Full text of Monthly Labor Review : April 1952, Vol. 74, No. 4
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Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR . BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Office of Publications
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
~immm.
iyiAy
CONTENTS
Special Articles
381
386
390
395
PHfiWe
■jf'f-'n»
HRBAPy
Manpower Outlook in Metal Mining
A Review of Prices in a Year of Price Stabilization
Financing of New Sales Housing in Metropolitan Areas
Union Training Program of the AFL Paper Unions
Summaries of Studies and Reports
400
404
406
409
412
415
416
418
420
422
425
426
427
428
Collective Agreements in the Radio and Related Products Industry
Productivity Trends in Gray Iron Foundries, 1946-50
Wages in Nonferrous Foundries in August 1951
Earnings of Workers Making Women’s Coats and Suits, 1951
Union Wage Scales in the Printing Trades, 1951
Earnings of Workers Producing Metal Business Equipment, 1951
Wage Chronology No. 13: Federal Classification Act Employees
Industry Techniques for Employee Education
Survey of Consumer Debt and Nonliquid Assets
American Activities in the International Labor Field
Status of Labor Banks in 1951
Measures To Place Defense Orders in Surplus Manpower Areas
General Wage Regulations 20-21; Ceiling Price Regulations 124-127
Addendum: Wage Escalators in Marshall Plan Countries
Departments
hi
429
433
435
438
446
The Labor Month in Review
Recent Decisions of Interest to Labor
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Publications of Labor Interest
Current Labor Statistics (list of tables)
April 1952 . Yol. 74 . No. 4
This Issue in Brief...
of the foundries studied; of these, about half
indicated that by August 1951 general increases
had totaled from 10 to 15 cents an hour.
11-month period after issuance of the
General Ceiling Price Regulation, consumer prices,
as reflected by the Consumers’ Price Index, rose
3 percent and wholesale prices decreased by the
same percentage. In contrast with the rapid
increases following the outbreak of the Korean
war, 1951 prices remained relatively stable.
The stabilizing influences as well as those factors
creating inflationary pressures are cited in A
I n the
T he U n ited S tates is more nearly self-sufficient
in metallic ores than any other industrial nation;
it ranks first in the world production of iron,
copper, lead, and zinc, four of the most extensively
used industrial metals, and produces substantial
quantities of other ores. In the development
of the Nation’s metallic resources, the production
trend in the last 40 years has been upward. At
the same time half as many workers were engaged
in metal mining in 1950 as in 1911. Output of
the important industrial metals, except lead,
increased by 50 percent or more in the same
period. To meet increased military and civilian
production goals, it is estimated in M anpow er
O utlook in M etal M in in g (p. 381) that by 1955
the industry’s work force will have to be enlarged
by 15 percent over the 1951 total. Recruitment
and retention of miners are expected to become
increasingly difficult due to the nature and
location of mining employment. Technological
advances, a factor in reducing manpower require
ments, cannot be counted on to take up the slack
because the shrinkage of readily accessible ores
will retard increases in man-hour output.
The productivity and earnings of workers who
process the output of the metal mining industry
are summarized in this issue in two articles based
on Bureau of Labor Statistics studies. According
to P roductivity T rends in G ray I ron F o und
r ie s , 1946-50 (p. 404), this industry has raised
its man-hour output by 15 percent in the 5-year
post-World War II period. The most important
factors influencing this rise in productivity, which
occurred in the 12 major segments of the industry,
are: increasing mechanization; replacement of worn
out or obsolete equipment with new or more effi
cient machinery; and a high level of production.
W ages in N onferrous F o undries in A ugust
1951 (p. 406) averaged $1.58 an hour, an increase
of 53.4 percent over the $1.03 average in January
1945, date of the Bureau’s previous Nation-wide
survey of this industry. After January 1950,
the base month of wage stabilization, general
wage increases were reported by almost 80 percent
n
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R eview of P rices in
(p. 386).
a
Y ear of P rice S ta bi
lization
Tightened consumer credit, which was among
the stabilizing influences, is reflected in F inancing
op
N ew S ales H ousing in M etropolitan A reas
(p. 390). This BLS study analyzes and makes
comparisons of the sales and financing of new
housing in 10 metropolitan areas in three different
periods in 1949, 1950, and 1951. Facts disclosed
lead to the conclusion that mortgage credit
controls, although relaxed in September 1951,
will maintain a fairly strong brake on the heavy
potential market for new single-family houses in
large urban areas.
T he most important result of the U n io n
T raining P rogram of the AFL P aper U n io n s
(p. 395), according to the authors of this third article
in a worker-education series, is that the local
union commits itself to the slow and difficult but
rewarding process of self-help. Two of the pro
gram’s distinguishing features are: (1) training
classes are built into the union structure and are
made a function of the regional officers of the
international unions; and (2) actual teaching in
local unions is done by instructors chosen by the
locals themselves.
In addition to union educational programs, Amer
ican management is spending millions of dollars
annually on education of employees—a process
which goes on continually. I ndustry T ech
n iq u es for E mployee E ducation (p. 418) is
based on a report of the National Industrial
Conference Board in which some of the methods
used by American industry are described, citing
the advantages and disadvantages of each and
giving sources for personnel and material and
suggestions for their effective use.
The Labor Month
in Review
seized the basic steel industry to
avoid a strike to enforce acceptance of the settle
ment terms recommended by the Wage Stabiliza
tion Board. Steel management immediately
brought court action to test the seizure. Previ
ously, three railroad unions had challenged Gov
ernment seizure in their industry. Removal of
bargaining rights from Communist-led unions was
suggested as a possible Taft-Hartly Act amend
ment. A WSB panel recommended a settlement
of the Borg-Warner dispute. The CPI declined
between January 15 and February 15 for the first
time since June 1951.
T he P resid en t
Steel Labor Situation
Immediately after President Truman announced
seizure of the steel industry, CIO Steelworkers
president Philip Murray called off the strike set
for 12:01 a. m. on April 9. Steel furnaces which
had been cooled in preparation for a stoppage
were promptly fired to resume production. Fed
eral District Judge Holtzoff denied an application
by three steel companies for a restraining order to
block the seizure. Management and labor leaders
reported to the White House in answer to the
President’s demand that negotiations proceed
forthwith.
The WSB recommendations for a steel settle
ment were announced on March 20. Within the
framework of the Board’s wage regulations, a
majority proposed that the steelworkers be given
a cost-of-living adjustment, a share of produc
tivity advances, holidays with pay, premium pay
for Sunday work, increased shift differentials,
more generous vacation arrangements, and nar
rowed North-South differentials. The wage im
provements mean a 17.5-cents-an-hour wage
increase, 2% cents of which would go into effect
next July and 2 % cents in January 1953. The
fringe benefits were estimated to cost 5.1 cents an
hour this year and 3.2 cents next year. An 18month contract effective to June 30, 1953, was
proposed.
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WSB stressed that the steelworkers had not
received a wage adjustment since November 1950
and that no general reopening of steel labor con
tracts had occurred since 1947. The Board stated
that steel would only be catching up with wage
rates and in part with fringe-benefit practices of
“ American industry generally” ; no new prece
dents for demands by other unions were being
established.
The union shop was recommended, with its
exact form to be negotiated. In later bargaining,
the steel makers offered a substantial part of the
recommended wage adjustment, but were still in
disagreement on the union shop and other issues.
From the outset, the Steelworkers accepted
and management rejected the recommendations.
President Truman endorsed the Board’s findings
when he announced seizure of the industry.
Widespread criticism was showered upon WSB’s
public members for the recommendations. Indus
try members questioned the Board’s further
effectiveness; partiality by the public members
was charged; and WSB disputes-settlement juris
diction over noneconomic issues was also attacked.
Office of Defense Mobilization Director C. E.
Wilson, who resigned on March 31, had indicated
that a substantial steel-price rise must be allowed.
Industry representatives sought such price ad
vances to compensate for anticipated increased
costs. Price Stabilization Director Ellis Arnall
stated that a $2 to $3 a ton price boost was
allowable under the Capehart amendment. He
indicated' that other price relief was not now
available under price stabilization policies, and
President Truman held that current steel opera
tions were so profitable that further cost of the
recommended wage adjustments could easily be
absorbed.
WSB Chairman Nathan Feinsinger attempted
to abtain an agreement between the parties prior
to the seizure; thereafter, he assisted Acting ODM
Director John Steelman who took over as mediator.
Labor-Management Relations
The Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen, the
Locomotive Engineers, and the Railway Con
ductors (all Ind.) filed arguments in the Federal
Court in Cleveland, Ohio, challenging the terms
of the temporary injunction which halted their
3-day work stoppage early on March. In taking
this action, the unions denied that they were,
m i
IV
THE LABOR MONTH IN REVIEW
in fact, Government employees, despite seizure of
the railroads in August 1950. If the railroad
workers were not Government employees, the
unions argued, the Norris-LaGuardia Act, limiting
use of the injunction in labor disputes, prevailed.
If they were Government employees, they as
serted, they could not be required to work for
private profit or for less than just compensation.
On the union shop, signs pointed toward nego
tiation on a national basis with the 17 nonoperat
ing railroad unions. The Western region carriers
agreed to form a conference committee to take
part in national negotiations, although the Eastern
and Southeastern carriers continued to hold back.
The Railway Express Agency agreed to the union
shop with 4 nonoperating unions.
Simultaneous stoppages affected two of the
country’s principal means of communication.
The AFL Commercial Telegraphers struck the
Western Union Telegraph Co. and the CIO
Communications Workers struck against the longlines operations of four Bell Telephone companies
and Western Electric, Bell’s manufacturing affili
ate.
Work stoppages growing out of labor-manage
ment disputes caused 1,270,000 man-days of
idleness in February, compared with 1,250,000
in January, according to preliminary estimates.
February’s idleness was about 35 percent below
the total of 1,940,000 in February 1951.
Wage Stabilization Board
Some million building and construction workers
can be affected by permission which was granted
for wage increases up to 15 cents an hour over the
established 10-percent formula as well as em
ployer contributions into health and welfare funds
not to exceed 7% cents an hour. These increases
were computed on the following basis: 12 cents
for cost-of-living adjustment and 3 cents to cover
increases in holidays with pay, vacation payments,
pensions, and similar benefits.
A special WSB panel, with its industry members
dissenting, recommended that UAW-CIO bargain
ing with Borg-Warner Corp. be made company
wide on national issues and on an individual
plant basis for local issues. The union had struck
for company-wide bargaining last October. The
recommendations were not binding on WSB or on
the parties.
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Communists in Unions
In a move to limit Communist-dominated unions
Secretary of Labor Maurice J. Tobin asked
Congress to consider stripping such organizations
of their bargaining rights. The Taft-Hartley Act
might be amended, he suggested, to make it an
unfair labor practice for a company to bargain
with a union which the National Labor Relations
Board found to be Communist-dominated. Any
person, who, since January 1, 1949, has been a
Communist Party member or has taught or
advocated overthrow of the Government by
force or violence, might be barred from becoming
or remaining a union officer or employee, Sec
retary Tobin said.
Economic Background
Manufacturing employment increased 43,000
from January to February 1952, just over 15.8 mil
lion. Although this total was 160,000 less than in
February 1951, nonagricultural employment was
440,000 above February 1951 and stood at 45.8
million in February 1952. Unemployment, ac
cording to the Bureau of the Census, was at a
postwar low for February and March.
Production workers in manufacturing in Febru
ary 1952 averaged $1.64 an hour, including over
time and other premium pay. Weekly hours
worked by these workers stood at 40.8. Their
average weekly earnings were $66.83—a 5 percent
increase over February 1951. However, each of
these three averages was slightly below January
1952.
Capital outlays for new construction in March
were at record levels. Substantial increases in
private homebuilding and in highway construction,
together with seasonal advances in most other
types of construction, boosted the dollar volume
of new construction to about $ 2 billion, 13 per
cent above February 1952 and slightly above the
March 1951 total. Over 95,000 new homes were
started this March.
The first decline in the Consumers’ Price Index
since June 1951 occurred on February 15 when
the index was 187.9—a drop of 0.6 percent from
the January 15 level. The Old Series Index, on
which escalator adjustments in many collective
bargaining agreements is based, dropped even
more. As a result, wages of a million nonoperaing railroad workers were lowered 1 cent an hour
on April 1.
Manpower Outlook in Metal Mining
Serious Manpower Problems Arising From Heavy Demands for
Metals, Difficulties of Recruitment and Retention of
Workers, and Dwindling Supplies of Accessible Ores
Janeece F ord*
G reater metal production is one of the most
urgent needs facing the Nation. Military require
ments added to heavy civilian demand have
created shortages of many important metals, and
the industry has been asked for large increases in
production. This need for expansion indicates
severe manpower problems for the metal mining
industry. The Bureau of Labor Statistics esti
mates that in order to meet production goals, the
industry’s work force must be increased approxi
mately 15 percent by 1955.1 Many mines have
already encountered shortages of skilled miners
and due to the nature and location of mining
employment, recruitment and retention of mine
workers are expected to become increasingly
difficult. Technological advances, a factor in
reducing manpower requirements, are likely to be
offset over the long run by progressively deteri
orating metallic resources.
The United States is more nearly self-sufficient
in metallic ores than any other industrial nation.
It ranks first in world production of the ores of
iron, copper, lead, and zinc, four of the most
extensively used industrial metals. Despite the
huge volume of output, the Nation imports large
quantities of these metals. It is dependent to
an even greater extent on foreign sources for some
metals and metallic ores, including tungsten,
antimony, vanadium and bauxite, and is almost
completely dependent upon other countries for
such metals as tin, cobalt, chromite, and ferrograde manganese.
Total metal production in the United States has
increased greatly in the last 40 years. Iron output
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about doubled between 1911 and 1950, zinc
production almost tripled, and copper output
increased about 75 percent. Lead production,
on the other hand, increased only slightly. Al
though the trend in metal production has been
upward, wars, depressions, and other economic
factors have caused wide yearly fluctuations.
During the depression of the 1930’s, metal pro
duction dropped far below the 1911 levels. For
most metals an all-time high production rate was
reached during World War II, followed by a
sharp drop after VJ-day. (See table 1.) Produc
tion of all the major metals increased from 1949
to 1950, as a result of the defense program and
good business conditions.
The major metal mining areas of the United
States are the Lake Superior district, the Rocky
Mountain States, and the far Western States
(table 2). The principal States producing im
portant metals mined in smaller quantities are as
follows: tungsten in Nevada, North Carolina, and
California; molybdenum in Arizona, California,
Colorado, and Nevada; vanadium in Colorado
and Utah; chromite in California; cobalt in Penn
sylvania, Missouri, and Idaho; and carnotiteroscoelite deposits, which provide most of the do
mestic uranium ore, in Colorado, Utah, and
Arizona.
Iron, copper, lead, and zinc account for approxi
mately 83 percent of the total employment in metal
*Of the Bureau’s Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics.
1
For more detailed discussion, see U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, Manpower Report No. 11, Manpower Requirements in
Metal Mining, October 16,1951, Washington, D. O.
381
382
MANPOWER IN METAL MINING
T a b l e 1.—
Item
MONTHLY LABOR
Production, employment, hours, and output per man-hour, 1939-50
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
Iron M in in g •
Crude ore,2 gross tons (in thousands)____ _________ 57,353
Usable iron,2 gross tons (in thousands)_____________ 51, 732
Production workers3 (in thousands)_____
21.1
Average weekly hours 3________
_______
35.7
Indexes of output per man-hour3 (1939=100):
Crude ore______________________________
100.0
Usable iron... _______ ____________________
100.0
83,404 107, 720 126, 527 119,675 111, 020 106,312
73, 696 92, 410 104,883 100, 595 93, 525 87,859
23.8
28.3
33.7
31.6
35.3
26. 5
42.1
38.5
40.6
42.8
43.3
43.7
84,194 113,972 126,225 104,851
70,336 92, 549 100, 523 84, 401
25.9
31.6
33.6
30.4
40.2
37.7
41.3
39.8
124,596
98,160
31.9
40.9
119.8
117.4
123.4
117.3
117.3
107.8
104.0
96.9
106.7
99.7
120.7
110.5
113.3
104.9
117.8
106.0
119.5
105.5
113.8
101.6
125.5
109.5
69, 278
862
29.4
41.7
78,453
941
32.8
42.3
92, 286
1,064
34.0
45.2
98,120
1,069
33.3
45.8
91,064
950
27.4
45.2
77,473
757
21.8
44.7
62, 232
595
20.5
42.8
87,865
832
24.6
44.8
84, 729
818
25.0
45.2
76,033
731
24.3
42.3
94, 586
886
24.6
45.0
107.2
103.2
107.0
99.3
113.9
101.6
122.9
103.6
140.4
113.1
151.0
114.1
134.3
99.4
151.2
110.8
142.2
106.2
140.2
105.9
162.0
117.6
28,582
32,850
35,458
37,457
38,829
34,451
33,177
29,029
23, 786
25,099
1, 095
18.7
39.4
1,182
19.5
40.0
1,236
20.5
43.3
1,171
23.0
44.0
1,112
20.8
44.2
976
18.2
44.3
880
19.5
41.7
1,005
20. 7
41.3
1,002
19.2
41.3
984
18.1
41.4
(«)
1,044
17.2
41.6
99.6
96.4
107.7
98.3
102.5
90.4
95.1
75.3
108.4
78.8
113.0
78.7
104.2
70.2
87.2
76.5
77.0
82.3
86.0
85.3
(«)
94.7
Copper M in in g 4
Crude ore,2 short tons (in thousands)________ ____
55, 239
Recoverable copper,2 short tons (in thousands)........
714
Production workers3 (in thousands)___ ___________
25.0
Average weekly hours 3___
_ _____
41.9
Indexes of output per man-hour3 (1939=100):
Copper ore_.___ ____________________________ 100.0
Recoverable copper.____ ________ ___________
100.0
Lead-Zinc M in in g *
Crude ore,2lead and zinc, short tons (in thousands)... 24. 568
Recoverable m etal2 lead and zinc, short tons (in
thousands)__________ _. _______ ___________
972
Production workers3 (in thousands)__ ____ . . . . . . .
16.3
Average weekly hours 3________
_______
38.7
Indexes of output per man-hour3 (1939=100):
Crude ore__________________________________ 100.0
Recoverable metal__________________________
100.0
1 Includes establishments primarily engaged in the mining, dressing, and
beneficiating of iron ore.
2 Source: U. S. Bureau of Mines. Ore in the form in which it comes from
the earth is called “crude,” while metal that is recovered from the ore after
separation from rock and other materials is called “recoverable metal.”
3 Source: U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
4
Includes establishments primarily engaged in the mining, dressing, and
beneficiating of copper ore.
3 Includes establishments primarily engaged in the mining, dressing, and
beneficiating of lead, zinc, or lead-zinc ores.
8 Not available.
mining. Gold and silver mines employ another
10 percent of the workers in the industry and
other metals the remaining 7 percent.
nance workers, and transportation personnel. A
miner, strictly speaking, is the man actually drill
ing and blasting at the working face. But for
every miner there may be a total of three or four
other men in the mine and on the surface. Behind
the miner is the mucker who removes broken rock
or ore by hand shoveling or with a machine loader,
and loads it on cars for the transportation crew.
Many other workers assist miners by supplying
them with explosives and compressed air for drills,
propping up the drifts with timbers, operating
and maintaining pumping and ventilation machin
ery, and repairing the tunnels. Several years of
experience and training are needed to develop an
all-round underground metal miner.
According to studies of occupational structure
in underground mining operations reported by the
United States Employment Service,3 professional
and semiprofessional employees comprised approx
imately 3 percent of the mining work force ; admin
istrative, protective, and material handling and
control personnel, 9 percent; construction and
Work Force
Most of the workers in metal mining are men.
Women and young men under 18 are for the most
part excluded by State laws from all work except
clerical and a few surface jobs. Most workers
are white, although some Negroes are found in a
few Southern States, and substantial numbers of
Mexicans are employed in the Southwest. Ap
proximately 78 percent of the industry’s workers
are engaged in underground or deep-mine opera
tions, and 22 percent work in open-pit mines.2
Underground metal mining requires three types
of production workers—those engaged in extract
ing ore, underground construction and mainte-
2
Two widely different methods are used in ore extraction—underground
mining and open-pit mining. Bodies of ore which lie deep beneath the earth’s
surface are exploited by underground mining. In this method, a shaft is
dug to the ore deposit. The ore is cut or blasted loose, hauled through the
shaft to the surface, and processed for transportation to the smelters. Ore
lying near the surface of the earth is exploited by open-pit mining. The
3
United States Employment Service, Department of Labor, Industry
overburden, or waste material covering the ore, is first removed from the
Composition Pattern for Copper Mining (underground), 1947, Washington,
surface. The exposed ore is then loosened by blasting, loaded into railroad
D. C.; Industry Composition Pattern for Lead Mining (underground) 1947,
cars or trucks, and taken to the smelter or refinery.
Washington, D. C.
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maintenance personnel, 13 percent; and the re
maining 75 percent were employed in underground
mining operations. More than two-thirds of the
underground production workers were classified as
skilled. Occupational patterns vary in this indus
try, depending upon size and type of mining op
eration, and kind of ore.
Among the professionals and semiprofessionals
in mining are mining engineers, safety engineers,
metallurgists, mine surveyors, mineral surveyors,
geologists, mineralogists, chemists, and assayers.
These occupations generally require a college edu
cation and varying amounts of specific training
and experience directed toward such activities as
locating ore bodies, analyzing their size, shape,
and potentialities, determining the best methods
of extracting the ore and developing the mine,
directing the mining operations, assaying the qual
ity and value of the ore, or performing metal
lurgical processes to treat certain grades of ore.
Employment, Hours, and Earnings
Employment in metal mining has declined even
though the production trend has been upward,
due principally to improved technology and more
extensive open-pit operations. Only about half
as many workers were engaged in metal mining in
1951 as in 1911. Due to various economic factors,
T a b l e 2. — Leading States in mine production of major
metals, 1949
State and metal
Production
(in thou
sands)
Gross tons
Usable iron:
M innesota
55, 862
Michigan
11,199
Alahama
7,369
2,712
Utah
N p.w Yorlr
2,464
Short tons
Recoverable copper:
359
Arizona---------197
Utah_______ . . . .
57
Montana___
- 55
New M exico______
N f*.vad a
38
Recoverable lead:
Missouri
128
Trlaho
79
53
Utah____________ 34
Arizona. ______ 27
Colorado.-._______
Recoverable zinc:
77
Idaho
------------Arizona
71
54
M on f a71n.
51
no]orario
48
Source: U. S. Bureau of Mines.
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383
MANPOWER IN METAL MINING
REVIEW , APRIL 1952
State and metal
Production
(in thou
sands)
Fine ounces
Recoverable silver:
10,049
Idaho____________
6, 725
Utah________
6,327
Montana___ - ___
4,971
Arizona_____ _____
2,895
Colorado_____ _____
Recoverable gold:
South Dakota____
California_________
Utah____ _________
Nevada__________
Arizona____ _____
Crude bauxite:
Arkansas__________
Alabama____ - ____
Georgia______ _____
Virginia__ ___ -
465
417
314
130
109
T a ble 3. — Average weekly hours in metal mining,
1950-51
Item
All metal mining-------------------Iron __________ _______
Copper _________________
Lead-zinc. - _____________
1951
1951
1950
1950
Jan.-June July-Dee. Jan.-June July-Dee.
41.6
40.0
44.5
41.5
\
J
1, 287
65
43.9
43.4
46.0
42.9
43.6
42.3
46.2
43.1
however, there have been wide fluctuations in
mining employment from period to period. Em
ployment was at a high level during World War
I, dropped back sharply in the depression of 192021, rose in 1922-23, and remained relatively
stable during the mid-1920’s. The depression
beginning in 1929 again sharply reduced employ
ment and by 1933 employment in metal mining
had declined by 65 percent. The highest point
reached since World War I was in March 1942
when employment was 135,800. After VJ-day
employment declined to an average of 87,800 in
1946.
Employment in metal mining averaged 104,900
in 1951, an increase of 3.8 percent over the 1950
average of 101,000 and 5.9 percent over the first
half of 1950. Of these 104,900 workers, 37,600
were employed in iron mines, 28,700 in copper
mines, 20,800 in lead-zinc mines, and the remainder
in other metal mining. The largest gain in em
ployment over the 1950 average was in iron min
ing, which increased 5.9 percent. Employment
in lead-zinc mining and in copper mining increased
5.1 and 2.1 percent, respectively.
Average weekly hours in the mining industry
have increased since the outbreak of the Korean
war, as shown in table 3.
Production workers in the metal mining indus
try earned an average of $1.71 an hour in 1951, an
increase of 12.6 percent over the first half of 1950.
This was slightly above the 11-percent increase in
earnings in manufacturing. Earnings varied from
$1.89 an hour in the Pacific Coast region to $1.17
in the Southeast region. Average hourly earnings
in 1951 were as follows:
Average
hourly
earnings
1951
Gross tons
1
42.7
41.7
45.5
41.7
All metal m ining_-- . . . . .
Iron____— ---------C o p p e r ... . ._ . .
Lead-zinc--- -----------
$1.71
1.71
1 .70
1.77
Average
weekly
earnings
1951
$74.
73.
78.
76.
73
27
14
11
384
MANPOWER IN METAL MINING
Employment and Production in Iron Mines, by M ining
Methods, 1945-49
OPEN P!T
PRODUCTION W ORKERS
PRODUCTION
Thousands
M illio n s of G ro ss Tons of C rude Ore
Separation rates4for all metal mining rose about
35 percent in the first half of 1951 over the first
half of 1950 from an average of 3.4 to 4.6 separa
tions per 100 workers. The largest increase was
in “ quits” which rose 70 percent over the 1950
rate, and in “military and miscellaneous” which
rose 170 percent. The number of lay-offs, on the
other hand, declined sharply. Current separation
rates are about 25 percent lower than those pre
vailing during World War II and are well below
the peak of 8 workers per 100 separated in March
1943.
Trends in Output Per Man-Hour
In metal mining, technological progress fights a
constant battle against dwindling resources.
Improvements in equipment and mining methods
4
Separation rates in metal mining usually are slightly higher during the
spring and summer than at other seasons, because workers quit to take jobs
in farming, logging, and other summertime activities.
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MONTHLY LABOR
in recent years have brought about sizable gains
in the amount of crude ore produced per man-hour,
but the industry has not shown corresponding
increases in man-hour output of recoverable metal
because the average quality of ore mined has
tended to deteriorate.
Two principal factors accounting for increases
in the quantity of crude ore mined per hour are the
rise in the pro portion of ore coming from op en-pit
mines, and the increasing mechanization of many
operations. Open-pit iron mines accounted for
63 percent of the total in 1939 and 75 percent in
1949. The surface mines required only one-sixth
as many workers as underground mines for a
given amount of crude ore production. (See
chart.) Open-pit copper mines accounted for 59
percent of the crude copper ore in 1939 and 78
percent in 1949. However, ore mined in open-pit
operations is usually of lower quality than that in
underground mines and therefore requires addi
tional time and labor in preparation of the ore for
smelting and refining. Lead and zinc are mined
almost entirely by underground operations.
Mechanization has contributed greatly to in
creased man-hour output of crude ore. The indus
try has installed much labor-saving machinery
during the past 10 years. Capacity of electric
power shovels has been increased, better haulage
locomotives have been developed, and improved
techniques of caving, blasting, and drilling, more
effective use of explosives, the wider use of mechan
ical loaders, and other types of machinery have
contributed greatly toward increasing the quantity
of ore mined per man-hour.
Other important factors affecting productivity
per man-hour are the availability of skilled work
ers; prices of metals and the existence of Govern
ment-sponsored price supports; efficiency of man
agement and production methods; labor-manage
ment cooperation; weather conditions; and the
location of ore bodies. The percentage of working
time used in direct production of ore compared
with time used in mine development and improve
ment also affects the man-hour output rate.
Although productivity per man-hour has risen
generally since 1939 in terms of crude ore mined,
recoverable metal produced has not always in
creased correspondingly (table 1). This is due
to the necessity of exploiting ores with relatively
REVIEW , APRIL 1952
MANPOWER IN METAL MINING
small percentages of metal content. However,
technological developments in concentrating,
smelting, and refining, and the discovery of new,
richer ore bodies somewhat offset this tendency.
In the long run, the factors making for decreas
ing output per man-hour probably will tend to
overbalance the gains normally attributed to
technological advances. The most important of
these factors is, of course, the gradual deterioration
in the quality of the ore mined. Also, in under
ground mines, when ore is mined at increasing
distances from the shafts through which it is
hoisted to the surface, more man-hours must be
expended in hauling ore and in traveling to and
from the working faces. The expected decline
will take place slowly, however, and changes in
the man-hour output of recoverable metal are not
likely to be substantial in the next several years.
Manpower Requirements and Supply
Metal requirements are expected to continue to
increase for the next several years due to the huge
program of production for defense and essential
civilian needs. In order to meet production goals
that have been set by defense officials for domestic
metal mines, an estimated 120,500 workers will
be needed in the metal mining industry by 1955,
an increase of 15 percent over the 1951 average
employment of 104,900. Most of the increase in
employment needs will be in iron, copper, lead, and
zinc mines, which account for about 83 percent of
total employment in the industry. The largest
increase in manpower requirements will be in min
ing copper, the most critical major metal in 1951
and early 1952. Requirements for manpower in
copper mines will be more than 25 percent greater
than 1951 employment. Estimates by metal by
year are shown in table 4. The estimates of worker
requirements for each metal were derived by relat
ing production goals, output per'man-hour, and
weekly hours of work.
As the mobilization program progresses, recruit
ment and retention of necessary workers in the
metal mining industry are expected to become
increasingly difficult. The mining industry’s
World War II experience indicates the seriousness
of the problem. Early in the mobilization, during
1939-41, it became difficult to recruit new miners
and to hold those already employed. Workers
left mines for jobs with better working conditions
993590— 52------ 2
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385
T a b l e 4. — Estimated manpower requirements in metal
mining, 1952-55
Type of mining
1951:
Average
employ
ment 1
1952
1953
1954
1955
All employees
All'metal mining____
104,900
111, 200
113,600
117,200
120,500
Production workers
AH metal mining------Iron________ _____
Copper___________
Lead-zinc..................
Other metals............
92,000
33,800
25,100
18, 200
15,500
98, 300
35, 200
26. 000
20, 400
16,700
100, 600
36, 400
26,100
20,800
17,300
103,600
36, 700
28,800
20, 500
17,600
106,500
-36,500
31,500
20,400
18,100
1 Source: Ü. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
and higher pay in other defense activities, such as
shipyards and aircraft factories. In addition,
many miners entered the Armed Forces. After
the war started, the manpower problem became
so critical that the army found it necessary to
furlough military personnel to work in the metal
mines; 4,253 men were furloughed in 1942 and
4,546 in 1943. During the course of the war
many other measures were taken in attempts to
alleviate the situation but, in spite of all efforts,
the shortage of mining manpower remained a
critical problem to the end of the war.
In the event of another full mobilization, the
shortage of mining workers would probably be
more severe than during World War II for several
reasons. There would be virtually no reserve of
unemployed workers such as was available in 1941.
The industry now has a higher proportion of work
ers who are likely to leave the mines when the
outside job market is good. In the past, many
miners in certain types of mines were foreign-born
men, who, once in the mines, tended to stay there;
younger native-born men are more likely to leave
the mines for more pleasant jobs. Many mines
are in isolated areas where no local labor market
exists and it is often difficult to induce workers
from other areas to migrate. The groups in the
population from which most “extra workers” are
drawn when the labor supply is tight—women,
teen agers, physically handicapped, and older
workers—cannot be used in mine work, due to
legislative and physical limitations. Finally, de
pletion of some of the more accessible resources
may make it necessary to expend progressively
more manpower per ton of recoverable metal.
A Review of Prices
in a Year of
Price Stabilization
R obert Pastern ak*
commodities in the face of earlier anticipated
shortages; the substantial additions to productive
capacity; the enactment of new taxes; and by the
decline in consumer spending in certain areas.
Offsetting these stabilizing influences on prices
were the growing diversion of materials from the
civilian economy to the expanding defense program;
the smaller-than-anticipated farm crops due to
floods and other adverse agricultural conditions;
and the enactment in July 1951 of amendments to
the Defense Production Act of 1950, which made
certain price increases mandatory.
Declining Consumer Demand
H eavy
in f l a t io n a r y
pr e ssu r e s
which had
marked the beginning of 1951 were less in evidence
at the end of the first full year of the price
stabilization program. Although prices for most
cost-of-living items continued to rise nearly every
month in 1951, the rate of advance was slowed
considerably after the issuance of the General
Ceiling Price Regulation in late January.1 Con
sumers prices as reflected in the Consumers’
Price Index rose 3 percent between February 1951
and January 1952. In contrast, wholesale prices2
leveled off in February and March 1951; they
started to decline, thereafter, and by January
1952 they were 3 percent lower than in the
previous February.
The relative stability of 1951 prices at peak
levels contrasts sharply with the rapid increases
following the outbreak of the Korean war.
Between June 1950 and February 1951, consumer
prices rose by 8 percent and wholesale prices, 16
percent. Price movements following the GCPR
were affected by its imposition; the tightened
consumer credit; increased business inventories;
the unusually favorable crop outlook in the first
half of 1951; the prospect of peace in Korea; the
easing of world commodity prices including
strategic metals; the continuing availability of
•Of the Bureau’s Division of Prices and Cost of Living.
1
GCPR was issued on January 26, 1951. Price rises which occurred
between January 15 and the announcement of GCPR as well as price changes
between January 26 and February 15 are reflected in the Bureau’s February
monthly indexes. Only after February, therefore, do month-to-month
index comparisons show price changes solely after the issuance of GCPR.
* The wholesale price index (WPI) referred to in this article is the revised
WPI (1947-49=100). For contractual purposes the unrevised WPI (1926=
100) remains the official index of primary market prices prior to January 1952.
For details on the revision of the WPI, see Monthly Labor Review, February
1952 (p. 180).
386
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One of the most significant developments
during 1951 was the decline in consumer demand
instead of the expected heavy increase. Retail
dollar sales of many lines of soft goods (for ex
ample, sheets, blankets, and other housefurnishings)
and durables (automobiles, washing machines,
television sets, etc.), which had shown the greatest
increases during the scare-buying periods, dropped
toward the end of the first quarter of 1951.
The decline occurred despite increased employ
ment and incomes stemming from the expanding
defense and capital equipment programs, and
appeared to be influenced by a number of tem
porary as well as more basic factors.
Among the former were resistance to high
prices, tightening of credit, and the consumer
inventories resulting from earlier anticipatory
buying. When anticipated shortages did not
develop on any large scale, many consumers
resumed their normal habit of buymg. Some
others found themselves well stocked with goods
purchased on credit during the scare-buying
periods. The need for paying off these debts
removed this group of consumers from the market
temporarily. Most of the psychological factors
which had earlier led to the waves of scare buying
disappeared as °a result of the combined effect of
the price stabilization program, the continued
availability of ample supplies of most goods, and
the generally improved military outlook.
The large stock of major durable goods in the
hands of consumers was a more basic determinant
in the decline of consumer demand for durable
goods after price control. Reflecting both the
deferred wartime demand and the unusually
high rate of new household formation, spending
PRICES IN YEAR OF STABILIZATION
for houses and major durables had been large for
most of the period following World War II.
Substantial outlays for service and maintenance
of major durable goods in the hands of consumers
may well have accounted for the 1951 contraction
in consumer outlays for new purchases. Savings
increased after the first quarter of 1951 from 4 to 9
percent of disposable income.
Businessmen, who had geared their purchases
of civilian goods to the earlier high rate of spending
by consumers, were confronted with large highpriced inventories. As a result, retrenchment of
inventory positions during the last half of 1951
led to cutbacks in production and promotional
sales, notably in textiles and durables.
WPI and CPI Price Movements
The General Ceiling Price Regulation was im
posed in the midst of the second wave of scare
buying following the start of Korean hostilities
and froze prices of those commodities and serv
ices subject to control under the Defense Produc
tion Act.3 Its issuance gave protection to buyers
and sellers of price-regulated commodities against
speculative price rises.
Initially, the effect of the GCPR was to halt
speculative buying. Prices later began to decline
in primary (wholesale) markets, particularly in
apparel, many housefurnishings, and appliances.
At the retail level, however, as reflected in the
CPI, prices for many of these goods either re
mained at peak levels or continued to advance into
late 1951, reflecting among other things earlier
high-priced inventory purchases. Of the major
CPI components, only housefurnishings reached
a peak as early as May.
Several reasons account for the diverse move
ments of primary market and retail prices during
1951. First, while almost all primary market
prices (excluding farm products and most foods)
were subject to control, many retail commodities
and services were not controlled. It is estimated
that these uncontrolled items constituted 17 per
cent of the weighted value of the CPI; only about
half of the weighted value of the CPI represents
* The price control legislation permitted control of virtually all commodi
ties and services except farm and food products selling below parity, profes
sional services (such as medical and legal), utilities, rent, movies, and news
papers. In addition, certain other commodities (such as fresh and frozen
fish, sugar, fresh fruits and vegetables, and prescriptions) were exempted
from control by OPS action.
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387
items completely under OPS control. A greater
segment of the WPI is subject to control.
Second, the absence of raw materials in the CPI
and the inclusion of services, rents, and excise
taxes explain in part these differences.
Third, the treatment of seasonal items of ap
parel and textile housefurnishings in the indexes
differs: in the CPI, such seasonal items are in
cluded only during the season and not during the
off-season, as in the WPI. (For other factors
explaining short-run differences between the two
indexes, see Monthly Labor Review for January
1952, p. 59.)
Finally, the increasing demand for goods and
services (chiefly food, housing, fuel, and services)
which make up a large part of the cost of living
exerted an upward pressure on consumer prices.
Wholesale Prices
After the 3-percent decline in the WPI between
February and September 1951, the index remained
virtually unchanged in the next 4 months. Many
prices of the individual groups of commodities,
Chart 1.
W holesale Price Index, June 1950 fo
January 1952
388
PRICES IN YEAR OF STABILIZATION
all of which had increased sharply following the
beginning of the Korean war, began to decline
after February. (See chart 1). The greatest
drops in prices between February 1951 and Jan
uary 1952 occurred in hides, skins, and leather
products which fell 20 percent; other groups
which showed marked declines during that
period were textiles, rubber, lumber, and house
hold durables. Percent changes in the WPI
between specified dates follow:
Percent change
J u n e 1950
G C P R to
to G C P R
J a n u a ry 1952
All com m odities____
_.
All commodities less farm
and fo o d s._
Farm products. _ ______
Processed foods___
16. 3
-2 . 8
14. 7
24. 0
16. 6
-2 . 5
-6 . 1
-1 . 5
The sharpest decreases—in many instances to
price levels substantially below permitted ceil
ings—were in commodities such as cotton, hides,
rubber, tallow, tin, wool, and cottonseed oils.
Speculative price increases immediately after
Korea had been great for these commodities, and,
in some instances, excessive inventories had
developed by the spring of 1951. In general,
prices declined most at the raw material level and
least at the final stages of fabrication.
Prices of most of the commodities which are
used in defense and defense-supporting indus
tries—such as machinery, metals, nonmetallic
minerals, fuel, and paper and pulp—remained
relatively stable or increased slightly in the 11
months between February 1951 and January 1952.
Chemical prices declined 5 percent by January
1952, largely as a result of the sharp drop in fats
and oils following steep rises prior to GCPR.
Prices of industrial chemicals remained unchanged
or advanced.
Both wholesale farm and food prices reached
1951 peaks in the first 2 months of the year. Sub
sequently, foods remained relatively stable, apart
from seasonal movements, but farm prices fluc
tuated widely during the year. As the outlook
for a record crop diminished during the course of
the year, farm prices, which had dropped 6 per
cent between February and September, moved
upward. Moderate seasonal declines occurred in
December 1951 and January 1952.
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MONTHLY LABOR
Retail Prices
The trend of retail prices following GCPR was
quite unlike that of wholesale prices. After
February, the Consumers’ Price Index continued
to rise until May. From May until August the
index remained virtually unchanged; a new rise
began in September and lasted until December.
The index remained unchanged in January 1952.
(See chart 2.)
F ood. The initial upsurge in food prices began
with the Korean outbreak and continued at an
accelerated rate after the Chinese intervention in
November 1950 up to the issuance of GCPR in
late January 1951. Following control, food prices
remained relatively stable until October 1951,
when they started to rise again. Food prices,
which had risen 11 percent between Korea and
February 1951, advanced an additional 3 percent
in the 11 months ending in January 1952.
All the major components in the food index
increased in price after February 1951 except fats
and oils, which declined 12 percent, and sugar and
sweets, which declined fractionally. The greatest
increases after the inauguration of controls were
in fruits and vegetables (8 percent); dairy prod
ucts excluding eggs (6 percent); eggs (3 percent);
and cereal and bakery products (2 percent).
Meat prices were at very high levels at the time
GCPR was issued; they had increased 10 percent
contraseasonally since Korea. When the normal
February seasonal downturn failed to materialize
and prices continued upward, a series of pricerollbacks was announced for certain cuts of beef.
The first rollback, which took effect in May 1951,
reduced prices at the retail level; a slight decline
(0.3 percent) occurred in the beef and veal retail
price index between April and May. The other
two scheduled rollbacks were forbidden under the
revised Defense Production Act, which also out
lawed slaughtering quotas on livestock. Reduced
marketings of livestock in the summer and early
fall, together with increased ceiling prices allowed
to slaughterers 4 caused the beef and veal index to
rise 3 percent from May to the 1951 peak in
* Slaughterers were granted increases in beef ceilings in September to
compensate them for reduced receipts from livestock by-products such as
hides and tallow.
REVIEW, APRIL 1952
Chart 2.
PRICES IN YEAR OF STABILIZATION
Consumers’ Price Index, June 1950 to
January 1952
389
program contributed to the rate of rise. From
July 1951 to January 1952 rents increased by
3 percent.
Retail prices
of the miscellaneous goods and services group
increased by 4 percent during the year. The
rise was continuous throughout the year and
reflects to a great extent the increased demand
for services during a period when personal incomes
were advancing at a rapid rate. In addition, the
price index for miscellaneous goods and services
reflects increased automobile prices granted under
the Capehart amendment to the Defense Produc
tion Act.
The increase in the prices of certain services
such as beauty and barber shop services reflects
the removal of these items from control by the
revised price control law.
M iscella n eo u s Goods a n d Services.
Prices of such
commodities as textiles, housefurnishings, and
leather products were moving downward at whole
sale at the same time they advanced at retail or
experienced only nominal declines. Apparel in
the CPI, which had been rising rapidly between
mid-1950 and March 1951, changed only slightly
in price until September, when its index increased
3 percent.5 After September, apparel began its
first sustained price decline. By January 1952,
in contrast to the 1-percent rise in apparel prices
during the preceding 11 months, textile prices in
primary markets had dropped 11 percent. While
prices of hides, print cloth, and wool had reached
or nearly reached pre-Korea levels by January 26,
1952, falling 51, 37, and 53 percent, respectively,
from their post-Korea peaks, retail prices of
products fabricated from these materials such as
shoes, cotton, and woolen apparel either decreased
moderately or showed no appreciable change.
Housefurnishings prices increased 1 percent
between February and May 1951. After May,
however, prices of durables and most soft goods
began to decline in response to diminished con
sumer demand. The decline in housefurnishings
prices in the CPI between May 1951 and January
1952 accompanied the slump in both household
soft goods and durables in primary markets.
Reductions at the primary market level, however,
w^ere of a much greater magnitude.
A p p a r e l a n d H o u seju rn ish in g s.
November. After November this index declined
fractionally.
The most spectacular increases in food prices
during the year occurred in potatoes (63 percent),
sweetpotatoes (58 percent), onions (40 percent),
lettuce (36 percent), carrots (13 percent), and
butter (12 percent). All of these items are
currently uncontrolled. A notable decrease of
12 percent from February 1951 to January 1952
occurred in the prices of fats and oils (mostly
under OPS control). Large supplies contributed
to the downward movement of these prices.
B en t. During 1951 rent increased more than any
other major element in the CPI, rising more than
4 percent between February and January 1952.
Rents, which had been increasing since the end of
World War II, advanced at an accelerated rate
following the passage of the 1951 amendments to
the Housing and Rent Act in July. One of these
amendments provided for 20-percent increases in
those rents which had increased by less than that
amount since 1947. In addition, the rising de
mand for housing associated with the defense
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1
This increase reflects the re-entrance into the index of the pricing of fall
and winter seasonal items.
Financing of
New Sales Housing in
Metropolitan Areas
M a r y F. C a r n e y *
M o r t g a g e c r e d i t c o n t r o l s , although relaxed in
September 1951/ nevertheless maintain a fairly
strong brake on the heavy potential market
for new single-family houses in large metropolitan
areas. This conclusion is based on the results of
Bureau of Labor Statistics surveys in 10 metro
politan areas.2 They showed that down payments
made by most purchasers of houses completed
during October 1950-March 1951 would have
been insufficient to meet the credit terms of the
September 1951 regulations, much less the more
stringent curbs of the original Regulation X.3
This group was heavily weighted by veterans
and buyers of relatively low-priced homes, who
also had constituted the great bulk of home
purchasers in large metropolitan areas during the
1949-50 period of easy financing, when mortgages
covering the full purchase price were common.
For most of the houses built late in 1950 and
early in 1951 in the large cities studied, credit
arrangements were made by contractors before
the effective date of Regulation X on October 12,
*Of the Bureau’s Division of Construction Statistics.
i Effective September 1,1951, the Defense Housing and Community Facili
ties and Services Act of 1951 provided for substantial reductions on downpayment schedules for housing priced up to $12,000; subsequent actions by
the Federal Reserve Board and the Housing and Home Finance Agency
reduced down payments to a lesser degree on housing priced between $12,000
and $15,000. Regulation X and related orders, issued on October 12, 1950,
had required much stiffer down payments on new houses.
1 The 10 areas studied are Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Detroit, Los
Angeles, New York, Pittsburgh, San Francisco, and Washington.
The surveys excluded owner-built and cooperative houses, and those with
a construction cost of $30,000 or more, not including the cost of land.
* The Bureau’s surveys do not cover data on whether purchasers could have
met stiffer terms if required, nor the extent to which they chose to retain
liquid assets which could have been used for larger down payments. For
information on assets remaining to purchasers after buying houses during
October 1950-March 1951, see House Purchases in the Five Months Following
the Introduction of Real Estate Credit Regulation, Federal Reserve Bulletin,
July 1951.
390
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1950. In fact, because of the large volume of
advance mortgage commitments, Regulation X
was not an important factor in new home financing
until the summer of 1951, not very long before
the September relaxation was introduced.4
The Bureau surveys of the sales prices and
financing of new houses completed in metropolitan
areas covered the last half of 1949, the last quarter
of 1950, and the first quarter of 1951.6 The data
for the 1950-51 surveys are grouped together
occasionally in this article in order to assist
analysis. Nearly two-thirds of the purchasers of
mortgage-financed homes completed in the latter
two survey periods would have had to make
greater down payments or to buy cheaper houses
than they did in order to meet the terms of the
September 1951 revisions in Regulation X. This
would have been true for 80 percent of the houses
with VA-guaranteed loans, but only 40 percent
of the others. Similarly, 70 percent of the pur
chasers of mortgaged houses priced at less than
$12,500, in contrast with 40 percent of the pur
chasers of these houses priced at $12,500 or more,
would have had to invest more initially or be
satisfied with less costly houses. (See chart.)
Regionally, the impact of the new credit curbs
and the initial burden of buying a new house vary
considerably, as suggested by the results of the
Bureau’s studies. The average purchase price
paid by a middle-income ($3,000 to $4,999) family
early in 1951 ranged from around $8,700 in Atlanta
and Dallas to $12,100 in Chicago. Based on these
prices, a veteran in this income group in the south
ern areas would need a little over $500 for a down
payment under the September 1951 regulations,
and a nonveteran, about $1,300. In Chicago, a
veteran in the same income group would need
almost $1,000 and a nonveteran, $2,400. Areas
which would be most affected by the September
1951 regulations are those where lower-priced
housing predominated, or where little or nothing
was paid down by a large proportion of purchasers
with YA mortgages such as in Atlanta, Dallas, and
Los Angeles. Apparently, the effect would be less
in Chicago and Pittsburgh, as indicated principally
by higher down payments made in these areas.
4 Credit controls in general have fallen more heavily on metropolitan than
nonmetropolitan areas, where Government-assisted (VA and FHA) loans
were not as readily obtained ordinarily and where real estate financirfg is in
general more conservative.
8 The Bureau’s third survey was made with funds provided by the Housing
and Home Finance Agency as part of its housing research program.
FINANCING NEW SALES HOUSING
Percent of Purchasers with Down Payments
N ot Meeting Credit Terms
N E W M O RTG AG ED 1 -FA M ILY HOUSES C O M PU T ED
OCT. 1950 • M A R . 1951 IN 10 M ETRO PO LITAN AREA S
P e rce n t o f Pu rch ase rs
IOO
Under Regulation X
O ct. 1950
Under Regulation X
Revised
Se p t. 1951
80
60
40
20
O L
$ 1 2 ,5 0 0
an d up .
U n d er
$ 1 2 ,5 0 0
PRICE C L A S S E S
A ll Types o f lo a n s
G l fin a n ce d lo a n s
N o n G l fin a n ce d lo a n s
M o rtg a g e d h o u se s priced u nd e r
$12,500 w e re b o u gh t by<
7 5 % of A ll Purch a se rs
8 2 % of W W H V e te ra n s
5 2 % of A ll O the rs
Sales Prices
Sales prices of new houses increased noticeably
in most areas between the first and third survey
periods, partly because of rising costs to the builder
for material and labor, and partly because of a
shift from the 1949 “ economy” house to produc
tion of larger and costlier houses.6 In the 10 areas
as a group, the average family paid $12,200 for a
new house in the spring of 1951, or 12 percent
more than in the latter half of 1949. (See table 1.)
T
a b l e
391
R eg io n a l V a ria tio n s. Diversification in the types
and sizes of houses built and the size of builders’
operations as well as differences in building-code
restrictions and varying costs to the builder help to
explain area differences in price levels at a given
time. Generally, climate and construction costs
(higher wages and material outlays) in northern
areas prohibit building adequate housing at the
price levels possible in southern regions. In addi
tion, effective demand for new sales housing at a
given price is contingent upon the income level of
prospective home buyers, population pressures,
the extent to which doubling-up occurs, and the
extent and kind of mortgage credit available in a
particular region.
Because average incomes in the South have
been lower than the national average, the market
for lower-priced houses has been greater there
than in other localities. Low-priced housing pre
dominated in Atlanta and Dallas during all three
survey periods, but in both these areas the rise
in average purchase price was relatively sharp.
Many of the new houses coming on the market
in 1950 and 1951 were larger than in 1949, and
many more of the newly built units in these
localities tended to have central heating than
formerly. Despite higher construction costs, De
troit prices compared favorably with those in
the two southern areas, principally because the
average new house in Detroit was much smaller
and the 2-bathroom unit was less prevalent than
in any other area surveyed. Average sales prices
were highest in Chicago and Washington and
lowest in Atlanta, Dallas, Detroit, and Los
Angeles.
8 For structural characteristics and average construction costs of new 1family houses started during selected periods of 1949, 1950, and 1951, see the
Monthly Labor Review, July 1951 (p. 13), and Construction, August 1951.
1.— Average 'purchase price, type of financing, and veteran status of purchaser for new houses completed January-
March 1951 in 10 metropolitan areas 1
New
York
Pitts
burgh
San
Fran
cisco
13,040
$11,425
12,090
$12, 695
380
$12,230
3,300
$12,635
1,740
$13, 420
63
24
10
3
63
10
24
3
55
23
20
2
42
27
21
10
53
22
16
9
65
11
24
76
24
76
24
66
34
63
37
60
40
Item
10 areas
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Dallas
Detroit
Los
Angeles
Number of houses purchased__________
Average purchase price-. . ____ _____
Percent of new houses purchased with—
^VA-guaranteed mortgage2_________
$ FHA-insured mortgage___ ______
Conventional (uninsured) mortgage..
’’ No mortgage (100 percent equity)__
Percent purchased by—
World War II veterans___________
All others.............................................
45, 640
$12, 230
815
$10,365
1,140
$14,095
4,320
$14, 590
1,600
$11,405
7, 215
$11,115
55
20
22
3
59
8
32
1
51
4
35
10
21
38
36
5
34
30
32
4
69
31
84
16
61
39
52
48
66
34
1 For data covering houses completed July-December 1949 and OctoberDecember 1950, see Construction, issues for February and June 1951.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Wash
ington
(3)
79
21
2 Covers houses with VA-guaranteed and FHA-VA combination mortgages.
3 Less than 1 percent of all purchased houses.
392
FINANCING NEW SALES HOUSING
MONTHLY LABOR
T a b le 2.— Median purchase price, by type of buyer, and percent distribution by price class of new mortgaged houses completed
in 10 metropolitan areas in selected periods, 1949, 1950, and 1951 1
All new mortgaged houses purchased in—
Purchase price class
New
York
Pitts
burgh
$8, 600
8, 500
9,100
$10, 200
9,500
11,800
$11,000
10, 500
11, 700
$10, 400
9,900
12,300
10, 530
14,120
15,310
1,555
4, 095
19
21
22
13
15
6
1
1
2
14
32
28
9
5
4
2
3
4
5
16
18
16
21
9
4
4
7
1
2
23
16
34
14
4
3
3
4
16
19
13
22
7
7
3
11
$8, 200
8, 000
9,300
$9, 500
9, 300
11,800
$9,300
9,100
11,600
$11,300
10,400
11, 400
$11,100
10, 600
15.100
$10, 200
10, 000
11,100
4, 795
2,145
6,815
21, 540
15, 730
835
3,260
29
29
8
5
5
4
3
2
15
5
15
31
17
22
3
2
2
4
7
17
34
17
16
3
3
4
6
12
14
18
22
11
6
2
10
7
5
1
5
23
31
12
9
9
10
2
3
6
7
23
26
18
8
7
12
21
27
11
12
6
4
1
3
28
28
17
12
4
4
4
$11,800
11,200
14,400
$13,900
13,100
14,900
$8.900
8,700
9,500
$9,900
9, 600
11, 800
$10,000
9.900
11, 200
$11, 700
11,100
11,500
$11,400
10,800
12,600
$10, 600
10, 200
11. 800
900
4,080
1,495
6, 590
12,075
10,660
335
2,560
3
3
18
29
18
13
9
8
2
2
8
4
18
21
20
11
14
17
25
20
10
2
8
3
5
11
2
11
28
21
22
9
2
2
2
2
9
22
31
19
6
2
3
5
16
4
15
33
20
5
2
2
19
25
26
7
8
4
9
10 areas
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Median purchase price: all buyers_____
World War II veterans 2__________
All others..... ........................... ...........
$9, 500
9,100
11, 500
$8, 200
8, 200
7,500
$9,700
9,400
11,100
$12, 200
11,600
13,300
$7,200
7,100
8, 300
$9, 000
8, 700
10, 500
Number of houses purchased-_________
Percent priced at:
Under $7,500____________________
$7,500-$8,499____________________
$8,500-$9,499.................................... —
$9,500-$10,499____________________
$10,500-$12,499.____ _____________
$12,500-$14,499___________________
$14,500-$16,499___________________
$16,500-$18,499___________________
$18,500 and over.............................. .
60,135
1, 710
1,215
5,380
2,700
13
18
19
13
16
8
5
3
6
33
25
15
8
10
4
1
3
1
2
18
27
18
16
5
5
4
6
6
2
8
12
27
19
12
4
11
66
6
2
6
5
2
3
2
9
Median purchase price: all buyers-------World War II veterans2__________
All others.................. ................... ......
$10,100
9, 700
11,100
$9, 200
9, 000
10, 200
$11, 500
11,000
14,300
$13. 700
12,500
13,500
Number of houses purchased__________
Percent priced at:
Under $7,500____________ _______
$7,500-$8,499____________________
$8,500-$9,499____________________
$9,500-$10,499____________________
$10,500-412,499___________________
$12,500-414,499___________________
$14,500-$16,499___________________
$16,500-$18,499__________________$18,500 and over........... ................. —
61,420
970
1,950
6
13
22
17
19
8
6
3
7
12
26
19
22
7
5
5
Dallas
Detroit
Los
Angeles
San
Washing
Francisco
ton
1949
$12,100
10,600
14, 700
3, 520
0
1
14
19
19
18
14
5
8
1950
0
0
0
0
$11,900
11, 200
15, 900
3,380
0
2
6
24
25
12
12
10
10
1951
Median purchase price: all buyers........ World War II veterans2__________
All others............... —..........................
$10, 600
10, 200
12, 600
$9,300
9,300
9,700
Number of houses purchased__________
Percent priced at:
Under $7,500____________________
$7,500-48,499____________________
$8,500-$9,499____________________
$9,500-$10,499____________________
$10,500-$12,499_________ _________
$12,500-414,499___________________
$14,500-$16,499___________________
$16,500-418,499___________________
$18,500 and over................... ...............
41, 095
725
2
8
18
20
22
12
7
4
7
18
13
24
20
2
6
2
7
8
0
0
9
12
14
26
18
9
3
9
0
0
6
$11,800
10,600
14,600
1, 680
0
0
6
18
33
14
13
3
12
1 Covers new 1-family houses completed July-December 1949, OctoberDecember 1950, and January-March 1951. For percent distribution of
veteran and nonveteran buyers by purchase price class, see Construction for
February, June, and August 1951. Excludes units for which mortgage data
and veteran status of purchaser were not reported. Percent distributions
may not total 100 because of rounding.
2 Covers World War II veterans who, as purchasers at the time of the
surveys, were eligible (under the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944,
as amended by the Housing Act of 1950) to buy houses under GI mortgage
financing programs, i. e., those veterans who had not previously used GI
credit for a home loan, business loan, or a farm loan.
3 Less than 1 percent of all purchased houses.
The spread between low- and high-priced areas
was about the same in all periods. In 1949,
the average price paid in Atlanta for a new house
was $4,500 less than in Chicago, and in 1951 it
was $4,200 less.
They bought 75 percent of the new mortgaged
housing priced under $12,500 in 1949, and 80
percent in the 1950 and 1951 survey periods.
Also, on the average, a veteran paid $2,600 less
than a nonveteran for a new house in 1949, and
$4,300 less in 1951. The median purchase price
paid by veterans ranged from $9,100 in 1949 to
$10,200 in 1951. For nonveterans, the median
price was $11,500 in 1949 and $12,600 in 1951.
(See table 2.)
V etera n s as H o m e B u y e rs. World War II veter
ans dominated the postwar new housing market,
largely because of their preferential status with
respect to equity requirements. In the three sur
vey periods, veterans bought the bulk of the new
housing in all areas studied except Chicago, where
nonveteran purchasers were almost as numerous.
Veterans were especially numerous among the
purchasers of relatively low-priced houses.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Despite rising costs and noticeable
shifts to relatively large and expensive types of
housing, 70 percent of the new mortgaged 1family dwellings in the 10 areas were priced under
P ric e C lasses.
393
FINANCING NEW SALES HOUSING
REVIEW , APRIL 1952
new mortgaged housing was priced above $12,500
in 1949; later surveys revealed a much greater
concentration in higher-price classes in Chicago.
In contrast, the trend in Washington was increas
ingly toward the middle-price brackets, with the
result that this area was the only one to show a
decline in the median purchase price after 1949.
$12,500 in 1951, the last period surveyed. About
80 percent of the units sold in the 1949 and 1950
periods were priced below that figure also. The
rise in the median purchase price from $9,500 in
1949 to $10,600 in 1951 reflected a shift in most
areas from lower-price brackets to the middleprice ranges of $9,500 to $12,499. (See table 2.)
Interarea differences were significant in the dis
tribution of mortgaged houses among the various
price classes. Housing in the medium-price ranges
($9,500 to $12,499) dominated the Pittsburgh
sales market during all survey periods. On the
other hand, only about 10 percent of the new
houses purchased hi Dallas were in this price
group. In New York, about 40 percent of the new
housing was medium priced. In all three of these
areas, the proportion of new houses priced above
$12,500 increased considerably after 1949.
Low-priced housing was relatively unimportant
in Chicago and Washington in all three survey
periods. In both areas, about 45 percent of the
Purchasers’ Income
Middle-income families ($3,000 to $4,999) domi
nated the market for new housing during all three
survey periods. (See table 3.) However, the
middle- and low-income buyers had lost some
ground by the 1951 period, largely to families in
the relatively high income bracket of $5,000 to
$7,499.
The price-income ratio for home buyers re
mained relatively stable in the areas surveyed,
indicating that the general increase which oc
curred in incomes after 1949 was offset to some
extent by a rise in housing costs.
T a ble 3. — Annual income of purchasers and average purchase price of new houses completed, 10 metropolitan areas
10 Areas
Item
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Dallas
Detroit
Los
Angeles
New
York
Pitts
burgh
1
San
Washing
Francisco
ton
M edian annual income of home buyers
All home buying families, 1949.
1950
1951
__
__
$4,000
4,500
4,600
$3,500
3.900
4,000
$4, 500
4.900
4.900
$3,700
4,900
4, 700
$3,800
4,300
4,800
$3,800
4.400
4.400
$3,700
4.300
4.300
$4,300
4,600
4,800
$3,900
4.000
4.000
$4,300
4,600
4, 700
$4,800
5,100
4,800
100
21
58
21
100
6
64
31
100
9
76
15
100
7
62
31
100
4
57
40
100
7
50
43
100
5
53
43
100
4
42
53
100
4
51
45
$11,570
10, 755
10,880
14,060
12,410
9,200
10,425
14,905
12, 230
9, 760
11,345
18,345
$12,005
9, 640
10, 725
15,190
11,630
8,895
10,885
12,810
12, 635
9,400
10, 670
15,075
$13,160
13,340
11,585
14,980
13, 495
10,580
11,190
15,315
13,420
11,290
11,330
15, 790
Percent of all houses bought by specified, income group 2
1949: All income groups.
Under $3,000...
$3,000-$4,999__
$5,000 and over.
1950: All income groups..
Under $3,000...
$3,000-$4,999__
$5,000 and over1951: All income groups..
Under $3,000...
$3,000-$4,999__
$5,000 and over.
100
13
61
26
100
8
56
36
100
6
55
39
100
31
50
19
100
15
54
31
100
16
43
41
100
23
55
22
100
4
48
48
100
5
54
41
100
4
62
34
100
2
52
47
100
6
46
48
100
26
50
24
100
14
48
38
100
8
46
46
100
12
69
18
100
10
61
29
100
7
62
31
100
19
62
19
100
10
61
28
100
6
61
33
100
11
57
32
100
7
54
39
100
6
50
44
Average purchase price of houses bought by specified income group 2
1949: All income groups..
Under $3,000...
$3,000-$4,999...
$5,000 and over.
1950: All income groups..
Under $3,000...
$3,000-$4,999_..
$5,000 and over.
1951: All income groups..
Under $3,000...
$3,000-$4,999__
$5,000 and over.
$10, 930
8, 675
9,750
14,760
11,510
8,855
9,960
14,385
12, 230
9, 715
10, 470
14, 540
$8, 645
6, 500
8, 450
12, 000
11,320
7,265
10,105
15,170
10,365
7,960
8,635
13, 730
$11,100
9, 570
10,095
15, 275
13,390
10, 775
11. 400
15,795
14.095
12,365
11,710
15,170
$13,160
11, 795
11,435
16, 615
14,440
15,875
12,390
15, 705
14, 590
11,925
12,065
17,310
i Covers purchasers of new one-family houses completed July-December
1949, October-December 1950, and January-March 1951. Family income of
home buyers represents total annual money income and does not cover total
assets. For detailed data on income groups, and price-income ratios, see
Construction, issues for May, June, and August 1951.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$9,300
6,325
7,830
15,410
11,115
6,440
8,580
15,475
11,405
5, 750
8,745
14, 700
$9,680
7,870
9,255
12, 510
10,595
8,800
9, 700
12,825
11,115
9.145
9,925
12,370
$9,820
9,040
8,945
13,475
10, 050
8,785
9,300
12,235
11, 425
10,115
10,120
13,575
$11,670
8,705
9, 925
15. 610
12.185
8,895
9, 910
16,180
12,695
9, 570
10. 785
14, 745
2 Percentage distributions are based on units for which purchaser’s income
was reported, but may not always total 100 because of rounding. Average
purchase prices for “All income groups” cover all purchasers, including those
for whom income was not reported.
394
FINANCING NEW SALES HOUSING
Financing Characteristics
The majority of the home buyers during the
periods surveyed financed their purchases on a
low-equity, high-ratio loan basis. For the 10 areas
as a whole, the median initial investment on
housing priced under $12,500 was less than 5
percent. For the comparatively small group of
home buyers who paid more than $12,500 (a fifth
in 1949 and 1950 and three-tenths in 1951), the
median down payment was about a third of the
purchase price.
Although conventional (uninsured) financing be
came of somewhat greater importance in 1951,
around four-fifths of the home loans obtained in
the 10 areas during the survey periods were fi
nanced under programs of the Federal Housing
Administration and the Veterans Administration.
(See table 4.) Well over half of the mortgages
were VA-guaranteed in the three survey periods;
FHA financing accounted for a fourth in 1949 and
a fifth in the selected months of 1950 and 1951.
Three-fourths of the VA mortgages in 1949 and
1950, and two-thirds of those in 1951 were accom
panied by down payments of 5 percent of the
purchase price, or less. A large proportion were
100-percent loans (one-half in 1949 and 1950 and
around two-fifths in 1951). Fewer than a tenth
of the FHA loans were made with down payments
of 5 percent or less. The median initial equity on
FHA-financed houses was about 20 to 25 percent
of the purchase price in all three survey periods.
When private lenders assumed the entire mort
gage risk, the Bureau’s studies indicate that down
payments were substantially larger than under
FHA and VA programs. Although a few home
buyers were able to obtain conventionally financed
100-percent loans during all three survey periods,
the median initial equity on uninsured mortgage
loans rose from 33 percent of the 1949 purchase
price to 42 percent of the 1951 purchase price.
During all survey periods, two out of three mort
gages were conventionally financed, when down
payments amounted to more than 35 percent.
Chicago was the only area in which VA financ
ing did not represent the chief type of mortgage
credit. However, VA mortgages had become
considerably less important in Dallas by the first
quarter of 1951 compared with previous survey
periods.
In Atlanta, Boston, Dallas, New York, and
Washington, the relative amount of conventional
(uninsured) financing had increased markedly by
1951. This was probably due in part in some
areas to a rising proportion of higher-priced
housing, which is more often financed in the pri
vate market. Conventional financing was most
widely used in Chicago, was relatively unimportant
in Detroit, and declined significantly in Los
Angeles after 1949.
The proportion of cash buyers in the 10 areas
declined from 6 percent in 1949 to 3 percent in
1951. During the three survey periods, prices of
unmortgaged houses averaged from $4,400 to
$5,600 more than prices of houses financed with
mortgage credit.
T a ble 4. — Type of mortgage by percent of down payment for new mortgaged houses in 10 metropolitan areas combined
All mortgaged
houses
Percentage distribution of mortgaged houses by percent of down pay
ment
Type of mortgage
Number
All down
Percent payments
0
6 to 15
percent
16 to 25
percent
26 to 35
percent
36 to 99
percent
14
2
16
2
22
44
33
13
3
16
23
60,135
33,290
14, 550
12, 015
100
56
24
20
100
100
100
100
27
48
22
3
16
26
33
5
18
16
26
14
14
6
34
15
11
3
20
19
1950: All types of mortgages_____________ __
V. A.-assisted *_______ ___
F. H. A.-insured______ ____
Conventional (uninsured)___
61,420
38,155
12, 530
10, 735
100
62
20
18
100
100
100
100
32
50
34
16
24
34
17
15
24
11
11
6
24
13
11
2
27
23
1951: All types of mortgages_____________
V. A.-assisted 2______________ ____
F. H. A.-insured__________________
Conventional (uninsured)_____________
41,095
23,325
8, 510
9,260
100
57
21
23
100
100
100
100
26
42
23
3
15
24
34
14
17
16
7
15
9
31
12
12
5
22
23
22
55
* Covers new one-family houses completed July-December 1949, OctoberDecember 1950, and January-March 1951. Down payment (initial equity)
represents the difference between the purchase price and the amount of the
mortgage. For detailed data on individual areas, see Construction, March
1951, pp. 16-23; June 1951, pp. 19-24; and August 1951, pp. 44-45.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Median
percent
paid
down
1 to 5
percent
1949: All types of mortgages___________________
V. A.-assisted- 2___ __ . . . . . . _
F. H. A.-insured__ _____ ______ _____
Conventional (uninsured)_____________
3
1
(')
M
9
7
0
49
35
19
13
2
25
42
3
2 Covers units with V. A. guaranteed and F. H. A.-V. A. combination
mortgages, and a few units (less than 1 percent) on which the first mortgage
was V. A. guaranteed and the second mortgage was uninsured
» Operative-built, houses initially approved by F. H. A. for loan-insuring
purposes at a higher value than the final price to the purchasers.
4 Less than 1 percent of all purchased houses.
Union Training
Program of the AFL
Paper Unions
G e o r g e W . B r o o k s and R u s s e l l A l l e n *
Two u n i o n s in the pulp and paper industry, the
Pulp, Sulphite and Paper Mill Workers and the
Paper Makers (both AFL), have conducted an
intensive training program for officers, stewards,
and grievance committeemen since 1948. This
program is distinguished from other union educa
tion projects because (1) the training classes are
built into the union structure and are made a func
tion of the regional officers of the international
unions, and (2) actual teaching in local unions is
done by instructors chosen by the locals them
selves. These instructors are trained to use meth
ods and materials prepared and issued by the
education departments of the two internationals.1
Before starting the training program described
below, a careful examination was made of what had
been done in the field of union education. The
authors experimented with other methods and
media—including pamphlets, films, film strips, and
the other traditional devices of worker education.
No evidence was found, in the work of other unions
or in our own effort, that these other “media”
accomplished anything of value to the union to any
significant degree and over any period of time.
The two things that seemed essential for a suc
cessful program were missing; that is, the integra
tion of the union leadership directly into the pro
gram and extensive participation by active mem
bers of the union. The program here described
has these two features and has made a difference
to the two unions to a significant degree and over
a period of time.
* Research and Education Director, International Brotherhood of Pulp,
Sulphite and Paper Mill Workers, and Education Director, International
Brotherhood of Paper Makers, respectively.
1 This is the third in a series of articles on worker education; the first ap
pealed in the Monthly Labor Review for November 1951 (p. 529) and the
second in the issue for February 1952 (p. 140).
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Teacher-training classes are conducted jointly
by the education departments at the request and
with the cooperation of the regional officers. Just
as these officers have responsibility for negotiations
and the top steps in grievances, so also do they
assume joint responsibility for the conduct and
follow-through on training classes.
The role of the union hierarchy in the program
is clarified in the example cited later, and it should
be noted that this role is of crucial importance. It
is basic to the success of the program and carries
with it that all-important quality—acceptability.
The line officers, from international vice president
down, participate in the program at every step.
It is their program as well as that of the education
departments.
Use of rank-and-file instructors was originally
undertaken for the obvious and universal reason,
insufficient budget and staff to do otherwise. But
it has important advantages, which were not fully
appreciated at first: It is the only method by which
these two unions can reach large numbers of mem
bers not otherwise reachable by educational pro
grams. Rank-and-file instructors in these two
unions have reached several thousand officers,
stewards, committeemen, and members who would
not attend a seminar, or institute, or even a con
ference. Meeting in union halls, courthouses, pub
lic libraries, schools, at whatever hours the class
members find convenient, these volunteer teachers
are doing what the professionals could not do.
Most important, because they have an easy famili
arity with local conditions and personalities, they
make better instructors than outside teachers.
Because many possess great natural teaching skill,
they have done on the whole a high-grade instruc
tional job.
Since the same instructors repeat their classes,
as well as teaching additional subjects year by year,
the education program has a continuity in the
participating locals that could be achieved in no
other way. The unions thus have a body of
trained men and women to carry forward this ac
tivity at the local level.
The last advantage is inestimable. Building
the program directly into the local union structure
distinguishes it sharply from union education pro
grams under which a course is taught, and the
teachers move on leaving nothing behind. Not
only are there people in the local trained to teach,
but there is a well-defined course of study which
3 95
396
TRAINING PROGRAM OF PAPER UNIONS
has sufficient vitality and currency, so that new
classes can be set up from year to year. Local
instructors thus have more active and vital roles
than the local union education committees which
exist in many places.
Initiative rests with the local instructor, but
there is a definite link with the international
education departments. They always know
where classes are being conducted. The instructor
sends a written request to headquarters for ma
terial for his class. He orders the material class
by class, so that the departments know fairly
well the progress of the individual groups. After
the eight units of the first course have been taught,
the instructor submits his final attendance records.
On the basis of these, certificates are prepared
for the members of the class who completed six
out of eight units.
The selection of local instructors is entirely in
the hands of the local union. Sometimes they are
appointed by the president, sometimes elected at
a local meeting. They include men who already
hold office in the union and men who have no
other union activities. The education depart
ments have set up criteria for the choice of in
structors, but the departments have neither the
power to recommend nor to veto the choices
actually made.
The international unions and the locals jointly
finance the program. The internationals pay the
salaries and expenses of the staff members who
prepare the work material and train the instruc
tors. They also pay for the conference rooms and
provide most of the training material, both for
instructor classes and for the classes in the local
unions. The local unions pay for the time lost by
instructors during their 4 days of training (plus
any travel and other expenses), and they pay for
setting up local classes.
Methods and Materials
Two principal teaching methods are used:
Leading the discussion from questionnaires, and
“acting” followed by discussion. Both are
designed to capitalize on the most effective
learning technique, that of “learning by doing.”
Stewards do not tell how they handle new em
ployees; they show the class by a skit with a
newcomer whose background (perhaps anti-union)
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MONTHLY LABOR
is known by the class but not by the steward.
The same technique is used on actual grievance
cases. After the acts, the members of the class
discuss how the steward did his job, how they
could improve on it, what he left out, and so forth.
Classes are not exhorted to “know the contract”
but are given questionnaires which test their skill
in applying their contracts to the solution of
specific problems of overtime, vacation, and holi
day pay, etc.
The least effective method of learning, that is,
by hearing alone as in a lecture, is used only as
much as is necessary in order to make transitions
in subject matter and to let the class know what
will be done next.
The methods to be used in teaching a given
unit of the course are well defined. Skits are
sometimes worked into discussions based on a
questionnaire but the units which are given over
to “acting” have their case and situations fixed in
advance. Subject matter is also well defined, but
discussions can and do vary widely in content.
The instructor, however, must know an irrelevancy
when he hears one; his job is to raise problems,
guide the discussion, and to summarize. So while
teaching procedure and the general topic under
discussion are fairly well fixed, the manner in
which the roles are handled and the content of the
discussions may vary within wide limits.
Teaching materials are devised to preclude any
serious deviation from these methods. These
materials are carefully worked out, unit by unit,
and give the instructor cues and discussion aids
without placing him in a strait-jacket. Instructors
are encouraged to devise their own cases and dis
cussion aids. (A few instructors, not many, have
responded.) The cases themselves are written
out in detail so as to define carefully the grievance
under consideration. The actors cannot alter the
acts in a case but may play it any way they see fit.
The variety that is attained with the same set of
facts is infinite.
Subject Matter
The initial subject matter in the training pro
gram is covered in eight units for each course.
(1) W hat is the steward’s job? (Questionnaire.)
(2) Greeting the new employee. (“A cting.” )
Union Accomplishments. (Questionnaire.)
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TRAINING PROGRAM OF PAPER UNIONS
(3) H ow the Union is Run (questionnaires) :
Constitution.
Union finances.
Majority rule— M inority rights.
(4) Grievances. (Questionnaire— “acting.” )
(5) The Contract. (Questionnaire.)
(6) Grievances.
(Questionnaire— “acting”— grievance
record.)
(7) Information for the steward (questionnaires) :
T aft-H artley Act.
Wagner Act.
Pension plans and social security.
Reading list.
(8) Grievances. (“ A cting.” )
The subject matter dealt with here is easily
within the range of the average local instructor,
as exemplified in the two illustrations outlined.
One entire unit or class is devoted to a series
of questions concerning the way in which the
unions are run. For example, the following sen
tence appears on one questionnaire, with the
query, “ True or false?”
“ A member can criticize the local presi
dent at a local meeting for going in alone to
see the personnel manager on a grievance.”
Class members answer this question in the light
of their individual opinions, and they try to base
their choice on one section of their international
union constitution.
Another questionnaire in the same unit contains
the following statement, to be answered “ true or
false,” with constitutional references:
“ The minority has rights which include:
(1) Unlimited opportunity to present its
point of view at the local meeting;
(2) Preventing a vote on an issue on which
there is agreement among the majority.”
Again, the class members consider whether or not
these statements are true within their interna
tional union constitution and discuss the relative
merits of the issues involved.
The major part of the subject matter of the
course relates to everyday complaints and griev
ances. These are set up in the form of question
naires and also in the form of actual cases to be
handled through “acting.” In one unit, for ex
ample, the class considers the plight of a steward
who is called into the superintendent’s office and
asked to name the member of his crew who was
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397
responsible for breaking a plant clock during
horseplay—a battle with paper stock in the ma
chine room. They watch one of their members
respond to the superintendent and later discuss
how they would handle the same issue if in the
steward’s place.
The first eight units listed constitute the “ basic
training” course for officers, stewards, and com
mitteemen. I t covers the ground most familiar
to the local instructors at the time when much
of their attention must be devoted to the methods
and techniques of teaching.
The next four units of subject matter, 9 through
12, deal with the topic of seniority. Units 9 and
10 treat all types of seniority in the paper indus
try; units 11 and 12 differentiate the types, so
that each class deals with the type of system op
erating in its particular plant.
In the seniority units, a shift of emphasis is
required in training. The subject matter can no
longer be taken so much for granted as in units 1
through 8. Teaching methods, on the other hand,
require less time and emphasis, since the instruc
tors have already taught in their own local classes.
The training of instructors for the seniority units
emphasizes the acquisition of information and
understanding about the operations and signifi
cance of different systems of seniority. Thus far
the seniority units have been taught in three
regions of the country, with varying success.
However, they are still too difficult to be taught
in their present form by all of the union instructors.
Their application, in units 11 and 12, to individ
ual plants also needs clarification. Further work
is being done on the materials.
Seniority was chosen for the second course of
four units because of the insistent calls for help
when lay-offs hit the industry in 1949. Although
this problem has disappeared for the present, the
subject is of sufficient current interest and value
to be continued as the second course in the
program.
The next course will deal with certain economic
questions affecting the pulp and paper industry.
It will include the relationship of wages, prices,
and profits, and other economic issues. It is clear
that the preparation of successful material for this
part of the program will not be easy.
398
TRAINING PROGRAM OF PAPER UNIONS
The West Coast Program
An all-out training effort made by the two
unions in the important Pacific Coast region in the
winter and early spring of 1951 best exemplifies
the workings of this program.
The instructor-training classes were set up by
the vice-presidents of the two unions on the
Pacific Coast. In consultation with the educa
tion directors, these officers determined where and
when the training classes would be held. They
invited all the local unions on the Coast to send
representatives to the training classes, and speci
fied a strict limit on the number from each local
union.
Before classes were started, the education de
partments had complete lists of the members who
would attend the classes. On the basis of location
of the members, the departments set up exact
lists for each training center and informed the
local members when and where to appear.
Fourteen separate training classes were held
in 10 different cities. Three members of the
unions’ education staffs did the teaching. There
were two sessions of two full days of training,
beginning at 9 in the morning and ending at 5:30
in the afternoon. There was neither night work
nor planned recreation.
After the first 2 days (covering approximately
the first four units of the course) the instructors
were sent home with assignments to complete
during the 1-month interval between training
classes. Each instructor was required to report
to his local union and organize his local classes.
This included the registration of the members who
would attend the classes, fixing the time and place,
and preparing a written order form for the material
needed for the first class. Each instructor also
had to write up two cases (grievances or com
plaints) from his experience or his plant. (These
are the source material from which cases are
written into the program.) Finally, the in
structors were asked to read one book on the
relationship between foreman and steward.
The second 2 days of training were held about
5 weeks after the first in the same locations,
except that the 10 centers had been cut down to 8.
Units 5 to 8 were covered, in addition to more
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MONTHLY LABOR
practice teaching. A great surge of learning had
taken place in the interval (as it usually does) and
the instructors had much more assurance and
were getting the “ feel” of their job.
As they turned in their class registration forms
and order forms for material, class arrangements
were discussed with them. Any special problems
that had arisen were taken up then. If the aid
of an international representative was needed (for
example, to speak at a local meeting and urge
fuller participation in the class), such a repre
sentative was assigned the job at the time. Before
the instructor class was released to teach, the
education departments had a good idea where
the problems would arise and what they would be.
Also at the second 2-day session, a schedule
was arranged for observation of each local class
by a member of the education staff. In order to
be certified for further teaching, an instructor
must attend all 4 days of training, complete the
assignments, teach the full course, and give satis
factory evidence that he has grasped the teaching
methods. The education staffs do the observing,
since the strengths and weaknesses of the teaching
material can be noted at the same time as the
instructor’s ability is gauged. A confidential re
port on the teaching then goes to the instructor,
giving suggestions on teaching procedure. Occa
sionally international representatives in the area
are relied on for observation reports, and in some
cases a written report from the instructor himself
is used as a basis for judgment. Less than 10
percent of the total are not encouraged to do
further teaching.
The statistics for this region bear out the
virility of the program. A total of 143 men and
women started the instructor-training classes, in
cluding 10 international representatives and
officers. Ten men did not complete the 4 days
of training, and five dropped out later for various
reasons.
Of 110 local teachers, 81 have actually taught
the first eight units of the course in local classes;
more than 20 instructors have taught two classes,
and one instructor has been sent on a special
assignment to teach in a new local. The classes
have been attended by over 800 local officers,
stewards, and members.
REVIEW , APRIL 1952
TRAINING PROGRAM OF PAPER UNIONS
To anyone familiar with the field of worker
education, these results are impressive. The
return, in terms of actual classroom hours, far
exceeds even what is accomplished by some of the
university extension services, which have larger
resources and staffs at their disposal. One wellknown university which does labor extension work,
for example, was able to report the completion of
24 classes by September 1951. The university
has 10 full-time professional people on its staff to
arrange labor extension classes.
Extent and Evaluation of the Program
By early 1952 the program had a very broad
base. Instructors had been trained on the Pacific
Coast and in British Columbia; in Ontario and
Quebec, Canada; in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and
Michigan; in the Southern States; in the New
England States; in upper New York State; and
in the Middle Atlantic States. The extent of
local union participation has varied, but a very
large proportion of the locals invited into the
program have taken part.
Whenever training classes are set up for instruc
tors in an area, the international representatives
are automatically included in the classes. They
attend all the instructor-training classes, so that
they are qualified to teach, if necessary. However,
their role in the program is one of the consultant
and adviser, just as in all other local union affairs.
A total of 375 instructors have been trained
thus far. The great majority of the local union
instructors have actually set up classes in their
local unions and have taught. About a fourth of
the local instructors have taught more than one
set of classes. Approximately 3,000 members
(principally officers, committeemen, and stewards)
have attended the classes.
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399
The training program in these unions can now
be called experimental only in terms of the subject
matter being added. The core of the course is
firmly established. Enough evidence is at hand to
make certain predictions with assurance. For ex
ample: (1) Two out of every three instructors
trained will actually teach classes in their locals;
(2) two-thirds of our locals have the desire and the
resources to participate in this program; and (3)
of the locals that start, 80 percent will sustain
the program by sending their instructor for ad
vanced training and by supporting additional
classes in the first units.
The program described is not one of education
but of training. Union officials do not take re
sponsibility for making up the deficiencies in the
general education of the membership. Tradeunions are instruments with very well-defined
purposes and methods, and “ education” like a or
ganization’’ and “ agitation” must be related to
these purposes and methods. The word “ train
ing,” as we use it, is not accidental. However,
many of the daily problems of the local union
representative have objective meaning, and the
trade-union tradition itself is lively and provoca
tive. The content and direction of the class dis
cussion are likely, therefore, to be limited only
by the attitudes, values, and knowledge of the
members in the class.
The most important result of this program is
that the local union commits itself to the slow
and difficult but rewarding process of self-help.
Both of the unions concerned have attained a
record of local autonomy and imaginative leader
ship in American trade-unionism. It is these
characteristics which make possible a training
program of vitality and significance. In turn, the
training program helps articulate the aspirations
which gave birth to the unions.
Summaries of Studies and Reports
Collective Agreements in the
Production and Employment
Radio and Related Products Industry
Prior to World War I the industry manufac
tured, principally for commercial use, telegraph
and radio transmitters and receivers. The inau
guration of American commercial broadcasts stim
ulated its growth enormously. In 1920, less than
5,000 factory-made home receivers were in oper
ation; by 1924, almost 2 million homes had radio
receiving sets. Technological changes occurring
from the mid-1920’s through the early 1930’s,
and lower prices resulting from mass production,
increased the popularity of the product and
brought it within the reach of every home.
The beginning of World War II brought about
an unprecedented demand for military electronics
equipment, causing even greater expansion in
production and employment. The introduction
of television and renewed interest in phonograph
recordings resulted in a less-severe reduction in
employment during the postwar period than might
have occurred. Expansion of production and
employment again took place after the outbreak
of the Korean hostilities when military demands
for equipment increased.
In 1947, the Census of Manufactures reported
857 plants primarily engaged in producing radio
and related products and employing 178,600
workers. A few large firms manufacture the
majority of the radio and television sets and com
mercial and military electronics equipment. The
plants employing over 250 each—only 17 percent
of the total—accounted for 83 percent of the
workers.
Geographically, these plants were concentrated
in States north of the Ohio and Potomac and east
of the Mississippi Rivers. Much of the produc
tion and employment was centered in the New
York, Philadelphia, and Chicago metropolitan
areas.
More than 80 percent of the employees in the
industry are production workers, according to the
n io n - sh o p a n d
c h e c k - o f f p r o v i s i o n s are con
tained in at least two-thirds of 40 collectivebargaining agreements in the radio and related
products industry 1 analyzed by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics in the summer of 1951. Health
and insurance programs were included in 25 of
these agreements, 9 of which also included retire
ment plans. The 40 agreements covered 79,500
workers or about 45 percent of the 171,000 pro
duction and related workers in the industry as of
April 1951.
All of the agreements were current in mid-1951.
Most had been negotiated for periods of more than
1 year, subject to automatic renewal annually
if neither party gives written notice to amend or
terminate them. Three unions—the International
Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (AFL), the
International Union of Electrical, Radio and
Machine Workers (CIO), and the United Elec
trical, Radio and Machine Workers of America
(Ind.)—negotiated the majority of the collectivebargaining agreements included in this study.
The extent to which other unions—such as the
International Association of Machinists (AFL),
Communications Workers of America and United
Automobile, Aircraft and Agricultural Implement
Workers of America (both CIO)—represent work
ers in this industry is not available. However,
some of their agreements were also included in the
analysis.
U
1 The industry corresponds with Standard Industrial Classification No.
3661, radios, radio and television equipment (except radio tubes), radar and
related detection apparatus, and phonographs. It includes “establishments
primarily engaged in manufacturing radio and television receiving and trans
mitting equipment, electrical and magnetic field detection apparatus, light
and heat emission detecting apparatus, object detection apparatus (radar)
and other apparatus and products associated with radio equipment, including
miscellaneous radio parts; phonographs and accessories (except records) and
public address and music-distribution apparatus.”
400
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AGREEMENTS IN RADIO INDUSTRY
1947 Census of Manufactures. The great major
ity of these workers are either semiskilled or
unskilled. The equipment is produced on assem
bly lines and the operations are broken down
sufficiently so that few complex operations are
required. Skilled workers, employed in such
operations as tool and die-making and final inspec
tion, are proportionately numerous in plants pro
ducing military and commercial equipment on a
custom basis.
Employment of production workers declined
from an average of 142,400 in 1947 to 112,700 in
1949,2 and then rose to 159,000 in 1950. The
increase was due largely to the expanded produc
tion of military equipment plus a greater output
of radio and television sets to supply an expected
expansion in the market. A further increase
occurred during the first 6 months of 1951 when
employment averaged 170,000; thereafter some
decline occurred.
Women comprise a large proportion of the
industry’s labor force. In September 1950, they
totaled 58 percent of the production workers.
Union Security
Two-thirds of the agreements, representing a
similar proportion of workers, contain union-shop
provisions requiring all employees to be members
of the union. New employees need not be union
members at the time of hiring but must join
within a specified period after hiring. A few of
these agreements do not require workers, not
members of the union on the effective date of the
agreement, to join the union.
The majority of the remaining agreements
simply provide for recognition of the union as the
sole bargaining agent for all workers—union or
nonunion—in the bargaining unit.
Check-off provisions were found in 85 percent
of the agreements, representing a slightly larger
percentage of workers. Under these provisions,
dues and other payments to the union are auto
matically deducted by the employer, upon written
authorization of the worker, and transmitted to the
union.
2
Data for previous years not comparable; television and some other related
products such as radar have been produced in volume within the very recent
past.
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401
Job Security
Because employment fluctuations are of suffi
cient magnitude to make job security a matter of
primary interest to the workers in this industry,
seniority clauses are prevalent in their contracts.
Under several agreements, length of service is the
only factor considered in determining job tenure,
promotion, or conditions of employment. In
others, additional criteria, such as ability, skill,
efficiency, physical qualifications, and the like,
may carry greater or lesser weight.
When a reduction in force takes place, length
of service is given consideration under virtually
every agreement analyzed. It is the sole basis
specified for retention in agreements representing
over a fourth of the workers in the study. More
frequently, however, length of service is coupled
with the provision that the employee qualifies for
or has the ability to perform the duties involved
in the job to be performed.
In determining promotions, length of service is
ordinarily given consideration only if a worker
qualifies for the new job. Approximately a third
of the workers are covered by agreements specify
ing only that where ability, efficiency, or other
qualifications of two or more workers are consid
ered to be equal, the one with greater seniority
shall be promoted.
Methods of Wage Payment
Clauses governing hourly rates of pay are in
cluded in every agreement. In addition, about
three-fifths of the agreements, representing a
slightly larger proportion of workers, provide for
payment of piece (incentive) rates to some workers.
When new jobs
are created or old ones changed, the company alone
conducts time studies and sets new rates under
terms of more than half of the agreements ana
lyzed. The union generally has the right to chal
lenge these rates and to request a restudy. If the
rate is still unacceptable after restudy, the union
may resort to the grievance machinery in an at
tempt to resolve the issue, under about half of these
agreements. In some cases, the preliminary stages
of the grievance procedure are bypassed. A few
D e te rm in a tio n o f In c e n tiv e B a te s.
402
AGREEMENTS IN RADIO INDUSTRY
agreements specifically state that the issue may
finally be referred to arbitration.
Under two agreements, the companies conduct
training classes for union representatives on the
principles and details of their incentive wage plans.
Reference to job evalua
tion plans is made in 18 agreements in the study,
representing half the workers, but details of the
plans are lacking. In four of these agreements, the
company and the union jointly negotiate the
proper classification for new jobs. In 14, manage
ment generally places the job in its proper classifi
cation, which must be made according to a set of
established principles in about half of these agree
ments. Skill, physical fitness, mental effort, work
ing conditions, ingenuity, experience, education,
and initiative are some of the factors considered.
Usually, the results of the job evaluation must
be submitted to the union within 30 days after
classification or assignment, but in a few cases, be
fore the appropriate wage rates are put into effect.
Two agreements specifically state that no change
may be made in a job classification without the
union’s consent. Under a majority of the agree
ments, the union has the right to appeal a classifi
cation within a specified period, usually 30 days
after receipt of notice, through the regular griev
ance procedure. If no agreement is reached
through these channels, the matter may be referred
to arbitration.
MONTHLY LABOR
Wide variations exist among agreements in the
spread between the minimum and the maximum
wage rates within each grade and in the wage
differentials between grades. The length of time
required to attain the maximum rate of each grade
also varies considerably.
J o b E v a lu a tio n P la n s .
About half of the workers in
the study are covered by labor grade systems in
cluded in 18 of the 40 agreements analyzed. Un
der such a system, all plant jobs which have
approximately the same job “ value” as determined
under a job evaluation plan are placed in the same
labor grade for which there is either a specified
single rate of pay or a rate range. The number of
labor grades ranges from 8 to 21.
Under the terms of a majority of the agreements
providing for labor grades, wage rates within a
specified grade are based on a rate-range system.
Progression from the minimum to the maximum of
the range is automatic (that is, based on length
of service) in all but one agreement. A few of
these agreements provide for automatic increases
up to a specified labor grade or up to a specified
rate within the labor grade; thereafter, increases
are to be granted on merit.
L a b o r G rade S y s te m s .
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W age A d ju s tm e n t. Three-fourths of the workers
are covered by agreements providing for automatic
wage increases or reopening for wage adjustments.
More than half of these workers have their wages
adjusted according to changes in the cost of living
as measured by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
Consumers’ Price Index, receive deferred wage in
creases, or are subject to both types of adjustment.
Under terms of six agreements, wages are ad
justed automatically on the basis of changes in the
Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumers’ Price Index.
Three of these follow the 1950 General Motors
pattern under which wage rates are adjusted 1 cent
an hour for each 1.14 point change in the C PI; one
agreement adjusts wages on the same basis but
only once during the life of the agreement; and
two agreements revise wages according to the CPI
but limit the amount of the increase.
Eleven agreements, covering almost a third of
the workers in the study, provide for automatic
deferred wage or “annual improvement” increases,
which generally amount to 4 cents but range from
3% to 6 cents an hour. Five of these agreements
also have automatic cost-of-living adjustment
clauses.
In addition to the automatic wage adjustment
clauses, a few agreements, covering a fifth of the
workers, also allow permissive wage reopening.
Generally, automatic wage-adjustment provisions
are effective in agreements of two or more years’
duration, and permissive wage-reopening clauses
in agreements of less than 2 years’ duration.
W age P a y m e n ts . Virtually all workers
covered by the agreements analyzed receive a pre
mium for work on other than the regular or day
shift. The majority come under agreements pro
viding for a general night-shift differential, com
monly 10 cents above the regular hourly rate.
If a worker reports for work or is directed to
report and finds no work available, with few ex
ceptions, he is guaranteed a minimum of 4 hours’
work or pay, and in 1 case, a full day’s pay of 8
hours. A considerable number of these agreeR ela ted
REVIEW , APRIL 1952
AGREEMENTS IN RADIO INDUSTRY
ments also guarantee the worker a full day’s pay
if he works more than 4 hours.
Workers required to perform work outside their
established starting and ending shift time are gen
erally guaranteed a minimum number of hours’
pay at the straight-time rate or are paid the pre
mium rate for the hours worked. This applies,
irrespective of the number of hours worked by the
individual employee on that particular day. In
11 agreements, workers called back are guaranteed
from 2 to 4 hours’ pay, the majority being guaran
teed 4 hours. Thirteen other agreements contain
no guarantee but require premium pay of time and
a half for work before or after the regular shift,
even though a full shift may not have been worked.
Vacations with pay, or, in a few instances pay
ment in lieu of vacations, are guaranteed every
worker under the contracts studied. The majority
of the workers are entitled to a maximum of 3
weeks’ paid vacation after having worked for
periods ranging from 7^ to 20 years (predomi
nantly 10 years). Vacation compensation is gen
erally based on 40 hours’ pay at the regular rate
for each vacation week to which a worker is
entitled, or on the average pay for a workweek
during a designated period. A considerable num
ber are entitled to a percentage of their annual
earnings which, with one exception, includes
overtime payments.
At least 6 paid holidays are granted to every
worker covered by the study. For more than
half the workers, however, paid holidays totaled
7, and for a small proportion 8. Premium pay
specified for work on a holiday, with one exception,
is at least double the regular rate; that is, 8 hours’
pay for the holiday plus straight-time pay for the
hours worked.
Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans
Notable progress has been made in recent years
in establishing and expanding health, insurance,
and pension plans under collective bargaining in
the industry. Provision for health and insurance
programs is made in 25 of the 40 agreements ana
lyzed, covering about 70 percent of the workers
in the study.
Under the health and insurance plans, almost
all workers are covered by life insurance, acci
dent and sickness, hospitalization, and surgical
benefits. Accidental death and dismemberment
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403
insurance and medical benefits are less frequent.
The plan is financed solely by the employer under
15 agreements, covering three-fifths of the workers
with health and insurance benefits. Both em
ployer and employee contribute to the program
under 7 agreements, accounting for about a third
of the workers. Information on the method of
financing the plans is not available in the remain
ing 3 contracts.
Pension plans are included in 9 of these agree
ments representing about 28 percent of the workers
in the study. Five specify that pensions are to
be paid for entirely by the employer; 2, that the
employer and the employees share the cost; and
2 contracts, covering a small number of workers,
do not specify how the pensions are financed.
Adjustment of Disputes
The desire of the parties to maintain peaceful
industrial relations is emphasized by the inclusion,
in every agreement analyzed, of specific machinery
for the handling of disputes arising over the inter
pretation and application of agreement provisions.
In some cases, the disputes machinery is also appli
cable to such issues as working conditions, improper
classification of jobs, or intraplant inequities.
G rievance P ro ced u re. The aggrieved worker may
carry his complaint through a series of appeals.
Initially, the employee or his union representative,
or both, and the foreman participate in the discus
sion of the problem. At the final step, prior to
arbitration, almost half of the agreements, covering
about a third of the workers, call for settlement by
the local union representatives and company
officials, in some cases with the option of participa
tion by international union representatives.
Approximately a fourth of the agreements, cover
ing a somewhat smaller proportion of workers,
provide for action by the international union
representatives and top plant or company officials.
In some instances, it is stipulated that the dispute
at the final stage of the procedure is to be handled
by joint labor-management boards, consisting of
an equal number of representatives of manage
ment and labor. Three agreements provide for
permanent joint boards, and two for temporary
joint boards.
Plant union representatives are permitted time
off, usually with pay, to investigate and present
404
PRODUCTIVITY IN GRAY IRON FOUNDRIES
grievances under the terms of a majority of the
agreements studied. A third of these agreements
covering 33 percent of the workers, provide for
compensation for all time so spent during working
hours; another third, with 45 percent of the
workers, specify part-time payments; the remaining agreements do not clearly state whether pay
is allowed for time spent in handling grievances.
Some agreements place a limitation on the num
ber of representatives who may take such time off.
In virtually all cases, arbitration
may be resorted to as the final step in settling a
grievance. Under all but 2 agreements, which per
mit arbitration only by mutual consent, it may be
invoked by either party.
Frequently, the arbitrator’s jurisdiction is
broadened to include disagreements over individual
wage rates. In some agreements, arbitration
includes work loads and production standards,
and in a few general wage adjustments. By con
trast, some agreements stipulate that such issues
are not arbitrable.
A single arbitrator is designated to handle
disputes in about half of the agreements covering
three out of five workers; a tripartite board, in
about two-fifths of the agreements representing
about one out of every three workers. Common
ly, the arbitrator or arbitration board is to be
appointed on a temporary (ad hoc) basis to settle
disputes as the need for arbitration occurs. Four
agreements call for permanent impartial arbitra
tors.
The majority of the agreements provide for an
outside agency’s participation in the selection of
an impartial chairman. Under agreements repre
senting about a third of the workers, the outside
agency is called upon immediately, and under
those representing about half of the workers, only
after the parties have failed to agree upon the
arbitrator.
A rb itra tio n .
S trik e s a n d L ock-O u ts. Practically all the agree
ments ban strikes and lock-outs for the duration
of the contract. In about a third, the ban is
unqualified; but in the others, it may be waived.
Most frequently a work stoppage may be resorted
to if either party fails to abide by an arbitrator’s
award, or, in many cases, if the grievance proce>
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
dure has been exhausted. However, three of the
latter agreements do not provide for arbitration,
and one provides for arbitration only by mutual
consent. Some agreements permit work stop
pages only in case of a wage-reopening deadlock.
— D o r o t h y R . K i t t n e r a n d W il l ia m S . G a r y
D ivision of W ages and Industrial R elations
Productivity Trends in
Gray Iron Foundries, 1946-50
e f f i c i e n c y in producing gray iron
castings1 raised man-hour output in gray iron
foundries by 15 percent from 1946 to 1950.
Most of this rise was in independent foundries
which had not attained as high a degree of mech
anization in 1946 as had captive foundries.
The most important factors influencing the
increase in productivity for the 12 major segments2
covered by this study of the gray iron foundry
industry are increasing mechanization; replace
ment of old, worn out, or obsolete equipment
with new and more efficient machinery; and a
high level of production. In short tons, shipments
rose from 10% million in 1946 to over 12 million in
1950. When production volume temporarily
dropped to 10^ million short tons in 1949, some
segments of the gray iron foundry industry
were affected more than others.
The New England and the Midwest and Great
Lakes Areas3 showed steadily declining unit man
hour requirements during the 1946 through 1950
I nc reased
1 Man-hours worked on both good and rejected castings are related to the
volume of good castings only, for the purpose of this study. All figures are
preliminary.
5
The 12 gray iron foundry industry segments consist of foundries producing
castings for: (1) blast furnaces and rolling mill works; (2) engines and turbines;
(3) agricultural machinery and tractors; (4) construction and miring machin
ery and equipment; (5) metal working machinery; (6) special industry
machinery; (7) general industry machinery; (8) service industries aDd house
hold appliances; (9) motor vehicles; (10) railroad equipment; and foundries
directly producing (11) cast iron pipe and fittings; and (12) heating equipment
and plumbers’ supplies.
3
The regions include foundries in the following States; N ew England—
Maine, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire; M iddle A tla n tic —New Jersey,
New York, and Pennsylvainia; M iddle W est and Great Lakes— Illinois,
Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin;
Border_and_Southeust—Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Tennessee,
and Virginia.
REVIEW , APRIL 1952
PRODUCTIVITY IN GRAY IRON FOUNDRIES
period. The Border and Southeast region ex
hibited a similar general downward trend, but
was hardest hit by the 1949 production slump.
Productivity declined in all regions except the
Middle Atlantic in that year. However, a man
hour setback in 1950 raised man-hour requirements
for the Middle Atlantic area to a higher level
than in 1946.
Captive foundries, owing to their already high
degree of mechanization in 1946, had made little
change in their man-hour requirements by 1950.
However, these captive plants did report some
what lower man-hours at the end of the period
than at the start. On the other hand, independ
ent foundries made great strides in the same 5
years in lowering their man-hour requirements ; in
most instances they had operated at a lower level
of efficiency in 1946 than the captive foundries.
Foundries that produced for a parent company
and also sold castings on the commercial market
showed exceedingly large reductions in man-hour
requirements from 1946 to 1950.
Completely mechanized foundries also reported
decreases in man-hour requirements which may
be attributed to replacement of obsolete equip
ment with new machinery and high levels of
production resulting from the increased demand
for castings. A precipitous drop in man-hours
started in 1946 and lasted until 1949 when pro
duction volume decreased. Relatively poor pro
duction in 1949 was accompanied by an increase
in man-hour requirements, but even so they were
lower than in 1947. When production again
increased in 1950, man-hour requirements
decreased.
Nonmechanized foundries, generally, showed a
slow rate of decrease in man-hour requirements
from 1946 to 1949, but during 1950 man-hours
jumped to a higher level than at any time during
the 5-year period. Foundries that had both pro
duction-line operations and nonmechanized pro
duction units (i. e., molding by hand rather than
by machine) showed a steady decline in unit
man-hours as a result of judicious use of the
combination of hand and machine facilities.
It is well recognized in the industry that foundry
size alone is not the key to performance. Other
factors are more important in determining the
level of man-hour requirements : for example, size
and complexity of casting, degree of mechanization,
etc. But when foundries were grouped by size (in
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405
terms of employment) rather than by type of
castings made, the general trend of man-hours
was downward, with some exceptions, as employ
ment increased. The greatest improvement was
shown by the foundries employing from 300 to
450, and over 1,000 production workers.
Increasing mechanization was the greatest
factor in reducing man-hour requirements during
the 1946 to 1950 period. With the usual con
comitant forces—improved technology on the
production level and cost consciousness on all
foundry levels—man-hour requirements are likely
to decrease even further if the production volume
of the industry exceeds 12 million short tons
annually.
Trends in Man-Hours
Trends in man-hour output for the 12 major
segments of the gray iron foundry industry were
as follows in 1946-50.
Indexes of man-hour output
(m i =100)
Total
1946 ----------------------------------- 106. 4
1947 _______________________ 100. 0
1948 _________________________ 96.4
1949 ________________________
95. 5
1950 1_________________________ 89. 9
Direct
107. 3
100. 0
95. 4
94. 8
89. 4
1 Preliminary figures.
In a selected group of four industries the trends
are shown in the accompanying table.
Indexes of man-hours expended per 1,000 pounds of good
castings in a selected group of industries bu type of labor,
1946-50 i
[1947=100]
Item
Heating apparatus and plumb
ers’ supplies:
Total___________________
Direct__________________
Indirect_________________
Agricultural machinery and
tractors:
Total______ _____ ______
Direct_________ _________
Indirect____________ _____
Metalworking machinery:
Total...........................
Direct....................................
Indirect_________________
Railroad Equipment:
Total___________
_
Direct________ ______ ___
Indirect-................................
1946
1947
103.4
104.2
101.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
91.4
90.6
96.8
95.9
94.8
97.6
91.8
90.7
98.8
96.9
105.9
94.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
105.7
104.1
109.4
102.4
101.3
105.1
90.7
91.4
89.2
114.5
113.3
116.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
97.4
93.8
103.8
95.7
95.9
94.8
94.1
94.8
91.6
116.0
114.5
119.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
103.9
105.5
100.2
99.0
101.5
93.4
89.3
93.8
77.5
1948
1949
1950
1 Total foundry labor includes all workers directly employed in the several
departments, and also those not employed in any one department, such as
workers engaged in supervisory, maintenance, and similar functions. This
does not include the labor of persons engaged in office work, selling, and other
general administrative duties.
Indirect labor includes cranemen, sand handlers, core-oven tenders, etc.
Direct labor includes all labor that is directly applied in production.
406
WAGES IN NONFERROUS FOUNDRIES
Spurred by the prospects of a continued building
boom, foundries turning out plumbers’ supplies
and heating equipment outstripped production
records of the war years during 1948; at the same
time man-hours were reduced proportionately.
This high-volume, low man-hour year was followed
by shortened production schedules and higher
man-hours in 1949. However, in 1950 production
again increased to such a high level that man-hour
requirements decreased.
Most of the foundries making castings for
producers of agricultural machinery and tractors
are captive and reported losses in skilled personnel
during 1946 to 1948, resulting in a rise in man
hours. These personnel losses were combined
with the problem of increasing quality require
ments demanded by consumers. Thus, further
mechanization seemed to offer opportunities for
the reduction of scrap, the improvement of quality,
and the betterment of working conditions. Train
ing programs, started in some foundries following
the installation of new machinery, also lowered
man-hour requirements considerably between
1948 and 1950.
Reasons for the lower unit man-hour require
ments in the metal working machinery group have
been increased efficiency of foundry supervisory
personnel, improved operating conditions in the
foundry, greater mechanization in all departments,
and better plant lay-out. Some of the increases
in indirect man-hours in 1948 were reportedly due
to shifts that occurred in indirect labor accounts
as the foundries became more mechanized.
Women coremakers hired during World War II
and found to be satisfactory workers have been
retained. This new work group has been re
sponsible for decreases in core-making man-hours
in at least one foundry in this product group.
Man-hour decreases occurring in the railroad
equipment industry are due mainly to highvolume production, and longer production runs.
In many foundries where cores are used there has
been a greater use of core-blowing machines, and
quicker drying core oils. There is a distinct
movement to greater mechanization in all foundry
departments with the result that man-hour re
quirements are steadily decreasing.
— T heodore
H.
A llegri
D ivision of Productivity and Technological D evelopm ents
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MONTHLY LABOR
Wages in Nonferrous Foundries
in August 1951
N o n f e r r o u s f o u n d r y w o r k e r s earned, on the
average, $1.58 an hour in August 1951, according
to a Bureau of Labor Statistics survey.1 This
was an increase of 53.4 percent over the $1.03
average in January 1945, the time of the Bureau’s
last Nation-wide survey.2 In the interval between
these two periods, the level of wages in nonferrous
foundries remained slightly above the level of
manufacturing as a whole, as measured by the
Bureau’s monthly earnings series.
Increases in the national averages ranged from
50 to 60 cents an hour for over half the occupa
tions that could be compared in the two periods.
After January 1950, the base month of wage
stabilization, general wage increases were reported
by almost 80 percent of the foundries studied; of
these, about half indicated that by August 1951
general increases had totaled from 10 to 15 cents
an hour in the 20-month period.
Workers in this industry produced chiefly alu
minum, magnesium, or brass and bronze castings,
intended for such vital industries as aircraft,
machine tools, electronics, or transportation. As
the average nonferrous foundry processed more
than one type of metal or alloy, each foundry was
classified for survey purposes according to the
major portion of its output. Over half of the
foundries studied in August 1951 indicated that
the major portion of their castings were made of
brass or bronze.
Geographically, three out of four of the workers
were employed in foundries located in the Great
Lakes or Middle Atlantic regions. Nonferrous
foundries characteristically employed fewer than
50 workers and were located mainly in cities of
100,000 or more population. About threequarters of the foundries were primarily jobbing
1 The survey covered foundries with eight or more workers, producing
principally nonferrous castings. Excluded were foundries using chiefly die
casting methods, as well as captive foundries of establishments primarily
manufacturing products other than castings. It was estimated that about
42,500 persons were employed in the nonferrous foundry industry as here
defined. The data exclude premium pay for overtime and night work.
More detailed information on wages and related practices is available on
request.
2 For earnings in January 1945, see M onthly L abor R eview , July 1946
(p. 61).
WAGES IN NON F ERRO VS FOUNDRIES
REVIEW , APRIL 1952
1 .— Percentage distribution of all production workers
in nonferrous foundries by straight-time average hourly
earnings,1 United States and selected regions, August 1951
T able
Average hourly earn
ings 1 (in cents)
7.5.0 and under 80.0
80.0 and under 85.0.___
85.0 and under 9 0.0----90.0 and under 95.0---95.0 and under 100.0___
100.0 and under 105.0__
105.0 and under 110.0-..
110.0 and under 115.0...
115.0 and under 120.0...
120.0 and under 125.0...
125.0 and under 130.0 . . .
130.0 and under 135.0...
135.0 and under 140.0__
140.0 and under 145.0. __
145.0 and under 150.0...
150.0 and under 155.0.._
155.0 and under 160.0...
160.0 and under 165.0...
165.0 and under 170.0...
170.0 and under 175.0...
175.0 and under 180.0. __
180.0 and under 185.0..
185.0 and under 190.0...
190.0 and under 195.0. _
195.0 and under 200.0...
200.0 and under 205.0__
205.0 and under 210.0...
210.0 and under 215,0.._
215.0 and under 220.0.__
220.0 and under 225.0...
225.0 and under 230.0...
230.0 and under 235.0...
235.0 and under 240.0__
240.0 and under 24.5.0
245.0 and under 250.0.._
2.50.0 and under 2,55.0
255.0 and under 260.0...
260.0 and under 265.0
265.0 and under 270.0
270.0 and under 275.0
275.0 and over------- -- _
United New
States2 Eng
land
0.1
.1
.3
.3
.4
.9
1.7
2.5
2.9
5.0
5.7
5.3
5.3
6.9
6.1
6.6
5.6
6.1
5.3
4.6
5.2
4.2
3.8
3.5
1.9
2.1
1.1
.9
.6
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.3
.3
.3
.1
.4
.4
.7
0.5
.8
.7
1.0
1.7
2.1
1.4
5.7
5.1
5.0
8.5
10.9
5.2
5.5
3.2
3.3
2.9
4.8
4. 1
4.5
7.2
9.0
1.3
1.2
1.0
1.4
.5
.4
.5
.2
.1
.1
0
.2
0
0.4
.4
.2
1.0
4.7
3.0
3.3
10.3
8.2
5.8
6.4
6.3
7.6
5.1
3.9
6.4
3.6
3.7
5.0
3.0
2.1
3.2
1.3
1.3
1.0
.5
.3
.4
.4
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
(3)
.2
0
0
0.1
0
.1
.5
.4
1.4
1.9
2.4
3.8
4.3
4.8
8.3
6.4
8.5
7.1
6.7
6.1
4.9
4.2
4.1
5.2
4.1
2.3
2.5
1.4
.8
.8
1.0
.8
.6
.5
.4
.3
Middle Pacific
West
0.4
.1
1.1
.4
2.0
1.8
4.1
7.9
18.3
9.1
6.0
6.3
5.9
3.8
3.1
3.0
8.4
5.6
1.3
3.5
4.8
.8
.4
.5
.1
.3
.4
.1
.4
.1
.5
.4
.2
.4
.7
1.1
0.1
.1
1.8
1.7
2.7
2.5
6.7
6.5
5.4
3.2
5.5
4.1
5.0
3.8
4.2
5.8
9.0
3.2
4.3
5.1
3.1
4.3
1.2
2.6
.9
.8
.4
.9
.8
.8
.7
.4
.3
.1
1.2
.8
100.0
2,831
7,144
19,313
1,638
3,529
$1.45
$1.49
$1.65
$1.39
$1.66
100.0
Number of workers___ 35,398
Average hourly earnings i . . . ................ ...... $1. 58
100.0
100.0
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 Includes data for regions not shown separately.
3 Less than 0.05 of 1 percent.
shops; the others operated on a mass-production
basis.
The middle 50 percent of the production workers
received between $1.35 and $1.78 an hour (table 1).
At the extremes of the distribution were 4 percent
of the workers earning less than $1.10 an hour and
5 percent with $2.20 or more. Earnings of less
than $1.25 an hour were received by approximately
a seventh of the workers.
Nationally, wage levels for the selected occupa
tions generally fell between the $1.33 average of
shake-out men and the $1.91 average of floor
molders (table 2). The occupations with extreme
averages were watchmen ($1.18), wood pattern
makers ($2.40), and metal patternmakers ($2.43).
In the key coremaking and molding operations,
average earnings fell within the narrow spread of
$1.73 to $1.91 for hand coremakers, machine core
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
makers, hand bench molders, floor molders, ma
chine molders, and permanent mold-machine op
erators. Chippers and grinders, comprising about
one of every nine foundry workers, averaged $1.42
an hour.
Regional Variations in Earnings
0
100.0
100.0
Total__________
Middle Great
Atlan Lakes
tic
407
Among the major economic regions, earnings
ranged from an average of $1.39 an hour in the
Middle West to $1.66 in the Pacific States. In
the Great Lakes region, embracing over half the
nonferrous foundry workers, the wage level was
$1.65 an hour; in the Middle Atlantic States, with
about a fifth of the employment, it was $1.49.
New England, with a $1.45 average, completes
the major regions where nonferrous foundries are
concentrated.
The majority of nonferrous foundries employed
fewer than 50 workers. In the Great Lakes region,
however, the largest-size foundries accounted for
over half of the total industry employment in the
region. But such foundries in each of the other
major regions employed less than a third of the
nonferrous foundry workers. This distinction had
its influence on interregional wages, tending to
raise average earnings in the Great Lakes region.
Occupational earnings followed the usual pattern
of variation among the five regions, being highest
on the Pacific Coast and lowest in the Middle
West. Job averages in the Great Lakes region,
however, exceeded those in the Middle Atlantic
States in all instances but one. New England
job averages were typically lower than the Middle
Atlantic averages but higher than the Middle
West. When occupational earnings in city areas
are compared, San Francisco, Detroit, Cleveland,
Chicago, and Los Angeles had the highest averages,
in the order named. Three of these areas (Cleve
land, Los Angeles, and Chicago) were also the
largest employment centers of the industry.
Other Factors Affecting Earnings
Incentive workers averaged considerably more
than workers paid on a time-rate basis in almost
all instances for which comparisons could be made.
Nationally, half of the occupations showed an
advantage of 15 to 20 percent for incentive workers
over time workers. Those paid incentive rates
comprised about a fifth of the workers in the
industry. Among the latter were about two-
WAGES IN NONFERROUS FOUNDRIES
408
T a ble 2. — Straight-time average hourly earnings 1 for selected
occupations in nonferrous foundries, United States and
selected regions, August 1951
Average hourly earnings1in—
Occupation
Mid Great
United New
Eng dle At Lakes
States2 land
lantic
Mid
dle
West
Pa
cific
$1.28
$1. 97
1.49
1.45
1. 83
1. 82
1.93
1. 71
1. 51
Production occupations —
M en
Carpentp.rs, maintp.nano.e
Chippers and grinders_____
Co r e a s s e m b l e r s a n d
finishers_______________
Coremakers, hand________
Coremakers, machine_____
Electricians, maintenance--Furnace tenders,-- ______
Guards
Inspectors, class A . - __
Inspectors, class B
Inspectors, class C
Maintenance men, general
u tility ______
_______
Mechanics, maintenanceMillwrights - .
Molders, floor___________
Molders, hand, bench_____
Molders, machine-- _____
Patternmakers, metal
Patternmakers, wood_____
Permanent mold-machine
operators _________ ..
Pourers, metal_____ - . . .
Sand mixers ________ ____
Shake-out men___________
Stock clerks. _________
Truckers, hand______ ___
Truckers, power_____ _
Watchmen______________
$1.81
'Ï. 42 $1.26
$1. 69
1.37
$1. 81
1.49
1. 57
1.68
1. 67
1.73
1. 47
1. 57
1.87
1.77
1.84
1.64
1. 43
1. 86
1. 66
1. 56
1.19
1.65
1.58
1. 75
1.45
1.47
1.68
1.83
1. 70
1. 57
1.69
1.95
1. 93
1.93
2. 54
2. 50
1. 52
1. 80
1.73
1.84
1. 58
1. 44
1. 79
1.64
1. 52
1. 56
1. 50
1.48
1.73
1.70
1. 79
1. 47
1. 36
1.62
1. 56
1.36
1. 62
1.79
1.86
1.91
1. 77
1.84
2. 43
2.40
1.36
1.74
1. 67
1. 82
1. 72
1. 78
1. 87
2.09
1.59
1.70
1.80
1.87
1. 79
1. 70
1. 77
1. 97
1.68
1.82
1.90
1.97
1.78
1.89
2.51
2.45
1.86
1.49
1.38
1.33
1. 48
1.42
1. 54
1.18
1.47
1.39
1.24
1. 25
1. 67
1. 40
1.27
1.25
1.39
1.16
1. 42
1.14
1. 89
1.56
1.52
1.39
1. 52
1.46
1.60
1.21
1.28
1.16
1.80
1. 57
1.41
1.39
1. 54
1.45
1.46
1.24
1. 56
1. 47
1. 53
1.45
1. 50
1.42
1.62
1. 56
1. 50
1.56
Ì.46
1.39
1.54
1.46
1.29
1.64
1.41
1.41
1.12
1. 24
1.35
1. 25
1.60
1.25
1.05
1. 22
1. 31
.87
1.10
1.49
1. 25
1. 75
1.24
1.17
1.40
1.32
1.22
1. 63
1. 29
1.20
1. 23
1.18
1.35
1. 39
1.48
1.29
1.18
1. 26
1.17
1- 08
1.43
1.01
1.47
1.23
1.18
1.73
1. 51
2.01
1.25
1. 26
1. 39
Office occupations—M en
Bookkeepers, hand
Clerks, accounting_______
Clerks, general__________
Office occupations— W omen
Bookkeepers, hand______
Calculating machine operators (Comptometer type).
Clerks, accounting________
Clerks’ general.—I________
Clerks, pavroll _________
Secretaries'_____ . . . ____
Stenographers, general____
Switchboard operator-receptionists
. ____ _
Tabulating-machine operators___ . ___ ______
Typists, class B ____
1.07
1. 20
1. 42
1.05
1.35
.94
1Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2Includes data for regions not shown separately.
thirds of the permanent mold-machine operators
and relatively high proportions of machine core
makers, core assemblers and finishers, machine
molders, and class B inspectors.
Evident also was the tendency of occupational
earnings to increase with the size of foundry.
Major exception to this tendency was on the Pa
cific Coast, where foundries in the smallest-size
group (8 to 50 workers) had the highest average
earnings for at least as many jobs as those in the
largest-size group (251 workers and over). On a
Nation-wide basis, average earnings for half of the
selected occupations were from 8 to 16 percent
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
higher in the largest- than in the smallest-size
group.
Union foundries generally had higher job aver
ages than nonunion foundries. But the 4 to 11
percent advantage noted in union averages for a
majority of the selected jobs probably cannot be
attributed entirely to unionization. For instance,
in union foundries about a fourth of the production
workers were paid on an incentive basis, in con
trast to about a seventh of the work force in non
union foundries. Since incentive workers generally
earned more than time workers, their relatively
greater employment in union plants tended to in
crease the union averages. Likewise, a similar
influence was exerted by size of foundry. About
half of the unionized foundries studied had over 50
employees, whereas three-fourths of the nonunion
foundries employed fewer than 50 workers. In
fact, it is difficult to disentangle the influence of
such factors as unionization, size of establishment,
and method of wage payment on earnings.
Wage differences were not uniformly apparent
between foundries producing castings primarily
on a jobbing basis and those using mainly massproduction methods. Occupational averages
were generally higher in the mass-production type
foundries. However, in the Middle Atlantic and
Pacific regions, the advantage lay with the job
bing foundries. Differences between averages
were typically less than 5 percent, regardless of
which type of operation showed the higher average
earnings, except in the Great Lakes region, where
differences varied from 5 to 10 percent for half of
the selected jobs. Foundries producing on a job
bing basis accounted for approximately threequarters of the establishments surveyed and about
three-fifths of the workers in the industry. Most
of the jobbing foundries employed fewer than 50
workers, whereas two-thirds of the foundries using
mass-production methods had over 50 workers.
Workers in foundries processing primarily
aluminum generally had higher occupational aver
ages than those in brass or bronze foundries.
Although the number of brass or bronze foundries
exceeded those processing aluminum, total em
ployment was greater for the latter since the aver
age brass or bronze foundry was small (8 to 50
workers). Employment in magnesium foundries
was largest among the other nonferrous groups
which include lead, silver, and nickel foundries.
REVIEW , APRIL 1952
EARNINGS IN WOMEN’S COATS AND SUITS
Between aluminum and magnesium workers there
was no uniform difference in the national wage
levels, but in the Great Lakes region, magnesium
foundry workers tended to have higher averages
than aluminum workers.
Supplementary Wage Practices
A 40-hour workweek was typical for most of the
production workers in nonferrous foundries. In
creases in work schedules with the expansion of
defense production resulted in a workweek of more
than 40 hours in foundries employing about a
fourth of the workers in the industry. Approx
imately half of these workers had a weekly
schedule of 48 hours.
A premium rate was paid in most instances to
the 1 out of 7 foundry employees assigned to lateshift work in August 1951. A uniform cents
differential was found to be more prevalent than
a percentage increment, but no single amount
predominated. On the second shift, however,
almost half of the workers received 4 or 5 cents an
hour more than the day workers; on the third shift,
half the workers were granted a shift premium of
6 to 7.5 cents an hour.
The typical paid vacation of the production
workers amounted to 1 week after 1 year’s service,
and 2 weeks after 5 years. For office workers,
paid vacation plans were somewhat more liberal,
with a slightly larger proportion of those with 1
year’s service receiving 2 weeks’ vacation than 1
week. A 2-week vacation was allowed three out
of five office workers after 2 years’ service.
Six paid holidays were provided for most pro
duction and office workers in each of the five
major regions where nonferrous foundries are
located. However, some variation from this
practice was reported in the Middle Atlantic re
gion, where about a tenth of the workers received
five paid holidays, and an additional sixth of the
plant and three-tenths of the office workers were
paid for seven holidays a year. The latter pro
vision also applied to about a tenth of the workers
on the Pacific Coast.
Nonproduction bonus plans were in effect in
foundries employing about a fourth of the pro
duction and a third of the office employees. The
typical bonus was paid at Christmas or at the
year’s end. Profit-sharing plans were reported by
993590— 52------ 3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
409
foundries employing small proportions of the
production workers.
Insurance or pension plans financed at least
partially by foundry employers were effective in
establishments employing two-thirds of the pro
duction workers and three-fourths of those in the
offices. Although life insurance was the most
common plan, nearly as many workers were em
ployed in foundries making contributions to
employee hospitalization and health insurance.
Private pension plans covered less than a majority
of the workers in each of the major regions.
Formal plans allowing paid sick leave to em
ployees with 1 year’s service were effective for less
than 2 percent of the production workers and
about 17 percent of the office workers. The pre
dominant number of days of sick leave allowed
was 5 days for foundry workers and 10 days for
office employees.
— J e a n A. W e l l s
D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations
Earnings of Workers Making
Women’s Coats and Suits, 1951
Earnings of production workers engaged in the
manufacture of women’s coats and suits 1averaged
$2.23 2 an hour in 12 leading garment centers
during September 1951. Regional differentials,
unequal employment of men and women, and
differences in methods of wage payments were
among the factors contributing to wide intercity
variations in pay levels. Average earnings in
excess of $2 an hour were reported in Los Angeles
($2.49), New York City ($2.40), Chicago ($2.19),
and Boston ($2.05). With the exception of
Kansas City, where workers averaged $1.33,
1 The industry as defined for this study included regular and contract
shops employing eight or more workers and producing women’s coats or
suits. Also included were jobbing establishments employing four or more
workers and operating cutting rooms or performing other parts of the opera
tions in the manufacture of women’s coats or suits. Shops primarily engaged
in producing skirts or fur coats were excluded, except for contract shops
producing skirts for suit manufacturers or jobbers.
2 Earnings data in this report exclude premium pay for overtime and
night work.
410
EARNINGS IN WOMEN’S COATS AND SUITS
earnings in the remainder of the areas studied
ranged between $1.70 and $2 hourly.
The workers in these 12 areas, included in a
Bureau of Labor Statistics study of wages and
related benefits, accounted for more than fourfifths of the total employment in this industry.
Over half the total were employed in New York
City, while several thousand additional workers
were employed in the adjacent areas of NewarkJersey City and Paterson. Most of the establish
ments in the latter two areas and more than half
of those in New York were contract shops which
performed only fabricating and finishing opera
tions on materials cut and owned by other
establishments. Establishments in all other cities
studied were primarily regular (inside) shops
which performed all or most of the operations
necessary to the manufacture of garments.
More than two-fifths of the workers in the
industry were paid according to a piece-rate
system. The proportion of these incentive
workers, however, varied substantially among
the different areas. More than seven-tenths
of the workers in Los Angeles were paid in accord
ance with established piece-rate systems. Areas,
in addition to Los Angeles, in which more than
half the workers received pay based on a piecerate system included Baltimore, Chicago, Cleve
land, Kansas City, and Philadelphia. Less than
a third of the workers in Paterson and Boston
and approximately two-fifths of the workers in
New York City and in the neighboring NewarkJersey City area were piecework employees.
Men workers, who constituted about half of the
industry’s labor force, earned considerably more
than women. The difference between average
hourly earnings of the two groups ranged from
29 cents in Kansas City, which had the smallest
proportion of men workers (15 percent), to $1.28
in Los Angeles, which employed only slightly
more women than men. Men employed in New
York earned about 70 cents an hour more than
women workers. Men’s earnings exceeded $2 an
hour in all areas studied with the exception of
Kansas City; average earnings of women, on the
other hand, equaled $2 an hour in New York
City only and were substantially below this
figure in all other areas.
Men were employed, for the most part, in the
higher-paying occupations such as cutting and
marking, pressing, and as sewing-machine oper
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
ators on the single-hand (tailor) system of pro
duction. Women worked more commonly as hand
sewers and as sewing-machine operators on the
section system of production.3
Occupational Variations
Sewing-machine operators, which were clas
sified in two major groups (section system and
single-hand or tailor system), accounted for about
40 percent of the total employment in the indus
try. Earnings of operators on the single-hand
system were substantially above those of the
section-system operators in all cities in which
comparisons could be made; differences ranged as
high as $1 an hour.
Hourly earnings of the tailor-system operators,
who were predominantly paid on a piecework
basis, ranged from $2.11 in St. Louis to $3.09 in
Los Angeles. The earnings of section-system
operators, generally paid on a time-rate basis,
ranged from $1.48 in Kansas City to $2.23 an
hour in New York City.
Hand sewers, another numerically important
job group, averaged as low as $1.15 an hour in
Kansas City and $1.39 in St. Louis and as high
as $2.24 in New York. Earnings of these workers
exceeded $1.50 in eight of the areas studied.
Women were employed as hand sewers more
frequently than men.
Cutters and markers and pressers, predomi
nantly men workers, were among the highest
paid in the industry. Hourly earnings of cutters
and markers, usually paid on a time-rate basis,
exceeded $2.60 in eight of the areas and ranged
from $1.51 in Kansas City to $3.28 in Los An
geles. Pressing operations were classified accord
ing to the pressing method employed, i. e., hand,
machine, or combination hand and machine.
Only three cities employed substantial numbers
of pressers in all three categories. Both hand
and machine pressers were employed in eight of
the cities studied, however; earnings of machine
pressers in each case exceed those of hand pressers.
Comparison of earnings in September 1951 with
those reported in a similar study in September
1949 4 showed that hourly averages had increased
* Under the section system, an operator usually specializes in a limited
number of sewing operations, and under the single-hand system he performs
all standard sewing-machine operations, either alone or paired with another
worker in a team.
<See Monthly Labor Review, February 1950 (p. 153).
REVIEW , APRIL 1952
EARNINGS IN WOMEN’S COATS AND SUITS
411
Straight-time average hourly earnings,1 selected occupations in the manufacture of women’s coats and suits, in selected areas
September 1951
Occupation and sex
Balti Boston, Chi
more, Mass. cago,
Md.
111.
NewCleve Kansas Los An arkland,
City,
geles, Jersey
Ohio
Mo.
Calif. City,
N. J.2
New York, N. Y.
All
shops
Con
tract
shops
Pater Phila
St.
son, delphia, Louis,
Regu N.
J.2
Pa.
Mo.
lar
shops2
San
Fran
cisco,
Calif.
A ll pla n t occupations
All workers—
Men_____ _
Women, .
_____ ______
________ . . . .
. . _____
$1.92
2.09
1. 76
$2.05
2.36
1.60
$2.19
2. 66
1. 67
$2.00
2. 59
1.63
$1.33
1. 58
1.29
$2.49
3.19
1.91
$1.81
2.16
1. 66
$2.40
2. 69
2. 00
$2.23
2. 56
1.92
$2. 59
2.78
2.16
$1.78
2.39
1.52
$1.98
2. 51
1. 52
$1. 71
2.10
1.45
$1.90
2.74
1.63
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
2.37
2.37
(9
2.44
2.44
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
2.86
2. 86
(9
1.74
(9
(9
2. 96
2. 96
(9
1. 51
1. 99
1.05
1. 24
(9
(9
1.32
(9
3.28
(9
(9
1.40
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
2.94
2.94
(9
1.91
2.03
1.30
2.08
(9
(9
3.11
(9
(9
2.25
2.39
1.66
2. 86
(9
(9
3.04
3.04
(9
2.07
2.42
1.60
2.65
(9
3.13
3.14
1.74
2.36
2.38
2. 00
3.17
3.17
3.01
3.01
(9
1.74
1.98
1.51
2.07
2.23
2. 68
2.68
(9
(9
(9
(9
2.57
(9
1.97
1.97
(9
(9
(9
(9
2.26
2.26
2. 91
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
2.20
(9
3.50
3.50
2 ! 40
(9
2. 61
2. 61
(9
(9
(9
(9
2.96
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
Selected, pla n t occupations
Cutters and markers_____________
M en... . . . _
. . .
Women-. . _______ ___
Inspectors, final (examiners).
Men . . . . . . . . . _
.
Women. . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressers, hand.
. . . . .
M en...
.
. . . .
Women.
__
___
Pressers, machine. .
. . . .
Men__
. . . .
Women. . . .
Pressers, hand and machine____
Men__ . . .
_ . . . ______ _.
Women
. _______ ..
Sewers, hand (finishers)__________
Men_______ __________ .
Women _
........
...
Sewing-machine operators, section
system___ . . .
------- ---Men. _
. . . .
. ._ .
Women____ _ _
Sewing-machine operators, singlehand (tailor) system___
Men___
_
___ . . .
Women_____ .
____
Thread trimmers (cleaners)..
. .
M en...
. . . . ________
Women__
. ____
2i 62
2.62
3?84
3.84
1.32
2.00
2.08
1. 63
3.07
3.07
(9
(9
(9
3.53
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
1.15
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
1.48
(9
(9
2.09
2. 65
1.89
2.15
1. 82
2.23
2. 55
2.03
(9
(9
(9
3.09
3.43
2.36
2.74
2.83
2.16
1.05
(9
2.15
1.06
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
3.04
3.04
3.02
3.02
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
2.16
2.39
2.36
2.76
2.84
2.37
.95
2.86
2.88
(9
(9
1.68
2.49
2.73
2.10
.76
(9
.76
1.68
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
1.83
2.07
1.80
2.02
.95
2. 97
2. 97
1.40
2.40
.97
.97
1.15
.92
.92
(9
1. 97
2.43
2.43
3.10
3.10
r4)
2. 96
2. 96
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
1.65
2.03
1.65
1.88
1.03
1.03
3.48
3. 48
3.31
3.31
(9
(9
2.24
2.54
2.15
2.07
2.36
3.58
3.58
(9
(9
(9
(i\
(ft
(i\
2.93
(9
(9
2 .9 3
(9
3.12
3.12
(ft
2.40
(9
(i\
(4 )
2.19
(9
(9
(9
2.40
2. 62
2. 29
1.60
1. 62
1.39
(9
(9
1.62
1.7 7
(9
(9
(9
2.14
2.37
2. 55
2.91
2.09
1.82
2.37
1.73
2.02
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
2.57
2.89
2.94
(9
(9
(9
2.78
2.78
2.11
2.02
2.01
2.68
2.20
1.05
1.05
.98
.98
1. 45
1.45
2.16
3. 00
1. 83
.90
2.46
1.81
.92
(9
.90
.92
(9
(9
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 Industry primarily composed of contract shops. Regular shops are pre
dominant in other areas except New York.
2 Includes jobbing establishments performing cutting operations, in addi
tion to those performing all manufacturing operations.
4 Insufficient data to justify presentation of an average.
in 11 of the 12 cities. The greatest increases, 17
percent in Paterson and 14 percent in Baltimore
and Kansas City, occurred in cities in which earn
ings were below industry levels. The moderate
earnings decrease in Los Angeles reflected the
effect of shorter production runs and a reduced
workweek in September 1951 on earnings of work
ers employed under incentive methods of wage
payment.
were incentive workers granted paid holidays. In
San Francisco they received 1 day; in Boston, 3
days; Kansas City, 5 days; and in Baltimore, 6
days.
In several areas, employers made contributions,
under the terms of union agreements, to unionadministered health and welfare funds from which
vacation payments were made to union workers.
Such contributions were based on a percentage of
payrolls and ranged from 3 percent in Baltimore
and Philadelphia to 5^ percent in San Francisco.
Workers generally received as vacation payments
either a percentage of their annual earnings or
amounts ranging from $25 to $60 depending upon
their occupations. Workers in Chicago, Cleve
land, Kansas City, and St. Louis were granted paid
vacations, usually 1 week after 1 year, directly by
the employer. Employers in these areas partici
pated in separate health funds. Health benefits,
such as hospitalization, medical service at union
health centers, and sickness and death benefits,
were available in some form in all areas.
Related Wage Practices
A large majority of the establishments studied
had collective-bargaining agreements with the In
ternational Ladies’ Garment Workers Union of
America (AFL).
Paid holiday provisions for workers covered by
union agreements varied considerably among the
cities surveyed. Time workers in all areas re
ceived paid holidays, ranging from 2 days in San
Francisco to 6% days in New York City, NewarkJersey City, and Paterson. In only four areas
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
UNION SCALES IN PRINTING TRADES
412
Retirement plans were in effect in five of the
cities studied and plans had been agreed upon byunion and management in five other areas with
effective dates in 1952 or 1953. Contributions by
employers to union-administered retirement funds
ranged from 0.5 percent of covered payrolls in San
Francisco to 3 percent in Boston, New York City,
and the New Jersey cities. Retirement age was
generally 65 years, with 10 or 15 years’ service in
the industry necessary for eligibility.
— L . E a r l L e w is
D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations
T able
MONTHLY LABOR
1.— Indexes of union wage scales and weekly hours
in the printing trades, 1939-51 1
[June 1, 1939=100]
Index of wage scales
Date
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
June 1____
June 1.........
June l ____
July 1_____
July 1_____
July 1_____
July 1_____
July 1_____
Jan. 2_____
July 1..........
July 1_____
July 1_____
All
print
ing
100.0
101.4
102.6
107.0
110.4
113.1
114.6
134.2
170.2
190.9
194.9
202.9
Book
and
job
100.0
100.9
102.0
106.4
109.3
112.2
113.7
133.7
169.8
190.5
194.9
202.0
Index of weekly hours
News
paper
All
print
ing
100.0
102.2
103.6
108.1
112.6
115.1
116.7
135.5
171.5
192.4
195.5
205.0
100.0
99.8
99.8
99.5
99.8
99.8
99.8
97.3
95.5
95.3
95.2
95.0
Book
and
job
100.0
99.8
99.8
99.8
100.1
100.1
100.1
96.6
94.4
94.3
94.2
93.9
News
paper
100.0
99.7
99.3
99.2
99.2
99.2
99.2
98.8
97.8
97.3
97.1
97.0
1 Index series designed for trend purposes. Periodical changes in union
scales are based on comparable quotations for the various occupations in
consecutive periods, and are weighted by number of union members reported
at each quotation in the current survey period.
Union Wage Scales in the
Printing Trades, 1951
ag e
sc a les
of union workers in the printing
trades advanced 4.1 percent, or 9 cents an hour,
between July 1, 1950, and July 1, 1951, according
to the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ forty-fourth
survey of union scales in the printing trades.1
Scales of unionized workers in newspaper plants
rose 4.9 percent, or 12 cents an hour; those in book
and job shops increased 3.6 percent, or 8 cents
an hour.
Hourly union wage scales in the printing trades
averaged $2.36 on July 1, 1951; the averages were
$2.21 in book and job (commercial) shops and
$2.66 in newspaper establishments.2
On important jobs common to both newspaper
and commercial printing, day-work scales on July
W
i Information was based on union scales, in effect on July 1, 1951, and
covering union printing-trades workers in 77 cities ranging in population from
about 40,000 to over 1,000,000. Data were obtained partially from local union
officials by mail questionnaire. In some cities, Bureau representatives
obtained the desired information by personal visit to local union officials.
Information was also obtained from central trade associations, international
unions, and union publications. Mimeographed listings of union scales by
occupation are available for any of the 77 cities included in the survey. A
forthcoming bulletin will contain detailed information on the industry.
Union scales are defined as the minimum wage rates or maximum schedules
of hours agreed upon through collective bargaining between employers and
trade-unions. Rates in excess of the negotiated minimum that may bo paid
for special qualifications or other reasons are not included.
5 Average rates, designed to show current levels, are based on all rates
reported for the current year in the cities covered; individual rates are
weighted by the number of union members working at the rate. These
averages are not measures for yearly comparisons because of annual changes
in union membership and in classifications studied.
* See Monthly Labor Review, February 1951 (p. 167).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1, 1951, for hand and machine compositors were
typically higher in newspaper establishments,
averaging about 12 cents an hour above those in
commercial shops; for photoengravers, however,
day scales averaged slightly higher in book and
job shops.
Over four-fifths of the 128,000 union printingtrades workers included in the survey had their
hourly scale raised as the result of negotiated
contracts becoming effective between July 1, 1950,
and July 1, 1951.
The standard workweek for union printingtrades workers averaged 37.1 on July 1, 1951,
slightly less than that prevailing at the time of
the previous study.3 The average straight-time
workweek in book and job shops was 37.4 hours
compared with 36.6 hours in newspapers.
Trend of Union Wage Scales
The 4.1-percent rise in union scales in the
printing trades between July 1, 1950, and July 1,
1951, was practically double the 2.1-percent
advance in the previous year. The Bureau’s
index, on July 1, 1951, was 102.9 percent above
the level of June 1939, and 12.4 percent above
the average for the years 1948 and 1949 (table 1).
On July 1, 1951, printing scales in newspaper
establishments and book and job shops were
12.7 and 12.1 percent, respectively, above the
pre-Korean level.
In the cities included in the July 1, 1951, survey,
union scales in the printing trades were 9 cents an
REVIEW , APRIL 1952
UNION SCALES IN PRINTING TRADES
hour above those in effect on July 1, 1950; the
scale level in commercial shops advanced 8 cents
and that in newspapers, 12 cents. Most of the
trades in book and job shops recorded average
advances of 7 to 9 cents an hour. Photoengravers
showed the greatest gain with an average of 10.5
cents for all workers in the trade. Journeymen
pressmen and pressmen-in-charge increased their
average scale 14 cents an hour to lead the upward
movement in newspaper establishments. Other
crafts in this branch of the industry registered
advances ranging from 11.5 to 12.3 cents an hour.
The rate of advance during the 12 months end
ing July 1, 1951, was fairly uniform among
individual crafts in both commercial and news
paper printing. In book and job shops, most
crafts recorded average gains of from 3.1 to 3.8
413
Index of Union W a ge Scales in Printing Trades,
1939-51
T a b l e 2. — Average union hourly wage rates in the 'printing
industry, July 1, 1951, and increases in rates July 1, 1950,
to July 1, 1951, by trade
Trade
Average
rate
per hour
July 1,
1951 >
Amount of increase
July 1, 1950, to
July 1, 1951 2
Percent
Cents
per hour
All printing trades_____________________
$2.36
4.1
9.3
Book and job
__________________
Bindery w om en_______________ Bookbinders
_________________
Compositors, hand_________________
Electrotypers______________________
Machine operators____ __ _________
Machine tenders (machinists)________
Mailers
___ _ _ ____ _ _ _
Photoengravers.-- - _______________
Press assistants and feeders__________
Pressmen, cylinder_________________
Pressmen, platen__________ _______
Stereotypers ____________________
2. 21
1.23
2.13
2. 50
2.77
2.49
2. 48
2.10
2.88
2.02
2.50
2.21
2.72
3.6
4.3
2.7
3.5
3.5
3.2
3.1
5.0
3.8
4.3
3.8
4.2
3.5
7.8
5.0
5.6
8.4
9.3
7.8
7.4
10.0
10.5
8.4
9.2
8.9
9.1
Newspaper _________________________
Day work ______________________
Night work . . __________________
Compositors, hand_________________
Day work ____________________
Night work ___________________
Machine operators__________________
Day work _____ _______________
Night work__ ___ ____________
Machine tenders (machinists)________
Day work _______ _ _________
Night work___________________
_____________________
Mailers . .
Day work . __________ _______
Night work.— . _______________
Photoengravers____________________
Day work_____________________
Night work____
____________
Pressmen (journeymen)_____________
Day work_____________________
Night work____________________
Pressmen-in-charge_________________
Day work __ _________________
Night work
______________
Stereotypers ____________________
Day work . _________________
Night work____________________
2. 66
2.56
2. 76
2.70
2.62
2.77
2.71
2.62
2.79
2.74
2.66
2.81
2.32
2.22
2.41
2.96
2.87
3.06
2.69
2. 55
2.86
2.88
2.74
3.05
2.63
2.53
2. 79
4.9
5.1
4.7
4.6
4.8
4.4
4.6
4.9
4.4
4.5
4.7
4.3
5.5
5.5
5.5
4.1
4.5
3.6
5.4
5.4
5.3
5.1
5.1
5.0
4.9
5.0
4.8
12.4
12.3
12.4
11.8
12.0
11.7
12.0
12.2
11.8
11.8
11.9
11.7
12.1
11.5
12.6
11.5
12.3
10.7
13.7
13.1
14.3
13.8
13.4
14.4
12.3
12.0
12.8
1 Average rates are based on all rates in effect on July 1, 1951; individual
rates are weighted by the number of union members reported at each rate.
1 Based on comparable quotations for 1950 and 1951 weighted by the number
of union members reported at each quotation in 1951.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
percent, although the increases averaged from 2.7
percent for bookbinders to 5.0 percent for mailers.
Among the individual trades in newspaper plants,
average advances ranged from 4.1 percent for
photoengravers to 5.5 percent for mailers (table 2).
Day-shift workers increased their scales slightly
more than night-shift workers.
Scale levels, on July 1, 1951, for all printing
trades were from 11 to 14 cents above those of
the previous July in all regions except the Middle
Atlantic and Great Lakes. In these 2 regions,
which included 30 of the 77 cities studied, levels
rose 6.6 and 9.0 cents, respectively. The regional
advances ranged from 3 percent in the Middle
Atlantic States to 6.1 percent in the Southwest.
Levels in newspaper establishments rose more
than those in commercial shops in all regions
except the Southeast. The gains in newspaper
plants ranged from 10 cents in the Southeast
to 15 cents in the Southwest and in book and
job shops from 5 cents in the Middle Atlantic to
13 cents in the Southwest.
414
UNION SCALES IN PRINTING TRADES
In the 77 cities included in the study, hourly
scales were raised by contract negotiations effec
tive in the year ending July 1, 1951, for threefourths of the workers in book and job shops and
over nine-tenths of those in newspaper plants.
Of the workers in book and job shops receiving
scale advances during the year, the increases
varied from 10 to 15 cents an hour for slightly
over a third, from 5 to 10 cents for another third,
and were less than 5 cents for a sixth. Over twofifths of the printing-trades workers benefiting
from scale revisions in newspaper plants received
upward adjustments ranging from 10 to 15 cents
an hour, over a fourth received from 5 to 10 cents,
and a fifth from 15 to 20 cents.
The increases amounted to less than 5 percent
for 2 of every 5 printing-trades workers affected
by scale changes, from 5 to 10 percent for about
5 of every 9, and to 10 percent or more for about
1 of every 20.
Although union wage scales in the printing
trades varied from less than 90 cents to over
$3.30 an hour on July 1, 1951, five of every eight
workers were covered by negotiated contracts
stipulating scales of $2.20 to $2.90 an hour. Prac
tically all of the newspaper printing-trades work
ers and nearly four-fifths of those in book and job
shops had scales of at least $1.80 an hour. Scales
of less than $1.80 were applicable primarily to
bindery women and substantial proportions of
mailers and press assistants and feeders.
Rate Variations by Type of Work
Variations exist in the nature of the work per
formed by book and job (commercial) and news
paper establishments. The composition of the
work force in each type of shop, therefore, differs
materially. Bindery women and press assistants
and feeders, who perform less skilled and routine
tasks, comprise a substantial proportion of the
work force in commercial shops; in newspaper
printing, the work force consists primarily of
journeymen. These variations help to explain
the difference in the general level of rates between
the two types of shops.
The average hourly day-shift scale in news
papers of $2.56 was 16 percent above the $2.21
in book and job shops (table 2). Day-shift work
ers on newspapers had a scale level of $2.56 an
hour and night-shift workers one of $2.76. Night
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M
O N T H L Y
L A B O R
shift workers in commercial shops were excluded
from the study as the normal working force on
this shift was too small to yield significant results.
Photoengravers, on July 1, 1951, had the
highest level in both branches of the industry,
averaging $2.88 in book and job shops and $2.96
in newspaper plants. Bindery women in com
mercial shops and mailers on newspapers recorded
the lowest averages—$1.23 and $2.32, respec
tively. Scales for other trades in book and job
shops averaged from $2.02 an hour for press
assistants and feeders to $2.77 for electro typers,
and in newspaper establishments from $2.63 for
stereo typers to $2.88 for pressmen-in-charge.
Compositors, important in both branches of the
industry, averaged $2.62 an hour for day work
on newspapers, or about 5 percent above the
$2.50 average scale in commercial shops.
Regional Variations
Area and regional levels are affected by varia
tions in the proportion of workers in each craft
as well as the extent to which the industry in
the individual areas is covered by union con
tracts. The data for book and job shops include
rates for semiskilled trades—bindery workers and
press assistants and feeders—as well as the
highly skilled journeymen, such as compositors
and press operators. The number of semiskilled
workers organized in an area or region may also
influence the respective levels.
Wben the 77 cities included in the survey
are grouped according to population, the average
hourly scales were highest in the larger metro
politan cities and descended according to the
city-size grouping.
Hourly wage scale levels on July 1, 1951, for
printing-trades workers in commercial and news
paper establishments in the various city-size
g r o u p s w e r e a s f o llo w s :
Average hourly scale
Book
and job
N ew spapers
Cities w ith populations of—
1,000,000 and over_____
500,000 to 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 ____
250,000 to 5 0 0 ,0 0 0 ______
100,000 to 2 5 0 ,0 0 0 ______
40,000 to 100,000 _______
$2.
2.
2.
2.
1.
302
155
119
032
963
$2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
757
659
641
456
219
Within each, size group, the ranking of cities
tended to vary with the branch, of industry.
Chicago, in the group of cities with populations
R E V I E W
,
A P R I L
1 9 5 2
EARNINGS IN METAL BUSINESS EQUIPMENT
of 1,000,000 and over, had the highest level for
commercial shops but ranked third in news
papers; New York was first in this size group
for newspapers and fifth for book and job shops.
Union hourly scales, on a regional basis, averaged
highest on the Pacific Coast ($2.57) and lowest
in the Middle West ($2.20). The Great Lakes
and Southwest regions also had levels exceeding
the national average ($2.36). Regional levels
were highest in the Pacific region for both branches
of the industry and lowest in the Border States
for commercial shops and in the Southeast region
for newspaper printing. Wage levels above the
national average of $2.21 for book and job shops
prevailed in the Great Lakes region. The Middle
Atlantic and Great Lakes regions were the only
other regions above the $2.66 national level for
newspapers (table 3).
T
a b l e
3
.—Average hourly wage scales m the printing trades,
by region, July 1, 1951 1
415
in commercial shops for about one-third of the
workers; 37.5-hour and 40-hour weeks were in ef
fect for three-sevenths and one-sixth of the work
ers, respectively. Standard straight-time weekly
schedules of 37.5 hours were common in news
paper establishments; over half of the workers
were covered by contracts providing this schedule.
Slightly less than a fifth had a 36.5-hour standard
workweek and an eighth had a straight-time sched
ule of 35 hours.
A number of contracts stipulated shorter work
schedules for night work than for day work. Stand
ard weekly schedules of 37.5 hours were in effect
for two-fifths of those on night work, compared
with two-thirds on day work; over a fifth of the
workers on night work and nearly a seventh of the
day workers had 36.25-hour schedules; and over
a sixth of the night workers and a twelfth of those
on day work had a workweek of 35 hours.
—
J o h n
F.
L
a
c
i s k
e y
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
Average hourly scales in—
Region
All printing
Book and
job
Newspaper
United States__________ _____
$2.36
$2.21
$2.66
New England---- -- ------- ------Middle Atlantic_____________
Border States_____ ________
Southeast---------------------------Great L ak es-----------------------Middle West_______ ____- - _
Southwest__________________
Mountain_________________
Pacific___________________
2.32
2.31
2.22
2.26
2.41
2.20
2.40
2.34
2.67
2.08
2.15
1.98
2.05
2.30
2.02
2.17
2.04
2.50
2.62
2.70
2.61
2.46
2.69
2.60
2.56
2.59
2.71
Earnings of Workers Producing
Metal Business Equipment, 1951
engaged in manufacturing
metal business equipment had average straighttime hourly earnings of $1.50 1 in July 19512 ac
cording to a Bureau of Labor Statistics study.
Almost half the workers earned $1.50 or more an
hour and over a fourth earned between $1.25 and
$1.50. Earnings for about 5 percent fell below
$1 an hour.
The Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic regions
accounted for approximately three-fourths of the
estimated number of establishments and nearly
P
1 The regions used in this study include: N ew England— Connecticut,
Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont;
M iddle A tlan tic—New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Border States —
Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West
Virginia; Southeast— Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, and Tennessee; Great Lakes —Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; M iddle W est—Iowa, Kansas, Missouri,
Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Southwest— Arkansas, Louisi
ana, Oklahoma, and Texas; M oun tain —Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana,
New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; Pacific —California, Nevada, Oregon,
and Washington.
Standard Workweek
Changes in straight-time weekly hours between
July 1, 1950, and July 1, 1951, reduced the aver
age straight-time workweek of printing-trades
workers to 37.1 hours. In book and job shops,
the standard workweek was 37.4 hours, compared
with 36.6 in newspapers; day-shift workers in
newspaper printing averaged 37.1 hours whereas
night-shift workers averaged 36.2 hours.
A standard workweek of 36.25 hours was spec
ified by union" agreements in effect July 1, 1951,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
r
o
d
u
c
t i o
n
w
o
r
k
e r
s
1 Medians (rates above and below which half of the workers are found)
rather than weighted arithmetic averages are used in this report.
2 Based on a mail questionnaire study which the Bureau of Labor Statistics
made at the request of the Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Division in
connection with determining the prevailing minimum wage for the industry
under the Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936. It covered establishments with eight or more workers primarily engaged in manufacturing metal
business equipment.
Establishments covered in the survey were requested to exclude overtime
and shift premiums from earnings data, but to include earnings under incen
tive systems of wage payment.
416
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 13
Percentage distribution of production workers (including pro
bationary workers and learners) in the metal business
equipment' industry, by straight-time average hourly earn
ings,1 United States and selected regions, July 1951
Average hourly earnings 1 United Middle
(in cents)
States 2 Atlantic
Great
Lakes
Middle
West
Pacific
Under 75.0______________
75.0 and under 80.0 ______
80.0 and under 85.0_______
85.0 and under 90.0_______
90.0 and under 95.0_______
95.0 and under 100.0______
100.0 and under 105.0____
105.0 and under 110.0_____
110.0 and under 115.0_____
115.0 and under 120.0_____
120.0 and under 125.0.-.......
125.0 and under 130.0_____
130.0 and under 135.0_____
135.0 and under 140.0_____
140.0 and under 145.0_____
145.0 and under 150.0 . . .
150.0 and over___ _______
0.3
1.0
1.0
1.7
1.8
2.6
1.7
4.0
4.2
4.2
4.9
4.9
5.8
4.9
7.4
49.6
(3)
0.4
.9
1.6
2.9
3.5
1.5
8.2
5.5
4.8
5.5
4.8
6.8
4.0
5.1
44.5
0.2
.1
.1
.5
.2
.8
.9
1.8
3.1
3.4
4.2
4.8
5.4
5.6
9.5
59.4
0.6
2.1
5.2
1.7
9.1
6.5
5.4
11.4
13.3
11.7
8.1
6.5
2.4
3.7
12.3
2.2
.7
1.1
.7
3.3
2.2
3.6
5.8
6.6
2.2
10.2
3.6
57.8
Total.____ ________
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of plants_______
Number of workers______
Median rate_____ ______
114
16,121
$1. 50
37
4,659
$1.44
44
9.359
(4)
16
630
$1.23
5
274
MONTHLY LABOR
Coast, 6 percent in the Middle Atlantic States, and
10 percent in the Middle West.
The lowest entrance rates reported by individual
establishments for unskilled production workers
varied from 75 cents to $1.45 an hour. Rates in
two-thirds of these plants, however, ranged from
85 cents to $1.15 an hour.
The lowest rates actually paid by individual
establishments to production workers (excluding
learners and probationary workers) in the metal
business equipment industry varied widely in July
1951 and ranged from 75 cents to $1.50 an hour
and over. In more than two-fifths of the estab
lishments having nearly three-fifths of the employ
ment the lowest hourly rates paid ranged from $1
to $1.25.
— J a m e s P. C o r k e r y
D ivision of Wages and Industrial R elations
«
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 Includes data for other regions in addition to those shown separately.
8 Less than 0.05 of 1 percent.
4 Median rate is over $1.50 and exact amount cannot be determined.
nine-tenths of the estimated employment. None
of the other regions covered in the survey account
ed for as much as 5 percent of the industry
employment.
Individual establishments studied in the metal
business equipment industry employed from 8 to
1,001 workers or more. Two-thirds of the estab
lishments had 100 employees or less, and fewer
than 1 in 10 employed over 500 workers.
The level of hourly earnings for the four regions
for which separate data on earnings are shown was
lowest in the Middle West ($1.23) and highest in
the Great Lakes and Pacific regions ($1.50 and
over). Earnings of workers in the Middle Atlantic
region, which had over a fourth of the employment
studied, averaged $1.44 an hour. (See table.)
Earnings of $1.50 or more an hour were received
by nearly three-fifths of the production workers
in both the Great Lakes and Pacific regions; by
more than two-fifths in the Middle Atlantic region;
and by an eighth in the Middle West.
Approximately half the workers in the Middle
West earned from $1 to $1.25 an hour. Similar
earnings were received by a tenth of the total in
both the Great Lakes and Pacific regions and by
a fourth in the Middle Atlantic region.
By region, the proportions of production workers
earning less than $1 an hour approximated 1 per
cent in the Great Lakes, 3 percent on the Pacific
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Wage Chronology No. 13:
Federal Classification Act
Employees 1
Supplement No. 1
rates of pay of Federal Classification Act
employees were increased by an amendment to the
Classification Act of 1949 passed in October
1951 by the Eighty-second Congress. Its provi
sions were retroactive to “the first day of the first
pay period which began after June 30, 1951.”
July 8, 1951, was the effective date of the pay
increase for the majority of the more than a million
employees affected.
In the period since the Classification Act was
made effective, vacation (annual leave) and sick
leave provisions for Federal employees were also
modified by Acts of Congress. The details of the
legislation providing for pay increases and chang
ing leave provisions are shown in the following
tables, thus bringing the 1924-50 chronology up
to date.
B
a
s i c
i See Wage Chronology No. 13,Federal Classification Act Employees, 192450, Monthly Labor Review, March 1951 (p. 296) or Serial No. R. 2025.
R E V I E W
,
A P R I L
417
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 13
1 9 5 2
A. General Salary Changes
E f f e c t iv e
J u ly
o f
2 4 ,
8 ,
1 9 5 1
1 9 4 9 ,
( C la s s if ic a tio n
a m
e n d m
A p p lic a tio n s ,
P r o v is io n
d a t e
e n t s
A c t
o f
S a la r ie s
in c r e a s e d
w it h
O c t.
m
$ 3 0 0
1 9 5 1 ) .
a n d
m
A v e r a g e
s c a le s
b y
1 0
in im u m
a x im
u m
in c r e a s e
$ 3 5 8
a
o f
in
y e a r
$ 3 0 0
p e r c e n t ,
in c r e a s e
m
$ 8 0 0 .
1 0
u m
r a te
o f
o t h e r
G S -1
C P C - 6 ;
1 0
g r a d e
C P C - 7
G S - 1 4
a n d
g r a d e s
e a c h
a n d
g r a d e s
p e r
fo r
t h r o u g h
G S - 1 3
b a s ic
o r
in c r e a s e
C P C - 1
o f
e x c e p t io n s ,
t h r o u g h
p e r c e n t
fo r
g r a d e s
t h r o u g h
t h r o u g h
r e la t e d
m
G S - 4
o f
G
a t t e r s
t h e
S - 5
C P C - 1 0 ;
a n d
m
in i
th r o u g h
$ 8 0 0
fo r
G S - 1 8 .
c e n t.
B. Basic Federal Salary Ranges by Service and Grade, 1949-51
Professional i
Sub
professional 1
Clerical, ad
ministrative
and fiscal1
Grade 1 . . . . . .
Grade 1.
Qrade 2 ____
Grade 3. .
Grade 4.
Grade 5 . ___
Grade 6. _
Grade 7.
Grade 8. ___
Grade 1..
Grade 2 . . ___
Grade 3 .. _ _
Grade4._ . . . .
Grade 5 .. .
Grade 6 .______
Grade 7 ..
Grade 8______
Grade 2_____
Grade 3_____
Grade 4.
.
Grade 5___ _
Grade 6_____
Grade 7 ... . . .
Grade 8. ____
Grade 9 .. _
Grade 10____
Grade 11 _ _
Grade 12____
Grade 13____
Grade 14____
Grade 15____
Crafts, custodial,
and protective
Minimum
Maximum
Minimum
Maximum
$2,200
$2, 680
$2, 500
$2,980
Grade 2 ......... 2,450
2,650
Grade 3_____
2,875
Grade 4_____
Grade 5_____ 3,100
Grade 6. ___
3,450
Grade 7_____ 3,825
4,200
Grade 8____
Grade 9_____ 4,600
Grade 10____
5,000
Grade 11____
5,400
6,400
Grade 12____
7,600
Grade 13____
Grade 14......... 8,800
Grade 15____ 10,000
11, 200
Grade 16___
Grade 17____ 12,200
Grade 18____ 14,000
2,930
3,130
3,355
3,850
4,200
4, 575
4,950
5,350
5,750
6,400
7,400
8,600
9,800
11,000
12,000
13,000
14,000
2, 750
2,950
3,175
3,410
3, 795
4, 205
4,620
5,060
5,500
5,940
7,040
8,360
9,600
10,800
12,000
13,000
14,800
3,230
3,430
3,655
4,160
4, 545
4,955
5,370
6,810
6,250
6,940
8,040
9,360
10,600
11,800
12,800
13, 800
14,800
Grade 1_____
..
1 In October 1949, the three services were consolidated into a new single
general schedule.
2 Employees in a position for 10 years receive an additional (longevity) step
July 19512
Oct. 28, 1949 2
July 1951 2
Oct. 28,1949 2
General
schedule
Salary range and effective date
Service
Salary range and effective date
Service
Minimum
Maximum
Minimum
Maximum
Grade 1__________ $1, 510
2,120
Grade 2__________
2,252
Grade 3__________
Grade 4________ _. 2,450
Grade 5..................... 2, 674
2,900
Grade 6__________
3,125
Grade 7__________
3,400
Grade8___ . . . . . .
Grade 9______ . . . 3, 775
Grade 10_____ ____ 4,150
$1,870
2,540
2,732
2,930
3,154
3,380
3, 725
4,150
4, 525
4,900
$1, 810
2,420
2,552
2, 750
2,974
3,200
3,435
3,740
4,150
4, 565
$2,170
2,840
3,032
3,230
3,454
3,680
4,035
4,490
4,900
5,315
increase beyond the maximum rate for each 3 years served at or above the
maximum rate without a change in grade or rate, with limit of three such
increases. Not applicable to employees above grade 10.
D. Related Wage Practices1
E f f e c t iv e
A p p lic a tio n s ,
P r o v is io n
d a t e
e x c e p t io n s ,
a n d
o t h e r
r e la t e d
m
a t t e r s
Vacation Pay (Annual Leave)
J u ly
1 ,
1 9 5 0
a t io n
A c t ,
(G e n e r a l
L e a v e
A p p r o p r i
e a r n e d
u n u s e d
1 9 5 1 , S e p t . 6 ,1 9 5 0 ) .
1 9 5 1 )
J u ly
1 ,
f ic e s
1 9 5 1
A u g .
J a n .
( I n d e p e n d e n t
A p p r o p r ia t io n
3 1 ,
6 ,
L e a v e
A c t ,
O f
R e d u c e d
t o :
2 0
d a y s _____
____________
A c t
o f
1 9 5 1 ,
a n d
O c t.
S ic k
3 0 ,
C h a n g e d
d a y s
t h a n
1 9 5 1 ).
b e
it a t io n
A c t
( A n n u a l
t o
w it h in
t h e
a n d
fo r
3
m
3
d a y s
t o :
fo r
A p p r o x im
e m
p lo y e e s
a t e ly
w it h
y e a r s ’ c o m b in e d
ilit a r y
b u t
fo r
s e r v ic e ;
1 3
le s s
c iv ilia n
2 0
d a y s
le s s t h a n
1 5
y e a r s ;
1 5
o r
m o r e .
y e a r s
2 6
o f
I n s t e a d
f u ll
o n
t io n .
t h a n
A s
3 0 ,
t h e
a
1 5
c a le n d a r
fis c a l
y e a r
y e a r
a n d
(J u n e
3 0 ,
p a y
e m
a y
r e s u lt ,
p lo y e e s
%
t h e
v a r y
s lig h t ly
s ib le
6 0 - d a y
le a v e
r e s to r e d .
y e a r ,
p e r io d
fo r
y e a r s ,
a c c u m
u la t io n
r e p e a le d
o f
le a v e
r e t r o a c t iv e ly
b y
1 9 5 1 .
c a le n d a r
T h u s
Vz d
t h e
p e r m is s ib le
b iw e e k ly
r e c e iv e
1 9 5 0
o f
P r o v is io n
O c t.
o f
t h e
c lo s e
c a n c e le d .2
c o n t in u e d .2
1 9 5 2 ,
1 9 5 1 ) .
1 9 5 2
L im
a t
e a c h
d a y ;
e x a c t
f r o m
m
w it h
a c t
t h e
a n d
u p
1 5
t o
u m
y e a r
m
o f
t o
3
o f
c o m
o r e
3
b u t
y e a r s ,
d a y s
1
e a r n e d
a n o t h e r .
a c c u m
t h e
p u t a
y e a r s ’ s e r v ic e
p e r io d ;
o r
n u m b e r
e s t a b lis h e d
b a s is
b iw e e k ly
o n e
a x im
t h e
a s
u la t io n
le s s
d a y .
m
P e r m
o f
a y
is
a n n u a l
Sick Leave Pay
J a n .
6 ,
L e a v e
1 9 5 2
A c t
( A n n u a l
o f
1 9 5 1 ,
1 9 5 1 ) .
a n d
O c t.
S ic k
3 0 ,
R e d u c e d
t o :
b iw e e k ly
m
a t e ly
d a y
p a y
1 3
fo r
p e r io d
d a y s
e a c h
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
9 0 - d a y
le a v e
lim
r e m
it a t io n
o n
p e r m is s ib le
a c c u m
u la t io n
o f
o v e d .
a n n u a lly ) .
1 The last item under each entry represents the most recent change.
2 This provision automatically prevented the accumulation of leave, as per993590— 52------ 4
f u ll
( a p p r o x i
mitted by act of July 25, 1947, but did not cancel any leave accumulated
prior to the effective date of the act.
418
EMPLOYEE EDV CATION BY COMPANIES
Industry Techniques
For Employee Education
m p l o y e e e d u c a t i o n in economic principles and
business practices is a process which goes on con
tinuously in a company whether formally acknowl
edged or not, according to a National Industrial
Conference Board report issued in the fall of 1951.1
Day-to-day operations demonstrate to employees
these and other subjects of special educational
activities. Hence, many routine business proce
dures can be utilized effectively and can buttress
formal educational programs, and “management
education” becomes almost a prerequisite for their
success.
In a sense, the report is a combination survey of
existing educational activities and manual for
planning and operating such programs. It de
scribes the various types of employee education
techniques currently in operation (both formal and
indirect), cites the advantages and disadvantages
of each, indicates generally which are found most
frequently, and gives sources for personnel and ma
terial and suggestions on how to carry out particular
programs effectively. No single company’s pro
gram is described in full, for experience has shown
that a successful program must be tailored to the
individual company’s needs.
E
M
O N T H L Y
L A B O R
of workers, keeping at a high level the reservoir of
promising supervisory and executive personnel,
and in providing an antidote against the poisonous
infusion of ideologies opposed to our own.”
Individual programs vary as to their objectives.
A 1949 NICB survey indicated that the largest
percentage aimed to give information about the
company—its policies and problems, competitive
products, and trends in the industry. Other aims
frequently mentioned were vocational education
and individual recognition. An objective sug
gested by the report as actually more important
than was indicated in the survey is education in
the fundamentals of the free enterprise system—
frequently a prerequisite for employee acceptance
of other information as fact rather than propa
ganda. Many companies attribute “a growing
public acceptance of Government-administered
security” to lack of worker understanding of the
economic principles on which capitalism rests.
Opinions vary, however, as to the appropriate
means of teaching these fundamentals. Some
approach the problem through presenting eco
nomic fundamentals in simple terms. Others
feel that the problem calls for demonstration to the
employee in his working relationships rather than
education and that education should begin at the
foreman and supervisory level.
Types of Programs
Industry Aims
American companies are spending millions of
dollars each year on employee education programs,
exclusive of job training.2 They vary from a few
institute-type programs to sporadic editorials on
free enterprise in the company magazine, and both
company staff and local teachers are used. Some
employers say such industry activity is a waste of
money; employees sometimes charge that it is
paternalistic. But many business executives
think it has an important place, according to the
report, and almost every objective cited for em
ployee education can be as helpful to management
as to the employee. “Employee education has
great potential strength in the maintenance of
good employee relations, improving the efficiency
1 Employee Education (Studies in Personnel Policy, No. 119), National
Industrial Conference Board, Inc., New York, 1951.
2 The report excludes vocational training, though it is frequently handled
administratively with broader education programs.
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Educational activities are grouped into four
major types, rather than the usual “voluntary”
and “involuntary” categories. The employee
always has the final choice as to whether to read
or listen, and whether to believe, the NICB points
out.
T im e . This is the pre
dominating type and includes both specially
planned activities and those phases of regular op
erations which inherently contribute—either posi
tively or negatively—to the educational process.
In the first category are mass meetings and
“rumor clinics,” presided over by company officers,
and section or department meetings held periodi
cally by a supervisor or foreman. Mass meetings
are especially worth while where rank-and-file
workers seldom even glimpse top management;
they make the president “a human being, instead
A c tiv itie s on C o m p a n y
REVIEW , APRIL 1952
EMPLOYEE EDUCATION BY COMPANIES
of an awesome symbol of power” and enable em
ployees to get official answers to questions and
management spokesmen to show the practical
application of an economic principle. Section
meetings facilitate a free exchange of ideas and
demonstrate democratic principles; individual dis
covery of facts is more likely to change employee
attitudes than “head-on presentation.”
Employer advisory groups and committees,
plant tours and home office visits, employee at
tendance at staff meetings, and special programs
for “natural” leaders effectively convey informa
tion about the company, but to only a few em
ployees. Special care in selecting participants
can extend the educational benefit, through the
employee’s relating his experiences to others.
Somewhat similar considerations apply to con
tests, quizzes, and special “day” affairs. Exhibits,
attention-arresting and usually inexpensive, can
also be valuable, as well as skits and plays.
If first impressions are the most lasting, the
orientation of new employees deserves a promi
nent place in employee education, the report
points out. Yet many companies limit orienta
tion to “There’s your boss. Punch in at 9 and
out at 5. Start working.” At the other extreme,
the new employee may be introduced to so many
people, regulations, and operations that he is
utterly confused. Between these extremes is a
program attempting to confirm the worker’s good
judgment in choosing the company and to show
company satisfaction in having the particular
worker. Other procedures of some indirect ed
ucational value are employee counseling, job
rotation (which a few companies practice not only
during training but throughout the worker’s em
ployment), and personal reviews and merit rating.
Uninvited and in spite of attempts to suppress
it, the “grapevine” usually is prominent in the
educational program of most companies, its dev
astating effect generally being in inverse ratio to
the program’s success.
It is estimated that less
than one out of four companies (largely nonmanu
facturing) have such programs. Most provide
either vocational or avocational courses, though a
few companies offer both.
Vocational courses usually relate to specific
aspects of the company’s business, though not
necessarily to the employee’s work at the time of
A fte r -H o u r s P ro g ra m s.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
419
enrollment. Some companies do not organize
their own classes, but give employees a tuition re
fund (usually 50 percent) on successful completion
of courses at a nearby school or college. Others
have worked out cooperative projects with such
schools. It is also not uncommon to find com
panies paying employees’ dues for technical
societies, cost of subscriptions to technical publi
cations, etc.
Avocational courses are related especially to an
employee’s hobby or subordinate occupation, in
cluding effective reading, writing, or speaking,
gardening, home planning, interior decorating,
photography, and sewing.
Of these media, bulletin
boards, supervisory letters, and letters to all em
ployees are the predominant types in use. Short
simple letters to employees at their homes, signed
by an executive, are one of the best means of com
municating directly with employees. More tech
nical and detailed letters to supervisors are most
useful for quickly passing on to this group what
ever facts may be necessary to answer questions.
Less commonly used but frequently quite success
ful is the employee newspaper. Though comic
strips are a widely read medium, only a few of
industry’s comics have successfully dramatized
business operations. Films are useful and a few
companies have produced effective educational
films, but most companies feel the cost is pro
hibitive.
Educational matter more closely related to
regular operations includes employee handbooks,
which are frequently a part or all of the induction
process; special booklets distributed by some com
panies explaining subjects referred to in the hand
book; and a simplified annual report. Booklets,
pamphlets, and reprints of articles on operational
problems or national issues are also distributed,
but can do more harm than good if obviously
one-sided. In the experience of a large number
of companies, pay-envelope inserts have little
chance of being read unless the message is brief
and related to wages or other payroll procedures.
Though few major business decisions are made
without at least one intracompany memorandum,
little recognition has been given them as educa
tional media.
When carefully prepared and distributed, printed
material can be effective; it is generally inexpenP r in te d a n d V is u a l M e d ia .
420
SURVEY OF CONSUMER DEBT
sive and reaches large numbers of employees at
one time. Serious disadvantages are that it is a
one-way avenue of communication and can be
more easily disregarded than oral material. Some
way should be found for employees to talk back
or to ask questions, the report stresses. A few
companies, for example, hold special employee
meetings to discuss significant points in thenannual reports.
Special activities
have been undertaken by a few companies to prevent
the effect of classroom activities being undone
once the employees leave the plant. These in
clude sponsoring meetings for all community ele
ments at which economic principles are examined,
holding company open house (frequently effective
in unexpected ways), providing speakers for local
groups, and assisting in preemployment programs
in the secondary school field.
P ro g ra m s f o r the C o m m u n ity.
Prerequisites for a Successful Program
No single medium can be counted on invariably
to be effective, the report notes, and a good
educational program would take advantage of all
possible means, with careful advance planning an
absolute necessity. Two considerations are of
particular importance:
(1) The program should meet the needs and
wishes of the employees themselves rather than
supply information which executives think em
ployees should have. A program to indoctrinate
workers with management’s views has little chance
of success.
(2) Employee education is not a substitute for
satisfying the noneconomic wants which surveys
indicate employees have, such as opportunity,
recognition, and information. “ If there has been
no wholehearted and successful attempt to fill
these needs in a company, it would seem pointless
to tell workers how business and free enterprise
work and to enumerate the advantages they enjoy
under the system,” according to the report. The
day-to-day “ demonstration” cannot alone perform
the entire educational job. But some feel that
the greater the degree of management education—
in human relations and other skills not easily
learned by the average man in his rise to an
executive position—the less the need for formal
employee education.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M
O N T H L Y
L A B O E
Survey of Consumer Debt
and Nonliquid Assets
S h o r t - t e r m a n d l o n g - t e r m c o n s u m e r d e b t ex
panded rapidly during 1950. Almost 6 in every
10 consumer spending units1had some outstanding
debt by early 1951. About two-thirds of this
debt was related to the ownership of nonfarm
homes, and a third was owed on automobiles and
other consumer durable goods, outstanding bal
ances on installment purchases, debts to banks,
policy loans on life insurance, charge accounts,
and other debts to individuals and institutions.
Approximately 47 percent of owner-occupied
nonfarm homes had mortgages or related form s
of debt. Five in every 10 spending units had no
non-real-estate debt and another 3 owed less than
10 percent of their previous year’s incomes.
These are among findings in a survey sponsored
by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve
System.2 Consumer debt distribution among in
come groups was about the same in early 1951
and 1950. About a fourth of all consumer debt
reported was owed by the tenth of the popula
tion having the highest incomes in 1950. Amounts
of consumer indebtedness within specified groups
are shown in table 1.
Real-Estate Debt
The number of mortgaged owner-occupied non
farm homes rose from about 9 million to 10.5 mil
lion between early 1949 and early 1951. Mort
gages were more frequent among spending units
headed by younger persons than among older
groups. For instance, over three-quarters of the
spending units in the age group 25-34 years had
home mortgages compared with one-fifth of those
in the age group 65 years or more. Frequency of
1 A spending unit is defined as all persons living in the same dwelling and
related by blood, marriage, or adoption, who pooled their incomes for their
major items of expense. (The “spending unit” differs in several respects
from the “consumer unit” as defined for the BLS surveys of consumer expend
itures, income, and savings. See Monthly Labor Review for February 1948
(p. 133) for the Bureau’s definition.)
2 Data are from 1951 Survey of Consumer Finances, Part V, Distribution
of Debt and Selected Nonliquid Assets of Consumer Spending Units, (in
Federal Reserve Bulletin for December 1951). It is the fifth in a series of
articles presenting the results of the 1951 Survey of Consumer Finances con
ducted for the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System by the
Survey Research Center of the University of Michigan. The survey in
volved approximately 3,400 interviews completed in 66 sampling areas
distributed throughout the country.
REVIEW , APRIL 1952
421
SURVEY OF CONSUMER DEBT
T a b l e 1.— Percentage
distribution of spending units by indebtedness, early 1951
All cases
Group characteristic
All spending units____________________________
1950 money income before taxes:
Under $1,000_____________
. _________ .
$1,000-$1,999______________________________
$2,000-52,999______________________________
$3,000-53,999______________________________
$4,000-$4,999__________________________
$5,000-$7,499._____________________________
$7,500 and over.___________________________
Liquid asset holdings:
None____________________________ _______
$1—
$199__________________________________
$200-$499_________________________________
$500-$999_________________________________
$1,000-$1,999______________________________
$2,000-$4,999______________________________
$5,000 and over___________________________
Occupation of head of spending unit:
Professional and semiprofessional____________
Managerial and self-employed_______________
Clerical and sales___ ________________ . . . .
Skilled and s e m is k ille d .______________ . . .
Unskilled and service_____________________
Farm operator_________________ _________
Retired_____________________ _________ .
Other___________________________________
Age of head of spending unit:
18-24____________________________________
25-34____________________________________
35-44____________________________________
45-54____________________________________
55-64____________________________________
65 or over________________________________
Family status:
Single person:3
Age 18-44__ . . . . .
-------- ------- - .
Age 45 or over_________________________
Married:4
Age 18-44, no children under 18__________
Age 18-44,1-2 children under 18
----- .
Age 18-44, 3 or more children under 18.. . . .
Age 45 or over, no children under 18______
Age 45 or over, 1 or more children under 18..
Num
ber
1
Amount of debt
Per
cent
No
debt
Some
debt
$1$200
$201$500
$501$1,000
$1,001$2,000
$2,001$5,000
Not
ascer
tained
$5,001
and
over
2 3,415
100
41
57
18
9
7
5
9
9
2
418
514
567
601
441
538
294
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
69
52
39
32
30
30
35
29
45
59
66
68
66
63
13
21
23
20
14
14
13
4
9
10
12
9
7
3
5
6
9
7
12
8
3
3
3
6
6
8
6
4
3
4
7
12
12
16
10
1
2
4
9
13
15
30
2
3
2
2
2
4
2
797
511
462
379
398
424
343
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
42
24
35
39
48
51
65
55
75
63
59
50
48
33
21
18
19
16
14
15
16
12
13
7
8
5
4
2
7
11
8
7
7
6
1
5
6
7
6
5
4
1
6
15
11
11
9
11
3
4
12
11
11
10
8
10
3
1
2
2
2
1
2
269
485
477
901
289
388
218
275
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
36
31
39
32
44
46
65
58
63
66
59
66
52
51
31
40
20
18
23
20
18
12
10
17
10
8
6
12
14
5
2
5
4
7
9
8
8
9
7
2
5
6
3
6
5
7
3
5
7
12
9
12
3
11
6
5
17
15
9
8
4
7
3
6
1
3
2
2
4
3
4
2
269
711
781
659
540
434
100
100
100
100
100
100
51
30
26
39
51
71
48
69
72
58
46
26
27
20
19
16
16
11
8
13
12
5
7
3
6
10
9
7
4
4
3
5
7
6
5
3
2
9
13
13
9
3
2
12
12
11
5
2
1
1
2
3
3
3
419
461
100
100
52
69
47
29
27
10
8
3
6
4
1
4
3
6
2
2
1
2
304
612
291
756
391
100
100
100
100
100
30
26
17
52
30
69
72
80
45
66
22
17
19
15
20
14
13
13
5
8
10
10
10
5
7
6
7
8
5
7
9
11
15
8
13
8
14
15
7
11
1
2
3
3
4
1Includes mortgages on homes, farms, and other real estate; installment
debt, charge accounts, and other debt owed to businesses, financial institutions, and individuals.
2 Total not additive because of inclusion of cases for which relevant characteristics were not ascertained.
3 Includes widowed, divorced, and separated persons.
4 Age refers to head of spending unit.
mortgages was greatest among the middle-income
groups. Further, 47 percent of nonfarm homes
were mortgaged compared with 35 percent of owneroccupied farms.
groups studied, non-real-estate debt was relatively
infrequent among both the farm-operator and
retired groups.
A rough measure of the burden of non-realestate debt is presented in table 2. The nonreal-estate debt of spending units was less than 5
percent of income in 1950 in 4 of 10 cases and 20
percent or more in 2 of 10 cases. The propor
tion of debtor units whose non-real-estate debt
was less than 5 percent of income in 1950 in
creased with the level of income from a little over
3 in 10 in the next to lowest income group ($1,000$1,999) to almost 6 in 10 in the top income group
($7,500 and over).
About 37 percent of all spending units reported
retail charge accounts other than in grocery stores.
The proportion rose from about 13 percent for
units with incomes of less than $1,000 to 71 per-
Distribution of Non-Real-Estate Debt
About half of all spending units had non-realestate debts, including amount owed on install
ment purchases and charge accounts as well as
miscellaneous debts to financial institutions, bus
iness, and individuals. Debt varied from $200 or
less for some 25 percent of all spending units to
more than $1,000 for about 5 percent.
Spending units having incomes of $4,000-$4,999
showed non-real-estate debt more often than
others. In general, the frequency of larger debts
increased as income rose. Among occupational
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
422
INTERNATIONAL LABOR PROGRAMS
MONTHLY LABOR
T a ble 2.—Percentage distribution of spending units according to relation of non-real-estate debt to income, early 1951
All cases
Non-real-estate debt as percentage of income
Group characteristic
All spending units-----------------------------------------1950 money income before taxes:
Under $1,000_____________________________
$1,000-$1,999_____________________________
$2,000-$2,999________________________ ____$3,000-$3,999______________________________
$4,000-$4,999______________________________
$5,000-17,499-______ ______________________
$7,500 and over_______________ _________
Net 1950 expenditure for durable goods:
None-----------------------------------------------------Under $200_______________________________
$200-$499________________________________
$500-$999________________________________
$1,000 and over____ ______________________
Family status:
Single person:
Age 18-44---------------------------------------Age 45 or over____________________________
Married:
Age 18-44, no children under 18_____________
Age 18-44, 1-2 children under 18 Age 18-44, 3 or more children under 18----------Age 45 or over, no children under 1 8 ____
Age 45 or over, 1 or more children under 18___
5-9 per 10-14 per 15-19 per 20-24 per 25 percent
cent
cent
cent
cent
or more 1
Not ascer
tained
Percent
3,415
100
51
20
10
5
3
3
7
1
418
514
567
601
441
538
294
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
77
58
46
43
41
43
47
5
14
20
22
23
29
32
2
7
12
14
12
10
6
1
7
5
8
9
4
3
2
2
2
4
4
5
3
2
3
5
3
3
2
11
7
9
5
6
5
8
(>:
2
i
i
2
2
1
1,491
362
655
364
508
100
100
100
100
100
70
43
36
27
32
16
32
25
20
16
4
9
17
19
9
2
5
9
12
9
1
4
4
5
8
1
1
2
5
9
5
5
5
11
15
1
1
2
1
2
419
461
100
100
54
79
21
10
8
2
4
2
3
2
1
7
5
i
1
304
705
291
756
391
100
100
100
100
100
36
37
26
63
47
23
21
26
16
24
13
16
14
7
8
12
7
10
4
5
4
5
5
2
3
5
4
4
2
3
6
8
14
5
8
1
2
1
1
2
1 Includes debtor spending units whose incomes were negative because of
business or farm losses.
cent for those having incomes of $7,500 or more.
On an occupational basis, the proportion was
largest (63 percent) in the professional group and
smallest (16 percent) among farm operators.
Distribution of Selected Nonliquid Assets
In general, ownership of nonliquid assets in
creased with the level of income. Business owner
ship in 1951 increased greatly in frequency at
incomes of $5,000 or more. Ownership of real
American Activities in the
International Labor Field
Of k e y i m p o r t a n c e to the defense effort, particu
larly over the long run, are the international labor
programs of the United States Government and
the American labor movement, according to the
1951 yearbook of the United States Department
of Labor.1 Greatly expanded after World War II,
these programs are carried out both through inter
national bodies and on a direct country-to-country
basis. In governmental programs designed to
help non-Communist nations to strengthen their
economies, it is a policy objective that living stand
ards shall be improved wherever possible in con
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1-4 per
cent
Number
Zero
w
(!)
2 No cases reported or less than Vi of 1 percent,
estate other than homes was similarly related to
income.
About 94 percent of the spending units whose
1950 incomes were $7,500 or more carried insur
ance in early 1951 and about 32 percent had paid
premiums of $500 or more in 1950. At lower
income levels, the frequency of life insurance and
large premium payments was somewhat smaller.
In all income groups except the lowest (under
$1,000), at least 60 percent of the spending units
had some life insurance.
junction with industrial and agricultural develop
ment; in information programs, special efforts are
made to reach workers abroad, to emphasize the
truth about American labor, and to demonstrate
that the wealth of America benefits all of its
people. Supplementing these governmental activ
ities are the independent efforts of American or
ganized labor to help trade-unions throughout the
world become strong and self-reliant, and to exert
pressure on international bodies to take into con
sideration the effect of their actions on labor.
1 Mobilizing Labor for Defense—Labor Yearbook, vol. 1; Thirty-Ninth
Annual Report of the Secretary of Labor for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
1951. For supplementary information on international bodies cited, see
also earlier issues of the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , particularly August
1951 (p. 159) and September 1951 (pp. 265 and 270), and various issues of
Notes on Labor Abroad. ^
R E V I E W
,
A P R I L
1 9 5 2
INTERNATIONAL LABOR PROGRAMS
These activities are important for the United
States defense program, the yearbook points out,
because of the emphasis placed on labor by Com
munist ideology: Labor is communism’s prime tar
get, a controlled trade-union movement its chief
tool, and exploitation of economic, social, and
political grievances its main propaganda weapon.
Hence, the development of a country’s resources,
the level of living of its people, and the existence
and activities of its trade-unions frequently de
termine how strong a nation will be in resisting
communism and fighting for democracy.
Organized Labor’s War Against Communism
Top American union officers have recognized
and accepted as one of labor’s major responsibilities
the need to keep the foreign policy of the United
States consistently and vigorously democratic, and
to work actively for the strengthening of free
trade-unions and for social and economic improve
ment of workers throughout the world. Both the
AFL and the CIO have established international
policy committees and administrative departments
to deal with foreign labor problems; a growing
number of resolutions on foreign policy are passed
at conventions of major American unions; and
foreign policy is discussed at union educational
conferences and in the labor press.
The
free international union movement is basically
composed of two major segments—international
bodies to which national trade-union centers are
affiliated and international organizations of na
tional trade-unions in particular trades or in
dustries.
All the major American labor organizations,
working together, have played a prominent part
in the International Confederation of Free Trade
Unions (ICFTU), established in December 1949
with the aim of protecting and improving the liv
ing standards of workers throughout the world.
American labor leaders representing the AFL,
CIO, and United Mine Workers attended the
founding congress, and active American participa
tion has been important in the progress already
made in implementing the organization’s basic
aims. By July 1951, when the second ICFTU
congress met, steps to promote its objectives were
well under way, as exemplified by its regional ac
R o le i n the In te r n a tio n a l L a b o r M o v e m e n t.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
m
tivities (including education, publicity, represen
tation at international meetings, and organiza
tional assistance). American unionists have taken
a significant part in the regional program, having
been on missions to Asia and Africa and serving
as “ trouble shooters” in particular countries.
Participation by American unions in the
International Trade Secretariats (ITS) has devel
oped largely in the postwar period and still is
not as extensive as it is in the broader segment of
the international trade-union movement. In 1951
12 of the 18 ITS had United States affiliates,
including members of the AFL, CIO, and some
independent organizations. American activity
varies greatly among the various Secretariats,
being perhaps the strongest in the powerful
International Transport Workers’ Federation, to
which seven American organizations are affiliated,
and the International Metalworkers’ Federation,
with three United States members.
D irect F o reig n A id . United States unions have
furnished economic assistance to workers abroad
and equipment and supplies necessary to carry on
trade-union activities. They have, for example,
sent CARE packages and medical supplies to
European workers. Individual American unions
have established and maintained in France and
Italy homes for orphans, a school for rehabilita
tion, and a cooperative clothing factory. Assist
ance from the American labor movement in the
form of office equipment, sound trucks, and funds
for union newspapers was instrumental in enabling
anti-Communist workers in France to leave
Communist-dominated unions and set up inde
pendent federations and in Berlin to fight com
munism more effectively. American unionists,
with the cooperation of German workers, were
able to distribute in the Eastern Zone of Germany
publications containing facts for an effective rebut
tal to the propaganda emanating from Moscow.
Both the AFL and the CIO have at various times
sent representatives to other countries to aid
trade-unions in their organizational and collective
bargaining work based on techniques found
effective in the United States.
The Government’s International Labor Program
United States interest in foreign labor conditions
in prewar years resulted largely from concern that
424
INTERNATIONAL LABOR PROGRAMS
“ sweatshop” labor abroad would compete unfairly
with American business operations and undercut
American labor standards. Protection of these
interests remains important, but the need for
improvements in living conditions as a deterrent
to the spread of communism has required an
expansion of the Government’s international
labor program and a more active, more direct
approach than heretofore.
The Department of Labor has the major
responsibility in this field. But all Federal
agencies with significant operations in the foreign
field have given increased attention to the labor
factor in their policies and programs. Both the
Department of State and the Economic Coopera
tion Administration (EGA) have appointed officers
concerned specifically with labor matters, at home
and in missions abroad. Military Governments
in Occupied areas have had labor or manpower
divisions. Wherever possible, the experience of
organized labor and management in the United
States is drawn on in carrying out the Govern
ment’s international labor program, in planning
as well as in operation. Both, for example, help
carry out the programs arranged for foreign
personnel who are brought to this country to
learn industrial practices and the techniques of
democracy at first hand.
Collection, analysis, and dissemination of facts
on labor developments the world over have also
been expanded, as a guide for Government action
and for the use of labor, management, and the
general public.
Since
1934 the United States has been a member of the
International Labor Organization (ILO), which
became one of the specialized agencies of the
United Nations (UN) following the latter’s estab
lishment in 1945. Dedicated to the improve
ment of economic and social conditions through
the adoption of international labor standards, the
ILO in recent years has stepped up its program in
a number of ways, including an intensification of
its “operating” program (particularly in man
power and training). Also of special interest has
been ILO action concerning problems of slave
labor and freedom of association. As one of the
Organization’s “eight States of chief industrial
importance,” the United States has become in
creasingly prominent in the ILO. The Govern
P a r tic ip a tio n i n In te r n a tio n a l O rg a n iza tio n s.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
ment has permanent membership on the Governing
Body, and worker and employer delegates have
been elected repeatedly to seats on that body.
A number of other UN agencies in which the
United States has membership are also giving
attention to the labor aspects of their programs.
Matters of importance in labor affairs have ap
peared increasingly on the agenda of the Eco
nomic and Social Council and its commissions,
for example. United States delegations attending
conferences of such bodies usually include advisers
from the Department of Labor and, in some
instances, from management and labor groups.
The Department of Labor is also one of several
Government agencies which have played an active
role in the administration of United States tradeagreements policy.
Labor attachés, first assigned
to foreign posts during World War II, numbered
32 in July 1951 and were stationed in 29 countries;
in addition 26 trained labor reporting officers were
assigned in 21 other countries. The attaches’
primary duties are to report factually and analyt
ically to Government agencies on trade-union and
labor developments for consideration in foreignpolicy formulation and implementation, to serve as
labor advisers to the Ambassador and the Embassy
staff, and to assist in promoting better under
standing abroad of the true role of labor in
American society. Over and above these duties,
they assist in selecting and briefing trade-union,
management, and Government labor officials for
visits to the United States on exchange programs;
cooperate in the activities of international agencies ;
help American trade-union delegations and other
United States visitors to the countries in which
they serve; and consult with United States em
ployers who encounter labor problems in their
foreign operations.
Attaches are liaison officers for information
about United States labor matters. Under the
special “Campaign of Truth” for which the United
States Congress appropriated funds in 1951,
major efforts of the expanded U. S. Information
and Exchange Program of the Department of
State are focused on workers and their families.
In addition, ECA labor information specialists,
working directly with European trade-unionists
and union editors, have carried on a constant
campaign of spreading the story of American
B ila te ra l P ro g ra m s.
R E V I E W
,
A P R I L
1 9 5 2
labor to European workers. Under these pro
grams, trade-union and Labor Department publi
cations, news and feature stories, photographs,
exhibits, and films are disseminated extensively.
The Voice of America has also been carrying two
labor programs weekly.
American economic and technical assistance
(together with military aid) was closely coordi
nated in 1951 under the Mutual Security Act and
was available in varying degrees to friendly nations
in Europe, the Near East and Africa, Asia and the
Pacific, and other American Republics. The act
specifically recognizes the importance of the labor
aspects of such aid, in the development of free
trade-union movements and the establishment of
fair labor standards.
In Western Europe as a whole, United States
economic aid had enabled industrial production to
surpass the prewar level by mid-1951, but the low
level of living in Italy, France, Austria, Germany,
and Greece was of continuing concern. Expan
sion of production facilities had diverted a large
portion of national income into investment, and
essential consumer goods were still in short supply.
The need to meet new military commitments
following the outbreak of Korean hostilities en
hanced this problem. Hence, ECA during 195051 stressed productivity, as a means of raising
output, increasing wages, and lowering prices.
As part of this program, teams of trade-union and
management representatives have come to the
United States to study our productivity tech
niques and industrial climate.
Technical aid, which in Western Europe serves
mainly to expand productivity of existing capital
facilities, is a requisite which must accompany
and often precede capital investment in the under
developed areas. For a number of years the
United States Government has supplied limited
technical assistance, largely in Latin America.
In “ Point 4” of the international program outlined
in January 1949, President Truman called for
expanded technical assistance and the fostering
of capital investment in order to help the peoples
in underdeveloped areas to raise their standards
of living.
Technical assistance in the labor field has been
supplied in (1) collection and utilization of labor
statistics; (2) apprenticeship methods, and place
ment of individual foreign workers in United
States industrial plants for on-the-job training in
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
425
STATUS OF LABOR BANKS
skills; (3) operation of an effective employment
service, equipped to recruit and place workers, to
collect information on skill requirements and avail
able supply, and to handle migration programs;
(4) development of employment standards, admin
istrative and inspection staffs, and industrial safety
techniques; (5) collection of facts regarding wom
en’s working conditions and economic status, legal
protection for women workers’ health and welfare,
and techniques of employing women in industry
to secure maximum production and provide safe
guards for family life; and (6) demonstration of
United States experience in labor-management
relations and democratic trade-unionism as a guide
to working out constructive patterns of industrial
relations. Wherever possible, visitors are en
abled to observe and feel the daily life of United
States workers at the “ grass roots” level.
Status of
Labor Banks in 1951
T he a s s e t s of the four labor banks increased 0.9
percent in 1951, as compared with 1950; the gain
in deposits was 1.2 percent and in capital, surplus,
and undivided profits, 2.5 percent. This showing
was achieved in spite of a decrease of 13.3 percent
in assets and 1.4 percent in deposits that took
place in one bank (table 1).
T able
1 .
—
Condition of labor banks as of Dec. SI, 1950 and
1951 1
Bank and date
All banks:
Dec. 31, 1950_____________
Dec. 31, 1951_____________
Amalgamated Trust & Savings
Bank, Chicago, 111.:
Dec. 31, 1950-____ ______
Dec. 31, 1951_____________
Brotherhood State Bank, Kan
sas City, Kans.:
Dec. 31, 1950.................. ......
Dec. 31, 1951_____________
Union National Bank, Newark,
N. J.:
Dec. 31, 1950___________
Dec. 31, 1951_____________
Amalgamated Bank of New
York, N. Y.:
Dec. 31, 1950_____________
Dec. 31, 1951_____________
Capital, sur
plus, and
undivided
earnings
Deposits
Total assets
$5,108, 595
5, 237, 737
$90,830,708
91, 970, 734
$97, 558, 529
98,478,411
1, 769, 000
1, 773, 000
35,088,123
35, 449, 895
37, 557, 093
37, 712,045
567,846
592, 948
10, 719, 896
12,126,918
11, 319, 742
12, 743,866
546, 928
546,931
9, 255, 599
7, 924, 053
10,072, 270
8, 732, 078
2, 224, 820
2, 324, 858
35, 767, 090
36,469, 867
38, 609,423
39, 290,422
i Information supplied by Industrial Relations Section, Princeton
University.
426
DEFENSE ORDERS IN SURPLUS LABOR AREAS
The development of the labor banks in the 31year period since the first bank was started, in
1920, is shown in table 2. As it indicates, the
high point of the movement was reached in 1925.
From that point the number of banks and volume
of business gradually declined. At the end of
1932, only six banks were still in operation. Two
of these failed to reopen after the “ bank holiday”
in 1933.
T a b l e 2. — Development of labor banks in the United States,
1920-51
Date
Dec. 31—
1920______
1925______
June 30—
1930--....... 1935______
1940______
1945______
Dec. 31—
1950______
1951-.........
surplus,
Number Capital,
undivided
of banks andearnings
Deposits
Total assets
2
36
$1,154,446
12,536,901
$2, 258, 561
98, 392, 592
$3,628,867
115,015, 273
14
4
4
4
7, 217,836
2, 051, 281
2, 684, 911
3, 428, 078
59, 817,392
17, 262, 281
23,847, 294
72, 776, 529
68,953,855
19, 692,385
26, 931, 651
76, 509,121
4
4
5,108, 595
5, 237, 737
90,830, 708
91, 970, 734
97, 558, 529
98,478,411
Since that time the four banks that survived
have steadily expanded. At the end of 1951 their
deposits and total assets equaled 93.4 and 85.6
percent, respectively, of those of all 36 banks at
the 1925 peak.
Measures To Place Defense Orders
in Surplus Manpower Areas
e d e r a l a c t i o n has been initiated to place defense
orders in surplus labor areas.1 In addition, plans
are being undertaken to study unemployment in
such industries as textiles, apparel, and shoes in
order to determine the industry-wide effects of
any action taken to stimulate employment.
The Office of Defense Mobilization issued De
fense Manpower Policy No. 4, effective February
F
1 Sources: Federal Registers, vol. 17, No. 27, Feb. 7, 1952, p. 1195 and vol.
17, No. 47, Mar. 7, 1952, pp. 2026 and 2027; ODM release, Jan. 14, 1952; and
U. S. Dept, of Labor release, Feb. 18, 1952.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
7, 1952, covering the placement of procurement in
areas of current or imminent labor surplus. It
provides for the establishment of a Surplus Man
power Committee to include representatives from
the Department of Labor, Department of Defense,
the General Services Administration, Defense
Production Administration, National Production
Authority, Atomic Energy Commission, and
Small Defense Plants Administration.
Existence of surplus labor areas is to be certi
fied by the United States Labor Department’s
Defense Manpower Administration to the Surplus
Manpower Committee. The Committee will then
obtain information from manpower and production
agencies relative to the suitability and availability
of facilities in such areas for the fulfillment of
Government contracts and purchases. If man
power and facilities are available, the Committee
will then recommend to the Director of ODM
that notification be made to appropriate Federal
agencies that it is in the public interest to give
preference to these areas in the negotiation of
contracts. Committee reports to the Director
may include dollar amount of contract desired to
be placed in the area and appropriate maximum
price differentials. However, contracts obtained
by bids (those obtained by general offer, through
advertising, to the public) are not affected by
this action. Only negotiated contracts (those
obtained by negotiations with individual com
panies) may be directed into surplus manpower
areas.
The policy statement further provides that
when the policy would have a major effect on the
operation of an entire industry in the labor sur
plus area, appropriate industry recommendation
(following notice to and hearing of interested
parties) shall be made to the Director of ODM
before any action is taken.
A list of 23 areas, certified by the U. S. Depart
ment of Labor as areas of labor surplus on Feb
ruary 18, was forwarded to ODM’s Surplus
Manpower Committee. These included 18 major
areas: New York; Detroit; Providence; WilkesBarre-Hazleton, Pa.; Grand Rapids and Flint,
Mich.; Scranton, Pa.; Beaumont-Port Arthur,
Tex.; Fall River and Lawrence, Mass.; Altoona,
R E V I E W
,
A P R I L
1 9 5 2
WAGE AND PRICE REGULATIONS
427
Pa.; Brockton and Lowell, Mass.; Atlantic City,
N. J.; Asheville, N. C.; Manchester, N. H.;
Terre Haute, Ind.; and Laredo, Tex. The re
maining 5 were smaller areas: Pottsville, Pa.;
Herrin-Murphysboro-West Frankfort, 111. (for
merly classified as Crab Orchard, 111.); UniontownConnellsville, Pa.; Cumberland, Md.; and Vin
cennes, Ind.
The Director of ODM on March 5 in notifica
tions to the Department of Defense and General
Services Administration named Detroit, Scranton,
Wilkes-Barre, and Providence as the first to
become eligible for special treatment in the award
of defense contracts. However, price differentials
will not be granted. Instead, employers in these
areas are to be given an opportunity to match
prices negotiated for defense contracts in other
areas. According to ODM, the entire problem
regarding price differentials was to be reconsidered
during March and April 1952.
General Wage Regulations 20-21;
Ceiling Price Regulations 124-127
Procedures and certain general standards for
establishing new pension plans and deferred profitsharing plans, financed wholly or in part by em
ployers, and for the amendment of existing plans,
were provided in GWR 21, unanimously adopted
by the Board on February 22. It provides that
both pension and profit-sharing plans may be put
into effect without prior Board approval, if the
plan has been filed with the Board and no negative
report is received within 30 days. In addition,
both plans must have the approval of the Bureau
of Internal Revenue.
In general, the requirements for pension plans
are as follows: (1) age retirement benefits must
be based on a minimum retirement age of 65 years
and must be reduced proportionately for earlier
retirements; (2) there must be no provision for
cash surrender, loans, or immediate cash disburse
ments; and (3) retirement benefits must be paid
for the lifetime of the employee.
Standards for deferred compensation-type plans
covering benefits payable upon severance are that
(1) payment may not begin until at least 10 years
after an employee’s admission to the plan and
must be payable for at least the same length of
time; and (2) no provision must be made in the
form of a lump sum or loan value except in the
event of the employee’s death. However, 10
years’ participation in the plan is not required
for benefits to be payable upon retirement at or
after 65 or due to permanent and total disability,
but payment must be made over at least a 10year period.
Reports of plans which do not meet the above
standards, or which appear unstabilizing, will be
treated as applications for approval. Such plans
may not be put into effect until approval is secured.
N ew
w ag e
r e g u l a t io n s
covering adjustments
for employees compensated in whole or in part on
a commission basis and also pension plans and
deferred compensation profit-sharing plans were
issued by the Wage Stabilization Board in Febru
ary 1952. The Office of Price Stabilization issued
four ceiling price regulations which are summarized
in tabular form.1
Specific rules for applying the Board’s 10-per
cent catch-up policy (GWR 6) and its cost-ofliving formula (GWR, 8) to commission earnings
were outlined in GWR 20, adopted by the Board
(8 to 4, with labor members dissenting) on Feb
ruary 13. The regulation applies to all employees
paid in whole or in part on a commission basis,
except life insurance agents. Adjustments of any
kind in the compensation arrangements of life
insurance agents may be made only after securing
prior approval of the Board. The regulation illus
trates how increases, which can be made without
prior Board approval, under GWR 6 and GWR 8
(see Monthly Labor Review, April 1951, p. 409)
may be applied in adjusting different forms of
commission arrangements, such as a fixed salary,
base rate, or per unit rate. The method of appli
cation varies for adjusting commission earnings
based on a rate of 2 percent or less and those based
on a rate above 2 percent.
1 Sources: Federal Registers, vol. 124, No. 25, Feb. 5, 1952, p. 1121; vol. 17,
No. 28, Feb. 8, 1952, p. 1213; vol. 17, No. 38, Feb. 22, 1952, p. 1653; vol. 17,
No. 41, Feb. 28,1952, p. 1750; and vol. 17, No. 44, Mar. 4,1952, pp. 1893 and 1895;
and WSB release, Feb. 28, 1952.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
428
WAGE AND PRICE REGULATIONS
Major Provisions of CPR’s Adopted in February 1952
C P R
D a t e
E f f e c tiv e
is s u e d
d a t e
D is t r ib u t io n
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1 2 4
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m
o d ity
c o v e r e d
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c a t g u t
s u t u r e s — .
M
a n u f a c tu r e r s
a n d
r e s e lle r s .
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7
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1 2
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c e p t
p r o d u c t s ,
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a n d
a c c e s s o r y
la t e d
p r o d u c t s
g r a p h ite
o r m o r e
is
e x
M
a n u f a c tu r e r s .
c r u c ib le s
1 5
o r
c e ilin g s
s u tu r e s ,
c o s t
1 2 5
o f
c e ilin g s
in c lu d in g :
r e
la t in g
o f w h ic h
b r ic k ;
o f t o t a l w e ig h t .
a n d
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la s
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a n d
p o le s
D o u g
A ll
s a l e s _______ ____ _
P o n d e r o s a
a n d
a t
a n d
t h e
P r o v id e s
p o le s ,
a n d
1 2 7
M
a r .
3
B r a s s
a n d
b r o n z e
in g o t s . _
A ll
d o m
e s tic
s a le s .
b r ic k ;
a s
a n d
o u n t a in s .
F ir
a n c h o r
in
m
f o r t h
in
m
in g o t
in s u
b r ic k ;
a lu m in a
b r ic k ,
p la s t ic
E s t a b lis h e d
d u r in g
r e
p r ic e s
D e c .
n o r m
r e in fo r c in g
p r o d u c e d
w e s t
o f
o f
1 9 ,
it e m
c e ilin g
p r ic e s
a lly
C a li
a n d
m
e t h o d
s .
a llo y s
p r o d u c e d .
In the article, “ Wage Escalators in Marshall Plan Countries” (January 1952
issue of the Review, p. 10) the following notes should be added to the table:
Italy—The calculations are based on basic hourly contract rates, plus
regularly paid cost-of-living allowances.
Netherlands—The calculations are based upon hourly wage rates for adult
men. Information available for the third quarter of 1951 shows that the
index of real earnings (1938=100) is 93, based on weekly earnings; as shown
in the table it is 80, based on hourly rates.
Source: United Nations Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, November 1951;
Irish Statistical Journal; and Swedish Wage Statistics Year Book.
s t u b s
in
C a s c a d e
c e ilin g - p r ic e
lis t e d
u n
P in e
O r e g o n
t h e
t r e a t e d
t h e
fo r
P o n d e r o s a
lo g s ,
E s t a b lis h e s
a ll
c e ilin g s
a n d
Addendum
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
h ig h
o r t a r s ,
p o r t io n s
a n d
s p e c if ic
o f
t o p
r e f r a c to r y
a te r ia ls
t h e
p r e s e r v a t iv e ly
q u a n t it ie s
p r o d u c t s ,
b r ic k ;
h o t
r u n n e r s ;
p r e v a ilin g
r o u n d
M
b r o n z e
s u r g ic a l
in c r e a s e d
1 9 5 1 .
p ilin g ,
s h o r t
a s h in g t o n ,
S e t s
s ilic a
c a s ta b le s .
le v e l
2 5 ,
W
fo r
2 7
fo r
r e f r a c to r y
s p e c ia l
s u c h
D o u g la s
f o r n ia ,
F e b .
c a t g u t
e n t
d o lla r s -a n d - c e n t s
t r e a t e d
p ilin g .
a n d
b r ic k ;
s p e c ia lt ie s
1 9 5 0 - J a n .
2 5
o f
b r ic k ;
la d le
n o z z le s
b a s ic
fo r
c la y
fir e b r ic k ;
s le e v e s ,
p e r c e n t
s a le
a d j u s t m
g u t s t r in g .
E s t a b lis h e s
a r e
1 2 6
p r o v is io n
fo r
a llo w in g
f r a c to r ie s
F e b .
o f
le v e l
fo r
o f
c a r lo a d
b r a s s
a n d
b a s is
o f
a
s e t
p r o v id e d :
o n
Recent Decisions
of Interest to Labor1
t h e
r a te
“ I , t h e
b a s is
h o u r .”
W
t h e
t h e
la w ,
“ W
p e r
o f
6 4
h e n
h e r e a s
u s
1 9 5 0 ,
w it h
e x a m p le ,
w e e k
t h e
f o r e g o in g
W
t h e
fo r
d r a f te d
a n d
o r ig in a l
is
6 4
a g e
in
a
h o u r s
a
a t
n e w
c e n t s
d a t e d
o f
t h e
in s t e a d
h a v in g
a d
J a n u a r y
1 2 ,
la w ,
o f
p e r
v io la t e d
p r o v id in g :
D iv is io n
e r r o r
c o n t r a c t
p e r w e e k
w o r d in g
c o n t r a c t,
H o u r
w e e k
a
$ 6 6 .0 0
[ $ 0 ].8 6 %
a g r e e m e n t
t e c h n ic a l
s u c h
r e c e iv e
p e r
t h e
y o u
t o
t h a t
p a n y
t h a t
p r o v id e s
F o r
h o u r s
t o ld
c o m
v is e d
h o u r .
u n d e r s ig n e d , a m
in
6 0
t h a t
h o u r s
it
p e r
w e e k .
“ W
h e r e a s ,
w it h o u t
a n y
c la im
[ d e c lin e ]
t h is
c h a n g e
Wages and Honrs 2
t o
a c t io n
fo r
a s
b r o u g h t b y
v io la t io n
a m
t a in
p r o v is io n s
o f
U n it e d
S t a t e s
w e e k ly
w a g e
o f
s e c t io n
t h a t
a n t e e d
it
n e v e r
a n y
w a g e
o f s o m
o f
w o r k ;
c o n t r a c ts
t h e
fo r
e
L a b o r
d is tr ic t
a m
w e e k
(3 )
t h e
c o m
n o
s o u g h t
g u a r
c o u r t,
6 0
h o u r s ;
p a y
ir r e g u
s p e c if ie d
s ig n if ic a n c e ,
o f
b y
v a r y in g
t h e
t h e
e m
p lo y e e s .
S e c r e ta r y
w e r e
g r a n t e d .
7
w o r k w e e k
a
s p e c if ie s
h o u r ly
o f
o f
4 0
in
e x c e s s
in
a n d
.
a n y
fo r
a m
“ b y
o f 4 0
“ if t h e
o f
.
t im
.
a n d
s u c h
a c t
a n d
c o m
h a v e
a n d
v io la t e d
a n y
if h e
is
o f s u c h
t h e
o f
fo r
(2 )
6 0
e m
e m
le s s
a ll
a t
n o t
p r o v id e s
a
t h e
m
le s s
w e e k ly
o n
a
t h e
e n t
(1 )
in im u m
t h a n
in
o n e
e x c e s s
g u a r a n t y
r a te s
s o
s p e c if ie d .”
A
w e r e
o f
t h e
d id
F a ir
c o m
p a n y
e m
q u a n t it ie s o f it s e g g s a n d
m e r c e .
p lo y e e s in
T h e
c o m
w h ic h
it
p a n y
p lo y e d
5 9
p o u lt r y
m
h a d
a g r e e d
t o
w o r k e r s , a n d
o v e d
in t o
a
w e e k ly
in t e r s t a t e
s a la r y , b u t
c o m
it s
o n
e m
t h e
n o t
“ in
f a c t ”
o n e
a n d
t o
o f
o n e - h a lf
t h e
p e r
s e v e n
h o u r s
a d
h o u r ,
b y
o f
t h e
p lo y e e s
w o r k .
o u t
t h e
1 9 3 8 ,
a m
t h e y
e n d e d ,”
o v e r t im
t h e
t h e
p r o v is io n s
a s
o f
I t
in
a lt h o u g h
w it h
e s
q u o t e d ,
e m
s e t
a n d
e n t
t im
S h o u ld
r e c e iv e
o n e
r a te s
o f
p a y m
t o
m e
h o u r s
d is c u s s e d
t h e
w a g e
A c t
u p
[o f]
$ 1 .4 2
w e r e
c o n t r o l,
t h e
4 0
h o u r s ,
s a la r y .”
c o m p lia n c e
a v o id
4 0
p e r
fir s t
h o u r s .
a m
ir r e g u la r
h o u r ly
t h e
g u a r a n t e e s
o f
ila r
f iv e
a f te r
$ 6 6 .0 0
fo r
6 0
I
r a te
u s e d ,
S t a n d a r d s
“ t o
e x c e e d
s im
a n d
p a id
o v e r
a k in g
t e c h n ic a l
n u m b e r
w e e k ly
o n ly
e
w e e k ,
m
d e c lin in g
t h is
b e
t h e
t h e
f ig u r e s
t o
c o n t r a c t
h o u r s ,
r e g u la r
“ in d ic a t e
L a b o r
w a s
P la c in g
w a g e
o u t
s t r e s s
r a te s
t h a t
w h e n
a
h o u r ly
g r a n t in g
n o
e m
p lo y e e s
b y
t h e
p a id
a s
t h e
e
r e g u la r
b y
t h e
o v e r
w a g e ,
7
w e n t
c o m
r a te
(e )
o f
t h e
t h e
r e lie f
t h e
o f
t o
in t o
t h o s e
o f
o n e
fo r
a c t.
p o in t e d
e ff e c t,
r a te s .
d id ,
M
h e
t h e
w a s
n o t
h o u r s ,
a b o v e
r e c o r d ,
o s t
c o v e r e d
e x c e s s
F o r
t h e
“ t h e r e b y
h o u r s
s u c h
w h o le
h o u r ly
c o u r t
c h a n g e d ,
n u m b e r
w h e n
o f
t h e
n o t
p e n s a tio n
u p o n
in j u n c t iv e
t h e
b u t
c o m
a n d
r a is e
w e r e
s ig n if ic a n c e ”
s e c t io n
r e a s o n s ,
n a t u r e
c o n t r a c ts ,
r a te s
w o r k e d
a d d it io n a l
r e q u ir e d
t h e
1 0 - p e r c e n t
o p e r a t iv e
n e v e r
“ f ic t it io u s ”
in
w a g e
g u a r a n t e e d
a n y
o t h e r
o n
s p e c if ie d
c o n t r a c t
t h e
a n d
c o u r t
s o u g h t .
Working During Lunch Period Compensable Under FLSA.
L u n c h
f e e d
in g
p e r io d s
p a c k e r s
c o u r t
1 Prepared in the U. S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor.
The cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant
decisions believed to be of special interest. No attempt has been made to
reflect all recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of
labor law or to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in
which contrary results may be reached, based upon local statutory provisions,
the existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the
issue presented.
2 This section is intended merely as a digest of some recent decisions in
volving the Fair Labor Standards Act and the Portal-to-Portal Act. It is
not to be construed and may not he relied upon as interpretation of these
acts by the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division or any agency of
the Department of Labor.
8 Tobin v. M orristow n P ou ltry Co. (D. O. E. D. Term., Feb. 11, 1952).
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
a t
t h e
a n d
h o u r
a ll t im
t o
6 0
t o
p e r
o f
c o n t r a c ts ,
t h a t
t o
a t
n o t
t h a t
p e r
n o t
s u b s t a n t ia l
in d iv id u a l c o n t r a c ts w it h
p a y
y
h o u r s
a m
p a y .”
g r a n t e d
p o u lt r y
m
a m
fo r
n e c e s s it a t e d
o u t
I
T h is
o v e r
t h e
t h a t
e ff e c t
h o u r
w e e k ,
a g r e e
.9 4 2 5
r e g a r d le s s
n o t e d
d e s ig n e d
t h e
e
fo r
p u r s u a n t
w o r k e d
b a s e d
n e c e s s ita t e
a g r e e m
t h a n
e m
o v e r t im
p lo y e d
o r
a n
p lo y e e
p lo y e e
h o u r s
h o u r s
t h a t
t h e
e m
c o n t r a c t
n o t
p e n s a tio n
r a te
t h a n
p r o v id e s
p lo y in g
h o u r s ,”
o f p a y
e s
m o r e
t o
e m
d u t ie s
w o r k ,
r a te
w o r k w e e k ,
n o t
e n d e d
d e e m e d
a c t
r e g u la r
r a te
t h e
b e
t h e
h o u r s
a
o n e - h a lf
p a y
o f
n o t
o f
c o n t r a c t
ir r e g u la r
a n d
(e )
s h a ll
p r o v is io n s
t o
p o in t e d
p e n s a t io n
S e c tio n
p lo y e r
d u t ie s
a ls o
p e r
6 0
a n d
p e n s a tio n ;
t h a t
p e n s a tio n
in
o v e r
u t u a l a g r e e m e n t , f r o m
[$ 0 ]
w e e k
a b o v e
w h ic h
c o n t r a c ts
s in c e
1
1
o n ly
m
w e e k .
in d iv id u a l
h a d
o f
1 .4 2
p e r
c o m
c o m
c o n t r a c t;
a n y
a n d
c o u r t
t h a n
o f
in
S e v e n
B y
w e e k ,
a n y
w o r k
T h e
a
p e r
w o r k e d
u n d e r s ig n e d ,
b a s is
[$ ]
I
p r o v i
fo r
o u r
w o r k e d
o v e r
t h a t c e r
s o .
h o u r s
d it io n a l
A c t
n o t
c o m p e n s a tio n ,
f u r th e r
t h e
t h e
a n d
6 0
t h e
n e c e s s it a t e
r a te
h a d
p e n s a tio n
in j u n c tio n s
a c t.
n o t
c o m p a n y
3
p r o v id e d
h o u r ly
a n d
h e ld
v io la t e d
m o r e
d id
a
a n
S t a n d a r d s
c o u r t
e n d e d
o f
p lo y e e s
f ic t it io u s
t h e
F a ir
c o n t r a c ts
a
e m
L a b o r a g a in s t
c o n t r a c ts
t h e
t h e
a n d
w a s
c o n t r o lle d
A c c o r d in g ly ,
o f
o f
d u t ie s
h o u r s
t h e
m
(e )
w e e k ly
t h e
in
(1 )
7
o f
t h e
e n d e d , t h e
s t a t e d
la r
S e c r e ta r y
g u a r a n t e e d
s io n s
(2 )
o f
t h e
I n
d o
I ,
in
$ 6 6 .0 0
Certain Guaranteed Weekly Wage Contracts Invalid.
t o
o n
h o u r s
h a v e
fo r
d a t e ,
w e e k
I
a d d it io n a l
o f
t im
t h a t
t h e
t h e
h o u r s
T h e ir
p a y ,
T h e
e ff e c tiv e
p lo y e e s
s in c e
F L S A
a
w e e k .
m ille r s ,
w e r e
m ill
w o r k e d
lu n c h
t h e y
n o t
t h e
lu n c h
d a t e
o n
a
fr e e
a c t,
o f
t h r e e
c o m
t h e
a n d
a
flo u r
U n it e d
p e r io d s ,
w h e n
o f
it
a n d
S t a t e s
b u t
w a s
t h e s e
F L S A ,
2 4 - h o u r
b a s is ,
8 - h o u r
p e r io d s
fo r
4 b y
w o r k
s h o w n
e m
p lo y e e s
p e r io d .
c o n t in u e d
r e q u ir e d
T h e
u n d e r
o ile r s ,
h e ld
r e s p o n s ib ilitie s
t h e ir
f lo u r
m ill
c o n s t it u t e ,
a n d
d u r in g
it s
d a y s .
t h e ir
t o
d u t ie s
B e f o r e
e m
e n g in e e r s ,
f lo u r
c o m p e n s a b le
o p e r a te d
6
a
a p p e a ls
e
c o n t in u e d
T h e
o f
a t
w e r e
t h e ir
t h e
fir s t
p a n y ,
b y
s h if t s
n o t
d a y s
o n
c o m
p a n y
a
w e e k .
e a c h
d e d u c t ib le
d u t ie s
y e a r
a
t h e
6
a
w h ile
m
o f
t h e
f r o m
e a tin g .
a x im
b o o k k e e p in g
u m
o f
4 4
t r a n s a c -
* Stock & Sons, Inc. v. Thompson (O. A. 6, Feb. 7, 1952).
4 2 9
430
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
t io n ,
(1 )
p u t
in t o
e ff e c t
f r o m
t h e
e m
p lo y e e s ’
t h e y
h a d
in
t h e
e a t
lu n c h
a n d
t h a t
t h e
p a y
c h e c k .
e m
e m
p lo y m
s a m
e
s a m
e
m
a
a d e
a n d
t h e
t h e
s a m
c o u r t
s t it u t e d
“ lu n c h
im
t r ia l
m
c o u r t
b e n e f it
b u t
t im
h is
c o n c lu d e d
a ls o
e
c o m
t h is
t h a t
e
p a y
a n d
t h a t
m
e
p a id .
A s
h a s
t im
e
e
e m
t o
t h e
in
d id
t h e
a p p ly
fo r
c o u r t
t o
t h e
t h e s e
u s u a l
e ith e r
b e fo r e
a c tu a l
t im
e
h e ld
r e q u ir e d
s t a t e m
m
p lo y e e s
t h e
t h e y
w it h
o r
f a c t s .
t h e
t h e
t io n
a n d
n o
m
T h e s e
n o r m a l
t o
e m
e n g a g e
m
e n
t h e
e ,
o v e r
p lo y e e
A c t
c la im s
h o u r s ,
w e r e
o c c u r r in g
b u t
w e r e
b e c a u s e
m
o f
e m
a
a c h in e s .
t h e y
p lo y e e s
g r ie v a n c e
T h e
t h e
m
e n
t h e
e m
A ft e r
p lo y e e s
t h e y
t h e y
a f te r n o o n ,
w h e n
t h e
1 2
t h a t
W
2 0
h e n
1 ,
m e n ,
t h e ir
j o b .”
s h o u ld
m
t h e
t o ld
n o t
M
T h e
r e p o r t
p la n t
o f
1 5 ,
t h e ir
w o r k
t h e y
w e r e
t h e
t h e
w o r k
m a n a g e r
w e r e
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 2
a
t h e ir
t u r n e d
e n ’s
t h e
M
o s t
n o t
h e
r e p lie d
O n
M
a r c h
a c tio n s ,
u n io n
w e n t
c a lle d
w a s
o v e r
“ c u r r e n t ly
e n
b u t
o f
o n
s a id
t h e m
a
1 2
d is c h a r g e d .
m
a g r e e d ,
r e in s t a te d ,
t h e
1 0
e
m
o f
t h e m
o n t h s
h a d
m a d e
t h e
f o llo w in g
o f
r ig h t
e x is t s
m
t o
u n io n
w o r k ,
b e
a g r e e s
t o
(3 )
“ p e r f e c t e d ”
t o
t o
1 5
m
is
fo r
m e n
u n io n
s t r ik e
a d e
h a s
p lo y e e s
o f
w h e n
in
a n d
fo r
t o
u n io n
s e n d
t h e
r e in s t a t e m
e n t ,
t h e
w o r k .
e m p lo y e r
t h e
a
m
o n ly
s e lv e s
t h e
t h e
t h e s e
b y
I n
t h is
in d iv id u a l
o t h e r
in s t a n c e
w a n t e d
t o
r e q u e s t
w o r d s ,
t h a t
c o m e
fo r
r e p r e s e n t a t iv e
c ir c u m
r e f u s in g
o n t h s
a f te r
fo u n d ,
t h o s e
e n t .
t h e
t h e
c o n v in c e s
s t r ik e
u s
w a s
p a n y
in t e r e s t e d
m
t h e
b a c k
a s s
a g r e e d
w it h in
t h a t
t o
r e in
t o
p a n y
e n d e d .
s e n d
d o
s o ,
n o t
a p p lie d
“ A s
w e
[th e
M
a r c h
o n
w o u ld
o r
t o
r e a s o n a b le
a b a n d o n e d
d id
w h o
n o t if ie d
r e t u r n in g
t o
a
t h e y
c o m
s t r ik e r s
w a s
in
fa ilu r e
p a n y
t h e
r e in s t a t e
c o m
T h e ir
c o m
s t a n c e s ,
t o
t h e
s t r ik e r s
r e in s t a t e m
w it h
e m
“ in d iv id u a lly .”
h a v e
t h a t
a f te r ,
m
s in c e
in a t e
1 0
c a te
a n
b a c k
U n d e r
B o a r d ]
a u t h o r iz a
in d e p e n d e n t ly
e n d
a p p lic a t io n
t h e m
n o t ic e
e n t ,
e n
e n t
c o n t e n t io n
c o n s t it u t io n
t o
a
c o n
a p p r o v a l.”
u n c o n d itio n a l
s t a t e m
is
a n a g e m
u n io n
g u a r a n t e e d
a c t iv it y
M
p a n y ’s
u n i o n ’s
w it h
a n d
[L a b o r
c o m
w it h o u t
t h e
n o t
t h e
c o n n e c tio n
s t r ik e
a p p ly
c o m
t im
m
e
t h e ir
u n i
t h e r e
e m
p lo y
e n t .”
(4 )
T h e
it
c o m
r a th e r
t h a n
t h e y
e m p lo y e r .
la b o r
r a th e r
t h a n
r e in s t a t e d
t h e
e c o n o m ic
in
a
in a t e
a g a in s t
“ fir s t
c o m e ,
p r in c ip le s
a n d ,
w e r e
o r
n o t
in
a c tin g
n o t
m
o f
in
e m
A s
s t r ik e r s
s e r v e d ”
a s
T h e
t h a t
c o n c e r t
p lo y e e s
t o
c la im
w a s
w it h
t h e y
t h e
w e r e
c o m
e m
t h e y
c a r r y
o u t
t h e
b y
t h e r e fo r e
a n
s t r ik e r s ,
e n t it le d
p a n y ’s
h a d
e d
u n f a ir - la b o r - p r a c t ic e
s t r ik e r s ,
a c c o r d a n c e
t h e
fir s t
s e n io r it y .
is t a k e n ly ,
in s u b o r d in a te
t h e
p r a c tic e .
t o
b e
t r a d it io n a l
p o lic y .
M
t h e
e m b e r
u n io n
u n c o n d itio n a l
in g ly ,
h e
m
w it h
e n t ,
o n
D is c h a r g in g
u n f a ir
n o t ic e
d is c r im
w h e th e r
g r ie v a n c e
b e lie f ,
d id
t h e m
o n
b e lie v e d ,
j u s t if ie d
t h e ir
p a n y
r e in s t a t e d
S t y le s
g a v e
d is s e n t e d ,
t o
t h e
a p p lic a t io n
w o u ld
b a c k
h a v e
h a d
p a y ,
o f
e m
fo r
t h e
a ll
o n
t h e
p lo y e r
g r o u n d
w a s
“ c o m
r e in s t a t e m
B o a r d
t h e
t h a t
e n t .”
o r d e r
t h e
p le t e
a n d
A c c o r d
t h e
r e in s t a t e
s tr ik e r s .
a p p r o a c h e d
fir e d .
m
s t r ik e
a ll
b e
o ff,
s a m e
t h e
w a s
B o a r d
o n ,
S o m
t o
in
T h e
w o r k
s e n io r it y
t h a t
b y
a c t.
a n d
h a z
h e a lt h .
g r o u p
u n d e r t a k e n
“ t h e
p r e s e n t
w h ic h ,
t u r n e d
L a t e r
o r
g r e a t
s ig n a ls
d u s t
w e r e
v o t e ,
c e r ta in
s o
g r ie v a n c e ;
t o
a f te r
t h a t
t o
a g a in
1 9 5 0 ,
T h e s e
f ly in g
w o r k .
w e r e
b a c k
r a tif y in g
w a s
c r a n e s .
b y
o f
w a r n in g
s u p e r in te n d e n t
“ in d iv id u a lly .”
a n d
h e a r
m a c h in e s
a c h in e s
t o
a c h in e s
in ju r io u s
t h e ir
r e tu r n ,
b a c k
p la n t
t h e
h im
a r c h
m
2 7 ,
o p e r a tio n
n o t
p a n ie d
w a s
F e b r u a r y
t h e
t h e
t o
g o
s t a t in g
s e n d
e d ia t e ly
m
h e n
u n io n ,
O n
w o u ld
t h e
e ith e r
d id
e m p lo y e r ,
u n io n
t h e
t h e y
1 2
s t r ik e .
t h e
W
o n
o v e r h e a d
a s s e r t e d ,
o u t ,
t o
c o u ld
a c c o m
r e t u r n e d
c o u ld
t h e
1 9 5 0 ,
o n
im
le f t .
t h e y
w e r e
w a lk e d
w h e r e u p o n
o f t h e
t h e y
o p e r a tin g
c o n d itio n s
2 0
f r o m
t h a t
a r d o u s
w o r k
r e la t in g
n o is e
c o m p la in e d
f r o m
c e a s e d
in o r it y
fin is h e d
a
2 0
3
B o a r d
w a s
b a s is
in
w a s
a
c a n
p lo y e e s
A c t in g
m
c o n c e r te d
u n i o n ’s
w h e n
Employer Conduct During And After A Strike.
b a s is .
u n t il
s t r ik e
fo r
w o r k .
a
p r o t e c t e d
s in c e
a n d
it
3
w o r k
e n t
u n f a ir - la b o r - p r a c t ic e
c o n t r a v e n t io n
h e n
s t r ik e r s
n o t
Labor Relations
c o n c e r t,
in
b a c k
a n d
b y
a n
s t r ik e
W
r e c o v e r
n o t
s e r v e d ”
R e la t io n s
( T a f t - H a r t le y ) ]
in
(2 )
d is c r im
a c t iv it ie s
w o r k in g
n o r m a l
is
e r it
t h e
P o r t a l- t o - P o r t a l
p o r t a l- to - p o r ta l
a f te r
d e v o t e d
s t r ik e
t h a t
p l o y e r ’s
o v e r t im
fir s t
r e in s t a t e m
L a b o r
a c t iv i t y
u n d e r
w o r k e d
d id
b y
p e r io d ,”
e m
c o u ld
t h e y
e n t
a c h in e r y
lu n c h
f o r
n o t e d ,
e m e r g e n c ie s
a
f r e e
c o n
F r e q u e n t
c o m p e n s a b le
w h e n
t h a t
A
R e la t io n s
fo r
n o t
n o t
(1 )
p lo y
e .
F in a lly ,
N a t io n a l
c e r te d
p lo y e e s
c o u r t
b y
o il
a
s p e n t
w h e n
T h e
t h e
a g a in
t h is
c o m e ,
fo r
r u lin g s : 6
g r ie v a n c e
F L S A
e m
a c h in e r y
Q u o tin g
t im
“ fir s t
a p p ly
e la p s e d .
c o n t in u e d
t h e s e
n o t
h a v in g
t h e
p e n s a tio n
s t r a ig h t - t im
a n d
a
t h e
h o u r s
e m
n o t
s a n c t io n
t h e
w h o
n o t
w o r k in g
f u r th e r m o r e ,
o v e r t im
a n d
p lo y e r
t h e
o n
d id
k e e p
t h e
t h a t
in t e r r u p t e d
m a n
t h a t
t h a t
e n g in e e r s .
is
e m
p e n s a tio n
a t t e n t io n .”
“ a
w e e k ly
w e r e
o f
o f te n
h a n d
t o
b u t
s o
s a m
b e e n —
p e r io d s ,
t h e
p e r io d s
t h e y
t h e
p a y
t h e
w a s
fo r
s o
b o t h —
o f
h a d
w h e n
t r ia l j u d g e
lu n c h
w h ic h
w e r e
t h e y
a s
h o u r s .
o p e r a tio n
c o n s t it u t e d
F L S A ;
o n ly
c o m
t h e
t h e ir
t h a t
in
o f
r a te s
y e a r s ,
e n t ,
o f
d o
r e c e iv e
lu n c h - w o r k
2
p lo y e e s ,
a n d
a n e u v e r
a s
r e s p e c t iv e ly ,
o u n t
e d ia t e
j u d g e
o f
a d j u s tm
b y
m
t o
d e d u c t ib le
e m
jo b
t h e ir
p e n s a tio n
w it h
fo r
in
t h is
k in d
n u m b e r
p e r io d s
s a n d w ic h
t h e
e
w a tc h in g
r e q u ir in g
o f
p e r io d
t h e
t h e
c o n t in u e
f o llo w in g
a m
d u r in g
w o r k
c o n s t a n t
e
o n
e x a c t ly
c o m
lu n c h
r e q u ir e d
in c r e a s e d
h o u r s ,
a g r e e d
“ c h o k e - u p s ”
a
e
4 0
s a m
w o r k e d
t h e
e
t h e
b o o k k e e p in g
w o r k
e e s
s a m
F o r
4 2
r e c e iv e d
T h e
(3 )
w o u ld
r e s u lt
o v e r t im
o f
t o
t h e
in u t e
(2 )
s t a y
c o n d itio n s
p a y .
e x c e s s
4 0 - m
t o
w o r k ;
T h e
h o u r s ,
r e q u ir e d
p a s t ,
p lo y e e s
e n t
a
p a y ;
MONTHLY LABOR
a n d
t h e
t h e
o ff
m e n
r e t u r n e d
s e n io r it y
b a s is ,
Union Solicitation in Department Store.
t h e
fir s t
s t o r e
( th e
w h e r e
a n d
t im
n a m
C h ic a g o
s o lic it a t io n
t h o s e
w h e r e
B o a r d
h e ld
s e llin g
a r e a s
a n d
e ,
6
b u t
c o n t ig u o u s
t h e
s t o r e
b y
it
t h a t
e d
s p e c if ic
o f
M
u n io n
c o u ld
b e
a r s h a ll
p e r m
c o u ld
b e
b a n n e d
a
fo r
e n t
in
I n
t a k e
t h e
N L R B ,
d e p a r t m
c o u ld
it t e d .
c o u ld
b y
in
F ie ld ,
o r g a n iz e r s
s o lic it a t io n
T h e
a r e a s
t h is
b e
g e n e r a l,
p la c e
s t o r e
c a s e )
b a r r e d ,
in
in
t h e
a r e a s .
s A m erican M fg . Co. of Texas (98 NLRB No. 48, Feb. 21, 1952).
* M arshall Field & Co. (98 NLRB No. 11, Feb. 15, 1952).
t h e
n o n
s e llin g
REVIEW , APRIL 1952
T h e
in
c o m
b o t h
p a n y
o f
d iff e r e n t ly
w a s
n e c e s s a r y
B o a r d
e n g a g e
b e r s ,
a
o t h e r
m
s t o r e
p a r t
o f
T h e
a r e a s
w a s
c o m
b y
t h e
in te r f e r e n c e
w it h
T h e
B o a r d ’s
in
t h e
e le v a t o r s
m
t h a t
r a n t s
in
t h e
m
e m
p lo y e e s
a n d
a y
b e
u n io n
u n d u ly
im
r o o m s
c a n
a ls o
w o r k r o o m s ,
n o n e m
p lo y e e
w h e n
it
d o e s
H e r z o g
t h e
n o t
d is s e n t e d ,
f o r e g o in g
p a n y ’s
5
s t o r e
c o m
p a n y
c a n
t a k e
p lo y e e
o r g a n iz e r s
c a n
a r e a
is
o n
(6 )
m
g r o u n d
I n
a
u n io n
u n d u e
s a f e t y
t h e
p r o t e s t
c o n t r a r y ,
t h e
e m
p lo y e e s
t in g
j o b
t h e
t h e
c lo s e
h is
t h e
r e a s o n
fir e m a n ,
o f
t h e
t h e y
t o
t o
h o p ”
c a n
b e
u s e
r e s t
t o
b e
d is c h a r g e d ,
e x tr a
b a c k .
O n
b e
s t o c k
b a r r e d ,
a t
a ll
o f
s t r e e t ,
p lo y e e
A u t o
T h e
c e r te d
s e c t io n
h e lp
b u t
a n d
o f
t h e
I t
o f
3 ,
e m
t h e
b u t
t im
e s
o u t
t h e
o f
c o m
w it h
t h e
t h e
t r ia l
t h e
R A
d e c id e d
p a n y
e m
a s
t h a t
“ m
e m
t h e
e n
b y
b e c a u s e
t h e s e ,
a
7 b e c a u s e
it
u r g e d
m
T h e
p la n t
w e r e
n o t
c a lle d
t h a t
t h e y
u n io n
fo r
it
h a d
r e in
d id
n o t
w e r e
t h a t
o ff
a n d
t h e
fo u r
t h e y
w e r e
“ Q u it
r e in s t a t e
t h e
f a c t s
jo b ,
a n d
t o
h e
t a k e
w a s
a
O n
d is p u te
s a id :
t h e
fo r c e d
h e n
u n io n
a
t o
d is
t h a t
lo w e r b e
h a d
d is
p r o t e c t e d
t h e
“ w a s
c o u r t
n o t
c o n
b y
h e ld
t o
t h a t
a in t a in e d
r e q u ir e m
m
e n t
o f
o f
T h e
t im
e
e n t
in
a
w a s
in t o
u n io n
w a s
“ g o o d
w h e n
T h e
u p h e ld
9 b y
t h e
e n t
a w a r d
c o m p lie d
8
t h a t
(b )
a n d
S in c e
w a s
p a n y
t h e
J u ly
t h e
t h e
t h a t
u n io n 8 ,
t h e
n o
1 9 4 6 ,
a c t
s h o u ld
b y
b e
c o n t r a c tu a l
p e t it io n
U n it e d
o f
o r d e r e d
c o m
u n t il
B o a r d
(2 )
fo r
e n f o r c e
S t a t e s
m
R e la tio n s
a in
c o n t e n t io n
A c t
o f
c o n c e r n in g
p r a c tic e s
r e s p o n s ib le
fo r
b y
1 9 3 5 ,
w a s
L u e b k e
w e r e
u n io n s ,
L u e b k e ’s
t h a t
w h ic h
t h e
s in c e
w a s
in
file d ,
d id
u n io n
d is c h a r g e ,
t h e
C o u r t
N a t io n a l
e ff e c t
n o t
c o u ld
a lt h o u g h
s e -
(C. A. 2, Feb. 6, 1952).
t h e
p lo y m
1 9 4 7 .
s t a n d in g ”
B o a r d ’s
e n t.
a n d
c o m p a n y
v io la t in g
t h e r e
o f
t h e
t h e
e n t .
e ff e c t
o
f in a lly
h o w e v e r ,
n o t if y
a s
f in a n c ia l
p lo y m
E m
5 ,
s e c t io n
r e in s t a t e m
p e r io d
b e r
d is c h a r g e ,
t o
“ m e m
e m
o r d e r e d
t h e
C h ic a g o .
u n i o n ’s
la b o r
a n d
w a s ,
L u e b k e ,
p a n y
t o
c o m
w it h in
a r b i t r a t o r ’s
D e c e m
N L R B ,
c o m e
t h e
t h e r e fo r .
o r d e r
c h a r g e s
u n fa ir
h e ld
h is
a n d
t h e
f a ile d
a r b it r a t o r .
t h e
is c o n s in
c o m
v io la t e d
m e m b e r ’s
d u r in g
it s
A p p e a ls
a
o n
t h e
p a y
n o t
r e a s o n e d ,
it )
t h a t
a ll p a s t
o f h is
t h e
T h e
L u e b k e ’s
t o
d id
W
t h e
T h e
a n
a n d
d is c h a r g e
t h e
t h e
w it h
q u e s tio n )
p a y
c o n d itio n
w it h
h a d
b a c k
in
t o
u n io n
1 9 4 6 ,
h a d
m e m b e r ”
t o
u p h e ld
r e a c h e d
a n d in g
p lo y e e
t o
p lo y e e .
o b j e c t io n
r e q u ir in g
m
w h ic h
u n io n
h is
a
w it h
c a s e
a g r e e m e n t
B o a r d
a s
h e
A n
U n it e d
in
6 ,
a n d e d
r e fe r r e d
a g r e e m e n t
r e f u s e d
p a r t
s t a n d in g .”
“ r e q u ir e d
d is c h a r g e d
p a y
n o
w a s
w a s
d e m
w a s
t h e
c o n t r a c t
d e m
g o o d
e m
n o
b e c a u s e
“ s u s p e n d e d
p la in t
e m
t o o k
1 9 4 6 ,
in
( th e
a
C o . j o in e d
S e p t e m b e r
p lo y e e
a tt e r
d is a g r e e d
t h e
in
t o
it
t h e
t h e
t h a t
R A
m
u n io n
B o a r d ,
L u e b k e
L M
t h e
b u t
O n
J u ly
e m
u n io n -s h o p
c o m
t h o u g h
f o u n d
t h e
A x le
u n io n -s h o p
b e r s h ip
a g a in
a
a
in
s u c h
t o
p a n y
d is c h a r g e
“ v o lu n
t h e
a s
1 9 3 7 ,
t h is
L u e b k e
t h e
R e la tio n s
( e v e n
a n d
o f
f ile d
L a b o r
w a lk - o u t
n o t ic e
t h e n
r e f u s a l t o
t o ld
w a s
b e ,”
t h a t
h o w e v e r ,
w a s
w a s
1 9 3 8 .
m a d e
m e m
a n d
c o m
in
c o n t e n d e d ,
o b lig a t io n s ”
t h e
t h e m
h is
t h a t
e a n in g
W
h a d
r e fu s e d ,
in t e n t ,”
o v e r
t h e
le t t e r
b u t
h e
h e
k in - D e t r o it
e ff e c tiv e
u n io n
s h o p
h e n
t h o u g h t
p lo y e e s
b e c a u s e
a r c h
d is c h a r g e
fo u n d
t h a t
e n t .
e n d e d ,
w a lk e d
b e c a u s e
M
w h ic h
a in t a in
p a n y
A
s t a t e d
t a lk in g
W
a n s w e r e d
e x a m in e r
a m
m
7 N L R B v. Jam estow n Veneer and Plyw ood Corp.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
o f
r u le d ,
f o r e m a n
a s k e d
p lo y m
fo u r
J u ly
h o u r s ’ n o t ic e
s h ift .
t h e s e
t h e y
p lo y e e s
t h e ir
L M
o f
t h e
p lo y e e
U n io n
a f te r
p a n y
H e
s o lic it a t io n
O n e
a f te r
e m
T im
o r k e r s
p a n y ,
it
2}i
g iv e n
d e c id e d
A u g u s t ,
c o m
a s
in a t e d ”
a c t iv it ie s
o t h e r w is e .
in
in
W
c o m
t h e
a n im u s .
a lt h o u g h
e n d
t h e
t h e m
N L R B
7
t h e
p lo y e e s
c o u r t
fo r
c a s e ,
t a k e n
o f t h e
c o m
t o
( C h a ir m a n
o r g a n iz e r s
c o n d it io n s .”
w h e n
e d ia t e ly ,
S e p t e m b e r
e n t ,
t e r m
m
u n t il
n e e d e d
t a r ily
a n t i- u n io n
p lo y e e s ,
im
e m
g r o u n d
la b o r
s h o u ld
s h o r t
e a r lie r
h im
a g r e e
a c t iv i t y
f a c t
c a s e ,8
b y
n o t
Court Upholds Board Order Requiring Back Pay.
a n d
s u b j e c t
t o
in t e r w o v e n ”
a p p e a ls
e m
o u t
r e c o g n iz e
a n
t h e
r e m a in
s t a t e m
b u s in e s s
d is c h a r g e d ,
p l o y e r ’s
o f
w e r e
w a lk
“ s la c k
w a s
e m
F o u r
a s
f iv e
is
d id
n o
t h e
t h e
f u r th e r ,
c o n c e r n e d .”
w a s
b y
a n o t h e r
c a u s e
b e
n o t ic e
t h e
o n e
n o t
ig h t
o n ly
f o r e m a n ,
a n d
w it h d r a w a l
c o u r t
t h e r e
a t
T h e
it ,
c o n c e r te d
m
la y - o f f
p t e d
c itin g
I n
w a s
t h e
“ p r o v o k e d ”
w it h o u t
j o b —
u n io n ,
t h e y
Notice of Lay-Off Not Discriminatory Because Short.
d is c h a r g e d
p r o m
it s
T h e
c o u r t,
a
la y - o f f .”
w it h d r a w
fo r
n o t ic e s
lo n g
c o u r t,
o n ly
a c t io n
e m
t o
w h ic h
t h a t
p a y in g
a n d
p a n y
t h e
h o w
q u it t e r s .”
if
p la c e .
c o m
s a id
w e r e
T h e
a s k
t h a t
f u t u r e
w a s
o f
t o
a u t h o r it y .
a s
t o
w a lk - o u t
g iv e n .
n o t
e x a m in e r
fa r
“ a s
n o t ic e
a u t h o r it y
d id
w it h
t r ia l
“ a s
a c t iv it ie s
P u b lic
w o r k .
p r iv a t e
t h e
s u c h
b e r s h ip
t h a t
w it h
p lo y e e s
a n y o n e
r e s t a u
“ t a b le
a r e
a y
a n d
o n
a n d
(4 )
k e p t
b y
e m
t h e
n o
f o llo w in g
fo r b id
m e m
t h e
“ in e x t r ic a b ly
b u s in e s s .)
n o t
r e s p e c t
u n io n
t h e
t h e
P u b lic
b u t
it h
h a v e
o f
r e s t a u r a n t s
t o
u s e d
w it h
S e llin g
e s c a la t o r s ,
d o
o r g a n iz e r s
w o u ld
fr o m
b u s in e s s ,
o r g a n iz e r s
s in c e
W
s o lic it
in te r f e r e
a n d
a r e a s ,
u n io n
o r
o f
o u t , h a d
fo u r
431
c h a r g e d .
tr a ffic
p lo y e e
b e
(5 )
t r e a t
a r e a s ,
t o
s e lf -o r g a n iz a t io n .
r e s t r ic t io n s .”
m e m
e r it .”
(2 )
a n d
E m
o r g a n iz e r s ,
“ r e a s o n a b le
e m
b y
t h e
p e n d in g
t o
s o lic it a t io n
fr e e
w it h d r a w a l
t h e
s o lic it a t io n
c r e a te
e n t
(3 )
p e d e
a s
b u s in e s s .
a p p o in t m
m
a
s o lic it a
d iffe r e d
it s
c u r e
it p o in t e d
r ig h t
p la c e .
r u lin g s
a y
T h e
u n io n
s u c h
u n io n
u s e d
a ffa ir s .
b y
w a it in g
m
m
a ll
a n y
c o r r id o r s ,
fr o m
r u le
t h a t
d iff e r e n t
le f t
in
t a k e
A is le s ,
d is r u p t
b y
u n io n
c o u ld
a c t iv i t y
c o u ld
s t o r e
f r e e ly
w o u ld
s u c h
s a id ,
b e
t h e
t h e
d is r u p t
it t e d
s o lic i
n o t e d
o f
“ n o
s h o u ld
in c lu d e d
b a r r e d
it
t r e a t
t h a t
h a v e
p e r m
b u s in e s s
b e
w h ic h
u s e d
it t e d ,
(1 )
a y
t o
w e r e
d e c is io n
g r o u n d s
d is c u s s
it
s t o r e :
h a z a r d s
e e t
a d m
if
t o
w o u ld
n o t
b u s in e s s .”
r e q u ir e d
c o n t e n t io n
u n io n
p lo y e e s
B o a r d
p u b lic ”
B o a r d
o f
S o lic ita t io n
t h e
w a s
b e c a u s e
F ir s t,
e m
s o lic it a t io n
s t o r e
t r e a t
a n d
r ig h t
t h e r e fo r e
t h e
B o a r d
fo r
a r e a s
r ig h t ,
t h e
s o lic it a t io n ,
t h e
t h e
n o t
d is r u p t io n
e d
p a n y ’s
a g a in s t
o f
d id
g u a r a n t e e d
a n d
t o
it
a c t iv it y .
t h a t
“ o p e n
f o u n d
a r e a s ,
t o
R A
c o n c e r te d
b a n
c o n t e n t io n s .
c la im
L M
a
a r e a s
s o lic it o r s ,
p r e v e n t
s o lic it a t io n ,
e n t.
o t h e r
t h e s e
t h e
in
b e c a u s e
f r o m
“ t o
t h e
a lik e ,
t h a t
n o n s e llin g
a c t,
r e j e c te d
a lt h o u g h
in
a n d
t h e
t o r s
t io n
c o n t e n d e d
s e llin g
v io la t iv e
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
s N L R B v. Scullin Steel Co., 161 F. 2d 143, 150-1.
* N L R B y. A utom obile Workers, CIO (C. A. 7, Feb. 4,1952).
a t
t h e
s p e c if y
n o t
b e
i t
o c -
432
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
c u r r e d
L M
t o
t h a t
t h e
t h e
it
s h o u ld
b e
t h a t
d a t e
s h o w
t h a t
L u e b k e
d a t e
J u n e
6 ,
t h a t ,
t h e
u n i o n ’s
L M
R A )
1 9 4 7 ,
w a s
a f fir m
n o t e d ,
a tiv e ly
u n io n ,
t h e
d is c h a r g e
S e c tio n
a n d
8
o f
t h a t
o n
la s t
it s
w a s
L u e b k e
o t h e r
t h is
b u t
t o
t h e
n o t
w h ic h
T h u s ,
w a s
a n d
b y
t h e
o r d e r
t h e
8
u n io n ,
t h e
o f
W
p a r t ie s
o f
a n y
t h e
s in c e
u n f a ir
(b )
(1 )
c o u r t
it
it
t h e
t h e
b o a r d
N L R B
h a d
p r a c tic e
c e le d
fo r
I t
a ls o
w a s
n o t
e m
c o m
t o
in
u n e m
C o u r t
h e ld
b e n e f it s
r a te
t o
w h e n
t h e
I n
10 t h a t
h e
a
b r id g e
q u it
in
c a s e
t o
w a s
t o o
g ir d e r s
c o ld .
w it h
a n
T h e
c la im
a c e t y le n e
a n t ’s
t o r c h
t o
c la im
r iv e r .
T h e
b u t
z e r o
t e m
t h e
d u r in g
p e r a t u r e
c o u r t
v o lu n t a r y
t h e
h e ld
p e r io d
h a d
b e e n
h e
d id
p r io r
n o t
t o
1 0
t o
h a v e
h is
f e e t
o f
t h e
t h e
a n t ’s
2 0
fo r
a s
b e n e f it s ,
c o n n e c te d
r e f u s in g
s a le s m
h a v e
m
t o
e n t ,
e a c h
h im
t o
a n
a n d
w o u ld
h a v e
t h e
a n t
t h e
c o u ld
in
p la t e d
r e t u r n e d
t o
e m
h e
c a u s e
fo r
p lo y m
r e t u r n
a s s ig n m
a
d is t a n t
t h a t
in
c la im
e n t
fo r
m
t o
h is
e n t
h e a d q u a r t e r s
t h e
h o m
w o u ld
c it y ,
t h e
w a s
a n d
h e
fir s t
e
a n d
h a v e
f u t u r e
o n ly
is c o n d u c t
d is c h a r g e d
k n o w in g
U n d e r
T h e
d is q u a lif ie d
a n t
t h e
t h e
a
fo r
b e e r
w o u ld
a s s ig n
f a m
ily
r e q u ir e d
e m p lo y e r
c la im
t h e
w o r k
w it h in
t h e
la w ,
is
e m p lo y e r
b e n e f it
p a y m
j o b
is
h a d
n o t
6
c a n
h is
h a d
fo r m e r
c h a r g e s ”
r a te
a n d
a r e
t o
t h e
in c lu s io n
in
a
e n t ir e ly
o f
h ig h e r
c le a r
e n t ,
e n t
t o
n o t if ie d
w e e k s
b u t
h e r
e m p lo y e r
w a s
o f
r e s u lt e d
b e e n
fo r
p lo y m
T h e
f u n d ,
b e
a s
t o
r e q u ir e d .
d is q u a lif ie d
e m
o n e
“ b e n e f it
h a v e
s t a t u t e
p lo y e r
t o
u s t
D iv is io n
c o n t r ib u t io n
c o m p e n s a tio n
w o u ld
m
S e c u r ity
a w a r d
p l o y e r ’s
fo r m e r
fo r m e r
a c c o u n t
e n t
fo r
h e
fo r
t h a t
h a d
n o t
w e e k s
t o
b e e n
f o llo w in g
c o n t e n d e d
c o n t in u o u s ly
t h e
r e f u s in g
t h a t
a v a ila b le
t h e
t o
h e r ,
s h e
t o
s h o u ld
r e t u r n .
h a v e
T h e
b e e n
c o u r t
r e p e a t e d ly
d id
n o t
d is q u a lif ie d
c le a r ly
r u le
fo r
o n
t h e
is s u e ,
D iv is io n
s a y in g
h a d
n o
13 o n l y
r ig h t
t o
t h a t
t h e
d e t e r m in e
E m
p lo y m
e n t
t h a t
c la im
a n t
a n
“ e lig ib le
in d iv id u a l”
u n t il
n o t ic e
h a d
b e e n
g iv e n
t o
e m p lo y e r .
a
7 1 - y e a r -o ld
w o r k
a n d
s t a n d
o r
t o
e m
p lo y m
w a lk
o n
w o r k .”
C la im
a n t
w o r k
a
a s
w h e n
a s
h is
n ig h t
p r o v in g
r e a s o n a b le
m
t h e
e n
m
w o u ld
h a d
T h e
is
o n
c o u r t
t h e
d iffe r
t h e
a s
c o u r t
n o t
w a s
n o t
r e t ir e d
r e g is t e r e d
s u s p e n d e d .
ig h t
b u r d e n ,
w h ic h
A p p e lla te
r e s t r ic t e d
s u r f a c e s
b u t
w a s
a n .
w h o
v o lu n t a r ily
m in e r ,
p e n s io n
w a tc h m
e n t
h a d
I n d ia n a
a n t
h a r d
a v a ila b ilit y
s u s t a in e d
t r a t iv e
c o a l
T h e
c la im
H e
s t a t e d
c la im
t o
m
t o
r e q u ir e
h im
f r o m
fo r
t h a t
t o
t h e
s u s t a in
fo r m e r
e n t
a
jo b
b u r d e n
t h a t
c la im
t h e
fo r
p lo y m
r e f u s e d
a n d
w h e th e r
u s t
h is
e m
14
d a y
“ a v a ila b le
h a d
a n t ,
C o u r t h e ld
h im s e lf
o f
w h e r e
a n t
a d m
h a d
in is
d e c is io n .
a n t
o c c a s io n a lly .
10 B row n v. U nem ploym ent Compensation Board of Review (Pa. Super. Ct.,
Jan. 17, 1952).
11 Levin v. U nem ploym en t Com pensation Board of Review (Pa. Super. Ct.,
Jan. 17, 1952).
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
t h e
n o t
h is
a n t
w a s
T h e
S t a t e .
r e f u s e d
d a y s
c o n t e m
d is c h a r g e d
w h e n
r o a d .”
a c c e p t e d
T h e
1 0
b e e n
w o r k ,
w it h in
c la im
s p e n d
a p p a r e n t ly
o n
h a d
t r a v e l
t h e
h is
“ g o
e v e n in g .
t o
h a v in g
w it h
c la im
t o
d o e s
w o r k ,
Refusal To Accept Work Assignment Ruled Misconduct.
11 a
tr a n s fe r
in e f f ic ie n c y
p l o y e r ’s
S t a t e
e m
Availability for Work.
C o u r t h e ld
w o r k e r .
d e g r e e s
t h a t
S u p e r io r
h a d
s lo w
o f
le a v in g .
P e n n s y lv a n ia
n e w
w h o
a b o v e
q u it t in g
g o o d
a
a f te r
w it h
p lo y m
T h e
e m
b e e n
h e r
t h a t
t h e
a b o v e
d a y
a n t ,
t h e
w a s
t h e
c la im
b e n e
a
w o r k e r
c o n s is t e d
3 0
le a r n in g
T h e
b e c a u s e
w o r k
2 5
in
w a s
m e r e
b e n e f it
t h e
d is q u a lif ic a tio n .
S e c u r ity
c u t t in g
a
a n
e n t
a n
d is q u a lif ic a tio n
w e a t h e r
o f
q u e s tio n
t o
h a d
e m
E m
e m p lo y e r .
t h is
a n t
h im
p u t in g
n o t ic e
c la im
t h e
w h e n
t h e
o n t h s ,
t h a t
S u p r e m e
fo r
d is q u a lif ic a tio n .
a n
S t a t e
p lo y m
c h a r g e s
r e fu s a l
fo r
m
c o n n e c te d
t o
t h e
U n d e r
c o m
t h e
a n d
S u p e r io r
C a r o lin a
d is q u a lif ie d
s lo w n e s s
s e c o n d
h e ld
s t a t u t o r y
n o t if y
n o t if ie d
Cold Weather Not “Good Cause” for Voluntary Quit.
d is q u a lif ie d
n o t
t h a t
1 8
t h e
c o u r t
“ c h a r g e s ”
r e t u r n
Unemployment Compensation
w a s
fo r
k n o w n
is c o n d u c t
p lo y e e s .
u s e d
“ e x c lu s iv e
m e r c e .
P e n n s y lv a n ia
w a s
N o r t h
w a s
fir e d
e m p lo y e r
t h e
b e c a u s e
f a ile d
w a s
h a d
a f fe c t in g
m
o f
c e r ta in
t o
a c t
fo u n d .
is c o n s in
la b o r
o f
t h e
T h e
a n t
Effect of Failure To Notify Employer of Benefit Award to
Former Employee. T h e A r k a n s a s S u p r e m e C o u r t h e l d t h a t
t o
r e s p o n s ib le
(A )
b e e n
I t
T h e
c o n s t it u t e
S t a t e
s e c t io n
h a d
c la im
t h e
A fte r
fo r
a
d is c h a r g e d
m e a n in g
t o
u n io n
f u r th e r
p r o c e d u r e .
u n io n ,
j o b .
in
s h e
fo r
w a s
( a t
12 t h a t
w o r k .
S h e
b o a r d .
n o t h in g
o f
n e w
e ff e c tiv e
t h e
t y p e
c a s e ,
p e r s u a s iv e .”
fo r
is c o n s in
w h e n
c a s e s ,
f a c t
a p p e a r a n c e
(p r io r
f it s
h e ld
w o r k e d
t o
d e c is io n
u s e d
o p p o r t u n it y
W
c a s e .
L u e b k e
b o a r d ’s
la s t
1 9 4 7
2 2
C o u r t
L u e b k e ,
s t ip u la t e d
t h e
c o u r t
t h e
“ t h e r e
t h e
h a d
t o
is c o n s in
o f
Inefficiency Not Misconduct.
t h e
u n io n
“ p ilo t ”
t h a t
“ c o n v e n ie n t ,
t h e
(2 )
t h e
j u r is d ic t io n ”
1 9 4 7 ,
6 ,
a
o f
t h e
L u e b k e .”
(b )
v io la t e d
b in d in g
in
o n ly
w a s
s im ila r
t h a t
b e fo r e
d a t e
fo r
d is c h a r g e
u n io n
T h e
J u n e
t h e
c h a r g e s
c o u r t
W
c la im
w a s
t h e
b e
t h e
o n
t h e
4 ,
t o
is s u e d ) .
w a s
t h e
d e c is io n ,
b y
e f f e c tiv e
“ u n r e a lis tic ”
L u e b k e ’s
S e p t e m b e r
a tt e r
it s
fo u n d
t h a t
y e t
t h e
it
c a u s e
a r b it r a t o r
n o t
t h e
b e e n
o n
a n
t h e
s u s ta in
n o t
g o v e r n e d
m
o f
d id
a r b it r a t o r ’s
b y
1 9 4 7 ,
t h o u g h t
n o t e d
c o m p a n y ,
f o u n d
2 7 ,
c o u r t
f u r th e r
A ft e r
d o
A u g u s t
T h e
in s is t
a n d
if
a f te r
R A .
12
State ex ret. E m p lo ym en t Security Comm ission of N orth Carolina v. Smith
(N. C. Supr. Ct., Jan. 8, 1952).
18 Call v. L u ten (Ark. Supr. Ct., undated).
H Howells v. Review B oard of the Indiana E m p lo ym en t Security Division
(Ind. App. Ct., Dec. 13, 1951).
m o b ile
W
C h r o n .
it e m
W
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
S B
o r k e r s
(C I O )
fo r
r e le a s e
O c t.
1 7 8 ,
a n d
1 2 ,
F e b .
t h e
1 9 5 1 ,
1 6 ,
D o u g la s
M
L R
A ir c r a ft
D e c .
C o .
1 9 5 1 ) .
( s e e
(S o u r c e :
1 9 5 2 .)
February 18
T he Senate
fo r m e r
t io n ,
t o
N o v .
2 8 ,
1 5 ,
o f
s u c c e e d
1 9 5 0 ,
1 9 5 2 .
F e b .
c o n fir m e d
G o v e r n o r
M
M
ic h a e l
L R
(S o u r c e :
1 8 ,
1 9 5 2 ,
p .
t h e
n o m
G e o r g ia ,
a s
V .
J a n .
in a tio n
D ir e c to r
D i
S a lle
1 9 5 1 )
E llis
P r ic e
( s e e
w h o
C o n g r e s s io n a l
o f
o f
A r n a ll,
S t a b iliz a
C h r o n .
r e s ig n e d
R e c o r d ,
it e m
o n
v o l.
f o r
F e b r u a r y
9 8 ,
N o .
2 3 ,
1 0 8 6 .)
February 19
T he
February 13, 1952
M
8 1 - d a y
L R
M
a n c e
T he W age S ta biliza tio n B oard
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t h e
p a id
M
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o f
o f
4 ,
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G W
in
R
p r o c e d u r e
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2 1
p e n s io n s
p p .
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o n
a
1 8 9 3
a n d
fo r
t h e
e m
b a s is .
t o
p la n s
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a g e
t o
is s io n
c r ite r ia
p r o f it -s h a r in g
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W
a p p ly in g
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S B
c o s t- o f -liv in g
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s e e
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p .
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C h r o n .
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1 9 5 2 ,
F e d
1 8 9 3 .)
u n d e r
a
o f
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e r g e n c y
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t h e
u n io n -s h o p
a g r e e m
u n io n s
B o a r d
p r o v is io n
e n t
w a s
in
1 4 ,
T h e
F or t h
1951,
e
s e c o n d
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o n
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t h e
c h e c k -o ff
r a ilr o a d s
b y
a
a n d
R e p o r t
o f
t h e
E m
r a ilw a y
e r g e n c y
M
a c h in is t,
F e b .
2 1 ,
1 9 5 2 ;
p u b lic
1 5 ,
N o .
p .
3 3 ,
p lo y e e
m
e m b e r s
4 3 0
m
a n d
in
n o n e m
p lo y e e
a ll n o n s e llin g
o f
r o o m s ,
e m
a y
s o lic it
n o t
(S o u r c e :
F e b .
t h is
$ 5 .3 6 .
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s t r ik e
b y
C h r o n .
t h e
U n it e d
p o s tp o n e d .
a g e -P o lic y
M
(s e e
C o m
m
fo r
22,
D e c .
S t e e lw o r k e r s
T h e
u n i o n ’s
it t e e
a g r e e d
23, 1952.
a r c h
it e m
(S o u r c e :
o f
e x e c u t iv e
t o
a
s t r ik e
C I O
N e w s ,
C o n c ilia t io n
S e r v ic e
25, 1952.)
F ollow ing
a
F e d e r a l
o ffic ia ls
u n io n s ,
r e p r e s e n tin g
N e w
M
o f t h e
e d ia tio n
C I O ,
a n d
A F L ,
a n d
s e v e r a l in d e p e n d e n t
b y
1
a p p r o x im
w e e k
a
a t e ly
2 7 5 ,0 0 0
N a t io n - w id e
o il
o il
w o r k e r s ,
s t r ik e ,
o r ig in a lly
fo r
M
a r c h
3 .
T h e
c h ie f
is s u e
in v o lv e d
w a s
a n
Y o r k
O n
r e s t
e le v a t o r s .
o f
A F L
w a g e
in c r e a s e
o f
2 5
c e n ts .
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O il
W
o r k e r s
1 9 5 2 .)
e m
t h e y
a
1952)
r e q u e s t,
in
t h e
c a s e
o f
o r g a n iz e r s
a r e a s
o f
a
m
s t o r e
W
2 5 ,
p lo y e e
L a b o r
1 9 5 2 ,
c a fe te r ia s ,
in
t h e
a is le s ,
R e la t io n s
L R R M
p .
a n d
fo r
a r c h
h ite
O il
W
U n io n
6 ,
w a s
H o u s e
o r k e r ,
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t h e
c a lle d
r e le a s e ,
M
r e le a s e ,
d is p u te
a r c h
o ff
M
1 0 ,
w a s
t h e
a r c h
F e b .
2 9 ,
c e r tif ie d
t o
f o llo w in g
6 ,
1 9 5 2 ,
1 9 5 2 .)
t h e
W
d a y .
a n d
S B
a n d
(S o u r c e :
I n te r n a tio n a l
1 9 5 2 .)
A G uaranteed An nu a l W age,
p r o v id in g
1 ,9 3 6
e x c lu s iv e
fo r
a t
le a s t
a y
h o u r s
o f
p a id
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p lo y m
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o f
o v e r t im
e ,
s u c h
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b y
a
lo c a l
o f
t h e
U n it e d
P a c k in g h o u s e
w a it in g
s t a ir w a y s ,
R e p o r te r ,
1 3 0 5 ;
M
s t r ik e
w a s
r o o m s ;
a n d
f o l
p r o v id e s
F e b .
Marshall Field & Co. ( Chicago, III.) a n d Retail Clerks In
ternational Association, Local No. 1515-M. F. (AFL ) ,
a s
s e t t le d ,
w h ic h
in c r e a s e
1 9 5 2 ,
1 9 5 2 ,
I n s u r
u n io n -s h o p
B o a r d ,
a n d
T h e N a tio na l L a bor R e l a tio n s B oard ,
t h a t
2 5 ,
t h e
w a s
c o n t r a c t
2 0 ,
o f
1 7
t h e
u n io n
F e b .
J a n .
P r e s id e n tia l
February 15
s o lic it
W
fo r
I n te r n a tio n a l
r u le d
e ,
w a s
t h e
s e t
s c h e d u le d
F e b .
t im
F e b .
(C I O )
d e a d lin e
h o u r ly
e s ,
1 9 5 2 .)
( A F L )
n e w
“ p a c k a g e ”
T im e s ,
2 0 ,
fo r
m e m b e r s
U n io n
t h e
w e e k ly
Y o r k
F e b .
p o s tp o n e d
(S o u r c e :
T im
a t e d
N e w
o f
it e m
9 ,5 0 0
•
d is p u te .
1 9 5 2 ;
I n te r n a tio n a l
r a tif ic a tio n
e
February 28
n a t io n a l
n o n o p e r a t in g
C h r o n .
s o m
February 21
F e b .
February 14
A d option
a n
(S o u r c e :
o f
N o .
d is c u s s io n ,
1 9 5 1 ).
fo r
t h e
R e p o r te r ,
w it h o u t
v o l.
in d e f in it e ly
a d j u s t m
O c t.
A g e n ts
lo w in g
(s e e
1 9 5 2 )
p e r m it
is s u e .)
c o v e r s
fo r
e r a l
2 2 ,
a
c o s t - o f - liv in g
w h o le
F e b r u a r y
w h ic h
it e m
a n d
a p p r o v a l.
4 2 7
O n
8
in
a d o p t io n
4 4 ,
e s t a b lis h in g
F e b r u a r y
B o a r d
p .
2 0
c a t c h - u p
a d o p t e d
s t r ik e
a r c h
v o l.
d is c u s s io n ,
W
o r k e r s
in
L o n g
W
o r k e r ,
o f
A m e r ic a
(C I O )
w it h
t h e
N a t io n a l
S u g a r
C o .
o r
I s la n d
C it y ,
N .
Y .
(S o u r c e :
T h e
P a c k in g h o u s e
2 9 ,
F e b .
1 9 5 2
a n d
N e w
Y o r k
T im e s ,
F e b .
2 9 ,
1 9 5 2 .)
s e e
is s u e .)
March 3
February 16
T he S u pr e m e C ourt
T he
W
S B
a d d it io n a l
c h a n g e s
s e t t le m
in
e n t
r e c o m m
e n d e d
h o u r ly
w a g e s
t e r m
s
w a g e
a n d
o f
t h e
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
a
1 0 - p e r c e n t
in c r e a s e
w o r k in g
d is p u te
o f
9
w a g e
c e n ts ,
c o n d itio n s
b e t w e e n
in c r e a s e ,
t h e
a s
a n d
a n
o t h e r
n o n b in d in g
U n it e d
A u t o
o f
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U n it e d
Day-Brite Lighting, Inc.
v .
c o n s t it u t io n a lit y
is s o u r i
p lo y e r
f r o m
t o
g iv e
p a y
in
e m
o f
a
M
p lo y e e s
o r d e r
t o
S t a t e s ,
in
State of Missouri,
t im
v o t e .
e
s t a t u t e
o ff
r e q u ir in g
w it h o u t
(S o u r c e :
t h e
a n y
L a b o r
c a s e
u p h e ld
a n
o f
t h e
e m
d e d u c t io n
R e la tio n s
4 3 3
434
CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS
R e p o r t e r ,
p .
v o l.
2 9 ,
N o .
3 7 ,
M
a r .
1 0 ,
1 9 5 2 ,
1 0
W
H
C a s e s
March 9
5 8 4 .)
A ppro x im a t e l y
March 4
L o c o m
F ir e m
Mellin-Quincy Manufacturing
Co., Inc. (Whitefield, N. H.) a n d International Brotherhood
of Pulp, Sulphite and Paper Mill Workers ( AFL ) , r u l e d
T he
t h a t
a
n o t
a
t io n s
p .
t o
o r d e r t o
filin g
t h e
c a s e
a
w it h
n e g o t ia t e d
t h e
r e p r e s e n ta t io n
b e
f r o m
r e q u ir e m
t h e
o f
c o n t r a c t
c o m p lia n c e
b a r
r e c e iv e d
w it h in
in
u n io n -s h o p
in
n o t
I n
N L R B ,
in
N L R B
e n t s
a t
p r e c e d in g
R e p o r t e r ,
n o n - C o m
e le c tio n
c o m p lia n c e , la b o r
t h e
v o l.
1 3 4 7 .)
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
t h e
1 2
2 9 ,
a
e
o f
t h e
3 7 ,
m
u n io n
u n is t
o n g
t h e
(S o u r c e :
M
a r .
1 0 ,
e n
d u c t o r s
M
(fo r
a f fid a v it
is
L o c o m
e m p lo y e e s .
r e c e n t
m
w a s
u s t h a v e
it e m
s e t t le
m a d e
L a b o r
1 9 5 2 ,
4 0 -h o u r
w it h
t h e
o r
R e la
L R R M
a n d
E n g m e m
o u t
T h e
m o r e
is
5 ,0 0 0
o tiv e
o n
2 )4
a n d
t h e
t y in g
t o
B r o t h e r h o o d
E n g in e m
1 9 5 2 ,
L R
(S o u r c e :
m
M
o f
tr a ffic
o f
o t iv e
R a ilw a y
w a g e
w o r k
e n ’s
C o n
in
t h e
a r c h
1 9 5 2 )
Y o r k
in c r e a s e s ,
r u le s
a n d
r e j e c tio n
e n d a t io n s
N e w
L o c o m
B r o t h e r h o o d s ’ fa ilu r e
e x is t in g
r e c o m
o f
r a ilr o a d
n e g o t ia t e
o f
a n d
M
t h e
O r d e r
u p
t h e
b o a r d ’s
d is p u te .
o f
B r o t h e r h o o d
f o llo w e d
e n ’s
2 8 ,
b e r s
a n d
y e a r s )
F ir e m
J a n .
e n ,
s t r ik e ,
r e t e n tio n
e m e r g e n c y
t h e ir
e m
t h e
w a lk o u t
t h a n
w e e k ,
fo r
m
E n g in e e r s ,
w e n t
id w e s t.
w h ic h
c o m p lia n c e
c o n t r a c t
o n t h s .
N o .
a m
a
o r g a n iz a tio n s
n o t ic e
t im
m
b y
o t iv e
T im
(s e e
a
t h e
o f
a
C h r o n .
d e s ig n e d
e s ,
M
o ff
b y
a r .
t o
1 0 ,
1 9 5 2 .)
O n
M
le a d e r s ,
t io n .
a r c h
1 1 ,
f o llo w in g
(S o u r c e :
1 9 5 2 ,
t h e
N e w
t h e
s t r ik e
is s u a n c e
Y o r k
o f
T im e s ,
w a s
a
M
c a lle d
F e d e r a l
a r .
1 2 ,
c o u r t
1 9 5 2 .)
u n io n
in ju n c
Developments in
Industrial Relations1
T ru c k in g . Approximately 16,000 over-the-road
truck drivers went on strike on February 1, the
expiration date of contracts between the Team
sters’ Union (AFL) and southern and midwestern
trucking firms. The majority of the workers
returned to work a week later, after the employers
accepted a wage settlement previously negotiated
with trucking firms in Midwestern States.2
T
CIO, AFL, and independent unions
in the oil industry agreed to a Federal Mediation
and Conciliation Service request for a 1-week
postponement of a Nation-wide strike scheduled
for March 3. The unions’ objectives include a
general hourly wage increase of 25 cents and ad
justments in night-shift premiums. The compa
nies have offered a cost-of-living increase of 4.6
percent, or about 10 cents an hour.
The Strike Situation
S h ip b u ild in g . The Marine and Shipbuilding
Workers’ Union (CIO) agreed to extend its present
contract through March 30 in order to permit
further negotiations affecting some 30,000 em
ployees of Bethlehem Steel Co.’s 8 East Coast
shipyards.3 This action temporarily averted a
strike scheduled for March 1.
P etro leu m .
h e u n i o n s h o p was recommended by a Presiden
tial railroad emergency fact-finding board and the
Wage Stabilization Board adopted policy regula
tions affecting pensions, profit sharing, and com
mission payments during February 1952. In
addition, postponement of threatened strikes in
basic steel, oil, and shipbuilding and termination of
the prolonged insurance agents’ strike occurred.
No strike of national importance began during
the month. However, a strike of short duration
occurred in the trucking industry.
The 81-day Nation-wide strike by
some 9,500 insurance agents—reportedly one of
the longest and largest strikes of white-collar
workers in the Nation’s history—ended February
19 when members of the Insurance Agents’ Inter
national Union (AFL) ratified a 2-year agreement
reached with the Prudential Insurance Co. The
settlement, which was negotiated with the aid of
the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service,
also affects about 6,000 agents who did not par
ticipate in the strike. It provides increases in
salaries, commissions, and vacation pay totaling
an estimated average of $5.36 a week, and a lump
sum refund of $150 representing each agent’s con
tributions in 1951 to the employee-employerfinanced pension fund, which was retained in the
new agreement. These contributions had been
held in escrow by the company pending negotia
tions on its proposal for an employer-financed
pension plan.
In s u r a n c e .
B a s ic S teel. A special panel of the WSB concluded
hearings on February 16 in the dispute between
the United Steelworkers (CIO) and the basic steel
industry. Testimony presented by the industry
reflected disagreement with the union on questions
of steel wages, prices, and union and job security.
The panel will report the facts to the Board which,
in turn, will present to the President and the
parties the recommended terms for settlement.
The union’s wage policy committee postponed a
February 24 strike deadline through March 23 to
permit the Board sufficient time to prepare its
recommendations.
T extiles. An initial bargaining meeting on Feb
ruary 14 between the American Woolen Co. and
the Textile Workers Union (CIO) was deadlocked
over the company’s demand that individual con
tracts should replace the master contract covering
the firm’s 21 New England mills.2 The Union
See March 1952 issue of Monthly Labor Review (p.315).
* See February 1952 issue of Monthly Labor Review (p. 193).
S
1Prepared in the Bureau’s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4 3 5
1
436
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
notified the Federal Mediation and Conciliation
Service that a strong possibility existed that a
strike might occur on March 15, expiration date
of the contract.
Earlier, the union had rejected 15 proposals
designed to cut costs which the company set forth
as the basis on which it proposed to negotiate.
Major proposals included a 1-year suspension of
the existing cost-of-living escalator clause; aban
donment of the contractual provision for sharing
work and rotating jobs; elimination of pay for six
holidays and overtime pay for Saturday and Sun
day work, as such; elimination of the 4-cent hourly
differential on second-shift work; and reduction of
the third-shift differential from 7 to 5 cents. No
proposal was made for increased work assignments
in view of substantial savings anticipated by the
company under existing work-load provisions.
Announcement of the company’s bargaining pro
gram followed a recent threat to transfer its New
England mills to the South unless the union coop
erated in reducing costs.
Meanwhile, negotiations between the company
and the United Textile Workers (AFL) on a millby-mill basis resulted in a 10-day extension of the
existing contract, previously extended from Feb
ruary 1 to March 1.
Significant Negotiations
In disputes involving railroad and airline car
riers, reports were submitted by emergency boards
that had been appointed by the President under
the provisions of the Railway Labor Act to recom
mend nonbinding settlements. Other develop
ments in the transportation field concerned the
protracted disputes involving the independent
Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Order
of Railway Conductors.
T ra n sp o rta tio n . Demands by 17 nonoperating
railroad unions, representing about a million work
ers, that the Nation’s railroads adopt the union
shop and dues check-off were supported in recom
mendations made by an emergency board on Feb
ruary 14.4 The union-shop recommendation pro
vided that all employees, except those not repre4 See January 1952 issue of Monthly Labor Review (p. 68).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M
O N T H L Y
L A B O R
sented by the 17 unions, must join the union of
their craft or class within 60 days after being hired.
An amendment of the Railway Labor Act early
in 1951 permitted the negotiation of union-shop
and check-off agreements.
The long deadlocked wage-rules dispute involving
the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers (Ind.)
and the Nation’s railroads entered a new phase on
February 1 when the union announced that strike
authorization ballots had been forwarded to approx
imately 60,000 members. The BLE stated that
it contemplated strike action limited initially to
a few principal carriers and not a Nation-wide
strike, in view of Government control of the rail
roads. The threat followed a stalemate in renewed
negotiations with the carriers under the auspices
of the National Mediation Board. The Board
had convened the meetings at the suggestion of
the President following his rejection of the union’s
request for establishment of an emergency fact
finding board to hear its case.4
The Army, on February 8, rejected a request by
the ORC (Ind.) that wage increases previously
offered by the Nation’s railroads and accepted by
a majority of all railroad workers should be ex
tended to some 25,000 conductors and that other
issues involved in the union’s dispute with the
carriers should be arbitrated. Recently, the Army
declined the union’s request for arbitration of the
entire dispute.
Another emergency board recommended wage
increases ranging from 10 to 15 cents an hour for
mechanics and other ground-service personnel and
an increase of $16 a month for flight-service person
nel employed by Pan-American World Airways.
The board was appointed late in 1951 following
a strike by the Transport Workers Union (CIO).3
Its recommendations, which are subject to ap
proval of the Railroad and Airline Wage Board,
were accepted by the company, but the union
withheld action pending further study.
The United Packinghouse Workers
(CIO) signed a master agreement with Armour
and Co., on February 3, providing an hourly wage
increase of 6 cents for approximately 30,000
employees in 26 plants. Other terms include
adjustments of wage inequities in some 1,600 job
M e a tp a c k in g .
REVIEW , APRIL 1952
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
classifications and a narrowing of the differentials
in rates between men and women, through increas
ing rates for women workers by 1% to 2 cents an
hour. A substantially identical settlement affect
ing about 10,000 employees of the Cudahy Packing
Co. was reached on February 6. The contracts
ended 2 months of negotiations that centered in
the union’s demand for a guaranteed annual wage
and the occurrence of sporadic, unauthorized
strikes.2
An increase in employer welfare and
pension contributions from 25 to 50 cents a day
and other benefits were agreed upon in wage
review negotiations between the National Mari
time Union, Marine Engineers’ Beneficial Associa
tion, and the American Radio Association—all
CIO affiliates—and East and Gulf Coast ship
operators. The benefits affect approximately
50,000 workers and are retroactive to December 15,
1951.
M a r itim e .
T elephone. Major new contract demands sub
mitted to the New Jersey Bell Telephone Co. by
the Communications Workers of America (CIO)
include increased wages, a reduced workweek,
revised wage progression schedules, and improved
fringe benefits for some 12,000 employees. The
present agreement expires April 1.
Wage Stabilization Board Actions
The WSB announced several long-awaited
policy rulings, affecting pension, profit sharing,
and commission payments. It adopted GWR 20
and 21 which establish generally self-administering
procedures (1) for new and amended pension plans
and profit-sharing plans of the deferred compensa
tion type; and (2) to apply the Board’s established
catch-up and cost-of-living wage policies to com
missioned employees. For further discussion, see
page 427 of this issue.
An average cost-of-living increase of about 2
cents an hour or 1.08 percent for some 200,000
General Electric Co. employees was approved by
the Board on February 15. The wage increase
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
437
was agreed upon by the company and the Electri
cal, Radio and Machine Workers (CIO) in October
1951 and was made retroactive to September 15,
1951. An additional 2.5 percent, agreed to at the
same time and representing a special productivity
wage increase, has not as yet been acted upon by
the Board.
In another action, all but two of the issues in
the dispute between the Douglas Aircraft Co. and
the United Automobile Workers (CIO) and the
United Aircraft Welders (Ind.) were resolved by
the Board. It recommended a wage increase
averaging 25 cents an hour, a cost-of-living escala
tor provision agreed to by the parties, and other
benefits for some 10,000 workers, but postponed
action on union shop and retroactive pay issues.
The disputes had been certified by the President
to the Board in October 1951 following prolonged
strikes.56
Organized labor grew increasingly restive over
WSB’s failure to approve long-pending wage peti
tions. This was manifested in several ways: The
Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers (CIO)
scheduled mass demonstrations for March 4.
Some 70,000 members in about 60 General Electric
Co. plants are expected to protest WSB delay in
approving a 2%-percent productivity wage increase
agreed upon in October 1951.6 Approximately
50,000 Westinghouse Electric Co. members were
also instructed to demonstrate for approval of
wage increases negotiated in December 1951. GE
members were authorized to take “any appropriate
action” if Board approval was not forthcoming by
March 15 when negotiations were to begin with
the company under a wage reopening clause.
The International Executive Board of the
United Automobile Workers (CIO) unanimously
adopted a resolution under which it will act
“promptly” on requests of local unions for strike
authorizations. Action is contemplated if pro
posed wage increases encounter “unreasonable
delays” by the WSB or “management resistance
based upon such delays.”
* See November 1951 issue of Monthly Labor Review (p. 591).
• See December 1951 issue of Monthly Labor Review (p. 714).
Publications
of Labor Interest
b y
e v e r
a n d
in c r e a s in g
m a k e s
t h e
a n t iq u a t e d
b u t
p o in t s
t h a t
is
o u t
e n h a n c e d
t h e
o f
t h e
d a n g e r o u s .
t h e
a n d
is
s o m
s t r u g g le
t h e
s a m e
o f
t h e
in d iv id u a l
v a lu e d
a s
e t h in g
lo o k
A t
d ig n it y
g r e a t ly
p o w e r ,
c la s s
t im
in
n o
e ,
M r .
e ,
n e w
n o t
t h e
in
o n ly
a u t h o r
A m e r ic a
o t h e r
p la c e
in
w o r ld .
I n
t h e
“ I n
in tr o d u c t io n
d e d ic a t in g
w h ic h
a
p u r c h a s in g
c lic h é s
h a s
g r e a t
E ditor ’s N ote .—Correspondence regarding publications to which refer
w h o
ence is made in this list should be addressed to the respective pub
lishing agencies mentioned. Data on prices, if readily available, are
shown with the title entries.
Listing of a publication in this section is for record and reference only
and does not constitute an endorsement of point of view or advocacy
of use.
U n it e d
c a n
s o
k in d ly
liv e d
t w o
S t a t e s —
h e lp
m a c h in e
s t r iv e s
I t
o f
t h e
t h e
o n e
w h o
g a p
w id e n
I
h e
w h ic h
a
a m
t h e
N a t io n
t o
a
o n e
u s t
d o
S o v ie t
p e r ilo u s
f u lfill
o f
a n d
m
s t a t e s :
t h e
t r y in g
E u r o p e
t h a t
in t o
S t e r n
t o
r e s p o n s ib ility
in
f e e ls
o ld
le tt e r s
m e ,
is
liv e s —
t o
v o lu m
a d o p t e d
a n d
b r id g e
t h e
c o lle c t io n
r e s p o n s ib ility .
h a s
t o
t o
t h is
m a n
in
t h e
w h a t
h e
p r o p a g a n d a
c h a s m
.”
— M . H . H ed g es.
Le Syndicalisme Libre Face aux Problèmes Internationaux.
{In S y n t h è s e s — R e v u e M e n s u e l l e I n t e r n a t i o n a l e ,
B r u s s e ls ,
Special Reviews
T h is
w h ic h
Capitalism, in America— A Classless Society.
M
a r t in
S te r n .
1 9 5 1 .
T h is
s a n d s
b y
1 1 9
lit t le
t h e
U .
t o
b e
d u ll
r e t ic e n t ,
k n o w s
r .
S t e r n
t h a t
t h e
w o r ld
m
a t
u s t
e n t a t io n .
a ll
a
c le a r -c u t
M
p o lit ic a l
w a y s —
b e e n
f a c t .
t h e m
a r e
W
h ile
s o c ie t y
m
b y
f ig h t
s o c ie t y ,
t h a t
ic
a c h in e ,
h a s
s y s t e m
it
r e le a s e d
n e w
,
r e a c h in g
4 3 8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
m
o f
u p o n
c la s s le s s
t h e
a
k n o w
e m e r g in g
k n o w
t h e
c o n
o n
m a p
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t h is
u p o n
c a n n o t
c le a r s
e n
o f
in
is
a n d
t h e
m
M
a r x
liv in g
b u t
t h e n
o f
a n d
t h e y
o f
t h e
k n o c k
C o m m
o f
t h e
o f
b u ilt
u p
A m e r ic a
c la s s le s s
e n e r g ie s
c a s te
o f
t h e
o f
e v e r
o f
t h is
.
a n d
T h a t
t h e
r e p le n is h e d
a
s y m
o f
p o s iu m
fr e e
o n
t r a d e -
d a n g e r
o f
T h e
m
s o c ia l
e n t
o f
in
F r a n c e
w it h
u n is t s ,
t h e
M r .
in g
o f
T h e r e fo r e ,
p lo y m
in
im
T r a d e s
o n e ’s
o f
b a c k w a r d
w h ic h
t h e
le a d
u s e
t o
t h e
t h e
o f
in
fin d
a
a n y
o n ly
in s t it u t io n s
r e fo r m s
a n d
life .
b y
I n
m a jo r
fo r
a n t i-
e c o n o m
s t u m
s u c h
o f
n o n v y in g
t h e
e v e r y
v o ic e s
m
t h a t
a t t it u d e .
e q u a lit y
a n d
a r e
h a s
b r in g
d a n g e r
fo r e ig n
c o lo n ia lis m
r a is in g
im
ic
b lin g
g o a ls
in c o m
in
e
a s
d is
t o
T h is
a s
a n d
a
a n d
t h u s
a r e
t h e
o f
s t ill
B r it is h
a r e a s .
M
r .
w o r k e r s ’ p o in t -
w o r k e r s
r e c o g n iz e d
c a p it a l
s t a n d a r d
t h e y
s e v e r a l
p la n ”
h e lp
is
t h e
p o r t a n t ,
c o u n t r ie s .
d o n e
“ R e u th e r
w o u ld
H o w e v e r ,
h e lp
g o a ls
in
4
t h e ir
u n d e r
j u s t ic e .
t h e s e
C o n g r e s s
q u o t e s
w o r k e r s
d a ily
i
p o lit ic a l
o r g a n iz a tio n ,
s h o w s ,
s e c u r it y ,
c o u n t r y
H a g n a u e r
u n is t
r a is e
b e in g
o r g a n iz a tio n
t h is
in s t it u t io n s
o w n
p o r t a n t
p r o g r a m
s o c ia l
s o c ia l
e n t
U n io n
a r e a s .
t h e y
e n t,
a n d
a t t a in m
C o m m
F r e n c h
h is
in
e lim
e ff e c tiv e
s t o p p in g
r e n d e r in g
s e p a r a te
B o t h e r e a u
a n d
p r e s s io n
a n d
a n d
m o r e
e c o n o m ic
in
e x e m p lifie s
a
is
t o
w h ic h
s o c ia l
u n is t s ,
f r o m
im
o f
v a lu e s ,
t h e
is
o f
w o r k e r s
t e n s io n s
fe e ls ,
a n d
w o r k e r
a
it s
a n d
t h e
c a p a b le
e s ta b lis h m
t r ib u t io n ,
ig h t
a r e
t h r o u g h
t h e
b lo c k .
m
R e u th e r
a g a in s t
t h in k s ,
t h e
in
in e q u it ie s
u n io n s
s e tt in g .
t o g e t h e r
f ig h t
h e
s
s h r e w d
“ c o n s c ie n c e
a ll
C o m m
w it h
a id
s h o r t c o m
t h is
r .
le f t
u n io n s
e m b e r s
e m
M
b e
t o
u n is t s
C o m m
I f
ig h t
t h e
o f
in s t it u t io n s
S t a lin is t
O th e r w is e ,
o v e r
e c o n o m ic
b y
e
p u ll
h e a d - o n ,
r e fo r m s
a n d
fr e e
in
t h e
d e f e n s e
b y
a n d
t e n s io n s
a b le
t h e
s o m
t o
a n
p r o b le m
p o lit ic a l
t r ie s
in v o lv e d
u n is m
g iv e s
p r e s e n t
a n d
u n io n s
e x p lo it e d
f ig h t in g
u n is t
a n d
B r o w n
t h e
in c lu d in g
w in n in g
o n ly
p r o t e c tin g
b e t te r
f u ll
b e in g
m
a s
S o c ia l
a d e q u a t e
C o m m
fo r
o c r a c y
I r v in g
a n d
h a n d ,
fr e e
c o m m
p lis h e d
t h e s e
t h a n
C o m m
m o r e
m o r e
a
p o p u la tio n
s y s t e m
p r o d u c t io n
m a r k e t ,
s y s t e m
b e c o m e
c h a r a c t e r
e c o n o m ic
m a s s
a
c o m m
S t a t e s ,
p r in c ip le s
s t r a t e g y
d e m
a r e
o f
liv in g
h a s
t h e
o t h e r
c a lls
fie ld .
c o u n t r ie s
u n is t s
fic t io n s .
f r a n c s .)
a t t it u d e s
e c o n o m ic
t h e
F ig h t in g
g o o d
ic
in e d
a r e
t h e ir
o n
H e
a c c o m
n a t io n
w a y
o n
e s t .”
e q u it ie s
m u c h
s o c ia l
e s s e n c e
R u s s ia n
e x p e c t
t h e
A m e r ic a ,
m
p r e s
w h ic h
a w a y
o f
t h e
t h e
p r in c ip le s
U n it e d
g e n e r a l
b e
is in te r p r e t a tio n
s la p s
h a s
v a s t
o f
s id e
in
is s u e s
in
s t r a w
t h e
t y p e
b a s e d
a
is
e
c a n
s t a n d a r d
T h e
u n is m
s o m
t h e
t h e
R e u th e r ,
t h e
is
A m e r ic a n s
p r e s tig e
f a c t
w a r
V ic to r
r e a l
b e e n
g o a ls
t h e
o f
d is tin c tio n s ,
a n d
a
o f
w ilf u l
c o ld
o b s e r v a tio n s
s u c h
t h e
o f
4 0
c o n t a in s
c o n t r ib u t o r s ,
o f
in
n o t
s a v e
b o o k
p o r t a n c e
t h e
S t e r n
r .
e t h o d .
c o m m
im
M
b a c k h a n d e d
m
a n y
a b s tr a c t
u p
u n io n is m
a
id e o lo g ic a l
a n d
a
o f
W
t o
s t o r y
t o w a r d s
A m e r ic a n
p ic t u r e
s t r ik e s .
t h e
e n t
t h e
e x c e lle n t
t h e
w h o
v a r ie d
1 7 3 - 3 4 1 .
S y n t h è s e s
c o m m u n is m .
c itiz e n
c a p it a lis m
w a g e d ,
t h e
is
p p .
o f
e v e r y w h e r e
c o m m u n is m .
A m e r ic a n s
h a s
b e in g
s e t t in g
t h e
p o lit ic a l
b u ild in g
e c o n o m
b y
I t
1 9 5 1 ,
is s u e
t h e
c h a lle n g in g ,
T h e
a n y
m
d e fin e
t h e
s a id
a ll?
o f
b e c o m e
o f
R u s s ia n
o n
c la s s le s s
in t o
t o
a t
is
is
c o u n t r ie s .
b u t
r e v e a lin g
w h ic h
n o t
e le v a t io n
h a v e
d e v ic e
u n io n s
e c o n o m
m
H o w
is
a t t a in m
p r o p a g a n d a
t r y in g
b a s e d
a s
t h e ir
d o w n
R u s s ia n
H o w
v ic t o r y .
o b s c u r e d
T h e
a s k :
w a r
E u r o p e a n
u n d e r t a k e s
b y
a lr e a d y
le tt e r s .
A m e r ic a
o f
s u c h
a n d
u n is m
c le a r ly
o s t
w o r k e r s
I n c .,
t h o u
a n d
n a t u r a liz e d
a u t h o r
d ir e c t io n
c o ld
e n t ;
p r o p a g a n d a .
s e n s e
u s e d
c e r ta in
lit e r a t e
a
t h e
y e a r s ?
w e
in
a g g r e s s iv e ,
A m e r ic a
t h e
b e e n
S t a t e
A s
c o g n iz a n t
s e e
r e v o lu t io n —
in g
2 5
U n t il
d e a d w o o d .
h a v e
t h e
in
w o r ld - w id e
w in
w e ll
E u r o p e a n
A n y o n e
t o
la s t
C o .,
in flu e n c e
e n lig h t e n m
in t e r e s t in g
ig h t
c a p it a lis m
v e n t io n a l
t h e
m
w o r ld , h a s
o t h e r
o f
t o
o f
o r
c o m m
f o g s
A m e r ic a ,
d u r in g
in
w e ll,
f r o m
in fo r m a l,
r e a l
u s e
p o u s
v e r y
b e h in d
o f
d e s t in e d
o f
e n t
p e r s u a s iv e .
f r ie n d
A m e r ic a
s e r ie s
f o r
p o m
E u r o p e
&
t e lls
O f
is
e n t
in s tr u m
o r
R in e h a r t
F r e d e r ic k
$ 2 .
w h ic h
D e p a r t m
a n
a n d
F r e n c h
t h e
S .
a s
Y o r k ,
t h r o u g h o u t t h e
s c h e d u le d
n e v e r
M
p p .
b o o k ,
o f p e o p le
c o u n t r ie s
N e w
B y
J u ly
s p e c ia l
in
t h a t
f o r e ig n
b a c k w a r d
in
b r in g in g
t e c h n ic ia n s
n a t io n a lis m
.
T h e
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
n a r r o w
m a r g in
o p p o s it io n
t o
b y
C o n f e d e r a t io n
in
t h e ir
a lis t s
m
t h e ir
u n is t
a v o id
in
M
r .
o f
t h e
m
o v e m
is
r e m
a s
n e c e s s a r y
m
e n t
A fr ic a
d o
n o t
fo r
h a s
in tr a - A s ia n
a n d
M
n o t
a im
o f
it s
p o lit ic a l,
is
h a r d e r
t o
t h e
t h e
b a s e d
o n
M
t h e
a n d
m
a in t a in e d .
m
a s s e s ,
r .
H e r m
c o m m
e c o n o m
e s
t r ie s
a r e
,
in
t o
in
e m p h a s is
e q u a lly
d e m
a n d
t h e ir
d e t a il in
o f
t h e
s o m
a s
e
o f
h e
,
a n d
t h e
w a y
is
d o
t h e
g a in e d
t h e ir
o f
M
O n
m
r .
o p p o s
g r e a te r
c o u n
t h e
m
o s t
s t r o n g ly
a
G e r m a n
e n a c e d
b y
in te r n a l
t o
w h ile
c a tin g
a
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w it h
d e e p
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a n d
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r e p r e s e n ta t io n
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in
I t a lia n
b o t h
a d m
s t o r y , o n
o f
d r iv e
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w e d g e s
t h e
W
a n d
A u s t r ia n s
e s te r n
in t o
o f
s a t e llit e
e n t
t h e
C o m m
c o u ld
fr e e
fo r
c o m m
u n is t
m u n is m .
o f
a t t e m
t r a d e - u n io n
m
c h a n g e s
c o u ld
o f
a lly
a
t h e
o f
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s e e n
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s h o u ld
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w h ic h
p r o g r e s s
d e s t in y
a s
t h e
in
m
k e e p in g
h im
a g a in s t
t h e
in
u n io n
C .
o f
w it h
a n d
o v e
t h e
e th ic s ,
t h e
b e
a s id e
s t a t u s
s o
t h a t
m o r a lly
o p p o s in g
t h e
m o r e
e n t a l
M
a u r ic e
1 9 5 2 .
e x t e n t
2 1 0
a
im
c o o p e r a t iv e s
s o u r c e
m
a n d
a
s t r o n g
r e fo r m
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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f ig h t
is
o f t h e
v ir t u
c o m m u n is m ;
in s t it u t io n s
d e s ir e
T h e
in n e r
c o n t r ib u t io n s
o t h e r s ;
t h e
b u t
C o m m
a c t io n
Y o r k ,
is
H a r p e r
im
t h e
u n is t
p r e s s iv e
g u id e ,
o f
t h is
b o o k
c o o p e r a t iv e s
c o o p e r a t io n ,
t h e
&
B y
B r o t h e r s ,
$ 3 .
s c h o o ls .
a n d
a
a n d
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f ilm s
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Copenhagen Congress in Brief.
w it h
v a r io u s
lo c a l
t h e
t y p e s ,
c o o p e r a
s u g g e s t io n s
C o n t a in s
lis t
d e a ls
o f
e d u c a t i o n , i. e ., n a t i o n a l
o f
a te r ia l
N e w
t e a c h e r s ’
p o r t a n c e
t e a c h in g
in
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p p .
a s
a n d
t iv e s ’
W
A llia n c e ,
o f
fo r
s u c h
b ib lio g r a p h y
o f
c o o p e r a t iv e s .
L o n d o n ,
[1 9 5 1 ],
p r o c e e d in g s
C o o p e r a t iv e
1 9 5 1 .
(S e e
3 2
fo r
o f
I n te r n a tio n a l
p p .
1 8 t h
A llia n c e ,
c o n g r e s s
o f
C o p e n h a g e n ,
J a n u a r y
1 9 5 2
M
L R ,
The Danish Cooperative Movement.
C o p e n h a g e n ,
illu s .
A n
R e v .
I n t e r
S e p t e m b e r
p .
4 5 .)
e x c e lle n t
d e v e lo p m
e n t
s t r u c t u r a l
v a r io u s
fo r
c e n t
o f
w it h o u t
e c o n o m ic
D a n s k e
(in
o r g a n iz a tio n
a n d
o f
b u s in e s s ,
t h e
in
D e s c r ib e s
t y p e s
a c c o u n t
o f
b y
R a v n h o lt .
1 9 5 0 .
t y p e
o f
o f t h e
1 0 0
p p .,
e n t.
T a b le s
o n
o f
t h e
a m
o n g
t h e
f ig u r e s —
o f
a n d
a s s o c ia t io n .
D e n m a r k
g iv e
n u m b e r
b u s in e s s ,
a s s o c ia
p e r c e n t
A b o u t
b e lo n g e d
a n d
a n d
r e la t io n s h ip s
o f
o f
b a c k g r o u n d
D e n m a r k ,
y e a r s —
Norway.
p p .,
a n d
c h a r ts ,
E n g lis h )
o f
t h e ir
o v e m
o u n t
U n io n
(in
v a r io u s
H e n n in g
t o
4 5
s o m
e
o f
p e r
fo r m
1 9 4 8 .
Cooperatives in
1 7 8
m
in
a n d
p r io r
a m
p o p u la tio n
1 9 5 0 .
E n g lis h )
o f
t h e
c e r ta in
c o o p e r a t iv e
B y
S e ls k a b ,
c o o p e r a t iv e s
m e m b e r s h ip ,
n a t io n a l
o f
e t
a c c o u n t
o f
b r a n c h e s
1 9 4 8
t io n s ,
D
e d .
C o o p e r a t iv e
e m p h a s is
e c o
c u r io u s ly
— K ir k R. P e t sh e k
I n t e n d e d
t o t a l
m
c a n
in
d e c is iv e
is
The Progress of Cooperatives, With Aids for Teachers.
R u s s ia n
p e r s o n a lity
e a n s
e n a b le
t h e
w it h in
a n d
a c h ie v in g
e
o f
o n ly
t r a d e - u n io n
e n t .
s o m
e d ia c y
a n d
( a d v o
b a r g a in in g
o f
p le a d in g
m
o f
e t h o d s
a r y
o v e m
in
u n d e r
B y
o v e
e m p h a s iz e
e c o n o m ic
w o r k e r ’s
o w n
a s
f r a n tic
n e c e s s it y
f r o m
A s ia ) .
m
a r e
e c o n o m ic
p t
f r e e d o m .
f u n d a m
d e s ir e
t o
a n d
o f e c o n o m ic
h is
w o r k e r
e n e m ie s
T h e
s o c ia l
t o
w e ll
m
e x a m p le .
t h a t
E a s t e r n
( C a t h o lic )
a r tic le s
c la im
d e v o t e d
a s
C h r is t ia n
R e s p o n s ib ilit y
t h e
S p a in
a im
u n io n
im
g r o u n d
id e o lo g ic a l e n d s
in d ic a t e d
t h e
a n
lo u d ly
c u s t o m
t h e
c o n s t it u t e
c o n t r ib u t io n
a s
o r
o f
r e p r e s e n t
in s t it u t io n s
c o lle c t iv e
S t a t e s ,
o w n
t h e
t r a d e - u n io n
f r o m
t h e
q u e s t
b e t w e e n
is
t h e
F r a n c e
a n d
e x p o s in g
in is t r a t iv e
t h e
o f t - r e p e a t e d
b r id g e
in
o n
t h e
s p a c e
t w o
e x p a n s io n
d e t e r m in e
" d e - p r o le ta r iz e d ”
a
T h e
in
d e s ir a b ilit y
T h e
c a n
n it y
fo r m
o n
S o m e
u n io n s
c o v e r e d
t h e
q u o .
h e
A u s t r ia n ,
c o u n t r ie s .
is
n e c e s s it y
f r o m
t h e
o u t lo o k s .
a b s e n c e
m
o f
c u t
in
v a r y ,
p r e s s io n
Cooperative Movement
2 4 - 2 7 ,
m
o s t
o f
t h e
t o
t h r o u g h o u t .
n a t io n a l
t o
o u r
a lm
m o r e
s t r ic t ly
s e c u r it y
r e c o g n it io n
t h e
im
u n is t s
s e r v e s
g o o d s
w h e r e v e r
b y
C o m m
o f
p h a s is
t h e
c o u n t r y ’s
a n d
d iffe r
t h a n
o f
g .,
a r ily
U n it e d
r a th e r
a
c o u n t r ie s
t o o l)
u n is t s
a n d
T U C
m o r e
e m
o v e r - a ll
a ll p r o b le m ;
a n d e d
p r im
s e c o n d a r y
n o m
w h ic h
s m
(e .
o f
e m p h a s iz e d
u p h e a v a l,
e n ts
o t h e r
T h e
C o m m
B r it is h
b e
in
in
t h e
a r g u m
S u m m a r y
a n d
t h e
d is tr ib u t io n
e n c o u n t e r e d
r e la t iv e ly
o f
o f
d e g r e e s
o f
b e
C o o p e r a t iv e
o f
f ig h t in g
h a n d ,
u n is t
t h e
a y
c o u n t r ie s
o n ly
t e a c h in g
A m o n g
u p o n
t h o s e
a s
m
o t h e r
a s
in
a r e
T e w s o n
C o m m
e q u a lit y
d is c u s s io n s .
t h e
r e fo r m s
m
t h e
t h e y
in te r n a lly
in
s e e m
s e v e r a l
t h a t
t a c t ic s
o f
g r e a t e r
H o w e v e r ,
in d iv id u a l
is
a t iv e s
a r e
a ls o
t o o ,
t h e
w h e n e v e r
o f
fo r
o r
p r e r e q u is it e .
in
s o
a n d
s e r v ic e s .
e le v a t io n
b u t
a r tic le s .
s t o r y
is
t h e
is
p r a c tic e s ,
t h e
a n d
to r n
o f
e c o n o m ic
h e r e ,
t o
s t a t e s ,
b o u n d a r ie s
b e s t
h is t o r y
G e r m a n
c r e a te
o c r a c y
a c c o r d in g
ic a lly
B u t
a n d e d
c a n
d e m
f r e e d o m
a n d
t h e
o n ly
id e o lo g ic a lly
e c o n o m
id e a s
a n d
p o lit ic a l
o r g a n iz a tio n
t h a t
A m e r ic a .
is
c o n d itio n s
d e s c r ib e d
t h e
b e
R u s s ia n
r e a lit y ,
T h is ,
a n d
fo r
b e t te r
fo r
s e c u r it y
la r g e ,
o r o c c o
f o s te r
e d u c a t io n
o n ly
o c r a tic
L a t in
e q u a liz a t io n
P r e v a ilin g
t h e m
d e m
H o r n e
u n is m
ic
o f
M
e n t
n a t io n a l
T h e
n o t
c o n
a d v o c a t e d
e n d .
in
t o ta lita r ia n is m
r ig id ly
illit e r a t e
e
c o m m u n is m ,
c o n t e n t io n
m o r e
u n io n
s y n t h e s is
r e g io n a l
a g a in s t
la s t
s t r u g g le
I n
c o u ld
s c a r c e
t h e
a t
t h e
o v e m
Asian Labour.
o f
t h e
s a m
r e g io n a l
a v o id
( T h e
e c o n o m ic
A s ia .
w h ic h
u n io n s —
r e a c tio n
fo r
m
p o in t -4
c o m m u n is m .)
t h e
o f
T o
" a d o p t io n
w a s
w h e r e
A s ia n
a n d
t h u s
a n d
u n d e r s ta n d in g
in g
a n
a n y
e n t .”
" lib e r a t io n ”
c o u n t r y
o f
A s ia n
a r e —
t o
C o m
p r in c ip le s
t h e
p r in c ip le
f ig h t
t h e
H a c h e d .
fo r
p lo y m
a r e a
le a d
r .
a n d
a g a in s t
t h e
a n d
M
F r e n c h
d is c u s s io n s
t h is
o n ly
a n d
in
a n d
e d it o r
a c h ie v e
e s t a b lis h e d
o f
c o n d itio n s
t h e
t h e y
r e c e n t
t h e
e v e r y
e m
h o w ,
u ltr a - n a t io n
f o llo w in g
e s s e n t ia l
f a il
t h e ir
n a v ig a t e d
t h e
t o
t h e
o f
in d ic a t e s
b y
b y
u n io n s ,
f ig h t
c o lla b o r a t io n
I C F T U ;
t o
o f
e c o n o m ic
t h o u g h
t h e
p a r a lle l
A c h a r y a ,
t h e
o f
is
s o c ia l j u s t ic e
r .
o f
n e c e s s a r ily
it s
f r e e
o f
n a t io n a lis m
in d e p e n d e n c e
t h o s e
in
,
s p it e
I n te r n a tio n a l
t h e y
in a te d
a n d
o p in io n ,
a d o p t io n
in d e p e n d e n c e
s u p p o r t
T u n is
w h ic h
d o m
in
t h e
v iv id ly
a c c o r d in g
r e fo r m ,
in
j u s t ic e ,
c o lo n ia lis m
in is c e n t
in
N o r t h
e n t ,
p r in c ip le
v e n t io n s
p o lit ic a l
ic
lib e r a t io n
o f
u n io n s ,
U n io n s
b e in g
H a g n a u e r ’s
A m e r ic a n
b e in g
fo r
a g r a r ia n
r e f e r e n c e
T r a d e
e c o n o m
c r e a tio n
p r o g r a m :
T u n is ia n
p a r t ic ip a t in g
b e t w e e n
f ig h t
u n io n
t h e
F r e e
fo r
c h a n n e l
in
a r e ,
o f
f ig h t
n a r r o w
w h ic h
F r a n c e , a r e
439
B y
O .
W
h o le s a le
in
t h e
t h e
G r im le y .
S o c ie t y
[N .
O s lo ,
K .
L .] ,
o f
t h e
g iv e s
a n
illu s .
r is e
c o o p e r a t iv e s
r o le
B .
a n d
in
e c o n o m
d e v e lo p m
N o r w a y ,
y
o f
t h e
a n d
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c o u n t r y .
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
440
Forbrukersamvirket i Norge—Statistiske Oversikter, 19071950. [ O s l o ] , N o r g e s K o o p e r a t i v e L a n d s f o r e n i n g ,
1 9 5 1 .
2 9
S t a t is t ic a l
a n d
W
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a n d
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S o c ie t y
o f
p r o d u c t iv e
o f
N o r w a y
C o o p e r a t iv e
a n c h e s te r ,
L t d .,
( N .
K .
L .)
a n d
1 6 0
C o o p e r a t iv e
p p .,
c h a r ts ,
W
h o le s a le
S o c ie ty ,
illu s .
p p .
t h e
m
f e d e r a tio n
o f
w o r k e r s ’ p r o d u c t iv e
a s s o c ia
b ib lio g r a p h ie s ,
T h e
M
M
P r ic e s ,
T h r o u g h
a
a g e s ,
a n d
a
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in
C o u r t
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in t o
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S t r e n g th
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S e c tio n
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I m
I I I ,
B u ild in g
C o o p e r a t io n .
o n t h ly
C o n fe r e n c e
s e c t io n s :
R e la tio n s ;
p u b lic a t io n s .
M
o f
s e c t io n
a n d
I V
1 9 5 1 ,
is
s u m
t h e
a n d
1 7 3
D e p a r t
p p .
I n te r n a tio n a l
$ 1 .2 5 ,
D o c u m
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g o v e r n m
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“ f u ll
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U n it e d
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p la n n e d
P o la n d
N a t io n s
s t a n d a r d s ,
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d e v e lo p e d
c e n tr a lly
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t o
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U .
S .
S .
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Proceedings of New York University Fourth Annual Con
ference on Labor: Labor in a Mobilization Economy.
E d it e d
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B e n d e r
&
w h ic h
e n c e ,
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a n u e l
C o .,
s e r v e d
in
S t e in .
I n c .,
a r tic le s
w a g e
h e ld
A lb a n y ,
1 9 5 1 .
o n
6 2 7
v a r io u s
s t a b iliz a t io n ,
a s
t h e
N e w
b a s is
Y o r k
a y
o f
S lic h t e r .
2 1 6
A
c a n
le c t u r e s
t h e
o f
h a v e
t h e y
g iv e
p la c e
s u c h
in
w h ic h
t h in g s
la s t in g
e c o n o m ic
e n
L itt le ,
a t t h e w
g iv e n
1 5 - 1 8 ,
a n p o w e r
b a r g a in in g ,
a t
t h e
c o n f e r
1 9 5 1 .
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S u m n e r
a n d
C o .,
H .
1 9 5 1 .
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s e r ie s
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m
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M
Y .,
$ 8 .5 0 .
a s p e c ts
a n d
fo r
C it y ,
N .
p p .
What’s Ahead for American Business?
t o
e ff e c ts
o f
in s t it u t io n s
e v e r
s o
t h e
c o m e
t h e
m
a n y
p r e s e n ts h is
o u r
e c o n o m ic
d e f e n s e
a r e
t h e
d e v e lo p e d .
g r e a t
a u t h o r
in
m
e c o n o m
o s t
o p p o r t u n it ie s
t o
o n
t o
t h e
h im
y .
t h e
t h a t
a u t h o r ,
in d iv id u a l
t h a t
in
A m e r i
p r o d u c t iv e
A c c o r d in g
r e s p o n s ib ilitie s
v ie w s
lif e ,
t h e y
a n d
w ill
b e
d e f e n d e d .
(p . 4 2 2 ) .
N e w
Y o r k ,
N a t io n a l
I n c .,
1 9 5 1 .
p p .
Industrial Health
Environment and Health.
o f
c h a r ts ,
a n n u a l m
e e tin g
w it h
o f t h e
a p p r o p r ia te
N I C B ,
t e x t ,
s h o w in g
p r e p a r e d
P u b lic
W
a s h in g t o n ,
H e a lt h
F e d e r a l
S e r v ic e ,
S e c u r ity
1 9 5 1 .
1 5 2
d e f e n s e
s p e n d in g ,
a n p o w e r
n e e d s
d is tr ib u t io n
a n d
s u p p ly ) ,
o f
a n d
a p s ,
illu s .
S u p e r in t e n d e n t
o v e r - a ll a s p e c ts
r e s o u r c e s
m
( P u b lic a t io n
8 4 .)
p p .,
7 5
c e n t s ,
fo r
S t a t e m
m
P r e s s ,
o b j e c t iv e s ,
e c o n o m
E u r o p e ,
[S e c r e ta r ia t],
1 9 5 1 .
c e n ts .
s e r ie s
1 9 5 1
o f
A ffa ir s ,
b y
a n d
p o l ic i e s ’’ in
c h a r ts ,
A
P r in c e t o n ,
R e v ie w
3 2
N a t io n s ,
ic
r e g a r d in g
A g e n c y ,
7 5
a t
Y o r k .
r e p lie s
e c o n o m ie s ,
o f
o f s ig n if ic a n t e v e n t s in
o f t h e
N e w
t r e n d s
e a s te r n
U n it e d
U n iv e r s it y
q u e s tio n n a ir e
S u p e r in
m a jo r
Defense Economics— The First Year.
I n d u s tr ia l
c e n ts ,
fo u r
D e c is io n s ;
L a b o r
7 5
a s h in g t o n .
I n d u s tr ia l
p e r tin e n t
t h is
W
P r o b le m s ;
a n d
c h r o n o lo g y
lis t
a r iz e d
c h a r ts .
d iv id e d
I n te r n a tio n a l
in c lu d e s
a n d
is
e n t s ,
o b iliz a t io n
W
L e g is la t io n
m
D o c u m
Y e a r b o o k
a n p o w e r
o n
o f
b ia
p r o b le m s ,
Mobilizing Labor for Defense: A Summary of Significant
Labor Developments in Time of Emergency—Labor
Yearbook, Volume I; Thirty-ninth Annual Report of the
Secretary of Labor, for the Fiscal Year Ended June SO,
1951. W a s h i n g t o n , U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , 1 9 5 2 .
t e n d e n t
A s s o c ia tio n
L A B O R
1 9 5 1 .
E c o n o m
C o n t a in s
Defense Economics (General)
p p .,
o f
S e r v ic e ,
t io n s .
2 2 3
P la n n in g
1 2 - 1 4 ,
Y o r k ,
e n t
C o lu m
Annual Report of Provincial Industrial Cooperative Asso
ciation, Ltd., Bombay, 1950-51. B o m b a y , 1 9 5 1 . 2 2
o f
N a t io n a l
N e w
it s
s u b s id ia r ie s .
E n g la n d ,
[1 9 5 1 ],
R e p o r t
O c to b e r
J .,
U n io n
A Consumers’ Democracy: An Account of the Origins and
Growth of the Cooperative Wholesale Society, Ltd., and
a Survey of its Present Structure and its Major Activities.
M
b y
N .
O N T H L Y
Problems of Unemployment and Inflation, 1950 and 1951.
p p .
r e p o r t
h o le s a le
c a lle d
M
e n t
o f
o f p u b lic
D o c u m
h e a lt h
e n t s ,
W
p r o b le m s
a s h in g t o n .
a n d
t h e ir
e v o lu t io n ,
( in c lu d in g
p r o b le m
a r e a s
a n d
o f
t h e
p a r t
in
e e t in g
p la y e d
b y
t h e
U .
S .
P u b lic
H e a lt h
S e r v ic e
o f
m
t h e m
.
I n c lu d e s
c h a p t e r s
o n
in d u s tr ia l
h e a lt h
in fla tio n .
a n d
Economic Mobilization in Mid-Century America.
B r y a n t
P h illip s .
U n iv e r s it y
E c o n o m
o f
ic s ,
L o s
A n g e le s ,
S o u t h e r n
1 9 5 1 .
1 3 9
C a lif .,
C a lifo r n ia ,
p p .,
B y
T h e
D e p a r t m
b ib lio g r a p h y ;
E .
A u th o r ,
e n t
o f
p r o c e s s e d .
r a d io lo g ic a l
M
e e tin g
G iv e s
D e a ls
w it h
t h e
s e t t in g
fo r
e c o n o m ic
m
o b iliz a t io n
a t
t h e
K o r e a n
w a r ,
in d u s tr ia l
m
ilit a r y
c iv ilia n
s u p p ly ,
e c o n o m
fis c a l
p o lic y ,
a n d
s t a b iliz a t io n
o f
o f
d e a t h ,
B y
L ife
S e y m
o u r
H a r r is .
N e w
Y o r k ,
W
.
W
.
N o r t o n
&
C o .,
3 0 8
p p .,
b ib lio g r a p h y .
P la n n in g
S t a t e m
e n t
3 1 .)
b y
1 5
A s s o c ia tio n ,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 9 5 2 .
W
a s h in g t o n ,
1 5
p p .
N a
in d u s tr ia l
c h a r t.)
f r o m
s p e c if ic
p o lic y h o ld e r s
o f
M
e t r o
C o .
c G r a w -H ill
b ib lio g r a p h ie s ,
U n iv e r s it y
E c o n o m
is t s
m
E n e r g y
S e c tio n ,
V o l.
2 0 .)
A
o f
o n g
M
p p .,
n ic a l
(S p e c ia l
c e n ts .
C o n fe r e n c e
a m
I n s u r a n c e
Y o r k ,
5 1 1
N u c le a r
R e p o r t
2 9 4 - 3 2 8 ,
r a te s
B o o k
C o .,
c h a r ts ,
I n c .,
illu s .
1 9 5 1 .
( N a t io n a l
$ 4 .5 0 .
Monetary Policy To Combat Inflation.
t io n a l
p p .
a n d
I n c .,
x x iv ,
1 9 5 1 .
1 9 5 1 ,
r a te s ,
Industrial Medicine on the Plutonium Project—Survey and
Collected Papers. E d i t e d b y R o b e r t S . S t o n e , M . D .
N e w
E .
S e p t e m b e r
o r t a lit y
t h e
y .
The Economics of Mobilization and Inflation.
7 ,
m
o b iliz a t io n ,
p o lit a n
m
N o .
t o t a l
t h e
c a u s e s
o f
p r o g r a m s .
Health Progress Among Industrial Policyholders, 1946 to
1950. B y L o u i s I . D u b l i n a n d M o r t i m e r S p i e g e l m a n .
(In S o c i e t y o f A c t u a r i e s T r a n s a c t i o n s , V o l . I l l ,
$ 2.
o u t b r e a k
h e a lt h
e n t
s e r ie s
o f
o f
t h e
S e r ie s ,
D iv is io n
I V ,
M
a n h a t t a n
P lu t o n iu m
P r o j e c t
P r o j e c t
T e c h
R e c o r d ,
$ 6 .2 5 .
a r tic le s ,
c o m
b y
v a r io u s
p r e h e n s iv e
a u t h o r s ,
h e a lt h - c o n t r o l
o n
t h e
d e v e lo p
p r o g r a m
e s t a b -
R E V I E W
lis h e d
I I
,
o n
t o
A P R I L
G o v e r n m e n t
p r o t e c t
h a z a r d s .
p h a s e s
in
w o r k e r s
t h e
a r e
p r o j e c ts
a r e
p r o b le m s
d u r in g
r a d ia t io n
o r g a n iz a tio n ,
p r o g r a m
u n d e r ly in g
b io lo g y
a t o m ic
a g a in s t
O b je c t iv e s ,
o f
m
W
a n d
e d ic in e ,
o r ld
o t h e r
p o lic ie s ,
d e s c r ib e d ,
in
a n d
W
a n d
b a s ic
a r
s e r io u s
o th e r
h e a lt h - p h y s ic s ,
a n d
r e p o r te d .
N a t i o n ’s
H e a lt h ,
N e w
Y o r k ,
Seventeenth Annual Report of the National Mediation Board,
Including the Report of the National Railroad Adjustment
Board, for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1951.
r e s e a r c h
Labor, Management, and the Official Agency— Relationships
Illustrated by a Plant Study. B y H e r b e r t K . A b r a m s ,
M .D .
( In A m e r i c a n
J o u r n a l
o f
P u b lic
H e a lt h
a n d
t h e
J a n u a r y
1 9 5 2 ,
W
a s h in g t o n ,
o f
D o c u m
g o ,
o f
e lt e r
s m
a n
in d u s tr ia l
h y g ie n e
s u r v e y
o f
a
u n d e r t a k e n
a t
t h e
r e q u e s t
o f
t h e
e lte r .
e d ic in e
9 - 1 0 .
C it e s
a n d
7 5
B y
W
p p .,
o v e r - a ll
b e n e f it s
S u r g e r y ,
C h ic a g o ,
o f
r e s u lt in g
fr o m
illia m
A m e r ic a n
J a n u a r y
1 9 5 2 ,
e n t
C o d e s
I n d u s tr ia l
M
F e d e r a l
S e c u r ity
1 9 5 1 .
7
o f
R o o m
G o v e r n m e n t a l
p p .;
“ A
B u ild in g ,
t o
o r
R e g u la t io n s ,”
G u id e
e d ic in e
2 1 - 2 4 .
a n d
7 5
A s s o c ia tio n ,
1 7 4 5 - 1 7 5 1 ,
fo r
is s u e d
in
S u r g e r y ,
C h ic a g o ,
d ia g r a m s ,
A s s o c ia tio n ,
1 4 3 .)
A p r il
1 9 4 9 .
C h ic a g o ,
illu s .
W
D e c e m
4 5
b e r
2 9 ,
p p .
fr o m
a s h in g t o n ,
M
in e s ,
a tio n
o f
C le v e la n d ,
O h io ,
$ 1
in
U .
S .,
E le c tr ic
$ 1 .5 0
t h e
s y s t e m
t h e
o n t h ly
o f
L in c o ln
la b o r - m
E le c tr ic
C o .,
1 9 5 1 .
o f
w h ic h
U .
S .
I n d u s tr ia l
R e la t io n s
e n t
o f
o f
L o n d o n ,
p p .
O s c a r
L a b o r ,
(S e r ia l
R e v ie w ,
W
e ig e r t.
B u r e a u
R .
2 0 6 8 ;
D e c e m
b e r
o f
r e
1 9 5 1 .)
p p .,
7 6 2 5 .)
(In
e n t
o f t h e
c h a r ts ;
L im it e d
I n d u s tr ia l
Y o r k ,
I n te r io r ,
fr e e
1 9 5 2 ,
( I n f o r
d is tr ib u t io n .
B u lle tin ,
J a n u a r y
B u r e a u
p r o c e s s e d .
D e p a r t m
p p .
1 1 - 1 3 ,
e n t
3 2 ,
o f
t h e
t e s t in g
S ta n d a r d s
a n d
a n d
a p p r o v a l
A p p e a ls ,
N e w
f u n c t io n
Y o r k
S t a t e
L a b o r .
C o n n .,
1 9 7
B y
J o h n
N a t io n a l
F o r e m
p p .,
fo r m s ,
illu s .
S e r ie s ,
G r o u p
3 ,
M
.
e n ’s
R o c h e .
N e w
I n s t it u t e ,
I n c .,
(S t a n d a r d
I I .)
M
a n a g e m e n t
$ 3 .
1 9 5 2 ,
p p .
3 8 - 3 9 ,
7 6 - 7 8 ,
illu s .
B y
F r e d
C h ic a g o ,
D e p a r t m
p r o g r a m
o f
a
7 5
r e la t iv e ly
c e n ts .
n e w
s u lp h a t e
m ill.
Basic Problems in the Administration of Workmen’s Com
pensation. B y S t e f a n A . R i e s e n f e l d . (In N A C C A
L a w
e n t ,
J o u r n a l,
C o m p e n s a t io n
N a t io n a l
A s s o c ia tio n
A t t o r n e y s ,
B o s t o n ,
o f
N o v e m
C la im
b e r
a n t s ’
1 9 5 1 ,
2 1 - 4 5 .)
1 9 5 1 .
“ s lig h t ly
m o d if ie d
v e r s io n ”
o f
t h is
a r tic le
w a s
p u b
J a n u a r y
1 9 5 2
$ 5 .
t h e m
e
o f
t h e
fo r u m
w a s
t h e
e ff e c t
o f
w e r e
c o n t r o ls
p r o b le m s
s h ip s .”
9 9 3 5 9 0 -5 2 -
5
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
o n
o f
t h e
t r u c k in g
“ h e a lt h
a n d
in d u s tr y .
w e lfa r e
in
t h e
M
in n e s o t a
L a w
R e v ie w
fo r
w a g e
(p .
m a n p o w e r
d is c u s s e d
B y
o f
a u t h o r
lis h e d
m a jo r
(P e r s o n n e l
You Can Have Safety— Quality Production, Too.
O .
S o u g h t o n .
(In N a t i o n a l S a f e t y N e w s ,
A
T h e
8
D e p a r t m
4 7
N e w
d e s c r ip t io n
B o a r d
p p .
I n c .,
p p .
r e la t io n s
t h e
p r e s id e n t .
p p .
in d u s
e ls e w h e r e .
a n a g e m e n t
C o .,
o n
$ 1 .)
Proceedings of the Second Annual National Forum on
Trucking Industrial Relations, St. Louis, Mo., January
8-10, 1951. W a s h i n g t o n , A m e r i c a n T r u c k i n g A s s o
c ia tio n s ,
5 1
e n t
L a b o r
Safety and the Foreman.
p u lp
t h e
p h le t s
illu s .)
c e n ts .)
9 9 3 - 1 0 0 7 .
L in c o ln
M
C ir c u la r
F e b r u a r y
in
1 9 5 1 .
D e p a r t m
1 9 5 2 .
1 9 5 1 .
L a b o r ,
D e p a r t m
1 9 5 1 ,
S .
Safe Safety Devices.
1 9 5 1 ,
o f
b e r
U .
A c c id e n t- r e d u c t io n
D e s c r ib e s
p a m
Federal Coal-Mine Inspection— A Decade of Progress:
Annual Report for Fiscal Year 1951 and 10-Year
Review. B y J . J . F o r b e s , N . J . A n k e n y , H . F . W e a v e r .
J a n u a r y
Incentive Management: A New Approach to Human Rela
tionships in Industry and Business. B y J a m e s F .
e s ta b lis h e d
c e n ts .
$ 1 .2 5 .
S t a t is t ic s ,
1 9 5 1 .
D e c e m
c h a r ts .
e n t
N o .
P r a c t ic e
p p .,
2 5
w r itt e n
I n d u s tr ia l
Compulsory Arbitration and the Taft-Hartley Act. B y
M o r r is
D .
F o r k o s c h .
(In C o l u m b i a L a w R e v i e w ,
L in c o ln .
c h a r t.
p o p u la r ly
Industrial Safety; Workmen’s Compensation
U n if o r m
Industrial Relations
Y o r k ,
o f
a s h in g t o n ,
B r ie f
a n d
o f
1 9 5 1 .
I n d u s tr ia l
p r o c e s s e d .
2
M
p p .
e d ic a l
1 6 4
R e la tio n s ,
F r e e .
Radioisotope Hazards and Protection in a Hospital. B y
M a r s h a ll B r u c e r , M .D .
(In J o u r n a l o f t h e A m e r i c a n
is
I n d u s tr ia l
s u b j e c ts .
a n a g e m
p r in te d
3 7 0 0 ],
m
2 8 0
o f
b ib lio g r a p h y ,
L a b o r
o f
N e w
I n s t it u t e
s e r ie s
S e r ie s ,
c e n ts .)
p p .
$ 1 .2 5 .)
U n iv e r s it y
p p .
Public Health Aspects of Industrial X-Ray Apparatus in
Ohio. B y H . G . B o u r n e a n d E . J . C o r d i e r . (In
M
5 7 5 - 6 0 7 .
Co-determination in Western Germany.
C o n fe r e n c e
H y g ie n is t s ,
1 9 5 2 ,
p p .
B e r k e le y ,
What’s Ahead in Collective Bargaining? Working Under
Wage and Salary Stabilization. N e w Y o r k , A m e r i c a n
A Guide for Uniform Industrial Hygiene Codes or Regula
tions for the Use of Fluoroscopic Shoe Fitting Devices.
H y g ie n e
1 9 5 1 ,
G o ld n e r .
B y
ic a
t h e
c e n ts .)
a s h in g t o n ,
a
r e la t io n s
W
S u p p le m
S u p e r in t e n d e n t
t r a d e - u n io n
Conditions Affecting Visual Efficiency in the Railroad In
dustry. B y D e r r i c k V a i l , M . D . (In I n d u s t r i a l
[ W
c e n ts ,
C a lifo r n ia
s u r v e y .
M
3 5
p p .
tr ia l
t h e
p p .
S e p t e m b e r -O c t o b e r
Strikes.
5 0
a t
9 1
a s h in g t o n .
The Role of the Labor Lawyer in Labor Relations.
B e r n a r d M . M a m e t.
(In I l l i n o i s L a w R e v i e w , C h
O n e
s m
W
$ 1 .)
A c c o u n t
le a d
1 9 5 2 .
e n t s ,
C a lifo r n ia ,
3 8 - 4 3 .
441
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
1 9 5 2
1 1 9 ).
A ls o
t r u s t e e
Thirty-Five Years of Pennsylvania’s Workmen’s Compensa
tion Law; Annual Summary— Industrial Accident and
442
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
Workmen’s Compensation Statistics, 1916-1950 Inclu
sive. [ H a r r i s b u r g ] , D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r a n d I n d u s
t r y ,
B u r e a u
o f R e s e a r c h
a n d
I n fo r m a t io n ,
[1 9 5 1 ? ].
1 8
n u m b e r
a n d
p p .; p r o c e s s e d .
A m o n g
a m
o u n t
s t a t is t ic s
o f
p r e s e n te d
a w a r d s
t o
a r e
a n t h r a c it e
t h e
t o t a l
a n d
b itu m
in o u s
d e g r e e
o f
in
e a c h
y e a r
fr o m
1 9 1 6
t o
1 9 5 0 ,
u a r y - F e b r u a r y
a c c o r d in g
D e c e m
b e r
1 9 5 1 .
4 1
p p .;
p p .
5 5 - 6 1 .
L e o n a r d
,
B o s t o n ,
R .
J a n -
$ 1 .5 0 .)
Unionization of Municipal Police Forces. B
G io r g i
a n d
D o n a ld
J o h n
T u ft s .
{In
y
A n d r e w
N o t r e
V .
D a m
N o tr e
D a m
e ,
I n d .,
F a ll
1 9 5 1 , p p .
8 8 - 9 7 .
e
$ 1 .)
t o
Workmen’s Compensation in Canada— A Comparison of
Provincial Laws. O t t a w a , D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , L e g
B r a n c h ,
1 9 5 2 ,
y
L A B O R
m in e r s ,
in ju r y .
is la tio n
O N T H L Y
Seniority: An Internal Union Problem. B
S a y le s .
{In H a r v a r d B u s i n e s s R e v i e w
L a w y e r ,
r e s p e c tiv e ly ,
M
p r o c e s s e d .
Labor Unions in the Arab States.
{In M i d d l e E a s t J o u r n a l , W
p p .
8 3 - 8 8 .
B y
T h o m
a s
a s h in g t o n ,
B .
W
S ta u ffe r .
in te r
1 9 5 2 ,
$ 1 .5 0 .)
Manpower
International Labor Organization
Projected Manpower Requirements and Supply, 1952-53.
Conventions, Recommendations, Resolutions, and Other Texts
Adopted by the International Labor Conference at its
34th Session {Geneva, 1951). {In O f f i c i a l B u l l e t i n ,
I n te r n a tio n a l
p p .
L a b o r
D is t r ib u t e d
B r a n c h
o f
O ffic e ,
in
G e n e v a ,
U n it e d
A u g u s t
S t a t e s
b y
W
1 9 5 1 ;
3 5
a s h in g t o n
W
( M
t e r n a t io n a l
L a b o r
5 0
O ffic e ,
c e n ts ,
1 9 5 1 .
1 0 2 ,
6 0 ,
r e s p e c tiv e ly .
a n d
8 5
S t a t e s
b y
W
a s h in g t o n
B r a n c h
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L a b o r
O f fic e ,
1 9 5 1 .
1 3 4
a n d
e n t
a n d
$ 1 .2 5 ,
r e s p e c tiv e ly .
o f
L a b o r ,
p p .,
( M
o f
W
a s h in g t o n
o f
L a b o r
O ffic e ,
S p a n is h .
1 9 5 1 .
$ 5 .
s o m
1 8 5
p p .
in
o f
2 7 0
4 3 1
p p .
I n te r n a
in
I n
o f
F o h v ic k .
L a b o r
S t.
( A F L ),
c h a r t.
R e v .
M
[1 9 5 1 ? ].
in n e s o t a
6 4
S t a t e
a s h in g t o n ,
J a n u a r y
a r c h
1 9 5 2
(p .
D e s c r ib e s
L e o n a r d
P .
t h e
e ffo r ts
1 9 5 2 ,
r e s is ta n c e
a t
o f
in filtr a t io n ,
o f
C h ic a g o
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M
o f
t h e
o n t h ly
r e s u lt s
L a b o r
o f
t h is
R e v ie w
fo r
1 6 9
I t h a c a ,
p p .,
m
N .
a p .
Y .,
C o r n e ll
U n iv e r
(C o r n e ll
S t u d ie s
a n d
L a b o r
R e la tio n s ,
V o l.
$ 1 .
1 .)
in
R e la tio n s
R e v ie w ,
I t h a c a ,
N .
Y .,
J a n u a r y
S t a t e s
p p .
1 7 3 - 1 9 4 .
$ 1 .2 5 .)
Manpower: A Series of Studies of the Composition and
Distribution of Britain’s Labor Force. L o n d o n , P E P
e d .
$ 3 .5 0 .
F e d e r a t io n
p p .
2 - 7 ,
B y
R u b e n
a n d
t h e
r a ilw a y
p a r t ic u la r ly
L a w
$1.75.)
E c o n o m
ic
P la n n in g ) ,
1 9 5 1 .
1 0 2
p p .
1 5 s .
D e a ls
it s
o f
w it h
s iz e
o c c u p a t io n a l
w o m e n ,
e n t r y
t r a in in g .
M
im
it s
p r o v in g
o f
t h e
a n d
o f
la b o r
y o u t h
e t h o d s
fo r c e
in d u s tr ia l
o f
in to
( a c t u a l
e m
p lo y m
e n la r g in g
u t iliz a t io n
a r e
a n d
d is tr ib u t io n ,
e n t,
t h e
s t r e s s e d
p o t e n t ia l) ,
e m
p lo y m
a n d
la b o r
e n t
v o c a tio n a l
fo r c e
a n d
t h r o u g h o u t .
t r e e t
N W
.,
Older Worker and the Aged
No Time To Grow Old.
R e v ie w ,
A lb a n y ,
N e w
Y o r k
S t a t e
J o in t
illu s .)
u n io n s
in
t o
C o m
m
it t e e
o n
P r o b le m s
p p .,
b ib lio g r a p h ie s ,
o f
t h e
A g in g ,
C o m
3 1 6
c h a r ts .
( L e g is la t iv e
1 9 4 6 .
Regulation of Labor’s Political Contributions and Expendi
tures: The British and American Experience, f in
1952, pp. 37 1 -3 8 8 .
t h e
Manpower Allocation in Great Britain During World
War II. B y S i d n e y E . R o l f e . {In I n d u s t r i a l a n d
D o c .,
U n iv e r s it y
p r e s e n ta t io n
in
A d a m s .
1 9 5 1 .
1 9 5 1 .
u n is t
p r o c e s s e d .
2 6 7 ) .
L e g is la t iv e
m
p p .;
p p .
Railroad Labor: It Turned Its Back on the Reds.
L e v in .
{In R a i l w a y P r o g r e s s , 1 4 3 0 K S
W
8
I L O .
p p .,
P a u l,
1 9 5 2 .
F r e e .
E n g lis h ,
U n it e d
Take a Peek at These Unions: A Brief Story of Labor in
America, Its Background, Practices and Objectives. B y
O r lin
1 5 .)
b r ie fe r
p u b lis h e d
( P o lit ic a l
1 9 5 2 .
1 3 .)
Wartime Manpower Mobilization— A Study of World War
I I Experience in the Buffalo-Niagara Area. B y
American Labor Unions— What They Are and How They
Work. B y F l o r e n c e P e t e r s o n . N e w Y o r k , H a r p e r
B r o t h e r s ,
1 9 5 2 .
R e p o r t
7 5
Labor Organizations and Their Activities
&
S t a t is t ic s ,
a n p o w e r
U n it e d
G e n e v a ,
D is t r ib u t e d
B r a n c h
S t a t is t ic s ,
R e p o r t
e w h a t
w a s
1 9 5 2 ,
a s h in g t o n
L a b o r
( M
in
L a b o r
W
o f
I L O .
Year Book of Labor Statistics, 1949-50.
b y
B u r e a u
p r o c e s s e d .
I L O .
D is t r ib u t e d
B r a n c h
o f
p r o c e s s e d .
L a b o r
a n p o w e r
I n d u s tr ia l
b y
F r e n c h ,
L a b o r ,
c h a r ts ;
F r e e .
B u r e a u
c h a r ts ;
B u r e a u
s it y ,
t io n a l
1 4 .)
o f
p p .,
p p .
D is t r ib u t e d
[Reports Prepared for Inland Transport Committee, Fourth
Session, Geneva, 1951]: I, General Report; II, Coordi
nation of Transport: Labor Problems. G e n e v a , I n t e r
S t a t e s
R e p o r t
e n t
9
Manpower Implications of the Defense Construction Pro
gram. W a s h i n g t o n , U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r ,
M
c e n ts
D e p a r t m
1 9 5 2 .
F r e e .
s t u d y
n a t io n a l
a n p o w e r
1 3
A
a n d
U n it e d
S .
The Effects of the Defense Program on Employment in the
Automobile Industry. W a s h i n g t o n , U . S . D e p a r t
m
4 0 ,
U .
S t a t is t ic s ,
I L O .)
[Reports Prepared for Advisory Committee on Salaried Em
ployees and Professional Workers, International Labor
Organization, Second Session, Geneva, 1952]: I, Gen
eral Report; II, Hygiene in Shops and Offices; III,
Rights of Performers in Broadcasting, Television and
the Mechanical Reproduction of Sound. G e n e v a , I n
7 5 ,
a s h in g t o n ,
L a b o r
C h ic a g o ,
W
in te r
T h is
1 9 5 1 ,
f o u r th
e n c o u r a g in g
a n n u a l
e v id e n c e
t o w a r d
o ld e r
in
p r e fa c e ,
t h e
1 2 .)
p e r s o n s ,
a n d
r e p o r t
o f t h e
t o
o f
“ q u ie t
w h ic h
r e fle c ts
t h e
c o m
C h a ir m a n
t h e
m
it t e e
r e v o lu t io n ”
h e lp fu l
in
D e s m
p r e s e n ts
a t t it u d e s
o n d
r e fe r s
c o n t r ib u t io n
t o
R E V I E W
,
A P R I L
c h a n g in g
h a s
s e c t io n
m
a t t it u d e s
b e e n
m
o f
a d e
t h e
e n d a t io n s
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
1 9 5 2
b y
a n d
t h e
r e p o r t
o f t h e
c o n s t r u c t iv e
w o r k
is
o f
t h e
d e v o t e d
c o m
m
t o
t h e
it t e e ; t h e
p r o g r a m s
c o m
m
it t e e .
fin d in g s
s e c o n d
w h ic h
T h e
a n d
c o n s is t s
Y o r k ,
fir s t
r e c o m
r e s e a r c h
r e p o r t s
in
v a r io u s
fie ld s ,
in c lu d in g
A m e r ic a n
e d ic a l
c a r e ,
e m
p lo y m
e n t,
r e t ir e m
e n t,
h e a lt h
in c o m
h o u s in g ,
e d u c a t io n ,
r e c r e a tio n ,
a n d
fo r
t h e
e
m
c o m
m
2 2 8
o f
I llin o is ,
I n s t it u t e
C h a m p a ig n ,
o f
L a b o r
a n d
U n iv e r
p r o c e s s e d .
$ 2 .
I n d u s tr ia l
1 9 5 1 .
o f
5 2
p p .;
d is c u s s io n s
a t
a
c o n f e r e n c e
o n
b a r g a in in g
fo r
w a r t im
e
u n it y
lo n g -r a n g e
is s u e s
in
c o lle c t iv e
p e n s io n s ,
a g e d .
M
o n t ic e llo ,
b ib lio g r a p h ie s ,
1 1 1 .,
F e b r u a r y
1 6 - 1 8 ,
1 9 5 1 .
Trade Union Structure and Private Pension Plans.
W illia m
G o ld n e r .
(In I n d u s t r i a l a n d L a b o r R
t io n s
p p .,
1 9 5 1 .
a in t e
Proceedings of the Governor’s Conference on the Problems
of the Aging, Sacramento, Calif., October 15 and 16,
1951. [ S a c r a m e n t o , O f f i c e o f t h e G o v e r n o r , 1 9 5 1 ? ]
2 9 6
I n s t it u t e ,
Collective Bargaining for Pensions.
a n d
p la n n in g
S t e e l
a n d
S u m m a r y
n a n c e ,
a n d
o f p a p e r s
R e la tio n s ,
m
I r o n
p p .; p r o c e s s e d .
s it y
a n d
443
R e v ie w ,
I t h a c a ,
N .
Y .,
O c to b e r
1 9 5 1 ,
p p .
B y
e la
6 2 - 7 2 .
c h a r ts .
$ 1 .2 5 .)
S u b j e c t s
c o n s id e r e d
b y
s e p a r a te
d is c u s s io n
g r o u p s
D is c u s s e s
in c lu d e d
e m
p lo y m
e n t
o p p o r t u n it ie s
fo r
o ld e r
n e g o t ia t e d
h o u s in g
a n d
liv in g
a r r a n g e m
e n ts ,
in c o m
e
m
s o c ia l
w e lfa r e
p e n s io n
Progress Report of the Division on Housing of the Los Angeles
County Committee on Opportunities and Needs of the
Aging. [ L o s A n g e l e s , 1 9 5 1 ? ] 3 0 p p . , b i b l i o g r a p h y ;
a s
w e ll
a s
a s
R e p r in t
v e r s it y
o f
D e c e m
e x p e r ie n c e
b ia
3 6
o f
B y
c ia b le
1 5 1
S e r ie s ,
b e r
1 9 5 1 ,
p p .
p lo y m
o f
e n t
a
o f
la r g e
a b o u t
d e p a r t m
3 ,0 0 0
e n t
n u m b e r
a n
o f
w h o m
w e r e
o v e r
4 5
y e a r s
o f
S t .
a m
e m
L o u is ,
o n g
M
o .,
J a n u a r y
e lfo r d .
la r g e - s c a le
L o n d o n ,
1 9 5 2 ,
p p .
c o m p a n ie s
O x fo r d
N u f f ie ld
F o u n d a t io n ) ,
$ 1 .7 5 .
o f
C o lu m
B y
B y
P o lit ic a l
J a n u a r y
M
U n i
e n t
( C o lu m
o f
b ia
N e w
Y o r k ,
I n d u s tr ia l
I n d u s tr ia l
C o lu m
E n g in e e r in g ,
R e p o r t s ,
1 9 5 1
$ 1 2 .5 0 .
t h e
b y
b ia
P a u l
1 9 5 1
t h e
C o n fe r e n c e
D e p a r t m
U n iv e r s it y .
1 9 5 1 .
1 6 1
o n
e n t
o f
I n d u s tr ia l
I n d u s tr ia l
P e r
E n g i
A
2 6 - p a g e
b ib lio g r a p h y
a n d
S o c ia l
S c ie n c e ,
o v e r
2
A .
P r e s s
Yi
2 7 9 ,
1 9 5 2 ,
p p .
1 - 1 7 9 ,
c h a r ts .
p a p e r s
a r e
c h a r ts .
H .
S e r v ic e ,
b y
g r o u p e d
a s
f o llo w s :
C o n t r ib u tio n s
a in t e n a n c e
C o n t r ib u tio n
t o
o f
t h e
t o
C u lt u r a l
C a p a c it y
fo r
S o c ia l
a n d
o f
t h e
N o v e m
C h a n g e s
p lo y e e s
U .
b e r
fr o m
p a s t
r e t ir e m
S .
R a ilr o a d
1 9 5 1 ,
p p .
y e a r
a g e
e n t
t o
6 5
a r e
R e t ir e m
2 1 4 - 2 1 7 ,
y e a r
a n d
in
in
t h e
C la r k
A c a d e m
y
Y o r k ,
b ib lio g
e d .
$ 6 .
P a lm e r .
C h ic a g o ,
3 9
p p .
P u b lic
A d m
( P u b lic a t io n
in is t r a t io n
1 0 5 .)
$ 1 .
N e w
N o .
1 4 1 ,
Y o r k ,
A m e r ic a n
1 9 5 1 ,
Job Evaluation.
B y
p p .
M
a n a g e m
3 5 - 4 5 .
L .
C .
e n t
A s s o c ia tio n ,
$ 1 .2 5 .)
1 1 1 .,
P ig a g e
U n iv e r s it y
o f
a n d
I llin o is ,
J .
L .
I n s t it u t e
T u c k e r .
o f
I n d u s tr ia l
e n t
r a te
E c o n o m
C o m m
(In
B o a r d ,
n u m b e r
M
S e r ie s ,
V o l.
5 ,
Job Evaluation in Banks.
B y
W
o n t h ly
t h o s e
e n t
( B u ll.
E liz a b e t h
L a n h a m .
C o lle g e
B u s in e s s
n e s s
C h ic a g o ,
r e t ir e m
o f
1 9 5 2 .
4 3
p p .,
L a b o r
b ib lio g r a p h y ,
N o .
3 .)
y ;
u n it y ;
o f
fo r m s .
in
o f
R e s e a r c h ,
S t u d ie s
o f
R e la tio n s ,
C a p a c it ie s
in s u r a n c e
a n d
2
A d m
[1 9 5 1 ].
( P e r s o n n e l
1
A u s t in ,
in
c o m p a n ie s
S t u d y
p p .,
3 .)
s e r ie s
a n d
R .
S p r ie g e l
U n iv e r s it y
in is t r a t io n ,
1 3 6
t h is
illia m
o f
B u r e a u
a n d
T e x a s ,
o f
b ib lio g r a p h y ,
B u s i
c h a r ts ,
$ 1 .
d e a l
d e p a r t m
w it h
j o b
e v a lu a t io n
e n t s t o r e s , r e s p e c t iv e ly .
p o s t
d is c u s s e d .
Pensions
Classified Provisions of Thirty-One Pension Agreements for
Wage Earners in the Iron and Steel Industry. N e w
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
p p .,
The Ford Program of Supervisory Development— A Progress
Report. B y A r c h i e A . P e a r s o n . (In P e r s o n n e l
c h a r t.)
t h e
N e w
6 1 4
(fo r
C o n t r ib u tio n .
Railroad Workers Past Retirement Age.
R e v ie w ,
y e r s .
P h ila d e lp h ia ,
P r o d u c t iv e
L ife
M
1 9 5 1 .
$ 1 .)
N e e d s
t h e
2 d
1 9 5 1 .
c h a r ts .
P e o p le ;
A .
I n c .,
Counseling in Personnel Work: 1945-1949—An Annotated
Bibliography. C o m p i l e d b y P a u l S . B u r n h a m a n d
T .
b ib lio g r a p h y ,
A m e r ic a n
V o l.
C h a r le s
C o .,
$ 2 .)
B y
E d it e d
a n d
B o o k
G e r o n to l
h a v in g
p p .,
P ig o r s
c G r a w -H ill
a n d
p o n in g
R e la tio n s ,
J a c o b
U r b a n a ,
e m
I n d u s tr ia l
a p p e n d e d .
S e r ie s ,
M
o f
s u m )
w h e n
7 7 - 8 6 .
U n iv e r s it y
Social Contribution by the Aging.
T ib b it t s .
(In T h e A n n a l s o f t h e
A g in g
f u t u r e
in a l
w it h
p lo y e e s .
c h a r ts .
T h e
o f
D e p a r t m
1 .)
s p o n s o r e d
S t u a r t
o f
n o m
a p p r e
a g e
Skill and Age— An Experimental Approach.
o f
t h e
a
Personnel Administration— A Point of View and a Method.
S u r v e y
W
fo r
( a t
B e r k e le y .
p p .
N o .
r a p h y ,
illio n
o f
le a d
$ 1 .2 5 .)
s t o r e
w o r k e r s ,
Retirement Practices in Business and Industry.
T u c k m a n a n d I r v in g L o r g e .
(In J o u r n a l o f
m
t h e ir
P s y c h o lo g y ,
4 1 8 - 4 2 1 .
h ir e d .
o g y ,
g r o w t h
a n d
J e a n n e t te
is
fir s t
r e c e n t
p lic a t io n s
a v a ila b le
I n s t it u t e
U n iv e r s it y ,
n e e r in g ,
e m
t h e
Frontiers of Personnel Administration.
s o n n e l
o n
im
A ls o
C a lifo r n ia ,
P r o c e e d in g s
a s h in g t o n ,
e
s ig n if ic a n t
p o lic y .
1 9 5 1 .
Part-Time Employment for the Older Worker.
M .
S t a n to n .
(In J o u r n a l o f A p p l i e d
B a s e d
o f
t r a d e - u n io n s
Personnel Management
p r o c e s s e d .
Lists types of housing available or planned for older
people in southern California and in several regions
outside of California, and gives information on financing.
p a r t -t im
o n
s e r v ic e s .
t r a d e - u n io n
W
e ff e c ts
p la n s
a in t e n a n c e ,
e r s ,
a n d
in s t it u t io n a l
w o r k e r s ,
Productivity
Case Study Data on Productivity and Factory Performance:
School Bus Bodies. W a s h i n g t o n , U . S . D e p a r t m e n t
o f
L a b o r ,
fo r m s ,
B u r e a u
ill u s .;
o f
L a b o r
p r o c e s s e d .
S t a t is t ic s ,
F r e e .
1 9 5 2 .
1 1 4
p p .,
444
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
Measurement of Physical Output at the Job Level.
E in a r
H a r d in .
s o t a ,
M
I n d u s tr ia l
( R e s e a r c h
a n d
in n e a p o lis ,
U n iv e r s it y
R e la tio n s
T e c h n ic a l
C e n te r ,
R e p o r t
o f
1 9 5 1 .
1 0 .)
S c h o o l
B y
M
p p .
in n e
1 3
N ie c e .
N e w
Y o r k ,
J o h n
W
ile y
B y
&
E .
S o n s ,
t h e
3 0 5
w it h
p p .,
t h e
b ib lio g r a p h y ,
“ s o c ia l
a n d
s u b j e c t , a s w e ll a s w it h
it s
d ia g r a m s ,
e c o n o m ic
im
illu s .
c e n ts
o f
L a b o r ,
o f
L a b o r
N .
p p .,
c h a r ts ;
p r o c e s s e d .
U .
S .
S t a t is t ic s ,
D e p a r t m
1 9 5 2 .
r e s p e c t iv e ly ;
3
S t a t is t ic s ,
[ S e c r e ta r ia t],
2 9 3
p p .,
e n t
o f
s e p a r a te
Y .,
a n d
L a b o r ,
B u r e a u
r e p o r t s ,
2 7 ,
o f
k n o w le d g e
o f
R e m
D e p a r t m
x i,
e n t
(S a le s
3 1 6
o b j e c t io n s
t h e
t o
o f
1 6 , a n d
E c o n o m
N o .:
p p .,
ic
1 9 5 1 ,I I ,G
b ib lio g r a p h y ,
p r o f it -s h a r in g
t h e m
lig h t
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c e n ts ,
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o f
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D o c u m
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1 9 5 2 ,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C o r n e ll
B .
W
o lt e r s ,
s o c ia l- in s u r a n c e le g is la t io n
I n s t it u t e ,
1 9 5 1 .
t h e
A g e n c y ,
D e c e m
o f
R o y a l
4 3
S o c ie t y
t h e
A .
1 4 0
p p .
N e t h e r la n d s .
B y
P r o m
B o a r d ,
c h a r ts ;
B y
1 9 5 1 .
in
fo r
P e n s io n s
p p .,
S o c ia l
b e r
S e c u r ity
1 9 5 1 ,
D o c u m
P h o e n ix , E m
p lo y m
p lo y m
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m a r y
in
K o n r a d
o t io n
a n d
o f
t h e
S w e d is h
p r o c e s s e d .
p p .
e n t s ,
A d m
in is t r a t io n ,
1 1 - 1 9 .
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2 0
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c e n ts ,
a s h
S u p e r
a s h in g t o n .)
e n t S e c u r ity
C o m m
C o m p e n s a t io n
is s io n
o f A r iz o n a ,
D iv is io n ,
1 9 5 1 .
1 1 3
p r o c e s s e d .
o f t h e
A r iz o n a ,
E m
d e t a ile d
a n
p lo y m
a t e s
o f u n e m
1 9 5 1 .
r e p o r t o n
a n a ly s is
o f
U n e m
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p lo y m
f in a n c in g
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S e c u r ity
A c t ,
w it h
lo n g -r a n g e
t h e
c o s t
p lo y m
e n t
c o m p e n s a tio n .
5 9
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H a r r is b u r g ,
p p .
A s s e m
J o in t
b ly
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S t a t e
G o v e r n m e n t
P e n n s y lv a n ia ,
C o m m
s e s s io n
o f
is s io n
t o
G e n
1 9 5 1 .
C o n n .,
1 9 5 2 ,
p p .
p p .
(In
J a n u a r y
1 - 4 5 .
U n iv e r s it y ,
N e w
Union Wages and Hours: Building Trades, July 1, 1951.
W
3 - 1 4 .
m
1 9 5 2 ,
t h e
b a k in g
o to r tr u c k
a r e
D e p a r t m
1 9 5 2 .
t h e
d r iv e r s
in d u s tr y
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e n t
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D o c u m
B u r e a u ’s
a n d
( B u ll.
o f
p p .
e n t s ,
1 9 5 1
h e lp e r s
L a b o r ,
( B u ll.
W
o f
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a s h in g t o n .
u n io n
( B u ll.
B u r e a u
1 0 5 1 .)
w a g e
1 0 5 2 )
r e p o r ts
a n d
fo r
1 0 5 3 ).
Foremen’s Wage Survey: A Guide to Foremen’s Wage Rates
in the Cleveland Area, September 1951. C l e v e l a n d ,
O h io ,
A s s o c ia te d
c h a r ts ;
S t a t e
S .
S u p e r in t e n d e n t
a v a ila b le
fo r
U .
S t a t is t ic s ,
c e n ts ,
A ls o
Y a le
$ 1 .)
Y o r k
a s h in g t o n ,
L a b o r
a s h in g t o n .)
Economic Security— A Study of Community Needs and
Resources. B y J o h n W . M c C o n n e l l a n d R o b e r t
R is le v .
J .
A Report on Unemployment Insurance Costs in Arizona.
S e c u r ity
4 6 - 7 5 .)
B o s t o n ,
b e r
State Unemployment Insurance Legislation [ a s of December
1] , 1951. (In S o c i a l S e c u r i t y B u l l e t i n , F e d e r a l S e
Y o r k ,
Cost and Adequacy of Old Age Assistance in Massachusetts.
B y
T .
N o e l
S te r n .
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R e v ie w ,
a n u e l
S o c ia l
Wages, Salaries, Hours of Labor
a s h in g t o n ,
N e w
M
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$ 1 .2 5 .)
Cost and Coverage of Industrial Life Insurance.
L a w
c it iz e n s ’
O c to b e r - N o v e m
Partial Unemployment Compensation Benefits.
(In
S e c u r ity
S u p e r in t e n d e n t
s e c u r it y
o f
a n d
After Fifteen Years: A Report on Old-Age and Survivors
Insurance. B y O . C . P o g g e . (In S o c i a l S e c u r i t y
A d m
p e r s o n a l
e x t e n t
c h a p t e r
C a n a d a
Social Security (General)
2 0
a n d
p la n s
a d d e d .
1 0 4 -1 0 5 ,
F e d e r a l
in
s e c u r it y
Unemployment Insurance
e r a l
B u lle t in ,
p r iv a t e
t h e m ,
G e n e v a ,
o f
R e p o r t
1 9 5 1 ,
a n d
illu s .
t h e ir
p la n s ,
g r o w t h
p u b lis h e d
U n it e d
The Pitfalls of Profit Sharing.
A u g u s t
s e c u r it y
p r o d u c e r s ,”
p r o g r a m s .
A c t iv it ie s
e s t im
p e r tin e n t
s e c u r it y
[S to c k h o lm ? ],
A r iz o n a
o n
t o w a r d
P e r s s o n .
a n c e
in
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Social Security and Welfare in Sweden.
S u m
t a g e s ,
s u b j e c ts ,
p u b lic
in d iv id u a ls ,
G r o n in g e n ,
D e a ls w it h
p p .,
o f
e c o n o m ic
3 4 5 - 3 5 7 .)
ij n .
U n e m
s
t h e
in c o m
De Sociale Verzekeringswetgeving in Nederland.
c u r ity
a im
b y
A s s o c ia tio n ,
p p .
in g to n ,
1 9 5 1 .
d is c u s s e s
s o c ia l
in t e n d e n t
t h e
o f
“ c h ie f
Social Security Trends in Latin America. B y
d e
V ia d o .
(In B u l l e t i n o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n
L a b o r
Revised Profit Sharing Manual— Containing a Digest and
Analysis of Ninety-one Representative Profit Sharing
Plans. A k r o n , O h i o , C o u n c i l o f P r o f i t S h a r i n g I n
d u s t r ie s ,
a t e s
2 4 0
a t t it u d e s
m a d e
Profit Sharing
R e v ie w s
o f
a n d
p r o v is io n s
F r e e .
c h a r ts .
o t h e r s .
e s t im
1 9 5 2 .
Labor Productivity of the Cotton Textile Industry in Five
Latin-American Countries. N e w Y o r k , U n i t e d N a
1 9 5 1 .
7 9
Y o r k
F r e e .
p r o c e s s e d .
t io n s ,
N e w
a s p e c ts .
Trends in Man-Hours Expended Per Unit: Selected Metal
Forming Machinery, 1939 to 1949; Selected Types of
Construction Machinery, 1948 to 1949; Selected Types
of General Industrial Equipment, 1948 to 1949. W a s h
in g to n ,
1 9 5 1 .
o f
o f
1 9 5 1 ,
1 1
R e la tio n s ,
r e s id e n t s
$ 5 .5 0 .
p lic a t io n s ”
in d u s tr ia l e n g in e e r in g
B u r e a u
t o
L A B O R
H .
S e c u r ity
e n t
L a b o r
t o
O N T H L Y
I n c .,
Trends in Man-Hours Expended Per Ton: Cane Sugar
Refining, 194.9 to 1950. W a s h i n g t o n , U . S . D e p a r t
m
a n d
F r e e
r e s o u r c e s
p r o g r a m s
1 9 5 1 .
D e a ls
1 8 .)
in d iv id u a l
a n d
E lm ir a ,
a c
2 5
P r e s e n t s
n e e d s
I n d u s tr ia l
( B u ll.
S t a t e ,
p p .
$ 1 .
Production Forecasting, Planning, and Control.
M
o f
M
I n d u s tr ie s
o f
C le v e la n d ,
1 9 5 1 .
9
p p .,
p r o c e s s e d .
Social Workers in 1950: A Report on the Study of Salaries
and Working Conditions in Social Work—Spring 1950.
B y
B u r e a u
o f
L a b o r
S t a t is t ic s ,
U .
S .
D e p a r t m
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,
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L a b o r .
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N e w
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A m e r ic a n
1 9 5 2 .
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A s s o c ia tio n
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S o c ia l
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Wage Rates in the Logging and Wood Products Industries,
f Canada ,
1 9 5 0 - 5 1 ].
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D e p a r t
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1 9 5 1 .
e d .
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T h e
1 9 5 1 ,
D e p a r t m
p p .
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1 7 1 9 - 1 7 3 3 .
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C o m
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R e p o r t s ,
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R e v ie w s
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P o t h .
p p .,
c h a r ts .
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C o lo g n e ,
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1 9 5 0 .
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L a b o r :
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t h e
N e w
1 9 5 1 .
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Y o r k ,
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T h e
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P a t h
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t r e a tin g
A p p le t o n -C e n t u r y -
b ib lio g r a p h y ,
s o c io lo g ic a l
U n it e d
I r w in ,
I n c .,
“ p r ic e
J u le s
2 1 4
A b e ls .
p p .
t h e o r y
t h e ir
m
o f
m
a p s .
s o c ia l
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a n d
a n if e s t a t io n s
p o
in
b o t h
S t a t e s .
1 9 5 1 .
4 5 7
p p .,
b ib lio g r a p h ie s ,
c h a r ts .
t h e o r y ”
w it h
“ w e lfa r e
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ic s .”
Y o r k ,
p r o b le m
c o n t r o ls ,
“ e x p e n d in g
d e f ic it
N e w
D u e ll,
S lo a n
&
P e a r c e ,
B y
1 9 5 1 .
$ 3 .
t h e
fin a n c in g ,
s
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in fla tio n ,
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c o s ts ,
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w a g e s ,
a ll
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fa r m
b u s in e s s ,
y ,
r is k
t h e
c a p it a l,
t a x e s .
Directorio de Periódicos Obreros de America Latina con
Referencias Especiales sobre Publicaciones de Interes
Para los Trabajadores. W a s h i n g t o n , U n i ó n P a n
a m e r ic a n a ,
t o
a n d
W
The Welfare State— A Mortgage on America’s Future.
a n d
b e s t .
h a r d - c o a l
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“ a
D is c u s s e s
B u n d -V e r la g
T h e
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o v e r - a ll
Die Entwicklung der Löhne im Steinkohlenbergbau in der
Eisenschaffenden Industrie und im Baugewerbe seit 192],
F r itz
D e a l
a p s .
d e v o t e d
C la s s ;
o n o p o ly ;
H e b e r le .
I n c .,
a n d
s u p p o r t s ,
B y
a r e
m
p o lic y
n e g o t ia t e d
s o m
M
c h a r ts ,
Welfare and Competition: The Economics of a Fully Employed
Economy. B y T i b o r S c i t o v s k y . C h i c a g o , R i c h a r d
L o n
p la n n in g ,
w it h
c h a p t e r s
la t t e r ,
N e w
R u d o lf
E u r o p e
B r o w n
R e v ie w ,
a p p r o v in g
n e g o t ia t io n s ,
G o v e r n m e n t ,
H .
B a n k
2 2
L a b o r in g
a n d
t h e
t h e
C o m b in e s
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a n d
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1 9 5 2 ,
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M
N W
$1.
Wages Policy in Great Britain.
a n d
B . C . R o b e r t s .
(In L
fo r
B y
S t r e e t
a
b ib lio g r a p h y ,
Social Movements— An Introduction to Political Sociology.
b e r
P r e s e n t s
W
o f
I n
u n d e r
p p .,
b o o k ’s
p e t it io n
C r o fts ,
Fringe Benefits and Wage Stabilization.
7 4 0
a t io n
P o w e r .
la b o r
Wages, Hours, and Working Conditions: Wholesale and
Retail Trade, [Canada], October 1950. {In L a b o r
o f
F o r m
U n d e r
t o
c e n ts .)
G a z e t t e ,
445
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
1 9 5 2
D e p a r t a m
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A m e r ic a n
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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1 9 5 1 .
p p .
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R s .
a n d
in te r e s t
Y o r k ,
b ib lio g r a p h y .
K ir k la n d .
S c h u m a n ,
2/ - .
in d u s tr ie s .
A History of American Economic Life.
H e n r y
A Survey of Labor in India.
illia m
in d u s tr y ,
la b o r
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A m e r ic a n
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s c h o o ls ) .
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h a v e
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1 9 5 1 .
in c lu d e s
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illia m
I n c .,
A lp e r t.
N u
c e n ta v o s .
Twentieth Century Economic History of Europe.
The Development of American Industries— Their Economic
Significance. P l a n n e d a n d e d i t e d b y J o h n G e o r g e
S o c ia le s ,
C .
A m e r i c a n - C e n t u r y - C r o f ts ,
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L ib r a r y ,
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Current Labor Statistics
A.—Employment and Payrolls
Estimated civilian labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division
and group
Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries
Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in
manufacturing industries
Federal civilian employment and payrolls, by branch and agency group
Government civilian employment and payrolls in Washington, D. C.,
by branch and agency group
Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 1
Employees in manufacturing industries, by State 1
Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance pro
grams, by geographic division and State
448 Table A -l:
449 Table A-2:
453 Table A-3:
455 Table A-4:
456 Table A-5:
457 Table A-6:
Table A-7:
Table A-8:
458 Table A-9:
B.
Labor Turn-Over
459 Table B -l:
Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in manufacturing
industries, by class of turn-over
Monthly labor tum-over rates (per 100 employees) in selected groups
and industries
460 Table B-2:
C.
—Earnings and Hours
462 Table C -l:
Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory
employees
Gross average weekly earnings of production workers in selected
industries, in current and 1939 dollars
Gross and net spendable average weekly earnings of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1939 dollars
Average hourly earnings, gross and exclusive of overtime, of produc
tion workers in manufacturing industries
Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing
industries for selected States and areas 1
477 Table C-2:
478 Table C-3:
478 Table C-4:
Table C-5:
1 This
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R e v ie w .
c o n s e c u t iv e ly ,
CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS
447
'
D.—Prices and Cost of Living
Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families in large cities,
by group of commodities
D-2: Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city, for
selected periods
D-3: Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city and
group of commodities
D-4: Indexes of retail prices of foods, by group, for selected periods
D-5: Indexes of retail prices of foods, by city
D-6: Average retail prices and indexes of selected foods
D-7 : Indexes of wholesale prices, by group of commodities (1947-49=100)
D-7a Indexes of wholesale prices, by group of commodities, for selected
periods (1926=100)
D-8: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
479 Table D -l:
480 Table
481
Table
482
483
484
485
485
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
486 Table
E.—Work Stoppages
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
487 Table E -l:
F.—Building and Construction
Expenditures for new construction
Value of contracts awarded and force-account work started on fed
erally financed new construction, by type of construction
Urban building authorized, by principal class of construction and by
type of building
New nonresidential building authorized in all urban places, by general
type and by geographic division
Number and construction cost of new permanent nonfarm dwelling
units started, by urban or rural location, and by source of funds
488 Table F -l:
489 Table F-2:
490 Table F-3:
Table F-4:
491
492 Table F-5:
N o t e .—
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- 4 _______________________________
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A - 2
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https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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F - 5 ________________________________
- 6
1 - 1
448
EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
.4 :
M
O N T H L Y
L A B O R
A: Employment and Payrolls
T able
A -l: Estimated Civilian Labor Force Classified by Employment Status, Hours Worked, and Sex
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1 (in thousands)
Labor force3
1951
1952
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.8
Aug.
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
64,382
1,856
1,122
408
92
100
134
62, 526
54, 618
42,312
4, 898
1,570
5,838
7,908
6,110
1,468
206
124
63,783
1,980
1,216
358
141
150
116
61,803
53, 768
44,088
5,061
2,082
2,537
8,035
5, 960
1,699
280
97
62,803
1, 609
862
342
91
163
153
61,193
53, 753
45,055
4.931
2,071
1, 097
7,440
5, 799
1,335
215
91
61, 789
1,744
825
366
173
237
145
60,044
53,400
43, 996
5,651
2,185
1,567
6,645
4.809
1,351
239
246
62,325
2,147
966
502
215
298
167
60,179
53, 785
44,053
5, 476
2,311
1,945
6,393
4,412
1,418
268
297
61,313
2,407
1,039
640
276
241
213
58,905
62,976
42, 911
5,806
2, 236
2,022
5,930
3,790
1.415
370
353
44,602
1,098
43, 504
37, 234
30, 492
2,614
608
3, 520
6, 270
5,346
680
122
122
44,316
1.167
43,149
36,862
32,021
2, 578
815
1,448
6,287
5,301
724
175
87
43, 508
950
42, 558
36, 596
32.184
2,457
893
1.062
5,962
5,107
619
156
80
43,182
1,028
42,154
36, 349
31,420
3,029
897
1,003
5,805
4, 583
859
165
198
43,379
1,277
42,102
36,463
31,346
2,877
975
1,265
5, 639
4,226
939
220
255
42,894
1,594
41,300
35,980
30,284
3, 355
984
1,357
5,320
3,644
1,077
300
298
19,780
758
19, 022
17, 384
11,820
2, 284
962
2,318
1,638
764
788
84
2
19,467
813
18,654
16, 906
12, 067
2,483
1,267
1,089
1,748
659
975
105
10
19, 294
659
18,635
17,157
12, 871
2,474
1,178
635
1,478
692
716
59
11
18, 607
716
17,890
17, 051
12, 576
2,622
1,288
564
840
226
492
74
48
18,946
870
18.077
17, 322
12, 707
2, 599
1,336
680
754
186
479
48
42
18,419
813
17,605
16,996
12,627
2,451
1,252
665
610
146
338
70
55
July
Total, both sexes
Civilian labor force..___ _____ _____ _____
Unemployment_____ ________________
Unemployed 4 weeks or less_____ .
Unemployed 5-10 weeks----------------Unemployed 11-14 weeks______ . .
Unemployed 15-26 weeks---------- ..
Unemployed over 26 weeks________
Employment........ .............................. ........
Nonagricultural....................................
Worked 35 hours or more_______
Worked 15-34 hours___________
Worked 1-14 hours 4__ ... . . . .
With a job but not at work 8___
Agricultural_______________ ______
Worked 35 hours or more_______
Worked 15-34 hours................. ..
Worked 1-14 hours 4___________
With a job but not at work 8____
61,838
2,086
982
638
174
198
94
59,752
53,688
44,134
5,652
2,078
1,824
6,064
4,390
1,194
194
286
61,780 62,688
1, 674
2,054
920
1,068
374
570
152
136
172
136
92
108
59, 726 61,014
53, 540 54, 636
44,046 45,116
5, 686 5, 926
2,002
2,080
1, 514
1,806
6, 378
6,186
4,116 4,392
1, 538
1,378
250
316
198
376
63,164
1,828
1,072
390
130
114
122
61,336
54,314
43, 708
6,832
2,102
1, 672
7,022
4, 660
1,840
332
190
63,452
1,616
944
330
126
126
90
61,836
54,168
43,040
7,488
1,922
1,718
7, 668
6,090
1,270
228
80
63,186
1, 606
1,004
280
128
78
116
61, 580
54,054
29, 204
20,070
1,818
2, 962
7, 526
5, 724
1,436
22»
142
64, 208
1,578
870
390
102
104
112
62, 630
54,942
43, 656
5,080
1, 558
4, 648
7,688
5,658
1,592
238
200
Males
Civilian labor force---------------- -------------Unemployment----------------------------- ..
Employment_________ _____ ________
Non agr¡cultural_____ ___________
Worked 35 hours or m o r e ...___
Worked 15-34 hours___ ______
Worked 1-14 hours 4___________
With a job but not at work 5___
Agricultural________ ____________
Worked 35 hours or more______
Worked 15-34 hours________ . . .
Worked 1-14 hours 4______ ____
With a job but not at work 8 __
42,858
1,376
41,482
36,116
31,346
2,724
852
1,194
5,366
4,210
768
154
234
42,864 43,114
1,384
1,008
41,480 42,106
36,132 36,728
31,296 31, 974
2,852
2,906
852
828
996
1,156
5, 378
5,348
4,110
3,910
936
888
232
158
174
318
43,346
1,002
42,344
36, 616
31.102
3, 540
834
1,140
5.728
4,280
1,074
216
158
43, 522
890
42, 632
36, 756
31,206
3,654
780
1,116
5,876
5.110
554
142
70
43,672
842
42,830
37,050
22,174
12, 240
760
1,876
5, 780
4,810
690
154
126
44, 720
956
43,764
37, 604
31, 554
2, 726
656
2,668
6,160
5,128
724
132
176
Females
Civilian labor force._____________________
Unemployment_____________________
Employment__ _____ _______________
Nonagricultural__________________
Worked 35 hours or more______
Worked 15-34 hours_____ _____
Worked 1-14 hours 4___________
With a job but not at work 8___
Agricultural_____________________
Worked 35 hours or more... ___
Worked 15-34 hours ___ _____
Worked 1-14 hours 4______ ____
With a job but not at work 8___
18,980
710
18,270
17, 572
12,788
2,928
1,226
630
698
180
426
40
52
18,916
670
18,246
17,408
12, 750
2,834
1,174
650
838
206
490
84
58
19, 574
666
18,908
17, 908
13,142
3,020
1,228
518
1,000
282
602
92
24
19,818
826
18,992
17,698
12, 606
3,292
1,268
532
1,294
380
766
116
32
1 Estimates are subject to sampling variation which may be large in eases where
the quantities shown are relatively small. Therefore^ the smaller estimates
should be used with caution. All data exclude persons in institutions.
Because of rounding, the individual figures do not necessarily add to group
totals.
2 Beginning with January 1951, total labor force is not shown because of
the security classification of the Armed Forces component.
2Census survey week contains legal holiday.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
19,930
726
19, 204
17,412
11,834
3,834
1,142
602
1,792
980
716
86
10
19. 514
764
18, 750
17, 004
7,030
7.830
1,058
1,086
1,746
914
746
70
16
19, 488
622
18,866
17, 338
12,102
2. 354
902
1,980
1. 528
530
868
106
24
4 Excludes persons engaged only in incidental unpaid family work (less than
15 hours); these persons are classified as not in the labor force.
6 Includes persons who had a job or business, but who did not work during
the census week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor dispute or
because of temporary lay-off with definite instructions to return to work
within 30 days of lay-off. Does not include unpaid family workers.
Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
R E V I E W
,
449
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
APRIL 1952
T able A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1
(In thousands]
Annual
average
1951
1952
Industry group and industry
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept. Aug.
July
June May Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1950
1949
|
47, 592; 46,852 46,902 46,956 46,724 46, 432 46, 567 46, 226 45,998 45,850 45, 390 44,124 43, 006
932
324
930
904
915
911
917 922
908
927
915
917 917
106.2 105.4 104.3 103.7 105. 2 105.1 105.0 103.3 103.8 105.3 105.8 1 0 1 . 0 1 0 0 .1
33.7
36.4
36.5
35.5
38.2
36.9
38.7
37.6
37.6 37.7
39.0 38.3 38.5
28.7 28.4 27.9 27.9 28.8 29.0 28.8 28. 5 28.9 29.2 29.3 28.1 27.3
2 1 .8
21.4 20.9 19.8 2 0 . 0 20.3 20.3 19.9 2 0 . 2 2 1 . 6 2 1 . 6 19.7 2 0 . 6
67.1 67.1 67.2 67.9 68.3 65. 5 70.2 70.3 67.6 72.2 72.8 75.1 77.3
368.6 367.9 367.0 366.5 369. 6 359.4 378.4 377.2 381.9 396. 3 402.3 375.6 399.0
Total employees__________________ 45,834 45,903
905
909
Mining ____ _ ___ _____________
Metal ____ - __________________ 107.0 106.5
37.1
Iron ____ __________________
28.8
Copper
. _ . ____________
2 2 .0
Lead and zinc ________________
67.0
Anthracite. . „ ______________
Bituminous-coal _______________ 365.0 367.7
Crude petroleum and natural gas pro267.6 268.5 269. 2 208.7 209.1 269.5 267.8 264.8 258.4 254. 6 250. 2 251.5 255.3 259.0
duction
______________
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying........ 1 0 0 . 0 99.8 104.8 107. 3 109.3 109.5 109.8 108.2 108.3 105.9 103.1 99.6 97.1 97.4 96.4
2,276 2,316 2, 524 2, 633 2, 761 2, 768 2, 8C9 2,754 2 , 6 8 6 2, 598 2, 471 2, 326 2,228 2,318 2,156
Contract construction__ __ ___ ____ _
428
371
447
460 394
554 568
508
556 540
495 544
393 454
Nonbuilding construction
_______
141.5 180.1 207.3 234.5 240.4 247.7 242. 5 232. 6 213.5 181.3 149.5 134.8 183.0 178.1
Highway and street
_________
251.3 273.6 288.1 309.6 313.1 320.5 313.8 307.7 294.2 278.6 244.0 235.8 264.1 250.3
Other nonbuilding construction....... —
1,923 2,070 2,138 2,217 2, 214 2, 241 2,198 2,146 2,090 2, Oil 1,932 1,857 1,871 1,727
Building construction
_ ________
797
763
753
945 963
945
925 892 848 807
770 848 887 944
General oontra.et.ors
___________
974
1,153 1 , 2 2 2 1,251 1,273 1, 269 1,278 1, 253 1 ,2 2 1 1,198 1,163 1,125 1,094 1,074
Special-trade eontra.et.ors __________
294.8 307.3 313.6 314.0 308.4 305.7 300.1 297.3 291.3 289. 3 284.7 282. 6 270. 6 245.8
Plumbing and heating __________
146.6 167.9 175.5 182.9 188.8 189.9 183.0 175.0 167. 6 155.9 146.7 130.2 132.5 124.4
Paintine and decorating _ _______
158.0 159.8 156.9 155. 3 153.4 154. 0 149.9 145. 6 142. 1 139.1 138.3 139.0 128.6 125.1
Electrical work ____ ___ ____
553.2 587.2 604.8 620.7 618.6 628.4 620.1 602.7 596.6 578.4 555.5 541.7 541.7 479.0
Other special-trade contractors_____
Manufacturing_____________ - - — 15,819 15, 778 15.912 15. 890 15,965 16, 039 16, 008 15,813 15,956 15, 853 15,955 16,022 15,978 14, 884 14,146
Durable, goods * _____________ 8,971 8,946 8,999 8,976 8 , 942 8,913 8.878 8 , 839 8,998 8 , 975 9,003 8,909 8,877 8,008 7,465
Nondurable goods * __ ___ __ 6,848 6,830 6 , 913 6,914 7,023 7,126 7, 130 6 ,974 6,958 6,878 6 . 952 7,053 7,101 6,876 6.681
71.2 68.5 65.7 63.4 59.0 55.1 50.8 46.5 42.3 40. 1 37.7 35.5 33.3 24.7 24.8
Ordnance and accessories.....................
1,542 1, 523
Food and kindred products_________ 1,449 1,452 1. 508 1, 547 1,644 1,721 1,698 1,615 1, 532 1,478 1,466 1,476 1.478
310.2 314.7 309.8 298.7 297.2 295.1 299. 3 296. Ï 291.2 291.6 295.3 299.4 295.6 288.6
Meat products __________ ___
144.5 146.2
135.2
139.1
132.9 136.3 139.3 144.7 150.2 156.4 158.3 157. 5 150.4 143.7
Dairy products
_ ____ _____
152. 5 202.9 207.1
133.2 147.7 170.6 293.4 356.6 332.8 252. 7 179.6 162.7 153.3 150.0 127.4
Canning and preserving __ ___
123.9
1 2 0 .6
126.4
126.1
123.1
131.6
128.7
130. 6 130.1 131.3 131.7 132.1
284.7 287.4 288.6 291.6 289.8 288.3 288.2 286.6 284. 6 286.2 287.5 285.7 285.9 281.7
Bakerv products_______ ______
32. 7
29.1
34.
5
28.8
28.6
29.6
30.
1
28.2 41.3 51.7 46.1 30.3 29.7 30. 1
Sugar
__ ___ - _________
99. 5 96.9
Confectinncry and related products__
98.7 101.7 104.5 108.3 1 0 1 .7 95.2 87.5 89.8 90.5 92.1 97.2 99.4 216.3
211.4
213.4
211.7
224.1
2
1
1
.
8
2
1
0
.
0
225.7
232.0
232.2
204.2 215.3 216.2 221.5
Beverages
_____ ___ ____
Miscellaneous food products______
128.7 132.9 136.1 140.3 137.5 136.2 135.4 139.0 134. 5 134. 5 138.1 137.6 138.5 137.6
88
94
87
85
83
81
83
96
96
91
81
89
91
93
88
Tobacco manufactures_____ ____
25. 9 26.6
26.6 28.9 26.9 26.6 26.2 26.0 26.0 25. 7 25.4 25.6 25.7 25.8 41.2
Cigarettes
_________________
5
40.9 41.7 42.3 42.0 41.1 39.9 39.0 40.6 39.4 40.8 42.0 42.3 12.3 44.
Cigars
_ _______________
13.0
12 2
1 2 .1
1 2 .1
11.9 11.7 1 2 . 0 11.7 11.7 11.9 1 2 .1
1 2 .0
Tobacco find snuff
_ _________
1 1 .8
8 .8
1 0 .1
4.9
6.7
4.4
4.8
4.4
4.4
Tobacco stemming and redrving___
9.3 1 0 .8 11.5 15.8 16 8 13.3
1.224
Textile-mill products ____________ 1,217 1,229 1,239 1,227 1,228 1,231 1, 247 1,262 1,301 1,302 1,309 1,319 1,365 1,297
174.3 162.0 149.3
Yarn and thread mills
_____
161. 5 161.3 160.3 161.3 164.0 164. 8 164. 5 168.6 171.0 171.2 172. 5 636.1
616.1 581.9
Broad-woven fabric mills
...
570.5 579.7 575.2 578.0 582.8 592.7 605.8 619.9 605. 8 599.1 596. 6
231.4
229.8 231.6 229.0 228.4 225.1 230.9 230.1 235. 5 241.4 250.1 256.1 256.2 242.8
Knitting mills __ ___________
89.7 86.4
87.9 87.9 86.4 84.7 83.3 83.2 84. C 8 8 .1 89.4 87.6 94.0 91.6
Dyeing and finishing textiles ___ 60.6
58.9
62.4
62.2
58.6
61.0
48.5
50.7
55.6
49.2
49.4
49.5
50.4
51.0
Carpet-* rugs other floor covering __
Other textile-mill products ______
128.5 128.5 127.0 126.4 127.0 126.0 126.9 133.1 135.8 140.3 137.8 141.7 125.7 116.0
Apparel and other finished textile
20
1,118 1,168 1,229 1,237 1,159 1,136
products
________________ 1,168 1,144 1,152 1 , 1 2 8 1,138 1,156 1,167 .1 , 1 1 0 1 , 1149.5
148. £ 152.0 155.3 155.4 148.3 141.5
138.2 134.8 131.0 144.2 151.5 152.8 142. £
Men's and hovs’ suits and coats __
Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work
263.2 257.8
249. f 255.3 251.6 256.2 257.0 256.2 251.2 263.4 271.6 280.2 281.9 277.7 320.3
clothing
- ______________
328.6
7
332.9 329.2 314.1 305.5 320. 2 329.8 305.9 289. 5 283.4 301.5 339.8 352.
Women’s outerwear _ ______ __
105.4 98.9
107.4
107.8
105.7
Women’s children’s undergarments _
98.3 100.4 100.3 99.7 97.7 97.5 94.6 97. C 99.;
19.7 16.8 17. 1 2 0 . 0 25.4 26.3 2 2 . 0 22.3
23. C 2 0 . 8 19.1 2 1 . 1 21.5 2 1 . 6
Millinorv
63.4
66.5
64.
63.7 64.7 63.6 62.8 65.; 65. ( 64.9 61.8 65.4 6 8 . 1 70.0
Children’s outerwear _____ ____-94.4 89. 6 8 8 . 2
90.7 99.7 101.5 1 0 2 . 2 1 0 2 . 2 101.4 92.1 98.1 94.4 94.9 95.9 152.
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
135.
8
143.
5
9
154.3
141.2
148.1
146. : 147. £ 145. 145.2 143. ( 142.5 138.6 140.3
Other fabricated textile products.-__
Lumber and wood products (except
785 800 792 736
838 828 815
808 818 813
furniture)
_______ ______ 716 722 762 783 803
67. £ 61.4
69.
70. a 56.
74. £ 78.: 79.8 76.8 77.; 80.7 78.
57.
70.
Logging camps and contractors____
Sawmills and planing mills---------- ___ 421. 444. 460. 471. 475. 481.8 477. 488. 482. 473. 457.1 459. 461. 431.7
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
1 1 0 .5
106. 108. 1 1 0 . 115. 115. e 118. 115. 1 2 2 . 1 2 2 . > 123. 123. 1 2 2 . 124.
structural weed products _ ____
77.
73.3
83.
82. )j 82. i 83.
77.1 78. i 80.3! 82.
76.
77. £ 76.' 77.
Wooden containers
________
59 C
63. il 64. Si 65. )l 64. }! 60.
62.9; 62.1! 63.
61.1 60.
59.
60.
60.
Miscellaneous wood products---------S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .
993590— 52
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-6
450
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T a bl e A -2 :
M
O N T H L Y
L A B O R
Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1—Con.
[In thousands]
1952
Annual
average
1951
Industry group and industry
Feb.
Jan.
Dec. Nov.
Oct.
Sept. Aug.
July
June May Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1950
1949
Manufacturing—Continued
Furniture and fixtures............. _......... . 341
341
342
342 337
334 333
331
334
349 366 374
373
315
Household furniture_____ ___ ____
235.1 235.1 235.1 229.8 225. ( 223.9 223.7 226. 240.5 256. 265.0 265.1 357
255.5 2 2 0 . 0
Other furniture and fixtures_______
106. ( 107. 106.8 107.3 108.5 108.8 106.9 108.1 108.6 109. 109.1 107.« 101.5 94.6
Paper and allied products..................... 479 480
494
484 486 488 490
493
500
497
500
498
496 472 447
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
245. < 245. 246.1 246.: 247.7 248.1 247.1 248.; 246.0 245. £ 242.2 242. 235.8 226.9
Paperboard containers and boxes____
126.1 129.2 130.5 131.4 131.1 132.5 133. ( 136. 137. ( 139. 139.3 139.4 128.5 117.1
Other paper and allied products.........
108. ] 109. 109.4 110.4 1 1 1 .2 113.0 113.1 114.7 114.0 115. 116.0 114.7 107.7 103.1
Printing, publishing, and allied industries 767
768 773
759 758
773
769 764
762
759
757
760
758
727
Newspapers__________________
300. 303. 302.5 300.7 299.6 298.5 299.: 299.7 299.7 297.: 297.1 296.7 743
293.3 282.5
Periodicals___________________
54.! 55.
55.4 54.
53.8 53.5 52.2 52. ■ 52.6 52.8 52.8 52.8 52.
53.4
Books________________ ____
51.
51.4 51.2 50.
51. ( 50.3 49.0 49.1 48.! 49.: 49.3 48.8
44.6
Commercial printing____________
207.1 206. 207.1 206.: 203.7 2 0 2 . 2 204.2 206.: 204.8 204.8 206.9 206.2 2 46.7
197.1
0 0 .8
Lithographing___ ______________
40. F 41.2 41.9 42.1 41.5 40.9 40. ‘ 41.: 41.1 41.
41.1 40.9 40.7 41.1
Other printing and publishing______
113.5 114.4 115.2 114. 114.1 113.9 112.9 113. 1 1 2 .1 1 1 2 .2 1 1 2 .8 1 1 2 .8 108.9
108.0
Chemicals and allied products............ 761
757
759
762 763 764 753
744
742
742 749
748
738
664
686
Industrial inorganic chemicals______
83.2 84.: 84. ( 83.7 84. ( 84.1 84. ( 82.
81. ‘ 81.
80.1 79.4
68 4
Industrial organic chemicals____
229.2 231. 233. ( 23U 234.5 233.5 230.9 229. C 225.6 224.2 221.7 216.9 710 51 192 1
Drugs and medicines_________ IIII
108. ; 108.7 108.3 107. S 108.1 108.3 107.3 106. C 105.5 105.3 104.8 103.7 2 095
92
3
8
Paints, pigments, and fillers______
74. l. 74.1 74.4 75.1 75.9 76.9 76.9 76.
76.5 76.3 76.0 75.5 71.4 67 3
Fertilizers____________________
35. ( 32.4 31.8 32.7 32.7 30.6 29.9 31. ‘ 36. ‘ 40. : 42.4 39.9 34.0
34 3
Vegetable and animal oils and fats___
59.3 61.7 63.3 64.5 59. ( 49.9 47.5 47.9 49.1 51.7 53.4 55.1 54. 5 56 1
Other chemicals and allied products__
167.4 166.7 167.6 168.2 168.6 169.4 167.9 168. 167.7 170.6 169.3 167.5 158.3
153.0
Products of petroleum and coal______ 266
266
269 269
267
269 267
266
263
260 258
257
256
245
45
Petroleum refining__,___________
216. 4 218.5 217.0 215.4 213.9 214.0 213.7 2 1 0 . ‘ 207.7 205.7 204.7 204.1 194 6 198.7
Coke and byproducts____________
2 2 .(
2 2 .1
2 2 .2
2 2 .1
2 2 .2
22.(
21.3 2 2 .1
2 1 .6
21.5 21.4 21.3
19 5
0 8
Other petroleum and coal produets__
27.2 28.5 30.4 31.1 30.7 30.4 30.5 30.9 30.4 30.7 30.5 30.1 229l
5 27.1
Rubber products............... ................ . 272 275
275
273
269 272 272
271
273
272
270
271
273
234
Tires and inner tubes.......... ..........
121.5 121.5 120.4 115. ( 117. 7 116.5 115.0 114.7 1 1 2 .8 111.7 112.5 114.6 252
10 9
106 0
Rubber footwear_______ _______
31.(1 31.1 31.2 31.1 30.9 30.9 30.4 31.2 30.8 30.5 30.6 30.8 1 25
26 4
6
Other rubber products.............. ........
1 2 2 .1
121.9 1 2 1 . 8 122.9 123.6 124.5 125.7 127.7 128.3 128.4 128.3 128.0 114.'9 100.5
Leather and leather products..... ........... 381
370
374 382 369 392 410
363 356 359 365 382
388
394
Leather______________________
44.1 43.5 43.3 42.6 42.2 44.8 46.0 47. S 47.6 49.1 50.6 413
51.8 50 5 49 7
Footwear (except rubber)_________
236.5 228.4 220.7 224.0 230.4 244.0 237.0 244.6 232.7 247.4 259.6 261.7 252
0
3
Other leather products....... ............
89.2 90.6 92.3 92.5 92.7 92.8 90.7 90.5 88.9 95.9 99.3 99.2 91Ü 251
87.2
Stone, clay, and glass products.... ......... 530
533
545
564
552
559
561
557
562
560 559
554
547
512
484
Glass and glass products....................
138.3 141.8 143.2 146.7 147.9 148.5 141.8 147.2 148.3 148.8 146.9 143.9 133
2 2 .6
Cement, hydraulic______________
43.0 43.0 43.2 43.3 43.6 44.0 43.8 43.4 42.7 42.4 42.3 41.9 42 15 141
Structural clay products......... ........
87.6 91.8 93.0 93.2 93.4 93.4 93.2 92.9 91.1 89.7 88.5 87.5 82U 79 88
Pottery and related products____
54.5 55.4 56.2 56.8 57.2 57.7 57.4 59.2 60.4 61.0 61.1 60.9 57 Q 57 5
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
97.5 100. 5 1 0 2 .1 103.1 103.0 103.8 104.1 102. 5 1 0 1 .0 100.5 99.3 97.4 92^2 84 6
Other stone, clay, and glass products...
1 1 1 .6
1 1 2 .6
113.8 115.4 116.2 116.1 116.7 116.7 116.4 116.1 116.0 115.6 10315 97l 1
Primary metal industries__________ 1,351 1,352 1,355 1,339 1,349 1,351 1,352 1,341 1,357 1,347 1,344 1,341 1,331 1 , 2 2 0 1 ,1 0 1
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling’
mills________________ ___ __
655. 6 658.6 643.6 655.6 659.0 659.8 656.5 655.0 648.7 644.8 643.4 640.1
1 550 4
Iron and steel foundries_________’
278.9 281.2 281.9 280.4 280.6 280.7 277.9 285.3 284.1 282.6 279.9 274.8 614
231.8 217.0
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals________________
56.3 56.3 56.2 56.3 55.9 56.8 55.5 56.8 55.4 56.4 56.6 56.8 54.6 52.3
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals________________
98.8 96.8 98.6 98.5 96.3 97.8 98.0 1 0 1 . 2 1 0 0 .0 103.1 104.0 104.3 96 9 87 0
Nonferrous foundries___________II
111.4 110.7 108.7 108.3 109.0 108.4 106.8 109.9 1 1 1 .1 110.9 110.7 110.7 93 0 75 8
Other primary metal industries_____
151.3 151.1 149.8 149.7 149.8 148.3 146.6 148.8 147.5 146.5 146.0 144.4
129.' 8 118.4
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transporta
tion equipment)______________ 993
988
989 984
988 989 996
991 1,019 1,026 1,033 1,031 1 , 0 2 2
859
Tin cans and other tinware____ ___
44.4 45.9 45.9 48.9 51.0 50.9 49.4 49.7 49.0 49.4 48.9 48.2 933
48 4 46.8
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware___
150. 5 149.6 150.5 152.7 154.3 158.0 156.6 161.6 163.4 165.0 167.1 168.3
156.9
142.3
Heating apparatus (except electrie) and
plumbers’ supplies........ ..... ........
143.3 147.3 148.7 148.6 149.2 151.0 152.2 157.9 159.1 161.6 162.7 160.4 150 6 132 0
Fabricated structural metal products. I
240.4 239.7 235. 6 234.2 232.3 233.0 227.9 227.3 229.8 228.1
222.7 201 4 198 5
Metal stamping, coating, andengraving.
174.9 171.9 169.1 170.1 168.4 169.0 174.7 185.7 188.2 192.6 225.9
192.3 190.8 169 8 147.9
Other fabricated metal products____
234.9 234.9 234.3 233.2 233.6 234.0 229.7 236.6 236.0 236.4 234.5 232.0
206.1 192.4
Machinery (except electrical).......
1,654 1,645 1,640 1,625 1, 611 1,585 1,573 1,597 1,611 1,598 1,592 1,579 1,557 1,352 1,311
Engines and turbines____________
98.9 98.7 97.9 95.1 93.5 94.6 91.8 92.1 90.2 8 8 . 8 85.7
72 6 72 6
Agricultural machinery and tractors_
189.0 187.4 186.3 187.8 170.0 169.7 194.7 195.8 193.1 193.1 192.1 83.8 172.4
181.3
Construction and mining machinery_
130.0 128.3 126.2 124.8 124.1 1 2 2 . 1 1 2 1 .1 120.7 118.2 117.0 117.0 189.7
115.5
100.
7 101.3
Metalworking machinery_________
310.4 309.2 303.5 294.3 293.1 286.1 293.5 294.3 289.6 287.0 282.6 277.2 220.2
208.7
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)___ ____
191.2 193.6 196.6 196.7 196.4 197.3 196.8 197.9 197.7 197.1 194.8
171.8
General industrial machinery______
240.2 239. 8 238.6 236.9 235.3 233.0 230.1 228.7 227.6 226.8 224.1 192.8 167.6
188.5 186. 4
Office and store machines and devices..
107.2 107.9 108.0 107.2 106.3 105.3 102.5 105.0 104.4 103.3 102.3 219.0
101.4 90.9 90.6
Service-industry and household ma
chines..______________ ___
167.2 164.7 159.4 161.0 162.0 162.7 164.5 173.2 176.9 179.7 184.1
176.2 145.4
Miscellaneous machinery partis_____
210.9 210. 2 208.8 207.4 204.4 202.4 201.9 203.0 200.3 199.2 195.9 184.8
193.0 162.7 153.2
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REVIEW , APRIL 1952
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
451
T able A-2: Employees in Nonagr¡cultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group1—Con.
[In thousands]
1952
Annual
average
1951
Industry group and industry
Manufacturing—Continued
Electrical machinery...____ _________
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa
ratus______________________ ____
Electrical equipment for vehicles.........
Communication equipment..............
Electrical appliances, lamps, and mis
cellaneous products......... ....................
Transportation equipment-___ _______
Automobiles........ ......... ........................
Aircraft and parts...................................
Aircraft____________ _____ ______
Aircraft engines and parts................
Aircraft propellers and parts______
Other aircraft parts and equipment..
Ship and boat building and repairing..
Ship building and repairing *______
Boat building and repairing...........
Railroad equipment-.................... .......
Other transportation equipment_____
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1950
1949
966
961
963
955
944
942
927
914
932
930
941
944
931
836
759
377.6
81.9
360.9
375.0
82.7
361.4
370.8
82.7
357.3
369.1
82.3
346.0
376.3
82.5
334.2
374.1
81.2
323.2
372.9
80.6
313.6
376.3
81.5
324.6
369.9
81.7
327.5
365.0
80.8
343.6
359.0
79.4
353.4
352.8
78.7
347.3
317.3
70.1
309.2
295.2
64.5
271.1
,568
—
Instruments and related products..........
Ophthalmic goods......... .................... .
Photographic apparatus......................
Watches and clocks............ ................
Professional and scientific instruments.
317
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware..
Toys and sporting goods.....................
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions___
Other miscellaneous manufacturing
industries...........................................
464
Transportation and public utilities......... .
Transportation__________ _______
Interstate railroads............................
Class I railroads________ ______
Local railways and bus lines..............
Trucking and warehousing................
Other transportation and services___
Air transportation (common carrier).
Communication............... ............. .....
Telephone................... ....................
Telegraph........................................
Other public utilities...........................
Gas and electric utilities__________
Electric light and power utilities......
Gas utilities................... ........ ......
Electric light and gas utilities com
bined.........................................
Local utilities...................................
Trade..............................................
Wholesale trade....................................
Retail trade........................................
General merchandise stores.... ........
Food and liquor stores___________
Automotive and accessories dealers.
Apparel and accessories stores.........
Other retail trade...............................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
141.0 143.8 144.4 146.9 148.7 148.6 146.4 150.0 150.9 151.9 152.3 152.6 139.8 128.3
1,564 1,559 1,551 1,511 1,514 1,497 1,490 1,525 1,513 1, 520 1, 527 1,493 1,273 1,212
779.3 789.7 794.5 807.1 816.7 812.4 819.1 875. 6 891.4 913.9 935.6 925.8 839.4 769.0
565. 5 554.4 539. C 496.2 493.4 486.3 471.3 451.7 428.5 415.9 400.0 382.7 275.4 255.6
378.3 372.7 364.0 339.8 330.8 330.6 319.7 304.9 289.1 281.7 271.4 258.2 184.2 169.7
115.4 111.9 106.5 90.3
99.8
95.4
92.9
89.6
84.5
81.1
77.2
74.6
54.5
51.8
11.8
12.7
12.4
12.1
11.5
10.5
10.4
10.5
10.5
10.2
9.5
9.4
8.1
7.9
59.1
54.3
57.4
56.4
51.3
49.8
48.3
46.7
44.4
42.9
41.9
40.5
28.7
26.2
131.5 125.6 127.0 118.9 117.2 114.4 115.4 112.4 109.1 108.6 109.5 108.9
84.4 100.3
117.4 111.7 113.6 106.2 104.3 101.2 101.1
97.7
94.3
93.8
95.0
94.4
71.4
88.2
14.1
13.9
12.7
12.9
13.4
13.2
14.3
14.7
14.8
14.8
14.5
14.5
13.0
12.1
76.4
77.4
77.8
75.1
72.4
72.9
78.3
74.4
73.2
70.1
68.6
62.2
62.2
76.1
11.5
11.4
11.2
11.8
11.1
11.7
10.8
10.8
11.2
11.9
13.2
13.2
11.4
10.9
316
315
310
313
307
302
298
299
297
295
290
286
250
238
27.4
27.7
28.0
27.2
27.3
27.7
27.5
27.8
27.9
28.0
27.8
27.5
25.4
26.8
62.3
62.6
63.7
63.3
62.3
59.3
60.6
59.1
62.7
58.6
57.8
57.0
51.3
52.6
35.7
34.2
35.7
35.0
33.9
35.5
33.2
34.1
34.0
34.5
34.2
34.0
30.1
31.4
188.4 187.7 186.9 185.6 183.2 178.3 178.4 176.5 175.5 173.4 170.0 167.4 143.4 127.1
455
463
469
471
467
465
460
479
487
500
508
504
459
426
47.6
45.5
46.5
48.1
48.5
47.2
48.5
50.5
54.9
52.8
56.8
58.2
54.8
55.4
72.1
63.8
66.0
72.2
73.2
75.1
70.5
70.8
77.2
78.9
78.0
76.1
73.3
68.7
52.1
53.4
51.9
53.4
52.8
52.3
53.7
54.3
56.1
60.8
64.5
65.1
58.2
57.7
293.4 297.7 297.9 297.8 294.9 290.3 288.4 298.9 300.4 305.6 308.6 304.5 272.3 243.8
4. 105 4, 109 4,151 4,165 4,166 4, 178 4,190 4,176 4,161 4,137 4,132 4,112 4, 082 4,010 3,979
852 2,858 2,897 2,912 2,915 2,925 2,929 2,918 2,921 2,911 2,909 2,893 2,866 2,801 2,756
1,397 1,416 1,428 1,440 1, 457 1,468 1,468 1,468 1,463 1,463 1,451 1,429 1,390 1,367
1,222 1, 243 1,258 1.271 1, 287 1,297 1,296 1,296 1,290 1,287 1,274 1,253 1,220 1,191
141
141
141
141
141
142
141
143
144
144
144
144
148
158
639
650
649
641
631
621
614
619
620
624
626
624
584
548
681
690
694
693
696
698
695
691
684
678
672
669
679
684
86.1
84.1
85.6
84.7
83.7
83. 7 81.5
81.4
79.4
78.5
76.9
76.1
74.4
76. 7
705
701
702
701
697
696
700
698
687
680
678
675
671
663
686
653.0 654.2 652.8 648.5 647.8 651.5 648.2 637.3 630.4 629.0 625.9 622.6 614.8 632.2
47.2
47.4
47.3
46.8
47.5
47.7
48.5
48.3
48.8
48.4
47.8
47.9
47.2
52.5
548
550
552
552
554
557
561
560
553
546
545
544
545
546
537
525.4 527.2 527.6 528.7 531.7 534.7 533.7 527.2 521.0 519.8 519.1 519.9 520.6 512.0
233.9 234.3 234.9 236.2 236.2 237.1 237.5 234.9 232.4 231.9 231.5 232.3 234.0 233.5
—
117.6 118.6 118.6 118.4 118.8 120.3 119.8 118.3 116.1 115.6 115.6 115.8 114.9
173.9
24.6
174.3
24.6
174.1
24.5
174.1
25.0
176.7
25.4
177.3
26.2
176.4
25.9
174.0
25.5
172. 5
24.9
9,653 9, 706 10, 646 10,109 9, 893 9, 781 9, 641 9,667 9, 732 9,683
636 2,627 2,658 2,657 2,622 2,594 2,596 2, 594 2,581 2,568
017 7,079 7,988 7,452 7, 271 7,187 7,045 7,073 7,151 7,115
4^2 1,474 2,089 1,701 1,550 1, 487 1,399 1,407 1,458 1,475
268 1,266 1,312 1.295 1,281 1, 274 1,260 1,268 1,270 1,271
747
751
768
759
748
754
757
756
750
742
511
533
652
580
561
544
500
512
548
550
049 3,055 3,167 3,117 3,131 3,128 3,129 3,130 3,125 3,077
172.3
25.4
172.0
24.6
171.8
24.7
171 fi
25.2
24.6
9, 627 9,713 9, 554 9, 524 9, 438
2, 579 2,590 2, 593 2,544 2,522
7,048 7,123 6,961 6,980 6,916
1,453 1,512 1,431 1,493 1,480
1,264 1,264 1,257 1,209 1,198
739
736
735
728
676
542
574
515
536
554
3,050 3,037 3,023 3,014 3,008
452
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
M
O N T H L Y
L A B O R
T able A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1—Con.
[In thousands]
1952
Annual
average
1951
Industry group and industry
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1950
1949
1,812
427
59.6
646
680
1, 763
416
55. 5
619
672
Finance________ ______________
Banks and trust companies______ _____
Security dealers and exchanges________
Insurance carriers and agents- ....... ........
Other finance agencies and real estate___
1,919
1,906
472
63.8
681
689
1,911
472
64.1
689
686
1.907
470
64.1
689
684
1,898
467
63.7
682
685
1,898
466
63.4
684
685
1,914
471
64.3
690
689
1,908
471
64.3
682
691
1, 893
460
63.8
671
698
1, 874
452
63.8
663
695
1,865
451
63.9
662
688
1,854
449
63.9
662
679
1, 839
446
63.4
657
673
Service___ _____ ______________ _____
Hotels and lodging places.-. _________
Laundries__ ..
________________
Cleaning and dyeing plants___ _____
Motion pictures____ _______________
4, 687
4, 672
424
356.4
154. 5
241
4, 702
426
355.8
154.8
241
4, 734
430
356.6
157.4
242
4, 770
437
360.0
159.3
244
4, 831
473
362.1
157.4
247
4, 839
507
364. 5
153. 3
245
4,852
510
368.9
157. 6
245
4, 835
478
364.8
161. 3
248
4, 789
452
359 5
158. 7
249
4,745
445
354.4
153. 0
249
4,682
435
351 3
150.4
243
4,657 4, 761 4, 782
464
432
456
350.9 353. 5 352. 2
145. 1 147. 5 146. 9
237
241
240
Government____________________
6,490 6, 509 6, 831 6,497 6, 532 6, 544 6, 401 6,356 6,877 6,377 6,292 6,217 6,122 5,910 5,811
Federal3____ ___ ______________
2, 344 2, 331 2,677 2, 325 2,322 2,336 2,330 2,313 2,271 2,244 2,201 2,146 2,085 1,910 1,900
State and local9__ ________ _________ 4,146 4,178 4,154 4,172 4, 210 4, 208 4,071 4,043 4,106 4,133 4,091 4,071 4,037 4,000 3,911
1 The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ series of employment in nonagricultural
establishments are based upon reports submitted by cooperating establish
ments and therefore, differ from employment information obtained by
household interviews, such as the Monthly Report on the Labor Force
(table A -l), in several important respects. The Bureau of Labor Statistics’
data cover all full- and part-time employees in private nonagricultural estab
lishments who worked during, or received pay for, the pay period ending
nearest the 15th of the month; in Federal establishments during the pay
period ending just before the first of the month; and in State and local govern
ment during the pay period ending on or just before the last of the month,
while the Monthly Report on the Labor Force data relate to the calendar
week which contains the 8th day of the month. Proprietors, self-employed
persons, domestic servants, and personnel of the Armed Forces are excluded
from the BLS but not the MRLF series. These employment series have
been adjusted to bench-mark levels indicated by social insurance agency
data through 1947. Revised data in all except the first four columns will be
identified by asterisks the first month they are published.
2 Includes: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood products (except
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass products; primary
metal industries; fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery,
and transportation equipment); machinery (except electrical); electrical
machinery; transportation equipment; instruments and related products;
and miscelianeous manufacturing industries.
3 Includes: food and kindred products; tobacco manufactures; textile-mill
products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper and allied prod
ucts; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and allied prod
ucts; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; and leather and
leather products.
4 Lata by region, from January 1940, are available upon request to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
3
Fourth class postmasters (who are considered to be nominal employees)
are excluded here but are included in table A-5.
3
Excludes as nominal employees paid volunteer firemen, employees hired
to conduct elections, and elected officials of small local governments.
All series may be obtained upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Requests should specify which industry series are desired.
REVIEW , APRIL 1952
T able
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
453
A-3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1
[In th o u sa n d s]
1952
Annual
average
1951
Industry group and industry
Feb.
Mining:
Metal________________________
Iron___________ ____________
Copper_____________ ___ ____
Lead and zinc_________________
Anthracite_____________________
Bituminous-coal________________
Crude petroleum and natural gas pro
duction:
Petroleum and natural gas production
(except contract services)______
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying___
Manufacturing......... .............................
Durable goods 5 ____________
Nondurable goods *__________
Ordnance and accessories__________
Food and kindred products_________
Meat products________________
Dairy products._______________
Canning and preserving____ ___ __
Grain-mill products____________
Bakery products_______________
Sugar----------------------------------Confectionery and related products__
Beverages____________________
Miscellaneous food products_______
Tobacco manufactures...... ................. .
Cigarettes............................ ..... ......
Cigars................................... .........
Tobacco and snuff......................... .
Tobacco stemming and redrying........
Textile-mill products................ ..........
Yarn and thread mills.......................
Broad-woven fabric mills...................
Knitting mills_________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles.............
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings___
Other textile-mill products............. .
Apparel and other finished textile prod
ucts................................... .........
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats..........
Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing..................................... .
Women’s outerwear...........................
Women’s, children’s undergarments_
Millinery....... ........................... .....
Children’s outerwear______ ______
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
Other fabricated textile products........
Lumber and wood products (except fur
niture)______ _________ ____
Logging camps and contractors........ .
Sawmills and planing mills________
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products................
Wooden containers............................
Miscellaneous wood products.............
Furniture and fixtures............. ............
Household furniture. . ...... ................
Other furniture and fixtures.... ...........
S e e f o o t n o t e a t e n d o f t a b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
—
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
93.9
33.2
25.0
19.3
93.5
33.7
25.0
19.0
92.9
33.8
.24.8
18.7
91.8
34.2
24.3
18.2
63.0
63.1
63.1
63.2
63.8
64.2
61.6
66.0
343.6
344.7
344.7
343.0
341.9
345.2
334.6
353.4
126.4
86.5
127.2
91.6
127.8
93.9
127.7
95.5
129.4
96. 1
132. 9
96.5
131.9
94.6
129.9
94.8
126.0
93.0
91.0
34.7
24 2
17.1
92.6
35.0
25. (
17.3
92.5
34.1
25. f
17.6
92.6
34.6
25.1
17.6
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1950
1949
91.3
33.8
24. i
17.4
91.7
33.1
25.3
17.6
66.1
63.6
67.9
68.4
70.6
72.8
353. 1 357. 4
372.2
377.0
351.0
373.4
124.0
86.8
123.2
84.7
125.7
85.2
127.1
83.7
124.9
90.2
93.2
32.6
25.6
19.0
93.6
32.7
25.7
19.0
89.4
31.9
24.8
17.2
89.0
80.4
24.3
18.1
12,803 12,775 12,911 12,904 12, 997 13,087 13, 069 12, 885 13,064 12,993 13, 108 IS, 189 13,186 12,264 11, 597
7.269 7, 325 7,314 7, 296 7,279 7. 201 7, 226 7,409 7,406 7, 445 7,428 7,371 6,622 6,096
5,606 5, 586 5, 590 5,701 5,808 5, 808 5,659 5,655 5, 587 5,663 5,761 5, 815 5, 642 5, .501
55.1
51.7
46.9
53.5
50.1
43.6
41.3
38.0
33.9
32.2
28.7
30.3
27.0
19.8
20.2
1,064 1,068 1,123 1,160 1,254. 1,330 1.307 1,225 1,146 1.099 1,085 1.096 1,099 1,168 1,172
—
245.7 251.4 216. 3 236.3 234.5 23.3.1 235. 5 233.2 229.2 229.2 233.3 237.7 235.9 231.3
96.1
93.0
98.5 102.8 108. 1 114.2 116.2 115.6 109 5 103.1
99.0
95.2 104.4 107.9
—
108.1 122.7 145.2 238.1 329. 5 304. 5 226.1 153. 9 136.9 128.0 124.6 127.2 176.9 180.8
97.2
97.9
96.9
99. 2 98. 7 96. 9 91. 1 93.8
97.2
98.5
95.2
95.4
94,2
95.3
187.3 190.6 192 2 195.1 193.0 192.3 192 2 192.0 189.5 189.7 190.0 188.3 191.5 191.2
36.2
23.6
40. 2 25.3
24.7
45.6
24.9
24.4
24.8
23. 5 23.8
24.3
29.9
28.5
-------------89.2
84.6
83.8
78.2
87.5
84.7
71.2
80.3
73. 1 73.6
75.3
82 6 83.1
83.0
_________
136.2 146.4 146.8 150.0 155.5 IPO. 5 160.9 155.1 145.3 143.4 146.6 145.4 149.1 150.6
97.8 101.1 104.8 101.2
93.8
99.9
99. 4 101.7
99.1
99.2 102.8 102.4 102.6 103.8
7, 286
5, 517
80
1,120
—
1,049
82
24.1
38.7
10.3
8.4
293
85
24.4
40.1
10.3
10.5
89
24.0
39.8
10. 2
14.8
89
23 7
38.8
10.3
15.9
84
23.6
37.7
10.2
12.2
75
23.7
36.9
10.2
3.7
76
23.3
38.4
10.3
3.6
74
22.9
37.2
10.4
3.6
76
23.1
38.6
10.5
4.0
78
23.3
39.9
10.7
4.2
80
23.3
40.1
10.5
5.9
81
23.3
39.1
10.8
7.8
87
24.1
42.4
11.5
9.0
1,133 1, l i 2 1,132 1,133 l, 136 1,152 1,167 1,205 1,206 1,214 1,223 1,269 1,206 1,136
150.2 150.3 149.4 150.5 153.2 154.0 153.6 157.8 160.1 160.2 161.8 163.6 151.8 140.3
540. 3 547.3 544.2 546. 2 551.4 561.2 573.7 587.7 574.3 567.3 564.4 604.3 585.6 551.4
209. 1 211.4 209.1 208.5 205.3 211.5 210.3 215.7 221.6 230.3 236.4 235.9 223. 6 213.4
78.1
78.2
74.9
73.4
73.4
76.5
74.3
78.1
79.2
77.6
83.9
84.4
80.1
76.9
43.2
41.6
40.6
41.2
42.6
43.1
47.7
41.6
50.7
53.2
54.3
54.6
53.3
51.2
112.3 112.3 111.3 110.8 111.6 110. 5 111.8 117.9 120.4 125.0 122.6 126.5 111.9 102.8
1,026 1,033 1,008 1,019 1,037 1.047
124.6 120.9 117.1 130.6 138.0 139.2
230.4
298.6
88.2
651
84
24.3
39.6
10.2
9.9
990 1,000
129.3 135.4
998 1,047 1,106 1,115 1,042 1,022
135.0 138.2 141.0 141.1 134.3 128.1
59.4
79.9
123.8
20.6
237.0
294.3
90.3
18.4
58.1
88.5
125.8
232.7
278.6
90.3
16.7
59.2
90.3
123.3
237.5
270.1
89.8
18.7
58.1
91.0
123.3
238.8 238.0
284.4 294.5
87.6
87.0
19 1 19.0
57.1
59.7
90.9
89.5
120.7 119.7
233.1
271.0
84.2
17.1
59.4
80.1
116.0
245.2
255. 4
86.6
14.3
59.2
85.8
117.6
252.9 261.1
249.1 267.4
88.9
94.9
14.6
17.5
56. 3, 59.5
82.7
83.1
118.6 125.4
262.7
305.1
97.2
22.8
62.1
84.2
131.3
258.8
317.4
97.0
23.7
64.2
82.6
130.4
245.3
286.8
95.2
19.4
60.7
78.4
121.7
239. 8
294.3
89.4
19.5
58.0
76.5
115.8
657
53.4
388.5
695
65.7
410.7
719
70.7
428.0
740
74.2
439.3
745
75.5
442.7
754
72.9
449.0
748
73.3
443.2
773
76.7
455.9
764
74.2
449.2
752
66. 5
442.5
722
52.1
426.0
736
65.4
427.8
730
63.5
431.1
676
57.6
401.3
90.8
70.9
53. 5
93.1
72.2
53.7
95.3
70.9
54. 0
100.0
71.1
54. 9
100.4
71.2
54 8
103.0
72.3
56 7
100.7
74.4
55 9
107. 3
76.6
5fi H
107.2
76.2
r-i? 2
107.7
76.3
107.4
77.4
107.1
77.3
108.5
72.2
95.7
67.9
293
206.8
86.3
294
206. 2
87.4
294
206.4
87.3
289
201.2
87.9
285
196.0
89.3
285
195.2
89.4
284
195.9
87.8
286
197.3
89.0
301
211.4
89 7
317
324
326
226.8 236.1 235.4
90. 5 ! 90. 0l 88.5
311
227.9
82.6
272
194.8
77.6
454
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able
M
O N T H L Y
L A B O R
A-3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Industry group and industry
1952
_____
Feb.
Manufacturing—Con tinued
Paper and allied products..................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.
Paperboard containers and boxes..
Other paper and allied products....
Annual
average
1951
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1950
1949
403
404
210.8
105.1
87.7
409
212.2
108.3
88.7
411
211.9
109.9
89.0
413
212.3
110.7
90.2
416
214.3
110.9
91.0
419
214.6
112.1
92.3
418
213.5
112.4
92.5
426
214.9
116.4
94.3
424
213.0
117.0
94.3
427
212.4
118.7
95.4
424
209.1
119.0
95.6
423
209.3
119.1
94.5
404
205.1
109.8
88.8
382
197.6
99.6
85.2
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.
Newspapers............... ...... .......................
Periodicals............ .......................... ........
Books____________________________
Commercial printing..............................
Lithographing_____________________
Other printing and publishing_______
511
514
151.3
35.0
36.8
170.2
31.3
89.2
519
155.0
35.3
36.5
170.0
32.1
90.4
519
153.7
35.1
36.5
169.6
32.6
91.0
517
152.8
35.5
36.7
168.9
32.9
90.5
515
152. 5
35.4
37.0
167.4
32.4
89.9
509
150.5
35.2
36.4
165.8
31.8
89.6
507
151.0
34.0
35.3
166.8
31.4
88.5
512
152.2
33.7
35.9
168.8
31.9
89.4
510
151.9
34.6
35.7
167.8
32.1
87.7
510
150.6
35.4
36.0
167.9
32.2
87.5
512
150.0
35.6
36.3
169.7
32.2
87.7
510
149.6
35.2
36.1
169.5
31.8
88.0
503
148.6
34.7
35.7
166.6
31.7
85.8
495
141.2
36.0
3a 4
164.4
31.9
85.3
Chemicals and allied products______
Industrial inorganic chemicals_____
Industrial organic chemicals.............
Drugs and medicines.........................
Paints, pigments, and fillers______
Fertilizers_________ _____ ______
Vegetables and animal oil and fats..
Other chemicals and allied products.
539
536
60.6
169.6
70.1
47.9
27.9
46.4
113.0
538
61.7
171.1
70.8
47.9
25.4
48.6
112.5
542
61.7
172.9
70.4
47.9
24.8
50.5
113.5
544
61.2
172.1
69.9
48.1
25.8
52.0
114.4
543
61.4
174.9
70.0
48.6
25.8
47.6
114.6
531
61.1
173.8
70.2
49.7
23.8
37.9
114.5
526
61.0
172.3
70.3
50.2
22.9
35.6
114.0
528
60.4
171.5
70.1
50.0
24.7
36.3
115.2
531
59.4
169.5
70.1
49.8
29.6
37.6
115.1
538
59.2
168.4
69.7
49.8
33.4
40.3
117.0
539
58.6
166.7
69.3
49.6
35.6
42.1
116.8
532
58.1
163.3
68.6
49.5
33.2
43.9
115.4
496
52.9
151.8
62.7
46.8
27.8
43.8
110.3
485
52.3
145.8
60.8
43.3
28.6
46.1
108.4
193
152.6
18.7
21.2
196
154.5
18.9
22.4
197
154.1
18.2
24.2
197
153.6
19.0
24.8
197
153.6
19.2
24.4
198
154.0
19.4
24.2
198
154.3
19.3
24.3
198
153.8
19.1
24.8
194
150.8
18.7
24.4
194
150.2
18.6
24.8
192
149.0
18.5
24.5
191
148.2
18.4
24.3
185
142.8
18.1
23.9
188
148.8
16.9
22.0
216
219
95.7
25.4
97.7
219
95.6
25.5
97.9
219
94.8
25.6
98.2
215
89.8
25.5
99.4
218
92.4
25.3
100. 2
218
91.5
25.2
101.2
217
90.0
24.8
102.2
220
89.9
25.7
104.7
220
88.3
25.4
106.0
219
87.4
24.8
106.3
220
88.3
25.0
106.3
222
90.6
25.3
106.3
203
87.8
20.6
94.3
186
83.6
21.6
80.9
Leather and leather products__________ 342
Leather________ _________________ _____
Footwear (except rubber)___________ _____
Other leather products___________________
331
39.7
213.8
77.4
323
39.0
205.8
78.6
317
38.7
197.7
80.3
320
38.1
201.4
80.8
327
37.6
208.0
81. 2
343
40.0
221.3
81.2
336
41.5
215.0
79.3
344
42.7
221.8
79.3
331
42.8
210.4
77.4
353
44.4
224.9
84.1
371
45.9
237.0
87.6
374
47.0
238.9
87.6
355
45.9
229.4
79.7
347
45.1
226.2
75.8
Stone, clay, and glass products..... ........ .
448
Glass and glass products____________ _____
Cement, hydraulic_________________ _____
Structural clay products..................................
Pottery and related products................ ..........
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.-----Other stone, clay and glass products.. . ------
451
119.5
36.6
78.7
48.9
80.8
86.5
465
123.2
36.7
83. 2
49.9
84.0
87.9
472
124.7
37.0
84.4
50.6
85. 6
89.4
479
128.2
37.1
84.7
51.1
87.0
91.0
482
129.6
37.4
85. 2
51.5
86.9
91.7
484
130.1
37.7
85.0
51.9
87.8
91.4
478
124.3
37.5
84.8
51.6
87.8
91.8
485
129.8
37.3
84.8
53.3
87.0
92.8
484
131.1
36.5
83.0
54.6
85.8
92.8
483
132.0
36.3
81.7
55.2
85.4
92.8
479
130.1
36.2
80.3
55.3
84.3
92.9
473
127.5
35.9
79.5
55.1
82.8
92.2
441
117.3
36,0
74.8
52.3
78. 7
81.8
416
106.8
36.0
72.5
52.2
72.4
75.6
Products of petroleum and coal____
Petroleum refining_____________
Coke and byproducts___________
Other petroleum and coal products
Rubber products______
Tires and inner tubes..
Rubber footwear_____
Other rubber products.
Primary metal industries______ ______ 1,162
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills.................................................................
Iron and steel foundries....... .................. ..........
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals___________________ _____
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals___________ _____________
Nonferrous foundries........................................
Other primary metal industries______ _____
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transporta
tion equipment)................................... 810
Tin cans and other tinware............................
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware----- -------Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies................. ..............
Fabricated structural metal products.. -----Metal stamping, coating, and engraving.-----Other fabricated metal products........... ..........
Machinery (except electrical)....................1,281
Engines and turbines................... ...................
Agricultural machinery and tra cto rs...-----Construction and mining machinery............ .
Metalworking machinery................................
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)..... ................ .......
General industrial machinery......................
Office and store machines and devices______
Service-industry and household ma
chines_____________ ____ _____________
Miscellaneous machinery parts.......................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,163
1,164
571. 0
246.6
572.4
249.1
1,149
557.7
250.3
1,160
1,162
1,165
1,155
569.7
248.7
572. 7
249.4
574.7
249.6
571.6
247.1
1,172
571.8
253. 7
1,162
565.0
252.5
1,161
561.6
251.5
1,159
1,153
1,053
940
561.1
249.4
558.8
244.9
535.6
204.0
476.7
188.9
47.1
47.0
47.1
47.2
46.8
47.7
46.8
47.8
46.4
47.2
47.4
47.3
45.4
43.3
81.1
92.7
124.2
78.7
92.1
124.4
80.0
90.2
123.3
80.1
90.8
123.4
78.4
90.8
123.7
79.3
90.5
122.9
79.8
88.2
121.6
83.1
91.5
124.1
81.9
93.2
123.2
84.9
93.3
122.5
85.9
93.4
122.0
86.8
94.2
120.8
80.7
78.8
108.4
70.6
63.3
97.1
807
38.6
124.8
808
40.1
123.6
805
40.0
124.5
809
42.9
126.6
810
44.9
128.5
817
44.8
132.3
813
43.2
130.9
843
43.5
136.6
850
42.9
138.1
859
858
43. 1 42.7
140.3 141.7
852
42.1
143.7
776
42.8
132.7
701
39.9
118.4
114.0
186.5
147.3
195.5
118.1
186.0
144.8
195.7
120.0
183.1
142.2
195.2
120.2
181.7
142.9
194.5
120.7
180.0
141.5
194.8
121.8
180.8
142.1
195. 2
122.8
177.1
147. S
191.3
128.4
176. E
158.8
198.3
130.1
178.5
161. E
198.0
132.8
177.7
166.4
198.3
132.0
174.6
164.5
195.4
123.9
156. 5
146.9
173.0
106.0
152.3
125.8
159.0
133.9
176.4
166.1
197.0
1,276 1,270 1,255 1, 242 1, 219 1,209 1,235 1,252 1,242 1,239 1,231 1,215 1,040 1,001
69.4
74.2
73.8
73.0
70.2
70. E 68.6
69. Í
67. E 67. C 65.7
53.9
64.0
54.5
148.0 146.6 145.8 145.6 129.0 127.4 151.5 153.1 151.6 151.8 151.0 149.7 133.5 142.4
97.4
95.5
94.2
98.7
93.8
88. E 87.8
91. i
90.8
90.7
72.4
87. E 86.3
73.0
246.5 245.5 240.7 231.9 230.9 224.5 232.1 232.8 227.9 226.7 222.9 218.4 169.0 157.9
146.1
173.1
89.7
146.8
173. ‘
90.6
148.4
172. 5
90.9
148.9
171. Í
90.4
148.9
169.4
89.5
150.0 149.4
168. C 166.8
88.3
86.2
150.2
166. i
88.5
149.8
165.7
88.0
150.0
164.7
86.9
149.0
162.7
86.0
147.3
158.8
85.4
126.6
134.3
75.6
131.1
132.3
75.4
130.
168.3
127.3
168.8
121.4
166.6
123.5
165.7
124.1
163.5
125.0
162.7
137. 3
163.2
141.5
161.1
144.1
160.1
148.4
157.7
148.7
156.1
143.2
130.0
115.4
120.4
128.4
161.5
REVIEW, APRIL 1952
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
455
T able A-3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1952
Annual
average
1951
Industry group and industry
Feb.
Manufacturi ng—Continued
Electrical machinery___ _____________
Electrical generating, transmission, dis
tribution, and industrial apparatus...
Electrical equipment for vehicles_____
Communication equipment_________
Electrical appliances, lamps, and mis
cellaneous products______ ________
Jan.
Dec. Nov.
Sept. Aug.
Oct.
July
June May Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1950
1949
727
723
718 707
725
707
696
684
704
707
718
724
7J6 636
272.2 270.4 266.2 265.0 272.8 271.6 271.1 275.0 270.0 266.4 262.1 258.3 229.7
66.3 67. t 67.4 67.2 67.5 6 6 . 1 65. 6 67. C 67. 1 6 6 .1
64.6 63.9 56.0
270.7 272.1 268.4 257.5 247.3 238.5 229.5 241.2 247.2 261.5 273.2 269.5 237.0
—
114.1 115.6 115.9 117.7 119.7 119.4 117.7 1 2 1 . 2 1 2 2 . 2 123.6 123.9 124.4 113.3
Transportation equipment____________ 1,2-15 1,240 1,239 1,234 1,205 1 , 2 1 1 1,198 1,187 1, 237 1,233 1,243 1, 253 1,233 1,044
Automobiles______________________
639.8 650.7 654.6 667.4 678.6 675.1 684.0 738.1 752.4 774.1 793.4 790.6 713. 5
Aircraft and parts__________________
414.8 406.2 395.3 362.1 360.3 357.1 346.6 332.7 317.9 309.3 298.9 287.6 2 0 1 . 8
Aircraft________________________
279.6 274.7 267.8 248.7 241.9 243.7 236.6 225.6 216.2 211.3 204.1 195.4 135. 7
Aircraft engines and parts________ _________
80.8 78.3 74.8 62.4 69.5 6 6 . 6 64.6 62.8 59.4 57.1 55.1 53.9 39. 1
Aircraft propellers and parts...... .......
9.0
8.7
8.5
8.3
8 .0
7.4
7.3
7.5
7.5
7.4
6.7
6.5
5.4
Other aircraft parts and equipment— _________
45.4 44.5 44.2 42.7 40.9 39.4 38.1 36.8 34.8 33.5 33.0 31.8 21.5
Ship and boat building and repairing—
115.0 109.3 1 1 1 .1 103.7 101.9 99.3 100.5 97.9 94.7 94.3 95.6 94.9 71.4
Shipbuilding and repairing________
102.5 97.0 99.3 92.5 90.6 87.6 87.7 84.7 81.5 81.1 82.7 82.1 60.2
Boat building and repairing_______
12.5 12.3 1 1 . 8 1 1 . 2 11.3 11.7 1 2 . 8 13.2 13.2 13.2 12.9 1 2 . 8 1 1 . 2
Railroad equipment________________
61.1 62.7 63.1 62.2 60.0 57.4 47.2 59.2 58.3 55.5 54.1 48.5 47.9
Other transportation equipment_____
9.3
9.9
9.8
9.7
9.3
9.0
9.7
9.0
9.3 1 0 . 0 11.3 11.4
9.7
Instruments and related products______ 232
231
232
230 228
224
226
221
223
222
221
218 215
186
Ophthalmic goods_________________
22.4 22.7 22. 5 22.3 2 2 .1 2 2 . 2 22.5 2 2 . 6 2 2 . 8 23.1 22.9 22.5 2 0 . 6
Photographic apparatus____________
44.6 44.7 44.4 44.2 44.7 44.9 42.2 44.0 43.0 42.8 42.5 42.0 37.3
Watches and clocks____________ ____ _________
30.2 30.2 30.0 29.5 28.9 28.6 28.1 28.9 28.6 29.2 28.9 28.8 25.5
Professional and scientific instruments.
134.2 134.0 133. 2 132.3 130.2 128.0 128.5 127.6 127.6 125.7 123.4 121.9 103.0
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
382
374
381
388 390 388 388 383
400 409 422
429
427 385
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware —
36.8 37.8 38.3 38.6 39.0 39.4 39. 4 41 1 42 2
Toys and sporting goods____________
54.1 56.2 60.8 62.4 62.6 64.1 61.8 65.5 67.6 69.4 6 s! 9 67.0 64*.’2
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions___ —
43.2 43.6 44.5 44.4 43.1 44.3 44.3 45.7 47.5 51.9 55.1 55.9 49.2
Other miscellaneous manufacturing in
dustries_________________________
239. 4 243.8 244.6 244.8 243.6 240.6 237.4 247.8 251.0 255.7 258.0 255.5 227.2
1 See footnote 1 , table A-2 . Production workers refer to all full- and parttime employees engaged in production and related processes, such as fabrieating, processing, assembling, inspecting, storing, packing, shipping, main
tenance and repair, and other activities closely associated with production
operations.
3
3
552
210.7
49.0
191.8
1 0 0 .8
987
643.5
188.5
126.6
37.4
5.3
19.2
85.0
75.0
1 0 .0
61.0
9.2
177
21.9
38.4
26.6
90.1
354
59.8
48.3
200.5
See footnote 2 , table A-2.
See footnote 3, table A-2 .
T able A-4: Indexes of Production-Worker Employment and Weekly Payrolls in Manufacturing
Industries 1
[1947-49 average= 100]
P e r io d
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1
A v e r a g e __________________
A v e r a g e ________ _________
A v e r a g e ______ __________
A v e r a g e __________________
A v e r a g e __________________
A v e r a g e __________________
A v e r a g e __________________
A v e r a g e __________________
A v e r a g e _______ _____ ____
E m p lo y
m en t
6 6 .2
7 1 .2
8 7 .9
1 0 3 .9
1 2 1 .4
1 1 8 .1
1 0 4 .0
9 7 .9
1 0 3 .4
W e e k ly
p a y r o ll
2 9 .9
3 4 .0
4 9 .3
7 2 .2
9 9 .0
1 0 2 .8
8 7 .8
8 1 .2
9 7 .7
See footnote 1, tables A-2 and A-3.
Indexes have been revised to 1947-49 base.
N ote :
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
P e r io d
E m p lo y
m en t
W e e k ly
p a y r o ll
1948: A v e r a g e _______________ _
1949: A v e r a g e __________________
1950: A v e r a g e ________________
1 0 2 .8
9 3 .8
9 9 .2
1 0 5 .1
9 7 .2
1 1 1 .2
1951: F e b r u a r y ________________
M a r c h . . ........................ .
A p r i l _________ _____ _____
M a y ________________ . . .
1 0 6 .6
1 0 6 .6
1 0 6 .0
1 0 5 .0
1 2 8 .5
1 3 0 .0
1 2 9 .5
1 2 8 .1
P e r io d
1951: J u n e _____________________
J u l y ---------------------------------A u g u s t ___
____________
S e p t e m b e r _______________
O c t o b e r __________________
N o v e m b e r . . ______
D e c e m b e r ___________
1952: J a n u a r y _______________
F e b r u a r y ________________
E m p lo y
m en t
1 0 5 .6
1 0 4 .2
1 0 5 .7
1 0 5 .8
1 0 5 .1
1 0 4 .3
1 0 4 .4
1 0 3 .3
1 0 3 .5
W e e k ly
p a y r o ll
1 2 9 .8
1 2 6 .4
1 2 8 .4
1 3 0 .9
1 2 9 .8
1 2 9 .8
1 3 2 .9
1 3 0 .9
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
456
T able
M
O N T H L Y
L A B O R
A-5: Federal Civilian Employment and Payrolls, by Branch and Agency Group
[In thousands]
Executive 1
All branches
Year and month
Defense
agencies 1
Total
Post Office
Department3
All other
agencies
Legislative
Judicial
Employment—Total (including areas outside continental United States)
Average______ ___ _________
Average...
______ _______
1951: February---- ... . . . --------March____________________
April_____________________
May_____________________
June_____________________
July--------------- -------- --------August___________________
September_________________
October.__________________
November . _______ ___ ____
December____________ _____
1952: January.___ ______________
February-------- ------------------
1950:
1951:
2.080. 5
2,465. 9
2.068. 6
2,453. 7
837. 5
1, 210. 7
521.4
525.4
709.7
717.6
8.1
8.3
3.8
3.9
2, 265. 5
2, 332. 3
2, 385.5
2, 432. 6
2,462.3
2, 503.4
2, 521. 3
2, 528. 7
2,514.9
2, 517. 5
2,921. 6
2, 253. 5
2, 320. 2
2, 373. 5
2, 420. 5
2,450.1
2,491.0
2, 509. 3
2, 516. 7
2, 502. 8
2, 505. 4
2,909. 2
1,076. 8
1,133.4
1,180.0
1,212.1
1, 237. 5
1, 265.3
1.267.7
1,277. 2
1. 279. 4
1,288.5
1, 293.0
487.1
489.0
488.4
492.1
491.2
489.4
495.5
496.0
495.7
496.2
898.1
689.6
697.8
705.1
716. 3
721.4
736.3
746. 1
743.5
727.7
720. 7
718.1
8.1
8.2
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.5
8.1
8.1
8.2
8.2
8.4
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
4.0
2,524.3
2,537. 0
2, 512.1
2, 524. 7
1,296.9
1,308. 3
502.4
503.6
712.8
712.8
8.3
8.3
3.9
4.0
Payrolls--Total (including areas outside continental United States)
Average_______ ... ... . . --Average........ . . --------1951: February____________ _____
March... _________________
April__ ____ _____________
May.. ___________________
June...__ _____ _______
July____________ ______
_____
August _ ______
September_______ . ---------October. _________________
November_________________
December______________ ..
1952: January.. _________________
February..___ _____________
1950:
1951:
585. 576
749, 563
580. 792
744, 560
235,157
361,825
135, 300
147,408
210, 335
235,327
3. 215
3,320
1.569
1,683
638,193
706,184
687,876
742, 529
721. 693
735,991
769,173
707, 508
857,429
891,129
856,123
633,514
701, 569
683, 273
737,428
716,681
731,168
764,167
702, 576
851, 725
885,714
850,904
303, 042
345, 685
337,876
370, 700
360,686
364, 256
385,852
347. 046
402, 013
423,827
381,184
129,603
133, 342
129, 796
131,353
131, 156
133,044
130,860
134,916
169. 963
187,003
225,820
200,869
222, 542
215, 601
235, 375
224, 839
233,868
247,455
220,614
279, 749
274,884
243,900
3,182
3, 261
3,197
3, 338
3, 379
3,195
3, 257
3, 213
3, 445
3,589
3,529
1.497
1, 354
1,406
1,763
1,633
1,628
1,749
1,719
2, 259
1,826
1,690
846,065
791,225
840,578
785,950
413,322
379,002
158,767
160,403
268,489
246, 545
3,661
3,546
1,826
1,729
Employment—Continental United States
Average------------- -------------Average__ _______________
1951: February_________________ .
March___ _____ ___________
April________ _ _ -----------May_____________________
June__________ . . .. ------July______________________
August____________________
September_________________
October. _________________
November... _______________
December. ..............................
1952: January__ ________________
February... ___________ ...
1950:
1951:
1,930.5
2, 296. 9
1.918.7
2, 284. 8
732.3
1,093. 7
519.4
523.4
667.0
667.7
8. 1
8.3
37
3.8
2,105.0
2,169.3
2,219.9
2, 263.9
2, 290.5
2, 329.8
2,349.0
2,355.3
2,341.5
2, 344. 0
2,746. 2
2,093.1'
2,157.3
2, 208.0
2,251.9
2, 278.4
2,317.5
2,337.1
2,343.4
2,329. 4
2,332.0
2,733. 9
961.0
1,015.5
1,059.7
1,089.8
1,113.3
1,141.2
1,156.1
1,184.4
1,166.1
1,174.0
1,177.8
485.3
487.1
486.6
490.3
489.3
487.5
493.4
494.0
493.6
494.1
894.4
646.8
654. 7
661.7
671.8
675.8
688.8
687.6
685.0
669.7
663.9
661.7
8.1
8.2
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.5
8.1
8.1
8.2
8.2
8.4
38
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.9
3.8
3.9
2,337.8
2, 350. 7
1,181.1
1,192. 2
500.3
501.5
656.4
657.0
8.3
8.3
3.9
3.9
2,350.0
2, 362.9
.
Payrolls--Continental United States
Average___ ___ ___ __ ____
Average________________
1951: February__________________
March__ ___________ ____
April_________ ___ ______ ..
May___________ . ______
June............................
July_____ _______________
August ....... ........................ .
September . ..
_______ .
October ______ . . ............
November .. ____ . ___
December__ __________ __
1952: January______________ .. . _
February..___ _____________
1950:
1951:
1
See footnote 2 , table A-6 .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
549,328
706,838
544,587
701,880
211,508
334,015
134,792
146,819
198,287
221, 046
3, 215
3, 320
1,526
1,638
601,374
664,389
648,017
698,694
677, 493
693,405
724,164
665. 042
818,307
840,879
808,960
596,736
659,812
643,454
693", 638
672,525
688,626
719, 202
666,153
812,658
835,515
803', 786
277,870
317,140
310,605
340.465
330,332
337,591
357,459
320. 781
379,746
391,089
352,230
129,123
132,847
129,310
130,850
130,613
132,500
130,329
134,35«
169,257
186, 221
224,878
189, 743
209,825
203,539
222.323
211,580
218,535
231,414
205,016
263, 655
258,205
226,678
3,182
3,261
3,197
3,338
3,379
3,195
3,257
3, 213
3,445
3,589
3,529
1.456
1,316
1,366
1,718
1,589
1,584
1,705
1,676
2,204
1,775
1,645
797,797
746,256
792,357
741,026
382, 580
350,207
158,110
159,737
251,667
231,082
3, 661
3,546
1,779
1,684
*See footnote 3, table A-6 .
»Includes fourth class postmasters, excluded from table A-2.
T
a
b
l
e
457
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
REVIEW , APRIL 1952
A-6: Government Civilian Employment and Payrolls in Washington, D. C.,1 by Branch and
Agency Group
[In thousands]
Federal
Year and mpnth
District of
Total
Columbia
government government
Executive 1
Total
All agencies
Defense
agencies s
Post Office
Department
All other
agencies
Legislative
Judicial
Employment
1950: Average___________ -.........
1951: Average---- ----------------- .
242 3
271. 4
20.1
20.3
222.2
251.1
213 4
242.1
67 5
83.8
8 1
8.3
137.8
150.0
8.1
8.3
0.7
.7
1951: February________________
March__________________
April___________ _____
M ay______ ________ _____
June........... ............. ...............July....................... ..................
August__________________
September................... ...........
October__________________
November_______________
December....... ........................
258. 8
264. fi
268. 5
271.4
272.9
280.3
281. 1
278.0
274.0
273. 5
279.2
20.4
20.3
20.3
2(1. 1
20. 5
19.9
19. 8
20. 0
20 3
20 7
20.5
238.4
244.3
248. 2
251 3
252. 4
260.4
261.3
258.0
253. 7
252 8
258. 7
229. 6
235.4
239. 4
242. 4
243. 4
251.2
252. 5
249. 2
244.8
243.9
249. 6
77 4
80.2
82.2
83.6
83.9
87. 7
88.7
87. 4
86.6
Sfi. 7
86.5
77
7. 7
7.8
7.8
7.7
79
79
78
77
79
14.2
144. 5
147.5
149 4
151.0
151.8
155. 6
155. 9
154.0
150. 5
149 3
148.9
8.1
8.2
8. 1
8 2
8.3
8.5
8. 1
8. 1
8. 2
82
8.4
.7
.7
.7
.7
7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
1952: January................................
February........ ........... ........ ._
272.0
272.9
20.5
20.5
251.5
252.4
242.5
243.4
86.5
87.1
7.9
8.0
148.1
148. 3
8.3
8.3
.7
.7
Payrolls
1950- Average_________________
1951: Average____________ . . ..
81.R02
98,369
5. 321
5, 629
7fi. 281
92, 740
72. 780
89,106
22, 888
31,018
2. 937
3,201
46. 955
54,887
3,215
3,320
286
314
1951; February____ ___________
March............................ ..........
April ___________________
M'ay................ ........ ........ ........
June___ _____ ___________
July_____________________
August __________________
September................................
October__________________
November. ______________
December____________ ___
84,018
93,837
91, 887
104, 400
94.102
96,344
102.943
89. 868
119,319
111,480
101,184
5, 431
5. 578
5,618
5,883
5, 623
4.474
4, 591
5, 435
fi. 264
6,491
6,241
78. 587
88, 259
86, 269
98.517
88. 479
91,870
98,352
84, 433
113,055
104, 989
94,943
75,120
84, 709
82, 781
94, 863
84, 798
88. 374
94,766
80. 905
109,252
101,045
91,102
25, 725
29. 403
28. 739
31.0S2
29, 480
30.893
35,357
28. 258
37,085
37, 729
31,920
2, 828
2, 949
2. 855
2. 946
2, 839
2. 937
2. 975
2,860
4 096
3,649
4,533
46, 567
52, 357
51, 187
60,835
52. 479
54, 544
56,434
49, 787
68,071
59, 667
54, 649
3. 182
3,261
3. 197
3. 338
3. 379
3.195
3, 257
3, 213
3, 445
3, 589
3, 529
285
289
291
316
302
301
329
315
358
355
312
1952: January----------------------- .
February_________________
109,745
100,802
6, 635
6,266
103,110
94, 536
99,111
90,673
34,683
31,688
3,450
3,377
60,978
55,608
3, 661
3,546
338
317
1 Data for the executive branch of the Federal Government also include
areas in Maryland and Virginia which are within the metropolitan area, as
defined by the Bureau of the Census.
J Includes Government corporations (including Federal Reserve banks
and mixed-ownership banks of the Farm Credit Administration) and other
activities performed by governmental personnel in establishments such as
navy yards, arsenals, hospitals, and force-account construction. Data which
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
are based mainly on reports to the Civil Service Commission are adjusted to
maintain continuity of coverage and definition.
a Covers civilian employees of the Department of Defense (Secretary of
Defense, Army, Air Force, and Navy), National Advisory Committee for
Aeronautics, Canal Zone Government, Selective Service System, National
Security Resources Board, National Security Council, War Claims Com
mission.
458
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able
M
O N T H L Y
L A B O R
A-9: Insured Unemployment Under State Unemployment Insurance Programs,1 by Geographic
Division and State
[In thousands]
Geographic division and
State
Continental United States-.. __ .
New England------------------ ----Maine- _________________
New Hampshire----- ---------Vermont------- -------- ------Massachusetts_____ ______
Rhode Island....... ............ .......
Connecticut...---- ------------Middle Atlantic----- --------------New York_______________
New Jersey.......... ................
Pennsylvania........ .................
East North Central-----------------Ohio____________ ____ _
Indiana__ ___ . ---- - -.
Illinois.-------------------------Michigan---- -------- ---------Wisconsin.......... ...................
West North Central----------------Minnesota-------- --------- ----Iowa...________________
Missouri________________
North Dakota................. .. ..
South Dakota_____________
Nebraska-----------------------Kansas--- ----------------- ----South Atlantic........... ..................
Delaware...... ....................... .
Maryland-------- --------------District of Columbia________
Virginia. -----------------------West Virginia-------- ----------North Carolina.....................
South Carolina...... .. .......... .
Georgia---- ------- ---------------Florida_________________
East South Central...................... .
Kentucky______ ____ ____
Tennessee------------- ---------Alabama_________ ___ ___
Mississippi..............................
West South Central .....................
Arkansas............................... .
Louisiana..___ ______ _____
Oklahoma...............................
Texas.... ............................... .
Mountain.......... ............ .............
Montana..___ ____ ___ __
Idaho. ....................................
Wyoming_______________
Colorado...... ................. ........
New Mexico_________ ____
Arizona............... ...................
Utah___________ _______
Nevada............... .......... ........
Pacific..........................................
Washington................ ............
Oregon.......... .........................
California................................
1951
1952
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug,
1,384.1 1 , 1 0 1 . 6
123.3 107.4
10.2
9.8
7.6
7.9
3.0
2.3
65.3
56.5
2 1.0
18.4
16.2
12.5
415.8 352.2
232.6 219.3
63.1
42.8
90.1
1 20.1
259.3 213.4
49.7
41.8
2 2.0
25.6
73.8
57.4
77.2
89.3
20.9
15.0
76.5
51.3
24.0
13.9
8.4
4.4
28.2
24.2
3.1
1 .8
1 .8
.9
4.7
1.9
6.3
4.2
116.9
90.6
1.4
1.9
13.5
10.0
2.7
1 .8
1 0 .6
7.3
16.3
11.3
30.2
24.7
12.9
10.0
17.9
13.9
10.9
10.2
81.4
66.1
18.8
15.5
35.0
28.4
15.6
13.4
939.9
853.0
105.8
7.4
8 .0
1.9
52.1
22.4
14.0
304.2
183.9
46.2
74.1
158.7
32.7
13.3
54.6
50.6
7.5
34.4
6 .0
2.5
22.4
859.8
106.4
7.5
8 .2
1.7
52.7
2 1 .8
14.5
298.6
178.2
42.9
77.5
158.0
30.4
15.1
62.1
44.5
5.9
30.8
6.3
2.4
18.3
939.2 1 , 0 0 1 . 6
110.5 111.7
7.4
8.5
7.3
7.0
1.5
1.5
54.1
56.2
22.5
2 2.2
17.7
16.3
315.1 344.8
189.0 215.5
42.9
46.5
83.2
82.8
184.3 191.0
31.8
33.4
2 0.1
22.9
70.6
76.8
55.1
51.1
6.7
6.8
31.5
35.2
6.7
7.2
2 .8
3.2
16.7
18.2
Jan.
12.0
8 .8
58.7
15.1
19.5
10.7
13.4
30.7
6 .1
7.3
1.4
2 .6
2.5
3.0
5.7
42.7
10.5
13.9
7.9
10.4
18.8
3.2
4.7
.7
1.4
2 .1
221.5
46.3
33.2
142.0
1.6
2.6
3.2
1.4
159.0
31.1
21.5
106.4
1 02.2
8 .6
8.9
1.9
52.1
17.7
13.0
316.2
196.0
41.6
78.6
182.2
38.0
19.1
55.8
57.5
1 1.8
40.6
8 .1
2 .6
25.0
.6
.3
.8
3.2
84.6
1.1
7.7
1.4
7.5
9.0
25.2
9.3
12.9
10.5
63.1
14.9
26.0
15.3
6.9
34.5
7.7
11.5
6.5
8 .8
10.3
1.4
2 .0
.3
1 .0
1 .0
2 .0
1.7
.9
106.5
18.1
12.3
76.1
.1
.2
.5
2.7
83. 2
1 .0
6.7
1 .2
7.4
8.5
24.2
9.0
11.4
13.8
51.8
13.5
21.5
1 1.6
5.2
29.1
4.9
11.1
5.3
7.8
6.7
.6
.9
.1
.2
.6
2.9
94.7
1.1
6.5
1.4
8 .2
8.5
28.5
9.6
13.8
17.1
54.7
13.5
22.7
1 2.2
6.3
30.2
4.5
1 2.1
5.5
8 .0
.7
.9
.7
1.7
1.3
2 .0
1 .2
.5
.6
79.9
9.6
6.3
64.0
1 Prior to August 1950, monthly data represent averages of weeks ended in
specified months; for subsequent months, the averages are based on weekly
data adjusted for split weeks in the month and are not strictly comparable
with earlier data. For a technical description of this series, see the April
1950 Monthly Labor Review (p. 382).
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6.7
1
.7
78.9
1 0 .8
7.6
60.5
8 .1
4.3
107.0
1 .2
8.5
1.5
10.5
10.4
31.0
10.5
15.4
18.0
58.3
14.9
22.7
13.2
7.5
35.8
5.3
14.4
6.5
9.6
.6
.7
.2
.2
.2
.6
.7
.9
.2
1 .1
1 .0
2 .0
1.5
.6
88.7
10.3
6.4
72.0
July
.2
.2
.7
5.5
112.7
1 .2
10.7
1.5
12.7
11.7
30.6
11.0
16.1
17.2
63.5
16.4
25.5
13.9
7.7
37.8
5.4
15.9
6 .8
9.7
9.1
.8
1 .0
.3
1950
June
May
April
934.7
949.9
112.6
12 2 .2
932.1
99.8
1 1.2
7.6
1 .2
55.1
13.1
9.2
7.6
1.4
59.4
2 2.1
12.9
327.2
204.7
46.7
75.8
158.6
28.4
17.6
74.3
32.5
5.8
31.9
7.0
3.1
18.2
.2
.3
.7
2.4
98.0
12.5
9.9
1.5
65.5
19.9
12.9
311.7
190.4
48.8
72.5
158.8
27.0
17.0
78.3
30.6
5.9
39.0
1 1.2
3.5
19.9
.5
.4
1.1
2.4
90.9
1.2
1 1.0
1.1
1 2.1
1.5
12.5
10.3
25.5
9.1
15.5
11.4
58.5
16.4
2 2 .0
13.4
6.7
38.0
5.5
15.6
7.2
9.7
8.9
1.1
.8
.3
1.4
1.5
1.1
2 .0
1 .8
1.1
1 .8
1 .6
.7
.7
96.0
9.3
5.9
80.8
101.1
6.7
3.9
90.5
1.7
9.1
1 0.6
24.8
8 .0
14.2
9.3
60.0
17.9
2 2 .6
12.9
6 .6
42.7
7.1
17.6
7.5
10.5
11.3
2 .0
.9
.4
1 .8
1 .2
2.1
1.9
1 .0
113.5
8.7
5.0
99.8
1 1 .6
299.7
183.9
43.1
72.7
150.9
27.7
14.9
72.9
27.8
7.6
52.2
18.4
4.8
20.3
1.9
1.1
2 .1
3.6
78.0
1 .0
1 1 .6
2 .1
5.4
1 1 .0
2 0.1
7.1
7.5
60.7
17.7
22.4
13.4
7.2
47.1
8 .6
18.4
8.9
12.2
1 1.2
16.6
3.9
1.9
.8
2 .1
1 .6
2.3
2 .8
1 .2
127.2
14.2
8 .2
104.8
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
904.2 1,025.1 1,144. 6
75.8
64.0
91.6
6.2
7.9
10.2
4.2
4.6
5.8
1.3
1 .0
1.7
33.5
41.1
49.8
9.2
10.5
9.6
9.5
11.7
13.6
268.1 281.1 351.4
163.2 171.8 217.5
36.1
40.0
51.3
6 8 .8
69.3
82.6
133.7 176.4 200.7
30.0
39.9
40.9
11.4
14.4
14.7
6 8.1
52.6
76.5
29.8
39.9
54.8
14.1
9.9
13.8
61.0
70.3
65.6
21.4
2 0.6
19.3
6 .2
7.4
7.0
2 0.2
24.2
24.3
3.2
3.1
2.4
2.1
2.4
2.1
3.8
4.1
4.8
4.9
6.4
7.0
72.6
83.5
94.3
1.1
1 .6
1.9
8.3
11.2
13.2
2.7
3.8
3.3
6 .6
8 .0
8.7
1 1.2
14.2
13.7
17.5
18.0
17.7
7.2
8 .2
9.4
10.5
11.5
14.1
7.5
7.8
11.5
6 6 .0
59.7
65.0
15.8
15.9
14.3
2 1.8
25.0
25.8
13.9
14.3
15.1
8 .2
1 0.8
9.8
52.3
54.0
61.7
9.5
11.1
12.7
19.6
22.4
18.1
10.7
12.7
11.1
12.5
13.9
13.7
25.3
30.3
28.6
6.9
7.3
6 .2
4.4
5.9
6 .2
1.5
1.9
1 .6
2.3
3.1
3.1
2 .1
2.3
2 .0
2 .6
3.1
3.2
3.8
4.7
4.4
2 .0
1.9
1.7
167.3 179.0 193.2
25.4
31.2
28.8
18.3
19.9
22.4
123.6 130.9 139.6
Jan.
2,380.9
20 2 .8
2 1.8
13.1
6.1
101.4
19.2
41.2
685.5
379.1
101.5
204.9
477.9
157.4
38.8
158.4
89.3
34.0
130.8
34.7
15.2
50.2
3.8
3.0
7.9
16.0
180.3
3.8
31.8
5.0
2 0 .6
28.7
30.3
15.8
24.7
19.6
113. 2.
26.7
42. 5
27.1
16.9
100.4
20.4
30.0
2 0.1
29.9
60.1
11.3
11.7
3.1
8.5
4.3
7.0
10.3
3.9
430.1
87.4
56.8
285.9
Figures may not add to exact column totals because of rounding.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security.
459
B: LABOR TURN-OVER
REVIEW, APRIL 1952
B: Labor Turn-Over
T able
B -l: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Manufacturing Industries, by
Class of Turn-Over 1
Class of turn-over and year
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total separation:
1952
. . . _____ ______ ___
1951_________________________
1950____ _____ _______________
1949________ ________________
1948_________________________
1947___ ______________________
1946_________________________
1939_________________ ______
2 4.0
4. 1
3.1
4.6
4.3
4.9
6.8
3.2
3.8
3.0
4.1
4.2
4.5
6.3
2.6
4.1
2.9
4.8
4.5
4.9
6.6
3.1
4.6
2.8
4.8
4.7
5.2
6.3
3.5
4.8
3.1
5.2
4.3
5.4
6.3
3.5
4.3
3.0
4.3
4.5
4.7
5.7
3.3
4.4
2.9
3.8
4.4
4.6
5.8
3.3
5.3
4.2
4.0
5.1
5.3
6.6
3.0
5.1
4.9
4.2
5.4
5.9
6.9
2.8
4.7
4.3
4.1
4.5
5.0
6.3
2.9
4.3
3.8
4.0
4. 1
4.0
4.9
3.0
3.5
3.6
3.2
4.3
3.7
4.5
3.5
Quit:
1952 _____ __________________
1951...._____ _________________
1950_________________________
1949_________________________
1948___________________ ______
1947_________________________
1946_________________________
1939 3________________________
3 1.9
2.1
1.1
1.7
2.6
3.5
4.3
.9
2.1
1.0
1.4
2.5
3.2
3.9
.6
2.5
1.2
1.6
2.8
3.5
4.2
.8
2.7
1.3
1.7
3.0
3.7
4.3
.8
2.8
1.6
1.6
2.8
3.5
4.2
.7
2.5
1.7
1.5
2.9
3.1
4.0
.7
2.4
1.8
1.4
2.9
3.1
4.6
.7
3.1
2.9
1.8
3.4
4.0
5.3
.8
3. Ì
3.4
2.1
3.9
4.5
5.3
1.1
2.5
2.7
1.5
2.8
3.6
4.7
.9
1.9
2.1
1.2
2.2
2.7
3.7
.8
1.4
1.7
.9
1.7
2.3
3.0
.7
Discharge:
1952 ______________________
1951_____________________ ____
1950_________________________
1949_________________________
1948_____________________ ____
1947_________________________
1946_________________________
1939_________________________
2 .3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.1
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.1
3
2
3
.4
.4
.4
.1
.4
.2
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1
.4
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.1
.4
.3
.2
.4
.4
.3
.1
.3
.3
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1
.4
.4
.3
.4
.4
.4
.1
.3
.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1
.4
.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
.4
.4
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.1
Lay-off:
1952_________________________
1951_________________________
1950___ ______________________
1949_________________________
1948_________________________
1947_________________________
1946._____ ___________________
1939____ ______ _______ ______
2 1. 4
1.0
1.7
2.5
1.2
.9
1.8
2.2
.8
1.7
2.3
1.2
.8
1.7
1.9
.8
1.4
2.8
1.2
.9
1.8
2.2
1.0
1.2
2.8
1.2
1.0
1.4
2.6
1.2
1.1
3.3
1.1
1.4
1.5
2.7
1.0
.9
2.5
1.1
1.1
1.2
2.5
1.3
.6
2.1
1.3
.7
1.8
.6
2.5
1.4
.6
1.8
1.2
.8
.7
2.1
1.4
.8
2.3
1.2
.9
1.7
1.1
2.5
1.4
.8
.7
2.0
1.5
1.3
2.0
2.2
.9
Miscellaneous, including military:
1952_________________________
1951_____________________ ____
1950_________________________
1949_________________________
1948_________________________
1947_________________________
1946_________________________
2.4
.7
.1
.1
.1
.1
.6
.1
.1
.1
.1
.5
.1
.1
.1
.1
.5
.1
.1
.1
.1
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.4
.1
.1
.1
.4
.3
.1
.1
.1
.4
.4
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.4
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
Total accession:
1952 _________________________
1951_________________________
1950_________________________
1949_________________________
1948_________________________
1947_________________________
1946_________________________
1939___________ ______________
2 4.5
5.2
3.6
3.2
4.6
6.0
8.5
4.1
4.5
3.2
2.9
3.9
5.0
6.8
3.1
4.6
3.6
3.0
4.0
5.1
7.1
3.3
4.5
3.5
2.9
4.0
5.1
6.7
2.9
4.5
4.4
3.5
4.1
4.8
6.1
3.3
4.9
4.8
4.4
5.7
5.5
6.7
3.9
4.2
4.7
3.5
4.7
4.9
7.4
4.2
4.5
6.6
4.4
5.0
5.3
7.0
5.1
• M o n th -to -m o n th c h a n g e s in t o ta l e m p lo y m e n t in m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s
t r ie s a s i n d i c a t e d b y la b o r t u r n - o v e r r a t e s a r e n o t c o m p a r a b le w i t h t h e c h a n g e s
s h o w n b y t h e B u r e a u ’s e m p l o y m e n t a n d p a y r o l l r e p o r t s , for t h e f o ll o w i n g
rea so n s:
(1) A c c e s s io n s a n d s e p a r a t i o n s a r e c o m p u t e d fo r t h e e n t ir e c a le n d a r m o n t h ;
t h e e m p l o y m e n t a n d p a y r o l l r e p o r t s , for t h e m o s t p a r t , r e fe r t o a 1 - w e e k p a y
p e r io d e n d i n g n e a r e s t t h e 1 5 th o f t h e m o n t h .
(2 ) T h e t u r n - o v e r s a m p l e is n o t s o la r g e a s t h a t o f t h e e m p l o y m e n t a n d
p a y r o l l s a m p l e a n d i n c l u d e s p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y f e w e r s m a l l p l a n t s ; c e r t a in
i n d u s t r i e s a r e n o t c o v e r e d . T h e m a jo r i n d u s t r i e s e x c l u d e d a r e : p r i n t i n g ,
p u b l i s h i n g , a n d a l li e d in d u s t r i e s ; c a n n i n g a n d p r e s e r v i n g f r u it s , v e g e t a b l e s ,
a n d s e a fo o d s ; w o m e n ’s, m i s s e s ’, a n d c h i l d r e n ’s o u t e r w e a r ; a n d f e r t iliz e r s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.0
1.0
1.0
.9
1.0
1.6
1.0
1.8
1.0
2.7
.4
.3
.1
.1
.4
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
.3
.1
.1
1
.2
.2
.1
.1
4.3
5.7
4.1
5.1
5.9
7.1
6.2
4.4
5.2
3.7
4.5
5.5
6.8
5.9
3.9
4.0
3.3
3.9
4.8
5.7
4.1
3.0
3.0
3.2
2.7
3.6
4.3
.1
.1
2.8
(3)
P la n t s are n o t in c lu d e d in th e t u r n -o v e r c o m p u ta t io n s in m o n th s w h e n
w o r k s t o p p a g e s a r e i n p r o g r e s s ; t h e i n f l u e n c e o f s u c h s t o p p a g e is r e f l e c t e d ,
h o w e v e r , in t h e e m p l o y m e n t a n d p a y r o l l f ig u r e s . P r io r t o 1943, r a t e s r e la t e
t o p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s o n ly .
3 P r e l i m i n a r y f ig u r e s .
1 P r io r t o 1940, m i s c e l l a n e o u s s e p a r a t i o n s w e r e i n c l u d e d w i t h q u i t s .
N ote: I n f o r m a t io n o n c o n c e p t s , m e t h o d o l o g y , a n d s p e c ia l s t u d i e s , e t c . , Is
g i v e n i n a “ T e c h n i c a l N o t e o n L a b o r T u r n - O v e r , ” O c t o b e r 1949, w h i c h is
a v a i la b l e u p o n r e q u e s t t o t h e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s .
B : LABOR TURN-OVER
460
T
a
b
l
e
M
O N T H L Y
L A B O R
B-2: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and Industries 1
Separation
Industry group and industry
Quit
Total
Jan.
1952
Jan.
1952
Dec.
1951
Dec.
1951
Jan.
1952
Dec.
1951
Jan.
1952
Total accession
Mise., inch
military
Lay-off
Discharge
Dec.
1951
Jan.
1952
Dec.
1951
Jan.
1952
Dec.
1951
M anufacturing
Durable goods 2---------------------------------Nondurable goods 3......... .................. - ........
3.9
4.1
3.7
3.4
1.8
1.9
1.5
1.4
0.4
.3
0.3
.2
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.5
0.4
.3
0.4
.3
4.7
4.1
3.1
2.9
Ordnance and accessories--------------------Food and kindred products-----------------Meat products.. -------------------------Grain-mill products_______________
Bakery products------------------------Beverages:
Malt liquors__________________
Tobacco manufactures------------------------Cigarettes _______________________
Cigars__________________________
Tobacco and snuff------------------ -----Textile-mill products-------------- ----------Yarn and thread mills__________ ..
Broad-woven fabric mills. . . -------Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber------Woolen and worsted --------- ---Knitting mills_____________ _____
Full-fashioned hosiery--------------Seamless hosiery_____ ________
Knit underwear_______________
Dyeing and finishing textiles_______
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings—
Apparel and other finished textile products--------- ----------------------------------Men’s and boys’ suits and coats.........
Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing------------------- ------------Lumber and wood products (except furniture)_____________ ___ _____ ___
Logging camps and contractors-------Sawmills and planing mills_________
Miliwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products____ ____
Furniture and fixtures------------------------Household furniture---------------------Other furniture and fixtures________
Paper and allied products_____________
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills__
Paperboard containers and boxes-----Chemicals and allied products_________
Industrial inorganic chemicals---------Industrial organic chemicals________
Synthetic fibers ___ ________
Drugs and medicines______________
Paints, pigments, and fillers-----------Products of petroleum and coal................ .
Petroleum refining------ -----------------Rubber products------------------------------Tires and inner tubes--------------------Rubber footwear--------------------------Other rubber products______ _____
Leather and leather products.....................
Leather__________________ ______
Footwear (except rubber)__________
Stone, clay, and glass products..................
Glass and glass products___________
Cement, hydraulic.
____________
Structural clay products___________
Pottery and related products_______
Primary metal industries_____________
Blastfurnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills. ________________________
Iron and steel foundries____________
Gray-iron foundries... _________
Malleable-iron foundries. ______
Steel foundries... _____________
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals:
Primary smelting and refining of
copper, lead, and zinc________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals:
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
copper---- ---------------------------Nonferrous foundries______________
Other primary metal industries:
Iron and steel forgings..................
See footnotes at end of table.
2.4
4.9
4.7
3.3
4.0
2.7
4.8
6.4
1. 7
3.4
1.3
2.4
2.3
2.0
2.5
1.1
1.9
2.4
.9
1.9
.3
.4
.6
.4
.5
.2
.4
.7
2
.4
.5
1.8
1.4
.7
.7
1. 2
2.3
3.0
.4
.9
.3
.3
.4
.2
.3
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
3.5
5.0
6. 7
4.1
3.6
2.2
4. 2
6. 2
1.4
3. 1
4. 1
3.3
1.4
4.6
3.1
4.2
4.9
4.0
3.8
6.5
5.3
4.5
3.8
8.5
3.1
2.5
2.8
5.4
2.3
8.1
2.4
3.6
3.6
3.5
2.9
7.7
3.3
3.5
2.7
3.3
2.0
2.1
.8
1.9
.9
2.6
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.8
1.9
1.2
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.0
1.2
1.3
.6
1.3
.6
1.8
.9
1.2
1.0
1.2
1.2
.7
1.4
1.5
1.3
1. 5
.9
1.0
.2
.3
.2
.3
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.!
.2
.2
.5
.2
.3
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
2.9
1.0
.1
1.6
1.0
2.1
3.2
1. 5
1.2
4.9
3.0
2.3
1.4
5.9
.8
.6
1.8
3.2
.2
5.7
.9
1.8
2.1
1.6
1.1
6. 2
1. 7
1.7
1. 1
1.5
.6
.7
.2
.1
.2
.1
.4
.3
.2
.5
.5
.3
.2
.2
.2
.4
.6
.4
.1
.7
1.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.5
.4
.6
.1
.2
.2
.1
.3
.3
3.9
4.8
1.2
7.3
4.1
3.7
3.4
3.8
3.5
7.0
3.5
2.9
4.1
3.4
4.2
3.7
2.7
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.9
2.8
2.6
2.8
2.5
5.9
1.8
1.0
2.2
2. 2
3.6
1.8
6.5
4.1
3.8
3.0
3.2
2. 2
1.9
1.6
.2
.1
.3
.1
3.0
1.7
1.5
1.0
.1
.1
.1
.3
6.4
3.5
4.0
6.7
8.6
4.1
3.4
2.2
.2
.4
4.8
1.4
.2
.1
7.0
2.8
6.9
14.1
5.8
7.0
23.5
5.8
1.9
2.4
1.9
2.5
6.4
2.2
J2
.3
.4
.3
.7
.2
4.3
11.2
3.4
4.0
16.2
3.2
.4
.1
.3
o
.2
.2
4.9
5.6
5.2
2.8
5.8
2. 2
4.9
4.1
4.1
4.3
3.3
2.6
4.6
2.5
3.2
2.7
51
2.1
.9
.9
.8
3.0
1.9
4.2
4.1
3.6
2.9
3.8
3.8
5. 7
2.0
4.8
2.6
3.0
«
2.8
4.2
3.8
5.3
4.4
2.7
3.2
3.3
3.0
2.4
2.1
2.9
1. 7
2.9
1.6
25
1.0
1.3
1.5
.8
2.4
1.4
2.8
3.2
3.5
3.4
3.6
3.4
5.3
2.2
3.3
2.9
2.6
1.7
2.5
2.7
2.0
1.5
1.1
2.4
1.1
1.8
.8
3
1.1
.5
.4
.3
1.8
1.0
3.2
2.2
2.3
1.1
2.5
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.9
1.4
1.7
1.1
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.2
.9
1.7
.7
1.4
.5
.2
.4
.5
.3
.2
2.5
.8
.5
1.6
1.2
.8
1.6
.9
.8
1.6
1.0
.7
.5
.4
.4
.4
.4
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
.4
.3
.3
.2
.3
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
3.3
5.1
5. 5
4. 2
2.7
2.2
3.5
2. 5
2. 1
1.7
1.7
3.3
3.3
3.2
1. 7
1.5
2.0
1.3
1.9
1.1
!7
.8
.4
.3
1.3
.7
1.9
1.6
1.7
1.0
1.8
1.3
1.1
1.4
1.9
1.3
1.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.1
.3
.2
.2
.3
.3
.2
.3
.2
.3
.4
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.4
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.1
¿0
.7
1.0
.7
3.6
2. 6
4.3
4.4
5. 5
3. 6
5.8
3.0
4. 5
1.8
2. 6
2.5
3. 6
1.7
1.5
.6
2.0
1.3
2.9
2.5
• 4 .5
3.0
4.8
1. 9
2.8
1.4
2.0
1.5
2.2
2.5
3.6
3.8
3.8
3.2
1.6
2.4
2.0
2.1
2.9
1.3
2.0
1.8
1. 7
2.3
2.7
1.2
1.2
1.6
3.5
1.4
2.7
2.5
2.4
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
✓
J2
.3
.2
.4
.1
.7
7
7
.7
.5
.8
.7
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.8
1.4
.7
1.8
3.4
.1
2.2
.7
.5
.1
7
.2
.6
.3
.2
1.1
1.4
2.1
1.3
1.6
3.4
.2
.9
1.2
.7
.3
.4
.4
.3
.6
.3
.3
.3
.4
.7
.4
.4
.3
.5
!2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.6
.2
.3
.2
.3
.3
.6
.3
.3
.2
.3
.2
.6
.5
.4
.9
.1
.5
.4
.4
.5
.5
.8
.8
2.3
.2
.7
.8
1.3
1.2
.2
.5
.4
.5
.5
.4
.4
.3
.3
.5
.2
3.5
4.3
3.6
2. 9
5.6
1.6
3.0
2.6
2.4
3. 7
.5
.2
.1
1.0
.3
.3
.3
1.1
1.2
1.0
2.1
.7
1.3
.2
.4
.2
.4
.2
.7
.2
.6
.2
.3
.3
.4
2.0
5.1
2.3
4.0
1.6
1.3
.3
.3
.2
.5
.4
.3
4.4
2.1
( 4)
.2
.1
.1
.3
.1
1
.2
.2
.1
.6
.3
.5
1. 0
(4)
?
REVIEW , APRIL 19Ö2
461
B : LABOR TURN-OVER
T able B-2: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and Indus
tries 1—Continued
Separation
Total accession
Total
Industry group and industry
Jan.
1952
M anufacturing —Continued
Fabricated metai products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation
equipment)_________ ____
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware
Cutlery and edge tools______ __
Hand tools...............................
Hardware_____ ..
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies___
Sanitary ware and plumbers’
su p p lies...____ ________
Oil burners, nonelectric heating
and cooking apparatus, not
elsewhere classified _ . _____
Fabricated structural metal products __
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving_______________________
Machinery (except electrical)__________
Engines and turbines___________
Agricultural machinery and tractors...
Construction and mining machinery..
Metalworking machinery____
Machine tools
Metalworking machinery (except
machine tools) _ .. __________
Machine-tool accessories___
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)____
General industrial machinery___. . .
Office and store machines and devices..
Service-industry and household machines. ____ ___
Miscellaneous machinery parts ____
Electrical machinery______________ .
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial apparatus____________ ________
Communication equipment___ __
Radios, phonographs, television
sets, and equipment_________
Telephone and telegraph equipment_____________ _______
Electrical appliances, lamps, and
miscellaneous products__________
Transportation equipment_____________
Automobiles_____ ______ _________
Aircraft and parts_________________
Aircraft_____ _________ _______
Aircraft engines and parts ______
Aircraft propellers and parts____
Other aircraft parts and equipment ... ___________________
Ship and boat building and repairing.
Railroad equipment_______________
fu "Locomotives and parts_________
Railroad and streetcars.................
Other transportation equipment____
Instruments and related products_______
Photographic apparatus___________
Watches and clocks_________ ____
Professional and scientific instruments___________ ________ _____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware..
Dec.
1951
Jan.
1952
Dec.
1951
Jan.
1952
Mise., incl.
military
Lay-off
Discharge
Quit
Dec.
1951
Jan.
1952
Dec.
1951
Jan.
1952
2.7
2.3
1.1
1.8
2.9
.4
.2
3.3
1.9
.3
.2
1.4
1.2
2.6
1.0
.5
.4
.2
.3
5.8
5.2
2.8
3.3
1.6
.4
.1
(5)
.6
.3
.2
4.1
.4
.3
.5
.4
.2
.1
.6
.4
.4
.5
.3
.3
.2
.3
.5
.4
.2
.3
.3
5.3
3.9
3.9
0)
4.9
4.7
4.9
3.6
2.7
3.1
2.7
3.2
3.0
3.1
.3
.4
.2
.8
.1
.3
.3
.2
.2
.1
4.4
4.4
2.7
3.1
.4
.5
.4
.3
.4
.1
.7
.4
.1
.3
.7
.6
.2
.4
.3
.2
.3
.4
3.4
3.6
2.6
2.1
2.6
1.5
.3
.4
.4
.2
.3
.2
.6
.7
.9
.5
.4
.9
.5
.5
.3
.4
.4
.4
5.7
3.4
4.5
3.9
2.0
2.8
.2
.2
.3
.7
.5
.9
.4
.5
.5
3.0
(5)
2.0
3.5
7.0
3.3
1.8
1.9
1.5
1.5
2.2
1.4.
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.5
0. 4
.4
.5
.3
.4
0.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
1.3
.7
.6
.5
.8
1.8
1.2
.7
1.8
1.0
0.4
.4
.2
.4
.4
4.1
3.3
2.0
1.4
.3
.3
1.4
1.4
2.6
1.8
1.3
1.1
1
.1
.9
.4
6.0
4.1
5. 1
3.4
2.8
2.1
1.8
1.7
.6.
.6
.5
.4
2.1
1.0
4.3
2.9
2.4
(5)
4.3
3.1
3.0
5.6
2.3
3.0
2.5
2.7
2.5
2. 4
1.8
1.7
1.5
(5)
2.5
2.0
1.9
1.2
1.3
1. 7
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.6
.3
.4
.4
.7
.5
.6
.1
.3
.5
.3
.5
.4
.4
2.8
4.0
2.1
2.4
1.8
2.5
1.5
1.6
.5
.5
2.7
3.0
2.0
1.9
2.6
2.2
1.4
1.7
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.1
3.0
3.3
3.8
1.9
2.2
2.9
1.6
1.7
2.2
.8
1.1
1.4
2.6
(5)
2.2
3. 7
1.3
(5)
1.0
2.0
5.5
4.7
3.0
2.1
2.2
(5)
1.6
0)
.5
.7
(5)
1.5
(5)
(5)
1. 5
.3
.6
.4
3.4
.2
(5)
(4)
.3
.3
.3
.4
.4
.5
.3
.2
.3
.2
.3
.3
.5
.2
1.5
1.7
2.3
.3
.4
(4)
.2
1.3
2.6
4.0
.1
(4)
(4)
(4)
.3
.7
1.1
.3
.3
.3
.1
.3
.6
.8
.4
.4
.3
.4
3.6
6.8
6.1
6.2
5.9
7.8
3.3
2.8
5.5
5.1
5.2
5.1
6.4
3. 5
.4
.5
.9
.3
.3
.3
(4)
(5)
2.9
1.3
6.0
.1
.9
(5)
(5)
.6
5.8
.7
.1
1.6
2.7
.6
.2
2.9
.4
(5)
1.0
1.0
1.1
.5
.3
(5)
(5)
.4
.2
.6
.5
.8
.4
.3
.2
.2
5.0
(5)
4. 5
2.8
7.9
4.5
3.2
(5)
(5)
3.4
11. 2
3.3
2. 7
4.4
1. 5
2.3
1.2
1. 4
.2
.2
.4
1.6
1.4
.4
2.2
.3
.3
.5
.2
.4
.4
.3
4.0
6.8
3.1
3.0
3. 0
1.1
.5
.2
.3
.4
.7
1.8
.1
.2
.1
.2
.4
.8
.3
.4
.3
.2
.4
.3
.3
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
4.8
1.8
6.0
4. 7
1.6
2.0
5.0
1. 5
6.2
4. 2
1.3
1.4
(5)
3.9
4.6
4.9
3.5
3.8
2.6
1.8
3.1
5.0
5.8
2.8
2.8
2.6
1. 7
1.8
1.9
1.2
2.5
2. 7
1.8
1.2
1.3
1.5
.8
2.0
2. 1
1.8
1.1
2.7
(5)
5.6
3.8
9.1
1.9
2.4
(5)
(5)
2.8
10.4
2.6
1.8
3.9
3.8
1.9
.8
4.3
1.9
(5)
1.5
1.2
1.8
1.2
1.1
(5)
(5)
1.3
3. 5
1.0
.9
1. 2
.7
.9
.4
1.1
2.0
5.0
3.6
2.0
4.7
1. 5
1.1
2.5
1.8
1.0
1.9
.9
.2
.4
.2
4.4
3.4
4.6
3.8
1.7
2.0
4.1
2.4
4.4
2.9
1.5
1.5
3.1
1.1
4.0
3.1
1.1
1.4
2.9
1.0
3.8
1.9
1.0
1.0
.3
.1
• .2
.3
.1
.1
(ä)
Dec.
1951
4.5
3.3
1.9
2.5
4.0
3.8
3.2
2.4
3.7
3.0
(5)
Jan.
1952
0.3
.3
.2
.4
.2
3.9
3.4
2.8
2.7
3.8
(5)
Dec.
1951
.2
.3
.2
.1
.1
(5)
(5)
(4)
.1
w
.1
(4)
(5)
(5)
Nornnanufacturing
Metal m inine_____________________
Iron mining_____________________
Copper mining___ _______ ______
Lead and zinc m ining..................... .
Anthracite m ining......... ............................
Bituminous-coal m ining................ ..........
Communication:
Telephone......... ............ .....................
Telegraph____ _____________ _____
(s)
(5)
1.9
1.5
(5)
0)
S e e e x p l a n a t o r y n o t e s fo r d e f i n i t i o n s a n d m e t h o d o l o g y ,
i S e e f o o t n o t e 1 , t a b l e B - l . D a t a fo r t h e c u r r e n t m o n t h a r e s u b j e c t t o
r e v i s i o n w i t h o u t n o t a t i o n ; r e v is e d f ig u r e s for e a r lie r m o n t h s w i l l b e i n d i c a t e d
b y fo o tn o te s.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.4
.9
(5)
(5)
(4)
.1
.1
.1
(5)
(5)
(4)
.3
.3
.2
.2
.4
(5)
(5)
2 S e e f o o tn o te 2, t a b le A - 2 .
3 S e e f o o t n o t e 3, t a b l e A - 2 . P r i n t i n g , p u b l i s h i n g ,
a n d a l li e d i n d u s t r i e s a r e e x c lu d e d .
.2
.1
(5)
(5)
1.6
1.1
4 L e s s t h a n 0 .0 5 .
5 N o t a v a ila b le ,
462
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
M
O N T H L Y
L A B O R
C: Earnings and Hours
T able
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1
Mining
Metal
Year and month
Total: Metal
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
mgs
Coal
Iron
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Copper
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn- earn- wkly.
ings
ings hours
Lead and zinc
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn- earn- wkly.
ings
ings hours
Anthracite
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn- earn- wkly.
ings
ings hours
Bituminous
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn- earn- wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
1949: Average_____ $61.55
1950: Average_____ 65.58
40.9 $1. 505 $58. 91
42.2 1.554 61.96
39.7 $1,484 $63. 96
40.9 1.515 72.05
42.3 $1,512 $64. 79
45.0 1.601 66.64
41.4 $1. 565 $56. 78
41.6 1.602 63.24
30.2 $1.880 $63.28
32.1 1. 970 70.35
32.6
35.0
$1,941
2.010
1951: January_____
February____
March______
April_______
May................
June________
July.................
August______
September___
October_____
November.......
December____
74.33
73.46
72.83
74.62
74.96
70.89
72.32
75. 74
76.43
76.10
74.43
79. 61
43.7
43.7
43.3
44.0
44.2
41.8
42.0
44.5
44.1
44.4
43.4
44.6
1.701
1.681
1.682
1.696
1.696
1.696
1.722
1.702
1.733
1.714
1.715
1.785
70.31
70.98
69. 22
73.31
75.48
65.19
67.58
75. 92
76. 56
76. 79
73.06
78.36
41.8
42.5
41.3
43.2
44.4
38.3
39.2
44.4
43.8
44.7
42.5
44.5
1.682
1.670
1.676
1.697
1.700
1.702
1.724
1.710
1.748
1.718
1.719
1.761
82. 21
78. 49
77.89
76.82
76.00
75.36
75.86
76.88
79. 20
78.15
77. 74
83.60
47.3
46.5
46.5
46.0
45.7
45.4
44.6
45.9
46.7
46.3
46.0
46.6
1.738
1.688
1. 675
1.670
1.663
1.660
1.701
1. 675
1.696
1.688
1.690
1.794
75.34
74.17
74.30
77.96
76.23
76.20
76.85
76. 78
75.66
75.55
74.44
81.04
43.1
42.8
43.0
43.7
42.9
43.2
43.1
43. 7
42.6
42.9
42.2
43.2
1.748
1.733
1.728
1.784
1.777
1.764
1.783
1.757
1.776
1. 761
1.764
1.876
71.33
66. 65
50. 68
47.20
66. 67
68. 94
79.50
58. 52
60. 36
78.24
81.84
69.98
35.9
30.2
23.1
21.6
30.1
31.0
35.3
26.3
27.2
35.1
36.8
31.1
1.987
2. 207
2.194
2.185
2. 215
2.224
2.252
2.225
2. 219
2. 229
2.224
2.250
76.63
75.67
74. 66
75.63
73.86
77.67
73.71
77.23
81.61
80.62
81.09
86.47
37.6
34.1
33.6
33.9
33.3
34.8
32.7
34.9
36.5
36.3
36.2
38.5
2.038
2. 219
2.222
2.231
2.218
2.232
2.254
2.213
2.236
2.221
2.240
2.246
1952: January_____
79.43
44.3
1.793
76.34
44.1
1.731
85.51
46.5
1.839
83.27
43.3
1.923
73.42
32.5
2. 259
86.99
38.8
2.242
M ining—Continued
Contract construction
Crude petroleum and
natural gas production
Nonbuilding construction
Nonmetallic mining
Petroleum and
and quarrying
natural gas production
(except contract
services)
1949: Average....... . $71.48
1950: Average..........., 73.69
40.2 $1,778 $56. 38
40.6 1.815 59.88
1951: January........ .
February........
March______
April........ ......
May......... ......
June................
J u ly ...............
August-...........
September___
October...........
November___
December___
76.90
77.15
76. 69
80. 30
78.30
78.74
83.32
78.15
83.68
78.93
79.02
83. 28
40.6
40.5
40.6
41.2
40.4
40.4
42.1
40.2
41.8
40.5
40.4
41.6
1.894
1.905
1.889
1.949
1.938
1.949
1.979
1.944
2.002
1.949
1.956
2.002
1952: January_____
83.80
41.3
2.029
Total: Contract construction
Total: Nonbuilding
construction
Highway and street
Other nonbuilding
construction
43.3 $1,302 $70. 81
44.0 1.361 73.73
37.8 $1.874 $70.44
37.2 1.982 73.46
40.9 $1,723 $65. 65
40.9 1.796 69.17
41.5 $1,583 $73. 66
41.1 1.683 76.31
40.5
40.7
$1.820
1.875
61.96
60. 77
63.74
65.88
67. 22
67.82
68.84
69. 59
70.63
71.72
68.35
67.30
43.3
42.0
43.6
45.0
45.7
45.7
45.8
46.3
46.1
47.0
44.5
43.9
1.431
1.447
1.462
1.464
1.471
1.484
1.503
1.503
1.532
1.526
1.536
1. 533
77. 61
75.47
76.99
79.36
81.62
82.41
83. 73
84.46
85.19
86.26
81.66
84.58
37.1
35.7
36.3
37.4
38.3
38.4
39.0
39.1
38.9
39.3
36.8
38.1
2.092
2.114
2.121
2.122
2.131
2.146
2.147
2.160
2.190
2.195
2.219
2. 220
74. 70
72. 20
74.19
78.26
81.26
81.48
84. 81
85.27
84. 72
86.61
79.30
79.80
39.4
37.7
38.5
40.3
41.8
41.3
42.9
42.7
41.9
42.6
38.7
39.1
1.896
1.915
1.927
1.942
1.944
1.973
1.977
1.997
2.022
2.033
2.049
2.041
66.10
65.83
67.40
71.43
75. 68
75. 56
79.22
79.90
78.81
81.75
71.73
71.67
38.1
37.3
38.1
40.4
42.4
41.7
43.6
43.4
42.1
43.6
38.4
38.7
1.735
1.765
1. 769
1.768
1.785
1.812
1.817
1.841
1.872
1.875
1. 868
1.852
79. 80
75.80
78.25
82. 65
85.16
85.98
89.21
89. 51
89.20
90.42
84.72
85.01
40.2
37.9
38.7
40.2
41.3
41.0
42.4
42.2
41.7
41.9
38.9
39.3
1.985
2.000
2.022
2. 056
2.062
2.097
2.104
2.121
2.139
2.158
2.178
2.163
66.47
43.7
1.521
84.82
37.9
2.238
81.23
39.8
2.041
73.41
40.2
1.826
85.69
39.6
2.164
Contract construction—Continued
Building construction
Special-trade contractors
Total: Building con
struction
1949: Average__
1950: Average__
$70.95
73.73
1951: January__
February..
March___
April_____
M ay.........
June..........
July......... .
August___
September.
October__
November.
December..
1952: January__
General contractors
Total: Special-trade Plumbing and heating
contractors
Painting and
decorating
36.7 $1.935 $67.16
36.3 2.031 68. 56
36.2 $1,855 $75. 70
35.8 1.915 77.77
37.2 $2. 034 $78. 60
36.7 2.119 81.72
38.6 $2.037 $70. 75
38.4 2.128 71.26
78.35
76.14
77.44
79. 75
81.83
82. 71
83.63
84.31
85. 42
86.20
82. 26
85.65
36.7
35. 3
35.8
36.8
37.5
37.7
38.1
38.2
38.2
38.6
36.4
37.9
2.135 72.56
2.157 68.75
2.163 69. 93
2.167 72.97
2.182 75.24
2.194 75.28
2.195 76. 28
2.207 76. 76
2.236 77.79
2.239 79.66
2.260 76.06
2. 260 78.43
36.1
34.0
34.5
36.0
36.9
36.9
37.3
37.5
37.4
38.3
36.2
37.6
2.010
2.022
2.027
2.027
2.039
2.040
2.045
2. 047
2.080
2.080
2.101
2.086
82.51
81.49
82.95
84.48
86.60
88.32
88.97
89. 94
91.14
90.94
86.58
90.92
37.1
36.3
36.8
37.3
37.9
38.3
38.6
38.7
38.8
38.6
36.5
38.2
2.224 86.60
2.245 85.99
2.254 88.93
2.265 89.05
2.285 91.80
2.306 92.11
2.305 92.19
2.324 92. 39
2. 349 93.89
2.356 94.60
2.372 91.18
2.380 95. 71
38.8
38.1
38.9
38.8
39.4
39. 5
39.6
39.4
39.7
39.9
38.2
40.4
2.232
2.257
2.286
2.295
2.330
2. 332
2.328
2.345
2.365
2.371
2.387
2.369
85. 50
37.5
2.280
37.5
2.093
90.19
37.5
2.405
39.7
2.393
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
78.49
95.00
Electrical work
35.7 $1.982 $86. 57
35.4 2. 013 89.16
39.2
38.4
$2.211
2.322
74.41
75.44
74.91
77.40
79. 24
79.68
79.24
80.33
80. 27
82.16
78.07
80.87
35.2
35.4
35.2
36.1
36.6
36.7
36.4
36.2
35.9
36.5
34.3
35.1
2.114
2.131
2.128
2.144
2.165
2.171
2.177
2.219
2.236
2.251
2. 276
2.304
98. 77
97.42
98.74
98.72
102.12
103. 70
103. 54
104.42
106.76
105.19
100. 61
107.38
39.7
39.0
39.4
39.6
40.3
40.7
40.7
40.9
41.0
40.6
38.8
41.0
2.488
2. 498
2. 506
2.493
2.534
2. 548
2. 544
2. 553
2.604
2.591
2. 593
2.619
80.03
34.2
2.340 108.42
41.1
2. 638
REVIEW , APRIL 1952
T able
463
C: EARN IN 0 8 AND HOURS
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Contract construction—Continued
Building construction—Continued
Special-trad e contractors— Con tinued
Year and month
Other special-trade
contractors
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Plastering and lath
ing
Masonry
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Carpentry
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Roofing and sheetmetal work
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Excavation and foun
dation work
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
1949: Average....... . $71.39
1950: Average_____ 74. 71
36.1 $1. 979 $68. 72
35.8 2.087 70.85
33.8 $2.033 $80.39
33.9 2.090 86.70
34.9 $2.301 $67.14
35.0 2.477 69.86
36.6 $1,837 $62.86
37.0 1.888 64.49
35.7 $1,759 $69. 66
35.3 1.827 74.92
37.8
38.6
$1,844
1.941
1951: January_____
February____
March... . .
April................
May________
J u n e ..._____
July________
A u gu st_____
September___
October_____
November___
December___
77.87
76.32
78.10
80.84
82.29
85.28
86.86
87.90
88. 97
88.20
82.91
86. 59
35.9
34.8
35.5
36.4
36.9
37.6
38.3
38.5
38.6
38.1
35.6
37.1
2.169 75.19
2.193 66.22
2.200 73.01
2.221 77. 50
2. 230 78. 83
2. 268 77.23
2.268 83. 96
2.283 83.55
2.305 84.00
2.315 83.61
2.329 74.93
2.334 76.84
34.3
30.5
33.4
35.1
35.7
34.4
37.4
37.1
37.3
36.8
33.2
33.7
2.192 87.89
2.171 90.88
2.186 89. 44
2.208 92.87
2. 208 93.31
2.245 92.10
2.245 91.38
2. 252 91.18
2. 252 90. 72
2. 272 87. 91
2. 257 83.05
2.280 88. 96
34.4
34.9
34.4
35.8
36.0
35.6
35.5
35.8
35.8
34.5
32.8
34.6
2. 555
2.604
2. 600
2. 594
2.592
2. 587
2. 574
2.547
2.534
2.548
2.532
2. 571
71.71
64.98
64.52
70.85
72.16
73. 70
76. 76
77. 73
80.14
77.65
71.14
73. 52
36.2 1.981
32.8 1.981
32.9 1.961
35 8 1.979
36.5 1.977
37.0 1.992
37.7 2.036
37.3 2.084
38.0 2.109
36.2 2.145
33.7 2.111
34.5 2.131
66.65
64.58
65. 25
68.95
71.14
71.11
73.63
73.51
75.53
76.63
70. 55
72.46
35.3 1.888
33.9 1.905
34.0 1.919
35.8 1. 926
36.9 1.928
36.6 1.943
37.8 1.948
37.6 1.955
37.9 1.993
37.9 2.022
34.6 2.039
35.8 2.024
81.37
81.28
77. 88
78.19
82.23
80.80
83.15
85.82
84. 69
85.11
77.53
84.27
38.6
37.2
36.6
37.9
39.9
39.3
40.7
41.2
40.5
40.8
36.9
39.6
2.108
2.185
2.128
2.063
2.061
2.056
2.043
2.083
2.091
2.086
2.101
2.128
1952: January___
85.18
36.2
2.353
33.3
2.304
32.9
2. 569
73.55
34.4
69. 36
34.1
77.54
39.1
1.983
76. 72
84. 52
2.138
2.034
Manufacturing
Total: Manufac
turing
Food and kindred products
Ordnance and
Nondurable goods 3 Total:accessories
Total: Food and kin
Meat products
dred products
$54.92
59.33
39.2 $1,401 $58.03
40.5 1.465 63.32
39.5 $1. 469 $51.41
41.2 1. 537 54. 71
38.8 $1.325 $58. 76
39.7 1.378 64.79
40.0 $1. 469 $53. 58
41.8 1.550 56.07
41.5 $1. 291 $57.44
41.5 1.351 60.07
41.5
41.6
$1,384
1.444
____
....
63. 76
63. 84
64. 57
64. 70
64.55
65.08
64. 24
64.32
65.49
65.41
65.85
67.40
41.0 1.555
40.9 1. 561
41.1 1. 571
41.0 1.578
40. 7 1.586
40.7 1.599
40.2 1. 598
40.3 1.596
40.6 1.613
40.5 1.615
40.5 1.626
41.2 1.636
67.65
68.18
69.30
69.68
69.60
70. 27
68. 79
69.55
71.01
71.10
71.05
72. 71
41.5
41.6
41. 9
42.0
41.8
41.8
40.9
41.3
41.6
41. 7
41.5
42.2
1.630 58. 53
1.639 58.32
1. 654 58. 40
1.659 58.16
1.665 57.93
1.681 58.47
1.682 58.48
1.684 57. 91
1.707 58. 67
1.705 58.00
1.712 59.07
1.723 60.49
40.2
40.0
40.0
39. 7
39.3
39.4
39.3
39. 1
39.4
38.9
39.2
39.9
1.456
1.458
1.460
1.465
1.474
1.484
1.488
1. 481
1.489
1.491
1.507
1.516
69.55
70. 92
72. 71
70. 97
72. 45
71.02
73.10
73. 71
76.47
75.50
75.68
77. 57
42.0
42. 7
43. 1
42.7
43.2
42.4
43.1
43.9
44.2
44.0
43.9
45.1
1.656
1.661
1.687
1.662
1.677
1.675
1. 696
1. 679
1.730
1. 716
1.724
1.720
60.11
59.04
59. 12
59. 66
60. 40
61.80
61.65
61.15
62.06
61.91
63.34
64.13
41.8
41.0
41.0
41.2
41.6
41.9
42.2
42.0
42.8
42.0
42.0
42.3
1.438
1.440
1.442
1.448
1.452
1.475
1.461
1.456
1.450
1.474
1.508
1.516
65.83
60. 25
61.92
62.91
63.90
67.88
68. 26
67.48
68.46
67.65
73. 51
73.84
42.8
39.9
40. 6
41.2
41.6
41.8
41.8
41.3
41.9
41.5
44.1
44.4
1.538
1.510
1.525
1.527
1.536
1.624
1.633
1.634
1.634
1.630
1.667
1.663
....
67.08
40.9
72.28
41.9
1. 725
39.5
1.520
76. 95
44.3
1.737
63.32
41.6
1.522
69.84
42.3
1.651
1850: Average.
February.
Durable goods 3
....
M arch___
A pril.........
M a y .........
June_____
Ju ly..........
August__
September ____
October...
1.640
60. 04
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Meat packing
1949: Average.
....
$58.02
60.94
1951: January...
February.
66. 95
61.21
63.01
63. 91
65.03
69. 47
69.81
___ 69.09
___ 70. 27
October...
69.01
November. __ 75.98
December.
76.29
March___
April____
M ay____
June_____
July......... .
1952: January...
71.57
Sausages and casings
Dairy products
Condensed and evap
orated milk
Ice cream and ices
Canning and preserv
ing
41.5 $1.398 $57.44
41.6 1.465 60. 80
41.9 $1,371 $54.61
42.4 1.434 56.11
44.8 $1,219 $56.13
44.5 1.261 57. 36
45.3 $1. 239 $55.00
45.6 1.258 57.29
44.9 $1. 225 $43. 77
44.1 1.299 46.81
38.8
39.3
$1.128
1.191
43.0
39.9
40.6
41.1
41.5
41.7
41.7
41.2
41.9
41.1
44.2
44.8
1. 557 65. 84
1.534 61.04
1.552 64. 37
1.555 64.17
1.567 64.17
1.666 66. 51
1.674 67.50
1.677 67. 69
1.677 67. 92
1.679 67.00
1.719 68.19
1.703 66.95
42.7
40.0
42.1
41.4
41.4
42.2
42.8
42.6
41.9
41.9
42.3
42.0
1.542 59. 09
1.526 59. 45
1. 529 59.98
1. 550 59. 67
1.550 60. 52
1.576 61.11
1.577 62. 02
1.589 60.70
1.621 62.10
1.599 60.60
1.612 60. 09
1.594 61.65
44.1
44.1
44.4
44.3
45.1
45.4
45.4
44.9
45.0
44.3
43.8
44.1
1.340
1.348
1.351
1.347
1.342
1.346
1.366
1.352
1.380
1.368
1.372
1.398
60.89
61. 56
63. 75
62.56
64.34
64. 26
65.47
63.70
64. 77
62.06
61.92
62.42
45.0
45. 1
46.5
45.9
47.0
46.8
46.8
46.7
46.5
45.5
45.2
45.1
1.353
1.365
1.371
1. 363
1.369
1.373
1.399
1.364
1.393
1.364
1.370
1.384
61.82
62.01
61.66
61.66
61.27
61.46
63. 57
62.32
63.11
62.33
62.48
63. 76
44.8
44.2
44.2
44.2
44.4
44.6
45.7
44.9
44.6
44.3
44.0
44.4
1.380
1.403
1.395
1.395
1.380
1.378
1.391
1.388
1.415
1.407
1.420
1.436
49.41
48.84
48. 64
50.39
48.88
49. 25
49.20
53.00
54.33
56. 87
47.80
51.08
38.3
37.8
37.5
38.7
38.1
38.6
40.8
41.7
43.5
42.5
37.0
38.7
1.290
1.292
1.297
1.302
1.283
1.276
1. 206
1.271
1.249
1.338
1.292
1.320
42.5
1.684
41.6
1.590
44.2
1.420
63.53
44.8
1.418
62.25
43.9
1.418
50.89
38.7
1.315
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
66.14
62.76
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
464
T a b l e C - l : H o u rs
M
O N T H L Y
L A B O R
and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M anufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Year and month
Grain-mill products
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Flour and other
grain-mill products
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Prepared feeds
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
43.8 $1.300 $58. 91
43.3 1.363 60. 95
44.7 $1,318 $54. 98
44.1 1.382 57. 21
1951: January-------February____
March___...
April .
May________
June-----------Julv________
August-------September . . .
October-------November ...
December-----
64. 92
63. 58
62. 71
63.16
64. 75
65.13
68.14
68.09
68. 60
68.67
68.00
68.24
44.8 1.449
43.7 1. 455
43.1 1.455
43. 5 1. 452
44.5 1.455
44.4 1. 467
45.7 1.491
45. 3 1. 503
45.4 1. 511
45.3 1.516
44.5 1. 528
44.4 1.537
68. 02
65.03
62. 88
62. 57
63. 36
64.00
68. 54
69. 76
71.35
69. 98
71.37
70.89
46.4 1.466
45.0 1.445
44.0 1.429
44.0 1.422
44.4 1.427
44.6 1. 435
46. 5 1.474
46. 6 1.497
47.0 1.518
45. 8 1.528
45.9 1. 555
45.3 1. 565
61.42
59. 98
59. 83
62.10
64. 36
66. 31
67. 40
65. 85
68.45
65. 98
67. 04
65.93
45.6
44.2
43.8
45.0
46.4
47.3
47.7
46.8
47.9
46.5
46.3
45.5
1.347
1. 357
1.366
1.380
1.387
1.402
1. 413
1.407
1.429
1.419
1.448
1.449
1952: January_____
69.62
45.0
1.547
70.87
45.4
67. 60
46.3
1.460
1. 581
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.7 $1. 239 $56.01
41.5 1.290 59.94
42.4 $1. 321 $56. 62
43.0 1.394 61.83
42.1
43.0
$1.345
1.438
54.68
55.49
55. 32
56.37
57. 24
57. 93
58.15
58. 07
58. 69
58.38
59. 26
59.16
41.3
41.5
41. 5
41.6
41.9
42.1
42.2
41.9
42.1
41.7
41.5
41.4
1.324
1.337
1.333
1.355
1.366
1.376
1.378
1.386
1.394
1.400
1.428
1.429
60. 36
61.93
58. 82
59. 72
65. 66
63. 76
62. 77
58. 42
62.82
55.39
65. 20
63.60
40.4
40.8
39.4
40.0
42. 8
41.0
41.0
39.0
41.3
38.2
45.5
43.0
1.494
1.518
1.493
1.493
1. 534
1. 555
1. 531
1. 498
1. 521
1.450
1.433
1.479
63. 87
63.08
61.06
59. 60
73. 60
66.41
63.14
59.15
63.38
56.93
62.36
61.89
42.1
40.8
40.2
39.6
47.0
41.9
41.4
39.2
41.7
37.9
39.9
39.7
1.517
1.546
1.519
1.505
1.566
1.585
1.525
1.509
1. 520
1.502
1.563
1.559
58. 61
41. 1
1.426
61.60
40.0
1. 540
63.50
40.6
1.564
46.2 $1,190 $51.67
45.3 1.263 53.54
1949: Average_____ $56. 94
1950: Average........... 59.02
Cane-sugar refining
Sugar
Bakery products
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Confectionery and
related products
Beet sugar
1949: Average_____ $56.09
1950: Average.......... 58.69
42.3 $1,326 $45.12
42.5 1.381 46.72
1951: January_____
February-----March........... .
April_______
M ay________
June________
Julv________
Augusts------September___
October._ _ ..
November . . .
December___
57.24
61.51
55.71
61.95
51.14
60. 76
64.20
58.91
63.78
54.90
68.12
66.40
38.6
40.6
36.7
40.7
33.8
39.3
40.1
38.3
40.7
38.1
47.7
43.6
1.483
1.515
1.518
1.522
1.513
1.546
1.601
1.538
1.567
1.441
1.428
1.523
49.49
49.31
48.82
49.00
49.93
51.64
49.71
50.23
52.17
50.96
51. 74
52.88
40.4
39.7
39.5
39.2
39.5
40.5
38.9
39.8
41.5
40.7
41.1
42.0
1952: January_____
61.13
37.3
1.639
53.29
40.9
Confectionery
Bottled soft drinks
Beverages
39.8 $1,071 $64.21
39.9 1.123 67.49
41.0 $1. 566 $48.40
41.0 1.646 49.12
1.225 48.33
1.242 47.44
1.236 47.00
1.250 46.84
1. 264 47.83
1.275 49.04
1.278 47.10
1.262 47.48
1.257 49.16
1.252 48.44
1. 259 49. 68
1.259 51.16
41.1
39.9
39.7
39.1
39.3
40.2
38.7
39.5
41.1
40.6
41.3
42.6
1.176
1.189
1.184
1.198
1.217
1.220
1.217
1.202
1.196
1.193
1.203
1. 201
71.61
71.13
72.35
71.97
73.75
75. 21
75.64
75.13
75.11
72. 54
74.54
72. 82
41.2
40.3
40.9
40.5
41.2
41.9
42.0
41.9
41.8
40.8
40.6
40.5
1.738 50.25
1.765 50.53
1.769 50.74
1.777 51.72
1.790 53.45
1.795 54.62
1.801 56.16
1.793 54.89
1.797 53. 79
1. 778 52.68
1.836 54. 59
1.798 53.37
1.303
41.1
1.241
72.46
40.3
1.798
40.0 $1,128 $42.63
39.9 1.171 44.81
51.01
51.79
Malt liquors
43.8 $1.105 $69.46
42.9 1.145 72.66
41.1
40.8
$1,690
1.781
42.8
42.5
42.6
42.6
43.7
44.3
45.4
44.7
43.7
43.0
43.5
42.9
1.174 75.93
1.189 76.45
1.191 78.27
1.214 76.99
1.223 79.30
1.233 80.57
1. 237 81.42
1.228 80.53
1.231 81.00
1.225 77.29
1. 255 80.11
1.244 78.81
40.3
39.9
41.0
40.5
41.3
41.9
42.1
41.9
42.1
40.4
40.5
40.9
1.884
1.916
1.909
1.901
1.920
1.923
1.934
1.922
1.924
1.913
1.978
1.927
41.9
1.236
77.18
40.2
1.920
Manufacturing—Continued
Tobacco manufactures
Food and kindred products-—Continued
Distilled, rectified,
and blended liquors
1949: Average___
1950: Average___
1951: January___
February...
March____
April_____
May_____
June_____
July...........
A ugust__
September.
October___
November.
December..
Miscellaneous food
products
Total: Tobacco
manufactures
37.7 $1.229 $32.41
39.0 1.287 35. 76
36.7 $0.884 $39.10
.969 42. 79
36.9
37.2
37.7
$1.051
1.135
1.140 55.20
1.139 52. 76
1.142 48. 57
1.157 50. 59
1.161 51.41
1.174 55.37
1.171 53.70.
1.145 55.79
1.133 55.82
1.141 55. 40
1.177 58.02
1.180 57. 75
40.5
39.4
36.3
37.2
37.8
40.3
39.2
40.4
40.1
39.8
41.0
40.7
1.363
1.339
1.338
1.360
1.360
1.374
1.370
1.381
1.392
1.392
1.415
1.419
38.09
38.10
37.91
37.72
36. 70
37. 50
37.83
38.94
40.18
40. 88
41.03
41.84
37.6
37.5
37.2
36.8
35.8
36.3
36.8
37.7
38.3
38.9
38.6
39.4
1.013
1.016
1.019
1.025
1.025
1.033
1.028
1.033
1.049
1.051
1.063
1.062
45.68
45.25
44.62
44.27
43.56
46.85
44.99
46.76
48.20
46.90
48.63
47.83
38.1
37.8
37.0
36.5
36.0
38.4
37.0
38.3
38.9
37.7
38.5
38.2
1.199
1.197
1.206
1.213
1.210
1.220
1.216
1.221
1.239
1.244
1.263
1.252
55.24
39.4
1.402
40.17
38.0
1.057
48.46
38.4
1.262
-
$57.00
61.94
39.2 $1,454 $52.17
40.3 1.537 54.99
41.9 $1.245 $37.25
42.2 1.303 41.08
37.1 $1,004 $46.33
37.9 1.084 50.19
--
73.85
69.83
67.23
68.10
67. 78
69. 79
68.50
68.18
67.70
70.20
67.61
64.94
43.8 1.686 58. 54
41.2 1.695 59.08
39.9 1.685 58.14
39.5 1.724 57.78
39.5 1.716 57.20
40.6 1. 719 58.22
39.8 1.721 59.21
39.8 1.713 58.66
39.5 1.714 59.74
40.6 1.729 59.05
38.7 1.747 60. 06
37.6 1.727 60. 51
42.3 1.384 44.12
42.2 1.400 43.17
42.1 1.381 42.03
41.3 1.399 42. 58
41.3 1.385 42.49
41.5 1.403 44.49
41.7 1 420 44.03
41.4 1.417 44.08
41.6 1.436 44.75
41.7 1.416 45.30
42.0 1.430 46. 26
42.2 1.434 46. 73
38.7
37.9
36.8
36.8
36.6
37.9
37.6
38.5
39. 5
39.7
39.3
39.6
67.02
38.1
42.0
1.461
38.6
1.179
1952: January____-
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1. 759
61.36
45. 51
Tobacco and snufl
Cigars
Cigarettes
R E V I E W
T able
,
A P R I L
465
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
10r>2
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Tobacco manufac
tures—Con.
Year and month
Tobacco stemming
and redrying
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Textile-mill products
Total: Textile-mill
products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
38.3 *0. 893 $44. 83
39.4
.954 48. 95
1949: Average_____ *34. 20
1950: Average_____ 37. 59
Yarn and thread
mins
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
37.7 $1.189 $40. 51
39.6 1.236 45.01
Yarn mills
Broad-woven fabric
Cotton, silk syntbetic fiber
United States
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
36.4 $1,113 $40. 55
38.9 1.157 45.09
36.3 $1.117 $44. 48
38.8 1.162 49.28
37.5 $1.186 $42. 89
40.1 1. 229 48.00
37. 2
40.1
$1,153
1.197
40.4 1.281 54. 39
40.5 1.234 54. 22
40.5 1.235 53. 72
40. 2 1. 242 53. 95
38. 9 1.244 52.67
38.4 1. 245 52. 10
37.6 1.248 50. 25
36.1 1.245 48. 30
36.1 1.251 48. 75
37.1 1.250 48. 77
37.4 1.256 50. 01
39.0 1.257 52.58
41.3
41.2
41.2
40.9
39.9
39.5
38.3
37.3
37.1
37.0
37.6
39.3
1. 317
1.316
1.304
1.319
1 320
1.319
1.312
1.302
1.314
1.318
1.330
1.338
53. 37
53. 54
53.29
52. 64
51. 57
50. 63
48. 74
46.59
47.20
47.36
48. 35
50.44
41.6
41.7
41.5
41.0
40. 1
39. 4
38.2
36.8
36 9
37.0
37.6
39.1
1. 283
1. 284
1.284
1.284
1. 286
1. 285
1.276
1. 266
1.279
1.280
1,286
1.290
1.258
39.0
1.339
50.13
38.8
1.292
1951' January. .. .
February.__
March .......
A p ril___ . . .
May____ ___
June................
July _ .. __
August______
September . . .
October_____
November___
December____
38.79
35. 85
37.81
38.84
41. 72
43.07
41.00
34. 99
37.30
39. 25
36.89
38.18
39.7
34. 7
35.3
35.8
38.0
38.8
36.8
37. 5
42.0
42.8
39.0
39.2
.977
1.033
1.071
1.085
1.098
1. 110
1.114
.933
.888
.917
.946
.974
53. 59
53. 94
53. 34
52.87
51.37
51. 07
49. 58
48.08
48.74
49. 29
50.46
52. 66
40.6
40.8
40.5
39.9
38.8
38. 6
37.7
36.7
36.9
37.2
37.8
39.3
1.320
1.322
1.317
1. 325
1.324
1.323
1.315
1.310
1.321
1.325
1.335
1.340
49. 61
.50. 02
49.94
49. 64
48. 05
47.78
46. 70
44.89
45.14
46.01
46. 57
49.11
40.5
40.6
40.5
40. 1
39.0
38.5
37.6
36.2
36.2
36.9
37.2
39.1
1. 225 49.73
1.232 49.98
1. 233 50. 02
1.238 49. 93
1. 232 48.39
1. 241 47.81
1. 242 46.92
1. 240 44. 94
1.247 45.16
1.247 46.38
1.252 46. 97
1.256 49.02
1952: January ____
38. 71
39.3
.985
52. 57
39.0
1.348
48. 64
38.6
1.260
48. 56
38.6
52. 22
Manufacturing—Continued
Textile-mill products—Continued
Cotton, silk. svnthetic fiber—Continued
Woolen and worsted
1949: Average_____ $46. 36
1950: Average......... . 51.23
38.0 $1. 220 $41.92
40.5 1.265 47. 08
37.0 $1.133 $51.19
40.0 1.177 54.01
1951: January_____
February____
March_______
April________
May________
June... . .
J u ly .......... .
August. _____
September___
October_____
November___
December____
41.5
41. 6
40. 8
40.0
39.6
39.6
38.0
35.9
36.6
36.1
35.8
37.9
41.6
41.7
41.6
41.4
40.3
39.4
38.2
37.0
37.0
37.3
38.0
39.4
56.61
57. 08
56. 02
54. 96
54.13
54. 25
51.60
48. 82
51.17
51. 41
51. 27
54.31
1.364
1.372
1. 373
1.374
1. 367
1.370
1.358
1.360
1.398
1.424
1. 432
1.433
52. 25
52.46
52. 33
52. 04
50.90
49. 72
47.86
45. 99
46.18
46. 40
47.58
49.60
North
United States
South
North
Full-fashioned hosiery
Knitting mills
38.9 $1,316 $41.47
39.8 1.357 44.13
36.8 $1.127 $52.09
37.4 1.180 53.63
37.5 $1. 389 $53. 98
37.9 1.415 54.25
36.9
37.7
$1. 463
1.439
61.01
63. 05
63.17
59.19
56.70
55.18
54. 48
54.32
55.12
57.47
57.80
56. 55
37.5
38.4
38.1
35.7
34.2
34.0
34.2
34.4
34.6
36.1
36.4
35. 5
1.627
1.642
1. 658
1. 658
1.658
1.623
1.593
1.579
1. 593
1. 592
1. 588
1. 593
1.256 58.88
1.258 57.10
1. 258 57.28
1.257 58. 69
1.263 57.35
1.262 58.16
1. 253 57.47
1.243 55.84
1.248 56.20
1.244 55.38
1.252 57. 68
1.259 62.38
40.3
39.3
40.0
40.2
39.2
39.7
39.2
38.3
38.1
36.8
37.6
40.3
1.461
1.453
1.432
1.460
1.463
1.465
1.466
1.458
1.475
1.505
1. 534
1.548
47.94
49. 24
48. 54
46. 76
45. 04
45.18
44. 57
44. 44
44. 84
46.06
47.56
47.83
37.9
38.8
38.1
36.7
35.3
35.6
35.4
35. 3
35.5
36.3
37.3
37.6
1. 265
1.269
1.274
1.274
1.276
1. 269
1. 259
1. 259
1.263
1.269
1.275
1.272
59. 25
61.11
60. 45
57.16
55.14
54.01
54.01
53. 75
54.07
55.18
57. 75
57.94
38.3
39.2
38.6
36.5
35.1
34.8
35.3
35.2
35.2
35.9
37.5
37.5
1.547
1. 559
1.566
1.566
1.571
1. 552
1. 530
1. 527
1.536
1.537
1.540
1.545
61.62
39.6
1. 556
47. 91
37.2
1.288
58.11
37.3
1.558
Manufacturing—Continued
Textile-mill products—Continued
Full-fashioned ho
siery—Continued
Seamless hosiery
1949: Average_____ $50. 31
1950: Average_____ 53. 33
38.2 $1,317 $31. 45
38.2 1.396 34.94
1951: January____
February.........
M a r c h ...___
April. .
May__ _____
June...............
July________
August___ _
September
October___
November... _
December___
38.9
39.8
38.9
37.2
35.7
35.5
36.1
35.7
35.5
35.8
38.2
38.9
57. 65
59. 38
58.12
55. 65
53.84
53. 39
53.83
53. 41
53. 32
53. 81
57.68
59.01
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.482
1.492
1.494
1.496
1.508
1.504
1.491
1.496
1.502
1.503
1.510
1.517
35. 5 $0. 886 $35. 06
35.8
.976 38.12
37. 73
38.79
38.17
35. 46
34. 31
35.80
35. 39
35. 32
35.25
37.45
38.66
39.47
36.6
37.3
36.6
34.1
32.8
34.0
34.0
33.7
33.8
35.5
36.4
37.1
1.031
1.040
1.043
1.040
1.046
1.053
1.041
1.048
1.043
1.055
1.062
1.064
38.59
36.2
1.066
40. 93
41. 90
41. 70
41.37
40. 51
40. 26
38.20
39.71
40.74
42. 21
42.48
44.23
37.7 $0. 930 $30. 78
.998 34.37
38.2
38.4
38.8
38. 5
38.2
37.3
36.8
35.5
36.6
37.1
38.1
38.0
39.6
Knit outerwear
Knit underwear
South
North
United States
South
1.066 37. 21
1.080 38.15
1. 083 37. 47
1.083 34. 30
1.086 32.94
1.094 34. 87
1.076 34.85
1.085 34. 42
1.098 34.23
1.108 36. 54
1.118 37.94
1.117 38.54
35.1 $0. 877 $40. 96
35.4
.971 43. 73
36.3
37.0
36.2
33.3
31.8
33.4
33.7
33.1
33.2
35.0
36.1
36.6
1.025
1.031
1.035
1.030
1.036
1.044
1.034
1.040
1.031
1.044
1.051
1.053
38.1 $1,075 $36. 34
38.6 1.133 39.60
36.2
cJ7. 5
$1.004
1.056
47.46
48.30
47. 93
48.03
46. 37
46. 41
45. 26
46.27
46. 56
47. 36
48.33
48. 20
38.9
39.4
39.0
38.8
38.2
38.2
37.5
37.8
37.7
37.8
38.6
38.5
1.220
1.226
1.229
1. 238
1.214
1.215
1.207
1. 224
1. 235
1.253
1.252
1.252
43.13
44. 29
44.12
43. 55
41.27
41. 99
40. 55
40. 91
41. 62
42.33
43.14
44.11
38.3
39. 4
38. 8
38.3
36. 3
36. 8
35. 6
35.7
36.0
36.3
36.9
37.8
1.126
1.124
1.137
1.137
1.137
1.141
1.139
1.146
1.156
1.166
1.169
1.167
47.28
37.2
1.271
44.12
37.2
1.186
466
T able
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
M
O N T H L Y
L A B O R
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Apparel and ocher
finish ed tex tile
products
Textile-mill products—Continued
Year and month
Dyeing and fiinshing
textiles
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Carpets, rugs, other
floor coverings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Wool carpets, rugs,
and carpet yam
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Other textile-mill
products
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Fur-felt hats and hat Total: Apparel and
other finished tex
bodies
tile products
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
1949: Average.......... $51. 50
1950: Average.......... 53.87
40.3 $1.278 $56.80
40.9 1.317 62.33
39.5 $1.438 $56.23
41.5 1.502 62. 72
38.7 $1.453 $47.89
41.1 1.526 52. 37
38.9 $1.231 $49.21
40.6 1.290 51.05
35.3 $1.394 $41.89
35.9 1.422 43.68
35.8
36.4
$1.170
1.200
1951: January___
February____
March______
April_______
May________
June_______
July________
August______
September___
October..........
November___
December___
59.13
60.12
58.19
56.18
54.40
55. 97
52.56
51.01
53.18
55.19
58.70
61.78
41.7
42.4
41.3
39.7
38.5
39.5
37.3
36.0
37.4
38.7
40.4
42.4
1.418
1.418
1.409
1.415
1.413
1.417
1.409
1.417
1.422
1.426
1.453
1.457
65.91
67. 25
66.49
64. 76
61.38
59.48
58. 43
58. 59
59.69
60.99
60. 80
63.52
41.4
41.9
41.4
40.4
38.7
37.6
37.1
37.2
37.8
38.8
38.7
40.1
1.592
1.605
1.606
1.603
1.586
1.582
1.575
1.575
1. 579
1.572
1. 571
1.584
65. 65
66.30
65.08
62.83
58. 51
56.43
54.92
54. 46
55. 96
59.05
59.18
61.19
40.7
41.0
40.3
39.0
36.8
35.6
35.0
34.8
35.6
37.3
37.6
38.8
1.613
1.617
1.615
1.611
1.590
1.585
1. 569
1.565
1. 572
1.583
1.574
1.577
56.83
56.11
56. 62
55.70
54. 51
54. 55
53.70
52.32
53.89
54. 03
54.09
56.30
41.6
40.9
41.3
40.6
39.7
39.7
39.2
38.3
38.8
38.7
38.5
40.1
1.366
1.372
1.371
1.372
1.373
1.374
1.370
1.366
1.389
1.396
1.405
1.404
58.08
59.45
55.43
50.69
49. 42
51.73
50. 38
47.18
49.66
49.90
49.93
55.42
38.8
39.4
37.1
33.5
33.8
35.0
34.2
33.2
32.0
33.4
33.4
36.7
1.497 47.42
1.509 48.38
1.494 47. 27
1.513 44. 97
1.462 43.56
1.478 44.05
1.473 45.10
1.421 46.11
1. 552 45.89
1.494 43. 70
1. 495 45.12
1.510 46.37
36.9
37.5
37.4
36.5
35.3
35.3
35.4
35.8
35.6
34.6
35.5
36.2
1.285
1.290
1.264
1.232
1.234
1.248
1.274
1.288
1.289
1.263
1.271
1.281
1952: January......... 60.97
41.7
1.462
65.69
40.9
1.606
63.88
40.0
1.597
56.64
39.8
1.423
54. 73
36.2
1.512
36.1
1.294
46. 71
Manufacturing—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
Men’s and boys’
suits and coats
Men’s and boys’ fur
nishings and work
clothing
Shirts, collars, and
nightwear
Separate trousers
Work shirts
Women’s outerwear
1049: Average.-....... $46. 67
1950: Average.......... 50. 22
34.7 $1.345 $33.30
36.9 1.361 36.43
36.2 $0. 920 $33.37
36.8
.990 36.26
36.0 $0.927 $34. 91
36.7
.988 39.43
35.7 $0. 978 $27. 44
37.8 1.043 31.34
35.5 $0. 773 $49. 69
35.9
.873 49. 41
34. 7
34.7
$1.432
1.424
1951: January_____
February____
March______
April................
M a y ..............
June................
July.................
August............
September___
October_____
November___
December___
55. 23
56. 32
57.13
54. 90
53. 29
52.85
52.82
51. 56
51. 98
47.81
47. 59
50.31
37.6
38. 0
38.6
«¿7. ö
36. 3
36.0
36. 2
36.0
35.1
32. 5
32. 2
33.9
1.469
1.482
1.480
1. 464
1.468
1.468
1.459
1.473
1.481
1.471
1.478
1.484
39.11
39.68
40.17
38.96
37. 28
36.82
36.15
36.99
37.67
37.14
38.13
38.16
37.0
37.4
37.9
37.0
35.5
35.0
34.4
35.3
35. 5
35.0
35.6
35.7
1.057
1.061
1.060
1.053
1.050
1.052
1.051
1.048
1.061
1.061
1.071
1.069
39.09
39. 87
40.05
39.15
36.96
35. 97
35.30
36.47
37. 70
37. 52
38. 84
38. 56
36.6
37.3
37.5
37.0
34.9
34.0
33.4
34.5
35.1
35.0
36.0
35.9
1.068
1.069
1.068
1.058
1.059
1. 058
1.057
1.057
1.074
1.072
1.079
1.074
41.78
43. 08
43. 69
42.37
38. 86
39.28
38. 61
39.13
39.94
36. 83
37. 56
39. 21
37.4
38.6
38.8
37.9
35.1
35.1
35.1
35.0
35.6
33.3
33.6
35.1
1.117
1.116
1.126
1.118
1.107
1.119
1.100
1.118
1.122
1.106
1.118
1.117
33. 38
33.05
34. 91
33. 51
33.56
32.88
32.62
32.42
31.83
32. 53
32. 85
32. 27
36.2
36.2
37.7
36.5
36.4
35.9
35.3
35.2
34.3
34.5
35.1
34.7
.922
.913
.926
.918
.922
.916
.924
.921
.928
.943
.936
.930
55.01
56.08
52. 49
48. 37
47.30
47. 52
52.35
53.45
51.50
47.33
50. 41
52. 55
36.0
36. 7
35. 9
35.1
34.3
33. 8
34.9
35.4
34.4
32.8
34.6
35.8
1. 528
1. 528
1. 462
1.378
1 379
1.406
1. 500
1.510
1.497
1.443
1. 457
1.468
1952: January_____
50. 50
33.4
1.512
38.27
35.9
1.066
38.98
36.5
1.068
40.19
35.5
1.132
32.48
35.0
.928
53. 89
36.0
1.497
Manufacturing—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
Women’s dresses
1949: Average.
1950: Average.
$47.20
48.09
Household apparel
Women’s suits, coats,
and skirts
Women’s and chil
dren’s undergar
ments
U n d e r w e a r and
nightwear, except
corsets
Millinery
34.4 $1.372 $32. 23
34. 8 1.382 34.66
36.5 $0.883 $66.38
36.1
.960 63. 77
33.8 $1. 964 $35. 79
33.6 1.898 38.38
36.6 $0. 978 $34.08
36.9 1.040 36. 55
36.1 $0. 944 $53.55
36.4 1.004 54. 21
35.3
35.2
$1.517
1.540
1951: January...........
February____
March______
April............
May................
June................
July.................
August............
September___
October...........
November___
December___
51. 91
62. 6b
52. 20
50. 65
49. 46
48. 92
48.96
52.16
51.05
47. 33
49. 60
52.67
35.9
36.3
36.3
35.1
34.3
34. 5
35.4
36. 8
34. 4
32.8
34.3
35.9
1.446
1.448
1.438
1.443
1.442
1.418
1.383
1. 457
1.484
1.443
1.446
1.467
36.60
39. 74
39.89
39.13
38.00
37.22
34.48
37.19
37.69
36.81
38.35
38. 87
36.2
38.7
38.8
38.1
37.0
36.1
34.0
36. 5
36.7
35.7
36.8
37.7
1.011
1.027
1.028
1.027
1.027
1.031
1.014
1.019
1.027
1.031
1.042
1.031
72.20
73.39
62.86
53. 79
55.15
55. 71
68.43
66.97
63. 33
56. 29
60.83
63. 46
35.6
35.8
32.4
30.6
32.1
31.0
34.2
33.5
32.1
29.3
31.5
33.0
2.028
2.050
1.940
1.758
1.718
1. 797
2.001
1.999
1.973
1.921
1.931
1.923
40.85
42. 81
42. 21
40. 88
38.27
38.99
38. 41
39. 55
41.06
41.66
42. 79
43.05
36.9
38.5
38.2
36.8
34.6
35.0
34.6
35.5
36.5
36.8
37.5
37.6
1.107
1.112
1.105
1.111
1.106
1.114
1.110
1.114
1.125
1.132
1.141
1.145
38.34
40.84
40. 25
39. 77
37.38
38. 52
38. 56
38.66
40.00
40. 51
41.13
41.32
36.1
38.2
37.9
37.1
35.0
35.8
35.7
35.9
36.9
37.2
37.6
37.6
1.062
1.069
1.062
1.072
1.068
1.076
1.080
1.077
1.084
1.089
1.094
1.099
61.60
68.84
62.07
52. 94
45. 91
49. 42
57.66
59.35
62.10
52.50
50.90
55. 32
38.0
41.1
38.6
34. 2
31.0
32.9
35.9
36.5
37.3
33.4
32.9
35.3
1.621
1.675
1. 608
1.548
1. 481
1.502
1. 606
1. 626
1.665
1. 572
1. 547
1.567
1952: January_____
52.63
36.2
1.454
39.48
37.6
1.050
67.43
33.8
1.995
42.29
36.9
1.146
40.19
36.8
1.092
61.10
38.5
1.587
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T able
467
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
REVIEW , APRIL 1952
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Lumber and wood
products (except
furniture)
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
Year and month
Children's outerwear
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1949: Avaragfi
1950: Average
$37.06
38.98
Fur goods and mis
cellaneous apparel
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Other fabricated
textile products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
36.3 $1.021 $42.05
36.5 1.068 43.45
36.0 $1.168 $39. 74
36.7 1.184 42.06
Curtains and
draperies
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Textile bags
Total: Lumber and
wood products (ex
cept furniture)
Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg. hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn hours
earn
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings
ings hours ings
38.1 $1.043
38.2 1.101
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$51. 72
55.31
40.6
41.0
$1. 274
1.349
1951: January_____
February........
March_____
April___ ____
May________
June................
July________
A u gu st.____
September___
October...........
November.. .
December___
42.18
42. 70
40. 77
40.74
40.35
40.90
41.83
41.59
41.93
40.15
42.37
42.76
36.9
37.1
36.5
36.8
35.9
36.1
36.5
36.2
35.9
34.7
36.4
36.8
1.143
1.151
1.117
1.107
1.124
1.133
1.146
1.149
1.168
1.157
1.164
1.162
44.58
44.98
45.60
44.88
44.82
46.14
43.61
46.28
46. 76
45.68
47. 62
47.48
36.1
36.9
37.1
36.7
36.0
36.5
36.4
36.5
36.7
36.0
37.0
37.3
1.235
1.219
1.229
1.223
1.245
1.264
1.198
1.268
1.274
1.269
1.287
1.273
44.23
44.12
44.05
43.15
42.81
44. 59
43. 48
44.03
44.36
44.41
44.65
45.89
38.7
38.6
38.3
37.1
36.5
37.5
37.1
37.7
37.5
37.6
37.9
38.5
1.143 $39.83
1.143 39.93
1.150 38.44
1.163 38.12
1.173 37. 21
1. 189 38. 27
1. 172 38.05
1.168 37.49
1.183 37.31
1.181 37. 73
1.178 38.00
1.192 39.39
37.9 $1.048 $44. 64
37.6 1.062 44.73
36.4 1.056 45.16
36.0 1.059 43.12
35.2 1.057 42. 65
35.7 1.072 44.03
35.3 1.078 44. 00
35.7 1.050 45. 94
35.4 1.054 44. 92
35.8 1.054 45. 21
36.5 1.041 46. 21
37.8 1.042 47. 80
39.4 $1.133
39.2 1.141
39.0 1.158
37.4 1.153
36.8 1.159
37.6 1.171
37.8 1.164
38.9 1.181
38.0 1.182
37.9 1.193
38.8 1.191
40.1 1.192
55.73
56.13
55.58
58. 95
59. 72
61.51
57.43
60. 49
61.51
62.32
60. 86
59.63
40.5
40.5
40.6
41.4
41.5
41.9
39.8
40.9
40.6
41.3
40.6
40.7
1.376
1.386
1.369
1.424
1.439
1.468
1.443
1.479
1.515
1.509
1.499
1.465
1952: January_____
43.35
36.8
1.178
44.66
36.4
1.227
45.34
38.1
1.190
37.0
39.5
1.184
56. 44
40.0
1.411
38.85
1.050
46. 77
Manufacturing—Continued
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)—Continued
Millwork, plywood,
and prefabricated
structural wood
products
Sawmills and planing mills, general
Logging camps and
contractors
Sawmills and plan
ing mills
39.1 $1.568 $52.37
38.9 1.703 54.95
1949: Average.......... $61.31
1950: Average.......... 66.25
40.6 $1. 290 $53.06
40.7 1.350 55.53
40.6 $1.307 $35.66
40.5 1.371 38.90
1951: January........ .
February___
March........... .
April............ .
May................
June...............
July.............. .
August......... .
September__
October_____
November__
December___
61.99
64.10
57.93
71.10
71.64
77.10
62.55
74.57
75.63
79. 99
79.38
73. 97
37.3
38.2
36.3
39.0
39.0
41.7
35.7
40.2
39.7
41.9
41.3
40.2
1.662
1.678
1.596
1.823
1.837
1.849
1.752
1.855
1.905
1. 909
1.922
1.840
54.84
55.30
55.06
58.49
59.22
60.92
57.46
60.29
61.06
61.49
60.56
58.59
40.0
39.9
40.1
41.1
41.3
41.5
39.6
40.6
40.2
40.8
40.4
40.1
1.371
1.386
1.373
1.423
1.434
1.468
1.451
1.485
1. 519
1.507
1.499
1.461
55.54
56.00
55.58
59.16
59.95
61.79
58.17
61.06
61.95
62.42
61.49
59.39
39.9
39.8
39.9
41.0
41.2
41.5
39.6
40.6
40.2
40.8
40.4
40.1
1.392
1.407
1.393
1.443
1.455
1.489
1.469
1.504
1. 541
1.530
1.522
1.481
1952: January
67.29
41.9
1.606
55.39
39.2
1.413
55. 95
39.1
1.431
West
South
United States
40.11
40.05
40.34
41.82
41.81
41.12
40.62
41.02
41. 21
42. 37
41.75
41.71
42.1 $0.847 $67.12
42.1
.924 70.43
42.0
41.5
41.8
42.8
43.1
42.0
41.7
41.9
41.8
42.8
42.3
42.3
.955
.965
.965
.977
.970
.979
.974
.979
.986
.990
.987
.986
70.73
71.71
69.94
75.61
75.62
79.31
72.38
77.57
79.01
79. 57
78. 82
85.90
38.8 $1. 730 $55.06
38.7 1.820 60.52
41.9
43.2
$1.314
1.401
1.886
1.892
1.875
1.919
1.934
1.963
1.951
1.984
2.047
2.035
2. 042
2. 065
63.47
63.88
64.71
65.04
65.32
65. 48
63.56
64. 79
66.39
66. 94
62.97
64. 31
42.8
42.9
43.2
43.3
43.2
42.8
41.6
42.1
42.1
42.5
40.6
41.6
1.483
1.489
1.498
1.502
1.512
1.530
1.528
1.539
1.577
1. 575
1. 551
1. 546
63.76
41.0
1.555
37.5
37.9
37.3
39.4
39.1
40.4
37.1
39.1
38.6
39.1
38.6
41.6
Manufacturing—Continued
Furniture and fixtures
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)—Continued
Wooden containers
Millwork
Wooden boxes, other
than cigar
Miscellaneous wood
products
41.0 $1. 036 $44.16
41.5 1. 122 47.07
Total: Furniture
and fixtures
40.7 $1.085 $49.48
41.4 1.137 53.67
40.1 $1. 234 $47.04
41.9 1.281 51.91
39.8
41.9
$1.182
1. 239
1.362
1.378
1.387
1.386
1.393
1.387
1.404
1.410
1.421
1.420
1.431
1.439
54.75
55.78
56.37
54.04
52.96
52.64
51.91
53.64
55.32
55.94
56. 50
57. 45
41.7
42.0
42.1
40. 6
39.7
39.7
38.8
40.0
40.8
41.1
41. 0
41. 6
1.313
1.328
1.339
1. 331
1.334
1. 326
1. 338
1. 341
1. 356
1. 361
1.3/8
1. 381
1.443
56.59
41.1
1.377
1949: Average.......... $54.23
1950: Average.......... 59.05
42.2 $1.285 $41.90
43.2 1.367 46.03
40.6 $1.032 $42.48
40.7 1.311 46.56
1951: January_____
February____
March.............
April................
May...... ..........
June................
July.................
August............
September___
October...........
November___
December.......
60.09
60.15
61.19
62.13
62.32
62.08
60.54
62.14
62.81
64.20
61.74
63.58
42.2
41.8
42.2
42.7
42.6
42.2
41.1
42.1
42.1
42.8
41.3
42.5
1.424
1.439
1.450
1.455
1.463
1.471
1.473
1.476
1.492
1.500
1.495
1.496
48.31
47.72
48.51
48. 70
49.27
50.46
48.63
48.87
49.93
50.01
49. 48
51.27
41.4
41.1
41.5
41.8
41.9
42.3
40.9
41.0
41.3
41.5
41.3
42.2
1.167
1.161
1.169
1.165
1.176
1.193
1.189
1.192
1.209
1. 205
1.198
1.215
49.37
49. 26
49. 62
49.64
49.82
50.35
49. 27
48. 74
49. 42
49.61
49.16
50.37
42.6
42.8
42.7
42.9
42.8
42.6
41.3
41.2
41.6
41.9
41.8
42.4
1. 159
1. 151
1. 162
1. 157
1. 164
1. 182
1. 193
1. 183
1. 188
1. 184
1. 176
1. 188
50.51
50.23
50. 54
51.49
51.72
52.26
50. 75
51.29
52.38
51.96
50. 92
52.33
42.2
42.1
42.4
42.8
42.5
42.8
41.7
41.9
41.9
41.6
40.8
41.8
1.197
1.193
1.192
1. 203
1.217
1.221
1.217
1.224
1.250
1.249
1.248
1.252
56.93
58.15
58.67
56.96
56.28
56.03
55.74
57.53
58.40
58. 79
58. 81
60.44
41.8
42.2
42.3
41.1
40.4
40.4
39.7
40.8
41.1
41.4
41.1
42.0
1952: January.......... 62.62
42.0
1.491
48. 43
40.7
1.190
47.80
41.1
1. 163
51.83
41.6
1.246
60.17
41.7
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Household furniture
468
T
a
b
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
l
e
M
O N T H L Y
L A B O R
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees
Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Paper and allied products
Furniture and fixtures—Continued
Year and month
Wood household
furniture, except
upholstered
Wood household fur
niture, upholstered
Mattresses and
bedsprings
Other furniture
and fixtures
Total: Paper and
allied products
Pulp, paper, and
paperboard mills
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
hrly.
earn hours earn earn wkly.
earn
earn
earn
earn
earn
earn
earn
earn
earn
ings
ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours ings
1949: Average........... $43. 68
1950: Average_____ 48.39
1951: January_____ 51.06
February____ 52.31
March_______ 52. 11
April________ 50. 84
M ay________ 49.73
June_________ 49. 45
J u ly .................. 47. 50
August............. 50.10
September___ 50. 92
October.......... 51. 46
November___ 51.58
December,___ 52.08
1952: January,____ 51.58
40.0
42.3
42.2
42.7
42.4
41.4
40.5
40.2
38.9
40.6
41. 1
41. 5
41.3
41.6
41.2
$1. 092 $50.18 38.9
1.144 56.35 41.4
1.210 57.06 39.9
1. 225 58. 92 41.0
1.229 59. 68 41.3
1.228 55.88 38.7
1. 228 53.91 37.1
1. 230 55.11 37.8
1.221 54.37 37.6
1.234 55. 59 38.5
1. 239 58. 17 40.2
1. 240 60. 23 41.0
1.249 61.39 41.2
1.252 65.36 42.8
1. 252 59.18. .. 39.8
$1,290
1.361
1.430
1.437
1. 445
1.444
1.453
1.458
1.446
1.444
1. 447
1. 469
1.490
1.527
1.487
$51. 69
57. 27
61.02
59.70
64.24
58.00
57. 29
56. 47
58.84
57. 97
62. 23
62.09
63.15
62. 95
63.30
39.7
41.2
41.4
40.5
42.6
39.7
39.0
39.6
39.2
39.3
40.7
40.5
40.4
40.9
40.6
$1,302
1.390
1. 474
1.474
1.508
1. 461
1.469
1.426
1. 501
1. 475
1.529
1.533
1.563
1.539
1.559
$55.47
58.53
63.00
64.33
64.63
64. 52
64.20
63.82
64.30
65.92
65.32
65.30
64.49
67.75
68.54
40.7
41.9
42.2
42.6
42.8
42.5
42. 1
42.1
41.7
42.5
41.9
42. 1
41.5
43.1
43.0
$1.363
1.397
1.493
1.510
1.510
1.518
1.525
1.516
1. 542
1.551
1. 559
1. 551
1.554
1.572
p 594
$55. 96
61.14
65. 96
65.36
66.16
66. 38
65. 92
65. 56
65. 44
64. 84
65. 57
65. 32
65. 64
66. 73
66. 74
41.7
43.3
43.8
43.4
43.7
43.7
43.4
43.1
42.8
42.6
42.8
42.5
42.4
42.8
42.7
$1.342
1.412
1. 506
1. 506
1.514
1. 519
1.519
1. 521
1. 529
1. 522
1.532
1. 537
1.548
1.559
1.563
$59.83
65.06
70. 89
70. 49
70. 80
71.37
70. 96
70.84
71.73
70. 38
71.29
71.15
71.31
72.39
71.98
42.4 $1,411
43.9 1.482
44.7 1. 586
44.5 1.584
44.7 1. 584
44.8 1.593
44.6 1. 591
44.3 1. 599
44.5 1.612
44.1 1.596
44. 2 1.613
44.0 1.617
43.8 1.628
44.3 1.634
44.0 1.636
Manufaeturing—Continued
Paper and allied products—Continued
Paperboard con
tainers and boxes
1949: Average_____ $52. 45
1950: Average........... 57. 96
1951: January........... 61.89
February____ 61.80
M arch_______ 63.17
April________ 62.74
M a y ............... 61.38
J u n e.............. 60. 05
July------------- 58. 59
August______ 58. 92
September___ 59.12
October_____ 58. 93
November___ 59.49
December,___ 61 02
1952: Jamuary_____ 61.26
41.2
43.0
43.1
42.8
43.3
43.0
42.1
41. 5
40.6
40.8
41.0
40.7
40.8
41.2
41.2
$1. 273
1.348
1.436
1.444
1.459
1.459
1. 458
1.447
1. 443
1.444
1. 442
1.448
1.458
1.481
1.487
Other paper and
allied products
$51.07
55.48
60.07
58.83
59. 91
59. 82
59. 99
60.15
58. 95
59.39
59.78
59.60
59.80
60 53
60. 69
40.6
42.0
42.6
41.9
42.1
42.1
42.1
42.3
41.4
41. 5
41.6
41.3
41.1
41 4
41.4
$1. 258
1.321
1.410
1.404
1.423
1.421
1.425
1.422
1.424
1.431
1.437
1.443
1.455
1.462
1.466
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Total: Printing, pub
lishing, and allied
industries
$70. 28
72.98
74.22
74. 23
75. 74
75.78
75.66
75. 82
75. 50
75. 54
77.69
76. 27
77.09
79.83
77.68
38.7
38.8
38.9
38.4
38.9
38.9
38.7
38.8
38.6
38.7
39.2
38.6
38.7
39.5
38.8
$1,816
1.881
1. 908
1.933
1.947
1.948
1.955
1.954
1.956
1. 952
1.982
1.976
1.992
2.021
2.002
Newspapers
$78.37
80.00
79.12
79.96
82.13
82.98
83. 49
83.16
82.36
82. 29
85.13
84.59
85.51
89.16
83.41
37.3
36.9
35.8
36.0
36.6
36.8
36.7
36.7
36.3
36.3
36.9
36.7
36.7
37.7
36.0
Periodicals
$2.101
2.168
2. 210
2. 221
2.244
2. 255
2. 275
2. 266
2. 269
2. 267
2.307
2.305
2.330
2.365
2.317
$70. 21
74.18
77.95
79. 23
78. 56
77.34
75. 93
77. 70
79.64
80.32
83. 23
80. 07
80.48
81.44
80.50
38.9
39.5
40.1
40.2
39.9
39.4
38.9
39.3
39.7
40.0
40.7
39.7
39.8
40.0
39.5
$1,805
1.878
1.944
1.971
1.969
1.963
1.952
1.977
2. 006
2.008
2. 045
2.017
2.022
2.036
2.038
Books
$61.07
64.08
66.60
66. 21
67. 43
68.05
67.99
6S.99
66.20
68.28
68.69
66.31
66.68
68.52
68.32
38.6 $1. 582
39.1 1.639
39.5 1.686
38.9 1.702
39.5 1.707
39.7 1.714
39.9 1.704
40.3 1.712
39.1 1.693
40.0 1.707
40.1 1.713
39.4 1,683
39.2 1. 701
39.7 1.726
39.4 1.734
Manufacturing—Continued
Printing, publishing, and allied industries—Continued
Commercial printing
1949: Average_____ $69. 44
1950: Average........... 72. 34
1951: January........... 74.58
February____ 73. 24
M arch............. 75. 52
April________ 74. 76
M ay________ 74. 60
June________ 74.86
J u ly ............... . 74.86
August............. /4. ( /
September___ 76. 99
O ctober.......... 75.13
Novem ber___ 76.57
December____ 79. 20
1952: January_____ 78.66
39.7
39.9
40.6
39.4
40.3
40.0
39.7
39.8
39.8
39. 9
40.5
39. 5
39.9
40. 7
40.4
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1. 749
1.813
1.837
1.859
1.874
1.869
1.879
1.881
1.881
1.874
1.901
1.902
1.919
1.946
1.947
Lithographing
$69.17
73. 04
73. 79
75.33
74.85
76. 52
74. 79
75. 95
76. 42
77.09
77.8!
75. 96
75.56
78. 81
77. 02
39.3
40.0
39.8
40.2
40.2
40.4
39.7
40.1
40.2
40.3
40.4
40.0
39.6
40.9
4C. 2
$1. 760
1.826
1.854
1.874
1.862
1.894
1.884
1.894
1.901
1.913
1.926
1.899
1.908
1.927
1.916
Other printing and
publishing
$62. 66
65.18
67.31
66.81
68.17
67. 60
67. 69
67.11
66.44
65. 96
67. 70
67. 22
66. 99
68. 95
68. 44
38.7
39.1
39.9
38.8
39.2
39.3
39.4
39.2
38.9
38.8
39. 2
38.9
38.7
39.4
39.2
$1,619
1.667
1. 687
1. 722
1.739
1.720
1.718
1.712
1.708
1. 700
1.727
1. 728
1. 731
1.750
1.746
Chemicals and allied products
Total: Chemicals
and allied products
$58.63
62. 67
66.99
67.17
67.54
67.84
68.14
68. 72
69.01
68.18
68.43
68.18
68. 72
69.05
68.85
41.0
41.5
42.0
41.8
41.9
41.8
41.7
41.7
41.6
41.5
41.7
41.8
41.8
41.8
41.6
$1. 430
1.510
1.595
1.607
1.612
1.623
1.634
1.648
1.659
1.643
1.641
1.631
1.644
1.652
1.655
Industrial inorganic
chemicals
$63. 90
67.89
73.13
73. 79
73. 65
73. 69
74.53
75. 50
76. 36
76. 03
76.13
76. 45
76.36
75.95
75 60
40.6
40.9
41.2
41.5
41.4
41.4
41.8
41.9
42.0
42.1
41.6
41.8
41.5
40.9
41.0
$1. 574
1.660
1.775
1.778
1.779
1.780
1.783
1.802
1.818
1.806
1.830
1. 829
1.840
1.857
1.844
Industrial organic
chemicals
$60. 83
65. 69
70.11
70. 26
71.15
71.82
72.07
72.48
73.06
71.67
72. 54
71.17
71.63
72. 27
71.68
39.5 $1. 540
40.6 1.618
41.0 1.710
40.8 1.722
41. 2 1.727
41.3 1.739
41.3 1.745
41.3 1.755
41.3 1.769
41.0 1. 748
40.8 1.778
40.3 1. 766
40.4 1. 773
40.6 1.780
40.2 1.783
REVIEW , APRIL 1952
T able
469
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
Chemical and allied products—Continued
Year and month
P la s tic s, e x c e p t s y n
th e tic r u b b er
S y n t h e t ic r u b b e r
S y n t h e t i c fib e r s
D r u g s a n d m e d ic i n e s
P a in t s , p ig m e n ts ,
a n d f ille r s
F e r t i l iz e r s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
1949: A v e r a g e ______
1950: A v e r a g e _____
$ 6 0 .3 6
6 5 54
4 0 .4
4 1 .8
$1. 494
1. 568
$66. 74
7 1 .9 3
3 9 .8
4 0 .8
$1. 677
1 .7 6 3
$55. 20
58. 40
3 8 .6
3 9 .3
$1. 430
1 .4 8 6
$56. 60
59. 59
4 0 .4
4 0 .9
$1,401
1 .4 5 7
$59. 78
6 4 .8 0
4 1 .0
4 2 .3
$ 1 ,4 5 8
1 .5 3 2
$44. 72
4 7 .0 0
4 1 .6
4 1 .3
$ 1 ,0 7 5
1 .1 3 8
1951: J a n u a r y .......... .
F e b r u a r y ____
M a r c h . - ..........
A p r i l _________
M a y _________
J u n e _________
J u l y .............. ..
A u g u s t _______
S e p te m b e r . . .
O c t o b e r ______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____
7 2 .0 8
70. 72
71 .6 1
72. 21
7 2 .2 0
7 2 .1 5
73. 91
7 2 .3 6
74. 55
7 2 .3 6
7 3 .4 9
7 4 .3 0
4 2 .7
4 1 .5
4 2 .0
4 2 .3
42. 1
4 1 .9
4 2 .6
4 1 .9
4 2 .5
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 1 .6
1 .6 8 8
1 .7 0 4
1. 705
1 .7 0 7
1 .7 1 5
1 .7 2 2
1 .7 3 5
1 .7 2 7
1. 754
1 .7 5 2
1 .7 7 5
1 .7 8 6
7 5 .1 9
76. 97
7 7 .1 2
7 8 .0 0
7 8 .8 7
7 8 .4 0
7 9 .3 2
7 9 .1 2
78. 44
7 6 .8 6
8 0 .4 2
8 2 .7 5
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 1 .4
4 1 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .1
4 1 .1
4 0 .6
4 0 .2
4 1 .2
4 2 .2
1 .8 5 2
1 .8 8 2
1.881
1. 884
1 .8 9 6
1. 903
1 .9 3 0
1 .9 2 5
1 .9 3 2
1 .9 1 2
1 .9 5 2
1 .9 6 1
6 1 .6 1
6 1 .3 9
62. 29
62. 81
6 3 .0 8
62. 69
6 3 .3 2
62. 53
6 3 .5 4
6 2 .8 6
6 3 .1 0
6 3 .9 1
39 7
3 9 .3
39 5
39. 7
39 8
3 9 .6
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
3 9 .1
3 8 .9
3 8 .9
3 9 .4
1 .5 5 2
1 .5 6 2
1 .5 7 7
1 .5 8 2
1 .5 8 5
1 .5 8 3
1 .6 0 3
1 .5 8 7
1 .6 2 5
1 .6 1 6
1 .6 2 2
1 .6 2 2
t6 1 . 60
6 1 .9 6
6 2 .2 8
63. 08
6 2 .1 7
6 2 .3 6
6 1 .6 3
6 2 .0 0
6 1 .9 0
63. 51
6 3 .5 9
6 3 .8 6
f 4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 1 .6
4 1 .8
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 0 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .3
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
t l . 488
1 .4 9 3
1 .4 9 7
1 .5 0 9
1. 509
1 .5 1 0
1. 533
1 .5 2 7
1. 536
1 .5 4 9
1.551
1 .5 5 0
68. 61
6 9 .0 5
69. 07
68. 79
6 8 .8 3
6 8 .5 4
68. 84
6 8 .3 5
6 7 .8 6
68. 56
6 9 .8 5
7 0 .2 6
4 2 .8
4 2 .6
4 2 .4
4 2 .1
42 1
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
4 1 .6
4 1 .7
1 .6 0 3
1.6 2 1
1 .6 2 9
1. 634
1 .6 3 5
1. 632
1 .6 4 7
1 .6 3 9
1 .6 5 5
1 .6 6 4
1 .6 7 9
1 .6 8 5
4 9 .9 6
4 8 .4 2
50. 56
50. 98
53. 29
5 2 .9 6
5 4 .3 6
52. 67
5 4 .0 2
5 2 .9 2
5 3 .0 9
5 5 .0 0
4 2 .3
4 1 .0
4 2 .7
4 2 .2
4 2 .8
4 2 .0
4 2 .6
4 1 .6
4 2 .4
4 1 .9
4 1 .9
4 2 .7
1.1 8 1
1 .1 8 1
1 .1 8 4
1 .2 0 8
1 .2 4 5
1 .2 6 1
1 .2 7 6
1 .2 6 6
1 .2 7 4
1 .2 6 3
1 .2 6 7
1 .2 8 8
1952: J a n u a r y ______
7 4 .4 8
4 1 .7
1 .7 8 6
8 0 .3 2
4 1 .0
1 .9 5 9
6 3 .3 8
3 9 .0
1 .6 2 5
6 4 .2 4
4 1 .1
1 .5 6 3
6 9 .8 8
4 1 .4
1 .6 8 8
5 4 .1 0
4 2 .2
1 .2 8 2
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
C h e m i c a l s a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s — C o n t i n u e d
V e g e t a b le a n d a n i
m a l o i ls a n d f a ts
O th e r c h e m i c a l s a n d
a l li e d p r o d u c t s
P r o d u c t s o f p e tr o le u m a n d coal
S o a p a n d g ly c e r in
T o ta l: P r o d u c ts of
p e tr o le u m a n d coal
P e t r o le u m r e fin in g
C ok e a n d b y p ro d u cts
1949:
1950:
Average........
Average........
$ 5 1 .1 2
5 3 .4 6
4 7 .2
4 5 .5
$ 1 ,0 8 3
1 .1 7 5
$ 6 0 .6 7
6 4 .4 1
4 0 .8
4 1 .5
$ 1 .4 8 7
1 .5 5 2
$ 6 6 .5 4
7 1 .8 1
4 0 .9
4 1 .7
$ 1 .6 2 7
1 .7 2 2
$ 7 2 .3 6
7 5 .0 1
4 0 .4
4 0 .9
$1. 791
1 .8 3 4
$ 7 5 .3 3
7 7 .9 3
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
$ 1 .8 7 4
1 .9 2 9
$ 6 1 .0 7
6 2 .8 5
3 9 .3
3 9 .7
$1. 554
1 .5 8 3
1951:
January........
F eb ru a ry ...
March..........
5 6 .9 0
5 6 .3 6
5 6 .2 8
5 8 .3 9
59. 22
6 0 .4 3
6 1 .5 9
5 9 .8 1
5 8 .4 3
58. 82
5 8 .9 5
5 9 .6 3
4 6 .0
4 4 .8
4 3 .9
4 4 .4
4 3 .9
4 4 .3
4 4 .5
4 4 .4
4 7 .7
4 9 .1
4 8 .6
4 8 .8
1 .2 3 7
1 .2 5 8
1 .2 8 2
1 .3 1 5
1 .3 4 9
1 .3 6 4
1 .3 8 4
1 .3 4 7
1 .2 2 5
1 .1 9 8
1 .2 1 3
1 .2 2 2
6 9 .1 3
7 0 .0 5
6 9 .9 6
6 8 .6 8
6 8 .0 2
6 8 .1 4
68. 68
6 8 .1 9
6 9 .2 2
69. 55
7 0 .4 7
7 0 .8 0
4 2 .0
4 2 .3
4 2 .3
4 1 .8
4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
1 .6 4 6
1 .6 5 6
1. 654
1 .6 4 3
1 .6 3 9
1. 646
1 .6 5 9
1.6 5 1
1 .6 7 2
1 .6 8 0
1 .6 9 4
1 .7 0 6
7 6 .8 3
7 9 .3 6
7 9 .6 4
7 5 .8 7
7 4 .0 5
75. 48
76. 40
7 5 .9 1
76. 86
7 7 .3 9
79. 25
7 8 .8 6
4 2 .4
4 3 .2
4 3 .0
4 1 .3
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .9
41. 1
4 1 .1
4 1 .6
4 1 .2
1 .8 1 2
1 .8 3 7
1 .8 5 2
1 .8 3 7
1 .8 2 4
1 .8 5 0
1 .8 6 8
1 .8 5 6
1 .8 7 0
1 .8 8 3
1 .9 0 5
1 .9 1 4
7 9 .5 8
7 8 .4 4
78. 93
8 1 .3 3
8 1 .3 1
8 1 .2 0
8 4 .0 6
8 0 .5 5
8 3 .2 1
8 1 .7 2
8 1 .2 8
82. 41
4 1 .0
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
4 1 .8
4 0 .6
4 1 .4
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
4 1 .1
1 .9 4 1
1 .9 3 2
1 .9 4 4
1 .9 7 4
1 .9 8 8
1 .9 9 5
2. O il
1 .9 8 4
2 .0 1 0
1 .9 9 8
1 .9 9 7
2. 005
8 2 .9 5
8 1 .2 8
8 1 .8 9
8 4 .8 7
84. 77
8 4 .7 6
8 7 .9 4
83. 70
8 6 .6 0
84. 68
8 4 .8 9
8 6 .3 1
4 0 .7
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .9
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 1 .6
4 0 .2
4 1 .1
4 0 .4
40. 6
4 1 .1
2 .0 3 8
2 .0 2 2
2 .0 3 7
2 .0 7 5
2 .0 9 3
2. 098
2 .1 1 4
2 .0 8 2
2 .1 0 7
2 .0 9 6
2.0 9 1
2 .1 0 0
68. 82
6 9 .6 3
6 8 .0 8
68. 96
6 9 .1 2
7 0 .4 2
7 0 .8 8
6 8 .7 7
70. 62
69. 20
6 9 .3 2
7 0 .3 5
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
3 9 .4
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
4 0 .5
3 9 .5
3 9 .9
3 9 .7
3 9 .5
4 0 .2
1 .7 1 2
1 .7 3 2
1 .7 2 8
1 .7 2 4
1 .7 2 8
1 .7 5 6
1 .7 5 0
1 .7 4 1
1. 770
1 .7 4 3
1 .7 5 5
1 .7 5 0
5 9 .6 5
4 7 .8
1 .2 4 8
7 0 .5 5
4 1 .5
1 .7 0 0
7 7 .6 6
4 1 .2
1 .8 8 5
8 2 .1 7
4 0 .7
2. 019
85. 92
4 0 .7
2 .1 1 1
7 0 .0 7
3 9 .5
1 .7 7 4
April_____
M ay ..............
June..............
J u ly ..............
August____
September. .
October.............
November
December.
1952: J a n u a r y _______
Manufacturing—Continued
P r o d u c ts o f p e tro
le u m a n d c o a l— C o n .
O th e r p e t r o l e u m a n d
coal p ro d u c ts
L e a t h e r a n d le a t h e r
p r o d u c ts
R u b b e r p ro d u c ts
T o ta l: R u b b e r
p r o d u c ts
T i r e s a n d in n e r
tu b es
R u b b e r f o o tw e a r
O th e r r u b b e r
p ro d u c ts
T o ta l: L e a th e r a n d
le a th e r p r o d u c ts
1949: A v e r a g e . . .......... $ 6 1 .1 8
1950: A v e r a g e ............... 6 6 .7 8
4 2 .9
4 4 .7
$ 1 ,4 2 6
1 .4 9 4
$57. 79
6 4 .4 2
3 8 .3
4 0 .9
$ 1 .5 0 9
1 .5 7 5
$ 6 3 .2 6
7 2 .4 8
3 6 .4
3 9 .8
$1. 738
1 .8 2 1
$ 4 8 .9 4
5 2 .2 1
3 8 .6
4 0 .1
$1. 268
1 .3 0 2
$ 5 4 .3 8
5 9 .7 6
4 0 .1
4 2 .2
$ 1 .3 5 6
1 .4 1 6
$ 4 1 .6 1
4 4 .5 6
3 6 .6
3 7 .6
$ 1 ,1 3 7
1 .1 8 5
1951: J a n u a r y ...............
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h _________
A p r i l ___________
M a y ___________
J u n e ......................
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t .......... ..
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r ................
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____
6 8 .0 8
6 7 .6 8
6 8 .9 7
6 9 .1 0
6 9 .7 3
6 7 .6 9
6 9 .0 9
7 0 .6 8
7 2 .4 4
7 2 .7 4
6 7 .3 7
6 5 .3 4
4 3 .7
4 3 .3
4 3 .9
4 3 .9
4 4 .3
4 3 .2
4 3 .7
4 4 .4
4 4 .8
4 4 .9
4 2 .4
41. 7
1 .5 5 8
1 .5 6 3
1 .5 7 1
1 .5 7 4
1 .5 7 4
1 .5 6 7
1 .5 8 1
1 .5 9 2
1 .6 1 7
1 .6 2 0
1 .5 8 9
1 .5 6 7
6 6 .7 8
6 3 .3 7
6 5 .8 8
6 5 .9 6
6 8 .5 6
7 1 .2 7
7 0 .8 1
6 9 .5 2
7 0 .1 8
68. 67
6 9 .4 6
7 3 .4 9
4 0 .4
3 8 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .9
4 1 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .5
4 1 .1
1 .6 5 3
1 .6 2 9
1 .6 4 7
1 .6 4 9
1 .6 6 0
1.7 0 1
1 .7 2 7
1 .7 0 8
1 .7 1 6
1 .7 0 4
1. 715
1 .7 8 8
73. 69
6 6 .9 5
7 1 .4 0
7 0 .1 5
7 5 .9 2
82. 44
8 3 .6 7
8 2 .0 7
81. 64
7 8 .7 6
8 0 .2 7
8 5 .4 4
3 8 .4
3 5 .5
3 7 .6
3 7 .0
3 9 .4
4 1 .7
4 1 .4
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
3 9 .9
4 0 .5
4 0 .8
1 .9 1 9
1 .8 8 6
1 .8 9 9
1 .8 9 6
1 .9 2 7
1 .9 7 7
2 .0 2 1
1 .9 9 2
1 .9 9 6
1 .9 7 4
1 .9 8 2
2 .0 9 4
5 7 .5 3
5 5 .8 7
5 8 .1 7
5 9 .8 2
6 1 .4 8
5 9 .9 8
5 4 .6 8
5 7 .0 4
55. 94
5 6 .1 6
56. 64
5 9 .9 5
4 1 .6
4 0 .6
4 1 .4
4 2 .1
4 2 .9
4 2 .3
3 9 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .1
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .7
1 .3 8 3
1 .3 7 6
1 .4 0 5
1 .4 2 1
1 .4 3 3
1 .4 1 8
1 .4 0 2
1 .3 9 8
1 .3 9 5
1 .4 0 4
1.4C 9
1 .4 7 3
6 3 .0 6
6 1 .9 5
6 3 .1 3
6 3 .8 1
6 4 .0 9
64. 47
6 3 .2 9
6 1 .4 2
6 3 .0 6
62. 68
6 2 .3 6
6 5 .5 2
4 1 .9
4 1 .3
4 1 .7
4 1 .9
4 2 .5
4 2 .0
4 1 .1
4 0 .3
4 1 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
4 1 .6
1 .5 0 5
1 .5 0 0
1 .5 1 4
1 .5 2 3
1 .5 0 8
1 .5 3 5
1 .5 4 0
1 .5 2 4
1 .5 3 8
1 .5 4 0
1 .5 3 6
1 .5 7 5
4 8 .3 0
4 9 .4 3
4 8 .7 3
4 6 .6 5
4 5 .3 8
4 6 .9 0
4 7 .1 2
4 6 .1 9
45. 92
4 5 .3 1
4 5 .8 5
4 8 .3 9
3 8 .7
3 9 .2
3 8 .4
3 6 .5
3 5 .4
3 6 .7
3 7 .1
3 6 .4
3 5 .9
3 5 .4
3 5 .6
3 7 .6
1 .2 4 5
1 .2 6 1
1 .2 6 9
1 .2 7 8
1 .2 8 2
1 .2 7 8
1 .2 7 0
1 .2 6 8
1 .2 7 9
1 .2 8 0
1 .2 8 8
1 .2 8 7
1952: J a n u a r y ............ ..
6 5 .1 2
4 1 .4
1 .5 7 3
7 4 .7 6
4 1 .1
1 .8 1 9
8 7 .8 7
4 1 .1
2 .1 3 8
6 0 .3 9
4 0 .1
1 .5 0 6
6 5 .5 8
4 1 .3
1 .5 8 8
4 9 .4 5
3 8 .3
1 .2 9 1
S e e fo o tn o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
470
T able
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
M
O N T H L Y
L A B O R
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Leather and leather products—Continued
Year and month
Footwear (except
rubber)
Leather
Stone, clay. and glass products
Other leather
products
Total; Stone, clay,
and glass products
Glass and glass
products
Glass containers
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly.
earn hours earn earn wkly.
earn earn wkly. earn earn wkly. earn earn wkly. earn earn wkly. earn
ings
ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours ings
1049: Average_____ $54.11
1950: Average_____ 57. 21
38.9 $1.391 $39. 35
39.7 1.441 41.99
35.9 $1. 096 $41.10
36.9 1.138 44.85
37.5 $1. 096 $54.45
38. 5 1.165 59.20
1951: January____
February__
March___ _
April______
May............June. _____
July________
August_____
September__
October_____
November___
December___
61.58
62. 52
60. 71
60. 49
59. 71
60.30
59.44
58.94
58. 94
60. 37
59.98
61.11
40. 7
40.6
39.6
39.1
38.6
38.8
38.5
38.1
38.3
38.9
38.3
38.9
1.513
1.540
1. 533
1. 547
1. 547
1. 554
1. 544
1. 547
1.539
1. 552
1.566
1.571
45.88
46.99
46. 43
43.65
41.70
43. 79
44. 39
43.29
42.73
41. 83
41.93
45.27
38.3
38.8
37.9
35.4
33.9
35.6
36.3
35.4
34.6
33.9
33.9
36.6
1.198
1.211
1.225
1. 233
1.230
1. 230
1.223
1.223
1.235
1. 2.34
1.237
1.237
47.89
48. 82
48. 52
47. 27
47. 43
48.24
47. 85
47.88
48.04
47.08
48. 79
50. 29
38.9
39.4
39.0
38.0
37.7
38. 5
38.4
38.3
38.1
37.6
38.6
39.6
1.231
1.239
1. 244
1.244
1. 258
1. 253
1.246
1. 250
1. 261
1. 252
1.264
1.270
63. 48
63.15
64.53
65.09
65.11
65. 25
65. 04
64. 74
65.74
65. 93
65.03
65.47
41.6
41.3
41.9
42.1
41.9
41.8
41.4
41.5
41.5
41. 7
40. 9
41.2
1. 526
1. 529
1.540
1.546
1. 554
1. 561
1.571
1.560
1.584
1. 581
1.590
1.589
1952: January-.-
62.13
39.2
1.585
47.02
37.8
1.244
49. 79
39.3
1.267
64.79
40.8
1.588
39.8 $1.368 $56. 71
41.2 1.437 61.58
39.0 $1.454 $53.80
40.3 1.528 56.36
39.3
39.8
$1.369
1.416
66.10
65.04
66.17
66. 91
65.81
65. 97
67. 14
63.19
65.40
65. 67
65.50
67.18
40.6
40.3
41.0
41.3
40.4
40.4
40.4
39.2
39.3
39. 8
39.2
40.3
1.628
1.614
1.614
1.620
1.629
1. 633
1.662
1.612
1.664
1. 650
1.671
1.667
60.95
58.82
59. 84
61.32
60.53
59. 89
61.44
58. 45
59.40
61.21
62. 22
64.44
40.5
39.5
40.0
41.1
40.3
39.9
40.5
39.1
38.4
39.9
40.3
41.6
1. 505
1.489
1.496
1.492
1.502
1.501
1. 517
1.495
1.547
1.534
1.544
1.549
66.39
39.9
1.664
62.50
40.4
1.547
Manufacturing—Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Pressed and blown
glass
Cement, hydraulic
Structural clay
products
38.6 $1,303 .$57. 49
39.7 1.353 60.13
41.6 $1,382 $49.73
41.7 1.442 54.19
57.10
57.14
58.55
57.%
56.25
56.34
60.16
56.56
58.23
56.64
56.70
58.40
39.9
39.9
41.0
40.9
39.5
39.4
40.9
39.5
39.8
39.2
38.6
40.5
1.431
1.432
1.428
1.417
1.424
1. 430
1.471
1.432
1.463
1.445
1.469
1.442
62.45
62.93
64.08
64.08
65.35
65.71
65.78
66. 72
67. 01
66. 56
65.64
64. 72
41.3
41.7
42.1
41.8
42.0
41.8
41.4
42.2
41.8
42. 1
41.7
41.3
1.512
1.509
1.522
1.533
1.556
1.572
1.589
1.581
1.603
1.581
1.574
1.567
1952: January_____ 57.75
39.5
1.462 65.13
41.3
1.577
1049: Average_____ $50.30
1950: Average_____ 53.71
1951: January_____
February____
March______
April_______
May__ June___ ___
July________
August-.-__
September-..
October_____
November___
December___
Brick and hollow
tile
Sewer pipe
Pottery and related
products
39.0 $1.275 $49.57
40.5 1.338 53.75
41.8 $1.186 $48.61
42.9 1.253 52.17
39.2 $1,240 $48.85
39.7 1.314 52.16
36.4
37.5
$1,342
1.391
59.00
57.65
59. 93
60. 78
61.68
61.51
60. 96
61.63
61.98
63. 34
61.98
62.76
41.2
40.4
41.3
41.6
42. 1
41.9
41.5
41.9
41.4
42.2
41.4
41.7
1.432
1.427
1.451
1.461
1.465
1.468
1.469
1.471
1.497
1.501
1.497
1.505
55.88
54.24
57.34
58.94
60.02
59. 25
58.49
58.71
58. 58
59. 91
57.34
58.42
42.3 1.321 56.50
41.5 1.307 54.86
42.6 1.346 56.00
43.4 1.358 57.31
44.0 1.364 58.90
43.6 1.359 57.47
43.2 1.354 55.57
43.2 1.359 59. 30
42.7 1.372 59.41
43.6 1.374 62.10
42.1 1.362 61.11
42.8 1.365 61.40
40.3
39.3
39.8
40.3
41.1
40.3
38.7
40.7
39.5
41.1
40.5
40.0
1.402
1.396
1.407
1.422
1.433
1.426
1.436
1. 457
1. 504
1.511
1.509
1.535
57.05
57.69
58.64
58.65
57. 26
57.04
55.37
57.04
56. 96
58.06
58. 79
58. 74
38.6
38.9
39.3
39.1
38.1
37.8
36.5
37.4
37.3
37.8
38.0
37.8
1.478
1.483
1.492
1.500
1.503
1.509
1.517
1.525
1.527
1.536
1.547
1.554
61.40
41.1
1.494
55.28
41.1
39.2
1.478
57.96
37.3
1.554
1.345
57.94
Manufacturing—Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Concrete, gypsum,
and plaster products
Concrete products
Primary metal industries
Other stone, clay,
and glass products
Total: Primary
metal industries
1949: Average_____ $57. 77
1950: Average........ . 62. 64
43.8 $1,319 $59.31
45.0 1.392 61.15
43.8 $1.354 $54. 72
43.9 1.393 60. 94
39.2 $1.396 $60. 78
41.4 1.472 67.24
1951: January_____
February____
March______
April_______
May_____ _
June.-..........
July-.-........
August_____
September__
October____
November___
December___
64.68
65.37
66. 74
67.80
68.26
69.13
69.14
70.34
70.71
70. 82
69.06
68.09
44.3
44. 2
45.0
45. 5
45.6
45.9
45.7
46.4
46.4
46.2
44.9
44.5
1.460
1.479
1.483
1.490
1.497
1.506
1. 513
1. 516
1.524
1.533
1.538
1.530
43.4
42.9
44.3
44.6
45.4
45.5
46.2
45.9
46. 1
46.1
45. C
44.9
1.459
1.473
1.481
1.483
1.487
1.490
1.495
1.514
1.516
1.521
1.526
1.529
67. 25
66. 96
67. 76
67. 85
68. 72
68.29
67.32
67.93
68. 35
67. 81
66.94
67.16
43.0
42.3
42.3
42.3
42. 5
42.0
41.4
41.7
41.7
41.4
40.4
40.7
1.564
1.583
1. 602
1.604
1.617
1.626
1.626
1.629
1. 639
1.638
1.657
1.650
1952: January........ . 67.12
44.1
1.522 66.80
44.3
1.508
67.44
40.6
1.661
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
63.32
63.19
65. 61
66.14
67. 51
67. 80
69. 07
69. 49
69.89
70.12
68.67
68.65
Blast furnaces, steel
works, and rolling
mills
Iron and steel
foundries
38.3 $1. 587 $63.04
40.8 1.648 67. 47
38.3 $1. 646 $55.09
39.9 1.691 65.32
37.2
41.9
$1,481
1.550
74. 42
73.12
75. 11
75. 70
75.02
76.03
74. 76
73.70
75. 79
74. 82
75. 23
77. 77
41.6
41.1
41.8
42.1
41.7
41.8
41.1
40.9
41.3
41.2
41.2
42.2
1.789 76.41
1.779 74.16
1.797 77. 35
1.798 77. 92
1.799 76.90
1.819 78. 70
1.819 77. 64
1.802 75.25
1.835 78. 72
1.816 75.79
1.826 77.49
1.843 79.40
40.6
40.0
41.3
41.6
41.1
41.4
40.8
40.2
41.0
40.4
41.0
41.9
1.882 71.66
1. 854 71.48
1.873 73.31
1.873 72.93
1.871 72. 46
1.901 72. 08
1.903 70. 22
1.872 70. 85
1.920 71.82
1.876 72.24
1.890 71.37
1.895 73.25
43.3
42.8
43.3
43.1
42. 8
42.5
41.6
41.9
42. 1
42.0
41.4
42.1
1.655
1.670
1.693
1. 692
1.693
1.696
1.691
1.706
1.720
1.724
1.740
76.84
41.6
1.847
41.2
1.902
41.9
1.738
78.36
72.82
1.688
REVIEW , APRIL 1952
T able
C -l: Hours
C: EARN IN 0 8 AND HOURS
and
471
Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal industries—Continued
G r a y - i r o n f o u n d r ie s
Y e a r a n d m o n th
M a ll e a b l e - i r o n
f o u n d r ie s
S t e e l f o u n d r ie s
P r im a r y s m e ltin g
and
r e fin in g
of
n o n fe r ro u s m e ta ls
P r im a r y s m e ltin g
and
r e fin in g
of
c o p p e r , le a d , a n d
z in c
P r im a r y r e fin in g o f
a lu m in u m
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
1949: A v e r a g e ............... $ 5 4 .3 8
1950: A v e r a g e _______ 6 5 .0 6
3 7 .5
4 2 .3
$1. 450
1 .5 3 8
$ 5 4 .3 0
65. 46
3 5 .7
4 1 .3
$1. 521
1 .5 8 5
$56. 73
6 5 .4 3
3 7 .3
4 1 .1
$1. 521
1 .5 9 2
$ 6 0 .3 6
6 3 .7 1
4 0 .4
4 1 .0
$ 1 .4 9 4
1 .5 5 4
$ 5 8 .9 9
6 2 .3 7
4 0 .1
4 0 .9
$1. 471
1. 525
$ 6 1 .9 5
63. 97
4 1 .3
4 0 .9
$ 1 ,5 0 0
1 .5 6 4
1951: J a n u a r y . .............
F e b r u a r y ...........
M a r c h ..................
A p r i l ............ .........
M a y __________
J u n e ___________
J u l y -----------------A u g u s t. . . . .
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r . .............
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
7 0 .6 3
6 9 .9 0
7 2 .1 7
7 0 .8 8
70. 75
70. 47
6 8 .1 5
6 8 .8 1
6 8 .9 3
69. 47
68. 96
69. 84
4 3 .6
4 2 .7
4 3 .4
4 2 .8
4 2 .7
4 2 .5
4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
1 .6 2 0
1 .6 3 7
1 .6 6 3
1 .6 5 6
1. 657
1 .6 5 8
1 .6 5 0
1 .6 5 8
1 .6 6 5
1 .6 7 8
1 .6 8 2
1 .6 9 1
7 1 .5 2
7 0 .8 9
7 3 .4 0
74. 73
7 3 .2 3
7 1 .2 0
6 9 .3 7
7 1 .3 9
7 1 .8 4
71. 69
70. 79
7 2 .8 5
4 2 .7
4 2 .5
4 3 .1
4 3 .4
4 2 .5
4 1 .3
4 0 .9
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 1 .2
4 0 .5
4 1 .3
1 .6 7 5
1 .6 6 8
1 .7 0 3
1 .7 2 2
1 .7 2 3
1 .7 2 4
1 .6 9 6
1. 716
1 .7 3 1
1 .7 4 0
1 .7 4 8
1 .7 6 4
7 3 .1 9
7 4 .4 8
7 4 .6 1
75. 65
7 4 .9 0
76. 29
74. 45
7 4 .9 9
7 6 .3 3
7 6 .6 4
7 6 .3 7
78. 75
4 2 .8
4 3 .2
4 3 .1
4 3 .4
4 2 .8
4 3 .3
4 2 .3
4 2 .9
4 3 .2
4 3 .2
4 3 .0
4 3 .7
1 .7 1 0
1 .7 2 4
1 .7 3 1
1 .7 4 3
1. 750
1 .7 6 2
1 .7 6 0
1 .7 4 8
1 .7 6 7
1 .7 7 4
1 .7 7 6
1 .8 0 2
7 0 .6 7
6 9 .1 8
6 9 .1 4
7 0 .1 8
7 0 .1 8
7 0 .7 3
6 9 .9 0
7 0 .4 6
6 8 .6 4
70. 47
69. 95
72. 32
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 0 .9
4 1 .4
4 0 .4
4 1 .6
4 1 .1
4 1 .3
1 .7 0 3
1. 675
1 .6 7 4
1 .6 7 5
1 .6 7 9
1. 688
1 .7 0 9
1 .7 0 2
1 .6 9 9
1 .6 9 4
1 .7 0 2
1 .7 5 1
6 9 .9 3
6 8 .0 6
68. 72
7 0 .0 1
6 9 .3 5
6 9 .7 2
68. 26
69. 84
6 7 .3 1
7 0 .0 1
6 9 .1 7
73. 55
4 1 .5
4 1 .2
4 1 .5
4 2 .2
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 0 .2
4 1 .4
3 9 .9
4 1 .6
4 1 .1
4 1 .6
1. 685
1 .6 5 2
1 .6 5 6
1 .6 5 9
1. 659
1 .6 7 2
1 .6 9 8
1 .6 8 7
1 .6 8 7
1 .6 8 3
1 .6 8 3
1 .7 6 8
69. 41
69. 21
69. 66
7 1 .1 9
7 1 .0 6
7 2 .6 3
7 2 .9 3
7 1 .3 9
7 1 .0 5
7 2 .2 4
7 1 .7 0
6 8 .8 7
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 2 .4
4 2 .4
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 2 .1
4 1 .3
4 0 .3
1 .6 9 3
1 .6 8 8
1 .6 9 5
1 .7 0 3
1 .7 0 4
1 .7 1 3
1. 720
1. 716
1 .7 1 2
1. 716
1 .7 3 6
1 .7 0 9
1952: J a n u a r y ________
7 0 .3 0
4 1 .4
1 .6 9 8
70. 72
4 0 .0
1 .7 6 8
7 6 .6 6
4 2 .9
1 .7 8 7
74. 55
4 1 .3
1 .8 0 5
75. 60
4 1 .4
1 .8 2 6
7 1 .0 4
4 1 .4
1 .7 1 6
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
M anufacturing—Continued
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s tr ie s — C o n tin u e d
R o llin g , d r a w in g ,
and
a llo y in g
of
n o n fe r ro u s m e ta ls
R o llin g , d r a w in g ,
and
a llo y in g
of
copper
R o llin g , d r a w in g ,
and
a llo y in g
of
a lu m in u m
N o n fe r r o u s fo u n d r ie s
O th e r p r i m a r y m e t a l
in d u s tr ie s
1949: A v e r a g e _______ $ 5 8 .0 5
1950: A v e r a g e _______ 66. 75
3 8 .7
4 1 .9
$1. 500
1 .5 9 3
$ 5 9 .2 9
7 0 .2 4
3 8 .5
4 2 .7
$1. 540
1 .6 4 5
$ 5 6 .2 1
5 9 .9 9
3 8 .9
4 0 .1
$ 1 .4 4 5
1 .4 9 6
$60. 92
6 7 .6 5
3 9 .0
4 1 .5
$1. 562
1 .6 3 0
$ 6 3 .3 4
7 1 .2 7
3 9 .1
4 1 .9
1951: J a n u a r y . . ..........
F e b r u a r y . ..........
M a r c h _________
A p r i l ___________
M a y ___ .
.
J u n e ___________
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t _______
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r ________
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
6 7 .9 8
6 8 .3 0
6 8 .2 1
6 8 .0 9
6 7 .9 1
6 9 .3 7
6 8 .7 6
6 7 .1 5
6 7 .6 4
68. 61
6 8 .9 4
7 3 .2 6
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .9
4 0 .4
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
4 2 .2
1 .6 6 2
1 .6 7 4
1 .6 7 6
1 .6 7 7
1 .6 8 1
1 .6 9 6
1 .7 0 2
1 .6 8 3
1 .6 9 1
1 .6 9 0
1 .6 9 8
1 .7 3 6
6 8 .8 7
69. 52
7 0 .0 5
7 0 .1 4
6 9 .1 5
72. 22
7 1 .9 2
69. 53
6 9 .4 1
70. 54
69. 04
7 6 .0 0
4 0 .8
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .3
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 0 .8
4 0 .0
4 2 .6
1 .6 8 8
1 .7 0 8
1 .7 1 7
1 .7 1 5
1 .7 1 6
1 .7 3 6
1. 733
1 .7 2 1
1 .7 1 8
1 .7 2 9
1 .7 2 6
1 .7 8 4
6 4 .6 8
6 4 .9 6
6 4 .0 8
6 2 .8 3
6 3 .9 9
6 3 .2 9
6 2 .3 3
6 2 .1 7
6 3 .3 6
6 4 .3 9
66. 50
6 6 .8 7
4 0 .1
4 0 .1
3 9 .7
3 9 .0
3 9 .4
3 8 .9
3 7 .8
3 8 .4
3 8 .4
3 9 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
1 .6 1 3
1 .6 2 0
1 .6 1 4
1 .6 1 1
1. 624
1 .6 2 7
1 .6 4 9
1 .6 1 9
1 .6 5 0
1 .6 2 6
1 .6 4 6
1 .6 4 7
7 2 .3 3
7 2 .7 0
7 3 .1 2
7 3 .5 2
7 3 .8 5
73. 57
7 1 .4 3
72. 73
7 4 .7 6
7 5 .0 8
74. 48
7 8 .2 4
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
4 2 .0
4 2 .3
4 2 .2
4 1 .8
4 0 .7
4 1 .3
4 2 .0
4 1 .9
4 1 .4
4 2 .8
1 .7 1 8
1 .7 3 1
1 .7 4 1
1 .7 3 8
1 .7 5 0
1 .7 6 0
1. 755
1 .7 6 1
1. 780
1 .7 9 2
1 .7 9 9
1 .8 2 8
7 7 .9 4
7 6 .8 3
7 8 .1 7
7 9 .2 2
78. 90
8 0 .3 1
7 8 .3 2
78. 51
79 .2 1
80. 49
8 0 .3 9
8 3 .6 1
4 2 .8
4 2 .1
4 2 .3
4 2 .8
4 2 .6
4 2 .9
4 2 .2
4 2 .3
4 2 .0
4 2 .7
4 2 .4
4 3 .5
1952: J a n u a r y ______
70. 60
4 1 .0
1 .7 2 2
73. 76
4 1 .6
1 .7 7 3
63. 96
3 9 .0
1 .6 4 0
78. 06
4 2 .4
1 .8 4 1
8 2 .3 0
4 3 .0
$1. 620
1 .7 0 1
Iro n a n d s te e l
fo r g in g s
$ 6 3 .1 8
7 4 .0 9
3 8 .2
4 1 .6
$ 1 ,6 5 4
1 .7 8 1
1 .8 2 1
1 .8 2 5
1 .8 4 8
1. 851
1 .8 5 2
1 .8 7 2
1 .8 5 6
1. 856
1 .8 8 6
1. 8 8 5 '
1 .8 9 6
1 .9 2 2
8 2 .3 4
8 1 .4 9
83. 87
85. 78
84. 41
8 5 .9 1
8 2 .1 5
8 3 .2 2
8 4 .1 4
8 7 .2 1
8 5 .4 6
9 2 .1 4
4 3 .2
4 2 .6
4 3 .5
4 3 .9
4 3 .4
4 3 .7
4 2 .3
4 2 .7
4 2 .6
4 3 .8
4 2 .9
4 5 .1
1 .9 0 6
1 .9 1 3
1 .9 2 8
1 .9 5 4
1 .9 4 5
1 .9 6 6
1 .9 4 2
1 .9 4 9
1 .9 7 5
1.9 9 1
1 .9 9 2
2 .0 4 3
1 .9 1 4
9 1 .3 9
4 4 .8
2 .0 4 0
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
P r i m a r y m e t a l in
d u s t r ie s — C o n .
W ir e d r a w in g
F a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s ( e x c e p t o r d n a n c e , m a c h i n e r y , a n d t r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u i p m e n t )
T o ta l: F a b r ic a te d
m eta l p r o d u c ts
(ex cep t ord n a n ce,
m a c h in e r y ,
and
tr a n s p o r ta tio n
e q u ip m e n t)
T in c a n s a n d o th e r
t in w a r e
C u t l e r y , h a n d t o o ls ,
a n d h ardw are
C u tle r y a n d ed g e
t o o ls
H a n d t o o ls
1949: A v e r a g e ............... $ 6 3 .6 6
1950: A v e r a g e _______ 73. 79
3 9 .2
4 2 .9
$ 1 .6 2 4
1 .7 2 0
$57. 82
6 3 .4 2
3 9 .6
4 1 .4
$ 1 .4 6 0
1 .5 3 2
$ 5 6 .2 4
6 0 .9 0
4 0 .4
4 1 .6
$ 1 .3 9 2
1 .4 6 4
$ 5 4 .8 2
6 1 .0 1
3 9 .3
4 1 .5
$ 1 .3 9 5
1 .4 7 0
$ 5 0 .8 4
5 5 .5 4
4 0 .0
4 1 .7
$ 1 .2 7 1
1 .3 3 2
$ 5 4 .5 4
6 1 .3 1
3 8 .6
4 1 .2
$1. 413
1 .4 8 8
1951: J a n u a r y . .............
F e b r u a r y ............
M a r c h _________
A p r i l ___________
M a y ___________
J u n e .................... ..
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ...
O c t o b e r ________
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
8 1 .9 5
7 9 .4 2
7 9 .1 5
8 0 .4 6
7 9 .3 5
8 0 .4 4
8 1 .0 0
7 9 .0 9
8 0 .0 6
7 8 .7 0
8 0 .3 3
8 1 .9 1
4 4 .2
4 3 .0
4 2 .6
4 3 .4
4 2 .8
4 2 .9
4 3 .5
4 2 .8
4 2 .7
4 2 .2
4 2 .5
4 3 .2
1 .8 5 4
1 .8 4 7
1 .8 5 8
1 .8 5 4
1 .8 5 4
1 .8 7 5
1 .8 6 2
1 .8 4 8
1 .8 7 5
1 .8 6 5
1 .8 9 0
1 .8 9 6
6 7 .8 0
6 8 .1 8
6 9 .5 5
69. 51
6 9 .1 8
69. 43
6 7 .9 8
6 8 .6 8
7 0 .1 4
70. 39
6 9 .9 2
7 2 .2 5
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .8
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .7
4 1 .7
4 1 .4
4 2 .5
1 .6 2 2
1 .6 3 5
1 .6 5 2
1 .6 5 5
1 .6 5 5
1 .6 6 1
1 .6 5 8
1 .6 6 3
1 .6 8 2
1 .6 8 8
1 .6 8 9
1 .7 0 0
6 3 .2 6
6 3 .3 6
6 4 .0 7
6 3 .9 5
6 4 .8 3
6 4 .9 5
66. 68
6 9 .6 9
7 2 .1 1
68. 52
66. 50
6 8 .1 4
4 1 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 0 .8
4 0 .8
4 1 .6
4 2 .7
4 3 .1
4 1 .3
4 0 .7
4 1 .7
1 .5 4 3
1 .5 7 6
1 .5 8 6
1 .5 8 3
1 .5 8 9
1 .5 9 2
1 .6 0 3
1 .6 3 2
1. 673
1 .6 5 9
1 .6 3 4
1 .6 3 4
6 5 .4 4
6 6 .2 5
6 6 .4 9
66. 40
6 6 .3 3
6 7 .1 3
65. 47
6 5 .8 4
6 6 .4 1
6 6 .7 8
6 6 .7 4
6 8 .3 7
4 2 .0
4 2 .2
4 2 .0
4 2 .0
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 1 .1
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 2 .1
1. 558
1 .5 7 0
1 .5 8 3
1. 581
1 .5 8 3
1 .6 0 6
1 .5 9 3
1. 598
1 .6 1 2
1 .6 1 7
1 .6 1 6
1 .6 2 4
6 0 .9 9
6 1 .7 2
6 0 .4 0
6 1 .2 1
6 0 .1 1
6 0 .5 5
5 8 .6 5
5 9 .1 8
6 0 .5 5
6 0 .3 1
6 0 .8 7
6 2 .4 7
4 2 .5
4 2 .8
4 2 .0
4 2 .3
4 1 .8
4 1 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 1 .3
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 1 .7
1 .4 3 5
1 .4 4 2
1 .4 3 8
1 .4 4 7
1 .4 3 8
1 .4 5 9
1 .4 4 1
1 .4 5 4
1 .4 6 6
1 .4 7 1
1 .4 8 1
1 .4 9 8
68. 51
6 9 .7 4
7 0 .5 8
7 0 .4 2
7 0 .3 1
7 0 .3 9
6 8 .5 0
6 9 .3 2
6 9 .0 9
6 9 .3 0
6 8 .0 6
6 9 .9 3
4 2 .9
4 3 .1
4 3 .3
4 3 .2
4 2 .9
4 3 .0
4 2 .1
4 2 .5
4 2 .0
4 1 .9
4 1 .1
4 2 .2
1 .5 9 7
1 .6 1 3
1 .6 3 0
1 .6 3 0
1 .6 3 9
1 .6 3 7
1 .6 2 7
1 .6 3 1
1 .6 4 5
1 .6 5 4
1 .6 5 6
1 .6 5 7
1952: J a n u a r y ________
79. 04
4 1 .8
1 .8 9 1
7 1 .7 0
4 2 .1
1 .7 0 3
6 5 .7 3
4 0 .3
1 .6 3 1
6 7 .8 1
4 1 .5
1 .6 3 4
6 1 .6 6
4 1 .0
1 .5 0 4
6 8 .6 8
4 1 .6
1 .6 5 1
See f o o t n o t e s
at
end of t a b l e .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C: E ARN IN O8 AND HOURS
472
T able
M
O N T H L Y
L A B O R
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees
Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
F a b r ic a te d m e t a l p r o d u c ts ( e x c e p t o r d n a n c e , m a c h in e r y , a n d t r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u ip m e n t ) — C o n tin u e d
H e a tin g a p p a r a tu s
( e x c e p t e le c t r i c ) a n d
p lu m b e r s ’ s u p p lie s
H ard w are
Y ea r a n d m o n th
S a n ita r y w a r e a n d
p lu m b e r s ’ s u p p lie s
O il b u r n e r s , n o n
e le c t r i c h e a t i n g a n d
c o o k in g a p p a r a tu s,
n o t e ls e w h e r e
c la s s i f i e d
F a b r ic a te d s tr u c
tu r a l m e ta l p r o d u c ts
S tr u c tu r a l ste e l a n d
o r n a m e n ta l
m e ta lw o r k
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
1949: A v e r a g e ............. $ 5 6 .2 8
1950: A v e r a g e _______ 6 2 .6 5
3 9 .3
4 1 .6
$ 1 .4 3 2
1 .5 0 6
$ 5 7 .0 4
6 3 .9 1
3 8 .7
4 1 .1
$ 1 .4 7 4
1 .5 5 5
$5 9. 79
6 7 .6 4
3 8 .5
4 1 .6
$1. 553
1 .6 2 6
$ 5 5 .4 5
6 1 .2 0
3 8 .8
4 0 .8
$ 1 .4 2 9
1 .5 0 0
$ 5 9 .9 0
6 3 .2 9
4 0 .5
4 1 .1
$ 1 .4 7 9
1 .5 4 0
$ 6 0 .9 1
6 3 .2 3
4 1 .1
4 1 .3
$ 1 .4 8 2
1 .5 3 1
1951: J a n u a r y .............
F e b r u a r y ____
M a r c h ________
A p r i l ....................
M a y .....................
J u n e .....................
J u l y ......................
A u g u s t _______
S ep tem b er—
O c t o b e r . ______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____
6 5 .4 1
6 6 .1 4
6 6 .4 1
6 6 .4 1
66. 24
6 7 .5 6
6 6 .1 4
6 6 .3 0
6 6 .6 7
67. 32
67. 52
6 9 .3 0
4 1 .4
4 1 .6
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 1 .2
4 1 .4
4 2 .1
1 .5 8 0
1 .5 9 0
1 .6 0 4
1 .6 0 4
1 .6 0 0
1 .6 3 2
1 .6 2 1
1 .6 2 1
1. 634
1 .6 3 4
1 .6 3 1
1 .6 4 6
6 8 .8 5
6 9 .6 0
7 0 .8 9
7 0 .2 2
6 9 .6 7
6 9 .5 0
6 7 .4 0
6 7 .2 3
6 9 .8 9
70. 65
69. 53
71. 53
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 1 .9
4 1 .5
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
3 9 .6
3 9 .9
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
4 0 .4
4 1 .3
1 .6 6 3
1 .6 7 7
1 .6 9 2
1 .6 9 2
1 .6 9 1
1 .6 8 7
1 .7 0 2
1 .6 8 5
1 .7 1 3
1 .7 1 9
1 .7 2 1
1 .7 3 2
7 4 .0 7
7 5 .4 0
7 6 .7 5
7 6 .3 5
7 5 .4 5
7 6 .0 1
7 4 .1 3
7 0 .9 2
7 5 .8 4
7 5 .5 8
7 2 .9 6
76. 27
4 2 .4
4 2 .6
4 2 .9
4 2 .7
4 2 .2
4 2 .8
4 1 .0
3 9 .8
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 0 .0
4 1 .7
1 .7 4 7
1 .7 7 0
1 .7 8 9
1 .7 8 8
1 .7 8 8
1 .7 7 6
1 .S 0 8
1 .7 8 2
1 .8 3 2
1 .8 3 0
1 .8 2 4
1 .8 2 9
65. 28
6 6 .1 3
6 7 .5 2
6 6 .6 7
6 5 .7 3
64. 80
6 2 .3 4
6 4 .2 4
65. 61
66. 91
66. 91
67. 94
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 1 .5
4 1 .0
4 0 .6
4 0 .1
3 8 .6
3 9 .9
4 0 .4
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
1 .6 0 4
1 .6 1 3
1 .6 2 7
1 .6 2 6
1 .6 1 9
1 .6 1 6
1 .6 1 5
1 .6 1 0
1 .6 2 4
1 .6 3 6
1 .6 4 4
1 .6 5 7
6 9 .1 7
6 9 .4 3
70 51
7 1 .8 6
7 1 .5 7
7 1 .4 4
6 9 .9 3
7 1 .9 5
7 3 .4 4
72. 59
7 2 .9 3
7 5 .2 6
4 2 .2
4 2 .0
4 2 .4
4 2 .7
4 2 .7
4 2 .6
4 1 .7
4 2 .7
4 3 .1
4 2 .6
4 2 .6
4 3 .5
1 .6 3 9
1.6.53
1 .6 6 3
1 .6 8 3
1 .6 7 6
1 .6 7 7
1 .6 7 7
1 .6 8 5
1 .7 0 4
1 .7 0 4
1 .7 1 2
1 .7 3 0
6 8 .6 4
6 8 .6 4
6 9 .4 7
7 1 .0 2
7 1 .5 3
7 2 .2 0
7 0 .1 7
7 2 .8 9
7 3 .6 6
7 2 .1 2
7 3 .1 9
7 4 .6 9
4 1 .7
4 1 .4
4 1 .7
4 2 .0
4 2 .5
4 2 .8
4 1 .4
4 2 .8
43. 1
4 2 .2
4 2 .5
4 2 .9
1 .6 4 6
1 .6 5 8
1 .6 6 6
1 .6 9 1
1 .6 8 3
1 .6 8 7
1 .6 9 5
1 .7 0 3
1 .7 0 9
1 .7 0 9
1 .7 2 2
1 .7 4 1
1952: J a n u a r y _______
6 9 .1 8
4 1 .7
1 .6 5 9
70. 61
4 0 .7
1 .7 3 5
7 3 .8 3
4 0 .5
1 .8 2 3
6 7 .3 9
4 0 .5
1 .6 6 4
73. 83
4 2 .9
1 .7 2 1
7 3 .4 4
4 2 .6
1 .7 2 4
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
M a n u f a c t u r i n g — C o n t in u e d
F a b r ic a te d m e t a l p r o d u c ts (e x c e p t o r d n a n c e m a c h in e r y a n d tr a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t ) — C o n tin u e d
M a c h in e r y (e x c e p t
e le c t r ic a l)
M e ta l s ta m p in g ,
c o a tin g a n d
e n g r a v in g
T o ta l: M a c h in e r y
( e x c e p t e le c t r i c a l)
B o i le r - s h o p p r o d u c t s
S h e e t-m e ta l w o rk
S ta m p e d a n d p r e sse d
m eta l p ro d u c ts
O th e r f a b r ic a t e d
m e ta l p r o d u c ts
1949: A v e r a g e .............
1950: A v e r a g e ............
$59. 78
6 2 .1 6
4 0 .2
4 0 .6
$ 1 .4 8 7
1 .5 3 1
$57. 60
6 2 .1 4
3 9 .7
4 1 .1
$ 1 .4 5 1
1 .5 1 2
$ 5 8 .5 4
6 4 .2 2
3 9 .5
4 1 .3
$ 1 .4 8 2
1 .5 5 5
$60. 30
6 6 .1 5
3 9 .7
4 1 .5
$1. 519
1 .5 9 4
$ 5 8 .3 8
6 4 .7 6
3 9 .5
4 1 .7
$ 1 .4 7 8
1. 553
$ 6 0 .4 4
6 7 .2 1
3 9 .5
4 1 .8
$ 1 .5 3 0
1 .6 0 8
1951: J a n u a r y .............
F e b r u a r y ___
M a r c h ______
A p r i l .................
M a y ....................
J u n e . ................
J u l y __________
A u g u s t ............
S e p tem b er—
O c t o b e r .............
N o v e m b e r ...
D e c e m b e r ____
68. 02
69. 14
70. 1«
71 48
70. 89
70. 72
7 0 .0 9
71. 56
7 4 .3 8
73. 73
7 3 .5 3
75. 50
4 1 .6
4 1 .8
4 2 .3
4 2 .7
42. 5
4 2 .4
4 2 .3
4 2 .8
4 3 .7
4 3 .5
4 3 .2
4 4 .0
1 .6 3 5
1 .6 5 4
1. 659
1 .6 7 4
1 .6 6 8
1 .6 6 8
1 .6 5 7
1 .6 7 2
1 .7 0 2
1. 695
1 .7 0 2
1 .7 1 6
6 6 .7 0
68. 83
69.0 1
7 1 .3 0
70. 52
6 9 .7 6
6 8 .5 9
70. 05
70. 68
72. 54
7 1 .1 3
74. 65
4 1 .3
42. 1
4 1 .9
4 2 .8
4 2 .2
4 1 .7
4 1 .0
4 1 .«
4 1 .6
4 2 .3
4 1 .5
4 3 .0
1 .6 1 5
1. 635
1 .6 4 7
1. 666
1.671
1. 673
1 .6 7 3
1 .0 8 4
1 .6 9 9
1 .7 1 5
1 .7 1 4
1 .7 3 6
6 7 .9 3
6 7 .8 6
69. 56
6 8 .1 4
67. 43
68. 67
66. 74
67. 06
68. 67
69. 49
6 9 .6 4
7 2 .2 6
4 1 .6
41. 2
4 1 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .4
4 0 .8
3 9 .4
3 9 .8
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .3
4 1 .6
1 .6 3 3
1 .6 4 7
1 .6 7 2
1. 670
1 .6 6 9
1. 683
1. 694
1 .6 8 5
1. 704
1. 720
1 .7 2 8
1 .7 3 7
69. 51
69. 76
7 1 .4 7
7 0 .2 3
6 8 .9 2
7 1 .0 7
68 69
68. 76
7 0 .7 3
7 1 .5 2
7 1 .8 5
73. 65
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
4 1 .0
4 0 .4
41. 2
3 9 .5
3 9 .7
4 0 .3
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
4 1 .4
1 .6 7 5
1 .6 8 9
1 .7 1 8
1. 713
1 .7 0 6
1 .7 2 5
1. 739
1 732
1 .7 5 5
1. 766
1 .7 7 4
1 .7 7 9
68. 75
6 8 .8 4
7 1 .0 5
7 1 .4 7
7 0 .7 6
7 0 .8 9
69. 47
6 9 .2 2
7 0 .2 7
7 1 .3 2
70. 22
7 2 .8 8
4 2 .0
4 1 .9
4 2 .8
4 3 .0
4 2 .5
4 2 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 2 .0
4 2 .4
4 1 .9
4 3 .2
1 .6 3 7
1 .6 4 3
1. 660
1 .6 6 2
1 .6 6 5
1 .6 6 4
1 .6 7 0
1 .6 6 4
1.6 7 3
1 .6 8 2
1 .6 7 6
1 .6 8 7
7 4 .4 7
7 5 .0 8
7 6 .4 3
7 6 .7 8
7 6 .3 0
76. 65
75. 42
7 5 .9 4
7 7 .2 4
7 7 .8 6
77. 63
7 9 .9 0
4 3 .4
4 3 .5
4 3 .8
4 3 .9
43. 6
4 3 .5
43 0
43 0
4 3 .2
4 3 .4
4 3 .2
4 4 .0
1 .7 1 6
1 .7 2 6
1 .7 4 5
1 .7 4 9
1.7.50
1. 762
1 .7 5 4
1 .7 6 6
1 .7 8 8
1. 794
1 .7 9 7
1 .8 1 6
1952: J a n u a r y . ..........
7 4 .3 0
4 3 .3
1 .7 1 6
73. 22
4 2 .3
1 .7 3 1
74. 00
4 2 .0
1 .7 6 2
75. 71
4 1 .9
1 .8 0 7
7 1 .8 6
4 2 .8
1 .6 7 9
79. 90
4 3 .9
1 .8 2 0
M a n u f a c t u r i n g — C o n t in u e d
M a c h i n e r y ( e x c e p t e le c t r i c a l) — C o n t i n u e d
E n g in e s a n d
t u r b in e s
A g r i c u lt u r a l
m a c h in e r y
a n d tra cto rs
A g r i c u lt u r a l
m a c h in e r y
(e x c e p t tra cto rs)
T r a c to rs
C o n s t r u c t io n a n d
m in in g
m a c h in e r y
M e ta lw o r k in g
m a c h in e r y
1949: A v e r a g e _______ $ 6 3 .1 3
1950: A v e r a g e . ............ 6 9 .4 3
3 8 .9
4 0 .7
$ 1 .6 2 3
1 .7 0 6
$ 6 1 .1 1
6 4 .6 0
3 9 .3
4 0 .1
$1. 555
1 .6 1 1
$ 6 1 .8 6
6 6 .0 9
3 9 .2
4 0 .3
$1. 578
1 .6 4 0
$ 5 9 .9 3
6 2 .5 7
3 9 .3
3 9 .8
$1. 525
1 .5 7 2
$ 5 8 .7 4
6 5 .9 7
3 9 .8
4 2 .4
$ 1 .4 7 6
1 .5 5 6
$ 6 1 .1 1
7 1 .5 4
3 9 .5
4 3 .2
$ 1 .5 4 7
1 .6 5 6
19 5 1 : J a n u a r y .......... __
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h _________
A p r i l . .............. ..
M a y ___________
J u n e _____ _____
J u l y . . ...............
A u g u s t ________
S ep tem b er —
O c t o b e r ________
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ..........
77. 81
7 7 .8 1
8 0 .5 6
8 0 .4 4
7 9 .3 8
7 9 .9 1
7 7 .0 5
78.9 1
7 8 .7 9
8 1 .7 6
7 9 .9 7
8 3 .9 2
4 2 .8
4 2 .8
4 3 .5
4 3 .6
4 3 .0
4 3 .1
4 1 .9
4 2 .4
4 2 .0
4 3 .1
4 2 .4
4 3 .8
1 .8 1 8
1 .8 1 8
1 .8 5 2
1 .8 4 5
1 .8 4 6
1 .8 5 4
1 .8 3 9
1.8 6 1
1 .8 7 6
1 .8 9 7
1 .8 8 6
1 .9 1 6
7 1 .8 4
7 1 .2 8
7 3 .0 6
73. 69
7 3 .2 9
74. 21
73. 36
7 2 .4 1
74. 52
74 .0 1
73. 42
7 7 .2 3
4 1 .1
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
3 9 .7
4 0 .0
4 0 .6
4 0 .1
4 1 .3
1 .7 4 8
1 .7 4 7
1 .7 8 2
1 .7 9 3
1 .7 9 2
1 .8 1 0
1 .7 9 8
1 .8 2 4
1 .8 6 3
1 .8 2 3
1 .8 3 1
1 .8 7 0
7 4 .7 0
7 3 .5 0
74. 52
7 5 .7 4
7 5 .7 3
75. 73
75. 13
7 4 .8 5
77. 73
7 6 .2 4
76. 58
8 0 .7 1
4 1 .8
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
3 8 .6
3 9 .6
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 2 .1
1 .7 8 7
1 .7 8 4
1 .8 2 2
1 .8 3 4
1. 838
1 .8 4 7
1 .8 3 7
1 .9 3 9
1 .9 6 3
1 .8 6 4
1 .8 7 7
1 .9 1 7
6 8 .0 6
6 8 .4 7
7 1 .2 3
7 1 .2 5
70. 39
72. ,54
7 1 .6 6
7 0 .6 4
72. 18
7 1 .6 5
69. 97
7 3 .6 9
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
4 1 .1
4 0 .9
4 0 .5
41. 1
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
3 9 .4
4 0 .6
1 .6 9 3
1 .6 9 9
1 .7 3 3
1 .7 4 2
1 .7 3 8
1 .7 6 5
1 .7 5 2
1 .7 4 0
1.7 9 1
1 .7 7 8
1 .7 7 6
1 .8 1 5
7 3 .0 6
7 4 .1 8
7 4 .1 3
75. 62
7 5 .6 3
7 4 .6 1
7 3 .6 3
7 4 .9 4
75. 60
7 5 .5 7
76 96
80. 60
4 3 .8
4 4 .1
4 4 .1
4 4 .8
4 4 .7
4 4 .2
4 3 .7
4 4 .5
4 4 .6
4 4 .4
4 4 .9
4 6 .4
1 .6 6 8
1 .6 8 2
1 .6 8 1
1 .6 8 8
1 .6 9 2
1 .6 8 8
1 .6 8 5
1 .6 8 4
1 .6 9 5
1 .7 0 2
1 .7 1 4
1 .7 3 7
8 1 .3 1
82. 99
8 3 .6 9
8 4 .8 7
8 5 .0 7
8 5 .0 8
83. 57
8 5 .2 3
8 6 .7 7
8 9 .4 4
8 7 .3 3
8 9 .7 3
4 6 .2
4 6 .7
4 6 .7
4 7 .1
4 7 .0
4 6 .8
4 6 .3
4 6 .5
4 6 .5
4 7 .4
4 6 .5
4 7 .3
1 .7 6 0
1 .7 7 7
1 .7 9 2
1 .8 0 2
1 .8 1 0
1 .8 1 8
1 .8 0 5
1 .8 3 3
1 .8 6 6
1 .8 8 7
1 .8 7 8
1 .8 9 7
1952: J a n u a r y ...............
8 5 .1 6
4 4 .1
1 .9 3 1
7 6 .4 6
4 0 .8
1 .8 7 4
7 9 .4 9
4 1 .4
1 .9 2 0
73. 61
4 0 .4
1 .8 2 2
8 0 .3 4
4 6 .2
1 .7 3 9
8 9 .7 3
4 7 .3
1 .8 9 7
See
footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REVIEW , APRIL 1952
T able
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
478
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
M a c h in e r y (e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l)— C o n tin u e d
Y e a r a n d m o n th
M a c h in e to o ls
M e ta lw o r k in g m a
c h in e r y (e x c e p t
m a c h i n e t o o ls )
M a c h in e -to o l a c c e s
s o r ie s
S p e c ia l- in d u s tr y m a
c h in e r y (e x c e p t
m e ta lw o r k in g m a
c h in e r y )
G e n e r a l in d u s tr ia l
m a c h in e r y
O ffic e a n d s t o r e m a
c h in e s a n d d e v ic e s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
1 949: A v e r a g e ............... $ 5 9 .1 5
1950 A v e r a g e ................. 6 9 .7 2
3 9 .3
4 3 .2
$ 1 ,5 0 5
1. 614
$ 6 1 .8 5
7 0 .5 4
3 9 .8
4 2 .7
$1. 554
1 .6 5 2
$ 6 4 .1 6
7 4 .6 9
3 9 .7
4 3 .5
$ 1 ,6 1 6
1 .7 1 7
$60. 57
6 5 .7 4
4 0 .3
4 1 .9
$1. 503
1 .5 6 9
$ 5 9 .5 3
6 6 .3 3
3 9 .5
4 1 .9
$ 1 ,5 0 7
1 .5 8 3
$ 6 2 .5 3
6 6 .9 5
3 9 .5
4 1 .1
$1. 583
1 .6 2 9
1951: J a n u a r y . . ...........
F e b r u a r y ............
M a r c h _________
A p r i l ___________
8 1 .7 8
82. 65
8 2 .9 0
8 4 .1 3
8 4 .3 8
83. 99
8 1 .8 4
8 4 .6 4
84. 91
8 9 .4 2
8 6 .8 9
8 9 .3 3
4 7 .3
4 7 .5
4 7 .4
4 7 .8
4 7 .7
4 7 .4
4 6 .9
4 7 .1
4 6 .5
4 8 .0
4 7 .3
4 8 .0
1 .7 2 9
1 .7 4 0
1 .7 4 9
1 .7 6 0
1. 769
1 .7 7 2
1 .7 4 5
1 .7 9 7
1 .8 2 6
1 .8 6 3
1 .8 3 7
1 .8 6 1
7 6 .9 1
7 9 .8 3
8 0 .2 8
8 2 .5 8
8 2 .1 7
8 2 .0 8
80. 95
8 1 .0 0
8 3 .6 8
8 5 .2 8
8 2 .8 9
8 6 .6 8
4 3 .5
4 4 .6
4 4 .7
4 5 .7
4 5 .6
4 5 .4
4 4 .8
4 4 .9
4 5 .6
4 6 .4
4 5 .0
4 6 .4
1 .7 6 8
1 .7 9 0
1 .7 9 6
1 .8 0 7
1 .8 0 2
1 .8 0 8
1 .8 0 7
1 .8 0 4
1 .8 3 5
1 .8 3 8
1 .8 4 2
1 .8 6 8
8 2 .6 2
8 4 .1 7
85. 69
86. 76
8 7 .0 5
8 8 .2 7
8 6 .2 5
8 7 .4 6
9 0 .8 1
9 1 .6 2
9 0 .6 4
9 2 .5 7
4 5 .8
4 6 .4
4 6 .8
4 7 .1
4 6 .8
4 7 .0
4 6 .0
4 6 .4
4 7 .2
4 7 .4
4 6 .6
4 7 .3
1 .8 0 4
1 .8 1 4
1 .8 3 1
1. 842
1 .8 6 0
1 .8 7 8
1 .8 7 5
1 .8 8 5
1. 924
1 .9 3 3
1 .9 4 5
1 .9 5 7
7 3 .8 0
7 4 .5 9
7 5 .1 5
7 6 .0 1
74. 55
7 5 .3 7
7 4 .0 0
7 3 .1 4
7 4 .5 6
7 4 .4 3
7 4 .6 5
7 6 .5 2
4 3 .9
4 3 .9
4 4 .1
4 4 .5
4 3 .8
4 4 .0
4 3 .4
4 3 .0
4 3 .3
4 3 .0
4 2 .9
4 3 .7
1 .6 8 1
1 .6 9 9
1 .7 0 4
1 .7 0 8
1 .7 0 2
1 .7 1 3
1 .7 0 5
1 .7 0 1
1. 722
1 .7 3 1
1 .7 4 0
1 .7 5 1
7 4 .3 2
7 5 .1 9
75. 71
7 7 .1 5
77. 59
7 8 .0 0
7 5 .0 4
76. 56
7 8 .1 5
7 7 .4 8
7 8 .1 4
80. 55
4 4 .0
4 4 .1
4 4 .2
4 4 .7
4 4 .8
4 4 .8
4 3 .4
4 4 .0
4 4 .2
4 3 .8
4 4 .0
4 5 .0
1 .6 8 9
1 .7 0 5
1 .7 1 3
1 .7 2 6
1 .7 3 2
1 .7 4 1
1 .7 2 9
1 .7 4 0
1. 768
1 .7 6 9
1 .7 7 6
1 .7 9 0
7 1 .8 2
7 2 .4 6
7 2 .9 7
7 3 .0 1
7 3 .0 8
7 3 .4 6
7 2 .5 7
7 3 .6 7
7 4 .3 8
7 5 .0 4
7 4 .9 5
7 6 .0 6
4 2 .1
4 2 .4
4 2 .3
4 2 .2
4 2 .0
4 2 .0
4 1 .4
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 2 .0
1 .7 0 6
1 .7 0 9
1 .7 2 5
1 .7 3 0
1 .7 4 0
1 .7 4 9
1. 753
1 .7 7 1
1 .7 8 8
1 .7 9 1
1 .7 9 3
1 .8 1 1
9 0 .8 3
4 8 .7
1 .8 6 5
8 5 .1 9
4 5 .9
1 .8 5 6
9 3 .1 9
4 7 .4
1 .9 6 6
7 6 .0 8
4 3 .3
1 .7 5 7
7 9 .3 9
4 4 .3
1 .7 9 2
7 5 .9 9
4 1 .8
1 .8 1 8
M ay ________
J u n e ___________
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r _____
O c t o b e r ........... ..
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
1 952: J a n u a r y _______
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
M a c h in e r y ( e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l)— C o n tin u e d
C o m p u t in g m a c h in e s
a n d c a s h r e g is t e r s
T y p e w r it e r s
S e r v ic e - in d u s tr y a n d
h o u s e h o ld m a c h in e s
R e f r ig e r a t o r s a n d a irc o n d itio n in g u n its
M is c e lla n e o u s m a
c h in e r y p a rts
B a l l a n d r o lle r b e a r
in g s
1 949: A v e r a g e ............... $ 6 7 .8 7
19 5 0 : A v e r a g e _______ 7 1 .7 0
3 9 .9
4 0 .9
$1. 701
1. 753
$ 5 6 .0 4
6 2 .0 8
3 9 .0
4 1 .5
$ 1 ,4 3 7
1 .4 9 6
$ 6 0 .6 6
6 7 .2 6
3 9 .7
4 1 .7
$1. 528
1 .6 1 3
$59. 98
6 6 .4 2
3 9 .0
4 1 .1
$1. 538
1 .6 1 6
$57. 59
6 6 .1 5
3 8 .6
4 2 .0
$ 1 .4 9 2
1 .5 7 5
$ 5 7 .5 3
6 8 .5 5
3 8 .1
4 2 .5
$1. 510
1. 613
75. 90
7 6 .9 0
7 7 .7 5
7 7 .4 8
7 7 .8 1
7 8 .1 9
7 7 .8 7
7 9 .2 2
80. 48
8 1 .1 7
8 1 .6 2
8 1 .9 5
4 1 .5
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 0 .9
4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
1 .8 2 9
1 .8 3 1
1 .8 6 0
1 .8 5 8
1 .8 7 5
1 .8 8 4
1 .9 0 4
1 .9 0 9
1 .9 4 4
1 .9 5 6
1 .9 6 2
1 .9 7 0
6 7 .4 7
6 8 .2 3
6 8 .4 4
6 8 .0 3
6 8 .5 4
6 8 .3 5
6 7 .2 0
6 7 .4 9
6 7 .4 5
6 8 .4 2
68. 51
68. 55
4 2 .7
4 3 .1
4 3 .1
4 3 .0
4 3 .0
4 2 .8
4 2 .0
4 2 .0
4 2 .0
4 2 .6
4 2 .5
4 1 .9
1 .5 8 0
1 .5 8 3
1 .5 8 8
1 .5 8 2
1 .5 9 4
1 .5 9 7
1 .6 0 0
1 .6 0 7
1 .6 0 6
1 .6 0 6
1 .6 1 2
1 .6 3 6
6 8 .4 5
7 0 .8 8
7 3 .9 8
7 1 .3 6
6 9 .2 8
6 9 .6 7
7 0 .0 4
6 9 .5 4
7 1 .3 2
7 1 .7 3
7 2 .4 1
7 3 .9 1
4 0 .5
4 1 .4
4 2 .2
4 1 .2
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
3 9 .6
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
4 0 .7
4 1 .2
1 .6 9 0
1 .7 1 2
1. 753
1 .7 3 2
1 .7 1 9
1. 746
1 .7 5 1
1 .7 5 6
1. 761
1 .7 7 1
1 .7 7 9
1 .7 9 4
6 5 .6 9
6 8 .5 9
7 3 .8 2
6 8 .8 7
6 7 .2 3
6 7 .2 4
6 9 .2 4
6 8 .7 2
70. 26
7 0 .2 5
7 1 .4 4
72. 72
3 9 .1
4 0 .3
4 1 .8
3 9 .9
3 9 .2
3 8 .6
3 9 .5
3 9 .2
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
4 0 .4
1 .6 8 0
1 .7 0 2
1 .7 6 6
1 .7 2 6
1 .7 1 5
1 .7 4 2
1 .7 5 3
1 .7 5 3
1. 761
1. 765
1 .7 8 6
1 .8 0 0
7 4 .5 8
7 3 .2 6
7 4 .6 0
7 5 .0 ?
7 4 .6 4
7 4 .2 2
7 2 .8 5
7 3 .4 9
7 4 .1 3
7 4 .8 2
7 4 .0 0
75. 21
4 4 .0
4 3 .4
4 3 .7
4 3 .9
4 3 .7
4 3 .0
4 2 .5
4 2 .7
4 2 .8
4 3 .1
4 2 .6
4 3 .0
1 .6 9 5
1 .6 8 8
1 .7 0 7
1 .7 1 0
1 .7 0 8
1 .7 2 6
1. 714
1. 721
1 .7 3 2
1 .7 3 6
1 .7 3 7
1 .7 4 9
7 8 .0 0
7 3 .2 3
7 7 .9 2
7 7 .3 1
7 6 .7 8
7 8 .1 7
7 5 .9 7
7 7 .3 9
7 6 .4 6
7 7 .2 0
7 5 .2 8
7 5 .1 4
4 4 .7
4 2 .7
4 4 .3
4 4 .1
4 3 .8
4 3 .6
4 2 .8
4 3 .6
4 3 .1
4 3 .3
4 2 .2
4 2 .0
1 .7 4 5
1 .7 1 5
1 .7 5 9
1 .7 5 3
1 .7 5 3
1 .7 9 3
1 .7 7 5
1 .7 7 5
1 .7 7 4
1 .7 8 3
1 .7 8 4
1 .7 8 9
8 2 .2 7
4 1 .7
1 .9 7 3
67. 81
4 1 .3
1 .6 4 2
7 5 .3 8
4 1 .9
1 .7 9 9
7 4 .6 9
4 1 .4
1 .8 0 4
7 4 .9 8
4 2 .7
1 .7 5 6
7 6 .3 5
4 2 .3
1 .8 0 5
1951: J a n u a r y . .............
F e b r u a r y ............
M a r c h _________
A p r i l _____ _____
M ay____ ____
J u n e ___________
J u l y ........................
A u g u s t . ...............
S e p t e m b e r _____
O c t o b e r ................
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ..........
1952: J a n u a r y _______
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
M a c h in e r y (e x c e p t
e le c tr ic a l)— C o n .
M a c h i n e s h o p s (jo b
a n d r e p a ir )
E le c tr ic a l m a c h in e r y
T o ta l: E le c tr ic a l m a
c h in e r y
E le c tr ic a l
g e n e r a t
in g , tr a n sm iss io n ,
d is tr ib u t io n , a n d
in d u s tr ia l
appa
r a tu s
M o t o r s , g e n e r a to r s ,
tra n sfo r m er s, a n d
in d u s t r ia l c o n tr o ls
E le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t
fo r v e h i c l e s
C o m m u n ic a tio n
e q u ip m e n t
1949: A v e r a g e ............... $ 5 8 .7 0
1950: A v e r a g e _______ 6 5 .1 8
3 9 .0
4 1 .7
$ 1 .5 0 5
1 .5 6 3
$ 5 6 .9 6
6 0 .8 3
3 9 .5
4 1 .1
$ 1 ,4 4 2
1 .4 8 0
$ 5 9 .6 1
6 3 .7 5
3 9 .5
4 1 .1
$ 1 .5 0 9
1 .5 5 1
$ 6 1 .3 0
6 4 .9 0
3 9 .7
4 1 .1
$ 1 ,5 4 4
1 .5 7 9
$ 5 9 .1 6
6 6 .2 2
3 9 .1
4 1 .7
$ 1 .5 1 3
1 .5 8 8
$ 5 3 .5 6
5 6 .2 0
3 9 .5
4 0 .9
$ 1 ,3 5 6
1 .3 7 4
1 951: J a n u a r y .............F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h _________
A p r i l - ..................
M a y ............... ..
J u n e ___________
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r ________
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
7 3 .5 9
7 4 .6 9
7 2 .8 3
7 3 .6 9
7 4 .1 3
7 2 .8 0
7 1 .9 1
7 2 .3 8
7 4 .0 8
74. 81
7 5 .9 0
7 8 .1 0
4 3 .7
4 4 .3
4 3 .3
4 3 .4
4 3 .4
4 2 .6
4 2 .2
4 2 .4
4 2 .6
4 2 .8
4 3 .1
4 4 .1
1 .6 8 4
1 .6 8 6
1 .6 8 2
1 .6 9 8
1 .7 0 8
1 .7 0 9
1 .7 0 4
1 .7 0 7
1 .7 3 9
1 .7 4 8
1 .7 6 1
1 .7 7 1
6 4 .4 2
6 4 .8 0
6 5 .3 4
6 5 .5 8
6 6 .5 7
6 7 .1 5
6 6 .1 3
6 6 .3 4
6 8 .0 6
68. 27
6 9 .1 0
7 0 .1 8
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 0 .4
4 0 .8
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .8
4 2 .3
1. 556
1 .5 6 9
1 .5 8 2
1 .5 8 8
1 .6 0 4
1 .6 1 8
1 .6 3 7
1 .6 2 6
1 .6 4 0
1 .6 4 5
1 .6 5 3
1 .6 5 9
6 8 .3 8
6 8 .7 2
7 0 .1 8
7 0 .0 6
7 1 .5 7
7 1 .9 1
7 0 .8 7
7 2 .1 1
7 3 .0 1
7 3 .2 6
7 3 .7 8
7 4 .9 0
4 1 .9
4 1 .7
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
4 2 .4
4 2 .4
4 1 .3
4 2 .0
4 2 .3
4 2 .3
4 2 .4
4 2 .7
1 .6 3 2
1 .6 4 8
1 .6 6 7
1 .6 6 8
1 .6 8 8
1 .6 9 6
1 .7 1 6
1 .7 1 7
1. 726
1 .7 3 2
1. 740
1 .7 5 4
6 9 .6 0
6 9 .6 0
7 1 .4 0
7 1 .2 3
7 3 .1 0
7 3 .5 3
7 2 .1 8
7 3 .5 8
7 4 .4 8
7 4 .7 0
7 5 .3 0
7 5 .8 5
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
4 2 .6
4 2 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .9
4 2 .2
4 2 .3
4 2 .4
4 2 .4
1 .6 6 5
1 .6 7 3
1 .6 9 6
1 .6 9 6
1 .7 1 6
1 .7 2 6
1 .7 5 2
1 .7 5 6
1 .7 6 5
1. 766
1 .7 7 6
1 .7 8 9
6 6 .2 2
6 5 .3 6
6 6 .9 7
6 7 .9 7
6 8 .0 0
6 7 .5 8
7 0 .0 2
6 8 .8 8
7 0 .0 8
7 0 .3 2
7 0 .8 6
7 3 .1 2
4 0 .5
3 9 .9
4 0 .2
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
3 9 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 1 .1
1 .6 3 5
1 .6 3 8
1 .6 6 6
1 .6 7 0
1 .6 7 9
1 .6 9 8
1 .7 1 2
1 .7 2 2
1 .7 3 9
1. 745
1. 754
1 .7 7 9
6 0 .2 2
6 0 .6 1
6 0 .5 8
6 0 .6 0
6 1 .0 5
6 2 .0 5
6 0 .3 4
6 0 .3 4
62. 75
6 3 .8 7
6 5 .0 2
6 5 .0 8
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 1 .1
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
3 9 .7
4 0 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .5
4 2 .0
4 2 .4
1 .4 5 8
1 471
1 .4 7 4
1 .4 7 8
1 .4 8 9
1 .5 0 6
1 .5 2 0
1 .5 0 1
1 .5 2 3
1 .5 3 9
1 .5 4 8
1 .5 3 5
1 9 5 2 : J a n u a r y _______
7 8 .0 1
4 3 .9
1 .7 7 7
7 0 .6 0
4 2 .3
1 .6 6 9
7 5 .5 4
4 2 .8
1 .7 6 5
7 7 .2 7
4 3 .0
1 .7 9 7
7 4 .2 3
4 1 .7
1 .7 8 0
6 5 .9 9
4 2 .6
1 .5 4 9
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .
9 9 3 5 9 0 — 5 2 --------7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
474
T able
M
O N T H L Y
L A B O R
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
E le c tr ic a l m a c h in e r y — C o n tin u e d
Y e a r a n d m o n th
R a d io s ,
p h on o
g r a p h s, te le v is io n
s e ts , a n d e q u ip
m en t
T e le p h o n e a n d te le
gra p h e q u ip m e n t
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t
E l e c t r i c a l a p p lia n c e s ,
la m p s , a n d m is c e l
la n e o u s p r o d u c ts
T o ta l: T r a n s p o r ta
t io n e q u ip m e n t
A u to m o b ile s
A ir c r a ft a n d p a r ts
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
1949: A v e r a g e _______ $50. 68
1960: A v e r a g e .............- 5 3 .8 5
3 9 .5
4 0 .7
$ 1 .2 8 3
1 .3 2 3
$ 6 1 .4 3
6 5 .8 4
3 9 .3
4 0 .1
$1. 563
1 .6 4 2
$56. 52
6 1 .5 8
3 9 .5
4 1 .0
$ 1 ,4 3 1
1 .5 0 2
$ 6 4 .9 5
7 1 .1 8
3 9 .2
4 1 .0
$1. 657
1 .7 3 6
$ 6 5 .9 7
7 3 .2 5
3 8 .9
4 1 .2
$1. 696
1. 778
$63. 62
6 8 .3 9
4 0 .6
4 1 .6
$1. 567
1 .6 4 4
1961: J a n u a r y ________
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h _________
A p r i l ___________
M a y _ _ _ ...............
J u n e . . . ............. ..
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t ______
S e p t e m b e r _____
O c t o b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
5 7 .3 2
5 7 .3 1
5 7 .1 3
56. 74
57. 41
58. 42
5 7 .3 5
5 7 .2 6
5 9 .4 0
6 0 .4 1
6 0 .9 8
6 0 .6 1
4 0 .8
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 0 .1
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
3 9 .2
3 9 .9
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 1 .4
4 1 .6
1 .4 0 5
1 .4 1 5
1 .4 1 4
1 .4 1 5
1 .4 2 8
1 .4 4 6
1 .4 6 3
1 .4 3 5
1 .4 5 6
1 .4 7 7
1 .4 7 3
1. 457
7 1 .3 1
72. 97
75. 79
7 7 .3 3
76. 85
7 6 .2 8
76. 27
7 6 .2 4
7 8 .7 6
8 0 .4 2
8 1 .3 3
8 2 .3 5
4 1 .1
4 1 .6
4 2 .6
4 3 .3
4 3 .2
4 3 .0
4 2 .8
43. 1
4 4 .2
4 4 .8
4 4 .3
4 4 .3
1 .7 3 5
1 .7 5 4
1 .7 7 9
1 .7 8 6
1 .7 7 9
1 .7 7 4
1 .7 8 2
1 .7 6 9
1 .7 8 2
1 .7 9 5
1 .8 3 6
1 .8 5 9
6 4 .8 0
6 5 .3 8
6 5 .0 7
65. 52
6 5 .4 4
66. 62
64. 55
64. 28
6 6 .1 0
65. 61
6 6 .2 6
6 8 .9 7
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
4 1 .2
3 9 .6
4 0 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .4
4 0 .5
4 1 .6
1. 569
1 .5 8 3
1. 591
1. 598
1 .6 0 4
1. 617
1 .6 3 0
1 .6 0 7
1 .6 2 4
1. 624
1 .6 3 6
1. 658
7 2 .0 6
7 4 .0 5
75. 73
7 4 .8 1
74. 97
7 5 .1 4
74. 33
76. 36
7 7 .4 3
7 7 .1 4
7 7 .0 5
7 9 .3 3
3 9 .9
4 0 .8
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
4 0 .9
4 0 .4
3 9 .9
4 0 .9
4 1 .1
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
4 1 .6
1 .8 0 6
1 .8 1 5
1 .8 3 8
1 .8 2 9
1 .8 3 3
1 .8 6 0
1 .8 6 3
1. 867
1 .8 8 4
1 .8 8 6
1 .8 9 3
1 .9 0 7
7 1 .4 8
74. 29
7 6 .1 3
74. 52
7 4 .9 0
7 4 .8 8
7 3 .3 0
7 6 .3 1
77. 53
7 7 .3 4
7 6 .4 4
7 9 .6 3
3 8 .7
3 9 .9
4 0 .3
3 9 .7
3 9 .8
3 8 .9
3 7 .9
3 9 .5
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
3 9 .1
4 0 .3
1 .8 4 7
1 .8 6 2
1 .8 8 9
1 .8 7 7
1 .8 8 2
1 .9 2 5
1. 934
1 .9 3 2
1. 948
1 .9 4 8
1 .9 5 5
1 .9 7 6
76. 78
7 5 .8 6
77. 35
7 7 .1 3
77. 22
7 7 .3 1
7 7 .4 8
7 7 .4 8
7 9 .2 8
78. 07
7 9 .8 5
8 0 .8 9
4 3 .7
4 3 .3
4 3 .9
4 4 .0
4 3 .9
4 3 .8
4 3 .7
4 3 .6
4 3 .9
4 3 .3
4 3 .9
4 4 .2
1 .7 5 7
1 .7 5 2
1 .7 6 2
1 .7 5 3
1 .7 5 9
1 .7 6 5
1 .7 7 3
1 .7 7 7
1 .8 0 9
1 .8 0 3
1 .8 1 9
1 .8 3 0
1952: J a n u a r y _______
6 0 .9 0
4 1 .6
1 .4 6 4
8 1 .5 8
4 4 .0
1 .8 5 4
6 7 .9 8
4 1 .0
1 .6 5 8
7 9 .6 2
4 1 .6
1 .9 1 4
8 0 .8 7
4 0 .7
1 .9 8 7
7 9 .7 6
4 3 .3
1 .8 4 2
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n t in u e d
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t — C o n tin u e d
A ir c r a ft e n g in e s a n d
p a r ts
A ir c r a f t
A ir c r a f t p r o p e lle r s
a n d p a rts
O t h e r a ir c r a f t p a r t s
a n d e q u ip m e n t
S h ip a n d b o a t b u ild
i n g a n d r e p a ir i n g
S h ip b u ild in g a n d
r e p a ir in g
1949: A v e r a g e _______ $62. 69
1950: A v e r a g e ............... 6 7 .1 5
4 0 .5
4 1 .4
$ 1 .5 4 8
1 .6 2 2
$ 6 5 .2 4
7 1 .4 0
4 0 .7
4 2 .1
$1. 603
1 .6 9 6
$ 6 6 .8 3
7 3 .9 0
4 1 .0
4 2 .4
$ 1 ,6 3 0
1 .7 4 3
$ 6 5 .0 8
7 0 .8 1
4 0 .4
4 1 .7
$1. 611
1 .6 9 8
$ 6 1 .6 7
6 3 .2 8
3 8 .0
3 8 .4
$ 1 ,6 2 3
1 .6 4 8
$ 6 1 .8 8
6 3 .8 3
3 7 .8
3 8 .2
$ 1 ,6 3 7
1 .6 7 1
1951: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h _________
A p r i l ___________
M a y ___________
J u n e ___________
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r ................
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
7 4 .5 2
7 3 .4 9
7 5 .0 4
7 4 .4 3
7 4 .6 9
7 5 .0 0
7 5 .7 8
7 5 .8 6
7 7 .6 5
7 6 .4 2
7 7 .9 5
7 8 .3 9
4 3 .2
4 2 .7
4 3 .5
4 3 .5
4 3 .3
4 3 .3
4 3 .4
4 3 .3
4 3 .7
4 3 .1
4 3 .5
4 3 .5
1. 725
1 .7 2 1
1 .7 2 5
1. 711
1 .7 2 5
1 .7 3 2
1 .7 4 6
1 .7 5 2
1 .7 7 7
1. 773
1. 792
1 .8 0 2
8 2 .9 4
8 3 .4 9
8 6 .1 9
8 6 .8 0
8 6 .6 7
8 8 .0 6
8 6 .2 4
8 4 .0 0
8 5 .6 1
8 3 .2 0
8 7 .0 2
8 8 .2 5
4 5 .1
4 5 .3
4 5 .7
4 6 .0
4 6 .2
4 6 .3
4 5 .7
4 4 .8
4 4 .8
4 3 .4
4 5 .3
4 5 .7
1 .8 3 9
1 .8 4 3
1 .8 8 6
1 .8 8 7
1 .8 7 6
1 .9 0 2
1 .8 8 7
1 .8 7 5
1. 911
1 .9 1 7
1 .9 2 1
1 .9 3 1
8 7 .1 1
9 0 .0 1
9 0 .4 2
9 0 .3 8
8 7 .6 8
90. 77
9 2 .1 6
9 0 .4 9
8 7 .3 3
8 6 .3 3
8 7 .6 7
8 9 .4 8
4 5 .3
4 6 .3
4 6 .3
4 6 .9
4 6 .0
4 7 .3
4 8 .1
4 7 .5
4 5 .2
4 4 .8
4 5 .1
4 5 .7
1 .9 2 3
1 .9 4 4
1 .9 5 3
1 .9 2 7
1 .9 0 6
1 .9 1 9
1 .9 1 6
1 .9 0 5
1 .9 3 2
1 .9 2 7
1 .9 4 4
1 .9 5 8
8 0 .0 6
7 8 .1 0
7 9 .3 4
7 9 .2 5
7 8 .4 5
7 7 .4 3
7 6 .0 0
7 5 .8 4
7 8 .2 9
7 9 .3 5
7 8 .5 0
8 1 .2 5
4 4 .8
4 4 .1
4 4 .2
4 4 .1
4 3 .9
4 3 .5
4 2 .6
4 2 .7
4 3 .4
4 3 .6
4 3 .3
4 4 .4
1 .7 8 7
1 .7 7 1
1 .7 9 5
1 .7 9 7
1 .7 8 7
1 .7 8 0
1 .7 8 4
1 .7 7 6
1 .8 0 4
1 .8 2 0
1 .8 1 3
1 .8 3 0
6 4 .2 4
6 8 .8 0
6 8 .7 8
6 8 .3 1
6 8 .4 6
7 0 .4 2
7 1 .5 9
7 1 .9 6
71. 52
7 3 .5 7
7 2 .3 7
7 3 .5 4
3 8 .7
4 0 .4
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
4 0 .1
4 0 .4
4 0 .2
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
3 9 .1
4 0 .1
1 .6 6 0
1 .7 0 3
1 .7 1 1
1. 712
1 .7 2 0
1 .7 5 6
1 .7 7 2
1 .7 9 0
1. 788
1 .8 3 0
1 .8 5 1
1 .8 3 4
6 4 .7 3
6 9 .4 1
6 9 .3 3
6 8 .9 2
68. 96
7 1 .0 4
72. 40
7 2 .6 6
7 2 .1 0
7 4 .2 3
7 2 .9 7
7 4 .3 3
3 8 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .1
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
4 0 .0
4 0 .4
4 0 .1
3 9 .9
4 0 .1
3 9 .0
4 0 .2
1 .6 7 7
1 .7 1 8
1 .7 2 9
1 .7 3 6
1 .7 3 7
1 .7 7 6
1 .7 9 2
1 .8 1 2
1 .8 0 7
1 .8 5 1
1 .8 7 1
1 .8 4 9
1952: J a n u a r y _______
7 6 .7 1
4 2 .1
1 .8 2 2
8 8 .1 1
4 5 .7
1 .9 2 8
8 9 .2 8
4 5 .6
1 .9 5 8
8 1 .2 8
4 4 .1
1 .8 4 3
7 4 .1 7
4 0 .4
1 .8 3 6
7 4 .9 3
4 0 .5
1 .8 5 0
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
I n str u m e n ts a n d
r e la t e d p r o d u c t s
Transportation equipment—Continued
B o a t b u ild in g a n d
r e p a ir in g
R a ilr o a d e q u ip m e n t
L o c o m o tiv e s a n d
p a rts
R a ilr o a d a n d s tr e e t
cars
O th e r tr a n s p o r ta tio n
e q u ip m e n t
T o ta l: I n s tr u m e n ts
a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s
1949: A v e r a g e — ........... $ 5 4 .8 4
1950: A v e r a g e ............... 5 5 .9 9
4 0 .5
4 0 .6
$ 1 .3 5 4
1 .3 7 9
$ 6 3 .5 4
6 6 .3 3
3 9 .2
3 9 .6
$ 1 .6 2 1
1 .6 7 5
$ 6 5 .4 7
7 0 .0 0
3 9 .3
4 0 .3
$ 1 .6 6 6
1 .7 3 7
$61. 70
6 2 .4 7
3 8 .9
3 8 .9
$ 1 .5 8 6
1 .6 0 6
$ 5 7 .6 0
6 4 .4 4
3 9 .7
4 1 .9
$ 1 .4 5 1
1 .5 3 8
$ 5 5 .2 8
6 0 .8 1
3 9 .6
4 1 .2
$ 1 .3 9 6
1 .4 7 6
1951: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h _________
A p r i l _____ . . .
M a y ___________
J u n e ............. .........
J u l y .............. .........
A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r _____
O c t o b e r ________
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ..........
5 8 .9 0
5 7 .7 2
5 9 .4 9
5 9 .8 0
5 9 .6 4
5 8 .5 6
6 0 .8 0
6 0 .8 6
6 2 .5 2
6 2 .5 5
6 3 .4 8
6 5 .4 1
4 0 .4
3 9 .0
3 9 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .0
3 9 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .2
4 0 .7
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
4 0 .2
1 .4 5 8
1 .4 8 0
1 .4 9 1
1 .4 7 3
1 .4 9 1
1 .4 9 0
1 .5 0 5
1 .5 1 4
1 .5 3 6
1 .5 5 2
1 .5 9 1
1 .6 2 7
7 2 .4 1
7 1 .1 6
7 5 .1 3
7 7 .3 6
76. 55
7 5 .6 4
7 5 .8 2
7 7 .0 5
7 6 .9 6
7 7 .0 6
7 6 .4 9
7 6 .9 9
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
4 1 .5
4 1 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
1 .7 6 6
1 .7 4 4
1 .8 2 8
1 .8 6 4
1 .8 5 8
1 .8 7 7
1 .8 6 3
1 .8 9 3
1 .8 9 )
1 .8 8 4
1 .8 8 4
1 .9 0 1
7 5 .9 6
7 5 .3 5
8 2 .4 0
83. 27
8 0 .3 6
79. 75
8 2 .4 3
8 2 .4 5
8 2 .0 5
8 2 .7 5
8 1 .9 3
8 3 .4 3
4 0 .6
4 1 .7
4 2 .3
4 2 .1
4 1 .4
4 0 .3
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 1 .8
1 .8 7 1
1 .8 0 7
1 .9 4 8
1. 978
1 .9 4 1
1 .9 7 9
1 .9 7 2
1 .9 8 2
1 .9 6 3
1 .9 7 5
1. 960
1. 996
6 7 .9 0
66. 97
6 8 .0 6
70. 74
7 2 .9 0
7 1 .6 9
7 0 .9 8
7 1 .2 0
7 1 .6 8
7 1 .0 6
7 0 .6 6
70. 54
4 1 .1
3 9 .7
4 0 .2
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
3 9 .6
3 9 .6
3 9 .9
3 9 .3
3 9 .3
1 .6 5 2
1 .6 8 7
1 .6 9 3
1 .7 3 8
1 .7 7 8
1 .7 7 9
1. 779
1 .7 9 8
1 .8 1 0
1 .7 8 1
1. 798
1 .7 9 5
6 6 .1 4
6 7 .4 8
6 9 .0 8
6 4 .7 0
6 5 .8 1
6 8 .4 3
66. 85
6 7 .8 2
6 8 .9 1
7 1 .1 3
7 1 .0 6
7 1 .7 7
4 1 .7
4 2 .2
4 3 .2
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 2 .4
4 1 .7
4 2 .1
4 2 .3
4 2 .9
4 2 .6
4 2 .9
1 .5 8 6
1. 599
1. 599
1 .5 7 8
1 .6 0 5
1 .6 1 4
1 .6 0 3
1 .6 1 1
1 .6 2 9
1 .6 5 8
1 .6 6 8
1. 673
6 5 .7 9
6 7 .0 6
6 7 .6 4
68. 55
6 8 .7 8
6 9 .4 4
6 8 .1 8
68. 51
6 9 .9 3
7 0 .2 6
7 0 .9 8
7 1 .6 1
4 1 .8
4 2 .2
4 2 .3
4 2 .5
4 2 .3
4 2 .6
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 2 .2
4 2 .3
4 2 .5
4 2 .6
1 .5 7 4
1 .5 8 9
1 .5 9 9
1 .6 1 3
1 .6 2 6
1 .6 3 0
1 .6 3 1
1 .6 3 5
1 .6 5 7
1.6 6 1
1 .6 7 0
1 .6 8 1
1952: J a n u a r y ______ _
6 3 .9 1
3 9 .6
1 .6 1 4
7 7 .3 4
4 1 .4
1 .8 6 8
8 1 .5 8
4 1 .9
1 .9 4 7
7 2 .2 8
4 0 .7
1. 776
6 9 .3 9
4 1 .9
1 .6 5 6
7 1 .1 9
4 2 .2
1 .6 8 7
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T able
475
C: EARN IN OS AND HOURS
REVIEW , APRIL 1952
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1—Con,
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u
fa c tu r in g in d u s t r ie s
I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s — C o n t i n u e d
Y e a r a n d m o n th
O p h t h a lm ic g o o d s
W a tch es a n d
c lo c k s
P h o to g r a p h ic
a p p a ra tu s
P r o fe s s io n a l a n d s c i
e n t if ic in s tr u m e n ts
A vg.
h r ly .
earn ta g s
T o t a l: M is c e lla n e o u s
m a n u fa c tu r in g in
d u s t r ie s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earnta g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earnta g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn m gs
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn ta g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn ta g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn ta g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earnta g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
1949: A v e r a g e ...................... ........... .............................. $ 4 7 .0 4
1950: A v e r a g e . ................................ ................................... 5 0 .8 8
3 9 .6
4 0 .7
$ 1 .1 8 8
1 .2 5 0
$ 5 9 .9 1
6 5 .5 9
3 9 .7
4 1 .2
$1. 509
1 .5 9 2
$49. 53
5 3 .2 5
3 9 .0
3 9 .8
$ 1 .2 7 0
1 .3 3 8
$ 5 7 .0 1
6 3 .0 1
3 9 .7
4 1 .7
$ 1 .4 3 6
1. 511
$ 5 0 .2 3
5 4 .0 4
3 9 .9
4 1 .0
$1. 259
1 .3 1 8
1951: J a n u a r y ___________________________________
F ebruary
M arch
____________________________
A p r i l _____________________________________
M a y . . ____________________________________
J u n e _________________________________ .
J u l y ______________________ _____ __________
A u g u s t ____________________________________
S e p te m b e r .
. . . . . . . . .
O c t o b e r ___________________________________
N o v e m b e r _______________________________
D e c e m b e r ________________________________
55. 47
55. 66
55. 61
5 6 .2 3
5 5 .6 0
5 6 .0 7
5 5 .4 1
5 5 .2 3
5 6 .1 9
56. 11
55. 36
5 5 .1 8
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
1 .3 2 7
1 .3 3 8
1 .3 4 0
1 .3 5 5
1 .3 6 6
1 .3 7 1
1 .3 7 5
1 .3 7 4
1 .3 8 4
1. 382
1 .3 7 7
1 .3 8 3
70. 56
7 2 .7 6
7 1 .9 9
7 3 .2 4
73. 77
7 2 .8 2
73. 04
7 1 .9 3
7 2 .9 0
7 3 .3 3
74. 53
7 4 .2 6
4 1 .8
4 2 .3
4 2 .1
4 1 .9
4 2 .2
4 1 .8
4 1 .5
4 1 .6
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 2 .3
4 2 .1
1 .6 8 8
1. 720
1 .7 1 0
1 .7 4 8
1 .7 4 8
1 .7 4 2
1 .7 6 0
1 .7 2 9
1. 744
1. 750
1 .7 6 2
1 .7 6 4
5 5 .6 1
58. 77
60. 40
60. 49
6 1 .0 7
5 9 .7 8
5 7 .6 6
59. 70
5 9 .9 8
59. 52
6 0 .5 7
6 0 .4 1
3 8 .7
4 1 .1
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 1 .8
4 1 .0
4 0 .1
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .3
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
1 .4 3 7
1 .4 3 0
1 .4 4 5
1 .4 5 4
1 .4 6 1
1 .4 5 8
1 .4 3 8
1 .4 5 6
1 .4 7 0
1. 477
1 .4 8 1
1 .4 8 8
68. 43
6 9 .1 1
70. 03
7 1 .1 2
7 1 .1 0
7 2 .7 3
7 1 .0 6
7 1 .5 7
73. 53
73. 92
74. 78
75. 91
4 2 .5
4 2 .5
4 2 .6
4 3 .1
4 2 .7
4 3 .5
4 2 .5
4 2 .5
4 3 .0
43. 1
4 3 .3
4 3 .6
1 .6 1 0
1 .6 2 6
1 .6 4 4
1 .6 5 0
1 .6 6 5
1 .6 7 2
1 .6 7 2
1. 684
1 .7 1 0
1. 715
1 .7 2 7
1 .7 4 1
57. 37
5 8 .4 1
5 8 .1 8
5 8 .0 3
5 7 .3 9
57. 85
5 6 .4 6
5 6 .8 2
5 7 .6 1
5 8 .1 8
58. 71
6 0 .6 5
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
3 9 .9
4 0 .1
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
4 1 .4
1 .3 8 9
1 .4 0 4
1 .4 0 2
1 .4 0 5
1 .4 1 0
1 .4 1 8
1 .4 1 5
1 .4 1 7
1 .4 2 6
1. 433
1 .4 4 6
1 .4 6 5
1952: J a n u a r y . ............. .....................................................
5 5 .4 0
3 9 .6
1 .3 9 9
74. 96
4 2 .4
1 .7 6 8
5 9 .4 7
3 9 .7
1 .4 9 8
75. 34
4 3 .2
1 .7 4 4
6 0 .0 2
4 1 .0
1 .4 6 4
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r in g in d u s t r ie s — C o n tin u e d
J e w e l r y , s il v e r w a r e ,
a n d p la te d w a re
S ilv e r w a r e a n d
p la te d w a re
J e w e lr y a n d
f in d in g s
T o y s a n d s p o r tin g
goods
C o s t u m e j e w e lr y ,
b u t t o n s , n o t io n s
1949: A v e r a g e .......... ........... ..................... .......................... $ 5 5 .0 6
1950: A v e r a g e ______ __________ ________ _________ 5 9 .4 5
4 1 .4
4 2 .8
$ 1 .3 3 0
1 .3 8 9
$51. 33
5 4 .2 5
4 0 .8
4 1 .6
$1. 258
1 .3 0 4
$58. 30
6 4 .0 8
4 2 .0
4 3 .8
$ 1 .3 8 8
1 .4 6 3
$ 4 7 .0 0
5 0 .9 8
3 9 .1
4 0 .4
$1. 202
1 .2 6 2
$ 4 6 .0 6
49. 52
3 9 .3
4 0 .0
$ 1 .1 7 2
1 .2 3 8
1951: J a n u a r y ___________________________________
F e b r u a r y _______________ ________ _________
M a r c h _______________ _________ ___________
A p r i l ______________________________________
M a y ___________ __________________________
J u n e _______________________________________
J u l y _____________ _____ __________
A u g u s t . _____ __________ _________________
___ ______
S e p t e m b e r ___ .
_________________
O c t o b e r ____________
N o v e m b e r ____ _____________
D e c e m b e r _____________ _________________
6 2 .2 9
6 4 .0 8
62. 93
62. 46
6 1 .4 5
6 1 .2 3
58. 59
5 9 .2 5
6 1 .5 3
6 2 .1 4
63. 42
6 6 .2 4
4 3 .2
4 3 .5
42. 9
4 2 .4
4 1 .3
40. 9
3 9 .4
3 9 .5
4 0 .8
4 0 .8
4 1 .4
4 2 .6
1 .4 4 2
1 .4 7 3
1. 467
1 .4 7 3
1 .4 8 8
1. 497
1.4.87
1 .5 0 0
1. 508
1. 523
1 .5 3 2
1 .5 5 5
58. 32
59. 79
58. 73
57. 93
5 6 .5 8
56.61
5 4 .4 3
5 5 .2 8
57. 25
59. 27
6 1 .0 7
6 2 .9 8
4 3 .2
4 3 .2
4 2 .9
42. 1
4 1 .0
40. 7
3 9 .3
3 9 .6
41. 1
4 1 .3
4 2 .0
4 2 .9
1 .3 5 0
1. 384
1 .3 6 9
1. 376
1 .3 8 0
1.391
1 .3 8 5
1 .3 9 6
1 .3 9 3
1 .4 3 5
1 .4 5 4
1 .4 6 8
66. 27
6 8 .2 0
66. 95
6 6 .4 0
6 5 .4 9
6 4 .9 0
61. 94
6 2 .6 9
65. 28
6 4 .6 8
6 5 .7 3
6 9 .8 3
4 3 .2
4 3 .8
4 3 .0
42. 7
4 1 .5
4 1 .0
3 9 .4
3 9 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .3
4 0 .9
4 2 .5
1 .5 3 4
1. 557
1 .5 5 7
1. 555
1 .5 7 8
1 .5 8 3
1 .5 7 2
1. 591
1 .6 0 8
1 .6 0 5
1 .6 0 7
1 .6 4 3
5 3 .2 0
5 4 .1 0
5 4 .0 6
53. 48
5 2 .1 0
52. 68
5 2 .1 3
5 2 .7 2
5 3 .5 4
5 4 .2 6
5 4 .5 3
5 6 .3 4
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
3 9 .9
39. 7
3 9 .0
3 9 .2
3 8 .7
3 9 .2
3 9 .6
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
4 0 .8
1 .3 3 0
1 .3 5 6
1 .3 5 5
1 .3 4 7
1 .3 3 6
1 .3 4 4
1 .3 4 7
1 .3 4 5
1 .3 5 2
1. 360
1 .3 7 0
1 .3 8 1
5 3 .5 8
5 4 .2 4
53. 44
53. 13
53. 45
5 4 .4 0
53. 44
52. 63
5 3 .3 5
5 3 .5 3
5 4 .0 4
5 4 .5 4
4 0 .9
4 1 .5
4 0 .7
40. 1
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
3 9 .5
3 8 .9
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
3 9 .3
4 0 .4
1 .3 1 0
1 .3 0 7
1 .3 1 3
1 .3 2 5
1 .3 4 3
1 .3 6 0
1 .3 5 3
1. 353
1 .3 3 7
1 .3 4 5
1 .3 7 5
1 .3 5 0
1952: J a n u a r y . ________________________________
63. 74
4 1 .5
1. 536
6 0 .8 4
4 2 .4
1 .4 3 5
6 6 .7 9
4 1 .0
1 .6 2 9
5 7 .6 7
4 0 .7
1 .4 1 7
5 5 .1 6
4 0 .5
1 .3 6 2
T r a n s p o r ta tio n a n d p u b lie u t ilit ie s
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n .
C o m m u n ic a tio n
M is c e lla n e o u s
m a n u fa c tu r in g
in d u s tr ie s — C o n .
J
il
J
A
L o c a l r a ilw a y s a n d
b u s lin e s s
T e le p h o n e s 6
O th e r m is c e lla n e o u s
m a n u fa c tu r in g
in d u s tr ie s
1950: A v e r a g e __________________________________
1951: J a n u a r y . . ................................ ................ ........... ..
F e b r u a r y _________________________________
M a r c h ____________________________________
A p r il
_____ __
_____ _____________
M a y _____________________________________
J u l y _________________________________ _____
A u gu st
.
________________
S e p t e m b e r _____
___
_______ __ _
O c t o b e r _______________________
_________
_______
N o v e m b e r ____ ______________
D e c e m b e r . ________________ _________ .
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b ie .
9 9 3 5 9 0 — 5 2 --------8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$ 5 1 .2 0
5 4 .9 1
40. 0
4 1 .1
$ 1 ,2 8 0
1 .3 3 6
5 8 .3 7
59. 34
5 9 .5 4
5 9 .3 4
5 8 .8 3
59. 22
5 7 .8 5
5 8 .2 2
5 8 .8 9
5 9 .4 3
5 9 .8 4
6 1 .9 4
4 1 .4
41. 7
4 1 .9
41. 7
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .9
4 1 .6
1 .4 1 0
1 .4 2 3
1.4 2 1
1 .4 2 3
1 .4 2 8
1. 434
1 .4 3 2
1 .4 3 4
1 .4 4 7
1 .4 5 3
1 .4 6 3
1 .4 8 9
6 0 .9 1
4 1 .1
1 .4 8 2
$ 6 1 .7 3
6 3 .2 0
6 7 .8 6
6 9 .5 0
71. 48
70. 99
7 1 .8 0
73. 05
7 2 .1 4
74. 66
7 1 .2 7
74. 61
7 4 .0 6
7 2 .4 1
4 3 .5
4 0 .8
4 2 .2
4 1 .2
4 2 .0
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
4 1 .2
4 0 .3
4 2 .3
3 9 .2
42. 2
4 1 .1
3 9 .7
$ 1 .4 1 9
1 .5 4 9
1 .6 0 8
1 .6 8 7
1 .7 0 2
1. 740
1. 747
1. 773
1 .7 9 0
1 .7 6 5
1 .8 1 8
1 .7 6 8
1 .8 0 2
1 .8 2 4
S w itc h b o a r d o p e r a t
in g e m p lo y e e s 7
$64. 61
66. 96
4 4 .9
4 5 .0
$1. 439
1 .4 8 8
$51. 78
5 4 .3 8
3 8 .5
3 8 .9
$ 1 .3 4 5
1 .3 9 8
$46. 65
3 7 .5
$1. 244
70. 23
70. 66
70. 42
7 0 .9 2
7 2 .1 7
72. 77
7 3 .1 9
72. 72
7 3 .1 1
73. 23
7 3 .1 1
7 5 .2 4
4 5 .9
4 6 .0
45. 7
4 5 .9
4 6 .5
4 6 .8
4 6 .5
4 6 .2
4 6 .1
4 6 .2
4 6 .3
4 7 .5
1 .5 3 0
1 .5 3 6
1 .5 4 1
1 .5 4 5
1. 552
1. 555
1 .5 7 4
1 .5 7 4
1. 586
1 .5 8 5
1 .5 7 9
1 .5 8 4
5 6 .4 1
57. 58
5 6 .5 2
5 6 .1 2
56. 59
5 8 .1 2
5 9 .3 0
58. 84
59. 97
5 9 .9 4
60. 84
5 9 .3 6
3 8 .9
3 9 .2
3 8 .9
3 8 .7
3 9 .0
3 9 .4
3 9 .8
39. 2
3 9 .4
3 9 .1
3 9 .2
3 8 .8
1 .4 5 0
1 .4 6 9
1 .4 5 3
1 .4 5 0
1 .4 5 1
1 .4 7 5
1 .4 9 0
1. 501
1 .5 2 2
1. 533
1. 552
1 .5 3 0
4 7 .7 8
4 9 .0 9
4 7 .8 0
4 7 .4 5
4 7 .4 2
49. 26
5 0 .7 7
5 0 .0 3
5 1 .2 3
5 1 .4 8
52. 79
4 9 .4 9
3 7 .3
37. 7
3 7 .4
3 7 .3
3 7 .4
38. 1
38. 7
3 7 .9
3 8 .2
3 7 .8
3 7 .9
3 7 .1
1 .2 8 1
1 .3 0 2
1 .2 7 8
1 .2 7 2
1 .2 6 8
1 .2 9 3
1 .3 1 2
1 .3 2 0
1 .3 4 1
1 .3 6 2
1 .3 9 3
1 .3 3 4
7 3 .8 7
4 6 .2
1 .5 9 9
59. 52
3 8 .7
1 .5 3 8
4 9 .6 3
3 6 .9
1 .3 4 5
476
T able
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
M
O N T H L Y
L A B O R
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Transportation and public utilities—Continued
Communication
Year and month
Line construction,
installation,and
maintenance em
ployees *
Other public utilities
Gas and electric Electric light and
utilities
power utilities
Telegraph *
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn hours earn earn wkly.
earn earn hours earn earn hours
hours
ings
ings ings
ings ings
ings ings
1949: Average__
1950: Average__
1951: January__
February..
March......
April........
May.........
June.........
July.........
August.....
September.
October__
November.
December..
1952; January__
$73.30
77.13
79.74
78.47
77.69
79.49
81.20
82.78
82.58
83.83
83. 54
83.79
83.95
84.02
42.1
42.4
43.1
42.6
42.2
42.9
43.1
43.0
42.9
43.1
42.6
42.6
42.7
42.5
$62.85
64.19
64. 57
64.86
64.63
64. 40
65. 97
65.44
71.23
70. 47
72.33
72.34
72.13
72.16
70.77
$1. 741
1.819
1.850
1.842
1.841
1.853
1.884
1.925
1.925
1. 945
1.961
1.967
1.966
1.977
44.7
44.7
44.5
44.7
44.6
44.6
45.4
45.1
44.8
44.6
44.4
44.3
44.2
44.3
43.9
$1.406
1.436
1.451
1.451
1. 449
1.444
1.453
1.451
1.590
1.580
1.629
1. 633
1.632
1.629
1.612
$63. 99
66.60
70.27
71.36
70.14
70.38
70. 72
71.06
71.82
71. 73
72.88
72. 92
73.29
73.77
73.25
41. 5
41.6
41.8
42.0
41.5
41.5
41.5
41.7
42.0
41. 9
42.2
42. 1
42.0
42.3
42.1
Transportation and
public utilities—
Con.
$1. 542
1.601
1.681
1.699
1.690
1.696
1.704
1.704
1.710
1.712
1.727
1.732
1.745
1.744
1.740
1. 630
1.707
1.722
1.720
1.719
1.730
1.732
1.740
1.733
1.742
1.747
1.764
1.770
1.767
$63.37
68.15
70.04
67.19
66. 71
66. 91
66. 99
67. 44
67.48
69.35
71.39
71.49
71.69
70.89
41.5 $1. 527
42.2 1.615
42.5 1.648
41.5 1.619
41.1 1. 623
41.1 1.628
41.1 1.630
41.4 1.629
41.3 1.634
41.8 1. 659
42.7 1.672
42.4 1.686
42.8 1.675
42.4 1.672
Retail trade (except General merchandise Department stores
eating and drinkand general mailing places)
order houses
Electric light and gas
utilities combined
41.6
41.8
41.6
41.2
41.7
41.6
41.9
42.2
42.1
42.5
42.2
42.0
41.9
41.8
$1 504
ñ
Retail trade
Wholesale trade
$67.02
70.64
70.80
69.92
71.43
71.47
71.94
72.80
73.04
74.50
74.02
73.96
73.62
73.15
41
41.6
41.7
42.1
41.7
41.6
41.6
41.8
42.1
42.1
42.1
41.7
41.7
42.3
42.1
Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly.
earn hours earn
ings
ings
Trade
Other public utilities—Con
1949: Average__
1950: Average__
1951: January—
February..
March___
April........
May____
June------July..........
August---September.
October__
November.
December..
1952; January...
$64 91
67.81
71.18
72. 50
71. 72
71.51
71.97
72.40
73. 25
72. 96
73.34
72.85
73. 56
74.87
74.39
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Gas utilities
$57. 55
60.36
63.44
63.62
63.62
63.95
63.78
64.35
64.55
64. 51
65.64
65. 44
65. 52
66.30
$1. 611
1.690
1.702
1.697
1.713
1.718
1.717
1.725
1.735
1.753
1.754
1.761
1.757
1.750
66.22
40. 7
40.7
40.8
40.6
40.6
40.6
40.6
40.7
40.7
40.7
40.9
40.8
40.8
41.0
40.8
$1.414
1.483
1.555
1.567
1.567
1.575
1.571
1.581
1.586
1.585
1.605
1.604
1.606
1.617
1.623
$45 93
47.63
49.85
49. 56
48. 95
49.84
49. 83
50. 74
51.49
51.37
50.80
50. 43
49.92
49.92
51.39
40 4
40.5
40.3
40.1
39.7
39.9
39.8
40.4
40.8
40.8
40.0
39.8
39.4
40.1
39.9
L 176
1.237
1.236
1.233
1.249
1.252
1.256
1.262
1.259
1. 270
1.267
1.267
1.245
1.288
35Ì95
38.02
37.43
36.44
36. 98
36.71
37. 70
38. 51
38.01
37.19
36. 56
36.12
37.23
38.23
36.8
36.7
36.3
35.8
35.9
35.5
36.5
37.1
36.9
35.9
35.6
35.1
36.9
36.0
.977
1.036
1.031
1.018
1.030
1.034
1.033
1.038
1.030
1.036
1.027
1.029
1.009
1.062
41.56
44. 58
43. 70
43.05
43.39
43. 49
44.23
44.81
44.27
44.29
43.57
43.28
46.10
45.08
38.2
38.2
37.8
37.6
37.5
37.3
38.0
38.1
37.9
37.6
37.3
36.8
39.2
37.5
1.088
1.167
1.156
1.145
1.157
1.166
1.164
1.176
1.168
1.178
1.168
1.176
1.176
1.202
Trade—Continued
Retail trade—Continued
Food and liquor
stores
Average__
Average__
1951: January__
February. _
March......
April____
May____
June____
July.........
August__
September.
October__
November.
December..
1952; January__
1949:
1950:
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$49.93
51.79
53.15
52.69
52.62
53.18
53.44
54.72
55.44
55.23
54.24
53.90
54.35
54.32
54.67
40.2
40.4
39.9
39.5
39.3
39.6
39.7
40.5
41.1
41.0
40.0
39.6
39.7
40.0
39.5
$1.242
1.282
1.332
1.334
1.339
1.343
1.346
1.351
1.349
1.347
1.356
1.361
1.369
1.358
1.384
Automotive and ac
cessories dealers
$58.92
61.65
64.48
65.16
65.29
66.34
66.22
67.03
66.91
67.18
67. 94
67.24
67.13
67.21
66.94
45.6
45.7
45.7
45.5
45.4
45.5
45.2
45.6
45.3
45.3
45.2
45.4
45.3
45.6
45.2
$1.292
1.349
1.411
1.432
1.438
1.458
1.465
1.470
1.477
1.483
1.503
1.481
1.482
1.474
1.481
Other retail trade
Apparel and acces
sories stores
$40. 66
40.70
42. 81
41.40
40. 75
41.09
41.44
42.25
42. 71
42.47
42. 45
42. 49
42.17
43.50
44.10
36.7
36.5
36.5
36.0
35.4
35.7
35.6
36.2
36.5
36.8
36.1
35.8
35.5
36.4
36.3
$1.108
1.115
1.173
1.150
1.151
1.151
1.164
1.167
1.170
1.154
1.176
1.187
1.188
1.195
1.215
Furniture and appli
ance stores
$53.30
56.12
58.99
58. 31
58. 49
59.18
59. 38
59.13
59.62
59.47
60.07
60. 50
60.23
62.66
59.81
43.4
43.5
43.5
43.1
43.2
43.1
43.0
43.0
43.2
43.0
43.0
43.0
42.9
43.3
42.6
$1.228
1.290
1.356
1.353
1.354
1.373
1.381
1.375
1.380
1.383
1.397
1.407
1.404
1.447
1.404
Lumber and hard
ware-supply stores
$51. 84
54.62
56.68
56.76
56.72
58.12
58.60
58.91
59. 67
59.48
59. 69
60.18
59.10
59.46
58. 52
43.6 $1.189
43.8 1.247
43.5 1.303
43.2 1.314
43.1 1.316
43.6 1.333
43.8 1.338
43.8 1.345
44.2 1.350
43.9 1.355
43.7 1.366
43.8 1.374
43.2 1.368
43.5 1.367
42.9 1.364
T able
477
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
R E V IE W , A P R IL 1952
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1—Con.
Service
Finance 10
Banks Security
and
dealers Insur
ance
and
trust
ex
com
carriers
panies changes
Year and month
Hotels, year-round 11
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
wkly.
wkly.
wkly.
wkly.
earnings earnings earnings earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Laundries
Cleaning and dyeing
plants
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings
Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings
Motionpicture
produc
tion
and
distri
bution 18
Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings
1949: Average_______________
1950: Average...... .........................
$43.64
46.44
$68. 32
81.48
$56. 47
58. 49
$32. 84
33. 85
44.2
43.9
$0. 743
.771
$34. 98
35. 47
41.5
41.2
$0.843
.861
$40.71
41. 69
41.2
41.2
$0. 988
1.012
$92.17
92.79
1951: January.................... -........
February............................
March_________________
April................... ................
May___ _______________
June___ _______________
July....................................
August.................................
September....... ................
October________________
November______________
December______________
49.28
49. 55
49. 70
50.08
50.11
50. 06
50. 50
50.28
50.36
50.78
51.13
52.14
89. 87
90.95
85. 96
84.12
81. 78
80. 97
77. 67
79.14
81.78
85.20
83.88
82.49
61. 71
61.26
60. 96
60.83
61.01
61. 71
62.09
61.01
60.91
61.32
60.70
62.29
34.89
35.04
34.68
34.90
35. 02
35.24
35. 46
35. 29
35. 78
35.91
36.20
36.81
43.4
43.2
43.3
43.3
43.4
43.4
43.4
43.3
42.9
42.9
43.1
43.3
.804
.811
.801
.806
.807
.812
.817
.815
.834
.837
.840
.850
36.70
36. 25
36.85
37.32
37. 96
38. 06
37. 83
37. 38
37.87
37. 73
37.93
38.39
41.0
40.5
40.9
41.1
41.4
41.5
41.3
40.9
41.3
41.1
41.0
41.5
.895
.895
.901
.908
.917
.917
.916
.914
.917
.918
.925
.925
43.35
41.78
44.14
44.90
45.90
45. 45
44. 26
42.56
44. 72
44. 36
43. 71
44.41
41.4
40.1
42.0
42.4
43.1
42.6
41.6
40.3
41.6
41.5
40.7
41.2
1.017
1.042
1.051
1.059
1.065
1.067
1. 064
1. 056
1.075
1.069
1.074
1.078
f82.94
80.74
84. 56
84. 94
83. 63
83. 55
84.13
83.32
83.98
85.09
83.68
85.84
1952: January..______ _______
52.14
80.23
61.96
36.63
43.2
.848
38.60
41.6
.928
44.39
41.1
1.080
87.94
1 These figures are based on reports from cooperating establishments cover
ing both full- and part-time employees who worked during, or received pay
for, the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. For the mining,
manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants industries, data
relate to production and related workers only. For the remaining industries,
unless otherwise noted, data relate to nonsupervisory employees and working
supervisors. All series are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics. Such requests should specify which industry series are desired.
Data for the three current months are subject to revision without notation;
revised figures for earlier months will be identified by asterisks the first
month they are published.
2 Includes: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood products (except
furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass products; primary
metal industries; fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery,
and transportation equipment); machinery (except electrical); electrical ma
chinery; transportation equipment; instruments and related products;
miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
8 Includes: food and kindred products; tobacco manufactures; textile-mill
products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper and allied prod
ucts; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and allied prod
ucts; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; leather and leather
products.
8 Data relate to hourly rated employees reported by individual railroads
(exclusive of switching and terminal companies) to the Interstate Commerce
Commission. Annual averages include any retroactive payments made,
which are excluded from monthly averages.
8 Data include privately and municipally operated local railways and bus
lines.
• Through May 1949 the averages relate mainly to the hours and earnings of
employees subject to the Fair Labor Standards Act. Beginning with June
T able
1949 the averages relate to the hours and earnings of nonsupervisory employ
ees. Data for June comparable with the earlier series are $51.47, 38.5 hours,
and $1,337.
1 Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as switchboard operators, service assistants, operating room instructors, and
pay-station attendants. During 1950 such employees made up 46 percent of
the total number of nonsupervisory employees in telephone establishments
reporting hours and earnings data.
8 Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as central office craftsmen; installation and exchange repair craftsmen; line,
cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers. During 1950 such employees
made up 25 percent of the total number of nonsupervisory employees in
telephone establishments reporting hours and earnings data.
8 New series beginning with January 1952; data relate to domestic employ
ees, except messengers, and those compensated entirely on a commission
basis. Comparable data for October 1951 are $70.52, 43.8 hours, and $1,610;
November—$70.31, 43.7 hours, and $1,609; December—$70.47, 43.8 hours,
and $1,609.
10 Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not avail
able.
n Money payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips, not included.
fNew series beginning with month and year shown below; not comparable
with data shown for earlier periods:
Drugs and M edicines —January 1951; comparable January data for old series
are $63.48, 41.3 hours and $1,537.
M otion picture production and distribution —January 1951; comparable Jan
uary data for old series are $97.01.
C-2: Gross Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Selected Industries, in Current
and 1939 Dollars 1
Manufacturing
Bituminouscoal mining
Manufacturing
Laundries
Current 1939 Current 1939 Current 1939
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars
Crurent 1939 Current 1939 Current 1939
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars
Average_________ $23.86
29.58
Average_________
43.82
Average_________
Average.___ _____ 54.14
54. 92
Average_________
Average-.................. 59.33
$23. 86
27.95
31.22
31.31
32.07
34.31
$23. 88
30. 86
58.03
72.12
63.28
70.35
$23. 88
29.16
41.35
41.70
36.96
40.68
$17.69
19. 00
30.30
34.23
34.98
35.47
$17. 69
17. 95
21.59
19. 79
20.43
20. 51
63. 76
63.84
64. 57
34.92
34.52
34.79
76.63
75. 67
74.66
41.97
40.92
40.22
36.70
36.25
36.85
20.10
19. 60
19. 85
1951: January-------- -----February________
March___________
Laundries
Year and month
Year and month
1939:
1941:
1946:
1948:
1949:
1950:
Bituminouscoal mining
1These series indicate changes in the level of weekly earnings prior to and
after adjustment for changes in purchasing power as determined from the
Bureau’s Consumers’ Price Index, the year 1939 having been selected for the
base period. Estimates of World War II and postwar understatement by
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1951: April------------------ $64.70
64. 55
May___________
65.08
June___________
July_____________ 64.24
August................... 64.32
September_______ 65. 49
October_________
65. 41
65.85
November_______
December 2_______ 67.40
1952: January 2................
67.08
$34. 84
34.61
34.93
34.42
34.47
34. 89
34.69
34.71
35.43
$75. 63
73.86
77. 67
73. 71
77. 23
81.61
80. 62
81.09
86.47
$10. 72
39.60
41.69
39. 50
41.38
43. 47
42.76
42.74
45.45
$37.32
37.96
38.06
37. 83
37.38
37. 87
37.73
37.93
38.39
$20.10
20.35
20.43
20.27
20.03
20.17
20.01
19.99
20.18
35.26
86.99
45.73
38.60
20.29
the Consumers’ Price Index were not included. See the Monthly Labor
Review, March 1947, p. 498. Data from January 1939 are available upon
request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
8 Preliminary.
478
C: E ARN INO S AND HOURS
T a b l e C -3 :
M
N e t s p e n d a b le a v e r a g e w e e k ly
e a r n in g s
N e t sp e n d a b le a v e r a g e w e e k ly
e a r n in g s
G ro ss a v era g e
w e e k l y e a r n in g s
W o rk er w ith
n o d ep en d en ts
P e r io d
1941: J a n u a r y _____ ________
1945: J a n u a r y _____ _____ . .
J u l y . ............................ ..
1946: J u n e ...................................
A v e r a g e . ........................
A v e r a g e _____________
A v e r a g e . . . ....................
A v e r a g e __________ _
A v e r a g e ............ ..............
A v e r a g e .......... ................
A v e r a g e . . .......... ...........
A v e r a g e _____________
A v e r a g e _____________
A v e r a g e ___________
A v e r a g e . ............ ...........
A v e r a g e ________ . . .
W o rk er w ith
3 d ep en d en ts
In d ex
(1 9 3 9 100)
C u r
rent
d o lla r s
1939
d o lla r s
C u r
rent
d o lla r s
1939
d o lla r s
$ 2 6 .6 4
47. 50
4 5 .4 5
43. 31
1 1 1 .7
1 9 9 .1
1 9 0 .5
1 8 1 .5
$25. 41
3 9 .4 0
3 7 .8 0
3 7 .3 0
$ 2 5 .0 6
30. 76
28. 99
2 7 .7 7
$ 2 6 .3 7
4 5 .1 7
43. 57
4 2 .7 8
$26. 00
35. 27
33. 42
3 1 .8 5
2 3 .8 6
2 5 .2 0
29. 58
3 6 .6 5
4 3 .1 4
4 6 .0 8
4 4 .3 9
43. 82
49. 97
5 4 .1 4
54. 92
5 9 .3 3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 5 .6
1 2 4 .0
153. 6
1 8 0 .8
1 9 3 .1
1 8 6 .0
1 8 3 .7
2 0 9 .4
2 2 6 .9
230. 2
2 4 8 .7
2 3 .5 8
2 4 .6 9
2 8 .0 5
31. 77
36. 01
3 8 .2 9
36. 97
37. 72
42. 76
4 7 .4 3
4 8 .0 9
5 1 .0 9
23. 58
24 49
26. 51
2 7 .0 8
28 94
3 0 .2 8
2 8 .5 8
2 6 .8 8
2 6 .6 3
2 7 .4 3
28. 09
2 9 .5 4
2 3 .6 2
2 4 .9 5
2 9 .2 8
3 6 .2 8
4 1 .3 9
4 4 .0 6
4 2 .7 4
43 20
48. 24
5 3 .1 7
5 3 .8 3
5 7 .2 1
2 3 .6 2
24. 75
27. 67
3 0 .9 3
3 3 .2 6
34. 84
3 3 .0 4
3 0 .7 8
30. 04
3 0 .7 5
3 1 .4 4
3 3 .0 8
A m ount
* Net spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, social security and income taxes for which
the specified type of worker is liable. The amount of inoome tax liability
depends, of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker
as well as on the level of his gross income. Net spendable earnings have
therefore, been computed for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker
with no dependents; (2) a worker with 3 dependents.
The computation of net spendable earnings for both factory worker with
no dependents and the factory worker with 3 dependents are based upon the
gross average weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing
T able
W o rk er w ith
n o d ep en d en ts
P e r io d
A m ount
1951: J a n u a r y . . ............ .........
F e b r u a r y ____________
M a r c h _______________
A p r i l ....................... .........
M a y . . . .................. .........
J u n e . ............. ..................
J u l y . .................................
A u g u s t . . ____________
S e p t e m b e r . . . ..............
October___ . . . .
November.....................
December2... _ . .
1952: January 2__________
$ 6 3 .7 8
6 3 .8 4
64. 57
6 4 .7 0
64. 55
6 5 .0 8
6 4 .2 4
64. 32
65. 49
6 5 .4 1
65. 85
6 7 .4 0
6 7 .0 8
W o rk er w ith
3 d ep en d en ts
In d ex
(1 9 3 9 =
100)
C ur
rent
d o lla r s
1939
d o lla r s
C u r
rent
d o lla r s
2 6 7 .2
2 6 7 .6
2 7 0 .6
2 7 1 .2
2 7 0 .5
2 7 2 .8
2 6 9 .2
2 6 9 .6
2 7 4 .5
2 7 4 .1
2 7 6 .0
2 8 2 .5
2 8 1 .1
$ 5 3 .4 9
53. 55
54. 13
5 4 .2 3
5 4 .1 1
54. 53
53. 87
53 93
5 4 .8 5
54. 79
5 4 .0 4
5 5 .2 3
5 4 .9 8
$ 2 9 .2 9
2 8 .9 6
29 16
2 9 .2 0
29. 01
2 9 .2 7
28. 87
2 8 .9 0
2 9 .2 2
29. 06
2 8 .4 8
29. 03
2 8 .9 0
$60. 56
60. 62
61. 21
6 1 .3 1
61 19
6 1 .6 2
6 0 .9 4
61 01
6 1 .9 5
6 1 .8 9
6 1 .9 6
6 3 .1 7
62. 92
1939
d o lla r s
$ 3 3 .1 7
3 2 .7 8
32. 98
3 3 .0 1
3 2 .8 1
3 3 .0 7
3 2 65
3 2 .6 9
3 3 .0 0
3 2 .8 3
32. 66
3 3 .2 1
3 3 .0 7
industries without direct regard to marital status and family composition.
The primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative
changes in disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers. That series
does not, therefore, reflect actual differences in levels of earnings for workers
of varying age, occupation, skill, family composition, etc. Comparable data
from January 1939 are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
! Preliminary.
N ote : Net spendable earnings figures for November, December 1951, and
January 1952 reflect the increased income tax rates provided by the Revenue
Act of 1951.
C-4: Average Hourly Earnings, Gross and Exclusive of Overtime, of Production Workers in
Manufacturing Industries 1
Durable
goods
Manufacturing
Gross
amount
Average___
Average . . .
Average___
Average___
Average_.
Average___
Average.......
Average.. ._
Average__
Average__
Nondurable
goods
Excluding
overtime
Period
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
L A B O R
Gross and Net Spendable Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Manufactur
ing Industries, in Current and 1939 Dollars 1
G ro ss a v era g e
w e e k l y e a r n in g s
1939:
1940:
1941:
1912:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
O N T H L Y
$0. 72®
.853
.961
1.019
1.023
1.086
1.237
1.850
1.401
1.465
Ex
clud
Gross ing Gross
Index
over
Amount (1939=
time
100)
$0. 702
.805
.894
.947
.963
1. 051
1.198
1.31®
1.367
1.415
110.9 $0.808 $0. 770 $0.646
127.2
.947
.881
.723
141.2 1.059
.976
.803
149.6 1.117 1.029
.861
152.1 1.111 2 1.042
.904
166.6 1.156 1.122 1.015
189.3 1.292 1.250 1.171
207.0 1.410 1.366 1.278
210.6 1.469 1. 434 1.325
223.5 1.537 1.480 1.378
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
Period
$0.625
.698
.763
.814
s. 858
.981
1.133
1.241
1.292
1.337
1951: January___
February__
March........ .
April______
M ay______
June______
J u ly ______
August____
September...
October____
November__
December 3._
1952: January 3__
1 Overtime is defined as work in ex("ess of 49 hours per week and paid for at
time and one-half. The computation of average hourly earnings exclusive of
overtime make® no allowance for special rates of pay for work done on holi
days. Comparable data from January 1941 are available upon request to
the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Durable
goods
Manufacturing
Excluding
overtime
Gross
amount
$1.555
1.561
1. 571
1.578
1.586
1. 599
1.598
1. 596
1.613
1. 615
1.626
1.636
1.640
2 Eleven-month average.
period.
8 Preliminary.
y
Index
Amount (1939 =
100)
$1.497
1.504
1.511
1. 518
1.528
1.540
1.546
1.542
1. 554
1.557
1.569
1.571
1.578
Gross
Nondurable
goods
Ex
Ex
clud
clud
ing Gross ing
over
over
time
time
236. 5 $1.630 $1. 565
237.6 1.639 1.573
238.7 1. 654 1.582
239.8 1.659 1.587
241. 4 1 665 1 r>Qf>
243.3 1. 681 1.611
244. 2 1.682 1.622
243.6 1.684 1.619
245.5 1. 707 1.638
246 0 1. 705 1.635
247.9 1.712 1.644
248.2 1.723 1.644
249.3 1.725 1.650
$1. 456
1.458
1. 460
1.465
1 474
1. 484
1. 4S8
1.481
1. 489
1. 491
1.507
1.516
1.520
$1. 409
1.414
1.415
1.422
1 429
l! 441
1. 444
1.441
1.444
1.450
1.465
1.469
1.477
August 1945 excluded because of VJ-holiday
479
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
R E V IE W , A P R IL 1952
D: Prices and Cost of Living
T able
D -l: Consumers’ Price Index1 for Moderate-Income Families in Large Cities, by Group
Commodities
of
[1 9 3 5 -3 9 = 1 0 0 ]
Fuel , electricity, and refrigeration
Year and month
All items
Food
Apparel
Rent
Total
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1950
Average______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average ______________
Average_______________
Average______________
Average_______________
Average___________ -A verage- _____________
Average ______________
Average_______________
A verage- _____________
Average_______________
Average _____________
Average ______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average _____________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average________ ______
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average ______________
Average_______________
Average. _____________
Average_______________
___
A verage
___ _______
January 15____________
J n n fi 1 5 _
Ja n u ary 15 ___________
\
V
February 15 __________
February 16 ____________
M a r c h 1 5 _____________
M arch 16______________
April 15_______________
A p r il 15_____________ M a y 15_______________
M a y 15 _______ ____
June 15_______________
Ju ne 15 _____________
July 15________________
J u ly 16
_____________
August 15_____________
A u g u st 1 5 _____________
September 1 5 _________
September 15 _________
O c t o b e r 1 5 ____________
October 1 5 . - ___________
N o v e m b e r 15__________
November 15 ___________
D e c e m b e r 15___________
70.7
71.8
72.5
77.9
91.6
107.5
123.8
143.3
127.7
119.7
121.9
122.2
125.4
126.4
124.0
122.6
122.5
119.4
108.7
97.6
92.4
95.7
98.1
99.1
102.7
100.8
99.4
100.2
105.2
116.6
123.7
125.7
128.6
139. 5
159.6
171.9
170.2
171.9
185. 6
168.2
170.2
181.5
79.9
81.8
80.9
90.8
116.9
134.4
149.8
168.8
128.3
119.9
124.0
122.8
132.9
137.4
132.3
130.8
132.5
126.0
103.9
86.5
84.1
93.7
100.4
101.3
105.3
97.8
95.2
96.6
105.5
123.9
138.0
130.1
139.1
159.6
193.8
210.2
201.9
204.5
227.4
196.0
203.1
221.9
69.3
69.8
71.4
78.3
94.1
127.5
168.7
201.0
154.8
125.6
125.9
124.9
122.4
120.6
118.3
116.5
115.3
112.7
102.6
90.8
87.9
96.1
96.8
97.6
102.8
102.2
100.5
101.7
106.3
124.2
129.7
138.8
145.9
160.2
185.8
198.0
190.1
187.7
204.5
185.0
184.6
198.5
181.6
m .6
199.7
183.8
226.0
202.0
92.2
92.2
92.9
94.0
93.2
94.9
102.7
120.7
138.6
142.7
146.4
151.6
152.2
150.7
148.3
144.8
141.4
137.5
130.3
116.9
100.7
94.4
94.2
96.4
100.9
104.1
104.3
104.6
106.4
108.8
108.7
109.1
109.5
110.1
113.6
121.2
126.4
131.0
136.2
129.4
130.9
133.2
m .o
134.0
61.9
62.3
62.5
65.0
72.4
84.2
91.1
106.9
114.0
113.1
115.2
113.7
115.4
117.2
115.4
113.4
112.5
111.4
108.9
103.4
100.0
101.4
100.7
100.2
100.2
99.9
99.0
99.7
102.2
105.4
107.7
109.8
110.3
112.4
121.1
133.9
137.5
140.6
144.1
140. 0
139.1
143.3
Gas and
electricity
0
(3)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
102.8
100.8
99.1
99.0
98.9
98.0
97.1
96.7
96.1
95.8
95.0
92.3
92.0
94.3
96.7
96.8
97.2
96.7
96.8
97.2
Other
fuels
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
98.4
99.8
101.7
101.0
99.1
101.9
108.3
115.1
120.7
126.0
128.3
136.9
156.1
183.4
187.7
194.1
204.5
193.1
189.0
202.3
1 1 0 .0
16S.7
211.4
tdJf.. 8
165. 8
209.7
145.7
97.2
205.0
154. 4
210.7
m .5
m. 4
144.2
2 0 4 .6
127.8
146.8
97.2
205.7
164- 4
212.7
m .5
m .6
127.7
146.2
97.1
143. 6
97.3
185.4
m .7
128.0
144-9
97.4
185.5
m .o
205.5
128.8
202.3
203.3
136.2
145.1
97.2
97.2
203.7
185.8
m .5
204.9
128.8
145.7
97.2
203.4
204.2
157.8
129.3
146.0
97.3
185.4
185.2
185.5
227.4
226.9
227.7
205.2
204.0
905.7
204.0
203.6
185.5
227.0
185.6
m .4
205.2
186.5
226. S
187.4
229.2
187.8
229.2
186.6
227.3
135.4
135.7
136.8
144.0
143.6
144.0
144.2
96.9
205.0
205.5
202.4
2 1 2 .6
164. 6
166.1
165. 0
166. 4
2 12 .5
164.8
156.0
2 1 4 .6
166.3
2 12 .4
$
165.0
157.6
2 0 4 .0
167.8
212.7
166.8
97.3
204.9
157.8
211.1
166. 0
97.3
157.6
210. 8
166.3
165. 4
137.5
144.4
210.7
130.0
97.3
2 0 4 .8
157.8
212.8
167. 6
138.2
146.3
208.9
144.6
97.4
205.8
156.3
210.4
166. 6
211.0
ISO. 8
146.8
97. 4
206.3
166. S
212.0
168.1
144.8
97.4
206.3
156.3
210.8
97.4
206.7
156. S
218. 5
169.9
210.2
169.1
166. S
211.8
170.5
209.0
138.9
131.4
139. 2
144. 9
T)pce.rnhe.r 15
190.0
233.9
209.1
181. 8
97.5
* 207.0
232.4
204.6
139.7
147.1
97.6
206.8
______
F e b r u a r y 15___________
February 16................ .
.
190.2
234.6
206.7
132.2
*147.2
97.6
*207.1
187.9
227.5
204.3
140.2
188. S
229.1
206.1
1S2.8
147.8
206.8
i T h e “ C o n s u m e r s ’ p r i c e i n d e x for m o d e r a t e - in c o m e f a m i li e s in la r g e c i t i e s ”
f o r m e r ly k n o w n a s t h e “ C o s t - o f - l i v i n g i n d e x ” m e a s u r e s a v e r a g e c h a n g e s i n
r e t a i l p r ic e s o f g o o d s , r e n t s , a n d s e r v i c e s p u r c h a s e d b y w a g e e a r n e r s a n d
i o w e r - s a l a r i e d w o r k e r s i n la r g e c i t i e s .
U . S. D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r B u l l e t i n N o . 699, C h a n g e s i n C o s t o f L i v i n g i n
L a r g e C i t i e s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , 1 9 1 3 -4 1 , c o n t a i n s a d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f
m e t h o d s u s e d in c o n s tr u c t in g t h is in d e x . A d d it io n a l in fo r m a tio n o n th e
c o n s u m e r s ’ p r i c e i n d e x i s g i v e n i n t h e f o l l o w i n g r e p o r ts : R e p o r t o f t h e P r e s i
d e n t ’s C o m m i t t e e o n t h e C o s t o f L i v i n g (194 5 ); R e p o r t o f t h e J o i n t C o m
m it t e e o n t h e C o n s u m e r s ’ P r ic e I n d e x o f t h e U . S . B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a tis tic s ,
A J o i n t C o m m i t t e e P r i n t (19 4 9 ); S e p t e m b e r 1949 M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w ,
C o n s t r u c t i o n o f C o n s u m e r s ’ P r i c e I n d e x ( p . 284 ); A p r i l 1951 M o n t h l y L a b o r
R e v i e w , I n t e r i m A d j u s t m e n t o f C o n s u m e r s ’ P r i c e I n d e x (p . 4 2 1 ), a n d C o r
r e c t i o n o f N e w U n i t B i a s i n R e n t C o m p o n e n t o f C P I ( p . 4 3 7 ).
T h e C o n s u m e r s ’ P r i c e I n d e x h a s b e e n a d j u s t e d t o in c o r p o r a t e a c o r r e c t io n
o f t h e n e w u n i t b i a s i n t h e r e n t i n d e x b e g i n n i n g w i t h i n d e x e s fo r 1940 a n d
145.0
145.3
97.5
97.9
97.8
206.6
206.7
207.1
156. 3
156.3
209.1
168.4
169.6
156.3
210.5
171.1
156.3
210.0
171. 5
156.3
208.6
170.2
a d j u s t e d p o p u l a t i o n a n d c o m m o d i t y w e i g h t s b e g i n n i n g w i t h in d e x e s for
J a n u a r y 1950. T h e s e a d j u s t m e n t s m a k e a c o n t i n u o u s c o m p a r a b le s e r ie s
fr o m 1913 t o d a t e . S e e a l s o G e n e r a l N o t e b e l o w .
M i m e o g r a p h e d t a b l e s a r e a v a i l a b l e u p o n r e q u e s t s h o w i n g i n d e x e s for e a c h
o f t h e c i t i e s r e g u la r l y s u r v e y e d b y t h e B u r e a u a n d for e a c h o f t h e m a jo r g r o u p s
o f l i v i n g e s s e n t i a ls . I n d e x e s fo r a ll la r g e c i t i e s c o m b i n e d a r e a v a i l a b l e s in e e
1913. T h e b e g i n n i n g d a t e fo r s e r ie s o f i n d e x e s fo r i n d i v i d u a l c i t i e s v a r ie s f r o m
c i t y t o c i t y b u t i n d e x e s a r e a v a i l a b l e fo r m o s t o f t h e 3 4 c i t i e s s i n c e W o r ld
W a r I.
1 T h e M i s c e l l a n e o u s g r o u p c o v e r s t r a n s p o r t a t io n ( s u c h a s a u t o m o b i l e s a n d
t h e ir u p k e e p a n d p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t io n f a r e s ) ; m e d i c a l c a r e ( i n c l u d i n g p r o
f e s s i o n a l c a r e a n d m e d ic i n e s ) ; h o u s e h o l d o p e r a t i o n ( c o v e r i n g s u p p l i e s a n d
d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f p a i d s e r v i c e s ) ; r e c r e a t io n ( t h a t i s , n e w s p a p e r s , m o t i o n p ic
t u r e s , r a d i o , t e l e v i s i o n , a n d t o b a c c o p r o d u c t s ) ; p e r s o n a l c a r e (b a r b e r a n d
b e a u t y - s h o p s e r v i c e a n d t o i l e t a r t i c le s ) ; e t c .
* D a t a n o t a v a ila b le .
* C o r r e c te d
The old series of Indexes for 1951-52 are shown in italics in tables D - l , D -2 , and D -5 fo r reference.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
164. 3
2 1 4 .8
189. S
189.1
154. 4
156.0
211.8
214* 1
156.0
201.6
202.8
147.0
232.2
154, 4
163. 2
156.0
97.1
207.6
189.1
1 2 1 .3
124.1
128.8
139.9
149. 9
154.6
156. 5
165.4
155.1
154. 6
162.1
208.9
152.8
134.7
135.1
98.4
97.9
98.1
98.7
101.0
101.5
100.7
101.1
104.0
110.9
115.8
152.9
126.8
203.6
10 1.7
IBS. 5
203.1
225.7
103.2
103.8
104.6
105.1
104.1
204.5
208.2
184.6
10 1.4
1 0 2 .2
1 0 2 .6
204.7
m .o
226.2
7 7 .8
87.6
100.5
104.3
101.2
100.8
201.8
181 S
184.5
50.9
61.9
63.6
56.3
65.1
97.2
209.9
.—
104.1
114.2
115.8
115.9
115.9
125.9
135.2
141.7
147.8
155. 6
145. 5
147.0
152.0
59.1
60.7
63.6
70.9
82.8
106.4
134.1
164.6
138.5
117,5
126.1
124.0
121.5
118.8
115.9
113.1
111.7
108.9
98.0
85.4
84.2
92.8
94.8
96.3
104.3
105.3
101.3
100.5
107.3
122.2
126.6
136.4
145.8
159.2
184.4
195.8
189.0
190.2
210.9
184.7
184.8
207.4
97.2
232.1
o t e
m o
ioe.0
10 0 .0
10 0 .0
1 0 0 .2
10 0 .4
Misoellaneous *
97.2
143.9
231.4
N
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Housefurnishings
144- 5
188.6
J an uary 15
Ice
480
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
T a b l e D -2 :
M
O N T H L Y
L A B O R
Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City,1 for Selected Periods
[1935-39=100]
City
Feb. 15, Jan. 15, Dec. 15, Nov. 15 Oct. 15, Sept. 15 Aug. 15, July 15, June 15, May 15, Apr. 15, Mar. 15 Feb. 15, Jan. 15, June 15, Feb. 15,
1952
1952
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1950
1952
A v e r a g e ..................... ..
187.9
189.1
189.1
188.6
187.4
186.6
185.5
185.5
A t l a n t a , G a ...................
B a l t i m o r e , M d ______
B ir m in g h a m , A la _ _ .
B o s t o n , M a s s _______
B u f f a l o , N . Y . .............
C h ic a g o , 111....................
C i n c i n n a t i , O h i o ____
C l e v e l a n d , O h i o ____
D e n v e r , C o l o ................
D e t r o i t , M i c h ..............
H o u s t o n , T e x ...............
195.2
(3)
(3)
196.1
(>)
(3)
190.5
191.4
177.8
193.1
(2)
190.5
177.2
(F -
(3)
(3)
I n d ia n a p o lis , I n d . . .
J a c k s o n v i l l e , F l a ____
K a n sa s C ity , M o . . .
L o s A n g e le s , C a l i f . .
M a n c h e ste r , N . H ._
M e m p h i s , T e r m ____
M i l w a u k e e , W i s ____
M in n e a p o lis , M in n .
M o b i l e , A l a ...................
N e w O r le a n s , L a ___
N ew Y ork, N . Y ....
N o r f o lk , V a ...................
P h i l a d e l p h i a , P a ____
P i t t s b u r g h , P a ............
P o r t l a n d , M a i n e ____
P o r t l a n d , O r e g . ..........
R i c h m o n d , V a ______
S t . L o u is , M o ............ ..
S a n F r a n c i s c o , C a lif.
S a v a n n a h , G a _______
S c r a n t o n , P a . ...............
S e a t t l e , W a s h _______
W a s h i n g t o n , D . C __
(2)
193.9
179.3
(2)
191.9
187.1
191.8
(2)
190.7
194.3
(2)
(2)
(2)
190.7
(2)
(2)
192.3
192.0
195.4
193.3
196.0
180.9
(2)
194.2
187.9
(2)
(2)
191.9
196.0
190.9
(2)
182.3
(2)
195.9
(2)
(2)
194.7
180.0
188.3
194.1
188.3
(2)
(2)
196.3
180.0
(2)
194.3
187.8
192.0
(2)
191.5
195.1
<*>
(3)
(3)
(3)
196.0
179.3
186.9
193.5
187.0
(3)
191.8
186.8
(3)
191.2
190.2
194.4
(3)
189.0
194.1
189.9
(3)
180.4
(3)
192.0
195.1
(3)
(2)
190.5
183.0
(2)
(2)
(2)
184.2
187.7
187.3
(2)
184.0
195.3
(3)
(3)
190.0
184.1
(3)
(3)
(3)
183.0
(3)
187.2
(3)
189.9
(3)
183.1
185.6
(2)
182.5
192.3
187.1
190.9
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
188.9
192.2
(2)
199.0
183.8
(2)
(2)
184.2
195.3
183.9
(2)
200.3
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
189.2
191.7
179.9
(2)
(2)
190.2
193.1
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
191.7
189.1
192.0
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
185.4
194.6
184.7
(3)
186.7
191.2
(3)
195.8
183.8
(3)
(3)
198.8
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
186.1
190.0
178.6
(3)
(2)
186.2
188.4
(2)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(2)
190.0
187.0
190.4
(2)
(2)
191.4
(J)
( 2)
(!)
189.6
(3)
( 3)
187.9
187.0
(3)
( 3)
190.9
185.3
189.1
(3)
188.5
193.0
(3)
(3)
(3)
187.8
(3)
179.7
192.3
(3)
(3)
188.9
180.9
(3)
(3)
(3)
(2)
181.2
188.6
185.4
188.8
(3)
(3)
(3)
185.4
189.3
(3)
195.7
181.3
(2)
(2)
196.5
(3)
(2)
(3)
(3)
185.6
187.8
176.4
(3)
(3)
185.0
188.4
(2)
(3)
(3)
(3)
186.6
(3)
( 3)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(3)
182.5
190.9
180.8
186.7
184.4
(3)
185.4
192.7
(3)
189.8
(3)
189.8
190.1
176.5
176.1
(3)
(2)
190.1
189.8
185.0
184.8
188.2
(3)
(3)
(3)
188.3
187.4
192.3 » 192. 5
(3)
190.6
(3)
186.1
(3)
187.8
(3)
183.6
183.5
(3)
180.5
1 The indexes are based on time-to-time changes in the cost of goods and
services purchased by moderate-income families in large cities. They do
not indicate whether it costs more to live in one city than in another.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(3)
189.2
176.9
185.5
190.9
185.6
(3)
187.6
188.6
192.6
185.2
184.6
184.5
183.8
181.5
170.2
188. S
(3)
(2)
189.9
175.5
183.3
189.1
184.6
(3)
187.0
186.7
192.5
(3)
188.6
190.6
175.8
(3)
189.1
184.4
(3)
(3)
187.0
192.4
187.5
(3)
189.8
175.5
(3)
188.5
183.9
186.2
(3)
186.2
191.0
(3)
(3)
188.2
173.5
180.8
185.4
182.3
(3)
184.9
184.2
190.1
(3)
174.7
171.6
165.5
(3)
175.1
170.5
(3)
(3)
173. 5
175.8
194.$
(2)
194.6
18Ó.7
(2)
193.2
187.4
191.6
(2)
190.4
193.4
(3)
(3)
(3)
186.3
(3)
(3)
190.9
(3)
(3)
188.5
181.4
»187. 5
(3)
178.5
185.6
182.9
(3)
(3)
<3)
(3)
(3)
180.6
(3)
190.4
(3)
185.6
(3)
186.5
(3)
183.2
181.9
(3)
180.4
(3)
(3)
(3)
184.1
(3)
(3)
187.5
(3)
(3)
187.9
180.8
184.4
(3)
175.6
181.3
180.6
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(3)
177.8
(3)
176.3
(2)
169.3
(3)
172.7
(3)
169. 1
168.2
(3)
167.0
(2)
(2)
(2)
188.3
186.4
187.8
(3)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
182.4
191.4
180.0
(3)
185.9
186.7
(3)
194.1
181.2
(2)
(2)
195.5
(3)
(3)
(2)
(3)
185.6
186.0
175.7
(3)
(3)
185.2
188.7
(2)
(3)
(2)
(3)
187.1
185.4
185.6
(3)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(3)
180.8
188.3
179.2
(3)
181.0
183.4
(2)
190.4
179.8
(3)
(3)
189.2
(21
(3)
(3)
(3)
169.1
171.8
164.4
(3)
(2)
168.8
172.4
(3)
(3)
(2)
(2)
191.6
187.8
191.9
189. S
(2)
(2)
194-7
(2)
(2)
191.4
183.4
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
187.4
194. Ò
184-4
* Indexes are computed monthly for 10 cities and once every 3 months for
24 additional cities according to a staggered schedule.
* Corrected.
T able D -3
481
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
R E V IE W , A P R IL 1952
: Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City and
Commodities 1
G r o u p of
[1935-39=100]
Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration
Apparel
Food
Rent
Total
Gas and electricity
Feb. 15, Jan. 15,
1952
1952
Feb. 15, Jan. 15,
1952
1952
Housefumishings
Miscellaneous
Feb. 15, Jan. 15,
1952
1952
Feb. 15, Jan. 15,
1952
1952
City
Feb. 15, Jan. 15,
1952
1952
Average...... ................
227.5
Feb. 15, Jan. 15,
1952
1952
232.4
204.3
217.3
Atlanta, Oa ______
Baltimore, M d--------Birmingham, Ala____
Boston, M ass.......... .
Buffalo, N. Y ----------Chicago, 111_________
Cincinnati, Ohio____
Cleveland, Ohio_____
Denver, Colo........... .
Detroit, Mich_______
Houston, Tex_______
227.4
238.6
217.3
214.5
221.0
231.4
228.1
237.2
230.0
229.1
236.0
230.7
243.8
220.2
218.2
225.2
237.5
233.2
240.9
236.2
235.0
241.4
Indianapolis, Ind____
Jacksonville, Fla ____
Kansas City, Mo-----Los Angeles, Calif___
Manchester, N. H___
Memphis, T e n n ------Milwaukee, Wis_____
Minneapolis, Minn__
Mobile, Ala-------------New Orleans, La------New York, N. Y .........
223.8
231.5
213.0
234.2
216.8
234.9
227.3
220.1
228.0
240.5
226.2
227.6
237.2
217.8
239.3
221.2
237.8
232.8
223.1
231.6
244.8
230.2
Norfolk, Va -----------Philadelphia, Pa .......
Pittsburgh, Pa______
Portland, Maine_____
Portland, Oreg.............
Richmond, Va.............
St. Louis, Mo____. . .
San Francisco, Calif...
Savannah, Qa_______
Scranton, Pa ___ _
Seattle, Wash _. . . .
Washington, D. C___
233.9
224.4
229.8
214.1
246.9
214.3
238.6
240.5
238.9
225.6
238.2
223.1
237.2
229.4
235.7
217.0
254.8
219.3
244.0
248.9
242.6
232.0
243.4
228.7
(9
Feb. 15, Jan. 15,
1952
1952
204.6
140.2
(9
(9
150.9
(9
139.7
145.3
145.0
97.9
97.6
208.6
209.1
170.2
(9
(9
(9
(9
160.7
149.2
138.2
162.6
154.0
138.2
151.3
150.5
113.8
155.4
98.5
160.7
149.3
138.2
162.5
154.0
138.2
151.3
150.5
113.8
155.3
98.5
85.8
115.4
79.6
118.2
110.0
83.5
101.1
105.6
69.7
90.1
82.0
85.8
115.5
79.6
118.1
110.0
83.5
101.1
105.6
69.7
90.0
82.0
218.7
oT~
181.1
0)
168.8
163.6
162.0
143.0
135.9
98.7
170.1
141.6
152.3
151.5
130.5
113.2
144.7
162.0
143.0
133.3
98.7
169.7
141.6
152.3
142.5
130.6
113.2
144.7
84.5
84.8
72.7
93.0
115.5
77.0
99.2
84.8
75.1
102.9
84.5
84.8
71.0
93.0
114.6
77.0
99.2
77.7
84.9
75.1
102.9
159.6
150.5
147.6
160.0
136.0
148.8
143.6
98.8
168.8
161.6
132.2
149.3
159.4
150.5
147.6
160.0
136.0
148.8
143.6
98.8
168.8
161.6
132.2
149.3
100.1
104.2
110.5
112.4
93.9
102.2
88.4
87.0
123.9
103.5
92.6
105.3
99.7
104.2
110.5
112.3
93.9
102.2
88.4
87.0
123.9
103.5
92.6
105.3
218.3
191.6
198.0
204.9
200.8
201.3
(9
(9
(9
(9
139.8
(9
207.9
197.6
220.5
(9
(9
163.7
145.9
(9
0)
(9
198.5
(9
(9
196.7
(9
(9
(9
146.5
(9
(9
135.5
216.1
192.9
(9
203.7
200.9
202.6
197.0
219.4
206.1
(9
0)
210.0
207.7
192.5
198.9
234.9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(•)
212.1
204.3
222.7
(9
(9
196.2
196.4
194.5
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
208.2
(9
199.1
233.4
(9
203.1
205.4
(9
(9
207.9
(9
(9
(9
149.1
170.8
165.9
173.3
(9
(9
141.6
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
148.6
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
117.8
160.1
131.7
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
124.3
161.4
127.3
130.4
(9
157.0
155.1
(9
(9
167.5
(9
(9
(9
i Prices of apparel, housefumishings, and miscellaneous goods and services
are obtained monthly in 10 cities and once every 3 months in 24 additional
cities on a staggered schedule.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
86.2
(9
(9
196.9
193.9
186.4
0)
223.9
205.4
199.9
199.3
210.7
196.6
193.6
(0
235.1
223.8
206.1
(0
194.8
198.7
201.3
(9
(9
0)
205.1
0)
(9
216.0
(9
(0
(9
196.7
206.4
213.9
(0
0)
(9
(0
(0
(9
172.9
170.8
169.3
(9
181.8
173.0
(9
(9
(9
169.0
(9
(9
169.9
203.9
214.6
212.3
(>)
217.0
212.5
169.3
170.0
169.8
184.6
210.9
216.2
(9
(9
216.6
(9
(>)
(•)
167.4
180.8
172.0
178.3
CO
170.8
165.0
161.3
(9
(9
(9
199.0
204.4
221.6
(9
Ö
0)
154.5
170.0
(0
(9
0)
168.0
163.1
176.5
172.9
169.9
0)
(0
206.5
198.9
(9
(9
0)
(9
(9
0)
169.6
0)
(9
9
(9
(9
(9
155.7
177.2
172.9
(9
169.8
171.2
169.3
(0
174.5
155.5
(9
()
176.5
(9
(9
(9
* Rents are surveyed every 3 months in 34 large cities on a staggered schedule,
482
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
T able
M
O N T H L Y
L A B O R
D-4: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods,1 by Group, for Selected Periods
[1935-39=100]
Year and month
Cere Meats,
als
All
and poul
try,
foods bakery and
prod fish Total
ucts
1923:
1926:
1929:
1932:
1939:
Average.........
Average.........
Average____
Average.........
Average____
August_____
1940: Average____
124.0
137.4
132.5
86.5
95.2
93.5
96.6
105.5
115.7
107.6
82.6
94.5
93.4
96.8
101.2
117.8
127.1
79.3
96.6
95.7
95.8
1941: Average.........
December___
1942: Average.........
1943: Average____
1944: Average____
1945: Average-.......
August......... .
105. 5 97.9
113.1 102.5
123.9 105.1
138.0 107.6
136.1 108.4
139.1 109.0
140.9 109.1
107.5
111.1
126.0
133.8
129.9
131.2
131.8
106.5
109.7
122.5
124.2
117.9
118.0
118.1
1946: Average.........
June_______
November__
159.6
145.6
187.7
125.0
122.1
140.6
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
January____
June...............
193.8
210.2
201.9
204.5
196.0
203.1
1951: Average..........
February___
March______
April_______
Meats
Beef
and
veal
96.6 101.1
95.4 99.6
94.4 102.8
Fruits and vegetables
Sugar
Chick Fish Dairy
Bever Fats
prod
Eggs
and
ens
ages and
ucts
Can
Fro
sweets
oils
Pork Lamb
Total zen 3 Fresh ned Dried
129.4 136.1
127.4 141.7
131.0 143. 8
84.9 82.3
95.9 91.0
93.1 90.7
101.4 93.8
169.5
210.8
169.0
103.5
94.5
92.4
96.5
173.6
226.2
173.5
105.9
95.1
92.8
97.3
124.8
122.9
124.3
91.1
92.3
91.6
92.4
175.4
152.4
171.0
91.2
93.3
90.3
100.6
131.5 126.2
170.4 145.0
164.8 127.2
112.6 71.1
95.5 87.7
94.9 84.5
92.5 82.2
175.4
120.0
114.3
89.6
100.6
95.6
96.8
112.0
120.5
125.4
134.6
133.6
133.9
133.4
112.2
138.1
136.5
161.9
153.9
164.4
171.4
103.2
110.5
130.8
168.8
168.2
177.1
183.5
104.2
111.0
132.8
178.0
177.2
188.2
196.2
97.9
106.3
121.6
130.6
129.5
130.2
130.3
106.7
118.3
136.3
158.9
164.5
168.2
168.6
101.5
114.1
122.1
124.8
124.3
124.7
124.7
94.0
108.5
119.6
126.1
123.3
124.0
124.0
106.4
114.4
126.5
127.1
126.5
126.5
126.6
140.8 190.4
127.5 172. 5
167.7 251.6
139.6 152.1
125.4 126.4
167.8 244.4
143.9
136.2
170.5
263.5
246.8
227.4
228.5
223.9
222.9
186.8
205.0
220.7
312.5
299.5
296. 5
197. 5
195.5
148.4
144.3
135.2
140.1
180.0
174.0
176.4
179.9
178.9
174.3
249.9
256.7
257.4
257.8
256.7
254.4
250.7
248.5
245.6
240.8
238.1
238.9
344.5
342.7
342.6
343.5
345.3
345.2
344.8
345.2
345.0
345.8
346.6
346.8
168.8
176.5
177.3
178.3
176.7
175. 2
168.8
162. 7
161.5
160.6
158.5
157.8
186.6
186.0
186.0
185.9
185.4
186.1
188.0
188.3
188.2
187.0
186.7
186.4
346.7 155.3
347.1 150.9
185.9
185.1
88.9
88.0
81.1
99.5
98.8
99.7
110.8
114.4
123.6
124.7
118.7
118.4
118.5
100.1
103.2
120.4
119.9
112.2
112.6
112.6
106.6
108.1
124.1
136.9
134.5
136.0
136.4
102.1
100.5
122.6
146.1
151.0
154. 4
157.3
161.3
134.0
203.6
150.8 150.5
120.4 121.2
197.9 191.0
148.2
114.3
207.1
163.9
139.0
205.4
174.0 236.2
162.8 219. 7
188.9 265.0
165.1 168.8
147.8 147.1
198.5 201.6
182.4
183.5
184.5
190.7
196.7
182.3
155.4
170.9
169.7
172.7
169.0
169.8
217.1
246.5
233.4
243.6
219.4
246.5
214.7
243.9
229.3
242.0
217.9
246.7
213.6
258.5
241.3
265.7
242.3
268.6
215.9
222.5
205.9
203.2
177.3
209.1
220.1
246.8
251.7
257.8
234.3
268.1
183.2
203.2
191.5
183.3
158.9
185.1
271.4
312.8
314.1
308.5
301.9
295.9
186.2
204.8
186.7
184.7
184.2
177.8
200.8
208.7
201.2
173.6
152. 3
148.4
199.4
205.2
208.1
199.2
204.8
209.3
201. 5 166.2
212.4 158.0
218.8 152.9
206.1 146.0
217.2 143.3
224.3 142.7
M ay___ ____
J u n e ...______
July_____. . . .
August______
September__
October____
November__
December___
227.4
226.0
226.2
225.7
227.4
226.9
227.7
227.0
227.3
229.2
231.4
232.2
188.5
187.1
187.5
188.3
188.2
188.4
189.0
188.7
189.4
189.4
190. 2
190.4
272.2 274.1
270.1 271.2
272. 2 271.9
272.6 272.5
272.8 272.4
271.6 273.1
273.2 274. 2
275.0 276.6
275.6 277.6
276. 6 281.0
273. 5 278.6
270.1 274.6
310.4
307.0
308.0
309.5
308.7
308.8
310.3
310.1
310.7
317.0
317.3
316.9
215.7
215.2
215.4
213.7
213.4
214.4
215.3
222.6
224.3
223.8
215.8
203.8
288.8
279.7
280.5
284.2
289.1
292.5
292.2
292.0
292.2
293.7
295.6
300.0
192.1
193.2
198.9
198.5
199.4
191.3
195.3
194.4
195.1
188.7
184.0
181.9
352.0
347.8
351.2
351.7
353.1
356.3
353.3
356.4
353.2
353. 2
351.1
351.2
206.0
204.4
204.6
204.1
203. 5
203.9
205.1
205.9
206.4
207.9
210. 4
213.2
211.3
179.8
195.2
191.2
198.4
201.2
211.5
225.8
239.3
243.4
241.8
216.7
217.9 98.6 223.3
224.3 100.8 233.4
217.1 101.2 220.7
214.8 100.2 215.9
221.6 99.6 226.5
219.9 98.8 223.5
218.5 98.8 221.8
208.9 98.0 209.1
205.1 97.5 204.3
210.8 97.5 214.4
223.5 95.9 235.0
236.5 95.0 255.4
165.9
165.1
167.0
168.9
169.6
170.4
170.0
165.8
164.2
162.8
162.7
163.3
1952: January........
February___
232.4
227.5
190.6
190.9
272.1
271.1
273.8 316.0
270.8 314.2
203.8
201.0
297.1
285.6
192.6 351.5
197.5 351.8
241.4
223.5
163.3 238.6
163.6 238.4
93.8 101.0
94.6 99.6
94.8 110.6
1The Bureau of Labor Statistics retail food prices are obtained monthly
during the first three days of the week containing the fifteenth of the month,
through voluntary reports from chain and independent retail food dealers.
Articles included are selected to represent food sales to moderate-income
families.
The indexes are computed by the fixed-base-weighted-aggregate method,
using weights representing (1) relative importance of chain and independent
store sales, in computing city average prices; (2) food purchases by families
of wage earners and moderate-income workers, in computing city indexes;
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
124.5
138.9
163.0
206.5
207. 6
217.1
217.8
215.8 184.3
217.0 166.5
95.0 263.2
94.2 234.6
and (3) population weights, in combining city aggregates in order to derive
average prices and indexes for all cities combined.
Indexes of retail food prices in 56 large cities combined, by commodity
groups, for the years 1923 through 1949 (1935-39=100), may be found in Bulle
tin No. 1032 “Retail Prices of Food, 1949,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S.
Department of Labor, table 3, p. 7. Mimeographed tables of the same data,
by months, January 1935 to date, are available upon request.
3 December 1950=100.
R E V IE W , A P R IL 1952
483
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
T able
D -5: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods, by City
{ 1 9 3 5 -3 9 = 1 0 0 ]
City
Feb.
1952
Jan.
1952
Dec.
1951
Nov.
1951
Oct.
1951
Sept.
1951
Aug.
1951
July
1951
June
1951
May
1951
Apr.
1951
Mar.
1951
Feb.
1951
June
1950
Feb.
im
United States
227.5
232.4
232.2
231.4
229.2
227.3
227.0
227.7
226.9
227.4
225.7
226.2
226.0
203.1
2 2 9 .1
Atlanta, Qa_____________
Baltimore, M d __________
Birmingham, Ala________
Boston, Mass..
. __ ___
Bridgeport, Conn....... ..........
227.4
238.6
217.3
214.5
227.0
230.7
243.8
220.2
218.2
229.4
230.7
242.5
222.7
219.3
228.9
232.1
242.4
224.3
218.4
227.9
230.0
241.1
224.0
217.8
227.4
232.1
238.3
220.1
213.9
224.3
231.4
238. 0
217.3
215.5
225.0
229 4
237.0
214.5
216.6
226.0
228.1
238.9
216.4
214.9
225.9
228.7
239.0
218.1
214.4
225.3
228.5
236.2
218.3
212.8
226.0
224.1
236.8
220 5
213.3
226.9
224.0
237.1
220.8
213.8
224.1
195.4
215.6
192. 2
196.1
m o
230.5
Buffalo, N. Y............ ...........
Butte, Mont____________
Cedar Rapids, Iowa «_____
Charleston, S. C________
Chicago, 111______________
221.0
227.5
235.1
219.4
231.4
225.2
230.2
238.3
222.3
237.5
226.7
233.7
239.8
221.5
238.1
227.2
230. 2
240.5
218.0
237.8
224.2
229.2
237.8
217.9
236.2
221.5
228.5
235.1
220 6
232.3
219.2
229.0
236.0
221.0
233.4
222.1
227.4
238.5
218.9
235.3
224.3
225.5
237.2
211.6
233.4
221.9
226.6
236.5
211.6
233.0
218.0
222.9
234.8
212. 2
231.1
219.6
223.9
234.9
214.3
231.6
217.9
222.5
230.6
213.2
232.9
199.0
203 0
208.6
188.0
208.4
226.7
231. S
2S9.9
219.6
238.8
Cincinnati, Ohio....... ...........
Cleveland, Ohio__________
Columbus, Ohio_________
Dallas, Tex______________
Denver, C olo..__________
228.1
237.2
209.8
228.8
230.0
233.2
240.9
214.3
236.3
236.2
230.4
238.5
211.3
235.4
239.2
232.0
239.0
211.4
236.0
236.9
229.7
237.2
209.6
233.8
234.9
229.0
235.3
207.8
233.5
232.4
228.3
235.7
207.3
230.9
231.6
229.2
236.7
207.6
227.0
230.6
226.9
236.3
208. 5
227.9
232.6
227.1
235.6
207.3
228.9
232.3
226.0
231.8
206.1
228.7
229.9
225.8
233.3
207. 1
229.9
230.5
226.9
232.7
206.7
228.7
229.0
205.1
211.2
183.9
201.5
205.9
228.6
289.2
212.7
230.2
233.1
Detroit, M ich.....................
Fall River, Mass_________
Houston, Tex__ ____ _____
Indianapolis, Ind_________
Jackson, Miss.1. ......... ..........
229.1
220.7
236.0
223.8
225.8
235.0
224.0
241.4
227.6
230.3
234.5
223.8
241.2
227.0
229.2
233.5
224.2
237.8
227.8
227.4
230.5
223.2
237.6
226.3
229.4
228.4
219.7
239.4
225.4
227.2
228.9
221.0
237.2
224.3
24.8
229.1
222.2
235.2
223.3
222.6
229.4
221.3
235.2
222.4
221.0
229.1
219.2
237.1
223.3
223.2
227.3
219.8
238.3
221.6
222.1
228.8
219.2
238. 5
222.1
226.3
228.3
220.8
235.6
220.6
226.4
202.9
200.7
208.1
198.1
201.0
227.8
223.0
239.9
226.2
226.6
Jacksonville, Fla.___ _____
Kansas City, Mo_________
Knoxville, Tenn.1________
Little Rock, Ark. _______
Log Angeles, Calif________
231.5
213.0
253.2
224.6
234.2
237.2
217.8
256.9
229.7
239.3
235.0
218.0
256.6
229.9
240.7
234.8
216.4
256.2
225.4
237.1
232.5
213.9
253.7
224.4
234.5
234.7
212.2
254.9
223.0
233.3
233.6
211.8
253.1
222.9
232.3
233.8
213.7
251.7
223.6
232.7
231.9
212.8
249.8
225.2
230.9
230.5
213.6
250.3
225. 1
230.9
234.3
212.4
250.9
224.9
228.9
234.8
211,6
253.4
226.8
229.8
231.5
210.5
253.1
225.2
226.9
205.8
189.2
223. 1
200.1
201.6
233.4
214.7
266.6
228.3
233.6
Louisville, K y_....................
Manchester, N. H ................
Memphis, Tenn...................
Milwaukee, Wis ............
Minneapolis, Minn.........
213.6
216.8
234.9
227.3
220.1
218.4
221.2
237.8
232.8
223.1
219.1
220.9
238.9
232.6
224.0
218.6
222.5
237.7
231.7
221.2
215.7
222.8
238.0
228.9
218.9
215.6
219.8
237.4
227.9
215.6
214.8
221.9
234.7
229.2
217.5
216.0
221.6
232.3
231.9
219.0
215.5
221.0
233.0
229 9
219.4
213.7
218.4
234.6
227.5
218.2
212.5
217.8
232.0
224.8
217.6
214.6
217.6
233.8
226.9
217.7
214.5
218.9
230.8
227.4
217.9
192.0
200.6
208.3
206.6
194.1
217.0
220.9
238.1
230.3
222.7
Mobile, A la ............ .
Newark, N. J .___ _______
New Haven, Conn____ .
New Orleans, La_______
New York, N. Y ................
228.0
225.0
219.7
240.5
226.2
231.6
227.7
222.6
244.8
230.2
231.4
227.2
222.2
244.3
230.6
230.0
228.3
222.1
241.3
230.9
231.7
226.4
222.4
239.9
227.8
229.1
225.3
219.9
240.6
228.1
227.0
225.0
219.2
240.8
225.5
229.5
225.7
221.6
238.8
226.5
225.7
225.5
220.5
2S8.2
224.4
224.2
227.1
220.3
239.5
226.4
225.7
224.2
218.1
240.2
224.9
223.8
223.2
219.3
242.1
224.7
222.5
225. 5
220.0
239.8
227.0
200.1
203.3
199.8
212.9
203.7
231.3
223.4
220.7
242.4
226.0
Norfolk, Va__________ .
Omaha, Nebr___ ________
Peoria. Ill____________
Philadelphia, Pa_________
Pittsburgh, Pa.....................
233.9
222.6
238.5
224.4
229.8
237.2
226.8
243.8
229.4
235.7
233.6
227.0
242.5
228.8
234.6
231.9
225.1
239.5
228.6
235.2
230.0
223.3
235.6
227.1
233.5
229.1
219.6
235.6
224.1
231.0
229.1
220.0
236.9
223.2
232.0
229.1
219.1
239.8
223.6
232.9
229.2
219.6
241.2
222.2
230.3
229.4
219.3
240.6
223.8
230.5
227.9
217.0
237.9
222.3
227.8
233.8
216. 8
238.1
221.4
227.2
231.1
216.4
236.5
222.2
227.4
205.9
197.2
216.8
201.4
207.5
236.0
225.7
241.5
224.5
231.6
Portland, Maine............ .
Portland, Oreg___ _____
Providence, R. I __________ ._
Richmond, Va_.___ _____
Rochester, N . Y ___________ __
214.1
246.9
229.5
214.3
223.5
217.0
254.8
234.4
219.3
227.4
216.1
253.3
234.1
218.3
227.4
216.4
251.8
233.3
219.1
226.3
215.8
246.9
232.8
218.4
222.3
213.2
247.9
228.3
217.7
230.2
215.9
247.4
228.9
215.9
218.9
217.0
251.2
231.8
216.5
221.5
213.9
251.5
229.6
216.4
222.9
210.0
252.1
229.1
216.7
220.9
209.6
248.6
229.5
215.9
217.8
210.5
250.3
228.6
217.4
218.2
211.0
247.4
230.8
218.3
216.2
193.0
219.1
207.9
195.2
196.4
216.2
248.5
232.9
218.5
226.6
St. Louis, Mo........................
St. Paul, Minn__________
Salt Lake City, Utah_____
San Francisco, Calif______
Savannah, Ga__________
238.6
221.2
231.2
240.5
238.9
244.0
224.0
232.9
248.9
242.6
243.9
223.7
233.4
248.4
241.7
242.2
221.6
2X2.5
240.7
241.7
239.3
220.7
228.5
235.6
240.7
238.8
215.1
228.0
234,8
241.4
237.2
216.2
227.4
234.4
240.0
237.9
216.5
228. t
237.8
241.2
238.2
216.2
230.0
237.4
239.6
238.4
215.1
228.3
241.2
237.6
237.6
214.4
226.9
238.4
237.6
239. 4
214.1
227.9
241.7
232.3
240.0
212.9
225.6
235. 3
231.5
210.2
192.5
202.2
211.1
206.3
242.6
Scranton, Pa____________
Seattle, Wash_______ ..
Springfield, 1 1 1 . . . ........................
Washington, D . C ___________
Wichita, Klans.«__________
Winston-Salem, N. O.1.........
225.6
238.2
240.2
223.1
242.7
218.6
232.0
243.4
244.1
228.7
248.3
223.2
229.9
239.9
242.6
228.9
248.8
229.8
238.1
241.4
228.1
244.1
220.5
227.2
234.8
288.6
228.0
242.9
220.1
225.6
234.4
238.1
224.0
241.4
219.8
225.9
232.7
237.9
222.6
237.8
220.7
225.5
233.8
238.6
221.9
238.2
220.3
225.7
233.0
238.6
224.2
234.9
220.6
225.2
236.6
237.6
224.3
234.0
220.6
221.4
234.4
237.6
222.7
234.3
237.8
222.4
237.5
223.7
223.7
231.7
204.2
208.6
211.8
201.9
209.4
197.3
* Ju n e 1940=100.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 2 2 .8
2 2 2 .2
234.1
220.4
m
2
223.3
235.9
221.3
2 4 0 .6
219.9
216.6
229.2
221 .2
235.6
244.8
241-5
228.4
238.8
241.5
2 2 7 .2
246.5
2 2 0 .5
484
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
T
Commodity
a
b
l
e
O N T H L Y
L A B O R
D-6: Average Retail Prices and Indexes of Selected Foods
Average
price
Feb.
1952
Indexes 1935-39=100
Feb.
1952
Jan.
1952
Dec.
1951
Nov.
1951
Cereals and bakery products:
C en ts
Cereals:
Flour, wheat........ ____ 5 pounds.. 52.7 204.4 204.3 203.1 202.3
Com flakes 1____ ___ 13 ounces.. 22.3 209.4 208.2 207.7 207.9
Com meal______ ______ pound.. 10.2 216.1 212.7 209.0 206.4
96.7
96.1
Rice 9_ - .............. .............. .do___ 17.3
94.9
93.1
Rolled oats 3____ ___ 20 ounces.. 18.1 163.8 163.3 162.9 162.7
Bakery products:
Bread, white *___ ............pound.. 15.8 184.8 184.5 184.2 183.9
Vanilla cookies1. . ____ 7 ounces.. 23.3 224.5 224.2 223.8 223.1
49.7 107.9 108.3 109.1 109.8
Laver cake • 7 ...... _____ pound.
Meats, poultry, and fish:
Meats:
Beef:
Round steak.. .............. _do___ 112.1 331.9 333.3 333.6 334.6
Rib roast____ .............. do___ 87.6 303.2 305.3 307.2 308.2
Chuck roast.. ___ ____do___ 75.4 334.0 336.7 338.3 338. 5
Frankfurters •. ............ ..d o ___ 64.5 106.3 107.6 108.1 108.6
Hamburger *.. ..............d o ___ 66.0 215.9 217.0 217.9 217.6
Veal:
Cutlets.......... ................do___ 130.9 326.8 325.0 322.9 319.5
Pork:
Chops.. ____ ................do___ 73.9 223.9 227.6 226.0 248.8
Bacon, sliced.. ________do___ 61.8 161.9 163.5 165.2 172.7
Ham, whole... .............-do____ 63.0 214.4 216.8 217.2 218.7
Salt pork. . . . ................do___ 35.4 168.1 171.4 174.8 179.2
Lamb:
Leg.................. ________do___ 82.2 290.2 301.8 304.8 300.3
Poultry. . . . ..............
197.5 192.6 181.9 184.0
Frying chickens:
New York dressed »_ ...d o ___ 50.2
Dressed and drawn *___do . . . 61.9
Fish:
Fish, fresh or frozen 9 ...
.. __
300.1 298.3 296.7 295.8
Ocean Perch fillet, frozen 18 *_do___ 46.5
Haddock fillet, frozen 11 * __ do. .. 52.1
Salmon, pink 9___ ..16-ounce can.. 57.8 467.1 471.2 475.1 477.4
Dairy products:
Butter________ ____ ...........pound.. 94.1 258.5 252.4 241.2 226.9
Cheese, American process_____ do___
60.1 265.4 266.8 263.3 261.2
Milk, fresh (delivered) _______ quart.. 24.1 196.5 196.0 195.0 194.0
Milk, fresh (grocery)12. ________do___
22.7 198.5 198.1 197.1 195.8
Ice cream 8__ ______ ................pint.. 31. 5 105.7 105.3 104. 4 104. 5
Milk, evaporated____ 14^-ounce can.. 14.7 206.6 205.1 202.8 202.8
Eggs: Eggs, fresh. _____ _______ dozen.. 58.1 166.5 184.3 216.7 241.8
Fruits and vegetables:
Frozen fruits:
Strawberries 813 .. ___12 ounces.. 40.9
92. 7 93. 2 94.9
92.0
Orange juice8. . . . . . 6 ounces.. 20.0
96.6
88. 8 92.5
85.3
Frozen vegetables:
Peas 8_____ . . . ....... 12 ounces.. 24.7
96.3
98.7
98.5
96.9
Fresh fruits:
Apples_________ ______ pound.. 12.2 229.2 218.8 204.3 191.2
_______ do____ 16.5 273.4 269.9 267.7 270.5
Bananas___
Oranges, size 200.. ............ .dozen.. 44.4 156.2 161.7 164.7 175.8
Fresh vegetables:
Beans, green_____ ______ pound
25.6 238.1 191.3 208.0 246.2
Cabbage________ ------------ do___
9.7 260.0 419.8 268.0 217.2
Carrots______
______ bunch.. 11.9 220.0 291.7 281.8 289.4
Lettuce_________ ________ head.. 12.0 145.4 256.5 272.8 232.1
Onions_________ ______ pound.. 10.4 250.9 242.6 209.0 196.6
Potatoes. ______ ___15 pounds.
98.6 270.5 289.5 266.2 247.5
Sweetpotatoes__ ............pound . 16.1 309.9 299.7 265.2 234.4
Tomatoes 14_____ ------------ do___ 24.4 160.7 189.0 222.4 144.3
Canned fruits:
can... 34.6 180.0 179.1 178.3 177.6
Peaches.......... ...... — No.
Pineapple_______ ------------do----- 38.4 176.8 176.7 177.3 177.6
Canned vegetables:
Com 15___ . — .No. 303 can.. 18.6 171.3 169.5 168.3 166.7
Tomatoes_______ ____No. 2 can.
17.4 194.2 195.1 195.4 194.2
Peas___________ ...N o . 303 can.. 20.7 113.0 113.0 114.3 114.6
Baby foods 8____ 4^-4% ounces.. 10.0 102. 0 101.9 101.9 101. 7
Dried fruits, prunes...
pound— 26.2 259.0 260.6 261.6 263.1
Dried vegetables, navy beans__ do___ 15.9 214.5 214.0 213.9 211.9
Beverages:
Coflee_____________ .............. .do___ 87.0 345.9 345.2 345.4 345.5
Cola drink«_
_ 6-bottle carton.. 29.1 111.2 111.3 111.2 110.8
Fats and oils:
Lard_______________ ______ pound.. 21.3 143.7 149.8 155.5 158.3
Shortening, hydrogenated_____ do __ 35.3 170.7 174.0 176.6 177.2
Salad dressing______ ________ pint.. 36.4 151.1 153.6 153.4 152.8
Margarine... _______ ____ .pound.
157. 2 165. 4 169. 4 170. 5
Uncolored 18 . . . -----------do____ 33.3
Colored 17. _____ _______ do____ 29.3
Sugar and sweets:
Sugar_____ ______ ____ 5 pounds.. 50.4 187.9 188.7 188.8 189.1
Grape jelly 8________ ___ 12 ounces..
23.4
98.8
99.6 100.0
98.3
1
Specification changed to 13 ounces 8 Priced in 28 cities.
in December 1950.
9 1938-39=100.
3July 1947=100.
10 Priced in 46 cities.
1 February 1943=100.
11 Priced in 47 cities.
1 Average price based on 52 cities;
12 Specification revised in Novem
index, on 56 cities.
ber 1950.
* Specification changed to 7 ounces
13 Specification changed to 12
in September 1951.
ounces in January 1952.
«December 1950=100.
14 October 1949=100.
TPriced in 46 cities.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M
Oct.
1951
Sept.
1951
Aug.
1951
July
1951
June
1951
May
1951
Apr.
1951
Mar.
1951
Feb.
1951
201.8
206.4
204.3
94.2
162.9
201.3
205.8
203.6
99.7
162.2
201.1
203.9
201.8
101.3
162.6
201.7
199.5
200.8
101.5
161.5
202.3
197.8
200.4
101.3
161.3
202.4
197.4
201.3
101.6
160.2
201.8
196.6
203.7
102.2
159.1
200.9
194.3
203.7
101.9
156.6
199.0
193.9
202.8
101.5
155.2
190.5
176.5
181.9
93.1
145.8
183.9
221.5
107.5
183.7
220.0
107.9
183. 5
215.8
107.1
183.4
214.9
108.6
183.4
213.5
106.9
182.8
213.2
107.3
182.7
214 9
107.9
182.8
213.7
106.0
183.0
211.6
105.8
163.9
191.7
332.7
306.4
337.4
108.9
218.7
323.3
290.6
327.7
108.6
216.1
323.2
289.5
327.1
108.6
215.1
323.1
290.0
327.9
108.4
215.9
322.2
289.5
327.2
106.5
215.8
320.9
289.0
327.1
106.5
216.9
320.3
294.6
326.2
106.2
219.7
318.0
292.8
324.1
106.4
218.8
317.6
294.2
323.2
105.7
217.5
287.9
264.1
279.2
319.6
320.1
319.8
319.1
317.2
315.4
311.9
308.6
308.0
271.2
258.7
178.4
226.5
185.6
258.1
178.0
229.4
186.2
254.4
177.8
229.4
184.9
236.9
177.8
229.6
183.6
235.3
177.8
228.1
184.9
234.2
177.6
226.3
184.9
233.4
177.6
228.0
187.9
235.7
178.2
230.1
188.0
235.6
178.0
229.7
187.5
243.5
161.9
215.8
160.5
298.4
188.7
296.9
195.1
296.7
194.4
296.9
195. 3
297.2
191.3
293.8
199.4
288.7
198. 5
285.0
198.9
284.1
193. 2
272.4
185.1
294. 7
290.1
292. 5
288.1
291. 4
287.1
286.4
287.6
283.7
268.4
489.1
503.1
508.2
509.2
511.0
511.7
508.1
502.4
501.1
344. Î
224.2
258.3
191.2
192.7
104.9
203.1
243.4
219.7
259.4
189.7
191.2
104. 8
203.0
239.3
220.5
259.3
188.3
190.5
105. 2
203.7
225.8
221.8
260.0
187.2
188.5
105 1
203.3
211.5
223.8
261.3
185.1
186.4
104.9
203.3
201.2
223.3
260.3
184.9
185.9
104. 7
202.8
198.4
219.7
265.7
185.6
186.9
105. 2
203.2
191.2
224.0
265.7
185.4
187.3
104. 9
202.4
195.2
226.1
264.3
184.8
186.7
105. 4
201.0
179.8
195.4
226.2
160.4
162.0
95.1
99. 2
95.6
100. 2
95. 8
101. 5
97.4
103. 2
97.0
104.8
98. 7
105.0
100. 5
105.1
101.3
104. 2
101.3
102.4
June
1950
181.8
174.2
148.4
98.5
97.8
98.3
98.2
98.0
98.3
98.3
100.1
99.9
178.4
269.9
189.3
203.0
265.6
194.4
214.3
264.5
188.0
240.2
268.9
161.5
232.9
271.7
167.5
213.6
274.2
163.7
205.1
273.9
158.0
206.0
276.2
166.1
206.4
274.0
173.4
301.1
271.9
172.8
188.4
160.5
235.9
186.4
177.0
215. 2
227.5
142.8
185.4
153.7
241.1
168.1
168.6
193.3
265.8
101.5
166.8
151.6
235.0
180.6
176.0
203.7
308.2
112.6
149.1 187.3
151.0 172.9
229.2 202.6
192.6 162.8
205. 7 246.1
236.1 230.2
251. 8 231.4
170.2 179.4
212.7
191.0
196.5
229.8
235.1
202.5
201. 5
196.6
205.7
225.6
192.9
212.1
186.7
185.0
192.4
193.1
193.3
386.5
220.4
149.2
176.8
179.1
190.3
216.1
244.8
425.2
258.7
189.3
173.2
177.6
189.7
218.7
151.0
174.3
181.7
167.3
187.1
219.3
209.4
208.3
177 9
177.8
177.0
177.4
175.3
177.5
174.8
177.6
174.9
178.1
174.6
178.8
174.3
179.7
173.8
178.3
172.8
178.5
140.1
172.0
165.3
194.8
115.5
101. 7
268.7
213.1
165.7
200.7
116.9
101. 7
274.9
216.8
165. 4
209.0
117.8
101. 7
275.1
220.9
164.9
228.0
119.2
101. 7
274.5
224.4
164.2
230.4
118.8
102.1
272.8
230.7
164.4
226.4
118.8
101. 9
273.1
233.8
163.6
223.6
119.3
101. 5
273.3
235.5
162.8
215.9
119.6
101.4
272.1
235.4
161.8
209.1
119.7
100. 8
271.4
234.9
138.4
161.6
114.3
345.1
110.2
345.3
109.1
346.3
108.4
346.2
108.0
346.7
108.0
346.5
108.2
344.1
108.4
342.9
108.3
343.5
107.9
294.9
167.7
178.4
153.0
171 2
163.1
179.4
156.9
172.8
161.7
181.4
158.3
174.6
159.9
190.4
163.5
184.2
166.2
198.4
166.1
194.3
167.8
201.1
164.8
197.8
173.7
201.1
165.8
199.9
174.4
198.4
165. 5
199.1
173.3
197.4
164. 2
199.5
116.0
155.6
142.1
161.1
237.8
202.7
189.8 191.6 191.7 190.8 187.4 186.4 186.7 187.4 187.6
175.3
99. 4 99.3
99.4 100.0 101.0 101 0 101 5 100.8 100. 5 —
18 No. 303 can of com introduced in May 1951 in place of No. 2 can.
18 Priced in 9 cities beginning October 1951,12 cities September 1951,13 cities
August 1951, 16 cities April through July 1951, 18 cities January through
March 1951, and 19 cities August through December 1950. Priced in 56 cities
before that date.
17 Priced in 37 cities August through December 1950, 38 cities January
through March 1951, 40 cities April through July 1951, 43 cities August 1951,
44 cities September 1951, and 47 cities beginning October 1951.
* Published for the first time in February 1952. Average price not previ
ously computed.
REVIEW , APRIL 1952
485
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
T able
D-7: Indexes of Wholesale Prices, by Group of Commodities
[1947-49=100] »
A ll
A ll
Jan.
Feb.
Commodity group
1952
commodities___________________________
Farm products.. .. __
Processed foods_______ _
commodities other than farm and food__ _
Textile products and apparel...... ........................
Hides, skins, and leather products _________
Fuel, powerj and lighting*materials___________
Chemicals and allied products______________
Feb.
Commodity group
1952
112.6
113.0
107.8
109. 7
110.0
110.1
114.3
114.3
102.1
99.7
107. 2
106.0
103.3
102.2
107.4
106.7
A ll
1952
commodities other than farm and food—Continued
'PnJYhpr and products
Lumber and wood products ______ _______
Pulp, paper, and allied products __________
Machinery and motive products _ _________
Furniture and nthpr hnmebnld dnrfibl^-S
_________
Nonmetallic minerals—structural
Tobacco manufactures and bottled beverages___
Miscellaneous__________________________
143.1
120.4
118.4
122 fi
121.9
112.3
112.9
111.0
111.4
Jan.
1952
144.1
120.1
118.2
122.4
120.8
112.3
112.9
108.1
111.1
1 The revised wholesale price index, 1947-49= 100 is the official index for and analysis and is available upon request. For a more detailed description
January 1952 and subsequent months. The official index up to and including
of the index, see A Description of the Revised Wholesale Price Index,
December 1951 is the former index (1926=100), see Table D-7a. The revised
Monthly Labor Review, February 1952.
index has been computed back to January 1947, for purposes of comparison
T able
D-7a: Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group of Commodities, for Selected Periods
[1926=100]
Chem
Fuel Metals
Mis
and
Build icals Housecella
and
furand
light metal
ing
nish- neous
ing
com
mate allied
ing
modi
rials
prod goods
mate prod
ucts
ucts
ties
rials
All
com
Semi- Manu modi
ties
Raw manufac
tured
ex
mate
faccept
tured prod
rials
farm
articles ucts
prod
ucts
All
com
modi
ties
ex
cept
farm
prod
ucts
and
foods
Hides
and
Foods leather
prod
ucts
Tex
tile
prod
ucts
64.2
62.9
128.6
147.3
99.9
68.1
69.7
131. 6
193.2
109.1
57.3
55.3
142.6
188.3
90.4
61.3
55.7
114.3
159.8
83.0
90.8
79.1
143.5
155.5
100.5
56.7
52.9
101.8
164.4
95.4
80.2
77.9
178.0
173. 7
94.0
56.1
56.7
99.2
143.3
94.3
93.1
88.1
142.3
176.5
82.6
68.8
67.3
138.8
163.4
97.5
74.9
67.o
162.7
253.0
93.9
69.4
66.9
130. 4
157.8
94.5
69.0
65.7
131.0
165.4
93.3
70.
65.
129.1
170.
91.
48.2
65.3
61.0
67.7
61.0
70.4
67.2
71.3
72.9
95.6
92.7
100.8
54.9
69.7
67.8
73.8
70.3
73.1
72.6
71.7
80.2
94.4
93.2
95.8
71.4
90.5
89.6
94.8
73.9
76.0
74.2
77.0
75.1
86.3
85.6
8S.5
64.4
74.8
73.3
77.3
55.1
70.2
66.5
71.9
59.3
77.0
74. 5
79.1
70.3
80.4
79. 1
81.6
68.3
79. 5
77.9
80.8
70.
81.
80.
83.
87.3
93.6
98.8
103.1
104.0
82.4
94.7
105.9
122.6
123.3
82.7
90.5
99.6
106.6
104.9
108.3
114.8
117.7
117. 5
116.7
84.8
91.8
96.9
97.4
98.4
76.2
78.4
78.5
80.8
83.0
99.4
103.3
103.8
103.8
103.8
103.2
107.8
110.2
111.4
115.5
84.4
90.4
95.5
94.9
95.2
94.3
101.1
102.4
102.7
104.3
82.0
87.6
89.7
92.2
93. 6
83.5
92.3
100.6
112.1
113.2
86.9
90.1
92.6
92.9
94.1
89.1
94.6
98.6
100.1
100.8
88.3
93.3
97.0
98.7
99.6
89.«
93.
95.
96.«
98.
1945: Average____
August_____
105. 8
105.7
128.2
126.9
106.2
106.4
118.1
118.0
100.1
99.6
84.0
84.8
104.7
104.7
117.8
117.8
95.2
95.3
104.5
104.5
94.7
94.8
116.8
116.3
95.9
95.5
101.8
101.8
100.8
100.9
99.
99.1
1946: Average........
June________
November___
1947: Average..........
1948: Average____
1949: Average_____
1950: Average____
December___
121.1
112.9
139.7
152.1
165.1
155.0
161.5
175.3
148.9
140.1
169.8
181.2
188.3
165.5
170.4
187.4
130.7
112.9
165.4
168.7
179.1
161.4
166.2
179.0
137.2
122.4
172. 5
182.4
188.8
180.4
191.9
218.7
116.3
109.2
131.6
141.7
149.8
140.4
148.0
171.4
90.1
87.8
94.5
108.7
134.2
131.7
133.2
135.7
115.5
112.2
130.2
145. 0
163.6
170.2
173.6
184.9
132.6
129.9
145.5
179.7
199.1
193.4
206.0
221.4
101.4
96.4
118.9
127.3
135.7
118.6
122.7
139.6
111.6
110.4
118.2
131.1
144.5
145.3
153.2
170.2
100.3
98.5
106.5
115.5
120.5
112.3
120.9
140.5
134.7
126.3
153.4
165.6
178.4
163.9
172.4
187.1
110.8
105.7
129.1
148.5
158.0
150.2
156.0
178.1
116.1
107.3
134.7
146.0
159.4
151.2
156.8
169.0
114.9
106.7
132.9
145.5
159.8
152.4
159.2
172.4
109.
105.
120.
135.'
151.1
147.;
153.'
166.
1951: January_____ ' ISO. 2
February___ ' 183. 7
M arch_____
184.0
April_______
183.6
May_______
182.9
June________ 181.7
J u ly ... ____
179.4
August_____
178.0
September___ 177.6
October- ___ 178.1
November___ 178.3
December___
177.8
194.2
202.6
203.8
202.5
199.6
198.6
194.0
190.6
189.2
192.3
195.1
193.6
182.2 «235.4
187.6 ' 238. 7
186.6 ' 236.9
185.8
233.3
187.3
232.6
186.3
230.6
186.0
221.9
187.3
213.7
212.1
188.0
189.4
208.3
188.8
196.6
187.3
192.3
« 178.4
' 181.0
' 183. 0
' 182. 7
« 182. 0
' 177.9
173.2
' 167.4
« 163.1
157.7
159.4
160.5
136.4
138.1
138.6
138.1
137.5
137.8
137.9
138.1
138.8
138.9
139.1
139. 2
187.5 ' 226. 2
188.1 « 228.2
188.8 « 228.6
189.0 • 228.6
188.8 « 227.7
188.2
225. 6
187.9 « 223.8
188.1 « 222. 6
189.1 « 223.1
191.2
223.6
191.5
224.5
191.7
224.0
« 147.5
« 150. 2
« 149. 3
« 147. 2
145. 7
142.3
139.4
140.1
140. 8
141.1
138.7
137.9
' 175.0
« 175. 7
« 179.1
«180.4
'180.1
179.5
178.8
175. 3
172.4
171.7
172.0
172.0
142.4
192.6
142.7 ' 198.9
142.5
199.4
142.7
197.7
141.7
195. 5
141.7
194.7
189.9
138.8
138.2
187.5
138. 5 187.0
139.2
188.9
141.3
189.6
141.6
188.8
' 184.9
' 187.0
' 187.4
' 187. 0
186.4
180.0
174.0
170.0
168.8
168.3
168.7
167.9
' 173.3 ' 176.9
' 175. 6 ' 179.3
' 175. 9 ' 179.4
179.2
176.1
176.2
179.0
177.8
' 175.6
176.0
175.1
174.9
174.4
174.2
174.8
174.8
174.3
174.1
174.3
174.1
173.9
' 170.
' 171.
'172.
172.
171.
' 170.
168.1
167.
167.1
166.1
166.«
166.1
All
com
modi
ties
Farm
prod
ucts
Average____
July....... ........
November__
May_______
Average____
69.8
67.3
136.3
167.2
95.3
71.5
71.4
150.3
169.8
104.9
1932: Average____
1939: A v era g e,,__
August...........
1940: Average____
64.8
77.1
75.0
78.6
1941: Average___December___
1942: A verage.___
1943: Average____
1944: Average.........
Year and month
1913:
1914:
1918:
1920:
1929:
1 BLS wholesale price data, for the most part, represent prices in primary
markets. They are prices charged by manufacturers or producers or are prices
prevailing on organized exchanges.
For a detailed description of the method of calculation see U. S. Department
of Labor Bulletin No. 993, Techniques of Preparing Major BLS Statistical
Series.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Mimeographed tables are available, upon request to the Bureau, giving
monthly indexes for major groups of commodities since 1890 and for sub
groups and economic groups since 1913.
' Corrected.
486
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
T able
M
O N T H L Y
L A B O R
D-8: Indexes of Wholesale Prices, by Group and Subgroup of Commodities 1
[1047-49=100]
Commodity group
Feb.2
1952
Jan.
1952
All commodities_______________________________
112.6
«113.0
FARM PRODUCTS______________________
Fresh and dried produce_______________________
Grains_______________________________ .
Livestock and poultry..___ _ _____________ _
Plant and animal fibers____ ______________ _
Fluid milk__________________________________
Eggs________ ____ ________________
Hay and seeds__________________________
Other farm products____________ _____________
107.8
112.6
101. 7
106.2
120. 5
110.6
74. 3
100.9
138.6
110.0
«121. 5
103. 6
106 7
127.2
110.2
80. 8
101. 6
137. 7
PROCESSED FOODS_________________
Cereal and bakery products______ ______ ______
Meats, poultry, fish______________________
Dairy products and ice cream___ _____ _________
Canned, frozen, fruits and vegetables________
Sugar and confectionery_______________________
Packaged beverage materials__________
Animal fats and oils_______________________
Crude vegetable oils._____ ______________ .
Refined vegetable oils__________________
Vegetable oil end products________________
Other processed foods_________________________
109.7
107.4
110.8
114.9
104.8
105.6
162. 5
74. 5
58. 0
69.1
81.0
119.9
«110.1
107.5
113. 5
«113.2
«105. 7
«105.9
162. 5
e 78.9
60. 2
68. 6
84.9
114.6
All commodities other than farm and foods__________
114.3
114. 3
TEXTILE PRODUCTS AND APPAREL_______
Cotton products......................... ............... ................
Wool products_______________________________
Synthetic textiles___________ ________________
Silk products_______________________________
Apparel.. .
. __________________________
Other textile products_________ ____ __________
102.1
101.2
114.4
89. 9
130.2
101. 6
126.4
«103.3
' 102. 8
c 118. 0
91.4
126. 0
«101. 7
e 133.3
HIDES, SKINS AND LEATHER PR O D U C TS.. .
Hides and skins___ ______________ _________
Leather_______ _ __________ _______________
Footwear .__ _ ______________ . ___________
Other leather products_______________________
99.7
63.7
89. 9
116. 5
103.2
«102.2
69.7
« 97. 0
115. 9
104.1
FUEL, POWER AND LIGHTING MATERIALS..
Coal_______ . ___________ __________ . .
Coke______ _________________________
Gas_________ _____________ ________
Electricity__________________________________
Petroleum and products_______________________
107.2
108. 8
124.3
106.6
98.0
110.4
107.4
108. 8
124.3
106.6
98.0
110.8
CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS______
Industrial chemicals.. _ _____________________
Paint and paint materials_____________________
Drugs, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics______________
Fats and oils, inedible _____________________
Mixed fertilizer
_______________
Fertilizer materials_________________________
Other chemicals and products__________________
106. 0
117. 5
109. 0
93. 7
51.2
108. 6
109. 6
104.2
106. 7
118.1
«109. 3
94. 8
56.8
108. 5
109. 4
104.2
RUBBER AND PRODUCTS_________ ..
Crude rubber____ _ _______________________
Tires and tubes_____________________________
Other rubber products________________________
143.1
193.3
133.4
129.1
«144.1
197.3
133.4
' 129. 8
LUMBER AND WOOD PRODUCTS..
Lumber_____________ _______
Mill work.. _______________________
Plywood........................ .......................
120.4
120.6
126.4
105.8
«120.1
120.4
«127. 0
«104. 2
1The revised index (1947-49= 100) is not the official index prior to January
1952. The only official index up to and including December 1951is the former
index (1926=100). See footnote 1for table D-7.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Commodity group
Feb.2
1952
Jan.
1952
PULP, PAPER, AND ALLIED PRO DUCTS....
Woodpnlp
Wastepaper________________________________
Paper______________________________________
Paperboard__
. ...
__
Converted paper and paperboard________ _
Building paper and board____________ .
118.4
114. 5
87.3
123.7
130.6
115.9
113.4
118.2
114.5
89.5
METALS AND METAL PRODUCTS
Iron and steel______________________
Nonferrous metals____________________ .
Metal containers_____________________________
Hardware___________________________
Plumbing equipment_______________ ______
Heating equipment__ ___________
Structural metal products________________
Non-structural metal products___
122.6
123.2
125.1
120.6
125.8
116. 8
114. 0
115. 5
124.4
122.4
123.1
«124.2
MACHINERY AND MOTIVE PRODUCTS
Agricultural machinery and equipment...
Construction machinery and equipment..
Metal working machinery______ ______ _______
General purpose machinery and equipment__
Miscellaneous machinery____________________
121.9
121.8
124.9
127. 5
123. 5
120.1
«
Motor vehicles______________________ ______
120. 0
FURNITURE AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD
DURABLES_______________________ ________
Household furniture____ _______ _ . . _
Commercial furniture___ ._ . _
Floor covering_________________
Household appliances___
. . ..
Radio, TV, and phonographs . . .
Other household durable goods_______ _________
112.3
113. 5
122. 8
126.4
108. 0
93.1
117.6
NONMETALLIC MINERALS—STRUCTURAL..
Flat g lass.___ . ______________ . .
Concrete ingredients_____ _____ _
Concrete products. ___________
Structural clay products___ ____ ______________
Gypsum products ___________________________
Prepared asphalt roofing. .
Other nonmetallic minerals____________ .
112.9
114.0
113.2
112.4
121.4
117.7
98. 6
111.2
TOBACCO MANUFACTURES AND BOTTLED
BEVERAGES________ ______
Cigarettes_____ _____ _______________________
Cigars.. _______ _________________________
Other tobacco products____
Alcoholic beverages.
Nonalcoholic beverages
111. 0
107.3
98.0
114. 8
111. 5
119. 7
MISCELLANEOUS.
Toys, sporting goods, small arms..
Manufactured animal feeds.
Notions and accessories__________ ____________
Jewelry, watches, photo equipment__ _
Other miscellaneous
111. 4
114. 6
113.4
100.2
100. 9
121.0
2Preliminary.
«Corrected,
122.8
130.6
115.9
113.4
«
120.6
125.8
«116.6
«114.0
115.8
124.4
120.8
«121.5
124.6
«127. 5
«123. 5
«
120.1
«121.5
«117.1
«112.3
«113. 6
122.8
«126.4
«108.0
93.1
«117. 6
«112.9
114.0
«113.2
112.4
121.4
117.7
98.6
111.2
108.1
107.3
98.0
114.8
105.9
119.7
111.1
«114.8
«
112.8
100.2
100.9
120.6
E: WORK STOPPAGES
REVIEW , APRIL 1952
487
E: Work Stoppages
T able
E -l: Work Stoppages Resulting From Labor-Management Disputes 1
Number of stoppages
Workers involved in stoppages
Man-days idle during month
or year
Month and year
Beginning in
month or year
In effect dur
ing month
Beginning in
month or year
1935-39 (average)___________________________________
1945__ I____ _____ ____ ____________________________
1946______________________________________________
1947....................................... ............. ................... ..................
1948..____ _______________________________________
1949______________________________________________
1950____ _________________________ _______________
3,693
3', 419
3j 606
4, 843
1951: January_____________________________________
February______________ ________ ____________
March______________________________________
April______ ____________ _______ _____________
May____ ______ _____________________________
June______________________ ___________ _____
July------------------------------------------------------------August______________________________________
September__________________________________
October_____________________________ ________
November_____________________________ _____
December_____________ _____ ________ ________
442
347
355
367
440
396
450
505
457
487
305
186
593
548
537
540
621
615
644
727
693
728
521
357
237,000
186,000
120, 000
163,000
166,000
194,000
284,000
213,000
215,000
248,000
84, 000
81, 500
1952: January 2____________________________________
February2__________________ _________ ___
400
350
600
550
190,000
185,000
2,862
4, 750
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Number
Percent of esti
mated work
ing time
16,900,000
38, 000,000
116,000,000
34,600,000
34,100,000
50, 500,000
38, 800,000
0.27
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
260,000
322,000
230,000
222,000
249, 000
261,000
345,000
314,000
340,000
365,000
191,000
130,000
1,270, 000
1,940,000
1, 710, 000
1, 890,000
1,820,000
1,800,000
1,880, 000
2, 640, 000
2, 540, 000
2, 790, 000
1, 610,000
1,020,000
.15
.26
.20
.23
.21
.21
.22
.28
.33
.30
.19
.13
250,000
250,000
1, 250, 000
1,270,000
3. 14
.15
1,130,000
3| 410, 000
4. 600,000
2,170,000
1,960,000
3,030,000
2, 410,000
4,985
1 All known work stoppages, arising out of labor-management disputes,
involving six or more workers and continuing as long as a full day or shift
are included in reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Figures on “work
ers involved” and “man-days idle” cover all workers made idle for one or
more shifts in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not
In effect dur
ing month
measure the indirect or secondary effects on other establishments or indus
tries whose employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortages
2 Preliminary.
2 Kevised.
F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
488
MONTHLY LABOR
F: Building and Construction
T able
F -l: Expenditures for New Construction 1
[Value of work put in place]
Expenditures (in millions)
1952
Type of construction
1951
Mar.3 Feb.3 Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1951
July
June
May
Apr.
1950
Mar. Total Total
Total new construction4. . ------- -------------- $2, 247 $1,991 $2,124 $2,222 $2,495 $2, 709 $2, 827 $2,843 $2,797 $2, 737 $2, 584 $2,388 $2,198 $29,863 $27,902
Private construction----------------------------- 1,556
784
Residential building (nonfarm).........
710
New dwelling units................ ........
62
Additions and alterations-----------12
N onhousekeeping8______________
414
Nonresidential building (nonfarm) •—
212
Industrial— ....................... -..........
79
Commercial..------ ------------------ .
Warehouses, office and loft
36
buildings________________
43
Stores, restaurants and garages.
123
Other nonresidential building____
30
Religious. ________________
Educational — -----------------27
Social and recreational. . ----8
Hospital and institutional7___
33
Miscellaneous______________
25
Farm construction_________________
80
272
Public utilities------------------------------30
Railroad---- ------- ---------------------Telephone and telegraph________
31
Other public utilities........... ...........
211
All other private 8------ -----------------6
691
Public construction-----------------------------Residential building 8. ----------- . . . ._
62
Nonresidential building (other than
military or naval facilities)................
285
Industrial. .......................................
89
Educational___________________
135
Hospital and institutional________
35
Other nonresidential. __________
26
Military and naval facilities 10______
132
Highways________________________
85
Sewer and water . . . . . . . . ________
48
Miscellaneous public service enterprises11. . . . _____ ___ ______ _
12
Conservation and development______
62
All other public 13--------------------------5
1,397
668
600
55
13
399
207
73
1,472
720
650
57
13
404
198
83
1,521
809
715
80
14
320
147
69
1,692
915
815
86
14
343
155
75
1,805
945
840
91
14
393
178
83
1,899
954
845
93
16
451
202
100
1,916
954
845
92
17
459
198
108
1,915
968
860
91
17
465
190
120
1,879
959
855
88
16
463
178
131
1,787
922
825
81
16
442
168
130
1,691
898
810
72
16
409
152
125
35
38
119
29
26
8
32
24
75
250
27
27
196
5
594
66
39
44
123
31
28
9
32
23
80
262
30
29
203
6
652
67
31
38
104
23
25
7
32
17
81
305
34
32
239
6
701
66
32
43
113
26
26
8
34
19
92
336
38
35
263
6
803
69
36
47
132
32
32
9
36
23
108
353
38
37
278
6
904
67
45
55
149
42
32
12
37
26
130
358
35
40
283
6
928
63
48
60
153
43
32
13
38
27
140
357
34
43
280
6
927
55
48
72
155
42
30
14
39
30
134
343
33
43
267
5
882
49
48
83
154
41
29
15
38
31
126
326
31
42
253
5
858
48
47
83
144
38
26
15
37
28
113
305
31
42
232
5
797
45
45
80
132
35
26
15
34
22
95
283
29
40
214
6
697
42
45
83
129
35
26
16
32
20
83
264
26
39
199
5
584
37
518
794
1,620
429
339
161
418
273
1,250
3,685
375
460
2,850
66
9,040
600
402
880
1,427
409
294
247
344
133
1,170
3,130
315
440
2,375
112
7,113
345
251
75
125
30
21
115
55
44
267
83
128
32
24
125
75
45
260
86
116
34
24
149
95
48
269
85
118
38
28
148
170
54
289
92
125
40
32
137
250
58
302
93
134
39
36
122
275
60
312
95
134
42
41
108
280
62
308
89
132
43
44
88
260
64
305
80
130
47
48
75
250
65
298
74
128
48
48
68
215
65
283
67
125
45
46
56
160
62
255 3,318
52
880
120 1, 486
43
496
40
456
41 1,045
110 2, 225
58
703
2,402
224
1,163
476
539
177
2,350
671
9
51
3
10
59
4
11
68
4
14
74
5
20
77
6
21
78
7
23
80
7
23
82
8
23
84
8
22
76
8
17
69
8
1 Joint estimates of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of
Labor, and the Building Materials Division, U. S. Department of Com
merce. Estimated construction expenditures represent the monetary value
of the volume of work accomplished during the given period of time. These
figures should be differentiated from permit valuation data reported in the
tabulations for building authorized (tables F-3 and F-4) and the data on
value of contract awards reported in table F-2.
3 Preliminary.
3 Revised.
< Includes major additions and alterations.
* Includes hotels, dormitories, and tourist courts and cabins.
• Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential
building are included under “Public utilities.”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,614 20,823
862 10,915
785 9, 775
61
950
16
190
400 4,907
143 1,975
128 1, 312
15
61
7
210
860
79
20, 789
12,600
11, 525
900
175
3, 777
1,062
1,288
180
880
90
7 Includes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program.
8 Covers privately owned sewer and water facilities, roads and bridges, and
miscellaneous nonbuilding items such as parks and playgrounds.
8 Includes nonhousekeeping public residential construction as well as
housekeeping units.
10 Covers all construction, building as well as nonbuilding (except for pro
duction facilities, which are included in public industrial building).
11 Covers primarily publicly owned airports, electric light and power
systems, and local transit facilities.
13 Covers public construction not elsewhere classified, such as parks, play
grounds, and memorials.
T able
489
F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
REVIEW , APRIL 1952
F-2: Value of Contracts Awarded and Force-Account "Work Started on Federally Financed
New Construction, by Type of Construction 1
Value (in thousands)
Type of construction
1952
Jan.
1951
Dec.2
Nov.2
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1951
1950
Total
Total
Total new construction3.. $260,647 $156,666 $156,631 $159,165 $240,331 $215,384 $259,553 $515, 269 $600,833 $287, 254 $431, 085 $207, 755 $414.191 $3, 644,117 $2, 706, 650
Airfields4___________
Building......................
Residential_________
!Nonresidential______
Educational5_____
Hospital and institutional________
Administrative and
general4________
Other nonresidential
building..........
Airfield buildings L
Industrial9_____
Troop housing___
Warehouses_____
Miscellaneous10—
Conservation and development________
Reclamation._____
River, harbor, and
flood control______
Highways. _________
Electrification________
All other » ......................
10,198
97,102
310
96, 792
3,384
1,836
74, 754
139
74,615
4,387
9,118
42, 967
112
42,855
4,714
5,539
49. 784
46
49, 738
9,216
13 566
90,917
210
90, 707
10,480
5,745
6,110
2,239
1,567
85, 424
890
11. 703
25, 061
28,133
19,637
15,491 37, 475 84,911 36 724
89, 357 107, 629 227. 221 445,815
1.791
64
282
451
89, 293 107,347 226, 770 444, 024
128
4,715
0
450
5,342
7,832
23,595
9,135
5,941
23,862
13, 946
28,357
42, 943
15,388
14, 818
197, 269
829
1,676
15,656
2,807
1,102
6,486
2,149
2,880
8,773
10,096
728
54, 749
58, 255
62, 551
1,685
3,782
43, 864
6, 661
6,559
31, 970
79
15,252
0
12,480
4,159
31, 014
1,252
6,437
0
4. 760
18,565
40, 976 72,636 100,304 195, 972 427,801
9,184
8,977 14, 799 12, 866 11, 725
13,562 8,338 55,293 35,039 338,129
2,579
7,514 76,852 37, 533
5, 626
3,156 3. 219 6.434 17,547
7.447
12, 702 40,654 18,197 54,809 35,508
60 502 227, 747
5, 566
5, 472
8,353 180, 001
11,512 13, 745
6,421
1.562
28,650 26, 967
66,384
1, 913
25, 546
6,089
647
32,189
89,163 1, 407. 020
389
73, 907
24,319
714. 051
206, 641
1,327
3,104
73, 438
60, 024 338, 983
811,592
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
26,389
527
13,449
2,423
28,449
2,017
19, 413
6,244
47,384
6,409
10,141
2,389
16, 266
12, 275
29, 848
9, 214
43, 667 101, 498
9,308 10, 803
45, 613
15,346
30,333
10,125
50,124
43,157
436,185
129, 710
373, 453
134, 045
25, 862
66,623
48, 231
12,104
11, 026
53,144
5,986
7,497
26, 432
69,176
2,670
4,251
13,169
65, 050
3, 031
16,348
40,975
67,358
5,904
15, 202
7,752
89,536
2,144
8,715
3, 991
75, 767
4,124
18, 292
20,634
97, 843
23, 038
52. 408
34,359
59, 206
1,284
14,137
30, 267
71, 238
7,092
21,131
20, 208 6, 967
59, 067 75, 551
2,083 168,318
12, 674 5,135
306, 475
841, 002
231, 66S
184,831
239,408
835, 606
104, 628
60,239
1 E x c l u d e s c la s s i f i e d m i l i t a r y p r o j e c t s , b u t i n c l u d e s p r o j e c t s fo r t h e A t o m i c
E n e r g y C o m m i s s i o n . D a t a for F e d e r a l- a i d p r o g r a m s c o v e r a m o u n t s c o n t r i b
u t e d b y b o t h o w n e r a n d t h e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t. F o r c e -a c c o u n t w o r k is
d o n e n o t th r o u g h a c o n tr a c to r , b u t d ir e c t ly b y a G o v e r n m e n t a g e n c y , u s in g a
s e p a r a t e w o r k fo r c e t o p e r fo r m n o n m a i n t e n a n c e c o n s t r u c t io n o n t h e a g e n c y ’s
o w n p r o p e r tie s.
2 R e v is e d .
3 Includes major additions and alterations.
4 E x c l u d e s h a n g a r s a n d o t h e r b u i l d i n g s , w h i c h a r e i n c l u d e d u n d e r “ O th e r
n o n r e s i d e n t i a l ” b u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t io n .
4 Includes projects undei the Federal School Construction Program, which
provides aid for areas affected by Federal Government activities.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
16, 691
6,330
95, 964 279,681
3, 008
39
92, 956 279, 642
179
1,217
90, 695
58, 066
5,994
9,041
10,773
9, 412
247,866
54, 461
92, 825 105, 651 1, 702, 565 1, 278, 263
916
846
7,904
15, 445
91, 909 104, 805 1, 694,661 1, 262, 818
41
96
35,623
3,123
389, 848
- Includes post offices, armories, offices, and customhouses.
7 Includes all buildings on civilian airports and military airfields and air
bases with the exception of barracks and other troop housing, which are in
cluded under “Troop housing.”
'Unavailable.
9 Covers all industrial plants under Federal Government ownership, in
cluding those which are privately operated.
10 Includes types of buildings not elsewhere classified.
71 Includes sewer and water projects, railroad construction, and other types
of projects not elsewhere classified.
490
F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
T able
MONTHLY LABOR
F-3: Urban Building Authorized, by Principal Class of Construction and by Type of Building 1
Number of new dwelling units—House
keeping only
Valuation (in thousands)
New residential building
Period
Housekeeping
Total all
classes 3
Publicly Nonfinanced hou.sePrivately financed dwelling units
dwell keeping
ing 8
units
Multi
Total
1-family 2-fam
ily 3 family *
1942________________ $2,707, 573 $598, 670 $478,658
1946________________ 4, 743, 414 2,114,833 1,830, 260
1947............- .................. 5, 563, 348 2,885, 374 2, 381, 7*2
6,972, 784 3,422, 927 2,745, 219
1948............ - ........... .
1949......... - ........... — - 7,396, 274 3, 724. 924 2, 845, 899
1950............................... 10,408,282 5,803, 912 4, 845, 104
8,787,605 4,375,366 3,814,768
1951 «______________
January............
February..........
March______ _
April_______
May------------June------------Julv.________
August---------September____
October______
November____
December 7____
1952: January 8_____
1951:
$42, 629
163, 042
151,036
181, 493
132,365
179, 214
170,392
New non
resi
dential
building
Addi
tions,
altera
tions,
and
repairs
$77,283 $296, 933 $22,910 $1,510,688 $278, 472
181,531 355, 587 43, 369 1, 458,602 771,023
372, $86
42, 249 29,831 1, 713, 489 892,404
496, 215 139, 334 38,034 2, 367, 940 1,004, 549
747,160 285,627 39,785 2, 408,445 937,493
779, 594 301. 961 84, 508 3,127, 769 1,090,142
390,206 575,726 37,467 2,709,302 1,089,744
Pub
Total
licly fi
1-fam 2-fam Multifam nanced
ily
184,892
430,195
502,312
516,179
575,286
796,143
533,926
138,908
358.151
393 606
392, 532
413, 543
623, 330
434,877
ily 3
ily *
15,747 30, 237
24,326 47, 718
33, 423 75.283
36,306 87,341
26,431 135,312
33.302 139, 511
29,743 69,306
95,946
98,310
5,833
15,114
32,194
34,363
6,896
758,917
685,683
770, 269
777,318
813. 218
986, 643
703, 258
764, 711
829, 893
652, 458
534,974
426, 520
379,178
330.520
406,763
426,085
457, 664
388,187
342, 532
385,139
435. 460
344, 289
264,081
210,328
329,624
294,756
356, 550
874, 674
393,080
335, 958
292,861
333, 988
379. 283
306, 13?
235, 456
178, 004
14.109
10,955
14, 580
19,005
14, 466
15,587
13, 810
15,389
18,170
14. 374
10,324
9,572
35,445
24,809
35,883
26,406
50,118
36,642
35,855
35, 764
38,007
23, 783
18,301
22, 752
9,066
10,201
5,966
33, 805
7,027
298, 421
30,000
15,838
15. 333
9, 788
21,192
10,669
3,123
1, 252
3,082
3,346
1,477
1,4.54
3,685
4,100
7,684
4,880
2,369
1, 014
270,314
174,050
263,920
234, 024
239, 332
202, 036
224,381
2.58,318
276, 757
198,342
180,742
145, 054
97,236 48, 786
69,660 39,749
90,538 50,668
86, 558 50, 494
107,718 54,626
96,545 47,057
102,660 41,657
101,316 47,182
94,659 50.449
95,159 42,170
66, 590 32,681
59, 455 26, 805
39,346
32,962
41,206
42,816
43, 957
37,860
33, 291
38,036
40,328
35. 575
27,781
21, 238
2,813
2,103
2,816
2, 857
2, 514
2,629
2,396
2,669
2.995
2,477
1,766
1,700
6, 627
4,684
6,646
4,821
8,165
6,568
5,970
6,477
7,126
4, 118
3,134
3, 867
972
1,039
579
3,343
836
35.007
3,275
1,706
1,752
1,017
2,308
1,234
505,337
266,702
234,167
12,206
20,329
23,610
1, 247
144,812
68, 966 34,372
28,374
2,386
3, 612
2,937
i Building for which building permits were issued and Federal contracts
awarded in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken
in some smaller urban places that do not issue permits.
The data cover federally and nonfederally financed building construction
combined. Estimates of non-Federal (private and 8tate and local govern
ment.) urban building construction are based primarily on building-permit
reports received from places containing about 85 percent of the urban popula
tion of the country; estimates of federally financed projects are compiled from
notifications of construction contracts awarded, which are obtained from
other Federal agencies. Data from building permits are not adjusted to allow
for lapsed permits or for lag between permit issuance and the start of construc
tion Thus, the estimates do not represent construction actually started
during the month.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Privately financed
Urban is defined according to the 1940 Census, and includes all incorporated
places of 2,500 inhabitants or more in 1940 and a small number of places,
usually minor civil divisions, classified as urban under special rule.
3Covers additions, alterations, and repairs, as well as new residential and
nonresidential building.
3Includes units in 1-family and 2-family structures with stores.
4 Includes units in multifamily structures with stores.
1 Covers hotels, dormitories, tourist cabins, and other nonhousekeeping
residential buildings,
8Totals for 1951 include revisions which do not appear in data shown for
January through December. Revised monthly data will appear in a subse
quent issue of the Monthly Labor Review.
7 R e v is e d .
8Preliminary.
R E V I E W
T able
,
A P R I L
491
F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
1 9 5 2
F-4: New Nonresidential Building Authorized in All Urban Places,1 by General Type and
Geographic Division 2
by
Valuation (in thousands)
Geographic division and
type of new nonresi
dential building
1952
Jan.4
1951
Dec.5
•
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1951 8
1950
Total
Total
All types----------- ------ - $144,812 $145,054 $180. 742 $198,342 $276, 757 $258,318 $224,381 $202, 036 $239,332 $234, 024 $263, 920 $174, 050 $270,314 $2, 709,302 $3,127, 700
195, 407
193,386
7, 566 14,651 12, 297 14, 405 30, 839 16, 471 12,881 16, 920 29, 751 14,093 12, 916 10, 479
New England_____ 10,847
24, 448 28,021 30, 414 31, 585 33,360 46,158 25, 785 24, 580 33, 578 26, 901 55,334 20, 989 41, 909 403, 876
516, 583
Middle Atlantic
727,850
675, 555
East North Central. 28,136 32, 254 61, 360 56, 067 70. 940 64, 015 54,828 66, 075 70, 433 52,623 85, 212 40, 620 63, 558
9,732
201, 605
262, 737
8, 946 9,537 17, 711 31.787 16, 628 18, 084 14, 894 16, 272 22, 682 12,235 11,643 20, 627
West North Central.
289,919 375,803
South Atlantic____ 17, 060 15, 534 17,160 20,36S 42, 089 23, 606 20, 886 16, 582 25, 040 17, 940 27, 262 17,949 37, 526
6,735
6,087 11,347
93,987
144, 084
2,506
5,436
5,662
5,470 4, 999
7. 775
5,198
9,651 17,617 11, 823
East South Central281,140 388, 201
West South Central. 18,142 12, 635 15, 246 20,678 21, 605 27, 025 23, 019 26, 943 20, 266 19, 743 25,156 25, 949 35, 967
9,636
100, 746
112, 265
5,639
6,543
5, 231
5, 279 9,238 11, 282 12. 677
8,100
6, 957
5, 283 14, 554
4,840
Mountain________
414, 772 459,155
Pacific___________ 24,073 32,361 21, 625 25,399 43,173 32,172 51, 772 27, 462 41, 889 32, 213 27, 965 31,354 39, 265
23, 222 17, 766 58,069 39, 906 34, 229 45,151 43, 267
Industrial buildings8.
5, 939
617
4, 362 3,003
859
New England____
4, 600
1.843
3, 94C 1,537 10,100 11, 546 6,634
9,380
8, 528
Middle Atlantic___
4, 731
9,236 36, 426 12, 981 12,049 22,165 15, 333
East North Central.
1,484
1,169 3, 887
1,131
1,526
West N orth Centrai.
1,156
3,980
1,016
1, 57C
499
1,008
2,865
1,530
2,950
South Atlantic-.- 982
662
248
1,048
887
East South Central.
117
1,590
1, 586
1,185
949
West South Central.
975 3,246
1,048
1,475
308
279
293
382
214
304
Mountain________
749
5,655
3,031
3,021
2,654
4,830 3, 735 8, 578
Pacific____ . --. .
41,278 47,144 91, 442 57, 280 61,124
Commercial buildings 7. 33,182 43, m
1,983
1,174
5, 947
7,071
New England___ 1, 315 1,693
2,535
6,631 12, 609 10, 734 5,266
5, 201
6,625
8,834
Middle Atlantic___
3,853
East North Central.
6,797
6,476 9,375 16, 487 10, 822 13,344
1,537
2,946
West North Central.
1, 458 3, 776 2,934
4, 977 2,424
9,346 17, 484
5, 045
6,714
7,244
5,468
4,853
South Atlantic____
1,801
2,163
744
2,244
East South Central.
1,738
3, 078 2,073
5,499 10, 946
4, 995
7,341
4, 707
4,132
6,120
West South Central.
2, 807
1,835
1,034
4,675
Mountain________
4,398
1, 480 2,143
7,722
5,598
13,
539
9,661
13,990
8,674
18, 928
Pacific_______ ____
Community buildings 8_ 63,224 51, 994 54,461 77,323 110, 265 111,538 86,240
6,130
2,481
4, 799
New England_____
6,783
8, 083 18,528
6,683
Middle Atlantic___ 12, 261 18, 710 9, 311 9, 957 10,375 12, 660 8,299
East North Central. 12, 447
5,046 14, 273 22,567 29, 619 20,141 14, 919
9,754 17, 829 9,307
6,137
5,383
2,949
8,333
West North Central.
7,873 17, 564 13,126
8, 559
5.209
9,225
6,294
South Atlantic____
1,475
2,639
838
1,831
1,899
1, 713
1, 718
East South Central.
7, 321
5,310
6,549 14, 687 12, 899
West South Central
4,387 8,950
4,625
1,140
1,331
9,735
1,683
Mountain________
2,038
5,111
5,368
10, 239
6, 595 5,992 13, 236 11, 641 22, 481
Pacific.. .. ____
4,108
9, 613
Public buildings
4,045 11, 593
6,063
5, 856 16,062
23
114
86
889
200
265
781
New England__ _
226
325
213 11,076
48
Middle Atlantic. _ 1,122
38
130
3,714
897
375
East North Central
1, 522
7,934
937
0
244
777
163
West North Central
345
0
8
40
47
52 2,093
2,666
1,580
South Atlantic.. . .
195
57
37
0
100
East South Central.
1, 000
0
0
653
64
18
685
West South Central.
60
305
3,948
Mountain____ ____
18
326
0
8 1, 240
0
0
359 3,109
3,553
185
604
148 1,739
Pacific-------- . . . .
Public works and utility
6,341
9,713
8,809
12, 753 11, 674
9,458
buildings 10____
7,507
624
42
149
361
1,002
205
106
New England____
1,162
1,354
348
1,633
647 1,024
187
Middle Atlantic___
1,861
3,309
East North Central.
3,903
1, 424
3,722
707 3,960
889
758
134
1,825
West North Central.
534 1,002
6
324
175
1,212
127
689
389
South Atlantic__
3,555
92
250
0
East South Central.
0
368
8
161
842
1,727
560
2,862
512
West South Central.
472
845
126
0
240
240
Mountain...... ..........
1,085
440
70
1,094
1,348
426
2, 769
8, 553
664 1,151
Pacific.-_ ________
8,386
8,433 13,364 20,148 25, 507 19,478 17, 796
All other buildings » ...
941
717
1,037
209
1,305
1,086
New England... .
506
1,961
2, 201
2,174
1, 732
761
914
1,485
Middle Atlantic___
7,054
8,166
7,203
5, 657
East North Central
1,680
1.817
2,540
1,905
2,852
2,238
441
623
1,113
2, 492
West North Central.
1,857
1,298
1, 574
1,144
732
881
South Atlantic.. . . .
630
396
922
363
523
East South Central.
271
308
1,776
2, 532
1,110
2, 428
1,318
958 1,488
657
West South Central.
1,128
1,313
1,702
1,151
565
923
Mountain________
310
2,074
2,677
2,891
2, 252
3,140
5.735
Pacific.
—— . .
1,276
1 Building for which permits were issued and Federal contracts awarded
in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken in some
smaller urban places that do not issue permits. Sums of components do not
always equal totals exactly because of rounding.
s For scope and source of urban estimates, see table F-3, footnote 1.
8 Totals for 1951 include revisions which do not appear in data shown for
January through December. Revised monthly data will appear in a subse
quent issue of the Monthly Labor Review.
* Preliminary.
8 Revised.
• Includes factories, navy yards, army ordnance plants, bakeries, ice plants,
industrial warehouses, and other buildings at the site of these and similar
production plants.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
43,123
2,667
8, 722
19,177
1,252
2,229
1,129
2,482
1,044
4,421
52, 846
1,984
8, 049
11, 324
4,116
5, 098
1, 797
8,418
1,854
10, 206
71, 989
4,870
5,532
21, 840
7,050
7,009
1,966
12, 280
2,360
9,082
5, 608
842
159
109
132
565
0
2,016
614
1,171
42,921 37, 655 45, 989
1,497
4,232
4,877
8,308
8,200
8,133
15,159 14, 970 21,309
1,961
2,349
1, 768
1,682
1,688
1,853
1,209
459
3, 316
522
2, 631
2,231
550
965
373
6,135
4,567
5, 621
55, 727 62, 308 69,317
2,042
2,231
1, 789
9,645
9,004
9,448
15, 708 8, 689 31,163
5,635
2,932
2,960
5,999
7, 445
5,083
1,054 12,315
983
7,778
6,827
5,640
2, 674
1,300
1, 238
12, 048 8, 455
7,267
99,126 104, 474 124, 661
8,872 22, 790 4, 789
11, 460 6,907 34, 325
23, 667 21, 547 28,233
9,257 11, 561
5,668
8,939 16, 446
13, 588
4,928
3, 245 10, 040
7,004 13, 038
10, 030
8,946
2. 515
1, 673
15, 651 13, 535
9, 607
2, 96?
2,680
10, 870
,»
0
410
1,410
102
307
524
241
5.3'8
0
12
0
1,748
381
392
66
12
0
305
0
620
122
1,165
102
1,941
766
553
472,124
24, 995 36, 675
296, 803
1,678
1,415
31,650
13, 999
4,194 11, 703
97,035
55, 679
201,884
8, 566
9,987
110, 829
2,266
25,306
2, 861
23,369
21,164
677 3,168
17, 019
1,832
13,194
375
13,355
1,172
2,612
18,328
17, 800
481
440
6,103
5,469
57,460
3, 570
4, 673
39, 284
739,788 1,122, 583
53, 922 103, 244
36, 506
4,945
3, 783
53, 675
6, 506 17, 727
111,644
212,645
155, 535
7, 277 18, 072
201,314
43, 206
3, 239
5, 809
94,104
99,315
7,255 17,325
139, 990
1,644
36,535
7,065
46,076
93,132
9, 609 16,115
175,129
1,132
2,424
26,185
47, 481
137,730
12,315 14, 924
152,169
70,913 94,835 1,085,133 1, 200, 078
104,053
4, 556
5, 773
107, 541
148, 877
8,151 10, 470
169, 036
250,645
18, 721 26, 000
275, 029
102,610
3, 818 11, 277
105, 603
131,093
8, 967 13, 753
179, 635
35,412
3,688
1,653
62, 529
123, 521
11, 239 8, 360
146,688
50, 767
3, 721
5, 895
43, 296
138,155
6, 835 12, 871
170, 721
6,741 13,972
106,171
134, 894
38
4, 354
49
2,584
16,236
1,195
662
40,178
25,332
160 3,997
9, 513
2,084
219
48
4, 896
165
15,398
653
15,008
0
0
270
9,279
15,899
709
6,195
8, 268
69
451
4, 090
3, 240
22, 508
4,115
1,928
41,928
12,878
1,814
335
7,683
806
674
331
762
18
455
15,590
705
1,781
5,940
1,538
1,007
439
986
1,068
2. 128
11,368
380
1,570
3, 580
307
917
26
421
370
3, 798
19,314
750
2,002
6,982
1, 814
935
315
3,347
853
2.316
7,308
100
313
1,562
1,014
299
181
1,896
485
1,458
10,171
371
630
2, 913
491
587
198
1,265
655
3,061
10,629
2,476
679
1,095
1, 534
650
549
829
68
2, 749
15,996
757
1, 565
5, 798
1,592
1,195
298
1,500
1.151
2.140
8, 777
1,367
1,554
1,259
247
465
10
1,289
0
2, 586
12,496
1,506
1,195
3,007
1,592
837
265
1,151
612
2.331
9,507
323
66
4, 576
750
842
11
903
38
1,998
12,081
364
1,280
2,348
477
1,785
786
1.782
388
2. 871
115, 708
8,800
11,160
35,028
9,672
9, 629
1,988
11, 058
2. 094
26, 279
190,378
10,044
18, 924
59,426
18,727
13,320
6,588
19, 202
11, 507
32, 640
106,164
6,478
16,868
26,585
9,314
7,658
3,316
13,646
2,702
19, 597
207,247
9,109
22,177
52, 285
25, 451
16, 493
9, 529
26 670
’0,077
35,456
7 Includes amusement and recreation buildings, stores and other mercantile
buildings, commercial garages, gasoline and service stations, etc.
8Includes churches, hospitals, and other institutional buildings, schools,
libraries, etc.
8Includes Federal, State, county, and municipal buildings, such as post
offices, courthouses, city halls, fire and police stations, jails, prisons, arsenals,
armories, army barracks, etc.
10 Includes railroad, bus and airport buildings, roundhouses, radio stations,
gas and electric plants, public comfort stations, etc.
11 Includes private garages, sheds, stables and bams, and other building
not elsewhere classified.
492
T able
F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
F-5: Number and Construction Cost of New Permanent Nonfarm Dwelling Units Started, by
Urban or Rural Location, and by Source of Funds 1
Number of new dwelling units started
All units
Period
Total
non
farm
Privately financed
Urban
Rural
non
farm
1925_________________________
937,000
1933 «________________________
93,000
1941 *________________________
706,100
141,300
1944 9________________________
1946__________________ _____
670, 500
1947____________________ _____ 849,900
931,600
1948_________________________
1949_________________________ 1,025,100
1950«________________________ 1,396,000
1951__________
____ 1,092, 508
752,000
45,000
434,300
96,200
403,700
479,800
524,900
588,800
827,800
1950: First quarter___ _______
January_______ . _ .
February______________
March ________ .
Second quarter.
- ______
April___
_
______ ___
May__
June. --- _______ ____
Third quarter____ _______
July---------------------------August________________
September_____________
Fourth quarter___________
October.___ ___________
November_____________
December. _____________
278,900
78, 700
82,900
117,300
426, 800
133,400
149,100
144,300
406,900
144,400
141,900
120, 600
283,400
102, 500
87,300
93, 600
167,800
48,200
51,000
68, 600
247, 000
78, 800
85, 500
82, 700
238,200
84,200
83, 600
70,400
174,800
59,400
53,100
62,300
1951: First quarter____________
January__ ___________
February___________
March .
_________ ..
Second quarter___________
April______________ . . .
May__________________
June.
___________
Third quarter____________
July_____ . . . . ____ _
August__ . . . _ ____
September_____________
Fourth quarter.. . . .
October.. . . . .
November 8_ __________
December. ____________
260, 300
85, 900
80, 600
93, 800
329, 700
96,200
101,000
132, 500
276,000
90,500
89,100
96,400
226, 500
90,000
74, 500
62,000
1952: First quarter______ ___
January 10_______________
68,000
(9)
Rural
non
farm
Total
non
farm
Urban
Rural
non-'
farm
185,000
937,000
93,000
48,000
619,500
271,300
45,600
138,700
662, 500
266,800
845,600
369,200
406, 700 913, 500
436,300
988,800
568,200 1,352,200
1,021,400
752,000
45,000
369,500
93,200
395, 700
476,400
510,000
556,600
785,600
185,000
43,000
250,000
45, 500
266,800
369,200
403,500
432,200
566,600
0
0
86,600
3,100
8,000
3,400
18,100
36,300
43,800
71,100
0
0
64,800
3,000
8,000
3,400
14,900
32,200
42,200
0 $4,475,000 $4,475,000
0
285,446
285,446
21,800 2,825,895 2, 530,765
100
495,054
483, 231
0 3, 769, 767 3,713, 776
0 5,642, 798 5,617,425
3,200 7,203,119 7,028, 980
4,100 7, 702,971 7,374,269
1,600 11,788, 595 11,418,371
9,818,293 9,194, 535
0
0
$295,130
11,823
55,991
25,373
174,139
328,702
370,224
623,758
111,100
30, 500
31, 900
48, 700
179, 800
54,600
63, 600
61, 600
168, 700
60,200
58,300
50,200
108, 600
43,100
34,200
31,300
276,100
77, 800
82, 300
116, 000
420, 400
131,300
145, 700
143, 400
393, 600
139, 700
137, 800
116,100
262,100
100, 800
82, 700
78, 600
165, 600
47,300
50,800
67, 500
241, 200
77, 000
82, 200
82, 000
225,200
79, 500
79,600
66,100
153, 600
57, 700
48, 500
47,400
110, 500
30,500
31, 500
48, 500
179,200
54,300
63, 500
61,400
168,400
60,200
58, 200
50,000
108, 500
43,100
34,200
31, 200
2,800
900
600
1,300
6,400
2,100
3, 400
900
13,300
4, 700
4,100
4,500
21,300
1,700
4, 600
15,000
2,200
900
200
1,100
5, 800
1,800
3,300
700
13,000
4, 700
4,000
4,300
21,200
1,700
4,600
14,900
600
0
400
200
600
300
100
200
300
(7)
100
200
100
(7)
(7)
100
2,162,425
589,997
637, 753
934, 675
3, 564, 856
1,093, 726
1,232,976
1,238,154
3, 564,953
1,253,340
1,266,198
1,045,415
2,496,361
915, 895
762, 625
817,841
2,138, 565
581,497
632, 690
924, 378
3, 511, 204
1, 075, 644
1,204, 978
1,230, 582
3,446, 722
1,210, 745
1,230,238
1,005, 739
2,321,880
902,190
724, 876
694,814
23, 800
8, 500
5,063
10,297
53, 652
18,082
27,998
7, 572
118,231
42, 595
35,960
39,676
174,481
13, 705
37, 749
123,027
147, 800
49, 600
47,000
51,200
192, 300
51,900
55,400
85,000
141, 200
45,900
45,900
49,400
112, 500
36,300
33,600
42,600
137,400
44, 300
45, 600
47, 500
134,800
44, 600
43,200
47,000
137, 000
46,400
43,100
47, 500
148, 400
48,300
52, 300
47, 800
135, 700
42,300
45,100
48,300
111, 800
35, 800
33,400
42,600
131, 700
44, 000
45,300
42,400
134, 700
44, 500
43, 200
47,000
700
500
200
(7)
5, 700
300
300
5,100
100
100
0
(7)
45,600
36,000
(9)
43,400
36,200
(9)
45,600
36,000
(8)
11, 500
3,700
4,100
3, 700
49, 600
3,900
3,400
42,300
5,600
3,700
800
1,100
4, 400
1,000
2, 300
1,100
10, 800
3,200
3,900
3,700
43,900
3, 600
3,100
37,200
5,500
3,600
800
1,100
44,400
38,500
(9)
248,800
82,200
76, 500
90,100
280,100
92,300
97, 600
90,200
270,400
86, 800
88,300
95,300
222,100
89,000
72, 200
60, 900
1,000
2,300
m
(7)
(7)
(9)
2,293,974
755, 600
716, 629
821, 745
2,974, 723
866,298
922,661
1,185, 764
2, 527,033
827,173
804,317
895,543
2,022,563
806,955
671, 962
543,646
2,191,489
721,014
681, 607
788,868
2, 549,238
828,339
895,309
825, 590
2,472,196
791, 783
795,624
884,789
1,981,612
796,682
650, 660
534,270
102,485
34, 586
35,022
32, 877
425,485
37,959
27,352
360,174
54,837
35,390
8,693
10,754
40,951
10, 273
21,302
9,376
64, 700
(9)
3,300
m
(»)
595,185
568,277
26,908
1The estimates shown here do not include temporary units, conversions,
dormitory accommodations, trailers, or military barracks. They do include
prefabricated housing units.
These estimates are based on building-permit records, which, beginning
with 1945, have been adjusted for lapsed permits and for lag between permit
issuance and start of construction. They are based also on reports of
Federal construction contract awards and beginning in 1946 on field surveys
in non-permit-issuing places. The data in this table refer to nonfarm
dwelling units started, and not to urban dwelling units authorized, as shown
in table F-3.
All of these estimates contain some error. For example, if the estimate
of nonfarm starts is 50,000, the chances are about 19 out of 20 that an actual
enumeration would produce a figure between 48,000 and 52,000.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Estimated construction cost
(in thousands) 2
Urban
(9)
Total
non
farm
Publicly financed
(9)
Total
Privately Publicly
financed financed
2 Private construction costs are based on permit valuation, adjusted for
understatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public construc
tion costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for
individual projects.
3Depression, low year.
4Recovery peak year prior to wartime limitations.
5Last full year under wartime control.
9Housing peak year.
7Less than 50 units.
• Revised.
• Not available.
10Preliminary.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1952
@FedFRASER