .3 3 3 8 .0 3 6 5 .1 3 4 9 .2 2 7 4 .4 3 8 6 .6 2 5 6 .2 2 5 9 .9 2 4 9 .7 2 3 6 .0 2 4 0 .6 Fresh vegetables ........................................................................................... 3 6 3 .6 3 3 8 .7 P o t a t o e s ................................................................................................... 3 4 2 .3 4 7 8 .1 3 0 2 .3 3 5 4 .1 L e t t u c e ...................................................................................................... 3 2 8 .3 3 1 6 .6 3 3 7 .8 3 6 3 .6 3 5 0 .5 T om atoe s 2 8 5 .6 3 1 0 .4 2 5 2 .9 2 5 5 .1 2 4 5 .3 ............................................................................................... 2 3 8 .0 2 7 7 .6 3 4 2 .8 318 4 3 0 5 .1 3 2 0 .4 3 2 3 .5 O ther fresh vegetables ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................... 2 2 6 .1 1 57.1 1 52.1 1 5 8 .7 1 6 4 .3 167 4 1 7 7 .3 2 2 4 .0 1 5 5 .3 1 5 0 .2 1 5 7 .0 1 6 2 .6 1 6 5 .2 1 7 5 .2 Processed fruits and v e g e t a b le s ....................................................................... 2 9 5 .1 3 1 0 .7 3 0 8 .4 3 0 9 .2 3 0 8 .0 3 0 9 .3 3 1 0 .6 2 9 2 .9 3 0 8 .0 3 0 5 .6 3 0 6 .5 3 0 5 .2 3 0 6 .5 3 0 7 .9 Processed fruits ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................... 1 5 2 .3 1 6 4 .3 1 63.1 1 6 4 .5 1 6 3 .5 1 6 4 .5 1 6 5 .2 1 5 1 .9 1 6 3 .7 1 6 2 .6 1 6 4 .0 1 6 2 .9 1 6 4 .0 1 6 4 .7 Frozen fru it and fru it juices (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................ 1 4 4 .7 1 6 6 .2 1 6 5 .2 1 6 6 .3 1 6 5 .0 1 6 6 .6 1 6 7 .4 1 4 3 .9 1 6 5 .5 1 6 4 .5 1 6 5 .6 1 6 4 .2 1 6 6 .0 1 6 6 .7 Fruit juices o ther than frozen (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .................... 1 5 5 .7 1 6 5 .3 1 65.1 168 0 1 6 6 .8 1 68 3 1 68.1 1 5 4 .7 1 64.1 1 6 3 .9 1 6 7 .1 1 6 5 .7 1 6 7 .3 1 6 7 .1 Canned and dried fru its (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................ 1 5 5 .0 1 6 1 .5 1 5 9 .3 1 5 9 .2 1 5 8 .7 1 5 8 .7 1 6 0 .3 1 5 5 .3 1 6 1 .8 1 5 9 .5 1 5 9 .3 1 5 8 .8 1 5 8 .7 1 6 0 .5 82 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 20. C o n tin u ed — C onsum er Price In dex— U.S. city average [ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o th e rw is e s p e c ifie d ] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s G e n e ra l s u m m a ry U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C l e r ic a l W o r k e r s 1 984 Jan. Aug. S e p t. 1985 O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. 1984 Jan. Aug. S e p t. 1 9 (5 O c t. Nov. D ec. Jm . Fruits and vegetables— Continued Processed vegetables ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................ Frozen vegetables ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................ Cut corn and canned beans except lim a ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) O ther canned and dried vegetables ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) . . . . O ther foods a t h o m e ........................................................................................................... S u g a r and sw eets ................................................................................................... 1 4 4 .2 148.1 1 4 6 .9 1 4 6 .5 1 46.1 1 4 6 .5 1 47.1 1 4 3 .0 1 4 6 .9 1 4 5 .7 1 5 3 .3 1 5 7 .0 1 5 6 .2 1 57.1 1 5 6 .9 1 5 6 .9 1 5 8 .9 1 5 4 .9 1 5 8 .6 1 5 7 .7 1 5 8 .9 1 5 8 .7 1 5 8 .7 1 6 0 .9 1 4 5 .9 1 53.1 1 5 0 .9 1 4 9 .8 1 4 9 .7 1 5 0 .8 1 5 0 .7 1 4 3 .3 1 5 0 .5 1 4 8 .3 1 4 7 .2 1 47.1 1 4 8 .0 1 4 8 .0 1 4 5 .3 1 4 5 .0 1 4 5 .3 1 4 6 .0 1 3 8 .7 1 4 1 .2 1 4 0 .2 1 3 9 .4 1 3 8 .9 1 3 9 .0 1 3 9 .3 1 3 7 .1 1 3 9 .5 1 3 8 .6 1 3 7 .8 1 3 7 .3 1 3 7 .4 1 3 7 .8 3 4 6 .6 3 5 4 .0 3 5 5 .1 3 5 6 .1 3 5 5 .0 3 5 4 .6 3 5 8 .0 3 4 7 .4 3 5 4 .3 3 5 5 .4 3 5 6 .5 3 5 5 .3 3 5 4 .9 3 9 2 .6 3 9 3 .7 3 9 3 .3 3 9 0 .9 3 9 1 .7 3 9 4 .5 3 7 9 .7 3 9 1 .4 3 5 8 .3 3 9 4 .0 3 8 0 .0 3 9 1 .9 3 9 3 .1 3 9 2 .8 3 9 0 .5 Candy and chew ing gum (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................ 1 5 4 .0 1 6 1 .6 1 62.1 1 6 1 .3 1 6 1 .6 1 6 2 .3 1 6 2 .8 1 5 3 .9 1 6 1 .3 1 6 1 .8 1 6 1 .2 1 6 1 .5 1 6 2 .2 S ugar and artificial sw eeteners ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................ 1 6 2 .6 1 7 0 .9 1 7 1 .0 1 7 2 .3 1 7 2 .5 1 7 0 .3 1 6 9 .4 1 7 1 .9 1 7 2 .0 1 7 2 .3 1 7 3 .5 1 7 3 .7 1 7 1 .7 1 7 0 .7 Other s w e ets ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................... 1 7 3 .2 1 5 3 .9 1 60.1 1 5 9 .7 1 6 0 .2 1 5 8 .0 1 5 9 .1 1 6 0 .0 1 5 1 .8 1 5 7 .6 1 5 7 .2 1 5 7 .7 1 5 5 .5 1 5 6 .7 1 5 7 .5 2 9 5 .0 2 9 4 .6 2 9 4 .4 2 9 2 .5 2 9 3 .1 2 9 5 .3 2 9 5 .5 Fats and oils ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................... 2 7 9 .7 2 9 5 .4 2 9 5 .1 2 9 4 .9 2 9 3 .0 2 9 3 .7 2 9 5 .9 2 7 9 .5 M a r g a r i n e ........................................................................................................... 2 7 8 .2 2 9 6 .0 2 9 6 .6 2 9 7 .5 2 9 2 .9 2 9 5 .6 2 9 8 .2 2 7 6 .4 2 9 3 .6 2 9 4 .3 2 9 5 .0 2 9 0 .6 2 9 2 .6 N ond airy substitutes and peanut butter ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) . . . 1 5 2 .2 1 5 4 .9 1 5 6 .3 1 5 7 .5 1 5 7 .3 1 5 8 .7 1 6 0 .2 1 5 0 .4 1 5 3 .1 1 5 4 .2 1 5 5 .3 1 5 5 .3 1 5 6 .6 O ther fats, oils, and salad dressin gs ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................ 1 4 5 .4 1 5 5 .2 1 5 4 .2 1 5 3 .3 1 5 2 .7 1 52.1 1 53.1 1 4 5 .9 1 5 5 .7 1 5 4 .7 1 5 3 .8 1 5 3 .2 1 5 2 .8 1 5 3 .6 4 3 9 .1 4 4 1 .5 4 4 4 .0 4 4 6 .8 4 4 5 .5 4 4 3 .4 4 4 9 .4 4 4 1 .1 4 4 2 .8 4 4 5 .2 4 4 8 .2 4 4 6 .7 4 4 4 .7 4 5 0 .9 3 1 9 .9 3 1 9 .8 N onalcoholic beverages ................................................................... Cola drinks, excluding diet cola ............................................... 1 5 8.1 3 1 3 .3 3 1 6 .8 C arbonated drinks, including diet cola ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) . . . . Roasted coffee ....................................................................................... 149.1 1 4 9 .2 1 4 9 .4 1 4 9 .9 1 4 8 .8 1 4 6 .8 1 4 7 .9 1 4 7 .0 1 4 7 .0 1 47.1 1 4 7 .7 1 4 6 .6 1 4 4 .3 1 4 5 .4 3 5 9 .2 3 7 5 .9 3 7 6 .3 3 7 7 .7 3 7 6 .0 3 7 6 .7 3 7 6 .2 3 5 3 .9 3 6 9 .9 3 7 0 .2 3 7 1 .5 3 6 9 .8 Freeze dried and instant c o f f e e ............................................................... 3 7 0 .3 3 6 9 .9 3 5 3 .7 3 6 9 .6 3 6 9 .2 3 7 1 .9 3 7 2 .7 3 7 3 .8 3 7 3 .7 3 5 3 .1 3 6 8 .9 3 6 8 .2 3 7 1 .2 3 7 1 .9 3 7 2 .9 3 7 2 .9 O ther noncarbonated drinks ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................ O ther prepared foods ................................................................................... Canned and packaged soup ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .................................... Frozen prepared foods ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................... 3 1 7 .3 3 1 6 .4 3 2 4 .3 3 1 7 .2 3 1 0 .7 3 1 4 .1 3 1 7 .0 3 1 4 .4 3 1 3 .9 3 2 1 .6 1 4 3 .8 1 4 7 .6 1 4 8 .3 1 4 8 .9 1 5 0 .5 1 4 9 .7 1 5 1 .3 1 4 4 .2 1 4 7 .9 1 4 8 .7 1 4 9 .3 1 5 0 .8 1 50 .1 1 5 1 .5 2 7 9 .9 2 8 6 .9 2 8 7 .3 2 8 7 .8 2 8 7 .5 2 8 7 .7 2 8 9 .6 2 8 1 .5 2 8 8 .5 2 8 8 .7 2 8 9 .3 2 8 8 .8 2 8 9 .1 2 9 0 .9 1 4 2 .6 1 4 6 .4 1 4 6 .4 1 4 6 .5 148.1 1 4 8 .7 1 4 9 .9 1 4 4 .4 1 4 8 .4 1 4 8 .2 1 4 8 .3 1 4 9 .8 1 5 0 .4 1 5 1 .6 1 5 7 .2 1 6 2 .0 1 6 1 .6 1 6 2 .9 1 6 2 .6 1 6 2 .2 1 6 3 .6 1 5 6 .5 1 6 1 .2 1 6 0 .4 1 6 2 .0 1 6 1 .5 1 6 0 .9 Snacks ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................... 1 6 2 .2 1 5 9 .5 1 6 6 .5 1 6 6 .9 1 6 7 .8 1 6 7 .4 1 6 6 .4 1 6 7 .6 1 6 1 .6 1 6 8 .8 1 6 9 .2 1 7 0 .0 1 6 9 .7 1 6 8 .7 1 6 9 .9 Season ings, olives, pickles, and relish ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) . . . 1 6 1 .6 1 6 4 .4 1 6 5 .6 1 6 6 .2 1 6 4 .9 1 6 5 .9 1 6 7 .6 1 6 0 .5 1 6 3 .5 1 6 4 .7 1 6 5 .2 1 6 4 .8 O ther c ondim en ts ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................... 1 6 6 .6 1 5 6 .6 1 5 9 .9 1 5 9 .5 1 5 9 .3 1 5 8 .8 1 5 9 .9 1 6 0 .9 1 5 8 .4 1 6 1 .7 1 6 1 .4 1 6 1 .2 1 6 0 .7 1 6 1 .8 M iscellaneou s prepared foods ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................ 1 5 4 .3 1 5 5 .5 1 5 5 .9 1 5 5 .9 1 5 5 .6 1 5 5 .4 1 5 6 .3 1 5 4 .5 1 5 5 .6 1 5 5 .9 1 5 6 .0 1 5 5 .6 1 5 5 .4 1 5 6 .3 Other canned and packaged prepared foods (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) . . 1 49.1 1 52.1 1 5 2 .8 1 5 1 .9 1 52.1 1 5 2 .7 1 5 2 .8 1 5 0 .4 1 5 3 .2 1 5 3 .9 1 5 3 .0 153.1 1 5 3 .8 1 5 4 .0 3 3 8 .8 3 3 9 .0 3 3 9 .8 3 4 0 .9 3 4 2 .3 Food aw a y fro m hom e ....................................................................... 1 6 4 .0 1 6 2 .8 3 2 7 .2 3 3 5 .5 3 3 5 .8 3 3 6 .6 3 3 7 .7 3 3 9 .2 1 5 8 .0 1 6 1 .9 1 6 2 .4 1 6 2 .8 1 6 3 .2 1 6 3 .8 3 3 9 .9 1 6 4 .4 3 3 0 .4 Lunch ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................................................................... 1 5 9 .5 1 6 3 .5 1 6 3 .9 1 6 4 .3 1 6 4 .7 D in n e r ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................... 1 6 5 .3 1 6 5 .8 1 5 7 .6 1 6 1 .7 1 6 1 .8 1 6 2 .2 1 6 2 .8 1 6 3 .6 1 6 3 .8 1 5 9 .3 1 6 3 .5 1 6 3 .6 1 6 3 .9 1 6 4 .6 1 6 5 .4 O ther m eals and snacks ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................... 1 6 5 .6 1 6 2 .0 1 6 6 .0 1 6 5 .7 1 6 6 .0 1 6 6 .5 1 6 7 .3 1 6 7 .5 1 6 2 .5 1 6 6 .5 1 6 6 .3 1 6 6 .6 1 67.1 1 6 7 .8 1 6 8 .0 2 2 7 .6 3 4 3 .0 A lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s 2 1 9 .0 2 2 2 .9 2 2 3 .1 2 2 4 .2 2 2 3 .8 2 2 3 .9 2 2 4 .3 2 2 2 .0 2 2 6 .2 2 2 6 .4 2 2 7 .5 2 2 7 .1 2 2 7 .2 Alcoholic beverages at hom e ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................... 1 4 0 .8 1 4 2 .9 1 4 2 .8 1 4 3 .7 1 4 3 .2 1 4 3 .2 1 4 3 .5 145.1 1 45.1 1 4 5 .8 1 4 5 .4 ....................................................................... 1 4 5 .4 1 4 5 .7 2 3 0 .3 2 2 5 .7 2 3 1 .1 2 3 1 .5 2 3 2 .7 2 3 1 .9 2 3 2 .5 2 3 2 .9 1 4 2 .8 2 2 4 .9 2 3 0 .7 2 3 1 .6 2 3 2 .0 1 5 3 .5 1 5 4 .0 1 5 3 .8 1 5 4 .6 1 5 4 .3 1 5 4 .0 1 5 4 .1 1 5 3 .7 1 5 4 .3 2 3 0 .5 1 5 4 .1 2 3 1 .7 W h is k e y ........................................................................................... 1 5 4 .9 W in e 1 5 4 .6 1 54 .1 1 5 4.1 2 3 3 .2 2 3 2 .2 Beer and ale ................................................................................................... Other alcoholic beverages ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................... Alcoholic beverages aw a y fro m hom e ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................ H O U S IN G 2 3 4 .2 2 3 1 .8 2 3 4 .8 2 3 3 .0 2 3 3 .3 2 4 1 .0 2 4 1 .6 2 3 9 .5 2 4 2 .5 2 4 1 .3 2 3 9 .7 2 4 1 .0 1 2 1 .7 1 2 2 .6 1 2 3 .4 1 2 3 .2 1 2 3 .5 1 2 2 .8 1 2 3 .2 1 2 1 .6 1 2 2 .4 1 2 3 .2 1 2 2 .9 1 2 3 .3 1 2 2 .5 1 2 2 .9 1 5 1 .6 1 5 6 .4 1 5 7 .2 1 5 7 .7 1 5 8 .2 1 5 8 .5 1 5 8 .6 1 5 3 .0 1 5 7 .8 1 5 8 .6 1 5 9 .1 1 5 9 .5 1 5 9 .8 1 5 9 .9 3 2 9 .2 3 3 9 .5 3 4 1 .4 3 4 1 .2 3 4 0 .9 3 4 1 .2 3 4 2 .0 3 2 4 .7 3 3 4 .2 3 3 6 .8 3 3 5 .5 3 3 4 .4 3 3 5 .0 3 3 5 .7 3 6 8 .9 3 7 0 .1 3 4 6 .1 3 5 6 .1 3 5 9 .3 3 5 8 .3 3 5 7 .7 3 5 9 .0 3 6 0 .0 2 4 2 .3 2 5 0 .3 2 5 1 .7 2 5 3 .1 2 5 4 .0 2 5 5 .3 2 5 6 .3 S h e l t e r ( C P I - U ) .................................................................................... 3 5 3 .2 3 6 4 .6 3 6 6 .5 3 6 7 .8 Renters' c o s t s ........................................................................ 1 0 5 .7 1 0 9 .6 1 1 0 .2 1 1 0 .7 R ent, residential ................................................................... Other renters' c o s t s ........................................................................................................... H o m e o w n e rs ' c o s t s ................................................................... 1 1 0 .9 1 1 1 .3 2 4 2 .9 2 5 1 .1 2 5 2 .4 2 5 3 .8 2 5 4 .8 2 5 6 .1 3 6 1 .7 3 8 0 .7 3 8 4 .3 3 8 2 .6 3 7 9 .1 3 7 5 .1 3 7 7 .4 1 08.1 O w ners' equivalent r e n t ........................................................................... 1 0 6 .2 1 08.1 1 0 8 .7 1 0 8 .7 House hold in s u r a n c e ............................................................................... 1 6 1 .2 3 5 6 .7 1 08 0 1 0 8 .6 3 6 0 .1 3 6 2 .7 3 6 1 .6 3 6 2 .9 3 6 4 .4 4 0 2 .4 4 1 2 .3 4 1 4 .3 4 1 4 .4 4 1 2 .6 4 1 4 .2 2 6 4 .6 2 6 2 .2 2 6 4 .8 2 6 2 .9 2 6 6 .5 2 6 7 .7 M a intenance and repairs ................................................................... M a intenance and repair services ............................................................... M a inte na nc e and repair c o m m o d it ie s ............................................... S h e lte r ( C P I - W ) Rent, r e s id e n tia l........................................................... O ther re n te rs ’ costs ....................................................... Lodging w hile out of t o w n ....................................................................... T e nants' insurance ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................ H o m e o w n e r s h ip ................................................................... H om e purchase ........................................................... Financing, taxes, and in s u ra n c e .................................... 1 09.1 1 09.1 1 0 8 .7 1 0 9 .4 1 0 9 .4 1 0 9 .8 1 0 8 .8 1 0 8 .9 1 0 9 .8 3 5 9 .1 3 8 0 .2 3 8 3 .6 3 8 1 .9 3 7 8 .7 3 7 4 .6 3 7 7 .8 3 7 4 .0 4 0 7 .6 4 0 4 .8 3 9 9 .8 3 9 4 .8 3 8 8 .3 3 9 3 .4 1 6 0 .4 1 6 2 .6 1 6 3 .4 1 6 3 .4 1 6 3 .5 1 6 3 .5 3 8 2 .9 3 9 3 .4 3 9 7 .2 2 9 8 .0 2 9 9 .8 3 0 2 .5 3 9 5 .5 3 0 2 .4 1 6 3 .3 3 9 4 .4 3 0 1 .0 3 9 5 .9 301 4 4 9 4 .8 5 1 9 .0 5 2 4 .9 5 2 0 .5 P roperty i n s u r a n c e ............................................................................... P roperty taxes ....................................................................... 5 1 9 .5 5 2 2 .4 4 3 8 .3 2 4 2 .7 4 4 1 .8 4 4 2 .4 4 4 3 .2 4 4 6 .6 4 4 7 .6 2 4 8 .9 2 5 1 .4 2 5 2 .2 2 5 2 .9 C ontracted m ortg a g e interest c o s t s ....................................................... 2 5 4 .4 6 2 4 .1 6 5 8 .4 6 6 6 .4 6 5 9 .3 6 5 7 .1 6 6 1 .0 2 0 7 .6 2 1 7 .4 2 1 6 .8 2 1 6 .9 2 1 7 .6 3 5 3 .0 3 5 7 .4 2 1 8 .6 3 5 9 .4 3 5 8 .9 3 9 7 .6 4 0 5 .4 4 0 7 .9 4 0 8 .1 4 0 6 .6 3 5 9 .8 4 0 7 .7 4 0 7 .8 2 5 9 .0 2 5 6 .9 2 5 8 .1 2 5 6 .2 2 5 7 .8 2 5 9 .3 2 6 0 .8 1 5 0 .8 147 4 1 4 7 .8 1 4 7 .0 149.1 1 5 1 .0 1 2 5 .2 1 2 3 .3 1 2 3 .5 1 2 3 .1 1 2 2 .4 1 2 2 .5 1 5 2 .5 1 2 8 .4 M o rtg a g e Interest r a t e s ....................................................... M a intenance and r e p a ir s ............................................... M a intenance and repair s e r v ic e s ........................................... M a intenance and repair c o m m o d it ie s ................................... 3 5 8 .5 P a in t and w a llpa per, supplies, tools, and e q uipm en t ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................... Lum ber, a w n ings, glass, and m asonry (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................ 360 9 P lum b ing, electrical, heating, and cooling ........................................................................... 1 3 9 .9 1 4 2 .8 1 4 2 .7 1 4 1 .5 1 4 2 .0 1 4 2 .0 1 4 1 .0 M iscellaneou s supplies and eq uipm en t (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................ supplies ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) 1 4 3 .1 1 4 4 .2 1 4 6 .7 1 4 4 .0 1 4 5 .5 1 4 5 .2 1 4 4 .8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 83 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 20. C o n tin u ed — C onsum er Price in dex— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s F u e l a n d o t h e r u t i l i t i e s ........................................................................................................................... F u e l s ....................................................................................................................................................... Fuel oil, coal, and bottled g a s ....................................................................................... Fuel oil ........................................................................................................................... O ther fu e ls ( 6 /7 8 = 1 0 0 ) U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C l e r ic a l W o r k e r s 1 984 G e n e ra l s u m m a ry ................................................................................... 1985 1984 1985 Jan. A ug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. Jan. Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. 3 7 6 .0 3 9 5 .5 3 9 7 .0 3 9 2 .4 3 8 7 .5 3 8 6 .0 3 8 7 .2 3 7 7 .3 3 9 6 .9 3 9 8 .4 3 9 3 .6 3 8 8 .7 3 8 7 .1 3 8 8 .3 4 7 0 .4 4 9 8 .6 5 00.1 4 9 2 .1 4 8 2 .6 4 9 8 .2 4 9 9 .8 4 9 1 .4 4 8 2 .1 4 7 9 .7 4 8 0 .7 6 4 2 .8 6 2 5 .5 6 2 2 .1 6 2 6 .8 6 2 6 .9 6 2 5 .9 6 2 1 .6 6 4 5 .1 6 2 8 .1 6 2 4 .5 6 2 9 .4 6 2 9 .3 6 2 8 .4 6 2 3 .9 6 5 2 .7 6 3 2 .4 6 2 8 .4 6 3 3 .6 6 3 3 .0 6 3 1 .5 6 2 6 .5 6 5 4 .9 6 3 5 .1 6 3 0 .8 6 3 6 .3 6 3 5 .6 6 3 4 .0 6 2 8 .8 1 9 3 .6 1 9 3 .3 1 93.1 1 9 3 .7 1 9 4 .9 1 9 5 .6 1 9 5 .6 1 9 4 .4 1 9 3 .9 1 9 3 .6 1 9 4 .3 1 9 5 .4 1 9 6 .2 1 9 6 .1 4 5 4 .7 4 4 3 .7 4 4 1 .0 4 4 3 .2 4 8 0 .2 4 8 1 .2 4 6 9 .9 Gas (p ip e d ) and e le c tr ic ity ............................................................................................... 4 2 7 .3 4 6 3 .9 4 6 6 .4 4 5 6 .0 4 4 4 .7 4 4 2 .2 4 4 4 .1 4 2 6 .2 4 6 3 .0 4 6 5 .5 E e c t r i c i t y ....................................................................................................................... 3 3 2 .8 3 7 4 .3 3 7 4 .9 3 5 0 .9 3 4 8 .2 3 5 1 .0 3 3 1 .9 3 7 4 .8 3 7 5 .5 3 6 0 .8 3 5 0 .5 3 4 7 .3 3 5 0 .1 Utility (p ip e d ) gas 5 7 1 .1 5 9 2 .2 5 9 8 .4 3 6 1 .0 5 9 7 .1 5 8 4 .9 5 8 3 .0 5 8 2 .9 5 6 8 .1 5 8 7 .1 5 9 3 .2 5 9 2 .1 5 8 0 .9 5 7 9 .7 5 8 0 .2 2 3 6 .3 '................................................................................................... O ther utilities and public services ....................................................................................... 2 2 4 .6 2 3 2 .9 2 3 4 .4 2 3 4 .1 2 3 5 .3 2 2 5 .7 2 3 2 .4 2 3 3 .7 2 3 3 .9 2 3 5 .3 2 3 5 .0 1 8 3 .3 2 3 1 .3 1 8 8 .4 2 3 2 .7 T elephone s e r v ic e s ............................................................................................................... 1 8 9 .8 1 9 0 .0 1 91.1 1 9 0 .4 1 9 0 .8 1 8 3 .9 1 89.1 1 9 0 .4 1 9 0 .5 1 9 1 .6 1 9 0 .9 1 9 1 .3 Local charges ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................... 1 5 4 .3 1 6 3 .3 1 6 5 .3 1 6 5 .5 1 6 6 .9 1 6 6 .5 1 6 7 .1 1 5 4 .8 1 6 4 .0 1 6 6 .0 1 66.1 1 6 7 .4 1 6 7 .0 1 6 7 .6 Interstate toll calls ( 1 2 /7 7 = 10 0 ) ............................................................... 1 2 1 .4 1 16.1 1 16.1 1 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .2 1 1 6 .2 1 1 6 .2 Intrastate toll calls ( 1 2 /7 7 = ............................................................... 1 22.1 1 2 4 .9 1 2 4 .8 1 2 4 .8 1 2 5 .4 1 2 4 .1 1 2 4 .0 1 2 2 .2 1 2 4 .8 1 2 4 .6 12 4 6 1 2 5 .2 1 2 4 .0 1 2 3 .9 W a te r and sew erage m a in te n a n c e ............................................................................... 3 6 7 .4 3 7 8 .9 3 8 0 .2 3 8 0 .5 3 8 2 .8 3 8 4 .4 3 8 9 .6 3 7 1 .7 3 8 3 .2 3 8 4 .5 3 8 4 .8 3 8 6 .8 3 8 8 .3 3 9 3 .3 H o u s e h o ld f u r n is h in g s a n d o p e r a t io n s 2 4 0 .4 2 4 2 .2 2 4 4 .1 2 4 4 .3 2 4 4 .2 2 4 4 .2 2 4 4 .2 2 3 7 .3 2 3 8 .6 2 4 0 .6 2 4 0 .7 2 4 0 .6 2 4 0 .5 2 4 0 .4 H o use furnis hings .......................................................................................................................... 1 9 7 .9 1 98.1 2 0 0 .6 2 0 0 .5 2 0 0 .2 1 9 9 .7 1 9 8 .8 1 9 6 .3 1 9 5 .9 198 3 1 9 8 .2 1 9 7 .6 1 9 7 .3 1 9 6 .3 Textile h o u s e fu r n is h in g s ................................................................................................... 2 2 7 .6 2 3 8 .6 2 4 5 .6 2 4 2 .7 2 4 0 .5 2 3 9 .9 2 3 7 .1 2 3 0 .9 2 4 2 .0 2 4 9 .9 2 4 7 .1 2 4 4 .6 2 4 4 .1 2 4 0 .5 H ouse hold linens ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................... 1 3 3 ,0 1 43.1 1 4 6 .8 1 47.1 1 4 5 .2 1 4 1 .6 1 3 8 .9 1 34.1 144.1 1 48.1 1 4 8 .8 1 4 6 .6 1 4 3 .0 1 4 0 .2 ............................................................................... 1 5 1 .3 1 5 4 .7 1 5 9 .8 1 5 5 .8 1 5 4 .9 1 5 8 .0 1 5 7 .3 1 5 5 .5 1 5 8 .8 1 6 4 .8 1 6 0 .2 1 5 9 .4 1 6 2 .9 1 6 1 .3 Furniture and b e d d i n g ................................................................................................................... 2 1 9 .5 2 2 0 .8 2 2 5 .5 2 2 8 .2 2 2 7 .4 2 2 5 .6 2 2 4 .1 2 1 6 .7 2 1 7 .9 2 2 2 .2 2 2 4 .5 2 2 3 .4 2 2 2 .5 2 2 0 .4 B e droom fu rn itu re (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................... Sofas (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................................... 1 5 4 .4 1 1 9 .4 1 5 1 .7 1 2 0 .6 1 5 6 .6 1 2 1 .7 1 6 0 .2 1 2 1 .6 1 6 0 .7 122 2 1 60.1 1 2 2 .3 1 54.1 1 5 1 .1 1 1 9 .2 1 4 8 .4 120.7 1 5 3 .5 1 2 1 .6 1 5 5 .9 1 2 1 .8 1 5 6 .3 122 0 1 5 6 .4 1 2 1 .9 1 5 0 .5 1 2 1 .2 Living room chairs and tables ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................... 1 2 4 .8 1 27.1 1 2 6 .8 1 2 7 .5 1 4 2 .2 1 4 5 .9 1 4 0 .4 1 2 6 .2 1 4 2 .9 1 4 7 .2 147.1 1 4 6 .0 1 4 5 .2 ................................................................... 1 5 1 .0 1 0 4 .9 1 4 6 .9 1 4 7 .7 1 2 5 .8 1 4 3 .9 1 2 6 .4 1 3 9 .2 128.1 1 4 8 .1 ........................................................................................................... 9 8 .8 10 0 ) 1 2 1 .9 1 1 6 .5 1 1 6 .5 1 1 6 .6 1 1 6 .6 1 1 6 .5 1 1 6 .5 Curtains, drapes, slipcovers, and sew ing m ateria ls ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) O ther fu rn itu re ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................................... A ppliances including T V and sound equipm en t Television and sound e q uipm en t Telev sion Sound eq u ip m e n t (1 2 /7 7 = 10 0 ) ................................................ ....................................................... 1 1 1 .3 1 0 1 .0 94.1 1 08.1 1 2 1 .6 1 2 5 .7 1 28.1 1 2 7 .8 1 2 9 .0 1 4 7 .2 1 2 5 .9 1 3 5 .4 1 3 8 .4 1 42.1 1 4 3 .5 1 2 7 .9 1 4 1 .4 1 4 5 .2 1 4 9 .4 1 4 8 .8 1 4 8 .0 1 5 1 .9 1 4 8 .5 1 4 7 .3 1 4 7 .1 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .4 9 9 .9 9 9 .2 9 9 .1 1 0 4 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .8 9 9 .5 9 8 .9 9 8 .2 9 3 .5 9 2 .5 1 0 8 .4 92.1 9 2 .5 9 2 .0 9 7 .5 9 2 .7 9 2 .2 9 1 .1 9 0 .7 9 1 .3 9 8 .1 9 0 .7 1 0 6 .6 1 8 9 .5 1 8 7 .5 1 0 8 .3 1 8 9 .4 1 0 7 .4 ........................................................................................... 1 8 8 .4 1 8 6 .7 1 8 5 .9 1 8 6 .0 1 9 0 .7 1 8 8 .9 1 9 0 .9 1 9 0 .2 ' 1 8 9 .2 1 8 8 .6 1 8 8 .5 Refrigerators and hom e f r e e z e r s ........................................................... 1 9 4 .6 1 9 6 .8 1 9 7 .6 1 9 7 .3 1 9 7 .5 1 9 7 ,1 2 0 2 .1 2 0 0 .6 2 0 2 .6 2 0 3 .5 2 0 3 .2 2 0 3 .8 2 0 3 .5 Laundry e q u i p m e n t ....................................................................................... 1 9 6 .5 1 4 5 .7 1 4 5 .4 1 4 6 .9 1 4 7 .7 148.1 1 4 7 .6 1 4 6 .8 1 4 6 .6 1 4 6 .3 1 4 7 .6 1 4 8 .0 149.1 1 4 8 .9 1 4 7 .8 Other household appliances (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................ 1 2 5 .2 1 2 3 .6 1 2 4 .8 1 2 3 .5 1 2 1 .8 1 2 1 .0 1 2 1 .3 1 2 3 .6 1 2 1 .7 1 2 3 .2 1 2 1 .7 1 1 9 .9 1 1 8 .9 1 1 9 .1 m achines ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................... 1 2 2 .3 1 2 1 .6 1 2 5 .5 1 2 2 .6 1 2 0 .6 1 2 0 .2 1 1 9 .5 H ouse hold appliances 1 0 7 .7 106.1 1 0 6 .4 1 1 0 .5 1 0 7 .1 1 0 7 .2 1 0 5 .0 1 0 5 .2 Stoves, d is h w ashers, vacuum s, and sew ing 1 2 3 .3 1 2 3 .6 1 2 7 .5 1 2 4 .4 1 2 2 .4 1 2 1 .8 1 2 1 .5 ............................................... 1 2 7 .2 1 2 3 .9 1 2 2 .8 1 2 2 .9 1 2 1 .5 1 2 0 .5 1 2 1 .4 1 2 5 .2 1 2 1 .8 1 2 1 .5 1 2 2 .3 1 1 9 .0 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .4 O ther household e q uipm en t ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................ 1 42.1 1 4 1 .7 1 4 1 .9 1 4 1 .2 1 4 2 .8 1 4 3 .9 1 4 3 .6 140 0 1 3 8 .9 1 3 9 .1 1 3 8 .5 1 3 9 .8 1 4 0 .7 1 4 1 .0 Office m achines, sm all electric appliances, and air conditioners ( 1 2 /7 7 = 10 0 ) Floor and w in d o w coverin gs, in fants', laundry, 1 0 0 ) ............................ 1 4 5 .5 1 4 7 .7 1 4 6 .7 1 4 7 .9 1 4 8 .4 1 5 2 .0 1 5 0 .9 1 3 7 .5 1 3 7 .3 1 3 6 .2 1 3 8 .2 1 3 7 .8 1 4 1 .9 1 4 0 .5 Clocks, lam ps, and decor item s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .................................... cleaning, and outd o o r eq uipm en t ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 3 0 .9 1 3 4 .3 1 37.1 1 3 5 .6 1 3 7 .4 1 3 7 .2 1 3 5 .2 1 2 6 .6 1 2 9 .8 1 3 2 .8 1 3 0 .8 1 3 2 .6 1 3 2 .5 1 3 1 .0 1 3 9 .8 1 4 3 .4 1 4 0 .9 1 4 2 .8 Tab le w a re , serving pieces, and nonelectric kitchenw are ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................... 1 4 9 .6 1 4 7 .0 1 4 5 .5 1 4 3 .5 1 4 7 .6 1 4 5 .5 1 4 6 .0 1 4 5 .5 143.1 1 4 1 .5 ............................................................................... 1 3 6 .9 1 3 4 .4 1 3 5 .5 1 3 5 .5 1 3 4 .8 1 39.1 1 4 0 .0 1 4 2 .2 1 3 9 .8 1 4 1 .4 1 4 1 .1 1 4 0 .2 1 4 4 .3 1 4 4 .6 ............................................................................................................... 2 9 9 .4 3 0 4 .2 3 0 4 .9 3 0 5 .4 3 0 6 .2 3 0 7 .5 3 0 9 .9 2 9 6 .3 3 0 1 .1 3 0 2 .0 3 0 3 .5 304 6 3 0 6 .9 Soaps and d e t e r g e n t s ....................................................................................................... 2 9 6 .3 1 5 3 .6 2 9 8 .8 299 1 2 9 9 .9 3 0 2 .3 3 0 5 .7 3 0 8 .0 1 5 8 .4 2 9 2 .2 2 9 4 .2 2 9 7 .6 Law n equ ip m e n t, p ow er tools, and other hardw are (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) House keeping supplies O ther laundry and cleaning products (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .................................... 2 9 4 .8 3 0 2 .5 2 9 5 .4 1 5 3 .4 1 5 4 .3 1 5 5 .1 1 5 5 .7 3 0 1 .1 1 5 5 .7 3 0 3 .3 1 5 2 .3 1 5 6 .6 1 4 5 .4 1 4 9 .4 1 5 3 .4 1 5 5 .2 1 5 6 .4 1 5 5 .8 1 5 5 .6 1 5 6 .4 1 4 4 .8 1 4 7 .7 1 4 7 .9 1 4 8 .4 149.1 1 4 8 .8 1 4 9 .1 1 6 3 .5 1 4 7 .9 1 5 2 .0 1 5 6 .6 1 5 6 .7 1 5 6 .2 1 5 6 .7 1 5 6 .0 1 5 8 .0 1 4 6 .3 1 3 8 .0 1 3 9 .1 1 3 8 .3 1 3 7 .1 1 3 7 .5 1 4 0 .3 1 4 1 .6 3 3 0 .3 3 3 0 .6 3 3 1 .3 3 2 4 .4 3 2 8 .8 3 3 0 .0 3 3 0 .8 3 3 0 .9 3 3 1 .1 3 3 1 .8 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 1 7 6 .3 1 7 6 .0 1 7 6 .6 1 7 7 .9 1 71.1 175.1 1 7 6 .4 1 7 6 .8 1 7 6 .4 1 7 6 .9 1 7 8 .2 1 5 4 .7 1 5 5 .4 1 5 5 .3 1 5 5 .0 1 4 5 .6 1 5 0 .0 1 5 1 .0 1 5 2 .2 1 5 2 .9 1 5 2 .8 1 5 2 .6 1 5 4 .9 1 5 5 .8 1 5 6 .6 1 5 7 .1 1 5 7 .1 1 5 3 .6 1 5 5 .2 1 5 6 .5 1 5 6 .1 1 5 5 .8 ................ 1 4 9 .2 1 4 1 .7 1 4 4 .2 1 4 4 .2 1 4 4 .8 1 4 5 .5 1 4 5 .2 ....................................... 1 5 7 .4 1 6 2 .0 1 6 2 .2 1 6 1 .7 1 6 2 .1 1 6 1 .5 Law n and garden supplies ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................... 1 4 5 .0 1 4 5 .7 1 4 4 .8 1 4 3 .5 1 4 3 .4 ............................................................................................................... 3 2 4 .1 3 2 8 .2 3 2 9 .4 3 3 0 .2 P o s t a g e ...................................................................................................................................... 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 drycleaning services (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................... 1 7 1 .0 1 7 4 .6 Appliance and fu rn itu re repair ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................... 1 4 7 .5 1 5 2 .2 1 7 5 .9 1 5 3 .4 C leansing and toilet tissue, paper tow els and napkins ( 1 2 /7 7 = 10 0 ) S ta tionery, stationery supplies, and gift w rap (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) M iscellaneou s household products ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) H ousekeeping services 1 5 6 .9 M o v in g , storag e, fre ig h t, household laundry, and APPAREL A N D UPKEEP 1 9 6 .4 2 0 0 .1 2 0 4 .2 2 0 5 .7 2 0 5 .2 2 0 3 .2 1 9 9 .8 1 9 5 .3 1 9 9 .0 2 0 3 .3 2 0 4 .8 2 0 4 .2 2 0 2 .1 1 9 8 .5 A p p a r e l c o m m o d i t i e s ............................................................................................................................... 1 8 3 .6 1 8 6 .6 1 9 1 .2 1 9 2 .6 1 9 1 .9 1 8 9 .6 1 8 5 .7 1 83.1 186.1 1 9 0 .9 1 9 2 .3 1 9 1 .6 1 8 9 .2 1 8 5 .1 A pparel c o m m o d itie s less f o o t w e a r ........................................................................... 1 7 9 .8 1 83.1 1 8 7 .8 1 8 9 .2 1 8 8 .3 1 8 5 .9 1 8 1 .9 1 7 8 .9 1 8 2 .2 1 8 7 .3 1 8 8 .7 1 8 7 .8 1 8 5 .3 1 8 0 .9 M e n 's and bo y s ’ ................................................................................................................... 1 8 9 .7 1 9 2 .6 1 2 1 .2 1 9 5 .6 1 9 7 .6 1 2 4 .3 1 9 7 .8 1 96 0 1 9 0 .2 1 9 6 .2 1 2 3 .9 1 98.1 1 9 8 .6 1 2 5 .4 1 9 6 .8 1 24.1 1 2 2 .5 M e n ’s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) 1 2 4 .5 1 2 3 .2 1 9 3 .2 1 2 1 .7 1 1 9 .8 1 9 3 .0 1 2 1 .7 1 1 6 .4 1 1 5 .7 1 1 3 .3 1 1 2 .3 1 0 4 .0 1 0 6 .8 1 0 8 .9 1 2 5 .0 1 0 9 .7 1 0 0 .9 1 1 5 .6 1 0 5 .7 1 0 7 .9 1 0 6 .6 1 0 5 .6 1 0 4 .0 1 0 9 .0 1 5 0 .9 1 5 1 .8 1 5 1 .7 1 4 1 .9 1 4 3 .3 1 4 6 .6 1 2 9 .5 1 5 2 .0 1 2 9 .4 1 0 1 .5 149.1 1 0 4 .3 1 4 7 .6 1 2 8 .3 1 2 7 .4 1 2 8 .9 1 3 0 .0 1 3 1 .0 1 32.1 1 3 2 .2 1 3 0 .7 1 2 9 .9 1 1 5 .5 117 6 1 1 6 .6 1 1 6 .0 1 1 7 .1 1 2 0 .0 1 2 0 .9 1 2 2 .0 1 2 4 .3 1 2 3 .1 1 2 2 .4 1 27.1 1 2 6 .5 ........................................................................................... 1 1 9 .3 S uits, sport coats, and jackets ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................ Coats and j a c k e t s ........................................................................................... 1 1 0 .8 1 0 1 .7 Furnishings and special clothing ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................ 1 4 5 .9 1 2 5 .7 1 2 7 .3 1 2 8 .2 1 1 1 .4 1 1 3 .7 1 1 4 .5 1 2 4 .0 S hirts (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................... Dung arees, jeans, and trousers ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) B oys’ ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................ ........................................................................................... 1 1 3 .5 1 2 3 .2 1 0 6 .8 1 0 8 .8 1 4 7 .7 1 4 7 .8 1 4 7 .6 1 9 3 .6 1 0 5 .6 1 0 4 .4 1 4 5 .2 1 2 5 .5 1 2 6 .9 1 2 8 .5 1 28.1 C oats, jackets, sw e aters, and shirts ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................ 1 1 8 .8 1 2 5 .5 1 2 7 .0 1 2 6 .8 1 25 9 1 2 3 .9 1 17.1 1 2 1 .1 1 2 8 .0 1 2 9 .8 1 2 9 .2 1 2 8 .3 1 2 5 .6 1 1 8 .0 Furnishings (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) 1 3 6 .2 1 3 4 .7 1 35 8 1 38.1 1 3 2 .1 1 3 0 .5 1 3 4 .4 1 3 4 .7 1 3 3 .9 1 2 3 .3 1 2 6 .9 1 2 6 .0 1 2 0 .6 1 1 9 .1 1 3 1 .8 1 2 0 .4 1 3 2 .7 1 2 1 .8 1 3 8 .9 1 2 6 .4 1 3 9 .2 1 2 3 .3 1 3 6 .8 1 2 6 .7 1 2 3 .8 1 2 3 .7 1 2 4 .2 1 2 3 .4 ................................................................... S uits, trouse rs, sport coats, and jackets (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) 84 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . . 1 2 8 .6 1 11.1 1 0 9 .2 1 0 9 .9 1 2 5 .0 1 2 2 .7 1 2 4 .3 1 2 5 .7 1 2 7 .2 1 2 3 .2 20. C o n tin u ed — C onsum er Price in dex— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s G e n e ra l s u m m a ry W o m e n ’s and girls ’ U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C l e r ic a l W o r k e r s 1984 ........................................................................................... 1984 Jan. Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. Jan. A ug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. 1 5 8 .8 163.1 1 7 0 .5 1 7 2 .2 1 7 0 .4 1 6 7 .2 1 6 1 .3 1 60 0 1 6 4 .1 1 7 2 .1 1 7 3 .8 1 68 6 162 1 1 1 4 .4 1 1 5 .0 1 1 3 .4 1 1 2 .6 108 3 1 7 8 .2 1 6 4 .6 154 8 Coats and j a c k e t s ................................................................... 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .4 1 7 1 .9 1 1 4 .9 1 6 2 .8 1 6 7 .7 181.1 1 8 1 .7 1 8 1 .9 1 7 5 .0 1 6 1 .7 1 6 6 .9 1 76.1 Dresses 1 8 5 .2 1 8 6 .3 1 8 6 .0 1 64.1 1 7 2 .0 1 7 8 .3 1 7 9 .9 1 7 5 .8 1 7 4 .3 1 68.1 1 5 0 .5 1 5 9 .9 1 6 5 .5 W o m e n 's ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................... 1 0 5 .4 ............................................................................... Separates and sportsw ear (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................... U nderw ear, nightw ear, and hosiery ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) . . . . Suits ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................................... G irls' ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................................... C oats, jackets, dresses, and suits ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .................... Separates and sports w ear (1 2 /7 7 = 10 0 ) .................... 1 0 8 .6 1 1 1 .3 1 0 7 .3 1 0 6 .8 1 0 9 .5 accessories ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................... In fa n ts ' and to d d le rs ' ................................................ ....................................................... Sew ing m ateria ls and notions (1 2 /7 7 = Je w e lry and luggage ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) 10 0 ) ............................ ........................................................... Footw ear ........................................................................ 1 6 2 .4 1 6 0 .7 9 2 .9 1 0 2 .5 1 0 4 .3 1 0 3 .6 1 0 0 .8 9 6 .1 9 4 .7 9 3 .1 1 0 2 .9 1 0 4 .7 1 0 4 .1 101 5 96 5 1 3 8 .0 1 3 9 .4 1 3 8 .5 1 3 8 .5 1 3 8 .8 1 3 7 .9 1 3 4 .4 1 3 7 .5 1 3 8 .9 1 3 8 .0 1 38.1 138 3 137 3 7 5 .2 8 5 .1 9 3 .5 9 4.1 8 7 .6 8 1 .6 7 6 .8 9 3 .9 9 6 .5 1 1 2 .1 1 1 4 .0 1 0 6 .6 9 9 .9 1 0 6 .6 1 0 7 .7 1 0 8 .6 1 1 2 .3 1 1 2 .7 1 1 0 .9 1 0 6 .9 1 0 4 .8 1 1 2 .0 111 8 109 9 93 0 105 9 1 0 1 .0 9 8 .6 1 0 6 .2 1 0 6 .8 1 0 4 .0 9 6 .2 9 5 .1 1 0 7 .5 100 4 1 0 8 .6 9 8 .1 9 8 .3 1 0 5 .0 105 8 101 8 94 8 1 0 2 .6 1 0 3 .1 1 0 6 .7 1 0 8 .2 1 0 7 .7 1 0 6 .2 104.1 1 0 1 .4 1 0 3 .5 1 0 7 .5 1 0 8 .9 1 0 6 .9 1 0 6 .3 1 0 3 .1 U nde rw e a r, n ightw ear, hosiery, and O ther apparel c om m od ities 1 6 5 .8 9 4 .5 1 3 4 .8 1 2 7 .8 1 2 7 .4 1 2 8 .3 1 3 0 .0 1 3 1 .6 1 3 0 .9 1 2 9 .8 1 2 7 .0 1 2 8 .7 1 3 0 .2 1 2 9 .6 128 6 2 8 8 .7 2 9 1 .3 2 9 1 .6 2 9 0 .2 2 9 1 .9 2 9 0 .3 1 2 6 .5 2 9 2 .4 1 2 6 .0 2 8 3 .6 2 9 8 .9 3 0 3 .2 3 0 2 .5 3 0 2 .1 302 9 299 7 2 1 5 .5 2 1 6 .3 2 1 6 .5 2 1 6 .0 2 1 5 .4 2 1 3 .3 2 1 2 .2 2 0 3 .7 2 0 4 .9 2 0 5 .0 2 0 4 .0 2 0 3 .1 201 0 199 9 1 1 9 .8 1 2 3 .8 1 2 2 .8 1 2 0 .6 1 20.1 1 2 1 .9 1 2 0 .9 1 1 7 .7 1 2 2 .3 1 2 1 .5 1 1 9 .0 1 1 8 .4 1 20 5 119 1 1 4 7 .6 1 4 6 .7 1 4 7 .3 1 4 7 .7 1 4 7 .4 1 4 4 .7 1 4 4 .1 1 3 8 .1 1 37.1 1 3 7 .6 1 3 7 .8 1 3 7 .2 1 3 4 .3 1 3 3 .9 2 0 6 .7 2 0 7 .7 2 1 1 .1 2 1 2 .9 209 5 2 0 8 .6 2 1 1 .6 2 1 3 .2 2 1 3 .1 2 1 1 .7 1 3 7 .4 1 3 8 .0 1 3 8 .3 1 37.1 1 3 6 .5 2 0 7 .3 1 3 6 .4 2 0 8 .5 1 3 4 .4 2 1 2 .9 1 3 8 .4 2 1 1 .4 M e n 's ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................... 1 3 9 .4 Boys' and girls' ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................... 1 3 9 .8 1 38 9 138 5 1 3 1 .9 1 3 3 .5 1 3 6 .0 1 3 6 .3 1 3 5 .3 1 3 5 .3 1 3 5 .0 1 3 4 .8 1 3 6 .3 W o m e n 's ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................... 1 4 0 .1 1 3 8 .7 1 4 0 .2 1 3 2 .6 1 3 9 .0 138 3 1 2 3 .7 138 4 1 2 3 .4 1 2 7 .0 1 2 8 .0 1 2 7 .6 1 2 7 .0 1 2 3 .2 1 2 0 .3 1 1 9 .9 1 2 3 .3 1 24.1 1 2 3 .6 1 2 2 .9 1 1 9 .5 2 9 8 .3 3 0 7 .5 3 0 7 .6 3 0 9 .5 3 1 0 .8 3 1 1 .5 3 1 2 .5 2 9 6 .1 3 0 5 .5 3 0 5 .6 3 0 7 .4 3 0 8 .8 3 0 9 .3 3 1 0 .2 A p p a r e l s e r v ic e s Laundry and drycleaning o ther than coin operated ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................ 1 7 9 .0 1 84.1 1 8 4 .3 1 8 5 .5 1 8 6 .3 1 8 6 .9 1 8 7 .2 1 7 7 .3 1 8 2 .3 1 8 2 .6 O ther apparel services ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................... 1 8 3 .8 18 4 4 18 4 9 185 3 1 5 4 .2 1 5 9 .9 1 5 9 .7 1 6 0 .4 1 61.1 1 6 1 .2 1 6 2 .3 1 5 5 .4 1 6 1 .3 1 6 1 .0 1 6 1 .7 1 6 2 .5 1 6 2 .6 1 6 3 .5 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N 3 0 6 .0 3 1 2 .9 3 1 3 .7 3 1 5 .5 3 1 6 .1 3 1 5 .8 3 1 4 .7 3 0 7 .9 3 1 5 .2 3 1 6 .0 3 1 7 .8 3 1 8 .3 3 1 7 .9 3 1 6 .7 P r i v a t e ............................................................................... 3 0 0 .9 3 0 7 .5 308 4 3 1 0 .2 3 1 0 .8 3 1 0 .4 3 0 9 .1 3 0 4 .1 3 1 1 .1 3 1 2 .1 3 1 3 .9 3 1 4 .4 3 1 3 .9 3 1 2 .6 N e w c a r s ....................................................................... 2 0 7 .6 2 0 8 .1 2 0 8 .2 2 0 9 .6 2 1 1 .4 2 1 2 .0 2 1 3 .1 2 0 6 .7 2 0 7 .6 Used cars ....................................................................................... 2 0 7 .6 2 0 9 .0 3 5 7 .3 3 8 3 .8 3 8 4 .2 3 8 4 .6 3 8 3 .6 3 8 2 .7 3 8 2 .8 3 5 7 .3 3 8 3 .8 ........................................................................................... 3 8 3 .6 3 8 2 .6 3 8 2 .8 3 6 5 .9 3 6 8 .8 3 7 0 .3 3 6 9 .2 3 6 5 .7 3 5 6 .8 3 7 2 .1 3 6 7 .4 3 8 4 .2 3 6 9 .4 3 8 4 .6 3 7 0 .3 3 7 1 .7 3 7 0 .5 367 1 358 2 347 9 Gasoline A u tom obile m aintenance and repair ........................ 2 1 0 .8 2 1 1 .3 2 1 2 .0 3 3 6 .1 3 4 2 .7 3 4 4 .2 3 4 5 .3 3 4 5 .8 3 4 6 .2 3 4 6 .9 3 3 6 .6 3 4 3 .4 3 4 4 .9 ........................................................ 3 4 6 .2 3 4 6 .7 3 4 7 .1 1 7 0 .2 1 7 3 .5 1 7 4 .7 1 7 5 .6 1 7 5 :8 1 76.1 1 7 6 .9 1 6 8 .9 1 7 2 .1 1 73.1 1 74.1 A u tom obile driv e tra in , brake, and m iscellaneous m echanica l repair ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .................................... 1 7 4 .3 1 7 4 .7 1 7 5 .5 1 6 3 .8 1 6 7 .2 168.1 1 6 9 .2 1 6 9 .6 1 6 9 .7 1 7 0 .0 1 6 7 .6 1 7 1 .3 1 7 2 .2 M a intenance and servicing ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................ 1 7 3 .4 1 7 3 .8 174 0 174 2 1 5 2 .9 1 5 5 .9 1 6 4 .9 1 6 4 .9 1 65.1 1 6 5 .7 1 6 3 .5 1 6 4 .3 1 6 4 .6 1 6 4 .6 156 3 1 64 8 156 6 1 6 3 .9 1 5 2 .0 1 6 0 .4 1 5 5 .0 1 6 0 .9 1 5 6 .3 1 6 4 .7 1 5 6 .5 P ow er plant repair ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) 2 6 7 .6 2 7 4 .9 2 7 5 .9 2 7 8 .7 2 8 0 .7 2 8 2 .3 2 8 3 .9 2 6 8 .4 2 7 5 .8 2 7 7 .0 2 7 9 .8 2 8 1 .9 283 3 284 7 2 0 3 .3 2 0 0 .8 2 0 1 .2 1 9 9 .0 2 0 1 .0 2 0 2 .2 2 0 2 .0 2 0 5 .6 2 0 3 .2 2 0 3 .4 2 0 1 .0 2 0 3 .5 2 0 4 .7 204 2 Body w o rk ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................... O ther private tra n s p o rta tio n ................................ O ther private tra ns p orta tion com m od ities .................................... M o to r oil, coolant, and other products ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................ A u tom obile parts and eq uipm en t ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) . T i r e s ............................................................................................... O ther parts and eq uipm en t ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .................................... O the r private tra ns p orta tion s e r v i c e s ........................................... Automobile Insurance .................................... A u tom obile finance charges (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................ A u tom obile rental, registration, and o ther fees ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) . . S tate registration ........................................................... P u b lic 1 5 6 .8 1 5 7 .0 1 57.1 1 5 5 .5 1 5 5 .8 1 56.1 165 4 1 5 3 .3 1 5 3 .6 1 55.1 1 5 2 .2 1 5 3 .2 1 5 4 .5 1 5 2 .6 1 5 4 .4 155 2 154 5 1 2 8 .3 1 2 6 .4 1 2 6 .5 1 25.1 1 2 6 .4 127.1 1 2 7 .0 1 3 0 .0 1 28.1 1 28.1 1 2 8 .9 1 2 8 .6 1 7 0 .4 1 7 0 .9 1 6 8 .3 1 7 0 .2 1 7 1 .4 1 7 1 .4 1 7 8 .5 1 7 4 .0 1 2 8 .0 1 7 4 .2 1 2 6 .5 1 75.1 1 7 1 .5 1 7 4 .0 1 5 3 .2 1 5 5 .3 1 5 6 .2 1 5 5 .7 1 75.1 174 9 132.1 1 3 3 .9 1 3 3 .3 1 3 3 .2 134.1 1 3 4 .5 1 3 4 .2 1 3 1 .9 1 3 3 .3 1 3 2 .7 1 3 2 .5 1 3 3 .5 1 3 4 .0 133 6 2 8 7 .2 318 8 2 9 7 .2 3 2 5 .2 2 9 8 .4 3 2 6 .9 3 0 2 .5 3 3 2 .3 3 0 4 .6 3 3 5 .9 3 0 6 .2 3 4 0 .0 3 0 8 .3 3 4 5 .1 2 8 7 .6 3 1 8 .0 2 9 7 .5 324 2 2 9 9 .1 3 2 5 .9 3 0 3 .3 3 3 1 .3 3 0 5 .3 3 3 4 .9 3 0 6 .7 338 9 3 0 8 .6 343 9 1 60.1 1 6 8 .7 1 6 9 .9 1 7 2 .0 1 7 2 .2 1 7 0 .9 1 6 9 .6 1 5 9 .6 1 6 8 .2 1 6 9 .5 1 7 1 .7 1 7 1 .9 170 5 169 2 1 4 8 .9 1 5 6 .8 1 5 6 .4 1 5 7 .6 1 5 8 .0 1 5 8 .4 1 5 8 .5 1 4 9 .8 1 5 7 .4 1 5 7 .7 1 5 8 .9 1 5 9 .2 1 5 9 .6 159 8 1 95.1 2 0 9 .7 2 1 2 .2 2 1 3 .5 1 6 3 .7 2 1 3 .5 1 6 3 .7 2 1 3 .5 2 1 2 .9 2 1 2 .9 213 1 164 9 2 1 3 .6 1 9 5 .0 2 0 8 .8 D riv ers' licenses ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................... 1 6 1 .3 1 6 3 .7 1 6 3 .7 1 6 4 .6 1 5 8 .3 1 6 1 .5 2 1 1 .7 1 64.1 2 1 2 .9 1 5 8 .0 1 64.1 Vehicle inspection ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................ 1 64.1 1 64 1 1 3 9 .2 1 3 9 .9 1 4 0 .0 1 4 2 .2 1 4 2 .2 1 4 2 .2 1 4 2 .3 1 42 3 142 3 1 7 0 .0 1 6 8 .3 1 69.1 1 70.1 1 7 0 .3 1 4 0 .5 1 7 6 .4 1 4 0 .5 1 6 3 .5 1 3 9 .9 1 7 0 .4 1 4 0 .5 O ther vehicle-related fees ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................ 1 3 9 .9 166 4 1 7 3 .8 1 7 6 .0 1 7 6 .7 1 7 7 .8 1 7 8 .0 .............................................................................................................. Airline f a r e ........................................................... Intercity bus fare ............................................ 3 7 8 .2 3 9 0 .8 3 8 9 .5 3 9 1 .1 3 9 1 .8 3 9 2 .8 3 9 4 .5 3 7 1 .1 3 8 1 .6 3 8 0 .4 3 8 1 .6 3 8 2 .4 3 8 2 .8 3 8 4 .2 4 3 0 .3 4 5 4 .1 4 5 0 .1 4 5 3 .5 4 5 5 .4 4 5 6 .2 4 5 8 .9 4 2 6 .4 4 5 0 .5 4 4 5 .4 4 4 8 .8 4 5 0 .6 4 5 1 .1 4 5 4 .1 4 2 5 .3 4 4 1 .1 4 4 2 .2 4 4 5 .3 4 4 7 .0 4 5 5 .4 4 5 9 .6 4 2 3 .9 Intracity m ass t r a n s i t ........................................................................ 3 4 2 .8 3 4 5 .7 3 4 6 .5 3 4 6 .6 3 4 5 .9 3 4 6 .7 3 4 7 .0 3 4 2 .8 3 4 5 .8 Taxi fare 3 4 6 .5 3 4 6 .6 3 4 5 .9 3 4 6 .5 3 4 6 .7 3 0 8 .2 3 1 0 .4 3 1 0 .8 3 1 1 .1 3 1 1 .3 3 1 1 .3 3 1 3 .4 3 1 7 .2 3 1 9 .7 3 1 9 .8 3 2 0 .0 3 2 0 .1 3 2 0 .3 3 2 2 .4 ................................................................................... 4 4 1 .3 4 4 2 .6 4 4 5 .4 4 4 7 .8 4 5 5 .4 4 5 9 .3 In te rc ity train f a r e .................................................... 3 7 3 .7 3 8 1 .9 3 8 1 .9 3 8 2 .0 3 8 3 .5 3 8 8 .2 3 9 0 .2 3 7 4 .0 3 8 2 .2 3 8 2 .2 3 8 2 .2 3 8 3 .8 3 8 8 .7 3 9 0 .7 M E D IC A L C A R E 3 6 9 .5 3 8 1 .9 3 8 3 .1 3 8 5 .5 3 8 7 .5 3 8 8 .5 3 9 1 .1 3 6 7 .5 3 8 0 .1 3 8 1 .2 3 8 3 .7 3 8 5 .6 3 8 6 .7 3 8 9 .3 M e d ic a l c a r e c o m m o d it ie s 2 3 1 .2 2 4 1 .6 2 4 2 .4 2 4 4 .1 2 4 5 .6 2 4 7 .3 2 4 8 .2 2 3 1 .5 2 4 1 .5 2 4 2 .3 2 4 4 .1 2 4 5 .6 2 4 7 .2 2 4 8 .0 Prescriptio n d r u g s ................................................................... 2 2 3 .7 2 3 6 .6 2 3 8 .0 2 4 0 .2 2 4 2 .2 2 4 4 .4 2 4 5 .4 2 2 5 .0 237 9 2 3 9 .4 2 4 1 .7 2 4 3 .8 2 4 5 .9 247 0 A n ti-infective drugs ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................... 1 6 1 .9 167 7 1 6 8 .4 1 7 0 .5 1 7 1 .0 1 7 1 .8 1 7 1 .5 1 6 4 .2 1 7 0 .0 1 7 1 .0 1 7 3 .3 T ranquilizers and sedatives ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) 1 7 3 .8 1 7 4 .6 174 3 190.1 2 0 7 .6 2 0 8 .7 2 1 2 .7 2 1 8 .8 2 2 0 .1 1 9 0 .0 2 0 7 .5 2 0 8 .6 2 1 2 .7 2 2 0 .2 1 7 1 .3 1 7 1 .7 1 7 2 .8 1 7 4 .9 1 7 6 .0 1 6 1 .1 1 7 0 .4 1 7 0 .9 1 72.1 2 1 6 .3 1 7 3 .7 2 1 8 .9 1 6 1 .5 2 1 6 .2 1 7 4 .4 1 7 4 .2 1 7 5 .3 2 0 5 .8 2 1 8 .1 2 2 0 .7 2 2 2 .3 2 2 3 .8 2 2 8 .3 2 2 8 .9 2 0 7 .9 2 2 0 .4 2 2 3 .2 2 2 4 .7 2 2 6 .1 2 3 0 .7 2 3 1 .2 1 82.1 1 9 1 .0 1 9 2 .0 1 9 2 .7 1 9 4 .4 1 9 8 .2 1 9 6 .6 1 8 4 .2 1 92 8 1 9 3 .8 1 9 4 .7 1 9 6 .3 1 9 7 .2 1 9 8 .7 167.1 1 7 5 .5 176.1 1 7 6 .9 1 7 8 .3 1 79.1 1 8 0 .6 1 6 7 .4 1 7 6 .2 1 7 6 .9 1 7 7 .7 1 7 9 .0 1 7 9 .7 1 8 1 .2 ............................ C irc ulatories and diuretics ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................... H o rm o n e s , diabetic dru g s , biologicals, and prescription m edical supplies ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................... Pain and s y m p to m control drugs ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................ Su p p le m e n ts , cough and cold p reparations, and respiratory agents ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................................... N onp rescription drugs and m edical supplies ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) . . . . 1 6 4 .4 1 6 4 .5 1 6 5 .4 1 6 6 .0 166 8 1 6 7 .3 1 6 0 .1 1 6 5 .2 1 6 5 .3 1 6 6 .3 1 6 6 .9 1 4 1 .9 1 4 2 .2 1 4 1 .9 1 4 2 .5 1 3 6 .8 1 4 0 .9 1 6 8 .2 1 4 1 .4 2 7 1 .5 2 7 3 .7 2 7 4 .7 2 6 0 .6 2 7 0 .5 2 7 2 .7 2 7 5 .0 Nonp rescription m edical e q uipm en t and supplies (1 2 /7 7 = 275 8 1 5 3 .4 1 5 7 .9 2 7 1 .3 1 5 7 .7 1 4 0 .8 2 7 2 .4 1 4 1 .2 2 6 9 .5 1 57.1 1 3 9 .3 270 4 1 4 0 .4 2 5 9 .4 1 40 5 2 6 9 .4 1 4 1 .4 Internal and respiratory o v er-th e-co u n ter d r u g s ............................................... 1 5 9 .8 1 6 0 .3 1 6 0 .2 1 5 5 .0 1 5 9 .4 1 5 8 .6 1 5 9 .1 1 6 1 .5 1 6 1 .9 1 6 1 .6 Eyeglasses (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ....................................................................................... 10 0 ) . .. 1 5 9 .2 1 3 7 .9 1 6 7 .8 85 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 20. C o n tinued— C onsum er Price In d ex— U.S. city average [ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o th e rw is e s p e c ifie d ] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s 1984 G e n e ra l s u m m a ry Jan. Aug. S e p t. 1985 O c t. Nov. D ec. 1984 Jan. Jan. A ug. S e p t. 1985 O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. M e d ic a l c a r e s e r v i c e s ........................................................................................................................... 4 0 0 .2 4 1 2 .7 4 1 3 .9 4 1 6 .5 4 1 8 .5 4 1 9 .3 4 2 2 .4 3 9 7 .5 4 1 0 .4 4 1 1 .5 4 1 4 .1 4 1 6 .1 4 1 7 .0 4 2 0 .1 P rofessional s e r v ic e s ................................................................................................................... 3 3 5 .9 3 4 8 .2 3 4 9 .8 3 5 1 .8 3 5 3 .1 3 5 4 .0 3 5 6 .8 3 3 6 .3 3 4 8 .6 3 5 0 .1 3 5 2 .1 3 5 3 .4 3 5 4 .4 3 5 7 .2 P hysicians' s e r v ic e s ........................................................................................................... 3 6 6 .0 3 7 9 .5 3 8 0 .8 3 8 2 .2 3 8 3 .0 3 8 3 .8 3 8 6 .1 3 6 9 .9 3 8 3 .6 3 8 4 .8 3 8 6 .2 3 8 7 .0 3 8 7 .9 3 9 0 .2 D ental s e r v ic e s ....................................................................................................................... 3 1 6 .0 3 2 9 .1 3 3 1 .9 3 3 4 .8 3 3 6 .6 3 3 7 .7 3 3 9 .7 3 1 3 .9 3 2 6 .8 3 2 9 .5 3 3 2 .4 3 3 4 .3 3 3 5 .3 3 3 7 .2 O ther profes sional services ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................... 1 5 7 .4 1 6 0 .3 1 6 0 .0 1 6 0 .8 1 6 1 .5 1 66.1 1 6 5 .9 1 5 3 .8 1 5 6 .6 1 5 6 .2 1 57.1 1 5 7 .8 1 5 8 .4 1 6 2 .3 4 7 7 .9 4 9 0 .7 4 9 1 .5 4 9 4 .7 4 9 7 .7 4 9 8 .2 5 0 1 .7 4 7 4 .1 4 8 7 .7 4 8 8 .4 4 9 1 .7 4 9 4 .6 4 9 5 .3 4 9 8 .8 O ther m edical care services ................................................................................................... .................................... 2 0 4 .3 2 1 2 .5 2 1 3 .0 2 1 5 .0 2 1 7 .2 2 1 7 .6 2 1 9 .4 2 0 2 .1 2 1 0 .4 2 1 0 .9 2 1 2 .9 2 1 4 .7 2 1 5 .1 2 1 6 .9 Hospital r o o m ................................................................................................................... 6 5 0 .2 6 7 8 .1 6 7 9 .5 6 8 7 .1 6 9 1 .3 6 9 0 .8 6 9 7 .7 6 4 1 .9 6 6 9 .5 6 7 0 .8 6 7 7 .3 6 8 0 .8 680 9 6 8 7 .0 Other hospital and m edical care services (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .................... 2 0 0 .9 2 0 8 .5 209.1 2 1 0 .7 2 1 3 .6 2 1 4 .4 2 1 6 .0 1 9 9 .1 2 0 6 .8 2 0 7 .4 2 0 9 .3 2 1 1 .7 2 1 2 .5 2 1 4 .2 E N T E R T A IN M E N T 2 4 9 .9 2 5 6 .4 2 5 7 .3 2 5 8 .3 2 5 9 .0 2 6 0 .1 2 6 1 .0 2 4 6 .2 2 5 2 .5 2 5 3 .4 2 5 4 .2 2 5 4 .8 2 5 5 .8 2 5 6 .6 E n t e r t a in m e n t c o m m o d i t i e s .............................................................................................................. 2 4 8 .9 2 5 4 .5 2 5 4 .8 2 5 5 .9 2 5 6 .0 2 5 6 .8 2 5 7 .1 2 4 3 .6 2 4 8 .8 2 4 9 .2 2 4 9 .6 2 5 0 .2 2 5 0 .9 2 5 1 .1 Hospital and o ther m edical services (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) 1 6 0 .7 1 6 6 .0 1 6 6 .3 1 6 7 .7 1 6 7 .8 1 6 8 .8 1 6 9 .6 1 6 0 .3 1 6 5 .4 1 6 5 .6 1 6 7 .0 1 6 7 .2 1 6 8 .2 1 6 8 .8 .......................................................................................................................... 3 0 8 .6 3 1 5 .2 3 1 5 .4 3 1 7 .5 3 1 9 .2 3 2 0 .1 3 2 0 .7 3 0 8 .6 3 1 5 .3 3 1 5 .6 3 1 7 .7 3 1 9 .4 3 2 0 .4 3 2 1 .0 M a gazines, periodicals, and books (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................... 1 6 5 .0 1 7 2 .5 1 7 3 .0 1 7 4 .7 1 74.1 1 7 5 .6 1 7 6 .9 1 6 4 .9 1 7 2 .4 1 7 2 .8 1 7 4 .6 1 7 3 .7 1 7 5 .4 1 7 6 .6 R eading m ateria ls ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................................................... N ew spapers 1 36.1 1 3 8 .3 1 3 8 .7 1 3 8 .8 1 4 0 .0 1 3 9 .6 1 4 0 .2 1 3 0 .1 1 3 1 .9 1 3 2 .3 1 3 2 .2 1 3 3 .6 1 3 3 .0 1 3 3 .9 ................................................................................... 1 3 9 .8 1 4 3 .9 1 4 4 .4 1 4 4 .5 1 4 6 .0 1 4 5 .9 1 4 6 .9 1 3 0 .5 1 3 3 .7 1 3 4 .0 1 3 3 .9 1 3 5 .8 1 3 5 .4 1 3 6 .8 .................... 117 8 1 1 7 .9 1 1 7 .3 1 1 7 .2 1 1 8 .2 1 1 8 .0 1 1 7 .3 1 1 5 .8 1 1 5 .9 1 1 5 .5 1 1 5 .3 1 1 6 .4 1 1 6 .1 1 1 5 .5 .................................................................................................................................. 2 0 0 .1 1 9 8 .3 1 9 8 .9 1 9 8 .8 1 98.1 1 9 8 .4 1 9 8 .4 2 0 0 .9 1 9 9 .4 2 0 0 .3 2 0 0 .0 1 9 9 .1 1 9 9 .5 1 9 9 .8 O ther sporting goods and e q uipm en t ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .................................... 1 3 5 .2 1 3 4 .8 1 3 5 .5 1 3 5 .6 1 3 7 .3 1 3 4 .4 1 3 5 .1 1 3 4 .6 1 3 4 .0 1 3 5 .0 1 3 5 .1 1 3 6 .5 1 3 4 .0 1 3 4 .3 To y s , hobbies, and o ther e nte rta inm ent ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................ 1 3 9 .3 1 4 1 .9 1 4 2 .0 1 4 1 .9 1 4 1 .8 1 4 2 .5 1 4 2 .1 1 3 8 .2 1 4 1 .0 1 4 1 .1 2 6 3 .4 1 4 0 .9 1 4 1 .5 1 4 1 .0 Sporting goods and eq u ip m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................... S p o rt vehicles ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) In d o o r and w a rm w ea ther sport equ ip m en t ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) Bicycles To y s , hobbies, and m usic eq u ip m en t ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................ 1 3 7 .0 1 3 8 .6 1 3 8 .3 1 3 8 .2 138.1 1 3 9 .1 1 3 7 .7 1 3 3 .4 1 3 5 .2 1 35.1 1 6 5 .0 1 3 4 .8 1 3 5 .6 1 3 4 .1 Photographic supplies and equ ip m en t ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................ 1 30.1 1 3 5 .0 1 3 5 .2 1 35.1 1 3 4 .9 1 35.1 1 3 4 .9 1 3 1 .2 1 3 6 .3 1 3 6 .4 1 5 6 .1 1 3 6 .2 1 3 6 .4 1 3 6 .1 ....................................................... 1 50.1 1 53.1 1 5 3 .7 1 5 3 .5 1 5 3 .4 1 54 0 1 5 5 .2 1 5 1 .1 1 5 4 .2 1 5 3 .6 1 5 4 .7 1 5 4 .5 1 5 5 .3 1 5 6 .3 E n t e r t a in m e n t s e r v i c e s ........................................................................................................................... 2 5 1 .8 2 5 9 .7 2 6 1 .3 2 6 2 .8 2 6 3 .8 2 6 5 .5 2 6 7 .0 2 5 2 .1 2 6 0 .1 2 6 2 .0 2 6 3 .4 2 6 4 .0 2 6 5 .6 2 6 7 .4 1 5 8 .8 1 6 1 .0 1 6 3 .2 Pet supplies and expenses ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................... 1 5 7 .8 1 6 0 .1 1 6 2 .3 1 6 3 .6 1 65.1 1 6 5 .9 1 6 5 .0 1 6 6 .2 1 6 6 .8 1 6 7 .6 ................................................................................................... 1 4 7 .3 1 5 7 .3 1 5 6 .9 1 5 7 .2 1 6 0 .3 1 4 6 .2 1 56.1 1 5 5 .7 1 5 6 .1 1 5 5 .6 1 5 6 .9 1 3 2 .9 136.1 1 3 6 .2 1 3 7 .0 1 5 6 .8 1 3 6 .7 1 5 8 .2 Other e n te rta in m e n t services ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................... Fees fo r p articip ant sports ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) 1 3 8 .0 1 3 7 .9 1 3 3 .9 1 3 6 .8 1 3 7 .1 1 3 7 .6 1 3 7 .0 1 3 8 .5 1 5 9 .1 138 4 O T H E R G O O D S A N D S E R V IC E S 3 0 0 .5 3 0 7 .2 3 1 4 .6 3 1 5 .8 3 1 6 .5 3 1 6 .7 3 1 9 .1 2 9 8 .1 3 0 5 .3 3 1 0 .9 3 1 1 .9 3 1 2 .6 3 1 2 .8 3 1 5 .6 T o b a c c o p r o d u c t s ........................................................................................................................................ 3 0 4 .3 3 1 3 .9 3 1 4 .1 3 1 4 .6 3 1 4 .7 3 1 4 .6 3 2 1 .0 3 0 4 .0 3 1 3 .5 3 1 3 .7 . 3 1 4 .2 3 1 4 .3 3 1 4 .2 3 2 0 .8 C igarettes 3 1 2 .8 3 2 2 .6 3 2 2 .8 3 2 3 .3 3 2 3 .4 3 2 3 .2 3 3 0 .3 3 1 1 .8 3 2 1 .5 3 2 1 .7 3 2 2 .2 3 2 2 .2 3 2 2 .1 3 2 9 .2 ................ 1 5 4 .9 1 5 9 .7 1 5 9 .9 1 6 0 .0 1 6 0 .6 1 6 1 .0 1 6 1 .6 1 5 4 .9 1 5 9 .8 1 5 9 .9 1 6 0 .1 1 6 0 .6 1 6 1 .0 1 6 1 .5 P e r s o n a l c a r e ................................................................................................................................................. 2 6 6 .9 2 7 2 .6 2 7 3 .6 2 7 4 .7 2 7 6 .3 2 7 6 .6 2 7 7 .2 2 6 5 .0 2 7 0 .5 2 7 1 .6 2 7 2 .4 2 7 4 .0 2 7 4 .4 2 7 4 .9 T oilet goods and personal care appliances 2 6 6 .8 2 7 0 .6 2 7 1 .6 2 7 2 .0 2 7 3 .4 2 7 3 .5 2 7 4 .0 2 6 7 .5 2 7 1 .4 2 7 2 .5 2 7 2 .6 2 7 4 .0 2 7 4 .2 2 7 4 .6 .................... 1 5 4 .3 1 5 6 .2 1 56.1 1 5 5 .9 1 5 6 .9 1 5 6 .5 1 5 6 .4 1 5 3 .2 1 5 5 .3 1 5 5 .3 1 5 5 .0 1 5 6 .2 1 5 5 .8 1 5 5 .6 ................................................... 1 6 7 .8 1 6 7 .6 1 6 7 .9 1 6 8 .2 1 7 0 .9 1 7 2 .1 1 7 3 .5 1 6 6 .0 1 6 5 .6 1 6 5 .8 1 6 6 .0 1 6 8 .9 1 7 0 .0 1 7 1 .4 1 5 5 .3 1 5 4 .7 1 5 5 .3 1 51.1 1 5 4 .5 1 5 5 .9 1 5 5 .9 1 5 5 .8 1 5 6 .3 1 5 6 .3 1 5 4 .8 1 5 4 .8 1 5 8 .0 1 5 8 .7 1 5 9 .0 1 5 9 .1 1 5 8 .3 1 5 8 .5 A dm is sions ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .......................................................................................................................................... O ther tobacco products and s m oking accessories (1 2 /7 7 = 100) ................................................................... P roducts fo r the hair, hairpieces, and w igs ( 1 2 /7 7 = Dental and shaving products (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) 10 0 ) 1 6 6 .5 C osm etics, p a th and nail preparations, m anicure and eye m akeup im p lem en ts (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................... Other toilet goods and small personal care appliances (12/77 = 100) . . . 1 5 3 .2 1 5 4 .5 1 5 4 .9 1 5 4 .9 1 5 4 .2 1 5 5 .0 1 5 5 .4 1 5 5 .5 2 6 8 .1 2 7 5 .4 2 7 6 .4 2 7 8 .0 2 7 9 .9 2 8 0 .4 2 8 1 .1 2 6 3 .0 2 7 0 .0 2 7 1 .1 2 7 2 .6 2 7 4 .4 2 7 5 .0 2 7 5 .7 2 7 1 .2 1 4 8 .4 2 7 8 .4 2 7 9 .2 2 8 1 .2 2 8 3 .1 2 8 3 .8 2 8 3 .9 2 6 4 .5 2 7 1 .2 2 7 2 .0 2 7 4 .0 2 7 5 .8 2 7 6 .7 1 5 2 .8 1 5 3 .6 1 5 4 .0 1 5 5 .0 1 5 5 .1 1 5 6 .2 1 4 7 .2 1 5 1 .6 1 5 2 .4 1 5 2 .8 1 5 3 .8 2 7 6 .6 1 5 3 .8 ........................................................................................ 3 5 3 .5 3 5 9 .3 3 8 1 .9 3 8 4 .0 3 8 4 .1 3 8 4 .3 3 8 5 .6 3 5 5 .4 3 6 2 .1 3 8 4 .1 3 8 6 .0 3 8 6 .2 3 8 6 .4 3 8 7 .9 3 3 1 .5 3 3 6 .4 Personal care services ............................................................................................................... Beauty parlor services for w o m en ........................................................................... H aircuts and o ther barber shop services fo r m en (1 2 /7 7 = 10 0 ) P e r s o n a l a n d e d u c a t io n a l e x p e n s e s 1 5 0 .0 1 5 1 .0 ... ....................................................................................................... 3 1 4 .4 3 1 9 .2 3 3 3 .8 3 3 4 .0 3 4 0 .7 3 1 8 .8 3 2 3 .8 3 3 8 .6 3 3 8 .7 3 3 8 .9 3 4 5 .5 Personal and educational s e r v ic e s ....................................................................................... 3 6 2 .7 3 6 8 .7 3 9 3 .1 2 9 5 .2 3 9 5 .4 3 9 5 .5 3 9 5 .9 3 6 4 .5 3 7 1 .6 3 9 5 .6 3 9 7 .4 3 9 7 .6 3 9 7 .8 3 9 8 .3 T uition and o ther scho.ol f e e s ....................................................................................... 1 8 3 .0 1 8 5 .0 2 0 0 .7 2 0 1 .3 2 0 1 .3 2 0 1 .2 1 8 3 .4 1 8 5 .8 2 0 1 .4 2 0 2 .3 2 0 2 .3 2 0 2 .3 2 0 2 .3 1 8 2 .9 1 8 5 .3 2 0 0 .1 2 0 1 .3 2 0 1 .4 2 0 1 .4 186.1 2 0 1 .1 2 0 2 .3 2 0 2 .3 2 0 2 .2 2 0 2 .2 1 8 3 .9 2 0 1 .1 2 0 1 .3 1 8 5 .4 2 0 2 .6 2 0 2 .8 2 0 2 .8 2 0 2 .9 2 0 2 .9 1 9 8 .6 2 0 7 .3 2 0 8 .5 2 0 1 .3 2 0 8 .9 1 8 4 .9 Personal expenses ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................... 1 8 4 .3 206 4 2 0 1 .3 2 0 1 .4 1 8 2 .7 E lem entary and high school tuition (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................ 2 0 1 .3 2 0 1 .4 2 0 9 .5 2 1 0 .7 1 99.1 2 0 7 .0 2 0 7 .9 2 0 8 .8 2 0 9 .2 2 0 9 .7 2 1 1 .0 G asoline, m o to r oil, coolant, and o ther p r o d u c t s ....................................................... 3 6 6 .3 3 6 2 .4 3 6 4 .3 3 6 6 .6 3 6 5 .6 3 6 2 .3 3 5 3 .8 3 6 7 .9 3 6 3 .8 3 6 5 .7 3 6 7 .9 3 6 6 .8 3 6 3 .6 3 5 5 .0 418 4 4 3 7 .3 4 4 1 .6 440 3 440 4 442 8 U tilities and public transp ortation ....................................................................................... 3 4 4 .6 3 6 5 .6 3 6 7 .0 3 6 2 .8 3 5 8 .5 3 5 7 .5 3 5 9 .1 3 4 3 .6 3 6 4 .6 3 6 6 .1 3 5 7 .1 3 5 5 .9 3 5 7 .6 H ouse keeping and h om e m aintenance s e r v ic e s ........................................................... 3 6 6 .4 3 7 1 .6 3 7 3 .0 3 7 3 .7 3 7 3 .7 3 7 4 .1 3 7 4 .9 3 7 3 .9 3 8 0 .3 3 8 2 .3 3 6 1 .5 3 8 2 .7 3 8 1 .9 3 8 2 .7 3 8 3 .3 S choo lbooks and supplies College tuition (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................................... 3 3 3 .7 1 5 4 .9 S p e c ia l In d e x e s : 86 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 21. C o nsum er Price Index fo r All Urban C onsum ers: C ross classification of region and popu lation size class by e xpenditure categ o ry and com m o dity and service group [D e c e m b e r 1 9 7 7 = 1 0 0 ] S iz e c l a s t A S iz e c la s s B S iz e c la s s C S iz e c la s s D ( 1 .2 S m il li o n o r m o r e ) ( 3 8 5 , 0 0 0 - 1 . 2 5 0 m il li o n ) (7 5 ,0 0 0 - 3 8 5 ,0 0 0 ) ( 7 5 ,0 0 0 o r l e u ) C a te g o ry a n d g ro u p 1984 Aug. O c t. 1984 [ D ec. A ug. O c t. 1984 D ec. A ug. | O c t. 1984 I D ec. A ug. I O c t. D ec. 1 6 9 .7 N o rth e a s t E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y All Ite m s .............................................................................................................................................................................. 1 6 2 .6 1 6 3 .5 1 6 4 .3 1 6 8 .9 1 7 0 .0 1 7 3 .7 1 7 5 .3 1 7 4 .4 1 6 7 .2 1 6 9 .8 .......................................................................................................................................... 1 5 4 .2 1 5 3 .7 1 54.1 1 5 2 .0 1 5 2 .6 1 5 2 .3 1 5 7 .5 1 5 6 .1 1 5 5 .8 1 5 2 .7 1 5 2 .0 1 5 1 .4 H o u s i n g ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1 6 7 .4 1 6 8 .2 1 6 9 .7 1 8 0 .6 1 8 0 .9 1 8 1 .2 1 8 7 .7 190.1 1 8 7 .5 1 7 2 .3 1 7 7 .4 1 7 6 .9 A pparel and upkeep 1 2 5 .7 1 2 8 .2 1 2 5 .5 1 2 5 .6 1 2 9 .0 1 2 6 .7 1 3 1 .1 1 3 9 .0 1 3 8 .2 1 3 8 .5 1 4 1 .4 1 3 8 .7 1 7 5 .7 1 7 6 .2 1 7 6 .9 1 8 4 .9 1 8 8 .7 1 9 2 .8 Food and beverages T ransportation .......................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 7 2 .0 1 7 2 .0 1 7 3 .0 1 7 5 .6 1 7 6 .9 1 6 9 .9 1 7 6 .8 1 7 6 .2 1 7 6 .3 .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 7 6 .8 1 7 8 .3 1 8 1 .4 1 8 1 .0 1 8 2 .7 1 8 3 .5 1 7 8 .9 1 8 2 .7 1 7 6 .3 1 84.1 E n t e r ta in m e n t .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 4 9 .7 1 5 0 .9 1 5 1 .3 1 4 8 .2 1 4 9 .9 1 4 9 .8 1 5 3 .9 1 5 5 .3 1 5 5 .4 1 5 3 .6 1 5 4 .8 1 5 6 .5 O ther goods and services 1 7 2 .3 1 78.1 1 7 8 .9 1 7 2 .0 1 7 7 .4 1 7 7 .4 1 7 6 .6 1 8 0 .7 1 8 1 .5 1 7 5 .6 181.1 1 8 0 .9 M e dical care .............................................................................................................................. C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P C o m m o d it ie s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1 5 4 .9 1 5 5 .3 1 55.1 1 5 9 .8 1 6 1 .0 1 6 1 .0 1 6 0 .2 1 6 0 .9 1 6 0 .6 1 5 8 .7 ................................................................................................... 1 5 4 .6 156.1 1 5 5 .4 163.1 1 6 4 .7 1 6 4 .9 1 6 1 .0 1 6 2 .8 1 6 2 .7 1 6 1 .0 1 6 2 .2 1 6 2 .3 S e r v ic e s .................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 7 2 .0 1 7 3 .4 1 7 5 .3 1 8 2 .3 1 8 3 .3 183.1 1 9 5 .0 1 9 8 .0 1 9 6 .1 1 7 9 .1 1 8 5 .2 1 8 5 .3 C om m oditie s less food and beverages 1 5 9 .1 1 5 9 .0 N o r th C e n t r a l R e g io n E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y All item s .............................................................................................................................................................................. 1 7 2 .3 1 7 3 .4 1 6 7 .2 1 5 0 .2 1 5 0 .0 1 7 3 .2 1 5 0 .4 1 6 6 .6 .......................................................................................................................................... 1 4 9 .4 1 4 9 .2 1 4 9 .6 1 5 0 .7 1 5 0 .2 1 4 9 .9 1 5 8 .4 1 5 7 .8 1 5 8 .5 H o u s i n g ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1 9 2 .0 1 9 2 .2 1 9 1 .8 1 7 7 .3 1 7 8 .1 1 7 8 .3 1 7 5 .3 1 7 5 .8 1 7 4 .0 1 7 0 .0 1 2 4 .9 1 7 1 .3 1 7 1 .0 Food and beverages 1 68.1 1 6 8 .9 1 6 9 .2 1 6 6 .4 1 6 6 .6 1 6 7 .5 1 6 7 .6 A pparel and upkeep .......................................................................................................................................... T ransportation ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 8 .0 1 7 4 .0 1 7 3 .7 1 7 3 .4 1 7 3 .9 1 7 4 .3 1 7 5 .1 1 7 6 .7 1 2 9 .3 1 7 6 .7 1 2 8 .7 1 7 1 .9 1 7 4 .9 1 75.1 1 7 4 .9 M e dical care 1 8 0 .0 1 8 1 .5 182.1 1 8 2 .0 1 8 3 .0 1 8 4 .6 1 7 5 .2 1 7 5 .6 1 7 6 .3 1 8 5 .1 1 8 5 .6 .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 0 .2 1 2 2 .9 1 2 0 .8 1 3 1 .7 1 3 4 .4 1 3 2 .5 1 3 0 .2 1 3 2 .0 1 8 6 .2 E n t e r ta in m e n t .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 4 6 .4 1 4 8 .3 1 4 8 .4 1 3 9 .6 1 4 0 .3 1 3 9 .9 1 5 3 .9 1 5 3 .4 1 5 4 .2 1 4 2 .5 1 4 3 .3 1 4 6 .4 O ther goods and services 1 6 8 .7 1 7 2 .9 1 7 3 .0 1 8 0 .6 1 8 4 .7 186.1 1 6 7 .1 1 6 9 .4 1 6 9 .6 1 7 8 .4 1 8 1 .4 1 8 1 .8 1 5 8 .6 1 5 9 .4 1 5 9 .0 1 5 7 .2 1 5 7 .7 1 5 7 .8 1 5 5 .8 1 5 6 .4 1 5 5 .9 1 5 6 .3 1 5 6 .4 1 5 6 .7 1 6 2 .4 1 6 4 .0 1 63.1 1 6 0 .2 1 61.1 1 6 1 .0 1 5 7 .9 1 5 9 .1 1 5 8 .5 1 5 5 .3 1 5 5 .7 1 5 5 .8 1 9 2 .3 1 9 3 .7 1 9 3 .7 1 8 5 .3 1 8 6 .7 1 8 7 .2 1 8 3 .6 1 8 4 .3 1 8 3 .1 1 8 2 .8 1 8 4 .7 1 8 4 .8 .............................................................................................................................. C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P C o m m o d it ie s ...................................................................................................................................................................... C o m m o d itie s less food and beverages .................................................................................................. S e r v ic e s .................................................................................................................................................................................. S o u th E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y All Item s .............................................................................................................................................................................. 1 6 8 .7 1 7 0 .2 1 7 0 .3 1 7 0 .6 1 7 1 .9 1 7 2 .0 1 6 8 .6 1 6 9 .5 1 7 0 .2 1 6 8 .7 1 7 0 .1 1 7 0 .4 .......................................................................................................................................... 1 5 7 .3 1 5 7 .2 1 5 7 .8 1 5 7 .2 1 5 7 .5 1 5 7 .4 1 5 4 .0 1 5 3 .9 1 5 3 .8 1 5 7 .8 1 5 8 .3 1 5 8 .1 H o u s i n g ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1 7 5 .4 1 7 6 .9 1 76.1 1 7 6 .5 1 7 7 .0 1 7 7 .2 1 74.1 1 7 4 .2 1 7 5 .6 1 7 7 .0 177.1 1 7 8 .2 Food and beverages Apparel and upkeep Transportation M e dical care .......................................................................................................................................... 1 3 1 .5 1 3 7 .6 1 3 7 .0 1 2 7 .8 1 3 2 .8 1 3 2 .0 1 2 7 .4 1 3 0 .7 1 1 0 .8 ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 7 5 .6 1 7 6 .7 1 7 6 .8 1 7 9 .0 1 8 0 .2 1 8 0 .7 1 7 7 .5 1 7 9 .0 1 7 9 .0 1 7 3 .8 1 7 4 .8 1 7 4 .1 .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 8 0 .6 1 8 2 .2 1 8 4 .2 1 8 3 .5 184 9 1 8 5 .3 1886 1 9 1 .0 1 9 3 .1 1 9 3 .4 1 9 7 .7 1 9 9 .0 1 3 1 .5 1 1 7 .4 1 1 7 .8 E n t e r ta in m e n t .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 4 7 .7 1 4 8 .7 1 5 1 .8 1 6 1 .9 1 6 2 .7 1 6 2 .6 1 5 3 .4 1 5 4 .1 1 5 6 .2 1 5 1 .7 1 5 2 .8 1 5 2 .7 O ther goods and services 1 7 2 .5 1 7 6 .7 1 7 7 .2 1 7 4 .8 1 7 9 .9 1 8 0 .6 1 7 4 .5 1 7 7 .6 1 7 8 .7 1 7 1 .3 1 7 4 .5 1 7 3 .9 1 5 8 .5 1 5 8 .4 1 5 9 .8 1 6 0 .2 1 5 9 .3 1 5 9 .5 1 84.1 1 8 5 .6 1 8 6 .9 .............................................................................................................................. C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P C o m m o d it ie s ...................................................................................................................................................................... C om m oditie s less food and beverages ................................................................................................... 1 5 9 .4 1 6 0 .0 1 6 0 .7 1 6 2 .2 1 6 0 .8 1 6 2 .0 1 6 1 .3 1 6 2 .7 1 6 2 .6 1 6 4 .5 1 6 2 .3 164.1 1 5 9 .2 1 6 1 .6 S e r v ic e s .................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 8 1 .3 183.1 1 83.1 1 8 4 .2 1 8 5 .5 1 8 6 .2 1 8 2 .9 1 6 0 .0 1 6 2 .9 1 8 4 .2 1 6 0 .0 1 6 2 .8 1 8 5 .9 1 6 2 .7 1 6 2 .9 W est E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y All Item s .............................................................................................................................................................................. 172.1 1 6 9 .5 1 7 0 .6 1 7 0 .9 1 6 1 .4 1 6 7 .8 1 70.1 1 7 0 .1 .......................................................................................................................................... 1 5 6 .5 1 5 6 .8 1 5 7 .6 1 5 9 .8 1 5 9 .7 1 5 5 .8 1 5 5 .2 1 6 3 .0 1 6 4 .2 164 3 1 7 9 .3 1 8 0 .5 1 7 9 .8 1 7 4 .7 1 7 5 .0 1 6 1 .5 1 7 4 .1 1 5 5 .4 H o u s i n g ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1 5 9 .9 1 6 1 .1 1 6 0 .9 1 6 7 .8 Food and beverages A pparel and upkeep T ransportation M e dical care 1 7 0 .3 1 7 2 .2 1 7 2 .2 1 7 1 .2 .......................................................................................................................................... 1 2 6 .5 1 2 9 .3 1 2 6 .7 1 3 0 .5 1 3 1 .2 1 3 1 .8 1 2 2 .5 1 2 7 .7 1 2 5 .6 1 45.1 1 4 7 .1 1 4 6 .1 ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 7 7 .6 1 8 1 .0 1 8 1 .2 1 7 8 .6 1 8 1 .2 1 8 1 .8 1 7 4 .5 1 7 6 .3 1 7 7 .0 1 7 2 .6 1 7 2 .7 1 7 3 .4 .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 8 5 .7 1 8 8 .0 1 8 7 .9 1 8 2 .7 1 8 9 .5 1 9 0 .5 1 9 3 .5 E n t e r ta in m e n t .......................................................................................................................................................... 144 8 1 4 5 .7 1 4 6 .9 1 4 8 .8 1 5 2 .6 1 5 4 .6 1 5 7 .9 1 6 3 .2 1 6 5 .9 1 6 9 .3 1 7 3 .7 1 8 2 .7 1 8 3 .0 1 7 4 .7 1 7 9 .3 1 7 9 .8 1 70.1 1 5 4 .0 1 7 4 .4 1 5 8 .0 O the r goods and services 1 7 5 .0 1 7 6 .0 1 7 9 .3 1 8 0 .3 1 5 9 .0 .............................................................................................................................. 1 8 3 .6 1 8 4 .5 1 8 8 .2 1 8 8 .7 1 8 9 .9 C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P C o m m o d it ie s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1 5 5 .8 1 5 8 .0 1 5 7 .8 1 5 9 .5 1 5 7 .1 1 5 8 .2 1 5 7 .9 1 5 8 .7 1 5 7 .9 1 5 9 .0 1 6 1 .0 1 5 7 .2 1 5 8 .6 1 5 8 .6 1 5 7 .6 1 5 4 .7 1 5 8 .7 1 5 5 .3 1 6 0 .3 1 6 0 .4 1 6 1 .4 C o m m o d itie s less food and beverages .................................................................................................. S e r v ic e s .................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 5 5 .8 1 5 6 .3 1 8 8 .4 1 90.1 1 9 0 .0 1 8 2 .7 1 8 4 .2 1 8 3 .7 1 6 6 .5 1 6 8 .0 1 6 8 .7 1 8 2 .8 1 8 6 .7 1 8 6 .3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 87 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 22. C onsum er Price In dex— U.S. city average, and selected areas [ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o th e rw is e s p e c ifie d ] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s A re a 1 U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C l e r ic a l W o r k e r s 1984 1985 1984 1985 Jan. Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. Jan. A ug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. U .S . city a v e ra g e 2 ........................................................................................................................... 3 0 5 .2 3 1 3 .0 3 1 4 .5 3 1 5 .3 3 1 5 .3 3 1 5 .5 3 1 6 .1 3 0 2 .7 3 1 0 .3 3 1 2 .1 3 1 2 .2 3 1 1 .9 3 1 2 .2 3 1 2 .6 A n cho rage, Alaska (1 0 /6 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................................................... 2 7 1 .5 2 7 8 .3 2 6 4 .0 Atlanta, G a ............................................................................................................................................. B altim ore, M d ....................................................................................... 3 0 7 .6 B oston. M a s s ....................................................................................................................................... 2 9 7 .3 Buffalo, N .Y ........................................................................................................................................... Chicago, III.—N orthw e s te rn In d .................................................................................................. 3 0 5 .4 3 1 8 .4 ............................................................................................................................... 3 1 3 .4 3 4 3 .5 D e troit. M ic h ......................................................................................................................................... 3 0 1 .3 3 0 7 .8 2 9 6 .1 3 1 5 .1 3 1 4 .1 3 2 5 .2 3 1 3 .9 3 0 3 .8 3 0 9 .4 2 9 5 .1 3 1 5 .1 2 9 8 .3 3 2 5 .1 3 1 3 .4 3 0 8 .7 3 0 9 .1 3 1 6 .4 3 0 1 .2 3 1 0 .9 3 0 7 .9 3 0 1 .8 3 2 0 .9 3 0 2 .6 3 2 5 .0 3 4 5 .1 3 0 2 .9 2 9 9 .8 3 4 6 .2 3 0 0 .0 ........................................................................................................................... 2 8 6 .0 2 8 7 .4 2 8 9 .8 2 9 3 .6 2 9 4 .5 2 9 7 .6 H ouston. T e x ........................................................................................................................................ 3 3 2 .0 3 3 4 .4 3 3 3 .4 3 3 3 .6 3 3 4 .4 3 3 0 .9 Kansas City, M o .- K a n s a s ........................................................................................................... 3 1 1 .2 Los A nge le s -Long Beach, A nahe im , C a lif............................................................................ 2 99.1 M ia m i, Fla. (1 1 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................................................................... 1 6 5 .0 M ilw a u k e e , W is ................................................................................................................................... 3 1 4 .0 M ln n e a p o lis -S t. Paul, M in n .- W is ............................................................................................ 308 6 3 1 4 .1 3 1 0 .2 1 6 7 .9 2 9 7 .3 N o rth e a s t, Pa. ( S c r a n to n ) ........................................................................................................... 2 9 1 .0 Philade lphia, P a . - N .J ...................................................................................................................... 2 9 4 .4 P ittsburgh, P a ...................................................................................................................................... 3 0 5 .0 3 0 6 .9 3 0 3 .9 3 1 9 .1 3 1 1 .1 3 2 4 .3 3 2 8 .0 3 0 6 .6 2 9 8 .2 3 0 2 .9 3 1 3 .7 3 1 1 .8 1 6 8 .3 3 2 4 .0 3 2 4 .8 N e w Y ork, N .Y .-N o rth e a s te rn N .J .......................................................................................... 3 1 1 .9 2 9 7 .9 1 6 8 .6 1 6 5 .9 3 2 4 .6 3 2 7 .5 3 2 7 .9 3 0 8 .0 3 0 8 .0 3 0 1 .1 303 7 3 0 4 .5 3 1 3 .0 3 0 6 .0 3 2 1 .1 3 0 5 .1 3 0 5 .1 3 0 7 .7 3 0 4 .2 2 9 0 .2 3 0 1 .5 2 9 3 .2 3 0 6 .3 2 9 6 .7 3 2 2 .1 2 9 7 .1 1 6 9 .6 3 4 7 .9 3 4 2 .7 3 2 7 .0 2 9 9 .9 3 0 0 .4 2 9 7 .7 3 0 6 .1 3 0 8 .5 3 0 3 .3 3 0 6 .5 3 0 8 .1 1 6 9 .8 3 4 3 .4 3 2 3 .8 3 0 1 .2 3 0 1 .6 3 0 2 .0 3 0 7 .9 3 0 9 .4 3 0 0 .6 3 0 8 .7 3 0 1 .2 3 0 4 .0 3 0 4 .3 1 6 9 .7 3 3 2 .5 3 0 8 .4 3 0 2 .6 3 0 2 .5 3 1 8 .9 3 1 8 .6 3 2 8 .2 3 0 1 .3 3 0 1 .7 3 1 9 .3 3 4 6 .1 2 9 8 .9 3 0 7 .8 2 8 9 .8 3 2 4 .4 3 2 4 .8 3 3 6 .2 3 1 5 .1 3 0 6 .5 2 9 2 .0 3 0 4 .3 2 7 1 .7 3 1 6 .0 3 1 5 .1 3 0 5 .3 3 2 8 .1 3 5 0 .6 2 7 0 .9 3 1 8 .2 2 8 8 .6 3 3 0 .7 3 4 9 .4 3 1 1 .9 3 1 5 .2 3 3 9 .7 3 3 3 .7 3 1 1 .6 3 1 4 .0 3 2 5 .4 2 7 0 .9 3 1 5 .0 3 0 3 .4 3 4 0 .1 3 5 1 .3 3 0 8 .0 3 1 8 .2 3 1 5 .3 3 0 7 .4 3 2 9 .8 D e nv e r-B oulde r, C o lo ....................................................................................................................... H o n o lu lu , Haw aii 3 1 6 .4 3 3 7 .3 Dallas-Ft. W o rth , T e x ...................................................................................................................... 3 0 3 .2 3 1 7 .8 2 9 4 .5 Cincin nati, Ohio—Ky.—In d ...................................................................................................... C leveland, Ohio 2 7 7 .9 3 1 5 .9 3 0 9 .2 3 0 4 .2 3 0 1 .0 3 0 4 .6 P o rtland, O r e g .-W a s h .................................................................................................................... 2 95.1 3 0 2 .5 3 0 4 .8 3 0 6 .8 2 8 9 .5 2 9 3 .7 2 9 5 .7 2 9 7 .4 S t. Louis, M o . - I l l .............................................................................................................................. 3 0 0 .9 3 1 1 .4 3 0 9 .1 2 9 6 .8 3 1 0 .4 3 4 6 .2 3 5 7 .1 3 6 3 .7 3 2 9 .2 3 0 8 .0 3 3 0 .7 3 0 7 .1 San D iego, C a lif.................................................................................................................................. 3 1 3 .3 3 6 4 .1 3 2 8 .8 3 2 9 .1 San Francis co-O akland, C a lif....................................................................................................... 3 2 3 .4 3 2 7 .5 3 2 5 .8 3 2 2 .7 3 1 9 .3 3 2 1 .5 S e a ttle-E verett, W a s h ....................................................................................................................... 3 0 8 .7 3 1 6 .5 3 1 8 .1 3 1 9 .5 2 9 7 .3 3 0 5 .3 3 0 5 .5 3 0 6 .7 W a s h in g to n , D . C . - M d . - V a .......................................................................................................... 3 0 3 .7 3 1 3 .0 3 1 5 .8 3 1 4 .6 3 0 8 .3 3 1 7 .9 3 1 9 .8 3 1 7 .7 1 T he areas listed include not only the central city but the entire portion o f the S tandard M etropolitan Statistical Area, as defined for the 1 9 7 0 Census of Population, except th at the S tandard Consolidated Area is used fo r N e w Y ork and Chicago. 88 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2A verage o f 8 5 cities. 23. P roducer P rice Indexes, by stage of processing [1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 ] Annual C o m m o d it y g r o u p in g 1984 1985 av e ra g e 1984 Feb. 2 9 1 .2 2 9 0 .6 290 4 2 9 0 .1 2 7 3 .5 2 7 4 .7 2 8 3 .9 3 1 3 .6 M a r. A p r. May June J u ly A ug. S e p t. O c t.1 Nov. D ec. 2 9 1 .4 2 9 1 .2 2 9 1 .1 290 9 2 9 2 .3 2 9 1 .3 2 8 9 .5 r2 9 1 .5 2 9 2 .3 2 9 1 .1 2 9 0 .3 2 9 0 .3 2 9 0 .1 2 9 1 .6 2 9 0 .4 2 8 8 .7 2 9 0 .3 2 7 6 .6 2 7 4 .3 2 7 1 .7 2 7 0 .8 2 7 5 .3 2 7 4 .0 2 7 3 .0 3 2 3 .7 2 9 9 .0 2 7 0 .7 2 5 8 .9 270 8 2 7 4 .6 2 6 9 .1 2 7 0 .7 272 5 '3 3 7 .8 3 3 9 .1 3 3 7 .2 Jan. Feb. 292 4 2 9 2 .7 2 9 2 .5 2 9 1 .1 291 3 291 1 290 7 r2 7 1 .1 2 7 2 .3 274 4 279 2 '2 6 9 .5 2 6 5 .5 2 7 0 .8 263 1 273 0 275 5 287 1 272 2 F IN IS H E D G O O D S Finished g o o d s ....................................................... Finished con s u m e r goods ............................ Finished c o nsum er foods ................................ C rude ........................................................... ............................................................... 2 7 0 .3 2 6 9 .0 2 7 0 .2 2 6 9 .9 2 6 9 .6 2 6 9 .7 2 7 3 .4 2 7 1 .7 2 7 0 .3 2 7 1 .1 N ond urable goods less f o o d s ............................ Durable goods ........................................... 3 3 7 .4 3 3 6 .1 3 3 6 .7 3 3 6 .4 3 3 8 .9 3 3 9 .2 3 3 9 .2 3 3 6 .9 3 3 6 .2 P rocessed C o n s u m e r nondurable goods less food and energy . . . Capital e q u ip m e n t ................................................ 2 3 6 .6 2 3 6 .6 2 3 6 .7 2 3 6 .6 2 3 6 .4 2 3 6 .6 2 3 6 .7 2 3 3 .0 '2 3 8 .3 238 4 238 8 335 6 ?4n s 332 8 2 3 6 .1 2 3 9 .1 2 3 6 .5 2 3 7 .1 2 3 7 .9 2 3 8 .7 2 3 8 .7 2 4 0 .1 2 4 0 .1 2 4 0 .8 '2 4 0 .6 2 4 1 .3 2 4 1 .1 2 9 4 .1 243 3 243 7 2 9 2 .3 292 3 2 9 4 .5 2 9 3 .9 2 9 3 .9 2 9 4 .6 2 9 4 .6 2 9 2 .5 '2 9 5 .9 2 9 6 .3 296 4 2 9 8 .1 2 9 9 .1 3 2 0 .0 3 1 7 .6 3 1 9 .7 3 2 0 .3 3 2 0 .9 3 2 1 .6 3 2 1 .7 3 2 1 .1 3 2 0 .3 '3 2 0 .1 3 2 0 .5 3 1 9 .8 3 1 9 .6 3 1 8 .6 3 0 1 .8 2 9 9 .8 3 0 1 .8 3 0 2 .9 3 0 3 .3 3 0 3 .4 3 0 3 .2 3 0 2 .5 3 0 1 .9 '3 0 1 .4 3 0 1 .8 3 0 1 .1 3 0 0 .7 3 0 0 .5 2 7 1 .7 2 6 8 .3 2 6 9 .6 2 7 1 .4 2 7 6 .0 2 7 5 .2 2 7 6 .4 2 7 2 .4 2 7 0 .0 '2 6 7 .6 2 6 9 .2 268 4 264 9 264 1 '2 9 0 ,4 2 9 0 .1 289 3 289 2 IN T E R M E D IA T E M A T E R IA L S In te rm e d ia te m ateria ls, supplies, and com ponents M a terials and c o m ponents fo r m anufacturing . .. M a terials for food m a n u fa c t u r in g ............................ M a terials fo r nondurable m anufacturing .................... 2 9 0 .5 2 8 7 .0 2 9 0 .3 2 9 1 .8 2 9 2 .8 2 9 2 .8 292 7 2 9 1 .3 2 9 0 .9 3 2 5 .1 3 2 5 .6 3 2 8 .2 3 2 9 .1 3 2 7 .2 3 2 6 .9 3 2 5 .4 3 2 5 .1 3 2 3 .5 '3 2 2 .3 3 2 3 .2 321 8 320 5 320 9 2 8 7 .5 2 8 5 .2 2 8 5 .6 2 8 6 .2 2 8 7 .0 2 8 7 .5 2 8 7 .9 2 8 8 .4 2 8 8 .9 '2 8 9 .4 2 8 9 .8 2 8 9 .7 290 5 290 6 M a te ria ls and c o m ponents fo r c o n s t r u c tio n ........................ 3 1 0 .3 3 0 7 .8 3 0 9 .6 3 1 0 .5 3 0 9 .8 3 1 0 .3 3 1 0 .9 3 1 2 .0 3 1 1 .7 '3 1 1 .8 3 1 1 .6 3 1 2 .3 3 1 3 .2 3 1 3 .0 P rocessed fuels and lu b r ic a n t s .................................... 5 6 6 .3 5 6 1 .3 5 6 7 .8 5 6 2 .9 5 6 7 .2 5 7 5 .2 5 7 6 .6 M a nufacturing in d u s tr ie s ............................ 5 6 5 .3 '5 6 4 .1 5 6 6 .2 556 9 4 8 0 .6 4 8 5 .5 4 9 0 .4 4 9 1 .4 4 8 5 .8 479 7 470 2 6 4 1 .4 6 3 4 .5 6 3 8 .2 6 4 9 .1 6 5 0 .9 6 4 3 .0 4 8 1 .8 6 3 8 .1 '4 8 3 .4 6 3 8 .2 4 7 7 .9 6 3 4 .1 4 8 3 .4 N onm a nufa c tu ring industries 561 1 482 9 546 5 4 8 3 .8 5 6 9 .2 4 8 4 ,7 '6 3 4 .3 6 3 6 .0 6 2 8 .9 6 2 3 .8 6 1 2 .6 3 0 2 .1 2 9 4 .8 2 9 7 .3 2 9 9 .4 3 0 0 .9 3 0 1 .8 3 0 3 .0 3 0 4 .1 3 0 5 .2 '3 0 8 .8 3 0 9 .4 309 3 3 0 9 .9 3 1 1 .9 M a terials fo r durable m anufacturing ................................ C o m ponents fo r m a n u fa c t u r in g ............................ ............................ C o n t a in e r s ............................................................ S u p p l i e s .................................................................... 2 8 3 .3 2 8 2 .2 2 8 3 .0 2 8 4 .2 2 8 4 .3 2 8 3 .9 M a nufacturing in d u s tr ie s ............................ 2 7 9 .0 2 7 6 .0 2 7 6 .4 2 7 7 .8 2 7 8 .4 2 7 9 .0 2 7 9 .2 2 8 0 .9 N onm a nufa c tu ring industries 2 8 0 .7 '2 8 1 .5 2 8 1 .9 282 2 2 8 5 .7 283 3 283 8 2 8 5 .9 2 8 6 .7 2 8 7 .8 2 8 7 .6 2 8 6 .7 2 8 5 .6 2 8 6 .0 2 8 5 .3 '2 8 4 .4 2 8 3 .8 284 6 284 1 2 0 3 .0 1 9 5 .4 2 8 4 .0 1 9 2 .4 1 9 1 .1 189 9 185 6 3 0 2 .3 '3 0 2 .7 3 0 2 .8 3 0 2 .8 3 0 4 .0 3 0 4 .2 ........................ 2 8 3 .2 2 8 4 .1 Feeds ............................................... 2 1 5 .8 2 2 7 .7 2 2 9 .2 2 2 1 .6 2 1 1 .7 3 0 0 .6 2 9 8 .0 2 3 2 .2 2 9 8 .4 233 5 O the r s u p p l ie s ................................ 2 9 9 .5 3 0 0 .0 3 0 0 .5 3 0 1 .0 2 0 8 .3 3 0 2 .2 2 8 3 .6 '2 8 3 .2 2 8 3 .1 283 1 284 0 283 8 C R U D E M A T E R IA L S C rude m ateria ls fo r fu rth e r p r o c e s s i n g ............................ 3 3 1 .0 3 3 2 .6 3 3 8 .8 3 3 9 .4 3 3 8 .0 3 3 3 .0 3 3 4 .1 3 2 8 .9 3 2 6 .2 '3 1 9 .6 3 2 3 .7 3 2 3 .1 3 1 9 .4 3 1 8 .3 Foodstuffs and f e e d s t u f f s ............................................ 2 5 9 .7 2 6 0 .5 2 6 9 .9 2 6 9 .7 2 6 6 .4 260 3 2 6 3 .6 2 5 6 .5 2 5 2 .7 '2 4 4 .9 2 5 3 .4 2 5 3 .7 2 5 1 .3 2 5 0 .7 N onfood m a te r ia ls .................................................... 4 8 4 .7 4 8 8 .1 4 8 7 .5 4 9 0 .1 4 9 2 .3 4 8 9 .6 4 8 6 .4 4 8 5 .0 4 8 4 .6 '4 8 0 .3 4 7 5 .4 4 7 3 .0 4 6 6 .1 4 6 4 .2 3 8 0 .6 3 8 5 .5 3 8 7 .8 3 8 8 .8 389 9 386 1 3 8 0 .9 3 7 6 .8 3 7 9 .3 '3 7 4 .7 3 6 9 .4 367 2 356 9 3 9 0 .2 2 7 8 .7 361 7 3 9 5 .5 2 8 0 .3 3 9 8 .8 2 7 6 .5 399 5 2 7 9 .2 4 0 0 .2 2 8 2 .7 395 7 2 8 3 .5 3 9 0 .1 2 8 2 .0 3 8 6 .1 2 7 7 .6 3 8 8 .5 2 7 9 .9 '3 8 3 .9 '2 7 6 .3 3 7 7 .9 2 7 6 .2 375 4 2 7 6 .2 368 8 2 7 8 .6 362 7 9 3 1 .4 9 2 6 .6 9 1 0 .6 9 2 0 .8 928 4 9 3 2 .6 9 4 0 .2 9 5 3 .1 9 3 7 .6 '9 3 5 .9 9 3 4 .1 918 6 931 7 1 ,0 9 2 .4 930 9 1 ,0 8 6 .3 1 ,0 6 4 .8 1 ,0 7 9 .6 1 ,0 8 8 .1 1 ,1 2 0 .1 1 ,1 0 0 .0 1 091 1 1 074 2 8 0 2 .6 8 0 9 .1 8 1 6 .1 8 2 5 .1 8 3 5 .1 8 2 3 .3 1 ,0 9 7 .6 '8 2 2 .1 1 ,0 9 5 .8 8 1 4 .2 1 ,0 9 4 .5 8 1 8 .4 1 ,1 0 3 .5 8 1 8 .1 8 2 0 .3 8 1 8 .3 8 0 9 .6 N onfood m ateria ls except f u e l ........................ M a nufacturing industries ................................ C o n s t r u c tio n ........................................................... C rude f u e l .................................................... M a nufacturing industries ............................ N onm a nufa c tu ring i n d u s t r i e s .................................... 2 8 3 .6 8 1 9 .2 S P E C IA L G R O U P IN G S Finished goods excluding f o o d s ............................ 2 94 8 2 9 4 .1 2 9 5 .4 2 9 5 .7 2 9 4 .8 2 9 2 .7 '2 9 6 .1 2 9 6 .7 296 1 296 6 295 9 2 9 3 .1 2 9 3 .6 2 9 3 .5 2 9 4 .9 2 9 4 .9 2 9 5 .0 2 9 3 .8 2 9 1 .7 '2 9 5 .0 2 9 5 .7 2 5 7 .9 294 9 294 8 293 6 2 5 7 .2 2 5 8 .2 2 5 7 .8 2 5 7 .1 2 5 6 .7 2 5 8 .9 2 5 8 .5 2 5 7 .2 2 5 8 .2 2 5 8 .9 2 5 9 .6 2 6 1 .0 2 6 1 .7 In te rm e d ia te m ateria ls less foods and feeds 3 2 5 .0 3 2 2 .3 3 2 4 .4 3 2 5 .0 3 2 5 .4 3 2 6 .4 3 2 6 .7 3 2 6 .3 3 2 5 .7 In te rm e d ia te m ateria ls less energy '3 2 5 .8 3 2 6 .1 325 5 325 4 324 6 3 0 3 .7 3 0 1 .5 3 0 3 .3 304 4 3 0 4 .6 3 0 4 .7 3 0 4 .7 3 0 4 .7 3 0 4 .2 '3 0 4 .1 3 0 4 .3 3 0 4 .0 3 0 4 .2 3 0 4 .1 2 5 3 .1 2 5 5 .1 2 5 7 .5 2 5 9 .1 260 8 2 5 7 .8 2 5 5 .3 2 5 1 .4 2 4 8 .1 '2 4 4 .0 2 4 4 .1 2 4 3 .1 2 4 0 .4 2 3 8 .4 5 4 7 .2 5 5 2 .0 5 5 0 .0 5 5 4 .0 5 5 2 .5 5 4 9 .8 5 4 8 .8 5 4 6 .6 '5 4 2 .4 5 3 6 .6 5 3 3 .4 2 5 5 .6 525 6 525 8 2 5 7 .3 2 6 5 .1 5 5 3 .0 2 6 5 .4 2 6 3 .3 2 5 7 .6 2 5 8 .5 2 5 1 .9 2 4 9 .9 '2 4 2 .6 2 4 8 .3 2 4 8 .3 2 4 6 .6 2 4 5 .9 Finished con s u m e r goods excluding foods . . . . Finished con s u m e r goods less energy . . In te rm e d ia te foods and feeds . . . . ................ Crude m ateria ls less agricultural products C rude m ateria ls less energy ........................ ........................ 2 9 3 .6 2 9 4 .0 2 9 4 .6 2 9 5 .3 'D a ta fo r O ctober 1 9 8 4 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 m onths after original publication. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis r = revised. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 24. P roducer Price Indexes, by com m o dity groupings [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] Annual Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay 3 1 0 .3 3 0 8 .9 3 1 1 .0 3 1 1 .3 3 1 1 .5 3 2 9 .3 3 2 7 .7 3 3 0 .0 3 3 0 .3 3 3 0 .5 1984 A ll c o m m o d it ie s .................................................................................................................. A ll c o m m o d it ie s ( 1 9 5 7 - 5 9 = 1984 1985 a verag e C o m m o d it y g r o u p a n d s u b g r o u p Code 1 0 0 ) ...................................................................... June J u ly A ug. S e p t. 3 1 1 .3 3 1 1 .9 3 1 0 .7 3 0 9 .3 r3 0 9 .4 3 1 0 .4 3 0 9 .9 3 0 9 .8 3 0 9 .2 3 3 0 .3 3 3 0 .9 3 2 9 .7 3 2 8 .2 3 2 8 .3 3 2 9 .3 3 2 8 .8 3 2 8 .7 3 2 8 .1 O c t .1 Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. ........................................ 2 6 2 .6 2 6 3 .4 2 6 7 .9 2 6 7 .3 2 6 5 .8 2 6 2 .8 2 6 4 .9 2 6 1 .4 2 5 9 .4 2 5 5 .3 2 5 8 .4 2 5 9 .2 2 5 8 .0 2 5 7 .8 In d u s t r ia l c o m m o d i t i e s ..................................................................................................... 3 2 2 .6 3 2 0 .6 3 2 1 .9 3 2 2 .6 3 2 3 .2 3 2 3 .8 3 2 3 .9 3 2 3 .3 3 2 2 .3 r3 2 3 .4 3 2 3 .8 3 2 3 .0 3 2 3 .2 3 2 2 .5 2 5 8 .7 2 5 3 .3 2 4 4 .6 F a rm p ro d u c ts a n d p ro c e s s e d fo o d s a n d fe e d s FA R M P R O D U C TS A N D PR O C ESSED FO ODS A N D FEE D S Farm p r o d u c t s ............................................................................................................... 2 5 5 .7 2 6 1 .6 2 6 7 .4 2 6 5 .4 2 6 0 .8 2 5 7 .1 249 8 r2 4 0 .2 2 4 5 .5 2 4 5 .7 2 4 3 .2 0 1 -1 Fresh and dried fruits and v e g e t a b le s ....................................................... 2 7 8 .0 3 1 2 .2 3 0 8 .0 2 6 3 .8 2 5 1 .9 2 7 3 .7 2 8 1 .9 2 9 3 .7 2 9 0 .1 r2 6 7 .3 2 5 1 .0 2 5 1 .7 2 5 8 .6 2 8 9 .2 0 1 -2 G r a i n s ........................................................................................................................... 2 3 9 .7 2 3 5 .3 2 5 0 .9 2 6 2 .1 2 5 6 .2 2 5 7 .8 2 4 8 .9 2 3 6 .9 2 3 1 .4 2 1 9 .0 2 1 9 .7 2 1 2 .5 2 1 7 .5 2 1 7 .2 01 0 1 -3 Livestock 2 5 3 .7 2 4 7 .7 2 5 2 .3 2 4 7 .4 2 4 9 .7 Live p o u l t r y ............................................................................................................... 2 4 0 .6 2 5 1 .3 2 5 8 .4 2 4 0 .8 240 6 2 5 0 .0 2 2 7 .7 2 6 0 .1 0 1 -4 2 5 9 .2 218 6 2 3 9 .7 2 1 9 .2 2 4 7 .1 2 3 1 .7 2 3 2 .7 2 2 2 .4 0 1 -5 Plant and a nim al fibers ................................................................................................................... 2 2 8 .4 2 3 2 .7 2 5 0 .3 2 5 2 .3 2 5 9 .1 2 5 2 .7 2 3 5 .8 2 1 1 .3 2 1 0 .3 2 0 2 .8 2 0 1 .4 2 0 3 .0 2 0 4 .5 2 0 0 .6 2 8 1 .0 ................................................................................... 2 5 1 .8 2 5 1 .9 2 6 0 .8 2 6 0 .8 2 5 4 .8 2 4 4 .9 2 3 3 .9 0 1 -6 Fluid m i l k ................................................................................................................... 278 3 2 7 5 .7 2 7 4 .2 2 7 2 .7 2 7 1 .7 2 7 1 .8 2 7 3 .9 2 7 6 .8 2 8 2 .1 2 8 6 .7 2 8 7 .6 2 8 7 .5 2 8 4 .6 0 1 -7 2 1 0 .8 2 8 0 .7 2 0 1 .0 1 7 7 .9 1 8 4 .9 1 8 1 .2 1 7 7 .6 1 7 9 .9 1 7 6 .0 1 8 7 .5 1 4 1 .9 2 5 6 .3 2 6 5 .4 (2 ) 2 8 1 .4 2 6 4 .4 0 1 -8 E g g s ............................................................................................................................... H ay, hayseeds, and oilseeds ....................................................................... 2 8 2 .1 2 9 7 .0 2 7 2 .4 2 4 5 .8 2 4 2 .6 2 2 8 .4 2 1 9 .1 2 2 7 .3 2 2 7 .4 2 2 6 .2 2 1 4 .6 0 1 -9 O ther fa rm p r o d u c t s ............................................................................... 2 8 5 .4 2 7 8 .9 2 7 7 .7 2 7 9 .7 2 8 8 .2 2 7 9 .1 2 7 7 .4 2 8 4 .3 2 9 6 .5 r2 9 4 .0 2 9 5 .2 2 9 3 .8 2 8 9 .4 2 7 5 .0 2 6 7 .5 2 6 4 .8 r2 6 2 .6 1 6 1 .5 P rocessed fo o d s and f e e d s ................................................................................... 2 6 5 .3 2 6 3 .4 2 6 7 .1 2 6 7 .2 2 6 4 .8 2 6 3 .6 0 2 -1 Cereal and bakery p r o d u c t s ........................................................................... 2 7 0 .4 2 6 7 .1 2 6 7 .4 2 6 8 .3 2 6 8 .7 2 7 1 .4 2 7 2 .3 2 7 1 .7 2 7 1 .9 2 7 2 .7 2 7 2 .6 2 7 3 .7 2 7 6 .1 2 7 8 .2 0 2 -2 M e a ts , poultry, and f i s h ................................................................................... 2 5 5 .1 2 5 4 .6 2 6 4 .4 2 6 1 .7 2 5 7 .1 2 4 7 .4 2 5 8 .7 2 5 2 .2 2 4 9 .5 r2 4 5 .5 2 5 2 .5 2 5 8 .8 2 5 9 .1 2 5 5 .9 0 2 -3 D airy products 2 5 1 .7 2 4 8 .4 2 4 8 .8 2 4 8 .9 2 4 8 .9 2 4 9 .6 2 5 1 .4 2 5 1 .2 2 5 5 .0 r2 5 6 .4 2 5 7 .4 2 5 5 .9 2 5 5 .4 2 5 4 .1 0 2 -4 Processed fru its and v e g e t a b le s ................................................................... 2 9 4 .2 2 9 2 .8 2 9 5 .4 2 9 5 .1 2 9 7 .7 2 9 8 .2 2 9 6 .2 2 9 5 .7 2 9 1 .8 r2 9 5 .8 2 9 1 .7 2 9 2 .6 2 9 6 .7 2 9 5 .4 02 ....................................................................................................... 2 6 7 .3 2 6 4 .4 2 6 5 .5 2 6 5 .1 2 6 3 .9 0 2 -5 S ugar and c o n fe c tio n e r y ................................................................................... 3 0 1 .4 3 0 0 .5 3 0 1 .1 3 0 1 .9 3 0 3 .8 3 0 4 .1 3 0 5 .0 3 0 3 .7 3 0 2 .4 r2 9 9 .8 2 9 7 .1 2 9 6 .3 2 9 3 .1 2 9 0 .4 0 2 -6 0 2 -7 Beverages and beverage m aterials ........................................................... Fats and oils ........................................................................................................... 2 7 3 .2 3 0 1 .2 2 7 0 .2 2 7 3 .3 2 6 9 .9 2 8 6 .2 2 7 1 .4 2 9 3 .4 2 7 3 .5 3 2 8 .5 2 7 2 .8 3 2 8 .1 2 7 3 .9 3 1 2 .7 2 7 4 .6 3 0 5 .9 2 7 4 .6 2 9 8 .5 r2 7 6 .1 r3 0 1 .6 2 7 6 .2 3 1 0 .9 2 7 5 .9 2 9 7 .6 2 7 6 .2 2 8 0 .4 2 7 7 .6 2 8 6 .0 0 2 -8 M iscellaneou s processed f o o d s ................................................................... 2 7 8 .2 2 7 5 .4 2 7 5 .2 2 7 6 .3 2 7 6 .2 2 7 9 .9 2 8 1 .3 2 8 0 .4 2 8 1 .1 r2 8 1 .2 2 8 2 .0 2 8 2 .2 2 8 1 .9 0 2 -9 Prepared anim al f e e d s ....................................................................................... 2 2 0 .5 2 3 1 .1 2 3 5 .3 2 3 6 .3 2 3 2 .3 2 2 5 .5 2 1 6 .7 2 1 3 .9 2 0 9 .2 2 0 2 .4 1 9 9 .7 1 9 8 .8 1 9 7 .8 2 8 0 .7 1 9 3 .7 Textile products and a p p a r e l ............................................................................... 209 9 2 0 9 .6 2 0 9 .9 209 9 2 1 0 .5 2 1 0 .2 2 1 0 .5 2 1 0 .1 2 1 0 .7 r2 1 0 .4 2 1 0 .0 2 1 0 .6 1 5 9 .6 1 6 1 .4 1 6 0 .7 1 6 0 .7 1 6 0 .6 1 6 0 .5 1 60.1 1 5 9 .9 1 5 9 .2 1 5 8 .2 1 5 7 .5 2 0 9 .8 1 5 7 .4 2 1 0 .4 Synthetic fibers ( 1 2 /7 5 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................... 1 5 7 .6 1 5 7 .7 1 4 2 .2 r 1 4 1 .4 1 4 0 .9 1 4 0 .7 1 4 1 .2 1 4 1 .9 1 5 3 .7 1 5 3 .2 I N D U S T R IA L C O M M O D IT IE S 03 0 3 -1 0 3 -2 P rocessed yarns and thread s (1 2 /7 5 = 1 0 0 ) .................................... 1 4 2 .7 1 4 4 .0 1 4 4 .0 1 4 3 .6 1 4 4 .3 1 4 3 .8 1 4 3 .7 1 42.1 0 3 -3 G ray fa brics (1 2 /7 5 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................... 1 5 3 .7 1 5 2 .8 1 5 3 .2 1 5 3 .0 1 5 3 .7 1 5 4 .3 1 5 4 .5 1 5 4 .4 1 5 4 .6 r 1 5 4 .8 0 3 -4 Finished fabrics ( 1 2 /7 5 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................... 1 2 6 .5 1 2 6 .3 1 2 7 .0 1 2 6 .9 1 2 7 .3 127.1 1 2 6 .9 1 2 7 .1 1 2 7 .3 r1 2 6 .9 1 2 6 .1 1 2 5 .8 1 2 6 .5 1 2 6 .9 0 3 -8 1 Appare 2 0 1 .1 2 0 0 .5 2 0 0 .7 2 0 0 .7 2 0 1 .3 2 0 0 .8 2 0 1 .6 2 0 1 .0 2 0 2 .2 r2 0 1 .9 2 0 1 .6 2 0 1 .8 2 0 2 .6 2 0 2 .8 ............................ 2 3 9 .2 2 3 6 .6 2 3 7 .6 2 3 8 .1 2 3 8 .8 2 3 9 .0 2 3 9 .1 2 4 0 .0 2 4 0 .5 r2 4 1 .3 2 4 1 .4 2 4 1 .3 2 4 2 .2 2 4 3 .1 H ides, skins, leather, and related p r o d u c t s ................................................ 2 8 6 .5 2 8 3 .3 2 8 6 .7 2 8 6 .8 2 8 8 .5 2 9 0 .1 2 8 8 .9 2 9 8 .7 r2 8 7 .7 2 8 3 .2 2 8 2 .9 2 8 4 .3 2 8 4 .8 3 7 2 .3 3 6 2 .0 3 7 8 .0 3 8 6 .7 3 9 0 .7 3 8 7 .8 3 8 3 .2 3 7 8 .1 2 8 8 .7 3 7 1 .4 r3 6 9 .3 3 6 0 .1 3 5 3 .1 3 5 7 .7 3 5 1 .9 O S -8 2 04 ....................................................................................................................... Textile h o u s e fu r n is h in g s ................................................ 0 4 -2 Leather ...................................................................................................................... 0 4 -3 Footw ear 0 4 -4 O ther leather and related products ................................................................................................................... ........................................................... 1 5 4 .7 1 5 3 .1 2 5 1 .2 2 5 2 .5 2 5 3 .5 2 5 1 .6 2 5 1 .5 2 5 0 .5 2 5 0 .1 2 5 0 .9 2 5 2 .0 r2 5 2 .1 2 4 9 .1 2 4 9 .6 2 5 2 .4 2 5 6 .6 2 6 5 .0 2 5 7 .3 2 5 7 .3 2 5 8 .1 2 5 9 .8 2 6 7 .9 2 6 7 .2 2 6 7 .7 2 6 7 .6 r2 6 8 1 2 7 2 .1 2 7 1 .0 2 7 3 .3 2 7 3 .5 6 5 4 .7 6 6 0 .6 5 4 7 ,4 6 6 5 .9 5 4 4 .3 6 5 7 .9 6 5 2 .3 r6 5 4 .4 5 4 8 .1 5 5 0 .0 5 4 9 .1 r5 4 8 .9 5 4 6 .4 5 4 8 .2 5 5 0 .5 5 5 0 .1 4 4 1 .6 1 ,1 0 4 .1 4 4 2 .9 4 4 1 .9 4 3 7 .3 4 3 5 .7 4 3 2 .4 4 3 2 .8 4 3 5 .0 4 3 9 .7 4 3 9 .8 1 ,1 0 9 .1 1 ,1 1 0 .8 1 ,1 1 6 .9 1 ,1 0 4 .6 r 1 , 1 1 2 .5 4 5 6 .4 r4 4 5 .4 1 ,1 1 0 .1 4 4 3 .4 1 ,1 0 1 .8 1 ,0 7 5 .5 4 4 6 .4 1 ,0 6 8 .7 Fuels and related products and p o w e r ........................................................... 6 5 7 .0 6 5 6 .0 0 5 -1 C o a l ............................................................................................................................... 5 4 6 .2 5 4 2 .0 C o k e .............................................................................................................................. 5 4 6 .0 4 3 6 .4 5 4 4 .7 0 5 -2 4 3 7 .9 438 9 4 4 2 .8 0 5 -3 0 5 -4 Gas fu e ls 3 1 ,1 0 7 .8 4 2 4 .4 1 ,0 9 1 .0 1 ,1 0 2 .1 4 2 6 .7 4 3 1 .5 4 4 6 .7 4 5 3 .5 4 5 6 .7 0 5 -6 1 Crude p etroleum 4 6 7 0 .5 6 7 5 .6 6 7 3 .9 6 7 3 .3 6 7 2 .6 6 7 1 .1 6 7 0 .6 r6 6 9 .8 6 5 8 .5 6 5 2 .6 6 3 1 .1 616 0 Petroleum products, refined5 6 6 5 .3 6 6 9 .8 6 7 5 .6 6 8 0 .2 6 7 3 .9 0 5 -7 6 6 7 .0 6 7 7 .6 6 7 9 .7 6 7 3 .3 6 5 4 .8 6 4 6 .5 r6 5 5 .5 6 6 1 .8 6 5 2 .5 6 3 6 .2 6 1 5 .9 r3 0 1 .3 05 06 ............................................................................................................... Electric p ow er . . . ........................................................................................... ............................................................................................... ....................................................................... 1 ,1 0 9 .9 4 4 0 .0 4 4 1 .2 6 3 7 .6 6 2 5 .9 4 4 6 .4 3 0 0 .9 3 0 2 .0 3 0 2 .7 3 0 1 .1 3 0 0 .9 3 0 1 .0 3 0 1 .7 Industrial chem icals6 ........................................................................................... 3 4 1 .4 3 3 7 .6 3 4 4 .7 3 4 5 .4 3 4 5 .3 3 4 5 .4 3 4 5 .6 3 4 0 .9 3 3 7 .7 r3 3 5 .9 3 3 4 .7 3 3 5 .2 3 3 7 .7 3 3 6 .4 Prepared paint 2 7 2 .5 2 6 7 .3 2 6 7 .3 2 6 8 .7 2 7 0 .0 2 7 0 .9 3 3 7 .4 2 7 4 .0 2 7 6 .4 2 7 7 .0 r2 7 7 .8 2 7 7 .3 2 7 8 .2 2 7 9 .0 3 3 4 .3 3 3 3 .0 2 7 7 .0 3 3 4 .1 3 3 7 .6 3 3 4 .8 3 0 1 .6 302 2 0 6 -2 2 Paint m a t e r i a l s ....................................................................................................... 0 6 -3 0 6 -4 ........................................................................... 2 4 0 .4 2 3 4 .4 2 3 7 .6 2 3 9 .8 2 4 0 .1 2 3 7 .3 2 4 0 .5 2 4 0 .7 2 3 9 .7 r2 4 4 .7 2 4 7 .7 2 4 5 .4 2 4 8 .0 2 5 1 .5 Fats and oils, i n e d i b l e ....................................................................................... 3 7 1 .3 3 4 9 .0 3 6 6 .7 3 8 3 .2 3 9 9 .2 4 1 4 .3 3 7 8 .8 3 5 0 .1 3 5 9 .4 r3 6 5 .1 3 7 8 .7 3 7 6 .2 3 5 6 .6 3 4 2 .5 0 6 -5 A gricultural chem icals and chem ical p r o d u c t s .................................... 2 8 4 .7 2 8 5 .9 2 8 8 .1 2 8 8 .4 2 8 6 .8 2 8 6 .5 2 8 5 .0 2 8 3 .0 2 8 5 .0 r2 8 5 .5 2 8 1 .8 2 8 2 .6 2 8 2 .3 2 8 1 .6 3 0 6 .8 D rugs and pharm aceuticals 328 7 3 0 2 .6 6 4 8 .9 Chem icals and allied p r o d u c t s ........................................................................... 3 1 7 .9 3 0 2 .2 6 5 5 .3 0 6 -1 3 1 4 .2 3 0 0 .1 4 3 3 .1 6 6 5 .0 0 6 -2 1 3 2 9 .7 296 5 6 5 8 .7 r3 3 2 .5 3 3 4 .6 3 3 2 .0 3 3 2 .9 0 6 -6 P lastic resins and m a t e r ia ls ........................................................................... 3 0 8 .6 3 0 5 .0 3 0 6 .2 3 0 7 .8 3 1 0 .6 3 1 1 .1 3 1 0 .6 3 1 0 .3 3 1 1 .8 r3 0 9 .4 3 0 8 .8 3 0 7 .2 3 0 2 .9 0 6 -7 O ther chem icals and allied products ....................................................... 2 7 7 .3 2 7 3 .3 2 7 5 .2 2 7 7 .0 2 7 7 .2 2 7 5 .9 2 7 7 .3 2 7 8 .3 2 7 9 .6 r2 7 9 .7 2 8 1 .2 2 8 0 .4 2 8 1 .7 2 8 2 .0 ....................................................................................... 2 4 7 .2 2 4 6 .2 2 4 6 .4 2 4 7 .3 2 4 7 .5 2 4 7 .6 2 4 7 .5 2 4 7 .7 2 4 8 .3 r2 4 6 .6 2 4 7 .7 2 4 7 .5 2 4 8 .4 2 4 6 .7 2 6 6 .3 2 6 6 .5 2 6 6 .7 07 R ubb er plastic products 0 7 -1 R ubber and rubber p ro d u c t s ........................................................................... 2 6 6 .9 2 6 6 .8 2 6 5 .5 2 6 7 .2 2 6 6 .5 2 6 7 .6 2 6 8 .1 r2 6 4 .8 2 6 7 .1 2 6 8 .0 2 6 5 .7 0 7 -1 1 C rude rubber .......................................................................................................... 2 7 6 .8 2 8 2 .8 2 8 3 .0 2 8 2 .3 2 7 7 .7 2 7 7 .2 2 7 5 .6 r2 7 1 .2 2 7 0 .3 2 7 2 .2 2 7 5 .5 2 7 3 .4 Tires and t u b e s ...................................................................................................... 2 4 3 .7 243 7 2 4 1 .7 2 4 3 .2 2 4 3 .0 2 4 3 .5 2 4 4 .2 r2 3 9 .2 2 4 3 .9 2 4 3 .7 2 4 5 .1 2 4 0 .8 0 7 -1 3 M iscellaneou s rubber products ................................................................... 2 9 0 .5 2 8 8 .4 2 8 7 .4 2 4 3 .5 289 8 2 7 3 .0 2 4 3 .7 2 7 3 .9 0 7 -1 2 2 8 9 .3 2 9 0 .5 2 9 0 .0 2 9 3 .7 2 9 4 .0 r2 9 2 .9 2 9 2 .0 2 9 2 .7 2 9 2 .3 P lastic products (6 /7 8 = 1 0 0 ) 3 0 3 .3 ................................................................... 1 3 9 .5 1 3 8 .4 1 3 9 .4 1 3 9 .4 1 4 0 .2 1 4 0 .2 1 4 0 .2 1 3 9 .7 140.1 r1 4 0 .1 1 4 0 .2 1 3 9 .8 2 9 2 .1 1 4 0 .4 3 0 7 .5 3 1 5 .7 3 1 6 .8 3 0 7 .1 3 0 4 .4 3 0 4 .7 3 0 3 .3 r3 0 0 .3 r3 3 4 .3 3 0 1 .1 3 4 9 .8 3 1 5 .1 3 6 9 .4 3 0 8 .5 0 8 -1 L um ber and wood products ............................................................................... L u m b e r ....................................................................................................................... 3 0 4 .3 3 4 3 .2 0 8 -2 3 1 2 .4 0 7 -2 08 1 3 9 .6 3 5 0 .5 3 4 2 .6 3 4 2 .3 3 0 7 .2 3 0 4 .2 3 0 5 .3 3 0 6 .8 3 0 7 .2 3 3 8 .2 3 0 7 .4 3 3 6 .8 3 0 7 .8 3 7 0 .5 3 0 9 .9 3 5 5 .6 M i l lw o r k ...................................................................................................................... 3 6 4 .9 3 0 8 .8 3 0 3 .3 3 3 9 .6 r3 0 7 .0 3 0 9 .8 3 1 2 .5 0 8 -3 P iy w o o d ....................................................................................................................... 2 4 1 .6 2 4 9 .5 2 4 8 .6 2 4 3 .6 2 3 5 .4 2 3 6 .3 2 3 7 .2 2 4 5 .9 2 4 3 .4 2 4 0 .1 2 3 4 .0 2 2 6 .6 Other w o od p r o d u c t s ........................................................................................... 234 6 2 3 0 .8 2 3 1 .8 2 3 3 .3 234 7 2 3 5 .0 2 3 5 .2 2 3 6 .5 2 3 5 .9 r2 3 6 .6 2 3 5 .0 2 3 6 .6 2 3 5 .8 0 8 -4 2 3 8 .8 2 3 8 .2 2 3 6 .6 See foo tn o tes at end of table. 90 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 342 9 3 1 1 .5 24. C o n tin u ed — P roducer Price Indexes, by com m o dity groupings [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] Annual Code C o m m o d it y g r o u p a n d s u b g r o u p 1984 1985 a verag e 1984 Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly A ug. S e p t. O c t .1 Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. 3 2 6 .9 I N D U S T R IA L C O M M O D IT IE S — C o n t in u e d 09 Pulp, paper, and allied p r o d u c t s ....................................................................... 3 1 8 .3 3 1 2 .0 3 1 4 .0 3 1 6 .3 3 1 7 .7 3 1 8 .4 3 1 9 .8 3 2 1 .3 3 2 2 .0 r3 2 3 .1 3 2 3 .8 3 2 3 .2 3 2 6 .6 0 9 -1 Pulp, p aper.a nd p ro d u cts,excluding building paper and board 2 9 3 .1 2 8 5 .0 2 8 8 .3 2 9 1 .5 2 9 2 .7 2 9 3 .3 2 9 5 .7 2 9 6 .3 2 9 7 .5 r2 9 9 .3 2 9 9 .4 2 9 8 .4 2 9 7 .8 2 9 7 .4 0 9 -1 1 W o o d p u lp .................................................................................................................. 3 9 6 .6 3 7 4 .2 3 7 8 .6 4 0 1 .1 4 0 7 .9 4 1 0 .3 4 1 0 .6 4 1 0 .2 4 0 9 .1 r4 0 8 .2 3 9 8 .4 3 9 2 .7 3 8 3 .5 3 6 8 .4 0 9 -1 2 W a s te p a p e r ............................................................................................................... 2 4 0 .1 2 2 9 .3 2 4 2 .9 2 5 8 .8 2 5 9 .3 2 5 7 .3 2 5 4 .7 2 5 4 .5 2 4 9 .6 3 0 3 .2 2 9 6 .6 2 9 9 .8 3 0 0 .4 3 0 1 .3 3 0 1 .6 3 0 7 .7 3 0 7 .0 3 0 6 .7 r3 0 6 .7 3 0 8 .2 3 0 7 .1 307 Æ 3 0 4 .7 2 8 1 .1 2 7 1 .8 2 7 5 .6 2 7 7 .1 2 7 7 .8 2 7 9 .1 2 7 9 .1 2 8 5 .1 2 8 8 .6 r2 9 3 .7 2 9 3 .4 2 9 2 .4 2 8 8 .9 2 8 7 .8 2 2 1 .4 2 0 6 .0 1 9 0 .8 1 9 2 .6 Paper P aperboard 0 9 -1 5 Converted paper and paperboard p r o d u c t s ........................................... 2 8 0 .9 2 7 3 .7 2 7 6 .5 2 7 9 .1 2 8 0 .1 2 8 0 .6 2 8 2 .1 282 4 2 8 4 .4 r2 8 6 .9 2 8 8 .1 2 8 8 .0 2 8 9 .0 2 9 1 .0 0 9 -2 Building paper and board 2 5 8 .9 2 5 5 .1 2 5 8 .6 2 6 3 .8 2 6 5 .2 2 6 5 .1 2 6 2 .9 2 5 9 .8 2 5 9 .4 r2 5 7 .7 2 5 3 .5 2 5 3 .6 2 5 5 .2 2 5 6 .2 10 .......................................................................................................................... 2 3 5 .6 0 9 -1 3 0 9 -1 4 ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................... M e tals and m etal p r o d u c t s ................................................................................... 3 1 6 .0 3 1 6 .8 3 1 7 .9 3 1 6 .1 3 1 6 .2 3 1 5 .6 r3 1 6 .0 3 1 6 .2 3 1 5 .3 3 1 4 .8 3 1 5 .6 1 0 -1 Iron and s t e e l .......................................................................................................... 3 5 7 .0 3 5 6 .2 3 5 6 .5 3 5 6 .5 3 5 7 .3 3 5 7 .0 3 5 7 .4 3 5 7 .4 3 5 7 .9 r3 5 8 .4 3 5 7 .7 3 5 7 .4 3 5 7 .4 3 5 7 .7 1 0 -1 7 Steel m ill p r o d u c t s ............................................................................................... 3 6 6 .0 3 6 3 .6 3 1 4 .8 3 6 3 .6 3 6 4 .2 3 6 4 .7 3 6 5 .4 3 6 7 .6 2 8 9 .1 2 8 4 .1 2 8 2 .8 2 7 7 .0 2 7 5 .3 2 7 1 .8 r2 6 6 .8 2 6 9 .5 2 6 5 .6 2 6 2 .8 2 6 5 .2 3 4 5 .3 3 4 8 .0 3 4 8 .0 3 4 8 .0 3 5 2 .0 3 5 2 .3 r3 5 7 .4 3 5 7 .5 3 5 7 .5 3 5 7 .6 3 5 8 .3 2 9 4 .6 2 9 7 .1 2 9 8 .0 2 9 9 .0 r2 9 9 .9 2 9 9 .1 3 0 0 .2 3 0 1 .9 3 0 2 .5 1 0 -2 Nonferro us m e t a l s ............................................................................................... 2 7 7 .0 2 8 0 .2 1 0 -3 M e tal containers 3 5 0 .1 3 4 4 .8 2 8 6 .1 3 4 5 .4 2 9 6 .5 2 9 4 .0 2 9 4 .4 ................................................................................................... 3 1 7 .4 3 1 7 .3 3 6 8 .1 3 6 8 .1 r3 6 8 .6 3 6 8 .1 3 6 8 .0 3 6 7 .4 3 6 7 .2 1 0 -4 H a r d w a r e ................................................................................................................... 2 9 5 .3 2 9 6 .2 1 0 -5 P lum b ing fixtures and brass fittings ....................................................... 3 0 0 .6 2 9 6 .4 2 9 9 .9 3 0 1 .5 3 0 1 .6 3 0 2 .4 3 0 2 .8 3 0 4 .6 3 0 4 .4 r3 0 6 .2 3 0 1 .4 3 0 2 .7 3 0 6 .4 3 0 7 .1 1 0 -6 Heating e q u i p m e n t ............................................................................................... 2 5 3 .2 2 4 8 .1 2 4 8 .5 2 5 0 .3 2 5 2 .4 2 5 2 .7 2 5 5 .2 2 5 5 .5 2 5 5 .7 r2 5 6 .1 2 5 6 .3 2 5 6 .4 2 5 6 .6 2 5 7 .4 1 0 -7 Fabricated structural m etal products ....................................................... 3 1 0 .8 3 0 8 .3 3 0 9 .3 3 1 0 .6 3 1 1 .2 3 1 2 .1 r3 1 3 8 3 1 3 .0 3 1 3 .2 3 1 2 .8 3 1 3 .3 M iscellaneou s m etal p r o d u c t s ....................................................................... 2 9 5 .0 292.1 2 9 3 .1 2 9 3 .4 2 9 4 .3 3 1 1 .7 2 9 4 .1 3 1 2 .3 1 0 -8 3 0 7 .0 2 9 1 .1 2 9 5 .0 2 9 5 .8 r3 0 1 .5 3 0 1 .3 3 0 1 .6 3 0 1 .8 3 0 1 .9 2 9 3 .1 2 9 0 .2 2 9 1 .0 2 9 2 .2 2 9 3 .1 2 9 4 .0 2 9 4 .1 2 9 4 .3 r2 9 4 .8 2 9 5 .7 2 9 5 .6 2 9 6 .7 2 9 7 .4 3 3 1 .4 3 3 2 .9 3 3 5 .5 2 9 2 .6 3 3 8 .2 3 3 7 .8 3 3 8 .6 3 3 8 .8 3 3 7 .2 r3 3 7 .3 3 3 7 .2 3 3 7 .6 3 3 8 .5 3 3 8 .3 r3 5 7 .5 3 5 8 .2 3 6 0 .4 11 M a chinery and e q uipm en t ................................................................................... 1 1 -1 A gricultural m achinery and eq uipm en t ................................................... 3 3 6 .2 1 1 -2 C onstruction m achinery and e q u ip m e n t................................................... 3 5 7 .5 3 5 5 .3 3 5 7 .5 3 5 7 .8 3 5 8 .1 3 5 8 .3 3 5 6 .9 3 5 7 .2 1 1 -3 M e talw orkin g m achinery and e q u i p m e n t ............................................... 3 3 3 .8 3 3 0 .2 3 3 0 .6 3 3 2 .6 3 3 3 .5 3 3 3 .4 3 3 4 .2 3 3 4 .7 3 3 5 .6 r3 3 7 . 1 3 3 7 .8 3 3 8 .2 3 3 8 .0 3 3 9 .4 11 4 General purpose m achinery and eq uipm en t 3 1 4 .1 3 1 0 .9 3 1 1 .7 3 1 3 .1 3 1 3 .2 3 1 4 .0 3 1 5 .2 3 1 5 .5 3 1 5 .9 r3 1 6 .0 3 1 6 .5 3 1 6 .5 3 1 8 .0 3 1 8 .5 1 1 -6 Special industry m achinery and e q u ip m e n t ........................................... 3 5 6 .9 ....................................... 3 4 8 .5 3 5 5 .9 3 4 3 .2 3 4 4 .6 3 4 6 .8 3 4 8 .2 3 4 8 .6 3 6 1 .7 3 5 2 .8 3 5 1 .1 r3 5 1 .5 3 5 1 .0 3 5 1 .8 3 5 5 .6 1 1 -7 Electrical m achinery and e q u ip m e n t ........................................................... 2 4 8 .6 2 4 5 .7 2 4 6 .7 2 4 7 .7 2 4 8 .1 2 4 9 .1 2 4 9 .4 2 4 9 .4 2 4 9 .8 r2 5 0 .8 2 5 1 .2 2 5 1 .5 2 5 2 .2 2 5 3 .0 1 1 -9 M iscellaneou s m achinery 2 7 5 .0 2 7 4 .3 2 7 4 .5 2 7 4 .6 2 7 3 .7 2 7 3 .9 2 7 4 .2 2 7 4 .1 2 7 4 .5 r2 7 4 .4 2 7 6 .9 2 7 5 .7 2 7 6 .2 2 7 6 .7 2 1 8 .6 2 1 7 .2 2 1 7 .4 2 1 8 .2 12 ............................................................................... Furniture and household d u r a b l e s ................................................................... 2 1 9 .1 2 1 9 .1 3 5 1 .9 3 6 0 .1 2 1 9 .2 2 1 9 .2 2 1 9 .0 r2 1 9 .2 2 1 9 .6 2 1 9 .7 2 2 0 .3 2 2 0 .7 1 2 -1 H ouse hold fu rn itu re ........................................................................................... 2 4 2 .0 2 3 9 .1 2 4 0 .0 2 4 0 .8 2 4 1 .5 2 4 2 .3 2 4 2 .2 2 4 2 .7 2 4 3 .4 r2 4 4 .3 2 4 4 .9 2 4 5 .4 2 4 7 .1 2 4 7 .4 1 2 -2 Com m ercial f u r n i t u r e ........................................................................................... 2 9 7 .3 2 9 4 .7 2 9 4 .7 2 9 6 .1 2 9 7 .4 2 9 7 .0 2 9 8 .1 2 9 8 .4 2 9 7 .5 r2 9 7 .3 3 0 1 .0 1 2 -3 Floor c o v e r in g s ....................................................................................................... 1 9 0 .5 1 8 8 .4 1 8 8 .3 1 8 8 .2 1 9 1 .7 1 9 2 .7 1 9 2 .7 1 9 2 .6 1 9 2 .5 1 8 9 .3 1 9 2 .7 1 9 1 .1 H ouse hold appliances 2 1 1 .3 2 1 0 .7 2 1 0 .9 2 1 0 .9 2 1 0 .8 2 1 1 .1 2 1 1 .5 2 1 1 .9 2 1 1 .8 2 1 2 .0 2 1 1 .3 2 1 1 .2 1 2 -5 H om e electronic e q u i p m e n t ........................................................................... 8 3 .7 8 4.1 8 4 .0 8 4 .9 8 4 .5 8 3 .9 8 4 .2 8 3 .8 2 1 1 .6 8 3.1 r19 3 .0 r2 1 1.1 1 8 9 .2 1 2 -4 1 2 -6 O ther household durable g o o d s ................................................................... 3 1 8 .3 3 1 6 .8 3 1 6 .7 3 1 9 .1 3 2 1 .6 3 1 9 .9 3 1 8 .6 3 1 6 .8 3 1 6 .8 13 ....................................................................................... N onm etalllc m ineral products 2 9 9 .8 3 0 0 .1 3 0 2 .3 r8 3 .1 8 3 .1 8 2 .7 8 0 .9 8 1 .8 r3 1 7 .7 3 1 9 .2 3 2 0 .1 3 2 3 .1 3 2 3 .6 ........................................................................... 3 3 7 .3 3 3 2 .2 3 3 3 .4 3 3 5 .8 3 3 7 .6 3 3 8 .3 3 3 9 .8 3 4 0 .8 3 4 0 .5 r3 4 0 .0 3 3 9 .5 3 3 9 .9 3 4 2 .3 3 4 2 .7 1 3 -1 1 Flat g l a s s ................................................................................................................... 2 2 4 .0 2 2 9 .9 2 2 9 .1 2 3 0 .2 2 2 6 .1 2 2 6 .3 2 2 6 .3 2 1 9 .6 2 1 9 .7 r2 1 9 .9 2 1 7 .4 2 1 8 .1 1 3 -2 Concrete in g r e d ie n t s ........................................................................................... 3 2 5 .8 3 1 9 .9 3 2 4 .2 3 2 4 .3 3 2 8 .0 3 2 6 .7 3 2 7 .1 3 2 8 .4 3 2 8 .2 r3 2 7 .6 3 2 9 .5 2 2 1 .0 3 3 1 .4 2 2 0 .9 3 3 4 .1 1 3 -3 1 3 -4 Concrete p r o d u c t s ............................................................................................... 3 0 9 .5 3 0 5 .9 3 0 6 .3 3 0 8 .8 3 0 9 .4 3 1 0 .0 3 1 0 .6 3 1 1 .3 3 1 1 .7 r3 1 2 .0 3 1 1 .4 3 1 2 .1 3 1 4 .8 3 1 4 .3 Stru ctural clay products, excluding refractories ................................ 2 8 6 .6 2 8 3 .7 2 8 4 .3 2 8 5 .0 2 8 5 .6 2 8 6 .2 2 8 6 .4 2 8 8 .2 2 8 9 .4 r2 8 9 .5 2 8 8 .4 2 8 9 .0 2 9 0 .7 2 9 1 .0 1 3 -5 R e f r a c to r ie s ............................................................................................................... 3 6 1 .5 3 5 6 .0 3 6 1 .1 3 9 2 .3 339 4 1 3 -6 Aspha lt r o o f i n g ...................................................................................................... 3 9 9 .5 1 3 -7 1 3 -8 G ypsum products ............................................................................................... Glass c o n t a in e r s ................................................................................................... 3 4 6 .5 3 6 0 .7 1 3 -9 O ther nonm eta lllc m inerals ........................................................................... T ransportation equ ip m en t (1 2 /6 8 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................... 14 3 6 1 .8 3 6 1 .8 3 6 1 .8 3 6 1 .8 3 6 1 .6 3 6 1 .6 r3 6 1 .6 3 6 6 .6 3 2 9 .3 3 6 6 .6 3 6 7 .0 3 6 7 .0 3 8 5 .6 3 9 6 .2 3 9 8 .7 3 9 4 .2 3 9 4 .5 4 0 8 .4 4 0 8 .0 r4 0 9 .1 4 1 0 .6 4 1 2 .0 4 0 9 .9 4 0 8 .3 3 5 3 .0 3 5 9 .7 r3 3 9 .0 3 3 2 .3 3 6 4 .6 509 8 r3 6 4 .9 r5 0 8 9 3 6 4 .9 5 0 5 .5 3 2 8 .5 3 6 3 .7 3 6 4 .2 5 0 0 .0 366 3 5 0 7 .1 3 2 9 .3 3 6 4 .1 3 3 0 .2 3 6 5 .0 4 9 9 .2 3 5 9 .5 3 6 6 .1 5 1 1 .4 3 5 5 .4 3 5 8 .0 4 9 1 .3 3 6 0 .9 3 6 1 .9 4 9 4 .9 3 6 0 .3 3 5 0 .6 4 8 8 .1 3 3 9 .6 3 5 1 .6 4 9 0 .8 5 0 7 .2 5 1 3 .3 5 1 3 .3 2 6 2 .6 2 6 2 .2 2 6 2 .4 2 6 3 .4 2 6 2 .5 2 6 2 .2 2 6 2 .5 2 6 2 .3 2 5 7 .8 r2 6 5 .0 2 6 5 .2 2 6 5 .4 2 6 7 .9 r2 6 3 .8 2 6 3 .6 2 6 3 .9 2 6 6 .6 2 6 8 .1 2 6 6 .7 1 4 -1 M o to r vehicles and e q u ip m e n t....................................................................... 2 6 1 .3 2 6 1 .2 2 6 1 .5 2 6 1 .9 2 6 1 .4 2 6 1 .1 2 5 5 .2 Railroad e q u ip m e n t............................................................................................... 3 5 6 .6 3 5 1 .5 3 5 2 .0 3 8 0 .8 2 6 1 .5 3 5 4 .4 2 6 1 .1 1 4 -4 3 5 4 .4 3 5 6 .5 3 5 7 .7 3 5 7 .6 r3 5 8 .8 3 5 8 .8 3 5 8 .8 3 5 8 .9 3 6 1 .7 M iscellaneou s p r o d u c t s ........................................................................................... 2 9 6 .0 2 9 4 .9 2 9 4 .9 2 9 4 .6 2 9 4 .3 2 9 5 .7 2 9 7 .3 2 9 8 .2 2 9 6 .7 2 9 7 .0 2 9 7 .1 299 9 3 0 0 .7 15 1 5 -1 Toys, s porting goods, sm all arm s, a m m u n i t io n ................................ 2 2 7 .1 2 2 7 .8 2 2 7 .0 1 5 -2 Tobacco products ............................................................................................... N o t i o n s ............................................................................................... 3 9 9 .5 3 9 0 .3 2 2 7 .6 3 9 0 .4 F2 9 6 .5 r2 2 7 .4 3 9 0 .4 3 9 0 .6 4 0 0 .2 4 0 8 .7 4 0 6 .7 4 0 6 .7 r4 0 2 .3 4 0 7 .1 4 0 6 .9 4 2 3 .8 2 3 1 .8 4 2 0 .4 2 8 3 .2 2 8 2 .2 2 8 2 .2 2 8 3 .0 2 8 3 .9 2 8 3 .9 2 8 3 .9 2 8 3 .9 2 8 3 .9 2 8 3 .5 2 8 3 .5 2 8 3 .6 2 8 3 .6 2 8 4 .1 2 1 2 .8 1 5 -3 1 5 -4 Photographic e q uipm en t and supplies ................................................... 2 1 4 .5 2 2 6 .5 2 2 6 .8 2 2 6 .5 2 2 6 .5 2 2 6 .5 2 2 7 .4 2 2 7 .5 2 2 8 .8 1 6 3 .3 1 6 2 .5 1 6 3 .8 1 6 3 .7 1 6 2 .7 1 6 2 .9 2 1 5 .5 1 6 3 .2 2 1 5 .5 M o b ile hom es (1 2 .7 4 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................................... 2 1 7 .9 1 6 2 .4 2 1 2 .7 1 5 -5 1 6 3 .6 r1 6 3 .6 1 6 4 .8 $ 2 1 2 .9 1 6 4 .7 1 6 4 .7 1 6 4 .4 1 5 -9 O ther m iscellaneo us p r o d u c t s ....................................................................... 3 5 0 .4 3 5 0 .5 3 5 4 .2 3 5 1 .9 3 5 0 .4 3 5 0 .0 3 5 0 .1 3 5 3 .2 3 4 6 .9 r3 4 8 .5 3 4 9 .3 3 4 9 .3 3 4 6 .5 3 5 0 .0 1 Data fo r O ctober 1 9 8 4 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 m onths after original publication. 2 N ot available. 3 Price s fo r natural gas are lagged 1 m o n th . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 1 3 .6 213 6 2 1 3 .6 2 1 3 .8 r2 1 5 .6 2 1 3 .8 2 1 3 .9 4 lncludes only do m estic production, 5 M o st prices fo r refined petroleum products are lagged 1 m onth. 6 S om e prices for industrial chem icals are lagged 1 m o n th . r = revised. 91 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 25. P roducer Price Indexes, fo r special com m o dity groupings [ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o th e rw is e s p e c ifie d ] Annual C o m m o d it y g r o u p in g 1984 1985 av e ra g e 1984 Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly A ug. S e p t. O c t .1 Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. 3 1 3 .8 3 1 1 .9 3 1 3 .6 3 1 4 .2 3 1 4 .7 3 1 4 .8 3 1 5 .3 3 1 4 .4 3 1 3 .3 r3 1 4 .2 3 1 4 .7 3 1 4 .3 3 1 4 .4 3 1 3 .6 2 6 9 .4 2 7 0 .2 2 7 2 .9 2 7 0 .6 2 6 8 .9 2 6 7 .5 2 7 1 .7 2 6 9 .6 2 6 8 .6 r2 6 6 .6 2 6 7 .9 2 6 9 .5 2 6 8 .5 2 6 9 .6 P r o c e s s e d f o o d s .............................................................................................................. 2 7 0 .0 2 6 7 .0 2 7 1 .2 2 7 0 .9 2 7 1 .4 2 6 9 .0 2 7 2 .8 2 7 0 .0 2 6 9 .1 r2 6 8 .3 2 7 0 .9 2 7 2 .4 2 7 2 .0 2 7 0 .7 Industrial c o m m o d itie s less f u e l s ............................................................... 2 8 7 .6 2 8 5 .5 2 8 6 .7 2 8 7 .8 2 8 7 .8 2 8 8 .0 2 8 8 .2 2 8 8 .3 2 8 7 .6 r2 8 8 .7 2 8 9 .1 2 8 8 .9 2 9 0 .2 2 9 0 .6 Selected textile m ill products (D e c . 1 9 7 5 = 1 0 Q ) ............................ H osiery ....................................................................................................................... 1 4 2 .0 1 4 1 .3 1 4 1 .7 1 4 1 .7 1 4 2 .7 1 4 2 .7 1 4 2 .7 1 4 2 .9 1 4 3 .0 r1 4 2 .9 1 4 1 .9 1 4 1 .7 1 4 2 .7 1 4 3 .0 1 4 7 .6 1 4 7 .3 1 4 7 .4 1 4 7 .4 1 4 7 .4 1 4 7 .4 1 4 7 .9 1 4 8 .0 1 4 8 .0 1 48.1 1 48.1 1 4 7 .9 1 4 8 .4 1 4 8 .6 U nderw ear and nightw ear 2 2 9 .9 2 2 9 .8 r2 3 0 .9 2 2 9 .8 2 3 0 .9 2 2 8 .8 2 3 0 .2 2 3 0 .3 2 3 0 .6 r2 3 0 .6 2 2 9 .9 2 3 0 .5 2 3 2 .6 2 3 1 .9 2 9 0 .0 2 8 9 .6 2 9 0 .6 2 9 1 .2 A ll c o m m o d it ie s — le s s f a r m p r o d u c t s ......................................................... A ll f o o d s ............................................................................... Chem icals and allied products, including synthetic rubber and fibers and y a r n s ....................................................................................... 2 8 9 .7 2 8 6 .2 2 8 9 .1 2 9 0 .6 2 9 1 .1 2 9 0 .5 2 9 1 .3 2 9 0 .2 2 8 9 .9 r2 9 0 .0 Pharm aceutical p r e p a r a tio n s ........................................................................... 2 4 3 .3 2 3 5 .9 2 3 8 .8 2 4 1 .5 2 4 1 .9 2 4 0 .6 2 4 4 .6 2 4 5 .1 243 9 r2 4 9 .7 2 5 2 .2 2 5 0 .8 2 5 4 .0 2 5 7 .3 L um be r and w o od products, excluding m il lw o r k ................................ 3 1 8 .5 3 3 1 .4 3 3 4 .9 3 3 2 .5 3 2 0 .4 3 1 7 .2 3 1 2 .2 3 1 5 .0 3 1 1 .4 3 0 7 .6 3 0 7 .5 3 0 9 .7 3 1 1 .5 3 0 8 .8 ................ 3 6 3 .7 3 6 1 .1 3 6 1 .2 3 6 1 .8 3 6 2 .4 3 6 3 .1 3 6 5 .2 3 6 5 .8 3 6 5 .9 r3 6 6 .5 3 6 6 .0 3 6 5 .8 3 6 5 .3 3 6 5 .1 ............................................................................................................... 3 6 5 .5 3 6 3 .2 3 6 3 .1 3 6 3 .6 3 6 4 .1 3 6 4 .8 3 6 7 .0 3 6 7 .5 3 6 7 .5 r3 6 8 . 1 3 6 7 .6 3 6 7 .4 3 6 6 .9 3 6 6 .7 3 6 3 .0 3 6 0 .5 3 6 0 .5 3 6 1 .0 3 6 1 .6 3 6 2 .4 3 6 4 .4 3 6 5 .0 3 6 5 .1 r3 6 5 .7 3 6 5 .3 3 6 5 .1 3 6 4 .6 3 6 4 .4 Steel m ill products, including fabricated w ire products Finished steel m ill products, excluding fabricated w ire products Finished steel m ill products, including fabricated w ire products ............................................................................................................... Special m etals and m etal products ........................................................... 2 9 9 .9 2 9 9 .0 3 0 0 .3 3 0 1 .2 3 0 0 .8 3 0 0 .6 3 0 0 .0 2 9 9 .9 2 9 7 .2 r3 0 1 .0 3 0 1 .0 3 0 0 .6 3 0 1 .4 3 0 1 .9 Fabricated m etal p r o d u c t s ............................................................................... 3 0 3 .9 3 0 0 .0 3 0 1 .1 3 0 1 .9 3 0 2 .9 3 0 3 .6 3 0 3 .9 3 0 5 .0 3 0 5 .4 r3 0 8 .7 3 0 8 .1 3 0 8 .5 3 0 8 .8 3 0 9 .2 Copp er and copper p r o d u c t s ........................................................................... 1 8 5 .8 1 85.1 1 9 2 .9 1 9 9 .4 1 9 1 .8 1 8 9 .5 1 8 4 .4 1 8 3 .3 1 8 2 .5 r17 8.1 1 8 3 .4 1 7 9 .3 1 7 8 .4 1 8 4 .9 M a c h in e ry and m otive p r o d u c t s ................................................................... 2 8 6 .3 284 5 2 8 5 .0 2 8 6 .2 2 8 5 .9 2 8 6 .1 2 8 6 .8 2 8 6 .8 2 8 4 .8 r2 8 8 .4 2 8 8 .9 2 8 9 .0 2 9 0 .8 2 9 1 .3 M a c h in e ry and e q u ipm en t, except electrical ....................................... 3 1 9 .4 3 1 6 .5 3 1 7 .1 3 1 8 .5 3 1 8 .8 3 1 9 .2 3 2 0 .3 3 2 0 .6 3 2 0 .6 r3 2 0 .9 3 2 2 .0 3 2 1 .7 3 2 3 .0 3 2 3 .8 ........................................... 3 5 3 .8 3 4 7 .5 3 4 9 .3 3 5 2 .9 3 5 7 .0 3 5 6 .5 3 5 7 .2 3 5 7 .5 3 5 5 .2 r3 5 4 8 3 5 4 .3 3 5 4 .7 3 5 6 .1 3 5 5 .5 M e ta lw o rk in g m a c h in e r y ................................................................................... Total t r a c t o r s ........................................................................................................... 3 6 4 .9 3 8 2 .4 3 6 2 .1 3 7 4 .5 3 6 1 .6 3 7 6 .1 3 6 3 .0 3 8 4 .1 3 6 3 .2 3 8 6 .8 3 6 3 .3 3 8 6 .7 3 6 4 .6 3 8 6 .9 3 6 5 .1 3 8 5 .7 3 6 6 .6 3 8 2 .6 r3 6 8 .8 r3 8 1 .0 3 7 0 .6 3 8 1 .6 3 7 1 .4 3 7 9 .7 3 7 0 .1 3 8 4 .7 3 7 1 .9 3 8 3 .8 A gricultural m a c hine ry and e q uipm en t less p a r t s ................................ 3 4 1 .1 3 3 5 .7 3 3 7 .4 3 4 0 .4 3 4 3 .6 3 4 3 .0 3 4 4 .0 3 4 4 .3 3 4 2 .3 r3 4 2 .0 3 4 1 .7 3 4 2 .1 3 4 3 .4 3 4 3 .1 Farm and garden tractors less parts 3 6 1 .0 3 5 2 .9 3 5 5 .1 3 6 2 .1 3 6 5 .8 3 6 5 .7 3 6 6 .0 3 6 7 .0 3 6 2 .3 r3 5 9 .9 3 5 7 .6 A gricultural m achinery, Including tractors ........................................................ 3 5 8 .0 3 6 0 .5 3 5 9 .0 .................... 3 4 8 .2 3 4 3 .4 3 4 4 .9 3 4 5 .7 3 5 0 .1 3 4 9 .2 3 5 0 .4 3 5 0 .1 3 4 9 .8 r3 5 0 .8 3 5 1 .7 3 5 2 .2 3 5 2 .8 C onstruction m a t e r ia ls ....................................................................................... 3 0 6 .3 3 0 5 .0 3 0 6 .6 3 0 7 .1 3 0 6 .2 3 0 6 .3 3 0 6 .7 3 0 7 .6 3 0 7 .2 r3 0 7 .2 3 0 6 .6 . 3 0 7 .3 3 0 8 .5 3 5 3 .0 3 0 8 .1 A ug. S e p t. O c t .1 Nov. A gricultural m achinery, excluding tractors less parts 1 Data fo r O ctober 1 9 8 4 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 m onths after original publicatio n. 26. r = revised. P roducer Price indexes, by durability of product [1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 ] Annual C o m m o d it y g r o u p in g 1984 Total durable goods ........................................................................................... Total nondurable goods ................................................................................... Total m a n u fa c t u r e s ............................................................................................... D urable ........................................................................................................... N ond urable ................................................................................................... Total raw o r slightly processed goods Ourable .................................................... ........................................................................................................... N ond urable ................................................................................................... 1984 Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June D ec. Jan. Feb. 2 9 3 .5 2 9 2 .2 2 9 3 .2 2 9 4 .2 2 9 3 .8 2 9 3 .8 2 9 3 .8 2 9 3 .9 2 9 2 .7 r2 9 4 .4 2 9 4 .8 2 9 4 .8 2 9 5 .7 2 9 6 .3 3 2 1 .9 3 2 4 .8 3 2 4 .7 3 2 5 .3 3 2 4 .9 3 2 6 .0 3 2 3 .7 3 2 2 .3 r3 2 0 .9 3 2 2 .3 3 2 1 .5 3 2 0 .5 3 1 8 .9 3 0 1 .2 2 9 2 .4 3 0 2 .8 3 0 3 .2 3 0 3 .8 3 0 3 .9 3 0 4 .3 3 0 3 .3 3 0 2 .2 r3 0 3 .2 3 0 3 .9 3 0 3 .5 2 9 3 .3 294 3 2 9 4 .0 2 9 4 .2 2 9 4 .5 293 2 r2 9 5 .1 2 9 5 .5 2 9 5 .5 3 1 2 .3 3 1 0 .4 3 1 2 .7 3 1 2 .5 2 9 3 .9 3 1 4 .1 3 0 3 .9 2 9 6 .4 3 0 3 .2 2 9 3 .9 3 1 4 .2 3 1 4 .8 3 1 2 .6 3 1 1 .7 r3 1 1 .6 3 1 2 .5 3 1 1 .8 3 1 1 .6 3 0 9 .6 3 4 7 .0 3 3 7 .4 3 0 2 .9 3 5 2 .4 2 9 6 .9 3 4 7 .6 3 5 2 .4 3 4 9 .6 3 4 6 .9 3 4 4 .4 r3 3 9 1 3 4 1 .6 3 4 0 .7 3 3 7 .7 2 7 5 .2 2 7 8 .7 2 8 0 .6 3 5 0 .1 2 7 7 .9 3 4 8 .0 2 6 6 .7 2 7 3 .3 2 6 4 .5 2 5 9 .6 2 6 0 .6 2 5 5 .9 2 5 4 .1 2 5 2 .1 2 5 5 .8 2 5 9 .6 3 5 1 .7 3 5 1 .8 3 5 6 .7 3 5 6 .5 3 5 4 .3 3 5 2 .3 3 5 4 .7 3 5 2 .2 3 4 9 .4 r3 4 4 .2 3 4 7 .0 3 4 6 .1 3 4 2 .6 3 4 2 .0 1 D ata fo r O ctober 1 9 8 4 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis J u ly 3 2 3 .3 by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 m onths after original publicatio n. 92 1985 a verag e r = revised. 1^ CM P roducer P rice Indexes fo r th e output of selected SIC industries [ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o th e rw is e s p e c ifie d ] 1972 Annual S IC In d u s tr y d e s c r ip tio n 1984 1985 av e ra g e code Feb. M a r. A p r. 2 6 4 .3 2 4 5 .4 2 5 0 .0 9 1 4 .3 9 1 3 .0 9 0 2 .7 1984 M ay June J u ly 2 6 7 .9 2 7 3 .7 2 7 1 .6 2 6 4 .6 2 4 9 .1 9 0 9 .2 9 1 4 .1 9 1 8 .4 9 2 1 .6 9 2 8 .3 Aug. S e p t. G e t .1 Nov. 2 5 7 .1 2 7 1 .6 9 1 8 .2 r9 1 6 .2 D ee. Jan. Feb. 2 7 6 .6 2 6 7 .9 2 6 4 .1 2 6 2 .1 9 0 8 .6 9 0 4 .4 8 8 0 .8 8 7 9 .2 M IN IN G 1092 M e rc u ry ores (1 2 /7 5 = 1 0 0 ) 1311 C rude petroleum and natural gas ............................................... ........................................ M A N U F A C T U R IN G 2074 C ottonseed oil m i l l s ....................................................................... 2 0 9 .2 2 0 1 .7 2 1 2 .7 2 2 2 .6 2 4 5 .3 2 4 3 .1 2 2 3 .2 2 1 0 .2 2 0 5 .0 172 9 1 6 6 .9 1 7 7 .7 1 6 6 .4 1 6 9 .1 2083 M a lt ....................................................................................................... 2 4 0 .4 2 4 1 .6 2 4 1 .6 2 4 1 .6 2 4 1 .6 2 4 1 .6 2 4 1 .6 2 4 1 .6 2 4 1 .6 2 4 1 .6 2 3 4 .5 2 3 4 .5 2 2 6 .5 2 2 6 .5 2098 M a caroni and s p a g h e t t i............................................................... 2 6 1 .6 2 6 1 .9 2 6 1 .9 2 6 1 .9 2 6 1 .9 2 6 1 .9 2 6 1 .9 2 6 1 .9 2 6 1 .9 2 6 1 .9 2 6 1 .9 2 5 8 .6 2 5 8 .6 2 5 8 .6 2298 C ordage and tw ine ( 1 2 /7 7 = .................................... 1 3 8 .7 1 3 9 .2 1 3 9 .2 1 3 9 .3 1 3 9 .4 1 3 9 .4 1 3 8 .6 1 3 8 .5 1 3 8 .5 M38 5 1 3 8 .6 1 3 8 .6 1 3 8 .5 1 3 8 .5 2381 Fabric dress and w o rk gloves 2 9 9 .1 3 0 2 .3 3 0 4 .8 3 1 5 .6 3 1 5 .6 3 1 5 .6 3 1 5 .6 3 1 5 .6 3 1 5 .6 3 1 5 .6 3 1 5 .6 3 1 3 .5 3 1 4 .9 10 0 ) ............................................... 3 1 0 .5 2394 Canvas and related products ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................ 1 5 1 .4 1 5 0 .6 1 5 0 .6 1 5 0 .6 1 5 0 .6 1 5 0 .6 1 5 0 .6 1 5 0 .6 1 5 2 .1 r 1 5 2 .1 1 5 2 .9 1 5 2 .9 1 5 2 .9 1 5 2 .9 2448 W o o d pallets and skids ( 1 2 /7 5 = 1 0 0 ) ........................... 1 6 3 .9 1 5 6 .0 1 5 7 .9 1 6 1 .6 165.1 1 6 5 .4 1 6 8 .6 168 6 1 6 8 .7 1 6 8 .3 1 6 8 .2 1 6 8 .5 1 6 9 .0 1 6 9 .3 2521 W o o d office f u r n i t u r e ................................................................... 2 9 0 .8 ........................................................... 2 8 9 .1 2 8 9 .1 2 8 9 .2 2 8 9 .2 2 8 9 .2 2 8 9 .1 2 8 9 .2 2 9 1 .1 r2 9 1 .2 2 9 6 .3 2 9 9 .8 3 0 1 .0 3 0 1 .0 2654 Sanitary food containers 2 7 9 .7 2 7 3 .4 2 7 8 .4 2 8 0 .6 2 8 0 .6 2 8 0 .7 2 8 1 .3 r2 8 1 .4 2 8 3 .2 2 8 3 .1 2 8 5 .6 2 8 8 .3 Fiber cans, drums, and similar products ( 1 2 /7 5 = 100) 1 9 3 .7 1 8 9 .7 1 9 1 .4 1 93.1 2 8 0 .6 193.1 2 8 0 .7 2655 1 9 3 .1 1 9 4 .7 1 9 4 .7 1 9 4 .7 r 1 9 4 .8 1 9 7 .8 1 9 7 .7 1 99.1 2 0 0 .0 2911 Petroleum refining ( 6 /7 6 = 1 0 0 ) 2 4 4 .2 2 4 6 .7 2 4 9 .8 2 4 4 .9 2 4 8 .1 2 4 8 .8 2 4 6 .5 2 4 0 .1 2 3 7 .5 r2 4 0 .9 2 4 2 .8 2 3 9 .4 2 3 3 .4 2 2 5 .4 3253 ....................................... C eram ic w all and flo o r tile ( 1 2 /7 5 = 1 0 0 ) .................... 1 5 0 .2 1 4 9 .6 1 4 9 .6 1 4 9 .6 1 49 6 1 4 9 .6 3255 Clay r e fr a c t o r ie s ............................................................................... 3 7 2 .5 3 6 7 .7 3 6 9 .3 3 7 1 .5 3 7 1 .6 3 7 1 .4 3 7 1 .4 M 5 3 .4 r3 7 1 .4 3 8 0 .9 3 8 0 .8 3 8 1 .4 3 8 1 .5 Stru ctural clay products, n .e .c .................................................. 2 3 2 .8 2 3 2 .1 2 3 2 .4 2 3 2 .4 3 7 1 .5 2 3 2 .4 3 7 1 .7 3259 2 3 2 .4 2 3 2 .4 2 3 2 .3 2 3 2 .4 r2 3 2 .4 2 3 3 .0 2 3 3 .0 2 3 7 .7 2 3 7 .6 3261 V itreous plum bing f i x t u r e s ....................................................... 2 9 2 .7 2 8 7 .0 2 9 0 .1 2 9 0 .4 2 9 0 .8 2 9 3 .9 2 9 5 .6 r2 9 7 7 2 9 7 .5 2 9 8 .0 Fine earthe n w a re food u t e n s il s ............................................... 3 7 7 .1 3 8 4 .0 3 7 5 .9 3 8 2 .6 3 7 6 .5 2 9 2 .5 3 7 2 .1 2 9 3 .1 3263 3 7 3 .3 3 7 4 .0 3 7 4 .8 3 7 5 .9 3 7 6 .3 3 8 0 .9 2 9 7 .9 3 9 1 .7 3 9 5 .2 1 9 9 .4 3269 Pottery products, n .e .c . ( 1 2 /7 5 = 1 0 0 ) 1 4 9 .6 1 5 3 .4 1 5 3 .4 1 5 0 .5 1 5 0 .5 1 5 0 .5 1 5 0 .5 2 9 8 .8 ........................ 1 9 1 .4 1 9 2 .2 1 9 1 .9 1 9 2 .2 1 9 2 .2 1 8 6 .3 1 8 7 .6 1 8 7 .6 1 9 7 .7 r 1 9 5 .2 1 9 5 .3 1 9 5 .4 1 9 9 .2 3274 Lim e (1 2 /7 5 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................... 1 8 3 .0 1 8 4 .4 1 8 3 .9 1 84.1 1 8 4 .2 1 8 3 .3 1 8 0 .3 1 7 9 .6 1 8 7 .2 r 18 0 .5 1 8 2 .2 1 8 3 .1 1 8 7 .5 1 8 5 .2 3297 Nonclay refractories ( 1 2 /7 4 = 1 0 0 ) .................................... 2 1 9 .2 2 1 5 .4 2 2 0 .6 2 2 0 .1 2 2 0 .1 2 2 0 .1 2 1 9 .9 2 1 9 .9 2 2 0 .3 r2 1 9 .9 2 2 0 .2 2 2 0 .3 2 2 0 .5 2 2 0 .4 3482 Sm all a rm s a m m u n itio n (1 2 /7 5 = 1 0 0 ) ............................ 1 9 2 .4 1 9 0 .3 1 9 0 .3 1 9 0 .3 1 9 0 .3 1 9 0 .3 1 9 0 .3 1 9 0 .3 1 9 0 .3 M 9 0 .3 1 9 6 .6 1 9 6 .6 2 0 2 .5 2 0 5 .5 3648 Lighting equ ip m e n t, n .e .c . (1 2 /7 5 = 1 0 0 ) .................... 1 8 6 .6 1 7 3 .5 1 8 4 .9 1 8 5 .0 1 8 5 .6 1 8 5 .7 1 8 6 .3 1 8 8 .1 1 8 8 .2 r1 9 4 .4 1 9 6 .9 1 9 6 .9 1 9 6 .9 1 9 7 .4 367 1 Electron tu bes, receiving type ................................................ 4 9 7 .2 4 9 0 .8 4 9 0 .8 4 9 0 .9 4 9 0 .9 4 9 1 .3 4 9 1 .6 4 9 1 .6 4 9 1 .8 4 9 2 .0 5 2 7 .2 5 2 7 .2 5 4 6 .7 5 4 7 .0 3942 Dolls ( 1 2 /7 5 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................... 1 3 4 .3 1 3 7 .8 1 3 7 .7 1 3 1 .6 1 3 3 .4 1 3 3 .6 1 3 3 .6 1 3 3 .6 1 3 3 .6 r1 3 3 .6 G am es, toy s , and children's vehicles 2 3 8 .0 2 4 0 .6 2 4 0 .1 2 3 9 .7 2 3 9 .1 2 3 9 .2 2 3 9 .2 2 3 9 .1 2 3 9 .3 r2 3 9 .4 1 3 3 .3 2 3 4 .9 1 3 3 .3 3944 2 3 4 .9 1 3 4 .3 2 3 6 .7 2 4 1 .6 3955 Carbon paper and inked ribbons (1 2 /7 5 = 10 0 ) 1 4 5 .7 1 4 9 .0 1 4 9 .0 1 49.1 1 49.1 1 4 9 .1 1 4 6 .7 1 4 6 .7 1 4 6 .7 1 3 9 .7 1 3 9 .7 1 3 9 .7 1 3 9 .7 1 3 9 .4 3996 H ard surface flo o r coverin gs (1 2 /7 5 = 1 0 0 ) ................ 1 6 7 .5 1 6 5 .2 1 6 5 .2 1 6 6 .3 1 6 6 .4 1 6 6 .4 1 6 8 .7 1 6 8 .8 1 6 8 .8 1 6 9 .7 1 6 9 .7 1 6 9 .7 1 7 1 .4 1 7 1 .4 ................................ ... 1 3 4 .4 1 D ata fo r O ctober 1 9 8 4 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 m onths after original publication. r = revised. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTE: Indexes w h ich w ere deleted in the M a rch issue m ay n o w be found in Table 4 of the BLS m onthly report, Producer Prices and Price Indexes. 93 PRODUCTIVITY DATA Productivity data are compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from establishment data and from measures of compensation and output supplied by the U.S. Department of Commerce and the Federal Reserve Board. Definitions Output is the constant dollar gross product produced by the particular sector. Output per hour of ail persons (labor productivity) measures the value o f goods and services in constant prices produced per hour of labor. Output per unit of capital services (capital productivity) measures the value o f goods and services in constant dollars per unit of capital services input. Multifactor productivity measures the output per unit of combined labor and capital input. The traditional measure of output per hour reflects changes in capital per hour and a combination o f other factors— such as, changes in technology, shifts in the composition o f the labor force, changes in capacity utilization, research and development, skill and efforts of the work force, management, and so forth. The multifactor productivity meas ure differs from the familiar bls measure of output per hour of all persons in that it excludes the effects of the substitution of capital for labor. Compensation per hour includes wages and salaries of employees plus employers’ contributions for social insurance and pnvate benefit plans. The data also include an estimate of wages, salaries, and supplementary payments for the self-employed, except for nonfinancial corporations, in which there are no self-employed. Real compensation per hour is com pensation per hour adjusted by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. Unit labor costs measure the labor compensation costs required to produce a unit of output and is derived by dividing compensation by output. Unit nonlabor payments include profits, depreciation, interest, and in direct taxes per unit o f output. They are computed by subtracting com pensation o f all persons from current dollar gross product and dividing by output. Unit nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit nonlabor payments except unit profits. Unit profits include corporate profits and the value of inventory adjustments per unit of output. The implicit* price deflator is the price index for the gross product of the sector reported. It is derived by dividing the current dollar gross product by the constant dollar figures. Hours of all persons measures the labor input of payroll workers, selfemployed persons, and unpaid family workers. Output per all employee 94 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis hour describes labor productivity in nonfinancial corporations where there are no self-employed. The capital services input index used in the mul tifactor productivity computation is developed by bls from measures of the net stock of physical assets— equipment, structures, land, and inven tories— weighted by rental prices for each type of asset. Combined units of labor and capital input are computed by combining changes in labor and capital inputs with weights which represent each component’s share o f total output. The indexes for capital services and combined units of labor and capital are based on changing weights which are averages of the shares in the current and preceding year (the Tomquist index-number formula). Notes on the data In the business sector and the nonfarm business sector, the output meas ure employed in the computation of output per hour is constructed from Gross Domestic Product rather than Gross National Product. Multifactor productivity measures (table 28) for the private business and private non farm business sectors differ from the business and nonfarm business sector measures used in the traditional labor productivity indexes (tables 2 9 -3 2 ) in that they exclude the activities of government enterprises. There is no difference in the sector definition for manufacturing. Output measures for the business sectors are derived from data supplied by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U .S. Department of Commerce, and the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly manufacturing output indexes are adjusted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to annual estimates o f output (gross product originating) from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Com pensation and hours data are from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. The productivity and associated cost measures in the tables describe the relationship between output in real terms and the labor time and capital services involved in its production. They show the changes from period to period in the amount of goods and services produced per unit of input. Although these measures relate output to hours and capital services, they do not measure the contributions of labor, capital, or any other specific factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of many influences, including changes in technology; capital investment; level of output; uti lization of capacity, energy, and materials; the organization of production; managerial skill; and the characteristics and efforts of the work force. For a more complete description of the methodology underlying the multifactor productivity measures, see Bulletin 2178, “ Trends in Multifactor Produc tivity, 194 8 -8 1 ” (September 1983). 28. A nnual indexes of m ultifactor produ ctivity and related m easures, selected years, 1 9 5 0 -8 3 [1 9 7 7 = 1 0 0 ] 1950 Ite m 1960 1970 1973 1974 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1 0 3 .7 P R IV A T E B U S IN E S S S E C T O R Productivity: O utput per hour of all p e r s o n s .................................... 4 9 .7 6 4 .8 8 6.1 9 4 .8 9 2 .5 9 4 .5 9 7 .6 1 0 0 .5 9 9 .3 9 8 .7 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .8 O utput per unit of capital s e r v i c e s ............................ 9 0 .6 9 8 .5 9 8 .5 1 0 3 .0 9 6 .5 9 2 .0 9 6 .1 1 0 1 .8 1 0 0 .3 9 5 .6 9 4 .1 8 9 .6 M u ltifa c to r p r o d u c t iv i t y ................................................... 6 3 .6 7 5 .4 9 0 .2 9 7 .5 9 3 .8 9 3 .6 9 7 .1 1 0 1 .0 9 9 .7 9 7 .6 9 8 .3 9 6 .8 9 9 .6 8 8 .0 9 3 .7 1 0 5 .5 1 0 7 .9 1 0 6 .4 1 0 9 .2 1 0 6 .3 1 1 1 .1 9 2 .3 3 9 .5 5 3 .3 7 8 .3 9 1 .8 8 9 .9 H ours of all persons ............................................................ 7 9 .4 8 2 .2 9 0 .8 9 6 .8 9 7 .2 9 3.1 9 5 .9 1 0 5 .0 1 0 8 .6 1 0 7 .8 1 0 8 .5 1 0 5 .4 1 0 7 .2 Capital services 40.1 5 4.1 7 9 .4 89.1 9 3 .1 9 5 .7 9 7 .5 1 0 3 .6 1 0 7 .5 1 1 1 .4 1 1 6 .0 1 1 8 .7 1 2 0 .3 1 0 8 .2 1 0 9 .0 1 1 1 .0 1 0 9 .8 1 1 1 .5 9 8 .9 1 0 3 .3 1 0 6 .9 1 1 2 .6 1 1 2 .3 O u t p u t ............................................................................................... Inputs: ................................................................... C om bined units of labor and capital input . . . . Capital per h our of all persons ....................................... 6 2 .1 7 0 .7 8 6 .7 94.1 9 5 .8 9 4 .0 9 6 .5 1 0 4 .5 5 0 .4 6 5 .8 8 7 .4 9 2 .0 9 5 .9 1 0 2 .8 1 0 1 .6 9 8 .7 P R IV A T E N O N F A R M B U S IN E S S S E C T O R Productivity: O utput per h our o f all p e r s o n s ................................... 5 5 .6 6 8 .0 8 6 .8 9 5 .3 9 2 .9 9 4 .8 9 7 .8 1 0 0 .6 9 9 .0 9 8 .2 9 9 .6 99 9 1 0 3 .5 O u tput per unit o f capital s e r v i c e s ............................ 9 8 .2 9 8 .4 9 8 .6 1 0 3 .2 9 6 .5 9 1 .7 9 6 .1 1 0 1 .9 1 0 0 .1 9 5 .2 9 3 .2 8 8 .7 9 1 .9 M u ltifa c to r p r o d u c t iv i t y ................................................... 6 8 .1 7 7 .6 9 0 .7 9 7 .9 9 4.1 9 3 .6 9 7 .2 1 0 1 .0 9 9 .4 9 7 .2 9 7 .4 9 5 .9 9 9 .3 O u t p u t ............................................................................................... 3 8 .3 5 2 .3 7 7 .8 9 1 .7 8 9 .7 8 7 .6 9 3 .6 1 0 5 .7 1 0 8 .0 1 0 6 .4 1 0 8 .7 1 0 5 .9 1 1 1 .3 Inputs: H ours o f all p e r s o n s ........................................................... 6 9 .0 7 7 .0 8 9 .7 9 6 .2 9 6 .5 9 2 .4 9 5 .7 1 0 5 .1 109.1 1 0 8 .4 1 09.1 1 0 6 .0 1 0 7 .6 Capital services 3 9 .0 5 3 .2 7 8 .9 8 8 .8 9 3 .0 9 5 .6 9 7 .4 1 0 3 .7 1 0 7 .9 1 1 1 .7 1 1 6 .6 1 1 9 .4 1 2 1 .2 5 6 .2 6 7 .4 8 5 .9 9 3 .6 9 5 .3 9 3 .5 9 6 .3 1 0 4 .6 1 0 8 .7 1 0 9 .5 1 1 1 .6 1 1 0 .4 1 1 2 .0 5 6 .6 69.1 8 8 .0 9 2 .4 9 6 .3 1 0 3 .4 1 0 1 .8 9 8 .7 9 8 .9 1 0 3 .1 1 0 6 .8 1 1 2 .6 1 1 2 .6 1 0 4 .9 1 0 7 .1 1 1 1 .6 ................................................................... C om bined units of labor and capital input . . . . Capital per h our of all persons ....................................... M A N U F A C T U R IN G Productivity: O utput per h our of all p e r s o n s .................................... 4 9 .4 6 0 .0 7 9 .2 9 3 .0 9 0 .8 9 3 .4 9 7 .6 1 0 0 .9 1 0 1 .6 1 0 1 .7 O utput per unit o f capital s e r v i c e s ............................ 9 4 .5 8 8 .0 9 1 .8 1 0 8 .2 9 9 .6 8 9 .4 96.1 1 0 1 .5 9 9 .5 9 0 .7 8 9 .9 8 2 .9 M u ltifa c to r p r o d u c t iv i t y ................................................... 5 9 .9 6 7 .0 8 2 .3 96 8 93.1 9 2 .2 9 7 .1 1 01.1 1 0 1 .0 9 8 .8 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .3 1 0 4 .9 O u t p u t ............................................................................................... 3 8 .6 5 0 .7 7 7 .0 9 5 .9 9 1 .9 8 5 .4 9 3 .6 1 0 5 .3 1 0 8 .2 1 0 3 .5 106.1 9 9 .3 1 0 4 .4 H ours of all p e r s o n s ........................................................... 7 8 .2 8 4 .4 9 7 .3 1 0 3 .1 1 0 1 .2 9 1 .4 1 0 6 .5 9 2 .7 9 3 .5 5 7 .5 8 3 .9 8 8 .6 9 2 .2 9 5 .5 1 0 3 .8 1 0 8 .8 1 0 1 .7 1 14.1 1 0 1 .1 4 0 .9 9 5 .9 9 7 .4 1 0 4 .4 Capital services ................................................................... C om bined units of labor and capital input . . . . 1 1 8 .0 1 1 9 .8 1 1 9 .2 8 7 .6 Inputs: Capital per h our of all persons 29. ........................................ 6 4 .5 7 5 .6 9 3 .5 9 9 .0 9 8 .7 9 2 .6 9 6 .3 1 0 4 .2 1 07.1 1 0 4 .8 1 0 5 .2 9 9 .0 9 9 .5 5 2 .3 6 8 .2 8 6 .2 8 5 .9 9 1 .1 1 0 4 .5 1 0 1 .6 9 9 .4 1 0 2 .1 1 1 2 .2 1 1 6 .7 1 2 9 .2 1 2 7 .5 1981 1982 1983 1984 9 8 .8 1 0 0 .7 1 0 0 .9 1 0 3 .7 r 1 0 7 .0 1 31.1 9 6 .4 1 4 3 .4 1 5 5 .0 1 6 1 .7 9 7 .3 9 8 .4 r1 6 8 .6 ’ 9 8 .4 A nnual indexes of productivity, hourly com pensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years, 1 9 5 0 -8 4 [1 9 7 7 = 1 0 0 ] It e m 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1978 1979 Business sector: O utput per h our of all p e r s o n s .................................... 5 0 .4 1980 9 4 .6 100 5 3 3 .9 7 8 .3 4 1 .7 8 6 .2 2 0 .0 5 8 .3 2 6 .4 6 5 .2 C o m pensation per h o u r .................................................... Real c om pe ns a tion per hour ........................................ 5 8 .2 1 0 8 .5 9 9 .3 1 1 8 .7 5 0 .5 5 9 .7 6 9 .5 80.1 9 0 .8 8 5 .6 96 4 1 0 0 .8 9 9 .1 U n it labor c o s t s ................................................................... 4 5 .2 5 2.1 5 3 .3 6 7 .5 r 1 5 7 .5 6 3 .2 1 0 6 .7 1 1 9 .3 1 3 6 .7 4 1 .0 4 6 .0 5 1 .6 6 6 .0 90 4 1 0 7 .5 1 1 7 .2 1 28.1 1 4 0 .4 1 4 7 .9 1 4 5 .5 1 5 2 .4 r1 5 7 .1 Im p lic it price d e f l a t o r ........................................................ 5 7 .6 5 4 .7 1 5 3 .6 1 3 6 .8 1 5 6 .0 5 0 .6 1 1 9 .5 1 1 2 .8 1 3 2 .6 4 7 .6 9 0 .5 9 0 .4 1 0 8 .0 U nit nonlabor p a y m e n ts ................................................... 3 9 .8 4 3 .4 9 5 .5 1 4 2 .4 r 10 6 .3 M 6 8 .7 N o n fa rm business sector: O utput per hour of all p e r s o n s .................................... 5 6 .3 6 2 .8 C o m pensation per h o u r .................................................... 2 1 .9 2 8 .3 6 8 .3 3 5 .7 8 0 .5 86 8 9 4 .8 1 0 0 .6 9 9 .0 9 8 .3 9 9 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 0 3 .4 4 2 .8 5 8 .7 86.1 1 0 8 .6 1 1 8 .4 1 3 0 .6 1 43.1 1 5 4 .5 1 6 2 .0 9 1 .5 r1 5 7 .4 r 9 8 .4 ........................................ 55.1 6 4 .0 7 3.1 8 2 .3 1 0 0 .8 9 8 .8 9 6 .0 9 7 .0 9 8 .6 U n it labor c o s t s ................................................................... U n it n o nla bor p a y m e n ts .................................................... 3 8 .8 4 5 .1 5 3 .2 6 7 .6 9 0 .8 1 0 8 .0 1 4 3 .5 1 5 4 .5 1 5 6 .6 r1 5 8 .8 4 7 .8 5 8 .0 6 3 .8 8 8 .5 1 0 5 .3 1 1 9 .5 1 1 0 .4 1 3 2 .8 4 2 .7 5 2 .3 5 0 .4 1 1 8 .6 1 3 5 .0 1 3 6 .9 M 5 7 .1 Im p lic it price d e f l a t o r ....................................................... 40.1 4 6 .0 5 1 .6 5 4 .8 6 6 .3 9 0 .0 1 07.1 1 1 6 .5 1 28.1 1 4 0 .6 1 4 8 .6 1 4 7 .0 1 5 3 .4 Real c o m pensation per hour 9 6 .9 9 5 .3 r1 5 8 .2 Nonflnancial corporations: O utput per hour of all p e r s o n s ................................... <1) ( 1) 6 8 .0 8 2 .0 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .6 9 9 .7 1 0 1 .6 1 0 2 .6 1 06.1 P 1 0 8 .5 Com pensation per h o u r ................................................... ( 1) ( 1> 3 7 .0 4 3 .9 5 9 .4 8 6 .1 1 0 8 .4 1 1 8 .6 1 3 0 .8 1 43.1 1 5 4 .6 1 6 1 .0 P 1 6 6 .6 84 3 9 2 .7 9 7 .0 1 0 0 .7 9 9 .0 9 6 .2 9 5 .3 9 7 .0 9 7 .9 P 9 7 .2 5 3 .5 6 8 .0 9 0 .2 1 0 7 .5 1 1 7 .8 1 4 0 .9 1 5 0 .6 1 3 5 .1 1 3 8 .1 1 5 1 .8 1 4 9 .1 P 1 5 3 .6 1 0 6 .9 1 3 1 .2 1 1 7 .4 1 1 4 .1 1 2 6 .4 1 3 8 .9 1 4 6 .3 1 5 0 .9 P 1 5 8 .9 P 1 5 5 .4 r 1 1 6 .8 r1 6 9 .4 8 7 .4 9 5 .5 ........................................ <1) ( 1) 7 5 .8 U n it labor c o s t s ................................................................... U nit nonlabor p a y m e n ts ................................................... ( 1) <1) 5 4 .4 ( 1) ( 1) 5 4 .6 6 0 .8 6 3 .1 9 0 .8 Im p lic it price d e f l a t o r ....................................................... ( 1) ( 1) 5 4 .5 56.1 6 6 .3 9 0 .4 5 6 .4 Real com pensation per hour 1 0 4 .2 1 0 6 .4 M anufacturing: 6 0 .0 7 4 .6 1 0 0 .9 1 0 1 .6 1 0 1 .7 1 0 4 .9 1 07.1 Com pensation per h o u r .................................................... 2 1 .5 2 8 .8 3 6 .7 42 8 5 7 .6 8 5 .5 1 0 8 .3 1 1 8 .8 1 3 2 .7 1 4 5 .2 1 5 8 .0 1 1 1 .6 1 6 3 .4 Real c o m pensation per h o u r ........................................ 5 4 .0 65.1 7 5.1 8 2 .3 8 9 .8 9 6 .2 1 00 Ö 9 9 .2 9 7 .6 9 6 .8 9 9 .2 9 9 .4 9 8 .8 U nit labor c o s t s ................................................................... 4 3 .4 5 1 .0 6 1.1 5 7 .5 7 2 .7 9 1 .5 1 0 7 .3 1 1 7 .0 1 3 0 .5 1 3 8 .4 1 4 7 .6 1 4 6 .4 r1 4 5 .0 <1 ) (1) O u tput per hour of all p e r s o n s .................................... 4 9 .4 U nit nonlabor p a y m e n ts ................................................... 5 4 .3 Im p lic it price d e f l a t o r ....................................................... 4 6 .6 1 N o t a vailable. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5 8 .6 5 3 .2 7 9 .2 9 3 .4 6 1.1 6 9 .4 6 5 .1 8 7 .3 10 2 7 9 9 .9 9 7 .9 1 1 1 .6 1 1 0 .5 1 2 8 .8 6 1.1 6 1 .0 7 0 .5 90 3 1 0 6 .0 1 1 2 .0 1 2 0 .9 1 3 0 .6 1 3 6 .7 1 4 1 .2 r = revised. p = prelim inary. 95 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 30. A nnual changes in productivity, hourly com pensation, unit costs, and prices, 1 9 7 4 -8 4 A n n u a l r a te Year Ite m of change 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1 9 5 0 -8 4 1 9 7 4 -8 4 Business sector: O utput per hour of all persons .................... Real c o m pensation per hour -2 .4 3 .3 2 .4 0 .5 - 1 .2 - 0 .5 1 .9 0 .2 2 .7 3 .2 2 .2 1 .5 9 .4 9 .6 8 .5 7 .7 8 .5 9 .4 1 0 .4 9 .4 8.1 4 .3 4 .2 6 .5 8.1 ........................ - 1 .4 0 .5 2 .6 -0 .9 1.1 0.0 Com pensation per h o u r .................................... 2 .2 1 .2 0 .8 - 1 .7 - 2 .7 2 .0 0 .3 .................................................... 12.1 7 .3 5.1 5.1 8 .0 1 0 .7 1 1 .0 7 .3 7 .9 1 .6 1 .0 4.1 6 .4 U nit nonlabor p a y m e n t s .................................... 4 .4 15.1 4 .0 6 .4 6 .7 5 .8 5 .7 1 4 .6 0.1 6 .3 8 .0 c3 .9 7 .2 Im p lic it price deflator 9 .5 9 .8 4 .7 5 .6 7 .5 9 .0 9 .3 9 .6 5 .3 3 .0 3 .2 4 .0 6 .7 -2 .5 2 .0 3 .2 2 .2 0 .6 - 1 .5 - 0 .7 1 .5 0 .2 3 .5 Com pensation per h o u r .................................... 9 .4 9 .6 8.1 7 .5 8 .6 9 .0 1 0 .3 9 .6 ........................ - 1 .4 0 .4 2 .2 1 .0 0 .8 - 2 .0 - 2 .8 - 0 .7 8 .0 1 .7 4 .9 1 .6 .................................................... 1 2 .2 7 .5 4 .7 5 .2 8 .0 1 0 .7 11.1 8 .0 7 .7 4 .2 6 .5 U nit nonlabor p a y m e n t s .................................... 5 .9 1 6 .7 5 .7 6 .9 5 .3 4 .8 7 .4 1 3 .8 1 .4 7 .4 6 .8 ........................................ 1 0 .2 1 0 .3 5.1 5 .7 7.1 8 .8 1 0 .0 9 .8 5 .7 3 .2 3.1 3 .9 4.1 6 .8 O utput per h our o f all e m p lo y e e s ................ -3 .7 2 .9 2 .9 1 .8 1 .9 1 .0 2 .3 <1 ) Com pensation per h o u r .................................... 9 .4 9 .6 7 .9 7 .6 8 .4 9 .4 1 0 .3 9 .4 8 .0 4 .2 3 .4 (1 ) 8 .9 ........................ -1 .5 0 .4 2 .0 1.1 0 .7 - 1 .7 - 2 .8 - 0 .9 1 .8 0 .9 -0 .8 ( 1) 0 .2 ................................................... 1 3 .6 6 .5 4 .9 5 .7 7 .5 9 .6 1 1 .3 7 .4 6 .9 0 .8 1.1 ( 1) 6 .7 U nit nonlabor p a y m e n t s .................................... 7.1 2 0 .1 4 .6 5 .3 4 .2 2 .6 9 .8 15.1 2 .3 7 .9 6 .6 ( 1) 7 .8 1 1 .4 1 0 .9 4 .8 5 .6 6 .4 7 .2 1 0 .8 9 .8 5 .3 3.1 3 .0 ( 1) 7.1 4 .6 2 .6 2 .6 3 .6 6 .3 8 .3 1 .8 0 .5 U nit labor costs ....................................... 1 .9 N onfarm business sector: O utput per h our of all persons Real c o m pensation per h our U nit labor costs Im p lic it price d e fla tor .................... 1 .4 2 .7 1 .9 1 .4 4.1 6 .2 8 .0 -0 .1 1 .4 1 .7 0 .2 7 .6 Nonfinancial corporations: Real com pensation per hour U nit labor costs Im p lic it price deflator ........................................ 0 .8 - 0 .2 - 0 .9 3 .3 1 .5 M anufacturing: - 2 .4 2 .9 4 .5 2 .5 0 .9 3.1 2.1 Com pensation per h o u r .................................... O utput per hour of all persons 1 0 .6 1 1 .9 8 .0 8 .3 8 .3 9 .7 1 1 .7 9 .4 8 .8 4 .3 3 .4 ........................ - 0 .3 2 .5 2.1 1 .8 0 .6 - 1 .4 - 1 .6 - 0 .9 2 .5 0 .2 - 0 .6 - 1 .0 Real c o m pensation per hour U n it labor costs .................... 0 .7 .................................................... 1 3 .3 8 .8 3 .4 5 .7 7 .3 9 .0 U n it nonlabor p a y m e n t s .................................... - 1 .8 2 5 .9 7 .5 2 .7 9 .0 13.1 4 .6 6 .5 6 .0 - 2 .6 5 .7 Im p lic it price d e fla tor ........................................ 6 .0 1 N ot available. 31. 0 .2 1 1 .5 6.1 6 .6 - 0 .8 -2 .1 14.1 7 .9 8 .0 - 1 .0 4 .7 1 6 .5 3 .3 ( 1) <1) 3 .6 5 .6 2 .6 3 .4 7.1 6 .6 c = corrected. Q uarterly indexes of productivity, hourly com pensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted [1977 = 100] Q u a r t e r ly in d e x e s Annual ave age It e m 1983 1982 1984 II I II 1983 IV 1 II 1984 I II IV 1 II I II IV Business sector: O utput per hour of all persons ................................ 1 0 3 .7 1 0 7 .0 1 0 0 .3 1 0 0 .9 1 0 1 .6 102 2 1 0 3 .6 1 0 4 .3 1 0 4 .7 1 0 5 .7 1 0 7 .0 1 0 7 .2 1 0 8 .2 ................................................ 1 6 1 .7 1 6 8 .6 1 5 3 .9 1 5 6 .7 1 5 8 .4 1 6 0 .2 1 6 1 .0 1 6 1 .8 1 6 4 .2 1 6 6 .7 1 6 7 .5 1 6 9 .3 1 7 1 .1 Real com pensation per h o u r ........................................ Unit labor c o s t s ................................................................... 9 8 .4 9 8 ,4 9 7 .3 9 8 .0 9 9 .0 9 8 .5 9 8 .0 98 4 9 8 .6 9 8 .2 1 5 6 .0 1 5 7 .5 9 7 .2 1 5 3 .4 1 5 8 .0 1 5 8 .2 1 4 5 .5 157.1 1 5 6 .8 1 4 9 .1 1 5 6 .5 ................................................ 1 55.1 1 4 7 .9 1 5 7 .7 U nit nonlabor paym ents 1 5 1 .6 1 5 7 .2 1 5 8 .5 1 6 0 .6 Im p lic it price d e f la t o r ........................................................ 1 5 2 .4 1 0 3 .4 C om pensation per h our 1 5 5 .3 1 5 5 .9 1 5 6 .8 1 5 5 .4 1 3 5 .8 1 3 6 .5 1 3 9 .8 1 4 4 .6 r9 8 .3 9 8 .5 1 5 7 .4 1 3 7 .0 1 4 7 .9 1 4 8 .7 1 4 9 .3 1 5 1 .0 1 5 1 .7 1 5 2 .7 1 5 4 .2 1 5 5 .6 1 5 6 .7 1 5 8 .1 1 5 9 .0 1 0 6 .3 9 9 .4 1 0 0 .3 1 0 0 .5 1 0 1 .6 1 0 3 .6 1 04.1 1 0 4 .4 1 0 5 .2 1 0 6 .6 1 0 6 .3 1 0 7 .0 1 7 1 .0 N o n fa rm business sector: O utput per h our of all persons Com pensation per hour ................................ ............................................... 1 6 2 .0 1 6 8 .7 1 5 3 .2 168 0 1 6 9 .5 9 8 .4 9 6 .8 1 5 7 .9 9 7 .7 1 6 6 .5 9 8 .6 1 5 6 .0 9 6 .9 1 6 0 .1 Real c o m pensation per h o u r ....................................... 9 9 .0 9 8 .8 9 8 .3 r9 8 .3 9 8 .5 98 4 r9 8 .4 Unit labor c o s t s ................................................................... 1 5 6 .6 1 5 8 .8 1 5 4 .2 1 5 5 .6 1 5 7 .1 1 5 7 .6 1 5 5 .9 1 5 5 .9 157.1 1 5 8 .3 1 5 7 .6 1 5 9 .5 1 5 9 .8 Unit nonlabor paym ents 1 4 7 .0 157.1 1 3 7 .5 1 3 6 .8 1 3 6 .4 1 4 0 .6 1 4 6 .4 1 4 9 .4 1 5 1 .4 1 5 2 .2 1 5 6 .8 1 5 8 .0 1 6 0 .8 ............................................... Im p lic it price d e f la t o r ....................................................... 1 6 1 .5 1 6 2 .4 1 6 4 .0 9 8 .5 1 5 3 .4 1 5 8 .2 1 4 8 .6 1 4 9 .3 1 5 0 .2 1 5 1 .9 152 7 1 5 3 .8 1 5 5 .2 1 5 6 .3 1 5 7 .3 1 5 9 .0 1 6 0 .1 O utput per hour of all e m p lo y e e s ............................ C om pensation per h our ............................................... 1 06.1 1 0 8 .5 1 02.1 1 0 3 .3 1 0 3 .2 1 0 4 .0 1 0 5 .8 1 0 7 .2 1 0 7 .2 1 08.1 1 0 8 .9 1 0 8 .2 1 6 1 .0 1 66 6 ( 1) 1 5 3 .5 1 5 6 .2 1 5 7 .7 1 5 9 .2 1 6 0 .6 1 6 1 .8 1 6 2 .6 1 6 4 .8 1 6 5 .8 1 67.1 Real com pensation per h o u r ....................................... 9 7 .9 9 7 .2 9 7 .0 9 7 .5 9 8 .4 9 8 .2 9 8 .0 9 7 .4 9 7 .5 9 7 .2 9 7 .1 Total unit c o s t s ................................................................... 1 5 5 .2 1 5 6 .4 1 5 4 .0 9 7 .0 1 5 4 .7 ( 1) 1 5 7 .0 1 5 6 .7 1 5 5 .2 1 5 4 .4 1 5 4 .7 1 5 5 .0 1 5 5 .0 1 5 7 .5 U nit labor c o s t s ....................................................... 1 5 1 .8 1 6 4 .9 1 5 3 .6 ( 1) 1 5 0 .3 1 5 1 .3 1 5 2 .9 1 5 3 .1 1 5 1 .7 1 5 0 .9 1 5 1 .7 1 5 2 .5 1 5 2 .3 1 5 4 .5 1 6 4 .4 1 6 4 .3 1 64 4 ( 1) 1 6 8 .8 1 6 7 .0 1 65.1 1 6 4 .4 1 6 3 .3 1 6 2 .0 1 6 2 .8 1 6 5 .9 ........................................................................... 1 1 7 .2 1 4 8 .0 <1) 8 6 .8 8 6 .6 9 2 .5 1 1 1 .8 1 2 6 .6 1 3 5 .9 1 4 3 .2 1 5 1 .1 1 4 5 .3 Im plic it price d e f la t o r ....................................................... 1 5 0 .9 1 5 5 .4 <1) 1 4 6 .3 1 4 6 .9 7 5 .6 1 4 7 .7 1 4 9 .4 1 5 0 .2 1 5 1 .2 1 5 2 .6 1 5 3 .6 1 5 4 .6 1 5 6 .1 <1> 1 1 1 .6 1 1 6 .8 1 0 8 .8 1 0 7 .8 1 0 9 .1 1 1 0 .8 1 1 3 .4 1 13.1 1 1 4 .2 1 1 5 .3 1 1 7 .4 1 1 7 .1 169 4 1 5 9 .8 1 6 3 .0 1 6 3 .5 1 6 4 .6 1 6 7 .1 1 6 8 .3 1 6 9 .9 1 7 2 .1 9 8 .8 9 9 .4 9 9 .2 1 6 1 .0 9 9 .6 1 6 2 .7 Real com pensation per h o u r ........................................ 1 6 3 .4 9 9 .4 1 0 6 .3 1 5 7 .2 r9 8 .6 9 9 .1 1 4 8 .0 1 4 6 .9 1 4 9 .3 147 0 1 4 5 .5 r9 8 .8 1 4 6 .4 9 8 .6 1 4 5 .0 r9 8 9 144.1 9 8 .6 1 4 6 .4 1 0 0 .6 1 49.1 r9 9 .6 U nit labor c o s t s ....................................................... 1 4 6 .0 1 4 4 .7 1 4 6 .9 N onfinancial corporations: Unit nonlabor c o s t s ............................................... U nit profits M a nufacturing: O utput per hour of all persons ................................ C om pensation per h our ............................................... ' N ot available. 96 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis r = revised. ( 1) 32. P ercent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly com pensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted at annual rate Q u a r t e r ly p e r c e n t c h a n g e a t a n n u a l r a te P e rc e n t c h a n g e fro m s a m e q u a rte r a y e a r a g o I1 1983 III 1 9 8 3 IV 1 9 8 3 11984 I1 1984 III 1 9 8 4 III 1 9 8 2 IV 1 9 8 2 11983 II 1 9 8 3 III 1 9 8 3 to to to to to to to to to to to III 1 9 8 3 IV 1 9 8 3 11984 II 1 9 8 4 I II 1 9 8 3 IV 1 9 8 3 11984 II 1 9 8 4 III 1 9 8 4 IV 1 9 8 4 0 .6 3 .8 I II 1 9 8 4 IV 1 9 8 3 to IV 1 9 8 4 Business sector: 2 .8 1 .4 Com pensation per h o u r ................................ 2 .0 6.1 6 .2 1 .9 4 ,4 4 .4 3 .3 3 .7 4.1 4 .0 4 .6 4 .2 Real c o m pensation per h o u r .................... r - 2 .2 1 .9 r0 .8 - 1 .8 r0 .7 0 .8 r0 .6 r0 .4 - 0 .4 - 0 .3 0 .4 0 .1 3 .7 0 .6 -0 .1 0 .6 0 .6 0 .7 1 .9 0 .8 O utput p e r hour of all p e r s o n s ................ 4 .0 4 .9 3 .4 3.1 3 .5 3 .3 2 .7 3 .3 -0 8 4 .6 2.1 - 2 .9 ............................ 9 .5 1 5 .4 3 .4 5 .5 8 .9 9 .2 8 .4 8 .7 7.1 7 .8 2 .5 3.1 4.1 7 .0 Im p lic it price d e f l a t o r .................................... 3 .7 2 .9 3 .6 2 .2 2 .7 3 .3 3 .0 3 .3 3 .6 3.1 U nit labor c o s t s ................................................ U n it nonlabor p a ym ents N onfarm business sector: 5 .5 - 1 .1 2 .9 2.1 2 .5 6.1 3 .7 3 .6 3 .7 3 .9 4.1 3 .9 2 .2 1 .0 4.1 2 .9 C om pensation per h o u r ................................ 3 .9 4 .0 4 .0 4 .4 4 .3 Real c o m pensation per h o u r .................... r - 2 .0 r -0 .0 r0 .7 0.0 r0 .1 0 .2 1 .5 0 .6 - 0 .5 - 0 .3 0 .2 0 .2 O u tput per h o u r of all p e r s o n s ................ 2.1 3 .5 2 .9 U nit labor c o s t s ................................................ 0.1 3 .0 3.1 - 1 .7 4 .7 0 .8 0 .2 0.0 0 .4 1.1 2 .3 1 .7 U nit nonlabor paym ents ............................ 8 .4 5 .3 2 .3 1 2 .5 3.1 7 .3 9 .2 1 0 .9 8 .3 7.1 5 .7 6 .2 Im p lic it price d e f l a t o r .................................... 2 .7 3 .7 2 .8 2 .8 4 .2 2 .9 3 .0 3 .3 2 .9 3 .0 3 .4 3 .2 5 .3 - 0 .2 3 .6 2 .8 - 2 .5 ( 1) 3 .8 3 .9 4 .0 2 .9 0 .9 N onfinancial corporations: O utput per h our of all e m ployees . . . Com pensation per h o u r ................................ 3.1 2 .0 5 .7 2 .4 3 .2 ( 1) 3 .6 3.1 3 .6 3 .3 3 .3 o> (1 ) Real c om pe ns a tion per h o u r .................... - 1 .0 r -2 .1 r0 .4 - 1 .3 r- 0 .4 ( 1) 1 .0 - 0 .1 - 0 .9 - 1 .0 r - 0 .9 (1 ) Total units costs ............................................ - 2 .0 0 .8 0 .6 0 .2 6 .5 ( 1) - 0 .2 -1 .5 -1 .1 - 0 .1 2 .0 ........................................ -2 .1 2.1 2 .0 - 0 .4 5 .9 ( 1) - 0 .2 -0 .8 - 0 .4 0 .4 2 .4 ( 1) ................................ - 1 .7 - 2 .6 - 3 .2 2 .0 8 .0 ( 1) 0.0 -3 .2 - 3 .0 - 1 .4 0 .9 ( 1) ....................................................... 6 4 .8 32 6 2 3 .4 2 3 .8 - 1 4 .5 ( 1) 4 6 .3 7 9 .8 5 4 .8 3 5 .2 1 4 .7 ( 1) Im p lic it price d e f l a t o r .................................... 2 .8 3 .6 2 .7 2 .6 3 .9 ( 1) 3 .0 3 .3 2 .8 2 .9 3 .2 (1) 9 .7 - 1 .0 U nit labor costs U nit nonlabor costs U nit profits <1 ) M a nufacturing: 7 .4 - 0 .9 3 .5 3 .5 C o m pensation p e r h o u r ................................ 1 .3 2 .9 6 .2 2 .9 3 .7 5 .2 2 .3 2 .2 2 .7 3 .3 3 .9 4 .5 Real c om pe ns a tion per h o u r .................... - 2 .8 - 1 .2 r0 .8 - 0 .8 r0.1 1 .6 - 0 .3 - 1 .0 - 1 .7 - 1 .0 - 0 .2 0 .4 U nit labor c o s t s ................................................ - 7 .7 3 .9 2 .3 -1 .1 - 3 .4 6 .2 -1 .9 - 2 .6 - 1 .9 -0 .7 0 .4 0 .9 O utput per h our of all p e r s o n s ................ 1 N o t a v ailable. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 .7 4 .0 4 .3 4 .9 4 .7 4.1 r = revised. 97 WAGE AND COMPENSATION DATA D a t a f o r t h e e m p l o y m e n t c o s t i n d e x are reported to the Bureau of Labor Statistics by a sample of 2,000 private nonfarm estab lishments and 750 State and local government units selected to represent total employment in those sectors. On average, each reporting unit provides wage and compensation information on five well-specified occupations. Data on negotiated wage and benefit changes are obtained from contracts on file at the Bureau, direct contact with the parties, and secondary sources. Definitions The Employment Cost Index (ECI) is a quarterly measure of the average change in the cost of employing labor. The rate of total compensation, which comprises wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee ben efits, is collected for workers performing specified tasks. Employment in each occupation is held constant over time for all series produced in the ECI, except those by region, bargaining status, and area. As a consequence, only changes in compensation are measured. Industry and occupational employment data from the 1970 Census of Population are used in deriving constant weights for the ECI. While holding total industry and occupational employment fixed, in the estimation of indexes by region, bargaining status, and area, the employment in those measures is allowed to vary over time in accord with changes in the sample. The rate of change (in percent) is available for wages and salaries, as well as for total compensation. Data are collected for the pay period including the 12th day of the survey months o f March, June, September, and December. The statistics are neither an nualized nor adjusted for seasonal influence. Wages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions, ex cluding premium pay for overtime, work on weekends and holidays, and shift differentials. Production bonuses, incentive earnings, commissions, and cost-of-living adjustments are included; nonproduction bonuses are included with other supplemental pay items in the benefits category; and payments-in-kind, free room and board, and tips are excluded. Benefits include supplemental pay, insurance, retirement and savings plans, and hours-related and legally required benefits. Data on negotiated wage changes apply to private nonfarm industry collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 workers or more. Data on compensation changes apply only to those agreements covering 5,000 workers or more. First-year wage or compensation changes refer to average negotiated changes for workers covered by settlements reached in the period 98 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and implemented within the first 12 months after the effective date o f the agreement. Changes over the life o f the agreement refer to all adjustments specified in the contract, expressed as an average annual rate. These meas ures exclude wage changes that may occur under cost-of-living adjustment clauses, that are triggered by movements in the Consumer Price Index. Wage-rate changes are expressed as a percent of straight-time hourly earn ings; compensation changes are expressed as a percent of total wages and benefits. Effective wage adjustments reflect all negotiated changes implemented in the reference period, regardless of the settlement date. They include changes from settlements reached during the period, changes deferred from contracts negotiated in an earlier period, and cost-of-living adjustments. The data also reflect contracts providing for no wage adjustment in the period. Effective adjustments and each of their components are prorated over all workers in bargaining units with at least 1,000 workers. Notes on the data The Employment Cost Index data series began in the fourth quarter of 1975, with the quarterly percent change in wages and salaries in the private nonfarm sector. Data on employer costs for employee benefits were in cluded in 1980, to produce a measure of the percent change in employers’ cost for em ployees’ total compensation. State and local government units were added to the ECI coverage in 1981, providing a measure o f total compensation change in the civilian nonfarm economy. Data for the broad white-collar, blue-collar, and service worker groups, and the manufacturing, nonmanufacturing, and service industry groups are presented in the ECI. Additional occupation and industry detail are pro vided for the wages and salaries component of total compensation in the private nonfarm sector. For State and local government units, additional industry detail is shown for both total compensation and its wages and salaries component. Historical indexes (June 1981 = 100) of the quarterly rates of changes presented in the ECI are also available. For a more detailed discussion o f the ECI, see chapter 11, “ The Em ployment Cost Index,” of the BLS Handbook o f Methods (Bulletin 2134— 1), and the Monthly Labor Review articles: “ Employment Cost Index: a measure of change in the ‘price of labor,’ ” July 1975; “ How benefits will be incorporated into the Employment Cost Index,” January 1978; and “ The Employment Cost Index: recent trends and expansion,” May 1982. Additional data for the ECI and other measures of wage and compen sation changes appear in Current Wage Developments, a monthly publi cation of the Bureau. 33. E m ploym ent C ost Index, by occupation and industry group [June 1981 = 100] P erc e n t ch an g e C i v ilia n w o r k e r s 1 ............................................................................................................................... 1984 1983 1982 S e r ie s 3 m o n th s 1 2 m o n th s ended ended Dec. M a rc h June S e p t. D ec. M a rc h June S e p t. D ec. 1 1 1 .4 1 1 3 .2 1 1 4 .5 1 1 6 .5 1 1 7 .8 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .8 1 2 2 .4 1 2 3 .9 1 .2 1 1 8 .9 1 2 0 .9 Decem ber 1984 5 .2 W o rk e rs , by occupational group W h ite -c o lla r w o r k e r s ................................................................................................... 1 1 1 .9 1 1 3 .7 1 1 4 .9 1 1 7 .6 1 2 2 .1 1 2 4 .0 1 2 5 .5 1 .2 B lue-c ollar w o rk e rs ................................................................................................... 1 1 0 .5 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .6 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .8 1 1 7 .7 1 1 8 .6 1 1 9 .6 1 2 0 .9 1.1 4 .4 ........................................................................................................... 1 1 2 .4 1 1 4 .3 115.1 1 1 6 .7 1 1 9 .1 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .1 124 6 1 2 6 .8 1 .8 6 .5 S ervice w o rk e rs 5 .6 W o rk e rs , by industry division M a nufacturing ............................................................................................................... N o n m a n u f a c tu r in g ....................................................................................................... Services ...................................................................................................................... Public a d m in is tra tio n 2 ....................................................................................... P r iv a t e in d u s tr y w o r k e r s 1 1 0 .4 1 1 2 .5 1 1 9 .1 1 2 0 .4 1 1 1 .8 1 1 3 .5 1 1 4 .9 1 1 7 .2 1 1 8 .6 1 2 0 .7 1 2 1 .6 1 2 3 .3 1 2 4 .8 1 .2 5 .2 1 1 5 .0 1 1 6 .6 1 1 7 .1 1 21.1 1 2 2 .6 1 2 5 .0 1 2 5 .5 1 2 8 .8 1 3 0 .9 1 .6 6 .8 1 1 3 .6 1 1 6 .2 1 1 7 .0 1 1 9 .8 1 2 1 .4 1 2 2 .9 1 2 3 .7 1 2 6 .9 1 2 8 .6 1 .3 5 .9 1 1 0 .7 1 1 2 .6 1 1 3 .9 1 1 5 .6 1 1 7 .0 1 1 9 .0 1 2 0 .1 1 2 1 .1 1 2 2 .7 1 .3 4 .9 1 1 3 .5 1 1 5 .0 1 1 6 .0 1 1 7 .9 1 2 2 .0 1 .3 5 .2 W o rk e rs , by occupational group 1 1 6 .5 1 1 7 .9 1 1 9 .9 1 2 1 .4 1 2 2 .4 1 2 3 .9 1 .2 ............................................................................................... 1 1 0 .3 1 12.1 1 1 3 .5 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 .7 1 1 7 .5 1 1 8 .4 1 1 9 .3 4 .2 Service w o r k e r s ....................................................................................................... W o rk e rs , by industry division 1 1 3 .8 1 1 4 .6 115.1 1 1 7 .9 1 2 1 .5 1 2 1 .2 1 2 3 .2 1 2 0 .6 1 2 5 .7 1.1 1 1 1 .8 2 .0 6 .6 M a n u fa c t u r in g ........................................................................................................... 1 1 0 .4 1 1 2 .5 1 1 3 .5 1 1 5 .0 1 1 6 .0 1 1 7 .9 1 1 9 .1 1 2 0 .4 1 2 2 .0 1 .3 5 .2 N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g ................................................................................................... 1 1 0 .8 1 1 2 .6 1 1 4 .2 1 1 6 .0 1 1 7 .5 1 1 9 .6 1 2 0 .7 1 2 1 .6 1 23.1 1 .2 4 .8 115.1 1 1 6 .5 1 17.1 1 2 0 .8 1 2 2 .0 1 2 3 .9 1 2 4 .4 1 2 8 .8 1 30.1 1 .0 6 .6 W h ite -c o lla r w o rk e rs B lue-c ollar w o rk e rs ........................................................................................... S t a te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s 1 1 0 .8 1 1 2 .8 1 1 4 .2 5.1 W o rk e rs , by occupational group ........................................................................................... 1 1 5 .8 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .5 1 2 1 .5 122 6 1 2 4 .5 1 2 5 .0 1 2 9 .7 1 3 1 .1 1.1 6 .9 ............................................................................................... 1 1 3 .0 1 1 4 .9 1 1 5 .8 1 1 8 .0 1 1 9 .2 1 2 1 .9 1 2 2 .3 1 2 5 .0 1 2 5 .9 0 .7 5 .6 W h ite -c o lla r w o rk e rs B lue-c ollar w o rkers W o rk e rs , by Industry division S e r v i c e s ....................................................................................................................... S c h o o l s .................................................................................................................. E lem entary and secondary ................................................................... H ospitals and o ther services3 ................................................................... Public a d m in is tra tio n 2 ....................................................................................... 1 1 5 .9 1 1 6 .8 1 1 7 .4 1 2 1 .7 1 2 2 .6 1 2 4 .5 1 2 5 .0 1 2 9 .9 1 3 1 .3 1.1 7.1 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .6 1 1 6 .9 1 2 1 .9 1 2 2 .6 1 2 4 .5 1 2 4 .7 1 3 0 .6 1 3 2 .0 1.1 7 .7 1 1 6 .6 1 1 7 .2 1 1 7 .4 1 2 3 .3 1 2 3 .9 1 2 5 .4 1 2 5 .7 1 3 2 .1 1 3 3 .5 1.1 7 .7 1 1 6 .0 1 1 7 .5 1 1 8 .8 1 21.1 1 2 2 .6 1 2 4 .4 125 7 1 2 7 .9 1 2 9 .2 1 .0 5 .4 1 1 3 .6 1 1 6 .2 1 1 7 .0 1 1 9 .8 1 2 1 .4 1 2 2 .9 1 2 3 .7 1 2 6 .9 1 2 8 .6 1 .3 5 .9 1 Excludes fa rm , househo ld, and Federal w orkers, C o n s is t s of legislative, ju d icial, ad m inistrative, and regulatory activities. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 ln cludes, fo r exam ple, library, social, and health services. 99 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data 34. E m ploym ent C ost Index, w ages and salaries, by occupation and industry group [June 1981 = 100] P erc e n t ch an g e 1912 S e r ie s C i v il ia n w o r k e r s 1 ................................................................................................................................ 1983 1984 3 m o n th s 1 2 m o n th s ended ended D ec. M a rc h June S e p t. D ec. M a rc h June S e p t. D ec. 1 1 0 .9 1 1 2 .2 1 1 3 .4 1 1 5 .3 1 1 6 .5 1 1 7 .9 1 1 8 .8 1 2 0 .3 1 2 1 .7 1 .2 1 1 1 .4 1 1 3 .0 1 1 4 .2 1 1 6 .7 1 1 7 .9 1 1 9 .3 1 2 0 .4 1 2 2 .2 1 2 3 .5 1.1 4 .7 D ecem ber 1984 4 .5 W o rk e rs , by occupational group W h ite -c o lla r w o r k e r s ................................................................................................... B lue-c ollar w o rk e rs Service w o rk e rs ................................................................................................... 1 0 9 .8 1 1 0 .8 1 1 2 .0 1 1 3 .1 1 1 4 .0 1 1 5 .3 1 1 6 .1 1 1 7 .0 1 1 8 .2 1 .0 3 .7 ........................................................................................................... 1 1 1 .8 1 1 3 .2 1 1 3 .9 1 1 5 .1 1 1 7 .4 1 2 0 .0 1 1 9 .8 1 2 2 .3 1 2 4 .3 1 .6 5 .9 1 1 3 .3 W o rk e rs , by industry division ............................................................................................................... 1 0 9 .8 1 1 1 .0 1 1 2 .0 1 1 4 .5 1 1 5 .7 1 1 8 .0 1 1 9 .5 1 .3 4 .4 N o n m a n u f a c tu r in g ....................................................................................................... M a nufacturing 1 1 1 .3 1 1 2 .7 1 1 4 .0 116.1 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .9 1 1 9 .7 1 2 1 .3 1 2 2 .6 1.1 4 .4 S e r v i c e s ....................................................................................................................... 1 1 4 .4 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .3 120.1 1 2 1 .3 1 2 3 .3 1 2 3 .8 1 2 7 .2 1 2 8 .9 1 .3 6 .3 Public a d m in is tra tio n 2 1 1 2 .6 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 .4 1 1 8 .2 1 1 9 .4 1 2 0 .4 1 2 1 .3 1 2 4 .4 1 2 5 .7 1 .0 5 .3 ....................................................................................... 1 1 6 .8 P r iv a t e in d u s tr y w o r k e r s .......................................................................................................... 1 1 0 .3 1 1 1 .6 1 1 2 .9 1 1 4 .5 1 1 5 .8 1 1 7 .2 1 1 8 .2 1 1 9 .2 1 2 0 .6 1 .2 4.1 W o rk e rs , by occupational group W h ite -c o lla r w o rk e rs ........................................................................................... 1 1 0 .6 1 1 2 .2 1 1 3 .6 1 1 5 .9 1 1 7 .2 1 1 8 .5 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .9 1 2 2 .3 1 .2 4 .4 5 .7 P rofessional and technical w o r k e r s ....................................................... 1 1 2 .9 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .9 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .4 1 2 3 .8 1 2 5 .2 1 2 7 .3 1 .7 ................................................................... 1 0 9 .3 1 1 2 .0 1 1 4 .0 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .7 1 1 8 .0 1 1 9 .2 1 2 1 .0 1 2 2 .2 1 .0 S a le s w o r k e r s ....................................................................................................... 1 0 6 .2 1 0 5 .7 1 0 7 .1 1 0 8 .4 1 1 1 .2 1 1 0 .2 1 1 1 .9 1 1 0 .5 1 1 1 .6 1 .0 .4 Clerical w o r k e r s ................................................................................................... 1 1 1 .6 1 1 3 .4 1 1 4 .6 1 1 6 .7 1 1 8 .3 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .7 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .9 .7 3 .9 B lue-c ollar w o r k e r s ............................................................................................... 1 0 9 .7 1 1 0 .7 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .9 1 1 3 .9 1 1 5 .1 1 1 5 .9 1 1 6 .7 1 1 8 .0 1.1 3 .6 Craft and kindred w o r k e r s ........................................................................... 1 1 4 .3 3 .5 M a nagers and a d m inistrators 1 2 2 .2 5 .6 1 1 1 .2 1 1 2 .2 1 1 3 .4 1 1 5 .4 1 1 6 .5 1 1 7 .3 1 1 8 .0 1 1 9 .4 1 .2 O peratives , except t r a n s p o r t ....................................................................... 1 0 9 .3 1 1 0 .0 1 1 1 .1 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .6 1 1 4 .9 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .6 1 1 7 .9 1.1 T ra n s p o rt eq u ip m e n t o p e r a t iv e s ............................................................... 1 0 6 .9 1 0 8 .0 1 1 0 .3 1 1 0 .7 1 1 0 .2 1 1 1 .7 1 1 2 .7 1 1 3 .4 1 1 4 .0 .5 3 .4 N onfarm l a b o r e r s ............................................................................................... 1 0 7 .8 1 1 1 .4 1 0 9 .0 1 0 9 .8 1 1 0 .8 1 1 2 .1 1 1 2 .9 1 1 4 .1 1 1 4 .7 1 1 5 .9 1 .0 3 .4 1 1 2 .9 1 1 3 .5 1 1 3 .7 1 1 6 .5 1 1 9 .8 1 1 9 .3 1 2 1 .2 1 2 3 .7 2.1 6 .2 1 0 9 .8 1 1 1 .0 1 1 2 .0 1 1 3 .3 1 1 4 .5 1 1 5 .7 1 1 6 .8 118 0 1 1 9 .5 1 .3 4 .4 D u r a b le s ................................................................................................................... 1 1 0 .3 1 11.1 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .9 1 1 4 .4 1 1 5 .7 1 1 6 .6 1 1 7 .7 1 1 9 .1 1 .2 4.1 Nond urables 1 09.1 1 1 0 .9 1 1 3 .9 1 1 4 .6 1 1 7 .1 1 1 8 .6 1 2 0 .2 1 1 5 .2 1 1 6 .5 1 1 8 .0 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .9 1 2 1 .2 1 .3 1.1 4 .0 1 1 2 .2 1 1 2 .9 1 1 3 .3 1 1 4 .0 1 1 4 .3 1 1 4 .4 .1 1 .3 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .7 .7 3 .3 Service w o r k e r s ....................................................................................................... W o rk e rs , by industry division M a n u fa c t u r in g ........................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g ................................................................................................... Construction ....................................................................................................... 1 1 0 .5 1 1 2 .0 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .4 1 0 9 .7 1 1 0 .4 1 12.1 1 1 5 .8 3 .8 4 .9 T ransportation and public u t i l i t i e s ........................................................... 1 11.1 1 1 2 .9 1 1 4 .7 1 1 5 .7 1 1 6 .8 1 1 8 .5 1 1 9 .3 W h olesale and retail t r a d e ........................................................................... 1 0 7 .2 1 0 8 .5 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .5 1 1 2 .3 1 1 4 .3 1 1 6 .0 1 1 6 .5 1 2 0 .0 1 1 4 .4 1 2 0 .7 1 2 2 .9 1 .8 5 .5 1 1 4 .9 1 1 6 .2 1.1 5 .1 -.9 W holesale trade ........................................................................................... 1 0 9 .8 1 1 1 .8 1 14.1 1 1 5 .7 1 1 6 .5 1 1 8 .2 Retail t r a d e ....................................................................................................... 1 06.1 1 0 7 .2 1 0 9 .4 1 0 9 .9 1 1 2 .8 1 1 8 .1 1 .4 5 .2 Finance, insuran ce, and real e s t a t e ....................................................... 1 0 9 .0 1 1 0 .6 1 11.1 1 1 3 .5 1 1 0 .6 1 1 6 .9 116.1 1 1 6 .9 1 1 5 .3 1 1 5 .8 .4 S e r v i c e s ................................................................................................................... 1 1 4 .3 1 1 6 .0 1 1 6 .6 1 2 0 .4 1 2 1 .9 1 2 4 .2 1 2 4 .7 1 2 7 .1 1 2 9 .5 1 .9 6 .2 S t a t e a n d l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s ........................................................................... 1 1 4 .0 1 15.1 1 1 5 .7 1 1 9 .2 1 2 0 .0 1 2 1 .6 1 2 2 .0 1 2 6 .1 1 2 7 .1 .8 5 .9 W o rk e rs , by occupational group W h ite -c o lla r w o rk e rs ........................................................................................... 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 .6 1 16.1 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .6 1 2 2 .2 1 2 2 .5 1 2 7 .1 1 2 8 .0 .7 6.1 B lue-c ollar w o r k e r s ............................................................................................... 1 1 2 .0 1 1 3 .3 1 1 4 .3 1 1 6 .4 1 1 6 .9 1 1 9 .1 1 1 9 .6 1 2 1 .9 1 2 2 .5 .5 4 .8 ....................................................................................................................... 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 .5 1 1 5 .9 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .6 1 2 2 .2 .7 6 .2 S c h o o l s ................................................................................................................... 1 1 4 .5 1 1 5 .2 1 1 5 .4 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .6 1 2 2 .2 1 2 2 .3 1 2 7 .8 1 2 8 .7 .7 6 .7 1 1 5 .1 1 1 5 .6 1 1 5 .8 1 2 1 .1 1 2 1 .7 1 2 2 .9 1 2 3 .0 1 2 9 .3 1 3 0 .2 .7 W o rk e rs , by industry division Services E le m e n ta ry and secondary 1 2 2 .5 1 2 7 .2 ................................................................... 1 1 4 .9 1 1 6 .5 1 1 7 .7 1 1 9 .7 1 2 0 .6 1 2 1 .9 1 2 3 .1 1 2 5 .1 1 2 5 .9 .6 7 .0 4 .4 1 1 2 .6 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 .4 1 1 8 .2 1 1 9 .4 1 2 0 .4 1 2 1 .3 1 2 4 .4 1 2 5 .7 1 .0 5 .3 E x c lu d e s fa rm , househo ld, and Federal w o rkers. C o n s is t s o f legislative, judicial, adm inistrative, and regulatory activities. 100 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 28.1 ....................................................................................... H ospitals and o ther services3 Public a d m in is tra tio n 2 ................................................................... 3 lncludes, for exam ple, library, social, and health services. 35. E m ploym ent C ost Index, private industry w orkers, by bargaining status, region, and area size [June 1981 = 100] P erc e n t ch an g e S e r ie s 1982 D ec. 1984 1983 M a rc h June S e p t. D ec. M a rc h June S e p t. D ec. 3 m o n th s 1 2 m o n th s ended ended Decem ber 1984 C O M P E N S A T IO N W o rk e rs , by bargaining s ta tu s 1 1 2 1 .7 122 6 1.1 4 .3 ............................................................................................................... 1 1 1 .8 1 1 4 .0 1 1 4 .8 1 1 6 .3 1 1 7 .2 1 1 9 .3 1 2 0 .5 1 2 1 .6 1 2 3 .2 1 .3 5.1 N o n m a n u f a c tu r in g ....................................................................................................... 1 1 2 .8 1 1 4 .9 1 17.1 1 1 9 .2 1 2 0 .4 1 2 1 .9 1 2 2 .8 1 2 3 .6 1 2 4 .5 0 .7 3 .4 Union ...................................................................................................................................... M a nufacturing Nonu nion .............................................................................................................................. M a nufacturing ............................................................................................................... N o n m a n u f a c tu r in g ...................................................................................................... 1 1 2 .3 1 1 4 .5 1 1 6 .0 1 1 7 .8 1 1 8 .8 1 2 0 .6 1 1 9 .2 1 2 3 .9 1 0 9 .7 1 1 1 .5 1 1 2 .8 1 1 4 .4 1 1 5 .9 1 1 8 .0 1 2 0 .3 1 2 1 .9 1 .3 5 .2 1 0 9 .2 1 0 9 .9 1 1 1 .2 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .8 1 1 7 .9 1 1 9 .3 1 2 0 .8 1 1 4 .7 118 6 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .7 1 2 2 .4 1 .3 1 .4 5.1 1 1 3 .0 1 1 4 .9 1 1 6 .4 1 1 6 .6 1 1 1 .6 5 .2 W o rk e rs , by re g io n 1 .............................................................................................................................. 1 1 1 .7 1 2 2 .4 1 2 3 .8 1.1 ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1 0 .6 1 1 2 .5 1 1 3 .5 1 1 5 .6 117.1 119 7 1 2 0 .7 120 7 1 2 2 .2 1 .2 4 .4 1 0 8 .6 1 1 2 .9 1 1 0 .9 1 1 5 .4 1 1 2 .5 1 1 3 .9 1 1 4 .7 1 1 7 .2 1 1 7 .9 1 1 9 .7 1 2 0 .8 .9 1 1 6 .6 1 1 8 .0 1 2 0 .0 1 2 1 .0 1 2 2 .2 1 2 2 .5 1 2 4 .9 2 .0 5 .3 4.1 .......................................................................................................... 1 1 0 .9 1 1 2 .9 1 1 4 .2 11 6 0 1 1 7 .4 1 1 9 .4 1 2 0 .6 1 2 1 .5 1 2 3 .2 1 .4 4 .9 .......................................................................................................................... 1 09.1 1 1 0 .8 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .4 1 1 4 .5 1 1 6 .7 1 1 7 .4 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .8 .7 4 .6 N ortheast S outh North Central ...................................................................................................................... W e s t .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1 2 .6 1 1 4 .3 1 1 6 .0 1 1 7 .5 1 1 8 .9 1 2 0 .7 5 .4 W o rk e rs , by area s ize 1 M e tropolitan areas Other areas W A G E S A N D S A L A R IE S W o rk e rs , by bargaining s ta tu s 1 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .9 1 1 4 .2 1 1 6 .0 1 1 6 .9 1 1 8 .1 1 2 0 .9 .9 .............................................................................................................. 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .4 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .7 1 1 4 .8 1 1 6 .1 117.1 118.1 1 1 9 .5 1 .2 4.1 N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g ....................................................................................................... 1 1 2 .7 1 1 4 .3 1 1 6 .0 1 1 8 .3 1 1 8 .9 1 2 0 .1 1 2 0 .7 1 2 1 .3 1 2 2 .1 .7 2 .7 1 0 9 .5 1 09.1 1 1 0 .9 1 1 2 .2 1 1 3 .7 1 1 5 .2 1 1 6 .7 .............................................................................................................. 1 1 0 .7 1 1 1 .8 1 1 3 .0 1 1 4 .2 1 1 5 .4 1 1 6 .5 1 1 7 .9 1 1 9 .5 1 .4 4 .6 N o n m a n u f a c tu r in g ...................................................................................................... 1 0 9 .6 1 1 1 .0 1 1 2 .4 1 1 4 .0 1 1 5 .6 1 1 7 .2 1 1 8 .3 1 1 9 .2 1 2 0 .7 1 .3 4 .4 Union ...................................................................................................................................... M a nufacturing N onunion .............................................................................................................................. M a nufacturing 1 1 9 .0 1 1 7 .8 1 1 9 .8 1 1 8 .8 1 2 0 .4 1 .3 3 .4 4 .5 W o rk e rs , by re g io n 1 N ortheast South .............................................................................................................................. 1 1 1 .5 1 1 2 .0 1 1 3 .6 .115.3 1 1 6 .6 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .9 1 2 0 .5 1 2 1 .9 1 .2 4 .5 ...................................................................................................................................... 1 0 9 .8 1 1 1 .4 1 1 2 .5 1 1 4 .3 1 1 5 .7 1 1 7 .9 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .0 1 2 0 .2 1 .0 3 .9 ...................................................................................................................... 1 0 8 .6 1 10.1 1 1 1 .5 1 1 2 .8 1 1 3 .6 1 1 5 .5 1 1 6 .0 1 1 7 .8 1 1 8 .7 .8 4 .5 W e s t .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1 2 .0 1 14.1 1 1 4 .9 1 1 6 .5 118 5 1 1 8 .8 1 1 9 .6 1 2 0 .0 1 2 2 .5 2.1 3 .4 North Central W o rk e rs by area size 1 .......................................................................................................... 1 1 0 .5 1 1 1 .9 1 1 3 .2 1 1 4 .9 1 1 6 .2 1 1 7 .6 1 1 8 .6 1 1 9 .5 1 2 1 .0 1 .3 4.1 .......................................................................................................................... 1 0 8 .8 1 10.1 1 1 1 .4 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .4 1 1 5 .1 1 1 6 .0 1 1 7 .5 1 1 8 .3 .7 4 .3 M e tro p o lita n areas O ther areas 1The indexes are calculated differently from those fo r the occupation and industry groups. For a detailed description of the index calculation, see BLS Handbook o f Methods, Bulletin 1 9 1 0 . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 101 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1985 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data 36. W age and com pensation change, m ajor collective bargaining settlem ents, 1980 to date [In p e rc e n t] Q u a r t e r ly a v e r a g e M e a s u re 1982 1980 1981 ............................ 1 0 .4 1 0 .2 Annual rate over life of c o n tra c t. . . 7.1 8 .3 1982 1983 1984 1983 1984 3 .2 3 .4 3 .6 3 .3 - 1 .6 4 .4 5 .0 4 .9 5.1 3 .5 2 .7 3 .7 2 .8 3 .0 2 .8 4 .8 1 .4 3 .6 4 .3 3.1 4 .7 3 .2 3.1 2 .0 IV 1 II I II IV 1 II I II IV Total com pensation changes, covering 5 ,0 0 0 w o rk e rs o r m ore, all industries: Fi.rst ye a r o f c ontra c t W a g e rate changes covering at least 1 ,0 0 0 w o rk e rs , all industries: ............................ 9 .5 9 .8 3 .8 2 .6 2 .4 3 .8 - 1 .2 2 .7 3 .7 4 .2 2 .8 2 .6 2 1 2 3 Annual rate over life of c o n tra c t. . . First ye a r of contra ct 7.1 7 .9 3 .6 2 .8 2 .4 4 .8 2 .2 2 .8 3 .6 2 .8 3 .3 2 .7 2 .6 1 .5 M anufacturing: ............................ 7 .4 7 .2 2 .8 0 .4 2 .3 4.1 - 3 .4 1 .3 3 .4 2 .9 2 .5 2 .6 2 3 Annual rate over life of c o n tra c t. . . First ye a r o f c ontra c t 2 2 5 .4 6.1 2 .6 2.1 1 .5 3 .9 4 .5 .9 3 .5 3.1 2 .5 2 .8 2 .5 1 .0 N onm a nufa c tu ring ( e x c lu d i ^ construction): ............................ 9 .5 9 .8 4 .3 5 .0 3 .4 3 .6 3 .3 5 .9 5 .8 4 .8 4 .2 4 .3 2 .0 3 9 Annual rate over life o f c o n tra c t. . . First ye a r o f contra ct 6 .6 7 .3 4.1 3 .7 3 .8 5 .2 5 .3 5 .2 4 .3 2 .7 4 .8 4 .2 2 .8 3 .8 1 .5 2 .4 .5 3 .4 .7 1 .7 1 .5 1.1 - 3 .6 1.1 2 .0 - 2 .8 1 .0 2 .9 2 .4 2.1 2 .9 2 .6 - 2 .8 1 .4 2.1 - .8 C onstruction: ............................ 1 3 .6 1 3 .5 6 .5 Annual rate over life of c o n tra c t. . . First ye a r o f c ontra c t 1 1 .5 1 1 .3 6 .3 w 37. Effective w age adjustm ents in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 w orkers o r m ore, 1980 to date w ------------------:---------------------------------------Y e a r a n d q u a rte r Year M e a s u re 1982 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 IV 1983 1 II 1984 III IV 1 II I II IV A verage percent ad ju s tm e n t (including no change): All in d u s tr ie s ............................................................................................... 9 .9 9 .5 9 .4 6 .8 4 .0 3 .7 1 .3 0 .3 1 .3 1 .2 1.1 0 .9 0 .9 1 .2 0 .7 1 0 .2 5 .2 2 .7 4 .3 1 .5 -.5 1.1 1 .2 .9 1 .2 1 .0 1 .0 1.1 9 .7 9 .5 7 .9 4 .8 3 .3 1 .2 1 .5 1 .2 1 .2 .7 .9 1 .3 .4 ........................................... 3 .6 2 .5 1 .7 .8 .8 .6 .3 .2 .6 .1 .1 2 3 D eferred fro m settlem en ts reached in earlier period . . . . 3 .5 3 .8 3 .6 2 .5 2 .0 .4 .4 1 .0 .8 .3 .4 7 .7 2 From c o s t-o f-liv in g c l a u s e s ............................................................... 2 .8 3 .2 1 .4 .6 .9 .3 .1 .1 .2 .2 .3 .2 .3 .2 — 8 ,6 4 8 7 ,8 5 2 6 ,5 3 0 6 ,1 9 5 3 ,4 4 1 2 ,8 7 5 3 ,0 6 1 3 ,0 2 5 2 ,8 8 7 2 ,6 9 4 2 ,4 8 2 2 ,3 8 6 1 ,8 5 0 8 25 448 561 599 996 295 355 406 911 M a nufacturing ................................................................... Nonm anufactu ring ........................................................................... From s e ttlem en ts reached in period .9 - .2 Total n um be r of w o rkers receiving wage change (in th o u s a n d s )1 ................................................................................... From settlem en ts reached . in period .................... w ! ................................................. — 2 ,2 7 0 1 ,9 0 7 2 ,3 2 7 1 ,851 reached in e arlier p e r i o d ............................................................... — 6 ,2 6 7 4 ,8 4 6 3 ,2 6 0 3 ,6 6 8 8 60 812 1 ,4 0 5 1 ,3 1 7 669 984 1 ,1 4 8 1 ,5 8 1 From c o s t-o f-liv in g c l a u s e s ............................................................... 443 — 4 ,5 9 3 3 ,8 3 0 2 ,3 2 7 2 ,5 1 8 1 ,9 7 0 1 ,9 3 8 1 ,2 9 9 1 ,2 1 8 1 ,2 9 0 1 ,4 5 9 1 ,1 5 1 1 ,2 1 5 1 ,0 7 0 — 145 483 1 ,1 8 7 1 ,1 2 3 4 ,8 9 5 4 ,8 4 2 4 ,6 5 6 4 ,6 9 3 4 ,8 3 0 4 ,6 2 4 4 ,8 3 5 4 ,9 3 2 5 ,4 6 7 D eferred fro m settlem en ts N u m b e r o f w o rk e rs receiving no adjustm ents (in th ousands) ................................................................................... 1 Th e total n um be r of w o rkers w h o received adjustm ents does not equal the sum of w o rkers that received each type of a d justm ent, because som e w o rkers received m ore than one type o f adjustm ent during the period. 102 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis WORK STOPPAGE DATA o r k s t o p p a g e s include all known strikes or lockouts involving 1,000 workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer. Data are based largely on newspaper accounts and cover all workers idle one shift or more in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or secondary effect on other establishments whose employees are idle owing to material or service shortages. W 38. Estimates of days idle as a percent of estimated working time measure only the impact of larger strikes (1,000 workers or more). Formerly, these estimates measured the impact of strikes involving 6 workers or more; that is, the impact of virtually all strikes. Due to budget stringencies, collection of data on strikes involving fewer than 1,000 workers was discontinued with the December 1981 data. W ork stoppages involving 1,000 w orkers or m ore, 1947 to date N u m b e r o f s to p p a g e s M o n th a n d y e a r W o r k e r s in v o lv e d B e g in n in g in In e ffe c t m o n th o r y e a r d u r in g m o n th 1 9 4 7 .................................................................................................................................. 270 1948 B e g in n in g in m o n th o r y e a r ( in t h o u s a n d s ) D a y s id le In e ffe c t d u r in g m o n th ( in t h o u s a n d s ) 1 ,6 2 9 N um ber ( in t h o u s a n d s ) P e rc e n t of e s t im a t e d w o r k in g t im e 7?n ............................................................................... 24 5 1 435 ?fi 1?7 1 9 4 9 .................................................................................................................................. 26 2 2 ,5 3 7 43 4?n 1 9 5 0 .................................................................................................................................. 42 4 1 ,6 9 8 3 0 3 90 26 1 9 5 1 .................................................................................................................................. 41 5 1 ,4 6 2 1 9 5 2 ................................................................................................................................... 470 2 ,7 4 6 15 0 7 0 48 8? 0 38 1 9 5 3 .................................................................................................................................. 437 1 ,6 2 3 12 18 1 30 1fi 8 3 0 13 1 9 5 4 .................................................................................................................................. 26 5 1 ,0 7 5 1 9 5 5 .................................................................................................................................. 363 2 ,0 5 5 1 9 5 6 .................................................................................................................................. 28 7 1 ,3 7 0 21 1 80 26 8 40 20 07 1 9 5 7 .................................................................................................................................. 16 27 9 8 87 10 3 4 0 1 9 5 8 .................................................................................................................................. 332 1 ,5 8 7 17 9 0 0 1 9 5 9 .................................................................................................................................. 245 1 ,381 60 850 43 1 9 6 0 .................................................................................................................................. 222 8 96 13 2 6 0 09 1 9 6 1 .................................................................................................................................. 19 5 13 1 ,031 10 1 40 07 1 9 6 2 .................................................................................................................................. 211 7 93 11 7 6 0 08 1 9 6 3 .................................................................................................................................. 1964 .......................................................................................................................... 181 512 10 0 2 0 246 1 ,1 8 3 16 2 2 0 07 11 1 9 6 5 .................................................................................................................................. 2 68 999 15 1 40 10 1 9 6 6 .................................................................................................................................. 321 1 ,3 0 0 16 0 00 10 1 9 6 7 .................................................................................................................................. 381 2 ,1 9 2 31 3 20 18 1 9 6 8 .................................................................................................................................. 3 92 1 ,8 5 5 3 5 5 67 20 1 9 6 9 .................................................................................................................................. 4 12 1 ,5 7 6 29 397 16 1 9 7 0 .................................................................................................................................. 381 2 ,4 6 8 5 2 761 29 2 ,5 1 6 35 538 1 9 7 1 .................................................................................................................................. 2 98 1 9 7 2 .................................................................................................................................. 250 975 16 7 6 4 09 1 9 7 3 .................................................................................................................................. 1 9 7 4 .................................................................................................................................. 317 4 24 1 ,4 0 0 1 ,7 9 6 16 2 6 0 31 8 0 9 08 16 17 56 3 09 19 1 9 7 5 .................................................................................................................................. 235 9 65 1 9 7 6 .................................................................................................................................. 231 1 ,5 1 9 23 962 12 1 9 7 7 .................................................................................................................................. 2 98 1 ,2 1 2 21 2 5 8 1 9 7 8 .................................................................................................................................. 2 19 1 ,0 0 6 2 3 77 4 10 11 1 9 7 9 .................................................................................................................................. 2 35 187 1,021 20 409 09 1 9 8 0 .................................................................................................................................. 7 95 20 844 09 1 9 8 1 .................................................................................................................................. 145 7 29 16 9 0 8 1 9 8 2 .................................................................................................................................. 96 656 9 061 07 04 1 9 8 3 .................................................................................................................................. 1 9 8 4 .................................................................................................................................. 81 909 17 461 08 376 8 499 04 1984' January 6 February ............................................................................................... 3 M a r c h ................................................................................................... 2 12 13 10 2 8 .0 4 2 .9 9 .4 42 4 3 7 9 .5 3 .0 2 9 6 .3 .01 5 0 5 .3 .0 3 .0 2 7 13 2 8 .5 1 6 .5 3 8 .4 6 5 7 .3 .0 3 ...................................................................................................... 5 5 8 7 .6 .0 3 5 15 14 3 9 .2 J u n e ...................................................................................................... 2 3 .7 4 5 .9 7 6 1 .1 .0 4 7 0 .8 1 0 6 .4 1 ,2 2 8 .0 .0 6 19 1 ,6 3 4 .5 .0 7 A p r i l ...................................................................................................... M ay 8.1 8 5 10 20 2 4 .2 1 0 3 .9 18 1 0 7 .9 1 2 2 .9 7 3 1 .0 .0 4 ............................................................................................... 4 16 1 8 .0 5 6 2 .1 .0 3 N o v e m b e r ........................................................................................... 4 15 12.0 3 9 .6 3 2 .3 5 0 0 .1 D e c e m b e r ........................................................................................... 3 13 4 2 .5 5 9 .0 6 5 5 .8 .0 3 .0 4 July ...................................................................................................... A u g u s t ................................................................................................... S e p t e m b e r .......................................................................................... O ctober 1 985P 62 ............................................................................................... January ............................................................................................... February ............................................................................................... p = preliminary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 4 9 4 .7 1 6 .0 2 7 8 .3 13 2 9 .3 4 3 .9 2 5 9 .3 .01 .01 r= revised. 103 New from BLS S ALES P U B L IC A T IO N S BLS B ulletins O ccupational Em ploym ent in Transportation, Com m unications, Utilities, and Trade. Bulletin 2220, 80 pp., $3 (GPO Stock N o . 029-001-02832-6). Based on a periodic survey which is part o f a Federal-State cooperative program o f occupa tional em ploym ent statistics (OES), this bulletin provides 1982 data for 18 industries by detailed occupation. U .S . Department o f State Indexes o f Living Costs Abroad, Quarters A llow ances, and Hardship Differentials, January 1985. Tabulations com puted quarterly by the allowance staff o f the Department o f State for use in establishing allowances to com pensate Am erican civilian governm ent em ployees for costs and hardships related to assignments abroad. The in form ation also is used by many business firms and private organizations to assist in establishing private com pensation system s. 8 p p ., $2.75 ($10 per year). FR EE P U B L IC A T IO N S P ro d u c tiv ity M easu res for S elected In d u stries, 1954-83. B u lle t in 2 2 2 4 , 2 8 0 p p ., $ 7 .5 0 (GPO S to c k N o . 0 2 9 -0 0 1 -0 2 8 3 3 - 4 ). P r e se n ts in d e x e s o f o u tp u t per em ployee hour for the industries included in the program. Indexes for w ood kitchen cabinets; internal com bustion engines; m achine tool accessories; and refrigeration and heating equipment are published for the first time. A rea W ag e Surveys T h e s e b u lle tin s c o v e r o f f i c e , p r o f e s s io n a l, t e c h n ic a l, m aintenance, custodial, and material m ovem ent occupations in m ajor m etropolitan areas. The annual series o f 70 is available by subscription for $88 per year. Individual area bulletins are also available separately. Published in February were: B u ffa lo , N ew Y ork , M etrop olitan A rea, O ctob er 1984. B u lle tin 3 0 2 5 -8 4 , 49 p p ., $ 2 .2 5 (G P O S to c k N o . 029-001-90331-6). D ayton, O hio, M etropolitan Area, December 1984. Bulletin 3025-61, 31 p p ., $1.75 (GPO Stock N o. 029-001-90328-6). Jacksonville, F lorida, M etropolitan A rea, Decem ber 1984. B u lletin 3 0 2 5 -6 0 , 28 p p ., $ 1 .7 5 (G P O S to c k N o . 029-001-90327-8). Area W a g e S um m aries A ugusta, G A -SC , January 1985. 3 pp. Charlotte-G astonia, N C , December 1984. 3 pp. Colorado Springs, CO, December 1984. 3 pp. Colum bia-Sum ter, SC, January 1985. 3 pp. Decatur, IL, December 1984. 3 pp. D othan, A L , December 1984. 6 pp. Frederick-Hagerstown-Cham bersburg, M D -P A , December 1984. 6 pp. Fort Smith, AR-O K , December 1984. 3 pp. G uam , December 1984. 6 pp. Knoxville, T N , December 1984. 3 pp. M acon, G A , December 1984. 6 pp. Pine B luff, A R , January 1985. 3 pp. Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, C A , December 1984. 6 pp. Southwest Virginia, December 1984. 5 pp. BLS R eports E m p loym en t in P ersp ective: W ork in g W o m en , F ourth Q u a r te r 1 9 8 4 . R e p o r t 7 1 6 , 3 p p . S u m m a r iz e s developm ents in w om en’s em ploym ent and unem ploy m ent throughout 1984, concentrating particularly on changes between the fourth quarters o f 1983 and 1984. Portland, M aine, M etropolitan Area, December 1984. Bulletin 3025-63, 41 p p ., $2.25 (GPO Stock N o . 029-001-90330-8). San D iego, California, M etropolitan Area, December 1984. B u lle tin 3 0 2 5 -6 2 , 29 p p ., $ 1 .7 5 (G P O S to c k N o . 029-001-903290-4). O th e r S u m m aries Em ployee Earnings and Benefits, M en’s and B oys’ Shirts, May 1984. Summary 85-1, 14 pp. P eriodicals O ccupational Earnings and W age Trends in M etropolitan Areas, 1984. (N o. 2 o f 3). Summary 84-10, 10 pp. CPI Detailed Report. The December 1984 issue provides a com prehensive report on price m ovem ents for the m onth, plus statistical tables, charts, and technical notes. 105 pp., $4 ($25 per year). S p e c ia l Advisory Current W age D evelop m en ts. The February issue includes selected wage and benefit changes, work stoppages in January, major agreements expiring in March, index to 1984 wage and benefit changes, and statistics on com pen sation changes. 61 p p ., $2 ($21 per year). To Order: Em ploym ent and Earnings. The February issue covers em ploy ment and unem ploym ent developm ents in January, changes in the estim ation procedure in the Current P opulation Survey beginning in January 1985, plus regular statistical tables on national, State, and area em ploym ent, unem ploym ent, hours, and earnings. 203 p p ., $4.50 ($31 per year). Department Store Inventory Price Indexes— January 1985. Sales Publications: Order by title and GPO stock number from a BLS regional office (see inside front cover), or from the Superintendent o f D ocum ents, U .S . Governm ent Printing O ffice, W ashington, D .C . 20402. Subscriptions, are available only from the Superintendent o f D ocum ents. All checks— including those that go to the regional offices— should be made payable to the Superintendent o f Docum ents. Free Publications: Request national publications from Bureau o f Producer Prices and Price Indexes. The December 1984 issue in cludes a comprehensive report on price m ovem ents for the m onth, plus highlights for 1984, regular tables, and technical notes. 161 pp. $4.25 ($29 per year). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Labor Statistics, U .S . Department o f Labor, W ashington, D .C . 20212, or from any regional office. Request regional office publications from the issuing office. Free publications are available while supplies last. IN THE MAZE OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL STATISTICS, do you som etim es feel like Stanley hunting for Livingstone? If so, your search for a single source of reliable and com prehensive statistics and analysis is over. S ubscribe to the MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, the oldest governm ent journal providing up-to-date inform ation on econom ic and social statistics. PUBLISHED CONTINUOUSLY SINCE 1915, the REVIEW provides a 40-page section of current statistics covering em ploym ent and unem ploym ent; wages, and strike activity; worker and capital productivity; unit labor costs and output; consum er, industrial, and international prices; econom ic growth; and related topics. Each month, the REVIEW also contains articles and inform ative reports. Some recent titles are: ■ Youth joblessness ■ Job Training Partnership Act ■ M en’s and w om en’s earnings ■ O lder workers in the labor market ■ O ccupational winners and losers ■ Ja p a n ’s low unem ploym ent ■ Black w o rkers’ gains ■ Em ployee-owned firms ■ Shortage of m achinists? ■ The labor force in 1995 ■ Price inflation remains low ■ M ultifactor productivity ■ Em ploym ent in energy industries ■ Im port prices for petroleum ■ The em ploym ent cost index ■ C ollective bargaining ■ W ork Injuries from falls ■ Fatal injuries TO S U B S C R IB E TO TH E REVIEW , please fill out the follow ing coupon and send to the S u perintendent of D ocum ents, U.S. G overnm ent Printing O ffice, W ashington, D.C. 20402 O r d e r fo r m Please send the M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W fo r 1 year at $24 (Foreign S ubscribers add $6) □ Enclosed is a check or m oney order payable to S uperintendent of D ocum ents. □ C harge to G PO D eposit A ccount N o ____________________________ O rder N o _____________ □ C redit Card O rders □ M asterC ard □ VISA, on orders to C redit Card and No. S u perintendent of D ocum ents only. ______________ _ Expiration Date Total charges $ ______________ M onth/Y ear_______ N a m e ________________________________________________________________________ O rganization (if a p p ro p ria te )________________________________________________________________________ A d d re s s ________________________________________________________________________ City, State, Zip C o d e ________________________________________________________________________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis U.S. D e partm ent of Labor Bureau of Labor S ta tistics W ashington, D.C. 20212 O fficia l Business Second-Class M ail Postage and Fees Paid U.S. D e partm ent of Labor ISSN 0098-1818 Penalty for P rivate Use, S30C R E T U R N PO S TA G E G U A R A N T E E D https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis L T ,:M L R L IB R A 4 4 2 L ISSDUE012R 1 L IB R A R Y FED RESERVE BANK OF ST L O U IS L $ PO BOX 442. 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