Full text of Monthly Labor Review : April 1984, Volume 107, Number 4

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M O N T H L Y LA B O R R E V IE W

In this issue:

U S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
April 1984

Im port and export prices, em p lo ym en t
in services, and surviving s p o u se’s
pension b en efits


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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Janet L. Norwood, C om m issioner

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April cover:
Detail (front cover) and complete picture (back
cover), Awakening N ig h t, a 1949 opaque watercolor by Mark Tobey (1890-1976), from MARK
TOBEY: CITY PAINTINGS, an exhibition on display
from March 18 through June 3, 1984 at the East
Building of the National Gallery of Art, Washington,
D.C.; photograph courtesy of the gallery.
Window design and cover layout
by Melvin B. Moxley


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RESEARCH LIBRARY
Federal Reserve Bank
of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
APRIL 1984
VOLUME 107, NUMBER 4
Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief
Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor

APR 2 6 1984

Mark J. Johnson

3

Strong dollar, recovery mark international prices in 1983
Energy cost drop and struggle of developing nations to service debt also affected
prices of imports and exports; BLS introduced an all-commodities export index

Michael Urquhart

15

The employment shift to services: where did it come from?
Services did not gain all of its jobs from those lost in farm, goods-producing sectors;
employment growth stemmed largely from expansion of the labor force

Donald Bell, Avy Graham


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23

Surviving spouse’s benefits in private pension plans
Spouse's minimum lifetime annuity equals about two-fifths of worker's accrued benefits;
many spouses receive a smaller proportion, or may not be covered at all

Robert Evans, Jr.

32

‘Lifetime earnings’ in Japan for the class of 1955
Those who followed a ‘lifetime’ employment pattern have received higher earnings
than job changers, despite the decline in returns for education and tenure

Richard B. Carnes

37

Productivity in meatpacking and prepared meats industry
During 1967-82, industry restructuring brought on by the introduction of boxed beef
and increases in capital expenditures per employee boosted output per hour

REPORTS

Arlene Holen

43

Federal Supplemental aid and Unemployment Insurance recipients
DEPARTM ENTS

2
43
46
48
52
57

Labor month in review
Research summaries
Major agreements expiring next month
Developments in industrial relations
Book reviews
Current labor statistics

Labor M onth
In Review

KLEIN AWARDS. Lawrence R. Klein,
now a resident of Tuscon, Ariz.,
presented the awards that bear his name
at bls honor award ceremonies, March
27, in Washington, D.C.
Klein
presented the award for the best original
Monthly Labor Review article written by
a bls author and published during 1983
to three bls economists:
Richard W. Riche of the Office of
Productivity and Technology, Daniel E.
Hecker of the Office of Economic
Growth and Employment Projections,
and John U. Burgan of the Office of
Em ploym ent and Unem ploym ent
Statistics for “ High technology today
and tomorrow: a small slice of the
employment pie,” published in the
November issue.
Other winners of Klein awards were
authors of two articles written outside of
BLS, Koji Taira of the University of Il­
linois for “ Japan’s low unemployment:
economic miracle or statistical
artifact?” published in the July issue,
and Michele M. Hoyman of the Univer­
sity of Missouri and Lamont E.
Stallworth of Loyola University for
“ Arbitrating discrimination grievances
in the wake of Gardner-Denver,” in the
October issue.
Two bls authors cited for honorable
mention were George Ruben of the Of­
fice of Wages and Industrial Relations
for “ Collective bargaining in 1982:
results dictated by the economy,” in the
January issue, and for “ Developments
in industrial relations” written for the
Review throughout the year, and Philip
L. Rones of the Office of Employment
and Unemployment Statistics for “ The
labor m arket problems of older
workers,” in the May issue.

employment in the 1970’s and through
the mid-1990’s. Their study indicates that:
• Employment in high tech in­
dustries increased faster than
average industry growth during
the 1972-82 period.
• High tech industries accounted for
a relatively small proportion of all
new jobs nationwide, but provid­
ed a significant proportion of all
new jobs in some States and com­
munities.
• About 6 out of 10 high tech jobs
are located in the 10 most
populous States.
• States with relatively high propor­
tions of employment in high tech
industries are generally small;
most are in the Northeast.
• Through 1995, employment in
high tech industries is projected to
grow somewhat faster than in the
economy as a whole.
• High tech industries, even broadly
defined, will account for only a
small proportion of new jobs
through 1995.
• Scientific and technical workers,
while critical to the growth of in­
dustry and the economy, will ac­
count for only 6 percent of all new
jobs through 1995.
The Taira article finds that Japanese
workers statistically move from employ­
ment to out of the labor force, bypassing
unemployment and that their unemploy­
ment rates are comparatively low, even
when the data are adjusted using U.S.
concepts of unemployment. Taira ex­
amines the ways in which unemployment
is defined and counted in Japan. Discus­
sions of unemployment by sex and age,
and labor redundancy are also included.

The Riche, Hecker, and Burgan article

presents various concepts of high
technology and considers its effects on
2

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The Hoyman and Stallworth article em­

pirically

examines

the

state

of

discrimination grievance arbitration in
the aftermath of the Supreme Court’s
1974 Gardner-Denver decision, as
perceived by a sample of attorneys who
typically represent either management or
labor in grievance arbitration. The data
from the authors’ study indicate that
“ Gardner-Denver has had more of a
procedural effect than a substantive ef­
fect of the arbitral process. Relitigation
has not occurred in the majority of
cases, and where it did occur in either
the administrative or judicial forum, the
determination of the arbitrator was rare­
ly contradicted. If the frequency of
relitigation and reversal is an indicator
of the effect of Gardner-Denver, it
seems reasonable to conclude that ar­
bitration still serves as a viable dispute
settlement device for the resolution of
Title Vll-related grievances.”
Purpose of the award. The Klein Award

Fund was established in honor of
Lawrence R. Klein, editor-in-chief of the
Monthly Labor Review for 22 years until
his retirement in 1968. Instead of accept­
ing a retirement gift, Klein donated it
and matched the amount collected to
initiate the fund. Since then, he has con­
tributed regularly as have others. The
purpose of the fund is to encourage
Review articles that (1) exhibit originali­
ty of ideas or method of analysis (2)
adhere to the principles of scientific in­
quiry, and (3) are well written. Since
1969, fund trustees have presented
awards to the authors of 30 Review ar­
ticles. Awards carry cash prizes of $200
for each winning article.
Tax-deductible contributions to the
Klein Fund may be sent to Ben Burdetsky, Secretary-Treasurer, Lawrence R.
Klein Fund, c/o School of Government
and Business Administration, The
George W ashington U niversity,
Washington, D.C. 20052.
□

Robust growth and the strong dollar
set pattern for 1983 import and export prices
Declining energy costs, the slower pace of
recovery abroad, and developing nations' efforts
to service heavy international debt loads
were also importantfactors in price developments;
a new all-commodities export price index
was published for the fourth quarter
M a r k J. J o h n s o n

U.S. import prices, as measured by the International Price
Program of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, fell 2.4 percent
in 1983. (See table 1.) Declining energy prices and the
continued appreciation of the dollar against other currencies
pulled prices downward, although the robust U.S. economic
recovery placed some upward pressure on prices. The drop
in U.S. import prices was an important factor in the slow­
down of domestic inflation in 1983, as measured by the
Consumer Price Index and the Producer Price Index.
The U.S. all-commodities export price index, which was
published for the first time with the release of fourth-quarter
1983 data, fell 0.4 percent during the last 3 months of the
year. (See table 2.) The new all-export index provides full
coverage of U.S. merchandise exports; services and military
goods are not included. Key individual export price indexes
showing increases in 1983 were those for grain and for
machinery and transport equipment, while the index for
bituminous coal exports declined 14.2 percent. Export prices
were greatly influenced by the strong U.S. dollar, the rel­
atively slow pace of economic recovery abroad, and reduced

Mark J. Johnson is an economist in the Division of International Prices,
Bureau o f Labor Statistics.


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demand for U.S. products by developing nations with heavy
international debt loads.
The price indexes discussed in this article are not sea­
sonally adjusted, and are based on transaction price infor­
mation provided by a sample of U.S. importers and exporters.
They represent 100 percent of the value of all imported and
exported products. Indexes are published for detailed and
aggregate categories of imports and exports.1

General import and export trends
Because energy prices account for approximately onethird of the weight of the all-import price index, their 11.3percent decline during 1983 was a major factor in the drop
in this index. When energy products are excluded, U.S.
import prices rose 2.1 percent. This increase was led by the
indexes for intermediate manufactures and for machinery
and transport equipment, which rose 3.7 and 2.5 percent,
respectively.
The strong U.S. economic recovery in 1983 also had a
major impact on import prices. The recovery was fueled by
consumer spending, as personal consumption expenditures
rose 8.4 percent above 1982 levels.2 Some of this increased
spending was for imported goods. Of particular importance
were sales of interest rate-sensitive items such as autos,
3

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • 1983 Import and Export Prices

Table 1.

Change in selected import price indexes in 1983, and commodity shares of total 1980 trade value

Commodity

Share of
total
1980
trade
value

All commodities

100.000

All commodities
except fuels
and related
products . .
F o o d ...........................
Meat ......................
Meat of bovine
animals . . . .
Other prepared
or preserved
m e a t..............
Sugar, sugar
preparations,
and honey . . . .
Coffee, tea, and
cocoa ................
Coffee and coffee
substitutes . .
Coffee ...........
Tea and mate . .
T e a ................
Fuels and related
p ro d u c ts ................
Crude
petroleum . . . .
Gas, natural and
remanufactured .
Natural gas and
liquified natural
gas ...........

Perce nt change in—
All of
1983

First
quarter

- 2 .4

- 2 .8

Second
quarter

0.2

Third
quarter

- 0 .3

Fourth
quarter

0.5

67.223

2.1

1.0

1.0

- 0 .4

0.5

6.554
0.977

3.8
- 6 .5

1.1
- 1 .0

0.1
- 2 .9

1.3
1.1

1.2
- 3 .8

0.652

-1 .1

2.8

3.6

- 0 .5

- 6 .7

0.234

-1 3 .0

- 3 .2

-1 1 .0

1.7

- 0 .8

0.925

4.5

0.0

3.9

1.5

- 0 .8

2.241

17.8

2.2

1.7

4.0

9.0

1.746
1.644
0.054
0.054

6.8
7.9
42.8
43.0

- 2 .5
- 2 .8
4.8
4.8

0.7
1.3
4.8
4.7

0.9
0.7
1.8
1.9

7.7
8.7
27.7
27.8

32.776

-1 1 .3

-1 0 .2

- 1 .6

-0 .1

0.5

25.799

-1 2 .7

-1 0 .8

- 2 .3

- 0 .5

0.7

2.069

<1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

-1 1 .2

- 0 .2

-1 0 .2

- 8 .4

1.642

(’ )
8.2

Commodity

Intermediate manufactured products . . . .
Nonmetallic mineral manufactures . . .
Precious and
semiprecious
stones, and
pearls ......................
Diamonds, cut
and polished . .
Iron and steel ................
Nonferrous metals . . . .
Silver, platinum, and
other metals of the
platinum group . . .
Copper .........................
Z in c ..............................
Machinery and
transport equipment . . .
Office machines
and automatic
data processing
( a d p ) equipment
....
Parts for a d p
equipment ..............
Telecommunications
e q u ip m e n t...................
Electrical machinery and
e q u ip m e n t...................
Road vehicles
and p a rts ......................
Passenger automobiles ...................

Share of
total
1980
trade
value

Percent change in—
All of
1983

First
quarter

Second
quarter

Third
quarter

Fourth
quarter

13.520

3.7

1.3

1.6

0.8

0.0

1.944

6.1

3.1

2.8

0.1

0.0

1.127

(1)

(1)

(1)

0.937
3.127
3.123

11.9
1.8
10.2

3.9
- 2 .0
6.9

6.3
- 0 .3
5.8

2.6
0.2
2.2

- 1 .2
3.9
- 4 .5

1.037
0.581
0.135

6.0
6.3
19.4

13.6
7.6
- 1 .2

3.0
8.2
0.1

4.4
-1 .1
7.2

-1 3 .3
- 7 .7
12.6

25.442

2.5

1.8

0.8

- 1 .2

1.2

(1)

(1)

1.217

4.1

2.6

- 0 .2

- 1 .4

3.1

0.431

10.7

5.9

0.0

- 0 .3

4.8

2.785

- 1 .2

0.6

0.5

- 0 .7

- 1 .7

3.396

- 1 .2

- 0 .5

1.9

- 2 .0

- 0 .5

10.887

4.1

1.7

0.4

- 0 .7

2.6

7.201

4.9

1.3

0.6

- 0 .4

3.3

’ Data are not available.

housing, and consumer durables, which showed substantial
increases over 1982 levels: 1983 auto sales were 15 percent
above 1982 levels, and housing starts, up 60.3 percent over
1982, reached their highest level since 1979.3 This increased
activity stimulated demand for a host of related commodi­
ties, many of them imports. For example, auto production
spurred demand for such imported items as steel, aluminum,
rubber, and engines, while the increase in housing starts
boosted sales for foreign suppliers of lumber, copper, and
appliances.
Recent years have seen a substantial appreciation of the
dollar against the currencies of our major trading partners.
From its low in July 1980 to December 1983, the dollar’s
trade-weighted exchange rate rose 33.5 percent.4 (See chart
1.) Over the same period, the dollar rose 617.2 percent
against the Mexican peso, 106.7 percent against the French
franc, 57.4 percent against the German Deutschemark, and
6.1 percent against the Japanese yen.5 This appreciation
made imports less expensive while driving up the price of
U.S. exports in foreign markets. (See chart 2.)
Worldwide economic recovery lagged that of the United
States, further dampening demand for U.S. exports. U.S.
merchandise exports were $200.0 billion in 1983, down 5.3
percent from 1982.6 In particular, many developing nations

4

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experienced debt problems that forced them to cut back on
purchases of U.S. goods. For example, Mexico, our third
largest trading partner, purchased only $9.1 billion of U.S.
goods in 1983, compared with $11.8 billion in 1982 and
$18.2 billion in 1981.7 Other important U.S. trading part­
ners with debt problems were Brazil, Argentina, and Bo­
livia. Several o p e c nations were forced to curb imports as
oil revenues declined. Furthermore, many of our major trad­
ing partners in Europe, especially West Germany, Britain,
and France, experienced little economic growth in 1983.
The decline in U.S. merchandise exports was a key factor
in the record $60.6 billion 1983 merchandise trade deficit,
which far surpassed the previous high of $36.4 billion in
1982.8
Widening the merchandise trade gap was growth in de­
mand for imports by U.S. consumers and producers as the
Nation led economic recovery from the worldwide reces­
sion. U.S. 1983 merchandise imports were $260.6 billion,
5.2 percent more than in 1982.9 Although crude oil imports
fell to $36.8 billion in 1983 (from $45.9 billion in 1982),
demand for nonoil imports rose sharply, by 10.9 percent,
to $206.8 billion.10 Moreover, the U.S. current account,
which incorporates the balance on merchandise trade and
the balance on services (including payments and receipts of

interest and dividends on international investments) set a
record deficit of $40.8 billion following a deficit of $11.2
billion in 1982 and a surplus of $4.6 billion in 1981.11
Gross trade as a percentage of U. S. final goods production
is a measure of the importance of foreign trade to the goods
sector of the economy.12 During 1983, this figure was 28.1
percent, down from 29.3 percent in 1982 and 32.2 percent
in 1981. (The comparable figure for 1970 was 16.6 percent.)

Fuel leads import price decline


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Table 2. Change in selected export price indexes in 1983,
and commodity shares of total 1980 trade value
Percent change in—

Share of
total
1980
trade
value

All
of
1980

All commodities . . . . 100.000

(1)

(1)

Commodity

First
quarter

Second
quarter

Third
quarter

Fourth
quarter

<1)

(1)

- 0 .4

Food ....................................
Grain and grain prepa­
rations .........................
Wheat .........................
Barley .........................
Yellow c o rn ................
Yellow sorghum . . . .

12.768

(1)

(1)

5.1

7.6

- 3 .9

8.341
2.943
0.094
3.956
0.498

16.8
- 5 .0
32.1
34.5
18.3

7.2
- 1 .0
- 0 .6
13.1
10.0

6.8
0.2
13.0
11.2
11.2

7.7
1.8
21.6
12.8
0.8

- 5 .3
- 5 .9
- 3 .2
-5 .1
- 4.1

Crude materials ................
Oil s e e d s .........................
Soybeans ...................

10.948
3.024
2.716

(1)
35.8
36.8

(1)
- 1 .8
0.2

(1)
7.1
7.0

14.5
40.8
41.1

-2 .1
8.3
9.1

Fuels and related
products .........................
Bituminous coal ...........

3.691
2.088

(1)
-1 4 .2

(1)
- 2.6

(1)
10.2

(1)
-1 .7

0.8
0.2

9.578

(1)

(1)

- 3 .6

0.6

1.6

3.2

2.2

Chemicals and related
products .........................
Hydrocarbons and their
derivatives ................
Machinery and transport
equipment ......................
Metalworking
machinery .................
General industrial
machinery
and parts ...................
Heating and cooling
e q u ip m e n t..............
Mechanical handling
e q u ip m e n t..............
Telecommunications,
sound recording and
reproducing
equipment ................
Telecommunications
parts and
accessories ...........

0.799

7.9

- 0 .8

3.1

35.261

2.5

0.4

0.5

0.4

1.0

0.829

1.6

0.8

0.5

-0 .1

0.3

4.939

1.6

0.8

0.3

0.3

0.3

1.087

-0 .1

0.3

0.1

-0 .1

0.4

1.172

2.6

0.7

0.2

1.2

0.5

1.590

1.9

0.7

0.5

0.8

-0 .1

1.225

CO
CO

Fuels and related products. Import prices for fuels and
related products fell 11.3 percent in 1983, paced by a 12.7percent decline in crude oil prices and an 11.2-percent de­
cline in natural gas prices. (See chart 3.) Crude oil prices
fell 10.8 percent during the first quarter, in response to the
March 1983 decision by the Organization of Petroleum Ex­
porting Countries ( o p e c ) to cut its base price for a barrel
of crude oil from $34 to $29. Pressure for this price cut had
been building for 2 years in the form of excess supplies on
world markets, increased substitution of other forms of en­
ergy for crude oil, stepped-up conservation in the major
industrialized nations, and sluggish worldwide economic
activity. However, the o p e c price cut did not restore stability
to world oil markets. By year’s end, spot prices for many
crudes were again below the official o p e c prices, as several
o p e c nations attempted to maintain revenues by discounting
their posted prices and making sales in excess of their quo­
tas. One method used was to offer buyers generous price
reductions based on quality differentials between different
grades of oil.
U.S. refiners’ small profit margins on finished products
forced them to be as stringent as possible on prices paid for
crude oil supplies. And because they have excess refining
capacity, including facilities for processing high-sulfur crudes,
they had more flexibility in 1983 than in previous years
regarding the source of their supplies, a fact which kept
pressure on foreign producers to lower their prices. Mexico
and Venezuela are chief U.S. suppliers of high-sulfur crude
oil.
In 1983, U.S. consumption of petroleum products fell
0.7 percent in its fifth consecutive annual decline, outpacing
the last previous extended decline during 1930-32.13 Con­
servation even in the face of the vigorous economic recovery
was the primary factor behind the drop in consumption.
Gasoline sales rose slightly in 1983, after three consecutive
years of decline, as retail gasoline prices fell and the U.S.
auto fleet became increasingly fuel efficient. At the pump,
average retail gasoline prices dropped 1.6 percent over the
year.14 When the improved efficiency of the U.S. auto fleet
is taken into account, gasoline costs per mile driven for
U.S. consumers have declined substantially since 1980.
Demand and prices for home heating oil and residual fuel
also fell in 1983. The relatively warm 1983-84 winter, the
continuing application of energy-efficiency techniques in
homes, and the increased substitution of other fuel sources

such as electricity, natural gas, and solar heat contributed
to reduced consumption of home heating oil. During 1983,
the average retail price of home heating oil was $1.17 per
gallon, compared with $1.21 in 1982 and $1.25 in 1981.15
Residual fuel demand fell again in 1983 as utilities and
industrial users continued to switch to other forms of power,
such as coal, nuclear, and hydroelectric.
The strong dollar had a major effect on world crude oil
prices in 1983. Specifically, the dollar’s appreciation against
the currencies of our major trading partners meant that those
nations did not reap the full benefit of the cuts in posted
dollar prices for oil. In fact, buyers in several nations found
that oil prices in their currencies actually rose in 1983,
because of the depreciation of their currencies against the
dollar. This phenomenon acted to further depress world oil
demand.
The composition of U.S. oil imports continued to shift
away from o p e c sources during 1983. In recent years, sev­
eral non-OPEC suppliers, primarily Britain, Mexico, Nor­
way, the Soviet Union, and Egypt, have brought increasingly
large amounts of crude oil to world markets. In 1983, the
U.S. purchased 37 percent of its imported crude oil and

1.9

0.7

0.8

-0 .1

1Data are not available.

5

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • 1983 Import and Export Prices
petroleum products from o p e c sources, compared with 42
percent in 1982 and 70 percent in 1977— the year of the
greatest volume of oil imports.16 Leading suppliers in 1983
were Mexico, at 822 thousand barrels per day (bpd), Canada
(542 thousand bpd), Venezuela (421 thousand bpd), and the
United Kingdom (381 thousand bpd).17 Especially note­
worthy was the drop in imports from Saudi Arabia, which
in 1983 was the fifth-ranked U.S. supplier at 336 thousand
bpd, compared with imports of 552 thousand bpd in 1982
and 1.1 million bpd in 1981.18
Natural gas import prices fell steeply during the year
because of large world surpluses. Strong resistance to high
prices by U.S. purchasers led to a sharp drop in import
prices for Canadian natual gas and the termination of a major
contract for liquified natural gas ( l n g ) imports from Algeria.
Food. The price index for food imports advanced 3.8 per­
cent during 1983, led by a 17.8-percent increase in the index
for coffee, tea, and cocoa and a 4.5-percent rise in the sugar
and honey index. Partially offsetting these increases was a
6.5-percent decline in prices for imported meat. U.S. im­
ports of food products were $15.4 billion for the year, up
from $14.5 billion in 1982.19 The food index, which had
risen 0.2 percent in 1982, is one of the most volatile com­
ponents of the all-import index, reflecting the impact of

climatic conditions and the difficulties inherent in food pro­
duction, transportation, and marketing.
The import index for coffee, tea, and cocoa rose 9.0
percent in the fourth quarter alone. Coffee prices, which
advanced 7.9 percent for the year, gained 8.7 percent in the
fourth quarter. The fourth-quarter hike in coffee prices re­
sulted from a Federal Government crackdown on smugglers
seeking to evade limits imposed by U.S. participation in
the International Coffee Agreement, a strong seasonal pickup
in demand by roasters, a depletion of stockpiles, and a
shortage of high quality beans.20 Cocoa price increases re­
flected the dry weather which slowed the growth of crops
in Ghana, the Ivory Coast, and Nigeria. Tea prices rose
43.0 percent for the year, with 27.8 percent of the price
increase occurring in the fourth quarter. Price hikes for
imported tea were the result of strong seasonal demand in
the summer and reduced exports by Sri Lanka and Indonesia,
two major suppliers.
Meat prices fell 6.5 percent in 1983, after declining 0.4
percent the previous year. This index often registers volatile
price movements. The 1983 decrease was heavily influenced
by increases in input prices for feed grains, and the impact
of weather conditions on herds. Beef and veal prices fell
4.3 percent during the year, reflecting sluggish demand, low
wholesale beef prices, and large domestic slaughters in re-

Chart 1. Trade-weighted exchange rate index for the U.S. dollar, quarterly averages,
1970-83
(1980-82 = 100)

NOTE: Index is based on 1980 U.S. bilateral trade weights.
SOURCE: International Economics D epartment. Morgan Guaranty Trust Co.

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Chart 2. Quarterly U.S. dollar and foreign currency price indexes for U.S. exports of
machinery and transportation equipment, 1979-83

NOTE: The U.S. dollar index reflects dollar prices received by U.S. exporters The foreign currency index is based on foreign currency
prices paid for U.S exports by foreign buyers
SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, based on data from the Bureau and from the Morgan Guaranty Trust Co

sponse to drought-induced feed shortages. The index for
other prepared or preserved meat, which includes canned
hams and shoulders, fell 13.0 percent for the year, as abun­
dant supplies of pork continued to hold down prices world­
wide. Pork prices also were affected by the scarcity of corn
and feed grains, which precipitated greater domestic hog
slaughters. In 1983, Denmark continued to increase its lead
over Poland as the major supplier of pork products to the
United States. In 1981, Denmark had exported 26 percent
more ham and shoulders to the United States than Poland,
but by 1983, Danish exports of such products were ap­
proximately double the Polish volume.21 Demand for, and
prices of, imported chickens increased late in the year, as
a deadly form of avian influenza decimated U.S. flocks.
Rising demand and limited supplies resulted in higher
prices for imported sugar. Due to adjustments in Federal
quotas on sugar imports, 10.5 percent less sugar was im­
ported in 1983 than in 1982.22 This development, combined
with an increase in demand, boosted sugar prices. Further­
more, imports of certain types of sugar-containing formu­
lations, which had been entering the country through a
loophole in the existing quotas, were banned in June, further
cutting supplies. Moderating prices somewhat was the com­
mercial introduction of the new low-calorie sweetener, as­
partame, by several major soft-drink manufacturers. This


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tended to dampen speculative activity in sugar, as the use
of aspartame, a close sugar substitute, decreases sugar con­
sumption.
Intermediate manufactured products. Prices for interme­
diate manufactures rose 3.7 percent in 1983. These products
include nonferrous metals, wood, cork, textiles, iron and
steel, glassware, paperboard, and many other basic inputs
to manufacturing processes. The increase in the intermediate
manufactures index was led by a 10.2-percent advance in
nonferrous metals prices and a 6.1-percent price rise for
nonmetallic mineral manufactures. Tempering these in­
creases was a 1.8-percent increase in prices for imported
iron and steel.
After rising 13.0 percent in the first half of 1983, the
nonferrous metals index fell in the second half as silver and
copper prices dropped on world markets. Because nonfer­
rous metals, which also include aluminum, zinc, nickel, and
lead, are used extensively as basic inputs in many manu­
facturing processes, their prices are heavily affected by the
level of general economic activity. During 1982, a year of
worldwide recession, prices for several of these metals (most
notably copper, lead, zinc, and nickel) had remained ex­
tremely low. In 1983, the buoyant U.S. economic recovery
had a large positive effect on prices of those metals which
7

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • 1983 Import and Export Prices
are used heavily in the production of consumer goods, such
as aluminum and zinc. However, metals for which demand
is dependent on the level of capital spending (such as copper)
or speculation (such as silver) did not fare as well; in the
case of several, most notably copper, lead, and nickel, world
prices remained below production costs for some producers.
The economic recovery’s uneven effect on metals prices
is especially evident when contrasting copper and alumi­
num. During 1983, import prices for copper rose 6.3 per­
cent, while aluminum prices rose 21.2 percent. For most
of the year, aluminum sold at a premium to copper, a marked
reversal of the historical price relationship between the two
metals.
Copper prices had sunk to low levels in 1982, but rose
quickly on world markets in early 1983, as increased spec­
ulative activity led many users of the metal to purchase
hedge stocks in anticipation of a strong pickup in con­
sumption. However, world copper consumption in 1983 was
slightly less than in 1982, and there was no significant
increase in purchases by the U.S. capital goods sector, a
major copper user. In the meantime, several Third World
nations, especially Chile, Mexico, and Zambia, stepped up
output in order to acquire foreign exchange, and 1983 world
copper production rose slightly above 1982 levels. Through­
out the year, there was a growing copper surplus on world

Chart 3. Monthly
1979-83
(June 1977 = 100)

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opec

markets, such that, in November, inventories in London
Metals Exchange warehouses were at their highest level in
5 years.23 As a result of these factors, world copper prices
fell to their 1982 levels by year’s end.
In contrast, market prices for some aluminum products
in late 1983 were double the discounted prices offered by
aluminum firms during the preceding year. Demand for
aluminum soared as consumers stepped up purchases of
autos, homes, and appliances. As demand increased, U.S.
imports of the metal also rose.24 Zinc prices rebounded
during 1983, advancing 19.4 percent for the year and 20.7
percent in the second half. U.S. zinc consumption was up
strongly over the previous year’s levels, reflecting increased
use of galvanized steel by the auto industry. In addition, a
tightening of supplies on world markets and a decrease in
domestic primary zinc production capacity buoyed demand
for imports. Slab zinc imports in 1983 were 33.8 percent
above 1982 levels.25
The import price index for silver and metals of the plat­
inum group, which carries one-third of the weight of the
nonferrous metals index, rose 6.0 percent in 1983, as silver
prices fell 6.1 percent and platinum group prices advanced
23.2 percent. Early in the year, silver prices rose rapidly
on world markets as the U.S. economy expanded and inves­
tors speculated heavily in the metal. However, as interest

and non-OPEC price indexes for U.S. imports of crude petroleum,

rates rose and oil prices fell, speculative activity in silver
cooled, and industrial demand for silver did not increase
appreciably over the year. As a result, world silver prices
were lower at the end than at the beginning of the year. The
1983 price increase for the platinum metals group was led
by sharply rising palladium prices, reflecting strong demand
from manufacturers of computers, electronics, autos, and
dental supplies. Furthermore, palladium supplies were tight
as South Africa and the Soviet Union curbed exports. How­
ever, declining silver prices helped pull down platinum prices
in the second half, when the abatement of silver speculation
led to falling prices for platinum futures.
As with nonferrous metals, steel prices were heavily in­
fluenced by large supplies of imports. In 1983, the U.S.
steel industry struggled to recover from its worst slump since
the Great Depression, but production, while up from 1982
levels, remained depressed for the third straight year. De­
mand for sheet steel was buoyed by increased sales of autos
and appliances, but production of heavier items such as
plate, structural, and bar steels continued at low levels pend­
ing a revival of business capital spending. While imported
steel (in tonnage) took 20.5 percent of the U.S. market in
1983, down slightly from 21.8 percent in 1982 (chart 4), a
larger percentage of steel imports than in previous years
came from Third World nations.26 (See chart 5.) Supplies
of steel from Japan and the European Economic Community
( e e c ) were limited by trade agreements negotiated in 1982.
Fully integrated U.S. steel firms faced stiff competition
both at home and abroad, as they found it difficult to match
the prices offered by foreign firms and by domestic minimills. A factor in the competitive problems of U.S. firms
was their pace in adopting continuous casting, a process
which improves product yield, cuts energy use, and boosts
labor productivity. One-fourth of the Nation’s steel output
is continuously cast, compared with 86 percent in Japan and
61 percent in Europe.27 Conventional U.S. firms have higher
costs than producers in Europe, Japan, and the Third
World, and many major integrated domestic firms also car­
ried a surplus of high-cost, company-owned iron ore ca­
pacity. Finally, the subsidization of some foreign steel
producers by their governments added to the competitive
difficulties of U.S. steelmakers.
A major factor in the increased shipments of Third World
steel in 1983 was the debt situation of several nations which
are steel producers. For example, Mexico, Argentina, and
Brazil— all major U.S. steel suppliers in 1983— aggres­
sively sought U.S. sales to obtain foreign exchange for
servicing their international debts.
American steel firms continued to deal with their com­
petitive difficulties vis-à-vis foreign producers by shedding
excess capacity, cutting labor costs, and concentrating on
profitable product lines. For example, U.S. Steel Corp.
announced in December that it would close one-fifth of its
steelmaking capacity. Domestic companies also continued
to press the Federal Government for restrictions on low-


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priced steel imports from Third World nations. No major
restrictions were placed on imports from these nations dur­
ing 1983, although in July, a 4-year system of quotas and
tariffs was imposed on imports of certain specialty steels,
most of which originate in European and other industrialized
nations.28
Many firms viewed mergers with other domestic firms or
joint ventures with foreign firms as a way to remain com­
petitive. In September, for example, l t v Corp. and Re­
public Steel Corp. announced plans to merge, thereby creating
the second-largest U.S. steel firm. Both firms planned to
achieve production economies by consolidating the best parts
of their firms and discarding less-efficient divisions.29 Sev­
eral U.S. firms were also actively involved in foreign joint
ventures that provided for the importation of lower-cost
semifinished steel for finishing in domestic mills.30
The rise in prices for nonmetallic mineral manufactures
was led by an 11.9-percent increase in prices for cut and
polished diamonds. During the 1981-82 recession, prices
for large stones (those greater than one carat) fell more than
those for small stones. With the recovery in 1983, shortages
of several types of diamonds developed, and prices quickly
rose for the larger stones. Price increases for larger stones
were influenced by the market strategy of DeBeers (a South
African firm that is the world’s largest producer of dia­
monds), which consists of advertising such stones aggres­
sively while holding down their production and distribution.31
Machinery and transport equipment. This index, which
accounts for 25.4 percent of the weight of the all-import
price index, rose 2.5 percent in 1983, after falling 1.3 per­
cent during the preceding year. Some $88.9 billion of mer­
chandise in this category was imported during the year,
compared with $75.7 billion in 1982, as the economic re­
covery fueled demand.32 Much of the dollar value in this
index consists of consumer end-use products such as autos,
personal computers, and household appliances. As con­
sumer spending increased, purchases of these types of items
rose. The index also includes many important components
of manufacturing processes, such as electric motors, air
pumps, compressors, valves, and roller bearings, for which
demand grew with U.S. manufacturing output. However,
the continued appreciation of the dollar served to moderate
price increases in the index.
Prices for imported autos rose 4.9 percent in 1983. The
Japanese Government’s voluntary self-restraint quotas, which
limited auto exports to the United States to 1.68 million
units per year, and the robust increase in U.S. retail auto
sales in 1983 were factors which affected import car prices.
Lower interest rates, higher levels of employment, the in­
troduction of new models, stable gas prices, and the im­
proving economy boosted 1983 U.S. retail auto sales to 9.2
million from 8.0 million in 1982. Import penetration of the
U.S. market was 26.0 percent, down from 27.9 percent in
1982.33 Retail sales were held down by short supplies of
9

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • 1983 Import and Export Prices
both imported and domestic autos, the result of overly con­
servative production by the major U.S. automakers and the
quotas on Japanese imports. Sales of larger cars were es­
pecially brisk. Having lowered their break-even output sub­
stantially since 1980, U.S. automakers posted record
combined profits in 1983.
Import quotas for Japanese autos put upward pressure on
the prices of these cars. During 1983, Japanese cars ac­
counted for 20.9 percent of all U.S. new-car sales, down
from 22.6 percent in 1982. Because of the quotas, Japanese
automakers were unable to maintain or increase their market
share by fully exploiting a cost advantage estimated at $1,500
to $2000 per car. Instead of competing on price, Japan’s
carmakers concentrated on selling higher-valued, option­
laden cars in the United States, in effect providing a pricing
floor for the domestic industry.34 During 1983, the Japanese
Government agreed to extend the quotas for another year,
starting in April 1984. The new quota was set at 1.9 million
cars per year, with the bulk of the cars being supplied by
the five Japanese carmakers with extensive dealer networks
in t h is c o u n t r y . Three J a p a n e s e firms w h i c h a r e not wellestablished in the United States were assigned much smaller
export quotas.
The quotas provided an incentive for many of the joint
ventures undertaken by U.S. and foreign auto firms in recent
years. The ventures were generally of two types. The first

is an agreement by which a domestic auto firm gains a
license to sell a model built by its foreign venture partner
in the United States. In the second case, an agreement is
reached in which a U.S. firm and its overseas partner join
forces to design, produce, and market a car.
Prices for imported electric equipment and machinery fell
1.2 percent in 1983. Prices for semiconductor materials and
devices, such as silicon wafers and chips, led the decline
in this index. Microcircuit prices dropped as competition
among American, Japanese, and European producers inten­
sified, and as technological advances and economies of scale
lowered production costs. Additionally, weak expenditures
for capital equipment and commercial construction in this
country had a negative impact on the demand for many
types of electric equipment. The recovery in the U.S. res­
idential housing and appliance manufacturing industries helped
to mitigate the downward movement of prices in this index,
and growing sales of military equipment boosted demand
for many types of electric and electronic components. In
recent years, the U.S. trade balance for electrical machinery
has steadily worsened: In 1980, the Nation posted a trade
surplus of $2.2 billion for these items, but in 1983, it reg­
istered an $892.4 million trade deficit.35
Import prices for office machines and automatic data pro­
cessing ( a d p ) equipment rose 4.1 percent in 1983. Leading
this increase was a 10.7-percent advance in the index for

Chart 4. Quarterly import share of U.S. steel market, 1979-83
Percent

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Percent

Chart 5. U.S. imports of steel mill products by origin, 1980 and 1983
1980

1983

Latin

S ource:

American Iron and Steel Institute.

parts for a d p equipment and office machines. This increase
reflects the inelastic demand for many of these items. U.S.
demand for computers, especially personal computers, re­
mained at high levels throughout 1983. U.S. consumers had
a wide range of personal computers to choose from as do­
mestic and overseas firms placed an array of new models
on the market. Aided by the strong dollar, foreign firms
continued to erode the U.S. trade surplus in a d p equipment
in 1983. To remain price competitive, many U.S. firms
farmed out their manufacturing operations to overseas firms.
Import prices for telecommunications equipment fell 1.2
percent in 1983 after a 6.8-percent decline in 1982. Sales
of imported video-cassette recorders ( v c r ’ s ) boomed during
the year as foreign firms cut prices. And although more than
98 percent of all U.S. households have at least one television
set, increased sales of home computers gave a boost to sales
of imported color sets, which may be used for video display
of computer output.

Exports reflect strong dollar
Grain. Grain, which consists mainly of corn, wheat and
sorghum, accounted for export sales of $15.2 billion in 1983
against $14.7 billion in 1982.36 Export prices for grain rose
16.8 percent in 1983, after declining 7.3 percent during the
preceding year. Prices for corn increased 34.5 percent, while
soybean prices rose 36.8 percent and barley prices were up


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32.1 percent. Wheat prices fell 5.0 percent, moderating the
increase in the grain index. These results were greatly in­
fluenced by a blistering summer drought— the Nation’s worst
since the 1930’s— in combination with the U.S. Payment
in Kind ( p i k ) Program, which was implemented in January
1983. Under p i k , the government provided surplus wheat,
corn, rice, cotton, and sorghum to farmers who agreed to
reduce their plantings of the same commodities. The purpose
of the program was to draw down surplus grain stockpiles.
Farmers took advantage of the p i k program to idle 46.6
million acres of cropland, more than twice the number an­
ticipated. Together with other Federal programs, p i k brought
about the retirement of about 82 million acres in 1983, the
largest reduction ever.37
While p i k induced farmers to reduce production, the se­
vere drought ravaged many of the crops that were planted.
The 1983 corn crop was less than half of the year-earlier
output and the smallest since 1965.38 The drought caught
soybean plants at a crucial point in their growth cycle. As
a result, the 1983 soybean harvest was 31 percent below
1982 levels, and 1983 soybean exports lagged those of the
preceding year by 21 percent.39 (Although soybeans were
not directly covered by p i k , the program indirectly affected
soybean surplus and export supply levels by curtailing sup­
plies of corn.) With corn and soybeans in short supply, their
prices were quickly bid up on world commodities markets.
11

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • 1983 Import and Export Prices
Livestock farmers turned to barley and sorghum as substitute
feed grains, and prices for these commodities also rose
sharply. Wheat yields and prices were not heavily influenced
by the drought. Although the number of acres planted in
wheat was reduced by p i k , the 1983 harvest was down just
6.2 percent from the 1982 historical high because U.S.
farmers produced record yields per acre. The huge wheat
surplus in U.S. silos also held prices down.40
During 1983, U.S. grain exporters faced stiff competition
in foreign markets from producers in Canada, Australia,
Argentina, and the EEC. However, U.S. exporters gained
business through trade agreements reached during the sum­
mer with the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of
China. Under the new U.S.-Soviet grain pact, which lasts
through late 1988, the Soviet Union may buy as much as
12 million tons of U.S. grain per year. For its part, China
lifted the restrictions it had placed on U.S. grain imports
earlier in 1983, when textile trade talks between the two
nations broke down, and resumed imports under a long­
term agreement calling for purchases of 6 million tons of
U.S. grain annually through 1984.41
Coal. Export prices for coal fell 14.2 percent in 1983, as
world demand for coal continued to slacken. The drop in
export prices and a 27.0-percent decline in the quantity of
coal exported represented a double blow to U.S. coal pro­
ducers’ revenues.42
Poland, South Africa, and Australia were major U.S.
competitors in foreign coal markets. Because the mining
industry in these nations is government-controlled, these
nations were able to set their coal prices below U.S. “ delivered-cost basis” prices. As a result, many U.S. firms
were operating at or below break-even levels by year’s end.
In addition, most domestic producers were burdened by
inland freight costs accounting for one-fourth to one-third
of their export prices.43 The failure of these freight costs to
decline during the year further eroded the competitive po­
sition of U.S. coal exports.
Prices for bituminous coal used in the production of steel
showed the greatest decrease. In the spring of 1983, Jap­
anese buyers, who constitute the largest market, negotiated
new contracts with U.S. firms that lowered existing prices
by 12 to 20 percent.44 Prices for metallurgical coal exported
to other nations also fell, but by lesser amounts. Steam coal,
used for generating electricity, also declined in price because
of reduced worldwide demand for electricity and sharp com­
petition from other coal-exporting nations.
Chemicals. The export price index for chemicals, which
was first published in the second quarter of 1983, declined
1.4 percent over the last nine months of the year. Prices
fell 3.6 percent in the second quarter, but rose during the
third and fourth quarters. In 1983, U.S. firms exported
$19.75 billion of chemicals, down slightly from $19.89
billion in 1982.45 From late 1981 to early 1983, chemicals
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prices dropped worldwide as the international economy en­
tered a recession. U.S. firms responded with agressive cost­
cutting measures, shutting many of their marginal opera­
tions. Such strategies lowered the industry’s break-even point
from 75 percent of capacity utilization in early 1982 to 65
percent by the end of 1983. As a result, demand for chem­
icals rose quickly, and by year’s end, U.S. chemicals firms
were operating at 75 percent of capacity and posting healthy
profits.46
The world market for chemicals has become increasingly
competitive in recent years. Several Third World nations,
especially those that are major oil exporters, have invested
heavily in chemical production capacity. Oil producing na­
tions have a comparative advantage in production resulting
from the ready availability of low-cost petroleum feed­
stocks. In particular, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Mexico
have greatly expanded capacity in recent years, and are
competing strongly with U.S. firms in world chemicals mar­
kets.47 Canada and several European nations have also added
chemical production capacity in recent years.
M achinery and transport equipment. Machinery and
transport equipment is the largest U.S. export group, ac­
counting for 35.3 percent of the value in the all-commodities
export price index. Many of the products in this group, such
as computers, electronic components, and telecommuni­
cations equipment, require a high degree of technical so­
phistication, and U.S. firms have a comparative advantage
in their manufacture.
Prices for machinery and transport equipment advanced
2.5 percent for the year, after rising 3.9 percent in 1982.
Most aggregate indexes in this category showed only mod­
erate 1983 price increases, as the strength of the dollar and
continued slack demand abroad constrained both prices and
sales volumes. Exports of machinery and transport equip­
ment were $82.58 billion, compared with $87.15 billion in
1982.48
An important component of the machinery and transport
equipment category is general industrial machinery and parts.
This subgroup includes heating and cooling equipment, air
pumps and compressors, and pumps and valves for liquids.
The index for this group registered a 1.6-percent increase
in 1983, led by a 3.6-percent gain for pumps and com­
pressors and a 2.7-percent rise for nonelectric parts and
accessories of machinery.
U.S. manufacturers of general industrial machinery and
parts export large portions of their output, and were hurt
during the year by the strength of the dollar, the low rate
of capital spending in major export markets, and the con­
tinued slump in the Third World economies. Export ship­
ments in dollar value were off 19 percent from 1982 levels,
and the rate of price increase in the export index between
mid-1982 and December 1983 was considerably below that
recorded for March 1979 to mid-1982.49 The poor market
reflected the implementation of austerity programs by France,

Brazil, Venezuela, and Mexico— all major importers of U.S.
general industrial machinery and parts— and reduced pur­
chases of heating and cooling equipment by several major
oil-producing nations as oil revenues fell. Under these con­
ditions, U.S. exporters were forced to compete aggressively
on nonprice factors such as quality, service, and delivery
time.
Export prices for telecommunications equipment rose 1.9
percent in 1983, paced by a 3.3-percent increase in the index
for telecommunications parts and accessories. Overseas pro­
ducers have a significant cost advantage in the manufacture
of many consumer end-use items in the category, such as
radios, v c r ’ s , televisions, and tape recorders. Conversely,
U.S. firms have a technological advantage in the production
of many types of equipment for commercial use, including
p b x ’ s , large radio and television broadcasting equipment,
and navigational equipment. The divestiture by The Amer­
ican Telephone and Telegraph Co. led several of its inter­
national competitors to market new types of telecom­
munications equipment in 1983, placing downward pressure
on export prices.
The export price index for metalworking machinery rose
1.6 percent in 1983. The bulk of the value in this index
consists of machine tools— power-driven devices used to
cut, shape, or form metal in the production of durable goods.
Because demand for machine tools is directly related to
capital investment, price increases were moderated by weak
levels of capital spending in foreign markets, coupled with
strong competition from overseas suppliers. Capital spend­
ing in most major industrialized nations remained depressed

throughout 1983, although such spending in the United States
began to rise in the fourth quarter.
In recent years. U.S. machine tool makers have had an
increasingly difficult time matching the prices offered by
competitors in Japan, West Germany, Taiwan, the United
Kingdom, and Switzerland. Through October 1983, U.S.
exports of machine tools totaled $330.5 million, 39 percent
below the level reported for the first 10 months of 1982.50
Domestic producers led in the production of specialized
machines, such as sophisticated numerically controlled ma­
chine tools and machining centers, but were at a disadvan­
tage in the manufacture of standard machine tools, for which
price is a more significant competitive factor. U.S. firms
have also been hampered by an inability to generate enough
capital from profits to invest in new plant and equipment.
(Borrowing for capital improvement has not generally been
a primary option for the U.S. machine tool industry because
of its highly cyclical nature.)
Intense foreign competition continues to force major
changes in the structure of the U.S. machine tool industry.
These changes are designed not only to bolster the com­
petitive position of exports, but also to stem the influx of
imports into the domestic market. Imported machine tools
captured an estimated 36 percent of the U. S. market in 1983,
up from 28 percent during the preceding year and 3.1 percent
in 1958.51 Throughout 1983, the domestic industry contin­
ued to become more highly concentrated as companies with­
drew, merged, entered joint ventures with foreign producers,
and moved operations offshore to cut costs.

FOOTNOTES

The following economists in the Bureau’s Division
of International Prices assisted in the analysis of the various indexes dis­
cussed in this article: Brian Costello, Todd Darr, David Friedman, Hans
Jorgensen, Mike Moore, Nicholas Peters, Mildred Tweedy, Paul Washbum, David Wawro, Loren Yager, and Peter Zaleski. David Johnson,
Mark McEneamey, and Peter Zaleski of the Division prepared the graphics.
A c kn o w led g em en t:

'Import price indexes are weighted by 1980 import values and are
published on an f.o.b. (free-on-board) foreign port or c.i.f. (cost, insur­
ance, and freight) U.S. port basis. Export price indexes are weighted by
1980 U.S. merchandise trade values and are published on an f.o.b. factory
or f.a.s. (free-alongside-ship) U.S. port basis. See “ International Price
Program” (Bureau of Labor Statistics).
2 N a t i o n a l I n c o m e a n d P r o d u c t A c c o u n t T a b l e s (U.S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, January 1983), table 1.1.

3 U .S . D e p a r t m e n t o f C o m m e r c e N e w s , C 20-8312 (U.S. Department of

Commerce, Bureau of the Census), Jan. 8, 1984.
4 W o r l d F i n a n c i a l M a r k e t s (New York, Morgan Guaranty Trust Com­
pany, International Economics Department), January 1984, pp. 12-13.

■
‘’For details o f the value of the dollar against individual currencies, see
January 1984, p. A66.

F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B u lle tin ,

f>For information on imports, exports, and trade deficits, see U .S . D e ­
p a r t m e n t o f C o m m e r c e N e w s , b e a 8 4 -0 6 (U.S. Department of Commerce,
Bureau o f Economic Analysis), Feb. 7, 1984, pp. 1-6.
7For 1981 and 1982 data, see S u r v e y o f C u r r e n t B u s i n e s s , June 1983,
p. 44. For 1983 data, see H i g h l i g h t s o f U .S . E x p o r t a n d I m p o r t M e r ­
c h a n d i s e T r a d e , FT 990 (U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
Census), December 1983, p. 32, table E -3 .


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"See U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f C o m m e r c e N e w s b e a 84 06 (U.S. Department
of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis), Feb. 7, 1984, p. 2.
44Ibid.
10Ibid, p. 3.
11S u m m a r y o f U . S . I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a n s a c t i o n s (U.S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis), March 19, 1983, p. 2.

12The share of final goods production that is accounted for by gross
trade (merchandise imports plus merchandise exports) is calculated as:
Merchandise Imports + Merchandise exports
Sales of final goods

^

+ Merchandise imports

It is computed using data from

S u r v e y o f C u rr e n t B u sin e s s,

various issues.

13See Robert J. Beck, “ U.S. Demand, Imports to Edge Down: Pro­
duction Rising,” O i l a n d G a s J o u r n a l , July 25, 1983, p. 114; and Beck,
“ Demand and Imports to Rise in ’84, Production to Slip,” O i l a n d G a s
J o u r n a l , Jan. 30, 1984, p. 95.
14See

C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x f o r G a s o lin e , C o n s u m e r P r ic e In d e x f o r

A l l U r b a n C o n s u m e r s , USDL

84-25 (Bureau of Labor Statistics), Jan. 24,

1984.
15 Beck, “ Demand and Imports.” p. 102.
16M o n t h l y E n e r g y R e v i e w (U.S. Department ol Energy, Information
Administration), December 1983, pp. 3 8 -3 9 .

17 Ibid.
IXIbid.

13

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • 1983 Import and Export Prices
19H i g h l i g h t s

of

U .S . E x p o r t a n d I m p o r t M e r c h a n d i s e T r a d e ,

p. 15,

table 4.
20Kathleen H. Hughes, “ U.S. Crackdown on Coffee Smuggling Helps
Boost Bean Prices to High for 1983,“ T h e W a ll S t r e e t J o u r n a l , Nov 14
1983, p. 46.
21 Data are from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricul­
tural Service.
(U.S. Depart­
ment o f Agriculture, Economic Research Service), December 1983, p. 6.
22O u t l o o k a n d S itu a ti o n R e p o r t — S u g a r a n d S w e e t e n e r

21 “ Copper Hits 1983 Low on Reports of Rises in Inventories. Output.”
Nov. 8, 1983, p. 46.

T h e W a ll S t r e e t J o u r n a l ,

24M i n e r a l C o m m o d i t y S u m m a r ie s ¡ 9 8 4

(U.S. Department of the Interior,

Bureau o f Mines, 1984), p. 6.
25Ibid., p. 176. (Comparisons are based on preliminary estimates.)
26A p p a r e n t S u p p l y R e p o r t (Washington, American Iron and Steel In­
stitute), Feb. 6, 1984.
27 “ Time Runs Out For Steel,”
28“ Metalworking Newsfront,”
of

B u sin e s s W e e k ,

Iro n A g e ,

June 13, 1983, p. 84.

July 22. 1983, pp. 13,16.

29Thomas F. O 'Boyle, “ Other Steel Firms Consider Merging in Wake
l t v Offer for Republic,” T h e W a ll S t r e e t J o u r n a l , Nov. 9, 1983, p. 33.

20Thomas F. O 'Boyle, “ Forging a Link: American Steelmakers Bring
in Foreign Metal to Hold Down Costs,” T h e W a ll S t r e e t J o u r n a l , Dec
20, 1983, pp. I, 16.
11 See D. Chase, “ DeBeers Change Ad Track,” A d v e r t i s i n g A g e , July
18, 1983, p. 42; and R a p p o p o r t D i a m o n d R e p o r t , Aug. 26, 1983, p. 7.
22H i g h l i g h t s
15, table 5.

o f U .S . E x p o r t a n d I m p o r t M e r c h a n d i s e T r a d e ,

pp. 14-

24 Amal Nag, “ High New Car Prices Keep Many Lookers Looking, Not
Buying,” T h e W a ll S t r e e t J o u r n a l , Aug. 3, 1983, p. 8.
25H i g h l i g h t s o f U .S . E x p o r t a n d I m p o r t M e r c h a n d i s e T r a d e ,

14


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27Jeffrey H. Bimbaum, “ Some Farmers Like It, But Critics Call PlK a
Major Miscalculation,” T h e W a ll S t r e e t J o u r n a l , July 19, 1983, p. 1.
28 O u t l o o k a n d S itu a ti o n R e p o r t — F e e d (U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Economic Research Service), November 1983, p. 1.
29 Figures are preliminary; comparisons are based on 1982-83 and 1983—
84 marketing years. See F o r e i g n A g r i c u l t u r e Circular—O i l s e e d s a n d
P r o d u c t s , fop 12-83 (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricul­
tural Service), December 1983, p. 5.
4 0 O u t l o o k a n d S i t u a t i o n — W h e a t (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Eco­
nomic Research Service), November 1983, p. 3.

41 “ U .S. Offers Soviets 10 Million More Tons of Grain This Year,”
Jan. 26, 1984, p. 48.

T h e W a ll S t r e e t J o u r n a l ,

42I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o a l R e v i e w (Washington, National Coal Association
and Coal Exporters’ Association of the U .S .), December 1983.
42Rosemary Brady, “ Up in Sm oke,”

F orbes,

June 20, 1983, p. 88.

44 Ibid.
42H ig h lig h ts

o f U .S .

E x p o r t a n d I m p o r t M e r c h a n d ise

T ra d e,

pp. 10-11.
46 Austerity Will Pay Off For Chemical Makers,”
1984, p. 53.

B u s in e s s W e e k

Jan 9

47Ibid., pp. 5 3 -5 4 .
48H ig h lig h ts

of

U .S .

E xport an d

I m p o r t M e r c h a n d ise

T rade,

pp. 1 0 - 1 1, table 2.
49Ibid., pp. 2 8 -2 9 , table E -2 .

12 For domestic auto sales figures, s e e S - / R e p o r t (Detroit, Mich.. Motor
Vehicle Manufacturers' Association), Jan. 9, 1984. For imported auto
sales figures, see W a r d ' s A u t o m o t i v e R e p o r t s , Jan. 9, 1984.

27, table E -2 , and pp. 6 2 -6 3 , table 1-3.

26Ibid., p. 26 table E -2 .

pp. 2 6 -

5,1S t a t i s t i c a l R e p o r t : U .S . F o r e i g n T r a d e in M a c h i n e T o o l s (McLean,
Va., National Machine Tool Builders’ Association), October 1983.
51 F °r 1958 data, see

F o r e i g n I n d u s t r i a l T a r g e t i n g a n d I t s E f f e c ts o n

Japan, Publication 1437 (U .S. International
Trade Commission), October 1983, p. 203. For 1982 and 1983 data, see
“ Tool Orders Down In Month, Up In ’8 3 ,” T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s , Jan 30
1984, p. D4.
U . S . I n d u s t r i e s ; P h a s e I:

The employment shift to services:
where did it come from?
Services did not gain all o f its jobs from those lost
in the agriculture and goods-producing sectors;
employment growth stemmed largely
from expansion o f the labor force,
particularly the increased participation of women
M

ic h a e l

U rquhart

The decline in manufacturing employment associated with
the recent recession, coupled with the continued growth of
services, has renewed interest in the distribution of em­
ployment among the three major sectors— agriculture, goodsproducing, and service-producing industry. While the U.S.
economy has been a “ service economy” for more than 30
years, the increasing shift from goods production to services
has raised fears about a possible national “ deindustriali­
zation.” 1 These fears have been manifest in speculation on
many aspects of employment policy, ranging from the im­
pact on earnings and potential economic growth to the future
of work.
Much of the current discussion has focused on the po­
tential negative consequences of the continuing shift of em­
ployment to services, ignoring the fact that, in the past,
such growth has been closely associated with economic
progress and the rise in per capita g n p . This association has
been so strong that the growth of the services sector often
has been considered an indicator of the stage of economic
development, and the relative importance of the three major
sectors has been used to demarcate different stages of that
development. Since the work of Allen Fisher and Colin
Clark in the 1930’s, it generally has been assumed that
economic development results in a shift of employment from
agriculture to goods-producing industries and finally to ser­
vices.2
Although the movement away from agricultural employMichael Urquhart is an economist in the Division of Employment and
Unemployment Analysis, Bureau of Labor Statistics.


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ment can be readily explained by the combination of rising
productivity and limited appetites, the cause of the changing
relationship between the goods-producing and service-pro­
ducing sectors remains more complex and problematical.
Given the interdependence of the goods and services sec­
tors, the growth of each is somewhat related to growth in
the other. Thus, greater production and consumption of
goods require the development of numerous services, from
transportation to r e ta il sales outlets, as w e ll as repair ser­
vices. Furthermore, many business or producer services pro­
vide inputs which contribute to the production of goods.
Indeed, Ronald Shelp has argued that the "development of
the service sector can and should encourage the growth in
manufacturing.” 3 To a degree, then, the growth of both
sectors is complementary.
Suggested explanations for the faster growth of services
employment include changes in the demand for goods and
services as a result of rising incomes and relative price
movements, slower productivity growth in services, the in­
creasing participation of women in the labor force since
World War II, and the growing importance of the public
and nonprofit sector in general.4 But no consensus exists
on the relative importance of the above factors in developing
an adequate explanation of the sectoral shifts in employ­
ment.
In spite of the difficulties in explaining intersectoral shifts,
there is a strong empirical correlation between economic
progress as measured by the growth in per capita g n p and
the services sector’s share of total employment.5 Maurice
Lengelle has suggested a useful method for classifying coun15

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Employment Shift to Services
tries into different stages of economic development based
on the rate of growth of the service sector and intersectoral
shifts in employment. He argues that the industrial sector
is the major source of employment growth in the service
sector for the most advanced industrial societies. In the
previous stage, agriculture had been the major contributor.6
It is important to note that Lengelle refers to shifts of
workers from one sector to another. He clearly states that
he is not referring to actual migrations but to relative or
proportional changes in employment distributions. That is,
the shift from goods to services is a result of the relative,
rather than absolute, decline of employment in the goods
sector. Based on this interpretation, Lengelle concluded that
the U.S. economy reached the highest stage of economic
development as early as the middle 1950’s.7
This article examines intersectoral employment shifts since
1952. Component industries within the services sector are
examined in some detail to determine which industries have
contributed the most to its growth. The analysis is based
primarily on data from the Current Population Survey, a
national sample survey of 60,000 households conducted
monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of
Labor Statistics.8
Because of the heterogeneous character of the services
sector, the economic impact can vary considerably, de­
pending on whether growth has been in industries com­
prising mainly labor-intensive and unskilled jobs, or in capitalintensive industries with highly skilled jobs. The actual causes
of the employment shifts and their impact on g n p growth
are beyond the scope of this article.

Three major sectors
While there has never been a consensus, many analysts
divide the economy into three major sectors— agriculture,
goods, and services, b l s generally uses a two-sector break,
with agriculture either not included at all or included as part
of goods. There is even more disagreement on the actual
composition of the sectors. Discussion focuses on the lack
of an adequate definition of services,9 but similar problems
exist for the other two sectors. For instance, mining has
often been combined with agriculture in a primary or ex­
tractive sector, and forestry and fisheries are sometimes
placed in the services sector rather than in agriculture.
A more significant disagreement concerns the placement
of the transportation, communications, and public utilities
division. All or part of this division is often included in the
goods-producing sector. Public employees sometimes are
listed in a government division of the service sector and at
other times are included in the industry in which they work
(for example, public employees in construction would be
included in the construction industry within the goods-pro­
ducing sector).10
A major problem in determining the composition of the
sectors is that certain features may not be shared by all
industries in the sector. This is especially true of the services
16


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Table 1. Distribution of employment by major sector,
1850-1982
[In percent]
Agriculture

Goodsproducing

Serviceproducing

.........................
.........................
.........................
.........................
.........................

64.5
59.9
50.8
50.6
43.1

17.7
20.1
25.0
25.1
28.3

17.8
20.0
24.2
24.3
28.6

1900 .........................
1 9 1 0 .........................
1920 .........................
1930 .........................
1940 .........................

38.0
32.1
27.6
21.8
18.3

30.5
32.1
34.6
31.7
33.1

31.4
35.9
37.7
46.6
48.6

1952
1957
1962
1967

.........................
.........................
.........................
.........................

11.3
9.8
7.8
5.3

- 35.5
34.3
33.1
34.7

53.3
56.0
59.1
60.1

1972
1977
1979
1982

.........................
.........................
.........................
.........................

4.4
3.7
3.6
3.6

31.4
29.7
30.2
27.2

64.2
66.6
66.3
69.2

Year

1850
1860
1870
1880
1890

sector, which has become more heterogeneous over time.
For example, while services in general may be less capital
intensive and have slower productivity growth than goodsproducing industries, just the opposite is the case for many
individual industries within the sector."
In the following analysis, the composition of the three
sectors is based on the industrial classification used in the
c p s and derived from the decennial census. Agriculture in­
cludes forestry and fisheries; the goods-producing sector
includes mining, construction, and manufacturing; all re­
maining industries are included in services. Government
employees are included in the industry in which they work,
with only public administration listed separately as a divi­
sion in the services sector.

Continuous growth in services
The sectoral distribution of employment over time is pre­
sented in table l . 12 Since 1850 (the earliest available date
for data on the service sector), agriculture’s share of total
employment has declined steadily, while the services sector
has exhibited almost continuous increases. The services sec­
tor grew by more than threefold over the period, and ac­
counted for about 70 percent of total employment in 1982.
Agriculture declined from the major employment sector to
only 4 percent of total employment in 1982. The goods
sector increased its share of total employment through 1952;
since then it has declined to about one-fifth of total em­
ployment in 1982.
While the goods sector has shown a relative decline over
the past 30 years, actual employment in this sector increased
through 1979, to about 30 million. During the 1980-82
period, employment decreased by almost 3 million, pri­
marily a result of the 1980 and 1981-82 recessions. (Growth
of the goods sector has resumed with the economic expan­
sion in 1983.)

Between 1952 and 1982, the actual level of employment
in agriculture declined by about 50 percent to 3.6 million,
and employment in the goods sector showed a modest gain
of about 25 percent. In spite of the goods sector’s gain in
employment, its share of total employment declined from
36 to 27 percent, as the services sector grew at a much
faster rate, doubling to about 69 million to make up more
than two-thirds of total employment. Not all industries in
the services sector exhibited such spectacular growth. Trans­
portation, communication, and public utilities grew rather
modestly— at about the same rate as the goods sector—
while trade and public administration increased at a some­
what greater pace. In contrast, employment in finance, in­
surance, and real estate nearly tripled over the period, and
service division employment was up two and a half times.
Table 1 can be used to examine Lengelle’s thesis that the
proportional expansion of the service sector in recent years
has primarily resulted from the relative decline in the goods
sector, rather than in agriculture.13 This is done by com­
paring changes in each sector’s share of total employment
for different time periods. However, calculations of these
relative shifts in employment are extremely sensitive to the
actual years chosen for comparison. This is especially true
for the goods sector because of the much greater cyclical
movement in this series. Thus, while goods employment
has generally been declining, relatively speaking, since the
early 1950’s, there have been short periods of growth during
cyclical upswings in the economy. An examination by in­
dividual year shows that the goods sector’s share of em­
ployment tended to fluctuate between 33 and 35 percent for
much of the period from 1952 to 1967. The following tab­
ulation shows relative shifts in employment in the major
sectors for 5-year intervals between 1952 and 1982:
Agriculture

Goods

Services

1 9 5 2 -5 7
1 9 5 7 -6 2
1 9 6 2 -6 7

....................
....................
....................

- 1.5
- 2 .0
- 2 .5

- 1.2
- 1 .2
1.6

2 .7
3.1
1.0

1 9 6 7 -7 2
1 9 7 2 -7 7
1 9 7 7 -8 2

....................
....................
....................

- 0 .9
- 0 .7
- 0 .1

- 3 .3
- 1 .7
- 2 .5

4.1
2 .4
2 .6

While the relative decline in agriculture exceeded that of
the goods sector for each of the three intervals from 1952
to 1967, the goods sector actually increased its share from
1962 to 1967.
There appears to be a sharp change in the late 1960’s.
Since 1967, the relative decline in the goods sector has
surpassed that in agriculture by a substantial margin. This
is a result of both the slower absolute growth of employment
in the goods sector and the fact that the agricultural share
of employment appears to have stabilized at a fairly minimal
level.
It is reasonable, therefore, to divide the period into two
sections. Prior to 1967, the employment shift to the services
sector was primarily the result of the relative decline in
agriculture. Since 1967, the relative decline of employment


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in the goods sector has contributed the most to the shift.
However, as noted, employment since 1980 has been sig­
nificantly affected by the cyclical downturn in the goods
sector. To avoid basing conclusions about long-term trends
on the short-term effects of the business cycle, the analysis
of the employment shift to services will exclude the 1980
and 1981-82 recessionary periods. From 1967 to 1979, the
goods sector’s share of employment declined 4.5 percentage
points, compared with a decline of only 1.7 points for ag­
riculture. This is in sharp contrast to the period from 1952
to 1967 when agriculture declined 6 points, versus a 0.8point decline in the goods sector.
It is possible to quantify the extent of the shift to services
by comparing the actual employment level in a sector for a
particular year with the level that would have been required
for the sector to account for the same share of total em­
ployment as it did in an earlier year. Industries which have
grown faster than average (thus increasing their share of
total employment) show a relative gain, while those which
have grown slower than average show a relative loss, even
if they experienced positive growth. This procedure yields
an estimate of the size of relative employment gains and
losses, which is not apparent from a simple comparison of
growth rates. For instance, the level of employment in the
goods sector was 21.7 million in 1952, or 35.5 percent of
the total. If the sector had maintained its same share in
1967, employment would have grown to 26.4 million. In­
stead, employment increased only to 25.8 million, a relative
“ loss” of 0.6 million jobs. Similar calculations can be made
for the other sectors. The relative gains and losses in millions
of employees for the three sectors and two time periods are
presented in the following:

A g r i c u l t u r e ....................................
G o o d s -p ro d u c in g .......................
S e rv ic e -p ro d u c in g .....................

1952-67

1967-79

—4 .5
—0 .6
5.1

— 1.7
—4 .5
6.1

It is possible that the calculations might overstate the
extent of the shift to services because they are based solely
on employment and do not take into account differences in
hours worked in each sector. For instance, the more rapid
growth of employment in the service sector might partly
result from a decline in the average hours worked per em­
ployee. A correction for this effect can be made by using a
Commerce Department series which converts part-time em­
ployees to full-time equivalents.14 An examination of this
series confirms the trends discussed above. The percentage
distribution of employment, adjusted for full-time equiva­
lents, in 1952 and 1979 are presented below (the 1979
figures are fairly close to those in table 2):

T o ta l .......................................
A g r i c u l t u r e ....................................
G o o d s -p ro d u c in g .......................
S e rv ic e -p ro d u c in g ....................

1952

1979

100.0
9 .9
3 5 .9
5 4 .3

1 0 0 .0
3 .4
2 9 .6
6 7 .0

17

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Employment Shift to Services
Table 2. Estimated employment shifts by sector and
industry, 1967-79
[In thousands]
Sector and
Industry

Total ...........................

Agriculture

1967
actual

1979
actual

74,375

98,824

1979
with
1967
distri­
bution
—

Relative
gain or
loss

_

.................................

3,927

3,508

5,218

-1 ,7 1 0

Goods-producing ......................
Mining ....................................
C onstruction...........................
M anufacturing.........................

25,781
553
4,529
20,699

29,797
901
6,437
22,459

34,252
731
6,018
27,503

-4 ,4 5 5
170
419
-5 ,0 4 4

Service-producing......................
Transportation,
communication,
and public utilities ...........
T ransportation...................
Communication ................
Public utilities ...................

44,667

65,518

59,354

6,164

4,882
2,811
987
1,084

6,529
3,770
1,403
1,354

6,483
3,736
1,314
1,443

46
34
89
-8 9

Trade ............................................
Wholesale ..............................
Retail ......................................
Eating and drinking
establishm ents..............

13,901
2,553
11,349

20,101
3,862
16,240

18,470
3,390
15,081

1,631
472
1,159

2,250

4,235

2,994

1,241

Finance, insurance, and
real estate ..............................
F in a n ce ....................................
Insurance ..............................
Real e s ta te ..............................

3,514
1,407
1,338
769

5,902
2,425
1,871
1,605

4,664
1,868
1,779
1,018

1,238
557
92
587

Services ......................................
Business and re p a ir..............
Personal .................................
Entertainment and recreation
Professional services ...........
Health .................................
E du ca tio n ...........................
L e g a l....................................
Welfare and religious . . .

18,169
2,063
4,439
675
10,992
3,802
5,178
349
746

27,835
3,717
3,894
1,054
19,170
6,990
7,974
701
1,563

24,143
2,737
5,900
899
14,606
5,050
6,878
464
988

3,692
980
-2 ,0 0 6
155
4,564
1,940
1,096
237
575

Public ad m inistra tion................
P o s ta l......................................
Other Federal .........................
State .........................................
Local ......................................

4,201
726
1,523
603
1,062

5,151
687
1,615
927
1,923

5,584
968
2,026
800
1,789

-4 3 3
-2 8 1
-4 1 1
127
134

The relative shifts for the two time periods were also
examined and found to confirm the finding that the relative
decline of the goods sector exceeded that of agriculture only
in the latter period. These general trends, therefore, appear
to be independent of any changes in the hours worked.15

Analysis of employment shifts
Relative employment shifts for the 1967-79 period by
industry are provided in table 2. The goods sector accounted
for more than 70 percent of the shift to services during this
period, having absorbed a relative loss of 4.5 million jobs,
compared with a 1.7-million loss in agriculture. A more
detailed analysis brings out several interesting points.
First, manufacturing accounted for the entire decline in
the goods-producing sector, as both mining and construction
posted increases. Mining, although accounting for a very
small proportion of total employment, was among the fastest
growing industries. And the relative loss of 5 million jobs
in manufacturing occurred despite an actual increase of 2
million employees during this period.
There is also, as expected, considerable diversity among
18


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the various industries in the service-producing sector. The
relative loss of 2 million jobs in the personal service industry
was greater than the total loss in agriculture. Other industries
in the services sector which experienced a relative loss of
jobs were public utilities ( - 0 .9 million), postal employ­
ment ( —0.3 million), and Federal public administration ( —0.4
million). And the sizable increase in retail trade was due
entirely to employment growth in eating and drinking es­
tablishments.
At the division level, the services industry was by far the
most dynamic. In spite of the substantial relative decline in
personal services, this division gained 3.7 million employ­
ees, equal to about 60 percent of the total shift to the services
sector. Professional and related services alone gained about
4.6 million jobs. Its two biggest components, health and
educational services, contributed the most to this growth,
with welfare and religious organizations also showing a
sizable gain.
Table 2 also illustrates that the contribution of an industry
to intersectoral shifts in employment depends as much on
its relative size as on its growth rate. Thus, educational
services and State public administration both grew about 54
percent between 1967 and 1979, yet the former showed a
relative gain of 1.1 million employees, while the latter gained
only a modest 127,000. Legal services grew almost twice
as fast as educational services and State public administra­
tion, but the small size of the industry limited its relative
gain to only 237,000.
Seven industries gained at least a half million employees
over the 1967-79 period: health services; eating and drink­
ing establishments; educational services; business and repair
services; real estate; welfare and religious organizations; and
finance (banks, security and commodity brokers, and so
forth). There are obviously considerable differences in the
characteristics of these industries. In terms of broad func­
tions, three provide mainly producer services (business and
repair, real estate, and finance); three are social services
(health, education, and welfare and religious organizations);
and one is a distributive service (eating and drinking estab­
lishments). The diversity in these industries partly explains
why there is no single causal explanation for the growth of
the service sector. The growth of producer services is closely
related to the changing needs of the industries they service,
and at least partly reflects a substitution effect. Work pre­
viously done within a firm is now contracted out to com­
panies specializing in those services. In contrast, the growth
of social services has more to do with changing demograph­
ics and public policy, while the growth of distributive ser­
vices has much to do with population increases and changes
in family impacts on labor force participation patterns.

Role of public employment
The expansion in government employment has played a
significant role in the development of the services sector.
Table 3 provides a breakdown of public employment by

sector and industry for 1967 and 1979. Almost all of the
increase in government employment during this period oc­
curred at the State and local level, Federal employment
being fairly stable. In 1979, 95 percent of all public em­
ployees worked in the services sector, up slightly from 92
percent in 1967. Furthermore, in 1979, three industries in
the sector— health, education, and public administration—
accounted for 83 percent of total government employment.
Thus, while government expenditures might have a more
diverse impact, the employment effect was highly concen­
trated. Outside of the services sector, government employ­
ment actually declined between 1967 and 1979, from about
900.000 to about 750,000.
Public employment has contributed to the shift to ser­
vices, both by its growth in that sector and its decline in
the rest of the economy. Its impact can be isolated by di­
viding total employment in each sector into its private and
public components and calculating the relative gains and
losses for each separately. In the services sector, govern­
ment contributed about 1.2 million to the total relative gain
of 6.2 million, or about 20 percent of the total shift. In the
agriculture and goods sectors combined, the absolute decline
in public employment resulted in a relative loss of about
500.000 jobs.
Of the three industries (health, education, and public ad­
ministration) which account for most of public employment,
public administration actually showed a relative loss of jobs
Table 3. Government employment by sector and industry,
1967 and 1979 annual averages
[ N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ]

1979

1967
Sector and
industry

Number

Total employment ...........

74,375

Government employment ................

11,170

Percent
of
industry
employ­
ment

100.0
100.0

Number

98,824
15,665

Percent
of
industry
employ­
ment

100.0
100.0

.........................................

60

1.5

109

3.1

Goods-producing ..............................
Mining ............................................
C onstruction...................................
M anufacturing.................................

834

3.2

651

Service-producing..............................
Transportation, communication,
and public utilities ...................

10,276

23.0

14,905

2.2
0.1
8.0
0.6
22.8

536

11.0

845

12.9

Trade ..............................................
W holesale....................................
R e ta il............................................

61
3
57

0.1

0.4

102

0.5

3
99

Finance, insurance,
and real e s ta te ...........................

84

2.4

133

2.3

5,394
13

29.7

8,674
31

31.2

Agriculture

Services .........................................
Business and repair ................
Personal......................................
Entertainment
and recreation ......................
Professional and related . . . .
Health ....................................
Education ..............................
Welfare and re lig io u s ...........
Public administration ..............


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0

618
216

12

72
5,297
1,107
4,119
45
4,201

0
13.7
1.0

0.6

1

513
137

0.3

10

10.7
48.2
29.1
79.5

107
8,524
1,625
6,192
603
5,151

6.0
100.0

0.5

0.1
0.6

0.8
0.3

10.2
44.5
23.3
77.7
38.6

100.0

since 1967. Hence, any analysis of the government impact
on the shift to services should focus on health and education.
Interestingly, the public component of each industry has
been growing at a slower rate than the private share. In the
health industry, private employment almost doubled be­
tween 1967 and 1979, while public employment rose by a
comparatively modest 50 percent. This was true, to a lesser
extent, in education, where private employment growth was
70 percent, compared with 50 percent for public employ­
ment. It should be noted here that the private sector in both
industries is heavily dependent on government expenditures
and subsidies, which include government medical insurance
programs (medicare and medicaid), subsidies to education,
student loan programs, and similar expenditures. This makes
it difficult to isolate the contributions of the public and
private sectors.
The government has also had a major impact on welfare
organizations. Government employment in this area in­
creased twelvefold, from 45,000 to more than 600,000, and
accounted for about two-thirds of the total increase in the
welfare and religious organization group.

Origin of ‘new’ employment in services
The analysis thus far has examined changes in the relative
strengths of the three sectors. This approach did not show
the actual source of employment growth in the services
sector. To examine the source, it is necessary to look at the
movement of workers between the three sectors and from
outside employment (either from outside the labor force or
from unemployment status). These labor flows can be ex­
amined through the use of matched data from the March
Current Population Survey. There are several problems as­
sociated with using matched data as a longitudinal data base.
Of prime importance is the attrition in the sample from one
year to the next. This can be the result of a variety of factors,
such as change in residence, nonresponse, or death. Fur­
thermore, persons who change answers to questions on which
the match is keyed (such as race or sex) are also lost to the
sample.16 Keeping these limitations in mind, with matched
data, a person’s status in one year can be compared with
his or her status in the previous year, providing some mea­
sure of actual intersectoral employment shifts. More spe­
cifically, these flows can help to illustrate the actual source
of “ new” employees in the service sector, that is, whether
they previously worked in the goods or agriculture sectors
or did not work the previous year.
Table 4 summarizes data from a March 1978-79 matched
file of the c p s that provides employment information for
1977-78. The total sample for this match was 37,348. The
data show the percentage distribution of employment in
1978 by the sector of employment in 1977. For example,
about three-fourths of those employed in agriculture in 1978
had worked in that sector in 1977, 5 percent had worked
in the goods sector, 11 percent in services, and 9 percent
did not work at all.
19

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Employment Shift to Services

Table 4.

Total

Employment status in 1978 by status in 1977
B o th s e x e s ...........
M e n ..................
W o m e n ...........

[Percent distribution]
1978 employment
1977 employment

Agricul­
ture

Goods-pro­
ducing

Serviceproducing

Did not
work

Total (in thousands) ................
P ercent.........................................

1,126
100.0

7,091
100.0

16,593
100.0

12,538
100.0

A g ricu ltu re ..............................
G oods-producing...................
Service-producing ................
Did not work .........................

74.7
5.0
11.1
9.2

1.1
80.0
14.5
4.4

1.2
4.5
85.6
8.8

1.4
3.2
10.2
85.2

M e n ...............................................
A g ricu ltu re ..............................
G oods-producing...................
Service-producing ................
Did not work .........................

100.0
80.8
5.0
9.1
5.1

100.0
1.2
82.3
13.6
2.9

100.0
1.4
6.7
87.1
4.8

100.0
2.6
6.2
10.3
81.0

Women ......................................
A g ric u ltu re ..............................
Goods-producing...................
Service-producing ................
Did not work .........................

100.0
54.6
5.0
17.6
22.9

100.0
0.7
73.3
17.3
8.7

100.0
1.0
2.6
84.2
/fill
v—

100.0
0.9
2.1
10.2
86.9

The table clearly illustrates the considerable movement
between sectors and into and out of employment, although
a majority of people maintained the same status in both
years. Thus, at least 15 to 25 percent of the workers in each
sector in 1978 were “ new” workers, being previously em­
ployed in a different sector or not employed at all. The
marginal contribution of agriculture as a source of “ new”
employees is also evident; it accounted for only about 1 to
2 percent of new employees in each of the other sectors.
(Clearly, its contribution to the other two sectors was much
greater earlier in the century.)
Of particular interest, therefore, is the contrast in the
source of new employees for the goods and services sectors.
In the goods sector, new employees were three times as
likely to have worked in the services sector in the previous
year than to have not been working. Just the opposite re­
lationship holds for the services sector, where new em­
ployees were twice as likely to not have worked at all in
the previous year than to have worked in goods producing.
The contrast between the two sectors is even greater when
data for men and women are examined. Both men and
women in the goods sector were more likely to have been
employed the previous year in services than to have been
not employed, although this tendency was stronger for men
than for women. In the services sector, on the other hand,
there was a clear difference between men and women, with
men more likely to have been employed the previous year
in the goods sector. This is in sharp contrast to the situation
among women where, by a 6-to-l ratio, they were more
likely to have not worked at all in the year before.
The disproportionate contribution of the movement from
not employed to employment in services can be illustrated
by examining only those workers employed in 1978 who
were not employed in 1977. The following tabulation
shows the percentage distribution of these new workers
by sector:
20

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t

100 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0

Agriculture
5 .5
7 .8
4 .6

Goods

Services

16.8
2 7 .3
12.3

7 7 .7
6 4 .9
8 3 .2

Of the total new workers, about 78 percent found employ­
ment in the services sector, compared with only 17 percent
in goods and 6 percent in agriculture. This tendency was
even stronger among women, with about 83 percent finding
employment in services, compared with about 65 percent
for men. (Women accounted for three-fourths of all “ new”
employees.)
While no firm conclusions can be drawn from only one
set of matched data, the above results are consistent with
the conclusions based on historical data which show that
the employment shift to services does not stem from an
actual migration of workers from one sector to another but
rather results from the expansion of the labor force and
especially the increasing participation of women. Since 1967,
women have accounted for about 60 percent of the total
growth in the labor force.17

Recent trends

As mentioned earlier, employment trends since 1979 have
been heavily influenced by the recessions of 1980 and 1981 —
82. The percentage change in the actual employment in
each major sector and service division is shown in the fol­
lowing:
Percent change,
1979-82
T o ta l ......................................................
A g ric u ltu re .........................................................
G o o d s -p ro d u c in g in d u strie s .......................
S e rv ic e -p ro d u c in g in d u strie s ....................
T ra n s p o rta tio n ,
c o m m u n ic a tio n s , and
p u b lic u tilitie s .........................................
T ra d e ................................................................
F in a n c e , in su ra n c e ,
a n d real e sta te .........................................
S e r v i c e s ...........................................................
P u b lic a d m in istra tio n ................................

0 .7
1.8

—9 .2
5 .1

0 .4
3 .3
6.2

8.1
1.3

While employment in the goods sector declined 9.2 percent
to 27.1 million, agricultural employment actually increased
1.8 percent to 3.6 million, and the services sector rose 5.1
percent to 68.9 million. As a result of these movements,
the agricultural sector maintained its share of total employ­
ment at 3.6 percent, while the goods sector declined to 27.2
percent and services increased to 69.2 percent.18
Not all of the seven industries mentioned earlier that
contributed greatly to the shift to services fared equally well
during the 1980-82 period. Health services (up 11.7 per­
cent), business and repair services (19.8 percent), eating
and drinking establishments (11.6), and finance (14.9) all
continued their rapid expansion. However, as a result of the
recession and the decline in housing sales, employment in
real estate posted a decline of 5.7 percent. Education and

welfare and religious organizations increased only margin­
ally. Also of interest, when eating and drinking establish­
ments are excluded, retail trade showed a slight decline.
The cyclical decline in employment in the goods sector
in the 1979-82 period does not necessarily suggest that the
U.S. economy has entered a new stage— one where the shift
to services is based on an absolute, rather than relative,
decline in the goods sector. That process has been called
“ deindustrialization.” The contrasting sensitivity to the
business cycle of the goods and the services sectors affects
employment patterns in the recovery as well as in the reces­
sion. The following tabulation provides average annual per­
cent changes in employment for periods of expansion and
contraction in the goods and services sectors from the cy­
clical peak in November 1948 through the peak of July
1981:19
G o o d s -p ro d u c in g ..................
S e rv ic e -p ro d u c in g ................

E x p a n sio n

C o n tr a c tio n

3 .3 3
3 .2 9

—8 .4 9
0 .3 9

The major contrast is that during economic contractions,
employment in services continued to expand. However, dur­
ing economic expansions, employment growth has been at
about the same pace in both sectors.
While the early years of the 1980’s have witnessed an

absolute decline in employment in the goods sector, fears
about “ deindustrialization” appear premature because the
employment figures were dominated by the 1980 and 1981—
82 recessions, which had a disproportionate impact on the
goods sector. It is still too early in the current recovery to
draw firm conclusions, but the goods sector increased 7
percent during the first 12 months of expansion since the
recessionary trough in November 1982, compared with a
3-percent growth in the service sector. Given the past per­
formance of the goods sector during economic recoveries,
one can expect further absolute growth, although growth
probably will not be sufficient to prevent a further relative
employment shift to services.
shift to service employment since the late 1960’s
reflects primarily a relative decline in the goods sector rather
than in agriculture. Between 1967 and 1979, there was a
relative shift of more than 6 million jobs to the service
sector, with almost three-fourths of the jobs coming from
the goods sector.
Actual labor force flows indicate that despite this shift,
there has been no real net migration of workers from the
goods to the services sector. Rather, the primary source of
new employees in the services sector was the employment
of women who had previously not held jobs.
Q

T he

FOOTNOTES

'For more discussion of this topic, see James Cook, “ You mean we
have been speaking prose all these years?” F o r b e s , Apr. 11, 1983, pp. 142—
49; and Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison, T h e D e i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n o f
A m e r i c a (New York, Basic Books, 1982).
2Colin Clark, T h e C o n d i t i o n s o f E c o n o m i c P r o g r e s s (London, Mc­
Millan, 1940); and Allan G. B. Fisher, T h e C la s h o f P r o g r e s s a n d S e c u r i t y
(London, McMillan, 1935). For a dissenting view, see Joachim Singlemann, F r o m A g r i c u l t u r e to S e r v i c e s (Beverly Hills, Sage Publications,
1978).
3Quoted in James Cook, “ So what’s wrong with a service economy?”
F o r b e s , Aug. 30, 1982, p. 66.
4 For a discussion of these issues, see Victor Fuchs, T h e S e r v i c e E c o n o m y
(National Bureau o f Economic Research, 1963); Thomas Stanback, Jr.,
U n d e r s t a n d i n g th e S e r v i c e E c o n o m y (Baltimore, Md., Johns Hopkins Uni­
versity Press, 1979); Eli Ginsberg and George Vojta, “ The service sector
o f the U .S. econom y,” S c ie n t if ic A m e r i c a n , March 1981, PP- 48-55; and
P. H. Mirvis and E. J. Hackett, “ Work and the work force in the nonprofit
sector,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , April 1983, pp. 3 -1 2 .
5 See Victor Fuchs, “ Economic growth and the rise of service employ­
m ent,” Reprint No. 257 (National Bureau of Economic Research, 1982).
6Maurice Lengelle, T h e G r o w i n g I m p o r t a n c e o f th e S e r v i c e S e c t o r in
(Paris, Organization of Economic Cooperation and De­
velopment, 1966), pp. 8 -9 .

M e m b e r C o u n tr ie s

7 However, Lengelle does not rule out the possibility that countries in
this stage could also experience an absolute decline of employment in the
goods sector, that at some point the continued growth of services could
result in or be the cause of the “ deindustrialization” of the economy.
8 Data on the industrial distribution of employment are available from
both the Current Population Survey of households ( cps ) and the Current
Employment Statistics program ( c e s , or establishment survey). While the
ces provides a more detailed industrial breakdown of employment and has
a longer history, it does not include agricultural employment or those
workers who are self-employed. Because the following analysis will cover
total employment in all three sectors, the primary source of data will be


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the

c ps .

9For more discussion of the problems in defining services, see Ronald
Kent Shelp, B e y o n d I n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n : A s c e n d e n c y o f th e G l o b a l S e r v i c e
E c o n o m y (New York, Praeger Publishers, 1981), pp. 10-13.
10Such differences in the composition of the sectors do not appear to
have a serious impact on long-term trends. See, for example, Fuchs,
“ Economic growth,” p. 222.
"For more discussion of these issues, see R. E. Kutscher and J. A.
Mark, “ The service-producing sector: some common perceptions,” M o n th ly
L a b o r R e v i e w , April 1983, pp. 3-1 2 ; and J. A. Mark, “ Measuring pro­
ductivity in service industries,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , June 1982, pp.
3 -8 .
12Data for 1850 through 1940 are from H i s t o r i c a l S t a t i s t i c s f o r th e U n i te d
S t a t e s , C o l o n i a l T i m e s th r o u g h 1 9 7 0 (U.S. Department of Commerce,
1975), Series D 152-166, p. 138. The industrial distribution for these
years is based on the concept of “ gainful work” rather than employment.
For a discussion of the difference in these concepts see page 123. cps data
for the years 1952 through 1962 include 14- and 15-year-olds.
13 Lengelle concluded that the United States belonged in group four as
early as the m id-1950’s, but he excluded transportation from services. See
Lengelle, T h e G r o w i n g I m p o r t a n c e , p. 12.
14Full-time equivalents are calculated by multiplying the number of parttime employees by the ratio of the average weekly hours of part-time to
full-time employees. If a full-time workweek is 40 hours and there are
two employees working 20 hours, then they would equal one full-time
equivalant, that is, 2 x 20/40 — 1. Computations of sectoral shifts from
this series are based solely on civilian employment.
15Estimates of the relative shifts in employment from the persons en­
gaged series are as follows:
1 9 5 2 -6 7

........................................................
G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g .............................................
S e r v ic e -p r o d u c in g
...........................................

A g r ic u ltu r e

1 9 6 7 -7 9

—3 .7

— 1 .2

— 1 .7

—3 .5

3.5

4 .7

21

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Employment Shift to Services
Given the slight differences that exist in classification of industries, esti­
mates from the two series are a fairly close match.

the period 1979 to 1982. see Diane Nilsen. “ Employment in durable goods
anything but durable,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , February 1984. pp 1524.

l6For a discussion of the use of matched data, see Robert W. Bednarzik
and Richard M. Devens, ed., U s i n g th e C u r r e n t P o p u l a t i o n S u r v e y a s a
L o n g i t u d i n a l D a t a B a s e , Report 608 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1980).

i4The average annual percent changes were calculated as follows: the
rate of change for an expansion is measured from a 3-month average
centered on a trough to a 3-month average centered on the peak. The
percentage change is divided by the number of months from trough to peak
and multiplied by 12 to provide an annual average. A similar procedure
is used for contractions.

17 Data from March 1975-76 and March 1980-81 matched files were
also examined and supported the above analysis. For more on the contri­
bution of women, see Fuchs, “ Economic growth.”
18For more on the performance of the manufacturing industries during

ERRATUM
Because of a typographical error, a tabular entry is incomplete in Philip
L. Rones’ article, “ Recent recessions swell ranks of the long-term un­
employed,” in the February issue. The full entry in table 3, p. 28, should
read “ Finance and services.” A corrected version of the table appears
below.

Table 3.

The long-term unemployed by selected characteristics, June 1979 and June 1983, not seasonally adjusted

[ N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ]

Tota I
unen ployed
Characteristic

June
1979

June
1983

Total ....................................
M e n ............................................
Women .........................................

6,235
2,993
3,242

11,570
6,498
5,072

16
20
25
55

2,034
1,441
2,372
389

W h ite .........................................
Black ..............................................
Hispanic o r ig in ........................

Unemployed 15 weeks or longer
Total

Perc ent of
unem ployed

Percent of
labor force

Unemployed 27 weeks or longer
Percent
distribution

Total

Percent of
unemployed

Percent of
labor force

Percent
distribution

June
1979

June
1983

June
1979

June
1983

June
1979

June
1983

June
1979

June
1983

June
1979

June
1983

June
1979

June
1983

June
1979

June
1983

June
1979

June
1983

1,085
601
484

4,447
2,939
1,507

17.4
20.1
14.9

38.4
45.2
29.7

1.0
.9
1.1

3.9
4.6
3.1

100.0
55.4
44.6

100.0
66.1
33.9

492
288
204

2,842
1,934
908

7.9
9.6
6.3

24.6
29.8
17.9

.5
5
.5

25
33
1.9

1on n

1 no

2,527
2,478
5,780
785

136
313
233
814
589 2,889
128
431

6.7
16.2
24.8
32.9

12.4
32.8
50.0
54.9

1.2
1.5
.9
.9

3.2
4.9
4.0
2.9

12.5
21.5
54.3
11.8

7.0
18.3
65.0
9.7

44
91
284
73

148
458
1,938
299

2.2
6.3
12.0
18.8

59
18.5
33.5
38.1

4
6
5
.5

L5
ZJ
27
2.0

4,677
1,421
432

8,598
2,599
896

790 3,317
273
997
70
240

16.9
19.2
16.2

38.6
38.4
26.8

.9
2.6
1.4

3.4
8.3
3.8

72.8
25.2
6.5

74.6
22.4
5.4

329
119
26

2,104
657
155

7.0
8.4
6.0

24.5
25.3
17.3

.4
11
.5

21
55
3.0

Construction .........................................
Manufacturing ...................................
Durable goods .................................
Primary metals ...........................
Autos .................................
Nondurable g o o d s ...........................
T ra d e ......................................
Finance and s e rv ic e s ...................

456
1,158
611
32
54
547
1,304
1,462

919
2,500
1,602
195
137
898
2,243
2,434

97
304
182
10
18
121
195
258

438
1,429
993
142
91
436
816
860

21.3
26.3
29.8
31.3
33.3
22.1
15.0
17.6

47.7
57.2
62.0
72.8
66.4
48.6
36.4
35.3

1.6
1.3
1.3
.8
1.3
1.3
1.0
.8

7.0
6.4
7.5
14.0
8.4
4.9
3.8
2.4

8.9
28.0
16.8
.9
1.7
11.2
18.0
23.8

9.8
32.1
22.3
3.2
2.0
9.8
18.3
19.3

32
128
84
7
7
44
71
134

262
1,006
703
115
73
303
448
542

70
11.1
13.7
21.9
13.0
8.0
5.4
9.2

28 5
40 2
43 9
59.0
53.3
33.7
20 0
22.3

5
6
6
.5
.5
5
4
.4

42
4.5
5.3
11 4
6.7
34

Job lo s e rs ....................................
Job leavers .........................................
Entrants ............................................

2,096
823
3,314

6,135
748
4,686

577
143
363

3,314
231
884

27.5
17.4
11.0

54.0
30.9
18.9

_

_

53.2
13.2
33.5

74.5
5.2
19.9

265
61
165

2,173
143
522

12.6
7.4
5.0

35.4
19 1
11.1

to 19
to 24
to 54
years

y e a rs ...................................
years ..............................
y e a rs ......................................
and over .................................

22

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—

—

—

—

—

SR S

4L5
A9
1R S

57 7
14.8
66 9
24 9

5.3

o

f ifi 1
31'9

52
16 1
68 2
10.5
74 0
23 1
5.5

2J

65
26 0
17 1
14
1.4
8-9
14 4

1.5

27.2

2.6
10 7
15 8
19.1

-

53 q
12 4
33.5

76 5
50
18.4

35 4
24 7
4 j)

Surviving spouse’s benefits
in private pension plans
Most private pension plans offer a lifetime
minimum annuity to surviving spouses
o f about two-fifths o f a worker s accrued benefits;
however, many spouses may receive a smaller share,
or may not be covered, according to
a b l s analysis of plans in 1981
D o n a l d B ell

and

A

vy

G raham

When an active worker or retired employee dies, what ben­
efits does the spouse receive from employer contributions
to a private pension plan? While the Bureau of Labor Sta­
tistics has no data on actual annuity payments and the num­
ber of beneficiaries receiving them, a representative sample
of medium and large companies shows that, as required by
law, the plans offer a surviving spouse a lifetime annuity.
However, both eligibility requirements for this benefit and
the size of monthly payments depend on when death occurs.
If death is before retirement, the spouse usually is eligible
for an annuity if the employee had sufficient age and service
to qualify for early retirement benefits; the size of the annuity
depends on the pension the worker would have received if
he or she had opted for early retirement.1 (See chart 1.) If
the employee had retired, the typical plan would provide
for a spouse’s annuity equal to about two-fifths of the work­
er’s accrued benefits.
A few pension plans offer “ death benefits,” as well as
annuities. While annuities provide a lifetime income, death
benefits are paid either in a lump sum or for a specified
number of months. The most common lump-sum payment
is $1,000; monthly death benefits most often are paid for 5
years. However, if death occurs after retirement, the number
Donald Bell is a labor economist and Avy Graham is a social science
research analyst in the Office of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau
o f Labor Statistics.


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of monthly payments to the spouse is reduced by the number
of pension payments already received by the retiree.
This article is based on data from the Bureau’s 1981
survey of employee benefits in large and medium firms.2 A
sample of 1,505 establishments across most private indus­
tries yielded data on the detailed provisions in 914 pension
plans. Results of this survey provide representative data for
21.5 million employees in 43,325 establishments. Eightyfour percent of the employees were covered by private pen­
sion plans— 79 percent were under plans fully paid for by
their employer, and 5 percent paid part of the cost.
erisa

requirements

Spouse benefit provisions of private pension plans reflect
the influence of the Employee Retirement Income Security
Act of 1974 ( e r i s a ). Pension plans are not required by law,
but once established, e r i s a requires that they provide for
annuities to spouses of deceased employees. The require­
ments differ for death before and after retirement.
Pension plans must now include a “ postretirement” an­
nuity arrangement which pays a surviving spouse regulai
income equal to at least half of the pension paid to the
retiree. To do this, the plan may reduce the pension paid
to the retiree. This reduced annuity is called a “joint-andsurvivor annuity.” A married worker must be given an
opportunity not to participate in a joint-and-survivor an­
nuity— that is, not to accept a reduced annuity. However,
23

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Surviving Spouse’s Pension Benefits

Chart 1. Proportion of normal pension typically paid under various options1
Death before retirement2

= pension paid

Survivor's pension*
Retirement at normal age

Retirement at an early age4

Employee's pension
Joint-and-survivor annuity coverage

Employee's pension

Employee s pension

Survivor’s pension3

Survivor's pension3

2Assumes employee dies 10 years before normal retirement age with 30
1 A “normal” pension is that paid to an employee who retires at a plan's
years of service and is eligible for survivor coverage.
normal age and who elects not to take the joint-and-survivor annuity option
3Paid to spouse after death of employee, based on 50-percent option
This is the maximum pension available to the employee for a specific length of
service. This chart compares the amount typically paid under other options
4Assumes employee retires 10 years before normal retirement age with 30
with this normal pension.
years of service and pension is reduced 5 percent for each year.

24


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if the participant fails to elect another form of annuity, the
joint-and-survivor option automatically becomes effective.
Under plans which do not reduce the retiree’s annuity as
the price of continuing payments to a surviving spouse, the
survivor may be paid less than 50 percent of the retiree's
annuity provided the rate does not produce a smaller pro­
portion of the retiree’s unreduced pension than that which
would be achieved by a 50-percent joint-and-survivor op­
tion.
Prior to enactment of e r i s a , most plans provided survivor
annuities only if the employee voluntarily chose the option
at a specified time, such as 1 year before retirement. If a
retiree did not act, the surviving spouse was not eligible for
an annuity. Also, e r i s a prohibits discontinuance of pay­
ments if a spouse remarries— a frequent provision before
the law’s passage.
If an employee dies before retirement, e r i s a requires that
a “ preretirement” survivor annuity be available if the pen­
sion plan gives employees the option of retiring before the
normal retirement age with a reduced lifetime annuity. A
preretirement spouse’s annuity must be available if a de­
ceased worker was eligible for early retirement, was within
10 years of the plan's normal retirement age, and had been
married at least 1 year. The minimum annuity is the amount
the spouse would have received if the worker had retired
just before death with early retirement benefits and had
elected a joint-and-survivor option. (The normal retirement
age is the point at which the employee could retire and
immediately receive a pension without reduction due to age.
The normal pension is the annuity available at normal re­
tirement age if the joint-and-survivor annuity is waived.)
The 1974 law has had a significant effect on potential
protection accorded spouses of active workers. In the sum­
mer of 1970, 36 percent of 149 major pension plans provided
for annuities to survivors of active workers3; virtually all
pension plans studied in the 1981 survey offered a prere­
tirement spouse annuity.4

Survivors of retirees
As required by the Employee Retirement Income Security
Act, all of the pension plans studied provided for annuities
to survivors of retirees. More than 90 percent offered these
postretirement spouse benefits in the form of joint-and-sur­
vivor annuities.5 (See table 1.) While e r i s a requires a plan
to have a spouse annuity which pays at least 50 percent of
the retiree’s pension, other percentages also may be avail­
able. For example, 68 percent of the plans provided multiple
joint-and-survivor options ranging from 25 to 100 percent
of the pension paid prior to the retiree’s death, with at least
one option of 50 percent or more.
The smaller the percentage option selected, the less the
reduction in the retiree’s pension. For example, a 25-percent
survivor benefit would require a relatively small reduction
in the retiree’s pension. (A few plans provided the 25percent survivor benefit with no reduction in the retiree’s


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Table 1. Provision for postretirement survivor annuity in
private pension plans, medium and large firms, 1981
Annuity

Plans
Number

Percent

T o ta l....................................................................................

914

100

Joint-and-survivor annuity1 ..............................................................

856

94

Surviving spouse receives:
50 percent of joint-and-survivor annuity ..............................

202

22

More than 50 percent of joint-and-survivor a n n u ity ...........

33

4

Retiree’s choice of multiple joint-and-survivor options2 . .

621

68

Share of retiree's pension3 ..............................................................

34

4

Joint-and-survivor annuity plus portion of retiree’s pension . . .

24

3

1An annuity that provides income during the lifetime of both the retiree and the surviving
spouse. The accrued pension will be reduced at retirement because of the longer time
that payments are expected to be made. Upon the retiree’s death, all or part of the
reduced pension is continued to the surviving spouse for life.
includ es at least one option that continues 50 percent or more of the retiree’s reduced
pension to the surviving spouse.
3These plans do not require a reduction of retiree’s accrued pension when employee
and spouse are the same age. Under their provisions, the spouse receives an average
of 49 percent of the accrued pension. For 2 out of 3 plans in this group, the retiree’s
or spouse’s benefit is reduced if there is significant age difference.
Note:

Because of rounding, sums of individual percentages may not equal totals.

pension.) Multiple options thus provide alternatives which
might meet the needs of a married couple for either a higher
immediate benefit to the retiree and spouse or a higher
benefit later to the surviving spouse. The former alternative
might be suitable if an employee is in good health or if the
spouse has a separate pension. While the 100-percent sur­
vivor benefit would require a greater reduction for the re­
tiree, it might be a more desirable choice for an employee
in poor health or with alternative income sources.
Although e r i s a allows for a reduction in the retiree’s
pension to finance the survivor’s annuity, 4 percent of the
plans studied offered the survivor benefit without this re­
duction. Generally, these plans were in effect prior to the
law’s enactment and were continued because their provi­
sions met or exceeded e r i s a standards. Another small group
of plans (3 percent) gave spouses a portion of the retiree’s
pension plus a joint-and-survivor benefit calculated on the
balance of the pension.6
As discussed earlier, a joint-and-survivor annuity adjusts
the retiree’s pension downward to provide a lifetime benefit
to the surviving spouse. Pension payments expected to be
made during the lifetime of the retiree and the surviving
spouse approximate the plan’s total payments in a straightlife annuity to a single person.
If an employee in a plan with joint-and-survivor protec­
tion does not waive this coverage, the employee’s pension
is automatically reduced at retirement to allow for the spouse’s
benefit. The reduced pension is calculated in the following
manner. An employee’s accrued pension is first determined
as if it were payable only during his or her lifetime. (The
benefit formula usually calls for multiplying the number of
years of service by either a percent of earnings or a flat
dollar amount.) The accrued pension benefit is then adjusted
25

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Surviving Spouse’s Pension Benefits
to pay for the survivor annuity. This adjustment takes ac­
count of the age and sex of the employee and spouse in 55
percent of the plans, and age alone in 45 percent. However,
a recent Supreme Court decision prohibits discrimination in
pension annuity payments based on sex. As a result, pension
plans now may have to eliminate consideration of sex when
adjusting the accrued pension to pay for a spouse’s annuity.7
Actuarial and arithmetic adjustments. Of plans that made
an adjustment, 8 percent used an arithmetic reduction method.
Under this method, retirees retain a somewhat larger share
of accrued pensions than under an actuarially reduced an­
nuity. An arithmetic reduction is determined mainly by the
difference in age of the retiree and spouse. A basic reduc­
tion, such as 10 percent, is taken to pay for a 50-percent
spouse annuity if the spouse is at least as old as the em­
ployee; an additional reduction, such as 0.5 percent, com­
monly is applied for each year of age difference if the spouse
is younger. Some plans use the same arithmetic reduction
for all retirees with the joint-and-survivor option if the age
difference is less than 10 years. Actuarial reductions, found
in 92 percent of the plans with adjustments, are more closely
linked to life expectancies of the employee and spouse;
formulas are based on such factors as age and sex of the
employee and spouse.8
Summaries of pension plan provisions illustrate the ef­
fects of actuarial and arithmetic adjustments. An airline’s
pension plan provides an example of the 50- and 100-percent
joint-and-survivor options, with actuarial adjustments vary­
ing by age and sex.9 The following tabulation shows the
percent of the employee’s normal, straight-life pension that
is paid in a joint-and-survivor annuity while both retiree and
spouse are alive and after the retiree dies. It assumes re­
tirement at age 65.10
Percent of normal pension paid under—
50-percent option
100-percent option
Surviving
Surviving
Employee spouse
Employee spouse
E m p lo y e e age
65 an d —
W ife age:
65 .................... . . . .
6 0 .................... . . . .

8 5 .5
8 1 .9

4 2 .7 5
4 0 .9 5

7 4 .7
6 9 .3

7 4 .7
6 9 .3

H u s b a n d age:
65 .................... . . . .
6 0 .................... . . . .

9 3 .3
9 0 .6

4 6 .6 5
4 5 .3 0

8 7 .5
8 2 .9

8 7 .5
8 2 .9

When a male employee and his spouse are both age 65
at retirement, the 50-percent option reduces the benefit to
85.5 percent of his computed normal pension; this provides
the wife with an annuity of half that amount after his death.
If the 100-percent option is elected, the employee’s benefit
is reduced an additional 10.8 percentage points (to 74.7
percent) to provide the wife with the same annuity as the
retiree’s after his death. However, if the wife is 5 years
26

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younger, the employee’s benefit is further reduced by 3.6
percentage points under the 50-percent option and 5.4 per­
centage points under the 100-percent option. In the same
plan, the corresponding pensions for a female employee are
larger because of the shorter life expectancy of men. In
other words, the husband is less likely to outlive his wife
and thus receive a spouse’s pension.
After the retiree’s death, the spouse continues to receive
the same monthly annuity under the 100-percent option, but
half of the monthly annuity under the 50-percent option.
Because the normal pension was reduced to pay for the
spouse’s benefit, a wife who is 5 years younger than an
employee retiring at age 65 with the standard 50-percent
joint-and-survivor option can expect a spouse’s benefit of
40.95 percent of the normal pension. A surviving husband,
under similar conditions, would receive 4.35 percentage
points more.
A large manufacturing company plan, with a 55-percent
joint-and-survivor option, provides a typical example of an
arithmetic adjustment varying only by age. When both the
employee and spouse are age 65, the employee’s pension
is reduced by 10 percent to provide the spouse with an
annuity of 55 percent of the reduced pension. Thus, the 55percent option would yield a spouse annuity equal to 49.5
percent of the employee’s normal, straight-life pension (90
percent x 0.55). However, if the spouse’s age is less than
that of the employee, the employee’s pension is reduced an
additional 0.5 percentage point for each year the spouse is
younger than age 65. Therefore, a spouse 5 years younger
than the employee would receive 48.125 percent of the
em ployee’s norm al, straight-life pension (87.5 per­
cent x 0.55). This plan’s arithmetic adjustment is less than
what would be required actuarially; on average, retired cou­
ples taking the joint-and-survivor option can expect to col­
lect slightly more over their lifetimes than if they refuse the
option.
Restoration to full pension. Under most plans, the retiree’s
benefit is permanently reduced to provide a spouse’s ben­
efit— even if the spouse dies first. Only about 3 percent of
plans with joint-and-survivor benefits provided for a “ pop­
up” or restoration of all or part of the amount of reduction.
Most of these restorations followed the pattern negotiated
by the United Auto Workers, in which the “ pop-up” benefit
consists of a restoration to 100 percent of the straight-life
annuity upon the spouse’s death. Other plans provided a
schedule of restorations based on the length of time between
retirement and death of the spouse, for example, complete
restoration it the spouse’s death is within 1 vear of retire­
ment, but decreasing the restored amounts over the next 3
years until a 25-percent restoration is reached.

Survivors of active workers
Annuity provisions for spouses of employees who die
while still at work differ from those applicable to survivors

of retired employees. A pension plan’s preretirement spouse’s
benefit gives a surviving husband or wife a part of the
annuity earned by an active employee at the time of death.
Although provision for this benefit was found in virtually
all of the plans studied (909 of 914 plans), survivors were
protected only if the employee had attained the required age
and had the necessary length of service at the time of death
(and had elected this coverage if, as described below, there
was an extra employee cost for this protection). In most
plans, employees had to qualify for early retirement (gen­
erally age 55 with 10 or 15 years of service) before their
spouses were eligible for survivor’s coverage. However,
minimum age requirements at times were more liberal than
for early retirement.
The following tabulation shows the number and percent
of plans and the minimum age requirement for active work­
ers before surviving spouses could receive benefits:
Number
P la n s sp e c ify in g a m in im u m ag e re q u ire ­
m e n t ....................................................................
Y o u n g e r a g e th an fo r e a rly re tire m e n t
S a m e a g e as fo r e a rly r e t i r e m e n t ...........
O ld e r a g e th a n fo r e a rly re tire m e n t . . . .
N o p ro v is io n fo r e a rly re tire m e n t .........

909
198
688
19
4

Percent
100.0
2 1 .7
7 5 .6
2.1
.4

A plan with more liberal age requirements than for early
retirement may, nevertheless, require the same length of
service as for early retirement. For example, a plan may
provide a spouse’s pension if death occurs at any age with
10 years of service, although early retirement is at age 55
with 10 years of service. A small number of plans had age
requirements for the spouse’s benefit more stringent than
those for early retirement. These plans permitted retirement
more than 10 years before the normal age but limited the
spouse’s annuity coverage to persons whose age was within
10 years of normal retirement, as allowed by e r i s a .

Table 2. Provision for preretirement survivor annuity in
private pension plans, medium and large firms, 1981
Plans

Annuity1

Number

Percent

914

100

Preretirement survivor annuity provide d.........................................

909

99

Joint-and-survivor-type annuity2 .................................................

667

73

Based on early retirement benefit3 .........................................
Surviving spouse receives:
50 percent of employee p e n s io n ....................................
At additional employee cost4 ......................................

634

70

547
198

22

51 to 99 percent of employee p e n s io n .........................
At additional employee c o s r ......................................

35

2

4
(5)

100 percent of employee

pension .................................
At additional employee c o s t4 ...................................

52
5

6
1

Based on normal retirement benefit6 ....................................
Surviving spouse receives:
50 percent or less of employee p e n s io n ......................
At additional employee cost4 ......................................

33

4

33
9

4

Portion of accrued employee benefit .........................................
Reduced for early retirem ent....................................................
Unreduced for early retirement ..............................................
Based on service projected to normal retirement age . . . .

228

25
13

Other annuity7 ...............................................................................

14

No preretirement survivor annuity provided8 .................................

5

T o ta l............................................................................

121
88
19

60

1

10
2
2
1

1Many plans offer an elective preretirement spouse option. If the elective provision
was the only option, It was tabulated; if It was in combination with an automatic pretirement spouse option, only the automatic provision was tabulated.
2The spouse annuity Is computed as if the employee had retired with a joint-andsurvivor annuity; that is, the accrued pension is first reduced because of the longer
length of time that payments were expected to be made to both the retiree and the
surviving spouse. The spouse’s share is then the specified percent of the reduced amount.
3Survivor annuity is based on the benefit the employee would have received If early
retirement had occurred on the date of death.
4Plan reduces the accrued employee pension benefit for each year survivor protection
is in force.
5Less than 0.5 percent.
6Survivor annuity is based on the benefit the employee would have received if eligible
for normal retirement on the date of death.
7lncludes annuity based on a percent of average monthly earnings, or a flat dollar
amount.
8A

p r e r e t i r e m e n t s u r v i v o r a n n u i t y is r e q u i r e d b y

e r is a

o n ly if p la n s a llo w th e p a y m e n t

o f r e tir e e b e n e f it s p r io r to t h e p la n ’s n o r m a l r e tir e m e n t a g e .

Method o f calculating benefits. The basis for determining
the amount of the preretirement spouse’s annuity differed
substantially among plans. (See table 2.) The dominant
method, found in 73 percent of the plans, was derived from
the joint-and-survivor mode of payment. Three-fifths of the
plans provided the spouse with 50 percent of the early re­
tirement joint-and-survivor annuity. Although the reduction
for early retirement varied widely, a reduction of 4 to 6
percent a year was common. Thus, the accrued pension of
an employee who dies 10 years before normal retirement
could be reduced by 40 to 60 percent before the spouse’s
benefit is computed. The net effect of (1) fewer years of
service due to an early death, (2) reduction in benefits due
to extended years of payment associated with early retire­
ment, (3) a further reduction because of the joint-andsurvivor-based annuity, and (4) taking half of the resultant
benefit as the survivor’s share leaves the spouse with a small
portion of the normal straight-life pension. Ten percent of
the plans gave the spouse more than 50 percent of the early


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N

o te

:

Because of rounding, sums of individual percentages may not equal totals.

retirement joint-and-survivor annuity, with 6 percent pro­
viding all of the reduced benefit. Another small group of
plans (4 percent) with joint-and-survivor-based annuities
made no reduction for early receipt of benefits, even if the
employee died prior to the normal retirement age.
The airline plan discussed earlier is an example of a plan
giving the spouse 50 percent of the early retirement jointand-survivor annuity for which the employee was eligible
on the date of death. This plan’s early retirement formula
reduces benefits arithmetically for each year that retirement
precedes age 62, using three age brackets and reductions
ranging from 2.4 percent to 6.6 percent per year. For ex­
ample, an employee’s early retirement benefit at age 55 is
59.8 percent of the pension payable at age 62 with the same
years of service. This pension is further reduced by 10.1
percent to pay for the joint-and-survivor option. As a result,
an employee retiring at age 55 with a 50-percent joint-and27

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Surviving Spouse’s Pension Benefits
survivor annuity would receive a pension equal to 59.8
percent x 0.899, or 53.7 percent of the accrued pension.
Therefore, if that active employee died at age 55, the spouse’s
monthly annuity would be half of 53.7 percent, or 26.9
percent of the straight-life pension that the employee had
accrued, and a smaller percent of the normal pension. This
benefit would be further adjusted up or down for any dif­
ferences in ages between employee and spouse.
One-fourth of the plans provided a preretirement survivor
benefit calculated as a portion of the employee’s accrued
pension benefit, but with no reduction for joint-and-survivor
coverage. These plans, however, varied in method of de­
termining accrued pension benefits. The largest group re­
duced the employee’s accrued benefit for early retirement,
as if retirement had occurred on the date of death. Another
group made no reduction for early retirement and computed
benefits as if the employee qualified for normal retirement
benefits on the date of death. A few plans based benefits
on the years of service the employee would have accumu­
lated had he or she lived to normal retirement age.
The more generous methods of determining accrued ben­
efits, however, typically used smaller percentages to cal­
culate the spouse’s share of the pension. Formulas based
on the employee’s actual years of service, reduced for early
retirement, on average, paid spouses 55 percent of the ac­
crued employee benefit. Those based on actual years of
service but with no early retirement reduction averaged 53
percent, while formulas that projected service to the normal
retirement age averaged 46 percent. Nevertheless, the sur­
veyed plans with more liberal approaches to calculating
accrued benefits generally provided higher annuities to the
spouse. Except for employees who die within a year or two
of normal retirement age, the effect of higher calculated
accrued benefits outweighed the relatively small reductions
in the spouse’s share of employee pensions.
Plans paying a designated portion of the accrued em­
ployee benefit to the surviving spouse also were less likely
to adjust the benefit because of differences in age between
the employee and spouse. While the joint-and-survivor-based
formulas almost always reduced the pension actuarially for
even small differences in age, two-fifths of the plans with
other formulas made no adjustment at all. Many of the
remainder used an arithmetic approach, reducing the pay­
ment by less than the actuarial techniques; frequently, these
plans only made a reduction if the age difference was more
than 3 to 5 years.
Twenty-one percent of the plans studied offered a second
method of calculating preretirement survivor’s annuities. In
a limited number of plans (3 percent), spouses who qualified
under the second formula received an annuity equal to the
sum of the amounts calculated under both formulas. In the
majority of cases, the secondary method of calculation was
an alternative formula, to be used if it offered a higher
benefit than the primary formula. In some cases, the alter­
native formulas were in effect prior to enactment of e r i s a
28


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and provided a higher benefit to persons with longer service.
Other alternative formulas offered a higher benefit at em­
ployee cost as a substitute for the automatic coverage.11
Some examples of alternative preretirement spouse ben­
efit provisions are:
• Instead of automatic 50-percent joint-and-survivor-based
coverage, an employee may choose and pay for a larger
portion of his or her accrued benefit.
• When an employee reaches a specified age such as 60,
the spouse’s annuity is computed based on a normal,
rather than early, retirement formula.
• Surviving spouses of employees covered by the pension
plan prior to enactment of e r i s a in 1974 may choose
a formula based on the employee’s accrued pension.
• When an employee dies with few years of service, the
surviving spouse receives a minimum annuity of 20
percent of the last month’s pay.
The first three examples are common; the fourth is rare.
Cost to employees. Under e r i s a , the cost of the pre­
retirement survivor annuity may be borne by participants;
the pension benefit they would otherwise have received at
early or normal retirement may be reduced for each year
spouse’s protection is in effect. When this charge is levied,
coverage is not automatic. In this instance, unlike postre­
tirement survivor annuities, workers desiring the coverage
must elect it. Plans may require a choice no later than 2
years prior to its effective date, thus avoiding dispropor­
tionate use by employees with terminal illnesses.
Twenty-four percent of the plans levied this charge; they
permanently reduced the pension benefits ultimately paid to
either a surviving spouse or retiree if preretirement survivor
protection was elected by the employee. A typical cost is
0.6 percent of accrued benefits for every year the survivor
annuity provision is in effect prior to the employee’s death
or retirement. If an employee who chose to provide pre­
retirement survivor coverage at age 55 retires at age 65, the
pension is automatically reduced by 6 percent (10 X 0.6
percent). If the employee dies at age 60 with the survivor
provision in effect, the spouse’s pension is reduced by 3
percent.

Lump-sum and limited payments
As noted, substantially all of the pension plans studied
provided for both preretirement and postretirement lifetime
survivor annuities. A minority of the plans (27 percent)
included death benefit provisions for surviving spouses—
lump-sum payments and monthly payments for a limited
time period. Twelve percent of the plans gave death benefits
to spouses of active workers; 21 percent covered those of
retired workers. Plans negotiated under collective bargain­
ing agreements, which accounted for nearly a third of the
sample, had death benefit provisions more frequently than
nonnegotiated plans. (See table 3.) For active workers, ne-

Table 3. Collective bargaining status of private pension
plans with death benefits, medium and large firms, 1981

Benefit

Covered by
collective
bargaining
agreements

Not covered by
collective
bargaining
agreements

Number

Percent

Number

Percent

Postretirement plans .................................
Death be nefits.........................................
In addition to survivors' annuities
In lieu of survivors’ annuities . . . .
No death benefits .................................

282
99
31

100
35
11

100

183

24
65

632
89
45
44
543

Preretirement p la n s ....................................
Death benefits.........................................
In addition to survivors’ annuities
In lieu of survivors’ annuities . . . .
No death benefits .................................

282
50
13
37
232

68

100
18
5
13
82

14
7
7

86
100
9
2

632
58
14
44
574

7
91

gotiated plans were twice as likely to have this benefit (18
compared with 9 percent); the ratio was even higher for
retired workers (35 compared with 14 percent).
The majority of plans with death benefits offered such
benefits as alternatives to an annuity— 9 percent of the plans
gave this option to spouses of deceased active workers and
12 percent to survivors of retirees. (See table 4.) A few
examples are:
• The surviving spouse of a worker eligible for early
retirement benefits can choose either a small monthly
annuity for life or a much larger monthly payment for
5 years.
• The surviving spouse of a worker not yet eligible for
early retirement automatically receives the death ben­
efit.
• The surviving spouse of a retiree who waived a jointand-survivor annuity still receives a lump-sum benefit.
The remaining plans with death benefits provided such ben­
Table 4. Type of benefit in private pension plans with
death benefits, medium and large firms, 1981

Benefit

Total p la n s .................................
Plans with death benefits ........................
Death benefits in addition to survivor
annuity ..............................................
Lump sum .........................................
Specified period of monthly
benefits1 .........................................
Death benefit in lieu of survivor
annuity ...............................................
Lump sum .........................................
Specified period of monthly
benefits1 .........................................
Plans without death b e n e fits ...................

Preretirement
benefit

Postretirement
benefit

Number

Percent

Number

Percent

914
108

100
12

914
188

100
21

27

3

76
53

8
6

5

(2)

23

3

81
39

9
4

112

12
2
11

42
806

88

5

96
726

22

2

16

79

1For the postretirement benefit, the number of annuity payments already received by
the employee is counted in the specified period, potentially leaving the spouse with no
death benefit. For the preretirement benefit, the value of the monthly payments may be
taken in a lump sum in a minority of plans.
2Less than 0.5 percent.
NOTE:

Because of rounding, sums of individual percentages may not equal totals.


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efits in addition to an annuity— persons not eligible for an
annuity receive only the death benefit. Three percent of the
plans studied provided both a death benefit and an annuity
for preretirement, and 8 percent provided for postretirement
benefits. The majority of these plans paid a lump sum.
Eligibility for benefits. Death benefit eligibility require­
ments differed for deaths before and after retirement. Spouses
usually qualified for a postretirement death benefit if the
retiree had met the plan’s minimum requirements for a pen­
sion. Three percent of the plans, however, had a more
restrictive requirement; they specified minimum age and
service requirements, commonly age 55 with 10 years of
service. (These plans did not contain a minimum normal
retirement age, allowing retirement at any age after, for
example, 30 years of service.)
Age and service eligibility requirements for preretirement
death benefits varied widely; most plans paid benefits to a
surviving spouse even if the employee did not meet re­
quirements for providing a survivor annuity. Frequently,
the death benefit was paid regardless of age or years of
service. The following tabulation shows age and service
eligibility requirements for preretirement death benefits:
Number Percent
T o t a l ...........................................................

108

100

L ess a g e o r se rv ic e o r b o th th an fo r
e a rlie s t p e n s i o n ..........................................
N o re q u ire m e n t .........................................
W ith re q u ire m e n t ....................................

81
38
43

75
35
40

S a m e a g e a n d se rv ic e as fo r e a rlie st
p e n sio n ...............................................................

17

16

M o re a g e o r se rv ic e o r b o th th a n fo r
e a rlie s t p e n s i o n ................................................

10

9

Plans with lower age and service requirements than those
for the earliest pension most frequently provide a death
benefit if the employee dies after 10 years of service, re­
gardless of age.
Amount o f benefits. The value of the death benefits differed
sharply among the plans in the sample. Most of the lump­
sum benefits were specified as flat dollar amounts. The most
common amount was $1,000, although some plans paid as
much as $10,000. The amount varied by type of benefit,
averaging slightly higher for preretirement than for postre­
tirement death benefits, and higher for benefits in addition
to, rather than in lieu of, survivor annuities. Not all plans
specified a flat lump-sum amount: a few called for paying
a specified amount for each year of service, averaging $48
per year (or less than $1,000 for 20 years of service). Eight
plans provided a percent of average annual earnings, typi­
cally 35 percent (for example, $5,250 for average earnings
of $15,000).
If, instead of lump-sum payments, death benefits are dis­
tributed in the form of monthly payments, each payment is
larger than that provided by a survivor’s annuity; monthly
29

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Surviving Spouse’s Pension Benefits
death benefits equal the full monthly pension payment to
which an active worker or retiree was entitled. However,
monthly death benefits are paid for a limited period. Among
the plans surveyed, surviving spouses of active workers
receive the payment for an average of 71 months. Survivors
of retirees also receive payments for an average of 71 months
when the monthly payment is offered in lieu of a spouse’s
annuity, but 66 months when it is in addition to an annuity.
For retirees, however, the number of monthly pension pay­
ments that have been made during the retiree’s lifetime was
deducted from the specified number of death benefit pay­
ments. Thus, if the retiree lives longer than the specified
period and the death benefit was chosen in lieu of an annuity,
the spouse would receive no payment. If the death benefit
is in addition to the spouse’s annuity, the survivor’s payment
is not reduced to the spouse’s share of the worker’s pension
until all of the specified death benefit payments have been
made.

Other survivor’s benefits
Although only a minority of the pension plans provided
lump-sum or monthly death benefits, most of the firms cov­
ered by the study provided similar protection to survivors
of active workers through life insurance. In 1981,96 percent
of the employees in these firms had a life insurance policy
paid at least in part by the employer— 81 percent had plans
fully paid by the employer. Three-fifths of the employees
with life insurance had coverage based on earnings— ben­
efits usually equaled one or two times earnings. Most of the
remaining employees had a flat dollar amount of life in­
surance, seldom over $15,000 and frequently under $5,000.
Production workers were more likely than white-collar em­
ployees to have flat dollar coverage. Retirees also frequently
had employer-provided life insurance coverage. Three-fifths
of the employees were in life insurance plans that continued
to provide coverage after retirement, although almost always
for a reduced amount.12
Social security is another source of income for many
surviving spouses. If there are no dependent children, a

1The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ( e r i s a ) requires
that if an employee made contributions to a pension plan, the plan must
provide for returning the participant’s accumulated contributions, with
interest, if death occurs before retirement.
2The survey is conducted in a sample designed to represent all private
sector establishments in the United States, excluding Alaska and Hawaii,
employing at least 50, 100, or 250 workers, depending on the industry.
Industry coverage includes mining; construction; manufacturing; trans­
portation, communications, electric, gas, and sanitary services; wholesale
and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and selected services.
For additional details on the survey, see E m p l o y e e B e n e f i ts in M e d iu m a n d
L a r g e F i r m s , 1 9 8 1 , Bulletin 2140 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982). See
also Robert Frumkin and William Wiatrowski, “ Bureau of Labor Statistics
takes a new look at employee benefits,’’ M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , August
1982, pp. 4 1 -4 5 .
•’ Derived from pension plan summaries in

30


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D i g e s t o f S e l e c t e d P e n s io n

surviving spouse age 65 or older can receive 100 percent
of the employee’s social security benefits. Benefits may
begin as early as age 60, but are reduced 5.7 percent for
each year under age 65. Because social security does not
pay dual benefits, survivors may not draw on their own
accounts and also receive survivor’s benefits from the sys­
tem, but must choose one of the payments. Regardless of
age, a surviving spouse with dependent children can receive
75 percent of the employee’s social security benefit until
the youngest child reaches age 18 or marries. Each depen­
dent child also receives 75 percent of the employee’s benefit
to age 18, or 22 if in school, subject to family maximums.
Benefits are curtailed if the spouse remarries.13

Added protection proposed
Since the enactment of the Employee Retirement Income
Security Act of 1974, all private pension plans have included
some type of provision for survivor’s benefits. All plans
now offer postretirement survivor protection and nearly all
offer preretirement protection. But the surviving spouse can
lose these benefits if: (1) the active worker dies prior to
reaching eligibility for the spouse’s benefit, (2) the active
employee had not elected a preretirement spouse’s annuity
offered at additional employee cost, (3) the couple does not
meet the 1-year marriage requirement, or (4) the joint-andsurvivor annuity was waived by the employee at retirement.
A bill approved by the Senate in 1983 would provide
added protection for surviving spouses of retirees by pro­
hibiting the employee from waiving a joint-and-survivor
annuity option unless the spouse approved.14The 21-percent
of the plans studied that provide postretirement death ben­
efits partially fill the gap left by a waiver of the spouse’s
annuity, but the degree of protection may be limited. This
bill also affects survivors of active employees: a key pro­
vision would require the payment of survivor’s benefits to
a spouse if a worker age 45 had at least 10 years of service.
However, in some cases, only a small vested pension may
have accrued and, after actuarial adjustment, a surviving
spouse would receive minimal monthly payments.

P la n s ,

1970 Edition (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1971).

table 41. e r i s a is not the only source of legal
requirements concerning survivor benefits. Internal Revenue Service rul­
ings limit favorable tax treatment to pension plans in which death benefits
are incidental to their primary purpose. For additional detail, see Everett
T. Allen, Jr., Joseph V. Melone, and Jerry S. Rosenbloom, P e n s io n
P l a n n i n g , 4th Edition (Homewood, 111., Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1981),
pp. 83-89; and Dan M. McGill, F u n d a m e n ta l s o f P r i v a t e P e n s i o n s , 4th
Edition (Homewood, 111. Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1979), pp. 124-26 and
149-61.
5 It should be noted that some pension plans provide benefits to both the
spouse and minor children or, in the absence of a spouse, to minor children
or other dependents. Such benefits for children generally end at age 18 or
21.
6These plans, found in the steel industry, provide the survivor with 50
percent of the retiree’s pension less 50 percent of the spouse’s social
4 E m p l o y e e B e n e f i ts ,

security benefit, plus an amount equivalent to a 50-percent spouse benefit
based on a joint-and-survivor annuity computed on the remaining half of
the retiree’s pension. Minimum payments are provided for the latter cal­
culation.

9 Summary plan descriptions used here for illustrative purposes are avail­
able from the Labor Department’s Labor Management Services Admin­
istration file in Washington, D .C ., in accordance with the requirements of
E R I S A . The plans used here were current as of March 1982.

7 In a July 1983 decision (N a t h a l i e N o r r i s v s . S t a t e o f A r i z o n a ) , the
Supreme Court prohibited employer-provided pension plans from adjusting
annuity payments on the basis of sex. Although this decision requires use
o f a single actuarial table to compute unreduced monthly annuities for
male and female employees, its rationale may also apply to annuity re­
ductions to pay for survivor benefits. See “ Developments in Industrial
Relations,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , September 1983, p. 36.

l0Employees in the plan can retire with unreduced benefits at age 62.
However, age 65 is used in the example for comparison with the subsequent
summary of a plan from a manufacturing firm.

8 Efforts to eliminate consideration of sex in actuarial adjustments in­
volves the three branches of government. In addition to the recent Supreme
Court decision, there have been proposals for legislative changes. For
example, a bill which prohibits sex discrimination in both pensions and
insurance has been reintroduced in the House of Representatives; a coun­
terpart bill has been reintroduced into the Senate. The U.S. Department
of Justice recently stated in a brief filed with the Supreme Court that pension
benefits based on sex are discriminatory.


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"Tabulations of the types of secondary formulas and their age and
service requirements are available from the authors.
12E m p l o y e e B e n e f i ts ,

tables 1, 28, 29, 30, and 31.

13For a more detailed description of social security’s survivor benefits
see S o c i a l S e c u r i t y P r o g r a m s in th e U n i t e d S t a t e s ( s s a ) 73-11915 (U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security Admin­
istration, 1973).
"This proposed bill, “ The Retirement Equity A ct,” H.R. 2769, would
place several more stringent requirements on pension plans. In addition to
those mentioned in this article, the bill addresses such topics as eligiblity
for participating in a pension plan, vesting, and breaks in service.

The future of marriage
If women move into the labor force in increasing numbers and gain a
more favored position in the occupational structure, this will tend to un­
dermine the traditional division of labor within the household and the
interdependence this specialization implies. Marriages based on economic
considerations alone will give way. The utilitarian basis of marriage will
be eroded, and love, companionship, and perhaps children, will become
the only reasons for maintaining a particular relationship. These marriages
are likely to be less stable than marriages in the past, although those that
do endure will probably provide greater satisfaction to the participants than
economically motivated and socially constrained alliances.
— K r i s t i n A. M o o r e a n d I s a b e l V. S a w h i l l ,
“ Implication of Women’s Employment for Home and Family Life,”
in Patricia Voydanoff, ed., Work and Family: Changing Roles o f Men
and Women (Palo Alto, Calif., Mayfield Publishing Co., 1984), p. 156.

31

‘Lifetime earnings’ in Japan
for the class of 1955
Those who followed a ‘lifetime employment pattern
have received higher earnings than job changers
despite the decline in returns for
education and tenure during economic growth
R o b e r t E v a n s Jr .

Japan’s employment model has been that of Shushin Koyo
or “ lifetime employment,” especially for male collegeeducated workers.1 Under such a system an individual be­
comes employed by a firm upon graduation, and remains
in its employ until retirement some 33 or more years later.
This is an idealized system which applies to perhaps 40
percent of the labor force, and with quite specific excep­
tions.2 In particular, women and employees in small firms
are less well represented. Still, it has remained the model
employment relationship and, as such, has dominated Jap­
anese thinking and employer practices.
This article seeks to provide some understanding of earn­
ings in this world of lifetime employment by examining the
experiences of male college graduates from the class of
1955.3 An ideal analysis would be based upon individual
income records and would be done once the age cohort had
completed its life cycle of work and had withdrawn from
the labor market. No known data source allows completely
for the first, and the second would relegate the analysis to
the domain of economic history. Lacking more appropriate
data, the article focuses upon that representative person, the
average individual, as recorded once every 5 years in reports
of the Wage Structure Survey (Chingin Kozo Kihon Tokei
Chosa).4

Robert Evans Jr., Atran professor of economics, Brandeis University, was
visiting professor at Keio Economic Observatory, Keio University, 198283.

32


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Tenure versus mobility
The experience of those men who entered the labor force
in 1955 has been unique. During that year, Japan’s real per
capita national income reattained its prewar level (1934—
1936).5 There followed the 1960’s with double-digit rates
of real growth, and the 1970’s with the oil shock and the
first postwar year of negative growth (1974). In 1980, at
fhe age of 47, these men had almost reached the peak of
Iheir real annual earnings, and many had attained their po­
sitions of highest rank and authority.
In a world whose model is lifetime employment, one
would expect that the years of economic expansion follow­
ing 1955 would have been characterized by increasing lengths
of employee tenure. In 1955, college graduates then age 40
to 49 had an average tenure of 9.7 years, a number which
certainly reflects the dislocations caused by the war. Twentyfive years later, the average tenure for 40- to 49-year-olds
had nearly doubled to 18.9 years.6 Yet the pattern of long
service in 1980 was not uniform across major industries.
Overall, approximately 6 in 10 of those 45 to 49 years of
age had worked between 20 and 29 years for their current
employer. In public utilities and in finance and insurance
the ratios were about 9 in 10, but in the business and personal
service industries, it was 4.3 in 10, less than half the av­
erage.
The trend toward longer tenure has been experienced by
all age cohorts. Ichiro Kitayama reported that the proportion
of standard workers (lifetime employees) rose from 29.7

Table 1. Wage index for college-educated men age 45 to 49, and percentage with 20 to 29 years of service, by industry and
firm size, 1980
Industry
Years of
Service

All
industries

1
2

......................
......................
3— 4 ..............
5— 9 ..............
10— 1 4 ...........
15— 1 9 ...........
20— 29 ...........

Percentage
employed with
20— 29 years of
s e rv ic e .................
N

o te

:

T h e p r e m iu m

Manufacturing

72
82
79
83
90

Wholesale
and
retail trade

Finance
and
insurance

62
85
67
73
76
83

45
62
67
97
93
85

73
79
79
75

88
100

88
90
100

59.6

65.8

f o r te n u re e q u a ls

100

fo r

20

to

29

Firm size
Public
utilities

Service

Transportation
and
communication

48

89

115

85
82
75
80

97
104
114
95

81
85

100

100

100

50.7

86.7

88.5

100 to 999
workers

10 to 99
workers

57
75

90
94

76
92
72
90
90
90

86

101

100

88
100

84
93
90

100

94
106
97

100

100

42.6

81.9

78.3

53.2

25.2

92

y e a r s o f s e r v ic e .

percent of all workers in 1954 to 54 percent in 1978.7 In
large firms (1,000 or more employees), the proportion of
standard workers was 72.3 percent in 1978, but for small
firms (10 to 99 employees), the share was only 30 percent.
The proportion of standard workers was highest in finance
and insurance, 83.8 percent, and lowest in mining, 28.3
percent. Yet all industries and firm sizes recorded increased
proportions over the postwar years including the period after
the 1973-74 oil shock.
As indicated in table 1, those in the 1955 cohort who
have stayed with their original employer generally have
higher salaries than others of the same age and educational
background subsequently hired by the same employer. The
premium for tenure is the excess value of money associated
with consistent, lifelong employment. However, in the ser­
vice industry, the premium received by those with lifetime
employment was smaller compared with the premium of
those with only 10 to 14 years of tenure, who joined firms
which needed mid-career professionals during the 1960’s,
when the economy was growing most rapidly.
The premium of tenure was largest for employees of major
firms. A newly employed college graduate, 45 to 49 years
of age, earned 57 percent of what a similar employee who
had been with the firm for 20 to 29 years would have re­
ceived. Yet, only when long-service employees are com­
pared with those who had changed jobs in the last 5 years,
Table 2.

88

1000
workers
or more

is the premium for long tenure so high. For major firms,
these last few years have been a time of slow growth and
weak demand for new employees. As a general rule, the
smallest premium for long tenure is paid by small firms
which adhere least to the lifetime employment pattern. Mo­
bility for employees in medium sized firms and firms in the
service industries has been rewarded over tenure, especially
during the years of rapid growth in Japan’s economy.

Wage differentials
During 1955-80, the average real wage for the class of
’55 has risen 7.38 times. (See table 2.) If bonuses are in­
cluded, the increase has been 8.35 times.8 (For an Ameri­
can, the comparable real increase might be on the order of
2.75 times, or about one-third as much, approximately in
line with the different rates of economic growth in the two
countries.9)
The greatest gain in wages for the 1955 cohort occurred
between the ages of 27 and 37. Specifically, wages increased
about 70 percent during both 1960-1965 and 1965-1970,
when per capita real growth in Japan’s economy was 50
percent and 60 percent.
As can be seen in table 3, there was a distinct widening
of wage differentials in the early years of postwar growth,
1955-60. Since that time there has been a marked reduction
in wage differentials by age, especially during the years of

Monthly real wages of the class of 1955, by industry, 1955-80

[In 1,000 of 1975 yen]
All
industries
Age

Year
Wage

22
27
32
37
42
47

...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........

1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980

37.9
63.7
109.7
175.7
236.3
279.8

Wage
and
bonus
148.1
139.4
243.3
339.6
401.6

Manufacturing

Wage

40.4
66.7
106.7
182.4
242.2
275.2

Wage
and
bonus

130.8
252.5
355.7
396.7

1Assumes that the bonus/wage ratio of 1965 also applied in 1955.


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Finance
and
insurance

Trade

Wage

35.4
59.5
102.7
172.9
237.4
244.5

Wage
and
bonus

134.6
236.0
351.6
370.9

Wage
and
bonus

Wage

38.3
66.3
108.5
231.9
259.8
322.0
S

Public
utilities

ource

Wage

Wage
and
bonus

Services

Wage

Wage
and
bonus

:

101.1
171.0
247.5
418.1

Wage

Wage
and
bonus

36.8
63.5

64.4

153.1
357.6
396.7
501.5

Transportation
and
communication

136.3
234.0
342.5
421.7

100.0
232.5
295.8

323.5
418.5

159.5
208.5
243.5

131.9

210.1
291.1
335.2

Chingin Kôzô Kihon Tôkei Chôsa [Wage Structure Survey ], various years.

33

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Lifetime Earnings in Japan

Table 3. Ratios of earnings of coliege-educated workers
age 40 to 49 to those of similar workers age 25 to 29, by
sex, selected years, 1955-80
Men
Year

1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980

Women

Wage

Wage and
bonus

1.81
2.67
2.41
2.04
1.89
1.98

(1)
(1)
2.64
2.26
2.04
2.19

...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........

Wage

Wage and
bonus

1.75
(2)
(2)
(2)
1.69

(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
1.73
1.72

1.68

1Data not available.
Separate data for female college graduates were not available for 1960-1970.
S

ource

:

Chingin Kozo Kihon Chosa

[W a g e

Structure Survey].

rapid growth, 1960-75, and a modest widening during the
following 5 years.
In the manufacturing firms, pay differentials between
college-educated white-collar workers and high school-ed­
ucated blue-collar workers have also declined. (See table 4.)
In 1960, college graduates, ages 20 to 24, received about
10 percent higher wages than did similarly aged high schooleducated blue-collar workers. By 1980, it was the bluecollar workers who received almost 10 percent more. Sim­
ilarly, the educational premium, which at older ages had
been more than 100 percent, declined significantly. Inter­
estingly, the largest percentage declines occurred at older
ages. It would appear that the slowdown in the economy
after 1974 has also slowed the decline in educational ratios,
but it did not, as was the case for the age premium, reverse
them. These declines in the relative return to college edu­
cated workers may reflect the very large increase in the
number of such workers.
While the size of birth cohorts age 20 to 24 generally
declined after 1953,10 the number of graduates did not,
because of the large increase in the number of students who
continued their education beyond high school. In 1960, there
were 17 college graduates for every 100 high school grad­
uates; by 1980, the ratio was 48 to 100. This meant that
there were 2.1 times as many college graduates (as a pro­
portion of their age group), ages 25 to 34, compared with
Table 4. Earnings of white-collar college graduates
relative to those of blue-collar high school graduates by
sex and age, selected years, 1960-80
Men
Age

20— 24
25— 29
30— 34
35— 39
40— 44
45— 49
40— 49
N

o te

................
................
................
................
................
................
................

No bonus

Women

Bonus

1960

1965

1965

1970

1975

1980

1980

1.16
1.14
1.32
1.58

1.08
1.09
1.23
1.44

1.04
1.14
1.33
1.60

.95
1.08
1.28
1.51
1.84
2.17
1.97

.91
1.08
1.19
1.42

.92
1.04
1.19
1.34
1.59
1.87
1.63

1.05
1.45
1.92
2.62
2.58
2.52
2.55

—

—

—

—

1.98

1.78

—
—

2.10

1.68

1.98
1.79

Data before 1980 for women not available. Dashes Indicate data are not avail­

:

able.
S

ource

:

Chingin Kozo Kihon Tôkei Chôsa [Wage Structure Survey].

34


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those ages 45 to 54. In 1978, the United States had 1.4
times as many college graduates 25 to 34 as in 1960.
During the period of rapid growth, 1955-75, the Japanese
labor market moved from conditions of relative surplus to
relative shortage. The ratio of jobs available to |ob seekers
at the Public Employment Offices rose from .22 in 1955 to
more than 1 in 1967 and remained above 1 until 1975. This
tightening in the labor market affected both the hiring and
wage policies of companies. They became willing to hire
midcareer employees as well as those just graduating from
school. This increased competition for labor resulted in higher
wages for those entering at the hiring ports. The relatively
lower wages for older workers are a direct result of such
pressure. At the same time, the premium for tenure also
declined as midcareer employees’ wages rose relative to
those of continuing employees of similar age and education.
In 1965, male college graduates ages 40 to 49 with 5 to 9
years of tenure received 65 percent of the wages of those
with 20 to 29 years of service; in 1970, they received 76
percent and in 1981, 82 percent.
Given these large increases in the number of college ed­
ucated workers, it is hardly surprising that the premium for
a college education has declined. However, the largest per­
centage decline has occurred at older ages where the number
of college graduates was relatively small, yet, in percentage
terms, the increase in the number of college graduates at
older ages had been more rapid.

Labor market for women
The labor market for Japanese women, even well edu­
cated ones, is quite distinct from that of men. Traditionally,
Japanese society has considered marriage, household re­
sponsibilities, and the raising of children as a woman’s
central concern (though there are signs this view is chang­
ing). Thus, the employment of women extends from grad­
uation until the birth of a first child, followed by withdrawal
from the labor force and possible reentry some years later.
Among female college graduates, ages 45 to 49 in 1980,
only 22.2 percent had worked for the same firm for 20 to
29 years, compared with 51.6 percent for their male coun­
terparts. As a consequence, most women have never been
given the opportunity to progress to more responsible, higherpaid positions. In 1980, the average wage differential be­
tween male college graduates ages 45 to 49 and those 25
to 29 was 2.19, compared with 1.79 for women of similar
ages and educational attainment. Yet, even when years of
firm service are comparable, women’s wages lag behind.
In 1980, female college graduates 45 to 49 with 20 to 29
years of company service earned 71.6 percent of the male
graduates’ income including bonuses. The ratio was lower
in large firms, 67 percent, and higher in middle-sized firms,
83.6 percent. The service and transportation and commu­
nication industries had greater ratios for women than those
in manufacturing and trade. At younger ages, before the
impact of more responsible jobs associated with tenure for

Table 5. Percent of college graduates in the U.S. and
Japanese populations, by sex and age, 1978 and 1980
United States (1978)

Japan (1980)
Age
25 and under
25— 34 . . . .
35— 44 . . . .
45— 54 . . . .
55— 64 . . . .
65 and over
S

ource

:

Men

Women

Men

Women

15.3
25.2
17.2

2.9
6.9
3.2
1.3
.5
.4

20.4
27.7
24.4
19.7
14.2
9.6

20.0
15.0
10.6
8.2

11.8
6.3
4.8

13.9

7.7

Rodo Hakusho [Labor White Paper], appendix, p. 118. The Japanese data

are from the 1980 census and the U.S. data are from the Current Population Reports.

men is felt, the ratio of female to male wages is much higher,
91.0 percent for college graduates 20 to 24 years of age in
1980.
Some of these differences reflect divergent patterns of
college attendance. Table 5 shows that the college gradu­
ation rate of Japanese women is much lower than that of
men. The distribution of courses of study also varies by sex
and may contribute to earnings differences: In 1980 the two
principal majors for men were social science (47.9 percent)
and engineering (24.6 percent), and for women, humanities
(35.4 percent) and education (18.2 percent).

Returns for education: U.S. versus Japan
The recent interest in earnings of the U.S. baby-boom
generation" has provided some data which may be com­
pared with those for Japan. The following tabulation pre­
sents relatively equivalent income ratios for male collegeeducated workers in the two countries. The educational pre­
mium for workers ages 35 to 44 in the United States appears
to have remained constant at about 50 percent, while in
Japan that premium, initially about equal to that in the
United States, has declined to about 20 percent. Both coun­
tries have experienced declining income ratios for younger
men, but the Japanese decline has been more pronounced.12

College/high school
A g e 3 5 - 4 4 .........................................
A g e 2 5 - 3 4 .........................................

United States
1967 1979

Japan
1965 1980

1.50
1.32

1.49
1 .2 4

1.49
1.20

1.21
1.09

The pattern of income-age ratios for the two countries
over time is very different. For the United States, the ratio
has widened; older college-educated workers now receive

relatively more than do younger college-educated workers.
In Japan, that ratio has closed somewhat, although because
it was initially large, older college-educated workers con­
tinue to earn relatively more than younger ones. There are
several possible explanations.13 One is the difference be­
tween the two countries in the proportions of collegeeducated workers at different ages. A greater proportion of
the highly educated males in the United States are found at
older ages as compared with Japan.14 In the United States,
college-educated workers, if they retain their health, may
expect to maintain their high salaries into their 60’s. In
Japan, with nominal retirement between 55 and 60 years of
age, a worker must either accept reemployment with the
primary firm at lower wages or seek alternative employment,
usually at lower wages. In 1980, Japanese college-educated
workers 55 to 64 earned 15 percent less than did those 45
to 55. For those 60 to 64, the difference was 28 percent. In
1978, the earnings of U.S. male college graduates 60 to 64
were only 3 percent less than those of college graduates 45
to 49 years of age.15 Thus, in Japan, a greater proportion
of lifetime earnings must be achieved in the middle years.

The premium for tenure
Although there are qualifications, it seems that in Japan
those who have not been mobile have received the highest
incomes.16 There are no exactly comparable data for the
United States. In a recent article, George Borjas has argued
that higher U.S. wages are associated with long tenure, not
mobility. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey
for older men, he found that the least mobile men in 1964
had wages 37 percent higher than the most mobile ones.
He explained this on the basis of their having obtained more
on-the-job training experience.
g r a d u a t e s w h o e n t e r e d the labor force in 1955
have seen their incomes rise dramatically, despite the fact
that over most of their working lives, the relative returns to
both education and experience have been declining.17 Their
entry into the labor market came at a time when the pattern
of long tenure was becoming stronger, and generally, it
appears that those who have followed the practice of “ life­
time employment” have benefited from it. With the excep­
tion of the boom years during 1960-70, the long service
member of the 1955 cohort has done best.
□

T h o se

FOOTNOTES.

A c k n o w l e d g m e n t : The author is indebted to his colleagues at Keio’s
Economic Observatory and to the Japan-United States Educational Com­
mission (Fullbright) for research support. Atsushi Seike, Haruo Shimada,
and Jim Vestal offered useful and appreciated suggestions.

'For a recent discussion of lifetime employment, see Robert E. Cole,
W o r k , M o b i l i t y a n d P a r t i c i p a t i o n (Berkley, University of California Press,
1979), pp. 11-32.
2Robert Evans, Jr., T h e L a b o r E c o n o m i e s o f J a p a n
(New York, Praeger Publishers, 1971), p. 39.

a n d th e U n i te d

S ta te s

3 Although data for a single year are illustrative, they may be too re­


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strictive. The generation of the Great Depression or the one destroyed in
Europe during World War 1 were each composed of several graduating
classes. Even multiple year groupings have problems because of substi­
tution across age classes.
4The survey has been conducted annually by the Ministry of Labor since
1954. The reports contain data by industry, firm size, education, tenure,
and age in 5-year intervals. For the 5-year surveys, 1955, 1960, 1965,
1970, 1975, and 1980, the average age in the relevant age bracket is that
of members in this class. In 1955, the average age for those 20 to 24 was
a little higher, and the average age for those with less than 6 months of
service has been used.

35

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Lifetime Earnings in Japan
5 William W. Lockwood, “ Japan’s New Capitalism,” in William Lockwood, ed., T h e S t a t e a n d E c o n o m i c E n t e r p r i s e in J a p a n (Princeton, N.J.,
Princeton University Press, 1965), p. 449.

1979, pp. 289-318; and Finis Welch, “ Effects of Cohort Size on Earnings,
The Baby Boom Babies’ Financial Bust,” Part II, J o u r n a l o f P o l i t i c a l
E c o n o m y , October 1979, pp. s65-s97.

6For those 40 to 49 years of age, the average tenure was 17.3 years,
an 80-percent increase.

l2The U .S. source contained data for the period 1967-79. For com­
parison with the Japanese data, the closest years were used which also had
been used for the class of 1955. For the United States, peak earners are
those with 20 to 29 years of experience and new entrants have 1 to 5 years
of experience. For Japan, the ratios are for earnings including bonuses of
40- to 49-year-olds for peak earners and 20- to 24-year-olds for new
entrants. Also, the 1965 data for Japan for those age 35 to 44 are an
estimate based upon a rate of 1.6 for 40- to 49-year-olds and 1.42 for
those 35 to 39 years of age. See W a g e S tr u c tu r e S u r v e y [ C h in g in K o z o
K ih o n T o k e i C h o s a ] , Data on full-year workers are from the Current Pop­
ulation Reports, contained in a seminar paper presented by James Smith,
Keio University, Tokyo, Nov. 4, 1982.

7 Ichiro Kitayama, “ Chingin Kozo Tokei kara mita Nenko Chingin to
Shushin K oyo” [“ Seniority Wages and Lifetime Employment as seen in
the Wage Structure Surveys” ], R o d d T o k e i C h o s a G e p p o [ M o n t h l y L a b o r
S t a t i s t i c s a n d R e s e a r c h B u l l e t i n ], September 1979, pp. 14-22. The mean­
ing o f “ standard worker” in this article is a less strict definition of the
number o f years of tenure needed to be considered to have followed a
lifetime employment pattern. In 1980, Kitayama’s method would show
that 75.8 percent of those in the class of 1955 were lifetime employees,
but according to my approach, 59 percent followed lifetime employment.
The difference is my exclusion of those with 15 to 19 years of tenure.
8This assumes that the bonus/wage ratio for 1965 also applied to 1955.
9The estimate is based upon movement from a level I position to the
top position in the occupations accountant, auditor, job analyst, chemist,
and engineer over the years 1955-1980, with the 1955 average being a
backward projection. The comparison of growth rates is based upon those
contained in T h e S t a t i s t i c a l A b s t r a c t o f th e U n i t e d S t a t e s , 1981, p. 423.
iQJapan had a short baby boom after the war. Live births, which had
been 2.3 million in 1944, peaked in 1949 at 2.7 million, and remained
above 2 million until 1953. Since that time, the number of births has
exhibited a general pattern of stagnation or decline, with the exception of
the years 1971-74, during which the 2-million mark was surpassed. In
1971, there were 12.5 million people 20 to 24 years old, but 10 years later
there were only 8.1 million. The bulge appears in the 30-to-34 age range
in 1981. This demographic bulge, at least for college graduates, does not
seem to have been disproportionately affected by changes in the returns to
education, although the dramatic inflation of the early 1970’s and the
slowdown in growth after the oil shock may mask some effects.
" S ee, for example, Richard B. Freeman, “ The Effect of Demographic
Factors on Age Earnings Profiles,” J o u r n a l o f H u m a n R e s o u r c e s , Summer

36

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13U .S. age-income profiles are compared with those in Japan in Haruo
Shimada, E a r n i n g s S t r u c t u r e a n d H u m a n I n v e s t m e n t (Tokyo, Kodansha,
1981). See in particular the discussion on pp. 8 1-96.
14For example, 14.2 percent of men age 55 to 64 are college graduates
in the United States compared with 6.3 percent in Japan. S e e R o d o H a k u s h o
1 9 8 2 [ L a b o r W h ite P a p e r ] , appendix, p. 118.
15R o d o H a k u s h o 1 9 8 2 [ L a b o r W h ite P a p e r ] ,

reference materials, p. 24.

16The statement is based upon data which indicate income by length of
service with the employer. A worker could be at a disadvantage compared
with long-service employees in the same firm and still be better off than
if he had not changed jobs. In 1980, 16 percent of those college-educated
men who changed jobs obtained at least a 10-percent wage increase. An­
other approximately 20 percent received up to a 10-percent increase in
wages, but may have had lower income owing to a loss in bonuses. R o d o
H a k k u s h o 1 9 8 2 [ L a b o r W h ite P a p e r ] , reference materials, p. 75.
17 Some sense of how they have fared compared to older and younger
college cohorts may be seen in Yoko Sano, “ Nenreibetsu Chingin no
Cohoto Bunseki” [“ Wage Analysis Based on Cohorts by A ge” ], M ita
S h o g a k u K e n k y u [ M ita B u s i n e s s R e v i e w ] , February 1983, p. 182.

Meatpacking and prepared meats industry:
above-average productivity gains
During 1967-82, industry restructuring
brought on by the introduction o f boxed beef
and increases in capital expenditures per employee
boosted productivity; labor requirements
have been reduced by technological changes
R ichard B. C arnes

New products and packaging have encouraged industry re­
structuring and new technology in the red meat products
industry1 and helped boost productivity. Between 1967 and
1982, productivity (as measured by output per hour) in­
creased at an average annual rate of 2.8 percent and from
1976 forward, the rate accelerated to 3.2 percent. In con­
trast, the comparable figures for all manufacturing industries
were lower, 2.4 and 1.6 percent. The productivity growth
for the meatpacking and prepared meats industry resulted
from an annual increase in output of 2.2 percent and a
decline in employee hours of 0.6 percent. (See table 1.)
As with many industries, year-to-year changes in pro­
ductivity are often closely associated with changes in output.
For the red meat products industry, 5 of the 6 years in which
output declined were also years in which productivity de­
creased. Similarly, when output jumped 21 percent in 1976
and 1977, there was an increase in productivity of more
than 18 percent.
The two subindustries (meatpacking and prepared meats)
examined in this study that make up the red meat products
group have different underlying rates of change in produc­
tivity. (See table 2.) The meatpacking industry (sic 2011),
which accounts for 67 percent of the persons employed in

Richard B. Carnes is an economist in the Division of Industry Productivity
Studies, Bureau of Labor Statistics. John L. Carey, project coordinator,
assisted in developing the productivity measure.


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red meat products and for 80 percent of the value of ship­
ments, had a productivity growth rate of 3.2 percent between
1967 and 1982. This growth accelerated to 3.6 percent since
1975. Productivity in the prepared meats industry (sausages
and other prepared meats, sic 2013) grew at a slower 1.9percent annual rate during the study period, and advanced
to 2.4 percent since 1975.
The output and hours of these two industries also showed
different rates of growth from 1967 to 1982. Output in the
prepared meats industry rose at an annual rate of 3.4 percent
and hours increased 1.5 percent, while in meatpacking plants
output grew only 1.7 percent and hours dropped 1.4 percent.
Both industries experienced output declines in 1969, 1973,
1975, 1978, and 1982. However, these decreases in output
had less adverse effect on productivity in meatpacking plants
than for prepared meat processors, as meatpackers were
better able to adjust their work force hours to meet demand
changes. For example, in 1982 when output dropped more
than 4 percent in both the meatpacking and prepared meat
industries, productivity fell 4.1 percent for meat processors
and rose 1.3 percent for meatpackers.
Productivity in meatpacking plants has benefited from
increased mechanization resulting from the marketing of
boxed beef (vacuum packaged subprimal cuts of beef). For
the makers of sausages and other prepared meats, produc­
tivity trends reflect both strong demand and more gradual
technological changes in batch processing equipment typical
of this industry.
37

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Productivity in Meatpacking

Table 1. Productivity and related indexes for the red meat
products industry, 1967-82
[1977 = 100]
Year

Output per
employee
hour

Output

1967 ...........................................
1968 ...........................................
1969 ............................................

74.8
76.6
75.7

76.5
77.3
76.2

1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979

77.3
79.3
85.0
82.8
84.5
84.4
93.4

78.3
81.8
84.9
78.2
85.2
82.3
92.8

............................................
.........................................
............................................
......................................
.........................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
.................................
.........................................

1980 ............................................
1981 ............................................
1982 ............................................

100.0
98.7
101.7
107.0
107.9
107.7

100.0
97.0
97.9
101.4
100.5
96.3

All
employee
hours
102.3
100.9

100.6
101.3
103.1
99.9
94.5

100.8
97.5
99.4

100.0
98.3
96.3
94.8
93.1
89.4

Employees

100.2
100.7
100.2
100.2
101.5
99.5
94.8
99.5
97.4
98.4

100.0
98.8
96.1
95.4
93.5
90.2

Average annual rates of change (in percent)
1967-82
1967-72
1972-75
1975-80
1980-82

.................................
......................................
.................................
...................................
......................................

2.8
2.2
0.0
4.2
0.3

2.2
2.1
-0 .1
3.4
- 2 .5

- 0 .6
-0 .1
-0 .1
-0 .7
- 2 .9

- 0 .5

0.0

- 0 .2
- 0 .5
- 2 .8

Subperiod productivity trends
In the red meat products industry, four distinct subperiod
trends in productivity emerge. During 1967-72, output per
hour advanced at an annual rate of 2.2 percent. Productivity
fell in only 1 year, 1969, due to a drop in demand linked
with a significant increase in retail meat prices. From 1972
to 1975, there was no productivity change as a result of
output declines in 1973 and 1975. This period was marked
by a protracted 17-month recession and sharply rising meat
prices. During 1975-80, productivity showed its greatest
gains. Output per hour rose at an annual rate of 4.2 percent,
as output rose 3.4 percent and hours declined 0.7. During
this period, consumer meat prices increased more slowly
than other components of the Consumer Price Index, helping
to keep output above its long-term rate of growth. From
1980 to 1982, there was little productivity gain as a result
of 2 years of declining output associated with the economic
recession.
Productivity for meatpackers and prepared meat proces­
sors showed similar variability in these four subperiods.
Productivity in meatpacking establishments grew 2.9 per­
cent annually from 1967 to 1972, rose 0.4 percent during
1972-75, climbed 3.7 percent from 1975 to 1980, and ad­
vanced 2.9 percent since 1980. In prepared meat processing
plants, productivity grew marginally during 1967-72, dropped
at an annual rate of 1.0 percent from 1972 to 1975, jumped
5.4 percent annually from 1975 to 1980, and declined 7.4
percent in 1981 and 4.1 percent in 1982.

Demand for red meat products
Output for meatpackers and prepared meat processors
grew at an average annual rate of 2.2 percent from 1967 to
1982, which is similar to the 2.4-percent trend for manu­
38


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facturing as a whole. Demographic factors have helped raise
demand for meat products during this period and include
rising living standards, population growth, and the larger
number of working women. This last factor has led to in­
creased consumption of higher valued prepared meats away
from home. Per capita consumption of beef rose 20 percent
from 1967 to 1976, but has fallen since then. Per capita
consumption of pork has risen, while that of veal, lamb,
and mutton have declined. The falloff in per capita con­
sumption of red meat products and increased use of poultry
items is expected to make the constant-dollar demand for
red meat smaller between now and 1987, about 1.5 percent
annually.2
For meatpackers, the trend has been away from marketing
whole carcass beef shipped by rail to the shipment of boxed
beef transported in trucks. In addition, the growing insti­
tutional market has increased the need for prepared meat
products and the packaging of smaller portions. In the pre­
pared meat industry, there has been a product shift to hams,
sausages, and luncheon meat and away from franks, bo­
logna, and bacon. Canned ham has declined in relative
importance and has been replaced by more efficiently pack­
aged, film-wrapped ham. The trend toward two-earner fam­
ilies and consequently to more eating out is expected to
continue with an increasing demand for a larger variety of
processed convenience meat. Current emphasis in the meat
industry is on ways to produce more products which have
lower caloric, salt, and fat content.

Small declines in employment
Despite increased production, employment in the red meat
products industry dropped 0.5 percent annually, from 242,000
in 1967 to 218,000 in 1982. Employment trends have varied
among the subindustries. The meatpacking industry work
force declined at an average annual rate of 1.3 percent.
Employment fell in every year except 1974, 1976, and 1977,
which were marked by above-average output increases. In
the prepared meats industry, employment trends were pos­
itive during 1967-82, growing at an annual rate of 1.6
percent, with employment falling in only 2 years. In 1975,
employment declined following the 1974 recession and an
industry falloff in demand; in 1979, employment dropped
following a decrease in industry demand in the preceding
year.
The red meat products industry is more labor-intensive
than manufacturing, in general, and has a higher-thanaverage proportion of production workers. To produce an
additional $1 in value-added sales requires 27 percent more
production worker hours than for all manufacturing. For
meatpackers, whose labor costs average one-half of all op­
erating expenses, 36 percent more production uoiker hours
are required than for all manufacturing and in the prepared
meat industry, 11 percent more labor time is needed. In the
meatpacking industry, production workers make up 82 per­
cent of the work force and in the prepared meats industry

they account for 74 percent, compared with 68 percent for
all manufacturing. In meatpacking, additional production
workers are needed because of the difficulties associated
with processing carcasses that are not uniform in size or
weight.
Women account for a relatively small but growing per­
centage of the work force in the red meat products industry.
During 1967-82, their proportion increased from 18 to 22
percent, compared with a higher level for total manufac­
turing where female employment increased from 28 to 32
percent. In meatpacking plants, which have a higher number
of physically demanding occupations, the proportion of
women has increased from 14 to 18 percent, while in the
prepared meats industry their proportion has remained at
about 30 percent. Average hourly earnings for production
workers in the red meat products industry averaged $9.02
in 1982, compared with $7.67 for the private nonfarm econ­
omy and $8.50 for manufacturing as a whole.
Over the past decade, labor turnover has been relatively
high in the meat products industry. For meatpackers, the
accession rate, which includes new hires and recalls, av­
eraged 4.8 per 100 employees each year, compared with
4.0 for all manufacturing. The separation rate, which in­
cludes quits and layoffs, was also higher, averaging 5 per
100 employees, compared with 4.1 for all manufacturing.
In the prepared meats industry, the accession rate was sim­
ilar to the average for all manufacturing, while the separation
rate was about 10 percent higher. In the past several years,
labor turnover rates have narrowed between meatpackers
and meat processors but still remain high, relative to other
manufacturing industries.
In meatpacking plants, slaughtering and the processing
of cattle carcasses into boxed beef require extensive use of
manual labor. Unlike processed meat manufacturing, many
T a b le 2 . P r o d u c t i v i t y i n d e x e s f o r t h e r e d m e a t p r o d u c t s
in d u s tr y a n d tw o c o m p o n e n ts , 1 9 6 7 -8 2
[1977 = 100]
Red meat
products

Meatpacking

Sausages and
other prepared meats

1967 .................................................
1968 .................................................
1969 .................................................

74.8
76.6
75.7

73.6
76.1
76.3

79.2
78.9
73.8

1970 .................................................
1 9 7 1 .................................................
1972 .................................................
1973 .................................................
1974 .................................................
1975 .................................................
1976 .................................................
1977 .................................................
1978 .................................................
1979 .................................................

77.3
79.3
85.0
82.8
84.5
84.4
93.4

78.7
79.8
87.1
88.7

72.8
78.8
80.2
69.1
76.7
74.8
84.2

1980 .................................................
1 9 8 1 .................................................
1982 .................................................

100.0

88.1
88.6
97.5
100.0

100.0

98.7
101.7

100.9
104.9

93.6
94.6

107.0
107.9
107.7

109.1
114.1
115.6

101.8
94.3
90.4

Average annual rates of change (in percent)
1967-82
1967-72
1972-75
1975-80
1980-82

.........................................
.........................................
.........................................
.........................................
.........................................


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2.8
2.2
0.0
4.2
0.3

3.2
2.9
0.4
3.7
2.9

1.9

0.1
- 1 .0
5.4
- 5 .8

of these tasks are not suitable for machine processing. Major
work functions in both meatpacking and prepared meat prod­
uct plants include cutting, curing, and smoking prepared
sausages and other meats; packing and shipping; and clean­
ing and plant maintenance. Additionally, meatpacking plants
have workers engaged in animal handling and slaughtering
operations. In 1980, operatives made up nearly two-thirds
of the industry’s work force, while craftworkers and laborers
each accounted for about 8 percent. White-collar employees
had declined in relative importance, which is in contrast to
an increasing trend in many other manufacturing industries.
White-collar employees accounted for 15 percent of the
work force, while service workers represented 5 percent.
For meatpackers, 40 percent of the work force is located
in the Middle West, while in the prepared meat industry 30
percent of the work force is concentrated in the Great Lakes
area. Slaughter and fabrication facilities tend to be at the
same location and close to a source of cattle. Metropolitan
areas accounted for 60 percent of the meatpacking work
force and nearly 80 percent of the prepared meat work force.
Multiplant companies make up about two-thirds of those
employed in meatpacking compared with slightly less than
half in prepared meat products. Establishments operated by
multiplant companies are several times larger than single
plant companies. In 1979, multiplant establishments aver­
aged 475 employees in meatpacking and 190 employees in
prepared meats, compared with single plants with 85 em­
ployees in meatpacking and 70 in prepared meats.3

Plant size
In 1977, the Bureau of the Census reported 2,590 meat­
packing establishments and 1,345 prepared meat establish­
ments. A small percentage of these accounted for the bulk
of industry shipments. In meatpacking, nearly one-half of
the establishments reported fewer than four employees and
collectively accounted for only 1 percent of shipments. In
contrast, 11 percent of meatpacking establishments average
more than 100 employees and generated more than 80 per­
cent of the industry value of shipments. Similarly, in the
prepared meats industry, establishments averaging fewer
than four employees made up 32 percent of total industry
establishments but less than 1 percent of shipments. Four­
teen percent of the establishments employed 100 workers
or more and generated 72 percent of sales.
During 1967-77, there was little change in the number
of establishments or the average number of employees per
establishment for the meatpacking and prepared meats in­
dustry. However, the component industries showed different
movements. In meatpacking, the number of establishments
declined 4 percent and the number of employees per estab­
lishment fell from 63 to 56. In the prepared meats industry,
there were 2 percent fewer establishments than in 1967,
while the average number of employees per establishment
rose from 40 to 48.
Since 1967, there has been a trend toward fewer large39

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Productivity in Meatpacking
scale cattle and hog plants but those remaining have in­
creased their volume of operations. In 1975, 211 cattle
plants accounted for 73 percent of commercial slaughter;
by 1982, 134 plants made up 80 percent of such slaughter.
Economies of scale in hog slaughtering have been similarly
affected.4

Capital expenditures
Increases in capital expenditures are important and fre­
quently contribute to advances in output per hour. During
1967-81, the annual rate of growth in new capital expen­
ditures per employee averaged 8.9 percent in meatpacking
and 10.2 percent in prepared meats. In comparison, the
average for all manufacturing during this same period was
10.6 percent. In 1981, the level of capital expenditures per
employee was less in meatpacking and prepared meats than
for manufacturing in general. In 1981, meatpackers ex­
pended $2,400 per employee and prepared meat processors,
$2,600 per employee for new capital expenditures, com­
pared with $3,900 for all manufacturers. In 1980, the most
recent year for which data are available, meatpackers and
prepared meat processors spent slightly more than 70 percent
of their new capital expenditures on machinery and equip­
ment, compared with 80 percent for all manufacturing. The
remainder was used to finance new structures and plant
additions.

Technological advances
The structure of the red meat industry has changed rapidly
over the study period. For meatpackers, the low return on
sales, relative to other manufacturing sectors, has encour­
aged volume operations. Because of increasing market de­
mand for products such as boxed beef, rebound meat, and
portioned packaging, there has been an ongoing need for
new equipment and redesigned plant layouts. Technology
has been introduced which has resulted in increased yields
and improved product flow. Consumer demand for conven­
ience products and smaller portions has encouraged the use
of equipment capable of processing a larger variety of meat
products with higher speed and product consistency.
In meatpacking plants, significant technological innova­
tions were made in the 1960’s and 1970’s, which automated
processing and helped reduce unit labor requirements. For
beef slaughtering, carcasses are moved on an overhead rail
system between cutting stations replacing the older “ bed”
system. To reduce steps, workers equipped with power knives
and saws are positioned on moving platforms. These plat­
forms, which are raised and lowered as the carcass passes,
allow the operator to use a balanced power saw with a
minimal need to alter the saw position.
For hide removal, skilled workers have largely been elim­
inated through the use of mechanical hide pullers. Labor
requirements in rendering operations have been reduced in
some cases to as few as one worker operating a central
control panel.5 For hog slaughtering, similar labor-saving
40


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technology has been introduced.
When beef is boxed, it goes through further fabrication
as the carcass is processed into primal and subprimal cuts.
This stage of processing requires extensive use of manual
labor and has been difficult to automate except for the pack­
aging and warehousing of boxed beef. After cutting, the
beef is vacuum packed and placed in cartons according to
specific market requirements. Boxed beef currently accounts
for more than 50 percent of the federally inspected slaughter
of steers and heifers. In the future, packers are expected to
further fabricate meat into final retail cuts, which may lead
to more automated cutting and packaging equipment.
In the prepared meats industry, portion-control steak cuts
require more labor to fabricate than the processed meat
products. Boneless steaks must be tenderized and individ­
ually portion-cut with powered meat sheers. These products
are then wrapped, weighed, vacuum packaged, and blast
frozen. In contrast, processed and shaped meats are prepared
in batch and use more automated grinding and blending
equipment. Production lines are centrally controlled with
computers, which are used to monitor and control ingre­
dients and the proportion of fat content.
Equipment used to process meat includes continuous vac­
uum sausage stuffers and vacuum packaging machines. La­
bor requirements have been reduced by the use of automatic
sausage- and weiner-making equipment that provides a con­
tinuous filling, linking, and looping operation. Labor re­
quirements have also been reduced by automatic deboning
of meat, which is currently equaling yields obtained in man­
ual boning. Slicing machines are being introduced in the
prepared meats industry that make use of microprocessor
technology to ensure portion-controlled cuts, high speed,
and uniform stacking. In ham processing, a recent tech­
nological change is the cooking of ham in the finished pack­
age, which has lowered labor requirements.
Once meat is processed, the packaging and shipping stage
is highly automated. Labor requirements have been reduced
with high-speed packing equipment, conveyors, automatic
palletizing machines, and storage and retrieval systems con­
trolled by computer. In the shipping department, orders are
placed in word processing equipment which activate com­
puter-controlled cranes to move products to the loading docks.
Plant storage and shipping include computerized robotics to
automatically inventory and transfer boxed beef.
Unlike the semiautomated line operations of the volume
packing and processing houses, small plants in the red meat
products industry are often involved in a diversified and
varied range of activity. It is not uncommon for a small
plant to have a slaughter operation for beef, pork, lamb,
veal, and goats; processing that includes cutting, wrapping,
and freezing of fresh products; curing, including brine, stitch,
or artery pumping, smokehouse operations, and aging and
drying activity; locker rentals; portion-control cutting; cus­
tom processing; direct retail sales through service counters;
and various seasonal production changes. This emphasis on

the further processing of meat products suggests that small
plants will continue to be more labor intensive and less
amenable to automation.

Industry trends
Declining employment and plant closings have resulted
from the low-capacity utilization rates experienced in many
meatpacking and prepared meat establishments.6 Many plants
have become outdated and subject to competitive pressure
from large production facilities capable of slaughtering and
processing more than 5,000 cattle and 15,000 hogs per day.
In the prepared meat industry, larger capacity plants are also
becoming more common as is the trend toward a greater
variety of “ further processed” meat products. Pork pro­
cessors have increased their size of operations and further
diversified their production. Boneless, vacuum-packaged pork
is available for retail display or in larger cuts which can be
further processed by the butcher.
More and more prepared meat products are being mar­
keted to fit the requirements of the expanding commercial
and institutional market and also to meet consumer needs
for convenience foods and smaller portions. Some processed
meats, for example, weiners and lunch meats, have declined
as a percent of the market but product variety has increased.
New food products are being developed which will make
use of nonmeat protein along with red meat protein. At

1The red meat products industry makes up part of meat products which
is designated as sic 201 in the S t a n d a r d I n d u s t r i a l C l a s s if ic a tio n M a n u a l
1 9 7 2 and its 1977 supplement, issued by the U.S. Office of Management
and Budget. Meatpacking plants, sic 2011, are composed of establishments
primarily engaged in the slaughtering, for their own account or on a contract
basis for the trade, of cattle, hogs, sheep, lambs, and calves for meat to
be sold or to be used on the same premises in canning and curing, and in
making sausage, lard, and other products. Sausage and other prepared meat
products plants, sic 2013, are composed of establishments primarily en­
gaged in manufacturing sausages, cured meats, smoked casings, and other
prepared meats and meat specialties from purchased carcasses and other
materials. Sausage kitchens and other prepared meat plants operated by
packing houses as separate establishments also are included in this industry.
2 1 9 8 3 U .S . I n d u s tr ia l O u tlo o k

(U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau

APPENDIX:

n i n c r e a s e in p r o d u c t i v i t y in the red meat products
industry is expected during the 1980’s as a result of more
sophisticated equipment and further industry restructuring.
Major technological changes have been made in slaughter­
ing operations over the past 15 years and emphasis will
probably shift to technology needed for the further fabri­
cation of meat. Boxed beef production is continuing to in­
fluence plant size by encouraging volume operations. In the
more capital-intensive prepared meat industry, batch pro­
cessing is already highly mechanized but productivity should
also grow as equipment is modified to meet the needs for
new product development.
□

A

of Industrial Economics, 1983), p. 37-7.
3I n d u s t r y W a g e S u r v e y : M e a t P r o d u c t s , M a y 1 9 7 9 ,

Bulletin 2082 (Bu­

reau of Labor Statistics, 1980), p. 2.
AM e a t f a c t s , 1 9 8 3 E d it io n

(Washington, American Meat Institute, 1983),

p. 13.
5 T e c h n o l o g y a n d L a b o r in F o u r I n d u s t r i e s ,

Bulletin 2104 (Bureau of

Labor Statistics, 1982), pp. 1-8.
6 1 9 8 3 U . S . I n d u s t r i a l O u t lo o k , pp. 37-4 to 37-6. See also “ The Return
of the Meatpackers,” F o r tu n e , May 2, 1983, p. 257; and Rod Bowling,
“ s w m p a Generates Ideas,” T h e N a t i o n a l P r o v i s i o n e r , Sept. 3, 1983, pp.

6- 8 .
7 Roger Mandigo, “ Restructured beef products may help reverse market
trends,” T h e N a t i o n a l P r o v i s i o n e r , Apr. 2, 1983 p. 56.

Measurement techniques and limitations

Indexes of output per employee hour measure changes in
the relation between the output of an industry and employee
hours expended on that output. An index of output per
employee hour is derived by dividing an index of output by
an index of industry employee hours.
The preferred output index for manufacturing industries
would be obtained from data on quantities of the various
goods produced by the industry, each weighted (multiplied)
by the employee hours required to produce one unit of each
good in some specified base period. Thus, those goods which
require more labor time to produce are given more impor­
tance in the index.


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present some beef and lamb cuts are underutilized because
of toughness and end up being sold as ground meat.
As technology improves, restructured meat will replace
some of the beef currently marketed as ground products and
intact muscle cuts. Restructured meat requires that muscles
and large meat pieces be reduced in size and rebound into
a desired shape such as steaks and roasts; flaking machines
are needed to form and texture such meat. Restructured meat
products now account for a small part of the retail meat
sales but their proportion is expected to grow. Research is
continuing to provide restructured meat products to the in­
stitutional meal market. Equipment is needed that will meet
rigid portion control and composition control.7

In the red meat products industry, real output was esti­
mated from data on both physical quantities and value ad­
justed for change in price. Physical quantity data on carcass
beef, and primal and fabricated cuts of beef were obtained
from the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The boxed beef
component of this physical quantity was adjusted to reflect
the additional labor required to fabricate and package this
product. The other components of output for sic 2011 and
2013 were estimated using a deflated value technique. Changes
in price levels were removed from current-dollar values of
production by means of appropriate price indexes.
To combine segments of the output index into a total
41

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Productivity in Meatpacking
output measure, employee hour weights relating to the in­
dividual segments were used, resulting in a final output
index that is conceptually close to the preferred output meas­
ure.
The indexes of output per employee hour relate total
output to one input— labor time. The indexes do not measure
the specific contribution of labor, capital, or any other single
factor. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of factors such
as changes in technology, capital investment, capacity uti­

lization, plant design anti layout, skill and effort of the work
force, managerial ability, and labor-management relations.
The average annual rates of change presented in the text
are based on the linear least squares trend of the logarithms
of the index numbers. Extensions of the indexes appear
annually in the b l s bulletin, Productivity Measures in Se­
lected Industries. A technical note describing the methods
used to develop the indexes is available from the Division
of Industry Productivity Studies.

M id-Air— 1931 and 1984
L o u is L o z o w ic k ’s l i t h o g r a p h , “ M id A ir ” (le ft p i c t u r e ) , w h ic h a p p e a r e d o n
th e fro n t a n d b a c k c o v ers o f th e O c to b e r
1983 Monthly Labor Review, d r e w
p r a is e f r o m a r t lo v e r s b u t n o t f r o m t h o s e
c o n s c io u s a b o u t s a f e ty o n c o n s t r u c t i o n
site s .
T h o r n e G . A u c h t e r , t h e n A s s is ta n t
S e c r e ta r y o f L a b o r f o r O c c u p a t io n a l
S a f e ty a n d H e a l t h , w r o t e t h e Review
t h a t , in 1931, “ a c o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k e r
r i d in g t o w o r k o n t h e b a ll a n d h o o k o f a
c ra n e ” m a y h a v e b e en “ a sy m b o l o f th e
A m e r ic a n w o r k - f o r c e — t o u g h , fe a r le s s ,
a n d h a r d - w o r k in g . B u t t o t h e m o d e r n
s a f e ty p r o f e s s i o n a l , th is s c e n e is a n o t h e r ,
m o r e f r i g h te n i n g k in d o f s y m b o l. I t il­
l u s t r a t e s d e a d ly h a z a r d s t h a t w e re c o m ­
m o n p r a c tic e s 5 0 y e a r s a g o . ”
“ E v e n t o d a y , ” A u c h t e r a d d e d , “ im ­
p r o p e r h o i s t in g o f p e r s o n n e l c a u s e s
t r a g e d ie s . L a s t s p r in g , f o r e x a m p le , f o u r
w o r k e r s w e re k ille d w h ile b e in g lif te d b y a c r a n e d u r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n a t a
F lo rid a fo o tb a ll s ta d iu m .”
A u c h t e r p r o v i d e d a p h o t o g r a p h ( r ig h t p i c tu r e ) o f a h o i s t in g sc e n e a t a c o n ­
t e m p o r a r y s ite . H e r e p o r t e d t h a t o s h a h a s p r e p a r e d s a f e ty s t a n d a r d s f o r h o is ts
a n d h a s c ir c u la te d t h e m f o r p u b lic c o m m e n t.

42


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Research
Summaries

Federal Supplemental Compensation
and Unemployment Insurance recipients
A rlene H olen

In September 1982, the Federal Supplemental Compensa­
tion program was enacted to provide benefits to individuals
who exhaust all of their rights to benefits under the regular
and extended Unemployment Insurance programs. In States
where extended benefits are not in effect, exhaustees of
regular unemployment insurance immediately become eli­
gible for Federal Supplemental Compensation. In States on
extended benefits, an individual must exhaust those benefits
before collecting Federal Supplemental Compensation.
Originally, 6 to 10 additional weeks of benefits were pro­
vided by the Federal Supplemental Compensation program,
depending on each State’s insured unemployment rate and
extended benefit status. Benefit duration was changed to 8
to 16 weeks in January 1983, and to 8 to 14 weeks in April.
From September through December 1982, relatively few
Unemployment Insurance recipients went on to receive Fed­
eral Supplemental Compensation benefits— only 10 percent
did so, and 45 percent of them had first received extended
benefits. The age and sex distributions of Federal Supple­
mental Compensation recipients were quite similar to those
of regular Unemployment Insurance recipients who did not
receive Federal Supplemental Compensation benefits. (See
table 1.) Two-thirds of both Federal Supplemental Com­
pensation and Unemployment Insurance recipients were be­
tween the ages of 25 and 54, 20 percent were under age
25, and about 40 percent were women. However, 27 percent
of Federal Supplemental Compensation recipients were non­
white, compared with 18 percent of the regular Unemploy­
ment Insurance recipients.
Unemployment Insurance recipients who had worked in
the cyclically sensitive manufacturing industries prior to
their unemployment were less likely to go on to become
Federal Supplemental Compensation recipients. However,

Arlene Holen is an economist with the Office of Management and Budget.
She was formerly with the U .S. Department of Labor, where this analysis
was prepared.


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a

0Q 01

a

a

o

those from the service-producing industries (services;
wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate;
public administration; and transportation and public utilities)
were more likely to become Federal Supplemental Com­
pensation recipients. Forty-three percent of Federal Sup­
plemental Compensation recipients were from manufacturing
and 45 percent were from service-producing industries. In
contrast, 53 percent of Unemployment Insurance recipients
were from manufacturing and 33 percent were from serviceproducing industries.
Those Federal Supplemental Compensation recipients who
first received extended benefits differed from those who did
not with respect to sex, race, and industry: more were men,
more were white, and more came from manufacturing. The
industry difference occurred because the States that trig­
gered onto extended benefits had higher unemployment
rates and relatively more concentration in durable manu­
facturing, and extended benefits recipients going on to re­
ceive Federal Supplemental Compensation have longer
durations of unemployment.
The majority of Federal Supplemental Compensation re­
cipients had not provided the sole support for household
dependents; 63 percent had either no dependents or a work­
ing spouse. The proportion married, 57 percent, was some­
what lower than for Unemployment Insurance recipients,
but numbers of dependents were similar.
A significant portion (17 percent) of Federal Supplemen­
tal Compensation recipients were unemployed for reasons
other than layoff, compared with regular Unemployment
Insurance beneficiaries (13 percent). More than 10 percent
of Federal Supplemental Compensation recipients had been
fired from their last job, and 4 percent were not working
because they had quit their last job over unsatisfactory work
arrangements, had retired, or were involved in a labor dis
pute.
Although Federal Supplemental Compensation was en­
acted to provide assistance to those who suffered unem­
ployment and benefit exhaustion associated with the recession,
recipients were disproportionately from less cyclical indus­
tries such as services, in which employment was growing.
Federal Supplemental Compensation recipients were less
likely than Unemployment Insurance recipients to have been
laid off from their previous job, but were more likely to
have quit or to have been fired. In other words, Federal

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Research Summaries

Table 1. Selected characteristics of recipients of regular
Unemployment Insurance and Federal Supplemental
Compensation benefits, September through December
1982
[In percent]
Regular
Unemployment
Insurance
beneficiaries (not
receiving Federal
Supplemental
Compensation)

Federal
Supplemental
Compensation
beneficiaries

Age:
Under 22 y e a rs ............................................
22 to 24 years ............................................
25 to 54 years ............................................
55 to 64 years ............................................
65 years and over ......................................

10.9
11.3
65.6
10.3
1.9

8.3
11.7
67.2
11.3

Sex and race:
Men ...............................................................
Women .........................................................
White ....................................................
N o n w h ite ......................................................

61.4
38.6
82.0
18.0

59.9
40.1
73.3
26.7

1.1
1.2
12.0

1.0

Characteristic

Industry:
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries . . . .
Mining .........................................................
C onstruction.................................................
M anufacturing..............................................
Durable ....................................................
N on durable..............................................
Miscellaneous .........................................
Transportation, communication, and
public u tilitie s ......................................
Wholesale trade .........................................
Retail trade .................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate . . . .
Services .......................................................
Public administration .................................
Not covered .................................................

.9

1.2

3.5
4.2
9.1

11.6

1.8

12.4
1.5
.3

3.7
6.4

4.0
17.3

1Although the sample from these States is large, estimates are subject
to sampling variability. It is possible that some of the differences in the
report are not statistically significant.

The black population:
a statistical view, 1970-82
Statistics from the recent Bureau of Census Population Sur­
veys and the 1980 census show improvement in income
levels of black married-couple families, educational attain­
ment and school enrollment, and homeownership among
blacks during the 1970’s. But the data also reveal setbacks
influenced by high black unemployment, sharply increased
divorce and separation rates, and a rise in family households
maintained by women.

2.1
.3

Supplemental Compensation recipients’ joblessness was more
often caused by factors other than the recession.
Recipients of Federal Supplemental Compensation under
extended reachback provisions (those who had exhausted
their regular and extended benefits more than 3 months
before Federal Supplemental Compensation became effec­
tive) were less likely than other Federal Supplemental Com­
pensation beneficiaries to have separated from cyclical
industries such as durable manufacturing. Lower propor­
tions of those recipients were on layoff than other Federal
Supplemental Compensation recipients and higher propor­
tions were fired or quit their previous job.
The survey of Federal Supplemental Compensation re­
cipients was conducted by the U.S. Department of Labor,
and covered the September through December 1982 period.
Data are from the Continuous Wage and Benefit History
project of the Unemployment Insurance Service, longitu­
dinal records drawn from State Unemployment Insurance
administrative files, and information from a questionnaire
administered at the time of initial filing for Unemployment
Insurance. About 28,000 Federal Supplemental Compen­
sation recipients from 12 States (Georgia, Idaho, Missouri,
Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Penn­
sylvania, South Carolina, Utah, Washington, and Wiscon­
sin) were covered by the survey.1 The 12 States combined
closely resemble the Nation in their insured unemployment
rates, industrial mix, and demographic characteristics. Thus,
Digitized for44
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---------- F O O T N O T E ----------

1.6

9.5
43.2
25.4
16.3
1.5

53.0
26.8
24.9

the findings are likely to reflect the national situation.
A copy of the full study, Characteristics of Recipients of
Federal Supplemental Compensation, is available from the
U.S. Department of Labor, Assistant Secretary for Policy,
Office of Research and Technical Support, Washington,
D.C. 20210.
g

Population growth and distribution
Between 1970 and 1980, the black population increased
by 17.3 percent, from 22.6 million to 26.5 million. In 1980,
blacks represented approximately 12 percent of the total
population.
In 1980, blacks constituted more than 20 percent of the
population in seven States— Mississippi (35 percent), South
Carolina (30 percent), Louisiana (29 percent), Georgia (27
percent), Alabama (26 percent), Maryland (23 percent), and
North Carolina (22 percent). Twelve States had black pop­
ulations of 1 million or more, an increase of three States
(Michigan, Ohio, and Virginia) from 1970.
New York had the largest black population of any city
(1,784,337) in 1980, followed by Chicago (1,197,000),
Detroit (758,939), Philadelphia (638,878), and Los Angeles
(505,210).
Of the 100 cities with the largest black population, the
city with the highest percentage was East St. Louis, 111. (96
percent). In Washington, D.C. about 70 percent of the pop­
ulation was black in 1980, about the same as in 1970,
although the total population in the city actually dropped
during the decade.
The traditional large black migration from the South to
points north and west appeared to end in the 1970 decade.
Between 1975 and 1980, about 415,000 blacks moved to
the South, whereas only about 220,000 left, thereby re­
versing the longstanding black exodus from the South. In
1980, the proportion of the black population residing in the
South was 53 percent, the same as in 1970.

Some income gain, but poverty increases
While median income of black families continued to lag
behind the median income of the general population, black
married-couple families registered a 6.9-percent gain in real
median income between 1971 and 1981, improving from
$18,370 to $19,620 in constant dollars. The comparable
figures for white married-couple families were $25,130 in
1971 and $25,470 in 1981.
While the income level for black married-couple families
was climbing during the decade of the 1970’s, the proportion
that this group constituted of all black families dropped from
64 percent in 1972 to 55 percent in 1982.
In real terms, the 1981 median income for all black fam­
ilies ($13,270) dropped 8.3 percent from 1971 and dropped
5.2 percent between 1980 and 1981. Median income for
white families in 1981 was $23,520, down only 2.7 percent
from 1980 when adjusted for inflation.
In 1971, the median income for black families was 60
percent of the median income of white families— $14,460
versus $23,970. By 1981, this ratio fell to 56 percent.
According to the report, the decline in black family me­
dian income reflects, in part, the increase in the proportion
of families maintained by women with no husband present
and the lack of income gains for these families. Among
blacks, such families totaled 2.6 million in 1982, or about
41 percent of all black families, up from 32 percent in 1972.
The median income for families maintained by black female
householders with no husband present was $7,510 in 1981,
about 38 percent of the median of black married-couple
families ($19,620).
Persistent inflation, a stagnant economy, and family breakup
were reflected in the rising number of persons classified as
poor between 1979 and 1981. During this period, the total
number of persons in poverty increased by 5.4 million.
In 1970, about 8 million blacks (34 percent) and 17 mil­
lion whites (10 percent) had incomes below the poverty
level. By 1981, the number increased to 9 million for blacks
(34 percent) and 22 million for whites (11 percent). (The
poverty level for 1981 was $9,287 for a family of four.)
During the 1970’s, an increasing concentration of the poor
in families maintained by women was especially evident
among blacks. The number of poor black families with a
female householder rose from 834,000 in 1970 to 1.4 million
in 1981. These families accounted for 70 percent of all poor
black families in 1981, substantially up from 56 percent in
1970.

Family statistics
Families maintained by black women increased during
the decade. In 1970, about 28 percent of the 4.9 million
black families were maintained by women. By 1982, how­
ever, almost 41 percent of the 6.4 million black families


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were maintained by women. The comparable percentage
for whites during this period increased from 9 to 12 percent.
In 1982, the m ajority of black families were still m ain­
tained by married couples. However, since 1970, the
percentage of all black families maintained by married
couples has declined from 68 to 55 percent.
Among black women who maintained families in 1982,
32 percent had never married, compared to 11 percent for
white families maintained by a woman.
The number of black children living with both parents
dropped sharply between 1970 and 1982, while the per­
centage of black children living in one-parent situations
increased from 32 to 49 percent. About 8 percent of the
children lived with neither parent in 1982, but in most cases
resided with another relative. White children living with one
parent also increased, doubling from 9 percent in 1970 to
17 percent in 1982. Still, 81 percent of white children lived
with both parents in 1982, compared with 42 percent of
black children. Black children constituted just 15 percent
of all children under 18 years of age in 1982, but represented
34 percent of all children living with only one parent.
The proportion of births occurring to unmarried mothers
increased during the decade for both black and white women,
in part due to declines in births to married women. In 1980,
more than one-half of the births to black women (55 percent)
occurred out of wedlock, up from 38 percent in 1970. The
corresponding proportion for white women increased from
6.0 to 11.0 percent during the same period.
In contrast to the pattern noted above, the nonmarital
fertility rate1 for black women declined from 96 births per
1.000 unmarried women 15 to 44 years old in 1970 to 83
per 1,000 in 1980. The rate for white women increased from
14 to 18 per 1,000 during the same period.
This excerpt is adapted from the U.S. Bureau of the
Census report, America’s Black Population: 1970 to 1982,2
Special Publication P10/pop- 8 3 - 1 , which is for sale by the
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, or any U.S. Department
of Commerce district office. The cost is $3.50 per
copy.
□

---------- F O O T N O T E S ---------1Rate computed by relating total nonmarital births, regardless o f age of
mother, to unmarried women 15 to 44 years old.
2The full report includes data from the Bureau of the Census, the Bureau
of Labor Statistics, the National Center for Health Statistics ( n c h s ) , and
the U .S. Department of Defense. The Census Bureau data, which cover
a wide range of topics, were collected primarily in the 1980 Census of
Population and in the monthly Current Population Survey ( c p s ) . The b l s
data on labor force are from the c p s ; the n c h s data on vital statistics and
mortality are from its registration system; and the data from the Department
of Defense are from administrative records.

45

M ajor Agreements
Expiring Next M onth

This list of selected collective bargaining agreements expiring in May is based on contracts on
file in the Bureau s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The list includes agreements covering
1,000 workers or more.

Number of
workers

Employer and location

Industry

Allied Construction Employers Association, Inc. (Wisconsin)......................
Alterman Foods, Inc. (Interstate) ...................................................................
Anthracite Operators (Pennsylvania)...............................................................
Associated Brick Mason Contractors of Greater New York Inc
(New York, N.Y.)
Associated General Contractors of America, Inc.:
Detroit Chapter, 3 agreements (Michigan) .............................................

Construction ...........................
Retail trade ................................
Mining ................................
Construction ................

Ohio Building Chapter, Cincinnati D ivision...........................................
Wisconsin C hapter...................................................................................
Associated Steel Erectors of Chicago, Illinois ...............................................

Construction ...........................
Construction .............................
Construction .........................

Building Trades Employers Association, 2 agreements (Rochester, N.Y.)

Construction ...........................

Carpenters; Laborers ..............

3,400

Colonial Stores, Inc. (Interstate)...................................................................
Connecticut Light and Power Co. (Connecticut).............................................
Construction Industry Employers Association, 4 agreements (New York)

Retail trade .........................
Utilities..................................
Construction .............................

1,750
1,900
8,200

Council of Hawaii Hotels (Hawaii).................................................................

H otels....................................

Food and Commercial Workers
Electrical Workers ( i b e w ) . . . .
Carpenters; Iron Workers;
Laborers; Operating Engineers
Longshoremen’s Association . . .

4,750

Detroit Mason Contractors’ Association (M ichigan)......................................
Dow Chemical Company, Texas Division (Freeport, T e x .)...........................

Construction ...........................
Chemicals .........................

Operating Engineers..............

1,750

Electrical Contractors’ Association of City of Chicago (Illinois)
Erwin Mills ........................................................................................

Construction .........................
Textiles..................................

Electrical Workers

( ib e w )

..

6,500

General Telephone Company of the Northwest, Inc. (Washington) .............
Great Western Sugar Co. (Interstate) .............................................................

Communication ......................
Food products ...........................

Electrical Workers

( ib e w )

..

4,200

Houston Lighting and Power Co. (Texas) ......................................................

Utilities...............................

Electrical Workers

( ib e w )

...

4,500

Independent Employers-Mason Tenders of Greater New York
(New York, N.Y.)2
Independent Non-Association Restaurant Employers (Seattle, Wash.)2 .........

Construction .............................

Laborers ................

4,000

Restaurants ...............................
Construction .............................
Lum ber...............................

Iron League of Chicago, Inc. (Illinois) ........................................................... Construction ...........................

Hotel Employees and Restaurant
Employees
Asbestos Workers . . .
Paperworkers; Firemen and
Oilers
Iron W orkers..................

2,500

Illinois Regional Insulation Contractors Association (Illinois) ......................
International Paper Co., Androscoggin Mill (Maine) ....................................

Keystone Building Contractors Association, Inc. (Pennsylvania)..................
Kimberly-Clark Corp., Neenah Mill (Wisconsin)...........................................
Kroger Company, Atlanta Division (Interstate) .............................................

Construction .............................
Paper ..................................
Retail trade ...........................

Carpenters..................
Paperworkers.......................
Food and Commercial Workers

1,800
1,300
4,350

Longview Fibre Co. (Longview, W ash.)........................................................

Paper .............................

Western Pulp and Paperworkers
(Ind.)

1,500

See footnotes at end of table.

46


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Construction ......................

Labor organization1

Food and Commercial Workers

Carpenters; Iron Workers;
Bricklayers; Plasterers and
Cement Masons

3,000

13,200

2 000

1,200
1,000
1,000

Continued— Major Agreements Expiring Next Month

Employer and location

Industry

Labor organization1

Macy’s and Emporium Stores (San Francisco, Calif.) .................................. Retail trade ................................ Food and Commercial Workers
McDonnell Douglas Corp. (M issouri)............................................................. Transportation equipment ......... Machinists..................................
Mid-America Regional Bargaining Association, 2 agreements (Illinois) . . . . Construction ............................. Operating Engineers..................
Mid-America Regional Bargaining Association (Illinois) ............................. Construction ............................. Laborers ....................................
Nestle Co., Inc. (Fulton, N.Y.) ......................................................................

Food products ...........................

National Electrical Contractors Association:
Detroit Chapter (M ichigan)...................................................................... Construction .............................
Milwaukee Chapter (Wisconsin) ............................................................. Construction .............................
Orange County Chapter (California) ...................................................... Construction .............................
Niagara Mohawk Power Corp. (New Y ork).................................................... Utilities......................................
Northern Indiana Public Service Co., 2 agreements (Indiana) ...................... Utilities......................................

Number of
workers

2,000
11,000
8,000
12,000

Retail, Wholesale and Department Store

1,200

Electrical Workers (ibew) .........
Electrical Workers (ibew) .........
Electrical Workers (ibew) .........
Electrical Workers (ibew) .........
Steelworkers ..............................

3,500
1,400
1,500
7,600
4,650

Owens-Coming Fiberglas Corp. (Newark, O h io )..........................................

Stone, clay, and glass products

Glass, Pottery, Plastics and
Allied Workers

Painting and Decorating Contractors of America, Inc., Detroit and Wayne
Chapters (Michigan)
Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Co. (Interstate).................................................

Construction .............................

Painters.......................................

2,000

U tilities......................................

Oil, Chemical and Atomic
Workers
Electrical Workers (ibew) .........
Machinists..................................
Graphic Communications .........

1,400

Pennsylvania Electric Co................................................................................... Utilities......................................
ppg Industries, Inc., Chemical Division (Louisiana)...................................... Chemicals ..................................
Printing Industries of Northern California (California) .................................. Printing and publishing.............

Electrical Workers (ibew) .........
Western Pulp and Paperworkers
(Ind.)
Food and Commercial Workers
Hotel Employees and Restaurant
Employees
Sheet Metal Workers ................
Sheet Metal Workers ................

14,000

2,150
1,350
1,000

San Francisco Electrical Contractors Association. Inc. (California) .............
Scott Paper Co., Packaged Product Division (Everett, Wash.) ....................

Construction .............................
Paper ........................................

Seattle Department Stores Association Inc. (Washington).............................
Seattle Restaurant Association and Seattle Hotel Association (Washington)

Retail trade ................................
Restaurant..................................

smacna

Sheet Metal Contractors Association (Illinois) ...............................................
Metropolitan Detroit Chapter (Michigan) ........................................

Construction .............................
Construction .............................

Twin City Hospitals (Minnesota)2 ....................................................................

Hospitals....................................

American Nurses Association
(Ind.)

Wisconsin Association of Public Works Contractors and Independent
Contractors (Wisconsin)...............................................................................
Wisconsin Power and Light Co. (Wisconsin).................................................

Construction .............................

Laborers ....................................

1,300

Utilities......................................

Electrical Workers (ibew) .........

1,750

1,200
1,300
1,250
5,000
5,200
1,800
5,000
6,100

'Affiliated with AFL-CIO except where noted as independent (Ind.).
industry area (group of companies signing same contract).


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47

Developments in
Industrial Relations

Court says companies can alter contracts
Organized labor suffered a setback when the Supreme
Court ruled that employers filing for reorganization in Fed­
eral bankruptcy court may temporarily terminate or alter
collective bargaining agreements even before the judge has
heard their case. The Court also held that the termination
or alteration could be made permanent if the employer can
demonstrate to the judge that the agreement “ burdens”
chances of recovery. In arriving at a decision, the bank­
ruptcy judge should determine if the company has made a
“ reasonable” effort to negotiate a less burdensome contract,
the Court said. If the negotiators are not able to arrive at a
“ satisfactory” solution, the judge still may cancel the con­
tract.
Organized labor has contended that a company should
not be permitted to take any contract cancellation action
until it has persuaded a bankruptcy judge that the action is
necessary for survival.
The case, N L R B v . Bildisco & Bildisco, began in 1980
when Bildisco, a building materials supplier in Avenel,
N.J., filed for reorganization under Chapter 11 of the Bank­
ruptcy Code, and immediately refused to pay wage increases
and benefits to its employees, who were represented by the
Teamsters union. The union then filed an unfair labor prac­
tices charge with the National Labor Relations Board, which
ruled against the company. On appeal, Bildisco’s action
was upheld by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third
Circuit, leading to the appeal to the Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court decision drew immediate expressions
of shock and dismay from labor leaders and officials, who
viewed it as a weapon to aid employers in ousting unions
or pressuring them to accept unwarranted concessions on
wages, benefits, and work rules, afl - cio President Lane
Kirkland said, “ We’re disappointed in the decision and we
will pursue a legislative remedy.” Management officials
hailed the decision.
William Winpisinger, president of the International As­
sociation of Machinists, described the decision as simply
“ outrageous.” His union, along with the Air Line Pilots
and the Flight Attendants unions, are engaged in an incon“ Developments in Industrial Relations” is prepared by George Ruben of
the Division o f Developments in Labor-Management Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, and is largely based on information from secondary sources.

48


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elusive strike against Continental Air Lines which erupted
after the company filed for protection from creditors under
Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code, cut employee pay about
50 percent, and then resumed operations on a reduced route
structure with a mixture of new employees and some strikers
who returned to work. (See Monthly Labor Review, No­
vember 1983, p. 73.) This case drew a lot of attention to
the contract abrogation issue. Another case involved Wilson
Foods Corp., which also filed for protection under Chapter
11 and terminated its contract with the Food and Commercial
Workers. The union then began a strike against the company
that ended when the parties resumed negotiations and reached
a contract that called for concessions by union members.
(See Monthly Labor Review, September 1983, p. 40.)
There are a number of issues which could require further
Court decisions for resolution. One was whether the Bildisco
ruling could be extended to cover railroads and airlines
where bargaining is regulated by the Railway Labor Act
rather than the National Labor Relations Act. Prior to the
Bildisco ruling, labor contracts had greater protection from
abrogation than usual commercial contracts during bank­
ruptcy proceedings, based on interpretations of the em­
ployee rights specified in the National Labor Relations Act.
Justice William H. Rehnquist, who wrote the Bildisco
decision, said such greater protection for the union contracts
was invalid because it “ is fundamentally at odds with the
policies of flexibility and equity” of the bankruptcy code.
Continuing, he said, “ The rights of workers under collective
bargaining agreements are important, but favored treatment
will interfere with the reorganization process.” In aiding a
company in distress, Rehnquist said, the bankruptcy court
must consider the interests of the debtor, creditors, and
employees, in terms of the “ degree of hardship faced by
each party but also any qualitative differences between the
types of hardship each may face.”
All of the justices assented on this part of the ruling, but
there was a 5-to-4 split on the issue of whether an employer
could terminate a labor contract immediately after filing for
protection under Chapter 11. Justice Rehnquist said it would
“ undermine” the rest of the ruling to make contract ab­
rogation an unfair labor practice at this earlier point in bank­
ruptcy proceedings.
Justices William J. Brennan, Jr., Byron R. White, Thurgood Marshall, and Harry A. Blackmun disagreed with that

aspect of the decision. Justice Brennan said that troubled
companies can seek expedited rulings from bankruptcy judges,
that allowing unilateral contract terminations without such
approval will “ spawn precisely the type of industrial strife”
the National Labor Relations Act was designed to prevent.

cluding union wage and benefit levels. The new corporation
has not yet bid on any projects, but Adams said the con­
struction trades would not hesitate to bring it into operation
if contractors do not “ sit down with us and work out doublebreasting and economic problems.”

Construction unions act to aid jobless members

Aerospace workers end long strike

High levels of unemployment among unionized construc­
tion workers have led to several recent union moves to open
jobs to their members.
At the national level, the Sheet Metal Workers announced
the initial results of the “ International Job Bank and OutOf-Work List” it had instituted in October 1983. Union
official Larry Cassidy said that as of December 31, 1983,
the union had found jobs for 533 of the 2,302 members
enrolled in the plan, which is comparable to a national hiring
hall. Unemployed members enroll in the plan by informing
local union officials of their qualifications and how far they
are willing to travel to a job. This information is forwarded
to the national union headquarters and matched with avail­
able jobs. The union plans to establish a computer network
among its construction locals to expand and speed up this
service.
If a laid-off member of the Sheet Metal Workers moves
from one local that is party to a Stabilization Agreement
for the Sheet Metal Industry to another covered local, he
or she is eligible for a travel benefit of up to $750. Also,
the union provides financial aid to unemployed members
facing loss of their homes if they were covered by a Sta­
bilization Agreement. About 40,000 of the union’s 100,000
members in the construction industry are covered by a Sta­
bilization Agreement. Participation is negotiated locally;
employees finance the agreement at a rate equal to 3 percent
of wages.
In a move to assist retirees, the trustees of the Sheet Metal
Workers national pension fund (which covers various in­
dustries) voted to compensate retired members for the 6month legislated delay in the scheduled cost-of-living ad­
justment in social security benefits.
Building trades unions in the Buffalo, N.Y., area formed
a nonprofit corporation employing only union members to
compete with so-called “ double breasted” firms which op­
erate union and nonunion entities. Gene Adams, president
of the Buffalo Building Trades Council, said formation of
the corporation was necessary because, “ We can deal with
100 percent union firms or 100 percent open shop firms,
but we can’t deal with dual shops.” He claimed that the
dual operations construction firms gain unwarranted profits
because their bids are only slightly lower than those of firms
that use only union labor, yet they use nonunion employees
whose compensation is substantially lower than that of
unionized workers. The new nonprofit Buffalo Building Trades
Council Construction Corporation will attempt to counter
the problem by offering to construct projects at cost. This
means that bids will be based only on operating costs, in­

A 17-week strike against McDonnell Douglas Corp. ended
in February when members of Auto Workers Local 148 in
Long Beach, Calif., accepted a contract similar to the Boeing
Co. accord with the Machinists that led off the round of
bargaining in the aerospace industry. (See Monthly Labor
Review, December 1983, p. 55.) Initially, the walkout, which
began on October 17, 1983, involved operations in Tulsa,
Okla., and Melbourne, Ark., but employees there voted to
return to work about 3 weeks before those at Long Beach.
The major reasons for the length of the stoppage were em­
ployee objections to establishment of a two-tier pay system.
Under the new system, new employees in less skilled jobs
would be paid less than current employees in similar jobs
and all employees in less skilled jobs (about 30 percent of
all employees) would not receive automatic cost-of-living
pay adjustments during the contract term. Also, employees
objected to a proposed annual lump-sum payment to all
employees equal to 3 percent of earnings during the pre­
ceding 12 months, instead of annual wage increases.
The union lost on these issues, as the strike weakened.
An increasing number of the strikers returned to work before
the stoppage officially ended, to some extent influenced by
a company announcement that it would hire permanent re­
placements. This weakening was reflected in a statement by
union negotiator Douglas Griffith, who told Local 148, “ We
have to face the reality that 2,500 of our members crossed
the line and cost us some advantage.” The Long Beach
local also came under increasing pressure from the inter­
national union to end the strike, because it was “ no longer
serving a useful purpose.”


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Western mine workers settle
The United Mine Workers ( um w ) settled with several
bituminous coal mining operations in the West, but the 3year contracts were not expected to have a major influence
on bargaining in the East, where the union’s agreement with
the Bituminous Coal Operators’ Association expires Sep­
tember 30. Settlements in the two regions differ, primarily
because the western mines are surface operations, require
fewer workers, and are more productive than the under­
ground mines that predominate in the East. The umw rep­
resents about 2,000 workers in western mines, compared
with 120,000 in eastern mines. (Some other western miners
are represented by other unions.)
The first of the western settlements, with Gulf Oil Corp.’s
Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining Co. for 300 employees
in Oak Creek, Colo., and Gallup, N. Mex., set a pattern
for other settlements. The 3-year contract called for a $1.2049

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Developments in Industrial Relations
an-hour wage increase consisting of a 20-cent raise effective
immediately, 30-cent raises in February of 1985 and 1986,
and 10-cent raises in August of 1984 and 1985, and June
and October of 1986. Under the previous contract, top rates
for the various pay grades ranged from $16.50 to $16.91
an hour.
Pittsburg & Midway did not win its demand for institution
of coinsurance and deductible provisions to reduce its cost
for health insurance, but the union did agree to unspecified
changes in work rules intended to increase productivity.
The accord also called for improvements in health in­
surance benefits; an increase in the company’s payment into
the pension fund; a $20-a-month increase in pensions of
current retirees; and establishment of a $95-a-month pension
for the surviving spouses of retirees.
Also settling on similar terms were Peabody Coal Co.,
for 900 workers at mines in Arizona, Montana, and Colo­
rado; and North American Coal Co. for 50 workers in Zap,
N. Dak. Bargaining was continuing at about eight other
companies.

Bargaining concluded in aerospace
In the aerospace industry, Lockheed Corp. concluded its
round of bargaining by settling with the Engineers and Sci­
entists Guild for 2,400 employees in Los Angeles County.
Earlier, Lockheed had settled with the Machinists for pro­
duction workers in several States. (See Monthly Labor Re­
view, January 1984, p. 40.)
During the first year of the 3-year contract, the engineers
and scientists will receive varying merit pay increases, fi­
nanced by a money pool, equal to 5 percent of payroll. In
the second and third years, all employees will receive 2-percent pay increases and eligible employees will receive merit
increases from 2-percent pools.
The contract, which expires on December 13, 1986, also
includes a change in the health insurance plan requiring a
second medical opinion for elective surgery, with the plan
paying the cost of the second opinion.

Arbitrator resolves meatpacking dispute
A dispute in the meatpacking industry was resolved when
an arbitrator ruled that George A. Hormel & Co. can im­
plement wage and benefit cuts for 1,500 employees in Aus­
tin, Minn., but on a delayed basis. An official of Local
P-9 of the Food and Commercial Workers said the decision
was a partial victory for the union because the company had
been pressing for the cut retroactive to October 1983. Hor­
mel said the ruling will reduce its wage and benefit costs
to about $13 an hour, from the current $21.
Under arbitrator George Fleischli’s decision, the cut will
become effective after the union settles with Oscar Mayer
& Co., the last of the major companies still negotiating.
The resulting wage and benefit terms of that settlement will
be considered by the union in determining an ‘‘industry
50


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average” settlement which will be applied to Hormel em­
ployees.
Early in 1982, all of the major companies had agreed to
pattern contracts scheduled to run until August 31, 1985,
but since then the industry has been beset with chaotic
competitive conditions which have resulted in cuts in wage
and benefit levels. The competitive pressures have been
attributed to the entry of new firms with lower labor costs
and more modern facilities and distribution methods.

Meatpackers take concessions to aid company
The Pierce Packing Co. of Billings, Mont., resumed some
operations in January after members of Local 33 of the Food
and Commercial Workers agreed to cuts in compensation.
Pierce had filed a plan for reorganization of the meat pro­
cessing and hog slaughtering operations under Chapter 11
of the Federal bankruptcy code and laid off its 500 em­
ployees in October 1983. Only about 125 workers were
rehired to process meat when the plant reopened, but a union
official said 100 more might be rehired if the company
resumes hog slaughtering.
Under the 3-year contract, which superseded one sched­
uled to expire in August, wages were cut an average of 75
cents an hour, to $6.75. Inis was about $1.50 lower than
the reduced level other companies have negotiated since
1982. Other terms included elimination of two of the nine
annual paid holidays; elimination of dental and vision cov­
erage (accompanied by a slight reduction in the employees’
premium cost for all health insurance); continuation of ex­
isting pension rates; and an increase in life insurance.
The union members also aided Pierce by agreeing to
accept 15 cents on the dollar for some $750,000 they had
lent the company through a 1-year, $1,90-an-hour pay re­
duction.

Grocery workers win compensation increases
A 26-day strike against four grocery store chains in North­
ern New Jersey and parts of New York State ended when
7,000 delicatessen and meat department employees ratified
a settlement. The accord provided for three 6.7-percent pay
increases over the 41-month term and some improvements
in benefits. Robert C. Wunderle, a vice president of Pathmark, one of the chains, said that he did not anticipate any
price increases, ‘‘assuming we get the productivity increases
we anticipate.”
One change permits management to start meat department
shifts between noon and 2 p.m. Previously, shifts started
between 7 and 9 a.m., but more and more shoppers were
coming into the stores in the evening, after the shifts ended.
By evening, the meat counters were depleted and there were
not enough meatcutters to replenish the counters.
The new shifts will be staffed primarily by new employees
who will be paid less than current employees under a new
“ two-tier” pay structure. A union official said that the pay

difference is about $25 a week. He also said that prior to
the settlement, base pay was $457 a week for meatcutters
and $507 for meat counter and delicatessen managers.
Other cost-control measures included a lower flat rate for
Sunday work, rather than the previous double time-and-ahalf pay, and elimination of 2Vz hours of guaranteed weekly
overtime for each employee.
The other three chains covered by the settlement are Shop
Rite, Grand Union, and Foodtown. Overall, 334 stores were
involved.

Bank employees offered incentives to retire
As part of a plan to close 120 of its 1,070 branches and
eliminate 5,000 of 79,000 jobs by the end of 1984, the Bank
of America offered an early retirement inducement to 3,200
workers under the normal retirement age of 65. The 1,100
employees expected to accept the offer before the March 15
deadline will receive half pay for 2 years or until age 65,
whichever occurs first. In any case, they were guaranteed
half pay for 6 months.
A bank official said that employees who do not accept
the offer will be offered jobs in areas in which the firm is
expanding, such as word processing and selling financial
services. The bank’s 15-percent attrition rate means that the
cutback can probably be accomplished without laying off
any employees.

New York City workers settle
In New York City, 25,000 employees of commercial
buildings were covered by a 3-year accord which provided
for wage increases of $23 a week immediately, $24 on the
first anniversary, and $23 on the second anniversary. Their
pay is also subject to annual adjustments equal to 4 cents
an hour for each percentage-point rise in excess of 8 points
in the bls Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners
and Clerical Workers during a 12-month period. The pre­
vious formula provided for adjustments to begin after the
c p i rose 12 points. Average weekly pay was $340 under the
previous contract, which expired December 31, 1983.
Other terms included an $80 increase (to $400) in the
monthly pension for workers with 25 years of service and
increased major medical coverage.

Blue Cross establishes two-tier pay system
Blue Cross of Northern California and the Office and
Professional Employees negotiated a contract that estab­
lished a two-tier pay structure for employees in Sacramento
and Fresno. Blue Cross had proposed a pay freeze for these
employees, contending that their wages were higher than
those of workers at other locations in the bargaining unit.
The compromise on this issue provides that all new em­
ployees will be paid at 85 percent of the rates applicable to


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incumbents. Under the previous agreement, starting rates
ranged from $6.30 to $9.20 an hour and maximum pay after
2 years of service ranged from $7.06 to $10.35. Most of
the 1,200 workers in the bargaining unit are claims pro­
cessors and customer service clerks.
Other provisions of the 30-month contract included a 4percent pay increase on January 1, 1984, 3 percent on Jan­
uary 1, 1985, and 1 percent on January 1, 1986; a clause
permitting employees to follow their jobs if Blue Cross shifts
operations to other areas; adoption of a casual pool of em­
ployees to fill temporary work assignments, with laid-off
workers given preference; and an additional option for health
care which, according to a company official, might be less
expensive than the two existing options. The option— Pru­
dent Buyer— is similar to a health maintenance organiza­
tion, except that participating doctors are not located in one
facility. The existing options are coverage by Blue Cross
or by Take Care Insurance, an hmo operated by Blue Cross.

Police officers rally to avert layoffs
In Cincinnati, Ohio, police officers voted to give up $388
of their annual equipment allowance to avert layoff of 42
officers until at least May 8. Residents will vote that day
on a ballot proposal to increase taxes. If the increase does
not pass, the officers will be immediately laid off and the
$388 will be deducted from the $560 allowance scheduled
to be paid in December 1984. If the proposal passes, the
officers will retain their jobs and all 893 officers will receive
the full allowance.
Major Arnold L. Bortz praised the action by the members
of the Fraternal Order of Police and said that he hoped that
other city employees would agree to similar actions to ease
the city’s budget difficulties. Bortz said the agreement to
avert the layoff of police officers included a “ clear under­
standing” that members of the union will work with the
city administration toward passage of the tax increase. This
might include having some out-of-uniform officers work in
polling places.

Employees to suggest ‘new ventures’ for Kodak
The usual corporate approach to employee suggestions
will be taken a step farther at Eastman Kodak Co. Under a
new plan, an eight-member “ venture board” will consider
employee suggestions for entering businesses outside the
company’s current specialization in photography and chem­
icals. The board, headed by Herbert L. Rees, Kodak’s vice
president for corporate affairs, will evaluate the employees’
ideas. If an idea is accepted, it will be financed and devel­
oped by Kodak. The company did not say how employees
will be rewarded if their ideas are accepted; it has a system
for rewarding employees for accepted suggestions regarding
current businesses.
□

51

Book Reviews

A mismatch of problems and solutions?
Industrial Crisis. Edited by Kenneth Dyson and Stephen
Wilks. New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1983. 283 pp.
$32.50.
This volume presents a series of analyses of the politics
of industrial policy. Specifically, it describes the institutions
of state and the process of decisionmaking on what might
be called the downside of industrial policy— “ . . . cases
where failure of business corporations has given rise to
serious collective discussion of exceptional action to cir­
cumvent the market.” The first chapter, from which this
useful definition of crisis is drawn, provides a general de­
scription of economic trends in the industrial countries and,
more vitally, a reason for the analytical focus on failure:
“ . . . . crises separate the flamboyant rhetoric that is so
characteristic of the industrial policy field from the substance
of policy.”
Kenneth Dyson’s own contribution constitutes the second
chapter and the more valuable of the introductory essays.
His survey of the cultural, ideological, and structural con­
cepts underlying politics will prove especially valuable to
readers, including this reviewer, whose training has often
led them to disregard political factors.
The six case studies in crisis management are by European
political scientists, and, therefore, the chapter on the United
States has the refreshing perspective of an outsider. Martin
Edmonds of the University of Lancaster is able to assure us
that not only is there industrial policy in America, but there
is a minimum of 51 industrial policies, State and Federal.
(I would extend his insight into our system of federalism to
include, at least conceptually, local governments empow­
ered to legislate many elements of an industrial policy.)
Edmonds, wisely, restricts his discussion to the Federal
level.
The characteristics of American crisis management that
emerge from this analysis are: pluralism— especially as
manifested by “ confrontation and competition,” “ bargain­
ing processes and institutionalized backscratching,” and be­
lief “ in the maximum freedom of economic manoeuvre and
choice for private individuals” ; specificity— the idea that
each crisis should be judged on its individual economic and
political merits; and conditionality— state intervention made
contingent on stringently exacted concessions from all ben­
52


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efiting parties. Although he seems surprised by the fact,
Edmonds allows, “ On balance, the system of separation of
powers, political bargaining and selective intervention has
worked well.” Dyson and Wilkes also make a positive
evaluation of U.S. policy, stating in their concluding chap­
ter:
C risis m a n a g e m e n t is su c c e ssfu l to th e e x te n t th at th ere is an
in d u stria l stra te g y th a t in te g ra te s d isc re te p o lic ie s fo r in d u stry
a ro u n d c o m m o n p rin c ip le s a n d to th e e x te n t to w h ic h crisis
m a n a g e m e n t is in te g ra te d in to th at stra te g y . B y re fe re n c e to
th is c rite rio n , th e U .S .A . an d W est G e rm a n y h av e e x h ib ite d
g re a te s t c o n s is te n c y b e tw e e n c ris is m a n a g e m e n t a n d in d u strial
stra te g y (at the F e d e ra l lev e l). T h e p rin c ip le s o f in d u stria l
p o lic y , th e “ free m a rk e t” in th e U .S .A . an d th e “ so cial
m a r k e t” in W e s t G e rm a n y , are c le a rly e v id e n t an d o p e rate
as g u id e s fo r c ris is m a n a g e m e n t.

Despite these rather strong findings in favor of the Amer­
ican style of crisis management, especially in cases where
the political culture stresses individual freedom and re­
sponsibility, the tone of many of the essays conveys some
sense of indignation that the state is not more rigorously
organized and thoroughly empowered to reshape national
industrial structures. Edmonds charges that we Americans
“ slavishly” adhere to the separation of power, fragmen­
tation of central power, and belief in freedom of economic
and personal choice. The attitude is more pronounced by
Wilkes as he discusses Great Britain, where he claims
“ . . . although government is in part responsible for in­
dustrial success, it has no adequate intellectual framework
or administrative machinery with which to discharge that
responsibility,” and complains that “ . . .any idea that the
state is “ above” society with a national purpose and unique
competence is anathema to British policy makers.”
In my opinion, this zealous belief in the existence and
efficiency of highly controlled, massively institutionalized,
comprehensive governmental solutions to economic prob­
lems is a mild occupational hazard to political science, but
it does not diminish the value of this volume in any significent way. Indeed, I highly recommend Industrial Crisis
to anyone with a serious interest in industrial policy, com­
parative politics, and economic affairs.
— R ichard M. D evens
D iv isio n o f E m p lo y m e n t and
U n e m p lo y m e n t A n a ly sis
B u re au o f L a b o r S ta tistics

Exploring ways and means
Social Security: Perspectives on Preserving the System.
By Sylvester J. Schieber. Washington, D.C., Em­
ployee Benefit Research Institute, 1982. 302 pp. $15.
This is a thorough and comprehensive study by the re­
search director of the Employee Benefit Research Institute,
who had previously served in leading positions within the
Social Security Administration and in the Department of
Health and Human Services with responsibility for program
research and policy analysis. It was undertaken with a view
to elaborating the factual background “ for an evaluation of
the status of the United States retirement income security
system in general, and the Social Security system in par­
ticular” (from the book’s back cover). It accomplished this
purpose very well indeed, and in a most timely fashion, that
is, concurrently with the labors of the Social Security Re­
form Commission (September 1981 to January 1983) toward
a plan for “ realistic . . . reforms . . . . and . . . a bipartisan
consensus” (from the Executive Order creating the Com­
mission).
Despite the intricate nature and wide-ranging scope of
the subject, and the multifaceted painstaking analyses un­
dertaken, the book is readable and highly informative on
any one aspect and on the totality of the complex problem.
This is achieved by a clearly structured research design, a
thoroughly cross-referenced presentation, and two compact
overviews of the findings and their implications: an “ Ex­
ecutive Summary” in the beginning and a concluding chap­
ter titled “ The Future of Social Security.”
The report consists of four descriptive (historical-analytic)
and four policy-oriented chapters. Thus, chapters I and II
present facts and figures pertaining to the American retire­
ment income fabric both under the (public) social security
program proper and under other antecedent and comple­
mentary institutions (both public and private). The next two
chapters clarify various concepts and measurements of
“ benefits” and “ benefit levels” and their costs and fi­
nancing methods within a changing demographic and a
changeable economic setting over time.
Chapters V to VIII draw on the foregoing chapters, on
the basis of which they develop and explore policy choices
and their consequences: in the short run— notably financial;
for the long run— in terms of a whole spectrum of dimen­
sions; different goals and modalities with regard to the scope
and components of the protective cover of old-age economic
security; and, finally, broad-gauged questions of equity,
taxation, and divergent philosophical departures that com­
prise a wide range of alternatives.
Two appendices offer a “ Pension and Retirement Income
Simulation Model,” and an explanation of how social se­
curity benefits are calculated. Numerous graphs and tables
enliven the text throughout.
This book can serve as a model of how to address a major
public policy area in an analytical and, at the same time,


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integrative manner. It is insightful and balanced, under­
standing of what has been wrought, yet thoroughly cogni­
zant of deep-reaching changes in our society which may
justify and, indeed, call for modifications in a system orig­
inally tailored to American society and its needs half a
century ago.
In this spirit, it acquaints the reader with such radically
dissident proposals as Peter Ferrara’s “ Family Plan” (Social
Security Reform, The Family Plan, Washington, D.C., The
Heritage Foundation, 1982; and Social Security: The In­
herent Contradiction, San Francisco, cato Institute, 1980),
the proposal of “ Personal Security Accounts” by Michael
Boskin and associates (“ Summary of Personal Security Ac­
counts: A Proposal for Fundamental Social Security Re­
form,” 1982), and the “ Freedom Plan” by Haeworth
Robertson, a former chief actuary of the Social Security
Administration (The Coming Revolution in Social Security,
McLean Va., Security Press, 1981). Given that Schieber’s
opus carries the subtitle “ Perspectives on Preserving the
System,” one marvels at the author’s broadmindedness in
including the first two proposals which would, in effect,
supersede the present system— “ Phasing Out Social Se­
curity” as another chronicler of social security reform de­
bate has aptly put it (Lawrence H. Thompson, “ The Social
Security Reform Debate,” Journal o f Economic Literature,
December 1983). Robertson’s highly original and thoughtful
reform proposal, on the other hand, would seem well worth
closer study.
If the reader of Schieber’s solid work carries away just
one lead for evaluating future reform proposals re social
security, it should be, by all odds, the author’s “ four basic
policy goals” : (1) adequacy and (2) equity (these are pol­
icy criteria of long standing), to which he adds (3) solvency
and (4) support. The latest public debate has driven home
the wisdom and the realism of this fourfold gauge.
For completeness’ sake— especially in viewing the book
as an excellent tool for academic teaching in this subject
area— one might have two regrets: the lack of a bibliography
and the absence (due to the time of publication, if for no
other reason) of even a short section relating to the Reform
Commission’s Report and the 1983 Amendments of the
Social Security Act based thereon. If the book undergoes
another edition, or even a new printing, an addendum of
this sort would seem highly worthwhile.
In the meantime, the reader or lecturer who wishes to
make that connection might refer to two readily available
sources: John A. Svahn and Mary Ross, “ Social Security
Amendments of 1983: Legislative History and Summary of
Provisions,” Social Security Bulletin, July 1983; and Robert
J. Myers, “ Social Security Amendments of 1983: Did They
Solve the Financing Problem?” Journal of the American
Society o f Certified Life Underwriters, January 1984.
— G eorge F. Rohrlich
P ro fe ss o r e m e ritu s o f
E c o n o m ic s an d S o cial P o licy
T e m p le U n iv e rsity

53

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Book Reviews

Publications received

F all 1983, p p . 9 3 - 9 8 .

Economic and social statistics
Modeling Individuals’ Behavior: Evaluation
of a Policymaker’s Tool. C a m b rid g e , M a s s ., N a tio n a l B u reau

G u s tm a n , A la n L .,

o f E c o n o m ic R e se a rc h , In c ., 1983, 23
P a p e r S e rie s , 1 2 23.) $ 1 .5 0 .

pp. (nber W o rk in g

“ H o w T h e y R an k : 1980 C e n su s R e su lts R a n k ed fo r S ta te s, M e t­
ro p o lita n A re a s , an d C itie s o f 5 0 ,0 0 0 o r M o r e ,” American
Demographics, D e c e m b e r 1983, p p . 3 0 - 4 3 .
O rg a n iz a tio n fo r E c o n o m ic C o o p e ra tio n and D e v e lo p m e n t, Labor
Force Statistics, 1970-1981. P a ris, O rg a n iz a tio n fo r E c o ­
n o m ic C o o p e ra tio n an d D e v e lo p m e n t, D e p a rtm e n t o f E c o ­
n o m ic s a n d S ta tistic s , 1983, 4 7 7 p p . $ 2 4 , oecd P u b lica tio n s
a n d In fo rm a tio n C e n te r, W a s h in g to n 2 0 0 0 6 .
P a m p e l, F re d C ., “ C h a n g e s in th e P ro p e n sity to L iv e A lone:
E v id e n c e fro m C o n se c u tiv e C ro ss -S e c tio n a l S u rv e y s, 1 9 6 0 1 9 7 6 ,” Demography, N o v e m b e r 1983, p p . 4 3 3 - 4 7 .

Statistical Problems of Relating Research and
Development Data to Productivity Data. O tta w a , O n ta rio ,

P o s tn e r, H a rry H .,

E c o n o m ic C o u n c il o f C a n a d a , 1983, 41 p p . (D isc u ss io n P a ­
p e r, 2 4 4 .)
P ry o r, E d w a rd an d D o u g la s N o rris, “ C a n a d a in the E ig h tie s ,”
American Demographics, D e c e m b e r 1983, b e g in n in g on p
24.
R o b e y , B ry a n t a n d C h e ry l R u ss e ll, “ T ren d s: T h e S ta te s in 1 9 9 0 ,”
American Demographics, D e c e m b e r 1983, b e g in n in g on p

20 .
U .S . B u re a u o f th e C e n su s, Marital Status and Living Arrange­
ments, March 1982. B y A rle n e F. S a lu te r. W a s h in g to n , U .S .
D e p a rtm e n t o f C o m m e rc e , B u re au o f the C e n su s, P o p u la tio n
D iv isio n , 1 9 8 3 , 63 pp . (C u rre n t P o p u la tio n R e p o rts , S eries
P -2 0 , N o . 3 8 0 .) $ 5 , S u p e rin te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts, W a s h ­
in g to n 2 0 4 0 2 .

National Transportation Sta­
tistics: Annual Report, January 1981-December 1981. By

U .S . D e p a rtm e n t o f T ra n s p o rta tio n ,

Jo h n F . M itc h e ll an d P a m ela S p a u ld in g . C a m b rid g e , M a s s .,
U .S . D e p a rtm e n t o f T ra n s p o rta tio n , T ra n s p o rta tio n S y ste m s
C e n te r, R e se a rc h and S p e c ia l P ro g ra m s A d m in is tra tio n , O f­
fice o f In fo rm a tio n R e so u rc e s, 1983, 2 3 0 pp.

Education
B e h rm a n , Je re R . an d N a n cy B ird sa ll, “ T h e Q u a lity o f S ch o o lin g :
Q u a n tity A lo n e is M is le a d in g ,” The American Economic Re­
view, D e c e m b e r 1983, pp . 9 2 8 - 4 6 .
H a lte rm a n , W illia m J . , The Complete Guide to Nontraditional
Education. N e w Y o rk , F a c ts o n F ile, 1983, 172 pp. $ 7 .9 5 ,
p a p e r.

Health and safety
G ib s o n , R o b e rt M ., D an iel R. W a ld o , and K a th a rin e R . L e v it,
“ N a tio n a l H e alth E x p e n d itu re s, 1 9 8 2 ,” Health Care Fi­
nancing Review, F all 1983, pp . 1 -3 2 .
L a th a m , W . B ry a n , Health Care Costs: There Are Solutions. N e w
Y o rk , A m e ric a n M a n a g e m e n t A s so c ia tio n s , M e m b e rs h ip
P u b lic a tio n s D iv isio n , 1983, 72 pp. $ 7 .5 0 , ama m em b e rs;
$ 1 0 , n o n m e m b e rs .
L a v e , Ju d ith R ., A llen D o b s o n , C a ro l W a lto n , “ T h e P o ten tial U se
o f H e a lth C a re F in a n c in g A d m in is tra tio n D a ta S ets fo r H ealth
C a re S e rv ic e s R e s e a r c h ,” Health Care Financing Review,

54


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M a rq u is , M . S u s a n , “ C o n s u m e rs ’ K n o w le d g e A b o u t th e ir H ealth
In su ra n c e C o v e r a g e ,” Health Care Financing Review, Fall
1983, p p . 6 5 - 8 0 .

Controlling Health Care
Costs: Crisis in Employee Benefits. W a s h in g to n , 1983, 156

T h e B u re au o f N a tio n a l A ffa irs, I n c .,

p p . $ 2 5 , p a p er. A v a ila b le from T h e B u reau o f N a tio n a l A f­
fa irs , In c ., R o c k v ille , M d . 2 0 8 5 0 .

Industrial relations
D e n e n b e rg , T ia S c h n e id e r and R. V . D e n e n b e rg , Alcohol and
Drugs: Issues in the Workplace. W a s h in g to n , T h e B u re au o f
N a tio n a l A ffa irs, I n c ., 1983, 201 pp. $ 30.
D e u ts c h , S te v e n an d S a n d ra A lb re c h t, “ W o rk e r P a rtic ip a tio n in
th e U n ited S tates: E fforts to D e m o c ra tiz e In d u stry an d th e
E c o n o m y ,” Labour and Society, J u ly - S e p te m b e r 1 983, pp
2 4 3 -6 9 .
F re e m a n , R ich ard B ., Unions, Pensions, and Union Pension Funds.
C a m b rid g e , M a s s ., N atio n al B u re au o f E c o n o m ic R e se arc h ,
I n c ., 1983, 56 p p . ( nber W o rk in g P a p e r S e rie s , 1226.) $ 1 .5 0 .
N a s h , A l, The Union Steward: Duties, Rights, and Status. 2 d e d .,
re v . Ith a c a , N . Y ., C o rn e ll U n iv e rsity , N e w Y o rk S ta te S ch o o l
o f In d u stria l an d L a b o r R e la tio n s , 1983. 62 p p ., b ib lio g ra p h y .
(K e y Iss u e s S e rie s , 2 2 .) $ 5 , p a p e r, ilr P re ss , Ith a c a , N .Y .

ed., Industrial Democracy at Sea: Authority and
Democracy on a Norwegian Freighter. C a m b rid g e , T h e M a s­

S c h ra n k , R o b e rt,

sa c h u se tts In stitu te o f T e c h n o lo g y , 1983, 2 2 0 pp . $ 1 7 .5 0 ,
T h e mii P re ss , C a m b rid g e , M a ss.
T a y lo r, Jo h n B ., “ U n io n W ag e S e ttle m e n ts D u rin g a D isin fla ­
t i o n ,” The American Economic Review, D e c e m b e r 1 983, p p
9 8 1 -9 3 .

International economics
B ra d a , J o s e f C ., “ T h e S o v ie t-A m e ric a n G ra in A g re e m e n t an d the
N a tio n a l I n te r e s t,” American Journal of Agricultural Eco­
nomics, N o v e m b e r 1983, pp . 6 5 1 - 5 6 .
K a rp , L a rry S. a n d A le x F. M c C a lla , “ D y n a m ic G a m e s an d In ­
te rn a tio n a l T rad e : A n A p p lic a tio n to th e W o rld C o rn M a r­
k e t,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, N o v e m b er
1983, p p . 6 4 1 - 5 0 .
“ T o w a rd s a C a sh le s s S o c ie ty ,”
1983, p p . 9 - 1 4 .

The

oecd

Observer,

S e p te m b e r

Labor and economic history
“ J a p a n ,”

Current History,

N o v e m b e r 1983, pp . 3 5 3 - 9 5 .

M a jk a , L in d a C . an d T h e o J. M a jk a , Farm Workers, Agribusiness,
and the State. P h ila d e lp h ia , P a ., T em p le U n iv e rsity P re ss,
1982, 3 4 6 p p ., b ib lio g ra p h y . $ 2 4 .9 5 .

The Electrical Workers: A History of Labor
at General Electric and Westinghouse, 1923-60. C h a m p a ig n ,

S c h a tz , R o n a ld W .,

111., U n iv e rsity o f Illin o is P re ss, 1983, 279 p p ., b ib lio g ra p h y .
$ 2 2 .9 5 .
“ T h e S o v ie t U n io n , 1 9 8 3 ,”
3 0 5 -4 6 .

Current History,

O c to b e r 1983, p p.

Labor force
E c o n o m ic an d S o c ial C o m m itte e o f the E u ro p ea n C o m m u n itie s,
Youth Employment: Opinion. B ru ss e ls, B e lg iu m , 1983, 92
pp.

F o x , M a ry F ra n k an d S h a rle n e H e ss e -B ib e r, Women at Work. P alo
A lto , C a lif ., M a y field P u b lish in g C o ., 1984, 276 pp . $ 1 0 .9 5 ,
p a p e r.
G re a t B rita in , D e p a rtm e n t o f E m p lo y m e n t, “ E th n ic O rig in and
E co n o m ic S t a tu s ,” Employment Gazette, O c to b e r 1983, pp.
4 2 4 -3 0 .
--------“ L o n g -te rm U n e m p lo y m e n t— L a b o r M a rk et A s p e c ts ,” by
M ich ael W h ite, Employment Gazette, O cto b er 1983, pp. 4 3 7 43.
N e w Z e a la n d , D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r, “ T h e L a b o r M a rk et S itu a ­
t io n , ” Labour and Employment Gazette, S e p te m b e r 1983,
pp. 1 -5 .
“ T h e E m p lo y m e n t Im p e ra tiv e an d L a b o r M a rk et P o lic ie s ,”
oecd Observer. S e p te m b e r 1983, p p . 1 5 -1 9 .

The

V o y d a n o ff, P a tric ia , e d ., Work and Family: Changing Roles of
Men and Women. P a lo A lto , C a li f ., M ay field P u b lish in g C o . ,
1984, 3 8 3 p p . $ 1 0 .9 5 , p a p er.
“ Y o u th E m p lo y m e n t an d U n e m p lo y m e n t— T w o C a se S tu d ies:
Ire la n d a n d P o r tu g a l,” The oecd Observer, S e p te m b e r 1983,
pp. 2 0 -2 4 .

Monetary and fiscal policy
D e v in e , Jo e l A ., “ F isc a l P o licy an d C lass In c o m e In eq u ality : T he
D istrib u tio n a l C o n se q u e n c e s o f G o v e rn m e n t R e v en u e s and
E x p e n d itu re s in th e U n ited S ta te s, 1 9 4 9 - 1 9 7 6 ,” American
Sociological Review, O c to b e r 1983, p p . 6 0 6 - 2 2 .
G ro s s m a n , S a n fo rd an d L a u re n c e W e iss , “ A T ra n s a c tio n s-B a se d
M o d el o f th e M o n e ta ry T ra n s m iss io n M e c h a n is m ,” The
American Economic Review, D e c e m b e r 1983, pp . 8 7 1 - 8 0 .
P e c h m a n , J o s e p h A ., Federal Tax Policy. 4 th e d . W a s h in g to n ,
T h e B ro o k in g s Institution, 1983, 4 1 0 pp. $ 2 8 .9 5 , cloth; $ 9 .9 5 ,
p a p e r.
T o w n s e n d , R o b e rt M ., “ F in a n cia l S tru c tu re an d E c o n o m ic A c ­
tiv i t y ,” The American Economic Review, D e c e m b e r 1983,
pp. 8 9 5 -9 1 1 .

1 2 1 1 .) $ 1 .5 0 .
U .S . B u re au o f L a b o r S ta tistic s , Consumer Expenditure Survey:
Diary Survey, 1980-81. P re p a re d by R o b e rt H a g em a n n and
G e o rg e W e e d e n . W a s h in g to n , 1983, 6 9 pp. (B u lle tin 2 1 7 3 .)
S to c k N o . 0 2 9 - 0 0 1 - 0 2 7 8 8 - 5 . $ 4 .5 0 . S u p e rin te n d e n t o f
D o c u m e n ts, W ash in g to n 2 0 4 0 2 , gpo b o o k s to re s , o r bls re ­
g io n a l offices.

Productivity and technological change
F ru d e , N e il, “ R e la tin g to R o b o ts ,” Across the Board,

D e ce m b er

1983, p p . 4 2 - 5 0 .
H a m m e r, T o v e H elian d , “ W o rk er P articipation P rogram s: D o T hey
Im p ro v e P ro d u c tiv ity ? ilr Report, F all 1983, pp . 1 5 -2 0 .
M c K e rs ie , R o b e rt B. an d Ja n ic e A . K le in , “ T h e In d u strial R e ­
la tio n s D im e n s io n o f P ro d u c tiv ity : A S u m m a ry , ilr Report,
F all 1983, p p . 9 - 1 4 .
N e v in s , T h o m a s J . , “ A V iew fro m T o k y o ,” iLRReport, Fall 1983,
pp. 2 3 -2 7 .
N o rs w o rth y , J. R . an d D a v id H . M a lm q u ist, “ In p u t M e a su re m e n t
an d P ro d u c tiv ity G ro w th in Ja p a n e se an d U .S . M a n u fa c tu r­
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9 4 7 -6 7 .
O s w a ld , R u d y , “ U n io n s an d P ro d u c tiv ity ,” ILRReport, F all 1983,
pp. 2 0 -2 3 .

Social institutions and social change
E d w a rd s , C la rk , e d ., Government’s Role in Solving Societal Prob­
lems: Critical Issues and Decisions, Series VI. W a s h in g to n ,
U .S . D ep artm en t o f A gricu ltu re, G rad u ate S chool P ress, 1982,
117 p p ., b ib lio g ra p h y . $ 1 0 , c lo th ; $ 7 , p a p er.
T in k e r, Ire n e , e d s ., Women in Washington: Advocates for Public
Policy. B e v erly H ills, C a lif ., S a g e P u b lic a tio n s , In c ., 1983,
327 pp . (S a g e Y e arb o o k s in W o m e n ’s P o licy S tu d ie s , V ol.
7 .) $ 2 5 , c lo th ; $ 1 2 .5 0 , p ap er.

Wages and compensation
Prices and living conditions
C h a p p e ll, H e n ry W ., Jr. and Jo h n T . A d d iso n , “ R e la tiv e P ric es,
C o n c e n tra tio n , an d M o n e y G r o w th ,” The American Eco­
nomic Review, D e c e m b e r 1983, pp . 1 1 2 2 -2 6 .
G o rd o n , R o b e rt J . , “ E n e rg y E fficien cy , U ser-C o st C h a n g e , and
th e M e a s u re m e n t o f D u ra b le G o o d s P r ic e s .” R e p rin te d from

The U.S. National Income and Product Accounts: Selected
Topics, e d ite d by M u rra y F. F o ss, pp . 2 0 5 - 5 3 . C a m b rid g e ,
M a s s ., N a tio n a l B u re au o f E co n o m ic R e se a rc h , Inc. 1983.
(nber R e p rin t S e rie s , 4 1 5 .) $ 1 .5 0 .
K a n to r, L a u re n c e G ., “ In flatio n U n c e rta in ty and In flatio n H e d g ­
i n g ,” Economic Review, F e d e ral R e se rv e B ank o f K an sas
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L eser, C . E . V ., “ S h o rt-ru n and L on g -ru n R elative Price C h a n g e s ,”
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, V ol. 146, P t. 2 , 1983,
pp. 1 7 2 -8 1 .
O ’B rie n -P la c e , P . M . a n d W . G . T o m e k , “ In flatio n in F o o d P ric es
as M e a su re d b y L e a st-C o st D ie ts ,” American Journal of Ag­
ricultural Economics, N o v e m b e r 1983, pp . 7 8 1 - 8 4 .

Automobile Prices and Quality:
Did the Gasoline Price Increase Change Consumer Tastes in
the U.S.? C a m b rid g e , M a s s ., N a tio n a l B u reau o f E co n o m ic

O h ta , M a k o to a n d Z v i G rilic h e s ,

R e se a rc h , I n c ., 1983, 47 pp .


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(nber W o rk in g P a p e r S e ries,

C o v e rm a n , S h e lle y , “ G e n d e r, D o m e stic L a b o r T im e , an d W ag e
I n e q u a lity ,” American Sociological Review, O c to b e r 1983,
pp. 6 2 3 -3 7 .
G re a t B rita in , D e p a rtm e n t o f E m p lo y m e n t, “ P a tte rn s o f Pay: E arly
R e su lts o f the 1983 N e w E a rn in g s S u r v e y ,” Employment
Gazette, O c to b e r 1983, p p . 4 4 4 - 4 6 .
--------" S h o r te r H o u rs T h ro u g h N a tio n a l A g r e e m e n ts ,”
ment Gazette, O c to b e r 1983, pp. 4 3 2 - 3 6 .

Employ­

P rin c e to n U n iv e rsity , Employee Benefits that Meet Special Needs.
P re p a re d by K a th e rin e B a g in . P rin c e to n , N .J ., P rin c eto n U n i­
v e rs ity , In d u strial R e la tio n s S e c tio n , 1983, 4 p p . (S e lec te d
R e fe re n c e s , 2 1 7 .) 5 0 c en ts.
R o c k , M ilto n L ., e d ., Handbook of Wage and Salary Adminis­
tration. 2 d e d . N ew Y o rk , M c G ra w -H ill B o o k C o ., 1984,
8 0 0 pp . $ 5 9 .9 5 .
U .S . B u re au o f L a b o r S ta tistic s , Area Wage Surveys: Selected
Metropolitan Areas, 1982 (B ulletin 3 0 1 5 - 7 3 , 130 p p ., $ 4 .7 5 );

Boston, Massachusetts, Metropolitan Area, August 1983
(B u lle tin 3 0 2 0 - 4 1 , 4 0 p p ., $ 3 .7 5 ); Nassau— Suffolk, New
York, Metropolitan Area, August 1983 (B u lle tin 3 0 2 0 - 4 2 ,
35 p p ., $ 3 .7 5 ); Gainesville, Florida, Metropolitan Area, Sep­
tember 1983 (B u lle tin 3 0 2 0 - 4 3 , 38 p p ., $ 3 .7 5 ); Hartford,
Connecticut, Metropolitan Area, July 1983 (B u lle tin 3 0 2 0 -

55

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Book Reviews
4 4 , 4 3 p p ., $ 3 .7 5 ); Albany— Schenectady— Troy, New York,
Metropolitan Area, September 1983 (B u lle tin 3 0 2 0 - 4 5 , 4 4
p p ., $ 3 .7 5 ); Cleveland, Ohio, Metropolitan Area, September
1983 (B u lle tin 3 0 2 0 - 4 6 , 55 p p ., $4); Miami, Florida, Met­
ropolitan Area, October 1983 (B u lle tin 3 0 2 0 - 4 7 , 35 p p .,
$ 3 .7 5 ); New Orleans, Louisiana, Metropolitan Area, October
1983 (B u lle tin 3 0 2 0 - 4 8 , 33 p p ., $ 3 .7 5 ). A v a ila b le fro m the
S u p e rin te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts, W ash in g to n 2 0 4 0 2 , gpo B o o k ­
s to re s, o r bls re g io n a l offices.
W illia m M . M e rc e r, I n c ., A Report on Salary
ning for 1984. N e w Y o rk , 1983, 5 9 pp.

and Incentive Plan­

Welfare programs and social insurance
C a m p b e ll, C o lin D ., e d ., Controlling the Cost of Social Security.

Life After Early
Retirement: The Experiences of Lower-Level Workers. T o -

M o rs e , D e a n W ., A n n a B . D u tk a , S u san H . G ra y ,

to w a , N .J ., R o w m a n & A lla n h e ld , P u b lish e rs, 1983, 192 p p .
$25.
N o u m i, K a ts u m i, “ F in a n c in g o f S o c ial S e c u rity M e d ic a l S c h e m e s
a n d th e C o n ta in m e n t o f C o sts: T h e Ja p a n e se E x p e r ie n c e ,”
International Social Security Review, V o l. 2 , 1983, pp . 180—
90 .

Worker training and development
Employment and
Training Programs for Young People: Analysis of Assistance
in 1980-81. C a n b e rra C ity , A u s tra lia , A u s tra lia n B u re a u o f

A u s tra lia , B u re a u o f L a b o r M a rk e t R e se a rc h ,

L a b o r M a rk e t R e s e a rc h , 1983, 4 6 p p . (R e se a rc h R e p o rt, 2 .)

W a s h in g to n , A m e ric a n E n te rp rise In stitu te fo r P u b lic P o licy
R e s e a rc h , 1 983, 267 p p . $ 2 5 .9 5 , D .C . H e ath a n d C o ., L e x ­
in g to n B o o k s, L e x in g to n , M ass.

B la k e m o re , A rth u r E . an d S tu a rt A . L o w , “ R a ce a n d th e A c q u i­
sition of and R etu rn s to O n -th e-Jo b T raining (ojt) fo r Y o u th ,”
Industrial Relations, F a ll 1983, pp . 3 7 4 - 8 6 .

H a y - H u g g in s C o ., In c. Social Security’: Incorporating Changes
to August 1, 1983. P h ila d e lp h ia , P a ., H a y - H u g g in s C o ., I n c .,
1 9 8 3 , 2 4 p p . (B o o k le t, 23)

G re a t B rita in , D e p a rtm e n t o f E m p lo y m e n t, “ T ra in in g fo r th e F u ­
t u r e ,” by R a lp h P itm a n , Employment Gazette, S e p te m b e r
1983, p p . 3 8 3 - 8 5 .
“ M e a su rin g T ra in in g E ffe c tiv e n e s s ,”
N o v e m b e r 1983, p p . 1 9 - 5 7 .

p h ia , P a ., T e m p le U n iv e rsity P re ss , 1983, 353 p p . $ 3 9 .9 5 .

N a tio n a l C o u n c il on E m p lo y m e n t P o lic y ,

K a m e rm a n , S h e ila B. an d A lfre d J. K a h n , “ In c o m e T ra n s fe rs an d
M o th e r-O n ly F a m ilie s in E ig h t C o u n tr ie s ,” Social Service
Review, S e p te m b e r 1983, p p . 4 4 8 - 6 4 .

56

Personnel Administrator,

Income Transfers for
Families with Children: An Eight-Country Study. P h ila d e l­

K a h n , A lfre d J. a n d S h e ila B. K a m e rm a n ,


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Back to Basics Under
the Job Training Partnership Act ( j t p a : A Policy Statement
by the National Council on Employment Policy. W a s h in g to n ,
1983, 21 pp.

Current
Labor Statistics
Notes on Current Labor Statistics.....................................................................................................................................................

58

Schedule of release dates for major BLS statistical series ...........................................................................................

58

Employment data from household survey. Definitions and notes .........................................................................

59
59
60
61
62
62
63
63
63

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Employment status of the noninstitutional population, 16 years and over, selected years, 1950-83 ................................
Employment status of the population, including Armed Forces in the United States, by sex, seasonally adjusted . . . .
Employment status of the civilian population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted ..................
Selected employment indicators, seasonally ad ju sted ......................................................................................................................
Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally ad ju sted .................................................................................................................
Unemployment rates, by sex and age, seasonally adjusted ...........................................................................................................
Unemployed persons, by reason for unemployment, seasonally ad ju sted ..................................................................................
Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted...............................................................................................................................

Employment, hours, and earnings data from establishment surveys. Definitions and notes
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

Employment by industry, selected years, 1950-83 ........................................................................................................................
Employment by State ..............................................................................................................................................................................
Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally a d ju sted ......................................................
Hours and earnings, by industry division, selected years, 1950-83 ...........................................................................................
Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted ..................................................
Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group ....................................................................................
Hourly Earnings Index, by industry division ...................................................................................................................................
Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing g r o u p ....................................................................................
Indexes of diffusion: industries in which employment in creased ..........................................................................

Unemployment insurance data. Definitions.....................................................................................
....................................................................................................

71
71

.......................................................................................................................................................
Consumer Price Index, 1967-83 ..........................................................................................................................................................
Consumer Price Index, U .S. city average, general summary and selected it e m s ....................................................................
Consumer Price Index, cross-classification of region and population size c l a s s ......................................................................
Consumer Price Index, selected areas .................................................................................................................................................
Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing ...............................................................................................................................
Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings ..........................................................................................................................
Producer Price Indexes, by special commodity groupings .............................................................................................................
Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product ............................................................................................................................
Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries ...............................................................................................

72
73
73
80
81
82
83
84
84
85

18. Unemployment insurance and employment service operations

Price data. Definitions and notes
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.

Productivity data. Definitions and notes
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.

.....................................................................................................................................
Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years, 1948-82 ................................................
Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years, 1950-83 ...........................
Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1972-83 .....................................................
Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted .............................
Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation,unit costs, and p r ic e s...............

Wage and compensation data. Definitions and notes
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.

64
65
65
66
67
68
69
69
70
70

.....................................................................................................
Employment Cost Index, total compensation, by occupation and industry group ..................................................................
Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group ..................................................................
Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size ......................................
Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements, 1978 to d a te ......................................................
Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more, 1978 to date ....................

Work stoppage data. Definition

.........................................................................................................................................................
38. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 1947 to date ...............................................................................................


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

86
86
87
87
89
89
90
91
92
93
94
94
95
95

NOTES ON CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS

T h is se c tio n o f th e

Review p re sen ts

the p rin c ip a l sta tistica l series

quarter to quarter are published for numerous Consumer and Producer
Price Index series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published
for the U .S. average. All Items CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent
changes are available for this series. Adjustments for price changes. Some
data are adjusted to eliminate the effect of changes in price. These ad­
justments are made by dividing current dollar values by the Consumer
Price Index or the appropriate component of the index, then multiplying
by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate of $3 and a current
price index number of 150, where 1967 = 100, the hourly rate expressed
in 1967 dollars is $2 ($3/150 x 100 = $2). The resulting values are
described as “ real,” “ constant,” or “ 1967” dollars.

c o lle c te d an d c a lc u la te d by the B u re au o f L a b o r S ta tistic s. A b rie f
in tro d u c tio n to e ac h g ro u p o f tab le s p ro v id es d e fin itio n s, n o tes on
th e d a ta , so u rc e s , a n d o th e r m ate ria l u su a lly fo u n d in fo o tn o te s.
R e a d e rs w h o n e ed a d d itio n al in fo rm a tio n are in v ite d to c o n su lt
th e B L S re g io n a l offices liste d on the in sid e fro n t c o v e r o f this
issu e o f th e

Review.

S o m e g en eral n o tes a p p lic ab le to se v e ra l series

are g iv e n b e lo w .

Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to
eliminate the effect of such factors as climatic conditions, industry pro­
duction schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying periods,
and vacation practices, which might otherwise mask short-term movements
o f the statistical series. Tables containing these data are identified as “ sea­
sonally adjusted.” Seasonal effects are estimated on the basis of past
experience. When new seasonal factors are computed each year, revisions
may affect seasonally adjusted data for several preceding years.
Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 3 - 8 were revised in the
February 1984 issue o f the R e v i e w , to reflect experience through 1983.
Beginning in January 1980, the BLS introduced two major modifications
in the seasonal adjustment methodology for labor force data. First, the
data are being seasonally adjusted with a new procedure called X -11/
ARIMA, which was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension of the
standard X -l 1 method. A detailed description of the procedure appears in
T h e X - l I A R I M A S e a s o n a l A d j u s t m e n t M e t h o d by Estela Bee Dagum
(Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 12-564E, February 1980). The second
change is that seasonal factors are now being calculated for use during the
first 6 months o f the year, rather than for the entire year, and then are
calculated at mid-year for the July-December period. Revisions of historical
data continue to be made only at the end of each calendar year.
Annual revision of the seasonally adjusted payroll data shown in tables
11, 13, and 15 were made in July 1983 using the X-l 1 ARIMA seasonal
adjustment methodology. New seasonal factors for productivity data in
tables 29 and 30 are usually introduced in the September issue. Seasonally
adjusted indexes and percent changes from month to month and from

Availability of information. Data that supplement the tables in this section
are published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in a variety of sources.
Press releases provide the latest statistical information published by the
Bureau; the major recurring releases are published according to the schedule
given below. More information from household and establishment surveys
is provided in E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s , a monthly publication of the
Bureau. Comparable household information is published in a two-volume
data book - L a b o r F o r c e S t a t i s t i c s D e r i v e d F r o m th e C u r r e n t P o p u l a t i o n
S u r v e y , Bulletin 2096. Comparable establishment information appears in
two data books - E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s , U n i t e d S t a t e s , and E m p l o y ­
m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s , S t a t e s a n d A r e a s , and their annual supplements. More
detailed information on wages and other aspects of collective bargaining
appears in the monthly periodical, C u r r e n t W a g e D e v e l o p m e n t s . More
detailed price information is published each month in the periodicals, the
C P I D e t a i l e d R e p o r t and P r o d u c e r P r i c e s a n d P r i c e I n d e x e s .

Symbols
p = preliminary. To improve the timeliness of some series, pre­
liminary figures are issued based on representative but in­
complete returns.
r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability of
later data but may also reflect other adjustments,
n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.

Schedule of release dates for BLS statistical series
S e r ie s

R e le a s e

P e r io d

R e le a s e

P e r io d

R e le a s e

P e r io d

M L R ta b le

d a te

c o v e re d

d a te

c o v e re d

d a te

co v e re d

num ber

E m p lo y m e n t s it u a tio n

. . . .

A p r il 6

M a rc h

M ay 4

A p r il

June 1

May

1 -1 1

P r o d u c e r P r ic e I n d e x

..................

A p r il 1 3

M a rc h

M a y 11

A p r il

Ju n e 15

May

2 3 -2 7

C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x ..............................

A p r il 2 4

M a rc h

M ay 22

A p r il

June 22

May

1 9 -2 2

R e a l e a r n i n g s .........................................................

A p r il 2 4

M a rc h

M ay 22

A p r il

Ju n e 22

May

1 2 -1 6

A p r il 2 6

1 s t q u a r te r

M a jo r c o lle c tiv e b a r g a in in g s e t t le m e n t s . . . .

A p r il 2 7

1 s t q u a r te r

E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x ................................................

A p r il 3 0

1 s t q u a r te r

P r o d u c t i v it y a n d c o s ts :

N o n f a r m b u s in e s s a n d m a n u fa c t u r in g

. . .

N o n f in a n c ia l c o r p o r a t i o n s ........................................

58

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

?q
M ay 29

1 s t q u a r te r

3?

2 9 -3 2

3 6 -3 7
3 3 -3 5

EMPLOYMENT DATA FROM THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY

in this section are obtained from the Current
Population Survey, a program of personal interviews conducted
monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor
Statistics. The sample consists of about 60,000 households selected
to represent the U.S population 16 years of age and older. House­
holds are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of
the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months.
E m plo y m en t d a ta

Definitions
Employed persons include (1) all civilians who worked for pay any
time during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who
worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and
(2) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because of
illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. Members of the
Armed Forces stationed in the United States are also included in the em­
ployed total. A person working at more than one job is counted only in
the job at which he or she worked the greatest number of hours.
Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey
week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and had
looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look
for work because they were on layoff or waiting to start new jobs within
the next 30 days are also counted among the unemployed. The overall
unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of
the labor force, including the resident Armed Forces. The unemployment

1.

rate for all civilian workers represents the number unemployed as a percent
of the civilian labor force.
The labor force consists of all employed or unemployed civilians plus
members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. Persons not
in the labor force are those not classified as employed or unemployed;
this group includes persons who are retired, those engaged in their own
housework, those not working while attending school, those unable to
work because of long-term illness, those discouraged from seeking work
because of personal or job market factors, and those who are voluntarily
idle. The noninstitutional population comprises all persons 16 years of
age and older who are not inmates of penal or mental institutions, sani­
tariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy, and members of the
Armed Forces stationed in the United States. The labor force participation
rate is the proportion of the noninstitutional population that is in the labor
force. The employment-population ratio is total employment (including
the resident Armed Forces) as a percent of the noninstitutional population.

Notes on the data
From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments
are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating
errors during the preceding years. These adjustments affect the compara­
bility of historical data presented in table 1. A description of these ad­
justments and their effect on the various data series appear in the Explanatory
Notes of E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s .
Data in tables 2 - 8 are seasonally adjusted, based on the seasonal ex­
perience through December 1983.

Employment status of the noninstitutional population, 16 years and over, selected years, 1950-83

[Numbers in thousands]
L a b o r fo rc e
E m p lo y e d

U n e m p lo y e d

N o n in s t i­
Year

p o p u la tio n

N o t in

C iv ilia n

tu t io n a l

P e rc e n t ot

R e s id e n t

N um ber
p o p u la tio n

P erce n t of

P erce n t of
T o ta l

N o n a g r i-

A rm e d
p o p u la t io n
F o rce s

T o ta l

A g r ic u ltu re

N um ber

c u ltu ra l

la b o r fo rc e

la b o r
fo rc e

in d u s t r ie s

1950

......................

1 0 6 ,1 6 4

6 3 ,3 7 7

5 9 .7

6 0 ,0 8 7

5 6 .6

1 ,1 6 9

5 8 ,9 1 8

7 ,1 6 0

5 1 ,7 5 8

3 ,2 8 8

5 .2

1955

......................

1 1 1 ,7 4 7

6 7 ,0 8 7

6 0 .0

6 4 ,2 3 4

5 7 .5

2 ,0 6 4

6 2 ,1 7 0

6 ,4 5 0

5 5 ,7 2 2

2 ,8 5 2

4 .3

4 4 ,6 6 0

1960

......................

1 1 9 ,1 0 6

7 1 ,4 8 9

6 0 .0

6 7 ,6 3 9

5 6 .8

1 ,8 6 1

6 5 ,7 7 8

5 ,4 5 8

6 0 ,3 1 8

3 ,8 5 2

5 .4

4 6 ,6 1 7

1965

......................

1 2 8 ,4 5 9

7 6 ,4 0 1

5 9 .5

7 3 ,0 3 4

5 6 .9

1 ,9 4 6

7 1 ,0 8 8

4 ,3 6 1

6 6 ,7 2 6

3 ,3 6 6

4 .4

1966

......................

1 3 0 ,1 8 0

7 7 ,8 9 2

5 9 .8

7 5 ,0 1 7

5 7 .6

2 ,1 2 2

7 2 ,8 9 5

3 ,9 7 9

6 8 ,9 1 5

2 ,8 7 5

3 .7

5 2 ,2 8 8

1967

......................

1 3 2 ,0 9 2

7 9 ,5 6 5

6 0 .2

7 6 ,5 9 0

5 8 .0

2 ,2 1 8

7 4 ,3 7 2

3 ,8 4 4

7 0 ,5 2 7

2 ,9 7 5

3 .7

5 2 ,5 2 7

1968

......................

1 3 4 ,2 8 1

8 0 ,9 9 0

6 0 .3

7 8 ,1 7 3

5 8 .2

2 ,2 5 3

7 5 ,9 2 0

3 ,8 1 7

7 2 ,1 0 3

2 ,8 1 7

3 .5

5 3 ,2 9 1

1969

......................

1 3 6 ,5 7 3

8 2 ,9 7 2

6 0 .8

8 0 ,1 4 0

5 8 .7

2 ,2 3 8

7 7 ,9 0 2

3 ,6 0 6

7 4 ,2 9 6

2 ,8 3 2

3 .4

5 3 ,6 0 2

1970

......................

1 3 9 ,2 0 3

8 4 ,8 8 9

6 1 .0

8 0 ,7 9 6

5 8 .0

2 ,1 1 8

7 8 ,6 7 8

3 ,4 6 3

7 5 ,2 1 5

4 ,0 9 3

4 .8

5 4 ,3 1 5

4 2 ,7 8 7

5 2 ,0 5 8

1971

......................

1 4 2 ,1 8 9

8 6 ,3 5 5

6 0 .7

8 1 ,3 4 0

5 7 .2

1 ,9 7 3

7 9 ,3 6 7

3 ,3 9 4

7 5 ,9 7 2

5 ,0 1 6

5 .8

5 5 ,8 3 4

1972

......................

1 4 5 ,9 3 9

8 8 ,8 4 7

6 0 .9

8 3 ,9 6 6

5 7 .5

1 ,8 1 3

8 2 ,1 5 3

3 ,4 8 4

7 8 ,6 6 9

4 ,8 8 2

5 .5

5 7 ,0 9 1

1973

......................

1 4 8 ,8 7 0

9 1 ,2 0 3

6 1 .3

8 6 ,8 3 8

5 8 .3

1 ,7 7 4

8 5 .0 6 4

3 .4 7 0

8 1 ,5 9 4

4 ,3 5 5

4 .8

5 7 ,6 6 7

1974

......................

1 5 1 ,8 4 1

9 3 ,6 7 0

6 1 .7

8 8 ,5 1 5

5 8 .3

1 ,7 2 1

8 6 .7 9 4

3 ,5 1 5

8 3 ,2 7 9

5 ,1 5 6

5 .5

5 8 .1 7 1

1975

......................

1 5 4 ,8 3 1

9 5 ,4 5 3

6 1 .6

8 7 ,5 2 4

5 6 .5

1 ,6 7 8

8 5 .8 4 5

3 ,4 0 8

8 2 .4 3 8

7 ,9 2 9

8 .3

5 9 ,3 7 7

1976

......................

1 5 7 ,8 1 8

9 7 ,8 2 6

6 2 .0

9 0 ,4 2 0

5 7 .3

1 ,6 6 8

8 8 ,7 5 2

3 ,3 3 1

8 5 ,4 2 1

7 ,4 0 6

7 .6

5 9 ,9 9 1

1977

......................

1 6 0 ,6 8 9

1 0 0 ,6 6 5

6 2 .6

9 3 ,6 7 3

5 8 .3

1 ,6 5 6

9 2 ,0 1 7

3 ,2 8 3

8 8 ,7 3 4

6 ,9 9 1

6 .9

6 0 ,0 2 5

1978

......................

1 5 3 ,5 4 1

1 0 3 ,8 8 2

6 3 .5

9 7 ,6 7 9

5 9 .7

1 ,6 3 1

9 6 ,0 4 8

3 ,3 8 7

9 2 ,6 6 1

6 .2 0 2

6 .0

5 9 ,6 5 9

1979

......................

1 6 6 ,4 6 0

1 0 6 ,5 5 9

6 4 .0

1 0 0 ,4 2 1

6 0 .3

1 ,5 9 7

9 8 ,8 2 4

3 ,3 4 7

9 5 ,4 7 7

6 ,1 3 7

5 .8

5 9 ,9 0 0

1980

......................

1 6 9 ,3 4 9

1 0 8 ,5 4 4

6 4 .1

1 0 0 ,9 0 7

5 9 .6

1 ,6 0 4

9 9 ,3 0 3

3 ,3 6 4

9 5 ,9 3 8

7 ,6 3 7

7 .0

6 0 ,8 0 6
6 1 ,4 6 0

1981

......................

1 7 1 ,7 7 5

1 1 0 ,3 1 5

6 5 .2

1 0 2 ,0 4 2

5 9 .4

1 ,6 4 5

1 0 0 ,3 9 7

3 ,3 6 8

9 7 ,0 3 0

8 ,2 7 3

7 .5

1982

......................

1 7 3 ,9 3 9

1 1 1 ,8 7 2

6 4 .3

1 0 1 ,1 9 4

5 8 .2

1 ,6 6 8

9 9 ,5 2 6

3 ,4 0 1

9 6 ,1 2 5

1 0 ,5 7 8

9 .5

6 2 ,0 6 7

1983

......................

1 7 5 ,8 9 1

1 1 3 ,2 2 6

6 4 .4

1 0 2 ,5 1 0

5 8 .3

1 ,6 7 6

1 0 0 ,8 3 4

3 ,3 8 3

9 7 ,4 5 0

1 0 ,7 1 7

9 .5

6 2 ,6 6 5


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

59

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data
2.

Employment status of the population, including Armed Forces in the United States, by sex, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]
A n n u al a v e ra g e

1983

1984

E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s a n d s e x
1982

1983

Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

June

J u ly

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

D ec.

Jan.

Feb.

TOTAL

...................................

1 7 3 ,9 3 9

1 7 5 ,8 9 1

1 7 5 ,1 6 9

1 7 5 ,3 2 0

1 7 5 ,4 6 5

1 7 5 ,6 2 2

1 7 5 ,7 9 3

1 7 5 ,9 7 0

1 7 6 ,1 2 2

1 7 6 ,2 9 7

1 7 6 ,4 7 4

1 7 6 ,6 3 6

1 7 6 ,8 0 9

1 7 7 ,2 1 9

1 7 7 ,3 6 3

.......................................................................

1 1 1 ,8 7 2

1 1 3 ,2 2 6

1 1 2 ,3 5 2

1 1 2 ,3 9 9

1 1 2 ,6 4 6

1 1 2 ,6 1 9

1 1 3 ,5 7 3

1 1 3 ,4 8 9

1 1 3 ,7 9 9

1 1 3 ,9 2 4

1 1 3 ,5 6 1

1 1 3 ,7 2 0

1 1 3 ,8 2 4

1 1 3 ,9 0 1

1 1 4 ,3 7 7

6 4 .3

6 4 .4

6 4 .1

6 4 .1

6 4 .2

6 4 .1

6 4 .6

6 4 .5

6 4 .6

6 4 .6

6 4 .3

6 4 .4

6 4 .4

6 4 .3

6 4 .5

1 0 1 ,1 9 4

1 0 2 ,5 1 0

1 0 0 ,8 3 6

1 0 0 ,9 8 0

1 0 1 ,2 7 7

1 0 1 ,4 3 1

1 0 2 ,4 1 1

1 0 2 ,8 8 9

1 0 3 ,1 6 6

1 0 3 ,5 7 1

1 0 3 ,6 6 5

1 0 4 ,2 9 1

1 0 4 ,6 2 9

1 0 4 ,8 7 6

1 0 5 ,5 7 6

5 8 .2

5 8 .3

5 7 .6

5 7 .6

5 7 .7

5 7 .8

5 8 .3

5 8 .5

5 8 .6

5 8 .7

5 8 .7

5 9 .0

5 9 .2

5 9 .2

5 9 .5

N o n i n s t i t u t io n a l p o p u l a t i o n 1 - 2
L a b o r fo rc e 2

P a r tic ip a t io n r a te 3

........................................

T o t a l e m p lo y e d 2
E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a te 4

. . . .

...............................

1 ,6 6 8

1 ,6 7 6

1 ,6 6 4

1 ,6 6 4

1 ,6 7 1

1 ,6 6 9

1 ,6 6 8

1 ,6 6 4

1 ,6 8 2

1 ,6 9 5

1 ,6 9 5

1 ,6 8 5

1 ,6 8 8

1 ,6 8 6

1 ,6 8 4

C iv ilia n e m p l o y e d .................................................

9 9 ,5 2 6

1 0 0 ,8 3 4

9 9 ,1 7 2

9 9 ,3 1 6

9 9 ,6 0 6

9 9 ,7 6 2

1 0 0 ,7 4 3

1 0 1 ,2 2 5

1 0 1 ,4 8 4

1 0 1 ,8 7 6

1 0 1 ,9 7 0

1 0 2 ,6 0 6

1 0 2 ,9 4 1

1 0 3 ,1 9 0

1 0 3 ,8 9 2

R e s id e n t A r m e d F o r c e s 1

..........................................................

3 ,4 0 1

3 ,3 8 3

3 ,4 1 5

3 ,3 8 6

3 ,3 9 2

3 ,3 7 4

3 ,4 7 9

3 ,4 9 9

3 ,4 4 9

3 ,3 0 8

3 ,2 4 0

3 ,2 5 7

3 ,3 5 6

3 ,2 7 1

3 ,3 9 5

N o n a g r ic u l t u r a l i n d u s t r i e s ......................

9 6 ,1 2 5

9 7 ,4 5 0

9 5 ,7 5 7

9 5 ,9 3 0

9 6 ,2 1 4

9 6 ,3 8 8

9 7 ,2 6 4

9 7 ,7 2 6

9 8 ,0 3 5

9 8 ,5 6 8

9 8 ,7 3 0

9 9 ,3 4 9

9 9 ,5 8 5

9 9 ,9 1 8

1 0 0 ,4 9 6

U n e m p l o y e d ...................................................................

1 0 ,6 7 8

1 0 ,7 1 7

1 1 ,5 1 6

1 1 ,4 1 9

1 1 ,3 6 9

1 1 ,1 8 8

1 1 ,1 6 2

1 0 ,6 0 0

1 0 ,6 3 3

1 0 ,3 5 3

9 ,8 9 6

9 ,4 2 9

9 ,1 9 5

9 ,0 2 6

8 ,8 0 1

A g r ic u l t u r e

U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te 5 ....................................

9 .5

9 .5

1 0 .2

1 0 .2

1 0 .1

9 .9

9 .8

9 .3

9 .3

9 .1

8 .7

8 .3

8 .1

7 .9

7 .7

6 2 ,0 6 7

6 2 ,6 6 5

6 2 ,8 1 7

6 2 ,9 2 1

6 2 ,8 1 9

6 3 ,0 0 3

6 2 ,2 2 0

6 2 ,4 8 1

6 2 ,3 2 3

6 2 ,3 7 3

6 2 ,9 1 3

6 2 ,9 1 6

6 2 ,9 8 5

6 3 ,3 1 8

6 2 ,9 8 6

...................................

8 3 ,0 5 2

.......................................................................

N o t In la b o r f o r c e

..........................................................

M e n , 16 y e a rs and over

8 4 ,0 6 4

8 3 ,7 2 0

8 3 ,7 8 9

8 3 ,8 5 6

8 3 ,9 3 1

8 4 ,0 1 4

8 4 ,0 9 9

8 4 ,1 7 3

8 4 ,2 6 1

8 4 ,3 4 4

8 4 ,4 2 3

8 4 ,5 0 6

8 4 ,7 4 5

8 4 ,8 1 1

6 3 ,9 7 9

6 4 ,5 8 0

6 4 ,0 7 7

6 4 ,0 9 6

6 4 ,3 1 1

6 4 ,3 4 8

6 4 ,7 7 8

6 4 ,8 4 0

6 4 ,8 0 7

6 4 ,8 7 7

6 4 ,7 0 9

6 4 ,8 4 6

6 4 ,8 3 8

6 4 ,9 3 0

6 5 ,0 9 3

........................................

7 7 .0

7 6 .8

7 6 .5

7 6 .5

7 6 .7

7 6 .7

7 7 .1

7 7 .1

7 7 .0

7 7 .0

7 6 .7

7 6 .8

7 6 .7

7 6 .6

7 6 .8

T o t a l e m p lo y e d 2 ..........................................................

5 7 ,8 0 0

5 8 ,3 2 0

5 7 ,3 2 1

5 7 ,4 2 3

5 7 ,5 8 9

5 7 ,7 4 4

5 8 ,3 6 9

5 8 ,5 9 2

5 8 ,6 0 7

5 8 ,8 2 8

5 8 ,9 5 0

5 9 ,3 8 9

5 9 ,5 8 0

5 9 ,7 8 1

6 0 ,1 4 7

N o n i n s t i t u t io n a l p o p u l a t i o n 1 - 2
L a b o r fo rc e 2

P a r tic ip a t io n r a te 3

E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a te 4
R e s id e n t A r m e d F o r c e s 1

. . . .

6 9 .6

6 9 .4

6 8 .5

6 8 .5

6 8 .7

6 8 .8

69 5

6 9 .7

6 9 .6

6 9 .8

6 9 .9

7 0 .3

7 0 .5

7 0 .5

7 0 .9

...............................

1 ,5 2 7

1 ,5 3 3

1 ,5 2 8

1 ,5 2 8

1 ,5 3 0

1 ,5 2 8

1 ,5 2 5

1 ,5 2 1

1 ,5 3 8

1 ,5 4 9

1 ,5 4 3

1 ,5 3 4

1 ,5 3 7

1 ,5 4 2

1 ,5 4 0

C iv ilia n e m p l o y e d .................................................

5 6 ,2 7 1

5 6 ,7 8 7

5 5 ,7 9 3

5 5 ,8 9 5

5 6 ,0 5 9

5 6 ,2 1 6

5 6 ,8 4 4

5 7 ,0 7 1

5 7 ,0 6 9

5 7 ,2 7 9

5 7 ,4 0 7

5 7 ,8 5 5

5 8 ,0 4 3

5 8 ,2 3 9

5 8 ,6 0 7

U n e m p l o y e d ...................................................................

6 ,1 7 9

6 ,2 6 0

6 ,7 5 6

6 ,6 7 3

6 ,7 2 2

6 ,6 0 4

6 ,4 0 9

6 ,2 4 8

6 ,2 0 0

6 ,0 4 9

5 ,7 5 9

5 ,4 5 7

5 ,2 5 8

5 ,1 4 9

4 ,9 4 6

U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te 5 ....................................

9 .7

9 .7

1 0 .5

1 0 .4

1 0 .5

1 0 .3

9 .9

9 .6

9 .6

9 .3

8 .9

8 .4

8 .1

7 .9

7 .6

W o m e n , 16 ye a rs an d over

N o n i n s t i t u t io n a l p o p u l a t i o n 1 - 2
L a b o r fo rc e 2

....................................

9 0 ,8 8 7

9 1 ,8 2 7

9 1 ,4 4 9

9 1 ,5 3 2

9 1 ,6 0 9

9 1 ,6 9 1

9 1 ,7 7 9

9 1 ,8 7 1

9 1 ,9 4 9

9 2 ,0 3 6

9 2 ,1 2 9

9 2 ,2 1 4

9 2 ,3 0 2

9 2 ,4 7 4

9 2 ,5 5 2

.......................................................................

4 7 ,8 9 4

4 8 ,6 4 6

4 8 ,2 7 5

4 8 ,3 0 3

4 8 ,3 3 5

4 8 ,2 7 1

4 8 ,7 9 5

4 8 ,6 4 9

4 8 ,9 9 2

4 9 ,0 4 7

4 8 ,8 5 2

4 8 ,8 7 4

4 8 ,9 8 6

4 8 ,9 7 1

4 9 ,2 8 3

5 2 .7

5 3 .0

5 2 .8

5 2 .8

5 2 .8

5 2 .6

5 3 .2

5 3 .0

5 3 .3

53 3

5 3 .0

5 3 .0

5 3 .1

5 3 .0

5 3 .2

4 3 ,3 9 5

4 4 ,1 9 0

4 3 ,5 1 5

4 3 ,5 5 7

4 3 ,6 8 8

4 3 ,6 8 7

4 4 ,0 4 2

4 4 ,2 9 7

4 4 ,5 5 9

4 4 ,7 4 3

4 4 ,7 1 5

4 4 ,9 0 2

4 5 ,0 4 9

4 5 ,0 9 4

4 5 ,4 2 9

4 7 .7

4 8 .1

4 7 .6

4 7 .7

4 7 .6

4 8 .0

4 8 .2

4 8 .5

P a r tic ip a t io n r a te 3

........................................

T o t a l e m p lo y e d 2 ..........................................................
E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a te 4

. . . .

4 8 .6

4 8 .5

4 8 .7

4 8 .8

4 8 .8

4 9 .1

139

143

136

136

1 41

141

143

143

144

146

152

151

151

144

144

4 3 ,2 5 6

4 4 ,0 4 7

4 3 ,3 7 9

4 3 ,4 2 1

4 3 ,5 4 7

4 3 ,5 4 6

4 3 ,8 9 9

4 4 ,1 5 4

4 4 ,4 1 5

4 4 ,5 9 7

4 4 ,5 6 3

4 4 ,7 5 1

4 4 ,8 9 8

4 4 ,9 5 0

4 5 ,2 8 5

U n e m p l o y e d ...................................................................

4 ,4 9 9

4 ,4 5 7

4 ,7 6 0

4 ,7 4 6

4 ,6 4 7

4 ,5 8 4

4 ,7 5 3

4 ,3 5 2

4 ,4 3 3

4 ,3 0 4

4 ,1 3 7

3 ,9 7 2

3 ,9 3 7

3 ,8 7 6

3 ,8 5 5

U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te 5 ...................................

9 .4

9 .2

9 .9

9 .8

9 .6

9 .5

9 .7

8 .9

9 .0

8 .8

8 .5

8 .1

8 .0

7 .9

7 .8

R e s id e n t A r m e d F o r c e s 1

1 T h e p o p u la tio n a n d A r m e d F o r c e s f ig u r e s a r e n o t a d ju s t e d f o r s e a s o n a l v a r ia tio n .

4 T o ta l e m p lo y e d a s a p e r c e n t o f t h e n o n i n s t it u t i o n a l p o p u la tio n .

2 I n c lu d e s m e m b e r s o f t h e A r m e d F o r c e s s ta t io n e d in t h e U n ite d S ta te s .

U n e m p l o y m e n t a s a p e r c e n t o f t h e la b o r f o r c e ( in c lu d in g t h e r e s id e n t A r m e d F o r c e s ) .

3 L a b o r f o r c e a s a p e r c e n t o f t h e n o n i n s t it u t i o n a l p o p u la tio n .

60

4 7 .6

...............................

C iv ilia n e m p l o y e d .................................................


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.

Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]
A n n u al av e ra g e

1983

1984

E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s
1982

1983

Feb.

M ar.

A p r.

M ay

June

J u ly

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

D ec.

Jan.

Feb.

TOTAL

C iv ilia n n o n in s t it u t i o n a l p o p u l a t i o n 1

......................

1 7 2 ,2 7 1

1 7 4 ,2 1 5

1 7 3 ,5 0 5

1 7 3 ,6 5 6

1 7 3 ,7 9 4

1 7 3 ,9 5 3

1 7 4 ,1 2 5

1 7 4 ,3 0 6

1 7 4 ,4 4 0

1 7 4 ,6 0 2

1 7 4 ,7 7 9

1 7 4 ,9 5 1

1 7 5 ,1 2 1

1 7 5 ,5 3 3

1 7 5 ,6 7 9

C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e ..........................................................

1 1 0 ,2 0 4

1 1 1 ,5 5 0

1 1 0 ,6 8 8

1 1 0 ,7 3 5

1 1 0 ,9 7 5

1 1 0 ,9 5 0

1 1 1 ,9 0 5

1 1 1 ,8 2 5

1 1 2 ,1 1 7

1 1 2 ,2 2 9

1 1 1 ,8 6 6

1 1 2 ,0 3 5

1 1 2 ,1 3 6

1 1 2 ,2 1 5

1 1 2 ,6 9 3

P a r tic ip a t io n r a t e .............................................

6 4 .0

6 4 .0

6 3 .8

6 3 .8

6 3 .9

6 3 .8

6 4 .3

6 4 .2

6 4 .3

6 4 .3

6 4 .0

6 4 .0

6 4 .0

6 3 .9

6 4 .1

9 9 ,5 2 6

1 0 0 ,8 3 4

9 9 ,1 7 2

9 9 ,3 1 6

9 9 ,6 0 6

9 9 ,7 6 2

1 0 0 ,7 4 3

1 0 1 ,2 2 5

1 0 1 ,4 8 4

1 0 1 ,8 7 6

1 0 1 ,9 7 0

1 0 2 ,6 0 6

1 0 2 ,9 4 1

1 0 3 ,1 9 0

1 0 3 ,8 9 2

E m p lo y e d

.......................................................................

E m p lo y m e n t- p o p u la t io n r a t i o 2 . . . .

5 7 .8

5 7 .9

5 7 .2

5 7 .2

5 7 .3

5 7 .3

5 7 .9

5 8 .1

5 8 .2

5 8 .3

5 8 .3

5 8 .6

5 8 .8

5 8 .8

5 9 .1

1 0 ,6 7 8

1 0 ,7 1 7

1 1 ,5 1 6

1 1 ,4 1 9

1 1 ,3 6 9

1 1 ,1 8 8

1 1 ,1 6 2

1 0 ,6 0 0

1 0 ,6 3 3

1 0 ,3 5 3

9 ,8 9 6

9 ,4 2 9

9 ,1 9 5

9 ,0 2 6

8 ,8 0 1

....................................

9 .7

9 .6

1 0 .4

1 0 .3

1 0 .2

1 0 .1

1 0 .0

9 .5

9 .5

9 .2

8 .8

8 .4

8 .2

8 .0

7 .8

..........................................................

6 2 ,0 6 7

6 2 ,6 6 5

6 2 ,8 1 7

6 2 ,9 2 1

6 2 ,8 1 9

6 3 ,0 0 3

6 2 ,2 2 0

6 2 ,4 8 1

6 2 ,3 2 3

6 2 ,3 7 3

6 2 ,9 1 3

6 2 ,9 1 6

6 2 ,9 8 5

6 3 ,3 1 8

6 2 ,9 8 6

U n e m p l o y e d ...................................................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te
N o t in la b o r f o r c e

M e n , 2 0 y e a rs an d over

C iv ilia n n o n i n s t it u t i o n a l p o p u l a t i o n 1

......................

7 3 ,6 4 4

7 4 ,8 7 2

7 4 ,4 3 4

7 4 ,5 2 8

7 4 ,6 1 1

7 4 ,7 1 2

7 4 ,8 1 4

7 4 ,9 2 7

7 5 ,0 1 2

7 5 ,1 1 5

7 5 ,2 1 6

7 5 ,3 2 7

7 5 ,4 3 3

7 5 ,6 9 2

7 5 ,7 8 6

C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e ..........................................................

5 7 ,9 8 0

5 8 ,7 4 4

5 8 ,2 2 5

5 8 ,2 6 8

5 8 ,5 1 2

5 8 ,5 4 6

5 8 ,8 4 4

5 8 ,9 8 2

5 8 ,9 5 4

5 9 ,0 1 2

5 8 ,9 4 9

5 9 ,0 5 3

5 9 ,0 5 0

5 9 ,2 9 9

5 9 ,3 9 4

P a r tic ip a t io n r a t e .............................................
E m p lo y e d

...................................................................

7 8 .7

7 8 .5

7 8 .2

7 8 .2

7 8 .4

7 8 .4

7 8 .7

7 8 .7

7 8 .6

7 8 .6

7 8 .4

7 8 .4

7 8 .3

7 8 .3

7 8 .4

5 2 ,8 9 1

5 3 ,4 8 9 7

5 2 ,5 0 8

5 2 ,6 7 3

5 2 ,8 3 0

5 2 ,9 6 3

5 3 ,4 9 2

5 3 ,7 6 5

5 3 ,8 0 4

5 3 ,9 4 7

5 4 ,1 4 0

5 4 ,4 5 7

5 4 ,6 5 8

5 4 ,9 9 9

5 5 ,2 6 6

7 1 .8

7 1 .4

7 0 .5

7 0 .7

7 0 .8

7 0 .9

7 1 .5

7 1 .8

7 1 .7

7 1 .8

7 2 .0

7 2 .3

7 2 .5

7 2 .7

7 2 .9

E m p lo y m e n t- p o p u la t io n r a t i o 2 . . . .

2 ,4 2 2

2 ,4 2 9

2 ,4 0 2

2 ,4 2 5

2 ,4 2 1

2 ,4 4 0

2 ,4 9 7

2 ,5 2 1

2 ,4 7 5

2 ,4 3 1

2 ,3 7 6

2 ,3 3 6

2 ,3 7 4

2 ,3 5 6

2 ,4 0 9

...........................

5 0 .4 6 9

5 1 ,0 5 8

5 0 ,1 0 6

5 0 ,2 4 8

5 0 ,4 0 9

5 0 ,5 2 3

5 0 ,9 9 5

5 1 ,2 4 4

5 1 ,3 2 9

5 1 ,5 1 6

5 1 ,7 6 4

5 2 ,1 2 1

5 2 ,2 8 4

5 2 ,6 4 3

5 2 ,8 5 7

U n e m p l o y e d ...................................................................

A g r i c u l t u r e ...................................................................

5 ,0 8 9

5 ,2 5 7

5 ,7 1 7

5 ,5 9 5

5 ,6 8 2

5 ,5 8 3

5 ,3 5 2

5 ,2 1 7

5 ,1 5 0

5 ,0 6 5

4 ,8 0 9

4 ,5 9 6

4 ,3 9 2

4 ,3 0 0

4 ,1 2 8

8 .8

8 .9

9 .8

9 .6

9 .7

9 .5

9 .1

8 .8

8 .7

8 .6

8 .2

7 .8

7 .4

7 .3

7 .0

N o n a g r ic u ltu r a l in d u s t r ie s

U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te

...................................

W o m e n , 2 0 ye a rs and over

......................

8 2 ,8 6 4

8 4 ,0 6 9

8 3 ,5 9 3

8 3 ,6 9 9

8 3 ,7 9 4

8 3 ,8 9 9

8 4 ,0 0 8

8 4 ,1 2 2

8 4 ,2 2 4

8 4 ,3 3 3

8 4 ,4 4 3

8 4 ,5 5 3

8 4 ,6 6 6

8 4 ,8 6 0

8 4 ,9 6 2

C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e ..........................................................

4 3 ,6 9 9

4 4 ,6 3 6

4 4 ,2 4 8

4 4 ,2 5 9

4 4 ,3 1 1

4 4 ,3 3 1

4 4 ,6 8 4

4 4 ,6 4 7

4 4 ,8 9 6

4 5 ,0 6 2

4 4 ,9 3 6

4 4 ,9 5 3

4 5 ,0 2 4

4 4 ,9 8 1

4 5 ,2 5 8

C iv ilia n n o n in s t it u t i o n a l p o p u l a t i o n 1

P a r tic ip a t io n r a t e ............................................
E m p lo y e d

...................................................................

5 2 .7

5 3 .1

5 2 .9

5 2 .9

5 2 .9

5 2 .8

5 3 .2

5 3 .1

5 3 .3

5 3 .4

5 3 .2

5 3 .2

5 3 .2

5 3 .0

5 3 .3

4 0 ,0 8 6

4 1 ,0 0 4

4 0 ,3 1 5

4 0 ,3 6 8

4 0 ,5 3 1

4 0 ,5 8 3

4 0 ,8 4 7

4 1 ,1 2 3

4 1 ,2 9 8

4 1 ,5 5 0

4 1 ,5 7 0

4 1 ,7 3 8

4 1 ,8 4 3

4 1 ,7 9 8

4 2 ,1 3 8

4 8 .4

4 8 .8

4 8 .2

4 8 .2

4 8 .4

4 8 .4

4 8 .6

4 8 .9

4 9 .0

4 9 .3

4 9 .2

4 9 .4

4 9 .4

4 9 .3

4 9 .6

E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a t i o 2 . . . .
A g r i c u l t u r e ...................................................................

601

620

640

632

621

605

634

613

627

581

597

638

653

625

640

...........................

3 9 ,4 8 5

4 0 ,3 8 4

3 9 ,6 7 5

3 9 ,7 3 6

3 9 ,9 1 0

3 9 ,9 7 8

4 0 ,2 1 3

4 0 ,5 1 0

4 0 ,6 7 1

4 0 ,9 6 9

4 0 ,9 7 3

4 1 ,1 0 0

4 1 ,1 9 0

4 1 ,1 7 4

4 1 ,4 9 8

U n e m p l o y e d ...................................................................

3 ,6 1 3

3 ,6 3 2

3 ,9 3 3

3 ,8 9 1

3 ,7 8 0

3 ,7 4 8

3 ,8 3 7

3 ,5 2 4

3 ,5 9 8

3 ,5 1 2

3 ,3 6 6

3 ,2 1 5

3 ,1 8 1

3 ,1 8 2

3 ,1 2 0

8 .3

8 .1

8 .9

8 .8

8 .5

8 .5

8 .6

7 .9

8 .0

7 .8

7 .5

7 .2

7 .1

7 .1

6 .9

......................

1 5 ,7 6 3

1 5 ,2 7 4

1 5 ,4 7 8

1 5 ,4 2 9

1 5 ,3 8 9

1 5 ,3 4 2

1 5 ,3 0 3

1 5 ,2 5 7

1 5 ,2 0 4

1 5 ,1 5 4

1 5 ,1 2 0

1 5 ,0 7 2

1 5 ,0 2 2

1 4 ,9 8 1

1 4 ,9 3 1

C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e ..........................................................

8 ,5 2 6

8 ,1 7 1

8 ,2 1 5

8 ,2 0 8

8 ,1 5 2

8 ,0 7 3

8 ,3 7 7

8 ,1 9 6

8 ,2 6 7

8 ,1 5 5

7 ,9 8 1

8 ,0 2 9

8 ,0 6 2

7 ,9 3 5

8 ,0 4 1

N o n a g r ic u ltu r a l in d u s t r ie s

U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te

....................................

B o th s e x e s , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s

C iv ilia n n o n in s t it u t i o n a l p o p u l a t i o n 1

P a r tic ip a t io n r a t e ............................................
E m p lo y e d

...................................................................

5 4 .1

5 3 .5

5 3 .1

5 3 .2

5 3 .0

5 2 .6

5 4 .7

5 3 .7

5 4 .4

5 3 .8

5 2 .8

5 3 .3

5 3 .7

5 3 .0

5 3 .9

6 ,5 4 9

6 ,3 4 2

6 ,3 4 9

6 ,2 7 5

6 ,2 4 5

6 ,2 1 6

6 ,4 0 4

6 ,3 3 7

6 ,3 8 2

6 ,3 7 9

6 ,2 6 0

6 ,4 1 1

6 ,4 4 0

6 ,3 9 2

6 ,4 8 8

4 1 .5

4 1 .5

4 1 .0

4 0 .7

4 0 .6

4 0 .5

4 1 .8

4 1 .5

4 2 .0

4 2 .1

4 1 .4

4 2 .5

4 2 .9

4 2 .7

4 3 .5

E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a t i o 2 . . . .
A g r i c u l t u r e ...................................................................

378

334

373

329

350

329

348

365

347

296

267

283

329

290

346

...........................

6 ,1 7 1

6 ,0 0 8

5 ,9 7 6

5 ,9 4 6

5 ,8 9 5

5 ,8 8 7

6 ,0 5 6

5 ,9 7 2

6 ,0 3 5

6 ,0 8 3

5 ,9 9 3

6 ,1 2 8

6 ,1 1 1

6 ,1 0 2

6 ,1 4 2

U n e m p l o y e d ...................................................................

1 ,9 7 7

1 ,8 2 9

1 ,8 6 6

1 ,9 3 3

1 ,9 0 7

1 ,8 5 7

1 ,9 7 3

1 ,8 5 9

1 ,8 8 5

1 ,7 7 6

1 ,7 2 1

1 ,6 1 8

1 ,6 2 2

1 ,5 4 3

1 ,5 5 3

....................................

2 3 .2

2 2 .4

2 2 .7

2 3 .6

2 3 .4

2 3 .0

2 3 .6

2 2 .7

2 2 .8

2 1 .8

2 1 .6

2 0 .2

2 0 .1

1 9 .4

1 9 .3

......................

1 4 9 ,4 4 1

1 5 0 ,8 0 5

1 5 0 ,1 8 7

1 5 0 ,3 8 2

1 5 0 ,5 1 8

1 5 0 ,6 7 1

1 5 0 ,8 1 0

1 5 0 ,9 5 9

1 5 1 ,0 0 3

1 5 1 ,0 2 1

1 5 1 ,1 7 5

1 5 1 ,3 2 4

1 5 1 ,4 8 4

1 5 1 ,9 3 9

1 5 2 ,0 7 9

C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e ..........................................................

9 6 ,1 4 3

9 7 ,0 2 1

9 6 ,2 3 8

9 6 ,2 6 5

9 6 ,4 5 0

9 6 ,4 7 2

9 7 ,2 3 5

9 7 ,2 5 5

9 7 ,4 9 8

9 7 ,5 0 7

9 7 ,3 3 9

9 7 ,5 5 9

9 7 ,7 2 4

9 7 ,8 1 3

N o n a g r ic u ltu r a l I n d u s tr ie s

U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te

W h it e

C iv ilia n n o n in s t it u t i o n a l p o p u l a t i o n 1

P a r tic ip a t io n r a t e ............................................
E m p lo y e d

.......................................................................

6 4 .3

6 4 .1

6 4 .0

6 4 .1

6 4 .0

6 4 .5

6 4 .4

6 4 .6

6 4 .6

6 4 .4

6 4 .5

6 4 .5

6 4 .4

6 4 .6

8 8 ,8 9 3

8 7 ,3 6 7

8 7 ,5 3 0

8 7 ,8 5 4

8 8 ,0 0 4

8 8 ,8 3 6

8 9 ,2 6 0

8 9 ,5 0 3

8 9 ,6 9 3

8 9 ,8 5 1

9 0 ,4 3 0

9 0 ,7 7 9

9 1 ,0 4 4

9 1 ,5 4 4

5 8 .8

5 8 .9

5 8 .2

5 8 .2

5 8 .4

5 8 .4

5 8 .9

5 9 .1

5 9 .3

5 9 .4

5 9 .4

5 9 .8

5 9 .9

5 9 .9

6 0 .2

8 ,2 4 1

8 ,1 2 8

8 ,8 7 1

8 ,7 3 5

8 ,5 9 6

8 ,4 6 8

8 ,3 9 9

7 ,9 9 5

7 ,9 9 5

7 ,8 1 4

7 ,4 8 8

7 ,1 2 9

6 ,9 4 5

6 ,7 6 8

6 ,6 2 3

8 .6

8 .4

9 .2

9 .1

8 .9

8 .8

8 .6

8 .2

8 .2

8 .0

7 .7

7 .3

7 .1

6 .9

6 .7

E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a t i o 2 . . . .
U n e m p l o y e d ...................................................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te

9 8 ,1 6 7

6 4 .3
8 7 ,9 0 3

....................................

B la c k

......................

1 8 ,5 8 4

1 8 ,9 2 5

1 8 ,7 9 6

1 8 ,8 2 3

1 8 ,8 5 1

1 8 ,8 8 0

1 8 ,9 1 1

1 8 ,9 4 2

1 8 ,9 6 6

1 8 ,9 9 4

1 9 ,0 2 6

1 9 ,0 5 7

1 9 ,0 8 6

1 9 ,1 9 6

1 9 ,2 2 2

C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e ..........................................................

1 1 ,3 3 1

1 1 ,6 4 7

1 1 ,5 6 1

1 1 ,5 7 3

1 1 ,6 5 1

1 1 ,6 4 5

1 1 ,7 1 8

1 1 ,7 4 1

1 1 ,7 2 4

1 1 ,7 2 0

1 1 ,5 6 5

1 1 ,6 2 3

1 1 ,6 5 0

1 1 ,6 6 0

1 1 ,8 8 1

P a r tic ip a t io n r a t e ............................................

6 1 .0

6 1 .5

6 1 .5

6 1 .5

6 1 .8

6 1 .7

6 2 .0

6 2 .0

6 1 .8

6 1 .7

6 0 .8

6 1 .0

6 1 .0

6 0 .7

6 1 .8

9 ,1 8 9

9 ,3 7 5

9 ,2 7 2

9 ,2 4 9

9 ,2 4 5

9 ,2 7 7

9 ,3 3 9

9 ,4 4 3

9 ,4 0 8

9 ,5 0 4

9 ,4 4 9

9 ,5 6 3

9 ,5 8 2

9 ,7 0 7

9 ,9 5 8

4 9 .4

4 9 .5

4 9 .3

4 9 .1

4 9 .0

4 9 .1

4 9 .4

4 9 .9

4 9 .6

5 0 .0

4 9 .7

5 0 .2

5 0 .2

5 0 .6

5 1 .8

2 ,1 4 2

2 ,2 7 2

2 ,2 8 9

2 ,3 2 4

2 ,4 0 6

2 ,3 6 8

2 ,3 7 9

2 ,2 9 8

2 ,3 1 6

2 ,2 1 6

2 ,1 1 6

2 ,0 6 0

2 ,0 6 8

1 ,9 5 3

1 ,9 2 3

1 8 .9

1 9 .5

1 9 .8

2 0 .1

2 0 .7

2 0 .3

2 0 .3

1 9 .6

1 9 .8

1 8 .9

1 8 .3

1 7 .7

1 7 .8

1 6 .7

1 6 .2

C iv ilia n n o n i n s t it u t i o n a l p o p u l a t i o n 1

E m p lo y e d

.......................................................................

E m p lo y m e n t- p o p u la t io n r a t i o 2 . . . .
U n e m p l o y e d ...................................................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te

...................................

H is p a n ic o r ig in

C iv ilia n n o n i n s t it u t i o n a l p o p u l a t i o n 1

......................

9 ,4 0 0

1 2 ,7 7 1

9 ,3 6 8

9 ,5 5 1

9 ,6 6 5

9 ,7 4 7

9 ,7 3 8

9 ,6 4 0

9 ,6 9 0

9 ,7 0 0

9 ,7 4 5

9 ,6 7 7

9 ,7 3 5

9 ,7 7 8

9 ,9 0 6

C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e ..........................................................

5 ,9 8 3

8 ,1 1 9

6 ,0 0 1

6 ,0 7 0

6 ,1 6 1

6 ,1 3 9

6 ,2 0 2

6 ,0 9 0

6 ,1 4 5

6 ,2 0 2

6 ,1 6 5

6 ,2 3 2

6 ,2 6 7

6 ,3 3 6

6 ,2 9 2

P a r tic ip a t io n r a t e ............................................

6 3 .6

6 3 .6

6 4 .1

6 3 .6

6 3 .7

6 3 .0

6 3 .7

6 3 .2

6 3 .4

6 3 .9

6 3 .3

6 4 .4

6 4 .4

6 4 .8

6 3 .5

5 ,1 5 8

6 ,9 9 5

5 ,0 7 1

5 ,1 1 4

5 ,2 5 9

5 ,2 8 4

5 ,3 3 6

5 ,3 3 9

5 ,3 5 0

5 ,3 9 2

5 ,3 9 8

5 ,4 6 3

5 ,5 4 0

5 ,6 2 7

5 ,6 5 2

5 4 .9

5 4 .8

5 4 .1

5 3 .5

5 4 .4

5 4 .2

5 4 .8

5 5 .4

5 5 .2

5 5 .6

5 5 .4

5 6 .5

5 6 .9

5 7 .6

5 7 .1

825

1 ,1 2 4

930

956

902

855

866

751

795

810

767

769

727

708

639

1 3 .8

1 3 .8

1 5 .5

1 5 .7

1 4 .6

1 3 .9

1 4 .0

1 2 .3

1 2 .9

1 3 .1

1 2 .4

1 2 .3

1 1 .6

1 1 .2

1 0 .2

E m p lo y e d

.......................................................................

E m p lo y m e n t- p o p u la t io n r a t i o 2 . . . .
U n e m p l o y e d ..................................................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te

...................................

1 T h e p o p u la tio n f ig u r e s a r e n o t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s t e d .
2 C iv ilia n e m p lo y m e n t a s a p e r c e n t o f t h e c iv ilia n n o n i n s t it u t i o n a l p o p u la tio n .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

N O TE :

D e ta il f o r t h e a b o v e r a c e a n d H is p a n ic - o r ig in g r o u p s w i ll n o t s u m t o t o ta ls b e c a u s e d a ta f o r

th e “ 0 , h e r r a c e s ” 9 r o u P s a r e n o t P r e s e n ,e d a n d H is p a n ic s a r e in c lu d e d in b o t h t h e w h i,e a n d b la c k
p o p u la tio n g r o u p s .

61

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data
4.

Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted

[In th o u s a n d s ]
1983

A n n u al av e ra g e

1982

1983

Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

1984

June

J u ly

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

Dec.

Jan.

Feb.

C H A R A C T E R IS T IC

C iv ilia n e m p lo y e d , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r

...............................

9 9 ,3 1 6

9 9 ,6 0 6

9 9 ,7 6 2

1 0 0 ,7 4 3

1 0 1 ,2 2 5

1 0 1 ,4 8 4

1 0 1 ,8 7 6

1 0 1 ,9 7 0

1 0 2 ,6 0 6

1 0 2 ,9 4 1

1 0 3 ,1 9 0

1 0 3 ,8 9 2

5 6 ,2 7 1

5 6 ,7 8 7

5 5 ,7 9 3

5 5 ,8 9 5

5 6 ,0 5 9

5 6 ,2 1 6

5 6 ,8 4 4

5 7 ,0 7 1

5 7 ,0 6 9

5 7 ,2 7 9

5 7 .4 0 7

5 7 ,8 5 5

5 8 ,0 4 3

5 8 ,2 3 9

5 8 ,6 0 7

4 3 ,2 5 6

4 4 ,0 4 7

4 3 ,3 7 9

4 3 ,4 2 1

4 3 ,5 4 7

4 3 ,5 4 6

4 3 ,8 9 9

4 4 ,1 5 4

4 4 ,4 1 5

4 4 ,5 9 7

4 4 .5 6 3

4 4 ,7 5 1

4 4 .8 9 8

4 4 ,9 5 0

4 5 ,2 8 5

M a r r ie d m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ........................................

3 8 ,0 7 4

3 7 ,9 6 7

3 7 ,4 9 1

3 7 ,5 4 5

3 7 ,6 0 2

3 7 ,6 1 6

3 7 ,9 1 1

3 8 ,2 5 4

3 8 ,2 8 1

3 8 ,2 3 2

3 8 ,2 4 0

3 8 ,3 8 8

3 8 ,4 9 4

3 8 ,6 8 2

3 8 ,9 1 1

M a r r ie d w o m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ...............................

2 4 ,0 5 3

2 4 ,6 0 3

2 4 ,1 2 9

2 4 ,2 2 0

2 4 ,3 6 1

2 4 ,3 0 4

2 4 ,4 1 6

2 4 ,6 1 8

2 4 ,9 0 5

2 4 ,9 2 1

2 4 ,9 5 3

2 5 ,0 5 7

2 5 ,1 4 0

2 4 ,9 4 7

2 5 ,2 1 2

5 ,0 9 9

5 ,0 9 1

5 ,0 1 6

5 ,0 9 3

4 ,9 6 9

4 ,9 9 1

5 ,0 2 9

5 ,0 7 1

5 ,0 9 6

5 ,1 2 4

5 ,1 7 2

5 ,2 3 6

5 ,2 5 4

5 ,2 9 3

5 ,3 4 6

W o m e n w h o m a in ta in f a m il ie s

...................................

9 9 ,5 2 6

1 0 0 ,8 3 4

M e n .....................................................................................................
W o m e n ............................................................................................

9 9 ,1 7 2

M A J O R IN D U S T R Y A N D C L A S S O F W O R K E R

A g r ic u ltu r e :
W a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s ................................................

1 ,5 0 5

1 ,5 7 9

1 ,6 1 7

1 ,5 5 8

1 ,5 7 8

1 ,5 8 8

1 ,6 2 4

1 ,6 3 1

1 ,6 2 8

1 ,5 7 2

1 ,5 0 5

1 ,4 8 1

1 ,5 1 2

1 ,4 4 3

1 ,5 6 0

S e lf- e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s

.....................................................

1 ,6 3 6

1 ,5 6 5

1 ,5 6 2

1 ,5 8 4

1 ,5 9 5

1 ,5 5 8

1 ,5 9 1

1 ,5 7 3

1 ,5 6 4

1 ,5 1 5

1 ,5 2 7

1 ,5 5 6

1 ,5 7 2

1 ,6 1 3

1 ,6 0 9

U n p a id f a m il y w o r k e r s .........................................................

261

240

230

265

219

233

252

251

240

236

227

224

265

233

232

9 2 ,3 7 9

N o n a g r ic u ltu r a l in d u s t r ie s :
W a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s ................................................

8 8 ,4 6 2

8 9 ,5 0 0

8 7 ,9 1 6

8 8 ,0 7 8

8 8 ,3 9 0

8 8 ,5 8 4

8 9 ,3 4 5

8 9 ,6 8 7

9 0 ,0 3 2

9 0 ,7 4 3

9 0 ,6 1 7

9 1 ,0 9 4

9 1 ,4 2 2

9 1 ,6 4 1

G o v e r n m e n t ......................................................................

1 5 ,5 6 2

1 5 ,5 3 7

1 5 ,5 1 0

1 5 ,4 7 9

1 5 ,5 2 4

1 5 ,5 3 0

1 5 ,5 1 4

1 5 ,5 9 3

1 5 ,6 7 1

1 5 ,5 6 0

1 5 ,5 7 8

1 5 ,5 8 5

1 5 ,4 8 1

1 5 ,5 3 5

1 5 ,8 2 2

P r iv a te i n d u s t r i e s .........................................................

7 2 ,9 4 5

7 3 ,9 6 3

7 2 ,4 0 6

7 2 ,5 9 9

7 2 ,8 6 6

7 3 ,0 5 4

7 3 ,8 3 1

7 4 ,0 9 4

7 4 ,3 6 1

7 5 ,1 8 3

7 5 ,0 3 9

7 5 ,5 0 9

7 5 ,9 4 1

7 6 ,1 0 6

7 6 ,5 5 7

........................................

1 ,2 0 7

1 ,2 4 7

1 ,2 2 2

1 ,2 3 4

1 ,2 2 1

1 ,2 3 8

1 ,2 9 5

1 ,2 7 6

1 ,2 7 0

1 ,2 7 9

1 ,2 7 8

1 ,2 1 6

1 ,2 4 1

1 ,1 9 7

1 .2 1 9

O tn e r ...........................................................................

P r iv a te h o u s e h o ld s

7 1 ,7 3 8

7 2 ,7 1 6

7 1 ,1 8 4

7 1 ,3 6 5

7 1 ,8 1 6

7 2 ,5 3 6

7 2 ,8 1 8

7 3 ,0 9 1

7 3 ,9 0 4

7 3 ,7 6 1

7 4 ,2 9 3

7 4 ,7 0 0

7 4 ,9 0 9

7 5 ,3 3 9

.....................................................

7 ,2 6 2

7 ,5 7 5

7 ,4 0 3

7 ,4 5 6

7 ,5 0 4

7 ,4 4 8

7 ,5 1 0

7 ,5 9 5

7 ,6 4 1

7 ,6 5 6

7 ,6 9 5

7 ,8 0 0

7 ,7 3 4

7 ,9 3 6

7 ,8 4 9

U n p a id f a m il y w o r k e r s .........................................................

401

376

354

344

354

345

352

322

375

380

405

474

450

364

330

S e lf- e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s

7 1 ,6 4 5 '

PERSONS AT W O R K 1

N o n a g r ic u ltu r a l i n d u s t r i e s ...............................
F u ll- t im e s c h e d u le s

. . . .

P a r t t im e f o r e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s ...................................

9 0 ,5 5 2

9 2 ,0 3 8

9 0 ,7 2 6

9 0 ,4 5 0

9 2 ,2 3 3

9 1 ,0 7 0

9 0 ,9 1 3

9 2 ,1 2 6

9 1 ,9 5 3

9 3 ,3 2 2

9 3 ,2 7 3

9 3 ,8 3 4

9 4 ,1 7 3

9 4 ,7 0 7

9 5 ,0 6 7

7 2 ,2 4 5

7 3 ,6 2 4

7 1 ,7 0 3

7 2 ,0 3 5

7 3 ,5 6 7

7 2 ,9 4 9

7 3 ,0 7 1

7 3 ,8 4 4

7 3 ,4 9 9

7 4 ,6 6 6

7 5 ,0 4 7

7 5 ,3 9 8

7 5 ,8 0 2

7 6 ,2 3 7

7 6 ,7 1 5

5 ,7 1 2

5 ,9 4 3

5 ,8 5 2

5 ,9 9 7

6 ,3 6 2

6 ,1 6 9

6 ,0 7 7

5 ,9 6 5

5 ,8 8 6

5 ,7 0 0

5 ,8 6 6

6 ,0 2 7

5 ,7 2 4

5 ,8 4 8

............................................

2 ,1 6 9

1 ,8 2 6

2 ,0 5 9

1 ,9 3 4

1 ,8 8 8

1 ,7 4 8

1 ,7 7 7

1 ,7 8 1

1 ,7 4 2

1 ,7 7 1

1 ,6 1 7

1 ,7 1 9

1 ,6 7 2

1 ,7 7 1

1 ,6 1 1

U s u a lly w o r k p a r t t i m e ............................................

3 ,6 8 3

4 ,1 7 1

4 ,3 0 3

4 ,2 3 5

4 ,1 8 9

4 ,2 1 7

4 ,1 0 9

3 ,9 1 9

4 ,1 2 4

4 ,2 5 6

4 ,1 0 7

4 ,1 2 9

4 ,0 4 0

4 ,1 7 2

4 ,1 9 7

P a r t t im e f o r n o n e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s ..........................

1 2 ,4 5 5

1 2 ,4 1 7

1 2 ,2 1 1

1 2 ,2 4 6

1 2 ,5 8 9

1 2 ,1 5 6

1 1 ,9 5 6

1 2 ,5 8 2

1 2 ,5 8 8

1 2 ,6 2 9

1 2 ,5 0 2

1 2 ,5 8 8

1 2 ,6 5 9

1 2 ,5 2 7

1 2 ,5 4 5

M ay

June

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

D ec.

Jan.

U s u a lly w o r k f u ll t im e

5 ,8 0 8

1 E x c lu d e s p e r s o n s “ w ith a jo b b u t n o t a t w o r k ” d u r in g th e s u r v e y p e r io d f o r s u c h r e a s o n s a s
v a c a tio n , illn e s s , o r in d u s t r ia l d is p u t e s .

5.

Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

[ U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te s ]
1983

A n n u al a v e ra g e

1984

1982

1983

Feb.

T o t a l, a ll c iv ilia n w o r k e r s ..............................................................

9 .7

9 .6

1 0 .4

1 0 .3

1 0 .2

1 0 .1

1 0 .0

9 .5

9 .5

9 .2

8 .8

8 .4

8 .2

8 .0

7 .8

B o t h s e x e s , 1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s ............................................

2 3 .2

2 2 .4

2 2 .7

2 3 .6

2 3 .4

2 3 .0

2 3 .6

2 2 .7

2 2 .8

2 1 .8

2 1 .6

2 0 .2

2 0 .1

1 9 .4

1 9 .3
7 .0

M ar.

A p r.

J u ly

Feb.

C H A R A C T E R IS T IC

M e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r .....................................................

8 .8

8 .9

9 .8

9 .6

9 .7

9 .5

9 .1

8 .8

8 .7

8 .6

8 .2

7 .8

7 .4

7 .3

W o m e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ............................................

8 .3

8 .1

8 .9

8 .8

8 .5

8 .5

8 .6

7 .9

8 .0

7 .8

7 .5

7 .2

7 .1

7 .1

6 .9

W h it e , t o t a l ....................................................................................

8 .6

8 .4

9 .2

9 .1

8 .9

8 .8

8 .6

8 .2

8 .2

8 .0

7 .7

7 .3

7 .1

6 .9

6 .7

B o th s e x e s , 1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s

...............................

20 4

...................................

1 9 .3

2 0 .1

2 1 .1

2 0 .3

1 9 .9

2 0 .1

1 9 .4

1 9 .5

1 8 .2

1 8 .5

1 7 .2

1 7 .0

1 6 .2

1 6 .5

2 1 .7

2 0 .2

2 1 .4

2 2 .6

2 1 .4

2 0 .4

2 0 .4

2 0 .3

2 0 .7

1 8 .9

1 9 .8

1 7 .6

1 7 .5

1 7 .8

1 6 .4

...........................

1 9 .0

1 8 .3

1 8 .7

1 9 .6

1 9 .1

1 9 .4

1 9 .7

1 8 .4

1 8 .2

1 7 .4

1 6 .9

1 6 .6

1 6 .5

1 4 .5

1 6 .7

M e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ........................................

7 .8

7 .9

8 .8

8 .5

8 .5

8 .4

7 .9

7 .7

7 .7

7 .7

7 .3

6 .9

6 .7

6 .3

6 .1

W o m e n , 2 0 y e a rs a n d o v e r

7 .3

6 .9

7 .7

7 .5

7 .3

7 .2

7 .4

6 .8

6 .7

6 .6

6 .3

6 .0

5 .9

6 .0

5 .8

M e n , 1 6 to 19 y e a rs

W o m e n , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a rs

...............................

B la c k , t o t a l ....................................................................................

1 8 .9

1 9 .5

1 9 .8

2 0 .1

2 0 .7

2 0 .3

2 0 .3

1 9 .6

1 9 .8

1 8 .9

1 8 .3

1 7 .7

1 7 .8

1 6 .7

...............................

4 8 .0

4 8 .5

4 6 .5

4 5 .1

4 9 .1

4 8 .4

4 9 .8

4 8 .4

5 1 .4

5 1 .1

4 8 .7

4 7 .3

4 9 .0

4 7 .9

4 3 .5

...................................

4 8 .9

4 8 .8

4 7 .2

4 6 .5

4 8 .6

5 2 .1

5 0 .7

4 8 .3

5 3 .7

5 2 .7

4 5 .6

4 4 .9

4 6 .4

4 7 .1

4 6 .7

4 7 .1

4 8 .2

4 4 .1

4 8 .7

3 9 .9

B o th s e x e s , 1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s
M e n , 16 to 1 9 y e a rs

W o m e n , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a rs

...........................

1 6 .2

4 5 .7

4 3 .5

4 9 .6

4 8 .4

4 8 .8

4 9 .2

5 2 .2

5 0 .0

5 1 .9

4 8 .8

M e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ........................................

1 7 .8

1 8 .1

1 8 .8

1 9 .1

2 0 .0

1 9 .5

1 8 .9

1 8 .6

1 8 .2

1 6 .9

1 6 .3

1 5 .6

1 5 .1

1 4 .8

1 4 .1

W o m e n , 2 0 y e a rs a n d o v e r

...............................

1 5 .4

1 6 .5

1 6 .9

1 7 .4

1 6 .9

1 7 .0

1 6 .9

1 6 .2

1 6 .4

1 6 .1

1 5 .9

1 5 .6

1 5 .9

1 4 .3

1 4 .4

H is p a n ic o r ig in , t o t a l ..............................................................

1 3 .8

1 3 .8

1 5 .5

1 5 .7

1 4 .6

1 3 .9

1 4 .0

1 2 .3

1 2 .9

1 3 .1

1 2 .4

1 2 .3

1 1 .6

1 1 .2

1 0 .2

M a r r ie d m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ........................................

6 .5

6 .5

7 .2

7 .1

7 .1

7 .0

6 .7

6 .2

6 .3

6 .1

5 .7

5 .5

5 .2

5 .0

4 .9

M a r r ie d w o m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ...............................
W o m e n w h o m a in ta in f a m il ie s

...................................

F u ll- t im e w o r k e r s .......................................................................

7 .4

7 .0

7 .6

7 .5

7 .4

7 .4

7 .6

7 .0

6 .9

6 .8

6 .3

6 .0

6 .1

6 .0

5 .9

1 1 .7

1 2 .2

1 3 .2

1 3 .3

1 3 .0

1 2 .7

1 2 .5

1 1 .8

1 1 .8

1 2 .0

1 1 .4

1 0 .5

1 0 .9

1 0 .7

1 1 .0

9 .6

9 .5

1 0 .4

1 0 .2

1 0 .2

1 0 .0

9 .7

9 .4

9 .3

9 .1

8 .7

8 .2

8 .0

7 .8

7 .5

1 0 .5

1 0 .4

1 0 .1

1 0 .6

1 0 .5

1 0 .9

1 1 .8

1 0 .2

1 0 .2

1 0 .1

1 0 .0

9 .8

9 .8

9 .2

9 .3

...............................

3 .2

3 .8

4 .2

4 .1

4 .0

4 .1

4 .0

3 .9

3 .6

3 .5

3 .3

3 .1

3 .0

2 .9

2 .6

L a b o r f o r c e t im e l o s t 1 ..........................................................

1 1 .0

1 0 .9

1 1 .9

1 1 .7

1 1 .5

1 1 .5

1 1 .1

1 0 .7

1 0 .7

1 0 .5

1 0 .0

9 .7

9 .4

9 .2

8 .9

9 .9

1 0 .8

P a r t- ti m e w o r k e r s

..................................................................

U n e m p lo y e d 1 5 w e e k s a n d o v e r

IN D U S T R Y

N o n a g r ic u l t u r a l p r iv a te w a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s
M i n in g

. .

.............................................................................................

C o n s t r u c t io n

...............................................................................

M a n u fa c t u r in g

...........................................................................

1 0 .1

1 0 .7

1 0 .5

1 0 .4

9 .7

9 .8

9 .4

9 .0

1 3 .4

1 7 .0

1 9 .1

1 9 .2

2 0 .3

2 0 .8

1 7 .9

1 6 .6

1 4 .9

1 6 .9

1 2 .1

1 2 .8

1 2 .4

1 0 .9

1 2 .2

2 0 .0

1 8 .4

1 9 .9

2 0 .2

2 0 .0

2 0 .0

1 8 .4

1 0 .1

1 8 .0

1 7 .9

1 8 .1

1 5 .8

1 5 .6

1 6 .3

1 5 .0

1 5 .1

1 3 .1

1 2 .8

8 .3

8 .4

7 .5

8 .6

8 .3

7 .9

7 .8

1 2 .3

1 1 .2

1 2 .5

1 2 .3

1 1 .6

1 0 .7

1 1 .2

1 0 .2

9 .6

8 .9

1 3 .3

1 2 .1

1 4 .5

1 4 .3

1 3 .7

1 3 .5

1 2 .5

1 1 .4

1 1 .7

1 0 .9

1 0 .2

9 .0

8 .3

8 .0

.....................................................

1 0 .8

1 0 .0

1 1 .0

1 0 .8

1 0 .8

1 0 .6

1 0 .2

9 .7

1 0 .5

9 .3

8 .7

8 .7

8 .2

8 .9

7 .8

T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s ...............................

6 .8

7 .4

8 .0

7 .6

7 .7

7 .3

7 .8

7 .3

7 .7

7 .4

7 .2

6 .7

6 .5

5 .1

5 .9

W h o le s a le a n d r e ta il t r a d e ................................................

1 0 .0

1 0 .0

1 0 .9

1 0 .9

1 0 .4

1 0 .2

1 0 .2

D u r a b le g o o d s

..............................................................

N o n d u r a b le g o o d s

9 .8

9 .8

9 .5

9 .8

8 .4

8 .3

....................................

6 .9

7 .2

7 .4

7 .3

7 .3

7 .5

7 .2

7 .3

7 .2

7 .0

6 .9

6 .7

6 .6

6 .3

6 .3

.......................................................................

4 .9

5 .3

5 .8

5 .7

5 .8

5 .6

5 .1

5 .4

5 .1

5 .0

5 .1

4 .9

5 .0

5 .0

4 .5

1 4 .7

1 6 .0

1 6 .3

1 5 .9

1 6 .8

1 6 .8

1 6 .5

1 5 .0

1 5 .1

1 6 .5

1 6 .2

1 5 .7

1 5 .6

1 5 .5

1 4 .0

F in a n c e a n d s e r v ic e in d u s t r ie s
G o v e rn m e n t w o rk e rs

7 .3

A g r ic u l t u r a l w a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s

...............................

1 A g g r e g a t e h o u r s lo s t b y t h e u n e m p lo y e d a n d p e r s o n s o n p a r t t im e f o r e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s a s a p e r c e n t o f
p o t e n t i a lly a v a ila b le la b o r f o r c e h o u r s .

62


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

9 .1

8 .8

6.

Unemployment rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted

[Civilian workers]
A n n u al av e ra g e

1983

1984

Sex and age
1982

T o t a l, 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r

..............................................................

9 .6

Feb.

1 0 .4

M a r.

1 0 .3

A p r.

1 0 .2

M ay

1 0 .1

June

1 0 .0

J u ly

9 .5

Aug.

9 .5

S e p t.

9 .2

O c t.

8 .8

Nov.

8 .4

D ec.

8 .2

Jan.

Feb.

8 .0

7 .8

...............................................................................

1 7 .8

1 7 .2

1 8 .3

1 8 .2

1 8 .1

1 8 .0

1 7 .6

1 6 .8

1 7 .2

1 6 .5

1 6 .3

1 5 .4

1 4 .9

1 4 .8

1 4 .2

1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s ...........................................................................

2 3 .2

2 2 .4

2 2 .7

2 3 .6

2 3 .4

2 3 .0

2 3 .6

2 2 .7

2 2 .8

2 1 .8

2 1 .6

2 0 .2

2 0 .1

1 9 .4

1 9 .3

1 6 to 2 4 y e a rs

1 6 t o 1 7 y e a r s .......................................................................

2 4 .9

2 4 .5

2 4 .0

2 5 .4

2 5 .8

2 5 .6

2 5 .6

2 5 .1

2 4 .8

2 4 .0

2 4 .0

2 1 .9

2 2 .9

2 1 .9

2 2 .1

1 8 t o 1 9 y e a r s .......................................................................

2 2 .1

2 1 .1

2 1 .8

2 2 .6

2 1 .9

2 1 .3

2 2 .3

2 0 .8

2 1 .6

2 0 .5

2 0 .3

1 9 .3

1 8 .8

1 7 .6

1 7 .5

2 0 t o 2 4 y e a r s ...........................................................................

1 1 .6

1 4 .9

1 4 .5

1 6 .1

1 5 .4

1 5 .4

1 5 .5

1 4 .5

1 3 .9

1 4 .4

1 3 .8

1 3 .6

1 3 .0

1 2 .2

1 2 .5

.......................................................................

7 .4

7 .5

8 .2

8 .1

8 .0

7 .9

7 .9

7 .4

7 .3

7 .2

6 .8

6 .5

6 .4

6 .2

2 5 t o 5 4 y e a r s .......................................................................

7 .9

8 .0

8 .7

8 .7

8 .5

8 .5

8 .3

7 .9

7 .8

7 .7

7 .2

6 .9

6 .8

6 .5

6 .4

5 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ..............................................................

5 .0

5 .3

5 .4

5 .4

5 .5

5 .3

5 .5

5 .3

5 .1

5 .2

5 .0

4 .9

4 .9

4 .7

4 .3

2 5 y e a rs a n d o v e r

6 .1

M e n , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r .....................................................

9 .9

9 .9

1 0 .8

1 0 .7

1 0 .7

1 0 .5

1 0 .1

9 .9

9 .8

9 .6

9 .1

8 .6

1 6 t o 2 4 y e a r s .......................................................................

1 9 .1

1 8 .4

1 9 .8

1 9 .4

1 9 .5

1 9 .5

1 8 .6

1 8 .4

1 8 .6

1 7 .6

1 7 .3

1 5 .9

1 5 .6

1 5 .6

1 4 .6

..............................................................

2 4 .4

2 3 .3

2 4 .0

2 5 .1

2 4 .4

2 3 .9

2 4 .0

2 3 .8

2 4 .3

2 2 .8

2 2 .5

2 0 .2

2 0 .4

2 0 .8

1 9 .7

1 6 t o 1 7 y e a r s ..........................................................

2 6 .4

2 5 .2

2 4 .4

26 3

2 6 .9

2 6 .7

2 6 .0

2 7 .3

2 6 .0

23 9

2 4 .3

2 2 .0

2 3 .3

2 1 .6

2 1 .6

1 8 t o 1 9 y e a r s .........................................................

2 3 .1

2 2 .2

2 3 .5

2 4 .4

2 2 .9

2 2 .3

2 2 .8

2 1 .2

2 3 .2

2 2 .2

2 1 .6

1 9 .6

1 8 .9

1 9 .6

1 8 .1

..............................................................

1 6 .4

1 5 .9

1 7 .6

1 6 .6

1 7 .0

1 7 .3

1 5 .9

1 5 .8

1 5 .7

1 5 .0

1 4 .7

1 3 .8

1 3 .3

1 3 .1

1 2 .1

2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ..............................................................

7 .5

7 .8

8 .5

8 .4

8 .4

8 .2

7 .9

7 .6

7 .5

7 .5

7 .0

6 .8

6 .5

6 .2

6 .1

2 5 t o 5 4 y e a r s .........................................................

8 .0

8 .2

9 .0

9 .0

8 .9

8 .8

8 .4

8 .1

8 .0

8 .0

7 .4

7 .1

6 .7

6 .6

6 .4

5 5 y e a rs a n d o v e r

5 .1

5 .6

5 .8

5 .8

6 .1

5 .8

5 .5

5 .5

5 .4

5 .6

5 .4

5 .4

5 .4

4 .8

4 .5

1 6 to 19 y e a rs

2 0 to 2 4 y e a rs

................................................

W o m e n , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r ............................................

9 .4

9 .2

9 .9

9 .9

9 .6

9 .5

9 .8

9 .0

9 .1

8 .8

8 .5

8 .2

8 .3

8 .1

7 .8

8 .1

7 .9

7 .8

1 6 .2

1 5 .8

1 6 .7

1 6 .8

1 6 .6

1 6 .3

1 6 .4

1 5 .0

1 5 .7

1 5 .2

1 5 .1

1 4 .7

1 4 .0

1 3 .9

1 3 .7

..............................................................

2 1 .9

2 1 .3

2 1 .3

2 1 .9

2 2 .3

2 2 .0

2 3 .1

2 1 .5

2 1 .1

2 0 .6

2 0 .5

2 0 .1

1 9 .8

1 8 .0

1 8 .9

1 6 t o 1 7 y e a r s .........................................................

2 3 .2

2 3 .7

2 3 .6

2 4 .4

2 4 .7

2 4 .4

2 5 .2

2 2 .6

2 3 .4

2 4 .0

2 3 .6

2 1 .8

2 2 .5

2 2 .2

2 2 .6

1 8 t o 1 9 y e a r s .........................................................

2 1 .0

1 9 .9

1 9 .9

2 0 .6

2 0 .7

2 0 .2

2 1 .7

2 0 .5

1 9 .9

1 8 .5

1 8 .8

1 9 .0

1 8 .7

1 5 .4

16 9

..............................................................

1 3 .2

1 2 .9

1 4 .3

1 4 .1

1 3 .6

1 3 .4

1 2 .9

1 1 .7

1 2 .8

1 2 .5

1 2 .3

1 2 .0

1 1 .0

1 1 .7

1 1 .0

2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ..............................................................

7 .3

7 .2

7 .8

7 .7

7 .5

7 .5

7 .8

7 .1

7 .0

6 .9

6 .5

6 .2

6 .3

6 .2

6 .1

1 6 t o 2 4 y e a r s .......................................................................
1 6 to 1 9 y e a rs

2 0 to 2 4 y e a rs

2 5 to 5 4 y e a rs

.........................................................

5 5 y e a rs a n d o v e r

7.

9 .7

1983

................................................

7 .7

7 .7

8 .3

8 .3

8 .0

8 .1

8 .1

7 .6

7 .5

7 .3

7 .0

6 .6

6 .8

6 .5

6 .5

4 .8

4 .7

4 .9

4 .8

4 .6

4 .7

5 .5

5 .1

4 .7

4 .5

4 .4

4 .1

4 .3

4 .5

4 .0

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

Dec

Jan.

Feb.

4 ,7 3 7

Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]
A n n u al av e ra g e

1983

1984

R e a s o n f o r u n e m p lo y m e n t

J o b lo s e r s

.................................................................................................

O n a y o ff

........................................................................................

1982

1983

Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

June

J u ly

Aug.

6 ,2 5 8

6 ,2 5 8

6 ,8 6 4

6 ,8 4 8

6 ,7 6 7

6 ,7 5 3

6 ,5 2 5

6 ,2 3 5

6 ,1 3 3

5 ,9 3 8

5 ,6 0 1

5 ,2 2 6

5 ,0 1 7

4 ,8 2 5

2 ,1 2 7

1 ,7 8 0

2 ,0 8 4

2 ,0 0 5

1 ,9 7 9

1 ,9 5 8

1 ,8 4 1

1 ,7 3 5

1 ,6 6 0

1 ,5 6 2

1 ,3 9 2

1 ,3 2 1

1 ,2 8 3

1 ,2 3 8

1 ,2 7 2

3 ,9 0 5

3 ,7 3 4

3 ,5 8 8

3 ,4 6 5

.......................................................................

4 ,1 4 1

4 ,4 7 8

4 ,7 8 0

4 ,8 4 3

4 ,7 8 8

4 ,7 9 5

4 ,6 8 4

4 ,5 0 0

4 ,4 7 3

4 ,3 7 6

4 ,2 0 9

J o b l e a v e r s .................................................................................................

840

830

830

888

816

808

799

752

799

858

866

868

855

809

772

R e e n t r a n t s .................................................................................................

2 ,3 8 4

2 .4 1 2

2 ,5 0 5

2 ,4 6 0

2 ,4 9 1

2 ,4 0 4

2 ,4 3 6

2 ,4 1 5

2 ,4 7 9

2 ,3 6 2

2 ,3 2 2

2 ,2 5 0

2 ,2 4 6

2 ,1 9 2

2 ,1 5 3

N e w e n t r a n t s .............................................................................................

1 ,1 8 5

1 ,2 1 6

1 ,1 8 8

1 ,1 8 2

1 ,2 5 1

1 ,2 4 6

1 ,4 1 2

1 ,2 2 9

1 ,2 1 4

1 ,2 3 4

1 ,1 2 7

1 ,1 5 4

1 ,1 5 0

1 ,1 7 5

1 ,0 9 2

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

5 8 .7

5 8 .4

6 0 .3

6 0 .2

5 9 .8

6 0 .2

5 8 .4

58 6

5 7 .7

5 7 .1

5 6 .5

5 5 .0

5 4 .1

5 3 .6

1 9 .9

1 6 .6

1 8 .3

1 7 .6

1 7 .5

1 7 .5

1 6 .5

1 6 .3

1 5 .6

1 5 .0

1 4 .0

1 3 .9

1 3 .8

1 3 .7

1 4 .5

3 8 .8

4 1 .8

4 2 .0

4 2 .6

4 2 .3

4 2 .8

4 1 ,9

4 2 .3

4 2 .1

4 2 .1

4 2 .4

4 1 .1

4 0 .3

3 9 .9

3 9 .6

O t h e r jo b lo s e r s

P E R C E N T D IS T R IB U T IO N

T o ta l u n e m p l o y e d ...............................................................................
J o b lo s e r s

.................................................................................................

O n la y o f f

........................................................................................

O t h e r jo b lo s e r s

.......................................................................

J o b l e a v e r s .................................................................................................

5 4 .1

7 .9

7 .7

7 .3

7 .8

7 .2

7 .2

7 .2

7 .1

7 .5

8 .3

8 .7

9 .1

9 .2

9 .0

8 .8

R e e n t r a n t s .................................................................................................

2 2 .3

2 2 .5

2 2 .0

2 1 .6

2 2 .0

2 1 .4

2 1 .8

2 2 .7

2 3 .3

2 2 .7

2 3 .4

2 3 .7

2 4 .2

2 4 .4

2 4 .6

N e w e n t r a n t s .............................................................................................

1 1 .1

1 1 .3

1 0 .4

1 0 .4

1 1 .0

1 1 .1

1 2 .6

1 1 .6

1 1 .4

1 1 .9

1 1 .4

1 2 .1

1 2 .4

1 3 .1

1 2 .5

5 .7

5 .6

6 .2

6 .2

6 .1

5 .6

5 .5

4 .3

4 .2

PERCENT OF
C IV IL IA N

J o b lo s e r s

LAB O R FO RC E

.................................................................................................

6 .1

5 .8

5 .3

5 .0

4 .7

4 .5

J o b l e a v e r s .................................................................................................

8

.7

.7

.8

.7

.7

.7

.7

.7

.8

.8

.8

.8

.7

R e e n t r a n t s .................................................................................................

2 .2

2 .2

2 .3

2 .2

2 .2

2 .2

2 .2

2 .2

2 .2

2 .1

2 .1

2 .0

2 .0

2 .0

1 .9

N e w e n t r a n t s .............................................................................................

1 .1

1.1

1 .1

1 .1

1 .1

1 .1

1 .3

1 .1

1 .1

1 .1

1 .0

1 .0

1 .0

1 .0

1 .0

Dec.

Jan.

Feb.

8.

.7

Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted

[ N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ]
A n n u al av e ra g e

1983

1984

W e e k s o l u n e m p lo y m e n t
1982

1983

Feb.

M ar.

A p r.

M ay

June

J u ly

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

L e s s t h a n 5 w e e k s ................................................................................

3 ,8 8 3

3 ,5 7 0

3 ,7 3 2

3 ,5 3 5

3 ,5 9 5

3 ,5 6 8

3 ,6 3 0

3 ,5 2 9

3 ,6 3 3

3 ,7 4 0

3 ,5 0 4

3 ,3 2 8

3 ,3 8 2

3 ,2 3 3

3 ,3 5 9

5 t o 1 4 w e e k s ........................................................................................

3 ,3 1 1

2 ,9 3 7

3 ,1 6 9

3 ,1 7 3

3 ,1 3 9

3 ,0 1 2

2 ,9 5 0

2 ,8 4 1

2 ,9 5 1

2 ,7 8 4

2 ,7 2 5

2 ,6 1 6

2 ,5 0 4

2 ,5 5 6

2 ,4 8 4

15 w eeks and o ver

...........................................................................

3 ,4 8 5

4 ,2 1 0

4 ,6 1 3

4 ,5 8 7

4 ,3 9 6

4 ,5 1 0

4 ,4 8 6

4 ,3 9 8

4 ,0 7 8

3 ,8 8 9

3 ,6 5 5

3 ,5 2 7

3 ,3 6 9

3 ,2 0 1

2 ,9 8 4

1 5 t o 2 6 w e e k s ...........................................................................

1 ,7 0 8

1 ,6 5 2

1 ,9 2 8

1 ,8 6 1

1 ,6 9 1

1 ,7 7 4

1 ,5 9 3

1 ,7 9 4

1 ,5 9 7

1 ,3 8 3

1 ,3 7 2

1 ,3 3 7

1 ,2 8 4

1 ,1 6 6

1 ,1 7 3

2 7 w e e k s a n d o v e r ..................................................................

1 ,7 7 6

2 ,5 5 9

2 ,6 8 5

2 ,7 2 6

2 ,7 0 5

2 ,7 3 6

2 ,8 9 3

2 ,6 0 4

2 ,4 8 1

2 ,5 0 6

2 ,2 8 3

2 ,1 9 0

2 ,0 8 5

2 ,0 3 5

1 ,8 1 0

M e a n d u r a tio n In w e e k s ..................................................................

1 5 .6

2 0 .0

1 9 .1

1 9 .2

1 9 .2

2 0 .2

2 1 .4

2 1 .3

1 9 .9

2 0 .2

2 0 .1

2 0 .2

1 9 .6

2 0 .5

1 8 .8

M e d ia n d u r a tio n in w e e k s ..............................................................

8 .7

1 0 .1

9 .8

1 0 .4

1 0 .8

1 1 .9

1 0 .8

1 0 .1

9 .4

9 .4

9 .5

9 .4

9 .0

9 .2

8 .3


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63

EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS DATA FROM ESTABLISHMENT SURVEYS

E mployment, hours, and earnings data in this section are com­
piled from payroll records reported monthly on a voluntary basis
to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies
by 189,000 establishments representing all industries except ag­
riculture. In most industries, the sampling probabilities are based
on the size of the establishment; most large establishments are
therefore in the sample. (An establishment is not necessarily a
firm; it may be a branch plant, for example, or warehouse.) Selfemployed persons and others not on a regular civilian payroll are
outside the scope of the survey because they are excluded from
establishment records. This largely accounts for the difference in
employment figures between the household and establishment sur­
veys.

Definitions
Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holiday
and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period including the 12th of the
month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 percent of all persons
in the labor force) are counted in each establishment which reports them.
Production workers in manufacturing include blue-collar worker su­
pervisors and all nonsupervisory workers closely associated with produc­
tion operations. Those workers mentioned in tables 12-16 include production
workers in manufacturing and mining; construction workers in construc­
tion; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; in
wholesale and retail trade; in finance, insurance, and real estate; and in
services industries. These groups account for about four-fifths of the total
employment on private nonagricultural payrolls.

Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers re­
ceive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or
late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special payments.
Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in
consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer
Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). The
Hourly Earnings Index is calculated from average hourly earnings data
adjusted to exclude the effects of two types of changes that are unrelated
to underlying wage-rate developments: fluctuations in overtime premiums

64

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

in manufacturing (the only sector for which overtime data are available)
and the effects of changes and seasonal factors in the proportion of workers
in high-wage and low-wage industries.

Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsuper­
visory workers for which pay was received and are different from standard
or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the portion of gross average
weekly hours which were in excess of regular hours and for which overtime
premiums were paid.
The Diffusion Index, introduced in table 17 of the May 1983 issue,
represents the percent of 186 nonagricultural industries in which employ­
ment was rising over the indicated period. One-half of the industries with
unchanged employment are counted as rising. In line with Bureau practice,
data for the 3-, 6-, and 9-month spans are seasonally adjusted, while that
for the 12-month span is unadjusted. The diffusion index is useful for
measuring the dispersion of economic gains or losses and is also an eco­
nomic indicator.

Notes on the data
Establishment data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics are pe­
riodically adjusted to com prehensive counts o f em ploym ent (called
“ benchmarks” ). The latest complete adjustment was made with the release
of May 1983 data, published in the July 1983 issue of the R e v i e w . Con­
sequently, data published in the R e v i e w prior to that issue are not necessarily
comparable to current data. Unadjusted data have been revised back to
April 1981; seasonally adjusted data have been revised back to January
1978. Unadjusted data from April 1982 forward, and seasonally adjusted
data from January 1979 forward are subject to revision in future bench­
marks. Earlier comparable unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data are
published in a S u p p l e m e n t to E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s (unadjusted data
from April 1977 through February 1983 and seasonally adjusted data from
January 1974 through February 1983) and in E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s ,
U n i t e d S t a t e s , 1 9 0 9 —7 8 , BLS Bulletin 1312-11 (for prior periods).
A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and
establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, “ Com­
paring employment estimates from household and payroll surveys,” M o n th ly
L a b o r R e v i e w , December 1969, pp. 9 -2 0 . See also B L S H a n d b o o k o f
M e t h o d s , Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982).

9.

Employment by industry, selected years, 1950-83

[Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands]
G o o d s - p r o d u c in g

S e r v ic e -p r o d u c in g
T ra n s p o r-

G o v e rn m e n t

F in a n c e ,

P riv a te
Year

W h o le s a le a n d r e ta il tra d e

ta tio n

T o ta l
s e c to r

T o ta l

C o n s tru c ­

M a n u fa c ­

tio n

tu rin g

M in in g

T o ta l

in s u r a n c e ,

W h o le ­

and

R e t a il
T o ta l

p u b lic

s a le
tra d e
tra d e

u t ilitie s

S e r v ic e s
and real

S ta te an d
T o ta l

F e d e ra l
lo c a l

e s ta te

1950

.................................................

4 5 ,1 9 7

3 9 ,1 7 0

1 8 ,5 0 6

901

2 ,3 6 4

1 5 ,2 4 1

2 6 ,6 9 1

4 ,0 3 4

2 ,6 3 5

6 ,7 5 1

1 ,8 8 8

5 ,3 5 7

6 ,0 2 6

1955

.................................................

5 0 ,6 4 1

4 3 ,7 2 7

2 0 ,5 1 3

792

2 ,8 3 9

1 6 ,8 8 2

3 0 ,1 2 8

4 ,1 4 1

1 0 ,5 3 5

2 ,9 2 6

7 ,6 1 0

2 ,2 9 8

6 ,2 4 0

6 ,9 1 4

2 ,1 8 7

4 ,7 2 7

.............................................

5 4 ,1 8 9

4 5 ,8 3 6

2 0 ,4 3 4

712

2 ,9 2 6

1 6 ,7 9 6

3 3 ,7 5 5

4 ,0 0 4

1 1 ,3 9 1

3 ,1 4 3

8 ,2 4 8

2 ,6 2 9

7 ,3 7 8

8 ,3 5 3

2 ,2 7 0

6 ,0 8 3

1964

.................................................

5 8 ,2 8 3

4 8 ,6 8 6

2 1 ,0 0 5

634

3 ,0 9 7

1 7 ,2 7 4

3 7 ,2 7 8

3 ,9 5 1

1 2 ,1 6 0

3 ,3 3 7

8 ,8 2 3

2 ,9 1 1

8 ,6 6 0

9 ,5 9 6

2 ,3 4 8

7 ,2 4 8

1965

.................................................

6 0 ,7 6 5

5 0 ,5 8 9

2 1 ,9 2 6

632

3 ,2 3 2

1 8 ,0 6 2

3 8 ,8 3 9

4 ,0 3 6

1 2 ,7 1 6

3 ,4 6 6

9 ,2 5 0

2 ,9 7 7

9 ,0 3 6

1 0 ,0 7 4

2 ,3 7 8

7 ,6 9 6

1966

.................................................

6 3 ,9 0 1

5 3 ,1 1 6

2 3 ,1 5 8

627

3 ,3 1 7

1 9 ,2 1 4

4 0 ,7 4 3

4 ,1 5 8

1 3 ,2 4 5

3 ,5 9 7

9 ,6 4 8

3 ,0 5 8

9 ,4 9 8

1 0 ,7 8 4

2 ,5 6 4

8 ,2 2 0

613

3 ,2 4 8

1 9 ,4 4 7

4 2 ,4 9 5

4 ,2 6 8

1 3 ,6 0 6

3 ,6 8 9

8 ,6 7 2

I9 6 0 1

9 ,3 8 6

4 ,0 9 8

1967

.................................................

6 5 ,8 0 3

5 4 ,4 1 3

2 3 ,3 0 8

3 ,1 8 5

1 0 ,0 4 5

1 1 ,3 9 1

2 ,7 1 9

1968

.................................................

6 7 ,8 9 7

5 6 ,0 5 8

2 3 ,7 3 7

606

3 ,3 5 0

1 9 ,7 8 1

4 4 ,1 6 0

4 ,3 1 8

1 4 ,0 9 9

3 ,7 7 9

1 0 ,3 2 0

3 ,3 3 7

1 0 ,5 6 7

1 1 ,8 3 9

2 ,7 3 7

1969

.................................................

7 0 ,3 8 4

5 8 ,1 8 9

2 4 ,3 6 1

619

3 ,5 7 5

2 0 ,1 6 7

4 6 ,0 2 3

4 ,4 4 2

1 4 ,7 0 6

3 ,9 0 7

1 0 ,7 9 8

3 ,5 1 2

1 1 ,1 6 9

1 2 ,1 9 5

2 ,7 5 8

9 ,4 3 7

1970

.................................................

7 0 ,8 8 0

5 8 ,3 2 5

2 3 ,5 7 8

623

3 ,5 8 8

1 9 ,3 6 7

4 7 ,3 0 2

4 ,5 1 5

1 5 ,0 4 0

3 ,9 9 3

1 1 ,0 4 7

3 ,6 4 5

1 1 ,5 4 8

1 2 ,5 5 4

2 ,7 3 1

9 ,8 2 3

5 8 ,3 3 1

2 2 ,9 3 5

1 2 ,8 8 1

2 ,6 9 6

1 0 ,1 8 5

1 9 7 1 .................................................

7 1 ,2 1 4

609

3 ,7 0 4

1 8 ,6 2 3

4 8 ,2 7 8

1 5 ,3 5 2

4 ,4 7 6

4 ,0 0 1

9 ,9 1 7

1 ,9 2 8

1 1 ,3 5 1

3 ,7 7 2

1 1 ,7 9 7

9 ,1 0 2

1972

.................................................

7 3 ,6 7 5

6 0 ,3 4 1

2 3 ,6 6 8

628

3 ,8 8 9

1 9 ,1 5 1

5 0 ,0 0 7

4 ,5 4 1

1 5 ,9 4 9

4 ,1 1 3

1 1 ,8 3 6

3 ,9 0 8

1 2 ,2 7 6

1 3 ,3 3 4

2 ,6 8 4

1 0 ,6 4 9

1973

.................................................

7 6 ,7 9 0

6 3 ,0 5 8

2 4 ,8 9 3

642

4 ,0 9 7

2 0 ,1 5 4

5 1 ,8 9 7

4 ,6 5 6

1 6 ,6 0 7

4 ,2 7 7

1 2 ,3 2 9

4 ,0 4 5

1 2 ,8 5 7

1 3 ,7 3 2

2 ,6 6 3

1 1 ,0 6 8

1974

.................................................

7 8 ,2 6 5

6 4 ,0 9 5

2 4 ,7 9 4

697

4 ,0 2 0

2 0 ,0 7 7

5 3 ,4 7 1

4 ,7 2 5

1 6 ,9 8 7

4 ,4 3 3

1 2 ,5 5 4

4 ,1 4 8

1 3 ,4 4 1

1 4 ,1 7 0

2 ,7 2 4

1 1 ,4 4 6

1975

.................................................

7 6 ,9 4 5

6 2 ,2 5 9

2 2 ,6 0 0

752

3 ,5 2 5

1 8 ,3 2 3

5 4 ,3 4 5

4 ,5 4 2

1 7 ,0 6 0

4 ,4 1 5

1 2 ,6 4 5

4 ,1 6 5

1 3 ,8 9 2

1 4 ,6 8 6

2 ,7 4 8

1 1 ,9 3 7

1976

.................................................

7 9 ,3 8 2

6 4 ,5 1 1

2 3 ,3 5 2

779

3 ,5 7 6

1 8 ,9 9 7

5 6 ,0 3 0

4 ,5 8 2

1 7 ,7 5 5

4 ,5 4 6

1 3 ,2 0 9

4 ,2 7 1

1 4 ,5 5 1

1 4 ,8 7 1

2 ,7 3 3

1 2 ,1 3 8

1977

.................................................

8 2 ,4 7 1

6 7 ,3 4 4

2 4 ,3 4 6

813

3 ,8 5 1

1 9 ,5 8 2

5 8 ,1 2 5

4 ,7 1 3

1 8 ,5 1 6

4 ,7 0 8

1 3 ,8 0 8

4 ,4 6 7

1 5 ,3 0 3

1 5 ,1 2 7

2 ,7 2 7

1 2 ,3 9 9

1978

.................................................

8 6 ,6 9 7

7 1 ,0 2 6

2 5 ,5 8 5

851

4 ,2 2 9

2 0 ,5 0 5

6 1 ,1 1 3

4 ,9 2 3

1 9 ,5 4 2

4 ,9 6 9

1 4 ,5 7 3

4 ,7 2 4

1 6 ,2 5 2

1 5 ,6 7 2

2 ,7 5 3

1 2 ,9 1 9

1979

.................................................

8 9 ,8 2 3

7 3 ,8 7 6

2 6 ,4 6 1

958

4 ,4 6 3

2 1 ,0 4 0

6 3 ,3 6 3

5 ,1 3 6

2 0 ,1 9 2

5 ,2 0 4

1 4 ,9 8 9

4 ,9 7 5

1 7 ,1 1 2

1 5 ,9 4 7

2 ,7 7 3

1 3 ,1 4 7

1980

.................................................

9 0 ,4 0 6

7 4 ,1 6 6

2 5 ,6 5 8

1 ,0 2 7

4 ,3 4 6

2 0 ,2 8 5

6 4 ,7 4 8

5 ,1 4 6

2 0 ,3 1 0

5 ,2 7 5

1 5 ,0 3 5

5 ,1 8 0

1 7 ,8 9 0

1 6 ,2 4 1

2 ,8 6 6

1 3 ,3 7 5

5 ,2 9 8

1 8 ,6 1 9

1 6 ,0 3 1

1 9 8 1 .................................................

9 1 ,1 5 6

7 5 ,1 2 6

2 5 ,4 9 7

1 ,1 3 9

4 ,1 8 8

2 0 ,1 7 0

6 5 ,6 5 9

5 ,1 6 5

2 0 ,5 4 7

5 ,3 5 8

1 5 ,1 8 9

2 ,7 7 2

1 3 ,2 5 9

1982

.................................................

8 9 ,5 9 6

7 3 ,7 9 3

2 3 ,9 0 7

1 ,1 4 3

3 ,9 1 1

1 8 ,8 5 3

6 5 ,6 8 9

5 ,0 8 1

2 0 ,4 0 1

5 ,2 8 0

1 5 ,1 2 2

5 ,3 4 0

1 9 ,0 6 4

1 5 ,8 0 3

2 ,7 3 9

1 3 ,0 6 4

1983

.................................................

8 9 ,9 7 8

7 4 ,2 3 4

2 3 ,6 4 6

1 ,0 2 1

3 ,9 4 7

1 8 ,6 7 8

6 6 ,3 3 2

4 ,9 4 1

2 0 ,5 1 3

5 ,2 3 2

1 5 ,2 8 1

5 ,4 5 4

1 9 ,6 8 0

1 5 ,7 4 4

2 ,7 5 2

1 2 ,9 9 2

1 D a ta In c lu d e A la s k a a n d H a w a ii b e g in n in g in 1 9 5 9 .

10.

Employment by State

[Nonagricultural payroll data, In thousands]
S t a te

J a n u a ry 1 983

D ecem ber 1983

J a n u a ry 1984P

S ta te

A l a b a m a ....................................................................................

1 ,2 8 2 ,9

1 ,3 3 8 .8

1 ,3 2 4 .4

M o n t a n a ...................................................................................

1 8 9 .5

206 2

198 7

A r iz o n a

....................................................................................

1 ,0 2 7 .4

1 ,0 9 9 .4

N evada

...................................................................................

D ecem ber 1983

J a n u a ry 1984P

2 6 4 .8

2 7 3 .3

2 6 8 .3

5 9 3 .3

617 4

605 7

3 8 5 .3

4 1 6 .6

4 1 2 .2

A rk a n s a s

...............................................................................

7 0 7 .6

7 6 0 .4

7 5 0 .9

N e w H a m p s h i r e ..................................................................

3 8 5 .5

4 1 9 .4

4 1 2 .0

C a lif o r n ia

...............................................................................

9 ,7 0 6 .8

1 0 ,1 8 3 .4

1 0 ,0 7 8 .7

N e w J e r s e y ...........................................................................

3 ,0 3 7 .5

3 ,2 1 6 .4

(1>

1 292 8

1 ,3 5 1 8

1 ,3 2 7 0

4 6 3 .5

485 3

479 2

1 ,4 0 3 .7

1 ,4 8 4 .6

1 ,4 4 6 .7

7 ,1 0 9 .5

7 ,4 4 0 7

7 269 1

256 5

270 8

263 9

2 327 4

2 475 8

C o n n e c t i c u t ...........................................................................

D i s t r ic t o f C o lu m b ia

.....................................................

1 ,1 1 5 .5

J a n u a ry 1 9 8 3

2 438 3

5 8 5 .8

5 9 8 .5

5 8 9 .1

N o r th D a k o t a ......................................................................

2 4 1 .0

2 5 2 .3

2 4 4 .8

F l o r i d a ..................................................................

3 ,7 8 8 .7

4 ,0 5 6 .4

4 ,0 5 0 .9

O h i o ............................................................................................

3 ,9 6 4 .2

4 , 1 7 6 .2

4 ,0 8 2 .8

G e o r g ia

2 192 3

2 341 3

2 308 8

.........................................................

1 167 6

1 181 0

1 167 1

H a w a i i ............................................

399 8

406 1

402 1

929 7

976 4

966 2

Id a h o

.........................................................

3 0 2 .2

3 2 4 .1

3 1 6 .2

P e n n s y lv a n ia

......................................................................

4 ,4 0 7 .0

4 ,5 9 6 .5

4 ,4 9 2 .4

I l l i n o i s .........................................................

4 ,4 2 9 .1

4 ,5 4 1 .6

4 ,4 4 8 .2

R h o d e Is la n d

......................................................................

3 7 9 .7

4 0 0 ,5

3 9 4 .1

1 ,9 5 3 .3

2 ,0 3 7 .7

2 ,0 0 1 .8

S o u t h C a r o lin a

..................................................................

1 ,1 3 8 .9

1 ,2 1 4 .2

1 ,1 9 3 .6

I o w a ..................................................................

9 9 6 .8

K ansas

In d ia n a

................................................

1 ,0 3 1 .4

1 ,0 1 2 .7

S o u t h D a k o t a ......................................................................

2 2 3 .2

2 3 4 .3

2 2 9 .7

8 9 5 .5

9 2 8 .6

9 1 6 .2

T e n n e s s e e ...............................................................................

1 ,6 6 0 .7

1 ,7 6 6 .6

1 ,7 4 6 .8

K e n tu c k y

...............................................................................

1 , 1 3 1 .1

1 ,1 8 6 .4

1 ,1 5 9 .0

Texas

........................................................................................

6 ,1 1 5 .7

6 ,2 8 1 .9

6 ,2 2 3 .7

L o u is ia n a

...............................................................................

1 ,5 5 0 .8

1 ,5 8 0 .7

1 ,5 6 0 .3

U t a h ...........................................................................................

5 5 1 .1

5 8 6 .7

5 7 7 .3

M a n e ........................................................................................

4 0 1 .3

4 2 4 .6

4 0 8 .8

V e r m o n t ...................................................................................

1 9 9 .1

2 0 9 .1

2 0 3 .5

...........................................................................

M a r y la n d

...............................................................................

1 ,6 5 4 .5

1 ,7 3 3 .4

1 ,6 8 9 .3

V ir g in ia

...................................................................................

2 , 1 2 1 .8

2 ,2 5 1 .5

2 ,2 1 3 .5

..................................................................

2 ,5 7 6 .1

2 ,7 4 1 ,6

2 ,6 5 1 .2

W a s h i n g t o n ..........................................................................

1 ,5 2 6 .0

1 ,6 0 1 .4

1 , 5 7 0 .4

M ic h ig a n

...............................................................................

3 ,0 9 8 .3

3 ,2 7 3 .9

3 ,2 1 6 .6

W e s t V i r g i n i a ......................................................................

5 6 9 .7

5 9 1 .9

5 8 0 .9

M i n n e s o ta

...............................................................................

1 ,6 5 1 .2

1 , 7 5 7 .1

1 ,7 1 7 .6

W i s c o n s i n ...............................................................................

...........................................................................

7 6 9 .6

8 0 5 .1

7 9 3 .0

M i s s o u r i ....................................................................................

1 ,8 7 1 .6

1 ,9 4 0 .9

1 , 9 0 3 .1

M a s s a c h u s e t ts

M is s is s ip p i

1 D a ta n o t a v a ila b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1 , 7 9 8 .1

1 ,8 8 9 .9

1 ,8 4 5 .5

...............................................................................

2 0 0 .7

2 0 2 .4

1 9 6 .4

V ir g in I s l a n d s ......................................................................

3 5 .9

3 5 .4

3 4 .9

W y o m in g

p = p r e lim in a r y .

65

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data
11.

Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted

[Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands]
1983

A n n u al av e ra g e

1984

In d u s t r y d iv is io n a n d g r o u p
1982

TOTAL

P R IV A T E S E C T O R

G O O D S -P R O D U C IN G

M in in g

.........................................................................................................................

C o n s tr u c tio n

.........................................................................................................

M a n u fa c tu r in g

P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s

..............................................................

D u ra b le g o o d s

P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s

..............................................................

1983

Feb.

M ar.

A p r.

M ay

June

J u ly

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

Dec.

J a n .P

F e b .P

8 9 ,5 9 6

8 9 ,9 7 8

8 8 ,7 4 6

8 8 ,8 1 4

8 9 ,1 0 1

8 9 ,4 2 1

8 9 ,8 4 4

9 0 ,1 5 2

8 9 ,7 3 5

9 0 ,8 5 1

9 1 ,0 8 7

9 1 ,3 5 5

9 1 ,5 9 9

9 1 ,8 6 3

9 2 ,2 4 9

7 3 ,7 9 3

7 4 ,2 3 4

7 3 ,0 0 4

7 3 ,0 9 0

7 3 ,3 7 7

7 3 ,6 7 7

7 4 ,1 2 3

7 4 ,4 7 2

7 4 ,0 7 4

7 4 ,9 9 0

7 5 ,3 1 2

7 5 ,5 7 9

7 5 ,8 2 9

7 6 ,1 4 8

7 6 ,5 2 2

2 3 ,9 0 7

2 3 ,6 4 6

2 3 ,0 4 9

2 3 ,0 3 0

2 3 ,1 5 9

2 3 ,3 4 7

2 3 ,5 1 8

2 3 ,7 2 4

2 3 ,8 3 0

2 3 ,9 3 5

2 4 ,1 6 8

2 4 ,3 1 1

2 4 ,4 1 5

2 4 ,6 1 1

2 4 ,7 6 0

1 ,1 4 3

1 ,0 2 1

1 ,0 1 4

1 ,0 0 6

997

994

1 ,0 0 3

1 ,0 1 7

1 ,0 2 3

1 ,0 2 6

1 ,0 4 4

1 ,0 4 5

1 ,0 4 7

1 ,0 5 0

1 ,0 5 3

3 ,9 1 1

3 ,9 4 7

3 ,7 9 0

3 ,7 5 7

3 ,7 8 6

3 ,8 6 0

3 ,9 3 3

3 ,9 7 4

4 ,0 1 4

4 ,0 3 8

4 ,0 6 0

4 ,0 9 4

4 ,0 8 8

4 ,1 7 6

4 ,2 1 2

1 8 ,8 5 3

1 8 ,6 7 8

1 8 ,2 4 5

1 8 ,2 6 7

1 8 ,3 7 6

1 8 ,4 9 3

1 8 ,5 8 2

1 8 ,7 3 3

1 8 ,7 9 3

1 8 ,8 7 1

1 9 ,0 6 4

1 9 ,1 7 2

1 9 ,2 8 0

1 9 ,3 8 5

1 9 ,4 9 5

1 2 ,7 9 0

1 2 ,6 9 6

1 2 ,3 0 3

1 2 ,3 2 3

1 2 ,4 3 5

1 2 ,5 3 1

1 2 ,6 1 5

1 2 ,7 5 6

1 2 ,8 0 3

1 2 ,8 5 9

1 3 ,0 4 3

1 3 ,1 4 7

1 3 ,2 3 0

1 3 ,3 2 1

1 3 ,4 1 8

1 1 ,1 0 0

1 0 ,9 3 2

1 0 ,6 0 8

1 0 ,6 1 7

1 0 ,6 8 9

1 0 ,7 8 8

1 0 ,8 4 4

1 0 ,9 6 1

1 1 ,0 2 2

1 1 ,0 8 1

1 1 ,2 3 5

1 1 .3 2 0

1 1 ,4 0 6

1 1 ,4 7 4

1 1 ,5 7 5

7 ,3 5 0

7 ,2 4 6

6 ,9 4 9

6 ,9 6 1

7 ,0 3 5

7 ,1 1 5

7 ,1 6 9

7 ,2 7 8

7 ,3 2 9

7 ,3 7 8

7 ,5 2 2

7 ,6 0 1

7 ,6 6 5

7 ,7 2 6

7 ,8 1 3

............................................

603

677

631

638

651

662

679

688

699

703

712

714

715

714

F u r n it u r e a n d f i x t u r e s ..............................................................

433

451

427

433

440

446

450

459

457

459

465

470

473

476

481

S to n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s ...................................

578

575

557

559

565

570

573

577

582

585

590

590

589

593

602

L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts

716

.....................................................

922

839

810

816

820

828

830

839

840

849

867

871

881

872

879

F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s .....................................................

1 ,4 3 5

1 ,3 9 6

1 ,3 6 4

1 ,3 6 2

1 ,3 6 9

1 ,3 7 9

1 ,3 8 4

1 ,3 9 1

1 ,4 1 0

1 ,4 1 1

1 ,4 3 0

1 ,4 3 8

1 ,4 4 9

1 ,4 5 9

1 ,4 6 6

P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s t r ie s

2 ,2 6 7

2 ,0 8 8

2 ,0 4 2

2 ,0 3 0

2 ,0 3 1

2 ,0 6 4

2 ,0 6 6

2 ,0 9 4

2 ,1 0 9

2 ,1 1 5

2 ,1 3 1

2 ,1 5 8

2 ,1 7 2

2 ,1 8 8

2 ,2 0 2

...............................

2 ,0 1 6

2 ,0 4 5

1 ,9 8 1

1 ,9 8 8

1 ,9 9 9

2 ,0 1 0

2 ,0 3 0

2 ,0 4 7

2 ,0 4 3

2 ,0 8 2

2 ,1 0 7

2 ,1 2 8

2 ,1 4 6

2 ,1 6 7

2 ,1 9 5

T r a n s p o r t a tio n e q u i p m e n t .....................................................

1 ,7 4 4

1 ,7 8 5

1 ,7 2 9

1 ,7 2 3

1 ,7 4 3

1 ,7 5 7

1 ,7 6 2

1 ,7 9 4

1 ,8 0 7

1 ,8 0 1

1 ,8 4 8

1 ,8 6 2

1 ,8 8 7

1 ,9 0 6

1 ,9 2 9

M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e le c t r ic a l

............................................

E le c tr ic a n d e le c t r o n ic e q u ip m e n t

...............................

716

694

693

691

690

689

687

687

692

696

699

701

701

706

709

M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................................

386

382

374

377

381

383

383

385

383

380

386

388

393

393

396

I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts

7 ,7 5 3

7 ,7 4 7

7 ,6 3 7

7 ,6 5 0

7 ,6 8 7

7 ,7 0 5

7 ,7 3 8

7 ,7 7 2

7 ,7 7 1

7 ,7 9 0

7 ,8 2 9

7 ,8 5 2

7 ,8 7 4

7 ,9 1 1

7 ,9 2 0

..............................................................

5 ,4 4 0

5 ,4 5 0

5 ,3 5 4

5 ,3 6 2

5 ,4 0 0

5 ,4 1 6

5 ,4 4 6

5 ,4 7 8

5 ,4 7 4

5 ,4 8 1

5 ,5 2 1

5 ,5 4 6

5 ,5 6 5

5 ,5 9 5

5 ,6 0 5

F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ................................................

1 ,6 3 8

1 ,6 3 0

1 ,6 2 0

1 ,6 1 9

1 ,6 3 3

1 ,6 3 2

1 ,6 4 3

1 ,6 3 8

1 ,6 2 7

1 ,6 3 0

1 ,6 2 8

1 ,6 3 3

1 ,6 3 2

1 ,6 4 2

1 ,6 3 5

65

62

63

64

61

62

62

N o n d u r a b le g o o d s

P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s

T o b a c c o m a n u fa c t u r e s

.........................................................

68

65

67

67

66

66

65

T e x t ile m i ll p r o d u c t s ..................................................................

750

744

726

730

733

736

745

746

752

753

759

758

759

766

762

A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r t e x t ile p r o d u c t s ...............................

1 ,1 6 4

1 ,1 6 9

1 ,1 4 8

1 ,1 4 3

1 ,1 4 9

1 ,1 5 3

1 ,1 5 9

1 ,1 8 0

1 ,1 7 5

1 ,1 7 7

1 ,1 9 1

1 ,1 9 9

1 ,2 0 6

1 ,2 1 0

1 ,2 1 0

670

674

62

P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s .....................................................

662

659

652

652

654

656

657

658

659

662

665

666

670

P r in t in g a n d p u b l i s h i n g .........................................................

1 ,2 6 9

1 ,2 8 3

1 ,2 6 5

1 ,2 6 9

1 ,2 7 4

1 ,2 7 6

1 ,2 8 1

1 ,2 8 4

1 ,2 8 9

1 ,2 9 0

1 ,2 9 7

1 ,3 0 1

1 ,3 0 3

1 ,3 0 9

1 ,3 1 3

C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s

........................................

1 ,0 7 9

1 ,0 5 9

1 ,0 5 6

1 ,0 5 6

1 ,0 5 8

1 ,0 5 8

1 ,0 5 6

1 ,0 5 9

1 ,0 5 6

1 ,0 6 0

1 .0 6 1

1 ,0 6 1

1 ,0 6 4

1 ,0 6 5

1 ,0 6 6

P e t r o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ............................................

201

196

199

199

199

198

198

197

195

195

193

193

192

192

192

753

762

769

777

787

. .

701

727

691

699

707

716

721

732

739

742

L e a th e r a n d le a t h e r p r o d u c t s ............................................

R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s t ic s p r o d u c ts

221

216

214

216

214

214

213

213

217

218

218

218

217

218

219

6 5 ,6 8 9

6 6 ,3 3 2

6 5 ,6 9 7

6 5 ,7 8 4

6 5 ,9 4 2

6 6 ,0 7 4

6 6 ,3 2 6

6 6 ,4 2 8

6 5 ,9 0 5

6 6 ,9 1 6

6 6 ,9 1 9

6 7 ,0 4 4

6 7 ,1 8 4

6 7 ,2 5 2

6 7 ,4 8 9

5 ,0 8 1

4 ,9 4 1

4 ,9 6 6

4 ,9 6 3

4 ,9 8 8

4 ,9 9 3

4 ,9 9 2

4 ,9 8 4

4 ,3 4 1

5 ,0 3 1

5 .0 1 9

5 ,0 1 9

5 ,0 1 5

5 ,0 4 2

5 ,0 4 3

2 0 ,4 0 1

2 0 ,5 1 3

2 0 ,3 4 3

2 0 ,3 5 0

2 0 ,3 2 9

2 0 ,3 5 6

2 0 ,4 9 4

2 0 ,5 2 9

2 0 ,5 8 0

2 0 ,6 1 2

2 0 .6 6 6

2 0 ,7 1 8

2 0 ,7 8 1

2 0 ,8 4 6

2 0 ,9 1 4

5 ,2 8 0

5 ,2 3 2

5 ,1 8 1

5 ,1 7 6

5 ,1 8 0

5 ,1 9 7

5 ,2 2 2

5 ,2 2 9

5 ,2 4 9

5 ,2 7 4

5 ,2 8 7

5 ,2 9 1

5 ,3 1 3

5 ,3 4 1

5 ,3 5 6

1 5 ,1 2 2

1 5 ,2 8 1

1 5 ,1 6 2

1 5 ,1 7 4

1 5 ,1 4 9

1 5 ,1 5 9

1 5 ,2 7 2

1 5 ,3 0 0

1 5 ,3 3 1

1 5 ,3 3 8

1 5 ,3 7 9

1 5 ,4 2 7

1 5 ,4 6 8

1 5 ,5 0 5

1 5 ,5 5 8

5 ,3 4 0

5 ,4 5 4

5 ,3 8 4

5 ,3 9 1

5 ,4 2 3

5 ,4 3 5

5 ,4 5 1

5 ,4 6 5

5 ,4 8 8

5 ,4 9 9

5 ,5 0 3

5 ,5 1 5

5 ,5 2 5

5 ,5 5 3

5 ,5 6 3

S E R V IC E - P R O D U C IN G

T r a n s p o r t a tio n a n d p u b lic u t ilitie s

W h o l e s a l e a n d r e t a i l t r a d e ...............................................................

W h o le s a le tra d e

R e ta il tra d e

F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e

S e r v ic e s

1 9 ,0 6 4

1 9 ,6 8 0

1 9 ,2 6 2

1 9 ,3 5 6

1 9 ,4 7 8

1 9 ,5 4 6

1 9 ,6 6 8

1 9 ,7 7 0

1 9 ,8 3 5

1 9 ,9 1 3

1 9 ,9 5 6

2 0 ,0 1 6

2 0 ,0 9 3

2 0 ,0 9 6

2 0 ,2 4 2

G o v ern m en t

1 5 ,8 0 3

1 5 ,7 4 4

1 5 ,7 4 2

1 5 ,7 2 4

1 5 ,7 2 4

1 5 ,7 4 4

1 5 ,7 2 1

1 5 ,6 8 0

1 5 ,6 6 1

1 5 ,8 6 1

1 5 ,7 7 5

1 5 ,7 7 6

1 5 ,7 7 0

1 5 ,7 1 5

1 5 ,7 2 7

F e d e r a l .................................................................................................

2 ,7 3 9

2 ,7 5 2

2 ,7 4 2

2 ,7 4 2

2 ,7 4 9

2 ,7 5 6

2 ,7 4 2

2 ,7 3 8

2 ,7 3 3

2 ,7 7 3

2 ,7 6 4

2 ,7 6 3

2 ,7 6 8

2 ,7 6 3

2 ,7 6 0

S ta te a n d l o c a l ...............................................................................

1 3 ,0 6 4

1 2 ,9 9 2

1 3 ,0 0 0

1 2 ,9 8 2

1 2 ,9 7 5

1 2 ,9 8 8

1 2 ,9 7 9

1 2 ,9 4 2

1 2 ,9 2 8

1 3 ,0 8 3

1 3 ,0 1 1

1 3 ,0 1 3

1 3 ,0 0 2

1 2 ,9 5 2

1 2 ,9 6 7

p = p r e lim in a r y .

66

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

N O T E : S e e “ N o te s o n t h e d a t a ” f o r a d e s c r ip tio n o f t h e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is io n .

12.

Hours and earnings, by industry division, selected years, 1950-83

[Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on nonagricultural payrolls]

Year

A v erag e

A v e ra g e

A v e ra g e

A v erag e

A v e ra g e

A v e ra g e

A v erag e

A v e ra g e

A v e ra g e

A v erag e

A v e ra g e

w e e k ly

w e e k ly

h o u r ly

w e e k ly

w e e k ly

h o u r ly

w e e k ly

w e e k ly

h o u r ly

w e e k ly

w e e k ly

h o u r ly

e a r n in g s

h o u rs

e a rn in g s

e a r n in g s

h o u rs

e a rn in g s

e a rn in g s

h o u rs

e a r n in g s

e a r n in g s

h o u rs

e a rn in g s

M in in g

P riv a te s e c to r

C o n s tr u c tio n

A v e ra g e

M a n u f a c t u r in g

1950

...............................

$ 5 3 .1 3

3 9 .8

$ 1 .3 4

$ 6 7 .1 6

3 7 .9

$ 1 .7 7

$ 6 9 .6 8

3 7 .4

1955

...............................

6 7 .7 2

3 9 .6

1 .7 1

8 9 .5 4

4 0 .7

2 .2 0

9 0 .9 0

3 7 .1

2 .4 5

7 5 .3 0

4 0 .7

1 .8 5

..........................

8 0 .6 7

3 8 .6

2 .0 9

1 0 5 .0 4

4 0 .4

2 .6 0

1 1 2 .5 7

3 6 .7

3 .0 7

8 9 .7 2

3 9 .7

2 .2 6
2 .5 3

I9 6 0 1

$ 1 .8 6

$ 5 8 .3 2

4 0 .5

$ 1 .4 4

1964

...............................

9 1 .3 3

3 8 .7

2 .3 6

1 1 7 .7 4

4 1 .9

2 .8 1

1 3 2 .0 6

3 7 .2

3 .5 5

1 0 2 .9 7

4 0 .7

1965

...............................

9 5 .4 5

3 8 .8

2 .4 6

1 2 3 .5 2

4 2 .3

2 .9 2

1 3 8 .3 8

3 7 .4

3 .7 0

1 0 7 .5 3

4 1 .2

2 .6 1

1966

...............................

9 8 .8 2

38 6

2 .5 6

1 3 0 .2 4

4 2 .7

3 .0 5

1 4 6 .2 6

3 7 .6

3 .8 9

1 1 2 .1 9

4 1 .4

2 .7 1

1967

38 0

...............................

1 0 1 .8 4

2 68

1 3 5 .8 9

4 2 .6

3 .1 9

1 5 4 .9 5

3 7 .7

4 .1 1

1 1 4 .4 9

1968

...............................

1 0 7 .7 3

3 7 .8

2 .8 5

1 4 2 .7 1

4 2 .6

3 .3 5

1 6 4 .4 9

3 7 .3

4 .4 1

1 2 2 .5 1

4 0 .7

3 .0 1

1969

...............................

1 1 4 .6 1

3 7 .7

3 .0 4

1 5 4 .8 0

4 3 .0

3 .6 0

1 8 1 .5 4

3 7 .9

4 .7 9

1 2 9 .5 1

4 0 .6

3 .1 9

1970

3 9 .8

3 .3 5

...............................

1 1 9 .8 3

3 7 .1

3 .2 3

1 6 4 .4 0

4 2 .7

3 .8 5

1 9 5 .4 5

3 7 .3

5 .2 4

1 3 3 .3 3

1 9 7 1 ...............................

1 2 7 .3 1

3 6 .9

3 .4 5

1 7 2 .1 4

4 2 .4

4 .0 6

2 1 1 .6 7

3 7 .2

5 .6 9

1 4 2 .4 4

4 0 .6

2 .8 2

3 9 .9

3 .5 7

1972

...............................

1 3 6 .9 0

3 7 .0

3 .7 0

1 8 9 .1 4

4 2 .6

4 .4 4

2 2 1 .1 9

3 6 .5

6 .0 6

1 5 4 .7 1

4 0 .5

3 .8 2

1973

...............................

1 4 5 .3 9

3 6 .9

3 .9 4

2 0 1 .4 0

4 2 .4

4 .7 5

2 3 5 .8 9

3 6 .8

6 .4 1

1 6 6 .4 6

4 0 .7

4 .0 9

1974

...............................

1 5 4 .7 6

3 6 .5

4 .2 4

2 1 9 .1 4

4 1 .9

5 .2 3

2 4 9 .2 5

3 6 .6

6 .8 1

1 7 6 .8 0

4 0 .0

4 .4 2

1975

...............................

1 6 3 .5 3

3 6 .1

4 .5 3

2 4 9 .3 1

4 1 .9

5 .9 5

2 6 6 .0 8

3 6 .4

7 .3 1

1 9 0 .7 9

3 9 .5

4 .8 3

1976

...............................

1 7 5 .4 5

3 6 .1

4 .8 6

2 7 3 .9 0

4 2 .4

6 .4 6

2 8 3 73

3 6 .8

7 .7 1

2 0 9 .3 2

4 0 .1

5 .2 2

1977

...............................

1 8 9 .0 0

3 6 .0

5 .2 5

3 0 1 .2 0

4 3 .4

6 .9 4

2 9 5 .6 5

3 6 .5

8 .1 0

2 2 8 .9 0

4 0 .3

5 .6 8

1978

...............................

2 0 3 .7 0

3 5 .8

5 .6 9

3 3 2 .8 8

4 3 .4

7 .6 7

3 1 8 .6 9

3 6 .8

8 .6 6

2 4 9 .2 7

4 0 .4

6 .1 7

1979

...............................

2 1 9 .9 1

3 5 .7

6 .1 6

3 6 5 .0 7

4 3 .0

8 .4 9

342 99

3 7 .0

9 .2 7

2 6 9 .3 4

4 0 .2

6 .7 0

1980

...............................

2 3 5 .1 0

3 5 .3

6 66

3 9 7 .0 6

4 3 .3

9 .1 7

3 6 7 .7 8

3 7 .0

9 .9 4

2 8 8 .6 2

3 9 .7

7 .2 7

1 9 8 1 ...............................

2 5 5 .2 0

3 5 .2

7 .2 5

4 3 9 .7 5

4 3 .7

1 0 .0 4

299 26

3 6 .9

1 0 .8 2

1982

...............................

2 6 6 .9 2

3 4 .8

7 .6 7

4 5 9 .2 3

4 2 .6

1 0 .7 8

4 2 6 .4 5

3 6 .7

1 1 .6 2

3 3 0 .6 5

3 8 .9

8 .5 0

1983

...............................

2 8 0 .3 5

3 5 .0

8 .0 1

4 8 0 .2 5

4 2 .5

1 1 .3 0

4 4 1 .8 6

3 7 .1

1 1 .9 1

3 5 4 .4 8

4 0 .1

8 .8 4

T r a n s p o r t a tio n a n d p u b lic

3 1 8 .0 0

7 .9 9

F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d
W h o le s a le a n d r e t a il tra d e

u t ilitie s

S e r v ic e s

r e a l e s ta te

1950

...............................

$ 4 4 .5 5

4 0 .5

$ 1 .1 0

$ 5 0 .5 2

3 7 .7

1955

...............................

5 5 .1 6

3 9 .4

1 .4 0

6 3 .9 2

3 7 .6

1 .7 0

...........................

6 6 .0 1

3 8 .6

1 .7 1

7 5 .1 4

3 7 .2

2 .0 2

I9 6 0 1

3 9 .8

$ 1 .3 4

1964

...............................

$ 1 1 8 .7 8

4 1 .1

$ 2 .8 9

7 4 .6 6

3 7 .9

1 .9 7

8 5 .7 9

3 7 .3

2 .3 0

$ 7 0 .0 3

3 6 .1

1965

...............................

1 2 5 .1 4

4 1 .3

3 .0 3

7 6 .9 1

3 7 .7

2 .0 4

8 8 .9 1

3 7 .2

2 .3 9

7 3 .6 0

3 5 .9

2 .0 5

1966

...............................

1 2 8 .1 3

4 1 .2

3 .1 1

7 9 .3 9

3 7 .1

2 .1 4

9 2 .1 3

3 7 .3

2 .4 7

7 7 .0 4

3 5 .5

2 .1 7

4 0 .5

3 .2 3

$ 1 .9 4

1967

...............................

1 3 0 .8 2

3 6 .6

2 .2 5

9 5 .7 2

3 7 .1

2 .5 8

80 38

3 5 .1

2 .2 9

1968

...............................

1 3 8 .8 5

4 0 .6

3 .4 2

8 7 .0 0

3 6 .1

2 .4 1

1 0 1 .7 5

3 7 .0

2 .7 5

8 3 .9 7

3 4 .7

2 .4 2

1969

...............................

1 4 7 .7 4

4 0 .7

3 .6 3

9 1 .3 9

3 5 .7

2 .5 6

1 0 8 .7 0

3 7 .1

2 .9 3

9 0 .5 7

3 4 .7

2 .6 1

1970

...............................

1 5 5 .9 3

4 0 .5

3 .8 5

9 6 .0 2

3 5 .3

2 .7 2

1 1 2 .6 7

3 6 .7

3 .0 7

9 6 .6 6

3 4 .4

2 .8 1

1 9 7 1 ...............................

1 6 8 .8 2

4 0 .1

4 .2 1

1 0 1 .0 9

3 5 .1

2 .8 8

1 1 7 .8 5

3 6 .6

3 .2 2

1 0 3 .0 6

3 3 .9

3 .0 4

1972

...............................

1 8 7 .8 6

4 0 .4

4 .6 5

1 0 6 .4 5

3 4 .9

3 .0 5

1 2 2 .9 8

3 6 .6

3 .3 6

1 1 0 .8 5

3 3 .9

3 .2 7

1973

...............................

2 0 3 31

4 0 .5

5 .0 2

1 1 1 .7 6

3 4 .6

3 .2 3

1 2 9 .2 0

36 6

3 .5 3

1 1 7 .2 9

3 3 .8

3 .4 7

1974

...............................

2 1 7 .4 8

4 0 .2

5 .4 1

1 1 9 .0 2

3 4 .2

3 .4 8

1 3 7 .6 1

3 6 .5

3 .7 7

1 2 6 .0 0

3 3 .6

3 .7 5

1975

...............................

2 3 3 .4 4

3 9 .7

5 .8 8

1 2 6 .4 5

3 3 .9

3 .7 3

1 4 8 .1 9

3 6 .5

4 .0 6

1 3 4 .6 7

3 3 .5

4 .0 2

1976

...............................

2 5 6 .7 1

3 9 .8

6 .4 5

1 3 3 .7 9

3 3 .7

3 .9 7

1 5 5 .4 3

36 4

1977

...............................

2 7 8 .9 0

3 9 .9

6 .9 9

1 4 2 .5 2

3 3 .3

4 .2 8

1 6 5 .2 6

3 6 .4

4 .5 4

1 5 3 .4 5

3 3 .0

4 .6 5

1978

...............................

3 0 2 .8 0

4 0 .0

7 .5 7

1 5 3 .6 4

3 2 .9

4 .6 7

1 7 8 .0 0

3 6 .4

4 .8 9

1 6 3 .6 7

3 2 .8

4 .9 9

1979

...............................

3 2 5 .5 8

3 9 .9

8 .1 6

1 6 4 .9 6

3 2 .6

5 .0 6

1 9 0 .7 7

3 6 .2

5 .2 7

1 7 5 .2 7

3 2 .7

5 .3 6

1980

8 2 .3 5

4 .2 7

1 4 3 .5 2

3 3 .3

4 .3 1

...............................

3 5 1 .2 5

3 9 .6

8 .8 7

1 7 6 .4 6

3 2 .2

5 .4 8

2 0 9 .6 0

3 6 .2

5 .7 9

1 9 0 .7 1

3 2 .6

5 .8 5

1 9 8 1 ...............................

3 8 2 .1 8

3 9 .4

9 .7 0

1 9 0 .6 2

3 2 .2

5 .9 2

2 2 9 .0 5

3 6 .3

6 .3 1

2 0 8 .9 7

3 2 .6

6 .4 1

1982

...............................

4 0 1 .7 0

39 0

1 0 .3 0

1 9 8 .1 0

3 1 .9

6 .2 1

2 4 5 .4 4

3 6 .2

6 .7 8

2 2 4 .9 4

3 2 .6

6 .9 0

1983

...............................

4 2 1 .5 9

3 9 .0

1 0 .8 1

2 0 7 .0 3

3 1 .9

6 .4 9

2 6 4 .2 6

3 6 .2

7 .3 0

2 3 7 .4 0

3 2 .7

7 .2 6

1 D a ta in c lu d e A la s k a a n d H a w a ii b e g in n in g in 1 9 5 9 .


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

67

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data
13.

Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted

[Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls]
A n n u al av e ra g e

1983

1984

In d u s t r y d iv is io n a n d g r o u p
1982

P R IV A T E S E C T O R

...............................................................................

M A N U F A C T U R IN G

O v e r tim e h o u r s ..............................................................

1983

Feb.

M ar.

A p r.

M ay

June

J u ly

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

Dec.

J a n .P

F e b .P

3 4 .8

3 5 .0

3 4 .5

3 4 .8

3 4 .9

3 5 .1

3 5 .1

3 5 .0

3 5 .0

3 5 .2

3 5 .3

3 5 .2

3 5 .3

3 5 .5

3 5 .4

3 8 .9

4 0 .1

3 9 .2

3 9 .5

4 0 .1

4 0 .0

4 0 .1

4 0 .2

4 0 .3

4 0 .8

4 0 .6

4 0 .6

4 0 .5

4 1 .0

4 1 .0

2 .3

3 .0

2 .4

2 .6

2 .9

2 .7

2 .9

3 .0

3 .1

3 .3

3 .3

3 .4

3 .4

3 .5

3 .6

4 1 .7

3 9 .3

4 0 .7

3 9 .7

3 9 .9

4 0 .5

4 0 .4

4 0 .6

4 0 .8

4 0 .8

4 1 .5

4 1 .2

4 1 .2

4 1 .1

4 1 .7

O v e r tim e h o u r s ..............................................................

2 .2

3 .0

2 .3

2 .5

2 .8

2 .6

2 .8

3 .0

3 .1

3 .4

3 .4

3 .5

3 .5

3 .7

3 .7

L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ............................................

3 8 .0

4 0 .0

3 9 .5

3 9 .5

4 0 .0

3 9 .8

4 0 .0

3 9 .9

4 0 .2

4 0 .5

4 0 .3

3 9 .7

3 9 .7

4 0 .7

4 0 .2

D u ra b le g o o d s

F u r n it u r e a n d f ix t u r e s

.........................................................

3 7 .2

3 9 .4

3 7 .9

3 8 .3

3 9 .3

3 9 .2

3 9 .6

3 9 .7

3 9 .7

...............................

4 0 .0

4 1 .4

4 0 .5

4 0 .6

4 1 .0

4 1 .2

4 1 .6

4 1 .7

4 1 .7

4 2 .1

4 1 .7

4 1 .7

4 1 .6

4 2 .1

4 2 .5

P r im a r y m e ta l i n d u s t r i e s .....................................................

3 8 .6

4 0 .5

3 9 .1

3 9 .4

3 9 .9

4 0 .3

4 0 .3

4 0 .8

4 0 .9

4 1 .2

4 1 .7

4 1 .6

4 1 .8

4 1 .7

4 2 .0

4 1 .8

4 1 .8

S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s

4 0 .1

3 9 .8

3 9 .7

4 0 .1

F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ................................................

3 9 .2

4 0 .6

3 9 .6

3 9 .7

4 0 .5

4 0 .4

4 0 .5

4 0 .7

4 0 .9

4 1 .6

4 1 .2

4 1 .4

4 1 .4

M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ............................................

3 9 .7

4 0 .5

3 9 .4

3 9 .7

4 0 .2

4 0 .0

4 0 .4

4 0 .7

4 0 .7

4 0 .3

3 9 .9

4 1 .2

4 1 .3

4 1 .3

4 1 .4

4 1 .9

4 2 .1

E le c tr ic a n d e le c t r o n ic e q u i p m e n t ...............................

3 9 .3

4 0 .5

3 9 .5

3 9 .8

4 0 .4

4 0 .3

4 0 .5

4 0 .8

4 0 .7

4 1 .1

4 1 .1

4 1 .1

4 0 .9

4 1 .3

4 1 .3

T r a n s p o r t a tio n e q u i p m e n t ................................................

4 0 .5

4 2 .1

4 1 .2

4 1 .7

4 2 .3

4 1 .6

4 1 .9

4 2 .0

4 1 .8

4 3 .5

4 2 .5

4 2 .5

4 1 .9

4 3 .3

4 3 .1

I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s ...............................

3 9 .8

4 0 .4

3 9 .7

4 0 .0

4 0 .5

4 0 .4

4 0 .1

4 0 .7

4 0 .4

4 1 .0

4 0 .7

4 0 .6

4 0 .7

4 1 .3

4 0 .9

3 8 .4

3 9 .4

3 8 .5

3 9 .0

3 9 .5

3 9 .4

3 9 .6

3 9 .5

3 9 .5

3 9 .9

3 9 .7

3 9 .7

3 9 .7

4 0 .0

4 0 .1

2 .5

3 .0

2 .6

2 .7

3 .0

2 .9

3 .0

3 .0

3 .1

3 .1

3 .1

3 .1

3 .2

3 .2

3 .3

............................................

3 9 .4

3 9 .5

3 9 .0

3 9 .2

3 9 .6

3 9 .4

3 9 .8

3 9 .4

3 9 .6

3 9 .9

3 9 .7

3 9 .5

3 9 .6

3 9 .6

3 9 .9

T e x t ile m i ll p r o d u c t s ..............................................................

3 7 .5

4 0 .4

3 9 .0

3 9 .6

4 0 .6

4 0 .4

4 0 .7

4 0 .7

4 0 .9

4 1 .3

4 0 .7

4 0 .7

4 0 .7

4 1 .0

4 0 .7

A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r t e x t ile p r o d u c t s

N o n d u r a b le g o o d s

O v e r tim e h o u r s ..............................................................

F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s

...........................

3 4 .7

3 6 .2

3 5 .2

3 5 .6

3 6 .2

3 6 .1

3 6 .1

3 5 .8

3 6 .2

3 6 .8

3 6 .5

3 6 .4

3 6 .5

3 7 .3

3 7 .1

P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ................................................

4 1 .8

4 2 .6

4 1 .4

4 2 .1

4 2 .4

4 2 .7

4 2 .8

4 2 .9

4 2 .9

4 3 .3

4 3 .2

4 3 .0

4 3 .0

4 3 .2

4 3 .5

P r in t in g a n d p u b lis h in g

3 7 .1

3 7 .1

3 7 .4

.....................................................

3 7 .6

3 7 .7

3 7 .4

3 7 .6

3 7 .7

3 7 .5

3 7 .8

3 7 .9

3 7 .6

3 7 .8

3 7 .9

C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ........................................

4 0 .9

4 1 .6

4 1 .0

4 1 .2

4 1 .5

4 1 .6

4 1 .9

4 1 .8

4 1 .6

4 1 .7

4 1 .7

4 1 .8

4 1 .9

4 2 .2

4 2 .1

P e t r o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c ts

........................................

4 3 .9

4 3 .9

4 4 .4

4 4 .9

4 3 .5

4 3 .6

4 3 .8

4 3 .7

4 3 .5

4 3 .2

4 3 .5

4 3 .6

4 4 .5

4 5 .6

4 5 .7

L e a t h e r a n d le a t h e r p r o d u c ts

........................................

3 5 .6

3 6 .8

3 4 .9

3 6 .0

3 7 .0

3 6 .8

3 6 .8

3 7 .4

3 7 .2

3 7 .7

3 7 .5

3 7 .2

3 7 .0

3 7 .1

3 7 .0

3 9 .0

39 0

3 8 .6

3 8 .8

3 8 .8

3 8 .9

3 8 .9

3 8 .9

3 9 .3

3 9 .4

3 9 .4

3 9 .2

3 9 .4

3 9 .6

3 9 .4

T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S

3 8 .0

W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E

3 1 .9

3 1 .9

3 1 .4

3 1 .7

3 1 .7

3 1 .9

3 2 .0

3 1 .9

3 1 .8

3 1 .8

3 2 .1

3 2 .0

3 2 .4

3 2 .2

3 2 .1

W HO LESALE TRADE

3 8 .4

3 8 .6

3 8 .2

3 8 .4

3 8 .5

3 8 .6

3 8 .7

3 8 .6

3 8 .5

3 8 .7

3 8 .7

3 8 .7

3 8 .7

3 8 .8

3 8 .8

R E T A IL T R A D E

2 9 .9

2 9 .8

2 9 .3

2 9 .7

2 9 .6

2 9 .9

2 9 .9

2 9 .8

2 9 .7

2 9 .7

3 0 .0

3 0 .0

3 0 .4

3 0 .1

3 0 .0

S E R V IC E S

3 2 .6

3 2 .7

3 2 .5

3 2 .7

3 2 .7

3 2 .9

3 2 .7

3 2 .6

3 2 .7

3 2 .8

3 2 .9

3 2 .7

3 2 .6

3 2 .8

3 2 .6

p -

....................................................................................................................

p r e lim in a r y .

68

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

N O T E : S e e “ N o te s o n t h e d a t a " f o r a d e s c r ip tio n o f t h e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is io n .

14.

Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group

[Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls]
1983

A n n u al av e ra g e

1984

In d u s t r y d iv is io n a n d g r o u p

P R IV A T E S E C T O R

1982

1983

Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

June

J u ly

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

D ec.

J a n .P

F e b .P

$ 7 .6 7

$ 8 .0 1

$ 7 .9 2

$ 7 .9 0

$ 7 .9 4

$ 7 .9 7

$ 7 .9 7

$ 8 .0 0

$ 7 .9 4

$ 8 .1 1

$ 8 .1 5

$ 8 .1 6

$ 8 .1 6

$ 8 .2 5

$ 8 .2 4

(1)

<1 )

7 .9 1

7 .9 1

7 .9 5

7 .9 7

8 .0 0

8 .0 3

7 .9 8

8 .0 8

8 .1 3

8 .1 3

8 .1 6

8 .2 2

8 .2 3

S e a s o n a lly a d j u s t e d .....................................................

M IN IN G

1 0 .7 8

1 1 .3 0

1 1 .2 5

1 1 .1 9

1 1 .2 8

1 1 .2 0

1 1 .2 5

1 1 .2 9

1 1 .2 8

1 1 .3 5

1 1 .3 5

1 1 .4 3

1 1 .4 4

1 1 .5 4

1 1 .4 6

C O N S T R U C T IO N

1 1 .6 2

1 1 .9 1

1 2 .0 0

1 1 .9 5

1 1 .9 0

1 1 .8 0

1 1 .7 4

1 1 .7 8

1 1 .8 4

1 2 .0 3

1 2 .0 4

1 1 .8 9

1 2 .0 1

1 2 .0 5

1 1 .9 3

M A N U F A C T U R IN G

D u ra b le g o o d s

8 .5 0

8 .8 4

8 .7 5

8 .7 4

8 .7 7

8 .7 8

8 .8 1

8 .8 6

8 .7 9

8 .9 0

892

8 .9 9

9 .0 6

9 .0 9

9 .0 9

9 .0 6

9 .4 0

9 .3 1

9 .2 9

9 .3 1

9 .3 4

9 .3 7

9 .4 0

9 .3 4

9 .4 8

9 .4 9

9 .5 6

9 .6 3

9 .6 6

9 .6 6

L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ...............................

7 .4 6

7 .7 9

7 .7 2

7 .6 8

7 .7 4

7 .7 8

7 .8 5

7 .8 2

7 .8 3

7 .8 8

7 .8 7

7 80

7 .8 0

7 .8 6

7 .9 0

F u r n it u r e a n d f i x t u r e s ................................................

6 .3 1

6 .6 2

6 .5 0

6 .5 1

6 .5 1

6 .5 2

6 .6 0

6 .6 5

6 .6 7

6 .7 3

6 .7 1

6 .7 2

6 .7 7

6 .7 6

6 .7 6

S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s ......................

8 .8 6

9 .2 8

9 .1 0

9 .1 3

9 .1 6

9 .2 0

9 .2 8

9 .3 4

9 .3 1

9 .4 3

9 .3 9

9 .4 1

9 .4 1

9 .4 3

9 .4 2

P r im a r y m e ta l i n d u s t r i e s ........................................

1 1 .3 3

1 1 .3 3

1 1 .5 3

1 1 .2 4

1 1 .2 5

1 1 .2 8

1 1 .2 3

1 1 .3 7

1 1 .2 8

1 1 .3 3

1 1 .2 8

1 1 .3 1

1 1 .3 5

1 1 .3 8

1 1 .4 5

F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ...................................

8 .7 8

9 .1 4

9 .0 4

9 .0 5

9 .0 7

9 .0 8

9 .1 1

9 .1 0

9 .1 2

9 .2 1

9 .2 2

9 .2 7

9 .3 8

9 .3 4

9 .3 4

M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ...............................
E le c tr ic a n d e le c t r o n ic e q u i p m e n t ..................

9 .2 9

9 .6 3

9 .4 4

9 .4 6

9 .4 8

9 .5 9

9 .6 3

9 .6 5

9 .6 1

9 .7 1

9 .7 4

9 .8 1

9 .9 1

9 .9 1

9 .9 3

8 .2 1

8 .6 7

8 .5 6

8 .6 0

8 .6 0

8 .6 0

8 .6 3

8 .6 9

8 .6 4

8 .7 5

8 .7 3

8 .7 8

8 .8 6

8 .9 0

8 .8 8

...................................

1 1 .1 2

1 1 .6 8

1 1 .4 9

1 1 .4 9

1 1 .5 3

1 1 .5 2

1 1 .6 3

1 1 .6 2

1 1 .5 3

1 1 .8 0

1 1 .8 8

1 2 .0 2

1 2 .0 6

1 2 .0 7

1 2 .0 8

I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s ..................

8 .1 0

8 .5 4

8 .4 8

8 .4 7

8 .4 6

8 .4 8

8 .4 8

8 .5 7

8 .5 3

8 .6 1

8 .6 0

8 .6 2

8 .7 0

8 .7 3

8 .6 9

..........................

6 .4 3

6 .8 2

6 .7 3

6 .7 5

6 .7 6

6 .8 2

6 .8 1

6 .8 2

6 .8 1

6 .8 5

6 .8 5

6 .8 6

6 .9 7

7 .0 5

7 .0 3

7 .7 3

8 .0 7

7 .9 9

8 .0 0

8 .0 3

8 .0 3

8 04

8 11

8 05

8 .1 1

8 11

8 .1 8

8 .2 4

8 .2 7

8 .2 8

8 14

T r a n s p o r t a tio n e q u ip m e n t

M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c t u r in g

N o n d u r a b le g o o d s

7 .8 9

8 .1 7

8 .1 1

8 .1 6

8 .2 0

8 .1 8

8 17

8 1/

8 .1 2

8 13

8 23

8 .3 3

8 .3 8

8 .4 1

T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s ............................................

9 .7 8

1 0 .3 2

9 .9 6

1 0 .4 3

1 0 .6 1

1 0 .7 4

1 0 .9 1

1 0 H-l

1 0 .2 4

9 90

9 .6 /

10 74

1 0 .1 8

1 0 .5 8

1 0 .7 8

T e x t ile m i ll p r o d u c t s .................................................

F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c ts

...............................

5 .8 3

6 .1 8

6 .1 0

6 .1 1

6 .1 4

6 .1 4

6 .1 6

6 .1 /

6 .1 9

6 .2 3

6 .2 4

6 .2 6

6 .3 1

6 .4 0

6 .4 1

A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r t e x t ile p r o d u c t s ..................

5 .2 0

5 .3 7

5 .3 3

5 .3 3

5 .3 5

5 .3 3

5 .3 6

5 .3 5

5 .3 5

5 .3 9

5 .4 3

5 .4 5

5 .4 6

5 .5 1

5 .4 9

P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts

1 0 .2 2

...................................

9 .3 2

9 .9 3

9 .6 5

9 .6 7

9 .7 2

9 .8 1

9 .9 1

1 0 .0 6

1 0 .0 2

1 0 .1 1

1 0 .1 0

1 0 .1 9

1 0 .2 3

1 0 .2 2

P r in t in g a n d p u b l i s h i n g ............................................

8 .7 5

9 .1 2

8 .9 9

9 .0 3

9 .0 3

9 .0 5

9 .0 6

9 .1 0

9 .1 4

9 .2 5

9 .2 4

9 27

9 .3 1

9 .2 8

9 .3 0

C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ..........................

9 .9 6

1 0 .5 9

1 0 .4 1

1 0 .3 9

1 0 .4 3

1 0 .5 0

1 0 .5 2

1 0 .5 8

1 0 .6 1

1 0 .6 9

1 0 .7 8

1 0 .8 6

1 0 .8 9

1 0 .8 9

1 0 .8 9

..........................

1 2 .4 6

1 3 .2 8

1 3 .2 5

1 3 .2 8

1 3 .2 7

1 3 .1 7

1 3 .1 7

1 3 .2 0

1 3 .1 6

1 3 .3 6

1 3 .3 6

1 3 .4 4

1 3 .5 7

1 3 .4 2

1 3 .2 8

p la s t ic s p r o d u c t s .....................................................

7 .6 5

8 .0 2

7 .9 1

7 .9 2

7 .9 5

7 .9 7

7 .9 6

8 .0 6

8 .0 3

8 .0 8

8 .1 2

8 .1 0

8 .1 8

8 .2 1

8 .2 3

5 .3 2

5 .5 3

5 .5 0

5 .5 2

5 .5 2

5 .5 1

5 .4 9

5 .5 2

5 .5 0

5 .5 6

5 .5 5

5 .5 6

5 .6 0

5 .6 9

5 .6 8

1 0 .3 0

1 0 .8 1

1 0 .7 2

1 0 .6 8

1 0 .7 2

1 0 .7 4

1 0 .7 3

1 0 .8 6

1 0 .6 8

1 0 .9 0

1 0 .9 3

1 1 .0 1

1 0 .9 8

1 1 .0 4

1 1 .0 1

W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E

6 .2 1

6 .4 9

6 .4 5

6 .4 3

6 .4 5

6 .4 6

6 .4 6

6 .4 8

6 .4 7

6 .5 4

6 .5 7

6 .5 8

6 .5 5

6 .6 9

6 .6 8

W HO LESALE TRADE

8 .0 2

8 .4 1

8 .2 8

8 .2 7

8 .3 4

8 .3 6

8 .3 5

8 .4 2

8 .4 1

8 .4 8

8 .5 4

8 .5 4

8 .6 0

8 .6 7

8 63

R E T A IL T R A D E

5 .4 7

5 .7 3

5 .6 9

5 .6 8

5 .6 9

5 .7 1

5 .7 1

5 .7 2

5 .7 1

5 .7 7

5 .7 8

5 .8 1

5 .7 7

5 .8 9

5 .8 8

6 .7 8

7 .3 0

7 .2 2

7 .1 9

7 .2 3

7 .3 1

7 .2 6

7 .3 0

7 .2 5

7 .3 3

7 .4 5

7 .3 9

7 .4 3

7 .5 8

7 .5 8

6 90

7 .2 6

7 .1 9

7 .1 7

7 .2 0

7 .2 3

7 .2 0

7 .1 8

7 .1 8

7 .3 1

7 .3 9

7 .4 1

7 .4 4

7 .5 3

7 .5 2

P e t r o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c ts
R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s

L e a th e r a n d le a t h e r p r o d u c ts

...........................

T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S

F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D

REAL ESTATE

S E R V IC E S

1 N o t a v a ila b le .
p = p r e lim in a r y .

15.

N O T E : S e e “ N o te s o n th e d a t a " f o r a d e s c r ip tio n o f t h e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is io n .

Hourly Earnings Index, for production workers on private nonagricultural payrolls, by industry

[1977 = 100]
N o t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s t e d

S e a s o n a lly a d ju s t e d
P e rc e n t

P erce n t

change
In d u s t r y

P R IV A T E S E C T O R ( In c u r r e n t d o ll a r s )

.

change

Feb.

D ec.

Jan.

Feb.

fro m :

Feb.

O c t.

Nov.

D ec.

Jan.

Feb.

fro m :

1983

1983

1984P

1984P

Feb. 1983

1983

1983

1983

1983

1984P

1984P

Jan. 1984

to

to

Feb. 1984

Feb. 1984

1 5 3 .7

1 5 7 .6

1 5 8 .8

1 5 8 .6

3 .2

1 5 3 .4

1 5 6 .8

1 5 6 .9

1 5 7 .6

1 5 8 .2

1 5 8 .2

0 .0

1 6 5 .1

1 7 0 .1

1 7 0 .7

1 6 9 .9

2 .9

(1)

C o n s t r u c t i o n ..................

1 4 4 .6

1 4 5 .8

1 4 6 .0

1 4 4 .6

( 1)
1 4 5 .1

( 1)
1 4 4 .6

(1)
1 4 5 .2

(1)
1 4 5 .9

(1)
1 4 5 .5

( 1)
-.3

M a n u f a c t u r i n g ..........................

1 5 7 .3

1 6 0 .5

1 6 1 .1

1 6 1 .2

2 .5

1 5 7 .3

158 9

1 5 9 .7

1 6 0 .1

1 6 0 .7

T r a n s p o r t a tio n a n d p u b lic u t ilitie s

1 5 5 .7

1 5 9 .6

1 6 0 .5

1 6 0 .2

2 .9

1 5 5 .2

1 5 8 .4

1 5 8 .7

158 9

1 5 9 .9

1 5 9 .5

-.2

W h o le s a le a n d r e ta il tr a d e

1 4 9 .8

1 5 4 .0

1 5 5 .5

1 5 5 .2

3 .7

1 4 9 .3

1 5 4 .1

1 5 4 .1

1 5 4 .8

1 5 5 .0

1 5 4 .7

-.2

(1)
1 5 2 .0

( 1)
1 5 8 .4

( 1)
1 5 8 .1

<1 )
1 5 9 .2

(1)
1 5 9 .6

( 1)
1 5 9 .5

(1)
- .1

9 5 .1

9 4 .4

9 4 .3

9 4 .7

9 4 .7

(2)

(2 )

M i n i n g ..................

. . .

.0

F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d re a l e s ta te . .

1 5 7 .4

1 6 2 .0

1 6 5 .1

1 6 5 .0

4 .8

S e r v ic e s

1 5 3 .4

1 5 9 .2

1 6 0 .9

1 6 0 .6

4 .7

9 5 .5

9 4 .9

9 5 .2

(2 )

(2 )

...............................

P R IV A T E S E C T O R ( in c o n s ta n t d o ll a r s )

1T h is s e r ie s is n o t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d b e c a u s e th e s e a s o n a l c o m p o n e n t is s m a ll r e la tiv e t o t h e t r e n d -

1 4 5 .0

p =

1 6 1 .2

.3

p r e lim in a r y ,

c y c le , ir r e g u la r c o m p o n e n ts , o r b o t h , a n d c o n s e q u e n t ly c a n n o t b e s e p a r a te d w ith s u ff ic ie n t p r e c is io n .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

N O T E : S e e " N o t e s o n t h e d a t a " f o r a d e s c r ip tio n o f t h e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is io n .

69

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data
16.

Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group

[ G r o s s a v e r a g e s , p r o d u c t i o n o r n o n s u p e r v i s o r y w o r k e r s o n p r iv a t e n o n a g r i c u l t u r a l p a y r o l l s ]
A n n u al av e ra g e

1983

1984

In d u s t r y d iv is io n a n d g r o u p
1982

1983

Feb.

M ar.

A p r.

M ay

June

J u ly

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

D ec.

J a n .P

F e b .P

C u r r e n t d o l l a r s ..........................................................................

$ 2 6 6 .9 2

$ 2 8 0 .3 5

$ 2 7 0 .8 6

$ 2 7 4 .1 3

$ 2 7 5 .5 2

$ 2 7 8 .1 5

$ 2 8 0 .5 4

$ 2 8 3 .2 0

$ 2 8 1 .0 8

$ 2 8 6 .2 8

$ 2 8 7 .7 0

$ 2 8 6 .4 2

$ 2 8 9 .6 8

$ 2 8 8 .7 5

$ 2 8 9 .2 2

S e a s o n a lly a d j u s t e d .........................................................

(1)
1 6 7 .8 7

(1)
1 7 1 .1 5

2 7 2 .9 0

2 7 5 .2 7

2 7 7 .4 6

2 7 9 .7 5

2 8 0 .8 0

2 8 1 .0 5

2 7 9 .3 0

2 8 4 .4 2

2 8 6 .9 9

2 8 6 .1 8

2 8 8 .0 5

2 9 1 .8 1

2 9 1 .3 4

1 6 8 .2 4

1 6 9 .8 5

1 6 9 .5 5

1 7 0 .3 3

1 7 1 .3 7

1 7 2 .3 7

1 7 0 .3 5

1 7 2 .7 7

1 7 3 .3 1

1 7 2 .4 4

1 7 4 .4 0

1 7 3 .1 1

(1 )

M IN IN G

4 5 9 .2 3

4 8 0 .2 5

4 6 4 .6 3

4 6 7 .7 4

4 6 9 .2 5

4 7 2 .6 4

4 7 8 .1 3

4 7 5 .3 1

4 8 1 .6 6

4 8 9 .1 9

4 9 0 .3 2

4 9 0 .3 5

4 9 7 .6 4

5 0 3 .1 4

4 9 8 .5 1

C O N S T R U C T IO N

4 2 6 .4 5

4 4 1 .8 6

4 2 4 .8 0

4 3 4 .9 8

4 3 6 .7 3

4 4 1 .3 2

4 4 4 .9 5

4 5 0 .0 0

4 4 9 .9 2

4 5 5 .9 4

4 4 9 .0 9

4 3 1 .6 1

4 4 1 .9 7

4 3 7 .4 2

4 4 0 .2 2

C u r r e n t d o l l a r s ...........................................................................

3 3 0 .6 5

3 5 4 .4 8

3 3 9 50

3 4 6 .1 0

3 4 9 .0 5

3 5 0 .3 2

3 5 5 .0 4

3 5 4 .4 0

3 5 3 .3 6

3 6 3 .1 2

3 6 3 .0 4

3 6 6 .7 9

3 7 3 .2 7

3 6 8 .1 5

3 6 9 .9 6

C o n s t a n t ( 1 9 7 7 ) d o l l a r s ....................................................

2 0 7 .9 6

2 1 6 .4 1

2 1 0 .8 7

2 1 4 .4 4

2 1 4 .8 0

2 1 4 .5 3

2 1 6 .8 8

2 1 5 .7 0

2 1 4 .1 6

2 1 9 .1 4

2 1 8 .7 0

2 2 0 .8 2

2 2 4 .7 3

2 2 1 .6 4

(1)

3 5 6 .0 6

3 8 2 .5 8

3 6 6 .8 1

3 7 2 .5 3

3 7 5 .1 9

3 7 7 .3 4

3 8 2 .3 0

3 7 9 .7 6

3 8 0 .1 4

3 9 6 .7 4

4 0 4 .4 6

3 9 8 .9 6

3 9 9 .9 2

P R IV A T E S E C T O R

C o n s t a n t ( 1 9 7 7 ) d o l l a r s .....................................................

M A N U F A C T U R IN G

D u r a b le g o o d s

3 9 2 .4 7

3 9 1 .9 4

............................................

2 8 3 .4 8

3 1 1 .6 0

2 9 9 .5 4

3 0 2 .5 9

3 0 8 .0 5

3 1 2 .7 6

3 2 0 .2 8

3 1 3 .5 8

3 1 9 .4 6

3 2 0 .7 2

3 1 8 .7 4

3 0 8 .8 8

3 1 0 .4 4

3 0 8 .9 0

3 1 2 .0 5

F u r n it u r e a n d f i x t u r e s ..............................................................

2 3 4 .7 3

2 6 0 .8 3

2 4 3 .1 0

2 5 1 .2 9

2 5 3 .8 9

2 5 4 .2 8

2 6 3 .3 4

2 5 8 .6 9

2 6 7 .4 7

2 7 1 .2 2

2 7 1 .0 8

2 6 9 .4 7

2 7 7 .5 7

2 6 4 .3 2

2 6 5 .6 7

3 9 1 .9 5

3 9 9 .8 3

L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts

S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c ts

...................................

3 5 4 .4 0

3 8 4 .1 9

3 5 8 .5 4

3 7 4 .6 4

3 9 0 .6 9

3 9 1 .3 5

3 9 5 .2 2

3 9 4 .2 8

3 8 4 .7 4

3 8 9 .9 9

.....................................................

3 4 4 .1 8

4 5 8 .8 7

4 5 0 .8 2

4 5 6 .2 3

4 5 1 .1 3

4 5 2 .3 3

4 5 4 .8 2

4 6 0 .4 9

4 5 7 .9 7

4 6 9 .0 6

4 6 4 .7 4

4 7 0 .5 0

4 7 8 .9 7

4 7 4 .5 5

4 8 0 .9 0

F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s .....................................................

3 4 4 .1 8

3 7 1 .0 8

3 5 4 .3 7

3 6 1 .1 0

3 6 4 .6 1

3 6 6 .8 3

3 7 1 .6 9

3 6 5 .8 2

3 7 2 .1 0

3 8 1 .2 9

3 8 0 .7 9

3 8 5 .6 3

3 9 6 .7 7

3 8 6 .6 8

3 8 6 .6 8

P r im a r y m e ta l In d u s tr ie s

M a c h in e r y e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ................................................

3 6 8 .8 1

3 9 0 .0 2

3 7 1 .9 4

3 6 8 .8 5

3 7 7 .4 0

3 8 2 .6 4

3 9 5 .3 2

3 8 8 .0 9

3 8 6 .9 7

3 8 7 .2 8

3 9 9 .0 8

4 0 0 .3 1

4 0 8 .1 0

4 2 2 .1 7

4 1 5 .2 3

4 1 8 .0 5

...............................

3 2 2 .6 5

3 5 1 .1 4

3 3 6 .4 1

3 4 4 .0 0

3 4 4 .8 6

3 4 5 .7 2

3 5 0 .3 8

3 5 0 .2 1

3 4 9 .9 2

3 5 8 .7 5

3 5 8 .8 0

3 6 3 .4 9

3 7 0 .3 5

3 6 5 .7 9

3 6 4 .9 7

T r a n s p o r t a tio n e q u i p m e n t .....................................................

4 5 0 .3 6

4 9 1 .7 3

4 6 9 .9 4

4 8 0 .2 8

4 8 4 .2 6

4 8 2 .6 9

4 9 1 .9 5

4 8 4 .5 5

4 7 5 .0 4

5 0 5 .0 4

5 0 6 .0 9

5 1 5 .6 6

5 2 2 .2 0

5 1 6 .6 0

5 1 7 .0 2
3 5 4 .5 5

E le c tr ic a n d e le c t r o n ic e q u ip m e n t

I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s

3 7 9 .2 0

3 8 0 .8 8

...............................

3 2 2 .3 8

3 4 5 .0 2

3 3 5 .8 1

3 4 0 .4 9

3 3 9 .2 5

3 4 1 .7 4

3 4 0 .9 0

3 4 4 .5 1

3 4 3 .7 6

3 5 3 .0 1

3 5 0 .0 2

3 5 3 .4 2

3 6 0 .1 8

3 5 7 .9 3

M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................................

2 4 7 .5 6

2 6 6 .6 6

2 5 3 .7 2

2 6 3 .2 5

2 6 3 .6 4

2 6 4 .6 2

2 6 4 .9 1

2 6 4 .6 2

2 6 6 .2 7

2 7 0 .5 8

2 7 2 .6 3

2 7 3 .7 1

2 7 9 .5 0

2 7 5 .6 6

2 8 0 .5 0

2 9 6 .8 3

3 1 7 .9 6

3 0 5 .2 2

3 1 1 .2 0

3 1 3 .9 7

3 1 5 .5 8

3 1 9 .1 9

3 1 9 .5 3

3 1 9 .5 9

3 2 5 .2 1

3 2 3 .5 9

3 2 7 .2 0

3 3 1 .2 5

3 2 6 .6 7

3 2 7 .9 2

3 1 6 .6 1

3 1 8 .9 8

3 2 1 .4 7

3 2 4 .8 0

3 3 0 .5 1

N o n d u r a b le g o o d s

3 1 0 .8 7

3 2 2 .7 2

3 1 2 .2 4

3 2 5 .1 7

32 2 72

3 2 8 .8 6

3 2 3 .5 7

3 2 7 .5 5

3 3 4 .0 3

3 3 0 .1 7

.........................................................

3 6 9 .6 8

3 8 5 .9 7

3 3 9 .6 4

3 7 8 .6 1

3 9 5 .7 5

4 0 1 .6 8

4 2 0 .0 4

3 9 8 .9 1

3 8 6 .0 5

3 8 0 .1 6

3 7 0 .3 6

4 3 1 .7 5

3 8 4 .8 0

3 9 6 .7 5

3 8 7 .0 0

T e x t ile m i ll p r o d u c t s ..................................................................

F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ................................................

2 1 8 .6 3

2 4 9 .6 7

2 3 6 .0 7

2 4 2 .5 7

2 4 6 .8 3

2 4 8 .6 7

2 5 3 .1 8

2 4 8 .0 3

2 5 4 .4 1

2 5 7 .9 2

2 5 6 .4 6

2 5 6 .6 6

2 5 8 .7 1

2 5 7 .2 8

2 5 8 .9 6

A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r te x t ile p r o d u c t s ...............................

1 8 0 .4 4

1 9 4 .3 9

1 8 5 .4 8

1 9 0 .2 8

1 9 2 .0 7

1 9 2 .4 1

1 9 6 .1 8

1 9 3 .1 4

1 9 5 .8 1

1 9 8 .3 5

1 9 9 .8 2

2 0 0 .0 2

2 0 0 .3 8

1 9 8 .9 1

2 0 1 .4 8

P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s .....................................................

3 8 9 .5 8

4 2 3 .0 2

3 9 6 .6 2

4 0 6 ,1 4

4 1 0 .1 8

4 1 5 .9 4

4 2 5 .1 4

4 2 9 .5 6

4 2 8 .8 6

4 3 9 .7 9

4 3 6 .3 2

4 4 0 .2 1

4 4 8 .0 7

4 4 0 .4 8

4 4 0 .4 8

T o b a c c o m a n u fa c t u r e s

P r in t in g a n d p u b l i s h i n g .........................................................

3 2 4 .6 3

3 4 2 .9 1

3 3 0 .8 3

3 3 8 .6 3

3 3 7 .7 2

3 3 7 .5 7

3 3 8 .8 4

3 4 1 .2 5

3 4 4 .5 8

3 5 1 .5 0

3 5 1 .1 2

3 5 3 .1 9

3 5 7 .5 0

3 4 7 .0 7

3 4 9 .6 8

C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts

........................................

4 0 7 .3 6

4 4 0 .5 4

4 2 5 .7 7

4 2 8 .0 7

4 3 2 .8 5

4 3 5 .7 5

4 4 0 .7 9

4 4 0 .1 3

4 3 9 .2 5

4 4 7 .9 1

4 4 9 .5 3

4 5 7 .2 1

4 6 1 .7 4

4 5 7 .3 8

4 5 6 .2 9

P e t r o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ............................................

5 4 6 .9 9

5 8 2 .9 9

5 7 3 .7 3

5 8 4 .3 2

5 8 1 .2 3

5 7 5 .7 3

5 7 9 .4 8

5 8 4 .7 6

5 7 2 .4 6

5 9 1 .8 5

5 8 5 .1 7

5 9 0 .0 2

6 0 2 .5 1

5 9 8 .5 3

5 9 2 .2 9

p la s t ic s p r o d u c t s ..................................................................

3 0 2 .9 4

3 3 0 .4 2

3 1 4 .0 3

3 2 1 .5 5

3 2 6 .7 5

3 2 7 .5 7

3 2 8 .7 5

3 2 9 .6 5

3 3 0 .8 4

3 3 8 .5 5

3 4 0 .2 3

3 4 0 .2 0

3 4 7 .6 5

3 4 5 .6 4

3 4 7 .3 1

L e a t h e r a n d le a t h e r p r o d u c t s ............................................

1 8 9 .3 9

2 0 3 .5 0

1 9 0 .3 0

1 9 7 .0 6

2 0 1 .4 8

2 0 4 .4 2

2 0 7 .5 2

2 0 7 .0 0

2 0 6 .2 5

2 0 8 .5 0

2 0 6 .4 6

2 0 7 .3 9

2 0 8 .8 8

2 0 7 .6 9

2 0 8 .4 6

T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S

4 0 1 .7 0

4 2 1 .5 9

4 1 1 .6 5

4 1 3 .3 2

4 1 3 .7 9

4 1 5 .6 4

4 1 9 .5 4

4 2 5 .7 1

4 2 1 .8 6

4 2 9 .4 6

4 3 0 .6 4

4 3 2 .6 9

4 3 5 .9 1

4 3 2 .7 7

4 3 1 .5 9

W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E

1 9 8 .1 0

2 0 7 .0 3

1 9 9 .3 1

2 0 1 .9 0

2 0 3 .1 8

2 0 5 .4 3

2 0 7 .3 7

2 1 0 .6 0

2 0 9 .6 3

2 0 9 .2 8

2 1 0 .2 4

2 0 9 .9 0

2 1 4 .1 9

2 1 1 .4 0

2 1 1 .0 9

W H O LESA LE TRADE

3 0 7 .9 7

3 2 4 .6 3

3 1 3 .8 1

3 1 6 .7 4

3 1 9 .4 2

3 2 1 .8 6

3 2 3 .1 5

3 2 6 .7 0

3 2 5 .4 7

3 2 8 .1 8

3 3 1 .3 5

3 3 1 .3 5

3 3 5 .4 0

3 3 4 .6 6

3 3 2 .2 6

R E T A IL T R A D E

1 6 3 .5 5

1 7 0 .7 5

1 6 3 .3 0

1 6 6 .4 2

1 6 7 .2 9

1 6 9 .5 9

1 7 1 .8 7

1 7 5 .0 3

1 7 4 .1 6

1 7 2 .5 2

1 7 2 .8 2

1 7 3 .1 4

1 7 7 .7 2

1 7 3 .1 7

1 7 2 .8 7

2 4 5 .4 4

2 6 4 .2 6

2 6 0 .6 4

2 5 8 .8 4

2 6 1 .0 0

2 6 5 .3 5

2 6 2 .0 9

2 6 4 .9 9

261 73

2 6 3 .8 8

2 7 0 .4 4

2 6 6 .7 8

2 6 8 .9 7

2 7 6 .6 7

2 7 4 .4 0

2 2 4 .9 4

2 3 7 .4 0

2 3 2 .9 6

2 3 3 .7 4

2 3 4 .7 2

2 3 6 .4 2

2 3 6 .8 8

2 3 7 .6 6

2 3 7 .6 6

2 3 9 .0 4

2 4 2 ,3 9

2 4 1 .5 7

2 4 2 .5 4

2 4 5 .4 8

2 4 4 .4 0

R u b b e r a n d m i s c e lla n e o u s

F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E

.

S E R V IC E S

1 N o t a v a ila b le .
p =

p r e lim in a r y .

17.

NO TE:

S e e “ N o te s o n t h e d a t a " f o r a d e s c r ip tio n o f t h e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is io n .

Indexes of diffusion: industries in which employment increased

[In p e r c e n t]
T im e
Year

Jan.

span

.

Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

June

J u ly

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

D ec.

O ver

1982

4 5 .4

3 6 .0

3 9 .0

4 7 .6

3 2 .8

3 8 .4

3 7 .1

3 4 .1

2 9 .3

3 2 .0

4 2 .2

1 -m o n th

1983

. . . .

5 6 .5

4 5 .7

6 2 .4

6 9 .1

7 1 .0

6 4 .5

6 8 .5

6 8 .0

6 0 .8

7 0 .7

6 4 .5

6 4 .0

span

1984

. . . .

P 6 7 .2

P 7 0 .2

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

2 8 .5

O ver

1982

. . .

2 5 .3

2 8 .8

3 2 .0

3 4 .1

3 2 .5

3 3 .6

2 7 .2

2 7 .2

2 6 .1

2 5 .5

2 4 .7

4 0 .6

3 -m o n th

1983

. . . .

P 7 8 .5

5 5 .1

6 5 .6

7 5 .8

7 6 .1

7 7 .2

7 3 .9

7 9 .6

7 9 .6

7 4 .2

7 2 .0

P 7 4 .2

3 5 .8

span

O ver

1982

. . . .

2 0 .2

2 3 .7

2 5 .3

2 9 .8

2 6 .1

2 6 .1

2 3 .4

1 9 .1

2 1 .2

2 6 .1

2 6 .6

6 -m o n th

1983

. . . .

5 0 .5

6 3 .2

7 3 .4

7 6 .3

7 9 .3

8 3 .6

8 2 .5

8 0 .4

8 2 .0

P 8 2 .8

P 8 2 .8

—

24 2

3 1 .5

3 7 .6

4 4 .1

span

O ver

1982

. . . .

2 2 .0

2 0 .7

1 8 .0

1 9 .4

1 8 .3

2 0 .7

2 0 .7

22 8

1 2 -m o n th

1983

. . . .

4 8 .9

5 8 .3

6 2 .6

7 3 .4

7 6 .1

8 1 .2

P 8 4 .9

P 8 7 .1

—

span

p = p r e lim in a r y .
NOTE:

F ig u r e s a r e t h e p e r c e n t o f in d u s t r ie s w ith e m p lo y m e n t r is in g . ( H a lf o f th e u n c h a n g e d c o m p o n e n ts

70


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

a re c o u n t e d a s r is in g . ) D a ta a r e c e n te r e d w i t h i n th e s p a n s . S e e t h e “ D e f in i t i o n s ” in t h is s e c tio n .
S e e “ N o t e s ” o n th e d a t a ” f o r a d e s c r ip tio n o f t h e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is io n .

UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE DATA

persons in unemployment insurance programs to indicate they are out of
work and wish to begin receiving compensation. A claimant who continued
to be unemployed a full week is then counted in the insured unemployment
figure. The rate of insured unemployment expresses the number o f in­
sured unemployed as a percent of the average insured employment in a
12-month period.

are c o m p ile d m o n th ly

N a t io n a l u n e m p l o y m e n t in s u r a n c e d a t a

by th e E m p lo y m e n t an d T ra in in g A d m in is tra tio n o f the U .S . D e ­
p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r fro m m o n th ly re p o rts o f u n e m p lo y m e n t in su r­
a n c e a c tiv ity p re p a re d by S ta te a g e n c ie s. R a ilro a d u n e m p lo y m e n t
in su ran ce d a ta are prep ared by the U .S . R ailroad R etirem ent B oard.

Definitions

Average weekly seasonally adjusted insured unemployment data are
computed by BLS’ Weekly Seasonal Adjustment program. This procedure
incorporated the X -l 1 Variant of the Census Method II Seasonal Adjust­
ment program.

Data for all programs represent an unduplicated count of insured un­
employment under State programs. Unemployment Compensation for ExServicemen, and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees,
and the Railroad Insurance Act.

An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning
o f his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is
required for subsequent periods in the same year. Number of payments
are payments made in 14-day registration periods. The average amount
of benefit payment is an average for all compensable periods, not adjusted
for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments. However,
total benefits paid have been adjusted.

Under both State and Federal unemployment insurance programs for
civilian em ployees, insured workers must report the completion of at least
1 week of unemployment before they are defined as unemployed. Persons
not covered by unemployment insurance (about 10 percent of the labor
force) and those who have exhausted or not yet earned benefit rights are
excluded from the scope of the survey. Initial claims are notices filed by

18.

Unemployment insurance and employment service operations

[All items except average benefits amounts are in thousands]
1984

1983
Ite m
M ay

A p r.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Aug.

J u ly

June

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

J a n .P

D ec.

A ll p r o g r a m s :
In s u r e d u n e m p l o y m e n t ........................................

5 ,4 5 9

5 ,4 3 7

5 ,1 3 4

4 ,6 4 2

3 ,9 4 7

3 ,4 8 1

3 ,2 7 5

2 ,9 1 7

2 ,5 8 0

2 ,4 7 8

2 ,6 2 0

2 ,9 1 5

3 ,3 7 4

3 ,1 4 3

2 ,0 6 5

2 ,0 7 5

1 ,8 7 4

1 ,6 6 6

1 ,7 4 0

1 ,8 0 4

1 ,6 6 8

1 ,3 8 1

1 ,5 2 2

r 1 ,7 5 7

2 ,1 0 5

2 ,3 4 8

2 ,4 4 9

2 ,3 5 8

S ta te u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u r a n c e p r o g r a m : 1
I n itia l c la i m s 2

..............................................................

I n s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t ( a v e ra g e
4 ,9 2 3

w e e k ly v o lu m e ) .....................................................

4 ,7 5 9

3 ,0 4 9

3 ,0 6 3

3 ,3 6 1

3 ,9 0 6

4 ,4 0 1

2 ,7 6 6

2 ,5 0 8

2 ,8 0 5

3 ,2 4 9

R a te o f in s u r e d u n e m p l o y m e n t ......................

5 .6

5 .5

5 .0

4 .5

3 .9

3 .5

3 .5

3 .2

2 .8

2 .7

2 .9

3 .3

3 .8

W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t e d . . .

1 8 ,3 0 7

1 6 ,8 9 5

1 9 ,5 2 9

1 4 ,9 8 6

1 3 ,1 3 3

1 2 ,8 1 9

1 0 ,9 5 9

1 1 ,3 0 5

r9 ,3 8 3

8 ,4 1 7

r9 , 3 0 1

1 0 ,1 6 8

1 2 ,0 1 2

$ 1 2 1 .3 6

r $ 1 2 3 .0 0

r$ 1 2 2 .1 9

$ 1 2 2 .6 1

$ 1 2 3 .1 6

$ 1 , 1 0 4 , 3 6 2 r $ 1 ,0 0 2 ,1 4 1 r $ 1 , 0 9 9 ,8 6 2

$ 1 ,2 0 3 ,6 0 5

$ 1 ,4 2 6 ,6 9 7

A v e r a g e w e e k ly b e n e f it a m o u n t
...............................

$ 1 2 4 .2 9

$ 1 2 4 .4 7

$ 1 2 5 .4 7

$ 1 2 4 .8 5

$ 1 2 4 .4 9

$ 1 2 3 .4 4

$ 1 2 1 .5 9

$ 1 2 1 .4 2

................................................

$ 2 ,2 0 5 ,5 5 1

$ 2 ,0 5 2 ,4 1 5

$ 2 ,3 6 7 ,7 5 2

$ 1 ,8 1 6 ,5 3 9

$ 1 ,5 8 7 ,8 8 8

$ 1 ,5 4 9 ,7 5 8

$ 1 ,2 9 8 ,1 8 9

$ 1 ,3 3 7 ,4 4 2

2 ,1 8 7

2 ,1 3 8

2 ,1 4 8

1 ,9 5 2

1 ,9 9 3

1 ,8 3 6

1 ,7 2 3

1 ,8 4 1

1 ,6 6 4

1 ,6 5 6

r 1 ,7 1 7

1 ,6 2 0

1 ,6 0 1

w e e k ly v o l u m e ) .....................................................

3 ,9 8 0

3 ,9 7 9

3 ,8 8 4

3 ,7 7 4

3 ,5 3 8

3 ,3 0 1

3 ,3 0 3

3 ,0 2 6

3 ,0 8 8

2 ,6 1 7

2 ,6 7 .7

2 ,7 2 1

2 ,4 8 6

R a te o f In s u r e d u n e m p l o y m e n t ......................

4 .6

4 .6

4 .5

4 .3

4 .1

3 .8

3 .8

3 .5

3 .6

3 .1

3 .1

3 .2

2 .9

21

16

18

15

14

16

16

19

17

16

15

14

15

f o r t o ta l u n e m p lo y m e n t
T o t a l b e n e f it s p a id

S ta te u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u r a n c e p r o g r a m : 1
( S e a s o n a lly a d ju s t e d d a ta )
I n itia l c la i m s 2

..............................................................

I n s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t ( a v e ra g e

U n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a tio n f o r e x s e r v ic e m e n : 3
I n itia l c la i m s 1

..............................................................

In s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t ( a v e ra g e
34

30

26

25

25

26

27

28

28

27

27

w e e k ly v o l u m e ) .....................................................

37

37

W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t e d . ..

134

143

156

117

104

107

94

108

106

r 107

r 1 16

113

112

$ 1 6 ,8 0 7

$ 1 8 ,0 3 2

$ 1 9 ,5 8 8

$ 1 4 ,7 7 6

$ 1 3 ,1 1 1

$ 1 3 ,5 8 8

$ 1 2 ,1 1 8

$ 1 3 ,8 5 5

$ 1 3 ,5 1 9

r$ 1 4 , 0 7 4

r$ 1 5 ,1 2 1

r$ 1 4 , 8 1 5

$ 1 4 ,5 3 9

16

10

11

10

9

13

12

11

11

15

13

13

16

T o ta l b e n e f it s p a id

................................................

U n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a tio n f o r
F e d e r a l c iv ilia n e m p lo y e e s : 4
I n itia l c l a i m s ..................................................................
I n s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t ( a v e ra g e
w e e k ly v o l u m e ) .....................................................
W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t e d . .
T o ta l b e n e f it s p a id

................................................

35

33

31

26

22

21

23

22

22

25

27

32

29

142

131

146

109

93

90

85

94

83

88

r110

119

131

$ 1 6 ,0 4 5

$ 1 5 ,0 8 3

$ 1 6 ,8 7 1

$ 1 2 ,4 2 2

$ 1 0 ,6 0 3

$ 1 0 ,2 7 2

$ 9 ,6 4 0

$ 1 0 ,7 6 0

$ 9 ,5 2 2

r$ 1 0 , 1 4 4

r$ 1 2 , 4 1 5

$ 1 3 ,8 8 8

$ 1 5 ,3 1 8

R a ilr o a d u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u r a n c e :
A p p l i c a t i o n s ..................................................................

20

7

8

94

4

30

55

14

9

7

8

8

10

102

72

65

79

90

49

49

46

41

48

40

43

51

I n s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t ( a v e ra g e
w e e k ly v o l u m e ) .....................................................
N u m b e r o f p a y m e n t s ............................................
A v e r a g e a m o u n t o f b e n e f it p a y m e n t
T o ta l b e n e f it s p a id

. . .

.................................................

219

158

172

183

123

107

103

92

92

95

121

$ 2 2 0 .3 2

$ 2 1 4 .5 4

$ 2 1 3 .4 4

$ 2 0 3 .8 7

$ 2 1 5 .1 5

$ 2 0 3 .5 4

$ 1 9 9 .8 7

$ 2 1 4 .2 1

$ 2 1 4 .7 7

$ 2 1 1 .4 1

$ 2 1 2 .3 6

$ 2 1 3 .7 1

$ 2 1 0 .7 3

$ 3 3 ,1 0 0

$ 3 6 ,2 4 3

$ 2 7 ,7 8 3

$ 2 9 ,4 1 1

$ 1 4 ,9 8 4

$ 1 7 ,5 5 1

$ 2 1 ,7 8 9

$ 2 0 ,2 3 9

$ 1 9 ,5 3 1

$ 1 9 ,5 3 6

$ 1 9 ,8 7 0

$ 2 3 ,8 6 6

$ 4 4 ,5 1 4

169

92

E m p lo y m e n t s e r v i c e : 5
N e w a p p lic a tio n s a n d r e n e w a l s ......................

8 ,3 8 1

N o n f a r m p la c e m e n t s

1 ,1 8 4

............................................

1 in i t i a l c la i m s a n d S ta te in s u r e d

u n e m p lo y m e n t in c lu d e d a ta u n d e r t h e p r o g r a m f o r P u e r to R ic a n

s u g a rc a n e w o rk e rs .

.. . .

1 1 ,9 8 7

1 5 ,5 9 5

P 3 .7 7 5

1 ,9 2 1

3 ,0 1 2

P677

^ C u m u la tiv e t o ta l f o r f is c a l y e a r ( O c to b e r 1 - S e p te m b e r 3 0 ) . D a ta c o m p u te d q u a r te r ly .
N O TE: D a ta f o r P u e r to R ic o a n d t h e V i r g i n I s la n d s in c lu d e d . D a s h e s in d ic a te d a ta n o t a v a ila b le .

2 Excludes transition claims under State programs.
E x c l u d e s d a ta o n c la i m s a n d p a y m e n ts m a d e jo i n t l y w ith o t h e r p r o g r a m s .

P = p r e lim in a r y .

^ E x c lu d e s d a ta o r c la im s a n d p a y m e n ts m a d e j o i n t l y w ith S ta te p r o g r a m s .

r = r e v is e d .


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71

PRICE DATA

P r ic e

data

are g a th e re d by th e B u re au o f L a b o r S ta tistic s fro m

re ta il a n d p rim a ry m ark e ts in th e U n ited S ta te s. P ric e in d ex e s are
g iv e n in re la tio n to a b ase p e rio d (1 9 6 7 =
n o ted ).

100, u n le s s o th e rw ise

Definitions
The Consumer Price Index is a monthly statistical measure of the average
change in prices in a fixed market basket of goods and services. Effective
with the January 1978 index, the Bureau of Labor Statistics began pub­
lishing CPI’s for two groups of the population. It introduced a CPI for All
Urban Consumers, covering 80 percent of the total noninstitutional pop­
ulation, and revised the CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers,
covering about half the new index population. The All Urban Consumers
index covers in addition to wage earners and clerical workers, professional,
managerial, and technical workers, the self-employed, short-term workers,
the unemployed, retirees, and others not in the labor force.
The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs,
transportation fares, doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods and ser­
vices that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quality of
these items is kept essentially unchanged between major revisions so that
only price changes will be measured. Data are collected from more than
24,000 retail establishments and 24,000 tenants in 85 urban areas across
the country. All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of
items are included in the index. Because the CPI’s are based on the ex­
penditures o f two population groups in 1972-73, they may not accurately
reflect the experience of individual families and single persons with dif­
ferent buying habits.
Though the CPI is often called the “ Cost-of-Living Index,” it measures
only price change, which is just one of several important factors affecting
living costs. Area indexes do not measure differences in the level of prices
among cities. They only measure the average change in prices for each
area since the base period.

Producer Price Indexes measure average changes in prices received in
primary markets of the United States by products of commodities in all
stages o f processing. The sample used for calculating these indexes contains
about 2,800 commodities and about 10,000 quotations per month selected
to represent the movement of prices of all commodities produced in the
manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, gas and electricity,
and public utilities sectors. The universe includes all commodities produced
or imported for sale in commercial transactions in primary markets in the
United States.
Producer Price Indexes can be organized by stage of processing or by
commodity. The stage of processing structure organizes products by degree
o f fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate or semifinished goods,
and crude materials). The commodity structure organizes products by sim­
ilarity o f end-use or material composition.

72

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To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price Indexes
apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the United States,
from the production or central marketing point. Price data are generally
collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire. Most prices are ob­
tained directly from producing companies on a voluntary and confidential
basis. Prices generally are reported for the Tuesday of the week containing
the 13th day of the month.
In calculating Producer Price Indexes, price changes for the various
commodities are averaged together with implicit quantity weights repre­
senting their importance in the total net selling value of all commodities
as of 1972. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes for stage
of processing groupings, commodity groupings, durability of product
groupings, and a number of special composite groupings.

Price indexes for the output of selected SIC industries measure av­
erage price changes in commodities produced by particular industries, as
defined in the S t a n d a r d I n d u s t r i a l C la s s i f i c a t i o n M a n u a l 1 9 7 2 (Washing­
ton, U .S. Office of Management and Budget, 1972). These indexes are
derived from several price series, combined to match the economic activity
of the specified industry and weighted by the value of shipments in the
industry. They use data from comprehensive industrial censuses conducted
by the U .S. Bureau of the Census and the U .S. Department of Agriculture.

Notes on the data
Regional CPI’s cross classified by population size were introduced in
the May 1978 R e v i e w . These indexes enable users in local areas for which
an index is not published to get a better approximation of the CPI for their
area by using the appropriate population size class measure for their region.
The cross-classified indexes are published bimonthly. (See table 20.)
For details concerning the 1978 revision of the CPI, see T h e C o n s u m e r
P r i c e I n d e x : C o n c e p t s a n d C o n t e n t O v e r th e Y e a r s , Report 517, revised
edition (Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 1978).
As of January 1976, the Producer Price Index incorporated a revised
weighting structure reflecting 1972 values of shipments.
Additional data and analyses of price changes are provided in the C P I
D e t a i l e d R e p o r t and P r o d u c e r P r i c e s a n d P r i c e I n d e x e s , both monthly
publications of the Bureau.
For a discussion of the general method of computing producer, and
industry price indexes, see B L S H a n d b o o k o f M e t h o d s , Bulletin 2134-1
(Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 7. For consumer prices, see
B L S H a n d b o o k o f M e t h o d s f o r S u r v e y s a n d S t u d i e s (1976), chapter 13.
See also John F. Early, ‘‘Improving the measurement of producer price
change,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , April 1978. For industry prices, see also
Bennett R. Moss, ‘‘Industry and Sector Price Indexes,” M o n t h l y L a b o r
R e v i e w , August 1965.

19.

Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, annual averages and changes, 1967-83

[1967 = 100]
O th e r g o o d s

A p p a re l an d

Food and
A ll it e m s

E n t e r ta in m e n t

M e d ic a l c a re

T ra n s p o rta tio n

H o u s in g

a n d s e rv ic e s

upkeep

b e v e ra g e s

Year
P erce n t
In d e x

P erce n t
In d e x

P e rc e n t
In d e x
change

change

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

P e rc e n t

change

change

change

In d e x

In d e x

In d e x

In d e x
change

P e rc e n t

P erce n t

P erce n t

P erce n t
In d e x

change

change

1 0 0 .0

1967

...........................

1 0 0 .0

1968

...........................

1 0 4 .2

4 .2

1 0 3 .6

3 .6

1 0 4 .0

4 .0

1 0 5 .4

5 .4

1 0 3 .2

3 .2

1 0 6 .1

6 .1

1 0 5 .7

5 .7

1 0 5 .2

5 .2

1969

...........................

1 0 9 .8

5 .4

1 0 8 .8

5 .0

1 1 0 .4

6 .2

1 1 1 .5

5 .8

1 0 7 .2

3 .9

1 1 3 .4

6 .9

1 1 1 .0

5 .0

1 1 0 .4

4 .9

1970

...........................

1 1 6 .3

5 .9

1 1 4 .7

5 .4

1 1 8 .2

7 .1

1 1 6 .1

4 ,1

1 1 2 .7

5 .1

1 2 0 .6

6 .3

1 1 6 .7

5 .1

1 1 5 .8

5 .8

5 .2

1 2 8 .4

6 .5

1 2 2 .9

5 .3

1 2 2 .4

4 .8

...........................

1 2 1 .3

4 .3

1 1 8 .3

3 .1

1 2 3 .4

4 .4

1 1 9 .8

...........................

1 2 5 .3

3 .3

1 2 3 .2

4 .1

1 2 8 .1

3 .8

1 2 2 .3

2 .1

1 1 9 .9

1 .1

1 3 2 .5

3 .2

1 2 6 .5

2 .9

1 2 7 .5

4 .2

1973

...........................

1 3 3 .1

6 .2

1 3 9 .5

1 3 .2

1 3 3 .7

4 .4

1 2 6 .8

3 .7

1 2 3 .8

3 .3

1 3 7 .7

3 .9

1 3 0 .0

2 .8

1 3 2 .5

3 .9

1974

...........................

1 4 7 .7

1 1 .0

1 5 8 .7

1 3 .8

1 4 8 .8

1 1 .3

1 3 6 .2

7 .4

1 3 7 .7

1 1 .2

1 5 0 .5

9 .3

1 3 9 .8

7 .5

1 4 2 .0

7 .2

1 6 8 .6

1 2 .0

1 5 2 .2

8 .9

1 5 3 .9

8 .4

1975

1 6 1 .2

...........................

9 .1

1 7 2 .1

8 .4

1 0 .6

1 6 4 ,5

3 .3

1 1 8 .6

1971
1972

1 4 2 .3

4 .5

1 5 0 .6

9 .4

1976

...........................

1 7 0 .5

5 .8

1 7 7 .4

3 .1

1 7 4 .6

6 .1

1 4 7 .6

3 .7

1 6 5 .5

9 .9

1 8 4 .7

9 .5

1 5 9 .8

5 .0

1 6 2 .7

5 .7

1977

...........................

1 8 1 .5

6 .5

1 8 8 .0

8 .0

1 8 6 .5

6 .8

1 5 4 .2

4 .5

1 7 7 .2

7 .1

2 0 2 .4

9 .6

1 6 7 .7

4 .9

1 7 2 .2

5 .8

8 .4

1 7 6 .2

6 .4

1978

...........................

1 9 5 .3

7 .6

2 0 6 .2

9 .7

2 0 2 .6

8 .6

1 5 9 .5

3 .4

1 8 5 .8

4 .9

2 1 9 .4

5 .1

1 8 3 .2

1979

...........................

2 1 7 .7

1 1 .5

2 2 8 .7

1 0 .9

2 2 7 .5

1 2 .3

1 6 6 .4

4 .3

2 1 2 .8

1 4 .5

2 4 0 .1

9 .4

1 8 7 .6

6 .5

1 9 6 .3

7 .2

1980

...........................

2 4 7 .0

1 3 .5

2 4 8 .7

8 .7

2 6 3 .2

1 5 .7

1 7 7 .4

6 .6

2 5 0 .5

1 7 .7

2 8 7 .2

1 1 .3

2 0 3 .7

8 .5

2 1 3 .6

8 .8

1981

...........................

2 7 2 .3

1 0 .2

2 6 7 .8

7 .7

2 9 3 .2

1 1 .4

1 8 6 .6

5 .2

2 8 1 .3

1 2 .3

2 9 5 .1

1 0 .4

219 0

7 .5

2 3 3 .3

9 .2

1982

...........................

2 8 8 .6

6 .0

2 7 8 .5

4 .0

3 1 4 .7

7 .3

1 9 0 .9

2 .3

2 9 3 .1

4 .2

3 2 6 .9

1 0 .8

2 3 2 .4

6 .1

2 5 7 .0

1 0 .2

1983

...........................

2 9 7 .4

3 .0

2 8 4 .7

2 .2

3 2 2 .0

2 .3

1 9 5 .6

2 .5

3 0 0 .0

2 .4

3 5 5 .1

8 .6

2 4 2 .4

4 .3

2 8 6 .3

1 1 .4

20. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers and revised CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers,
U.S. city average— general summary and groups, subgroups, and selected items
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e rs
G e n e ra l s u m m a ry
Jan.

Aug.

S e p t.

A l l i t e m s ..............................................................................................................................................................................................

2 9 3 .1

3 0 0 .3

F o o d a n d b e v e ra g e s

....................................................................................................................................

2 8 0 .7

2 8 4 .9

..............................................................................................................................................................

3 1 7 .9

A p p a r e l a n d u p k e e p ....................................................................................................................................

1 9 1 .0

H o u s in g

U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s
1984

1983
O c t.

Nov.

3 0 1 .8

3 0 2 .6

3 0 3 .1

2 8 5 .3

2 8 5 .7

2 8 5 .3

3 2 4 .8

3 2 6 .4

3 2 6 .8

3 2 7 .0

1 9 7 .3

2 0 0 .4

200 7

2 0 0 .7

D ec.

1983

Jan.

Jan.

3 0 3 .5

3 0 5 .2

2 9 2 .1

2 8 6 .5

2 9 1 .6

2 8 1 .1

3 2 7 .4

3 2 9 .2

3 1 7 .0

1 9 9 .3

1 9 6 .4

1 9 0 .0

Aug.

1984

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

Dec

2 9 9 .5

3 0 0 .8

3 0 1 .3

3 0 1 .4

3 0 1 .5

3 0 2 .7

285 1

2 8 5 .6

2 8 5 .9

2 8 5 .6

2 8 6 .8

2 9 1 .9

3 2 4 .3

3 2 5 .3

3 2 5 .2

3 2 4 .5

3 2 4 .2

3 2 4 .7

1 9 6 .3

1 9 9 .3

1 9 9 .8

1 9 9 .7

1 9 8 .1

1 9 5 .3

Jan.

T r a n s p o r t a t i o n .................................................................................................................................................

2 9 3 .0

3 0 2 .4

3 0 3 .7

3 0 5 .0

3 0 6 .3

3 0 6 .3

3 0 6 .0

2 9 4 .3

3 0 4 .1

3 0 5 .5

3 0 6 .9

3 0 8 .2

3 0 8 .2

3 0 7 .9

M e d ic a l c a r e ......................................................................................................................................................

3 4 7 .8

3 6 0 .0

3 6 1 .2

3 6 2 .9

3 6 4 .9

3 6 6 .2

3 6 9 .5

3 4 5 .3

3 5 7 .9

3 5 9 .2

3 6 0 .9

3 6 2 .9

3 6 4 .3

3 6 7 .5

E ntertainm ent

......................................................................................................................

2 4 1 .5

2 4 6 .6

2 4 7 .5

2 4 9 .1

2 4 9 .5

2 4 9 .5

2 4 9 .9

2 3 7 .7

2 4 3 .1

2 4 4 .1

2 4 5 .4

2 4 5 .7

2 4 5 .8

2 4 6 .2

O t h e r g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s .......................................................................................................................

2 7 9 .9

2 8 9 .0

2 9 4 .4

2 9 6 .8

2 9 8 .1

2 9 8 .6

3 0 0 .5

2 7 7 .8

2 8 8 .0

2 9 2 .0

2 9 4 .1

2 9 5 .5

2 9 5 .9

2 9 8 .1

C o m m o d i t i e s .....................................................................................................................................................

2 6 7 .2

2 7 3 .4

274 5

2 7 5 .0

2 7 5 .2

2 7 5 .5

2 7 6 .8

2 6 8 .0

2 7 5 .1

2 7 5 .9

2 7 6 .1

2 7 6 .2

2 7 6 .3

2 7 7 .3

C o m m o d itie s le s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ...........................................................................

2 5 6 .5

2 6 3 .6

2 6 5 .1

2 6 5 .8

2 6 6 .3

2 6 6 .0

265 2

2 5 7 .8

2 6 6 .1

2 6 7 .2

2 6 7 .3

2 6 7 .5

2 6 7 .1

2 6 6 .4

N o n d u r a b le s le s s fo o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ......................................................................

2 6 7 .4

2 7 4 .7

2 7 5 .8

2 7 5 .2

2 7 4 .5

2 7 3 .5

2 7 2 .3

2 6 9 .3

2 7 6 .9

2 7 7 .9

2 7 7 .4

2 7 6 .6

2 7 5 .4

2 7 4 .2

D u r a b l e s ............................................................................................................................................

2 4 7 .3

2 5 4 .3

2 5 6 .4

2 5 8 .7

2 6 1 .0

2 6 1 .8

2 6 1 .4

2 4 7 .3

2 5 6 .0

2 5 7 .0

2 5 7 .7

2 5 8 .7

2 5 8 .9

2 5 8 .4

S e r v ic e s

................................................

R e n t, r e s id e n t ia l

...............................................................................................................................

H o u s e h o ld s e r v ic e s le s s r e n t o f s h e lt e r ( 1 2 /8 2 = 1 0 0 )
T r a n s p o r t a tio n s e r v ic e s

...................................

3 4 6 .8

3 4 9 .0

3 5 0 .2

3 5 1 .0

3 5 1 .6

3 5 3 .9

3 3 6 .9

3 4 4 .8

3 4 6 .9

3 4 8 .1

3 4 8 .2

3 4 8 .4

3 4 9 .8

2 3 8 .2

2 3 9 .5

2 4 0 .4

2 4 1 .3

2 4 2 .0

2 4 2 .9

2 3 1 .7

2 3 7 .6

2 3 8 .9

2 3 9 .8

2 4 0 .7

2 4 1 .3

2 4 2 .3

1 0 0 .9

1 0 4 .8

1 0 5 .1

1 0 4 .8

1 0 4 .2

1 0 4 .1

1 0 5 .1

3 0 0 .1

3 0 4 .0

3 0 5 .4

3 0 7 .8

3 1 0 .1

3 1 0 .8

3 1 4 .1

2 9 7 .1

3 0 0 .2

3 0 1 .4

3 0 3 .9

3 0 6 .0

3 0 6 .9

3 1 0 .3

3 7 7 .4

3 8 9 .8

391 0

392 9

3 9 5 .0

3 9 6 .3

4 0 0 .2

3 7 4 .0

3 8 7 .0

3 8 8 .3

3 9 0 .2

3 9 2 .3

3 9 3 .8

3 9 7 .5

2 7 1 .5

2 7 6 .9

282 5

2 8 5 .2

2 8 6 .5

2 8 7 .2

288 0

2 6 9 .1

2 7 4 .8

279 6

2 8 2 .2

2 8 3 .6

2 8 4 .3

2 8 5 .0

A ll it e m s le s s f o o d . . . .

2 9 2 .6

3 0 0 .5

3 0 2 .3

3 0 3 .2

3 0 3 .9

3 0 4 .0

3 0 4 .8

291 9

3 0 0 .0

3 0 1 .5

3 0 2 .1

3 0 2 .3

3 0 2 .1

3 0 2 .3

A ll it e m s le s s h o m e o w n e r s ' c o s ts

1 0 0 .2

1 0 2 .7

1 0 3 .2

1 0 3 .5

1 0 3 .6

1 0 3 .7

1 0 4 .3
2 7 8 .9

2 8 6 .3

2 8 7 .5

2 8 8 .1

2 8 8 .3

2 8 8 .5

2 9 0 .0

2 5 5 .7

263 9

2 6 4 .9

2 6 5 .1

2 6 4 .9

2 6 4 .2

M e d ic a l c a r e s e r v ic e s
O th e r s e r v ic e s

..............................................................................................................

3 3 7 .9
2 3 2 .2

..............................................................

. . . .

S p e c ia l in d e x e s :

A ll it e m s le s s m o r t g a g e in t e r e s t c o s ts
C o m m o d itie s le s s f o o d

. . . .

N o n d u r a b le s le s s f o o d

..................

. . .
2 5 4 .4

2 6 1 .4

2 6 2 .9

2 6 3 .6

2 6 4 .1

2 6 3 .8

2 6 3 .0

2 6 4 .9

2 6 2 .4

2 6 9 .6

2 7 0 .6

2 7 0 .2

2 6 9 .5

2 6 8 .5

2 6 7 .4

2 6 4 .2

2 7 1 .7

2 7 2 .8

2 7 2 .3

2 7 1 .5

2 7 0 .4

2 6 9 .4

N o n d u r a b le s le s s f o o d a n d a p p a r e l . . .

3 0 3 .1

3 1 0 .9

3 1 1 .0

3 1 0 .2

3 0 9 .3

3 0 8 .6

3 0 8 .6

3 0 4 .4

3 1 2 .7

3 1 2 .8

3 1 1 .9

3 1 0 .9

3 1 0 .1

3 1 0 .0

N o n d u r a b l e s ....................................................

2 7 5 .2

2 8 1 .0

2 8 1 .8

2 8 1 .7

2 8 1 .1

2 8 1 .2

2 8 3 .2

2 7 6 .2

2 8 2 .1

2 8 2 .8

2 8 2 .7

2 8 2 .1

2 8 2 .2

2 8 4 .1

3 3 0 .7

3 3 8 .1

3 4 0 .2

3 4 1 .3

3 4 1 .3

3 4 1 .3

3 4 2 .6
2 7 6 .0

S e r v ic e s le s s r e n t o f s h e lt e r ( 1 2 / 8 2 = 1 0 0 )

1 0 0 .7

1 0 3 .5

1 0 4 .2

1 0 4 .5

1 0 4 .7

1 0 4 .8

1 0 5 .7

S e r v ic e s le s s m e d ic a l c a r e

3 3 1 .4

3 3 9 .9

3 4 2 .2

3 4 3 .3

3 4 4 .1

3 4 4 .5

3 4 6 .6

2 6 5 .7

2 6 9 .2

...................................

D o m e s tic a lly p r o d u c e d f a r m f o o d s ..................

2 6 9 .2

2 6 8 .5

2 6 8 .0

2 6 8 .1

2 6 7 .4

2 6 6 .7

2 6 8 .7

S e le c te d b e e f c u t s .........................................................

2 7 1 .2

2 7 0 .5

267 5

2 6 5 .6

2 6 5 .3

2 6 5 .5

2 7 4 .6

2 7 2 .5

2 7 1 .6

2 6 8 .9

2 6 6 .7

2 6 6 .4

2 6 6 .6

2 7 5 .8

E n e rg y 1

4 1 4 .5

4 2 9 .8

4 2 9 .3

4 2 5 .1

4 1 9 .9

4 1 8 .0

4 1 6 .7

4 1 5 .1

4 3 0 .7

4 3 0 .2

4 2 5 .8

4 2 0 .8

4 1 8 .7

4 1 7 .0

4 1 4 .9

4 2 3 .7

4 2 2 .1

4 1 8 .2

4 1 4 .4

4 1 1 .8

4 0 9 .9

4 1 5 .2

4 2 4 .9

4 2 3 .4

4 1 9 .6

4 1 5 .8

4 1 2 .9

4 1 0 .7

283 8

2 9 0 .3

2 9 2 .1

293 4

2 9 4 .4

2 9 5 .0

2 9 7 .0

2 8 2 .2

2 8 8 .8

2 9 0 .3

2 9 1 .3

2 9 1 .8

2 9 2 .1

2 9 3 .5

2 8 1 .1

2 8 8 .2

........................................................................................

E n e r g y c o m m o d it ie s 1 .............................................................
A ll it e m s le s s e n e r g y

...................................................................................

A ll I te m s le s s f o o d a n d e n e r g y .........................................................

2 9 0 .2

2 9 1 .8

2 6 7 .7

2 9 3 .2

2 6 9 .7

2 9 3 .6

2 7 7 .2

2 9 4 .6

2 6 5 .0

2 7 9 .3

2 8 6 .6

288 3

2 8 9 .5

2 9 0 .3

2 9 0 .3

2 9 0 .7

C o m m o d itie s le s s f o o d a n d e n e r g y .......................................

2 3 7 .1

2 4 4 .2

2 4 6 .2

2 4 7 .6

2 4 8 .9

2 4 9 .0

2 4 8 .3

2 3 7 .1

2 4 5 .1

246 4

2 4 7 .1

2 4 7 .8

2 4 7 .7

247 2

S e r v ic e s le s s e n e r g y .........................................................................................................

3 3 1 .8

3 3 9 .3

3 4 1 .6

3 4 3 .3

3 4 4 .9

3 4 5 .5

3 4 8 .1

3 3 0 .5

3 3 6 .8

3 3 9 .0

3 4 0 .8

3 4 1 .6

3 4 1 .8

3 4 3 .4

$ 0 .3 4 1

$ 0 .3 3 3

$ 0 .3 3 1

$ 0 .3 3 0

$ 0 .3 3 0

$ 0 .3 2 9

$ 0 .3 2 8

$ 0 .3 4 2

$ 0 .3 3 4

$ 0 .3 3 2

$ 0 .3 3 2

$ 0 .3 3 2

$ 0 .3 3 2

$ 0 .3 3 0

P u r c h a s in g p o w e r o f t h e c o n s u m e r d o lla r , 1 9 6 7 = $ 1

......................

S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

73

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
20.

Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average

[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e rs
G e n e ra l s u m m a ry

U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s

1983

1984

1983

1984

Jan.

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

D ec.

Jan.

Jan.

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

Dec

Jan.

FOOD AN D BEVERAG ES

2 8 0 .7

2 8 4 .9

2 8 5 .3

2 8 5 .7

2 8 5 .3

2 8 6 .5

2 9 1 .6

2 8 1 .1

2 8 5 .1

2 8 5 .6

2 8 5 .9

2 8 5 .6

2 8 6 .8

2 9 1 .9

F o o d .........................................................................................................................................................................................................

2 8 8 .1

2 9 2 .2

2 9 2 .6

2 9 2 .9

2 9 2 .5

2 9 3 .9

2 9 9 .4

2 8 8 .4

2 9 2 .2

2 9 2 .6

2 9 2 .9

2 9 2 .6

2 9 4 .0

2 9 9 .4

Food at hom e

2 7 9 .3

.................................................................................................................................................

C e r e a ls a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c ts

2 8 2 .5

2 8 2 .5

2 8 2 .3

2 8 1 .4

2 8 3 .0

2 9 0 .2

2 7 8 .6

2 8 1 .5

2 8 1 .5

2 8 1 .3

2 8 0 .5

2 8 2 .1

2 8 9 .1

2 8 7 .8

2 9 4 .0

2 9 3 .7

2 9 4 .0

2 9 5 .7

2 9 7 .1

2 9 9 .8

2 8 4 .9

2 9 2 .5

2 9 2 .3

2 9 2 .6

2 9 4 .3

2 9 5 .7

2 9 8 .3

................................................

1 5 4 .0

1 5 8 .6

1 5 8 .5

1 5 8 .1

1 5 7 .9

1 5 8 .2

1 5 9 .3

1 5 4 .8

1 5 9 .5

1 5 9 .3

1 5 8 .8

1 5 8 .6

1 5 8 .9

1 6 0 .0

1 0 0 ) ...............................

1 4 0 .3

1 4 3 .9

1 4 2 .9

1 4 1 .4

1 4 0 .8

1 4 0 .1

1 4 3 .0

1 4 0 .6

1 4 4 .6

1 4 3 .4

1 4 1 .9

1 4 1 .3

1 4 0 .4

1 4 3 .3

1 8 0 .1

1 8 0 .8

.................................................................................................

C e r e a ls a n d c e r e a l p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

F lo u r a n d p r e p a r e d f lo u r m ix e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
C e re a l ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

........................................................................................

R ic e , p a s ta , a n d c o r n m e a l ( 1 2 /7 7 =
B a k e r y p r o d u c ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

........................................

1 6 8 .1

1 7 7 .2

1 7 7 .5

1 7 7 .6

1 7 7 .3

1 7 8 .0

1 7 8 .6

1 7 0 .3

1 7 9 .5

1 7 9 .7

1 7 9 .8

1 7 9 .4

1 4 6 .5

1 4 5 .6

1 4 6 .0

1 4 5 .5

1 4 6 .1

1 4 6 .8

1 4 6 .7

1 4 7 .6

1 4 6 .8

1 4 7 .1

1 4 6 .6

1 4 7 .2

1 4 8 .0

1 4 7 .9

1 0 0 ) ...............................................................................

1 5 1 .7

1 5 4 .5

1 5 4 .4

1 5 4 .8

1 5 6 .0

1 5 6 .9

1 5 8 .4

1 5 0 .5

1 5 3 .3

1 5 3 .1

1 5 3 .5

1 5 4 .8

1 5 5 .7

1 5 7 .1

W h it e b r e a d ..................................................................................................................

2 4 8 .9

2 5 3 .1

2 5 2 .9

2 5 4 .4

2 5 7 .0

2 5 7 .4

2 5 9 .1

2 4 4 .6

2 4 8 .7

2 4 8 .5

2 5 0 .0

2 5 2 .7

2 5 3 .2

2 5 4 .8

O th e r b re a d s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 4 7 .7

1 5 0 .1

1 4 9 .8

1 4 9 .8

1 5 1 .9

1 5 2 .0

1 5 2 .2

1 5 1 .9

1 5 4 .1

1 5 5 .8

1 0 0 ) ...........................................................................

1 5 3 .7

1 4 9 .7

1 5 1 .8

1 5 4 .1

F re s h b is c u its , r o lls , a n d m u ff in s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

......................

1 5 2 .6

1 5 3 .4

1 5 2 .6

1 5 4 .4

1 5 5 .7

1 5 7 .8

1 5 7 .9

1 4 8 .6

1 4 9 .6

1 4 8 .7

1 5 0 .6

1 5 1 .7

1 5 3 .7

F re s h c a k e s a n d c u p c a k e s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

........................................

1 5 3 .1

1 5 4 .9

1 5 5 .2

1 5 6 .2

1 5 7 .9

1 5 9 .7

1 6 1 .5

1 5 1 .3

1 5 3 .3

1 5 3 .5

1 5 4 .5

1 5 6 .2

1 5 7 .9

1 5 9 .5

....................................................................................

1 5 3 .6

1 5 7 .6

1 5 7 .6

1 5 6 .0

1 5 7 .6

1 5 9 .2

1 6 1 .1

1 5 4 .6

1 5 8 .5

1 5 8 .6

1 5 6 .8

1 5 8 .4

1 5 9 .9

1 6 1 .9

C o o k ie s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

100)

C r a c k e r s , b r e a d , a n d c r a c k e r p r o d u c ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

F r e s h s w e e t r o lls , c o ffe e c a k e , a n d d o n u t s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

1 5 3 .9

. . .

1 4 4 .9

1 5 1 .4

1 4 8 .3

1 4 7 .7

1 4 7 .8

1 4 8 .1

1 5 1 .2

1 4 6 .4

1 5 2 .8

1 4 9 .5

1 4 9 .1

1 4 9 .2

1 4 9 .6

1 5 2 .6

. .

1 5 2 .3

1 5 5 .3

1 5 5 .9

1 5 5 .8

1 5 6 .8

1 5 7 .7

1 5 9 .7

1 5 4 .9

1 5 8 .0

1 5 8 .6

1 5 8 .5

1 5 9 .6

1 6 0 .4

1 6 2 .4

1 5 4 .9

1 5 6 .5

F r o z e n a n d r e fr ig e r a te d b a k e r y p r o d u c ts a n d
f r e s h p ie s , t a r t s , a n d t u r n o v e r s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

M e a ts , p o u l t r y , f is h , a n d e g g s

100)

......................

1 5 6 .8

1 5 9 .4

1 6 1 .3

1 6 1 .9

1 6 0 .6

1 6 1 .5

1 6 3 .3

1 4 9 .8

1 5 2 .5

1 5 4 .3

1 5 4 .9

1 5 4 .0

............................................................................................

2 6 3 .0

2 5 8 .8

2 5 8 .7

2 5 7 .1

2 5 6 .6

2 5 9 .3

2 6 8 .9

2 6 2 .8

2 5 8 .4

2 5 8 .4

2 5 6 .6

2 5 6 .1

M e a ts , p o u l t r y , a n d f i s h .................................................................................................

2 5 8 .6

2 6 8 .3

2 7 0 .3

2 6 5 .0

2 6 4 .2

2 6 1 .9

2 6 0 .8

2 6 1 .8

2 6 9 .8

2 7 0 .0

2 6 4 .4

2 6 3 .8

2 6 1 .4

2 6 0 .2

2 6 1 .0

2 6 9 .1

................................................................................................................................

2 7 2 .2

2 6 4 .2

2 6 2 .6

2 6 0 .4

2 5 8 .6

2 5 8 .3

2 6 6 .4

2 7 1 .8

2 6 3 .7

2 6 2 .2

2 6 0 .0

2 5 8 .1

2 5 7 .7

2 6 5 .8

B e e f a n d v e a l .........................................................................................................

2 7 1 .3

2 7 0 .7

2 6 8 .0

2 6 6 .2

2 6 5 .7

2 6 6 .0

2 7 4 .9

2 7 1 .8

2 7 1 .1

2 6 8 .7

2 6 6 .7

2 6 6 .1

2 6 6 .4

2 7 5 .4

M e a ts

G r o u n d b e e f o t h e r t h a n c a n n e d .........................................................

2 6 2 .7

2 5 6 .5

2 5 4 .3

2 5 0 .9

2 5 1 .6

2 5 1 .3

2 5 6 .9

2 6 3 .7

2 5 8 .0

2 5 5 .9

2 5 2 .1

2 5 2 .5

2 5 1 .7

C h u c k ro a s t

.....................................................................................................

2 8 1 .7

2 7 2 .4

2 6 9 .5

2 6 5 .8

2 6 6 .2

2 6 6 .9

2 8 2 .8

2 9 0 .4

2 8 0 .6

2 7 7 .4

2 7 3 .1

2 7 4 .0

2 7 5 .2

2 9 1 .6

R o u n d r o a s t .....................................................................................................

2 4 3 .3

2 3 2 .4

2 3 0 .3

2 3 4 .4

2 3 5 .3

2 3 1 .3

2 4 6 .2

2 4 6 .6

2 3 5 .0

232 8

2 3 7 .2

2 3 8 .1

2 3 3 .9

2 5 0 .0

257 7

R o u n d s t e a x .....................................................................................................

2 5 5 .1

2 5 0 .3

2 4 7 .4

2 5 1 .5

2 5 0 .0

2 4 9 .9

2 5 6 .2

2 5 3 .0

2 4 8 .5

2 4 5 .7

2 5 0 .9

2 4 8 .6

2 4 8 .0

2 5 3 .0

S ir lo in s t e a k .....................................................................................................

2 5 3 .1

2 8 0 .9

2 7 7 .3

2 6 8 .4

2 6 5 .3

2 6 2 .7

2 6 5 .7

2 5 4 .5

2 8 1 .8

2 8 0 .1

2 7 0 .1

2 6 6 .9

2 6 4 .1

2 6 6 .0

O t h e r b e e f a n d v e a l ( 1 2 /7 7 =

............................................

1 6 3 .7

1 6 6 .6

1 6 4 .8

1 6 4 .0

1 6 3 .2

1 6 4 .7

1 6 9 .7

1 6 2 .1

1 6 5 .1

1 6 3 .7

1 6 2 .6

1 6 1 .8

1 6 3 .5

1 6 8 .5

P o r k ...............................................................................................................................

100)

2 7 2 .0

2 4 9 .6

2 5 0 .2

2 4 6 .4

2 4 1 .1

2 4 0 .3

2 5 0 .8

2 7 1 .4

2 4 9 .3

2 4 9 .7

2 4 6 .0

2 4 0 .7

2 3 9 .8

2 5 0 .1

Bacon

..................................................................................................................

2 9 0 .8

2 6 4 .7

2 6 9 .5

2 6 2 .5

2 5 3 .7

2 5 3 .0

2 5 9 .0

2 9 5 .5

2 6 8 .8

C hops

..................................................................................................................

2 7 3 .6

2 6 6 .4

2 5 6 .8

2 5 6 .4

2 6 2 .4

2 4 5 .6

2 3 2 .4

2 2 9 .6

2 2 7 .2

2 2 2 .3

2 1 9 .0

2 3 6 .5

2 4 3 .9

2 3 0 .5

2 2 7 .9

2 2 5 .6

2 2 0 .3

2 1 7 .5

2 3 4 .5

1 0 0 ) ...................................

1 2 9 .2

1 0 9 .6

1 1 1 .0

1 1 1 .6

1 0 9 .1

1 1 1 .8

1 1 3 .0

1 2 6 .0

1 0 6 .8

1 0 8 .1

1 0 8 .8

1 0 6 .4

1 0 8 .8

1 1 0 .0

..............................................................................................................

3 3 3 .6

3 1 3 .9

3 1 1 .3

3 0 7 .4

3 0 5 .0

3 0 3 .4

3 1 1 .0

3 3 5 .0

3 1 5 .3

3 1 2 .2

3 0 8 .4

3 0 5 .9

3 0 4 .2

3 1 2 .2

C a n n e d h a m .....................................................................................................

2 7 5 .2

2 5 4 .0

2 5 2 .8

2 5 1 .9

2 4 8 .0

2 4 6 .5

2 5 2 .4

2 7 9 .7

2 5 9 .8

2 5 8 .8

2 5 7 .7

2 5 4 ,3

H a m o t h e r t h a n c a n n e d ( 1 2 /7 7 =
S ausage

O th e r p o rk ( 1 2 /7 7 =
O t h e r m e a ts
F r a n k fu r te r s

100)

2 5 2 .0

2 5 7 .5

..................................................................

1 4 7 .9

1 3 8 .4

1 3 9 .0

1 3 4 .4

1 3 1 .5

1 2 9 .9

1 3 9 .7

1 4 7 .1

1 3 7 .8

1 3 8 .2

1 3 3 .9

1 3 1 .1

1 2 9 .3

1 3 8 .9

.........................................................................................................

2 6 9 .3

2 6 4 .6

2 6 2 .6

2 6 2 .2

2 6 2 .6

2 6 1 .3

2 6 2 .5

2 6 8 .7

2 6 4 ,4

2 6 2 .4

2 6 2 .0

2 6 2 .4

2 6 0 .7

2 6 2 .0

.....................................................................................................

2 6 9 .7

2 6 6 .7

2 5 9 .8

2 6 0 .8

2 5 9 .7

2 5 9 .0

2 6 0 .0

2 6 8 .5

2 6 5 .9

2 5 8 .6

2 5 9 .7

2 5 8 .8

2 5 7 .5

2 5 8 .9

1 5 4 .0

1 5 3 .2

1 5 3 .0

1 5 2 .8

1 5 2 .8

1 5 0 .4

1 5 0 .6

1 5 3 .9

1 5 3 .3

1 5 2 .9

1 5 2 .8

1 5 2 .8

1 5 0 .2

1 5 0 .4

1 3 9 .9

1 3 6 .4

1 3 6 .1

1 3 5 .2

1 3 5 .8

1 3 4 .7

1 3 5 .2

1 3 7 .7

1 3 4 .5

1 3 4 .2

1 3 3 .3

1 3 3 .9

1 3 2 .8

1 3 3 .2

1 3 3 .7

1 3 4 .6

1 3 6 .1

1 3 7 .6

1 4 0 .3

1 3 6 .6

1 3 6 .9

1 3 6 .8

1 3 7 .8

1 3 9 .3

1 4 0 .9

B o lo g n a , liv e r w u r s t , a n d s a la m i ( 1 2 /7 7 =
O t h e r lu n c h m e a t s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

L a m b a n d o r g a n m e a ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

. . . .

................................................

100)

...................................

1 3 7 .4

1 3 3 .8

1 3 3 .9

P o u l t r y ...............................................................................................................................

1 9 1 .3

2 0 0 .5

2 0 4 .4

1 9 9 .6

2 0 1 .7

2 0 9 .8

2 1 7 .5

1 8 9 .4

1 9 8 .5

2 0 2 .6

1 9 7 .6

1 9 9 .7

2 0 7 .8

2 1 5 .4

F re s h w h o l e c h i c k e n ....................................................................................

1 8 6 .8

2 0 2 .1

2 0 9 .6

1 9 9 .1

2 0 7 .6

2 1 9 .4

2 2 8 .7

1 8 5 .0

2 0 0 .0

2 0 7 .2

1 9 6 .7

2 0 5 .1

2 1 6 .7

2 2 6 .1

F re s h a n d f r o z e n c h ic k e n p a r ts ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 2 5 .0

1 3 1 .7

1 3 5 .9

1 3 2 .2

1 3 4 .1

1 3 9 .4

1 4 4 .7

1 2 3 .5

1 2 9 .9

1 3 4 .2

1 3 0 .5

1 3 2 .1

1 3 7 .2

1 4 2 .5

1 2 0 .6

1 2 2 .3

1 2 5 .4

1 2 5 .7

1 2 5 .1

1 2 2 .7

1 2 5 .5

1 2 0 .3

1 2 2 .1

1 2 4 ,9

374 9

3 7 6 .4

3 8 3 .4

3 7 5 .1

3 7 0 .8

3 7 0 .7

3 7 2 .0

3 7 3 .4

3 7 4 .9

3 8 2 .4

O th e r p o u l t r y ( 1 2 /7 7 =
F is h a n d s e a fo o d

100)

1 0 0 ) ..................

1 0 0 ) ..............................................................

1 2 6 .3

1 2 5 .7

1 2 2 .9

1 2 6 .0

.....................................................................................................

3 7 6 .7

3 7 2 .7

3 7 2 .6

3 7 4 .1

C a n n e d f is h a n d s e a fo o d

......................................................................

F r e s h a n d f r o z e n f is h a n d s e a fo o d ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

. . .

1 4 0 .2

1 3 5 .9

1 3 3 .9

1 3 3 .5

1 3 2 .6

1 3 2 .5

1 3 3 .1

1 3 9 .5

1 3 5 .4

1 3 3 .4

1 3 2 .9

1 3 2 .1

1 3 2 .0

1 3 2 .6

1 4 5 .4

1 4 :> .5

1 4 6 .7

1 4 7 .8

1 4 8 .8

1 4 9 .9

1 5 3 .7

1 4 5 .0

1 4 4 .8

146 0

1 4 7 .1

1 4 8 .5

1 4 9 .5

1 5 3 .7

E g g s .................................................................................................................................................

1 7 2 .9

1 8 3 .7

1 9 3 .3

2 0 0 .1

2 0 8 .2

2 3 4 .0

2 6 6 .5

1 7 3 .7

1 8 4 .6

1 9 4 .3

2 0 1 .0

2 0 9 .3

2 3 5 .3

2 6 8 .1

D a ir y p r o d u c t s ....................................................................................................................................

2 4 9 .5

250 2

2 5 0 .2

2 5 0 .1

2 5 0 .2

2 4 9 .9

2 5 0 .8

2 4 8 .9

2 4 9 .4

2 4 9 .4

2 4 9 .2

2 4 9 .3

2 4 9 .0

2 4 9 .8

F r e s h m i lk a n d c r e a m ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
F r e s h w h o le m i lk

1 0 0 ) ..................................................................

1 3 6 .7

1 3 6 .5

1 3 6 .1

1 3 5 .9

1 3 5 .9

1 3 5 .9

1 3 6 .4

1 3 6 .2

1 3 5 .9

1 3 5 .5

1 3 5 .2

1 3 5 .3

1 3 5 .3

1 3 5 .8

.....................................................................................................

2 2 3 .7

2 2 3 .2

2 2 2 .6

2 2 1 .9

2 2 2 .1

2 2 2 .3

2 2 2 .7

2 2 2 .9

2 2 2 .3

2 2 1 .7

2 2 0 .9

2 2 1 .2

2 2 1 .4

2 2 1 .7

1 0 0 ) .......................................

1 3 6 .9

1 3 6 .8

1 3 6 .4

1 3 6 .6

1 3 6 .4

1 3 6 .2

1 3 7 .3

1 3 6 .3

1 3 6 .2

1 3 5 .8

O t h e r f r e s h m i lk a n d c r e a m ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
P r o c e s s e d d a ir y p r o d u c ts
B u t te r

1 3 6 .0

1 3 5 .8

1 3 5 .6

1 3 6 .7

............................................................................................

1 4 7 .1

1 4 8 .4

1 4 9 .0

1 4 9 .2

1 4 9 .3

1 4 8 .8

1 4 9 .3

1 4 7 .4

1 4 8 .6

1 4 9 .3

1 4 9 .4

1 4 9 .5

1 4 9 .0

1 4 9 .6

...............................................................................................................................

2 5 3 .4

2 5 4 .2

2 5 3 .9

2 5 6 .2

2 5 4 .8

2 5 4 .1

2 5 4 .7

2 5 5 .9

2 5 6 .8

2 5 6 .4

2 5 8 .7

2 5 7 .4

2 5 6 .6

2 5 7 .1

1 4 5 .5

1 4 6 .7

C h e e s e ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ........................................................................................

Ic e c r e a m a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
O t h e r d a ir y p r o d u c ts ( 1 2 /7 7 =

F r u it s a n d v e g e t a b le s

100)

1 4 5 .2

1 4 6 .4

1 4 6 .8

1 4 6 .7

1 4 6 .8

1 4 6 .4

1 4 7 .0

1 4 7 .1

1 4 7 .0

1 4 7 .1

1 4 6 .7

1 4 7 .3

1 0 0 ) ...............................

1 5 2 .5

1 5 2 .5

1 5 4 .4

1 5 4 .9

1 5 5 .3

1 5 4 .0

1 5 4 .8

1 5 1 .6

1 5 1 .5

1 5 3 .5

1 5 4 .0

1 5 4 .2

1 5 3 .0

1 5 3 .8

.....................................................

1 4 1 .6

1 4 5 .9

1 4 6 .0

1 4 5 .2

1 4 5 .7

1 4 6 .0

1 4 6 .1

1 4 2 .3

1 4 6 .5

1 4 6 .5

1 4 5 .8

1 4 6 .1

1 4 6 .5

1 4 6 .7

..................................................................................................................

2 9 9 .4

2 9 7 .6

2 9 2 .7

2 8 5 .1

2 8 9 .3

3 0 7 .3

........................................................................................

2 6 9 .2

3 1 0 .7

3 0 6 .6

3 0 4 .9

2 8 8 .7

2 9 4 .2

3 2 7 .8

2 6 4 .3

3 0 4 .3

3 0 0 .3

2 9 8 .9

2 8 3 .4

2 8 9 .8

3 2 2 .5

F re s h f r u its

..................................................................................................................

2 6 8 .3

3 2 8 .9

3 1 6 .7

3 0 4 .4

2 7 9 .5

2 7 0 .4

2 8 9 .6

2 5 8 .9

3 1 7 .5

3 0 5 .9

2 9 3 .4

2 6 9 .3

2 6 1 .1

2 7 9 .5

A p p le s

..................................................................................................................

F r e s h f r u i t s a n d v e g e t a b le s

2 7 6 .2

2 4 4 .2

3 1 0 .0

3 2 0 .2

2 9 6 .7

2 7 1 .8

2 8 8 .9

2 6 5 .9

2 9 2 .6

3 1 1 .0

2 7 2 .6

2 9 5 .1

2 9 3 .3

2 7 0 .0

2 7 7 .0

2 4 4 .8

3 1 1 .9

3 2 1 .3

2 7 3 .8

2 6 7 .3

2 7 0 .8

2 7 7 .6

Bananas

..............................................................................................................

2 4 1 .3

2 9 1 .0

2 7 8 .6

2 7 2 .8

2 3 3 .1

2 3 0 .0

2 4 4 .3

2 3 9 .9

2 9 0 .7

2 7 6 .5

2 7 0 .3

2 3 0 .7

2 2 7 .8

2 4 2 .4

O ra n g e s

..............................................................................................................

2 9 2 .2

3 5 9 .8

3 3 7 .0

2 9 9 .0

3 0 7 .8

2 8 3 .4

O th e r fre s h fr u its ( 1 2 /7 7 =
F re s h v e g e t a b le s
P o ta to e s

3 0 1 .3

2 6 7 .5

3 2 9 .9

3 0 7 .1

2 7 1 .3

2 7 9 .3

2 5 7 .5

2 7 5 .1

1 0 0 ) .....................................................

1 4 3 .1

1 7 3 .2

1 6 4 .1

1 7 1 .1

1 4 8 .5

1 4 3 .0

1 5 6 .9

1 3 8 ,0

1 6 6 .3

1 5 7 .7

1 6 4 .7

1 4 2 .9

1 3 7 .8

1 5 1 .1

.....................................................................................................

2 7 0 .0

2 9 3 .8

2 9 7 .2

3 0 5 .5

2 9 7 .4

3 1 6 .6

3 6 3 .6

2 6 9 .2

292 5

2 9 5 .4

3 0 3 .9

2 9 6 .2

3 1 5 .7

3 6 1 .4

..............................................................................................................

2 3 6 .2

3 4 2 .2

3 3 6 .1

3 1 6 .9

3 0 5 .0

3 1 7 .6

3 4 2 .3

2 3 1 .5

3 3 8 .2

3 3 0 .9

3 1 1 .7

3 0 0 .1

3 1 4 .3

3 3 7 .5

L e t t u c e ..................................................................................................................

3 0 1 .3

2 9 3 .9

3 3 7 .0

3 6 0 .4

3 2 9 .8

3 7 1 .8

3 2 8 .3

3 0 3 .4

2 9 4 .2

3 3 8 .2

3 6 0 .9

3 3 0 .0

3 7 5 .0

3 2 9 .8

T o m a to e s

.........................................................................................................

2 3 6 .8

2 0 0 .5

212 2

2 4 1 .9

2 4 3 .0

2 2 2 .2

2 8 5 .6

2 4 1 .5

2 0 4 .0

2 1 6 .2

2 4 6 .8

2 4 6 .9

2 2 4 .7

2 9 0 .4

1 0 0 ) .......................................

1 5 6 .0

1 6 3 .6

1 5 8 .0

1 6 3 .0

1 6 3 .0

1 7 7 .2

2 2 6 .1

1 5 5 .3

1 6 2 .5

1 5 6 .3

1 6 1 .7

1 6 2 .3

1 7 6 .1

224 0

P r o c e s s e d f r u i t s a n d v e g e t a b l e s ...............................................................................

2 8 6 .6

2 8 9 .5

2 9 0 .2

2 9 0 .3

2 9 1 .6

2 9 3 .3

2 9 5 .1

2 8 4 .3

2 8 7 .4

2 8 8 .0

2 8 8 .2

2 9 2 .9

O t h e r f r e s h v e g e ta b le s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

P r o c e s s e d f r u i t s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

2 8 9 .5

2 9 1 .2

1 5 0 .1

1 5 0 .7

1 5 1 .0

1 5 0 .6

1 5 1 .2

1 5 2 .0

1 5 2 .3

1 4 9 .8

1 5 0 .4

1 5 0 .6

1 5 0 .3

1 5 0 .8

1 5 1 .6

1 5 1 .9

1 4 4 .7

1 4 1 .1

1 4 2 .2

1 4 2 ,1

1 4 3 .3

1 4 3 .6

1 4 4 .7

1 4 3 .8

1 4 0 .3

1 4 1 .4

1 4 1 .3

1 4 2 .6

1 4 2 .9

1 4 3 .9

......................

1 5 4 .1

1 5 5 .6

1 5 5 .2

1 5 5 .1

1 5 5 .5

1 5 5 .7

1 5 5 .7

1 5 3 .1

1 5 4 .7

1 5 4 .2

1 5 4 .0

1 5 4 .6

1 5 4 .8

1 5 4 .7

1 0 0 ) ...................................

1 5 0 .4

1 5 3 .5

1 5 3 .8

1 5 2 .9

1 5 3 .2

1 5 5 .0

1 5 5 .0

1 5 1 .1

1 5 3 .8

1 5 4 .3

1 5 3 .4

1 5 3 .5

1 5 5 .1

1 5 5 .3

1 0 0 ) ..................................................................

F r o z e n f r u i t a n d f r u i t ju ic e s ( 1 2 /7 7 =
F r u it ju ic e s o t h e r t h a n fr o z e n ( 1 2 /7 7 =
C a n n e d a n d d r ie d f r u i t s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .

74


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1 0 0 ) ...........................
100)

20.

Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average

[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s

U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s

1983

G e n e ra l s u m m a ry

1984

Jan.

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

1 3 7 .9

1 4 0 .2

1 4 0 .6

1 4 9 .7

1 5 2 .8

1 5 2 .4

1 3 9 .5

1 4 2 .0

1 3 1 .0

1983

1984

Nov.

D ec.

Jan.

Jan.

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

Dec

Jan.

1 4 1 .1

1 4 1 .8

1 4 2 .8

1 4 4 .2

1 3 6 .7

1 3 9 .1

1 3 9 .4

1 4 0 .0

1 4 0 .7

1 4 1 .6

1 4 3 .0

1 5 0 .6

1 5 1 .8

1 5 1 .5

1 5 3 .3

1 5 1 .2

1 5 4 .5

1 5 3 .9

1 5 2 .0

1 5 3 .4

1 5 3 .2

1 5 4 .9

1 4 1 .8

1 4 2 .4

1 4 3 .2

1 4 5 .8

1 4 5 .9

1 3 7 .0

1 3 9 .5

1 3 9 .3

1 4 0 .0

1 4 0 .8

1 4 3 .2

1 4 3 .3

1 3 2 .9

1 3 4 .0

1 3 5 .7

1 3 6 .0

1 3 6 .8

1 3 8 .7

1 2 9 .6

1 3 1 .5

1 3 2 .6

1 3 4 .2

1 3 4 .5

1 3 5 .3

1 3 7 .1

F O O D A N D B E V E R A G E S — C o n tin u e d
F o o d — C o n tin u e d

F o o d a t h o m e — C o n t in u e d
F r u it s a n d v e g e ta b le s — C o n t in u e d
P r o c e s s e d v e g e ta b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
F r o z e n v e g e t a b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) .....................................................
100)

................................................

C u t c o r n a n d c a n n e d b e a n s e x c e p t lim a ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
O t h e r c a n n e d a n d d r ie d v e g e ta b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

100)

. . . .

O t h e r f o o d s a t h o m e ......................................................................................................................
S u g a r a n d s w e e ts

..............................................................................................................

C a n d y a n d c h e w in g g u m ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ............................................

S u g a r a n d a r ti fic i a l s w e e te n e r s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ...............................

3 3 7 .1

3 3 9 .1

3 4 0 .7

3 4 2 .7

3 4 3 .4

3 4 3 .6

3 4 6 .6

3 3 7 .9

3 3 9 .9

3 4 1 .5

343 5

3 4 4 .2

3 4 4 .4

3 4 7 .4

3 7 1 .5

3 7 5 .8

3 7 6 .4

3 7 5 .5

3 7 6 .0

3 7 7 .7

3 8 0 .0

3 7 1 .4

3 7 5 .7

3 7 6 .2

3 7 5 .3

3 7 5 .7

3 7 7 .6

3 7 9 .7

1 4 9 .8

1 5 1 .6

1 5 1 .9

1 5 1 .8

1 5 2 .0

1 5 2 .8

1 5 4 .0

1 4 9 .8

1 5 1 .8

1 5 1 .6

1 5 1 .6

1 5 1 .8

1 5 2 .7

1 5 3 .9

1 6 7 .0

1 6 9 .7

1 7 0 .3

1 6 9 .3

1 7 0 .4

1 7 1 .1

1 7 0 .9

1 6 8 .5

1 7 1 .0

1 7 1 .6

1 7 0 .8

1 7 1 .7

1 7 2 .4

1 7 2 .0

1 5 0 .1

1 4 9 .5

1 5 0 .0

1 0 0 ) ...........................................................................

1 5 2 .0

1 5 2 .8

1 5 2 .7

1 5 2 .2

1 5 1 .7

1 5 2 .3

1 5 3 .9

1 4 9 .8

1 5 0 .6

1 5 0 .5

...................................................................................

2 5 9 .3

2 5 8 .1

2 6 4 .8

2 7 1 .1

2 7 5 .4

2 7 8 .2

2 7 9 .7

2 5 9 .3

2 5 7 .8

2 6 4 .7

2 7 1 .2

2 7 5 .5

2 7 8 .2

2 7 9 .5

M a r g a r i n e .......................................................................................................................

2 5 9 .4

2 5 7 .2

2 5 9 .3

2 6 4 .6

2 6 8 .9

2 7 3 .7

278 2

2 5 8 .5

2 5 5 .1

2 5 7 .3

2 6 2 .6

2 6 7 .1

2 7 1 .7

2 7 6 .4

O th e r s w e e t s ( 1 2 /7 7 =
F a ts a n d o il s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

1 4 8 .1

1 4 7 .2

1 4 9 .8

1 5 0 .1

1 4 9 .6

1 5 0 .4

1 3 0 .2

1 3 0 .3

1 3 6 .9

1 4 0 .7

1 4 3 .8

1 4 5 .4

1 4 5 .4

1 3 0 .7

1 3 0 .9

1 3 7 .5

1 4 1 .5

1 4 4 .5

1 4 6 .1

1 4 5 .9

.................................................................................................

4 3 1 .1

4 3 0 .7

4 3 1 .2

4 3 6 .4

4 3 5 .2

4 3 3 .7

4 3 9 .1

4 3 2 .8

4 3 2 .5

4 3 3 .1

4 3 8 .4

N o n a lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s

4 3 7 .3

4 3 5 .7

4 4 1 .1

3 1 2 .9

3 1 2 .4

3 1 2 .7

3 1 7 .2

3 1 5 .7

3 1 4 .3

3 1 9 .9

3 1 0 .3

3 0 9 .9

3 1 0 .2

3 1 4 .7

3 1 3 .2

3 1 1 .6

3 1 7 .2

1 4 5 .2

1 4 6 .3

1 4 7 .6

1 5 0 .8

1 4 9 .4

1 4 8 .8

1 4 9 .1

1 4 2 .8

1 4 4 .1

1 4 5 .3

1 4 8 .7

1 4 7 .5

146 9

1 4 7 .0
3 5 3 .9

C o la d r in k s , e x c lu d in g d ie t c o la

100)

. . .

..................................................................

C a r b o n a te d d r in k s , in c lu d in g d ie t c o la ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

. . . .

1 4 9 .8

1 4 8 .9

1 5 1 .6

1 5 1 .8

1 5 1 .4

1 0 0 ) ..................

N o n d a ir y s u b s t i t u t e s a n d p e a n u t b u t te r ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
O th e r f a ts , o il s , a n d s a la d d r e s s in g s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 5 1 .6

1 5 2 .2

1 5 0 .0

1 5 1 .8

R o a s te d c o f f e e ..............................................................................................................

3 6 5 .0

3 5 6 .0

3 5 3 .7

3 5 2 .8

3 5 5 .4

3 5 4 .2

3 5 9 .2

3 5 9 .9

3 5 0 .8

3 4 8 .4

3 4 7 .6

3 5 0 .2

3 4 9 .0

F re e z e d r ie d a n d in s t a n t c o f f e e ......................................................................

3 4 8 .2

3 5 2 .3

3 4 8 .3

3 5 0 .2

3 5 2 .4

3 5 1 .2

3 5 3 .7

3 4 7 .8

3 5 1 .5

3 4 7 .5

3 4 9 .3

3 5 1 .6

3 5 0 .5

3 5 3 .1

...................................

1 4 1 .0

1 4 0 .5

1 4 1 .0

1 4 1 .9

1 4 1 .8

1 4 1 .8

1 4 3 .8

1 4 1 .3

1 4 0 .8

1 4 1 .3

1 4 2 .2

1 4 2 .1

1 4 2 .2

1 4 4 .2

O th e r p r e p a r e d f o o d s .........................................................................................................

2 7 2 .6

2 7 6 .9

2 7 7 .8

2 7 6 .8

2 7 7 .9

2 7 8 .2

2 7 9 .9

2 7 4 .2

2 7 8 .5

2 7 9 .4

2 7 8 .2

2 7 9 .4

2 7 9 .7

2 8 1 .5

1 4 1 .3

1 4 2 .0

1 4 2 .8

1 4 2 .6

1 4 0 .1

1 4 3 .7

1 4 3 .3

1 4 3 .2

1 4 3 .9

1 4 4 .6

1 4 4 .4

O t h e r n o n c a r b o n a te d d r in k s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 3 8 .1

1 4 1 .8

1 4 1 .4

................................................

1 5 0 .6

1 5 5 .1

1 5 5 .7

1 5 4 .7

1 5 6 .4

1 5 5 .5

1 5 7 .2

1 5 0 .0

1 5 4 .2

1 5 4 .9

1 5 3 .7

1 5 5 .7

1 5 4 .5

1 0 0 ) ........................................................................................

1 5 4 .0

1 5 9 .3

1 5 9 .9

1 5 9 .0

1 5 8 .6

1 5 8 .9

1 5 9 .5

1 5 6 .0

1 6 1 .4

1 6 2 .0

1 6 0 .8

1607

1 6 1 .0

1 6 1 .6

1 5 9 .5

1 5 8 .3

1 5 8 .9

1 5 9 .6

160 7

1 6 0 .6

1 6 1 .6

1 5 8 .5

1 5 7 .4

1 5 8 .1

1 5 8 .7

1 5 9 .9

1 5 9 .5

1 6 0 .5

C a n n e d a n d p a c k a g e d s o u p ( 1 2 /7 7 =
F ro z e n p re p a re d fo o d s ( 1 2 /7 7 =
S n a c k s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

1 0 0 ) ........................................

100)

S e a s o n in g s , o liv e s , p ic k le s , a n d r e lis h ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

. . .

1 5 6 .5

1 5 3 .8

1 5 6 .0

1 5 6 .3

1 5 5 .4

1 5 5 .5

1 5 6 .6

1 5 5 .6

1 5 7 .9

1 5 8 .2

1 5 1 .1

1 5 1 .5

1 5 2 .2

1 5 1 .8

1 5 2 .8

1 5 3 .3

1 5 4 .3

1 5 1 .4

1 5 1 .8

1 5 2 .5

1 5 2 .0

1 5 3 .0

1 5 3 .5

1 5 4 .5

100) .

1 4 6 .1

1 4 6 .5

1 4 7 .2

1 4 6 .2

1 4 7 .0

1 4 8 .0

1 4 9 .1

1 4 7 .3

1 4 7 .7

1 4 8 .4

1 4 7 .4

1 4 8 .2

1 4 9 .2

1 5 0 .4

...........................................................................................................................

3 2 2 .2

3 2 3 .9

3 2 4 .8

3 2 4 .3

3 2 5 .4

3 2 7 .2

3 2 8 .0

3 2 8 .7

3 3 0 .4

O t h e r c o n d im e n t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) .............................................................

M is c e lla n e o u s p r e p a r e d f o o d s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

...............................

O th e r c a n n e d a n d p a c k a g e d p r e p a r e d f o o d s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 5 6 .0

1 5 7 .9

1 5 7 .2

1 5 7 .4

1 5 8 .4

3 1 4 .5

3 2 1 .0

325 5

3 2 7 .2

3 1 7 .7

L u n c h ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ..................................................................................................................

1 5 3 .1

1 5 5 .4

1 5 5 .9

1 5 6 .7

1 5 7 .1

1 5 7 .5

1 5 8 .0

1 5 4 .8

1 5 7 .1

1 5 7 .5

1 5 8 .3

1 5 8 .7

1 5 9 .0

D in n e r ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ..................................................................................................................

1 5 1 .3

1 5 3 .9

1 5 4 .9

1 5 5 .5

1 5 6 .2

1 5 6 .5

1 5 7 .6

1 5 3 .0

1 5 5 .6

1 5 6 .6

1 5 7 .2

1 5 7 .9

1 5 8 .3

1 5 9 .3

1 5 4 .0

1 5 9 .5

1 5 9 .4

1 6 0 .7

1 6 0 .8

1 6 1 .0

162 0

1 5 4 .6

1 6 0 .0

1 5 9 .9

1 6 1 .2

1 6 1 .2

1 6 1 .4

1 6 2 .5

2 2 2 .0

F ood a w a y fro m h o m e

O t h e r m e a ls a n d s n a c k s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ......................................................................

2 1 1 .6

2 1 7 .1

2 1 8 .4

2 1 8 .9

2 1 8 .6

2 1 8 .1

2 1 9 .0

2 1 3 .7

2 1 9 .7

2 2 1 .3

2 2 1 .8

2 2 1 .5

2 2 1 .2

......................................................................

1 3 6 .5

1 4 0 .3

1 4 1 .2

1 4 1 .4

1 4 0 .9

1 4 0 .4

1 4 0 .8

1 3 7 .8

1 4 2 .1

1 4 3 .2

1 4 3 .4

1 4 3 .0

1 4 2 .6

1 4 2 .8

........................................................................................................................................

2 1 3 .3

2 2 4 .4

2 2 5 .4

2 2 6 .1

2 2 5 .9

2 2 5 .5

2 2 5 .7

2 1 2 .5

2 2 3 .2

2 2 4 .8

2 2 5 .3

2 2 5 .2

2 2 4 .8

2 2 4 .9

A lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s

A l c o h o lic b e v e r a g e s a t h o m e ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
B e e r a n d a le

1 5 9 .5

100)

W h i s k e y .....................................................................................................................................................

1 5 0 .5

1 5 1 .6

1 5 3 .7

1 5 3 .5

1 5 2 .9

1 5 2 .4

1 5 3 .5

1 5 1 .2

1 5 2 .1

1 5 4 .2

1 5 4 .0

1 5 3 .4

1 5 2 .9

1 5 3 .7

W in e

2 3 5 .6

2 3 4 .8

2 3 5 .7

2 3 7 .1

2 3 4 .8

2 3 2 .1

2 3 3 .2

2 4 3 .0

2 4 2 .4

2 4 3 .7

2 4 5 .5

2 4 2 .3

2 3 9 .9

2 4 1 .0

1 2 0 .6

1 2 2 .4

1 2 2 .5

1 2 2 .3

1 2 1 .5

1 2 1 .4

1 2 1 .7

1 2 0 .6

1 2 2 .4

1 2 2 .3

1 2 2 .2

1 2 1 .5

1 2 1 .3

1 2 1 .6

..........................................................................................................................................................

O t h e r a lc o h o l ic b e v e r a g e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ..................................................................
................................................

1 4 4 .8

1 4 7 .3

1 4 8 .4

1 4 8 .7

1 4 9 .9

1 5 0 .4

1 5 1 .6

1 4 6 .0

1 4 8 .5

1 4 9 .6

1 4 9 .8

1 5 0 .9

1 5 1 .5

1 5 3 .0

H O U S I N G ..............................................................................................................................................................................................

3 1 7 .9

3 2 4 .8

3 2 6 .4

3 2 6 .8

3 2 7 .0

3 2 7 .4

3 2 9 .2

3 1 7 .0

3 2 4 .3

3 2 5 .3

3 2 5 .2

3 2 4 .5

3 2 4 .2

3 2 4 .7

S h e lte r ( C P I- U )

3 3 8 .3

3 4 6 .6

3 4 8 .5

3 4 9 .8

3 5 1 .1

3 5 1 .8

3 5 3 .2

R e n t e r s ’ c o s t s .................................................................................................................................................

1 0 0 .8

1 0 3 .7

1 0 4 .4

1 0 4 .8

1 0 5 .0

1 0 5 .1

1 0 5 .7

2 3 2 .2

2 3 8 .2

2 3 9 .5

2 4 0 .4

2 4 1 .3

2 4 2 .0

2 4 2 .9

A l c o h o lic b e v e r a g e s a w a y f r o m h o m e ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

R e n t, r e s id e n t ia l

100)

...............................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................

3 3 9 .2

3 5 5 .8

3 6 1 .3

3 6 2 .0

359 8

3 5 6 .1

3 6 1 .7

...............................................................................................................................

1 0 0 .7

1 0 3 .0

1 0 3 .5

1 0 3 .9

1 0 4 .3

1 0 4 .5

1 0 4 .9

O w n e r s ' e q u iv a le n t r e n t .............................................................................................................

1 0 0 .7

1 0 3 .0

1 0 3 .5

1 0 3 .8

1 0 4 .2

1 0 4 .5

1 0 4 .8

H o u s e h o ld i n s u r a n c e ......................................................................................................................

1 0 0 .9

1 0 3 .5

1 0 4 .0

1 0 5 .5

1 0 6 .1

1 0 6 .1

1 0 6 .6

3 4 7 .9

3 4 6 .6

3 5 1 .1

3 5 3 .4

O t h e r r e n te r s ' c o s ts
H o m e o w n e rs ’ c o s ts 2

M a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a ir s

......................................................................................................................

3 4 2 .9

3 5 4 .7

3 5 6 .7

........................................................................................

3 8 0 .6

3 8 8 .6

3 8 7 .6

3 9 7 .2

3 9 8 .5

4 0 0 .8

4 0 2 .4

M a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a ir c o m m o d i t i e s ...............................................................................

2 5 9 .4

2 6 1 .2

2 5 9 .9

2 5 9 .5

2 6 2 .3

2 6 2 .6

2 6 4 .6

M a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a ir s e r v ic e s

S h e l t e r ( C P I - W ) ........................................................................................................................................................................

3 3 7 .9

3 4 6 .4

3 4 7 .5

3 4 7 .6

3 4 7 .1

3 4 6 .6

3 4 6 .1

R e n t, r e s i d e n t i a l .............................................................................................................................................

2 3 1 .7

2 3 7 .6

2 3 8 .9

2 3 9 .8

2 4 0 .7

2 4 1 .3

2 4 2 .3

O t h e r r e n te r s ’ c o s t s ....................................................................................................................................

3 3 7 .3

3 5 4 .0

3 5 8 .6

3 5 9 .3

3 5 7 .3

3 5 2 .9

3 5 9 .1

L o d g in g w h i le o u t o f t o w n .........................................................................................................

3 5 0 .8

3 7 5 .7

3 7 4 .8

3 7 4 .2

3 7 0 .9

3 6 3 .9

3 7 4 .0

T e n a n t s ’ in s u r a n c e ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ...................................................................................

1 5 1 .5

1 5 5 .4

1 5 6 .2

1 5 8 .6

1 5 9 .4

1 6 0 .4

1 5 9 .4

H o m e o w n e r s h i p ............................................................................................................................................

3 7 5 .9

3 8 5 .2

3 8 6 .1

3 8 5 .9

3 8 4 .9

3 8 4 .1

3 8 2 .9

...............................................................................................................................

2 9 1 .9

3 0 4 .1

3 0 3 .4

3 0 1 .3

3 0 0 .0

2 9 8 .9

2 9 8 .0

F in a n c in g , t a x e s , a n d i n s u r a n c e ............................................................................................

4 9 0 .2

4 9 6 .6

5 0 0 .0

5 0 0 .6

4 9 9 .2

4 9 7 .6

4 9 4 .8

P r o p e r t y i n s u r a n c e ..............................................................................................................

4 1 4 .5

4 3 0 .8

4 3 4 .9

4 3 7 .4

4 3 8 .0

4 3 7 .2

4 3 8 .3

P r o p e r t y ta x e s

H o m e p u rc h a s e

......................................................................................................................

2 3 0 .6

2 3 7 .1

2 3 8 .5

2 3 9 .1

2 3 9 .6

2 4 0 .7

2 4 2 .7

C o n t r a c t e d m o r t g a g e in t e r e s t c o s t s ......................................................................

6 2 4 .0

6 2 9 .8

6 3 4 .2

6 3 4 .7

6 3 2 .2

6 2 9 .4

6 2 4 .1

M o r t g a g e in t e r e s t r a t e s .......................................................................................

2 1 2 .0

2 0 5 .5

2 0 7 .2

2 0 8 .8

2 0 8 .6

2 0 8 .7

2 0 7 .6

M a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a i r s ..............................................................................................................

3 3 7 .8

3 4 4 .3

3 4 3 .7

3 4 8 .1

3 4 9 .1

3 5 1 .0

3 5 3 .0

M a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a ir s e r v i c e s ...............................................................................

3 7 7 .3

3 8 5 .1

3 8 5 .5

3 9 2 .5

3 9 3 .3

3 9 5 .6

3 9 7 .6

S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

75

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
20.

Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average

[ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w i s e s p e c if ie d ]
A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e rs
G e n e ra l s u m m a ry

U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s

1983
Jan.

Aug.

S e p t.

1984
O c t.

Nov.

D ec.

Jan.

1983

1984

Jan.

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

Dec

Jan.

2 5 3 .6

2 5 7 .5

2 5 5 .2

2 5 4 .7

2 5 5 .9

2 5 7 .0

2 5 9 .0

1 4 8 .2

1 4 7 .6

1 4 5 .8

1 4 5 .7

1 4 7 .3

1 4 9 .1

1 5 0 .8

1 2 0 .5

1 2 6 .8

1 2 5 .3

1 2 4 .2

1 2 3 .8

1 2 3 .7

1 2 5 .2

H O U S IN G — C o n tin u e d
S h e lte r ( C P I- W ) — C o n tin u e d

H o m e o w n e r s h ip — C o n t in u e d
M a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a ir c o m m o d i t i e s ............................................
P a in t a n d w a llp a p e r , s u p p lie s , t o o ls , a n d
e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ..............................................................

L u m b e r , a w n in g s , g la s s , a n d m a s o n r y ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ..................

P lu m b in g , e le c t r ic a l, h e a t in g , a n d c o o lin g
s u p p lie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

......................................................................

M i s c e lla n e o u s s u p p lie s a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 3 7 .3

1 0 0 ) ..................

1 3 9 .5

1 4 0 .7

1 4 1 .3

1 3 9 .1

1 3 8 .4

1 3 9 .9

1 4 1 .3

1 4 3 .3

1 4 2 .2

1 4 1 .9

1 4 4 .0

1 4 3 .7

1 4 3 .1

F u e l a n d o th e r u tilitie s

3 6 5 .4

3 7 5 .1

3 7 6 .4

3 7 4 .4

3 7 1 .3

3 7 0 .6

3 7 6 .0

3 6 6 .8

3 7 6 .8

3 7 8 .1

3 7 5 .7

3 7 2 .8

3 7 2 .0

3 7 7 .3

F u e l s .........................................................................................................................................

4 6 3 .5

4 7 6 .5

4 7 8 .3

4 7 4 .4

4 6 8 .1

4 6 7 .4

4 7 0 .4

4 6 3 .3

4 7 6 .6

4 7 8 .3

4 7 4 .0

4 6 7 .8

4 6 7 .2

4 6 9 .9

F u e l o il , c o a l, a n d b o t tle d g a s ........................................................................................
F u e l o il

...............................................................................

O t h e r f u e ls ( 6 / 7 8 =

100)

..................................................................

G a s ( p ip e d ) a n d e l e c t r i c i t y ....................................................................................

6 7 1 .1

6 1 9 .0

6 2 3 .2

6 2 4 .7

6 2 3 .9

6 2 3 .9

6 4 2 .8

6 7 3 .4

6 2 1 .5

6 2 5 .6

627 2

6 2 6 .4

6 2 6 .4

6 4 5 .1

6 8 9 .3

6 2 6 .5

6 3 1 .2

6 3 2 .6

6 3 1 .5

6 3 1 .5

6 5 2 .7

6 9 1 .2

6 2 8 .9

6 3 3 .7

6 3 5 .1

6 3 3 .9

6 3 3 .9

6 5 4 .9

1 8 8 .4

1 9 0 .0

1 9 0 .2

1 9 1 .0

1 9 1 .4

1 9 1 .4

1 9 3 .6

1 8 9 .5

1 9 0 .8

1 9 1 .0

1 9 1 .9

1 9 2 .4

1 9 2 .3

1 9 4 .4

4 2 7 .5

4 2 7 .3

4 1 2 .8

4 3 8 .7

4 4 0 .0

4 3 4 .5

4 2 7 .5

4 2 6 .7

4 2 6 .2

4 1 3 .5

4 3 9 .1

4 4 0 .5

4 3 5 .6

4 2 8 .2

E l e c t r i c i t y ..........................................................................................................

3 1 9 .2

3 4 0 .7

3 4 2 .3

3 3 9 .2

3 3 1 .8

3 2 9 .8

3 3 2 .8

3 1 8 .3

3 4 1 .2

3 4 2 .6

3 3 8 .8

3 3 0 .8

3 2 9 .0

3 3 1 .9

U t il it y ( p ip e d ) g a s

5 5 9 .1

5 8 9 .8

5 9 0 .5

5 8 2 .4

5 7 6 .3

5 7 8 .2

5 7 1 .1

5 5 6 .9

5 8 5 .8

5 8 6 .4

5 7 8 .3

5 7 4 .0

5 7 5 .7

5 6 8 .1

2 1 0 .1

2 1 4 .8

2 1 5 .4

2 1 5 .8

2 1 7 .3

2 1 6 .5

2 2 5 .7

........................................................................................

H O U S IN G
F u e l a n d o th e r u tilitie s

O t h e r u t ili t i e s a n d p u b l ic s e r v ic e s

.....................................................

T e le p h o n e s e r v i c e s ...........................................................................
L o c a l c h a rg e s (1 2 /7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ..................................................................

I n te r s ta t e t o ll c a lls ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

............................................

I n tr a s ta t e t o ll c a lls ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

........................................

2 2 4 .6

2 1 0 .9

2 1 5 .9

2 1 6 .4

2 1 6 .9

2 1 8 .4

2 1 7 .4

1 7 1 .4

1 7 3 .9

1 7 4 .4

1 7 4 .1

1 7 5 .4

1 7 4 .3

1 8 3 .3

1 7 1 .7

1 7 4 .5

1 7 5 .0

1 7 4 .7

1 7 6 .0

1 7 4 .7

1 4 0 .6

1 4 2 .1

1 4 2 .6

1 4 2 .2

1 4 3 .8

1 4 2 .2

1 5 4 .3

1 4 0 .8

1 4 2 .6

1 4 3 .1

1 4 2 .8

1 4 4 .4

1 4 2 .6

1 5 4 .8

1 2 1 .0

1 2 1 .9

1 2 1 .9

1 2 1 .5

1 2 1 .5

1 2 1 .4

1 2 1 .4

1 2 1 .5

1 2 2 .4

1 2 2 .3

1 2 1 .9

1 2 1 .9

1 2 1 .9

1 2 1 .9

1 8 3 .9

1 1 4 .0

1 1 8 .3

1 1 8 .6

1 1 9 .0

1 1 9 .8

1 1 9 .7

1 2 2 .1

1 1 3 .9

1 1 8 .3

1 1 8 .7

1 1 9 .1

1 1 9 .8

1 1 9 .8

1 2 2 .2

3 4 1 .6

3 5 5 .9

3 5 6 .8

3 6 1 .7

3 6 3 .6

3 6 4 .3

3 6 7 .4

3 4 4 .8

3 6 0 .2

3 6 1 .0

3 6 6 .2

3 6 7 .8

3 6 8 .5

3 7 1 .7

H o u s e h o ld f u r n is h in g s a n d o p e ra tio n s

2 3 5 .8

2 3 8 .0

2 3 8 .9

2 3 9 .4

2 3 9 .9

2 4 0 .5

2 4 0 .4

2 3 2 .6

2 3 4 .8

2 3 5 .8

2 3 6 .2

2 3 6 .7

2 3 7 .3

2 3 7 .3

H o u s e f u r n i s h in g s

1 9 4 .9

1 9 6 .7

1 9 7 .6

1 9 8 .0

1 9 8 .4

1 9 8 .8

1 9 7 .9

1 9 3 .0

1 9 4 .7

1 9 5 .6

1 9 6 .0

1 9 6 .4

1 9 6 .9

1 9 6 .3

2 2 1 .9

2 2 6 .1

2 3 1 .2

2 2 8 .8

2 2 9 .6

2 3 0 .3

2 2 7 .6

2 2 4 .5

2 2 9 .6

2 3 4 .6

2 3 2 .0

2 3 3 .0

2 3 3 .1

2 3 0 .9

1 3 1 .5

1 3 3 .4

1 3 8 .1

1 3 6 .0

1 3 5 .7

1 3 5 .6

1 3 3 .0

1 3 2 .6

1 3 4 .5

1 3 9 .0

1 3 7 .0

1 3 6 .4

1 3 6 .2

1 3 4 .1

1 4 5 .6

1 4 9 .0

1 5 0 .5

1 4 9 .6

1 5 1 .1

1 5 2 .0

1 5 1 .3

1 4 8 .6

1 5 3 .3

1 5 4 .8

1 5 3 .6

1 5 5 .6

1 5 6 .1

1 5 5 .5

2 1 3 .9

2 1 7 .2

2 1 7 .9

2 1 9 .8

2 2 0 .1

2 2 1 .3

2 1 9 .5

2 1 0 .4

2 1 4 .3

2 1 5 .1

2 1 6 .6

2 1 7 .1

2 1 8 .3

2 1 6 .7

1 4 6 .1

1 5 1 .3

1 5 2 .5

1 5 2 .9

1 5 2 .6

1 5 4 .9

1 5 4 .4

1 4 2 .6

1 4 8 .2

1 4 8 .9

1 4 9 .0

1 4 9 .5

1 5 1 .3

1 5 1 .1

1 1 8 .1

1 1 9 .2

1 2 0 .0

1 2 0 .3

W a te r a n d s e w e r a g e m a in t e n a n c e ..............................................................

.............................................................................................

T e x t ile h o u s e f u r n i s h i n g s ...........................................................................
H o u s e h o ld lin e n s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) .........................................................

C u r ta in s , d r a p e s , s lip c o v e r s , a n d s e w in g
m a te r ia ls ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

...........................................................................

F u r n it u r e a n d b e d d i n g ............................................................................................
B e d ro o m fu r n itu r e ( 1 2 /7 7 =
S o fa s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

................................................

......................................................................

100)

1 0 0 ) ...............................

L iv in g r o o m c h a ir s a n d t a b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
O th e r f u r n itu r e ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

..............................................................

A p p lia n c e s in c lu d in g T V a n d s o u n d e q u ip m e n t
T e le v is io n a n d s o u n d e q u ip m e n t
T e le v is io n

..........................

...................................

......................................................................

S o u n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
H o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s

100)

...................................

.................................................

1 1 7 .3

1 1 7 .3

1 1 7 .6

1 1 8 .8

1 1 9 .8

1 2 0 .2

1 1 9 .4

1 1 7 .9

1 1 7 .6

1 2 1 .6

1 2 3 .5

1 2 4 .2

1 2 5 .4

1 2 5 .6

1 2 4 ,4

1 2 4 .8

1 2 2 .0

1 2 4 .5

1 2 5 .2

1 2 6 .5

1 2 6 .6

1 2 5 .7

1 2 5 .9

1 3 9 .4

1 3 9 .8

1 3 9 .4

1 4 1 .2

1 4 1 .4

1 4 2 .3

1 3 9 .2

1 3 4 .6

1 3 5 .6

1 3 5 .8

1 3 7 .2

1 3 7 .1

1 3 8 .2

1 3 5 .4

1 5 1 .9

1 5 0 .6

1 5 1 .0

1 5 1 .2

1 5 1 .0

1 5 0 .9

1 5 1 .0

1 5 1 .8

1 5 0 .8

1 5 1 .2

1 5 1 .7

1 5 1 .6

1 5 1 .7

1 5 1 .9

1 0 7 .0

1 0 5 .1

1 0 5 .1

1 0 4 .9

1 0 5 .0

1 0 4 .8

1 0 4 .9

1 0 6 .1

1 0 4 .3

1 0 4 .2

1 0 3 .9

1 0 4 .1

1 0 3 .9

1 0 4 .0

1 0 2 .3

1 0 0 .1

9 9 .6

9 9 .1

9 8 .8

9 9 .0

9 8 .8

1 0 1 .1

9 9 .0

98 3

9 7 .8

9 7 .4

9 7 .6

1 1 9 .2

9 7 .5

1 1 2 .2

1 1 0 .6

1 1 1 .1

1 1 1 .0

1 1 1 .6

1 1 1 .0

1 1 1 .3

1 1 1 .3

1 0 9 .7

1 1 0 .2

1 1 0 .0

1 1 0 .7

1 1 0 .1

1 1 0 .5

1 8 7 .6

1 8 8 .0

1 8 9 .2

1 9 0 .3

1 8 9 .2

1 8 9 .4

1 8 9 .5

1 8 7 .9

1 8 8 .0

1 8 9 .1

1 9 0 .5

1 9 0 .1

1 9 0 .5

1 9 0 .7

R e f r ig e r a t o r s a n d h o m e f r e e z e r s ........................................

1 9 3 .2

1 9 1 .4

192 4

1 9 4 .0

1 9 3 .0

1 9 5 .8

1 9 6 .5

1 9 9 .2

1 9 7 .2

1 9 8 .0

2 0 0 .0

1 9 8 .9

2 0 1 .7

2 0 2 .1

L a u n d r y e q u i p m e n t .....................................................

1 4 1 .5

1 4 2 .0

1 4 2 .7

1 4 2 .7

1 4 4 .1

1 4 4 .4

1 4 5 .7

1 4 2 .1

1 4 2 .8

1 4 3 .6

1 4 4 .1

1 4 5 .2

1 4 5 .1

1 4 6 .6

O th e r h o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 2 4 .7

1 2 5 .4

1 2 6 .2

1 2 7 .0

1 2 5 .9

1 2 5 .5

1 2 5 .2

1 2 2 .8

1 2 3 .4

1 2 4 .2

1 2 5 .2

1 2 4 .6

1 2 4 .2

1 2 3 .6

1 2 3 .7

1 2 3 .7

1 2 5 .4

1 2 5 .9

1 2 5 .8

1 2 4 .5

1 2 3 .3

1 2 1 .9

1 2 2 .1

1 2 3 .6

1 2 4 .1

1 2 4 .6

1 2 3 .5

1 2 2 .3

1 2 5 .8

1 2 7 .2

1 2 7 .3

1 2 8 .3

1 2 6 .2

1 2 6 .6

1 2 7 .2

1 2 3 .8

1 2 4 .8

1 2 4 .9

1 2 6 .4

1 2 4 .6

1 2 4 .9

1 2 5 .2

1 3 9 .1

1 4 1 .2

1 4 1 .0

1 4 1 .3

1 4 2 .1

1 4 2 .3

1 4 2 .1

1 3 7 .0

1 3 8 .9

1 3 8 .8

1 3 8 .9

1 3 9 .7

1 4 0 .1

1 4 0 .0

1 0 0 ) ......................

1 4 1 .2

1 4 4 .4

1 4 4 .2

1 4 6 .5

1 4 7 .3

1 4 6 .6

1 4 5 .5

1 3 3 .2

1 3 6 .4

1 3 6 .0

1 3 8 .2

1 3 8 .8

1 3 8 .4

1 3 7 .5

1 0 0 ) ........................................

1 3 0 .8

1 3 2 .3

1 3 2 .9

1 3 4 .0

1 3 5 .5

1 3 4 .1

1 3 0 .9

1 2 6 .1

1 2 8 .3

1 2 8 .4

1 2 9 .3

1 3 1 .0

1 2 9 .6

1 2 6 .6

1 4 5 .9

1 4 8 .7

1 4 7 .7

1 4 5 .6

1 4 6 .2

1 4 7 .4

1 4 9 .6

1 4 1 .9

1 4 4 .4

1 4 3 .6

1 4 1 .7

1 4 2 .4

1 4 3 .6

1 4 5 .5

1 3 4 .1

1 3 4 .2

1 3 4 .7

1 3 5 .9

1 3 6 .6

1 3 7 .2

1 3 6 .9

1 3 9 .3

1 3 9 .3

1 4 0 .2

1 4 1 .2

1 4 1 .8

1 4 2 .4

1 4 2 .2

2 9 4 .0

2 9 5 .8

2 9 5 .7

2 9 6 .6

2 9 7 .0

2 9 8 .6

2 9 9 .4

2 9 0 .7

2 9 2 .7

2 9 3 .1

2 9 3 .6

2 9 3 .9

2 9 5 .3

2 9 6 .3

1 0 0 ) ......................

S t o v e s , d is h w a s h e r s , v a c u u m s , a n d s e w in g
m a c h in e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) .................................................

O ffic e m a c h in e s , s m a ll e le c t r ic a p p lia n c e s , a n d
a ir c o n d it io n e r s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
O t h e r h o u s e h o ld e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

............................................

1 0 0 ) ...................................

F lo o r a n d w i n d o w c o v e r in g s , i n f a n t s ', la u n d r y ,
c le a n in g , a n d o u t d o o r e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
C lo c k s , la m p s , a n d d e c o r it e m s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
T a b le w a r e , s e r v in g p ie c e s , a n d n o n e le c tr ic
k it c h e n w a r e ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ...................................

L a w n e q u ip m e n t , p o w e r t o o ls , a n d o t h e r
h a rd w a re (1 2 /7 7 =
H o u s e k e e p in g s u p p lie s

100)

......................................................................

...........................................................................

S o a p s a n d d e te rg e n ts

..................................................................

O t h e r la u n d r y a n d c le a n in g p r o d u c ts ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

..........................

C le a n s in g a n d t o ile t t is s u e , p a p e r t o w e ls a n d n a p k in s ( 1 2 /7 7 =
S t a tio n e r y , s ta t io n e r y s u p p lie s , a n d g if t w r a p ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
M i s c e lla n e o u s h o u s e h o ld p r o d u c ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
L a w n a n d g a r d e n s u p p lie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
H o u s e k e e p in g s e r v ic e s

100)

100)

1 0 0 ) ......................

1 0 0 ) .....................................................

......................................................................

P o s t a g e .............................................................................................

2 8 8 .9

2 9 4 .4

2 9 6 .1

2 9 5 .2

2 9 6 .7

2 9 5 .9

2 9 6 .3

2 8 5 .0

2 9 0 .2

2 9 2 .0

2 9 1 .1

2 9 2 .7

2 9 1 .8

2 9 2 .2

1 4 9 .0

1 5 1 .0

1 5 2 .0

1 5 1 .6

1 5 1 .5

1 5 2 .7

1 5 3 .6

1 4 7 .7

1 4 9 .8

1 5 0 .9

1 5 0 .5

1 5 0 .2

1 5 1 .5

1 5 2 .3

1 5 0 .2

1 4 8 .1

1 4 8 .0

1 4 7 .8

1 4 8 .2

1 4 8 .6

1 4 9 .2

1 4 8 .2

1 4 8 .0

1 3 8 .1

1 3 9 .5

1 3 9 .5

1 3 9 .5

1 4 0 .9

1 4 1 .7

1 4 1 .7

1 4 1 .1

1 4 2 .5

1 4 2 .6

1 4 2 .6

1 4 4 .0

1 4 4 .7

1 4 4 .8

1 5 3 .5

1 5 4 .1

1 5 4 .9

1 5 5 .9

1 5 5 .5

1 5 6 .6

1 5 7 ,4

1 4 8 .3

1 4 8 .8

1 4 9 .5

1 5 0 .4

1 5 0 .0

1 5 1 .1

1 5 2 .0

1 5 0 .3

1 4 8 .1

1 4 8 .3

1 4 8 .6

1 4 9 .4

1 4 4 .3

1 4 4 .6

1 4 0 .8

1 4 4 .1

1 4 3 .0

1 4 5 .4

1 4 5 .0

1 3 7 .0

1 3 7 .8

1 3 4 .9

1 3 7 .2

1 3 6 .0

1 3 8 .3

1 3 8 .0

3 1 5 .4

3 1 9 .3

320 9

3 2 1 .6

3 2 2 .3

3 2 2 .8

3 2 4 .1

3 1 5 .0

3 1 9 .1

3 2 0 .8

3 2 1 .7

3 2 2 .3

3 2 2 .9

324 4

3 3 7 .5

3 3 7 .5

3 3 7 .5

3 3 7 .5

3 3 7 .5

3 3 7 .5

3 3 7 .5

3 3 7 .5

3 3 7 .5

3 3 7 .5

3 3 7 .5

3 3 7 .5

3 3 7 .5

3 3 7 .5

1 5 9 .3

1 6 2 .8

1 6 5 .9

1 6 7 .1

1 6 8 .1

1 6 8 .4

1 7 1 .0

1 5 9 .5

1 6 3 .1

1 6 6 .0

1 6 7 .3

1 6 8 .2

1 6 8 .5

1 7 1 .1

1 4 0 .4

1 4 4 .9

1 4 5 .4

1 4 5 .8

1 4 6 .2

1 4 7 .1

1 4 7 .5

1 3 8 .7

1 4 3 .1

1 4 3 .6

1 4 4 .0

1 4 4 .3

1 4 5 .2

1 4 5 .6

M o v in g , s to r a g e , f r e i g h t , h o u s e h o ld la u n d r y , a n d
d r y c le a n in g s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ........................................

A p p lia n c e a n d f u r n i t u r e r e p a ir ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ...............................

A P P A R E L A N D U P K E E P ..........................................................................................

1 9 1 .0

1 9 7 .3

2 0 0 .4

2 0 0 .7

2 0 0 .7

1 9 9 .3

1 9 6 .4

1 9 0 .0

1 9 6 .3

1 9 9 .3

1 9 9 .8

1 9 9 .7

1 9 8 .1

1 9 5 .3

A p p a r e l c o m m o d i t i e s ...............................................................................................

1 7 9 .2

1 8 5 .3

1 8 8 .5

1 8 8 .7

1 8 8 .6

1 8 6 .9

1 8 3 .6

1 7 8 .7

1 8 4 .7

1 8 8 .0

1 8 8 .4

1 8 8 .2

1 8 6 .3

1 8 3 .1

1 7 5 .0

1 8 1 .9

1 8 5 .3

1 8 5 .4

1 8 5 .2

1 8 3 .4

1 7 4 .3

1 8 1 .2

1 8 5 .0

1 8 4 .5

1 8 2 .5

1 7 8 .9

1 8 4 .9

1 8 8 .3

1 9 0 .8

1 9 2 .1

1 9 3 .0

1 9 1 .8

1 8 9 .7

1 8 5 .2

1 8 8 .3

1 9 1 .1

1 9 2 .5

1 9 3 .4

1 9 2 .1

1 9 0 .2

1 1 6 .8

1 1 8 .5

1 2 0 .1

1 2 0 .8

1 2 1 .6

1 2 0 .9

1 1 9 .3

1 1 7 .4

1 1 8 .9

1 2 0 .7

1 2 1 .4

1 2 2 .2

1 2 1 .5

1 1 9 .8

A p p a r e l c o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o t w e a r ......................................................................
M e n 's a n d b o y s ' ......................................................................
M e n 's ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

.........................................................

S u its , s p o r t c o a t s , a n d ja c k e t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ..................

C o a ts a n d j a c k e t s ...........................................................................
F u r n is h in g s a n d s p e c ia l c lo t h in g ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .

76


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1 0 0 ) ...........................

1 0 6 .5

1 1 1 .4

1 1 2 .3

1 1 3 .7

1 1 4 .8

1 7 9 .8

9 9 .9

1 0 4 .4

1 8 4 .6

1 1 2 .9

1 1 0 .8

1 0 7 .7

1 0 5 .8

9 8 .8

9 9 .5

1 0 4 .4

1 0 5 .7

1 0 5 .5

1 0 4 .4

1 0 1 .7

1 0 0 .5

1 0 1 .7

1 0 7 .5

1 0 8 .9

1 0 8 .8

1 0 7 .6

1 0 4 .3

1 4 2 .2

1 4 4 .8

1 4 5 .4

1 4 5 .7

1 4 7 .3

1 4 7 .8

1 4 5 .9

1 3 8 .7

1 4 0 .8

1 4 1 .6

1 0 5 .5

1 4 1 .9

1 0 6 .9

1 4 3 .6

1 4 4 .1

1 4 1 .9

1 0 4 .0

20.

Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average

[ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w i s e s p e c i f i e d ]
A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e rs
G e n e ra l s u m m a ry

U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s

1983
Jan.

Aug.

1 2 4 .5

1 2 1 .6

1984

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

D ec.

1 2 5 .2

1983

1984

Jan.

Jan.

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

Dec

Jan.

1 2 8 .9

A P P A R E L A N D U P K E E P — C o n tin u e d
A p p a r e l c o m m o d itie s — C o n tin u e d

M e n ’ s a n d b o y 's — C o n t in u e d
M e n ’ s — C o n t in u e d
S h irts ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ............................................................................................

1 2 5 .6

1 2 5 .1

1 2 5 .7

1 2 5 .7

1 2 7 .5

1 2 4 .7

1 2 8 .6

1 2 7 .8

1 2 7 .8

1 2 8 .5

..........................

1 1 1 .0

1 1 2 .3

1 1 2 .4

1 1 3 .1

1 1 3 .9

1 1 2 .9

1 1 1 .4

1 1 6 .5

1 1 8 .1

1 1 8 .2

1 1 9 .1

1 2 0 .1

1 1 8 .8

.....................................................................................................

1 1 8 .9

1 2 2 .6

1 2 4 .1

1 2 5 .4

1 2 5 .2

1 2 3 .9

1 2 4 .0

1 1 7 .2

1 2 0 .7

1 2 2 .4

1 2 3 .9

1 2 3 .8

1 2 2 .4

1 2 2 .7

1 0 8 .9

1 1 5 .4

1 1 9 .0

1 2 0 .9

1 1 9 .9

1 1 8 .8

1 1 8 .8

1 1 0 .4

1 1 6 .2

1 2 0 .5

1 2 2 .7

1 2 2 .1

1 2 0 .6

1 2 1 .1

D u n g a r e e s , je a n s , a n d t r o u s e r s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
B o y s ’ ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

100)

C o a ts , ja c k e t s , s w e a t e r s , a n d s h ir t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
F u r n is h in g s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

1 0 0 ) ..................

...........................................................................

1 3 2 .0

1 3 4 .2

1 3 5 .1

1 3 6 .2

1 3 7 .6

1 3 7 .0

1 2 8 .0

1 2 9 .9

1 3 0 .7

1 3 1 .9

1 3 3 .3

1 3 2 .9

1 3 2 .1

. ,

1 2 1 .5

1 2 3 .5

1 2 3 .7

1 2 4 .7

1 2 4 .4

1 2 2 .7

1 2 3 .3

1 1 8 .6

1 2 0 .7

1 2 0 .8

1 2 1 .8

1 2 1 .6

1 2 0 .0

1 2 0 .6

.......................................................................................................................

1 5 3 .9

1 6 4 .2

1 6 8 .8

1 6 8 .6

1 6 7 .0

1 6 4 .9

1 5 8 .8

1 5 5 .4

1 6 5 .8

1 7 0 .2

1 7 0 .4

1 6 0 .0

S u its , t r o u s e r s , s p o r t c o a t s , a n d ja c k e t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
W o m e n 's a n d g ir ls '

100)

1 3 6 .2

1 1 7 .1

1 6 8 .6

1 6 6 .0

............................................................................................

1 0 1 .8

1 0 9 .5

1 1 2 .8

1 1 2 .3

1 1 0 .9

1 0 9 .5

1 0 5 .4

1 0 2 .9

1 1 1 .1

1 1 4 .3

1 1 4 .0

1 1 2 .4

1 1 0 .8

1 0 6 .8

C o a ts a n d j a c k e t s .....................................................................................................

1 5 8 .1

1 7 1 .6

1 7 6 .6

1 7 5 .9

1 7 3 .3

1 7 0 .3

1 6 2 .8

1 6 1 .4

1 7 5 .3

1 8 1 .6

1 8 1 .2

1 7 7 .4

1 7 4 .8

1 6 6 .9

1 6 4 .1

1 3 9 .8

1 5 7 .1

W o m e n ’s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

D re sse s

100)

...........................................................................................................................

1 7 1 .4

1 7 6 .7

1 7 3 .8

1 5 8 .7

1 6 2 .6

1 5 8 .9

1 5 8 .0

9 3 .7

9 9 .4

1 0 2 .5

1 0 3 .9

1 0 2 .0

9 8 .9

9 4 .5

9 4 .4

9 9 .7

1 0 2 .9

1 0 4 .2

1 0 2 .4

9 9 .4

9 4 .7

.................

1 2 8 .8

1 3 3 .2

1 3 5 .1

1 3 5 .6

1 3 6 .1

1 3 6 .5

1 3 4 .8

1 2 8 .4

1 3 2 .9

1 3 4 .8

1 3 5 .3

1 3 5 .7

1 3 6 .2

1 3 4 .4

1 0 0 ) ............................................................................................

7 6 .9

8 7 .3

9 4 .3

8 9 .9

8 5 .7

8 1 .7

7 5 .2

9 1 .8

1 0 8 .1

1 1 5 .0

1 1 2 .6

1 0 5 .8

1 0 0 .2

9 3 .9

1 0 0 ) ..........................................................................................................

1 0 6 .6

1 0 5 .0

1 0 6 .8

1 0 8 .3

1 1 0 .4

1 1 0 .8

1 0 8 .8

1 0 4 .8

S e p a r a te s a n d s p o r ts w e a r ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

.......................................

100)

U n d e r w e a r , n ig h tw e a r , a n d h o s ie r y ( 1 2 /7 7 =
S u its ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
G irls ’ ( 1 2 /7 7 =

C o a ts , ja c k e t s , d r e s s e s , a n d s u it s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
S e p a r a te s a n d s p o r ts w e a r ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

100)

1 5 2 .9

1 7 1 .9

1 7 2 .0

1 5 0 .5

1 0 5 .1

1 0 7 .7

1 0 4 .5

1 1 1 .4

1 1 1 .8

1 1 0 .2

1 0 0 ) ......................

9 5 .8

1 0 1 .9

1 0 1 .6

1 0 5 .8

1 0 6 .2

1 0 1 .8

9 8 .1

9 5 .2

9 8 .7

9 8 .5

1 0 3 .1

1 0 3 .3

9 8 .8

9 5 .1

.......................................

1 0 2 .1

1 0 2 .0

1 0 6 .3

1 0 6 .8

1 0 7 .6

1 0 6 .7

1 0 2 .6

102 9

1 0 2 .9

1 0 6 .8

1 0 7 .4

1 0 8 .3

1 0 6 .3

1 0 1 .4

U n d e r w e a r , n ig h tw e a r , h o s ie r y , a n d
a c c e s s o r ie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
I n f a n t s ’ a n d t o d d le r s ’

1 0 0 ) ......................................................................

..................................................................................................................

O th e r a p p a r e l c o m m o d it ie s

.....................................................................................................

S e w in g m a te r ia ls a n d n o t io n s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 2 7 .8

1 2 8 .4

1 2 9 .0

1 2 8 .7

1 3 0 .5

1 2 8 .0

1 2 6 .8

1 2 6 .7

1 2 7 .0

1 2 7 .6

1 2 7 .5

1 2 9 .1

1 2 6 .5

2 8 1 .9

2 8 7 .4

2 8 9 .0

2 8 8 .7

2 8 2 .7

2 8 3 .6

2 8 7 .5

2 9 2 .3

2 9 7 .9

2 9 9 .9

2 9 8 .1

2 9 2 .1

2 9 2 .4

2 1 6 .2

2 1 7 .4

2 1 5 .5

2 1 6 .6

2 1 5 .6

2 1 5 .5

2 0 0 .1

2 0 4 .6

2 0 5 .9

2 0 4 .0

2 0 5 .2

2 0 4 .2

2 0 3 .7

............................................

1 2 0 .4

1 2 1 .6

1 2 1 .9

1 2 0 .4

1 1 8 .6

1 2 1 .4

1 1 9 .8

1 1 8 .5

1 1 9 .8

1 2 0 .2

1 1 8 .5

1 1 6 .8

1 1 9 .3

1 1 7 .7

..................................................................

1 4 3 .7

1 4 7 .5

1 4 8 .5

1 4 7 .4

1 4 9 .2

1 4 7 .0

1 4 7 .6

1 3 4 .4

1 3 8 .0

1 3 9 .0

1 3 8 .0

1 4 0 .0

1 3 7 .8

1 3 8 .1

F o o t w e a r ..............................................................................................................................................................

2 0 4 .8

2 0 5 .7

2 0 8 .0

2 0 8 .6

2 0 9 .1

2 0 7 .9

2 0 6 .7

2 0 4 .6

2 0 5 .5

2 0 7 .6

2 0 8 .1

2 0 9 .1

2 0 8 .3

2 0 7 .3

1 3 1 .4

1 3 2 .3

1 3 4 .8

1 3 5 .0

1 3 5 .8

1 3 4 .7

1 3 4 .4

1 3 3 .0

1 3 4 .2

1 3 6 .7

1 3 6 .9

1 3 7 .6

1 3 6 .6

1 3 6 .4

1 3 0 .4

1 3 0 .3

1 3 0 .4

1 3 1 .1

1 3 1 .8

1 3 2 .9

1 3 2 .6

1 3 2 .9

1 3 2 .6

1 3 2 .9

1 3 3 .2

1 3 4 .0

1 3 5 .2

1 3 5 .0

J e w e lr y a n d lu g g a g e ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

M e n ’s (1 2 /7 7 =

100)

100)

1 2 5 .7
2 7 7 .1
2 1 1 .5

1 0 0 ) ..................................................................................................................

B o y s ’ a n d g ir ls ' ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ............................................................................................

W o m e n 's ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

.........................................................................................................

1 2 4 .5

1 2 5 .3

1 2 6 .8

1 2 7 .1

1 2 6 .7

1 2 5 .2

1 2 3 .7

1 2 0 .4

1 2 1 .1

1 2 2 .3

1 2 2 .6

1 2 2 .9

1 2 1 .7

1 2 0 .3

...................................................................................................................................................................

2 8 3 .9

2 9 2 .3

2 9 3 .4

2 9 4 .6

2 9 6 .2

2 9 7 .0

2 9 8 .3

2 8 2 .2

2 9 0 .4

291 5

2 9 2 .6

2 9 4 .3

2 9 5 .0

2 9 6 .1

..................

1 6 9 .6

1 7 4 .5

1 7 4 .4

1 7 6 .0

1 7 7 .0

177/

1 7 9 .0

1 6 8 .1

1 7 2 .9

1 7 3 .3

1 7 4 .3

1 7 5 .4

1 7 6 .0

1 7 7 .3

1 0 0 ) ........................................................................................

1 4 8 .3

1 5 2 .7

1 5 3 .7

1 5 3 .8

1 5 4 .5

1 5 4 .5

1 5 4 .2

1 4 9 .4

1 5 3 .9

1 5 4 .8

1 5 4 .9

1 5 5 .6

1 5 5 .6

1 5 5 .4

T R A N S P O R T A T IO N

2 9 3 .0

3 0 2 .4

3 0 3 .7

3 0 5 .7

3 0 6 .3

3 0 6 .3

3 0 6 .0

2 9 4 .3

3 0 4 .1

3 0 5 .5

3 0 6 .9

3 0 8 .2

3 0 8 .2

3 0 7 .9

P r i v a t e ...................................................................................................................................................................................................

2 8 8 .4

2 9 8 .0

2 9 9 .2

3 0 0 .4

3 0 1 .7

3 0 1 .8

3 0 0 .9

2 9 0 .9

3 0 0 .8

302 2

3 0 3 .6

3 0 4 .9

3 0 5 .0

3 0 4 .1

A p p a r e l s e r v ic e s

100)

L a u n d r y a n d d r y c le a n in g o t h e r t h a n c o in o p e r a te d ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
O t h e r a p p a r e l s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

N e w c a r s ..............................................................................................................................................................
U s e d c a rs
G a s o '.n e

2 0 2 .7

2 0 7 .2

2 0 0 .8

3 1 1 .0

3 3 6 .8

3 4 3 .9

3 5 0 .4

3 5 6 .1

3 5 7 .6

3 5 7 .3

3 1 1 .1

3 3 6 .8

3 4 3 .9

3 5 0 .4

3 5 6 .1

3 5 7 .6

3 5 7 .3

3 7 1 .9

3 8 9 .5

3 8 7 .1

3 8 2 .4

3 7 8 .1

3 7 5 .2

3 7 0 .3

3 7 3 .6

3 9 1 .0

3 8 8 .8

3 8 4 .3

3 8 0 .1

3 7 7 .0

3 7 2 .1

............................................................................................

3 2 4 .4

3 3 1 .0

3 3 2 .3

3 3 3 .5

3 3 5 .2

3 3 5 .4

3 3 6 .1

3 3 5 .2

3 3 1 .7

3 3 3 .0

3 3 4 .1

3 3 5 .6

3 3 5 .9

3 3 6 .6

.....................................................................................................

1 6 2 .2

1 6 7 .1

1 6 7 .7

169.0

169.5

169.6

170.2

1 6 1 .1

166.0

1 6 6 .5

167.8

168.2

16 8.3

168.9

1 5 5 .4

1 5 8 .9

1 6 0 .7

1 6 1 .9

1 6 3 .4

1 6 3 .6

1 6 3 .8

1 5 9 .4

1 6 2 .8

1 6 4 .5

1 6 5 .7

1 6 7 .2

1 6 7 .4

1 6 7 .6

1 5 0 .5

1 5 2 .8

1 5 2 .5

1 5 2 .7

1 5 1 .9

1 5 1 .7

1 5 1 .9

A u t o m o b i le m a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a ir
B o d y w o rk ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

2 0 1 .0

2 0 2 .1

..........................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................

2 0 4 .3

2 0 6 .2

2 0 7 .0

2 0 1 .7

2 0 2 .3

2 0 3 .8

2 0 5 .7

2 0 6 .5

2 0 6 .7

A u t o m o b i le d r iv e t r a i n , b r a k e , a n d m i s c e lla n e o u s
m e c h a n ic a l r e p a ir ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

...............................................................................

M a in te n a n c e a n d s e r v ic in g ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ..................................................................

P o w e r p la n t r e p a ir ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 5 2 .6

1 5 2 .8

1 5 2 .9

1 4 9 .9

1 5 2 .2

1 5 2 .0

1 5 2 .0

1 0 0 ) ...................................................................................

1 5 4 .4

1 5 7 .5

1 5 8 .4

1 5 9 .1

1 6 0 .2

1 6 0 .1

1 6 0 .9

1 5 3 .4

1 5 6 .9

1 5 7 .8

1 5 8 .5

1 5 9 .5

1 5 9 .5

1 6 0 .4

O th e r p r iv a te t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ..................................................................................................................

2 5 9 .9

2 6 0 .0

2 6 0 .8

2 6 3 .3

2 6 5 .6

2 6 6 .8

2 6 7 .6

261 5

2 6 1 .1

2 6 1 .8

2 6 4 .4

2 6 6 .6

2 6 7 .9

2 6 8 .4

2 1 5 .6

2 0 8 .9

2 0 8 .3

2 0 8 .1

2 0 9 .2

2 0 8 .4

2 0 3 .3

2 1 8 .0

2 1 1 .2

2 1 0 .9

2 1 0 .7

2 1 1 .7

2 1 1 .4

2 0 5 .6

1 5 4 .2

1 5 2 .7

O t h e r p r iv a te t r a n s p o r t a t io n c o m m o d it ie s

..................................................................

M o t o r o il , c o o la n t , a n d o t h e r p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

......................

1 5 3 .4

1 5 3 .5

1 5 2 .9

1 5 3 .3

1 5 3 .3

1 5 3 .0

1 5 2 .6

1 5 3 .2

1 5 2 .2

1 5 1 .7

1 5 2 .3

...................................

1 3 7 .3

1 3 2 .4

1 3 1 .9

1 3 1 .9

1 3 2 .7

1 3 2 .4

1 2 8 .3

1 3 9 .1

1 3 4 .1

1 3 3 .8

1 3 3 .8

1 3 4 .6

1 3 4 .3

1 3 0 .0

...................................................................................................................................

1 9 1 .3

1 8 3 .4

1 8 1 .7

1 8 1 .7

1 8 3 .1

1 8 2 .7

1 7 5 .7

1 8 4 .9

1 8 6 .9

1 8 5 .4

1 8 5 .4

1 8 7 .0

1 8 6 .5

1 7 8 .5

1 0 0 ) ........................................

1 3 4 .3

1 3 1 .6

1 3 2 .9

1 3 3 .0

1 3 3 .0

1 3 2 .9

1 3 2 .1

1 3 4 .3

1 3 1 .3

132 8

1 3 2 .8

1 3 2 .9

1 3 2 .7

1 3 1 .9

O t h e r p r iv a te t r a n s p o r t a t io n s e r v i c e s ...............................................................................

2 7 4 .2

2 7 6 .0

2 7 7 .3

2 8 0 .5

2 8 3 .1

2 8 4 .8

2 8 7 .2

2 7 5 .6

2 7 6 .8

2 7 7 .8

2 8 1 .1

2 8 3 .7

2 8 5 .4

2 8 7 .6

2 9 2 .0

3 0 2 .9

3 0 3 .8

3 0 9 .4

3 1 2 .8

3 1 5 .0

3 1 8 .8

2 9 1 .3

3 0 2 .5

3 0 3 .4

3 0 8 .8

3 1 2 .1

3 1 4 .3

3 1 8 .0

1 6 9 .6

1 5 5 .4

1 5 6 .4

1 5 7 .2

1 5 9 .1

1 6 0 .0

1 6 0 .1

1 6 8 .7

1 5 5 .0

1 5 5 .8

1 5 6 .8

1 5 8 .7

1 5 9 .7

1 5 9 .6

1 3 9 .8

1 4 6 .0

1 4 6 .9

1 4 7 .1

1 4 7 .3

1 4 7 .5

1 4 8 .9

1 4 0 .5

1 4 7 .2

1 4 7 .9

1 4 8 .2

1 4 8 .3

1 4 8 .6

1 4 9 .8

A u t o m o b ile p a r ts a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
T ir e s

O th e r p a r ts a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7 =
A u t o m o b ile in s u r a n c e

100)

.....................................................................................................

A u t o m o b ile fin a n c e c h a r g e s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

................................................

A u t o m o b ile r e n ta l, r e g is tr a t io n , a n d o t h e r fe e s ( 1 2 /7 7 =
S ta te r e g is tr a t io n

.....................................................................................................

D r iv e r s ’ lic e n s e s ( 1 2 /7 7 =
V e h ic le in s p e c t io n ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 8 4 .6

1 9 4 .6

1 9 5 .3

1 9 5 .4

1 9 5 .4

1 9 5 .6

1 9 5 .1

1 8 4 .0

1 9 4 .5

1 9 5 .2

1 9 5 .2

1 9 5 .2

1 9 5 .4

1 9 5 .0

1 0 0 ) ..................................................................

1 3 2 .8

1 5 3 .0

1 5 3 .0

1 5 4 .0

1 5 4 .5

1 5 4 .5

1 5 8 .0

1 3 3 .1

1 5 3 .4

1 5 3 .4

1 5 4 .4

1 5 4 .8

1 5 4 .8

1 5 8 .3

1 0 0 ) .............................................................

1 2 9 .6

1 3 9 .0

1 3 9 .8

1 3 9 .8

1 3 9 .8

1 3 9 .8

1 3 9 .2

1 2 9 .9

1 3 9 .8

1 4 0 .5

1 4 0 .5

1 4 0 .5

1 4 0 .5

1 3 9 .9

1 5 5 .8

1 5 8 .8

1 6 0 .5

1 6 0 .2

1 6 0 .5

1 6 0 .7

1 6 3 .5

1 6 3 .9

1 6 6 .3

1 6 7 .8

1 6 7 .6

1 6 7 .7

1 6 7 .9

1 7 0 .4

3 7 0 .3

3 6 9 .0

3 7 8 .2

3 4 9 .8

3 5 5 .7

3 5 7 .2

3 5 8 .5

3 5 9 .9

3 5 9 .0

3 7 1 .1

O th e r v e h ic le - r e la t e d fe e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
P u b lic

100) . .

1 5 2 .2

1 0 0 ) ............................................

.....................................

3 5 7 .7

3 6 5 .0

3 6 6 .6

3 6 8 .2

A ir lin e f a r e ...................................

4 1 2 .3

I n t e r c it y b u s fa r e

4 2 0 .7

4 2 3 .3

4 2 6 .6

4 3 1 .6

4 2 8 .5

4 3 0 .3

4 0 9 .8

4 1 7 .1

4 1 9 .5

...................................

381 8

4 1 2 .8

4 1 5 .1

4 1 7 .7

4 1 6 .0

4 0 5 .5

4 2 5 .3

3 8 3 .3

4 1 2 .7

4 1 5 .3

4 1 7 .6

4 1 6 .9

4 0 2 .6

4 2 3 .9

I n t r a c it y m a s s t r a n s i t ..........................

3 1 8 .5

3 2 3 .7

3 2 4 .6

3 2 4 .8

3 2 4 .3

3 2 4 .5

3 4 2 .8

3 1 7 .4

3 2 1 .6

3 2 2 .5

3 2 3 .0

3 2 2 .5

3 2 2 .7

3 4 2 .8

T a x i fa re

3 0 0 .9

3 0 2 .4

3 0 3 .5

3 0 3 .1

3 0 4 .7

3 0 7 .6

3 0 8 .2

3 1 0 .5

3 1 1 .8

3 1 2 .7

3 1 2 .2

3 1 3 .5

3 1 6 .7

3 1 7 .2

I n t e r c it y t r a i n f a r e ................................................

3 5 1 .8

3 6 4 .5

3 6 4 .8

3 6 5 .4

3 6 4 .8

3 7 0 .7

3 7 3 .7

3 5 2 .3

365 2

3 6 5 .4

3 6 6 .1

3 6 5 .6

3 7 1 .3

3 7 4 .0

.........................................................

4 2 2 .5

4 2 7 .2

4 2 4 .4

4 2 6 .4

M E D IC A L C A R E

3 4 7 .8

3 6 0 .0

3 6 1 .2

3 6 2 .9

3 6 4 .9

3 6 6 .2

3 6 9 .5

3 4 5 .3

3 5 7 .9

3 5 9 .2

3 6 0 .9

3 6 2 .9

3 6 4 .3

3 6 7 .5

M e d ic a l c a re c o m m o d itie s

2 1 5 .3

2 2 5 .4

2 2 6 .3

2 2 7 .5

2 2 8 .9

2 2 9 .9

2 3 1 .2

2 1 5 .9

225 8

2 2 6 .7

2 2 7 .8

2 2 9 .1

2 3 0 .1

2 3 1 .5

P r e s c r ip tio n d r u g s ...................................................................................

2 0 4 .1

2 1 5 .7

2 1 6 .7

2 1 8 .6

2 2 0 .8

2 2 2 .3

2 2 3 .7

2 0 5 .3

2 1 6 .9

2 1 8 .0

2 1 9 .9

2 2 2 .1

2 2 3 .1

2 2 5 .0

1 5 1 .4

1 5 7 .9

1 5 8 .1

1 5 8 .6

1 5 9 .1

1 6 1 .2

1 6 1 .4

1 5 3 .5

1 6 0 .1

1 6 0 .3

1 6 0 .8

1 6 1 .5

1 6 3 .5

1 6 6 .6

1 7 9 .1

1 7 9 .9

1 8 2 .8

1 8 6 .9

1 8 8 .4

1 9 0 .1

1 6 6 .4

1 7 8 ,7

1 7 9 .7

1 8 2 .6

1 8 6 .7

1 8 8 .3

1 9 0 .0

1 4 5 .9

1 5 5 .4

1 5 5 .8

1 5 8 .1

1 5 9 .9

1 6 0 .6

1 6 1 .5

1 4 5 .8

1 5 5 .4

1 5 5 .7

1 5 7 .9

1 5 9 .7

1 6 0 .3

1 6 1 .1

1 8 6 .5

1 9 9 .2

2 0 0 .0

2 0 1 .9

2 0 4 .0

2 0 5 .0

2 0 5 .8

1 8 8 .0

2 0 1 .1

2 0 1 .9

2 0 4 .0

2 0 6 .1

2 0 7 .1

2 0 7 .9

A n t i- in f e c t i v e d r u g s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) .......................................

T r a n q u iliz e r s a n d s e d a tiv e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
C ir c u la to r ie s a n d d iu r e t ic s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

..........................

1 0 0 ) ............................................

1 6 4 .2

F lo r m o n e s , d ia b e tic d r u g s , b io lo g ic a ls , a n d
p r e s c r ip t io n m e d ic a l s u p p lie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) .......................................

S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

77

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
20.

Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average

[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e rs
G e n e ra l s u m m a ry
Jan.

P a in a n d s y m p t o m c o n t r o l d r u g s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s

1983

1 0 0 ) ................................................

Aug.

S e p t.

1984
O c t.

Nov.

D ec.

1983

1984

Jan.

Jan.

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

Dec

Jan.

1 7 7 .5

1 7 9 .4

1 8 0 .6

1 8 2 .4

1 8 3 .0

1 8 4 .2

1 6 7 .4

1 6 7 .7

1 7 5 .7

1 7 7 .5

1 7 8 .7

1 8 0 .5

1 8 1 .1

1 8 2 .1

1 6 9 .5

1 5 5 .8

1 6 2 .6

1 6 3 .8

1 6 4 .2

1 6 4 .7

1 6 5 .7

1 6 7 .1

1 5 6 .2

1 6 2 .9

1 6 4 .1

1 6 4 .5

1 6 5 .1

1 6 6 .2

1 5 1 .0

1 5 6 .7

1 5 7 .3

1 5 7 .5

1 5 7 .9

1 5 8 .3

1 5 9 .2

1 5 1 .8

1 5 7 .5

1 5 9 .1

1 5 8 .3

1 5 8 .8

1 5 9 .1

1 6 0 .1

S u p p le m e n t s , c o u g h a n d c o ld p r e p a r a t io n s , a n d
r e s p ir a to r y a g e n t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ...............................................................................

N o n p r e s c r ip tio n d r u g s a n d m e d ic a l s u p p lie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
E y e g la s s e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

.....................................................................................................

1 3 3 .9

1 3 6 .2

1 3 7 .7

1 3 7 .3

1 3 7 .8

1 3 7 .7

1 3 7 .9

1 3 2 .6

1 3 5 .1

1 3 6 .7

1 3 6 .2

1 3 6 .6

1 3 6 .5

1 3 6 .8

In te r n a l a n d r e s p ir a to r y o v e r - t h e - c o u n t e r d r u g s .....................................................

2 4 4 .3

2 5 5 .0

2 5 5 .6

2 5 6 .1

2 5 6 .4

2 5 7 .5

2 5 9 .4

2 4 5 .7

2 5 6 .3

2 5 6 .9

2 5 7 .4

2 5 7 .7

2 5 8 .8

2 6 0 .6

N o n p r e s c r ip tio n m e d ic a l e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 4 5 .3

1 5 1 .0

1 5 1 .2

1 5 1 .8

1 5 2 .7

1 5 2 .6

1 5 3 .4

1 4 6 .3

1 5 2 .4

1 5 2 .3

1 5 3 .0

1 5 4 .1

1 5 4 .0

1 5 5 .0

3 7 7 .4

3 8 9 .8

3 9 1 .0

3 9 2 .9

3 9 5 .0

3 9 6 .3

4 0 0 .0

3 7 4 .0

3 8 7 .0

3 8 8 .3

3 9 0 .2

3 9 2 .3

3 9 3 .8

3 9 7 .5

M e d ic a l c a r e s e r v ic e s

P r o fe s s io n a l s e r v ic e s

100)

1 0 0 ) ...................................

100)

. . .

.........................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

3 1 2 .5

3 2 6 .0

3 2 7 .6

3 2 9 .7

3 3 1 .7

3 3 2 .9

3 3 5 .9

3 1 2 .7

3 2 6 .5

3 2 8 .0

3 3 0 .1

P h y s ic ia n s ' s e r v i c e s .......................................................................................................................

3 4 1 .3

3 5 4 .9

3 5 6 .5

3 5 8 .5

3 6 0 .5

3 6 2 .0

3 6 6 .0

3 4 4 .6

3 5 8 .8

3 6 0 .5

3 6 2 .3

3 6 4 .3

3 6 5 .9

3 6 9 .9

D e n ta l s e r v i c e s ................................................................................................................................

2 9 1 .6

3 0 6 .5

3 0 8 .3

3 1 0 .7

3 1 2 .9

3 1 4 .0

3 1 6 .0

2 8 9 .3

3 0 4 .3

3 0 6 .1

3 0 8 .5

3 1 0 .7

3 1 1 .8

3 1 3 .9

O t h e r p r o fe s s io n a l s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 4 9 .1

1 5 4 .0

1 5 4 .3

1 5 5 .4

1 5 5 .9

1 5 6 .2

1 5 7 .4

1 4 5 .7

1 5 0 .5

1 5 0 .8

1 5 1 .8

1 5 2 .5

1 5 2 .7

1 5 3 .8

4 5 5 .9

4 6 6 .9

4 6 7 .8

4 6 9 .3

4 7 1 .5

4 7 3 .0

4 7 7 .9

4 5 1 .3

4 6 2 .9

4 6 3 .9

4 6 5 .6

4 6 7 .9

4 6 9 .5

4 7 4 .1

100)

.............................................................

O t h e r m e d ic a l c a r e s e r v i c e s ..............................................................................................................
H o s p ita l a n d o t h e r m e d ic a l s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

3 3 2 .0

3 3 3 .3

3 3 6 .3

1 0 0 ) ............................................

1 8 5 .1

1 9 6 .7

1 9 7 .8

1 9 9 .4

2 0 1 .0

2 0 2 .2

2 0 4 .3

1 8 3 .4

1 9 4 .6

1 9 5 .7

1 9 7 .3

1 9 9 .0

2 0 0 .1

2 0 2 .1

H o s p ita l r o o m ...............................................................................................................................

5 9 4 .6

6 2 7 .6

6 3 3 .8

6 3 8 .0

6 4 1 .9

6 4 3 .5

6 5 0 .2

5 8 7 .1

6 1 9 .5

6 2 6 .1

6 3 0 .2

6 3 3 .9

6 3 5 .9

6 4 1 .9

......................

1 8 0 .6

1 9 3 .0

1 9 3 .3

1 9 5 .1

1 9 7 .1

1 9 8 .8

2 0 0 .9

1 7 9 .4

1 9 1 .2

1 9 1 .4

1 9 3 .3

1 9 5 .4

1 9 7 .0

1 9 9 .1

E N T E R T A IN M E N T

2 4 1 .5

2 4 6 .6

2 4 7 .5

2 4 9 .1

2 4 9 .5

2 4 9 .5

2 4 9 .9

2 3 7 .7

2 4 3 .1

2 4 4 .1

2 4 5 .4

2 4 5 .7

2 4 5 .8

2 4 6 .2

E n t e r ta in m e n t c o m m o d itie s

2 4 2 .6

2 4 8 .0

2 4 8 .0

2 4 9 .3

2 4 9 .0

2 4 8 .7

2 4 8 .9

2 3 6 .7

2 4 2 .5

2 4 2 .6

2 4 3 .7

2 4 3 .4

2 4 3 .1

2 4 3 .6

1 5 6 .1

1 6 0 .9

1 6 1 .2

1 6 3 .4

1 6 2 .9

1 6 2 .3

160.7

1 5 5 .5

160.2

1 6 0 .5

162.8

162.3

161.8

1 6 0.3

2 9 5 .7

3 0 3 .5

3 0 4 .0

3 0 6 .9

3 0 7 .7

3 0 8 .2

3 0 8 .6

2 9 5 .6

3 0 3 .4

3 0 3 .9

3 0 7 .0

3 0 7 .8

3 0 8 .3

3 0 8 .6

1 6 2 .9

1 6 8 .4

1 6 8 .6

1 7 1 ,7

1 7 0 .2

1 6 8 .6

1 6 5 .0

1 6 2 .6

1 6 8 .5

1 6 8 .8

1 7 2 .0

1 7 0 .4

1 6 8 .7

1 6 4 .9

1 3 1 .5

1 3 4 .1

1 3 4 .6

1 3 4 .5

1 3 4 .7

1 3 5 .0

1 3 6 .1

1 2 4 .4

1 2 8 .3

1 2 8 .9

1 2 8 .6

1 2 8 .7

1 2 9 .1

1 3 0 .1

O t h e r h o s p it a l a n d m e d ic a l c a r e s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

R e a d in g m a te r ia ls ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
N e w s p a p e rs

100)

100)

.................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

M a g a z in e s , p e r io d ic a ls , a n d b o o k s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

S p o r t i n g g o o d s a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
S p o r t v e h ic le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

1 0 0 ) ................................................

1 0 0 ) ................................................

............................................................................................

1 3 2 .9

1 3 6 .4

1 3 7 .4

1 3 7 .3

1 3 7 .8

1 3 8 .5

1 3 9 .8

1 2 2 .0

1 2 0 .3

1 1 8 .5

1 1 8 .6

1 1 8 .6

1 1 8 .1

1 1 7 .4

1 1 7 .8

1 1 7 .8

1 1 6 .6

1 1 6 .3

1 1 6 .4

1 1 6 .0

1 1 5 .3

1 1 5 .8

B i c y c l e s ......................................................................................................................................................

1 9 7 .3

1 9 9 .9

2 0 0 .1

1 9 9 .9

1 9 8 .6

1 9 8 .2

2 0 0 .1

1 9 8 .4

2 0 0 .7

2 0 0 .9

2 0 0 .7

1 9 9 .3

1 9 9 .0

2 0 0 .9

O t h e r s p o r t in g g o o d s a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 3 1 .4

1 3 3 .1

1 3 4 .6

1 3 4 .0

1 3 4 .5

1 3 4 .8

1 3 5 .2

1 3 0 .9

1 3 2 .9

1 3 4 .5

1 3 3 .8

1 3 4 .4

1 3 4 .7

1 3 4 .6

1 3 6 .8

1 3 9 .3

1 3 8 .8

1 3 9 .3

1 3 9 .1

1 3 8 .8

1 3 9 .3

1 3 5 .6

1 3 8 .0

1 3 7 .7

1 3 8 .1

1 3 7 .8

1 3 7 .6

I n d o o r a n d w a r m w e a t h e r s p o r t e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7 =

T o y s , h o b b ie s , a n d o t h e r e n t e r t a in m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100) . . .

1 0 0 ) ........................................

100)

..........................

1 2 7 .8

1 2 8 .5

1 2 8 .2

1 2 8 .5

1 2 9 .2

1 3 0 .5

1 3 8 .2

T o y s , h o b b ie s , a n d m u s i c e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 0 0 ) .......................................

1 3 5 .5

1 3 7 .7

1 3 6 .7

1 3 7 .3

1 3 6 .7

1 3 6 .6

1 3 7 .0

1 3 1 .9

1 3 3 .9

1 3 3 .0

1 3 3 .5

1 3 2 .8

1 3 2 .9

1 3 3 .4

P h o t o g r a p h ic s u p p lie s a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

1 2 9 .9

1 3 1 .6

1 3 1 .0

1 3 1 .9

1 3 1 .7

1 3 0 .2

1 3 0 .1

1 3 1 .0

1 3 2 .8

1 3 2 .1

1 3 3 .0

1 3 2 .7

1 3 1 .2

1 3 1 .2

1 4 4 .2

1 4 7 .5

1 4 8 .5

1 4 8 .5

1 4 8 .8

1 4 8 .9

1 5 0 .1

1 4 5 .1

1 4 8 .6

1 4 9 .6

1 4 9 .6

1 4 9 .9

1 5 0 .1

1 5 1 .1

2 4 0 .5

2 4 5 .0

2 4 7 .2

2 4 9 .2

2 5 0 .5

2 5 1 .1

2 5 1 .8

2 4 0 .8

2 4 5 .4

2 4 7 .8

2 4 9 .7

2 5 1 .0

2 5 1 .7

2 5 2 .1

P e t s u p p lie s a n d e x p e n s e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

...................................

1 0 0 ) .........................................................

E n t e r t a i n m e n t s e r v i c e s .........................................................................................................

F e e s f o r p a r tic ip a n t s p o r ts ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ...........................................................................

1 5 0 .0

1 5 2 .2

1 5 4 .4

1 5 5 .6

1 5 6 .4

1 5 6 .9

1 5 7 .8

1 5 1 .2

1 5 3 .2

1 5 5 .5

1 5 6 .9

1 5 8 .1

1 5 8 .8

1 3 9 .9

1 4 5 .4

1 4 5 .2

1 4 5 .8

1 4 6 .6

1 4 7 .2

1 4 7 .3

1 3 8 .8

1 4 4 .5

1 4 4 .2

1 4 4 .8

1 4 5 .6

1 4 6 .3

1 4 6 .2

1 2 9 .8

1 2 9 .8

1 3 1 .0

1 3 2 .6

133 3

1 3 3 .0

1 3 2 .9

1 3 0 .6

1 3 0 .7

1 3 2 .3

1 3 3 .6

1 3 4 .4

1 3 4 .0

1 3 3 .9

O T H E R G O O D S A N D S E R V IC E S

2 7 9 .9

2 8 9 .0

2 9 4 .4

2 9 6 .8

2 9 8 .1

2 9 8 .6

3 0 0 .5

2 7 7 .8

2 8 8 .0

2 9 2 .0

2 9 4 .1

2 9 5 .5

2 9 5 .9

2 9 8 .1

T o b a c c o p r o d u c ts

2 8 0 .3

2 9 7 .7

2 9 8 .0

2 9 9 .0

2 9 9 .9

2 9 9 .9

3 0 4 .3

2 7 9 .9

2 9 7 .5

2 9 7 .8

2 9 8 .8

2 9 9 .7

2 9 9 .6

3 0 4 .0

2 8 7 .6

3 0 6 .1

3 0 6 .4

3 0 7 .4

3 0 8 .2

3 0 8 .0

3 1 2 .8

2 8 6 .5

3 0 5 .2

3 0 5 .5

3 0 6 .5

3 0 7 .3

3 0 7 ,0

3 1 1 .8

1 4 5 .8

1 5 0 .9

1 5 1 .2

1 5 1 .4

1 5 2 .7

1 5 3 .9

1 5 4 .9

1 4 5 .8

1 5 0 .9

1 5 1 .2

1 5 1 .4

1 5 2 .7

1 5 3 .9

1 5 4 .9

P e rs o n a l c a re

2 5 6 .1

2 6 2 .1

2 6 3 .0

2 6 3 .3

2 6 5 .6

2 6 6 .3

2 6 6 .9

2 5 3 .9

2 6 0 .1

2 6 0 .9

2 6 1 .5

2 6 3 .7

2 6 4 .4

2 6 5 .0

T o i le t g o o d s a n d p e r s o n a l c a r e a p p l i a n c e s ............................................

2 5 3 .9

2 6 1 .9

262 4

2 6 3 .0

2 6 5 .7

2 6 6 .3

2 6 6 .8

2 5 4 .8

2 6 2 .6

2 6 3 .0

2 6 3 .9

2 6 6 .6

2 6 7 .1

2 6 7 .5

A d m is s io n s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 1 ...........................................................................

O t h e r e n t e r t a in m e n t s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

C ig a r e t te s

100)

................................................

.............................................................................................

O t h e r t o b a c c o p r o d u c t s a n d s m o k in g a c c e s s o r ie s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

P r o d u c ts f o r th e h a ir , h a ir p ie c e s , a n d w ig s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
D e n ta l a n d s h a v in g p r o d u c ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

100) .

100)

..................

1 5 7 .7

1 4 7 .1

1 5 2 .8

1 5 3 .0

1 5 2 .7

1 5 4 .5

1 5 4 .0

1 5 4 .3

1 4 6 .5

1 5 1 .9

1 5 2 .0

1 5 1 .9

1 5 3 .6

1 5 3 .1

1 5 3 .2

1 5 7 .6

1 6 0 .0

1 6 0 .8

1 6 3 .1

1 6 6 .7

1 6 7 .3

1 6 7 .8

1 5 5 .9

1 5 8 .5

1 5 9 .1

1 6 1 .2

1 6 5 .1

1 6 5 .6

1 6 6 .0

1 4 4 .0

1 4 8 .6

1 4 8 .3

1 4 7 .7

1 4 8 .9

1 4 9 .8

1 5 0 .0

1 4 4 .8

1 4 9 .2

1 4 8 .9

1 4 8 .9

1 5 0 .1

1 5 1 .1

151 1

1 4 3 .6

1 4 8 .9

1 4 9 .9

1 5 0 .5

1 5 0 .5

1 5 0 .7

1 5 1 .0

1 4 7 .3

1 5 2 .4

1 5 3 .4

1 5 4 .1

1 5 4 .1

1 5 4 .4

1 5 4 .8

C o s m e tic s , b a th a n d n a il p r e p a r a t io n s , m a n ic u r e a n d
e y e m a k e u p im p le m e n ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ......................

O th e r to ile t g o o d s a n d s m a ll p e rs o n a l c a re a p p lia n c e s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

P e r s o n a l c a r e s e r v ic e s

100)

. . .

100)

. . .

.....................................................

B e a u ty p a r lo r s e r v ic e s f o r w o m e n

.....................................................

H a ir c u t s a n d o t h e r b a r b e r s h o p s e r v ic e s f o r m e n ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
P e r s o n a l a n d e d u c a t i o n a l e x p e n s e s .....................................................

S c h o o l b o o k s a n d s u p p lie s

..............................................................

P e r s o n a l a n d e d u c a t io n a l s e r v i c e s ..............................................................
T u itio n a n d o t h e r s c h o o l f e e s ......................................................................
C o lle g e t u it i o n ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ...............................

2 5 9 .0

2 6 3 .3

2 6 4 .6

2 6 4 .6

2 6 6 .6

2 6 7 .4

2 6 8 .1

2 5 3 .4

2 5 8 .1

2 5 9 .3

2 5 9 .6

2 6 1 .4

2 6 2 .1

2 6 3 .0

2 6 3 .3

2 6 6 .5

2 6 8 .1

2 6 7 .5

2 6 9 .8

2 7 0 .7

2 7 1 .2

2 5 5 .8

2 5 9 .7

2 6 1 .1

2 6 0 .7

262 9

2 0 3 .7

2 6 4 .5

1 4 2 .0

1 4 5 .6

1 4 6 .0

1 4 6 .8

1 4 7 .5

1 4 7 .8

1 4 8 .4

1 4 0 .8

1 4 4 .4

1 4 4 .8

1 4 5 .6

1 4 6 .3

1 4 6 .7

1 4 7 .2

3 2 2 .1

3 2 8 .1

3 4 4 .6

3 5 0 .9

3 5 1 .3

3 5 2 .1

3 5 3 .5

3 2 3 .6

3 3 0 .5

3 4 5 .6

3 5 2 .4

3 5 2 .9

3 5 3 .7

3 5 5 .4

2 8 8 .4

2 9 4 .6

3 0 6 .6

3 0 8 .5

3 0 8 .8

3 0 8 .9

3 1 4 .4

2 9 2 .4

2 9 8 .8

3 1 0 .8

3 1 2 .9

3 1 3 .0

3 1 3 .0

3 1 8 .8

3 3 0 .2

3 3 6 .2

3 5 3 .5

3 6 0 .6

3 6 1 .0

3 6 1 .9

3 6 2 .7

3 3 1 .5

3 3 8 .6

3 5 4 .3

3 6 2 .0

3 5 2 .9

3 6 3 .6

3 6 4 .5

1 6 7 .3

1 6 8 .2

1 7 8 .6

1 8 2 .9

1 8 2 .9

1 8 2 .9

1 8 3 .0

1 6 7 .7

1 6 8 .8

1 7 8 .4

1 8 3 .3

1 8 3 .3

1 8 3 .3

1 8 3 .4

1 6 6 .9

1 6 8 .0

1 8 0 .7

1 8 2 .7

1 8 2 .7

1 8 2 .8

1 8 2 .9

1 6 7 .0

1 6 8 .0

1 8 0 .5

1 8 2 .6

1 8 2 .6

1 8 2 .7

1 8 2 .7

1 6 8 .7

1 6 9 .2

1 7 0 .9

1 8 3 .9

1 8 3 .9

1 8 3 .9

1 8 3 .9

1 6 9 .7

1 7 0 .3

1 7 2 .7

1 8 4 .9

1 8 4 .9

1 8 4 .9

1 8 4 .9

1 7 8 .0

1 8 9 .8

1 9 2 .6

1 9 3 .4

1 9 4 .6

1 9 6 .8

1 9 8 .6

1 7 7 .9

1 9 0 .4

1 9 3 .0

1 9 3 .9

1 9 5 .2

1 9 7 .3

1 9 9 .1

3 6 7 .9

3 8 4 .5

3 8 2 .3

3 7 7 .8

3 7 3 .7

3 7 0 .9

3 6 6 .3

3 6 9 .4
4 1 1 .1

4 1 5 .6

4 1 8 .2

4 1 9 .7

4 1 9 .8

4 1 9 .4

4 1 8 .4

U t ilitie s a n d p u b l ic t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ................................................

3 2 9 .1

3 4 3 .6

3 4 4 .7

3 4 3 .0

3 4 0 .7

3 3 9 .8

3 4 4 .6

3 2 8 .1

3 4 2 .9

3 4 3 .8

3 4 1 .8

3 3 9 .4

3 3 8 .5

3 4 3 .6

H o u s e k e e p in g a n d h o m e m a in te n a n c e s e r v i c e s ......................

3 5 5 .3

3 6 0 .1

3 6 1 .6

3 6 3 .4

3 6 4 .2

3 6 4 .9

3 6 6 .4

3 5 7 .9

3 6 4 .2

3 6 5 .2

3 6 9 .7

3 7 0 .4

3 7 2 .0

3 7 3 .9

E le m e n t a r y a n d h ig h s c h o o l t u it i o n ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
P e rs o n a l e x p e n s e s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

. . . .

1 0 0 ) ................................................

S p e c ia l in d e x e s :

G a s o lin e , m o t o r o il , c o o la n t , a n d o t h e r p r o d u c t s ...............................
In s u r a n c e a n d f i n a n c e ....................................................................................

E x c l u d e s m o t o r o il , c o o la n t , a n d o t h e r p r o d u c ts a s o f J a n u a r y 1 9 8 3 .

78


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

c =

c o rre c te d .

3 8 5 .9

3 8 3 .9

3 7 9 .5

3 7 5 .5

372 5

367 9

21. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Cross classification of region and population size class by expenditure
category and commodity and service group
[D e c e m b e r 1 9 7 7 = 1 0 0 ]
S iz e c la s s A

S iz e c la s s B

S iz e c la s s C

S iz e c la s s 0

( 1 . 2 5 m illio n o r m o r e )

( 3 8 5 , 0 0 0 - 1 , 2 5 0 m illio n )

(7 5 ,0 0 0 -3 8 5 ,0 0 0 )

( 7 5 , 0 0 0 o r le s s )

C a te g o ry a n d g ro u p
1983

1983
Aug.

O c t.

D ec.

Aug.

O c t.

1983
D ec.

Aug.

|

O c t.

1983
D ec.

Aug.

|

O c t.

D ec.

N o rth e a s t
E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y

1 5 5 .0

1 5 6 .5

1 6 1 .5

1 6 3 .1

1 6 7 .1

1 6 8 .3

1 6 0 .0

1 6 1 .6

1 6 2 .3

..........................................................................................................................................................

1 4 7 .5

1 4 8 .2

1 4 8 .8

1 4 7 .4

1 4 7 .3

1 4 6 .7

1 5 1 .6

1 5 0 .7

1 5 1 .9

1 4 7 .7

1 4 6 .6

1 4 7 .6

H o u s . n g .........................................................................................................................................................................................

1 5 9 .6

1 6 0 .5

1 6 1 .7

1 6 9 .7

1 7 1 .4

1 7 2 .6

1 7 6 .7

1 7 8 .4

1 7 9 .5

1 6 4 .2

1 6 6 .3

1 6 6 .4

A p p a re l a n d u p ke e p

1 2 5 .5

1 2 2 .7

A ll I te m s

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

F o o d a n d b e v e ra g e s

1 5 7 .2

1 6 5 .5

..........................................................................................................................................................

1 2 3 .2

1 3 0 .0

1 2 9 .5

1 3 2 .3

1 3 3 .0

1 2 8 .8

1 3 1 .9

1 3 4 .1

.......................................................................................................................................................................

1 6 4 .2

1 6 5 .8

1 6 6 .5

1 7 1 .4

1 7 3 .4

1 7 4 .2

1 6 9 .5

1 7 2 .0

1 7 2 .9

1 6 9 .7

1 7 1 .9

1 7 2 .5

............................................................................................................................................................................

1 6 4 .4

1 6 6 .5

1 6 8 .3

1 6 7 .1

1 6 7 .3

1 7 0 .7

1 7 1 .2

1 7 1 .4

1 7 4 .2

1 7 1 .9

1 7 2 .6

E n t e r t a i n m e n t ............................................................................................................................................................................

1 4 4 .3

1 4 5 .8

1 4 5 .9

1 3 9 .6

1 4 2 .8

1 4 0 .3

1 4 3 .8

1 4 6 .2

1 4 9 .0

1 4 9 .3

1 5 3 .0

1 5 2 .3

O t h e r g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s

1 6 0 .3

1 6 6 .9

1 6 7 .9

1 6 2 .8

1 6 7 .1

1 6 7 .7

1 6 5 .9

1 7 0 .5

1 7 2 .3

1 6 6 .7

1 7 1 .3

1 7 1 .8

T r a n s p o r t a tio n
M e d ca: c a re

.............................................................................................................................................

1 2 5 .8

1 6 3 .7

1 2 8 .6

1 7 7 .5

C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P

1 5 0 .1

1 5 1 .2

1 5 1 .4

1 5 6 .0

1 5 7 .4

1 5 7 .1

1 5 5 .4

1 5 6 .4

1 5 7 .0

1 5 3 .9

1 5 4 .7

1 5 5 .5

..............................................................................................................

1 5 1 .6

1 5 3 .0

1 5 2 .9

1 5 9 .8

1 6 2 .1

1 6 2 .0

1 5 6 .8

1 5 8 .9

1 5 9 .2

1 5 6 .3

1 5 8 .3

1 5 9 .0

S e r v i c e s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................

1 6 1 .3

1 6 3 .2

1 6 4 .4

1 6 9 .8

1 7 1 .8

1 7 3 .6

1 8 1 .7

1 8 4 .2

1 8 6 .3

1 6 9 .2

1 7 1 .9

1 7 2 .7

1 6 1 .6

1 6 0 .7

C o m m o d i t i e s .........................................................................................................................................................................................
C o m m o d itie s le s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s

N o rth C e n tra l R e g io n
E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y

1 6 6 .6

1 6 7 .3

1 6 7 .6

1 6 2 .2

1 6 2 .6

1 6 3 .6

1 5 9 .6

..........................................................................................................................................................

1 4 4 .5

1 4 4 .6

1 4 5 .2

1 4 3 .6

1 4 2 .8

1 4 3 .8

1 4 5 .0

1 4 4 .8

1 4 4 .7

1 5 1 .9

1 5 3 .2

1 5 2 .9

H o u s i n g .........................................................................................................................................................................................

1 8 6 .3

1 8 5 .6

1 8 5 .8

1 7 1 .7

1 7 0 .3

1 7 1 .5

1 6 5 .7

1 6 7 .8

1 6 9 .0

1 6 5 .2

1 6 5 .9

1 6 7 .0

1 2 9 .9

1 3 1 .6

A ll it e m s

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

F o o d a n d b e v e ra g e s

1 3 1 .2

1 6 1 .1

1 6 2 .1

1 6 2 .8

..........................................................................................................................................................

1 1 9 .5

1 2 0 .3

1 2 8 .9

1 3 1 .8

1 3 2 .3

1 2 5 .4

1 2 9 .2

1 2 7 .5

.......................................................................................................................................................................

1 6 7 .4

1 6 8 .8

1 6 8 .9

1 6 8 .6

1 7 0 .1

1 7 1 .6

1 6 9 .8

1 7 1 .8

1 7 2 .1

1 6 7 .8

1 6 9 .4

1 7 0 .8

............................................................................................................................................................................

1 6 8 .4

1 6 9 .8

1 7 2 .4

1 7 2 .4

1 7 3 .1

1 7 3 .9

1 6 7 .5

1 6 7 .6

1 6 8 .0

1 7 5 .4

1 7 5 .5

1 7 7 .6

E n t e r t a i n m e n t ............................................................................................................................................................................

1 4 3 .3

1 4 4 .3

1 4 4 .2

1 3 1 .8

1 3 4 .7

1 3 3 .6

1 4 8 .4

1 4 9 .9

1 4 8 .4

1 3 6 .6

1 3 8 .9

1 3 9 .1

O t h e r g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s

1 5 8 .1

1 6 2 .9

1 6 3 .8

1 7 0 .4

1 7 5 .8

1 7 7 .4

1 5 8 .3

1 6 1 .1

1 6 1 .7

1 6 9 .3

1 7 2 .4

1 7 2 .3

A p p a re l a n d u p ke e p
T r a n s p o r t a ti o n
M e d ic a l c a r e

.............................................................................................................................................

1 2 2 .3

C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P

1 5 4 .7

1 5 5 .6

1 5 5 .6

1 5 3 .1

1 5 3 .7

1 5 4 .2

1 5 1 .5

1 5 2 .7

1 5 2 .6

1 5 1 .3

1 5 3 .0

1 5 2 .9

..............................................................................................................

1 5 9 .7

1 6 1 .2

1 6 0 .9

1 5 7 .1

1 5 8 .4

1 5 8 .7

1 5 4 .5

1 5 6 .5

1 5 6 .3

1 5 1 .0

1 5 3 .0

1 5 3 .0

S e r v i c e s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................

1 8 4 .3

1 8 4 .6

1 8 5 .2

1 7 6 .8

1 7 6 .9

1 7 8 .6

1 7 2 .8

1 7 4 .7

1 7 6 .2

1 7 5 .6

1 7 6 .5

1 7 8 .3

C o m m o d i t i e s .........................................................................................................................................................................................
C o m m o d itie s le s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s

S o u th
E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y

A ! it e m s

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

F o o d a n d b e v e ra g e s

..........................................................................................................................................................

M e d ic a l c a r e

1 6 3 .3

1 6 3 .5

1 6 2 .9

1 6 4 .9

1 6 4 .9

1 6 2 .3

1 6 3 .5

1 6 3 .7

1 6 2 .8

1 6 5 .1

1 6 5 .7

1 5 1 .4

1 5 1 .9

1 4 9 .9

1 5 0 .5

1 4 9 .8

1 4 7 .8

1 4 8 .3

1 4 8 .5

1 5 0 .7

1 5 1 .4

1 5 2 .3

1 6 9 .7

1 7 1 .9

1 7 3 .9

1 7 4 .6

1 6 9 .6

1 6 9 .3

1 6 8 .4

1 7 1 .0

1 6 9 .5

1 6 9 .6

..........................................................................................................................................................

1 3 1 .8

1 3 0 .7

1 3 0 .5

1 2 6 .2

1 2 9 .0

1 2 8 .7

1 2 4 .1

1 2 6 .5

1 2 6 .7

1 1 1 .3

1 1 6 .3

.......................................................................................................................................................................

1 6 8 .7

1 7 1 .1

1 7 1 .5

1 7 2 .2

1 7 4 .2

1 7 4 .4

1 7 0 .3

1 7 2 .4

1 7 2 .5

1 6 7 .3

1 7 0 .4

1 7 0 .2

...........................................................................................................................................................................

1 7 0 .0

1 7 1 .7

1 7 3 .6

1 6 9 .0

1 7 2 .4

1 7 4 .0

1 8 0 .0

1 8 2 .3

1 8 2 .7

1 8 4 .2

1 8 7 .8

1 8 9 .9

H o u s i n g .........................................................................................................................................................................................
A p p a re l a n d u p ke e p
T r a n s p o r t a tio n

1 6 2 .4
1 5 0 .9

1 7 0 .9

1 6 9 .4

1 1 6 .0

E n t e r t a i n m e n t ...........................................................................................................................................................................

1 4 0 .7

1 4 3 .4

1 4 2 .9

1 5 4 .4

1 5 3 .7

1 5 4 .6

1 4 6 .2

1 4 8 .1

1 5 0 .0

1 4 6 .4

1 4 8 .6

1 4 7 .5

O t h e r g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s

1 6 2 .1

1 6 6 .2

1 6 6 .6

1 6 4 .9

1 6 8 .5

1 6 9 .1

1 6 1 .6

1 6 6 .2

1 6 7 .5

162 9

1 6 4 .0

1 6 7 .3

1 5 5 .4

............................................................................................................................................

C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P

1 5 5 .0

1 5 5 .5

1 5 5 .9

1 5 5 .6

1 5 7 .2

1 5 6 .9

1 5 3 .7

1 5 4 .8

1 5 4 .8

1 5 3 .2

..............................................................................................................

1 5 6 .8

1 5 7 .3

1 5 7 .7

1 5 7 .9

1 6 0 .1

1 6 0 .1

1 5 6 .4

1 5 7 .9

1 5 7 .8

1 5 4 .2

1 5 7 .1

1 5 7 .1

S e r v i c e s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................

1 7 2 .7

1 7 4 .1

1 7 4 .0

1 7 3 .9

1 7 6 .6

1 7 6 .9

1 7 5 .6

1 7 7 .1

1 7 7 .5

1 7 7 .1

1 7 9 .6

1 8 0 .8

C o m m o d i t i e s .........................................................................................................................................................................................
C o m m o d itie s le s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s

1 5 5 .6

W est
E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y

1 6 2 .7

1 6 3 .5

1 6 4 .0

1 6 2 .5

1 6 3 .8

1 6 4 .0

1 6 2 .2

1 6 3 .9

1 6 4 .0

..........................................................................................................................................................

1 5 0 .9

1 5 1 .9

1 5 2 .7

1 5 2 .8

1 5 3 .6

1 5 4 .4

1 4 8 .3

1 4 9 .4

1 5 0 .2

1 5 4 .1

1 5 4 .9

1 5 6 .0

H o u s i n g ........................................................................................................................................................................................

1 6 8 .3

1 7 0 .0

1 6 9 .4

1 6 5 .4

1 6 8 .1

1 6 7 .2

1 5 2 .9

1 5 4 .2

1 5 3 .9

1 6 3 .2

1 6 4 .9

1 6 4 .4

A ll it e m s

.................................................................................................................................................................................................

F o o d a n d b e v e ra g e s

1 5 5 .9

1 5 6 .3

..........................................................................................................................................................

1 2 3 .3

1 2 2 .8

1 2 2 .7

1 2 6 .9

1 2 7 .6

1 2 7 .9

1 2 2 .8

1 2 5 .0

1 2 3 .4

1 4 2 .4

1 4 6 .2

1 4 4 .4

.......................................................................................................................................................................

1 7 3 .0

1 7 2 .0

1 7 4 .2

1 7 4 .4

1 7 4 .3

1 7 5 .3

1 7 0 .6

1 6 9 .9

1 7 1 .1

1 6 7 .8

1 6 9 .8

1 7 1 .1

A p p a re l a n d u p ke e p
T r a n s p o r t a tio n

1 5 5 .2

1 7 7 .4

1 7 8 .0

1 7 6 .5

1 8 0 .0

1 7 9 .2

1 7 9 .0

E n t e r t a i n m e n t ...........................................................................................................................................................................

1 3 9 .8

1 4 1 .3

1 4 2 .6

1 4 6 .7

1 4 6 .8

1 4 7 .5

1 4 8 .7

1 4 7 .4

1 4 8 .8

1 5 8 .5

1 6 0 .6

1 6 1 .2

O t h e r g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s

1 6 5 .0

1 6 8 .0

1 6 8 .8

1 6 5 .5

1 6 8 .4

1 7 0 .0

1 6 1 .2

1 6 4 .6

1 6 6 .2

1 7 3 .4

1 7 5 .3

1 7 4 .5

M e d ca c a re

...........................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

1 7 7 .3

1 7 5 .8

1 7 5 .6

1 8 0 .6

1 8 0 .9

1 7 8 .9

C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P

1 5 2 .6

1 5 2 .4

1 5 3 .5

1 5 5 .2

1 5 5 .7

1 5 6 .3

1 5 3 .3

1 5 3 .4

1 5 4 .3

1 5 2 .4

1 5 3 .8

1 5 4 .3

..............................................................................................................

1 5 3 .6

1 5 2 .7

1 5 3 .9

1 5 6 .4

1 5 6 .8

1 5 7 .2

1 5 5 .4

1 5 5 .0

1 5 6 .0

1 5 1 .7

1 5 3 .4

1 5 3 .6

S e r v i c e s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................

1 7 5 .9

1 7 7 .8

1 7 7 .8

1 7 2 .6

1 7 4 .9

1 7 4 .7

1 5 7 .6

1 5 9 .1

1 5 8 .8

1 7 6 .6

1 7 8 .6

1 7 8 .3

C o m m o d i t i e s .........................................................................................................................................................................................
C o m m o d itie s le s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

79

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
22.

Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average, and selected areas

[ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w i s e s p e c if ie d ]
A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e rs
A re a 1

U . S . c it y a v e r a g e 2

................................................

A n c h o r a g e , A la s k a ( 1 0 / 6 7 =

100)

......................

B a ltim o r e , M d ...........................................................
B o s t o n , M a s s ..............................................................................

O c t.

Nov.

D ec.

Jan.

Jan.

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

Dec

Jan.

2 9 3 .1

3 0 0 .3

3 0 1 .8

3 0 2 .6

3 0 3 .1

3 0 3 .5

3 0 5 .2

2 9 2 .1

2 9 9 .5

3 0 0 .8

3 0 1 .3

3 0 1 .4

3 0 1 .5

3 0 2 .7

2 7 1 .5

2 5 0 .6

3 0 7 .6

2 8 9 .7

2 9 6 .6

2 8 4 .5

2 5 7 .6

2 9 1 .4

2 9 4 .0

D a lla s - F t. W o r t h , T e x ...................................................

D e t r o it, M i c h ...........................................................................

2 9 2 .6

H o n o lu lu , H a w a i i .................................................

M i a m i, F la . ( 1 1 / 7 7 =

1 5 7 .9

2 8 2 .6

2 8 9 .5

2 7 8 .9

2 8 2 .1

2 9 2 .9

2 8 9 .9

2 9 1 .4

3 1 0 .2
2 8 6 .6

2 9 7 .7

2 9 3 .9

2 9 1 .7

3 1 3 .7
2 9 3 .3

3 0 1 .3

2 8 8 .0

2 9 4 .3

2 9 1 .8

2 9 9 .1

3 0 3 .7

317 6

2 9 9 .3
2 8 8 .0

1 6 5 .0

1 5 9 .2

3 1 4 .0

3 0 3 .5

2 9 3 .7

2 8 0 .8

2 9 1 .0

2 8 2 .6

2 9 4 .4

2 8 2 .5

2 9 5 .1

2 8 1 .7

2 9 8 .9

314 9
313 5

3 0 1 .8

3 3 6 .0

3 0 1 .3

2 8 5 .9

288 2

322 4

317 9

2 9 9 .0

2 9 7 .8

3 0 7 .9

2 8 8 .7

2 9 0 .0

2 9 4 .2

3 0 4 .2

397 5
31? 6

2 8 7 .3

2 8 8 .2

2 9 0 .9
2 9 4 .2

2 9 4 .8

304 7
2 8 8 .2

2 9 7 .9

1 6 5 .9

328 9
312 7

2 8 8 .1

2 9 9 .9

1 6 4 .9

3 2 9 .1

2 9 3 .3

?98 3
3 1 3 .4

3 3 8 .4

1 6 4 .3

2 8 8 .4

294 2

303 9
2 9 6 .7

3 0 8 .5
2 9 7 .3

295 7

314 7

3 0 4 .6

294 4
2 8 5 .6

3 1 6 .0

3 3 7 .3

3 2 1 .6
2 9 9 .1

2 9 4 .5

3 1 1 .2

2 7 8 .2

303 8

2 9 2 .5
2 8 6 .8

3 1 7 .6

3 1 4 .3
2 9 3 .9

2 9 7 .4

264 0
3 0 9 .7

3 0 2 .4

2 8 8 .6

3 0 9 .0

3 1 7 .5
2 8 8 .5

2 9 1 .2

3 2 3 .9

3 0 3 .0

3 1 2 .5

2 9 7 .2

3 4 3 .0

3 2 0 .7

2 9 6 .5

3 1 6 .8
2 9 2 .1

3 0 0 .1

1 6 4 .0

3 1 3 .9
3 1 6 .2

P i t t s b u r g h , P a ...............................................................
P o r tla n d , O r e g . - W a s h ......................................................

3 2 4 .3

2 9 7 .0

3 0 5 .2

2 7 8 .4

3 0 3 .3
2 9 6 .4

1 6 2 .9

3 0 5 .0

M l n n e a p o lis - S t. P a u l, M i n n . - W ls .........................................

P h ila d e lp h ia , P a . - N . J ............................................................

2 9 5 .2

2 9 9 .9

2 7 6 .4

3 0 1 .3
2 8 5 .6

2 9 2 .8

3 1 8 .4

3 1 7 .6
3 3 9 .8

2 9 8 .2

3 0 5 .2

2 6 4 .0
3 0 6 .3

2 9 9 .5
2 8 5 .1

3 3 0 .7

3 1 8 .5

2 9 9 .2

3 0 3 .9

3 1 6 .8

3 3 9 .4

2 9 8 .8

3 0 3 .9

2 6 0 .8
3 0 4 .3

2 8 8 .2

3 3 2 .5

3 2 4 .0

...............................

L o s A n g e le s - L o n g B e a c h , A n a h e im , C a lif .........................

3 0 2 .3

3 1 4 .6

2 7 3 .5

H o u s t o n , T e x .............................................................

.........................................................

3 0 3 .0

3 1 5 .9
3 2 7 .5

2 9 4 .0
2 8 8 .5

3 2 7 .3

D e n v e r - B o u ld e r , C o lo ...................................................

N e w Y o r k , N . Y . - N o r th e a s te r n N . J .........................

3 0 1 .6

3 0 7 .3
3 0 4 .7

2 9 0 .6
2 8 5 .9

3 0 6 .0

2 7 0 .4
3 0 4 .4

3 0 2 .9

2 8 6 .8

C le v e la n d , O h i o .........................................................

N o r th e a s t , P a . ( S c r a n t o n )

2 6 7 .9
3 0 3 .9

C h ic a g o , I I I . - N o r t h w e s t e r n I n d ...................................................

M ilw a u k e e , W i s ........................................................

1984

S e p t.

C in c in n a t i, O h i o - K y . - I n d ...............................

............................................

1983

Aug.

B u f fa lo , N . Y ...................................................

100)

1984

Jan.

A t la n t a , G a ..........................................................

K a n s a s C ity , M o .- K a n s a s

U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s

1983

2 9 3 .2
294 3

296 7

3 0 2 .6
2 8 9 .6

289 5

S t. L o u is , M o . - I l l ....................................................

2 9 1 .1

3 0 2 .0

2 9 9 .6

3 0 0 .9

2 8 5 .3

2 9 9 .1

S a n D ie g o , C a l if ................................................................

2 9 9 .3

296 8

3 2 4 .9

3 4 0 .4

3 4 2 .3

3 4 6 .6

3 1 3 .6

3 2 3 .9

3 2 3 .7

3 2 9 .6

S a n F r a n c is c o - O a k la n d , C a lif .................................
S e a t tle - E v e r e t t, W a s h .......................................................
W a s h in g t o n , D C . - M d

V a ....................................................

3 0 6 .0

3 0 5 .7

301 4

3 0 9 .5

3 1 1 .1

2 9 1 .4

2 9 7 .7

299 0

?99 4

2 8 9 .0

2 9 7 .0

2 9 8 .6

3 0 3 .4

2 9 2 .9

300 9

3 0 2 .7

3 0 8 .1

S t a tis tic a l A r e a , a s d e f in e d f o r t h e 1 9 7 0 C e n s u s o f P o p u la tio n , e x c e p t t h a t t h e S t a n d a r d C o n s o lid a t e d A r e a Is

80

3 0 1 .6

3 0 8 .8

1 T h e a r e a s lis te d in c lu d e n o t o n ly t h e c e n t r a l c it y b u t th e e n t ir e p o r tio n o f th e S t a n d a r d M e tr o p o lita n


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3 0 7 .3

2 9 7 .5

u s e d f o r N e w Y o r k a n d C h ic a g o .
2 A v e r a g e o f 8 5 c it ie s .

23.

Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing

[1967 = 100]
1984

1983

A nnual
a v e ra g e

C o m m o d it y g r o u p in g

Feb.

1983

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

June

J u ly

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.1

Nov.

D ec.

Jan.

Feb.

F IN IS H E D G O O D S

2 8 5 .2

2 8 4 .1

2 8 3 .4

2 8 3 .1

2 8 4 .2

2 8 5 .0

2 8 5 .7

2 8 6 .1

2 8 5 .1

r2 8 7 .6

2 8 6 .8

2 8 7 .1

2 8 9 .4

...........................................................................

2 8 4 .6

2 8 3 .7

2 8 2 .7

2 8 2 .3

2 8 3 .6

2 8 4 .6

2 8 5 .2

2 8 5 .7

2 8 5 .1

'2 8 7 . 0

2 8 5 .8

2 8 6 .1

2 8 8 .8

2 9 0 .1

......................................................................

2 6 1 .8

261 0

2 6 1 .1

2 6 2 .9

2 6 2 .6

261 2

2 6 0 .7

2 6 0 .7

2 6 3 .0

r 2 6 3 .7

2 6 1 .8

2 6 4 .0

2 7 2 .2

2 7 4 .7

F in is h e d g o o d s ..................................................................................................................

F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s
F in is h e d c o n s u m e r f o o d s

2 9 0 .6

C r u d e ..................................................................................................................

2 5 9 .5

2 4 0 .8

2 4 7 .9

2 6 5 .8

2 6 7 .2

2 5 1 .2

2 4 7 .1

2 5 9 .9

2 6 7 .4

'2 8 7 . 3

2 7 2 .8

2 6 9 .1

3 0 9 .2

3 1 5 .9

P ro ce sse d

2 5 9 .9

2 6 0 .7

2 6 0 .1

2 6 0 .5

2 6 0 .1

2 6 0 .0

2 5 9 .8

2 5 8 .7

2 6 0 .5

r2 5 9 .5

2 5 8 .7

2 6 1 .5

2 6 6 .7

2 6 8 .9

N o n d u r a b le g o o d s le s s f o o d s .............................................................

3 3 5 .3

3 3 3 .7

3 3 2 .0

3 2 8 .7

3 3 2 .0

3 3 5 .7

3 3 7 .7

3 3 8 .6

3 3 8 .6

r 3 3 8 .1

3 3 6 .6

3 3 5 .3

3 3 5 .0

3 3 5 .9

D u r a b le g o o d s

2 3 3 .1

2 3 2 .9

2 3 1 .9

2 3 2 .2

2 3 2 .9

2 3 3 .1

2 3 3 .4

2 3 3 .8

2 2 9 .2

r2 3 5 .3

2 3 5 .3

2 3 5 .7

2 3 5 .9

2 3 6 .2

. . .

2 3 1 .4

2 2 8 .9

2 2 9 .4

2 3 0 .1

2 3 0 .3

2 3 0 .7

2 3 2 .0

2 3 2 .7

2 3 3 .0

r2 3 3 .6

2 3 3 .7

2 3 3 .7

2 3 5 .8

2 3 6 .1

C a p ita l e q u i p m e n t .................................................................................................

2 8 7 .3

2 8 5 .6

2 8 5 .6

2 8 6 .2

2 8 6 .5

2 8 6 .7

2 8 7 .2

2 8 7 .7

2 8 5 .1

r2 8 9 9

2 9 0 .3

2 9 0 .5

2 9 1 .5

2 9 2 .5

I n te r m e d ia te m a te r ia ls , s u p p lie s , a n d c o m p o n e n t s ...............................

3 1 2 .4

3 0 9 .9

3 0 9 .5

3 0 8 .7

3 0 9 .7

3 1 1 .3

3 1 2 .8

3 1 4 .0

3 1 5 .5

r3 1 5 .6

3 1 5 .7

3 1 5 .8

3 1 6 .6

3 1 7 .4

M a te r ia ls a n d c o m p o n e n ts f o r m a n u f a c t u r i n g ...............................

2 9 3 .3

2 9 1 .1

2 9 0 .2

2 9 1 .0

2 9 1 .9

2 9 2 .4

2 9 4 .1

2 9 4 .7

2 9 6 .7

r2 9 6 .4

2 9 6 .1

2 9 7 .0

2 9 8 .6

2 9 9 .5

M a te r ia ls f o r f o o d m a n u f a c t u r i n g .....................................................

2 5 8 .4

2 5 4 .1

2 5 2 .8

2 5 5 .1

2 5 7 .0

257 0

2 5 7 .4

2 6 0 .5

2 6 9 .4

r 2 6 3 .5

2 6 0 .4

2 6 2 .5

2 6 8 .3

2 6 7 .9

M a te r ia ls f o r n o n d u r a b le m a n u fa c t u r in g

...................................

2 7 9 .9

2 7 7 .0

2 7 6 .6

2 7 7 .3

2 7 7 .7

2 7 7 .7

2 7 9 .7

2 8 1 .1

2 8 2 .7

'2 8 3 . 3

2 8 4 .1

2 8 4 .7

2 8 7 .0

2 8 6 .9

............................................

3 1 9 .3

3 1 9 .2

3 1 5 .7

3 1 6 .6

3 1 8 .4

3 1 9 .0

320 9

3 2 0 .9

3 2 3 .1

'3 2 2 .3

3 2 1 .1

3 2 2 .6

3 2 2 .9

3 2 5 .2

2 8 0 .3

2 7 7 .6

2 7 8 .3

278 9

2 7 9 .4

2 8 0 .3

2 8 1 .6

2 8 1 .5

281 8

r2 8 2 .6

2 8 2 .5

2 8 3 .1

2 8 4 .0

2 8 4 .9

3 0 1 .7

2 9 8 .8

2 9 9 .6

3 0 0 .9

3 0 1 .2

3 0 2 .4

302 9

3 0 3 .7

303 1

'3 0 3 6

3 0 4 .0

3 0 4 .6

3 0 5 .4

3 0 7 .5

.....................................................................................................

................................................................................................

C o n s u m e r n o n d u r a b le g o o d s le s s f o o d a n d e n e r g y

IN T E R M E D IA T E M A T E R IA L S

M a te r ia ls f o r d u r a b le m a n u fa c t u r in g

C o m p o n e n t s f o r m a n u f a c t u r i n g .........................................................

P r o c e s s e d f u e ls a n d l u b r i c a n t s ..................................................................

5 6 6 .8

5 6 5 .4

5 6 4 .2

5 4 3 .3

5 4 7 .8

5 6 2 .0

5 6 7 .9

5 7 2 .0

5 7 3 .4

r574 2

5 7 4 .0

5 6 8 .5

5 6 2 .4

5 6 1 .7

M a n u fa c t u r in g I n d u s t r i e s ...........................................................................

4 8 1 .9

4 7 5 .5

4 8 0 .6

4 6 0 .4

4 6 2 .9

4 7 5 .9

4 8 0 .9

4 8 5 .1

487 2

r4 9 0 5

4 9 3 .4

4 8 8 .8

4 8 2 .8

4 7 8 .3

.............................................................

6 4 1 .1

6 4 4 .6

6 3 7 .2

6 1 5 .9

6 2 2 .2

6 3 7 .5

6 4 4 .1

6 4 8 .0

6 4 8 .8

'6 4 7 . 2

6 4 3 .9

6 3 7 .6

6 3 1 .5

6 3 4 .5

N o n m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s t r ie s

C o n t a i n e r s ..................................................................................................................

2 8 6 .6

2 8 5 .3

2 8 5 .2

2 8 4 .8

2 8 5 .8

2 8 5 .9

2 8 6 .1

2 8 6 .3

2 8 7 .1

'2 8 8 . 1

2 8 9 .3

2 8 9 .5

2 9 1 .5

2 9 3 .2

S u p p l i e s .......................................................................................................................

2 7 7 .0

2 7 3 .5

2 7 3 .9

2 7 5 .5

2 7 5 .6

2 7 5 .6

2 7 6 .2

2 7 7 .9

2 8 0 .2

'2 8 0 . 6

2 8 1 .0

2 8 1 .0

2 8 2 .5

2 8 2 .2

M a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s ...........................................................................

2 6 9 .9

2 6 7 .8

2 6 8 .1

2 6 8 .6

2 6 8 .9

2 6 9 .8

2 7 0 .1

2 7 0 .5

2 7 0 .8

'2 7 1 . 8

2 7 1 .9

2 7 2 .6

2 7 4 .0

2 7 5 .9

N o n m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s t r ie s

2 8 0 .9

2 7 6 .8

2 7 7 .1

2 7 9 .3

2 7 9 .3

2 7 8 .8

2 7 9 .6

2 8 2 .0

2 8 5 .3

'2 8 5 . 3

2 9 6 .0

2 8 5 .6

2 8 7 .1

2 8 5 .7

.............................................................

F e e d s ..................................................................................................................

2 2 5 .5

2 0 7 .4

2 0 7 .7

2 1 9 .8

2 1 8 .1

2 1 3 .4

2 1 6 .2

2 3 0 .7

2 4 9 .6

'2 4 6 . 7

2 4 9 .6

2 4 4 .0

2 4 4 .5

2 2 7 .8

O t h e r s u p p l i e s ............................................................................................

2 9 2 .7

2 9 1 .2

2 9 1 .6

2 9 1 .9

2 9 2 .2

2 9 2 .5

2 9 1 .9

2 9 3 .0

2 9 3 .4

'2 9 4 . 0

2 9 4 .2

2 9 4 .8

2 9 6 .5

2 9 8 .0

3 2 3 .6

3 2 0 .2

3 2 1 .6

3 2 5 .8

3 2 5 .8

3 2 3 .3

3 2 0 .6

3 2 7 .1

3 2 8 .5

'3 2 4 . 8

3 2 4 .1

3 2 7 .8

3 3 3 .7

3 3 2 .8

C R U D E M A T E R IA L S

C r u d e m a te r ia ls f o r f u r t h e r p r o c e s s in g

.........................................................

F o o d s t u ff s a n d f e e d s t u f f s ...............................................................................

2 5 2 .3

2 4 9 .3

2 4 9 .1

2 5 6 .8

2 5 6 .5

2 5 2 .1

2 4 8 .4

2 5 6 .4

2 5 7 .2

'2 5 3 . 7

2 5 2 .0

2 5 6 .2

2 6 4 .2

2 6 0 .7

N o n f o o d m a t e r i a l s .................................................................................................

4 7 7 .2

4 7 3 .0

4 7 7 .7

4 7 4 .6

4 7 5 .4

4 7 6 .8

4 7 6 .2

4 7 9 .6

4 8 2 .5

'4 7 8 . 2

4 7 9 .5

4 8 2 .1

4 8 3 .6

4 8 8 .2

3 7 2 .0

3 6 6 .0

3 6 6 .8

3 6 7 .0

3 6 9 .0

3 7 0 .5

3 7 1 .6

3 7 5 .6

3 7 8 .1

'3 7 7 . 1

3 7 7 .7

3 7 9 .6

3 8 0 .3

3 8 5 .5

..................................................................

3 8 1 .6

3 7 5 .1

3 7 5 .9

3 7 6 .1

3 7 8 .3

3 7 9 .9

3 8 1 .6

3 8 5 .7

3 8 8 .3

'3 8 7 .4

3 8 7 .8

3 8 9 .7

3 9 0 .5

3 9 5 .5

C o n s t r u c t i o n .................................................................................................

2 7 1 .1

2 6 9 .1

2 6 9 .3

2 7 0 .0

2 7 0 .3

2 7 1 .3

2 7 0 .9

2 7 1 .0

2 7 2 .5

'2 7 0 . 5

2 7 2 .9

2 7 4 .6

2 7 3 .9

2 8 0 .2

N o n f o o d m a te r ia ls e x c e p t f u e l ..............................................................
M a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s t r ie s

9 3 1 .5

9 3 7 .7

9 6 1 .8

9 4 1 .6

9 3 5 .9

9 3 6 .7

9 2 7 .8

9 2 6 .9

9 3 1 .0

'9 1 0 . 9

9 1 5 .2

9 2 1 .4

9 2 7 .0

9 2 7 .4

..................................................................

1 ,0 9 4 .8

1 ,1 0 3 .9

1 ,1 3 4 .3

1 ,1 0 7 .6

1 .1 0 0 .9

1 ,1 0 2 .3

1 ,0 9 0 .4

1 ,0 8 8 .9

1 ,0 9 3 .9

'1 , 0 6 7 . 1

1 ,0 7 2 .4

1 ,0 7 9 .9

1 ,0 8 7 .7

1 ,0 8 7 .5

N o n m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s .........................................................

8 1 6 .2

8 2 0 .0

8 3 9 .2

8 2 4 .0

8 1 9 .1

8 1 9 .4

8 1 3 .0

8 1 2 .5

8 1 6 .1

'8 0 1 . 1

8 0 4 .6

8 1 0 .0

8 1 3 .7

8 1 4 .6

2 9 0 .9

2 8 9 .6

2 8 8 .7

2 8 7 .7

2 8 9 .3

2 9 0 .8

2 9 1 .8

2 9 2 .5

2 9 0 .3

'2 9 3 . 4

2 9 3 .0

292 6

2 9 2 .9

2 9 3 .6

2 9 1 .3

2 9 0 .3

2 8 8 .9

2 8 7 .3

2 8 9 .4

2 9 1 .6

2 9 2 .6

2 9 3 .5

2 9 1 .4

'2 9 3 . 9

2 9 3 .0

2 9 2 .5

2 9 2 .5

2 9 3 .1

2 4 9 .7

2 4 9 .4

2 4 9 .9

2 5 0 .2

2 4 9 .7

'2 5 2 . 1

2 5 1 .4

2 5 2 .4

2 5 6 .0

2 5 7 .1

C r u d e f u e l ..............................................................................................................
M a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s t r ie s

S P E C IA L G R O U P IN G S

F in is h e d g o o d s e x c lu d in g f o o d s ...........................................................................
F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s e x c lu d in g f o o d s

...................................

F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s le s s e n e r g y ................................................

2 4 9 .9

2 4 8 .7

2 4 8 .6

2 4 9 .5

............................................

3 1 7 .2

3 1 5 .2

3 1 4 .8

3 1 3 .6

3 1 4 .6

3 1 6 .4

3 1 8 .0

3 1 8 .7

3 1 9 .5

'3 2 0 . 0

3 2 0 .1

3 2 0 .3

3 2 0 .9

3 2 2 .1

In te r m e d ia te m a te r ia ls le s s e n e r g y .........................................................

2 9 5 .1

2 9 2 .4

2 9 2 .1

2 9 3 .2

2 9 3 .9

2 9 4 .4

2 9 5 .6

296 5

2 9 8 .1

'2 9 8 . 2

2 9 8 .2

2 9 8 .8

3 0 0 .3

3 0 1 .2

2 4 7 .8

2 3 8 .8

2 3 8 .0

2 4 3 .6

2 4 4 .4

242 8

2 4 4 .0

2 5 0 .9

2 6 3 .2

2 5 8 .2

2 5 7 .1

2 5 6 .6

2 6 0 .7

2 5 4 .9

In te r m e d ia te m a te r ia ls le s s f o o d s a n d f e e d s

In te r m e d ia te f o o d s a n d f e e d s

...............................................................................

................................................

5 3 8 .4

5 3 5 .1

5 3 9 .7

5 3 6 .1

5 3 6 .2

5 3 7 .5

5 3 6 .8

5 4 0 .0

5 4 2 .9

'5 3 8 . 8

5 4 0 .4

5 4 3 .8

5 4 6 .6

5 5 2 .1

......................................................................

2 4 6 .5

2 4 1 .4

2 4 2 .7

2 4 8 .6

2 4 9 .0

2 4 6 .2

2 4 3 .9

2 5 1 .2

2 5 2 .5

'2 4 9 . 6

2 4 8 .5

2 5 2 .3

2 5 8 .5

2 5 7 .4

C r u d e m a te r ia ls le s s a g r ic u lt u r a l p r o d u c ts
C r u d e m a te r ia ls le s s e n e r g y

1 D a ta f o r O c to b e r 1 9 8 3 h a v e b e e n r e v is e d t o r e fle c t t h e a v a ila b ilit y o f la te r e p o r t s a n d c o r r e c t io n s b y
r e s p o n d e n ts . A ll d a ta a r e s u b je c t t o r e v is io n 4 m o n th s a f te r o r ig in a l p u b lic a tio n .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

r =

r e v is e d .

81

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices
24.

Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings

[ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w i s e s p e c if ie d ]
A nnual

1983

A ll c o m m o d itie s

.........................................................................................................................................

A ll c o m m o d itie s ( 1 9 5 7 - 5 9

F a rm

=

100)

p r o d u c ts a n d p r o c e s s e d fo o d s a n d fe e d s

...............................................

In d u s t r ia l c o m m o d i ti e s

FAR M PRO DUCTS AND PROCESSED

1983
Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

June

J u ly

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.1

3 0 3 .1

3 0 0 .9

3 0 0 .6

3 0 0 .6

3 0 1 .5

3 0 2 .4

3 0 3 .2

3 0 4 .7

3 0 5 .3

r3 0 6 .0

3 0 5 .6

3 0 6 .0

3 0 8 .1

3 0 8 .1

3 2 1 .6

3 1 9 .3

3 1 8 .9

3 1 8 .9

3 1 9 .9

3 2 0 .8

3 2 1 .7

3 2 3 .3

3 2 3 .9

r3 2 4 . 7

3 2 4 .2

3 2 4 .7

3 2 6 .9

3 2 7 .6

2 5 3 .9

2 5 0 .4

2 5 0 .6

2 5 4 .7

2 5 4 .7

2 5 2 .5

2 5 1 .5

2 5 5 .5

r2 5 7 .5

2 5 6 .0

2 5 7 .8

2 6 4 .4

2 6 3 .5

3 1 5 .8

3 1 3 .9

3 1 3 .5

3 1 2 .4

3 1 3 .6

3 1 5 .3

3 1 6 .5

3 1 7 .3

r3 1 8 .5

3 1 8 .3

3 1 8 .4

3 1 9 .2

3 2 0 .4

FOODS

A N D FEEDS

01

F a r m p r o d u c t s ............................................................................................

2 4 8 .2

2 4 0 .7

2 4 1 .5

2 5 0 .5

2 5 0 .4

2 4 7 .4

2 4 4 .3

2 5 3 .5

2 5 6 .4

2 5 5 .2

2 5 1 .0

2 5 4 .0

0 1 -1

F r e s h a n d d r ie d f r u i t s a n d v e g e t a b l e s ...................................

2 6 3 .3

2 6 1 .5

2 6 1 .7

2 2 7 .8

2 3 4 .9

2 6 6 .6

2 6 0 .1

2 6 4 .4

2 5 8 .2

2 7 0 .4

2 7 6 .0

r3 0 8 . 1

2 7 4 .7

0 1 -2

G r a i n s ..........................................................................................................

2 7 3 .0

2 9 0 .4

3 1 1 .5

2 4 0 .4

2 2 2 .4

2 2 7 .4

2 4 3 .8

2 4 2 .2

2 4 1 .5

2 3 6 .7

2 5 1 .8

2 5 8 .0

2 5 3 .7

2 5 7 .5

0 1 -3

L i v e s t o c k ....................................................................................

2 4 3 .6

2 4 5 .5

2 4 3 ,1

2 3 5 .3

2 5 1 .1

2 5 1 .4

2 6 0 .6

2 5 8 .0

2 5 1 .7

2 4 0 .7

2 4 2 .2

2 3 1 .5

229 4

2 2 0 .5

0 1 -4

L iv e p o u l t r y ...............................................................................

2 3 8 .2

2 5 0 .7

2 5 1 .9

2 0 6 .5

2 0 0 .1

1 7 7 .8

1 7 0 .8

1 8 6 .9

1 9 9 .3

2 1 4 .5

2 2 1 .4

2 4 2 .2

2 0 8 .5

2 3 8 .5

0 1 -5

P la n t a n d a n im a l f ib e r s

2 4 1 .2

2 5 2 .6

2 5 1 .3

2 2 7 .0

2 0 6 .4

2 1 7 .0

2 1 3 .6

2 2 3 .8

2 2 9 .7

2 3 0 .4

2 4 0 .7

2 3 8 .7

2 3 4 .5

2 4 3 .6

0 1 -6

F lu id m i l k ..................................................................

2 4 4 .1

2 8 2 .0

2 8 4 .3

2 8 2 .9

2 8 0 .8

2 7 9 .8

2 7 8 .6

2 7 8 .7

2 8 1 .7

2 8 4 .4

2 8 4 .1

0 1 -7

2 8 3 .2

E g g s .............................................................................................................................................

1 7 0 .0

1 7 0 .0

1 7 0 .0

1 8 5 .1

1 6 9 .3

1 7 7 .2

1 8 9 .5

200.1

2 1 7 .9

2 1 7 .8

2 2 6 .3

2 2 7 .3

2 1 3 .3

2 2 7 .3

.....................................................

2 2 9 .3

2 3 2 .7

2 8 1 .4

2 7 9 .1

2 7 5 .7

<2)

(2)

2 8 2 .4

2 8 0 .7

0 1 -8

H a y , h a y s e e d s , a n d o ils e e d s

................................................

(2 )
2 4 6 .8

2 6 2 .8

2 9 7 .8

(2 )
2 8 8 .1

2 8 7 .6

0 1 -9

O t h e r f a r m p r o d u c t s ......................................................................

2 8 2 .2

2 8 7 .3

2 6 5 .4

2 8 2 .1

2 8 1 .2

2 8 0 .3

2 7 9 .2

2 8 1 .0

2 8 4 .4

2 8 2 .5

2 8 5 .7

2 8 7 .3

2 8 3 .7

2 8 3 .5

2 7 6 .9

2 8 0 .2

2 7 8 .9

2 5 6 .0

2 5 4 .7

2 5 4 .5

2 5 6 .0

2 5 6 .1

2 5 4 .3

2 5 4 .4

2 5 5 .5

2 5 9 .6

r2 5 7 8

2 5 7 .6

258

2 6 3 .9

2 6 3 .5

2 6 4 .9

2 6 6 .1

2 6 7 .0

02

P r o c e s s e d f o o d s a n d f e e d s ............................................

0 2 -1

C e r e a l a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s ...................................

2 6 0 .9

256 8

256 9

2 5 8 .8

2 5 9 .1

2 6 0 .3

2 6 1 .4

2 6 2 .8

2 6 3 .6

r2 6 4 .6

2 6 4 .7

0 2 -2

M e a ts , p o u l t r y , a n d f i s h ......................................................................

249 4

2 6 1 .0

2 6 0 .7

2 5 9 .1

2 5 7 .8

2 5 0 .2

2 4 7 .3

2 4 3 .2

2 4 2 .9

r2 3 7 0

2 3 5 .7

0 2 -3

D a ir y p r o d u c ts

2 4 2 .1

2 5 6 .9

2 5 0 .6

2 5 0 .9

2 5 0 .7

2 5 1 .0

2 5 0 .9

2 5 0 .4

2 5 0 .4

2 5 0 .4

2 5 0 .6

r 2 5 1 .3

0 2 -4

2 5 1 .2

2 4 9 .2

P r o c e s s e d f r u i t s a n d v e g e t a b l e s ................................................

2 4 8 .5

2 4 8 .6

2 7 7 .1

2 7 4 .3

2 7 4 .9

2 7 3 .7

2 7 5 .3

2 7 7 .1

2 7 7 .1

2 7 8 .3

2 7 8 .6

r 2 8 1 .1

2 7 9 .8

2 8 1 .5

2 8 5 .3

2 9 1 .8

2 9 2 .8

2 8 6 .4

2 8 3 .7

2 8 7 .4

2 8 9 .9

2 9 6 .0

2 9 6 .4

3 0 0 .6

0 2 -5

.............................................................

S u g a r a n d c o n f e c t i o n e r y ................................................

0 2 -6

B e v e r a g e s a n d b e v e r a g e m a te r ia ls

0 2 -7

F a ts a n d o il s

0 2 -8
0 2 -9

........................................

.........................................................

M is c e lla n e o u s p r o c e s s e d f o o d s ...............................
P r e p a r e d a n im a l f e e d s .........................................................

2 5 5 .6

2 9 8 .9

3 0 0 .2

r2 9 8 .0

2 9 7 .6

2 9 7 .4

2 9 9 .0

2 6 3 .6

2 6 1 .3

2 6 2 .0

2 6 3 .0

2 6 3 .6

2 6 3 .0

2 6 3 .7

2 6 3 .9

2 6 4 .3

r2 6 5 .2

2 6 6 .1

2 6 6 .5

2 6 8 .4

2 3 9 .6

2 0 5 .3

2 0 6 .0

2 1 4 .6

2 2 0 .0

2 1 9 .3

2 2 2 .2

2 4 5 .6

3 0 3 .5

r 2 8 1 .7

2 7 7 .6

2 7 1 .7

2 7 8 .7

2 6 9 .1

2 5 4 .4

2 4 9 .3

2 4 8 .5

2 4 9 .9

2 4 9 .9

2 5 1 .5

2 5 5 .0

2 5 2 .7

2 5 8 .4

r 2 6 2 .1

2 6 4 .0

265

2 6 6 .7

2 7 5 .3

2 2 8 .5

2 1 2 .3

2 1 2 .4

2 2 2 .8

2 2 1 .3

2 1 7 .1

2 2 0 .0

2 3 3 .0

2 4 9 .3

r2 4 8 .6

2 5 0 .9

2 4 5 .7

2 4 6 .0

2 3 1 .1

2 0 4 .9

2 0 7 .0

2 0 9 .3

2 7 0 .0

IN D U S T R IA L C O M M O D IT IE S

03

T e x t ile p r o d u c t s a n d a p p a r e l ........................................

0 3 -1

S y n t h e tic f ib e r s ( 1 2 / 7 5 =

0 3 -2

P r o c e s s e d y a r n s a n d th r e a d s ( 1 2 /7 5 =

0 3 -3
0 3 -4

G r a y f a b r i c s ( 1 2 /7 5 =

1 0 0 ) ...........................
100)

. .

1 0 0 ) ..........................

F in is h e d f a b r i c s ( 1 2 / 7 5 =

1 0 0 ) ...............................

2 0 2 .6

2 0 3 .4

2 0 3 .5

2 0 4 .3

2 0 4 .7

2 0 5 .3

2 0 6 .0

2 0 6 .2

r2 0 7 .0

2 0 7 .2

2 0 8 .0

1 5 6 .8

1 5 3 .1

1 5 3 .9

1 5 3 .8

1 5 5 .6

1 5 5 .9

1 5 8 .3

1 5 7 .5

1 5 8 .0

r 16 0 .5

1 5 9 .5

1 5 8 .2

1 5 9 .2

1 3 8 .3

1 3 5 .0

1 3 5 .8

1 3 6 .0

1 3 7 .4

1 3 7 .6

1 3 8 .5

1 4 0 .2

1 4 0 .3

r 1 4 1 .3

1 4 1 .3

1 4 2 .4

142 3

1 4 6 .9

1 4 4 .0

1 4 4 .3

1 4 5 .1

1 4 5 .8

1 4 6 .2

1 4 5 .8

1 4 6 .1

1 4 6 .7

1 4 7 .3

M 4 9 .4

1 5 0 .2

1 5 1 .7

1 5 2 .8

1 5 2 .8

1 2 3 .1

1 2 2 .3

1 2 2 .4

1 2 3 .1

1 2 2 .8

1 2 2 .5

1 2 2 .4

1 2 3 .6

1 2 3 .4

1 2 3 .8

1 2 3 .9

1 2 4 .3

1 2 5 .0

1 6 1 .5

1 2 6 .3

0 3 -8 1

A p p a r e l ..................................................................

1 9 7 .1

1 9 5 .0

1 9 6 .1

1 9 5 .8

1 9 6 .5

1 9 7 .9

1 9 8 .4

1 9 8 .7

1 9 8 .7

r198

0 3 -8 2

T e x t ile h o u s e f u r n i s h i n g s ............................................

1 9 8 .7

1 9 8 .4

1 9 8 .7

1 9 9 .8

2 3 5 .6

2 3 4 .3

2 3 4 .2

2 3 4 .2

2 3 7 .6

2 3 5 .2

2 3 4 .8

2 3 4 .5

2 3 5 .3

r2 3 4 . 5

2 3 3 .9

2 3 4 .7

2 3 6 .6

2 3 6 .2

04

H id e s , s k in s , le a t h e r , a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s ......................

0 4 -2

L e a th e r

0 4 -3

F o o tw e a r

0 4 -4

05

...............................................................................
..................................................................

O t h e r le a t h e r a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts

. . . .

F u e ls a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts a n d p o w e r ......................

2 7 1 .4

2 6 4 .3

2 6 4 .9

2 6 7 .4

2 6 9 .4

2 7 1 .2

2 7 2 .3

2 7 4 .7

2 7 4 .4

r2 7 3 .7

2 7 7 .3

2 7 8 .3

2 8 0 .1

2 8 3 .2

3 3 0 .8

3 1 2 .8

3 1 6 .2

3 2 0 .5

3 2 6 .6

3 3 5 .9

3 3 7 .9

3 4 3 .4

3 3 9 .4

r3 3 6 .6

3 4 0 .2

3 4 2 .6

3 4 6 .4

2 5 0 .1

3 6 1 .3

2 4 7 .7

2 4 8 .1

2 5 0 .0

2 4 8 .7

2 4 9 .9

2 4 9 .9

2 5 0 .9

2 5 1 .6

r 2 5 1 .3

2 5 1 .4

2 5 1 .3

2 5 1 .7

2 5 3 .7

2 5 1 .6

2 5 1 .0

2 5 0 .9

2 5 1 .0

2 5 1 .7

2 5 1 .7

2 5 3 .5

2 5 3 .7

2 5 3 .5

r2 5 3 .5

2 5 7 .6

2 5 8 .1

258 9

2 5 9 .1

6 6 5 .9

6 6 8 .6

6 5 8 .0

6 4 4 .8

6 5 1 .9

6 6 5 .5

6 6 8 .7

6 7 1 .7

6 7 2 .3

r6 6 9 .5

6 6 7 .1

6 6 2 .1

6 5 5 .8

6 5 6 .7

5 3 8 .6

0 5 -1

C o a l ...............................................................................

5 3 6 .8

5 3 3 .4

0 5 -2

C o k e ..................................................................

5 3 9 .8

5 4 2 .4

5 4 1 .0

5 4 3 .4

4 4 7 .8

4 5 0 .9

4 4 7 .3

4 4 7 .3

4 3 8 .4

4 3 8 .4

4 3 1 .6

4 5 3 .9

0 5 -3

4 5 3 .9

r 4 5 3 .1

G a s f u e ls 3

4 5 3 .5

4 5 3 .5

4 1 8 .3

4 1 8 .3

1 ,1 4 7 .9

1 ,1 5 4 .7

1 ,1 8 0 .0

1 , 1 5 6 .1

1 , 1 5 6 .7

1 , 1 5 5 .1

1 ,1 4 8 .9

1 ,1 4 5 .9

1 , 1 4 7 .0

r 1 . 1 2 8 .4

1 ,1 2 4 .2

1 ,1 2 5 .6

.....................................................

0 5 -4

E le c tr ic p o w e r

0 5 -6 1

C ru d e p e tro le u m 4

0 5 -7

06

.....................................................
.....................................................

P e t r o le u m p r o d u c t s , r e fin e d 5

C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts

..................

. . . .

5 3 8 .0

5 3 5 .2

5 3 4 .1

5 3 4 .8

5 3 6 .6

5 3 7 .9

r5 3 8 .2

1 ,1 2 6 .8

1 ,1 2 3 .8

4 1 8 .0

4 1 0 .8

4 1 1 .4

4 0 9 .2

4 1 2 .2

4 1 9 .4

4 2 6 .4

427 2

4 2 7 .9

r4 2 3 .6

4 1 9 .0

4 1 7 .6

4 2 0 .9

4 2 4 .4

6 8 1 .5

6 9 2 .9

6 7 8 .0

6 7 8 .0

6 7 8 .0

6 7 7 .9

6 7 5 .7

6 7 5 .1

6 7 5 .7

r6 7 5 .7

6 7 6 .0

6 7 4 .8

6 7 6 .0

6 7 6 .0

6 8 6 .4

6 9 2 .8

6 6 6 .6

6 4 5 .9

6 5 9 .3

6 8 4 .2

6 8 8 .7

6 9 4 .9

6 9 5 .3

r6 9 6 .3

6 9 4 .7

6 8 4 .8

6 6 9 .7

6 7 0 .1

2 9 2 .9

2 9 0 .5

2 8 9 .8

294 4

0 6 -1

2 9 5 .9

I n d u s tr ia l c h e m ic a ls 6 ...............................

r2 9 5 .5

2 9 6 .4

2 9 6 .6

2 9 8 .5

2 9 6 .7

3 4 2 .9

3 4 0 .1

3 3 8 .8

3 3 8 .7

3 3 8 .8

3 3 8 .5

3 4 7 .0

3 4 7 .6

0 6 -2 1

3 4 5 .6

r3 4 4 .9

P r e p a r e d p a in t

3 4 6 .3

3 4 5 .1

3 4 7 .7

2 6 4 .7

3 3 8 .0

2 6 4 .7

2 6 4 .7

2 6 4 .7

2 6 4 .7

2 6 4 .7

2 6 5 .2

2 6 5 .4

2 6 4 .5

2 9 1 .3

2 9 1 .1

2 9 0 .8

2 9 3 .7

0 6 -2 2

P a in t m a t e r i a l s ........................................

r2 6 4 .2

2 6 4 .4

2 6 4 .9

3 0 5 .6

2 9 9 .5

2 9 8 .4

2 9 9 .8

3 0 0 .2

2 9 9 .5

3 0 0 .5

3 0 5 .7

0 6 -3

3 1 6 .2

D r u g s a n d p h a r m a c e u t ic a ls

r3 1 6 . 9

3 1 4 .5

3 1 5 .5

3 1 6 .3

3 1 3 .9

2 2 6 .2

2 2 2 .2

2 2 2 .9

2 2 5 .1

2 2 5 .2

2 2 5 .2

2 2 7 .6

2 2 7 .3

2 2 7 .4

r2 2 9 .3

2 3 0 .6

2 3 1 .4

2 3 3 .3

2 3 4 .4

2 8 3 .7

2 5 3 .4

2 6 2 .2

2 7 8 .3

2 8 7 .1

2 7 6 .9

2 6 0 .9

2 7 8 .1

3 2 9 .0

r3 1 8 .6

3 2 0 .9

3 1 9 .0

3 3 4 .4

3 4 8 .9

0 6 -4
0 6 -5

...................................

F a ts a n d o il s , i n e d i b l e ........................................
A g r ic u l t u r a l c h e m ic a ls a n d c h e m ic a l p r o d u c ts

. .

2 6 5 .7

2 6 6 .9

2 8 0 .7

2 8 3 .3

2 8 4 .2

2 8 2 .8

2 8 2 .4

2 8 0 .6

2 7 8 .1

2 7 7 .1

0 6 -6

2 7 6 .0

P la s tic r e s in s a n d m a t e r i a l s ...............................

r2 7 6 .4

2 8 2 .5

2 7 9 .2

2 8 7 .1

2 9 0 .2

2 8 3 .1

2 8 2 .1

2 8 5 .4

2 8 8 .0

2 8 9 .1

2 9 1 .3

2 9 3 .7

0 6 -7

3 0 2 .6

r 2 9 9 .1

O t h e r c h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts

2 9 6 .6

2 9 8 .3

3 0 4 .2

2 7 3 .7

3 0 5 .0

2 7 4 .4

2 7 2 .0

2 7 4 .7

2 7 2 .0

2 7 2 .4

2 7 4 .2

2 7 4 .2

2 7 4 .3

r2 7 4 .4

2 7 4 .4

2 7 4 .5

2 7 5 .9

2 7 3 .7

2 4 3 .4

2 4 2 .3

2 4 1 .8

2 4 3 .0

2 4 3 .2

2 4 3 .1

2 4 3 .4

2 4 3 .7

2 4 3 .2

r 2 4 4 .4

2 4 5 .4

07

R u b b e r p la s t ic p r o d u c ts

. . . .

........................................

2 8 1 .1

2 4 3 .8

0 7 -1

R u b b e r a n d r u b b e r p r o d u c t s ......................

2 4 4 .1

2 4 4 .1

2 6 6 .6

2 6 8 .3

2 6 7 .1

2 6 7 .0

2 6 7 .0

2 6 5 .6

2 6 5 .2

2 6 5 .1

0 7 -1 1

263 9

C ru d e ru b b e r

r2 6 4 .8

2 6 4 .8

2 6 5 .1

2 6 5 .6

2 8 0 .9

2 7 4 .3

2 8 1 .2

2 8 1 .3

2 8 0 .6

2 8 0 .2

2 8 3 .2

2 8 4 .6

2 8 4 .4

2 8 4 .3

2 8 2 .8

2 8 2 .4

2 8 2 .9

2 4 5 .4

2 8 2 .8

2 5 0 .5

2 4 6 .6

2 4 6 .5

2 4 6 .3

2 4 3 .7

2 4 2 .4

2 4 2 .8

2 4 2 .5

r2 4 2 .6

2 4 2 .7

2 4 3 .0

2 4 2 .9

2 4 3 .0
2 8 8 .7

0 7 -1 2

.........................................................

T ir e s a n d t u b e s ............................................

2 6 6 .6

0 7 -1 3

M is c e lla n e o u s r u b b e r p r o d u c ts

......................

2 8 6 .0

2 8 9 .6

2 8 5 .8

2 8 5 .7

2 8 6 .0

2 8 5 .9

2 8 5 .7

2 8 4 .5

0 7 -2

2 8 1 .6

r2 8 3 .8

P la s tic p r o d u c ts ( 6 / 7 8 =

. . .

2 8 4 .2

2 8 4 .8

2 8 6 .2

1 3 5 .3

1 3 3 .1

1 3 3 .2

1 3 4 .6

1 3 4 .8

1 3 5 .5

1 3 6 .0

1 3 6 .4

1 3 6 .6

1 3 7 .4

1 3 6 .8

1 3 6 .9

1 3 6 .7

1 3 7 .6

3 0 7 .3

3 0 3 .1

3 0 5 .8

3 0 7 .2

3 0 8 .0

3 1 4 .8

3 1 4 .6

3 1 3 .9

3 0 5 .6

r3 0 5 .6

3 0 6 .0

3 0 8 .8

3 0 9 .2

3 1 5 .6

08

L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts

0 8 -1

100)

..........................

L u m b e r .....................................................

3 5 3 .1

3 4 4 .7

3 4 9 .3

3 5 4 .2

3 5 8 .6

3 7 2 .8

3 7 3 .1

3 6 6 .6

0 8 -2

M i l l w o r k ........................................

3 4 6 .6

r3 4 4 .7

3 4 6 .0

3 5 1 .5

3 5 3 .2

3 6 5 .4

3 0 2 .3

3 0 0 .5

3 0 4 .0

3 0 2 .8

2 9 9 .0

2 9 4 .9

2 9 6 .3

3 0 6 .6

0 8 -3

3 0 5 .9

P l y w o o d .....................................................

r3 0 7 . 4

3 0 8 .2

3 0 8 .5

3 0 8 .5

2 4 4 .1

3 0 8 .5

2 3 9 .5

2 3 8 .9

2 3 9 .4

2 4 1 .1

2 5 5 .5

2 5 2 .5

2 4 6 .2

2 4 2 .2

r2 4 6 .6

2 4 4 .7

2 4 7 .1

2 4 8 .3

2 3 0 .6

2 3 3 .2

2 4 9 .5

2 3 1 .6

2 3 0 .8

2 3 1 .1

2 2 9 .6

2 2 9 .7

2 2 9 .3

229 4

r2 2 9 .6

2 2 9 .7

2 3 0 .4

2 2 9 .8

2 3 0 .7

0 8 -4

O t h e r w o o d p r o d u c t s ..........................

S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .

82

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

24.

Continued— Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings

[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
1984

1983

Annual
a v e ra g e

C o m m o d ity g ro u p a n d s u b g ro u p

Code

1983

Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

June

J u ly

Aug.

2 9 4 .2

2 9 4 .8

2 9 5 .4

2 9 6 .0

2 9 7 .0

2 9 7 .8

2 9 8 .8

S e p t.

O c t.1

Nov.

D ec.

Jan.

Feb.

IN D U S T R IA L C O M M O D IT IE S — C o n tin u e d

09
0 9 -1

2 9 9 .9

P u lp , p a p e r , a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ...............................................................................

2 9 7 .7

r3 0 2 .2

3 0 2 .0

3 0 2 .7

3 0 7 .6

3 1 0 .5

P u lp , p a p e r ,a n d p r o d u c t s , e x c l u d in g b u ild in g p a p e r a n d b o a r d

2 7 1 .0

2 6 8 .7

2 6 8 .7

2 6 8 .5

2 6 8 .7

2 6 9 .2

2 7 0 .2

2 7 1 .1

2 7 3 .1

r2 7 5 .2

2 7 6 .3

2 7 6 .8

2 8 0 .0

2 8 3 .3

3 4 6 .6

3 4 5 .7

3 4 3 .0

3 4 2 .5

3 4 3 .2

3 4 4 .9

3 4 5 .8

3 4 6 .4

3 4 5 .4

r3 4 7 .4

3 5 2 .6

3 5 1 .3

3 6 4 .4

3 7 1 .5

(2 )
2 8 1 .9

<2 )
2 7 8 .8

<2 )

(2 )
2 7 9 .0

(2 )
2 7 9 .5

1 8 3 .3

2 1 6 .2

2 1 0 .2

2 1 1 .5

2 1 1 .5

2 2 9 .3

2 7 9 .2

(2 )
280 9

1 9 4 .4

2 7 8 .4

<2 )
2 7 8 .5

2 8 6 .0

r2 8 7 .2

2 8 7 .9

2 8 8 .9

2 9 4 .3

2 9 6 .6

2 4 8 .7

2 4 9 .4

2 4 9 .7

2 5 0 .1

2 6 9 .3

0 9 -1 1

W o o d p u l p ...............................................................................................................................

0 9 -1 2

W a s t e p a p e r ...........................................................................................................................

0 9 -1 3

Paper

........................................................................................................................................

0 9 -1 4

P a p e rb o a rd

...........................................................................................................................

2 5 0 .5

2 4 4 .1

2 4 6 .3

2 4 8 .1

2 5 4 .0

r2 5 7 .3

2 5 7 .9

2 5 9 .5

2 6 2 .2

0 9 -1 5

C o n v e r te d p a p e r a n d p a p e r b o a r d p r o d u c t s ................................................

2 6 5 .4

2 6 5 .1

2 6 5 .1

2 6 4 .2

2 6 4 .1

2 6 4 .5

2 6 4 .1

2 6 4 .7

2 6 5 .0

2 6 6 .5

2 6 7 .8

2 6 8 .0

2 6 9 .4

2 7 1 .6

0 9 -2

B u ild in g p a p e r a n d b o a r d

2 5 0 .0

2 4 1 .4

2 4 4 .2

2 4 7 .0

2 4 9 .3

2 5 5 .7

2 5 6 .2

2 5 2 .1

2 5 2 .8

2 5 4 .7

2 5 4 .7

2 5 0 .5

2 5 1 .9

2 5 3 .9

3 1 4 .6

........................................................................................

M e ta ls a n d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ............................................................................................

3 0 7 .1

3 0 4 .7

3 0 4 .4

3 0 4 .6

3 0 6 .1

3 0 6 .3

3 0 7 .3

3 0 8 .2

3 1 0 .7

r3 1 0 .9

3 1 0 .3

3 1 1 .4

3 1 2 .7

1 0 -1

I r o n a n d s t e e l .......................................................................................................................

3 4 3 .3

3 3 9 .9

3 4 1 .6

3 4 1 .5

3 4 0 .9

3 4 1 .3

3 4 2 .1

3 4 3 .2

3 4 8 .1

r3 4 8 .5

3 4 9 .2

3 5 0 .6

3 5 4 .1

3 5 6 .3

1 0 -1 7

S te e l m i ll p r o d u c t s .........................................................................................................

3 5 2 .6

3 5 1 .1

3 4 9 .8

3 4 9 .7

3 4 9 .8

3 5 0 .1

3 5 0 .8

3 5 1 .7

3 5 8 .1

r3 5 8 . 7

3 5 9 .1

3 5 9 .5

3 6 2 .8

3 6 3 .5

1 0 -2

N o n f e r r o u s m e t a l s .........................................................................................................

2 7 6 .0

2 7 5 .8

2 7 7 .7

2 7 5 .7

2 7 8 .4

2 7 9 .8

r2 7 9 .3

2 7 5 .6

2 7 8 .0

2 7 6 .1

2 7 9 .5

1 0 -3

M e ta l c o n t a in e r s

..............................................................................................................

3 3 5 .2

3 3 1 .1

3 3 1 .4

3 3 1 .9

3 3 7 .1

3 3 7 .4

3 3 6 .5

3 3 6 .6

3 3 8 .5

3 3 8 .3

3 3 8 .2

3 3 8 .2

3 4 4 .5

3 4 4 .9

2 8 7 .9

2 8 8 .2

2 8 8 .6

2 8 8 .5

2 9 1 .5

2 9 2 .1

2 9 2 .2

2 9 2 .5

r2 9 2 .7

2 9 1 .5

2 9 1 .9

2 9 2 .5

2 9 2 .9

2 9 3 .6

2 9 3 .9

2 9 6 .9

2 4 7 .3

2 4 8 .4

10

2 7 0 .6

2 7 1 .8

2 8 2 .0

1 0 -4

H a r d w a r e ................................................................................................................................

2 9 0 .0

1 0 -5

P lu m b in g f ix t u r e s a n d b r a s s f it t in g s

.............................................................

2 8 9 .1

2 8 3 .5

2 8 5 .6

2 8 7 .7

2 8 9 .1

2 9 0 .8

2 9 0 .4

2 9 0 .2

2 9 2 .4

2 9 2 .7

2 9 3 .7

1 0 -6

H e a tin g e q u i p m e n t .........................................................................................................

2 4 3 .4

2 4 0 .7

2 4 1 .1

2 4 2 .3

2 4 2 .7

2 4 3 .0

2 4 4 .9

2 4 5 .1

2 4 6 .6

r2 4 5 .3

2 4 5 .2

2 4 5 .6

3 0 3 .0

3 0 4 .3

r3 0 4 .2

3 0 5 .0

3 0 4 .9

3 0 6 .5

3 0 6 .9

2 8 4 .0

2 8 4 .3

r2 8 9 .0

2 8 9 .1

2 8 9 .3

2 8 9 .9

2 9 0 .7

1 0 -7

F a b r ic a te d s t r u c t u r a l m e ta l p r o d u c ts

.............................................................

3 0 3 .3

3 0 2 .8

3 0 3 .7

3 0 2 .5

3 0 2 .1

3 0 2 .0

3 0 2 .2

1 0 -8

M is c e lla n e o u s m e ta l p r o d u c t s ...............................................................................

2 8 3 .8

2 7 9 .0

2 8 0 .4

2 8 0 .7

2 8 0 .8

2 8 3 .4

2 8 3 .7

2 8 6 .4

2 8 4 .3

2 8 4 .7

2 8 5 .4

2 8 6 .0

2 8 6 .2

2 8 7 .4

2 8 7 .4

2 8 7 .9

r2 8 7 .6

2 8 8 .1

2 8 8 .8

2 8 9 .6

2 9 0 .4

.........................................................

3 2 6 .3

3 2 3 .3

3 2 3 .5

3 2 3 .9

3 2 6 .4

3 2 6 .4

3 2 7 .1

3 2 7 .3

3 2 8 .5

r3 2 8 .0

3 2 9 .7

3 2 9 .8

3 3 0 .9

3 3 1 .1

1 1 -2

C o n s t r u c t io n m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t .........................................................

3 5 1 .9

3 4 9 .3

3 4 9 .6

3 5 0 .9

3 5 2 .3

3 5 2 .5

3 5 2 .8

3 5 2 .9

3 5 3 .5

r3 5 3 . 6

3 5 3 .7

3 5 3 .7

3 5 4 .3

3 5 5 .9

1 1 -3

M e ta lw o r k in g m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t .....................................................

3 2 6 .2

3 2 5 .2

3 2 5 .5

3 2 6 .2

3 2 6 .7

3 2 7 .0

3 2 6 .6

3 2 6 .5

3 2 6 .6

r3 2 7 .0

3 2 6 .6

3 2 7 .7

3 2 8 .3

3 3 0 .4

11 4

G e n e ra l p u r p o s e m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t

............................................

3 6 8 .2

3 0 7 .9

3 0 7 .5

3 0 8 .2

3 0 8 .4

3 0 8 .4

3 0 8 .5

3 0 7 .9

r3 0 7 .8

3 0 8 .4

3 0 9 .3

3 1 0 .3

3 1 0 .7

1 1 -6

S p e c ia l in d u s t r y m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ................................................

3 3 7 .1

3 3 2 .6

3 3 3 .6

3 3 4 .5

3 3 5 .8

3 3 6 .7

3 3 8 .0

3 3 9 .0

3 3 9 .8

r3 4 0 .6

3 4 0 .9

3 4 1 .7

3 4 1 .0

3 4 3 .3

1 1 -7

E le c tr ic a l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ..................................................................

2 4 0 .0

2 3 7 .2

2 3 7 .5

2 3 8 .4

2 3 8 .5

2 3 8 .8

2 4 1 .7

2 4 1 .7

2 4 2 .9

r 2 4 2 .6

2 4 2 .7

2 4 3 .7

2 4 4 .6

2 4 5 .5

1 1 -9

M is c e lla n e o u s m a c h in e r y

2 7 4 .5

2 7 2 .7

2 7 3 .7

2 7 4 .2

2 7 5 .3

2 7 5 .0

2 7 5 .2

2 7 5 .3

2 7 4 .5

r 2 7 3 .3

2 7 5 .0

2 7 5 .2

2 7 6 .3

2 7 5 .5

2 1 4 .8

2 1 4 .9

2 1 5 .4

r2 1 5 .3

2 1 5 .4

2 1 5 .3

2 1 6 .3

2 1 6 .9

2 3 5 .4

2 3 6 .3

2 3 6 .6

r2 3 6 .9

2 3 7 .1

2 3 7 .3

2 3 8 .2

2 3 9 .2

2 8 7 .5

2 8 6 .5

2 9 0 .3

2 9 0 .8

2 9 3 .9

M a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t

11
1 1 -1

............................................................................................

A g r ic u l t u r a l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t

........................................................................................

3 0 8 .1

2 1 3 .9

2 1 2 .5

2 1 2 .3

2 1 2 .8

2 1 3 .6

2 1 4 .0

1 2 -1

H o u s e h o ld f u r n i t u r e

.....................................................................................................

2 3 4 .7

2 3 2 .6

2 3 1 .1

2 3 1 .8

2 3 4 .4

2 3 5 .0

1 2 -2

C o m m e r c ia l f u r n i t u r e .....................................................................................................

2 8 6 .5

2 8 2 .2

2 8 5 .1

2 8 6 .2

2 8 5 .9

2 8 7 .3

r 2 8 7 .4

1 2 -3

F lo o r c o v e r i n g s ..................................................................................................................

1 8 5 .0

1 8 2 .1

1 8 2 .0

1 8 2 .2

1 8 2 .1

1 8 1 .4

1 8 6 .6

1 8 8 .9

1 8 9 .5

r 1 8 9 .5

1 8 7 .9

1 8 7 .8

1 8 9 .0

1 8 7 .7

2 0 7 .8

2 0 7 .7

2 0 8 .0

2 0 7 .6

2 0 7 .7

208 1

2 0 9 .4

2 1 0 .6

F u r n it u r e a n d h o u s e h o ld d u r a b l e s ...........................................................................

12

2 8 6 .9

2 9 0 .5

.................................................................................................

2 0 6 .8

2 0 4 .9

2 0 5 .0

2 0 6 .3

2 0 7 .5

2 0 7 .5

1 2 -5

H o m e e le c t r o n ic e q u i p m e n t ...................................................................................

8 6 .2

8 7 .0

8 7 .0

8 6 .6

8 6 .4

8 6 .5

8 5 .9

8 5 .5

8 5 .8

8 5 .8

8 5 .8

8 4 .6

8 4 .3

8 4 .4

1 2 -6

O t h e r h o u s e h o ld d u r a b le g o o d s ...........................................................................

312 5

3 1 4 .8

3 1 2 .9

3 1 2 .0

3 1 2 .7

3 1 4 .3

3 1 4 .8

3 1 3 .9

3 1 4 .5

r3 1 4 .0

3 1 2 .9

3 1 3 .1

3 1 5 .9

3 1 5 .2

3 2 8 .8

3 3 2 .3

1 2 -4

H o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s

...................................................................................

3 2 5 .3

3 2 2 .3

3 2 2 .0

3 2 4 .1

3 2 4 .1

3 2 4 .5

3 2 5 .1

3 2 6 .3

3 2 7 .2

r3 2 8 .0

3 2 8 .9

3 2 9 .2

1 3 -1 1

F la t g l a s s ...............................................................................................................................

2 2 9 .7

229 7

2 2 9 .7

2 2 9 .7

2 2 9 .7

2 2 9 .7

2 2 9 .8

2 2 9 .7

2 2 9 .5

r2 2 9 .6

2 3 0 .1

2 3 0 .0

2 2 9 .5

2 3 0 .0

1 3 -2

C o n c r e te i n g r e d i e n t s .....................................................................................................

3 1 4 .0

3 1 0 .0

3 0 8 .5

3 1 2 .8

3 1 3 .7

3 1 4 .2

3 1 4 .0

3 1 6 .4

3 1 7 .2

r3 1 6 .7

3 1 6 .7

3 1 7 .0

3 1 2 .9

3 2 1 .3

1 3 -3

C o n c r e te p r o d u c ts

3 0 1 .8

3 0 0 .1

3 0 0 .4

3 0 1 .0

3 0 1 .1

3 0 1 .6

3 0 2 .3

3 0 2 .7

3 0 3 .6

3 0 3 .7

3 0 5 .6

3 0 6 .4

1 3 -4

S t r u c t u r a l c la y p r o d u c t s , e x c lu d in g r e fr a c to r ie s

N o n m e ta llic m in e r a l p r o d u c t s

13

3 0 3 .5

3 0 3 .3

...................................

2 7 7 .6

2 6 4 .3

2 7 0 .7

2 7 5 .7

2 7 7 .6

2 8 1 .5

2 8 2 .4

2 8 2 .4

2 8 2 .4

r 2 8 3 .5

2 8 3 .4

2 8 3 .5

2 8 3 .7

2 8 3 .0

1 3 -5

R e f r a c t o r i e s ...........................................................................................................................

3 4 1 .6

3 3 7 .7

3 3 7 .7

3 3 8 .2

3 3 8 .2

3 3 6 .8

3 3 8 .2

3 3 9 .4

3 4 0 .2

r3 4 4 .7

3 5 4 .3

3 5 4 .3

3 5 5 .0

3 5 7 .0

1 3 -6

A s p h a lt r o o f i n g ..................................................................................................................

3 8 3 .0

3 8 0 .4

3 7 4 .7

3 7 9 .6

3 8 5 .3

3 8 3 .4

3 8 7 .2

r3 8 7 .9

3 8 4 .2

3 8 0 .6

3 8 1 .4

1 3 -7

G y p s u m p r o d u c ts

2 8 4 .9

2 6 7 .4

2 6 5 .9

2 7 1 .9

2 7 5 .7

2 7 3 .8

2 7 6 .0

2 8 9 .3

297 8

r3 1 2 .8

3 1 3 .9

3 2 1 .4

3 2 8 .5

3 3 9 .4

3 5 2 .6

3 5 5 .8

3 5 4 .1

3 5 3 .5

3 5 1 .8

3 5 1 .8

3 5 1 .6

3 5 1 .3

3 5 1 .1

r3 5 0 .2

3 5 1 .1

351 0

3 5 1 .0

3 5 0 .9

4 8 0 .1

4 7 6 .1

4 7 6 .4

4 7 8 .7

4 7 8 .5

4 7 9 .5

4 7 9 .7

4 8 1 .9

4 8 2 .5

r4 8 3 .2

4 8 6 .9

4 8 7 .4

4 8 5 .4

4 8 6 .8

..........................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................

1 3 -8

G la s s c o n t a in e r s

1 3 -9

O t h e r n o n m e ta l lic m in e r a ls

..............................................................................................................
...................................................................................

3 8 4 .0

3 8 0 .0

3 9 0 .4

1 0 0 ) .........................................................

2 5 6 .7

2 5 5 .8

2 5 5 .2

2 5 5 .6

2 5 5 .8

2 5 6 .1

2 5 6 .2

2 5 6 .8

2 5 0 .4

r2 6 0 .6

2 6 0 .6

2 6 0 .7

2 6 1 .7

2 6 2 .3

1 4 -1

M o t o r v e h ic le s a n d e q u i p m e n t ...............................................................................

2 5 6 .8

2 5 6 .3

2 5 5 .4

2 5 5 .9

2 5 6 .2

2 5 6 .7

2 5 6 .6

2 5 6 .8

2 4 9 .1

r 2 6 0 .6

2 6 0 .3

2 6 0 .4

2 6 1 .0

2 6 1 .2

1 4 -4

R a ilr o a d e q u i p m e n t .........................................................................................................

3 5 2 .5

3 5 0 .5

3 5 0 .3

3 5 0 .0

3 5 0 .4

3 5 0 .1

3 5 1 .3

3 5 1 .0

3 5 0 .7

r3 4 8 .6

3 5 5 .4

3 5 7 .3

3 5 9 .2

3 5 9 .2

2 9 2 .0

2 9 1 .4

r 2 9 1 .7

2 9 1 .4

2 9 2 .5

2 9 5 .3

2 9 5 .0

2 2 4 .5

2 2 4 .8

r2 2 5 .9

2 2 5 .7

2 2 5 .8

2 2 8 .0

2 2 8 .4
3 9 0 .3

T r a n s p o r t a tio n e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 6 8 -

14

M is c e lla n e o u s p r o d u c t s .....................................................................................................

2 8 9 .5

2 8 8 .8

2 8 7 .4

2 8 7 .4

2 8 7 .1

2 8 8 .0

2 9 1 .5

1 5 -1

T o y s , s p o r t in g g o o d s , s m a ll a r m s , a m m u n i t i o n ...................................

2 2 5 .2

225 3

2 2 5 .7

2 2 6 .3

2 2 6 .0

2 2 5 .9

2 2 4 .3

1 5 -2

T o b a c c o p ro d u c ts

.........................................................................................................

3 6 5 .3

3 5 6 .4

3 5 3 .8

3 5 4 .1

3 5 3 .8

3 5 2 .1

3 7 3 .4

3 7 6 .7

3 7 6 .9

r3 7 6 .8

3 7 6 .7

3 7 7 .0

3 8 9 .4

1 5 -3

N o t i o n s ....................................................................................................................................

2 8 0 .1

2 8 0 .6

2 8 0 .6

2 8 0 .3

2 8 0 .3

2 8 0 .3

2 8 0 .3

2 7 9 .7

2 7 9 .7

2 7 9 .7

2 7 9 .6

2 8 0 .1

2 8 1 .4

2 8 2 .2

2 1 6 .6

2 1 6 .5

2 1 6 .5

2 1 6 .6

2 1 6 .6

r 2 1 6 .8

2 1 7 .1

2 1 7 .1

15

.........................................................

2 1 5 .8

2 1 1 .8

2 1 6 .6

2 1 6 .6

1 5 -5

1 0 0 ) ...............................................................................

1 6 3 .2

1 6 1 .7

1 6 2 .9

1 6 2 .3

1 6 2 .4

1 6 3 .1

1 6 3 .5

1 6 3 .7

1 6 4 .3

r 1 6 4 .8

1 6 4 .3

1 6 4 .7

(2)
1 6 2 .4

2 1 8 .2

M o b ile h o m e s ( 1 2 / 7 4 -

1 5 -9

O t h e r m is c e lla n e o u s p r o d u c t s ...............................................................................

3 5 1 .5

3 5 9 .8

3 5 0 .5

3 5 0 .3

3 4 9 .2

3 5 3 .4

3 5 3 .7

3 5 2 .9

3 4 9 .6

r3 4 9 .2

3 4 8 .4

3 5 2 .3

3 5 0 .2

3 5 0 .2

1 5 -4

P h o t o g r a p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s

1 D a ta f o r O c t o b e r 1 9 8 3 h a v e b e e n r e v is e d t o r e fle c t t h e a v a ila b ilit y o f la te r e p o r t s a n d c o r r e c t io n s b y
r e s p o n d e n ts . A ll d a ta a r e s u b je c t t o r e v is io n 4 m o n th s a f te r o r ig in a l p u b lic a tio n .

4 ln c lu d e s o n ly d o m e s t ic p r o d u c tio n ,
5 M o s t p r ic e s f o r r e fin e d p e t r o le u m p r o d u c ts a r e la g g e d 1 m o n th .

2 p jo t a v a ila b le .

6 S o m e p r ic e s f o r in d u s t r ia l c h e m ic a ls a r e la g g e d 1 m o n th .

3 P r ic e s f o r n a t u r a l g a s a re la g g e d 1 m o n th .

r = r e v is e d .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1 6 2 .8

83

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices
25.

Producer Price indexes, for special commodity groupings

[ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w i s e s p e c if ie d ]
Annual
C o m m o d it y g r o u p in g

1983

A ll c o m m o d itie s — le s s f a r m

1983

1984

av e ra g e

p r o d u c t s ....................................................................

Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

June

J u ly

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.1

Nov.

D ec.

Jan.

Feb.

3 1 1 .8

3 0 6 .7

3 0 4 .9

3 0 4 .5

3 0 3 .8

3 0 4 .8

3 0 6 .0

3 0 7 .1

3 0 8 .0

3 0 8 .3

r3 0 9 . 2

3 0 9 .1

3 0 9 .4

3 1 0 .8

A ll fo o d s

2 5 7 .5

2 5 5 .7

2 5 5 .8

2 5 8 .2

2 5 8 .2

2 5 6 .6

2 5 6 .2

2 5 7 .1

2 6 0 .7

r 2 6 0 .5

2 5 8 .0

2 6 0 .0

2 6 8 .3

2 7 0 .3

P r o c e s s e d fo o d s

2 5 8 .8

2 5 9 .3

2 5 8 .9

2 5 9 .5

2 5 9 .6

2 5 7 .9

2 5 7 .7

2 5 7 .6

2 6 0 .9

r 2 5 8 .6

2 5 8 .1

2 6 0 .1

2 6 6 .2

2 6 7 .1

I n d u s tr ia l c o m m o d it ie s le s s f u e l s ............................................

2 7 9 .2

2 7 7 .0

2 7 6 .9

2 7 7 .6

2 7 8 .2

2 7 8 .7

2 7 9 .8

2 8 0 .4

2 8 0 .0

2 8 1 .8

2 8 1 .9

2 8 2 .5

284 0

2 8 5 .2

S e le c te d t e x t ile m i ll p r o d u c t s ( D e c . 1 9 7 5 =

100)

. . . .

1 3 8 .1

1 3 6 .8

1 3 7 .2

1 3 7 .4

1 3 7 .7

1 3 7 .4

1 4 3 .0

1 3 9 .0

1 3 9 .1

r 1 3 9 .4

1 3 9 .2

1 3 9 .5

1 4 0 .3

1 4 4 .7

1 4 4 .5

1 4 4 .5

1 4 4 .5

1 4 4 .5

1 4 4 .5

1 4 4 .5

1 4 5 .6

1 4 5 .6

1 4 5 .6

1 4 5 .6

1 4 5 .6

1 4 5 .8

1 4 7 .2

2 2 3 .7

222 6

2 2 3 .8

2 2 3 .4

2 2 3 .5

2 2 2 .7

2 2 3 .3

2 2 3 .5

2 2 4 .5

r2 2 4 .7

2 2 4 .5

2 2 4 .8

2 2 7 .0

2 2 9 .8

2 8 3 .5

2 8 1 .4

2 8 0 .7

2 8 1 .8

2 8 1 .6

2 8 1 .5

2 8 4 .6

2 8 5 .0

2 8 5 .6

r2 8 5 .6

2 8 6 .3

2 8 6 .4

2 8 8 .0

2 8 6 .4

P h a r m a c e u t ic a l p r e p a r a t i o n s ...............................................................................

2 2 4 .8

2 1 9 .4

2 2 0 .3

2 2 3 .3

2 2 3 .5

2 2 3 .6

2 2 6 .3

2 2 6 .0

2 2 7 .1

r2 2 9 .4

2 3 0 .5

2 3 1 .8

2 3 4 .1

2 3 5 .8

L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s , e x c lu d in g m i l l w o r k ...................................

3 2 1 .6

3 1 4 .3

3 1 7 .2

3 2 0 .8

3 2 4 .3

3 3 8 .8

3 3 8 .1

3 3 1 .5

3 1 6 .5

r 3 1 6 .7

3 1 6 .9

3 2 1 .5

3 2 3 .0

3 3 1 .7

S te e l m i ll p r o d u c t s , in c lu d in g fa b r ic a te d w ir e p r o d u c ts

3 5 1 .0

3 4 9 .9

3 4 8 .4

3 4 8 .4

3 4 8 .5

3 4 8 .7

3 4 9 .3

3 5 0 .1

3 5 5 .9

r3 5 6 .4

3 5 6 .9

3 5 7 .4

3 6 0 .4

3 6 1 .0

3 5 7 .1

r3 5 7 .8

3 5 8 .2

3 5 8 .7

3 6 2 .1

3 6 3 .1

H o s e ry

................................................................................................................................

U n d e r w e a r a n d n ig h tw e a r

.........................................................

1 4 1 .1

C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts , in c lu d in g s y n th e t ic r u b b e r
a n d f ib e r s a n d y a r n s .................................................................................................

. . . .

F in is h e d s te e l m i ll p r o d u c t s , e x c lu d in g f a b r ic a te d w ir e
p r o d u c ts

.......................................................................................................................

3 5 1 .4

3 4 9 .8

3 4 8 .3

3 4 8 .4

3 4 8 .5

3 4 8 .8

3 4 9 .4

3 5 0 .3

3 4 9 .7

3 4 8 .5

3 4 7 .0

3 4 7 .0

3 4 7 .1

3 4 7 .4

3 4 7 .9

3 4 8 .7

3 5 4 .8

r3 5 5 .4

3 5 5 .9

3 5 6 .4

3 5 9 .5

3 6 0 .4

2 9 2 .5

2 9 0 .9

2 9 0 .3

2 9 0 .7

2 9 1 .7

2 9 2 .0

2 9 2 .6

2 9 3 .5

2 9 1 .5

r2 9 6 .4

2 9 6 .0

2 9 6 .6

2 9 7 .7

2 9 8 .8
2 9 9 .7

F in is h e d s te e l m i ll p r o d u c ts , in c lu d in g f a b r ic a te d w ir e
p r o d u c ts

...........................................................................................................................

S p e c ia l m e ta ls a n d m e ta l p r o d u c ts

..................................................................

F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ...........................................................................

2 9 4 .2

2 9 1 .3

2 9 2 .3

292 2

2 9 2 .6

2 9 4 .0

2 9 4 .2

2 9 4 .7

2 9 5 .5

r2 9 7 .2

2 9 7 .5

2 9 7 .6

2 9 9 .1

C o p p e r a n d c o p p e r p r o d u c t s ....................................................................................

1 9 6 .6

2 0 1 .5

1 9 8 .9

2 0 0 .9

2 0 6 .7

2 0 1 .3

2 0 1 .6

2 0 1 .2

1 9 8 .2

r 1 9 0 .7

1 8 3 .0

1 8 4 .9

1 8 2 .1

M a c h in e r y a n d m o tiv e p r o d u c t s ..................................................................

2 7 9 .8

2 7 8 .2

2 7 8 .1

2 7 8 .7

2 7 9 .2

2 7 9 .4

2 8 0 .1

2 8 0 .4

2 7 7 .7

r2 8 2 .2

2 8 2 .5

2 8 3 .0

2 8 3 .9

2 8 4 .6

M a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t , e x c e p t e le c t r ic a l

3 1 3 .6

3 1 1 .9

3 1 2 .2

3 1 2 .9

3 1 3 .8

3 1 3 .9

3 1 4 .2

3 1 4 .2

3 1 4 .3

r 3 1 4 .1

3 1 4 .8

3 1 5 .3

3 1 6 .1

3 1 6 .8

A g r ic u l t u r a l m a c h in e r y , in c lu d in g t r a c t o r s

.......................................

1 8 5 .2

........................................

3 4 1 .5

3 3 7 .7

3 3 7 .8

3 3 8 .2

3 4 1 .7

3 4 1 .8

3 4 2 .7

3 4 2 .8

3 4 4 .0

r3 4 3 .6

M e ta lw o r k in g m a c h i n e r y ...................................................................................

3 5 7 .1

3 5 5 .7

3 5 5 .6

3 5 6 .3

3 5 8 .0

3 5 7 .8

3 5 7 .8

3 5 7 .5

3 5 7 .1

r3 5 7 .6

3 5 7 .3

3 6 0 .0

3 5 9 .8

3 6 2 .6

T o ta l t r a c t o r s ............................................................................................

3 6 9 .9

3 6 5 ,6

3 6 5 .7

3 6 6 .1

3 7 0 .5

3 7 0 .6

370 7

3 7 0 .0

3 7 2 .5

3 7 2 .6

3 7 5 .2

3 7 3 .8

3 7 4 .0

3 7 4 .5

A g r ic u l t u r a l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t le s s p a r t s ...................................

3 3 0 .0

3 2 6 .6

3 2 6 .8

3 2 7 .1

3 3 0 .1

3 3 0 .2

3 3 1 .0

3 3 1 .2

3 3 2 .6

r 3 3 1 .8

3 3 3 .9

3 3 3 .8

3 3 4 .8

3 3 5 .2

F a r m a n d g a r d e n t r a c t o r s le s s p a r ts

3 4 7 .5

3 4 2 .2

3 4 2 .2

3 4 2 .2

3 4 8 .8

3 4 8 .8

3 4 8 .8

3 4 7 .5

3 5 0 .6

3 5 0 .7

3 5 4 .7

3 5 1 .9

3 5 2 .2

3 5 2 .9

.....................................................

A g r ic u l t u r a l m a c h in e r y , e x c lu d in g t r a c t o r s le s s p a r ts

......................

C o n s t r u c t io n m a t e r i a l s ............................................................................................

3 4 6 .0

3 4 6 .0

3 4 6 .7

3 4 7 .1

3 3 6 .9

3 3 4 .4

3 3 4 .5

3 3 5 .2

3 3 6 .2

3 3 6 .4

3 3 8 .0

3 3 9 .2

3 3 8 .9

r3 3 8 .2

3 3 9 .2

3 4 1 .4

3 4 2 .5

3 4 2 .7

2 9 7 .7

2 9 4 .6

2 9 5 .0

2 9 6 .1

2 9 6 .8

2 9 8 .6

3 1 0 .6

299 8

2 9 9 .9

3 0 0 .4

3 0 0 .6

3 0 1 .4

3 0 2 .3

3 0 4 .8

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.1

Nov.

D ec.

Jan.

1 D a ta f o r O c t o b e r 1 9 8 3 h a v e b e e n r e v is e d t o r e fle c t t h e a v a ila b ilit y o f la te r e p o r t s a n d c o r r e c t io n s b y
r e s p o n d e n ts . A ll d a ta a r e s u b je c t t o r e v is io n 4 m o n th s a f te r o r ig in a l p u b lic a tio n .

26.

r =

r e v is e d .

Producer Price indexes, by durability of product

[1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 ]
A nnual
C o m m o d it y g r o u p in g

1983

T o ta l d u r a b le g o o d s

.....................................................................................................

T o ta l n o n d u r a b le g o o d s

............................................................................................

T o t a l m a n u f a c t u r e s .........................................................................................................
D u r a b le

.......................................................................................................................

N o n d u r a b le

..............................................................................................................

T o ta l r a w o r s li g h t l y p r o c e s s e d g o o d s
D u r a b le

1983

1984

av e ra g e
Feb.

M ar.

A p r.

M ay

June

J u ly

Feb.

2 8 6 .7

2 8 4 .8

2 8 4 .6

2 8 5 .3

2 8 6 .0

286 7

2 8 7 .4

2 8 7 .8

2 8 6 .8

2 8 9 .2

2 8 9 .2

2 8 9 .9

2 9 0 .7

2 9 2 .2

3 1 5 .8

3 1 3 .4

3 1 3 .0

3 1 2 .4

3 1 3 .5

3 1 4 .5

3 1 5 .4

3 1 7 .8

3 1 9 .7

r3 1 9 .1

3 1 8 .3

3 1 8 .5

3 2 1 .6

3 2 1 .7

2 9 5 .7

2 9 3 .9

2 9 3 .2

2 9 2 .7

2 9 3 .7

2 9 5 .0

2 9 6 .1

2 9 6 .9

2 9 7 .2

r2 9 8 .5

2 9 8 .4

2 9 8 .7

3 0 0 .0

2 8 7 .3

2 8 5 .7

2 8 5 .3

2 8 6 .0

286 7

2 8 7 .3

2 8 8 .0

2 8 8 .3

2 8 7 .2

r2 8 9 .6

2 8 9 .6

2 9 0 .3

2 9 1 .1

2 9 2 .4

3 0 4 .4

3 0 2 .5

3 0 1 .4

2 9 9 .7

3 0 1 .0

3 0 3 .1

3 0 4 .5

3 0 5 .9

3 0 7 .8

r3 0 7 .7

3 0 7 .5

3 0 7 .5

3 0 9 .4

3 1 0 .0

3 0 1 .0

.........................................................

3 3 9 .9

3 3 5 .2

3 3 7 .3

3 4 0 .4

3 4 0 .9

339 0

3 3 8 .3

3 4 3 .8

3 4 5 .9

3 4 3 .6

3 4 1 .0

3 4 2 .5

3 4 8 .9

3 4 8 .2

.......................................................................................................................

2 4 9 .6

2 3 5 .4

2 4 3 .3

2 4 4 .1

2 4 6 .1

2 4 9 .4

2 4 9 .9

2 5 6 .8

2 6 0 .7

r2 5 9 .8

2 5 9 .4

2 6 4 .1

2 6 7 .7

2 7 5 .4

3 4 5 .5

3 4 1 .5

3 4 3 .2

3 4 6 .5

3 4 6 .8

3 4 4 .6

3 4 3 .7

3 4 9 .1

3 5 1 .0

3 4 8 .6

3 4 6 .0

3 4 7 .1

3 5 3 .8

3 5 2 .4

N o n d u r a b le

.............................................................................................................

1 D a ta f o r O c t o b e r 1 9 8 3 h a v e b e e n r e v is e d t o r e fle c t th e a v a ila b ilit y o f la te r e p o r t s a n d c o r r e c t io n s b y
r e s p o n d e n ts . A ll d a ta a r e s u b je c t t o r e v is io n 4 m o n th s a f te r o r ig in a l p u b lic a tio n .

84


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

r = r e v is e d .

27.

Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries

[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
1983

Annual

1972

1984

a v e ra g e

In d u s t r y d e s c r ip t io n

S IC

Feb.

1983

code

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

June

J u ly

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.1

Nov.

D ec.

Jan.

Feb.

M IN IN G

1011

Iro n o re s ( 1 2 /7 5 =

1 7 7 .1

1 0 0 ) ..................................................................

1 7 7 .1

1 7 7 .1

1 7 7 .1

1 7 7 .1

1 7 7 .1

1 7 7 .1

1 7 7 .1

1 7 7 .1

1 7 7 .1

1 7 7 .1

1 7 7 .1

1 7 7 .1

1 7 7 .1

2 6 9 .7

2 8 9 .5

2 8 5 .4

2 7 2 .9

2 6 8 .7

2 5 4 .1

2 3 7 .5

2 3 1 .2

2 4 3 .3

2 8 3 .3

2 8 7 .5

2 7 7 .0

2 7 5 .8

2 4 5 .4

............................................

9 2 1 .7

9 3 1 .2

9 3 4 .4

922 1

9 2 1 .8

9 2 4 .2

9 1 6 .6

9 1 5 .8

9 2 0 .0

'9 0 7 . 2

9 1 0 .2

9 1 0 .2

9 1 5 .1

9 1 3 .8

1 0 0 ) ............................................

1 6 4 .3

1 5 6 .3

1 5 8 .4

1 6 4 .3

1 6 4 .3

1 6 4 .3

1 6 4 .3

1 6 4 .3

1 6 4 .3

1 7 1 .7

1 7 2 .9

1 7 2 .9

1 7 2 .9

1 7 2 .9

2 7 5 .6

2 7 5 .6

2 7 6 .1

2 7 8 .4

2 7 8 .1

1092

M e rc u ry o re s ( 1 2 /7 5 =

1311

C r u d e p e t r o le u m a n d n a t u r a l g a s

100)

.....................................................

1455

K a o lin a n d b a ll c la y ( 6 / 7 6 =

M A N U F A C T U R IN G

2 7 8 .2

2 6 9 .5

2 6 7 .3

2 6 7 .6

2021

C r e a m e r y b u t t e r ........................................................................................

2 7 5 .8

2 7 5 .6

2 7 5 .6

2 7 5 .6

2 7 5 .6

2044

R ic e m i l l i n g ...................... ..........................................................................

1 9 3 .4

1 8 3 .0

1 8 3 .0

1 8 8 .9

1 9 1 .3

1 9 4 .5

1 9 3 .7

1 9 8 .1

2 0 1 .1

1 9 6 .7

1 9 9 .6

1 9 9 .6

1 9 9 .6

1 9 8 .1

3 2 6 .1

327 2

327 2

3 2 7 .3

3 2 7 .3

3 2 7 .3

3 2 7 .4

3 2 7 .5

3 2 7 .9

3 2 8 .1

2 0 1 .2

3 2 6 .8

3 2 6 .0

3 2 6 .1

3 2 6 .1

2067

C h e w in g g u m ............................................................................................

2074

C o tto n s e e d o il m i l l s ...............................................................................

2 0 4 .5

1 7 3 .4

1 6 7 .1

186 a

1 8 6 .2

179 2

192 4

2 2 0 .6

2 6 2 .9

f 2 5 3 .5

2 3 3 .2

2 2 3 .3

2 2 9 .2

2083

M a lt

2 3 4 .1

232 6

2 3 2 .6

2 3 2 .6

2 3 2 .6

2 3 2 .6

2 3 2 .6

2 3 2 .6

2 3 2 .6

2 3 2 .6

2 4 1 .6

2 4 1 .6

2 4 1 .6

1 7 5 .7

1 7 3 .4

1 7 3 .7

1 6 9 .4

1 6 9 .8

1 7 0 .2

1 6 9 .2

1 6 9 .6

1 6 9 .0

1 6 8 .8

2 5 5 .5

2 5 5 .5

2 5 5 .5

2 5 5 .5

2 5 5 .5

2 5 8 .6

2 6 1 .9

2 6 1 .9

2 6 1 .9

2 6 1 .9

1 2 3 .0

..................................................................................................................

2091
2098

M a c a r o n i a n d s p a g h e t t i ......................................................................

2251

W o m e n 's h o s ie r y , e x c e p t s o c k s ( 1 2 /7 5 =

1 7 4 .0

1 7 9 .2

1 7 7 .9

1 7 7 .7

2 5 6 .8

2 5 5 .5

2 5 5 .5

2 5 5 .5

1 2 2 .5

1 1 8 .5

2 4 1 .6

1 2 2 .6

1 2 2 .7

1 2 2 .7

1 2 2 .7

1 2 2 .7

1 2 2 .9

1 2 2 .9

1 2 2 .9

1 2 3 .0

1 2 3 .1

1 2 3 .2

1 3 5 .3

1 3 6 .0

1 3 6 .1

1 3 9 .8

1 3 8 .0

1 3 2 .9

1 3 2 .8

1 3 3 .8

1 3 3 .5

'1 3 2 . 8

1 3 4 .0

1 3 7 .1

1 3 8 .5

1 4 1 .2

1 2 6 .6

1 2 6 .7

1 2 6 .2

1 2 7 .2

1 2 6 .9

1 2 5 .9

1 2 5 .1

1 2 7 .2

1 2 5 .8

1 2 7 .2

1 2 7 .3

1 2 7 .4

1 2 8 .8

1 2 9 .7

1 0 0 ) .............................................................

1 6 4 .9

1 6 1 .9

1 6 5 .6

1 6 5 .7

1 6 5 .7

1 6 5 .7

1 6 5 .7

1 6 5 .7

1 6 6 .1

1 6 6 .1

1 6 6 .1

1 6 6 .1

1 6 6 .1

1 6 6 .2

.......................................

1 3 9 .3

1 4 2 .7

1 4 2 .8

1 3 7 .6

1 3 7 .6

1 3 7 .6

1 3 7 .6

1 3 7 .6

1 3 9 .0

1 3 9 .0

1 3 9 .0

1 3 9 .0

1 3 9 .1

1 3 9 .3

.

1 1 6 .6

1 1 7 .0

1 1 5 .5

1 1 5 .5

1 1 5 .5

1 1 7 .0

1 1 7 .0

1 1 7 .0

1 1 7 .0

1 1 7 .0

1 1 7 .0

1 1 7 .0

1 1 8 .2

1 1 7 .8

.....................................................

2 9 3 .3

2 8 8 .8

2 8 8 .8

2 9 1 .0

2 9 1 .7

2 9 1 .7

2 9 6 .3

2 9 6 .3

2 9 6 .3

2 9 6 .3

2 9 6 .3

2 9 7 .6

2 9 5 .2

2 9 9 .1

1 0 0 ) ..................

1 4 7 .2

1 4 8 .7

1 4 6 .2

1 4 6 .2

1 4 6 .2

1 4 6 .2

1 4 6 .2

1 4 6 .2

1 4 6 .2

r 14 7 .8

1 4 8 .5

1 4 8 .5

1 5 1 .3

1 5 1 .2

1 0 0 ) ..............................

1 4 9 .2

1 4 5 .2

1 4 5 .7

1 4 6 .9

1 4 8 .5

1 4 9 .5

1 5 0 .9

1 5 1 .3

1 5 1 .0

r 1 5 1 .5

1 5 1 .9

1 5 3 .6

1 5 4 .0

1 5 5 .9

W o o d o f fic e f u r n i t u r e ..........................................................................

2 8 1 .6

2 7 3 .4

2 7 9 .6

2 8 2 .5

2 8 2 .5

2 8 2 .5

2 8 3 .5

2 8 3 .6

2 8 3 .6

r2 8 3 .6

2 8 4 .7

2 8 4 .7

2 8 6 .3

2 9 0 .3

2654

S a n ita r y f o o d c o n t a in e r s

2 6 6 .6

2 6 1 .7

2 6 5 .1

2 6 5 .2

2 6 5 .2

2 6 5 .2

2 6 7 .1

267 1

2 6 7 .8

'2 6 9 . 0

2 7 0 .6

2 7 0 .6

2 7 0 .6

2 7 4 .9

2655

F ib e r c a n s , d r u m s , a n d s im ila r p ro d u c ts ( 1 2 /7 5 = 1 0 0 )

1 8 6 .5

1 8 3 .8

1 8 3 .8

1 8 5 .6

1 8 5 .6

1 8 5 .9

1 8 7 .7

1 8 ’ .7

1 8 7 .7

1 8 7 .8

1 8 9 .5

1 8 9 .5

1 8 9 .6

1 8 9 .7

2911

P e t r o le u m r e fin in g ( 6 /7 6 =

2 5 4 .1

2 5 7 .4

2 5 0 .4

2 4 0 .6

2 4 6 .0

2 5 4 .0

2 5 5 .4

2 5 7 .2

2 5 6 .8

r 2 5 7 .1

2 5 4 .5

2 5 1 .0

2 4 5 .5

2 4 6 .9

2952

A s p h a lt f e lt s a n d c o a t in g ( 1 2 / 7 5 =

1 0 0 ) ..........................

1 6 6 .5

1 6 5 .8

1 6 3 .2

1 6 6 .9

1 6 5 .1

1 6 4 .9

1 6 7 .4

1 6 6 .4

1 6 8 .0

r 1 6 8 .4

1 6 7 .0

1 6 5 .5

1 6 5 .9

1 6 9 .9

3251

B r ic k a n d s t r u c t u r a l c la y t i l e .........................................................

3 3 2 .6

3 1 5 .6

3 2 8 .3

3 3 2 .2

3 3 3 .8

3 3 4 .6

3 3 6 .4

3 3 6 .4

3 3 6 .4

r3 3 8 .4

3 4 0 .8

3 4 1 .0

3 4 1 .3

3 4 1 .0

2261

F in is h in g p la n ts , c o tt o n ( 6 /7 6 =

2262

F in is h in g p la n ts , s y n th e t ic s , s il k ( 6 / 7 6 =

100)

2284

T h r e a d m ills ( 6 / 7 6 =

2298

C o r d a g e a n d t w in e ( 1 2 /7 7 =

2361

C h i ld r e n 's d r e s s e s a n d b lo u s e s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

2381

F a b r ic d r e s s a n d w o r k g lo v e s

2394

C a n v a s a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

2448

W o o d p a lle ts a n d s k id s ( 1 2 / 7 5 =

2521

100)

100)

. . .

...............................
100) . . .

100) . . .

.

..................................................................

100)

............................................

3253

C e r a m ic w a ll a n d f lo o r t ile ( 1 2 /7 5 =

......................

1 4 5 .1

1 4 0 .7

1 4 0 .7

1 4 0 .7

1 4 2 .4

1 4 9 .6

1 4 9 .6

1 4 9 .6

1 4 9 .6

r 14 9 .6

1 4 6 .8

1 4 6 .8

1 4 6 .8

1 4 6 .8

3255

C la y r e f r a c t o r i e s ........................................................................................

3 5 6 .1

3 5 1 .1

3 5 1 .2

3 5 2 .2

3 5 2 .2

3 4 9 .4

3 5 2 .1

3 5 4 .4

3 5 5 .9

r3 6 4 .3

3 6 8 .6

3 6 8 .6

3 6 9 .3

3 6 9 .7

S t r u c t u r a l c la y p r o d u c ts , n . e . c .......................................................

2 3 0 .4

2 1 5 .7

2 1 5 .7

2 3 2 .7

2 3 4 .7

2 3 4 .7

2 3 4 .8

2 3 4 .9

2 3 4 .9

r 2 3 5 .1

2 3 5 .7

2 3 5 .7

2 3 5 .6

2 3 2 .6

2 7 8 .1

2 7 3 .3

2 7 5 .1

2 7 5 .3

2 7 6 .1

2 7 6 .9

2 7 7 .0

2 7 7 .0

2 8 1 .3

2 8 3 .7

2 8 4 .5

2 8 5 .4

2 8 5 .6

2 8 7 .0

F in e e a r th e n w a r e f o o d u t e n s i l s .....................................................

3 6 5 .8

3 6 5 .7

3 6 5 .7

3 6 5 .7

3 6 5 .9

3 6 6 .5

3 6 6 .5

3 6 6 .5

3 6 6 .5

r3 6 6 .5

3 6 6 .2

3 6 6 .2

3 7 5 .9

3 8 1 .4

..........................

1 8 6 .2

1 8 6 .6

1 8 6 .6

1 8 6 .6

1 8 6 .6

1 8 6 .6

1 8 6 .6

1 8 6 .6

186 6

r 1 8 6 .6

1 8 7 .0

1 8 7 .0

1 8 8 .7

1 8 9 .3

...........................................................................

1 8 5 .8

1 8 5 .5

1 8 5 .1

1 8 7 .8

1 8 5 .2

186 2

1 8 7 .1

1 8 7 .6

1 8 6 .3

r 1 8 5 .9

1 8 2 .6

1 8 2 .8

1 8 3 .0

1 8 4 .6

2 0 5 .3

2 0 3 .6

2 0 3 .6

2 0 3 .8

2 0 3 .6

203 6

2 0 3 .7

2 0 3 .8

2 1 2 .9

2 1 2 .9

2 1 3 .1

2 1 5 .4

3259

100)

3261
3263
3269

P o t te r y p r o d u c ts , n . e . c . ( 1 2 / 7 5 =

3274

L im e ( 1 2 / 7 5 =

3297

100)

N o n c la y r e fr a c to r ie s ( 1 2 /7 4 =

100)

1 0 0 ) ........................................

2 0 3 .8

'2 0 3 . 9

1 8 2 .5

1 7 5 .1

1 8 1 .6

1 8 1 .6

1 8 1 .6

1 8 1 .6

1 8 1 .6

1 8 1 .6

1 8 1 .6

'1 8 1 . 6

1 8 7 .6

1 8 7 .6

1 9 6 .6

1 9 6 .6

2 4 1 .9

2 4 4 .0

2 4 3 .4

2 4 3 .3

2 4 3 .1

2 4 2 .3

2 4 3 .5

2 4 3 .5

2 4 3 .6

'2 4 3 . 9

2 3 9 .0

2 3 9 .7

2 4 1 .0

2 4 1 .7

3482

S m a ll a r m s a m m u n it io n ( 1 2 / 7 5 =

3623

W e ld in g a p p a r a tu s , e le c t r ic ( 1 2 /7 2 =

1 0 0 ) ......................

3648

L ig h t in g e q u ip m e n t , n . e . c . ( 1 2 /7 5 =

1 0 0 ) ......................

1 7 2 .8

1 7 1 .5

1 7 1 .6

1 7 2 .6

1 7 2 .6

1 7 3 .1

1 7 3 .4

1 7 3 .4

1 7 3 .5

1 7 3 .7

1 7 3 .9

1 7 2 .6

1 7 3 .5

1 7 3 .5

3671

E le c tr o n t u b e s , r e c e iv in g t y p e

.....................................................

4 3 5 .4

4 3 2 .0

4 3 1 .9

4 3 2 .1

4 3 2 .1

4 3 2 .2

4 3 2 .5

4 3 2 .5

4 3 2 .8

4 3 2 .9

4 3 2 .8

4 6 9 .8

4 9 0 .4

4 9 0 .7

3942

D o lls ( 1 2 / 7 5 =

1 0 0 ) ...............................

1 0 0 ) ...........................................................................

1 3 7 .4

1 3 6 .8

1 3 6 .8

1 3 7 .7

1 3 7 .7

1 3 7 .7

1 3 7 .7

1 3 7 .7

1 3 7 .7

'1 3 7 . 7

1 3 7 .3

1 3 7 .3

1 3 7 .2

1 3 7 .4

3944

2 4 3 .4

2 4 1 .8

2 4 2 .2

2 4 2 .2

2 4 2 .2

2 3 6 .1

2 3 6 .2

2 3 6 .3

'2 3 6 .4

2 3 1 .9

2 3 2 .0

2 3 5 .4

2 3 6 .5
1 4 9 .0

G a m e s , t o y s , a n d c h il d r e n 's v e h i c l e s ...................................

2 3 7 .3

3955

C a r b o n p a p e r a n d in k e d r ib b o n s ( 1 2 /7 5 =

. . .

1 3 9 .2

1 3 9 .2

1 3 9 .2

1 3 9 .2

1 3 9 .2

1 3 9 .2

1 3 9 .2

1 3 9 .2

1 3 9 .2

1 3 9 .3

1 3 9 .3

1 3 9 .3

1 4 4 .3

3995

B u r ia l c a s k e ts ( 6 / 7 6 =

1 0 0 ) .........................................................

1 5 3 .5

1 5 2 .1

1 5 2 .1

1 5 2 .1

1 5 2 .1

1 5 2 .1

1 5 5 .4

1 5 5 .4

1 5 5 .4

1 5 6 .0

1 5 6 .0

1 5 6 .0

1 5 6 .0

1 5 7 .2

3996

H a r d s u r fa c e f lo o r c o v e r in g s ( 1 2 / 7 5 =

1 6 1 .3

1 5 9 .2

1 5 9 .2

1 5 9 .7

1 5 9 .6

1 5 9 .6

1 6 2 .2

1 6 3 .4

1 6 3 .5

'1 6 5 . 5

1 6 3 .5

1 6 3 .5

1 6 5 .2

1 6 5 .2

100)

1 0 0 ) ..................

1 D a ta f o r O c t o b e r 1 9 8 3 h a v e b e e n r e v is e d t o r e fle c t t h e a v a ila b ilit y o f la te r e p o r t s a n d c o r r e c t io n s b y
r e s p o n d e n ts . A ll d a ta a r e s u b je c t t o r e v is io n 4 m o n th s a f te r o r ig in a l p u b lic a tio n .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

r = r e v is e d .

85

PRODUCTIVITY DATA

d a t a are compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from
establishment data and from measures of compensation and output supplied
by the U.S. Department of Commerce and the Federal Reserve Board.

P r o d u c t iv it y

Definitions
Output is the constant dollar gross product produced by the particular
sector. Output per hour of all persons (labor productivity) measures the
value o f goods and services in constant prices produced per hour of labor.
Output per unit of capital services (capital productivity) measures the
value o f goods and services in constant dollars per unit of capital services
input.
Multifactor productivity measures the output per unit of combined
labor and capital input. The traditional measure of output per hour reflects
changes in capital per hour and a combination of other factors— such as,
changes in technology, shifts in the composition o f the labor force, changes
in capacity utilization, research and development, skill and efforts of the
work force, management, and so forth. The multifactor productivity meas­
ure differs from the familiar b u s measure of output per hour of all persons
in that it excludes the effects of the substitution of capital for labor.

Compensation per hour includes wages and salaries of employees plus
employers’ contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans.
The data also include an estimate of wages, salaries, and supplementary
payments for the self-employed, except for nonfinancial corporations, in
which there are no self-employed. Real compensation per hour is com­
pensation per hour adjusted by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban
Consumers.
Unit labor costs measure the labor compensation costs required to
produce a unit o f output and is derived by dividing compensation by output.
Unit nonlabor payments include profits, depreciation, interest, and in­
direct taxes per unit o f output. They are computed by subtracting com­
pensation o f all persons from current dollar gross product and dividing by
output. Unit nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit nonlabor
payments except unit profits. Unit profits include corporate profits and
the value o f inventory adjustments per unit of output.
The implicit price deflator is the price index for the gross product of
the sector reported. It is derived by dividing the current dollar gross product
by the constant dollar figures.

Hours of all persons measures the labor input of payroll workers, selfemployed persons, and unpaid family workers. Output per all employee

86


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

hour describes labor productivity in nonfinancial corporations where there
are no self-employed. The capital services input index used in the mul­
tifactor productivity computation is developed by b l s from measures of
the net stock of physical assets— equipment, structures, land, and inven­
tories— weighted by rental prices for each type of asset. Combined units
of labor and capital input are computed by combining changes in labor
and capital inputs with weights which represent each component’s share
o f total output. The indexes for capital services and combined units of
labor and capital are based on changing weights which are averages o f the
shares in the current and preceding year (the Tomquist index-number
formula).

Notes on the data
In the business sector and the nonfarm business sector, the output meas­
ure employed in the computation of output per hour is constructed from
Gross Domestic Product rather than Gross National Product. Multifactor
productivity measures (table 28) for the p r i v a t e business and p r i v a t e non­
farm business sectors differ from the business and nonfarm business sector
measures used in the traditional labor productivity indexes (tables 2 9 -3 2 )
in that they exclude the activities of government enterprises. There is no
difference in the sector definition for manufacturing.
Output measures for the business sectors are derived from data supplied
by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, and
the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly manufacturing output indexes are
adjusted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to annual estimates o f output
(gross product originating) from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Com­
pensation and hours data are from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the
Bureau of Economic Analysis.
The productivity and associated cost measures in the tables describe the
relationship between output in real terms and the labor time and capital
services involved in its production. They show the changes from period
to period in the amount of goods and services produced per unit of input.
Although these measures relate output to hours and capital services, they
do not measure the contributions of labor, capital, or any other specific
factor o f production. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of many influences,
including changes in technology; capital investment; level of output; uti­
lization of capacity, energy, and materials; the organization of production;
managerial skill; and the characteristics and efforts of the work force. For
a more complete description of the methodology underlying the multifactor
productivity measures, see Bulletin 2178, “ Trends in Multifactor Produc­
tivity, 19 4 8 -8 1 ” (September 1983).

28.

Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years, 1948-82

[1977 = 100]
1948

1950

1960

1970

O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ........................................

4 5 .3

4 9 .7

6 4 .8

O u t p u t p e r u n it o f c a p it a l s e r v i c e s ...............................

9 9 .0

9 8 .6

9 8 .5

Ite m

1975

1976

1978

9 2 .4

9 4 .5

9 7 .6

1 0 0 .6

9 9 .3

9 6 .5

9 2 .0

9 6 .1

1 0 1 .8

1 0 0 .3

1973

1974

8 6 .1

9 4 .7

9 8 .5

1 0 3 .0

1979

1980

1981

1982

9 8 .8

1 0 1 .2

1 0 1 .1

9 5 .5

9 5 .8

P R IV A T E B U S IN E S S S E C T O R

P r o d u c tiv it y :
9 0 .9

M u lt i f a c t o r p r o d u c t i v i t y .........................................................

6 0 .0

6 3 .6

7 5 .4

9 0 .2

9 7 .5

9 3 .8

9 3 .6

9 7 .1

1 0 1 .0

9 9 .7

9 7 .7

9 9 .3

9 7 .5

O u t p u t ..........................................................................................................

3 6 .8

3 9 .5

5 3 .3

7 8 .3

9 1 .8

8 9 .9

8 8 .0

9 3 .7

1 0 5 .5

1 0 7 .9

1 0 6 .4

1 0 9 .8

1 0 6 .6

7 9 .5

8 2 .2

9 6 .9

9 7 .2

1 0 8 .6

1 0 7 .7

I n p u ts :
H o u r s o f a ll p e r s o n s ..................................................................

8 1 .3

9 3 .1

9 5 .9

1 0 4 .9

C a p ita l s e r v ic e s

3 7 .2

4 0 .1

5 4 .1

7 9 .4

8 9 .1

9 3 .1

9 5 .7

9 7 .5

1 0 3 .6

1 0 7 .5

1 1 1 .4

1 1 4 .6

1 1 7 .3

.. .. .

6 1 .3

6 2 .1

7 0 .7

8 6 .8

9 4 ,1

9 5 .8

9 4 .0

9 6 .5

1 0 4 .4

1 0 8 .2

1 0 8 .9

1 1 0 .5

1 0 9 .4

............................................

4 5 .7

5 0 .4

6 5 .8

8 7 .4

9 2 .0

9 5 .8 .

1 0 2 .8

1 0 1 .6

9 8 .8

9 9 .0

1 0 3 .4

1 0 5 .7

1 1 1 .3

...........................................................................

C o m b in e d u n it s o f la b o r a n d c a p it a l in p u t
C a p ita l p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s

P R IV A T E N O N F A R M

9 0 .9

1 0 8 .4

1 0 5 .4

B U S IN E S S S E C T O R

P r o d u c t i v it y :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ........................................

5 1 .2

5 5 .6

6 7 .9

8 6 .8

9 5 .3

9 2 .9

9 4 .7

9 7 .8

1 0 0 .6

9 9 .0

9 8 .3

1 0 0 .2

1 0 0 .2

O u t p u t p e r u n it o f c a p it a l s e r v i c e s ...............................

9 7 .9

9 8 .2

9 8 .4

9 8 .6

1 0 3 .2

9 6 .5

9 1 .7

9 6 .1

1 0 1 .9

1 0 0 .1

9 5 .2

9 5 .0

9 0 .1

M u lt i f a c t o r p r o d u c t i v i t y .........................................................

6 4 .6

6 8 .1

7 7 .6

9 0 .6

9 7 .9

9 4 .1

9 3 .6

9 7 .2

1 0 1 .1

9 9 .4

9 7 .3

9 8 .4

9 6 .6

O u t p u t ..........................................................................................................

3 5 .6

3 8 .3

5 2 .3

7 7 .8

9 1 .7

8 9 .7

8 7 .6

93 6

1 0 5 .7

1 0 8 .0

1 0 6 .4

1 0 9 .3

1 0 6 .2

H o u r s o f a ll p e r s o n s ...................................................................

6 9 .6

6 9 .0

7 7 .0

8 9 .7

9 6 .2

9 6 .6

9 2 .5

9 5 .7

1 0 5 .1

1 0 9 .0

1 0 8 .2

1 0 9 .0

1 0 6 .0

C a p ita l s e r v ic e s

3 6 .4

3 9 .0

5 3 .2

7 8 .9

8 8 .8

9 3 .0

9 5 .6

9 7 .4

1 0 3 .7

1 0 7 .9

1 1 1 .7

1 1 5 .1

1 1 8 .0

5 5 .2

5 6 .3

6 7 .4

8 5 .9

9 3 .6

9 5 .4

93.. 6

9 6 .3

1 0 4 .6

1 0 8 .6

1 0 9 .4

1 1 1 .0

1 1 0 .0

5 2 .3

5 6 .6

6 9 .0

8 8 .0

9 2 .3

9 6 .3

1 0 3 .4

1 0 1 .8

9 8 .7

9 9 .0

1 0 3 .2

1 0 5 .5

1 1 1 .2

1 0 1 .5

1 0 1 .7

I n p u ts :

...........................................................................

C o m b in e d u n it s o f la b o r a n d c a p it a l in p u t
C a p ita l p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s

. . . .

............................................

M A N U F A C T U R IN G

P r o d u c tiv it y :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ........................................

4 5 .1

6 0 .0

7 9 .1

9 3 .0

9 0 .8

9 7 .5

1 0 0 .8

1 0 5 .3

1 0 6 .5

O u t p u t p e r u n it o f c a p it a l s e r v i c e s ...............................

9 3 .9

9 4 .5

8 8 .0

9 1 .8

1 0 8 .2

9 9 .6

8 9 .4

9 6 .1

1 0 1 .5

9 9 .5

9 0 .7

9 0 .2

8 2 .7

M u lt i f a c t o r p r o d u c t i v i t y ..........................................................

5 6 .1

5 9 .9

6 7 .0

8 2 .3

9 6 .8

9 3 .0

9 2 .2

9 7 .1

1 0 1 .0

1 0 1 .0

9 8 .7

1 0 1 .2

9 9 .9

O u t p u t ..........................................................................................................

3 5 .8

38 6

5 0 .7

7 7 .0

9 5 .9

9 1 .9

8 5 .4

9 3 .6

1 0 5 .3

1 0 8 .2

1 0 3 .5

1 0 6 .5

9 9 .1

4 9 .4

9 3 .4

I n p u ts :
H o u r s o f a ll p e r s o n s ..................................................................

7 9 .4

7 8 .2

8 4 .4

9 7 .3

1 0 3 .2

1 0 1 .2

9 1 .4

9 5 .9

1 0 4 .5

1 0 6 .6

1 0 1 .8

1 0 1 .2

9 3 .0

C a p ita l s e r v ic e s

3 8 .1

4 0 .9

5 7 .5

8 3 .9

8 8 .6

9 2 .2

9 5 .5

9 7 .4

1 0 3 .8

1 0 8 .8

1 1 4 .1

1 1 8 .0

1 1 9 .9

6 3 .8

6 4 .6

7 5 .6

9 3 .6

9 9 .1

9 8 .8

9 2 .6

9 6 .4

1 0 4 .3

1 0 7 .2

1 0 4 .8

1 0 5 .2

9 9 .2

4 8 .0

5 2 .3

6 8 .2

8 6 .2

8 5 .9

9 1 .1

1 0 4 .4

1 0 1 .5

99 3

1 0 2 .1

1 1 2 .1

1 1 6 .7

1 2 8 .8

1981

1982

1983

...........................................................................

C o m b in e d u n it s o f la b o r a n d c a p it a l in p u t
C a p ita l p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s

29.

. . . .

............................................

Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years, 1950-83

[1977 = 100]
1950

It e m

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1976

1978

1979

1980

B u s in e s s s e c to r :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ........................................

5 0 .4

5 8 .3

6 5 .2

7 8 .3

8 6 .2

9 4 .5

9 7 .6

1 0 0 .6

9 9 .4

9 8 .9

1 0 1 .3

1 0 1 .2

1 0 3 .8

C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ..........................................................

2 0 .0

2 6 .4

3 3 .9

4 1 .7

5 8 .2

8 5 .5

9 2 .9

1 0 8 .6

1 1 8 .7

1 3 1 .2

1 4 3 .9

1 5 5 .1

1 6 3 .1

............................................

5 0 .5

9 0 .8

9 6 .3

U n it la b o r c o s t s ...........................................................................

3 9 .8

4 5 .2

5 2 .1

5 3 .3

6 7 .5

9 0 .5

9 5 .1

1 0 8 .0

1 1 9 .5

1 3 2 .7

1 4 2 .1

1 5 3 .3

1 5 7 .1

U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ..........................................................

4 3 .4

4 7 .6

5 0 .6

5 7 .6

6 3 .2

9 0 .4

9 4 .0

1 0 6 .7

1 1 2 .8

1 1 9 .0

1 3 6 .2

1 3 6 .9

r 1 4 5 .8
r 1 5 3 .3

R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r

5 9 .6

6 9 .5

8 0 .1

9 8 .9

1 0 0 .9

9 9 .1

9 6 .5

9 5 .9

9 7 .4

9 9 .2

4 1 .0

4 6 .0

5 1 .6

5 4 .7

6 6 .0

9 0 .4

9 4 .7

1 0 7 .5

1 1 7 .2

1 2 8 .1

1 4 0 .1

1 4 7 .7

O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ........................................

5 6 .3

6 2 .7

6 8 .3

8 0 .5

8 6 .8

9 4 .7

9 7 .8

1 0 0 .6

9 9 .1

9 8 .4

1 0 0 .3

1 0 0 .2

1 0 3 .4

C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ..........................................................

2 1 .8

2 8 .3

3 5 .7

4 2 .8

5 8 .7

8 6 .0

9 3 .0

1 0 8 .6

1 1 8 .4

1 3 0 .7

1 4 3 .5

1 5 4 .7

r 1 6 3 .4

6 4 .0

7 3 .0

I m p li c it p r ic e d e f l a t o r ..............................................................
N o n f a r m b u s in e s s s e c to r :

............................................

5 5 .0

U n it la b o r c o s t s ...........................................................................

3 8 .8

4 5 .1

5 2 .3

5 3 .2

6 7 .6

9 0 .8

9 5 .1

1 0 8 .0

1 1 9 .5

1 3 2 .8

1 4 3 .0

1 5 4 .4

1 5 8 .1

U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s .........................................................

4 2 .7

4 7 .8

5 0 .4

5 8 .0

6 3 .8

8 8 .5

9 3 .5

1 0 5 .3

1 1 0 .4

1 1 8 .5

1 3 5 .0

1 3 7 .0

r 1 4 6 .2

I m p li c it p r ic e d e f l a t o r ..............................................................

4 0 .1

4 6 .0

5 1 .6

5 4 .8

6 6 .3

9 0 .0

9 4 .6

1 0 7 .1

1 1 6 .5

1 2 8 .1

1 4 0 .4

1 4 8 .6

r 1 5 4 .2

R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r

8 2 .2

9 1 .5

9 6 .8

9 9 .0

1 0 0 .9

9 8 .9

9 6 .1

9 5 .6

9 7 .1

9 9 .4

N o n f in a n c ia l c o r p o r a t io n s :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ........................................

<1 )

<1 )

6 8 .0

8 1 .9

8 7 .4

9 5 .5

9 8 .2

1 0 0 .9

1 0 0 .7

9 9 .8

1 0 2 .3

1 0 2 .8

P 1 0 6 .1

C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ..........................................................

<1 )

<1 )

3 7 .0

4 3 .9

5 9 .4

8 6 .1

9 2 .9

1 0 8 .5

1 1 8 .7

1 3 0 .9

1 4 3 .6

1 5 4 .8

P 1 6 2 .3

R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ............................................

( 1>

(1>

7 5 .8

8 4 .3

9 2 .7

9 6 .9

9 8 .9

1 0 0 .7

9 9 .1

9 6 .3

9 5 .7

9 7 .2

P 9 8 .7

U n it la b o r c o s t s ...........................................................................

(1>

(1)

5 4 .4

5 3 .5

6 8 .0

9 0 .2

9 4 .6

1 0 7 .5

1 1 7 .8

1 3 1 .2

1 4 0 .3

1 5 0 .6

P 1 5 3 .0

9 0 .8

9 5 .0

1 0 4 .2

1 0 6 .9

1 1 7 .4

1 3 4 .4

1 3 7 .6

P 1 4 8 .4

1 2 6 .4

1 3 8 .3

1 4 6 .1

P 1 5 1 .4

U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s .........................................................

(1>

(1)

5 4 .6

6 0 .8

6 3 .1

I m p li c it p r ic e d e f l a t o r ..............................................................

(1)

(1)

5 4 .5

5 6 .1

6 6 .3

9 0 .4

9 4 .7

1 0 6 .4

1 1 4 .1

M a n u fa c t u r in g :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ........................................

4 9 .4

5 6 .4

6 0 .0

7 4 .5

7 9 .1

9 3 .4

9 7 .5

1 0 0 .8

1 0 1 .5

1 0 1 .7

1 0 5 .3

1 0 6 .5

P 1 1 3 .4

C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r .........................................................

2 1 .5

2 8 .8

3 6 .7

4 2 .8

5 7 .6

8 5 .4

9 2 .3

1 0 8 .3

1 1 8 .8

1 3 2 .7

1 4 5 .8

1 5 8 .2

P 1 6 7 .1

R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r

............................................

5 4 .0

6 5 .1

7 5 .1

8 2 .3

8 9 .8

9 6 .2

9 8 .3

1 0 0 .6

9 9 .2

9 7 .6

9 7 .2

9 9 .3

P 1 0 1 .6

U n it la b o r c o s t s ...........................................................................

4 3 .4

5 1 .0

6 1 .1

5 7 .5

7 2 .7

9 1 .5

9 4 .6

1 0 7 .4

1 1 7 .0

1 3 0 .5

1 3 8 .5

1 4 8 .5

P 1 4 7 .3

U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s .........................................................

5 4 .3

5 8 .5

6 1 .1

6 9 .3

6 5 .0

8 7 .3

9 3 .7

1 0 2 .5

9 9 .9

9 7 .7

1 1 0 .2

1 0 9 .2

P (1 )

I m p li c it p r ic e d e f l a t o r ..............................................................

4 6 .6

5 3 .2

6 1 .1

6 1 .0

7 0 .5

9 0 .3

9 4 .4

1 0 6 .0

1 1 2 .0

1 2 0 .9

1 3 0 .2

1 3 7 .0

P (1 )

1 N o t a v a ila b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

r = r e v is e d .
p = p r e lim in a r y .

87

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Productivity
30.

Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1972-83
A n n u a l ra te

Year
It e m

of change
1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

-0 .1

1 9 5 0 -8 3

1 9 7 2 -8 3

B u s in e s s s e c to r :
......................

2 .6

3 .3

2 .4

2 .6

2 .2

1 1

C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ........................................

8 .0

9 .4

9 .6

8 .6

7 .7

8 .6

9 .4

1 0 .5

9 .7

7 .7

5 .2

6 .6

8 .6

R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r

1 .6

- 1 .4

0 .5

2 .6

1 .2

0 .9

- 1 .7

- 2 .6

- 0 .6

1 .5

1 .9

O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s

...........................

- 2 .4

2 .2

0 .6

- 1 .2

- 0 .5

2 .4

2 .1

0 3

.........................................................

5 .3

1 2 .1

7 .3

5 .1

5 .1

8 .0

1 0 .7

1 1 .1

7 .1

7 .9

2 .5

4 .3

7 .4

U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ........................................

5 .9

4 .4

1 5 .1

4 .0

6 .4

6 .7

5 .8

5 .5

1 4 .4

0 .5

6 .5

3 .7

6 .6

............................................

5 .5

9 .5

9 .8

4 .7

5 .6

7 .5

9 .0

9 .2

9 .4

5 .4

3 .8

4 .1

7 2

2 .4

- 2 .5

2 .0

3 .2

2 .2

0 .6

- 1 .5

- 0 .7

1 .9

3 .1

1 .9

1 .0

9 .6

8 .1

7 .5

8 .6

U n it la b o r c o s ts

I m p li c it p r ic e d e f la t o r
N o n f a r m b u s in e s s s e c to r :

O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s

......................

C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ........................................

-0 .1

7 .6

9 .4

8 .6

9 .0

1 0 .4

9 .8

5 .6

6 .3

..........................

1 .3

- 1 .4

0 .4

2 .2

1 .0

0 .9

- 2 .0

- 2 .8

- 0 .6

1 .6

2 .3

1 .8

.........................................................

5 .0

1 2 .2

7 .5

4 .8

5 .2

8 .0

1 0 .7

1 1 .1

7 .7

7 .9

2 .4

4 .3

7 .5

U n it n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s ........................................

1 .3

5 .9

1 6 .7

5 .7

6 .9

5 .3

4 .8

7 .4

1 3 .9

1 .4

6 .8

3 .8

6 .8

I m p li c it p r ic e d e f la t o r

............................................

3 .8

1 0 .2

1 0 .3

5 .1

5 .7

7 .1

8 .8

1 0 .0

9 .6

5 .8

3 .8

4 .2

7 .6

O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll e m p l o y e e s ..................

2 .4

- 3 .7

2 .9

2 .9

1 .8

0 .9

- 0 .2

- 0 .9

2 .5

0 .5

C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ........................................

7 .5

9 .4

9 .6

7 .9

7 .6

8 .5

9 .4

1 0 .3

9 .7

7 .8

P 4 .9

...........................

I1)

P 8 .4

R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r

1 .2

- 1 .5

0 .4

2 .0

1 .1

0 .7

- 1 .7

- 2 .8

- 0 .6

1 .6

P 1 .6

(1)

P 0 .2

R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r
U n it la b o r c o s ts

7 .8

0 .2

N o n f in a n c ia l c o r p o r a t io n s :

U n it la b o r c o s ts

P 3 .2

..........................................................

4 .9

1 3 .6

6 .5

4 .9

5 .7

7 .5

9 .6

1 1 .3

7 .0

7 .3

P 1 .6

U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ........................................

(1)

1 .5

7 .1

2 0 .1

4 .6

5 .3

4 .2

2 .6

9 .8

1 4 .5

2 .4

P 7 .8

3 .8

(1

P 7 .1

I m p li c it p r ic e d e f la t o r

1 1 .4

1 0 .9

4 .8

5 .6

6 .4

7 .2

1 0 .8

9 .4

5 .7

P 3 .8

( 1)

P 7 .2

............................................

M a n u fa c t u r in g :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s

P 7 .2

......................

5 .4

- 2 .4

r2 .9

4 .4

2 .5

6 .5

2 .5

C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ........................................

7 .2

1 0 .6

1 1 .9

8 .0

8 .3

8 .3

9 .7

1 1 .7

9 .9

8 .5

5 .6

6 .4

9 1

R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r

0 .9

- 0 .3

2 .5

2 .1

1 .8

0 .6

- 1 .4

- 1 .6

-0 .4

2 .2

2 .3

1 .9

0 .8
6 .6

U n it la b o r c o s ts

...........................

0 .8

0 .7

0 .2

3 .5

1 .2

2 .3

..........................................................

1 .7

1 3 .3

8 .8

3 .4

5 .7

7 .4

9 .0

1 1 .5

6 .1

7 .2

- 0 .8

3 .8

U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s .......................................

- 3 .3

- 1 .8

2 5 .9

7 .4

6 .7

2 .5

- 2 .6

- 2 .2

1 2 .8

- 0 .9

(1)

2 .2

4 .1

0 .3

9 .0

1 3 .1

4 .6

6 .0

6 .0

5 .7

7 .9

7 .7

5 .2

<1 )

3 .4

6 .5

I m p li c it p r ic e d e f la t o r

............................................

' N o t a v a ila b le .

31.

P 1 .1

(1)

r =

r e v is e d .

p =

p r e lim in a r y .

Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted

[1 9 7 7 = 1 0 0 ]
Q u a r t e r ly in d e x e s

A nnual
av e ra g e

Ite m
1982

1981
1983

II

III

1982
IV

I

II

1983
III

IV

I

II

III

IV

B u s in e s s s e c to r :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s

...................................

1 0 1 .2

1 0 3 .8

1 0 1 .1

1 0 2 .3

1 0 1 .2

1 0 1 .1

1 0 0 .7

1 0 1 .1

1 0 1 .9

1 0 2 .5

1 0 3 .9

1 0 4 .2

1 0 4 .8

.....................................................

1 5 5 .1

1 6 3 .1

1 4 2 .2

1 4 5 .5

1 4 8 .2

1 5 1 .6

1 5 3 .9

1 5 6 .5

1 5 8 .7

1 6 0 .7

1 6 2 .1

1 6 3 .6

1 6 6 .3

R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ............................................

9 7 .4

9 9 .2

r9 6 .0

95 6

r9 5 .8

C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r

9 7 .1

r9 7 .3

r9 7 .2

r 9 8 .1

9 9 .4

9 9 .2

r9 9 . 0

9 9 .6

U n it la b o r c o s t s ...........................................................................

1 5 3 .3

1 5 7 .1

1 4 0 .7

1 4 2 .3

1 4 6 .4

1 4 9 .9

152 9

1 5 4 .7

1 5 5 .6

1 5 6 .9

1 5 6 .0

1 5 6 .9

1 5 8 .7

U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts

.....................................................

1 3 6 .9

r1 4 5 .8

1 3 3 .4

1 3 9 .9

1 4 0 .2

1 3 7 .0

1 3 7 .0

1 3 6 .3

1 3 7 .4

1 4 0 .8

1 4 5 .7

1 4 7 .6

1 4 8 .6

I m p li c it p r ic e d e f l a t o r ..............................................................

1 4 7 .7

r 1 5 3 .3

1 3 8 .2

1 4 1 .5

1 4 4 .3

1 4 5 .5

1 4 7 .5

1 4 8 .5

1 4 9 .4

1 5 1 .5

1 5 2 .5

1 5 3 .8

1 5 5 .3

1 0 0 .2

1 0 3 .4

1 0 0 .1

1 0 1 .1

9 9 .9

1 0 0 .0

9 9 .9

1 0 0 .4

1 0 0 .8

1 0 1 .7

1 0 3 .5

1 0 4 .0

1 0 4 .3

1 5 4 .7

r 1 6 3 .4

1 4 5 .1

1 4 7 .7

1 6 6 .0

N o n f a r m b u s in e s s s e c to r :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r

...................................

.....................................................

1 4 1 .8

1 5 1 .3

1 5 3 .5

1 5 6 .1

1 5 8 .3

1 6 1 .0

1 6 2 .7

1 6 4 .2

R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ............................................

9 7 .1

9 9 .4

r9 5 .7

9 5 .3

r9 5 .5

9 6 .9

r9 7 .0

r9 7 . 0

r9 7 .9

9 9 .5

r9 9 .5

r9 9 .4

U n it la b o r c o s t s ...........................................................................

1 5 4 .4

1 5 8 .1

1 4 1 .6

1 4 3 .5

1 4 7 .8

1 5 1 .3

1 5 3 .6

1 5 5 .4

1 5 7 .1

1 5 8 .3

1 5 7 .2

1 5 7 .8

1 5 9 .2

U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts

.....................................................

1 3 7 .0

r 1 4 6 .2

1 3 2 .2

1 3 8 .3

1 3 9 .5

1 3 6 .4

1 3 7 .7

1 3 6 .5

1 3 7 .2

1 4 0 .7

1 4 5 .7

1 4 8 .3

1 4 9 .9

I m p li c it p r ic e d e f l a t o r ..............................................................

1 5 0 .5

1 5 2 .4

1 5 3 .4

1 5 4 .7

1 5 6 .1

9 9 .4

1 4 8 .6

r 1 5 4 .2

1 3 8 .4

1 4 1 .8

1 4 5 .0

1 4 6 .4

1 4 8 .3

1 4 9 .1

O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll e m p l o y e e s ...............................

1 0 2 .8

P 1 0 6 .1

1 0 2 .1

1 0 3 .0

1 0 2 .2

1 0 2 .4

1 0 2 .3

1 0 3 .2

1 0 3 .4

1 0 4 .3

1 0 5 .9

1 0 7 .0

C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r

.....................................................

1 5 4 .8

P 1 6 2 .3

1 4 2 .0

1 4 5 .0

1 4 7 .8

1 5 1 .7

1 5 3 .7

1 5 6 .1

1 5 8 .1

1 6 0 .4

1 6 1 .6

1 6 2 .8

( 1)

R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ............................................

9 7 .2

P 9 8 .7

r9 5 .8

9 5 .2

r9 5 .5

r 9 7 .1

r 9 7 .1

9 6 .9

r9 7 .8

9 9 .2

r9 8 .8

r9 8 . 6

( 1)

P 1 5 5 .4

N o n f in a n c ia l c o r p o r a t io n s :
( 1)

T o ta l u n it c o s t s ...........................................................................

1 5 3 .5

1 4 1 .1

1 4 3 .6

1 5 3 .8

1 5 6 .3

1 5 4 .5

( 1)

U n it la b o r c o s t s ..............................................................

1 5 0 .6

P 1 5 3 .0

1 3 9 .0

1 4 0 .7

1 4 4 .6

1 4 8 .1

1 5 0 .2

1 5 1 .1

1 5 2 .9

1 5 3 .9

1 5 2 .5

1 5 2 .1

( 1)

U n it n o n la b o r c o s t s .....................................................

1 6 1 .8

P 1 6 2 .3

1 4 7 .0

1 5 1 .9

1 5 6 .6

1 5 8 .9

1 6 1 .2

1 6 1 .3

1 6 5 .9

1 6 4 .7

1 6 3 .1

1 6 1 .2

U n it p r o f i t s

1 4 7 .7

1 5 0 .9

1 5 3 .1

1 5 6 .7

1 5 5 .3

(1)

...................................................................................

8 8 .9

P 1 2 0 .3

1 0 0 .3

1 0 8 .6

1 0 4 .2

9 0 .8

9 0 .3

9 1 .2

8 3 .0

9 6 .1

1 1 5 .0

1 3 1 .5

<1 )

I m p li c it p r ic e d e f l a t o r ..............................................................

1 4 6 .1

P 1 5 1 .4

1 3 6 .4

1 3 9 .6

1 4 2 .7

1 4 4 .0

1 4 5 .9

1 4 6 .6

1 4 7 .9

1 4 9 .7

1 5 0 .7

1 5 1 .8

( 1)
1 1 7 .1

M a n u fa c t u r in g :
...................................

1 0 6 .5

r 1 1 3 .4

1 0 5 .4

1 0 6 .1

1 0 4 .4

1 0 5 .1

1 0 5 .3

1 0 7 .8

1 0 8 .1

1 1 0 .2

1 1 2 .6

1 1 5 .9

.....................................................

1 5 8 .2

1 6 7 .1

1 4 4 .3

1 4 7 .0

1 5 0 .5

1 5 5 .1

1 5 7 .1

1 5 9 .6

1 6 1 .4

1 6 5 .5

1 6 6 .4

1 6 7 .5

R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ............................................

9 9 .3

1 0 1 .6

r9 7 .4

r9 6 .6

r9 7 .2

9 9 .4

r9 9 .3

9 9 .1

r9 9 .8

1 0 2 .3

1 0 1 .8

r 1 0 1 .4

1 0 1 .3

U n it la b o r c o s t s ...........................................................................

1 4 8 .5

r 14 7 .3

1 3 6 .9

1 3 8 .5

1 4 4 .1

1 4 7 .6

1 4 9 .1

1 4 8 .1

1 4 9 .3

1 5 0 .2

1 4 7 .8

1 4 4 .5

1 4 4 .5

O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r

1 N o t a v a ila b le .

88

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

r =

r e v is e d .

p =

p r e lim in a r y .

1 6 9 .1

32. Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices,
seasonally adjusted at annual rate
Q u a r te r ly p e rc e n t c h a n g e a t a n n u a l ra te
It e m

P e rc e n t c h a n g e fro m s a m e q u a rte r a y e a r ag o

I1 19 82

III 1 9 8 2

IV 1 9 8 2

1 1983

I1 19 83

III 1 9 8 2

III 1 9 8 1

IV 1 9 8 1

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

III 1 9 8 2

IV 1 9 8 2

1 1983

II 1 9 8 3

III 1 9 8 3

IV 1 9 8 3

III 1 9 8 2

IV 1 9 8 2

11983

II 1 9 8 3

III 1 9 8 3

IV 1 9 8 3

11982

II 1 9 8 2

III 1 9 8 2

IV 1 9 8 2

B u s in e s s s e c to r :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o t a ll p e r s o n s ...........................

1 .7

1 .2

2 .2

0 .7

1 .3

r3 . 2

3 .1

C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ............................................

6 .7

5 .7

5 .4

3 .5

3 .6

7 .0

7 .5

7 .1

6 .1

5 .3

4 .5

R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ...............................

r0 .4

r4 .1

r 5 .0

r - 0 .8

r0 .6

2 .4

1 .6

2 .5

2 .4

1 .9

1 .9

1 .5

U n it la b o r c o s t s ..............................................................

5 .0

2 .3

3 .3

- 2 .2

2 .3

4 .7

8 .7

6 .3

4 .7

2 .1

1 .4

2 .0

- 2 .0

3 .2

1 0 .5

1 4 .4

5 .4

2 .8

- 2 .6

- 2 .0

2 .8

6 .3

8 .3

8 .0

2 .7

2 .6

5 .5

2 .8

3 .3

4 .1

4 .9

3 .5

4 .1

3 .4

3 .6

3 .8

2 .3

1 .3

3 .7

7 .1

2 .3

0 .9

- 0 .6

0 .8

1 .7

3 .6

3 .6

3 .5
4 .8

U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts

........................................

I m p li c it p r ic e d e f l a t o r .................................................

3 .3

2 .0

5 .9

- 1 .1

2 .8
4 .8

N o n f a r m b u s in e s s s e c to r :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ...........................
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ............................................

7 .2

5 .8

6 .8

4 .3

3 .8

4 .4

6 .0

5 .2

R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ...............................

r - 0 .0

r4 .1

r6 . 5

r0 .0

r - 0 .3

- 0 .0

1 .7

2 .6

2 .7

2 .6

2 .5

U n it la b o r c o s t s ..............................................................

4 .7

4 .4

3 .0

-2 .6

1 .5

3 .5

8 .3

6 .3

4 .6

2 .3

1 .5

1 .3

- 3 .4

2 .0

1 0 .6

1 5 .2

7 .3

4 .2

- 1 .3

- 1 .6

3 .1

5 .9

r8 .6

9 .2

2 .2

3 .7

5 .3

2 .7

3 .3

3 .7

5 .2

3 .7

4 .1

3 .4

3 .7

3 .7

3 .8

0 .6

3 .4

6 .5

4 .2

1 .2

1 .8

3 .6

3 .7

(1)

U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts

........................................

I m p li c it p r ic e d e f l a t o r .................................................

7 .6

7 .2

6 .4

1 .5

N o n f in a n c ia l c o r p o r a t io n s :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll e m p lo y e e s

..................

( 1)

0 .2

C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ............................................

6 .4

5 .4

6 .0

2 .9

3 .0

( ')

7 .6

7 0

5 .8

5 .2

4 .3

(1)

R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ...............................

r - 0 .8

r3 .8

r5 .6

r - 1 .4

r -1 .1

( 1)

1 7

2 4

2 .1

r 1 .8

1 .7

( 1)

.........................................................

1 .8

6 .7

1 .0

-3 .5

-2 .1

( 1)

7 1

5 b

3 .8

1 .4

0 .4

(1>

.....................................................

T o ta l u n it s c o s ts
U n it la b o r c o s ts

2 .4

4 .8

2 .5

- 3 .4

- 1 .1

<1 )

7 .4

5 .7

3 .9

1 .5

............................................

0 .1

1 1 .9

- 2 .8

- 3 .8

- 4 .7

<1 )

6 .2

6 .0

3 .7

1 .2

.......................................................................

3 .8

- 3 1 .4

7 9 .9

1 0 4 .7

7 1 .0

( 1)

- 1 6 .1

-2 0 .3

5 .8

2 7 .3

4 4 .2

(1)

I m p li c it p r ic e d e f l a t o r .................................................

1 .9

3 .6

5 .1

2 .5

3 .1

( 1)

5 .0

3 .6

4 .0

3 .3

3 .6

( 1)

U n it n o n la b o r c o s ts
U n it p r o f i t s

0 .6
- 0 .1

(1>
( 1)

M a n u fa c t u r in g :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ...........................

9 .6

1 .2

8 .0

9 .0

1 2 .2

4 .2

1 .6

3 .5

4 .8

6 .9

7 .5

8 .3

C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ............................................

6 .5

4 .5

1 0 .7

2 .1

- 2 .7

4 .0

8 .6

7 .3

6 .7

5 .9

4 .9

4 .8

R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ...............................

r - 0 .6

r2 .9

r 1 0 .3

r - 2 .2

U n it la b o r c o s t s ..............................................................

- 2 .8

3 .3

2 .5

- 6 .4

' N o t a v a ila b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

r 1 .4
- 8 .4

r =

- 0 .4

2 .6

2 .7

3 .0

2 .5

2 .3

1 .5

- 0 .2

6 .9

- 3 .6

1 .8

- 0 .9

- 2 .4

- 3 .2

r e v is e d .

89

WAGE AND COMPENSATION DATA

D a t a for the employment cost index are reported to the Bureau
of Labor Statistics by a sample of 2,000 private nonfarm estab­
lishments and 750 State and local government units selected to
represent total employment in those sectors. On average, each
reporting unit provides wage and compensation information on
five well-specified occupations.

Data on negotiated wage and benefit changes are obtained from
contracts on file at the Bureau, direct contact with the parties, and
secondary sources.
Definitions
The Employment Cost Index (ECI) is a quarterly measure of the average
change in the cost o f employing labor. The rate of total compensation,
which comprises wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee ben­
efits, is collected for workers performing specified tasks. Employment in
each occupation is held constant over time for all series produced in the
ECI, except those by region, bargaining status, and area. As a consequence,
only changes in compensation are measured. Industry and occupational
employment data from the 1970 Census of Population are used in deriving
constant weights for the ECI. While holding total industry and occupational
employment fixed, in the estimation of indexes by region, bargaining
status, and area, the employment in those measures is allowed to vary over
time in accord with changes in the sample. The rate of change (in percent)
is available for wages and salaries, as well as for total compensation. Data
are collected for the pay period including the 12th day of the survey months
o f March, June, September, and December. The statistics are neither an­
nualized nor adjusted for seasonal influence.

Wages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions, ex­
cluding premium pay for overtime, work on weekends and holidays, and
shift dilferentials. Production bonuses, incentive earnings, commissions,
and cost-of-living adjustments are included; nonproduction bonuses are
included with other supplemental pay items in the benefits category; and
payments-in-kind, free room and board, and tips are excluded. B e n e f i ts
include supplemental pay, insurance, retirement and savings plans, and
hours-related and legally required benefits.
Data on negotiated wage changes apply to private nonfarm industry
collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 workers or more. Data
on compensation changes apply only to those agreements covering 5,000
workers or more. F i r s t - y e a r wage or compensation changes refer to average
negotiated changes for workers covered by settlements reached in the period

90


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

and implemented within the first 12 months after the effective date of the
agreement. C h a n g e s o v e r th e lif e o f th e a g r e e m e n t refer to all adjustments
specified in the contract, expressed as an average annual rate. These meas­
ures exclude wage changes that may occur under cost-of-living adjustment
clauses, that are triggered by movements in the Consumer Price Index.
W a g e - r a t e c h a n g e s are expressed as a percent of straight-time hourly earn­
ings; c o m p e n s a t i o n c h a n g e s are expressed as a percent of total wages and
benefits.

Effective wage adjustments reflect all negotiated changes implemented
in the reference period, regardless of the settlement date. They include
changes from settlements reached during the period, changes deferred from
contracts negotiated in an earlier period, and cost-of-living adjustments.
The data also reflect contracts providing for no wage adjustment in the
period. Effective adjustments and each of their components are prorated
over all workers in bargaining units with at least 1,000 workers.

Notes on the data
The Employment Cost Index data series began in the fourth quarter of
1975, with the quarterly percent change in wages and salaries in the private
nonfarm sector. Data on employer costs for employee benefits were in­
cluded in 1980, to produce a measure of the percent change in employers’
cost for em ployees’ total compensation. State and local government units
were added to the ECI coverage in 1981, providing a measure o f total
compensation change in the civilian nonfarm economy.
Data for the broad white-collar, blue-collar, and service worker groups,
and the manufacturing, nonmanufacturing, and service industry groups are
presented in the ECI. Additional occupation and industry detail are pro­
vided for the wages and salaries component of total compensation in the
private nonfarm sector. For State and local government units, additional
industry detail is shown for both total compensation and its wages and
salaries component.
Historical indexes (June 1981 = 100) of the quarterly rates of changes
presented in the ECI are also available.
For a more detailed discussion of the ECI, see chapter 11, “ The Em­
ployment Cost Index,” of the BLS H a n d b o o k o f M e t h o d s (Bulletin 2134—
1), and the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w articles: “ Employment Cost Index: a
measure of change in the ‘price of labor,’ ” July 1975; “ How benefits will
be incorporated into the Employment Cost Index,” January 1978; and
“ The Employment Cost Index: recent trends and expansion,” May 1982.
Additional data for the ECI and other measures of wage and compen­
sation changes appear in C u r r e n t W a g e D e v e l o p m e n t s , a monthly publi­
cation of the Bureau.

33.

Employment Cost Index, by occupation and industry group

[June 1981 = 100]
P erce n t ch an g e
1981

S e r ie s

Dec.

C iv ilia n w o r k e r s 1

.........................................................................................................................................................

1982

M a rc h

June

1983

S e p t.

Dec.

M a rc h

June

S e p t.

D ec.

3 m o n th s

1 2 m o n th s

ended

ended

Decem ber 1983

1 0 4 .5

1 0 6 .3

1 0 7 .5

1 1 0 .1

1 1 1 .4

1 1 3 .2

1 1 4 .5

1 1 6 .5

1 1 7 .8

1 .1

5 .7

1 0 4 .9

1 0 6 .5

1 0 7 .7

1 1 0 .7

1 1 1 .9

1 1 3 .7

1 1 4 .9

1 1 7 .6

1 1 8 .9

1 .1

6 .3

W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p
W h it e - c o l la r w o r k e r s ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................

1 0 4 .1

1 0 5 .7

1 0 7 .1

1 0 9 .2

1 1 0 .5

1 1 2 .3

1 1 3 .6

1 1 4 .8

1 1 5 .8

.9

4 .8

.......................................................................................................................

1 0 4 .2

1 0 7 .2

1 0 8 .3

1 1 0 .8

1 1 2 .4

1 1 4 .3

1 1 5 .1

1 1 6 .7

1 1 9 .1

2 .1

6 .0

B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s
S e r v ic e w o r k e r s

W o r k e r s , b y I n d u s tr y d iv is io n
M a n u fa c t u r in g

...........................................................................................................................

N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ...................................................................................................................
S e r v ic e s

....................................................................................................................................

P u b lic a d m in is t r a t io n 2

.................................................................................................

P r i v a t e in d u s t r y w o r k e r s

1 0 4 .0

1 0 6 .0

1 0 7 .2

1 0 9 .3

1 1 0 .4

1 1 2 .5

1 1 3 .5

1 1 5 .0

1 1 6 .0

.9

5 .1

1 0 4 .8

1 0 6 .4

1 0 7 .7

1 1 0 .5

1 1 1 .8

1 1 3 .5

1 1 4 .9

1 1 7 .2

1 1 8 .6

1 .2

6 .1

1 2 1 .1

1 2 2 .6

1 .2

6 .6

1 1 9 .8

1 2 1 .4

1 .3

6 .9

1 0 7 .1

1 0 8 .2

109 2

1 1 3 .5

1 1 5 .0

1 1 6 .6

1 1 7 .1

1 0 6 .0

1 0 8 .1

1 0 9 .1

1 1 2 .8

1 1 3 .6

1 1 6 .2

1 1 7 .0

1 0 4 .0

1 0 5 .8

1 0 7 .2

1 0 9 .3

1 1 0 .7

1 1 2 .6

1 1 3 .9

1 1 5 .6

1 1 7 .0

1 .2

5 .7

1 0 4 .0

1 0 5 .8

1 0 7 .2

1 0 9 .5

1 1 0 .8

1 1 2 .8

1 1 4 .2

1 1 6 .5

1 1 7 .9

1 .2

6 .4

W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p
W h it e - c o l la r w o r k e r s

.....................................................................................................

B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s ..........................................................................................................

1 0 4 .0

1 0 5 .6

1 0 7 .0

1 0 9 .0

1 1 0 .3

1 1 2 .1

1 1 3 .5

1 1 4 .6

1 1 5 .7

1 .0

4 .9

S e r v ic e w o r k e r s ...................................................................................................................

1 0 3 .1

1 0 6 .7

1 0 7 .9

1 0 9 .6

1 1 1 .8

1 1 3 .8

1 1 4 .6

1 1 5 .1

1 1 7 .9

2 .4

5 .5

W o r k e r s , b y in d u s t r y d iv is io n
M a n u f a c t u r i n g .......................................................................................................................

1 0 4 .0

106 0

1 0 7 .2

1 0 9 .3

1 1 0 .4

1 1 2 .5

1 1 3 .5

1 1 5 .0

1 1 6 .0

.9

5 .1

N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ..............................................................................................................

1 0 3 .9

1 0 5 .7

1 0 7 .1

1 0 9 .3

1 1 0 .8

1 1 2 .6

1 1 4 .2

1 1 6 .0

1 1 7 .5

1 .3

6 .0

1 0 7 .4

1 0 8 .8

1 0 9 .3

1 1 4 .3

1 1 5 .1

1 1 6 .5

1 1 7 .1

1 2 0 .8

1 2 2 .0

1 .0

6 .0

.....................................................................................................

1 0 7 .8

1 0 9 .1

1 0 9 .5

1 1 4 .9

1 1 5 .8

1 1 7 .0

1 1 7 .5

1 2 1 .5

1 2 2 .6

.9

5 .9

..........................................................................................................

5 .5

S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s

W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p
W h it e - c o l la r w o r k e r s
B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s

1 0 5 .9

1 0 8 .2

1 0 8 .9

1 1 2 .7

1 1 3 .0

1 1 4 .9

1 1 5 .8

1 1 8 .0

1 1 9 .2

1 .0

....................................................................................................................................

1 0 7 .9

1 0 9 .0

1 0 9 .4

1 1 4 .9

1 1 5 .9

1 1 6 .8

1 1 7 .4

1 2 1 .7

1 2 2 .6

.7

5 .8

S c h o o l s ................................................................................................................................

1 0 7 .9

1 0 8 .9

1 0 9 .1

1 1 4 .8

1 1 5 .8

1 1 6 .6

1 1 6 .9

1 2 1 .9

1 2 2 .6

.6

5 .9

W o r k e r s , b y in d u s t r y d iv is io n
S e r v ic e s

E le m e n t a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y

...........................................................................

1 0 8 .3

1 0 9 .3

1 0 9 .5

1 1 5 .6

1 1 6 .6

...........................................................................

1 0 7 .8

1 0 9 .5

1 1 0 .3

1 1 5 .3

1 1 6 .0

1 1 7 .5

1 1 8 .8

1 2 1 .1

1 2 2 .6

1 .2

5 .7

.................................................................................................

1 0 6 .0

1 0 8 .1

1 0 9 .1

1 1 2 .8

1 1 3 .6

1 1 6 .2

1 1 7 .0

1 1 9 .8

1 2 1 .4

1 .3

6 .9

H o s p ita ls a n d o t h e r s e r v ic e s 3
P u b lic a d m in is t r a t io n 2

E x c l u d e s f a r m , h o u s e h o ld , a n d F e d e r a l w o r k e r s .

1 1 7 .2

1 1 7 .4

1 2 3 .3

1 2 3 .9

.5

6 .3

3 ln c lu d e s , f o r e x a m p le , li b r a r y , s o c ia l, a n d h e a lth s e r v ic e s .

C o n s i s t s o f le g is la t iv e , ju d i c ia l , a d m in is t r a t iv e , a n d r e g u la t o r y a c tiv it ie s .


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

91

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data
34.

Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group

[June 1981 = 100]
P e rc e n t ch an g e
1981

S e r ie s

1982

1983

3 m o n th s

1 2 m o n th s

ended

ended

D ec.

M a rc h

June

S e p t.

D ec.

M a rc h

June

S e p t.

D ec.

1 0 4 .4

1 0 6 .3

1 0 7 .3

1 0 9 .7

1 1 0 .9

1 1 2 .2

1 1 3 .4

1 1 5 .3

1 1 6 .5

1 .0

W h it e - c o l la r w o r k e r s ..............................................................................................................

1 0 4 .7

1 0 6 .7

1 0 7 .6

1 1 0 .4

1 1 1 .4

1 1 3 .0

1 1 4 .2

1 1 6 .7

1 1 7 .9

1 .0

5 .8

B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s

..............................................................................................................

1 0 4 .0

1 0 5 .5

1 0 6 .7

1 0 8 .6

1 0 9 .8

1 1 0 .8

1 1 2 .0

1 1 3 .1

1 1 4 .0

.8

3 .8

.......................................................................................................................

1 0 3 .6

1 0 6 .8

1 0 7 .9

1 1 0 .1

1 1 1 .8

1 1 3 .2

1 1 3 .9

1 1 5 .1

1 1 7 .4

2 .0

5 .0

1 0 5 .9

1 0 7 .0

C iv ilia n w o r k e r s 1

.........................................................................................................................................................

D ecem ber 1983

5 .0

W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p

S e r v ic e w o r k e r s

W o r k e r s , b y in d u s t r y d iv is io n
M a n u fa c t u r in g

...........................................................................................................................

N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ..................................................................................................................
S e r v ic e s

....................................................................................................................................

P u b lic a d m in is t r a t io n 2

.................................................................................................

P r i v a t e i n d u s t r y w o r k e r s ...............................................................................................................................

1 0 4 .0

1 0 8 .8

1 1 1 .0

1 1 2 .0

1 1 3 .3

1 1 4 .5

1 .1

4 .3

1 0 4 .5

1 0 6 .5

1 0 7 .5

1 1 0 .1

1 1 1 .3

1 1 2 .7

1 1 4 .0

1 1 6 .1

1 1 7 .4

1 .1

5 .5

1 0 6 .6

1 0 8 .6

1 0 9 .5

1 1 3 .2

1 1 4 .4

1 0 9 .8

1 1 5 .8

1 1 6 .3

1 2 0 .1

1 2 1 .3

1 .0

6 .0

1 0 5 .5

1 0 7 .5

1 0 8 .4

1 1 1 .9

1 1 2 .6

1 1 4 .6

1 1 5 .4

1 1 8 .2

1 1 9 .4

1 .0

6 .0

1 0 3 .8

1 0 5 .9

1 0 7 .1

1 0 9 .0

1 1 0 .3

1 1 1 .6

1 1 2 .9

1 1 4 .5

1 1 5 .8

1 .1

5 .0

1 0 3 .9

1 0 6 .2

1 0 7 .3

1 0 9 .4

1 1 0 .6

1 1 2 .2

1 1 3 .6

1 1 5 .9

1 1 7 .2

1 .1

6 .0

1 1 2 .9

1 1 4 .8

6 .6

W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p
W h it e - c o l la r w o r k e r s

.....................................................................................................

P r o fe s s io n a l a n d t e c h n ic a l w o r k e r s ..............................................................

1 0 5 .5

1 0 8 .0

1 1 9 .9

1 2 0 .4

.4

M a n a g e r s a n d a d m in is t r a t o r s

...........................................................................

1 0 2 .8

1 0 5 .8

1 0 7 .2

1 0 8 .5

1 0 9 .3

1 1 2 .0

1 1 4 .0

1 1 4 .8

1 1 5 .7

.8

S a l e s w o r k e r s ...................................................................................................................

1 0 1 .9

1 0 2 .2

1 0 1 .8

1 0 4 .5

1 0 6 .2

1 0 5 .7

1 0 7 .1

1 0 8 .4

1 1 1 .2

2 .6

4 .7

1 0 4 .2

1 0 7 .0

1 0 8 .3

1 1 0 .3

1 1 1 .6

1 1 3 .4

1 1 4 .6

1 1 6 .7

1 1 8 .3

1 .4

6 .0

1 0 3 .9

1 0 5 .4

1 0 6 .6

1 0 8 .5

1 0 9 .7

1 1 0 .7

1 1 1 .9

1 1 2 .9

1 1 3 .9

.9

3 .8

C le r ic a l w o r k e r s ..............................................................................................................
B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s

..........................................................................................................

1 0 9 .4

1 1 1 .8

1 1 5 .9

C r a ft a n d k in d r e d w o r k e r s ....................................................................................

1 0 4 .3

1 0 6 .2

1 0 7 .6

1 0 9 .6

1 1 1 .2

1 1 2 .2

1 1 3 .4

1 1 4 .3

1 1 5 .4

O p e r a t iv e s , e x c e p t t r a n s p o r t ...............................................................................

1 0 4 .1

1 0 5 .4

1 0 6 .6

1 0 8 .3

1 0 9 .3

1 1 0 .0

1 1 1 .1

1 1 2 .3

1 1 3 .6

T r a n s p o r t e q u ip m e n t o p e r a t i v e s ......................................................................

1 0 2 .7

1 0 3 .2

1 0 4 .1

1 0 6 .0

1 0 6 .9

1 0 8 .0

1 1 0 .3

1 1 0 .7

1 1 0 .2

N o n f a r m l a b o r e r s ..........................................................................................................

1 0 3 .3

1 0 4 .1

1 0 5 .1

1 0 6 .5

1 0 7 .8

1 0 9 .0

1 0 9 .8

1 1 0 .8

1 1 2 .1

1 .2

S e r v ic e w o r k e r s ...................................................................................................................

5 .9

1 .0

3 .8

1 .2

3 .9

- .5

3 .1
4 .0

1 0 2 .7

1 0 6 .7

1 0 7 .9

1 0 9 .3

1 1 1 .4

1 1 2 .9

1 1 3 .5

1 1 3 .7

1 1 6 .5

2 .5

4 .6

M a n u f a c t u r i n g .......................................................................................................................

1 0 4 .0

1 0 5 .9

1 0 7 .0

1 0 8 .8

1 0 9 .8

1 1 1 .0

1 1 2 .0

1 1 3 .3

1 1 4 .5

1 .1

4 .3

D u r a b l e s ................................................................................................................................

1 0 4 .5

1 .3

3 .7

W o r k e r s , b y in d u s t r y d iv is io n

N o n d u r a b le s

1 0 6 .3

1 0 7 .4

1 0 9 .0

1 1 0 .3

1 1 1 .1

1 1 1 .8

1 1 2 .9

1 1 4 .4

..................................................................................................................

1 0 3 .1

1 0 5 .3

1 0 6 .3

1 0 8 .5

1 0 9 .1

1 1 0 .9

1 1 2 .3

1 1 3 .9

1 1 4 .6

.6

N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ..............................................................................................................

1 0 3 .8

1 0 5 .9

1 0 7 .1

1 0 9 .1

1 1 0 .5

1 1 2 .0

1 1 3 .4

1 1 5 .2

1 1 6 .5

1 .1

5 .4

..................................................................................................................

1 0 4 .3

1 0 5 .9

1 0 7 .3

1 0 9 .1

1 0 9 .7

1 1 0 .4

1 1 2 .1

1 1 2 .2

1 1 2 .9

.6

2 .9

T r a n s p o r t a tio n a n d p u b l ic u t i l i t i e s ..................................................................

1 0 3 .6

1 0 5 .7

1 0 6 .9

1 0 9 .5

1 1 1 .1

1 1 2 .9

1 1 6 .8

1 .0

5 .1

W h o le s a le a n d r e ta il t r a d e ...................................................................................

C o n s t r u c t io n

5 .0

1 1 4 .7

1 1 5 .7

1 0 2 .3

1 0 3 .9

1 0 5 .8

1 0 6 .5

1 0 7 .2

1 0 8 .5

1 1 0 .8

1 1 1 .5

1 1 2 .3

.7

.....................................................................................................

1 0 3 .4

1 0 6 .3

1 0 8 .9

1 0 9 .0

1 0 9 .8

1 1 1 .8

1 1 4 .1

1 1 5 .7

1 1 6 .5

.7

6 .1

R e ta il t r a d e ..................................................................................................................

1 0 1 .9

1 0 3 .0

1 0 4 .5

1 0 5 .5

1 0 6 .1

1 0 7 .2

1 0 9 .4

1 0 9 .9

1 1 0 .6

.6

4 .2

W h o le s a le tr a d e

4 .8

F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d re a l e s t a t e ..............................................................

102 3

1 0 3 .7

1 0 2 .4

1 0 6 .1

1 0 9 .0

1 1 0 .6

1 1 1 .1

1 1 3 .5

1 1 6 .9

3 .0

7 .2

S e r v i c e s ................................................................................................................................

1 0 5 .8

1 0 8 .8

1 1 0 .0

1 1 2 .5

1 1 4 .3

1 1 6 .0

1 1 6 .6

1 2 0 .4

1 2 1 .9

1 .2

6 .6

1 1 9 .2

1 2 0 .0

.7

5 .3

1 0 7 .0

1 0 8 .2

1 0 8 .7

1 1 3 .5

1 1 4 .0

1 1 5 .1

1 1 5 .7

.....................................................................................................

1 0 7 .5

1 0 8 .5

1 0 8 .9

1 1 4 .2

1 1 4 .6

1 1 5 .6

1 1 6 .1

1 1 9 .8

1 2 0 .6

.7

5 .2

B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s ..........................................................................................................

1 0 5 .5

1 0 7 .5

1 0 7 .9

1 1 1 .5

1 1 2 .0

1 1 3 .3

1 1 4 .3

1 1 6 .4

1 1 6 .9

.4

4 .4

S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e rs

W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p
W h it e - c o l la r w o r k e r s

W o r k e r s , b y in d u s t r y d iv is io n
S e r v ic e s

....................................................................................................................................

S c h o o l s ................................................................................................................................

1 0 7 .6

1 0 8 .4

.7

5 .2

1 0 7 .7

1 0 8 .3

1 0 8 .5

1 1 4 .2

1 1 4 .5

1 1 5 .2

1 1 5 .4

1 1 9 .9

1 2 0 .6

.6

5 .3

...........................................................................

1 0 7 .9

1 0 8 .7

1 0 8 .8

1 1 4 .9

1 1 5 .1

1 1 5 .6

1 1 5 .8

1 2 1 .1

1 2 1 .7

.5

5 .7

...............................................................................

1 0 7 .3

1 0 8 .8

1 0 9 .5

1 1 4 .3

1 1 4 .9

1 1 6 .5

1 1 7 .7

1 1 9 .7

1 2 0 .6

.8

5 .0

.................................................................................................

1 0 5 .5

1 0 7 .5

1 0 8 .4

1 1 1 .9

1 1 2 .6

1 1 4 .6

1 1 5 .4

1 1 8 .2

1 1 9 .4

1 .0

6 .0

E le m e n t a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y
H o s p ita ls a n d o t h e r s e r v ic e s 3
P u b lic a d m in is t r a t io n 2

1 E x c lu d e s f a r m , h o u s e h o ld , a n d F e d e r a l w o r k e r s .
C o n s i s t s o f le g is la t iv e , ju d i c ia l , a d m in is t r a t iv e , a n d r e g u la t o r y a c tiv it ie s .

92


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1 0 8 .8

1 1 4 .2

1 1 4 .6

1 1 5 .5

1 1 5 .9

1 1 9 .8

i n c l u d e s , f o r e x a m p le , lib r a r y , s o c ia l a n d h e a lth s e r v ic e s .

1 2 0 .6

35.

Employment Cost Index, private industry workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size

[June 1981 = 100]
P e rc e n t ch an g e
S e r ie s

1981

D ec.

1982

M a rc h

June

1983

S e p t.

D ec.

M a rc h

June

S e p t.

D ec.

3 m o n th s

1 2 m o n th s

ended

ended

Decem ber 1983

C O M P E N S A T IO N

W o r k e r s , b y b a r g a in in g s t a t u s 1
U n io n

.....................................................................................................................................................

M a n u fa c t u r in g

...........................................................................................................................

N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ..................................................................................................................

N o n u n io n

.............................................................................................................................................

M a n u fa c t u r in g

1 0 4 .8

1 0 6 .5

1 0 8 .4

1 1 0 .6

1 1 2 .3

1 1 4 .5

1 1 6 .0

1 1 7 .8

1 1 8 .8

0 .8

5 .8

1 0 4 .6

1 0 6 .3

1 0 8 .0

1 1 0 .3

1 1 1 .8

1 1 4 .0

1 1 4 .8

1 1 6 .3

1 1 7 .2

.8

4 .8

1 0 5 .0

1 0 6 .8

1 0 8 .7

1 1 1 .0

1 1 2 .8

1 1 4 .9

1 1 7 .1

119 2

1 2 0 .4

1 .0

6 .7

1 0 3 .5

1 0 5 .3

1 0 6 .5

1 0 8 .5

1 0 9 .7

1 1 1 .5

1 1 2 .8

1 1 4 .4

1 1 5 .9

1 .3

5 .7

...........................................................................................................................

1 0 3 .5

1 0 5 .7

1 0 6 .6

1 0 8 .4

1 0 9 .2

1 1 1 .2

1 1 2 .3

1 1 3 .8

1 1 4 .9

1 .0

5 .2

N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ..................................................................................................................

1 0 3 .5

1 0 5 .2

1 0 6 .4

1 0 8 .6

1 0 9 .9

1 1 1 .6

1 1 3 .0

1 1 4 .7

1 1 6 .4

1 .5

5 .9

6 .3

W o r k e r s , b y r e g io n 1

S o u th

......................................................................................................................................................

N o r th C e n tr a l

....................................................................................................................................

111 7

112 6

114 3

116

110 6

112 5

113 5

115 6

117 1

108 6

110 9

112 5

113 9

114 7

1 1 2 .9

1 1 5 .4

1 1 6 .6

1 1 8 .0

1 2 0 .0

1 .7

n

W o r k e r s , b y a r e a s iz e 1
M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s
O th e r a re a s

.......................................................................................................................

1 0 4 .1

105 7

1 0 7 .2

1 0 9 .4

110 9

1 1 2 .9

1 1 4 .2

1 1 6 .0

1 1 7 .4

1 .2

5 .9

.........................................................................................................................................

103 2

1 0 6 .2

107 0

1 0 8 .6

109 1

1 1 0 .8

1 1 2 .3

1 1 3 .4

1 1 4 .5

1 .0

4 .9

W A G E S A N D S A L A R IE S

W o r k e r s , b y b a r g a in in g s t a t u s 1
U n io n

......................................................................................................................................................

1 0 5 .0

1 0 6 .5

1 0 8 .1

1 1 6 .9

0 .8

4 .6

...........................................................................................................................

1 0 4 .7

1 0 5 .9

1 0 7 .3

1 0 9 .5

1 1 0 .8

1 1 1 .4

1 1 2 .3

1 1 3 .7

1 1 4 .8

1 .0

3 .6

N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ..................................................................................................................

1 0 5 .2

1 0 7 .0

1 0 8 .8

1 1 1 .1

1 1 2 .7

1 1 4 .3

1 1 6 .0

1 1 8 .3

1 1 8 .9

.5

5 .5

1 0 3 .2

1 0 5 .6

1 0 6 .5

1 0 8 .3

1 0 9 .5

1 1 0 .9

1 1 2 .2

1 1 3 .7

1 1 5 .2

1 .3

5 .2

...........................................................................................................................

1 0 3 .3

1 0 5 .9

1 0 6 .7

1 0 8 .2

1 0 9 .1

1 1 0 .7

1 1 1 .8

1 1 3 .0

1 1 4 .2

1 .1

4 .7

N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ..................................................................................................................

1 0 3 .2

1 0 5 .5

1 0 6 .4

1 0 8 .3

1 0 9 .6

1 1 1 .0

1 1 2 .4

1 1 4 .0

1 1 5 .6

1 .4

5 .5

1 1 1 .5

1 1 2 .0

M a n u fa c t u r in g

N o n u n io n

.............................................................................................................................................

M a n u fa c t u r in g

1 1 0 .3

1 1 1 .8

1 1 2 .9

1 1 4 .2

1 1 6 .0

W o r k e r s , b y r e g io n 1
N o r th e a s t

.............................................................................................................................................

1 0 4 .4

1 0 6 .1

1 0 6 .7

1 1 6 .6

1 .1

4 .6

1 0 2 .8

1 0 5 .7

1 0 7 .4

1 0 8 .8

1 0 9 .8

1 1 1 .4

1 1 2 .5

1 1 4 .3

1 1 5 .7

1 .2

5 .4

....................................................................................................................................

1 0 3 .3

1 0 4 .7

1 0 6 .1

1 0 7 .6

1 0 8 .6

1 1 0 .1

1 1 1 .5

1 1 2 .8

1 1 3 .6

.7

W e s t ..........................................................................................................................................................

1 0 5 .1

1 0 7 .9

1 0 8 .6

1 1 0 .7

1 1 2 .0

1 1 4 .1

1 1 4 .9

1 1 6 .5

1 1 8 .5

1 .7

S o u th

......................................................................................................................................................

N o r th C e n tr a l

1 0 9 .7

1 1 3 .6

1 1 5 .3

'Ó
5 .8

W o r k e r s b y a r e a s iz e 1
M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s
O th e r a re a s

.......................................................................................................................

1 0 4 .0

1 0 5 .9

1 0 7 .1

1 0 9 .1

1 1 0 .5

1 1 1 .9

1 1 3 .2

1 1 4 .9

1 1 6 .2

1 .1

5 .2

.........................................................................................................................................

1 0 3 .1

1 0 6 .0

1 0 6 .8

1 0 8 .3

1 0 8 .8

1 1 0 .1

1 1 1 .4

1 1 2 .3

1 1 3 .4

1 .0

4 .2

1 T h e in d e x e s a r e c a lc u la te d d if fe r e n t ly f r o m t h o s e f o r t h e o c c u p a t io n a n d in d u s t r y g r o u p s . F o r a
d e t a ile d d e s c r ip tio n o f t h e in d e x c a lc u la tio n , s e e B L S H a n d b o o k o f M e th o d s , B u lle t in 1 9 1 0 .


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93

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data
36.

Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements, 1979 to date

[In percent]
Q u a rte r ly a v e r a g e
1981

M e a s u re
1979

1980

...............................

9 .0

1 0 .4

A n n u a l r a te o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t . . .

6 .6

7 .1

1981

1982

1983

1 0 .2

3 .2

3 .4

8 .3

2 .8

3 .0

1982

IV

1983

1

II

III

IV

1 1 .0

1 .9

2 .6

6 .2

3 .3

- 1 .6

4 .4

5 .0

4 .9

5 .8

1 .2

2 .1

4 .7

4 .8

1 .4

3 .6

4 .3

3 .1

1

II

III

IV

T o t a l c o m p e n s a tio n c h a n g e s , c o v e r in g
5 , 0 0 0 w o r k e r s o r m o r e , a ll
in d u s t r ie s :
F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t

W a g e r a te c h a n g e s c o v e r in g a t le a s t
1 , 0 0 0 w o r k e r s , a ll in d u s t r ie s :

...............................

7 .4

9 .5

9 .8

3 .8

2 .6

9 .0

3 .0

3 .4

5 .4

3 .8

- 1 .2

2 .7

3 .7

4 .2

A n n u a l r a te o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t . . .

6 .0

7 .1

7 .9

3 .6

2 .8

5 .7

2 .8

3 .2

4 .5

4 .8

2 .2

2 .8

3 .6

2 .8

-3 .4

F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t

M a n u fa c t u r in g :
...............................

6 .9

7 .4

7 .2

2 .8

0 .4

6 .6

2 .5

1 .8

5 .1

4 .1

A n n u a l r a te o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t . , .

5 .4

5 .4

6 .1

2 .6

2 .1

5 .4

2 .7

1 .7

3 .9

4 .5

...............................

7 .6

9 .5

9 .8

4 .3

5 .0

9 .6

2 .7

6 .6

5 .5

3 .6

3 .3

5 .9

5 .8

4 .8

A n n u a l r a te o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t . . .

6 .2

6 .6

7 .3

4 .1

3 .7

5 .6

2 .1

6 .1

4 .8

5 .2

5 .3

5 .2

4 .3

2 .7

F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t

.9

1 .3

3 .4

2 .9

1 .7

3 .5

3 .1

N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g ( e x c lu d in g
c o n s tr u c tio n ) :
F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t

C o n s t r u c t io n :
...............................

8 .8

1 3 .6

1 3 .5

6 .5

1 .5

1 1 .4

8 .6

6 .2

6 .3

3 .4

.7

1 .7

1 .5

1 .1

A n n u a l r a te o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t . . .

8 .3

1 1 .5

1 1 .3

6 .3

2 .4

1 1 .7

8 .2

6 .3

5 .9

2 .9

2 .4

2 .1

2 .9

2 .6

F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t

37.

Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more, 1979 to date
Year

Y e a r a n d q u a rte r

1981

M e a s u re
1979

1980

1981

1982

1982

1983

1983
IV

I

II

III

IV

I

II

III

IV

A v e r a g e p e r c e n t a d ju s t m e n t ( In c lu d in g n o c h a n g e ) :
A ll i n d u s t r i e s ..........................................................................................................
M a n u fa c t u r in g

............................................................................................

N o n m a n u fa c t u r in g

....................................................................................

F r o m s e t t le m e n t s r e a c h e d in p e r io d

................................................

9 .1

9 .9

9 .6

1 0 .2

9 .4

5 .2

2 .7

1 .9

.9

1 .0

1 .7

1 .5

8 .8

9 .7

9 .5

7 .9

4 .8

1 .1

1 .1

2 .7

2 .9

1 .2

9 .5

6 .8

4 .0

1 .5

1 .0

2 .0

2 .4

1 .3

0 .3
- .5
.9

1 .3

1 .2

1 .1

1 .2

.9

1 .5

1 .2

1 .2

1 .1

3 .0

3 .6

2 .5

1 .7

.8

.4

2

.4

.5

D e f e r r e d f r o m s e tt le m e n t s r e a c h e d in e a r lie r p e r io d . . . .

3 .0

3 .5

3 .8

3 .6

2 .5

.4

.6

1 .4

1 .3

.4

.4

1 .0

.8

.3

F r o m c o s t - o f - li v in g c l a u s e s ......................................................................

3 .1

2 .8

3 .2

1 .4

.6

.6

.3

.2

.6

.3

.1

.1

.2

.2

—

—

8 ,6 4 8

7 ,8 5 2

6 ,5 3 0

3 ,2 2 5

2 ,8 7 8

3 ,4 2 3

3 ,7 6 0

3 ,4 4 1

2 ,8 7 5

3 ,0 6 1

3 ,0 2 5

2 ,8 8 7

996

.6

-.2

.3

.2

.6

T o t a l n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g w a g e c h a n g e
( in t h o u s a n d s ) 1 ............................................................................................

F r o m s e t t le m e n t s re a c h e d
—

—

2 ,2 7 0

1 ,9 0 7

2 ,3 2 7

604

204

511

620

825

448

561

599

r e a c h e d In e a r lie r p e r i o d ......................................................................

—

—

6 ,2 6 7

4 ,8 4 6

3 ,2 6 0

882

1 ,0 0 1

1 ,5 9 4

2 ,4 0 0

860

812

1 ,4 0 5

1 ,3 1 7

669

F r o m c o s t - o f - li v in g c l a u s e s ......................................................................

—

—

4 ,5 9 3

3 ,8 3 0

2 ,3 2 7

2 ,1 7 9

1 ,9 2 0

1 ,5 6 8

2 ,2 5 1

1 ,9 7 0

1 ,9 3 8

1 ,2 9 9

1 ,2 1 8

1 ,2 9 0

—

—

145

483

1 ,1 8 7

5 ,5 6 8

5 ,4 5 7

4 ,9 1 2

4 ,5 7 5

4 ,8 9 5

4 ,8 4 2

4 ,6 5 6

4 ,6 9 3

4 ,8 3 0

in p e r io d

..........................................................................................................

D e f e r r e d f r o m s e t t le m e n t s

N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g n o a d ju s t m e n ts
( in t h o u s a n d s )

............................................................................................

1 T h e t o ta l n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s w h o r e c e iv e d a d ju s t m e n ts d o e s n o t e q u a l t h e s u m o f w o r k e r s t h a t re c e iv e d
e a c h t y p e o f a d ju s t m e n t, b e c a u s e s o m e w o r k e r s r e c e iv e d m o r e t h a n o n e t y p e o f a d ju s t m e n t d u r in g th e
p e r io d .

94


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

WORK STOPPAGE DATA

stoppages include all known strikes or lockouts involving
1,000 workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer. Data are
based largely on newspaper accounts and cover all workers idle
one shift or more in establishments directly involved in a stoppage.
They do not measure the indirect or secondary effect on other
establishments whose employees are idle owing to material or
service shortages. •

W ork

38.

Estimates of days idle as a percent of estimated working time
measure only the impact of larger strikes (1,000 workers or more).
Formerly, these estimates measured the impact of strikes involving
6 workers or more; that is, the impact of virtually all strikes. Due
to budget stringencies, collection of data on strikes involving fewer
than 1,000 workers was discontinued with the December 1981
data.

Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 1947 to date
N u m b e r o f s to p p a g e s
M o n th a n d y e a r

1 9 4 7 ..................................................................................................................................................

W o r k e r s in v o lv e d
B e g i n n i n g in

B e g i n n i n g in

In e f fe c t

m o n th o r y e a r

d u r in g m o n th

D a y s id le
In e f fe c t

m o n th o r y e a r

d u r in g m o n th

(in th o u s a n d s )

(in th o u s a n d s )

N um ber
(in t h o u s a n d s )

P erce n t of
e s t im a t e d
w o r k in g t im e

270

1 629

1 9 4 8 .............................................................................................................................................

245

1 435

2 6 ,1 2 7

.22

1 9 4 9 ..................................................................................................................................................

262

2 537

4 3 ,4 2 0

.3 8

1 9 5 0 ..................................................................................................................................................

424

1 698

3 0 ,3 9 0

.2 6

1 9 5 1 ..................................................................................................................................................

415

1 462

1 5 ,0 7 0

1 9 5 2 ..................................................................................................................................................

470

2 746

4 8 ,8 2 0

38

1 9 5 3 ..................................................................................................................................................

437

1 623

1 8 ,1 3 0

.1 4

2 5 ,7 2 0

12

1 9 5 4 ..................................................................................................................................................

265

1 075

1 6 ,6 3 0

.1 3

1 9 5 5 ..................................................................................................................................................

363

2 055

2 1 ,1 8 0

.1 6

1 9 5 6 ..................................................................................................................................................

287

1 370

2 6 ,8 4 0

.20

1 9 5 7 ..................................................................................................................................................

279

887

1 0 ,3 4 0

.0 7

1 9 5 8 .............................................................................................................................................

332

1 587

1 7 ,9 0 0

.1 3

1 9 5 9 ..................................................................................................................................................

245

1 381

6 0 ,8 5 0

.4 3

1 9 6 0 ..................................................................................................................................................

222

896

1 3 ,2 6 0

.0 9

1 9 6 1 ..................................................................................................................................................

195

1 031

1 0 .1 4 0

.0 7

1 9 6 2 ..................................................................................................................................................

211

793

1 1 ,7 6 0

.0 8

1 9 6 3 ..................................................................................................................................................

1 81

512

10,020

.0 7

1 9 6 4 ..................................................................................................................................................

246

1 183

1 6 ,2 2 0

.11

1 9 6 5 ..................................................................................................................................................

268

999

1 5 .1 4 0

.10

1 9 6 6 .................................................................................................................................................

321

1 300

1 6 ,0 0 0

.10

381

1 9 6 7 .................................................................................................................................................

2 192

3 1 ,3 2 0

.1 8

1 9 6 8 .............................................................................................................................................

392

1 855

3 5 ,5 6 7

.20

1 9 6 9 .................................................................................................................................................

412

1 576

2 9 ,3 9 7

.1 6

1 9 7 0 ..................................................................................................................................................

381

2 468

5 2 ,7 6 1

.2 9

298

1 9 7 1 ..................................................................................................................................................

2 516

3 5 ,5 3 8

.1 9

1 9 7 2 ..................................................................................................................................................

250

975

1 6 ,7 6 4

.0 9

1 9 7 3 ..................................................................................................................................................

317

1 400

1 6 ,2 6 0

.0 8

1 9 7 4 ..................................................................................................................................................

424

1 796

3 1 ,8 0 9

.1 6

1 9 7 5 ..................................................................................................................................................

235

965

1 7 ,5 6 3

.0 9

1 9 7 6 ..................................................................................................................................................

231

1 519

2 3 ,9 6 2

1 9 7 7 ..................................................................................................................................................

298

1 212

2 1 ,2 5 8

.12
.10

1 9 7 8 ..................................................................................................................................................

219

1 006

2 3 ,7 7 4

.11

1 9 7 9 ..................................................................................................................................................

235

1 021

2 0 ,4 0 9

.0 9

1 9 8 0 ..................................................................................................................................................

187

795

2 0 ,8 4 4

09

1 9 8 1 ..................................................................................................................................................

145

729

1 6 ,9 0 8

.0 7

1 9 8 2 ..................................................................................................................................................

96

656

9 ,0 6 1

.0 4

1 9 8 3 ..................................................................................................................................................

81

909

1 7 ,4 6 1

.0 8

3 8 .0

7 9 4 .8

.0 4

5 0 .4

8 4 4 .4

.0 5

.02
.02

1983

1984P

J a n u a ry

..........................................................................................................

1

3

F e b ru a ry

..........................................................................................................

5

7

J a n u a ry

..........................................................................................................

4

F e b ru a ry

..........................................................................................................

2

10
12

1.6
1 4 .0
1 8 .3

3 2 .4

4 7 0 .1

7 .8

3 6 .3

3 4 7 .5

p = p r e lim in a r y .


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

95

Published by BLS in February
SALES PUBLICATIONS
BLS Bulletins
Bargaining Calendar, 1984. Bulletin 2194, 43 p p ., $2 (GPO Stock
N o. 029-001-02803-2). Presents inform ation on anticipated
labor-managem ent developm ents in private industry in 1984.
T h e in fo r m a t io n — id e n tifie d by em p lo y er and u n io n
nam e— relates to major bargaining situations (covering 1,000
workers) in which contracts expire or are subject to reopening,
deferred wage changes com e due, or wages are subject to change
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H andbook o f Labor Statistics. Bulletin 2175, 447 p p ., $9.50 (GPO
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tables, which begin with the earliest reliable data and end with
1982.

Periodicals
Current W age Developm ents. February issue includes em ployee
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Em ploym ent and Earnings. January issue covers em ploym ent and
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averages for 1983, an article on revision o f seasonally adjusted
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Mailgram Service

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Consum er price index data summary by mailgram within 24 hours
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Students, G raduates, and D ropouts, O ctober 1980-82. Bulletin
2192, 37 p p ., $2 (GPO Stock N o. 029-001-02798-2). Discusses
1981-82 changes in the labor force activity o f students,
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W orkers W ithout Jobs: A Chartbook on U nem ploym ent. Bulletin
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m etropolitan areas. The annual series o f 70 is available by
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Jack son ville, F lorida,
B u lle tin 3 0 2 0 -6 4 ,

M etropolitan A rea, D ecem ber 1983.
29 p p ., $ 3 .5 0 (GPO S to c k N o .

Area Wage Survey Summaries
C harlotte— G astonia, N .C ., December 1983. 6 pp.
C olorado Springs, C o lo ., December 1983. 3 pp.
Harrisburg— Lebanon, P a ., December 1983. 7 pp.
Pine B luff, A rk., January 1984. 3 pp.
R eno, N ev., Novem ber 1983. 3 pp.
Southwest Virginia, December 1983. 3 pp.
Virgin Islands o f the U .S ., December 1983. 3 pp.

BLS Reports
Em ploym ent in Perspective: M inority W orkers, Fourth Quarter
1983. Report 703. 4 pp. Focuses on 1983 labor market
developm ents am ong blacks and persons o f Hispanic ethnicity.
E m p lo y m e n t in P e r sp e c tiv e : W o rk in g W o m en , F ou rth
Q uarter/A nnual Summary 1983. Report 702. 3 pp. Focuses on
the changing em ploym ent situation for wom en and fam ilies in
1983.

029-001-90259-0).
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania-New Jersey, M etropolitan Area,
Novem ber 1983. Bulletin 3020-62, $3.75 (GPO Stock N o.
029-001-90257-3).

Industry Wage Survey Bulletins
These studies include results from the latest BLS survey o f wages
and supplem ental benefits, with detailed occupational data for
the N ation, regions, and selected areas (where available). Data
are useful for wage and salary adm inistration, union contract
negotiation, arbitration, and G overnm ent policy considerations.
The follow ing were published in February:
Bitum inous Coal, July 1982. Bulletin 2185, 82 p p ., $2.50 (GPO
Stock N o . 029-001-02799-1).
C om m unications, October-Decem ber 1981. Bulletin 2188, 15 p p .,
$1.50 (GPO Stock N o . 092-001-02797-4).
W om en’s and M isses’ Dresses, August 1982. Bulletin 2187, 38 pp.,
$2 (GPO Stock N o . 029-001-02796-6).


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