Full text of Monthly Labor Review : April 1951, Vol. 72, No. 4
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Monthly Labor Review
U N IT E D STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR
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•
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
385 Elements of Soviet Labor Law—Part II
391 Economic Status of Social Workers in 1950
Summaries of Studies and Reports
396
398
400
405
407
409
411
413
414
416
420
Hosiery Manufacture: Earnings in October 1950
Wood-Furniture Manufacturing: Earnings in October 1950
Wage Chronology No. 14: Ford Motor Co., 1941-50
Wage Chronology No. 9: General Motors Corp.—Supplement No. 1
Wage Chronology No. 5: Chrysler Corp.—Supplement No. 1
General Wage Regulations 6-10 and Ceiling Price Regulations 2-7
Employers’ Military-Leave Policies: Effect on Benefit Plans, Fall 1950
Status of Labor Banks, 1950
Legal Restrictions on Night Work by Women
Railway Labor Act: Administrative Highlights, 1949-50
Longevity of Railroad Annuitants
Technical Notes
421 Interim Adjustment of Consumers’ Price Index
430 Selection of Cities for Consumer Expenditures Survey, 1950
437 Correction of New Unit Bias in Rent Component of CPI
Departments
in
445
450
452
455
461
The Labor Month In Review
Recent Decisions of Interest to Labor
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Publications of Labor Interest
Current Labor Statistics (list of tables)
April 1951
Vol. 72
No. 4
Scheduled for Future Issues
•
•
•
FOR MAY
Industrial Relations in Scandinavia
Strikes During 1950
Federal Salary Trends, 1939-50
Wage Chronology for New York City Printers
FOR JUNE
Employment Trends in Mining Industries
The UAW-CIO Convention
Prevalence of 2nd and 3rd Shifts in Metalworking
Family Spending Habits in Memphis
Plus the Regular Departments
The Labor Month in Review . . . Court Decisions . . . Book
N otes . . . Industrial Relations Activities . . . Current Labor
Statistics . . . Chronology of Labor Events
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The Labor Month
in Review
L eaders of organized labor agreed to join the
National Advisory Board on Mobilization Policy
after a conference with President Truman, April 5.
High point of union activity during the 5-week
absence of labor representatives from all defense
mobilization agencies was the March 21 meeting
of 1,000 union leaders in Washington, called by the
United Labor Policy Committee.
A series of collective-bargaining settlements,
reached during March, appearing to break through
the 10-percent allowable wage “catch-up” formula
awaited reconstitution of the Wage Stabilization
Board before being acted upon. Administration
officials worked throughout the month on plans
for reorganizing defense agencies and policies.
For the first time since Chinese intervention in
Korea, the rapid rise of prices showed signs of
abating.
Labor Accepts Defense Advisory Posts
Union leaders, acting through the United Labor
Policy Committee, accepted membership on the
new National Advisory Board on Mobilization
Policy at a meeting with President Truman, April
5, marking the end of a 5-week union absence from
the defense mobilization agencies.
The 17-man Advisory Board will be composed
of 4 members each from labor, management, agri
culture, and the public, with Defense Mobilization
Director Wilson acting as chairman. The Board,
responsible directly to the President, met first on
April 9; it will meet at least monthly in the future.
William Green and George Meany of the AFL
and Philip Murray and Walter P. Reuther of the
CIO were appointed as the four labor members of
the Board by the President.
ULPC leaders expressed the hope that the deci
sion to join the Mobilization Advisory Board
would pave the way for return of labor to partici
pation on other defense agencies from which they
withdrew entirely February 28.
United Labor Policy Committee Meeting
Organized labor’s dissatisfaction with political
and economic aspects of the administration of
defense mobilization dominated labor develop
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ments throughout March; this dissatisfaction was
dramatized in Washington on March 20 and 21.
On the call of the United Labor Policy Committee,
composed of AFL, CIO, Machinist, and Railroad
union leaders, 1,000 trade-unionists met together
in demonstration of labor unity. Not since the
AFL-sponsored rally in support of the Wagner
bill in the spring of 1935 has such unison of purpose
been shown by American labor unions.
A seven-point “Declaration of Principles” was
adopted pledging wholehearted support to the
defense effort of the Nation. Calling for “equality
of sacrifice,” the Declaration insisted on “equality
of representation” for “the major groups in our
economy.” Crystalizing arguments which had
been advanced by ULPC leaders during the fort
night preceding the meeting, the declaration
itemized labor’s position on defense mobilization:
1. Revision of the Defense Production Act “in
the national interest and not for special interests”
to replace the present law which expires June 30,
1951.
2. Stronger and simpler price controls. “No
one should be allowed to profiteer out of the
national emergency,” it stated. Fair returns to
the farmers through the parity system were en
dorsed.
3. A flexible wage stabilization policy. Any
decision to join a reconstituted Wage Stabilization
Board was limited to June 30 or until the provi
sions of the new Defense Production Act are
known.
4. More housing and “tight rent controls.”
5. Revision of the tax structure to insure
“equality of sacrifice.”
6. Solution of civilian manpower problems by
voluntary methods.
7. Equal participation in the defense mobiliza
tion program by all segments of the Nation in
order to “inspire renewed public confidence and
public support.”
Organized labor sought the support of other
sections of the population for its demand for a
substantial revision of the defense economy. In
the days following the March 21 meeting, ULPC
leaders voiced sharpened criticisms of the defense
program until the agreement to participate on the
President’s Advisory Board.
Wage Agreements Pending
During March several significant labor-manage
ment negotiations produced wage agreements
m
rv
THE LABOR MONTH IN REVIEW
appearing to exceed the 10 percent “catch-up”
formula of the Wage Stabilization Board. Eco
nomic Stabilizer Eric Johnston declared his
inability to approve the new settlements until the
WSB was reconstituted. The three union mem
bers resigned from WSB on February 15. Strike
threats were made by packinghouse and by ship
yard workers to enforce their new wage agree
ments. Wage settlements for both cotton and
woolen textile workers and by TV musicians added
still other cases to the accumulating docket of
unapproved increases.
The first cost-of-living review for a million non
operating railroad workers under their March 1
agreement gave them a 6-cent-an-hour adjust
ment when the February 15 Adujusted Con
sumer’s Price Index of the Bureau of Labor
Statistics was announced at a record high of
183.8. When added to the 12.5-cents-an-hour
gain in their March 1 contract, wage increases for
this group of workers was above the WSB’s
10-percent “catch-up” formula. Mr. Johnston
was unable to approve this exception to the WSB
formula. An emergency panel was named by
him to determine what action could be taken.
Settlement of the wage-increase problem of the
“nonops” and reconstitution of the Wage Sta
bilization Board became the first order of business
when the National Advisory Board on Mobiliza
tion Policy held its first meeting April 9.
Revision of Defense Agencies
Efforts were made throughout the month to
work out policies and organizational forms which
would induce labor representatives to return to
places in the defense agencies.
ESA Director Johnston advanced plans for an
18-man Wage Stabilization Board. At issue was
the question of powers which the new board would
have over labor-dispute settlements. The ULPC
favored inclusion of nonwage matters in the new
board’s jurisdiction. Management insisted that the
board’s scope be limited strictly to“economic’’issues.
ODM Director Wilson announced that a LaborManagement Advisory Committee would be
established in the Office of Defense Mobilization.
Mr. Wilson said this Advisory Committee will
serve under the joint chairmanship of ODM
Manpower Advisor Arthur S. Flemming and
Frank P. Graham, Defense Manpower Adminis
trator in the Department of Labor.
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By Executive order on March 15, President
Truman created the 17-man National Advisory
Board on Mobilization Policy on which AFL and
CIO union leaders accepted membership on April 5.
The Month’s Economy
For the first time since Chinese intervention in
Korea, the rapid upsweep in prices showed some
evidences of slowing. Beginning February 13, de
clines in some wholesale food prices and in grains
almost offset continuing slow increases in industrial
prices. Also lower were some commodities where
prices were rolled back by specific ceiling regula
tions or, as in the case of tin and rubber where
unified Government purchase control broke the
speculative markets. The weekly Wholesale Price
Index declined in the week ended February 27,
the first such turn since October 1950. The
Agriculture Department’s Farm Price Index for
the month ending March 15 showed a decline of a
little less than 1 percent.
Factors credited with slowing the price advance
included a halt in the boom buying which had
featured January, Federal Reserve Board credit
restrictions, and increased effectiveness of OPS
controls. Price rollbacks were ordered for cattle
hides and skins; the rollback for tallow, solid oils,
and soap lowered retail soap prices as much as 2
cents a bar.
Price Stabilisation Director DiSalle announced
3 orders bringing 60 percent of groceries under
percentage margin controls on March 28. By
April 6, over 1,600 products were covered by more
than 110 controls issued either by OPS or NPA.
Employment continued high. The labor market
tightened gradually. Unemployment in March
dropped to 2.1 million, lowest figure for this month
since the end of World War II. Nonfarm em
ployment continued at an all-time high, with the
greatest gains being in manufacturing. Defense
contract allocations of 4.4 billions in January and
3.3 billions in February pointed toward still more
marked increases in metalworking employment.
Continuing this winter’s abnormal activity, con
struction employment in February of 2.2 million
marked a new high; construction expenditures of
2.1 billions for March, 21 percent above March
1950, brought new construction volume for the
first quarter of 1951 to the highest figure ever re
corded. Automobile production continued ahead
of 1950.
Elements of Soviet Labor Law
Part II.
Vladimir Gsovski*
ote.
This is the second of two articles
by Dr. Gsovski on Soviet labor law as it affects the
Soviet equivalent of “ free” labor. The first dealt
with the generally punitive character of Soviet
labor law, managerial and working pressures
which created conditions for industrial conflict,
the deterioration oi the trade-unions, and the
collapse of collective bargaining.
E d it o r ’s N
Labor’s Loss of Freedom on the Job
T h e constant in c r ea se of managerial power over
workers since the suppression of private enterprise
in the Soviet Union is revealed by successive
amendments to some individual provisions of the
Labor Code. Provisions defining the right of the
employer to dismiss the employee summarily be
cause of failure to appear for work may serve as
an illustration. The Labor Code of 1922 incorpo
rated the provision of Czarist law 1 permitting
management to dismiss a worker for failure to
appear without justifiable reason for 3 consecutive
days or for 6 days during a month.2 In 1927,
this was changed.3 Failure to appear for a total
of any 3 days during a month constituted grounds
for dismissal. In 1932,4 only 1 day’s unjustified
absence was sufficient and mandatory ground for
dismissal of a worker in a government enterprise,
to be followed by an automatic eviction, without
a court action, from the living quarters which he
occupied because of his employment.
An act of December 28, 1938, was directed
against tardiness, leaving work before the sched
uled time, undue prolonging of lunch time, and
loitering on the job.5 Those who committed such
infractions were subject to warning or to transfer
to lower grade jobs. Three violations in 1 month
or four in 2 months, led to dismissal (sec. 1).
An official interpretation of the act, issued on Jan
uary 9, 1939,® states that penalties milder than
dismissal should be applied only in cases of tardi
ness not exceeding 20 minutes. A single tar
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diness exceeding 20 minutes should result in im
mediate dismissal.
Later, by an edict of June 26, 1940,7job freezing
was enacted, and unauthorized quitting was made
an offense punishable in court by imprisonment.
Then, according to the Soviet jurists, the possi
bility arose that a worker might purposely fail to
appear on time in order to be dismissed and
thereby obtain a chance to find a better job.
Therefore, the June 1940 edict rescinded manda
tory dismissals for tardiness and absenteeism and
declared them to be offenses punishable by dis
ciplinary penalty in case of tardiness or court
sentence for absenteeism.
The act of December 28, 1938, made managers
subject to dismissal and penal prosecution in
court for failure to inflict the prescribed penalties
(sec. 2).
The Standard Rules of Internal Labor Organiza
tion, enacted on January 18, 1941,8 stress that
‘‘every violation of labor discipline shall entail
either a disciplinary penalty or prosecution in
court” (sec. 19). Disciplinary penalty is imposed
by management as soon as it becomes aware of
the violation. The imposition of the penalty
does not relieve the employee from the duty to
compensate for damage caused by any defective
work.
Among the violations, the rules specify tardi
ness, loitering on the job, absenteeism, and un
authorized quitting of the job (secs. 21, 25, 26).
Coming to work late, going out for lunch ahead
of time, being late in returning from lunch, or
385
386
ELEMENTS OF SOVIET LABOR LAW
leaving work ahead of time, if done without a
justifiable reason, subjects the worker to man
agerial discipline in instances where the loss of
time does not exceed 20 minutes and does not
occur thrice a month or four times within two
consecutive months. In the latter instances vio
lators are considered absentees and are punished
in court.
If an employee appears at work in a state of
intoxication, he is guilty of absenteeism (sec. 26).
Unauthorized quitting a job is an offense punish
able in court. Loitering on the job is subject to
disciplinary penalties.
The application of so many penal clauses raised
fine legal problems for Soviet jurists, who have
perhaps shown an attachment more for legal
niceties than common sense. Following is a dis
cussion of the legal definition of sleeping on the
job in a treatise on Soviet labor law printed in
1946:9
The question whether loitering on the job or
sleeping during working hours should be considered
absenteeism came up in judicial practice several
times. Legal writers answered this question in
various ways. Some thought that “there is no
reason to exclude . . . loitering on the job from the
concept of absenteeism” 10 [reference on an article in
a law review is made], while others were of the
opposite opinion [another reference].11
From the comparison of sections 21 and 26 of the
Standard Rules of Internal Order, it becomes evident
that loitering on the job, regardless of how long it
lasts and how often it occurs, entails a disciplinary
penalty and not punishment in court. Sleeping
during working hours is a form of loitering on the job
and therefore should not be considered absenteeism.
This conclusion is supported by the following ruling
of the Trial Criminal Division of the U. S. S. R.
Supreme Court: “Insofar as sleeping on the job is a
violation of labor discipline, not connected with the
absence of the worker from his post but, on the con
trary, necessarily presumes his presence there, such
an offense may not be qualified as absenteeism.
Being a kind of loitering, sleeping during working
hours, if it did not and could not cause serious harm,
must be visited by disciplinary penalty.” 12
Leaving the place of employment without the
express permission of management has been pun
ishable in court by imprisonment for from 2 to 4
months since June 26,1940. Previously a month’s
notice by the employee was adequate for quitting.13
In defense industry the penalty would be imprison
ment up to 8 years.14
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MONTHLY LABOR
The provisions relating to this penalty are
broadly interpreted. Thus, an employee who,
twice convicted for absenteeism and serving a com
pulsory labor sentence at the place of his employ
ment in lieu of jail, commits absenteeism (tardiness
of more than 20 minutes) again, must be prose
cuted for unauthorized quitting.15 An employee
who violates the shop rules for the purpose of being
dismissed must be prosecuted in a like manner.16
The U. S. S. K. Supreme Court has also held:
A lengthy failure to appear for work may be con
sidered absenteeism only in instances where the court
has established that the employee had no intention to
quit the given job. If the court establishes that the
person concerned intentionally stayed away from work
with the design to quit it without authorization, such
act must be qualified as quitting of the job without
authorization even if the perpetrator appears again on
the job before the trial.17
Finally, by the Edict of October 19, 1940, Gov
ernment department heads were authorized to
allow to transfer certain categories of technical
personnel and skilled labor, regardless of their
wishes, from one establishment to another. A
series of decrees lists the jobs coming under the
decree. Failure to obey the transfer is punished
as unauthorized leaving of the job.18 It is charac
teristic that the imposition of penalties for infrac
tion of labor discipline are heard in court by a single
professional judge with the exclusion of two lay
“assessors” required for all other trials.19
In several branches of industry especially severe
rules of discipline are established granting the
“bosses” power to impose penal confinement up
to 20 days at their own discretion without a court
action.
Railroad employees were placed under strict
military discipline in 1943 by virtue of a special
disciplinary code.20 Arrests not to exceed 20 days
could be imposed at the discretion of a superior.
Appeals could be made to the next higher superior
whose decision is final, but appeal had to be filed
within 3 days with the superior who imposed the
penalty. No court appeal is permitted.
Similar provisions are contained in the new dis
ciplinary codes for the following employees: mari
time and inland waterways transportation lines;
the main bureau of the Civil Air Fleet; postal,
telegraph, and radio systems; and municipal elec
tric power plants. Militarized watchmen of ware-
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
ELEMENTS OF SOVIET LABOR LAW
houses and workmen in air defense and fire protec
tion of defense industries are also covered.
Wages and Hours
The Labor Code of 1922, enacted when limited
private enterprise was tolerated, provided for pay
ment by time or by piece, leaving the determina
tion of individual pay to the individual employ
ment contract or to collective agreements. The
remuneration was not, however, to be less than
the minimum wage fixed by competent authority
(secs. 58-60). These provisions may be con
sidered totally out of date. In the first place, the
principle of piecework since 1931 has been given
official preference and, by 1934, 70 percent of the
work done in large industrial plants was paid for
by piece rate. Secondly, the practice of making
collective agreements was abandoned for 14 years
inl933 when “the transition from regulation of
wages by a contract to their regulation by the Gov
ernment was completed.” 21 When collective agree
ments were resumed in 1947, only such rates of
wages could be included as were previously estab
lished by the Government. The all-embracing
governmental plan, Soviet writers declare, does
not exclude collective agreements altogether, as
some of them thought in 1946, but certainly ex
cludes wages from bargaining.22 The definition
of schedules and rates of wages and salaries is
reserved to the higher agencies of the principal
employer—the Government. As the official com
pilation of labor laws of 1947 puts it:
The amount of wages and salaries is at the present
time fixed by the decisions of the Government (or on
the basis of its directives) .
The agreement of parties plays a subordinate role
in the determination of the amount of wages or
salaries. It should not be contrary to law and is
allowed only within limits strictly provided for by
the statute, for example, where the precise amount is
fixed in instances in which the approved table of organ
ization defines the rate as “from”— “to” ; or fixing the
remuneration for part-time employment of a person
holding another position, and the like.23
The schedules established by the Government
are subject to constant changes and are too com
plex to be analyzed in the present article. It
should suffice to state three basic features com
mon to all schedules: highly progressive piece
work rates, bonuses, and, absence of a guaranteed
minimum wage. Bonuses are of two kinds; those
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387
based upon output and periodically paid as part
of the wages; and individual bonuses given at the
discretion of the administration. The overriding
principle is that in order to receive the minimum
rate the worker “must attain the standard of out
put prescribed for him.” (Labor Code, sec. 57
as amended in 1934).
Originally the Labor Code as enacted in 1922
(when some private enterprise existed) left deter
mination of the standard of output to agreement
between the administration of the plant or factory
and the appropriate trade-union.
But since the Acts of June 4, 1938, and January
14, 1939, the revision of standards of output has
been in the hands of the Ministers in charge of
the individual industry branches who must, how
ever, consult the Central Council of the Trade
Unions, i. e., the labor department (supra, Part I),
but not the individual unions. As an example,
the official textbook on labor law of 1944 refers
to the Order of the Minister of the Aviation Indus
try of April 20, 1942, No. 117. By this order,
new standards of output and new rates are to be
approved by the directors of individual plants
upon the recommendation of the heads of the
shops, and immediately put into effect.24 In
some instances, standards of output and rates
are directly enacted by the Council of Ministers
(prior to March 1946, of People’s Commissars),
e. g., the schedule for the cotton textile industry
and for motor transportation.25 Thus, the tradeunions, though controlled by the Government and
the Communist Party, have in certain instances
no part in establishing the major conditions deter
mining wages.
As mentioned in Part I, the Edict of the Pre
sidium of June 26, 1940, lengthened the working
day from 7 to 8 hours for plants and offices, except
for especially dangerous jobs, for which the
6-hour day was retained. Moreover, the edict
restored the 6-day workweek with Sunday as the
day of rest.26 Since 1931 there had been a 5-day
work schedule with each sixth day a day of rest.
This meant an addition of 33 hours per month for
laborers and of 58 hours for office workers. Sala
ries paid on a time basis remained unchanged, and
the piecework rates were correspondingly lowered
to keep wages at the same level.27
It should also be mentioned that on June 26,
1941,28 the management of individual enterprises
could impose mandatory daily overtime up to 3
388
ELEMENTS OF SOVIET LABOR LAW
MONTHLY LABOR
hours. Minors under 16 years of age were limited
to 2 hours overtime a day. Pregnant women from
the sixth month on, and those nursing babies dur
ing the first month of nursing, were exempted.
This overtime may, however, be considered only
as a wartime emergency.
property issued for the use of an employee, he is
liable to pay up to fivefold the amount of damage.31
The same rate applies to theft, unaccountable
shortage, or mishandling of industrial products
in governmental stores, but based on the com
mercial or black market price.
Financial Responsibility of Employees
Arbitration and Conciliation
A particular feature of the Soviet labor law is
the financial responsibility of the worker for any
damages to the employer caused by the worker.
There are three types of such responsibility: lia
bility for the full amount of actual damage, lia
bility limited to a certain portion of the em
ployee’s pay, and liability exceeding actual
damage several fold.
Liability for the full amount is charged when
a criminal offense is established in court, when
liability is stipulated in writing in the employ
ment contract or is provided for by special laws,
or when damage is caused outside the perform
ance of the employee’s regular course of em
ployment. (Labor Code, sec. 831).
Liability is limited to one-third of the scheduled
rate if the damage is caused by negligence in
work, by a violation of law not constituting a
criminal offense, or by a violation of shop rules
or the employer’s special instructions and orders.
This type of liability applies in cases of injury,
destruction, or loss of equipment or livestock, in
cases of failure to collect full payments, of loss
or depreciation of documents entrusted, and also
where the employer has been forced to make un
necessary payments, including penalties. The
same responsibility arises in case of improper ex
penditure of money assigned for business needs
(Labor Code, sec. 83).
The liability of an employee is greater if he
spoils, through negligence, raw material or semi
finished or finished products. He then is liable
for up to two-thirds of his average earnings rather
than of his scheduled rate.29
The greatest liability rests on managers of
fuel stocks at machine-tractor stations and
governmental farms for shortages of fuel—10 times
the value of the shortage, provided their acts do
not incur penal prosecution.30 In case of theft,
wanton destruction, or intentional spoilage of raw
materials, semifinished or finished products, as
well as of instruments, work clothes, and other
With the elimination of collective bargaining
in 1933, the arbitration procedure originally
devised for settling labor disputes has also under
gone a change. After collective bargaining was
resumed in 1947, the Soviet jurists drew a dis
tinction between disputes involving establishment
or change of labor conditions and those arising
from the application of conditions already estab
lished. For all practical purposes, they say, only
the second group comes under the special arbitral
procedure originally devised for both. Establish
ment of labor conditions and their change are at
present within the province of the administration.32
Conciliation boards and arbitral boards, estab
lished to resolve disputes over labor conditions,
under the Labor Code and Act of August 29, 1928
(which remain on the statute book),33 went out of
existence after the People’s Commissariat for
Labor was replaced by the Central Council of
Trade-unions in 1933.34
The piece-rate and dispute boards established
at that time in each establishment are still in
existence, but since January 2, 1933, “ the principal
part of their function regarding piece rating, viz.,
establishment of standards of output and piece
rates, fell off,” according to the official textbook
on labor law of 1946.35 They are, in fact, boards
for settling disputes between individual employees
and management concerning the application of
the existing labor regulations, that is to say, like
grievances committees. In some instances the
aggrieved party must bring his grievance before
the board before going to court or elsewhere.
Representatives of the management and of the
workers’ committee have equal votes, and if no
accord is reached the aggrieved may go to court.
The awards are final but may be revised ex oificio
by higher authorities; if they set the award aside
the aggrieved party may then go to court.
In some other instances there is a choice
between going to court or to the board. Conse
quently, the Soviet regulation of labor disputes
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REVIEW, APRIL 1951
ELEMENTS OF SOVIET LABOR LAW
offers the employee, at best, redress against
individual abuses committed by the management.
But there are also instances in which the party
may not appeal to a court or board but only to
higher administrative authorities.36 This is true
of the branches of employment in which the
management, through the so-called Disciplinary
Codes enjoys especially broad disciplinary powers.
An employee in these branches, if penalized by the
administration, may not appeal to the court or
conciliation board but only to higher superiors in
the establishment. (See supra, p. 386.)
Conscript Labor
As mentioned above, every employee since 1940
has been frozen on the job. Numerous categories
of employees may be transferred, regardless of
personal preference (supra, p. 386).
However, the Soviet jurists point out, that in
many instances under the Soviet law employment
is also created by administrative act.37 An
example of this is the draft of youths for industrial
labor.
The Edict of October 2, 1940,38 authorized the
Council of People’s Commissars (since 1946,
Council of Ministers) to draft annually from
800,000 to 1,000,000 youths of from 14 to 17 years
of age for training in trade schools and railroad
schools to become skilled laborers, or for special
on-the-job training (shkoly jabrichno-zavodskogo
obucheniia) to become “ mass workers,” as the law
termed it, in the mining, metal, and building indus
tries. The training period is from 6 months to 2
years only, thus making it clear that these schools
are not educational institutions but merely training
projects.
The curriculum is designed not only for indus
trial training but also for political indoctrination
and militarization of labor. No particular num
ber of hours is reserved for the study of general
subjects, but 2 hours a week are assigned to
political indoctrination. The trainees wear a spe
cial uniform and live under a regime similar to
that of a military school. They must observe the
rules of military courtesy. For example, the rules
of March 15, 1947, prescribed the following stand
ard of conduct:
S ectio n 7. When the instructor approaches, the
trainee must get up and he may not sit down until
the instructor passes by or gives him permission to
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389
sit down. When the instructor addresses him the
trainee must stand at attention. If the trainee has
to pass by the instructor, he must ask permission to
do so, e. g., “Allow me to pass by.”
By the Edict of the Presidium of June 19,
1947,39 the draft age was changed, and it was made
clear that youths of both sexes are subject to the
draft. For training in the vocational and railroad
service schools, boys from 14 to 17 years of age and
girls from 15 to 16 years of age may be drafted.
For schools of industrial training, boys and girls
from 16 to 18 years of age, and for underground
work in coal and mining industries, as well as for
smelters, foundries, welding, and drilling in metal
lurgy and oil industries, boys up to 19 years of age
may be drafted.
After training, the labor draftees are obliged to
work for 4 years in Government factories, plants,
mines, etc., as assigned by the Ministry of Labor Re
serves. The draftees are paid regular wages, equal
to those of other workers. Until the expiration
of their term of obligation, labor draftees are de
ferred from military service.
Leaving school without authorization, and
other violations of school discipline subject the
young people to penalties of up to 1 year in a re
formatory.40 The number of young men to be
drafted from the cities is determined by quotas
established for each year. From the collective
farms (the rural population), 2 young people for
each 100 persons between the ages of 14 and 55 are
drafted. Drafts of 600,000 were ordered in No
vember 1940 and in June 1941.41 In the year
1946-47, 1,700,000 boys and girls were trained 42
and according to the report of the Minister of
Labor Reserves in 1950 more than half of the
workers in the largest U. S. S. R. enterprises are
young persons trained under this program.43
Aside from the draft, orphans 12 to 15 years
may be assigned to special schools of industrial
training for 3 or 4 years. They are subject to
all duties of the draftees and their number is
included in the above figures. Available regula
tions do not indicate that consent of the orphans
or of their guardians is required.
Moreover, graduates from higher educational
institutions (universities) and vocational schools
on the level of technical high schools (tekhnikum)
must work for 3 or 5 years 44 at jobs assigned by
the ministry in charge of the particular school.
Failure to take the appointment is treated as an
390
ELEMENTS OF SOVIET LABOR LAW
offense punishable in court as absenteeism or un
authorized quitting of the job.45
Finally, several wartime laws were enacted
drafting labor for work in various branches of in
dustry regardless of location.46
These elements of conscript and forced “free”
labor exist in the Soviet Union in addition to the
outright convict labor in labor camps operated by
the Ministry of Interior (M. V. D.). Discussion of
them is outside the scope of this article, which
is devoted exclusively to the Soviet group which is
the nearest counterpart of our free labor.
In discussing the general situation of postwar
free employment, Soviet writers themselves plainly
indicate that “voluntary” employment under
Soviet conditions is not much different from con
script labor. A treatise by Dogadov on the de
velopment of the Soviet labor law, which ap
peared in 1949, states:
In the socialist society there is no difference in
principle and quality between drafted labor and labor
performed by voluntary entering into labor relations
by taking of employment. When we are saying that
in the socialist society the principle of voluntary
labor is recognized we are not speaking of recognition
of some kind of abstract principle of free labor and
trade in a liberal and bourgeois sense, a principle
which would be treated as a value per se.
Under the conditions of socialist society . . . it is
impossible to secure the principle “from each accord
ing to his ability” without a pressure by the state and
law regarding the universal duty to work.47
It is clear that the “voluntary employment”
still to be found in some branches of Soviet in
dustry is far from our concept of free labor.
Jobs are frozen. Worker and manager are
under equally heavy penalties, both criminal and
civil. Millions of future Soviet citizens, while
still only 12 to 14 years old, are assigned for
training at jobs selected for them by the authori
ties, without necessary regard for personal prefer
ences or those of their parents or guardians.
Professionals, for considerable time after gradua
tion, are denied the right to go into a job of their
own choosing. This is the general picture of
“ free” labor in the Soviet State.
*Chief, Foreign Law Section. Law Library, Library of Congress.
1 Code of Industrial Labor, Sec. 62, subsec. (1) (1913 ed.) Svod Zakonov,
Voi. X I, Part 2.
2 Soviet Labor Code, sec. 47, subsec. (f) as enacted in 1922.
2 Idem, as amended on August 22,1927, R. S. F. S. R. Laws, 1927, text 577.
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For other reasons of premature dismissal, see Gsovski, Soviet Civil Law,
Vol. I, p. 801.
4 Act of November 20, 1932, R. S. F. S. R. Laws, 1932, text 371.
8 Act of December 28, 1938, U. S. S. R. Laws, 1939, text 1.
6 Interpretation of January 9, 1939, Izvestiia, January 9, 1939.
7 Edict of Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, Vedomosti, Nos. 20 and 28,
1940. This edict is treated as being still in force in 1949, by Z. Vyshinskaia,
Crimes in the Field of Labor Relations (in Russian 1949), pp. 83, etc., 89.
8 U. S. S. R. Laws, 1941, text 63.
8 Aleksandrov, joint author, Soviet Labor Law (in Russian, 1946), p. 279.
10 The author refers to D ubovsky “ Concept of Absenteeism” in Soviet
Justice (in Russian), No. 1,1940.
11 The author refers to Moskalenko, “The N ew Rules of Internal Order’'
idem, No. 11.
12 U . S. S. R. Supreme Court, Criminal Trial Division, Decision of Janu
ary 25,1943, quoted from Judicial Practice of the U . S. S. R. Supreme Court
(in Russian), 1943, No. 4, p. 14.
18 Lex cit. supra, note 5.
14 Edict of December 26, 1941, sec. 2, Vedomosti, 1942, No. 2.
16 U. S. S. R. Supreme Court, Ruling of July 7, 1941, Collection of Rulings
of the U. S. S. R. Supreme Court from June 23, 1941, to March 1,1942, p. 9.
Aleksandrov, op. cit. supra, note 9, p. 283.
16 Idem. Ruling of December 15,1941, op. cit., p. 21.
>7 Idem. Ruling of October 22,1942 in Judicial Practice of the U. S. S. R.
Supreme Court (in Russian), 1942, No. 2, p. 4.; Aleksandrov, foe. cit.
18 Edict of Presidium of the U. S. S. R. Supreme Soviet of October 19,1940,
Vedomosti, 1940, No. 42. For citations of decrees specifying jobs coming
under the edict, see Gsovski, Soviet Civil Law, vol. I, p. 830, note 132. The
edict is treated in Z. Vyshinskaia, op. cit. supra, note 7, as being still in force
in 1949.
19 Edict of Presidium of the IT. S. S. R. Supreme Soviet of August 10,1940,
Vedomosti, 1940, No. 28.
20 Collection of legislation for Workers of Railroads (in Russian, 1944),
pp. 186-188.
21 Aleksandrov, op. cit. supra, note 9, p. 51.
22 Moskalenko, “ Legal Problems Involved in Collective Agreements” in
Trade-Unions (in Russian), 1947, No. 8, p. 16; also Aleksandrov, op. cit., p. 203,
211, etc.
23 Aleksandrov and other compilers, Goliakov, editor, Legislation concern
ing Labor (in Russian, 1947), p. 65, also Gsovski, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 808.
24 Aleksandrov and Moskalenko, Soviet Labor Law (in Russian, 1944), p. 94.
25 Act of August 15, 1938, U. S. S. R. Laws, 1938, text 214, also idem, 1939,
text 119.
26 Vedomosti, 1940, No. 20 and No. 28.
27 Decrees of the Council of People’s Commissars, U . S. S. R. Laws, 1940,
texts 385, 386, 387.
28 Vedomosti, 1941, No. 30.
29 Instruction of the People’s Commissar for Labor of June 1, 1932, sec. 3,
Aleksandrov, op. cit. supra, note 23, p. 135.
30 Act of June 20, 1942, sec. 12; Order of Attorney General of June 23, 1942,
Aleksandrov, op. cit. supra, note 23, p. 136.
31 Id., p. 135; Instruction cit. supra, note 29, secs. 1, 2.
32 Aleksandrov, op. cit. supra, note 9, p. 311, etc., and note 23, p. 242.
33 U. S. S. R. Laws, 1928, text 495.
34 Aleksandrov, op. cit. supra, note 9, p. 313 and note 23, p. 243.
38 Id., p. 314.
36 For enumeration of cases belonging to one or another category, see Gsovski,
Soviet Civil Law, 1948, Vol. I, p. 804-805, notes 46-49.
37 Aleksandrov, op. cit. supra, note 9, p. 137.
38 Tredomos1i, October 9, 1940, No. 37. For these and other acts on this
subject, see Labor Reserves of the U. S. S. R. (in Russian), 1950.
39 Id., 1947, No. 21.
40 Edict of December 28, 1940, Vedomosti, 1941, No. 1.
41 U. S. S. R. Laws, 1940, texts 602, 603, 604, and 673; Izvestiia, June 5, 1941.
42 U. S. S. R. in Large Soviet encyclopedia (Bolshaia Sovetskaia Entsiklopediia), 1947, pp. 163-164.
43 Bureau of Labor Statistics, Notes on Labor Abroad January 1951, N o.
17, p. 15.
44 Aleksandrov, op. cit. supra, note 9, p. 139; Higher Education (in Russian,
1945), p. 170.
48 Orders of the U. S. S. R. Commissar for Justice of September 25, No.
125/171 and of December 4, 1939, No. 173/207, Aleksandrov, op. cit. supra,
note 23, p. 12.
48 For citation and translation, see Gsovski, Soviet Civil Law, Vol. I, p.
832, etc., Vol. II, p. 548. etc.
47 Dogadov, “ History of Development of the Soviet Labor Law” in Uchenye
Zapiski of Leningrad University, Series of Legal Sciences, No. 2 (in Russian
1949), p. 163, 166.
Services of Washington, D. C., and many other
social work organizations.
Economie Status
of Social Workers
in 1950
Annual Salaries
R apidly ex pa n d in g national interest in social
services has centered attention upon the economic
status of social workers. They are the key work
ers in a wide variety of public and private welfare
programs including public assistance for which
the Nation spends annually about $2% billion.1
In 1950, an estimated 75,000 social workers were
employed at an average annual salary of $2,960.2
In order to find out more about the earnings of
these workers, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in
cooperation with the Federal Security Agency,
the National Social Welfare Assembly, and the
National Council on Social Work Education,
conducted a Nation-wide survey.3 Valuable as
sistance was provided by the Metropolitan Life
Insurance Co., the American Red Cross, the
American Association of Social Workers, the
Volunteer Division of the United Community
T able
1.—
A verage
1annual
Position
s a la r ie s
United
States
2of
Women, who comprised nearly 70 percent of all
social workers in the country, earned an average
annual salary of $2,800 in 1950—slightly less than
the $2,960 average for all social workers (table 1).
The men received $3,430. Part of this differential
is explained by the greater proportion of men in
the higher paying positions.
Case or group workers, who account for 60
percent of all social work positions in the country,
earned an average of $2,730; their supervisors
averaged $3,610. In each position, men received
more than women ($200 for case workers, $240
for supervisors), despite the fact that women
reported more undergraduate education and more
graduate level social-work education than men
in comparable work.
Social workers with executive responsibility
averaged $3,700. Other workers in the field,
engaged in teaching, research, and consultation,
averaged $3,710.
The Federal Government paid the highest
salaries for all social-work positions, with annual
averages ranging from $4,000 for case or group
workers to $5,880 for those social workers engaged
in teaching, research, consulting, etc. Private
s o c ia l w o r k e r s b y p o s i t i o n , se x , a n d r e g io n ,3 1 9 5 0
N ew
England
Middle
Atlantic
Border
States
South
east
Great
Lakes
Middle
West
South
west
M oun
tain
Pacific
A ll workers
All positions _________________________________
Case or group workers . . . _ ___
__________
Supervisors of case or group workers,, _ _______
Executives_______________________ ________
O ther4. _ _ _
______ __ _
____ _
$2, 960
2,730
3,610
3, 700
3, 710
$3,040
2,740
3,500
3,800
3,360
$3,050
2,780
3,620
4, 270
3, 900
$2,860
2,460
3,810
3,960
3,790
$2,490
2,400
3,180
3,020
3,310
$3,010
2,720
3,600
3,690
3,680
$2, 690
2,400
3,620
3,060
3,410
$2, 770
2,510
3,400
3,610
3,390
$2,850
2, 580
3,460
3,350
3, 700
$3,320
3,060
3, 860
4,280
4,090
M en
All positions. ______. . . _____ ______________ _
Case or group workers _ _ . . ____ ________
Supervisors of case or group w orkers_________
E x e c u t iv e s .,____. . .
. _________________
O ther4________ . _
__ ______ ________
3,430
2, 860
3, 790
4, 430
3,700
3,390
3,030
3,470
4,470
3,680
3, 270
2,780
3,640
4, 650
3,640
3,680
2,740
4, 500
4, 970
3,760
3,600
3,130
4,300
3,740
3,360
3, 500
3,010
3,730
4,250
3,700
3, 290
2,840
3,990
3,670
3,380
2,980
2,820
3,610
4,230
3, 540
3,390
2, 900
3,390
3,800
3,930
3,880
3,220
4, 400
4,940
4, 210
Women
All positions
________________ _ _________ .
Case or group workers______ . _________ . .
Supervisors of case or group w o r k e rs,___ .
Executives_________________________________
O ther4____
__ ___________________ ____
2, 800
2, 660
3, 550
3,180
3, 710
2,810
2, 660
3,520
3, 350
3,110
2,990
2, 790
3,620
3,740
4, 020
2, 670
2,430
3, 700
3, 210
3,840
2,440
2, 280
3,120
2, 760
3, 300
2,800
2, 670
3,460
3,160
3,660
2,490
2,300
3,310
2, 760
3,440
2,630
2, 470
3,100
3,050
3,380
2, 670
2, 530
3, 460
3,070
3,640
3,170
3,040
3, 730
3, 690
4, 060
1 Median.
2 Annual salaries reported in the summer of 1950. These salaries do not
include cash equivalent of any maintenance provided by the employer.
3 The regions used in this study include: New England—Connecticut,
Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Khode Island, and Vermont;
Middle Atlantic—N ew Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Border States—
Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West
Virginia; Southeast—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Caro-
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lina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, M ichi
gan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; Middle West—Iowa, Kansas, M is
souri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Southwest—Arkansas,
Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho,
Montana, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; Pacific—California, Nevada,
Oregon, and Washington.
4Includes teaching, research, consultation, other supervision, etc.
391
ECONOMIC STATUS OF SOCIAL WORKERS
392
agencies paid their social workers on the average
about $1,000 less than the Federal Government.
Executives in private agencies received slightly
less than supervisors of case or group workers,
perhaps because higher salaries are prevalent in
the large private agencies which employ a greater
proportion of supervisors. Lowest salaries were
found in State, county, and other local government
agencies, where the averages ranged from $2,690
for case or group workers to $3,690 for researchers
and consultants.
Average salaries varied widely among different
social-work programs (chart 1). Public assistance
programs (including old-age assistance, aid to
dependent children, to the blind, and to the
permanently disabled, and general assistance)
MONTHLY LABOR
account for 2 out of every 5 social workers in
the country. But they paid next to the lowest
salary wise.
Lowest paid was work with the aged in institu
tions, where cash salaries for social-work positions
averaged $2,490. Annual salaries averaging be
tween $3,000 and $3,370 were received by those
providing aid to families (other than public as
sistance), those in child-welfare activities (except
school social work) and aid to the mentally ill in
hospitals, and those engaged in medical social
work and in group work. Workers in mental
hygiene clinics, with the physically handicapped,
and adult offenders, and school social workers
earned annual salaries ranging between $3,700
and about $3,900. Highest average annual sala-
Charf 1. Average Annual Salaries of Social Workers
BY TYPE OF P R O G R A M , 1950
AVERAGE ANNUAL SALARY
0
$1000
$2000
$3000
$4000
$5000
1 ----------- 1------------ 1------------ 1------------ i-------------1------------p------------ 1------------ 1------------ 1------------ 1
C H IL D W E L F A R E W O R K
NoninstitutionaE
Institutional
Court services
School social work
¡4
P S Y C H IA T R IC S O C I A L W O R K
In clinics
In hospitals'
M E D IC A L S O C IA L W O R K
S O C I A L W O R K R E L A T IN G T O Physically handicapped
A d u lt offenders;
A g e d in institutions.
Public Assistance;
O ther Family Services
O ther Services to Individuals'
G roup W o r k
Community Organization
Teaching Social W o r k
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
--------- ALL PROGRAMS, $2960
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
ECONOMIC STATUS OF SOCIAL WORKERS
ries reported were $4,360 and $4,710 for com
munity service and teaching social work, respec
tively.
Since salary differences among programs may
be based in part upon differences in the propor
tion of each position in the work force, some
comparisons of average annual salaries of case or
group workers among the various programs may
be of value. Annual salaries of case workers
ranged from about $2,500 for those engaged in
public assistance and in institutions for the aged
to $3,700 for those in school social work and work
with the mentally ill in clinics. Approximate
average salaries of case workers in all programs are
summarized below:
JPublic
eon
assistance.
^ > '"[Work with aged in institutions.
'Noninstitutional child welfare (except
court).
$2,700-$2,800__< Institutional child welfare.
Other services to individuals.
,Group work.
’
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2,900-$3,200__
393
Family services.
Court services for children.
{
{
Work with mentally ill in hospitals.
$3,600-$3,800- Medical social work.
School social work.
Work with physically handicapped.
Work in mental hygiene.
Regionally, salaries were highest in the Pacific
States, where Work
they with
averaged
$3,320, and lowest
adult offenders.
in the Southeastern States, $2,490 (chart 2). This
regional pattern prevailed generally both for
State, county, and local governments and for
private agencies. In the former group of agencies,
salaries were almost as low in the Middle West
as in the Southeast. Private agencies in the
Middle Atlantic States were the highest paying
for supervisors of case or group workers and for
executives. This level of salaries probably re
flects the predominance of the large private
agencies in this area.
Salaries tended to increase with amount of
MONTHLY LABOR
ECONOMIC STATUS OF SOCIAL WORKERS
394
Education
experience. However, there was less variation
with experience among case or group workers and
their supervisors than among the higher paid
positions, and in salaries of women than of men.
Supplemental Benefits
Paid vacations of from 2 to 4 weeks were
reported by over 85 percent of the social workers
having at least 1 year’s service in their present
agency. Only 4 percent reported vacations of
less than 2 weeks and only 7 percent reported
more than 4 weeks. Kegionally, the most liberal
vacation plans were found in the Middle Atlantic
States.
In all regions, approximately 70 to 80 percent
of the social workers reported 2 weeks or more of
sick leave after 1 year’s service in the agency.
Again, the Middle Atlantic States offered slightly
more generous plans.
Plans for retirement, paid for at least in part
by the employer, were available to over 70 percent
of the social workers in the country. Covered
were all the Federal workers (except temporary em
ployees, now covered by retirement provisions of
the Social Security Act) about 80 percent of the
State, county, and local government employees,
and about 60 percent of the social workers in
private agencies. Many social workers in com
menting on working conditions said they felt they
should be covered by the Social Security Act.
T a ble 2. — P e r c e n ta g e d i s t r i b u ti o n
Two-thirds of the social workers are college
graduates, and about half reported some graduate
work (table 2). Those employed by the Federal
Government, the highest paid, also are the most
highly educated; almost 90 percent hold bachelor’s
degrees, and almost all of these reported some
graduate work education. Bachelor’s degrees
were held by about 70 percent of the social workers
in private agencies, and 60 percent had had some
graduate work. In the State, county, or other
local governments, where average salaries were
lowest, about 3 out of 5 social workers held
bachelor’s degrees and less than half had had
some graduate work.
The survey indicates that only 2 out of 5
social workers have had specialized graduate
education in schools of social work. As in the case
of general education, employees with the greatest
amounts of specialized graduate education re
ceived the highest salaries.
Those working in mental hygiene clinics had
more social-work education than those in any
other program; almost 95 percent had 1 year or
more of graduate social-work study and over 80
percent had at least 2 years; teachers of social
work were next, with over 80 percent having had 1
year or more. Over 3 out of 5 medical social
workers and workers with the mentally ill in
hospitals reported 1 year or more of such educa-
o f s o c ia l w o r k e r s b y a m o u n t o f e d u c a tio n , t y p e o f p o s i t i o n , a n d
se x , 1 9 5 0
Percentage of employees
Amount of education
Case or group
workers
All positions
Supervisors of case
or group workers
Other positions i
Executives
Both Men Wom Both Men Wom Both Men Wom Both Men Wom Both Men Wom
sexes
en
sexes
en
en
en sexes
en sexes
sexes
All education:2
High school or le ss.- ------- ---------------- -----Less than 2 years of college-------------------------More than 2 years of college------------------------Specialized undergraduate training--------------Bachelor’s degree only-------------------------------No bachelor’s degree but some graduate work.
Bachelor’s degree and some graduate work—
9
7
11
2
19
5
47
12
7
10
1
17
4
49
8
7
12
2
20
6
45
9
7
12
2
23
5
42
11
7
10
1
22
3
46
8
7
13
2
24
6
40
6
4
9
1
9
6
65
12
5
10
1
9
4
59
4
4
8
1
8
7
68
12
8
12
2
11
7
48
13
7
10
1
11
5
53
u
9
13
2
12
8
45
8
5
8
2
13
5
59
12
7
10
3
13
2
53
6
4
7
2
12
6
63
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Social work graduate education:
No work in graduate school of social work----Less than 1 year------ ---------------------------------1 year________________________________ ____
More than 1, but less than 2 y ea rs....................
2 or more years..----------- --------------------------
60
13
5
6
16
66
11
4
5
14
57
14
6
6
17
66
12
5
4
13
73
10
4
3
10
62
13
6
5
14
38
16
6
10
30
56
13
5
6
20
32
16
7
11
34
59
14
5
6
16
59
13
5
6
17
57
15
6
7
15
47
12
7
8
26
59
12
5
4
20
41
12
8
10
29
T otal______________________ ____ —- ..........
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
T otal_______________________ ___________
1 Includes teaching, research, consultation, other supervision, etc.
2 Includes all types of graduate work.
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EVIEW, APRIL 1951
ECONOMIC STATUS OF SOCIAL WORKERS
■ion; 2 out of 5 workers in family service other
than public assistance and in welfare work with
children, except institutional and court work,
reported 1 year or more of graduate social-work
education. Over half of the social workers in all
other programs reported no graduate social-work
education.
About two-thirds of the supervisors but only 2
out of 5 case workers reported graduate work.
Roughly half the executives and three-fifths of the
teachers and researchers had some graduate
training.
Experience in Social Work
More than 5 years of social-work experience was
reported by 3 out of 5 social workers, and 4 out of
5 had more than 2 years’ experience. Among
social-work programs, the most professional ex
perience was reported for teaching, also the
aighest-paid program. Three-quarters of the
teachers had 10 or more years’ experience. Com
munity organization is the next to the highest-paid
program and also accounted for next to the
greatest amount of professional social-work ex
perience. Between 55 and 70 percent of the
workers in all other social-work programs reported
5 or more years’ experience.
395
Still another indicated the need to find his
financial security outside the field of social work.
He stated: “Social work and its ramifications
has been a lifetime hobby. Since social workers
are underpaid by a poorly reasoning society my
insurance has been the study of law and business.”
Several respondents indicated that they actually
planned to leave the field of social work for
financial reasons.
Replies consistently indicated the belief that
educational and experience standards for social
work positions were out of line with the salary
scale. One parole officer pointed out that a
specific qualification for his job was a degree
from a graduate school of social work but that an
applicant without even a high-school diploma
could start as a correctional officer with a salary
$25 in excess of the probation officer’s starting pay.
A respondent with a Ph. D. in social work re
ported that he made “almost the same amount
teaching in college part time evenings and summers
as I do per year in social work—i. e., social work
pays about $1.81 per hour. Teaching $4-$6
per hour . . .”
Many case or group workers expressed concern
about the lack of advancement possibilities in
social work.
•— M a x in e G. S t e w a r t
D ivision of Wage Statistics
Workers’ Attitude Toward Jobs
The suggestion that social workers are partially
compensated by the opportunity to perform a
humanitarian function, and the apparent con
clusion that they should, therefore, not be too
concerned with salary may be discounted by the
comments submitted with the questionnaires.
One reply, typical of many, stated: “Social work
. . . is the most overrated and underpaid ‘pro
fession’ in the job category. If social work is to
take on the same aura as medicine and law, etc.,
commensurate pay scales should be considered.”
Another queried: “Social work is often poorly
paid, and takes long hours. It is very interesting
and has the humanitarian aspect, but with no
raises and poor administration; is it worth it?”
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1 Including social insurance and related programs, this figure would total
$12 billion. Estimates are from a forthcoming study by E. V. Hollis and
Alice L. Taylor titled Social Work Education Looks Ahead scheduled to be
published by the Columbia University Press in September 1951.
2 Average salaries used throughout this report are medians; in other words,
half the workers received more and half received less than the amounts speci
fied.
3 A social worker was defined for survey purposes as any full-time worker in
a social-work position, whether professionally trained or not, and whether
publicly or privately employed. The Bureau estimates that over 60 percent
of the social workers are employed by State, county, or other local govern
ments, about 35 percent by private agencies, and less than 3 percent by the
Federal Government. Data were collected in the course of the survey for case
or group workers who provide direct service to individuals, families, or groups;
supervisors of case or group workers; social workers with executive responsi
bility, such as administrators, assistant administrators, executives, and di
rectors; and other workers who are engaged in teaching, research, consulta
tion, and supervision not related to case or group work.
About 51,000 responded to the survey questionnaire mailed out the spring
of 1950. All the approximately 34,000 social workers in State public assistance
and child welfare agencies participated in the study. Of the estimated 40,000
in other agencies, roughly 50 percent received the questionnaire and over
17,000 responded.
In tabulating the information, each group was given only its proportionate
weight.
Summaries of Studies and Reports
Hosiery Manufacture:
Earnings in October 19501
Full-Fashioned Hosiery
n it t e r s , single-unit or backrack, were the high
est paid among the selected occupations studied
in October 1950 in full-fashioned hosiery mills.
Workers in this occupation averaged more than
$2 an hour in each area—$2.45 in Reading (Pa.);
$2.25 in Charlotte (N. C.); $2.23 in Philadelphia;
$2.18 in Hickory-Statesville (N. C.); and $2.11 in
Winston-Salem-High Point (N. C.). Among the
classes of knitters shown separately, however,
knitters of 42- and 45-gauge hosiery averaged less
than $2 an hour in each area. (See table 1.) Knit
ters of 60-gauge hosiery in the three areas for which
data could be presented, had earnings averaging
from 10 to 22 cents above the corresponding
averages for all knitters combined.
Adjusters and fixers of knitting machines with
4 or more years’ experience, were also among the
higher paid occupations. Their earnings averaged
$1.96 in full-fashioned hosiery mills in HickoryStatesville and more than $2 an hour in each of
the other areas.
Seamers, an occupation in which large numbers
of women are employed, had average earnings
ranging from $1.22 in Hickory-Statesville to $1.42
in Reading. Folding and boxing operations were
generally among the lowest paid of the fullfashioned hosiery occupations studied, with area
averages for women ranging from $1.01 to $1.18
an hour.
Reading usually had the highest average hourly
earnings in the nine occupations for which com
parisons could be made in all five areas; HickoryStatesville had the lowest in a majority of in
stances. The differences between the highest and
lowest area averages ranged from 18 to 44 cents
an hour. Most occupational averages in Reading
396
K
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
were from 5 to 25 cents an hour higher than those
in Philadelphia.
The gauge of hosiery produced in the mills
studied ranged from 42 to 60. The majority of
the knitters in each area, however, wen
knitting 51- to 60-gauge hosiery during the period
studied. The number of sections per machine
also differed, generally ranging from 24 to 32. In
four of the five areas a majority of the knitters
operated machines with 30 or 32 sections; in
Philadelphia about a third were in that category
at the time of the study.
T a b l e 1.— S tr a ig h t- tim e a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s ' f o r s e le c te d
o c c u p a tio n s i n th e f u l l - f a s h i o n e d h o s ie r y i n d u s t r y , s e le c te d
a r e a s , O c to b e r 1 9 5 0
Occupation and sex
HickW in ston Char ory- Phila Read Salemlotte, States- del
ing,
High
phia,
N . C. ville,
Pa.
Point,
Pa.
N . C.
N . C.
Plant occupations
Adjusters and fixers, knitting
machines (4 or more years’
experience) (m en)_____________
Boarders (men and women)______
M en___ _ - ___ __________
W o m e n ...____
_______
Boxers (women)________ ________
Folders (women)________________
Folders and boxers (w om en)3____
Examiners, grey (inspectors, hosiery) (women)_____________ ..
Knitters, single-unit or backrack
(men) *------------------ ------------42 gauge, 24 sections_________
45 gauge, 24 sections-------------45 gauge, 26 sections_________
51 gauge, 24 sections.......... .........
51 gauge, 26 sections_________
51 gauge, 30 sections_________
51 gauge, 32 sections_________
60 gauge, 30 sections_________
60 gauge, 32 sections________
Loopers, toe (1 or more years’
experience) (wom en)_________
Menders, hand (wom en)________
Finish_____________________
Grey.................................... .........
Pairers (women)________________
Preboarders (men and women)---M en_______________________
W omen____________ ________
Seamers (women)_______________
$2.18
1.41
1.37
1. 41
0)
O)
1.14
$1.96
1. 21
1.23
1.21
G)
G)
1.05
$2.11
1.47
1. 45
1.48
1.01
1.11
G)
$2.12
1. 65
G)
G)
0
1. 02
0
$2. 08
1. 46
1.51
1. 44
0
G)
1.18
1.14
1.14
1. 07
1.34
1. 24
2. 25
0
0
1.87
G)
2. 23
2. 24
G)
2. 35
G)
2.18
G)
G)
1.60
G)
2.17
G)
2. 33
G)
G)
2.23
1.86
G)
G)
2. 09
G)
2. 66
G)
G)
G)
2. 45
1. 98
1.97
G)
2. 06
0
0
0
G)
2.67
2.11
1. 27
1.30
G)
G)
1.32
1.33
1. 56
1.28
1.35
1.16
1. 29
1.29
1.30
1.10
1.34
G)
G)
1. 22
1. 29
1.28
1.34
1.23
1.21
1.42
1. 50
1.36
1.30
1. 40
1.46
1.44
1.47
1. 27
1.66
0
0
1.42
G)
G)
G)
1.03
1. 00
1.17
1.10
.97
1.16
0
1.92
0
1.90
G)
2.31
2.16
2. 26
2.26
1. 40
1.31
1.31
1.30
1.14
1.32
1.48
1.21
1.24
Office occupations—Women
Clerks, payroll__________________ 1.07
Clerk-typists---- --------------------- 1.10
Stenographers, general---------------- 1.23
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 Insufficient data to permit presentation of an average.
s Workers performing a combination job of folding and boxing.
< Includes data for workers not shown separately.
1.09
0
1.09
HOSIERY MANUFACTURE—EARNINGS
Seamless Hosiery
Adjusters and fixers of knitting machines in the
Winston-Salem-High Point (N. C.) area in
October 1950 averaged $1.55 an hour in men’s
seamless hosiery mills and $1.49 in mills producing
children’s hosiery (table 2). In the other areas
studied, the average hourly earnings of this group
were $1.41 and $1.38, respectively, in men’s hosiery
mills in Hickory-Statesville (N. C.) and Heading
(Pa), and $1.28 in children’s hosiery mills in
^Chattanooga (Tenn.). Area averages for men
boarders (other than automatic) ranged from
$8 cents to $1.23 an hour.
; Among the selected women’s occupations,
average earnings ranged from 80 cents for hand
menders in Hickory-Statesville to $1.14 an hour
for string knitters in men’s seamless hosiery mills
in Winston-Salem-High Point. About four-fifths
of the area averages for women’s occupations
were between 80 cents and $1 an hour. Toe
loopers, numerically the most important seamless
T a b l e 2. —S tr a i g h t - ti m e a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 1 f o r se le c te d
o c c u p a tio n s i n th e s e a m le s s h o s ie r y i n d u s t r y , se le c te d a r e a s ,
O c to b e r 1 9 5 0
M en’s hosiery
Occupation and sex
Children’s hosiery
WinstonHickWinstonory- Read Salem- Chatta Salemnooga,
High
High
States- ing,
Tenn.
Point,
Pa.
Point,
ville,
N . C.
N . C.
N . C.
Plant occupations—M en
Adjusters and fixers, knitting
machines (4 or more years’
experience)_______________
Boarders, other than auto
m atic___________ _________
Knitters, automatic_________
Knitters, rib________________
Knitters, string_____________
$1.49
$1.41 $1.38
$1.55
$1.28
.97
1.00
(2)
(2)
1.23
0
m
«
1.21
1.15
(2)
1.19
.88
(2)
.99
(2)
(2)
.88
.86
.83
(3)
(2)
.87
1.09
(2)
1.03
.90
(2)
.92
(2)
.85
.92
(2)
(2)
.90
.83
.99
(2)
(2)
(2)
.98
1.10
(2)
1.14
(2)
.84
(2)
.92
(2)
.96
.92
1.01
(2)
(2)
.93
.93
.80
.82
.80
.86
1.02
.85
.85
.85
.86
1. 07
.94
.95
.94
1.03
.95
.89
.94
.86
.96
1.04
.96
1.04
.84
.85
C2)
1.03
1.01
1.06
.96
(2)
(2)
1.00
1.10
1.09
Plant occupations—Women
Boarders, other than autom atic________________ ____
Boxers_____________________
Folders and boxers 3_________
Examiners, grey (inspectors,
hosiery)------------------------ _Knitters, autom atic...................
Knitters, rib________________
Knitters, string______ ____ _
Knitters, transfer___________
Loopers, toe (1 or more years’
experience)..._____________
Menders, hand______________
Finish__________________
Grey_______________ ____
Pairers..........................................
.93
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
3 Insufficient data to permit presentation of an average.
3 Workers performing a combination job of folding and boxing.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
hosiery occupation studied, earned on the average,
93 cents, $1.02, and $1.07, respectively, in the
three areas studied in the men’s hosiery branch
and 95 cents and $1.05 in the two areas producing
children’s hosiery.
Virtually all area averages for men were from 5 to
12 cents an hour higher than for women in 4
occupations in which both were employed. In
nearly all seamless hosiery occupations, for which
comparisons of average earnings could be made
among the areas studied, men’s hosiery mills
in Winston-Salem-High Point ranked highest.
A special study of men’s seamless hosiery mills
in the three areas showed that the immediate
effects of the new 75-cent minimum wage estab
lished January 25, 1950, by amendment of the
Fair Labor Standards Act were quite pronounced.
The proportion of workers receiving less than 75
cents an hour in Hickory-Statesville dropped from
40 percent in October 1949 to 2 percent in March
1950; in Reading, from 31 to 3 percent; and in
Winston-Salem-High Point, from 13 to 2 percent
of all workers. The effects were even more
evident when consideration is limited to women
workers. In Hickory-Statesville, 51 percent of
the women averaged less than 75 cents an hour in
October 1949 as contrasted to 2 percent in March
1950; in Reading the respective percentages for
the two periods were 38 and 2 and in WinstonSalem-High Point, 18 and 3.
The average hourly earnings of all workers in
men’s seamless hosiery mills in Hickory-Statesville
increased from 83 cents in October 1949 to 90
cents in March 1950. In Reading, the corre
sponding averages were 88 cents and 94 cents and
in Winston-Salem-High Point, $1 and $1.03.
In October 1950, workers in these three areas
averaged 93 cents, 99 cents, and $1.09, respectively.
.91
1. 05
.83
C2)
(2)
.95
Office occupations— Women
Clerks, payroll......... ....... ..........
C lerk -typ ists_______________
Stenographers, general_______
397
.97
(2)
(2)
Related Wage Practices
A scheduled workweek of 40 hours was reported
for virtually all establishments studied, except
full-fashioned hosiery mills in Winston-SalemHigh Point and seamless hosiery mills in Reading.
In each of these areas about a fourth of the workers
were employed in plants having work schedules
longer than 40 hours, but not over 48 a week.
Second and third shifts were in operation in all
areas; from 14 to 24 percent of the full-fashioned
hosiery workers and 10 to 15 percent of those
398
WOOD-FURNITURE—EARNINGS
employed in seamless hosiery mills in the various
areas were working on second shifts. From 5 to
11 percent of the full-fashioned and 3 to 6 percent
of the seamless hosiery workers were employed on
third shift operations. Extra pay was provided
for a majority of the second shift workers in only
one full-fashioned and two seamless hosiery areas.
Premium pay for third shift work was more
prevalent.
Paid holidays, typically 5 days annually, were
provided by full-fashioned hosiery mills employ
ing most of the workers in Philadelphia and Read
ing, and about one of every nine workers in Win
ston-Salem-High Point. In the seamless hosiery
branch, only one area reported any paid holidays
for plant workers—about a fifth of the workers in
Reading were in mills which granted 5 days.
Paid vacations of 1 week after a year’s service
were the usual practice in all five full-fashioned
hosiery areas studied; in men’s seamless hosiery
mills in Reading and Winston-Salem-High Point;
and in children’s seamless hosiery plants in Chat
tanooga. A majority of the workers in seamless
hosiery mills in the other areas studied were in
plants which reported no provisions for paid
vacations. Vacations were typically increased to
2 weeks after 5 years’ service in full-fashioned
hosiery mills in Charlotte, Philadelphia, and Read
ing and in men’s seamless hosiery mills in
Winston-Salem-High Point.
Insurance plans for which employers paid at
least part of the cost were in effect in mills em
ploying most full-fashioned hosiery workers in the
areas studied. These plans included life insur
ance, hospitalization, and other health insurance.
Such benefits were also available but to a much
lesser extent in each seamless hosiery area. Re
tirement pensions were also provided in fullfashioned hosiery mills which employed a majority
of the workers in Philadelphia and Reading. In
the men’s seamless hosiery branch, about a fifth
of the workers in Reading and a fourth in WinstonSalem-High Point were in plants which had retire
ment pension plans.
— F r e d W. M ohr
D ivision of Wage Statistics
1
Data collected by field representatives under direction of the Bureau’s
regional wage analysts. More detailed information on wages and related
practices in each cf the selected areas is available on request.
The study included establishments employing 21 or more workers. In
plants of this size in the areas studied, approximately 30,500 workers were
employed in full-fashioned hosiery fhills, 13,000 in men’s seamless hosiery
and 3,500 in children’s seamless hosiery mills.
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MONTHLY LABOR
Wood-Furniture Manufacturing:
Earnings in October 19501
of wood-furniture workers rose
from 3 to 12 cents an hour between September 1949
and October 1950 in 8 of 10 important manufac
turing centers. Nearly three-fourths of the area
averages for workers in selected plant occupations
showed increases of 5 percent or more.
Increased earnings are largely attributed to
general wage adjustments. The amendment to
the Fair Labor Standards Act which provided for
a 75-cent minimum rate as of January 25, 1950,
was a minor factor in the upward movement of
earnings. In September 1949, from 6 to 13 per
cent of wood-furniture workers in the 3 southern
areas studied earned less than 75 cents an hour;
in the other areas, the proportion was less than 3
percent. Los Angeles was the only area in which
all wood-furniture workers had hourly earnings in
excess of 75 cents in the 1949 period.
A supplemental study in the southern areas
revealed that average earnings of all workers in
Morganton-Lenoir (N. C.) did not change between
September 1949 and March 1950; in both Martins
ville (Va.) and Winston-Salem-High Point (N. C.),
the difference amounted to 1 cent an hour. Less
than 15 percent of the area averages for the
selected plant occupations increased more than 2
cents during this period. The March 1950 data,
of course, point up the fact that the immediate
effect of the 75-cent minimum on the earnings of
wood-furniture workers in the specified areas was
slight.
A verage e a r n in g s
Hourly Earnings
Average earnings of men in October 1950 ranged
from 95 cents an hour in Martinsville (Va.) to
$1.42 in Los Angeles. (By area, from 82 to 97
percent of the plant workers in wood-furniture
manufacturing were men.) Men had earnings
levels exceeding $1.00 an hour in all areas except
the 3 in the South. In Winston-Salem-High
Point (N. C.), they averaged 97 cents, and in
Morganton-Lenoir (N. C.), $1.00. Earnings of
men did not differ by more than 5 cents an hour
from the area averages of all workers combined.
Of men’s selected occupations, sprayers ranked
highest, earnings averaging at least $1.40 an hour
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
399
WOOD-FURNITURE—EARNINGS
in 7 of the 10 areas. General-utility maintenance
men and shaper operators (who set up their
machines) were also among the top-paid groups.
Average earnings of these workers ranged from
$1.14 to $1.73 and from $1.10 to $1.70, respectively.
Machine off-bearers were the lowest-paid men in
all 10 areas studied and earned, on the average,
from 83 cents to $1.19 an hour.
Women in Jasper-Tell City (Ind.), had average
earnings of $1.43 an hour, the highest area level in
October 1950 for either men or women. These
workers were predominantly employed under
incentive systems, and were engaged primarily on
jobs requiring more than the average skill and
experience of women furniture workers. The fact
that very few were employed as machine offbearers, one of the lowest-paid jobs, is illustrative
of this particular situation. In the other areas
studied, women averaged from 79 cents in Martins
ville to $1.38 in Los Angeles.
Comparisons of earnings of men and women can
be made in 2 of the selected occupations studied in
October 1950.
Average earnings of women
machine off-bearers varied from 83 cents to $1.24
an hour. These earnings were 2 cents and 11 cents
higher than those of men in 2 areas and from 3 to
13 cents lower in 4 areas. Women hand sanders,
who averaged from 84 cents to $1.48 an hour,
earned from 1 to 12 cents more than men in 4 of 9
areas. In the other 5 areas the earnings advantage
of men ranged from 6 to over 20 cents.
In Los Angeles, the leading area in 6 of the
selected occupations, earnings levels were more
than $1.40 an hour in 10 of the 13 plant occupa
tions. Most jobs in Chicago, the second ranking
area, were from 7 to over 15 cents an hour lower, on
the average, than those in Los Angeles. Of the 3
southern areas, occupational averages were gen
erally highest in Morganton-Lenoir, most fre
quently by amounts within a 4 to 10 cent range.
Earnings of plant workers in most occupations
were roughly on the same level in Martinsville and
Winston-Salem-High Point.
Related Wage Practices
A scheduled workweek of 40 hours prevailed in
Chicago, Jasper-Tell City (Ind.), Los Angeles, and
Martinsville (Va.). The most common work
schedules in the other 6 areas were equally divided
between 45 and 50 hours a week. From 12 to 15
S t r a i g h t - ti m e a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 1 f o r s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s i n w o o d - f u r n itu r e e s ta b lis h m e n ts i n s e le c te d a r e a s , O c to b e r 1 9 5 0
Occupation and sex
FitchburgChicago,
Gardner,
111.
Mass.
Grand
Rapids,
Mich.
James
town,
N . Y.
JasperTell
City,
Ind.
Los
Angeles,
Calif.
Martins Morgan
tonville,
Lenoir,
Va.
N . C.
Rock
ford,
111.
WinstonSalemHigh
Point,
N . C.
A ll Plant Occupations
All workers___ . . . . ---------------- ---------------------M e n .. . . . .
. _____________ _________
_______
. . -----W o m e n _____ .
$1.31
1.33
1.11
$1.14
1.17
1.02
$1.30
1.34
1.08
$1. 29
1.32
1.05
$1.27
1.26
1.43
$1.42
1.42
1.38
$0. 95
.95
.79
$0. 99
1.00
.85
$1.26
1.31
1.06
$0.96
.97
.90
Selected Plant Occupations
Men:
Assemblers, case goods_______ _________ _ . .
Assemblers, chairs__________________________
Cut-oil saw operators___________ .
. .
Gluers, rough stock
____ .
. -------------Maintenance men, general u tility .. . . .
Off-bearers, machine____________
... Packers, furniture. . . .
------------Rubbers, h a n d ...
_____________ _________
Sanders, belt_________ _______ . . . . . ------Sanders, hand. . . _____ . .
. --------- . . .
Shaper operators, hand, set-up and operate-----__________
.. Sprayers___
1.43
1.58
1.40
1. 27
1.52
1. 12
1. 29
1.38
1.49
1.22
1.56
1.55
1.21
1.22
1.08
1.30
1.30
.96
1.02
1. 27
1.29
1.30
1.24
1.40
1.46
1.50
1.39
1.23
1.45
1.01
1.26
1.44
1.46
1.21
1.48
1.49
1.52
(2)
1.31
1.21
1. 29
1.05
1. 12
1.57
1.42
1.39
1.34
1. 65
1.46
1.30
1.16
1.25
1.17
1.14
1.22
1.53
1.37
1.36
1.37
1.41
1.44
1.44
1.55
1.43
1.73
1.19
1.47
1.42
1.47
1.26
1.70
1.64
1.00
(2)
(2)
.93
1.16
.83
.88
.85
1.09
.85
1.10
1.00
1.04
1.04
1.19
1.02
1.19
.85
.92
.92
1.10
.94
1.15
1.07
1.43
(2)
1.29
1.25
1. 29
1.13
1. 20
1.36
1.48
1.22
1.56
1.48
.99
.93
1.03
.92
1. 14
.87
. 90
.92
1.00
.88
1.10
1.01
Women:
Off-bearers, machine____________ . _________
Sanders, hand . .
.
__________________
.99
1. 25
.83
1.02
1.03
1.02
.97
1.09
(2)
1.48
(2)
1.28
(2)
(2)
(2)
.84
1.24
1.16
.84
.89
Selected Office Occupations
Women:
Bookkeepers, hand____________ _____ _ _____
Clerk-typists.. ------------------------------------------Stenographers, general. ____________________
1.54
1. 11
1.32
1.16
.84
1.02
(2)
1.06
1.21
1.25
.88
.99
1.45
1.12
1.24
(2)
(2)
(2)
1.13
(2)
(2)
1.18
1.09
.90
1.02
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 Insufficient data to permit presentation of an average.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(2)
.89
1.02
.98
1.16
400
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. U
percent of the men in Chicago, Jamestown (N. Y.),
and Winston-Salem-High Point (N. C.) woodfurniture plants had workweeks longer than 50
hours. The hours of women plant workers were
generally less than those of men in FitchburgGardner (Mass.) ; Jamestown; Rockford (111.) ; and
Winston-Salem-High Point.
Paid holidays were provided plant workers by
establishments having about half or more of the
total wood-furniture employment in 7 of the 10
areas studied. None of the plant workers in
Martinsville and less than 10 percent in the 2
North Carolina areas received specified holidays
with pay. Six paid holidays a year were most
typical for plant workers in Chicago and Grand
Rapids and from 3 to 5 days in most of the other
areas. More liberal benefits were received by
office workers in all areas; a large majority were
granted either 5 or 6 days annually.
Paid vacations of 1 week after a year’s service
were common in all the areas studied. Most of
the wood-furniture workers in Jamestown, how
ever, were eligible for the 1-week vacation after 6
months of service. Two-week vacations after 5
years’ service prevailed in most areas. The length
of vacation for plant workers in Jamestown and
Martinsville remained at 1 week, irrespective of
Wage Chronology No. 14:
Ford Motor Co., 1941-50
between the Ford Motor
Co. and the International Union, United Auto
mobile, Aircraft & Agricultural Implement Work
ers of America (UAW-CIO) dealing with wage
rates and related wage practices in the automotive
plants of the company was negotiated in June
1941. The present chronology describes the
major changes since that date. The provisions of
the first agreement, as reported in this chronology,
do not necessarily represent changes in prior
conditions of employment.
The initial and subsequent agreements applied
to all production and maintenance workers in the
T he first agreem ent
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOK
service. In the 2 North Carolina areas, plants
employing nearly one-third and one-fourth of the
wood-furniture workers, respectively, did not pro
vide for vacation benefits.
Life insurance, group hospitalization, and other
health insurance plans, for which employers paid
part or all of the costs, were in effect in all areas
studied. The coverage varied by area, generally
ranging from about two-thirds to all of the industry
employment, and by type of insurance. Retire
ment pension plans had not been widely adopted
by the wood-furniture industry. In October
1950, such plans were reported by establishments
in only 2 areas, Jasper-Tell City and Los Angeles;
these establishments employed about 5 percent
and 15 percent of the wood-furniture workers in
their respective areas.
— C harles R u b e n s t e in
Division of Wage Statistics
1 Data were collected by field representatives under the direction of the
Bureau’s regional wage analysts. More detailed information on wages and
related practices in each of the selected areas is available on request.
The study included establishments employing 21 or more workers and
manufacturing wood household furniture (except upholstered); wood cab
inets for radios, television receivers, and sewing machines; and wood office
furniture. Approximately 41,000 workers were employed in establishments
of this size in the 10 areas studied.
company’s numerous production and assembly
plants and parts depots. The following were
excluded: Superintendents, foremen, employees in
the central staff and administrative offices,
employees working exclusively for specified man
agerial offices, employees engaged in time studies
and other industrial engineering work, plant
protection and fire department employees, students
in technical schools, professional employees and
their assistants, farm employees, employees in ma
rine operations, and cafeteria and dining-room
employees.
The September 28, 1949, agreement, which was
to continue in effect until April 1, 1952, was set
aside on September 4, 1950, when a new agreement
was signed. The present agreement, to continue
without a reopening until June 1, 1955, covers
approximately 112,000 workers.
401
W AG E CH RONOLOGY NO. U
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
A—General Wage Changes 1
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Effective date
Provisions
June 20, 1941 (by agreement of
June 20, 1941).
Classification increases av
eraging approximately 19
cents an hour.
Contract provided that company pay rates “in the
several classifications at least as high as those paid by
the major competitor . . . in its respective in
dustry.” 2
10 cents an hour increase to skilled tool and die makers
and pattern makers.
June 25, 1942 (by directive
order of NWLB, Oct. 16,
1942).
June 25, 1942 (by directive order
of NWLB, Oct. 24, 1942).
Jan. 5, 1946 (by agreement of
Feb. 26, 1946).
May 31, 1947 (by agreement of
Aug. 21, 1947).
6 cents an hour increase to skilled machine repair men,
machinists, millwrights, and electricians; maximum
of rate spreads increased 5 cents for skilled and semi
skilled maintenance, powerhouse, and construction
workers.
18 cents an hour increase—
11)4 cents an hour increase. _ Additional increase of 5 cents an hour to skilled main
tenance workers, construction workers, jobbing
molders in jobbing foundry, and coremakers.
13 cents an hour increase__
July 16, 1948 (by agreement of
July 29, 1948).
Sept. 1, 1950 (by agreement of
Sept. 4, 1950).
8 cents an hour increase___
Dec. 4, 1950
March 5, 19515.
3 cents an hour increase___
5 cents an hour increase__
' General wage changes are construed as upward or downward adjustments
affecting a substantial number of workers at one time. N ot included within
the term are adjustments in individual rates (promotions, merit increases,
etc.) and minor adjustments in wage structure that do not have an immediate
and noticeable effect on the average wage level.
The general changes listed in this chronology were the major changes
affecting wage rates during the period covered. Because of omission of non
general changes in rates and other factors, the total of the general wage changes
w ill not necessarily coincide with the movement of straight-time average
hourly earnings.
Increase designated as cost-of-living allowance to be
adjusted up or down every 3 months in accordance
with changes in BLS Consumers’ Price Index.3
Agreement also provided for increases of 4 cents an
hour effective each June 1 from 1951 through 1954
as an “annual improvement factor.”
Additional increases of 5 to 28 cents an hour to produc
tion foundry workers and specified skilled classi
fications.
5-cent-an-hour bonus for hours worked at straight-time
rate to employees on 40-hour rotating schedules on
necessary continuous 7-day operations; not included
in computing overtime, Sunday, holiday, afternoon,
night, incentive, or vacation pay.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
Quarterly adjustmeut of cost-of-living allowance.
2 Industries specified were: auto, cement, glass, steel, and tires.
3 For details of cost-of-living provision, see Wage Chronology No. 9—
General Motors Corp., 1939-49, M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , September 1949.
4 The parties agreed to add 1.3 points to the BLS Consumers’ Price Index
in computing the cost-of-living allowance to compensate for the understate
ment. of the index’s rent component. The increase from the 0.8 point adjust
ment previously used was made on the basis of a new and more precise esti
mate issued by BLS.
* On Mar. 3, 1951, the parties agreed to reinstate the 0.8 adjustment in
computing the cost-of-living allowance.
B—Hiring and Minimum Job Rates (Detroit Plants) 1
Effective date
May 31, 1947
July 16, 1948___________________
1 Applicable to lowest-paid classification.
2 Includes cost-of-living allowance.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Hiring
rate
$0.
1.
1.
1.
85
03
145
275
Minimum
job rate
Effective date
$0.
1.
1.
1.
Sept. 1, 1950 _ _______________
Dec. 4, 1950__ __
____
_ __
Mar. 5, 1951
___ _ ________
85
03
145
275
Hiring
rate
2 1. 355
2 1. 385
2 1. 435
Minimum
job rate
2 1. 355
2 1. 385
2 1. 435
402
WAGE
MONTHLY LABOR
CH RONOLOGY NO. U
C—Related Wage Practices 1
Effective date
Applications, exceptions, and other
related matters
Provisions
S h ift P r e m iu m P a y
June 20, 1941_____________
July 16, 1948
Sept. 28, 1949____________
Jan. 1, 1951______________
5 cents an hour premium pay for work on
midnight and afternoon shifts.
Increased to: 10 cents an hour for midnight
shift and 7 cents an hour for afternoon
shift.
Increased to: 7J4 percent of earnings, in
cluding overtime premium pay, for work
on midnight shift and 5 percent for after
noon shift.
Shifts defined as follows: Midnight, starting
on or after 7 p.m. but before 5 a.m .; after
noon, starting on or after 10:30 a.m. but
before 7 p.m.
O v e r tim e P a y
June 20, 1941
Time and one-half for work in excess of 8
hours a day or 40 a week.
P r e m iu m P a y f o r S a tu r d a y a n d S u n d a y W o rk
June 20, 1941
Time and one-half for Saturday work in
excess of 40 hours. Double time for
work on Sunday.
•
Oct. 1, 1942 2 (by Execu
tive Order 9240, Sept. 9,
1942)
Changed to: Time and one-half for work
over 40 hours and double time for 7th day
in any 7-day week.
Sept. 23, 1945 (by letter of
agreement dated Sept.
11, 1945)
Changed back to: Time and one-half for
Saturday work in excess of 40 hours.
Double time for work on Sunday.
Employees on 7-day continuous operations,
working on Saturdays and Sundays re
ceived time and one-half only for time
worked in excess of 8 hours a day and 40
a week.
Applicable to all employees including those
on 7-day continuous operations. Time
lost due to voluntary absence for a full
day not counted for purpose of computing
7th day of work. Time lost due to in
voluntary absence for a full day counted
for purpose of computing 7th day of work
provided employee reported for work.
Employees on 7-day continuous operations
working on Saturdays and Sundays re
ceived time and one-half only for time
worked in excess of 8 hours a day and 40
a week.
H o lid a y P a y
June 20, 1941_
__
Double time for work on 6 specified holi
days. No payment for holidays not
worked.
Oct. 1, 1942 (by Executive
Order 9240,” Sept. 9,
1942)
Sept. 23, 1945 (by letter of
agreement dated Sept.
11, 1945).
___
Jan. 5, 1946
Changed to: Time and one-half for work on
holidays.
May 31, 1947__________
6 paid holidays established for which em
ployees with seniority 3 receive 8 hours’
straight-time pay. Double time (total)
for holidays worked.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Changed back to double time _
___
Holidays were: New Year’s Day, Memorial
Day, Independence Day, Labor Day,
Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas. Not
applicable to employees on 7-day contin
uous operations.
Applicable to employees on 7-day contin
uous operations.
Not applicable to employees on 7-day con
tinuous operations who received no
premium holiday pay.
Employees on 7-day continuous operation
paid time and one-half for work on holi
days.
Applicable to employees on 7-day continuous
operations.
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
403
W AG E CH RONOLOGY NO. U
C—Related Wage Practices 1—Continued
Effective date
Provisions
Applications, exceptions, and other
related matters
P a i d V a c a tio n s
June 20, 1941_
July 1, 1942 (by directive
orders of NWLB, Oct. 16
and Nov. 20, 1942).
Dec. 1, 1946.__
No provision for paid vacations.
1-week vacation with 40 hours’ pay at basic
rates for employees with 1 but less than
5 years on the payroll and at least 1
year’s seniority status; 2 weeks’, or 80
hours’ pay, with 5 or more years on the
payroll and seniority status.
__ _
Dec. 1, 1947______ ______
Changed to: 1 week, or 40 hours’ pay, for
employees with 1 but less than 3 years’
enrollment;
weeks’, or 60 hours’ pay,
for employees with 3 but less than 5
years; 2 weeks,’ or 80 hours’ pay, for
employees with 5 or more years. Em
ployees must have 1, 3, and 5 years of
seniority status, respectively.
Dec. 1, 1949
Dec. 1, 1950______________
Employees not having received their vaca
tion by last day of vacation period re
ceived pay in lieu of vacation.
Employees required to be on payroll for at
least 32 weeks in preceding year eligible
for full vacation benefits. Half benefits
paid to employees with 16 to 32 weeks’
employment.
New vacation eligibility date of June 1
added. Former eligibility date was D e
cember 1.
Added: 3 weeks’, or 120 hours’ pay, for em
ployees with 15 or more years on the
payroll and seniority status.
R e p o r tin g T im e
June 20, 1941
Minimum of 2 hours’ pay guaranteed to
employees called to work or not properly
notified of lack of work.
Oct. 16, 1942 (by directive
order of NWLB, Oct. 16,
1942).
Reporting time increased to 4 hours
Reporting time not paid for in case of labor
dispute or other conditions beyond man
agement’s control. Guarantee to include
night or overtime premium when appli
cable.
I n s u r a n c e B e n e fits
June 20, 1941
Dec. 1, 1948 (by agreement
of July 29, 1948).
Jan. 1, 1950 (by agreement
of Sept. 28, 1949).
Jan. 1, 1951 (by agreement
of Sept. 4, 1950).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Participation in purchase of life, sickness,
accident, hospitalization, and surgical in
surance. Major part of cost borne by
employee.4
Revised and expanded plan made available.
Part of cost borne by company.5
Added: In-hospital medical benefits—maxi
mum of $4 a day up to 70 days. Cost
borne by company.
Revised program made available at no
additional cost to employees. Plan in
creased maximum life insurance and
accidental death and dismemberment
benefits. Weekly accident and sickness
benefits increases ranged from $5 to $9
a week and new maximum benefits
established.6
Added: Company to pay one-half of Blue
Cross and Blue Shield benefits for sub
scriber and eligible dependents. Com
pany’s contribution not to exceed onehalf cost of similar coverage under
Michigan plans.
Not covered by union agreement.
Covered for first time by union agreement.
404
MONTHLY LABOR
W AGE CH RONOLOGY NO. U
C—Related Wage Practices 1—Continued
Effective date
Applications, exceptions, and other
related matters
Provisions
I n s u r a n c e B e n e fits — Continued
Added: Retired group-insurance partici
pants provided with company-paid life
insurance of $1,000 for 30 or more years’
service, $750 for 20 and under 30 years’,
and $500 for 10 and under 20 years’.
R e tir e m e n t B e n e fits
June 20, 1941____________
Mar. 1, 1950 (by memoran
dum of agreement dated
Sept. 28, 1949, imple
mented and superseded
by agreement of Mar. 16,
1950).
Oct. 1, 1950 (by agreement
of Sept. 4, 1950).
No provision for retirement benefits_______
Noncontributory retirement plan established
to provide normal retirement benefits of
$100 a month, including primary old-age
benefits under Federal Social Security
Act, to employees retiring at age 65 or
older with 30 years’ credited service.
Employees aged 65 or older with less than
30 years’ credited service to receive pen
sions equal to same proportion of $100 as
years of credited service bear to 30.
Early retirement at reduced benefits for
employees aged 60 to 65 with 30 years’
credited service.
Disability retirement benefits of $50 a
month, less any statutory disability bene
fits, to totally and permanently disabled
employees aged 55 to 65 with 30 years’
service.
Entire cost borne by company.
Revised to: Normal retirement benefits
after 30 years’ service increased to $125,
including primary old-age benefits under
Federal Social Security Act. Propor
tionately reduced benefits for employees
with less than 30 years’ service.
Total and permanent disability benefits
changed to $3 a month for each year of
credited service up to 30 years, with a
minimum of $50 less any statutory dis
ability benefits, for totally and perma
nently disabled employees aged 50 to 65
with at least 15 years’ credited service.
1 Last entry under each item represents most recent change.
Joint Board of Administration composed of
3 company and 3 union representatives
and an impartial chairman to administer
benefit structure of plan. Effective April
1, 1952 retirement to be automatic at age
68 with no future service credited after
age 65. Retirement at 60 requires consent
of company. Company may retire em
ployees at age 65 on own initiative by
reason of employee’s inability to work
efficiently.
Future service creditable to age 68.
6 Plan provided:
2 Period covered by Executive Order 9240 was Oct. 1, 1942, to Aug. 21,
1945.
3 Under Aug. 21, 1947, agreement, employees established seniority after
probationary period of 6 months’ continuous employment. Probationary
period was reduced to 3 months’ continuous employment by Sept. 28,
1949, agreement, but holiday plan was amended to require employees to
have seniority status and 6 months’ service as of date of holiday to be eligible
for holiday pay. Under Sept. 4, 1950, agreement, 6 months’ service require
ment was eliminated.
4 Plan provided: $1,500 life insurance, $15 weekly accident and sickness
benefits, $5 daily hospital expenses, $30 maximum benefits for special hos
pital services, and $150 maximum surgical expenses. M onthly cost to em
ployee was $2 and was increased to $2.90 on Mar. 1, 1942, w ithout change in
benefits.
8 Plan provided: $2,000-$4,000 life insurance, $l,000-$2,000 accidental death
and dismembership benefits, and $18-$30 weekly accident and sickness dis
ability benefits for 26 weeks. M onthly cost ranged from $1.72 for employees
earning under $1.10 an hour to $3.44 for employees earning $1.90 an hour and
over. Blue Cross hospitalization and Blue Shield surgical insurance avail
able at employee’s expense.
N o t e : For purpose and scope of wage chronology series, see M onthly
Labor Review, December 1948. Reprints of this chronology are available
upon request.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Benefits
Basic hourly
rate
Life in
surance
U p to but less
than $1.30. __
$2,400
$1.30 but less
than $1.50___
2,800
$1.50 but less
than $1.70___
3,200
$1.70 but less
than $1.90___
3,600
$1.90 but less
than $2.10___
4,000
$2.10 and o v e r...
4,400
‘ Company pays balance.
Acciden
tal death
and dis
member
ment
W eekly
M onthly
acciden In-hos
pital
tal and
cost to
medical employee*
sickness expenses
disability (maxi
(up to 26 mum)
weeks)
$1, 200
$30. 60
$280
$2.07
1,400
33. 20
280
2.41
1,600
35.80
280
2. 76
1,800
38.40
280
3.10
2,000
2,200
41.00
43. 60
280
280
3.44
3. 79
— A lbert A. B elm an
Division of Wage Statistics.
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
405
W AG E CH RONOLO GY NO. 9
W age Chronology No. 9:
General Motors Corp.1
Supplement No. 1
contained in
the May 1948 agreement between the General
Motors Corp. and the UAW-CIO were extended
for another 5 years by the May 1950 contract,
negotiated a few days prior to the expiration of
the 1948 agreement. The annual increase in wage
rates, identified as a standard-of-living improve
ment factor, was raised by 1 cent an hour to 4
cents, effective on May 29, 1950, and on May 29
W age - adjustm ent arrangem ents
of each year thereafter. Provisions relating to
quarterly adjustments of the cost-of-living allow
ance were carried forward without change (see
basic chronology). A new pension plan financed
by the company was established and the benefits
under the contributory insurance plan already in
effect were increased. The 5-year agreement
contains no provision for reopening on wages or
other matters.
The basic chronology covering the period from
1939 to September 1949 is brought up to date by
the following additions. Each quarterly review
of the cost-of-living allowance is listed.
i See Wage Chronology No. 9—General Motors Corp., 1939-49, M onthly
Labor Review, September 1949.
A—General Wage Changes
Application, exceptions, and other related matters
Provision
Effective date
Mar. 6, 1950_____
May 29, 1950____
Sept. 5, 1950 ___
Dec. 4, 1950 1 _ _
March 5, 19512__
No change
- ____ __ __ Quarterly cost-of-living review.
2 cents an hour decrease._ __ Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance, reducing allow
ance to 3 cents an hour.
4 cents an hour increase_____ Annual improvement factor applied to base rate of each wage
classification.
Additional 5 cents an hour to skilled employees in maintenance,
tool and die, pattern, and engineering departments.
No change __ - ____
___ Quarterly cost-of-living review.
5 cents an hour increase_____ Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance, increasing allow
ance to 8 cents an hour.
3 cents an hour in crease____ Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
5 cents an hour increase__
1 Parties agreed to add 1.3 points to the BLS Consumers’ Price Index in
computing the cost-of-living allowance to compensate for the understatement
of the index’s rent component. Tne increase in the previous 0.8 point ad-
justment was made on the basis of a new estimate made by BLS.
2 On Mar. 3,1951, the parties agreed to reinstate the 0.8 adjustment in
computing the cost-of-living allowance.
B—Hiring and Minimum Job Rates (Automobile Plants in Michigan) 1
Effective date
Mar. 6, 1950________________
May 29, 1950_______________
Sept. 5, 1950________________
M inimum job
r a te 2
Hiring ra te2
$1. 21
1. 25
1. 30
$1. 31
1. 35
1. 40
• Applicable to the lowest-paid classification in all General Motors plants
in Detroit and in the company’s automobile manufacturing plants elsewhere
in Michigan.
Effective date
Dec. 4, 1950. — _
Mar. 5, 1951_______________
Hiring rate 2
$1. 33
1. 38
M inim um job
rate 2
$1. 43
1. 48
2 Includes cost-of-living allowance,
C—Related Wage Practices
Effective date
Provisions
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
S h ift P r e m iu m P a y
May 29, 1950.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Third-shift premium pay applicable to
regular shift scheduled to start be
tween 10:00 p. m. and 4:45 a. m.
and to special shifts for which half
or more of scheduled hours are be
tween 12 midnight and 8:45 a. m.
406
W AGE
MONTHLY LABOR
CH RONOLO GY NO. 9
C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Provisions
Effective date
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
P a y i n L ie u o f V a c a tio n
May 29, 1950____
Added: 120 hours’ straight-time pay for employees with
15 or more years’ seniority.
Two eligibility dates, June 30 and De
cember 31, established on which em
ployees may qualify for vacation pay.
Previously, there was one eligibility
date.
G r o u p I n s u r a n c e P la n
Sept. 1, 1950_____
Contributory insurance plan amended to provide, at no
extra cost to employees, additional $500 in life insur
ance, $250 in accidental death insurance, $14 a week
in sickness and accident benefits, $10 a month in total
disability benefits, and establishment of in-hospital
doctor attendance benefits up to $5 a day for maximum
of 70 days.1
Added: Hospitalization and surgical benefits— company
to contribute half the cost of Blue Cross and Blue Shield
hospitalization and surgical insurance, up to level of
Michigan plans, for employees and dependents.
P e n s io n P la n
Oct. 1, 1950______
Noncontributory retirement plan established to provide
pensions to employees retiring at 65 or older with at
least 10 years’ service.
Company pension—$1.50 a month for each year of serv
ice up to 30 years, to be supplemented by Federal So
cial Security benefits. Minimum pension including
Social Security benefits: $4 a month for each year of
service up to 25 years. Reduced annuities for retire
ment between 60 and 65.
Joint board of administration composed
of three company and three union
representatives and an impartial chair
man to administer the benefit struc
ture of plan.
Effective Jan. 1, 1952, retirement auto
matic at age 68 except at company’s
option.
D i s a b i l i t y r e tir e m e n t:
For employees totally disabled at age 50 or older with
15 or more years’ service— $3 a month for each year of
service up to 30, with $50 minimum, including statu
tory disability benefits. Regular pension upon reach
ing 65.
Entire cost borne by company.
1 Revised schedule of benefits:
Benefits
Before
retirement
Continuing life
insurance after 65
Base hourly rate
Life
insurance
Under $1.13____ ____
$1.13 and under $1.38$1.38 and under $1.63.
$1. 63 and under $1.82.
$1.82 and under $2.13.
$2.13 and over______
’ Company pays balance of costs.
6 weeks' maternity benefits allowed.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2, 500
3.000
3.500
4.000
4.500
5.000
Accidental
death
insurance
$1, 250
1.500
1,750
2,000
2, 250
2.500
M onthly
disability
(up to
50 weeks)
$50
60
70
80
90
100
Weekly
sickness
and
accident
(up to
26 weeks) f
$28.00
31.50
35.00
38.50
42.00
45.50
In hospital
attendance
Up to $5 a
day for maxi
mum of 70
days
From
minimum
with
10 years
in plan
$500
500
500
525
600
675
To
maximum
with
20 years
in plan
$600
7.50
900
1,050
1,200
1,350
Employee’s
contribution
(weekly) *
$0.40
8838S
Before
age 60
Before age 65
fSickness and accident benefits begin on 1st day of accident and 8th day of sickness except in hospital cases.
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
407
W AGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 5
Wage Chronology No. 5:
Chrysler Corp.1
Supplement No. 1
T h e M a y 1948 agreement between the Chrysler
Corp. and the United Automobile, Aircraft and
Agricultural Implement Workers of America
(UAW-CIO), which was to run to August 1, 1950,
was reopened for wage discussions in June 1949.
Negotiations conducted intermittently over a
long period were broadened to include pension
and insurance plans. Following a 100-day strike
a settlement was reached on May 4, 1950.
The 1950 contract replacing the May 1948
agreement had a 3-year term. On August 25,
1950, without a formal wage reopening and with
out modifying the terms of the contract, agree
ment on a general wage increase was reached by
the parties. On December 11, 1950, the parties
set aside the 3-year agreement and negotiated a
5-year contract without reopening provisions.
The changes provided by the May 1950 agree
ment, by the company’s action less than 4 months
later, and by the December 11, 1950, contract are
described in the following tabulation that brings
the 1939-48 wage chronology up to date.
1 See Wage Chronology N o. 5—Chrysler Corp., 1939-48, M onthly Labor
Review, April 1949.
A—General Wage Changes
Provisions
Effective date
May 8, 1950 (by agreement
of May 4, 1950).
Aug. 28, 1950 (by company
action of Aug. 25, 1950).
Dec. 18, 1950 (by agreement of Dec. 11, 1950).
10 cents an hour increase
1 cent an hour increase-_.
March 5, 1951
5 cents an hour increase.
1 For details of cost-of-living provision, see Wage Chronology No. 9, General
Motors Corp., 1939-49, M onthly Labor Review, September 1949. In addition the parties agreed to add a 1.3 point adjustment to the BLS Consumers’
Price Index in computing the cost-of-living allowance to compensate for the
Applications, exceptions, and other
related matters
Wage increases or provisions for
automatic progression affecting
employees in 45 job classifica
tions. 3 cents an hour increase
to all employees in plants at
Kokomo, New Castle, and Evans
ville, Ind.
Additional increase of 5 cents an
hour to skilled workers.
Plus previous 10-cent increase des
ignated as cost-of-living allow
ance, which may be adjusted up
or down every 3 months in ac
cordance with changes in BLS
Consumers’ Price Index.1 Agree
ment also provided for increases
of 4 cents an hour effective each
June 1 from 1951 through 1954
as an “annual improvement
factor.”
Additional adjustments in classifica
tion to employees on 7-day oper
ations, pattern makers on foundry
work, and die dummy builders.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-ofliving allowance.
understatement of the index’s rent component.
. ..
2 On Mar. 3, 1951, the parties agreed to reinstate the 0.8 adjustment m
computing the cost-of-living allowance.
B—Hiring and Minimum Job Rates (Detroit Plants) 1
Hiring rate
Effective date
$1. 35
SI. 3 6 2
$1 4 1 2
Aug 28 1950
Dec 181 1950
Mar 5 1951
_______________ - _____ __
- - - - $1. 45.
__
__ - - -- - $1. 4 6 .2
__________________ ________ $1. 5 1 .2
1 Applicable to lowest paid classification.
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Minimum job rate
2 Including cost-of-living allowance.
408
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 5
MONTHLY LABOR
C—Related Wage Practices
Effective date
Provisions
Applications, exceptions, and
other related matters
P a y i n L ie u o f V a c a tio n
May 4, 1950_____________
May 1, 1951 (by agreement
of Dec. 11, 1950).
Vacation pay to workers with 3 but less than 5 years’
seniority status on May 1, 1950, increased to
$93.30.
Changed to: 40 hours’ pay to employees with 1 but
less than 3 years’ seniority status, 60 hours’ pay
for 3 but less than 5 years’, 80 hours’ pay for 5 but
less than 15 years’, and 120 hours’ pay for 15 or
more years.
Vacation pay not to be less than
pay received in 1950 unless
employee lost his seniority since
receiving 1950 payment.
A c c id e n t, S i c k n e s s , a n d D e a th B e n e fits
Aug. 1, 1950 (by agreement
of May 4, 1950).
Mar. 1, 1951 (by agreement
ol Dec. 11, 1950).
Jointly-financed plan established providing following
benefits:
L if e i n s u r a n c e : $3,600 insurance before retirement.
Paid-up insurance after retirement— $1,000 for
workers with 25 years’ service, $750 for workers
with 20 but less than 25 years’ service, $500 for
workers with 15 but less than 20 years’ service.
Employee contributes 45 cents a month for each
$1,000 coverage; company pays balance of costs.
S i c k n e s s a n d a c c id e n t b e n e fits: $28 a week for 26 weeks
beginning on 1st day of accident and 4th day of
illness. Six weeks’ maternity benefits. Employee
contributes $1.26 a month (45 cents per $10
of weekly benefits); company pays balance of costs.
H o s p i t a l i z a t i o n a n d m e d ic a l- s u r g ic a l b e n e fits : Standard
schedule of Blue Cross and Blue Shield plans.
Company contributes $1.05 a month for hospital
ization and 45 cents for surgical and in-hospital
medical benefits; employee contributes balance of
costs.
Changed to: Life insurance after retirement—length
of service requirement for $500 policy reduced to
10 years.
S ic k n e s s a n d a c c id e n t b e n e fits — $32 a week for 26
weeks. Employee contribution changed to $1.28 a
month (40 cents per $10 of weekly benefits).
H o s p i t a l i z a t i o n a n d m e d ic a l- s u r g ic a l b e n e fits : Com
pany to contribute half the cost under Blue Cross
and Blue Shield plans, up to level of Michigan
plans, for employees and dependents.
Permanently
disabled
insured
workers not eligible for disability
retirement receive face value of
insurance policy in installments
of not less than $50 a month.
R e tir e m e n t B e n e fits
Aug. 1, 1950 (by agreement
of May 4, 1950).
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$100 a month, including
old-age benefits under Federal Social Security Act,
to employees retiring at age 65 or older with 25
years’ service. Employees aged 65 with 10 but
less than 25 years’ service to receive pensions equal
to same proportion of $100 as years of service bear
to 25. Employees aged 60 but under 65 with 25
years’ service to receive reduced pensions.
D i s a b i l i t y r e tir e m e n t: $50 a month, including public
disability benefits, to employees suffering total
and permanent disability at age 55 or over after
25 years’ service.
Entire cost borne by company.
N o n c o n tr ib u to r y p e n s io n s :
Joint board of administration com
posed of 3 company and 3 union
representatives and an impartial
chairman to administer benefit
structure of the plan. Effective
Jan. 1,1922, retirement to be auto
matic at age 68 except at com
pany's option. Employees retiring
before reaching 65 must obtain
consent of company.
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
W AGE AND
P R IC E R E G U L A T IO N S
409
C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date
Applications, exceptions, and
other related matters
Provisions
R e tir e m e n t B e n e f its —Continued
Mar. 1, 1951 (by agreement
of Dec. 11, 1950).
Changed to: Pension of employees retiring at or
after 65 with 10 or more years’ service to be
greater of: (1) $1.50 a month for each year of
credited service up to 30 years, not including Fed
eral Social Security benefits, or (2) $4 a month
for each year of credited service up to 25 years, in
cluding primary benefits under Federal Social
Security Act. Employees aged 60 but under 65
with 15 years’ service to receive reduced benefits.
D i s a b i l i t y r e tir e m e n t: $3 a month for each year of
credited service up to 30 years, or $50 a month, in
cluding in either case statutory disability bene
fits, to employees totally disabled after age 55 and
before 65 with 15 years’ service.
General Wage Regulations 6-10 and
Ceiling Price Regulations 2 - 7 1
T he W age S tabilization B oard formulated a
new wage policy, and the Office of Price Stabiliza
tion issued several regulations liberalizing the
general price freeze, during February and early
March 1951. In line with these, certain policies
for permitting exceptions from general wage-price
stabilization under the Federal program were
adopted.
Wage Regulations
The Economic Stabilization Administrator on
February 27, 1951, approved General Regulation 6
(General Wage Formula), exactly as adopted by
the public and industry members of the WSB.
I t permits increases in wage and salary levels up
to 10 percent over January 15, 1950, levels.
Labor members of the Board withdrew from active
participation on February 16, in protest against
the new wage formula, but prior to their with
drawal, the WSB unanimously approved General
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Regulation 7, on February 15, permitting religious,
charitable, and educational institutions, which
are exempt from Federal income taxes, to make
wage adjustments without prior approval of the
Board.
The new regulation (GR 6) replaces the general
over-all wage freeze as outlined in General Wage
Stabilization Regulation 1, of January 26, 1951,2
and provides opportunity for adjustments of
wages and salaries by permitting increases in the
general level of wages and salaries up to 10 percent
above the base period of January 15, 1950, without
further Board approval. Wage and salary levels
since the base period “include time and incentive
earnings, commission rates, and actual or prorated
sums of any regularly paid bonuses and night
shift differentials, but exclude overtime premium
payments, employer contributions to or payments
of insurance or welfare benefits, employers con
tributions to pension funds or annuities, and other
like allowances.” In figuring increases between
January 15, 1950, and the effective date of GR 6,
overtime premium pajmients and other “fringe”
benefits are excluded if secured between those
dates, but any such allowances granted in the
410
W A G E A N D P R IC E R E G U L A T IO N S
future must come within the 10 percent total.
The 10 percent formula is effective until July 1,
1951 and prior to that time “shall be reviewed in
the light of” the April 1951 Consumers’ Price
Index of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Coincident with his approval, the Economic
Stabilization Administrator requested the WSB to
prepare the following modifications to General
Regulation 6: (1) Continuation of all existing
escalator clauses to June 30, 1951, even though
general increases then under way amount to more
than 10 percent; (2) provision for productivity
increases, now in effect, to operate until June 30,
1951; (3) exclusion of certain employer contribu
tions for health, welfare, and pension plans from
the 10 percent formula; (4) provision for special
adjustments for “hardship” and “inequity” cases;
(5) provision to cover wage schedules in new
plants; (6) exemption of some industries from
wage control; and (7) authorization of “tandem”
adjustments for unorganized workers.
Orders on three of the suggested modifications
were issued by the Economic Stabilization Admin
istrator. Cost-of-living increases, provided by
escalator clauses and wage and salary plans,
executed or formally determined and communi
cated to employees on or before January 25, 1951,
were permitted to be operative, without Board
approval, even though general increases then
under way amount to more than 10%, by General
Regulation 8 of March 1 and Amendment 1 to the
regulation dated March 8, 1951. However, any
increases in wages agreed upon or formally de
termined and communicated to employees after
January 25, 1951, together with cost-of-living
increases, shall not exceed the 10% formula as
outlined in General Regulation 6. It further
permits approval of escalator clauses that are
based on recognized indices other than the Bureau
of Labor Statistics. The regulation was issued
after consultation with industry and labor repre
sentatives, the Administrator stated, and after
consideration had been given to their recommenda
tions. The regulation as amended, is retroactive
to March 1 , 1951, and shall terminate June 30,
1951.
Wage schedules for new plants were outlined in
General Regulation 9 issued March 8, 1951. The
term “new plant” is defined as a “plant, enter
prise, or other employment unit, which on January
25, 1951, had not commenced the production of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
the materials or services for which it is established
or converted.” In general, wages shall be based
on rates in existing plants of the same employer or
on comparable jobs in a comparable industry in
the same local market area, or most nearly com
parable labor market area. Wage rates for new
plants that are scheduled for operation on or
prior to April 15, 1951, do not require initial
Board approval, but are subject to later review.
However, in plants scheduled for operation after
April 15, all wage schedules must be reported and
approved before becoming effective. In formu
lating this regulation the Administrator stated
that “it has been impracticable to consult formally
with industry and labor representatives.”
Tandem wage adjustments that were in process
preceding the general over-all wage freeze of
January 26, 1951, were authorized by General
Regulation 10, issued on March 8, 1951, if em
ployers concerned can demonstrate they contem
plated such a move by February 9, 1951. A
“tandem” relationship is defined as a well-estab
lished and consistently maintained practice, where
the timing, amount and nature of wage increases
of a certain unit have so followed those of another
unit of employees of the same employer or other
employers in the same industry and the same
market area, that an increase would have been in
effect and applicable to work performed on or
before February 9, 1951, but for the over-all
general wage freeze. The regulation is effective
until June 30, 1951. In formulation of this regula
tion, the Administrator stated that “formal consul
tation with industry and labor representatives has
been impracticable and unnecessary.”
Price Regulations
Recent series of ceiling price regulations issued
by the Office of Price Stabilization, amended the
over-all price stabilization as outlined in General
Ceiling Price Regulation of January 26, 1951.2
In general, these regulations have covered price
control of individual items, such as cattle hides,
kips, calfskins, coal, anthracite, iron and steel
scrap, and fats and oils, at different market levels.
(Ceiling Price Regulations 2 through 6).
A different type of price control (mark-up
method) for “a large segment of retail trade,
covering a substantial share of the sales of depart
ment, apparel, furniture, mail order, and general
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
merchandise stores,” was provided in Ceiling Price
Regulation 7, effective February 27, 1951. The
regulation fixes ceiling prices for sales by retailers
of a wide range of consumer goods, such as cloth
ing, shoes, household textile commodities, yard
goods, and furniture, rugs and lamps. The OPS
estimates that “as many as 200,000 firms are
engaged in the sale at retail of commodities covered
by this regulation.”
The retailer’s ceiling price for each article will
be, in general, the price he charged on February
24, 1951. However, the regulation provides
methods for adjustments, based on the retailer’s
average mark-up, if the cost of goods he buys for
Employers’ Military-Leave Policies:
Effect on Benefit Plans, Fall 1950
in military service is to be credited
toward service for pensions in at least three-fourths
of the companies having such plans, according to
recent surveys of the Bureau of National Affairs
and the National Industrial Conference Board,
respectively.1 Most group-insurance policies, espe
cially life insurance, are likely to be canceled
within 6 months after the employee’s departure for
service. However, employers will support, in
varying degree, the servicemen’s Government life
insurance in a limited number of cases. On the
other hand, payment for unused but earned
vacations is currently the general rule.2
Although the impact of mobilization has been
directly felt by many employers since June 1950,
it was not until August and September, according
to the NICB preliminary study, that definite
policies on military leave began to evolve for a
number of companies. The BNA study indicates
that it was still early for summating current
policies, as these may be liberalized in the face of
intensive mobilization and other causes. The
studies were intended to cover policies and prac
tices beyond selective-service requirements.
T ime spe n t
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
411
E M P L O Y E R S ’ M I L I T A R Y -L E A V E P O L IC IE S
resale has gone up or down since February 24,
1951. Other retail commodities will be covered
by subsequent orders.
Ceiling prices for new passenger automobiles,
established by Ceiling Price Regulation l,2 of the
OPS, were increased 3% percent, by Amendment 1
(effective March 2, 1951) to that regulation.
1 Sources: Federal Register, Voi. 16, N o. 38, February 24, 1951 (p. 1791).
No. 40, February 28, 1951 (p. 1872), No. 41, March 1, 1951 (p. 1951), N o.
43, March 3, 1951 (pp. 2030 , 2032), No. 48, March 10. 1951 (pp. 2222-2223),
Economic Stabilization Agency, Ceiling Price Regulations N o. 1 (Dec. 18,
1950), No. 2 (Jan. 25, 1951), Nos. 3 and 4 (Feb. 2, 1951), No. 5 (Feb. 5, 1951);
No. 6 (Feb. 14, 1951), No. 7 (Feb. 27, 1951), press release February 27, 1951;
Washington Post, February 16,1951.
2 For discussion, see M onthly Labor Review for March 1951 (p. 282).
In general, the draft law guarantees reemploy
ment (under certain conditions) to an employee
who leaves a position “other than temporary” to
enter the Armed Forces.3 Upon reinstatement, he
is to be considered as having been on furlough or
leave of absence during his period of military
training and service. Among other guarantees,
is his right to participate in insurance or other
benefits offered by the employer according to
“established rules and practices relating to em
ployees on furlough or leave of absence” which
were in effect at the time of leaving.4
Pension Plans
Over 90 percent of the companies studied by
NICB and about 75 percent of the companies
surveyed by BNA having pension plans credit
time spent in military service toward pension
requirements.
Companies
having
pension
plans
Number
crediting
leave
time
BNA survey______________________ 358
Noncontributory plans_________ 168
Contributory plans____________ 156
34
Both types or combination____
267
129
114
24
NICB survey_____________________ 153
Noncontributory plans__________ 82
Contributory plans_____________ 71
140
70
70
412
E M P L O Y E R S ’ M IL IT A R Y -L E A V E P O L IC IE S
Of the companies surveyed by NICB which
credit military-leave time to noncontributory
pensions, three out of four will continue their
contributions during leave or on the employee’s
return. The other companies will suspend con
tributions during this period.5
Conversely, of the companies studied by NICB
which apply service time to contributory pensions
three out of four are suspending all payments dur
ing the leave period. No further funding is made
until the employee returns. Some of these will
permit the employee to buy back his leave time
on return, in which case the company will also
pay its share. If this option is not exercised, the
pension will be diminished on retirement. The
only exception made is for plans which guarantee
a minimum pension on retirement, in which case
the company will contribute whatever is neces
sary to meet that minimum. In 15 percent of
the contributory plans, the company will pay
both shares during military leave.
In the BNA study, 35 of the 114 companies
having contributory plans which credit time in
military service to pensions will make up all con
tributions for the employee during leave (depend
ing in some cases on his return). In 27 com
panies, the serviceman who wishes to have his
time in company service count in the computation
of his pension must continue contributions at the
usual rate, with deferral in some instances upon
return to the company, when a gradual repayment
plan goes into effect. Contributions cease alto
gether during the period of military service in 31
companies (with interim financing not defined).6
Group Insurance Plans
Some form of group-insurance plan was reported
by 474 of the 500 companies surveyed by BNA.
However, less than a tenth having such plans will
definitely continue to cover employees who are in
military service.7 More than two-thirds of the
companies definitely discontinuing protection will
do so within a month or less after the employee’s
departure. Hospitalization and surgical coverage,
according to the report, are invariably dropped
because these services are made available to the
serviceman through the Federal Government.
Group life insurance will occasionally be continued.
About 7 percent of all companies studied will con
tribute to the cost of the employee’s National
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MONTHLY LABOR
Service Life Insurance premiums during military
service, most of them for the entire period.
A total of 370 companies in the BNA study have
some group insurance benefit plan for dependents,
most of these being for hospitalization and surgical
expenses.8 When the employee enters military
service, 207 employers will discontinue insurance
for dependents; 109 will continue the protection.9
In the latter group of employers, a number require
the serviceman to pay all costs.
Of the 169 companies reported by NICB as
having group life-insurance plans, only 12 percent
will continue coverage after the employee enters
military service. The remainder will cancel
policies; moreover, 70 percent will do so within
31 days. Slightly less than 20 percent of the
companies canceling group life insurance are
planning to contribute to the serviceman’s Na
tional Service Life Insurance premiums, nearly
all for the leave period.
Under contributory plans, which predominate
(127), coverage will be continued by 10 percent of
the companies, provided the serviceman makes his
contributions and the insurance carriers continue
to permit coverage at existing rates.10 Eight em
ployers, however, will assume entire cost during
military leave.
Of 106 companies reporting to NICB as pro
viding group hospitalization insurance for depend
ents, 32 will continue this during military leave.
In only 13 of the 98 [additional] plans which pro
vide Blue Cross hospitalization to dependents and
11 of the 68 Blue Shield [surgical] plans covering a
similar category, protection will be continued.
Most of the Blue Cross and Blue Shield plans are
either completely employee or jointly financed.
Vacation and Bonus Plans
About 85 percent of companies studied by BNA
grant vacation pay when employees leave for
military service. Many pay only for vacation
time which the employee has earned or for which
he has qualified, and which has not been used
before departure. Under a few plans, departing
employees are paid for all the current year’s
unused vacation, plus a prorated part of the fol
lowing year’s vacation. More than a fourth of
the companies indicated that they relax normal
vacation eligibility standards in some way for
returning servicemen.
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
STATUS OF LABOR BANKS
Virtually all employers studied by NICB pay
for vacations fully earned but unused before
entering service. Two-fifths, in addition, grant
prorated vacation pay for time earned toward the
next vacation.
Some type of “induction” bonus (above any
accrued vacation pay) is given to employees
leaving for military service by almost two in three
companies reporting in the NICB preliminary
survey. Three-fifths of such employers graduate
the amount according to length of service with the
company.
Less than one in three companies of the BN A
survey give bonuses to employees departing for
military service, over and above any unused vaca
tion pay that may be granted. About a third of
these are graduated to the employee’s time with
the company. Virtually no differences were re
ported as to policy between salaried and hourly
employees. In one out of twelve companies
granting bonuses, such payments at the time of
the study were restricted to draftees.
1 The B N A study (M ilitary Leave Policies of 500 Corporations, Wash
ington 1950) presents data for policies in effect in September and October
1950. Its statistics take account of an appreciable number of companies which
reported as holding decisions in abeyance at the time on specific practices in
question. Nearly three-fifths of all companies stated that they dealt with
unions on one or more phases of military leave; this impact, however, was
not measured for specific policies.
N IC B data (in Management Record, Oct. and N ov. 1950) consists of two
studies: one based on replies from 180 companies as to military leave and
employee-benefit plans, and an earlier preliminary report covering informa
tion from 150 companies primarily on military leave and separation bonus.
Neither survey furnishes material on the influence of union agreements in
these fields. [Since the current article went to press, the National Industrial
Conference Board has issued a later report—Company M ilitary Leave
Policies, Studies in Personnel Policy, No, 114, March 1951.]
For recent statistics on the number of workers in the United States covered
by negotiated pension, health, and welfare plans, see Employee-Benefit
Plans under Collective Bargaining, Mid-1950, in M onthly Labor Review,
February 1951 (p. 156).
J The term “ benefit plans” is here used to include other programs beyond
those of pensions, health, and welfare, and includes vacation and “induction”
bonus plans (discussed in this article), as well as profit-sharing and annual
bonus payments.
* Covers inductees, enlistees, and reservists who enter on active duty in the
U . S. Armed Forces, Coast Guard, or U. S. Public Health Service.—
Veterans’ Reemployment Rights: Question and Answer Handbook, U. S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Veterans’ Reemployment Rights,
Washington, 1950 (p. 2; see also pp. 8, 46-51).
4 Selective Service Act of 1948 as amended, Sec. 9 (c) (1).—Ibid. (pp. 76,79).
* The B N A study does not furnish data on interim financing of noncon
tributory pension plans which grant credit for military-service time.
8 Of the remaining 21 companies, 18 were undecided and 3 did not reply.
7 32 companies reached no decision.
8 This study does not specify the number of companies having hospitaliza
tion and surgical plans.
8 In addition, 52 companies reached no decision; 2 did not reply.
10 As to the general situation, the N IC B states: “A great number of the
companies canceling the coverage report that their insurance carriers either
refuse to extend group coverage to employees in service, or have instituted
prohibitively high war risk premiums.”—Management Record, N ov. 1950
(p. 410).
936023— 51---------- 3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
413
Status of
Labor Banks, 1950
A s se t s o f the four labor banks increased by 2.3
percent in 1950 over 1949, deposits by 2.5 percent,
and capital, surplus, and undivided profits by 3.9
percent. As indicated in table 1, three of the four
banks showed gains in all three items, but in the
fourth both deposits and assets fell.
T a b l e 1.—Condition
of labor banks as of Dec. SI, 1949,
and 1950 1
Capital,
surplus,
and un
divided
earnings
Bank and date
All banks:
Dec. 31, 1949.......................................
Dec. 31, 1950___________________
Amalgamated Trust & Savings Bank,
Chicago, 111.:
Dec. 31, 1949_______ ______ _____
Dec. 31, 1950___________________
Brotherhood State Bank, Kansas
City, Kans.:
Dec. 31, 1949......................................
Dec. 31, 1950___________________
Union National Bank, Newark, N . J.:
Dec. 31, 1949......... .............. ..............
Dec. 31, 1950___________________
Amalgamated Bank of N ew York,
N . Y.:
Dec. 31, 1949_______ ______ _____
Dec. 31, 1950.......................................
Deposits
$4,916,424 $88, 571,474
5,108,595 90,830, 708
Total
assets
$95,396,635
97, 558,529
1,765,000
1,769,000
34.444,050
35,088,123
36, 770,765
37,557,093
558,148
567,846
9,883,592
10, 719, 896
10, 494,989
11,319, 742
391,841
546, 923
7,971,597
9, 255,599
8, 772.186
10, 072, 270
2,201,435
2, 224,820
36, 272, 235
35, 767, 090
39,358,694
38,609,423
i Information supplied by Industrial Relations Section, Princeton Uni
versity.
These four banks, the only labor banks that
reopened after the “bank holiday” in 1933, have
increased their assets in the past 15 years by more
than 300 percent (table 2). In the same period,
the deposits have increased more than fourfold,
while capital, surplus, and undivided profits have
more than doubled.
T a b l e 2.—Development
Date
Dec. 31—
1920___________________
1925___________________
June 30—
1930___________________
1935___________________
1940___________ ____ _ ....
1945___________________
1947___________________
1948___________________
Dec. 31—
1949___________________
1950___________________
of labor banks in the United States,
1920-50
Capital,
surplus,
and un
divided
profits
Deposits
Total
assets
2
36
$1,154,446
12,536, 901
$2, 258, 561
98,392,592
$3,628, 867
115,015, 273
14
4
4
4
4
4
7, 217, 836
2,051, 943
2,684,911
3,428,078
5, 052,138
5,119, 499
59,817, 392
17, 262, 281
23, 847, 294
72, 776, 529
89, 549, 666
89,181, 399
68, 953,855
19,692,385
26, 931, 651
76,509,121
95, 245.931
95,156,593
4
4
4, 916, 424
5,108,595
88, 571,474
90,830, 708
95,396,635
97, 558,529
N um
ber of
banks
414
R E ST R IC T IO N S ON N IG H T W O R K
Legal Restrictions on
Night Work by Women 1
I n 18 S tates and the Territory of Puerto Rico,
night work by women in specified industries is
either prohibited or regulated. In 13 States—
California, Connecticut, Delaware, Indiana, Kan
sas, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Jersey, New
York, North Dakota, South Carolina, Wash
ington, Wisconsin—and in Puerto Rico, such work
is prohibited by law for one or more industries.
Six of these States—California, Connecticut,
Delaware, Kansas, South Carolina, Wisconsin—
State
California
Connecticut
Delaware.
Indiana.
Kansas.
and Puerto Rico, have also established regulations
to cover women’s night work in certain other
industries or under certain conditions.
Maryland, New Hampshire, New Mexico,
Pennsylvania, and Utah do not prohibit night
work by women, but have provided regulations
to restrict it in specified industries.
The industries or occupations in which women’s
night work is prohibited or regulated, and the
nature of the restrictions in effect on November 1,
1950, are tabulated below, by State.
l U. S. Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau: Digest of State Laws
Relating to N ight Work for Women, N ov. 1, 1950.
Industry or occupation covered
Nature of restriction
D riving taxicabs or automobiles for hire......... ..........................................
Manufacturing; personal service; canning and preserving; profes
sional, technical, clerical, and similar occupations (exempts ex
change operators of a small telephone company whose duties are
incidental to other duties); public housekeeping (exempts graduate
nurses and nurses in training in accredited school) ; laundering, dry
cleaning, and dyeing; mercantile establishments; transportation;
industries handling farm products after harvest; amusement and
recreation (exempts performers whose activities involve exercise of
artistic talent or athletic proficiency).
M otion picture (exempts women who act, sing, dance, or otherwise
perform).
Exceptions (from all classifications above): Women employed in ad
ministrative, executive, or professional capacities, as defined in
orders; women engaged in the professions.
Bowling alley, shoe-shining establishment, poolroom.................
Manufacturing (includes public laundry), mechanical, or mercantile
establishment; restaurant, cafe, dining room, barber shop, hair
dressing or manicuring establishment, photograph gallery. Ex
ceptions: Professional employees and display workers in such
establishments; musicians or other entertainers, as specified in
statute.
Work by women prohibited from'8 p.m. to 6 a.m.
Unless suitable transportation is available, women may'not
be required to report for work or be dismissed from work
between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. If women work during those
hours and a meal period occurs within that time, facilities
must be available for securing hot food or drink, or for heat
ing food and drink, and a suitable sheltered place for eating
must be provided.
Manufacturing, baking, printing, dressmaking. (Exempts canning
and preserving of perishable fruits and vegetables.)
Mechanical establishment (by interpretation, includes beauty shop),
laundry, office.
Mercantile establishment, telephone and telegraph” office or ex
change, restaurant, hotel, place of amusement.
Exceptions (all classifications above): Establishments where con
tinuous operations are necessary.
Manufacturing establishment. Exception (by interpretation):
Switchboard operators in office of the establishment.
Manufacturing; laundry; dyeing, dry cleaning, or pressing establish
ment.
Mercantile establishment. Exception: Registered pharmacists____
Telephone operators___ ____________ ______________ ____ _______
Maryland.
Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment; printing;
baking; laundering. Exception: Office work.
Massachusetts.
Manufacturing or mechanical establishment.
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MONTHLY LABOR
When women are dismissed at night too late for'public trans
portation, employer must provide transportation.')
Work by women prohibited after 10 p.m.
Labor Commissioner is directed to: (1) Make regulations to
protect health and welfare of women and (2) prescribe ade
quate transportation facilities for those employed between
I a.m. and 6 a.m.
Upon application by employer, the Commissioner may per
mit employment of females between 1 a.m.* and 6 a.m.,
provided employer will comply with established”regulations.
Work by women prohibited from 11 p.m. to 6 a.m.
Work by women prohibited from 11 p.m. to 6 a.m.
If any part of a woman’s daily work is performed between
II p.m. and 7 a.m., her hours may not exceed S.in any 24.
(Day-work maximum, 10 hours.)
Work by women prohibited 10 p. m. to 6 a. m. (12 midnight
to 6 a. m. if 2 shifts, and employment does not exceed 8
hours a day, 5 days a week). This law’s provisions sus
pended since 1941; the current suspension law to expire
Mar. 15, 1951.
Work by women prohibited from 9 p. m. to 6 a. m.
Work by women after 9 p. m. prohibited.'
Operators regularly employed after 11 p. m. must be consid
ered night workers. Rest and sleep time shall not be con
sidered worktime. Total worktime, plus rest and sleep
time, must be within 12 consecutive hours.
If any part of a woman’s daily work is performed between
10 p. m. and 6 a. m„ her hours may not exceed 8 a night.
(Day-work maximum, 10 hours.)
Work by women prohibited from 11 p. m. to 6 a. m.s
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
Industry or occupation covered
State
Nebraska.
New Hampshire.
N ew Jersey.
N ew Mexico.
N ew York.
North Dakota.
Pennsylvania.
Offices, in cities of over 5,000 population. Exceptions: Public service
corporation; (by interpretation) charwomen or janitresses.
Mechanical or mercantile establishment; laundry, hotel, or restau
rant in cities of over 5,000 population (Exempts public service cor
poration); manufacturing, in cities of over 5,000 population.
Manual or mechanical labor in any employment. Exceptions: House
hold, boarding-house, or farm labor; domestic, hotel, or cabin labor,
including dining and restaurant service in connection therewith
and incidental thereto; nursing; operators in telegraph or telephone
offices; canning perishable fruits and vegetables.
Manufacturing establishment, bakery; laundry. Exceptions: Can
nery engaged in packing perishable products such as fruits or veg
etables; glass manufacturing.
Telephone or telegraph office, if more than 5 females are employed.
Exceptions: Emergencies resulting from fires, flood, storm, epi
demic of sickness, or any other extreme emergency that could not
have been reasonably contemplated.
Factory (includes cannery). Exceptions: Specified occupations in a
newspaper publishing or commercial printing establishment; book
or pamphlet bindery; (by interpretation) stenographers and other
office workers in factory. Cleaning or laundering any article or
thing covered by definition of “ factory.”
Mercantile establishment; beauty parlor; telegraph or other mes
sengers. Exceptions: Licensed pharmacists; (by interpretation)
stenographers and other office workers.
Restaurant. Exceptions: Women employed solely as singers or per
formers; elevator operators; attendants in ladies’ cloak rooms and
parlors; employees in or in connection with hotel dining rooms and
kitchens; hat-check, cigarette, or flower girls; resort or seasonal
hotels and restaurants in rural communities or cities of less than
15,000 population.
Streetcar conductors or guards; elevator operators in hotels and
restaurants.
Elevator operators, unless in establishment where women may be
employed as early as 6 a. m. Exceptions: Hotels and restaurants.
Elevator operators............................................................................. .............
Manufacturing establishment.......................................................................
Restaurant.
Puerto Eleo.
South Carolina.
415
R E ST R IC T IO N S ON N IG H T W O R K
Nature of restriction
Work by women prohibited from 1 a. m. to 6 a. m.
Work by women prohibited from 1 a. m. to 6 a. m. except on
permit.
Work by women between 8 p. m. and 6 a. m. on more than
2 nights a week is night work and may not exceed 8 hours
in any 24 nor 48 in any week. (Day-work maximum, 10
hours a day, 48 a week, in manufacturing; 10)4 a day, 54
a week, in any other employment.)
Work by women prohibited from 12 midnight to 7 a. m.3
Employment of women between 10 p. m. and 7 a. m. may not
exceed 8 hours in any 1 day nor 54 in 7-day week. (D ay
work maximum, 8 hours a day, 48 a week.)
Work by women prohibited from 10 p. m. to 6 a. m. (12
midnight to 6 a. m. if multiple shifts).
Work by women prohibited from 10 p. m. to 7 a. m. (12
midnight to 7 a. m. for women over 21 in mercantile estab
lishments. Effective from July 1, 1950, to Apr. 1, 1951).
Work by women prohibited from 12 midnight to 6 a. m.
Work by women prohibited from 10 p. m. to 6 a. m.
Work by women prohibited from 10 p. m. to 7 a. m.
Work by women prohibited from 11 p. m. to 7 a. m.
Night work permitted if provisions of State hours law and
regulations of the Industrial Board are met by the plant.
Applications for employment on a 2- or 3-shift basis must
be made to the State labor department.
Unless public transportation is available, employer must
supply transportation for women and minors dismissed
from duty between 11 p. m. and 6 a. m. All time spent by
employee in waiting for employer to furnish such trans
portation shall be considered waiting time and paid for
at applicable minimum hourly rate.
Work by women prohibited from 10 p. m. to 6 a. m.
“A ny lucrative occupation.” Exceptions: Packing, canning, or fruit
and vegetable refrigeration industries, and textile industry (see
below), telephone operators, telegraphers, artists, nurses, houseworkers.
Shops, factories, or any other industrial or commercial establishment. Upon employer’s application to employ workers on days
or during hours when establishment must remain closed
to public or during night hours when work by women is
prohibited by law, the Labor Commissioner is authorized
to grant a permit ii he deems such work essential to com
plete necessary work that must be finished within a deter
mined time. Exceptions: Work between 10 p. m. and
6 a. m. prohibited in any case for women who are under 18
or pregnant, or whose hours worked during the next pre
ceding 16-hour period, added to hours worked between
10 p. m. and 6 a. m., would exceed 8 in the 24.
Packing, canning, or fruit and vegetable refrigeration industries, and Work between 10 p. m. and 6 a. m. permitted for women
over 18 who are not pregnant, if hours worked in any cal
textile industry.
endar day do not exceed 8, and work shifts are rotated so
that no woman works consecutively on the night shift for
more than 3 weeks.
Mercantile establishm ent-.......................................................... ............... Work by women after 10 p. m. prohibited.
“ Operatives and employees” in any cotton and woolen mill manu Employment at night not to exceed w eekly maximum set
for day work—-55 hours.4
facturing yarns, cloth, hosiery, and other products. Exceptions:
Mechanics, engineers, firemen, watchmen, teamsters, yard em
ployees, and clerical force.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
RAILWAY LABOR ACT: 1949-50 REPORT
416
State
Industry or occupation covered
MONTHLY LABOR
Nature of restriction
Utah
Retail trade.
Washington.
W isconsin...
Elevator operators..........................................................................................
Manufactory; canning factory before and after season of actual can
ning of product. Exceptions: Office workers and charwomen in a
manufactory; workers in canteens and eating houses operated by a
canning factory for its own employees.
Laundry. Exceptions: Office workers and charwomen.............. ..........
Streetcar conductors, motormen, or flagmen........................ .................
Women employed between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. m ay not be
required to report for work or be dismissed from work
during these hours, unless suitable transportation is avail
able at no extra cost to worker.
Work by women after 12 midnight prohibited.
Work by women prohibited from 6 p.m. to 6 a.m.
Work by women prohibited from 6 p. m. to 6 a. m.
Work by women prohibited from 5 p.m. to 8 a.m. in cities of
150,000 population and over and their suburbs; from 5 p.m.
to 6 a.m., elsewhere.
Hotel.
If any part of a woman’s daily work falls between 9 p.m. and
6 a.m., hours of employment may not exceed 9 a night, 54 a
week. (Day-work maximum 10 hours a day, 55 a week.)
Restaurant.
Work between 8 p.m. and 6 a.m. is considered night work
except that work 1 night a week after 8 p.m. is not so classi
fied. Maximum for night work, 8 hours a night, 48 a week.
(Day-work maximum, 9 hours a day, 50 a week.)
Telephone operators in exchanges having 2,000 telephones and over. «_ If any part of a woman’s work is between 6:30 p.m. and 6 a.m.
on more than 1 day in week, her hours may not exceed 8 in
any 1 day nor 48 during the entire week. (Day-work
maximum, 9 hours a day, 50 a week.)
1
Between June 1 and Sept. 15. mercantile establishments in agricultural
communities may remain open until 10 p. m. on 1 day in week if permit is
obtained from State labor department.
1
Commissioner of Labor and Industries authorized, after public hearing, to
suspend until July 1,1951, the application or operation of this prohibition.
* Governor is authorized to suspend this law, on his own order or upon
application, in time of war or other serious national emergency.
4 Law applies to both male and female employees 16 years of age and over.
8 For smaller exchanges, orders of Industrial Commission establish number
of hours of employment to be counted as the night shift and also maximum
number of work hours permitted. The count varies from 1 hour to 7 hours
according to the number of telephones in the exchange, and maximum hours
from 10 a day, 60 a week, in the very small exchanges, to 9 a day, 56 a. week,
in those having between 1,000 and 2,000 telephones.
Railway Labor Act:
Although some of the disputes before the emer
gency boards involved matters of national concern,
the procedures of the Railway Labor Act should
have been adequate in other cases, according to the
Board, “without the necessity of the President of
the United States declaring an emergency.,,
Administrative Highlights, 1949-501
number of threatened strikes in the
transportation industry during the year ending
June 30, 1950, exceeded the total of any previous
year in the life of the Railway Labor Act, accord
ing to the latest annual report of the National
Mediation Board.2 The more serious strikes
or strike threats were attributed either to disputes
involving grievances arising out of existing con
tracts which had not been referred to the National
Railroad Adjustment Board for settlement, as
prescribed by the act before threat of a strike
was made, or to disputes which involved more than
one craft or carrier.3
Many of the threatened strikes were disposed of
through efforts of the National Mediation Board;
others, however, were not disposed of until after
Presidential fact-finding boards had been invoked
under the emergency provisions of the act. Dur
ing the fiscal year 1950, 11 such boards were
created to avert threatened strikes (12 in 1949).
T he
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Provision for Settling Disputes
The amended Railway Labor Act “distinguishes
different kinds of disputes, recognizes the differ
ences in the principles which underlie them, and
provides different methods and establishes separate
agencies for handling the various kinds.” The act
embodies detailed procedural steps for the peaceful
handling of disputes from their origin to their
final disposition. Direct negotiation, mediation,
arbitration, and Presidential emergency boards are
all utilized or are available.
If the National Mediation Board finds it im
possible to bring about a settlement of a case by
mediation, it endeavors, under the act, to induce
the parties to submit to voluntary arbitration.
But there is no compulsion on either disputant to
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
417
RAILWAY LABOR ACT: 1949-50 REPORT
agree to arbitrate.4 Should arbitration be refused
by either party or by both parties, and the dispute
remains unsettled and, in the judgment of the
Board, threatens substantially to interrupt
interstate commerce, the Board must notify the
President of the United States. The President
may, at his discretion, appoint an emergency
board.
The offices of the Board in so-called mediation
disputes 5 and those of Presidential fact-finding
boards are purely voluntary in nature, under the
act. They provide steps for deferring a strike or
lockout for a temporary period, however. The
principles of negotiation and mediation constitute
the heart of the law. Even emergency boards
function in a mediatory capacity in some contro
versies. There is no prohibition in the act against
work stoppages by employees after all the proce
dures under the Railway Labor Act have been
exhausted.
On the railroads, disputes involving employee
grievances and controversies over the interpreta
tion and application of existing contracts, which
cannot be settled by direct conference, are refer
a b le either to local or to system adjustment
boards set up by agreement, or to the National
Railroad Adjustment Board provided by the act
if no local or system boards have been agreed to
for that purpose. The decisions of the National
Board are binding by law upon both parties. The
Board consists of 36 members, 18 selected by the
carriers and 18 by the national organizations of
railway employees. Each of its four divisions has
jurisdiction over disputes involving different crafts
or classes of railroad employees. Salaries of mem
bers are paid by the parties that select them, but
salaries of administrative staff and all other ad
ministrative expenses are borne by the Govern
ment. If any division cannot agree on an award
because of a deadlock, a neutral referee must be
selected by the division or appointed by the
National Mediation Board, upon request, to sit
with the Adjustment Board until a decision is
rendered.
supplemental joint boards (Engineers-Firemen
and Conductors-Trainmen) and the adoption of
revised procedural rules. The First Division has
jurisdiction, under the act, of grievances which
involve “operating” employees, i. e., road- and
yard-service employees.7 It is called upon to
handle more than four times the number of dis
putes handled by the other three divisions com
bined, and has been regularly behind in handling
its docket of cases.
During the fiscal year 1950, the First Division
docketed 1,766 new disputes and disposed of
1,438 cases, thereby increasing its backlog of un
settled disputes from 2,842 as of July 1, 1949, to
3,170 on June 30, 1950. On the basis of cases
disposed, the National Mediation Board estimated
that the First Division was more than 2 years
behind in its work on June 30, 1950; the estimate
was nearly 4 years at the end of the previous
fiscal year.
The number of new grievance cases received
and docketed annually by the First Division in
creased by 85 percent in 2 years—from 954 in the
fiscal year 1948 to 1,766 in 1950. Total numbers
docketed involving trainmen, firemen, engineers,
and switchmen had appreciably increased; the
largest number of new cases involved train
men—587 in the fiscal year 1950 alone (see table).
Grievance Accumulation, First Division®
The National Mediation Board again expressed
concern over long delays by the First Division in
handling cases and issuing awards, some of which
often run into years, with the result that some
labor organizations resorted to other techniques
to secure settlements. When efforts to settle
The National Railroad Adjustment Board was
not able, during the fiscal year 1950, to reduce its
backlog of unsettled disputes in the important
First Division, despite the recent creation of two
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
National Railroad Adjustment Board, First Division:
Number of cases received and docketed annually, by labor
organization, fiscal years ending June SO, 1948, to June
SO, 19501
Fiscal year ending June 30—
Labor organization
1950
1949
1948
Total number of cases____________ _______
1,760
1,226
954
Engineers_______________________________
Engineers in combination with others_____
Firemen-----------------------------------------------Firemen in combination with others—- ___
Conductors-------------------------- --------- -------Conductors-Trainmen----------------------------Trainmen______________________________
Switchmen’s Union of North America_____
Other............... ............ .........................................
353
138
374
13
156
40
587
101
24
203
59
216
1
194
21
489
40
3
100
53
191
5
236
6
343
18
2
> Compiled from reports of National Railroad Adjustment Board in four
teenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth annual reports of National Mediation Board
(pp. 72, 71, and 93, respectively).
* Includes 2 “individual” cases.
418
RAILWAY LABOR ACT: 19^9-50 REPORT
grievance disputes by mediation failed, Presi
dential emergency boards were created, after
strike dates were set. In the fiscal year 1950, 6
out of a total of 11 emergency boards created dur
ing that period involved grievance disputes,
which, according to the National Mediation
Board, should have been disposed of by the First
Division, under the act.
For instance, prior to a strike against a principal
carrier system which lasted some 45 days, the
Presidential fact-finding board “sought vainly to
secure acceptance of procedures for settling the
dispute and averting the threatened strike.7’ It
pointed out that “the grievance cases should have
been submitted to the National Railroad Adjust
ment Board, and criticized the practice” of by
passing that agency by calling strikes to secure
the appointment of emergency boards. The
unions, however, rejected this finding. The
emergency board warned:
It seems inconceivable to us that a coercive strike
should occur on one of the Nation’s major transporta
tion systems . . . in view of the fact that the Rail
way Labor Act provides an orderly, efficient, and
complete remedy for the fair and just settlement of
the matters in dispute. Grievances of the character
here under discussion are so numerous and of such
frequent occurrence on all railroads that the general
adoption of the policy pursued by the organizations
in this case would soon result in the complete nulli
fication of the Railway Labor Act.
In another serious controversy involving more
than 1,400 grievance cases which remained unset
tled on the property of a carrier system, the emer
gency board announced that in its mediatory ca
pacity it had induced the parties to make a settle
ment. By the terms, creation of a regional
board of adjustment under the Railway Labor Act
was provided for, to which the unsettled claims
were to be referred.
The National Mediation Board recommended
in its 1950 report that a conference of major execu
tives of the railroads and the operating brother
hoods be held without further delay in order to de
vise some workable method for eliminating the
“log jam” of cases in the First Division. It also
recommended that a more determined effort be
made to dispose of a larger proportion of cases
without the intervention of a referee. In addition,
it pointed to a definite need for some understand
ing between the carriers and the brotherhoods as
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
to the extent to which awards of the First Division
should serve as precedents.
Peaceful Mediation
According to the National Mediation Board, the
Railway Labor Act again proved its value in the
fiscal year 1950 in providing mediation procedures
for the amicable settlement of 234 labor disputes.
Since the amendment of the act in 1934, 3,368 cases
have been similarly disposed of. “Against this
total,” the National Mediation Board pointed out,
“the few instances in which work stoppages oc
curred should stand out as sound evaluation of the
benefits of successful use of the act’s procedures.”
As of June 30, 1950, 102 mediation cases re
mained on the Board’s docket.
Among matters of concern to the Board during
the fiscal year 1950 were the following:
(1) Failure of disputants to utilize, or comply
with, “the very complete procedural provisions
of the act.”
(2) Apparent reluctance of both carriers and
labor organizations to conduct thorough collective
bargaining in national cases. The “short-circuit
ing” of negotiations to secure governmental assist
ance was deplored.
(3) Similarly, too great reliance on appointment
of Presidential fact-finding boards; also the tend
ency, at times, to reject the findings and recom
mendations of such boards.
(4) The large number of cases deadlocked by
the National Railroad Adjustment Board, re
quiring the services of referees appointed by the
Government.
(5) Need for investing representatives in nego
tiations with sufficient authority to effect a
settlement.
(6) Jurisdictional disputes between two or more
abor organizations.
For settling controversies and avoiding strikes,
as well as obviating the necessity for emergency
boards, in the railroad and air-transportation
industries, the National Mediation Board outlined
three steps: First, settling as many disputes as
possible in direct negotiation and real collective
bargaining; second, invoking the assistance of
mediation for effecting a “meeting of the minds” ;
and third, voluntary acceptance by both parties of
arbitration in issues that remain unresolved.
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
RAILWAY LABOR ACT: 19^9-50 REPORT
Growth in Use of Emergency Boards 8
Only a few Presidential emergency boards were
created under the amended Railway Labor Act of
1934 during the 8 years prior to World War II.9
In May 1942, a National Railway Labor Panel was
created by Executive order during the wartime
emergency, which functioned until August 1947.
Under this Panel, emergency fact-finding boards
supplemented procedures under section 10 of the
act. These boards were appointed from panel
members in unsettled dispute cases in which no
strike vote had been taken, after mediation by the
National Mediation Board had failed and arbitra
tion had been rejected. A strike vote and a
definite strike date are prerequisites under section
10 before the National Mediation Board may
report the threat of an emergency to the President.
In the early days of World War II, the standard
railway labor organizations and the carriers agreed
that there should be no strikes or lockouts and that
all disputes would be settled by peaceful means.
During the existence of the National Railway
Labor Panel, 58 panel emergency boards were
provided. With the exception of a few cases,
reported the National Mediation Board, the
recommendations of these boards were accepted
by the parties in settlement of the disputes.10 The
panel emergency boards certified that recom
mended wage changes were to conform with the
general wage stabilization program of the day.11
' Information is from Sixteenth Annual Report of the National Mediation
Board, Including the Report of the National Railroad Adjustment Board, for
the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1950. Washington, 1950.
For background material, earlier annual reports were utilized; and also
Fifteen Years Under the Railway Labor Act, Amended, and the National
Mediation Board, 1934-49 (U. S. National Mediation Board, Washington,
1950).
2
The National Mediation Board is the chief administrative agency under
the Railway Labor Act. Its principal work consists in mediating disputes in
railroad and airline industries which involve changes in rates of pay, rules,
or working conditions; and determining collective bargaining agents in
disputes concerning representation of employees. The National Railroad
Adjustment Board has jurisdiction of employee grievance disputes and
controversies over the application and interpretation of existing agreements
in the railroad industries.
2
The more prominent disputes in the railroad industry were those in con
nection with the manning of Diesel locomotives and the establishment of the
40-hour week for “operating” employees.
8 Fifteen Years Under the Railway Labor Act (p. 54).
« Involving change in rates of pay, rules, or working conditions.
8 For a summary of the situation during the previous year, see M onthly
Labor Review, April 1950 (p. 403).
7 1. e., engineers, firemen, hostlers and outside hostler helpers, conductors,
trainmen, and yard-service employees.
8 Information compiled from earlier annual reports of the National Media
tion Board and from Fifteen Years Under the Railway Labor Act (pp. 32-33,
84-89).
8 Fiscal years 1935 to 1942 inclusive. (See first to eighth annual reports.)
10 Fourteenth annual report, 1947-48 (p. 52).
11 Tenth annual report, 1943-44 (p. 36); see also Fifteen Years Under the
Railway Labor Act (p. 33).
“That we have made progress in the field of industrial safety is evidenced
by the fact that in the past 2 years workmen’s compensation rates [in Indiana]
have been substantially reduced, the first decrease of 7 percent coming in
1949 and a further reduction of 13 percent in 1950. These reductions were
made in the face of increased workmen’s compensation benefits and an in
crease in employment. They represent an approximate saving of $5,000,000
annually to the employers of Indiana. I am convinced that the [Governor’s]
Safety Conference [held in September 1950 and attended by more than 3,500
persons] will point the way to other methods of saving lives and dollars in
Indiana.”
—From message of Governor of Indiana to State Legislature 1951, quoted in United
States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, Legislative Report No. 1,
February 5, 1951 (pp. 35-36).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
419
420
LONGEVITY OF RAILROAD ANNUITANTS
Longevity of
Railroad Annuitants1
o u r of every five railroad workers who retired
at the age of 65, under the Federal Railroad Retire
ment Act, during the years 1936 to 1948, were
still alive 5 years after their retirement, and nearly
three out of five were still on the rolls 10 years
after their annuity began, according to a recent
mortality study made by the Railroad Retire
ment Board. Even those who did not retire
until 70 were living, in almost three out of four
instances, at the end of 5 years of retirement.
Nearly half of this older group were still alive at
the end of 10 years.
F
Percentage of surviving railroad, annuitants who retired at
specified ages during 1936-48, by years of survival
of 10.4 years; and those retiring at age 75, for an
average of 8.2 years. Even annuitants retiring at
age 80 can expect, on the average, to live 6.3
years.
The life expectancy of railroad annuitants
retiring at ages 60 to 85 is appreciably higher
than for white males in the general population of
the United States, as is shown in the following
tabulation.
Years of life expectation
60 years-----------------------65 years-----------------------70 years------------------------75 years------------------------80 years------------------------85 years------------------------
Railroad
annuitants,
1946-49
White
males,
1948 1
16. 5
13. 0
10. 4
8. 2
6. 3
4. 6
15. 4
12.4
9. 8
7.5
5.4
3. 6
1 Data for white males are from computations made by the U . S. Public
Health Service on the basis of mortality in the calendar year 1948.
Life Expectation After Retirem ent2
The superior longevity of railroad annuitants
over the general population is due in part, accord
ing to the Railroad Retirement Board’s study, to
the fact that the railroad annuitants are a hardy
group, having generally been able to remain at
work until an advanced age. Moreover, the sta
tistics for railroad annuitants exclude those retired
for serious disability, who consequently have a
heavier mortality than other railroad annuitants.
In contrast, the figures for white males in the
general population are based on mortality of all
men, irrespective of whether they were able to
work late in life or had become seriously disabled
earlier.
Railroad workers retiring at age 65 may expect,
as a group, to survive for an average period of
13.0 years; those retiring at age 70, for an average
1 Information is from M onthly Review, U . S. Railroad Retirement Board,
Chicago, February 1951 (pp. 22-25).
1 Life expectancy figures are group averages only and have no application to
individuals as such.
Full years of survival after retirement
Percentage surviving among
annuitants who retired at
age—
65
1 year _______________________________
2 years________________________________
3 years ____ __________________
4 years_______________ ______________
5 years, ___________________ ______
6 years- ________________ _________
7 years____ ________________ _
8 years__________________________ .
9 years, _____________________
10 years_______________ _______
11 years__________________________
12 years______________________
13 years. ___ ____ ______ ______ _____
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70
96
92
88
84
80
76
71
67
62
57
51
44
34
All ages
95
90
85
79
74
70
62
57
51
46
40
35
30
95
90
85
80
75
70
64
59
53
48
42
35
27
Technical Notes
Interim Adjustment
of Consumers’ Price Index
E conomic, military, and legislative develop
ments during the summer of 1950 made necessary
certain interim improvements in the Consumers’
Price Index in advance of the comprehensive revi
sion scheduled for completion in June 1952.1 No
major changes in procedures or weights had been
made since the full scale revision of 1940.
When this program was begun, it was expected
that no important changes would be made in the
index until the general revision was completed.
This assumed that the period of 1950-52 would
be one of relatively stable economic conditions
with moderate and comparatively uniform price
movements. This expectation was dispelled by
the sharp and diverse price movements following
June 1950. These changes magnified the effects
of the mis-weighting of the components of the
index.
One phase of the adjustment, namely, correc
tion of the new unit bias in the rent index, had
been planned and announced in 1949. Other
improvements, such as introduction of new or
substitute items, were comparatively minor and
routine; but some represent departures from cus
tomary practices. Because these changes, in the
aggregate, seemed likely to affect the trend of the
index from January 1950 and into the future, the
Bureau of Labor Statistics took pains to announce
them in advance and document them in detail.
Plans for Interim Adjustment
Three major considerations underlie the general
planning of the interim adjustment, which should
be considered an improvement of the 34-city index
as presently constructed and defined: (1) not to make
adjustments of basic concepts or methodology
prior to the comprehensive revision, (2) to make
936023— 51
-4
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the adjustments quickly, and (3) to make only
such changes as would result in demonstrable
improvements.
The scope of the adjustment embraced four
major parts:
1. Revision of city population weights.
2. Correction of new unit bias in rent index;
3. Addition of new items.
4. Revision of commodity weights.
Revision of Population Weights
Publication of the 1950 decennial census popu
lation data by city and county made possible the
calculation of revised population weights for com
bining 34-city data into a national index for all
items, and 56-city data into a national food index.
Previous city weights in the index were based on
Bureau of the Census estimated population counts
for 1942 derived from May 1942 registrations for
sugar rationing.2 In the index weights, each city
bears a weight based on its own population and
that of other metropolitan areas in the same
region.
In calculating revised 1950 weights, the popula
tion of standard “ metropolitan areas” as defined
by the Census was used. The metropolitan area,
or entire county in which the central city is
located as well as adjacent counties which are
closely related to it economically, has replaced
“ metropolitan districts” as used in 1940.3 Essenti
ally the same combination of nearby cities with
index cities was maintained in calculating the
city weights. A tabulation of the 1942 and 1950
population weights will be presented in the re
print of this article.
Correction of the Rent Index
As part of the interim adjustment of the Con
sumers’ Price Index, the corrections to the rent
index and the “ all items” index for the “ new unit
bias” have been incorporated into the index num421
422
bers from January 1950 to date. The nature of
this correction is described in detail in another
technical note in this issue.
The amount of the rent corrections, as appli
cable to the October 1950 indexes, was carried as
a footnote to all index releases from October
through December 1950. The ultimate incor
poration of this rent correction into the index had
the effect of raising the national rent index for
January 1950 by 6.8 index points, and the national
“ all items” index for January 1950 by 1.3 index
points.
prices were available in most cities for all new
items except beer. It is expected that reliable
prices for this item will be available within a few
months.
Revision of Commodity Weights
The unrepresentativeness of current index value
weights as related to current spending patterns
was the most compelling reason for making the
interim adjustment. Table 1 indicates the extent
of the weight dislocation in the January 1950
index.
To understand why the weight structure of the
index became unrepresentative, the reader should
review the mechanics of the index calculation.4
Since food prices have increased more than other
groups, the value weight of food in the national
index has increased as a percent of the total value
of the market basket—from 35 percent in 1934-36
to more than 40 percent before the adjustment.
Only if people had continued to buy the same
quantities of all goods and services, would foods
actually represent 40 percent of family expendi
tures. The Bureau’s postwar studies indicate,
on the contrary, that foods continue to take about
one-third of the consumer’s dollar. This shows
that consumers have adjusted their spending
patterns to increased income and higher prices by
purchasing different things in different quantities.
The index procedure necessarily holds quantity
weights constant from month to month. It can
not take continuous account of changes in spending
patterns. That is why, periodically, the Bureau
must conduct new family expenditure surveys and
adjust weights accordingly.
Addition of New Items
No general review of the sample of items priced
for the index was feasible for the interim adjust
ment. However, a few items which had greatly
increased in importance in family spending since
the mid-thirties were added. A few additional
items were included to improve the measurement
of average price movements for groups or sub
groups of similar items. Frozen peas, strawberries,
and orange juice concentrate, canned baby food,
group hospitalization payments, home permanent
wave refills, television sets, and beer were added
because of their increased importance; layer cake,
frankfurters, ice cream, cola drinks, grape jelly,
men’s rayon suits, men’s work gloves, women’s
rayon blouses, boys’ jeans, cotton rugs, chrome
dinette sets, electric toasters, aluminum pans,
velocipedes, and gas for space heating were added
to improve the measurement of price change.
These items were introduced into the index cal
culations at the first period for which reliable prices
were available. For the January 1951 index,
T able
MONTHLY LABOR
IN T E R IM A D JU ST M E N T OF CPI
1.
C o m p a r is o n o f p e r c e n ta g e d i s t r i b u ti o n o f g r o u p s o f e x p e n d itu r e s b y a ll f a m i l i e s o f w a g e e a r n e r s a n d c le r ic a l w o r k e r s
a n d u n a d ju s te d in d e x w e igh ts a s o f J a n u a r y 1 9 5 0
D enver
D e t r o it
H o u sto n
M a n c h e ste r
M e m p h is
R ic h m o n d
W a s h in g to n
C o m m o d it y g r o u p
U nad A d
ju ste d ju ste d
F o o d .....................................
A p p a r e l .................. ................
H o u s i n g . . . __________
F u e l , l i g h t , a n d r e f r i g e r a t i o n ____
H o u s e h o l d o p e r a t i o n ____________
H o u s e f u r n is h i n g s ___________
A u t o m o b i l e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ____________________________
O t h e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ________
P e r s o n a l c a r e _______
.
M e d i c a l c a r e . . ____ __
R e c r e a t i o n a n d r e a d in g _____ __
T o b a c c o a n d a l c o h o li c b e v e r a g e s
T o t a l __________________ _____
U nad A d
U nad A d
U nad A d
ju s te d ju ste d 1 ju ste d ju ste d 1 ju ste d ju ste d
4 1 .6
1 1 .9
1 3 .2
4 .6
3 .7
4 .7
7 .1
1 .3
3 .2
4 .3
2 .5
1 .9
2 9 .3
1 2 .2
1 2 .1
3 .6
4 .2
6 .9
1 2 .5
2 .3
2 .5
5 .9
4 .7
3 .8
3 7 .8
1 2 .2
1 5 .3
6 .0
2 .4
5 .1
8 .1
2 .0
3 .0
3 .3
2 .8
2 .0
3 1 .2
1 2 .2
1 1 .1
4 .2
3 .6
6 .8
1 1 .5
2 .3
2 .1
5 .4
5 .9
3 .7
3 6 .7
1 2 .7
1 3 .3
3 .1
4 .7
7 .4
1 0 .1
1 .3
2 .7
3 .8
2 .5
1 .7
3 0 .1
1 3 .6
11 .1
2 .0
5 .3
7 .8
9 .9
2 .0
2 .6
6 .3
6 .1
3 .2
4 4 .2
1 3 .3
9 .1
9 .1
3 .0
6 .0
4 .8
.8
2 .0
3 .0
2 .4
2 .3
3 0 .4
1 5 .8
1 0 .2
6 .5
4 .4
7 .2
7 .0
2 .3
2 .3
4 .5
5 .2
4 .2
3 8 .7
1 3 .5
1 2 .6
6 .8
4 .3
6 .8
6 .1
1 .6
2 .1
3 .5
2 .4
1 .6
3 0 .2
1 3 .8
1 0 .9
2 .8
4 .5
9 .0
1 0 .0
1 .9
2 .3
5 .6
5 .4
3 .6
3 7 .9
1 3 .7
1 1 .6
7 .7
4 .7
5 .8
5 .6
2 .0
2 .1
4 .4
2 .5
2 .0
3 2 .8
1 4 .0
1 0 .9
5 .4
6 .0
5 .6
6 .5
2 .5
2 .3
6 .3
5 .0
2 .7
3 5 .7
1 5 .7
1 5 .4
4 .6
4 .9
5 .6
5 .7
2 .4
2 .7
3 .6
2 .4
1 .3
3 0 .0
1 3 .7
1 3 .5
3 .3
4 .9
4 .8
9 .2
3 .5
2 .4
5 .3
5 .9
3 .5
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 Weighted by Negro-white population weights from dwelling unit survey.
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U nad A d
U nad A d
U nad A d
ju ste d ju ste d ' ju ste d ju ste d ' ju s te d ju ste d '
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
IN T E R IM
Since actual data had to be estimated for some
cities, the interim adjustment of weights served
only to bring the index weight diagrams closer to
current patterns of family spending. Data neces
sary to adjust the “all items value aggregate” in
the index to actual total expenditures in each city
were not available. Therefore, the total current
index value aggregate for each city was redis
tributed percentage-wise according to the esti
mated current spending patterns.
Throughout the rest of this article the term
“weights” will refer to the percentage distribution
of value weights in a current period and not to
physical quantity weights. The term “current
index weight” will refer to the weights in the
January 1950 index before adjustment.
The adjustment of weights for the 7 cities for
which recent actual expenditure data are available
will be discussed separately from those where they
are not.
Adjustments of Weights in Seven Cities
Basic data for adjustment of weights were
obtained from special tabulations of the survey
results for each of seven cities recently surveyed.
Average dollar and percentage expenditures for
major groups of commodities were calculated
for white and Negro families of wage earners and
clerical workers.5 Since it was desired that index
weights be adjusted to the most recent period
possible, the survey data which referred to dif
ferent time periods—1947, 1948, or 1949—were
adjusted by estimated changes both in quantity
consumption and in price to a common date,
approximately January 1950. The 12 commodity
groups for which expenditure data were summar
ized and adjusted, corresponded to the present
index groups (and subgroups of miscellaneous
goods and services): Food; Clothing; Housing;
Fuel, light, and refrigeration; Furnishings and
equipment; Household operation; Auto purchase
and operation; Other transportation; Personal
care; Medical care; Reading and recreation;
Alcoholic beverages and tobacco.
Quantity adjustments to survey results were
made to 1949 by item—the latest year for which
information was available—on the basis of data
from independent sources. Department of Com
merce national estimates of personal consumption
expenditures, retail sales data of the Department
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
423
A D JU ST M E N T OF CPI
of Commerce and Federal Reserve Banks, In
ternal Revenue tax collection data, annual food
consumption data of the Department of Agri
culture, automobile registrations, and similar
data from other sources were used. In some
cases, city data were available; in others, national
figures were used. If for any given item or group
of items, reliable information on consumption
was not available, no quantity adjustment to the
survey data was made. Adjustments for price
change to 1950, were based on the Bureau’s
regularly collected retail price data.
The general validity of the adjustment is cor
roborated by comparison with Department of
Commerce annual national estimates of personal
consumption expenditures adjusted for compara
bility with the Bureau’s definition of family
expenditures. The adjustments did not materially
change the percentage distribution of expenditures
from the survey data.
The percentage distribution of groups of ex
penditures shown below are for Detroit as of the
survey date, 1948, and as adjusted to 1950.
The data are for white wage-earner and clericalworker families of two or more persons.
Food______________________________
Apparel____________________________
Housing___________________________
Fuel, light, and refrigeration_________
Household operation________________
Housefurnishings___________________
Automobile transportation__________
Other transportation________________
Personal care_______________________
Medical care_______________________
Reading and recreation.,____________
Tobacco and alcoholicbeverages______
Total_______________________
19i8
1960
32. 3
12.8
10. 7
4. 0
3. 4
6. 7
11. 2
2. 0
2. 1
5. 2
5. 8
3. 8
32. 5
11.5
10. 6
4. 1
3. 5
6. 6
11. 9
2. 4
2. 1
5. 5
5. 7
3. 6
100. 0
100. 0
Using the adjusted data, a complete revision
of group and item index weights was made for
each of the 7 cities. Expenditures for individual
foods, available from the survey for a single week,
were adjusted to annual totals, using seasonal
adjustment factors. Expenditures for individual
items were allocated in the usual manner to the
sample of items priced for the index. Two excep
tions were radios, transferred from the “house
furnishings” group to the “reading and recreation”
subgroup, and alcoholic beverages, shifted from
food to the miscellaneous group.
424
INTERIM ADJUSTMENT OF CPI
Estimation of Weights for Other Cities
Reasonable assumptions about the economic
factors affecting the behavior of consumer expendi
tures were tested against 1934-36 expenditure
data available for 32 of the 34 cities, and against
the later adjusted survey data for 7 cities.
Coefficients of rank correlation of 1934-36
group percentage expenditures with city popula
tion size, population density, community income,
relative temperature, and percent of homes owned
were calculated, where appropriate, for all cities,
or for different city size groups. Since scatter
diagrams of the relationships did not indicate a
significant degree of correlation this approach was
abandoned.
A second approach was through analysis of the
adjustment of index weights for the 7 cities,
based on the adjusted survey data. The general
city-to-city consistency in the direction of and,
for some groups, the size of adjustment supported
the validity and applicability of the data for weight
estimations. (See table 1.)
In the main, the weight revision in these cities
resulted in a decreased weight for food, shelter,
and fuel, little change in the apparel weights, and
increased weight for the less urgent categories of
consumption.
Comparison of the adjusted survey data with
the current index weights in 6 of these cities8 not
only pointed up the exact nature of the weight
dislocations, but through the technique of mean
square deviations provided a statistical standard
with which to measure the validity of estimates
resulting from various methods. The mean
square, or variance around the mean, is the
sum of the squares of the deviations of each value
from the mean, divided by the number of obser
vations corrected for degrees of freedom. An
adaptation of this technique was used to compare
estimated index weights with observed weights in
the 6 cities. Table 2 gives a summary of some of
the mean square tests.
It is clear at once that the mean square devia
tions of the adjusted percentage expenditures
from current index weights are in total very much
larger than the deviations from 1934-36 weights or
the variance around the 6-city average. For
food, the mean square of deviations of adjusted
percentage expenditures from current index
weights was 92.9, compared to 7.5 from the
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MONTHLY LABOR
1934-36 weights and 6.1 for the variance around
their average corrected for the difference between
the mean of the 6 cities and the mean of the 32
cities in 1934-36. It was evident, therefore,
that a method of estimation could be found which
would improve the current index weights for all
cities. A guiding principle of estimation was
that, to be acceptable, estimated weights must
give a lower mean square than the current index
weights when tested against adjusted survey data
for the 6 cities.
The general procedure of estimating weights
for cities not surveyed in recent years was (1) to
develop estimating methods based on reasonable
assumptions about the economic behavior of
consumer expenditure distributions, (2) to cal
culate estimates based on several different esti
mating methods, (3) to test these estimates
against the observed data for the 6 cities, and
(4) to select the method which gave the smallest
mean square of the deviations estimated from
actual data in the 6 cities. If one of several
methods appeared clearly superior on logical
grounds to the others, it might be used in prefer
ence to one showing a lower mean square, pro
vided its mean square was not more than twice
the smallest.
General Estimating Methods
Two estimating methods proved to give the
best results for most group estimates.
Method A is based on the assumption that
the change in expenditures from 1934-36 to 1950
has been consistent in magnitude and direction in
all cities and also that the intercity differences in
expenditure distributions existing in the earlier
period still persist. This method, therefore, uses
the ratio of the 6-city average ( p 50q w ) adjusted
percentage expenditure from the recent surveys
to the average percentage expenditure in 1934-36
(i>34 <Z346) as an adjustment factor applied to the
1934-36 data (p34 q3 4 ) for each city. This calcu
lation gives the estimated index weight and for
any given city (0 can be expressed as follows:
°6X(P34g34)< = (Pso249)<
^34234
Method A was used to estimate index weights for
the food group and for automobile purchase and
other transportation in the miscellaneous group.
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
INTERIM ADJUSTMENT OF CPI
Method B is based on the assumption that the
change in quantity and quality consumption from
1934-36 to 1950 has been consistent in all cities
both in magnitude and direction; and that the
average relationship between current index
weights and current expenditures measures the
necessary correction for the dislocation of weights
in the index. It preserves the intercity differ
ences that exist in current index weights. This
method, therefore, uses the ratio of the average
adjusted percentage expenditures from the recent
6-city surveys (p50q496) to the 6-city average of
current index weights (p50q346) as an adjust
ment factor applied to the current index weights
for each city (p50q34)u This calculation gives
the estimated index weight and can be expressed
as follows:
---- - ?0X
= (Pso349)«
2>so234
Method B was used to estimate index weights for
the following groups of items: clothing; fuel,
light, and refrigeration; housefurnishings and
equipment; household operation; medical care;
reading and recreation; and tobacco and alcoholic
beverages.
Estimates based on methods A and B were
calculated for all other groups of items, and mean
square tests of 6-city estimates were made for use
in evaluating results of other estimating methods.
The total mean square deviation for all group
estimates by Method A was 17, and by Method B,
22. Both of these values were very much less than
the total mean square deviation of 131 when the
current index weights were tested against the
survey data for the 6 cities. (See table 2.)
Other Estimating Methods
Still other estimating methods were used for
personal care, housing, and automobile operation.
Analysis of family expenditure data reveals
that personal care takes a fairly constant propor
tion of expenditures from time to time and from
place to place. For the 7 cities, the percentage
expenditures for white families varied from 2.1 to
2.4 percent and for Negro families from 2.6 to 3.6
percent. For other cities, therefore, current index
weights were adjusted by weighting together the
simple averages for white and Negro families in
7 cities by white-Negro population weights ob
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
425
tained from the dwelling unit survey for the city
to be estimated.
Intercity differences in housing and automobile
operation are known to be large, and the index
weight adjustments for these groups in the 7 cities
were not entirely consistent as to direction or
magnitude. Average annual dollar expenditures
for rent were calculated directly from a 1949-50
BLS dwelling unit survey for each of the 34 cities
for white and Negro families separately. These
data were adjusted for comparability with expend
iture survey data in the 7 cities.
For index weights it was necessary to convert
these dollar estimates to a percentage of estimated
dollar expenditures on all items. A fairly constant
ratio was found between adjusted total expendi
tures and total index value weights, in the 6 sur
veyed cities, when analyzed separately by race.
Total expenditures, therefore, were estimated by
applying these average ratios by race to corre
sponding index value weights for the city to be
estimated (as for Method B). Estimated dollar
expenditures for rent divided by these estimated
total expenditures gave the percentage weight for
rent. This method is referred to as Method H.
Estimated dollar expenditures for owned housT a b l e 2. —Summary
of mean square tests
Mean square deviations of adjusted percentage
expenditures in 6 cities from—
Commodity group
Weights esti
Aver
mated by—
age 8
Final Current
1934-36
expend
weights 1 windex
eights weights itures,
Method
6 cities Method
A
B
All groups___________
15.62
131.10
64.38
21.95
16.98
21.94
Food........ .......................
A p p a r e l....................
7.81
1.15
92.92
1.11
4. 09
7. 46
2.88
21.52
6.14
2. 20
6.47
1.33
.89
2.31
R e n t8...... ................
Home owner cost8.
Fuel, light, and refrigeration ......................
Household operations..
Housefurnishings..........
Automobile. .................
Purchase________
Operation 8_............
Other transportation..
Persona! care.................
Medical care..................
Reading and recreatio n .--------------------Tobacco and alcoholic
beverages....................
.40
.33
.77
.46
.66
.24
.36
8.59
1 .2 2
.79
5.10
.97
3. 64
10. 42
14. 40
.69
5. 56
5. 69
2.66
.95
1.18
5.46
1.14
.84
1.24
3 44
2.90
.60
.33
4. 54
.34
.04
.84
.89
* .02
1.30
.04
.30
.18
4.88
3.43
.22
.62
.11
.43
2.50
1.53
.38
.57
.36
2.19
.52
.32
.03
.37
.1 0
.78
.60
.8 4
6.24
.40
.27
.23
1 Based on estimated weights adjusted to total 100.
8 Adjusted for significant differences between mean of 6 cities and mean of
32 cities in 1934-36.
8 Mean square deviations of estimated weights for:
Rent by Method H, .37; Home owner costs by Method J, .29;
Auto operations by Method R, .55.
* Based on average of 7 cities.
Italics indicate selected method.
426
IN T E R IM A D JU ST M E N T OF CPI
ing were computed by multiplying the 7-city
average expenditure per home owner by the per
centage of homes owned in each city. This
estimated dollar expenditure was converted to a
percentage weight as in the rent estimating pro
cedure. This is referred to as Method J.
A simple regression equation of dollar expendi
tures for automobile operation on percent of
families owning cars as shown by the survey data
for 6 cities was calculated (Method R). The
percent of families owning cars was estimated for
each city by dividing total passenger car registra
tions by the number of dwelling units in the city
as reported in the 1950 Census of Housing.
R. L. Polk & Co. automobile registration data,7
adjusted to the survey level, were used in estima
ting car ownership for the regression equation.
Estimated dollar expenditures for automobile
operation were calculated for each city and con
verted to a percent of estimated total dollar
expenditures in the same way as was done for
housing.
Many estimating methods were tried for use in
adjusting weights; some were carried through the
mean square tests; others were discarded on the
basis of scatter diagrams.
Methods of estimation similar to that used for
automobile operation were attempted for car
purchase but dubious results finally led to selec
tion of Method A.
Because of the importance of food and the size
of the index weight adjustment required in the
7 cities, special attention was given to the possi
bility of developing estimates by regression or
other methods from independent data available
for the 34 cities. All estimating methods were,
after test, finally discarded in favor of Method A.
For clothing and public transportation, regres
sion equations of the 6-city percentage expendi
tures on population were calculated; and for fuel,
the 6-city percentage expenditures on climate,
and on climate and percent of homes owned.
When tested for 6 cities, none of these yielded as
low a mean square as Method A or Method B.
For the remaining groups—furnishings and
equipment, household operation, medical care,
reading and recreation, and alcoholic beverages
and tobacco—mean squares of estimates by
Method A or Method B were considerably below
those of current index weights and no further
tests were considered necessary.
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MONTHLY LABOR
The selection of an estimating method was ulti
mately made separately for each group. In a
final step, it was necessary to adjust these inde
pendently estimated weights to total 100. This
adjustment did not greatly change the unad
justed estimates. The total mean square devia
tions, using selective methods for each commodity
group, were lower than those obtained by sole use
of either Method A or Method B.
The following table compares the combined 34city index weights of major groups for January
1950, before and after adjustment.
Unadjusted,
Food___________________________
Apparel________________________
R ent___________________________
Fuel, light, and refrigeration--------House furnishings_______________
Miscellaneous___________________
Medical care________________
Personal care_______________
Automobile transportation___
Other transportation________
Reading and recreation______
Household operation________
Alcoholic beverages and tobacco__
Total____________________
41.
12.
13.
5.
4.
22.
3.
2.
5.
2.
2.
3.
2.
6
2
8
6
7
1
3
5
5
5
9
3
1
100. 0
Adjusted
33. 3
12. 8
11. 6
3. 7
5. 7
32. 9
5. 2
2. 4
7. 8
3. 6
5. 8
4. 1
4. 0
100. 0
In general, item weights and subgroup weights,
except for food subgroups, were adjusted only
where data for the 7 cities showed a consistent
and unusually substantial difference between cur
rent index weights and actual expenditures. After
such adjustments were made, the estimated per
centage weights were adjusted to 100 within each
group.
Food Subgroups
The changes made to food subgroup weights
were comparatively small. Use of the 1948 food
consumption surveys for Birmingham, Buffalo,
Minneapolis-St. Paul, and San Francisco by the
Bureau of Human Nutrition and Home Eco
nomics of the Department of Agriculture (adjusted
for comparability with BLS 7-city survey data)
provided data for 11 cities altogether which were
used for adjustments in weights for all 56 food
cities.
For most subgroups, the ratio of the adjusted
survey percentage expenditures to the current
index weights in 11 cities was fairly consistent and
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
IN T E R IM A D JU ST M E N T OF CPI
was used to adjust index weights for other cities
as in Method B. For two groups—meats, poultry
and fish, and beverages—variation in the adjusted
percentage expenditures in the 11 cities was very
small, and no acceptable relationships between
these expenditures and other factors could be
established. For these groups, and for frozen
fruits and vegetables, a new subgroup, the average
of 11 cities was used as the estimate for all cities.
For the remaining group, fresh fruits and vege
tables, a good correlation was found between
percentage expenditures and population density,
apparently reflecting the influence of home gar
dens in less heavily populated areas. This rela
tionship was used in estimating index weights for
this subgroup. As a final step, separate subgroup
estimates were adjusted to 100 within the food
group.
Weights for food items which showed a consistent
difference between current index weights and ad
justed percentage expenditures in the 11 cities
were adjusted by Method B. These adjustments
resulted in the following weight shifts within
subgroups besides addition of new items: increased,
vanilla cookies and layer cake, hamburger, poultry,
fresh milk, shortening, margarine; decreased,
corn meal, rolled oats, rib roast, veal cutlet,
butter, apples, canned tomatoes, coffee, sugar,
lard, salad dressing.
Fuel, Light, and Refrigeration
Sizable shifts since 1934-36 in types of fuel used
were observed in the 7 cities surveyed, and were
known to have taken place in other cities. Gas
for space heating and fuel oil were added for cities
in which they had become important. Adjusted
index weights for Birmingham, Indianapolis, and
Portland, Oreg., surveyed by BLS for 1945, and
Milwaukee, Savannah, and Scranton, surveyed by
BLS for 1946, were based on the survey data, ad
justed for changes in prices and consumption in
the same way as were the 1947-49 surveys.
For the remaining 21 cities, varying sources of
information were used for each city. Adjusted
index weight subtotals were calculated for heating
fuels and nonheating fuel items within the group
by Method B. The relative expenditures for
heating fuel items in wide use in the 7 cities were
generally proportional to the percentage of families
using each item, and this relationship was used in
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427
distributing the total weight on heating fuels to
the individual items.
Apparel, Housefurnishings, and Miscellaneous
Method B was used to adjust subgroup weights
within the apparel group for 26 cities. Additional
survey data available from a 1948 BHNHE survey
were used for Minneapolis. The sub-group weight
adjustments resulted in decreased weights for
men’s, boys’ and girls’ apparel, and increased
weights for women’s and infants’ apparel and yard
goods. No important adjustments of item weights
were required in this group.
The housefurnishings group includes textile
housefurnishings, furniture, heavy durable goods,
and smaller household equipment. Because the
items in the group are heterogeneous and because
the direction of adjustments of index weights in
the 7 cities was generally uniform for all items
within the group, each item was adjusted by
Method B. Weight adjustment within this group
resulted in increased weight on washing machines
and curtains and decreased weight on brooms,
furniture, wool rugs, and cook stoves.
As already indicated, index weights were ad
justed separately for each subgroup of items in
the miscellaneous group. The adjustment of
items weights within these subgroups was limited
for the most part to a redistribution of weights
within subgroups after introduction of new items.
In the personal care subgroup home permanent
wave kits were added with weights based on
average expenditures in the 7 survey cities.
Automobile repairs were added to the index
pricing list for 21 of the 34 cities and their weight
within the automobile operation subgroup was
based on the average index weight in the other
13 cities. Domestic service was added to the
index pricing list in 22 cities and its weight within
household operation was based on the average
index weights in the other 12 cities. Cleanser,
matches, and laundry starch were deleted from all
city lists.
Two new items, television sets in 27 cities, and
velocipedes were added to the index pricing list
for reading and recreation. The average percent
age expenditure in 7 cities was used for velocipedes.
Because the television industry has grown rapidly,
the 7-city survey data for this item were unrealistic
for index weights even for the survey cities. Aver-
428
INTERIM ADJUSTMENT OF CPI
age family expenditures for television, representing
1949 quantities at 1950 prices, were estimated for
each of the 27 cities having TV stations, based on
number of sets sold multiplied by an estimated
average price calculated as a weighted average of
prices of 3 leading manufacturers. Estimated
family expenditures varied widely—from $19.45
in one city to $110.31 in another. Because of
this and because it was impossible to anticipate
changes in television expenditures in the near
future, it was decided to use for each of the 27
cities the average of the 27 city estimates, reduced
by 50 percent and converted to a percent of esti
mated family expenditures for reading and rec
reation.
Group hospitalization was added to the index
pricing list of medical care items. Estimated
family expenditures were calculated by multiplying
the percentage of population enrolled in Blue
Cross plans in each city by family hospitalization
rates, both reported by the Blue Cross Commis
sion of the American Hospital Association. Since
these estimates were based on total population
they were adjusted to represent family expendi
tures on the basis of observed survey data in
6 cities.
The introduction of new items in the miscella
neous group and the adjustment of weights on
items showing consistent differences between index
weights and adjusted percentage expenditures in
the 7 cities, resulted in the following important
shifts in weights within the group: weights were
increased on automobile repairs and train fare and
decreased on hospital rooms and doctor’s fees,
men’s haircuts, and radios.
Recalculation of Indexes
The final step preparatory to recalculation of
adjusted indexes was to distribute current index
values (aggregates) for all items according to
adjusted percentage weights for groups and items
for each city. Since the food index is calculated
with physical quantity weights, it was also
necessary to calculate revised quantity multipliers
reflecting both revised value weights and revised
city population weights.
After extensive consideration of three alterna
tive link dates for the new index series—January
1950, June 1950, and January 1951—January 1950
was finally chosen and published indexes back to
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
January 1950 were recalculated. The new unit
bias correction was applicable to January 1950,
and the adjusted quantity weights were more
appropriate to this date than to June 1950 or
January 1951.
Index aggregates were recalculated from Jan
uary 1950 forward, using the same price relatives
as in the old index (for items included in both
series) and adjusted weights. The originally
published January 1950 all-city indexes for rent
and all items and January, February, or March
1950 city indexes (depending on frequency and
schedule of price collection) were corrected for the
new unit bias in the rent index. Indexes for the
first month of the adjusted series, January 1950,
are the originally published January 1950 indexes
with rent and all items corrected for new unit
bias. Price changes from January 1950 forward,
calculated with adjusted group and item weights,
were linked to these new January 1950 indexes to
form the adjusted scries.
Comparison of Index Series
The movement of the adjusted 34-city index
series for all items since January 1950 has not been
very different from the old series; the adjusted
series rose 1 percent less over the year. The
difference in movement of the two series is due
chiefly to the downward adjustment of the weight
on foods which increased sharply in price during
the year, and to the increased weight on items in
the miscellaneous group. The reprint of this
article will contain tabular and graphic compari
sons for the two series, both for all cities combined
and for individual city indexes.
The difference in the level of the two indexes
at the start is due solely to the correction of the
rent index which was incorporated entirely in the
month of January 1950.
The variation in the measurement of average
price changes for all items reflects not only the
group-weight adjustments but also the internal
adjustments which are reflected in different
changes for commodity group indexes. About
one-half of the difference between the two indexes
in their movement from January 1950 to January
1951 is accounted for by changes in the group
weight; about three-eighths by changes in internal
weights within groups; and the remainder by the
interaction of the two kinds of changes.
INTERIM ADJUSTMENT OF CPI
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
Percent increase in indexes: Average of
34 cities
January 1950 to
January 1951
Item
Adjusted
series
Old
series
January 1950 to
June 1950
Adjusted
series
Old
series
All ite m s................................... .......
7.9
8.8
1.2
2.0
Food....................................................
13.2
7.3
2.9
13.1
7.9
2.8
3.6
-.2
1.2
4.4
2.4
12.3
4.5
3.2
13.1
5.5
-.6
.1
-.3
-.8
.3
.1
R ent_________ ________________
Fuel, electricity, and refrigera
t io n .......................... .....................
Housefurnishings---------------------Miscellaneous_________________
1.1
The combined effect of differences in weights
and price movements for each major group on the
measurement of average price change for all items
from January 1950 to January 1951 is illustrated
below mathematically. This table shows how the
various groups account for a net difference of 0.9
in the price change on the two series over the year,
and indicates the decreased influence of food and
the increased influence of the miscellaneous group.
Adjusted index
Old index
(2)
(1)
Item
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Price
Price
relative, Weight, Prod relative, Adjusted Prod
uct, (1) Jan. 1950 weight, uct. (4)
Jan. 1950 Jan.
1950
to Jan. Jan. 1950 X (5)
to Jan.
X (2)
1951
1951
All item s...............
108.8 X 100.0 = 108.8
Food.......................
Apparel..................
R ent.......................
F u el......... ..............
Housefurnishings,
Miscellaneous___
113.1
107.9
102.8
103.2
113.1
105.5
X
X
X
X
X
X
41.6 =
12.2 =
13.8 =3
5.6 =
4.7 as
22.1 =
47.0
13.2
14.2
5.8
5.3
23.3
107.9 X 100.0 = 107.9
113.2 X 33.3 = 37.7
107.3 X 12.8 = 13.7
102.9 X 11.6 = 11.9
102.4 X 3.7 =* 3.8
6.4
112.3 X 5.7 =
104.5 X 32.9 = 34.4
City Indexes
There are greater differences between the two
index series for individual cities than for the
34-city average. The amount of the correction
for new unit bias and consequently in the adjust
ment of index level at January 1950 for all items
and rent varies widely. Moreover some of the
weight adjustments, particularly for the 7 cities
recently surveyed, have varied from the average
adjustment, thus exerting different effects on
group price movements.
Food
The measurement of average change in United
States food prices over the whole period from
January 1950 to January 1951 was almost the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
429
same by the two series. However, adjustment
of the food subgroup and item weights dampened
the sharp rise from April to July 1950 and the
recent sharp advance in the 2 months from
November 1950 to January 1951. It also elimi
nated the decline from July to September 1950,
previously reported on the old series.
Other Groups
The result of weight adjustments for the fuel,
light, and refrigeration group, has been both a
smaller average rise and less sharp fluctuations
of the index. This is because more weight has
been given to more stable items, particularly gas
and electricity, and less weight to coal.
Average price changes over the year for the
apparel, housefurnishings, and miscellaneous
groups have been lower, according to the adjusted
series for these groups, reflecting the net effect of
internal weight adjustments and addition of new
items already mentioned. For housefurnishings,
the difference seems to be due chiefly to the shift
in weights from furniture and rugs to durable
goods, prices for which had been more stable. For
the miscellaneous group the differences seem to
arise from the addition of television sets which
decreased in price in the middle of the year; the
shift in weight from doctors’ and hospital fees to
group hospitalization which had been more stable;
and weight adjustments for men’s haircuts, soaps,
and other items.
Although the level of the United States rent
index has been raised by the new unit bias correc
tion, the movement of the rent indexes over the
year is almost identical. The only differences
arise from the slight effect of changes in city
population weights on the average change for
all cities.
—D oris P. R othwell
Division of Prices and Cost of Living
1 A genera] discussion of the shortcomings of the index and of the Bureau’s
revision program will be found in “Revision of the Consumers’ Price Index’’
in the M onthly Labor Review for July 1950.
2 See Bureau of Labor Statistics Cost of Living Index in Wartime, M onthly
Labor Review, July 1943; reprinted as Serial No. R. 1545.
3 See 1950 Census of Population, Preliminary Counts, Series PC -3, No. 3.
4 See Construction of Consumers’ Price Index, M onthly Labor R eview,
September 1949.
1 These data will be included in an appendix to a reprint of this article.
9
Because the survey from which Washington base index weights were
obtained was not strictly comparable with other cities, Washington was
not used in most of the estimating processes. Hence, the varying refer
ences to “6” and “7-city” surveys.
7 Published by the Automobile Manufacturers Association in Automobile
Facts and Figures.
430
SE LE C TIO N OF C ITIE S FO R CPI
Selection of Cities for
Consumer Expenditures Survey, 1950
MONTHLY LABOR
tion of additional cities, most nearly meets these
three considerations.
Urban Population To Be Represented
Survey of Consumer Expenditures in 1950,
conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
during January-May 1951, is one of the major
phases of the Consumers’ Price Index revision
program.1 It will provide detailed information
on the kinds and quantities of goods and services
purchased by families and single consumers living
in urban areas of the United States. In all, 97
cities were selected for study. Data for 1950 are
being obtained for 91 of these cities, since 6 of them
had already been surveyed in recent years.
The survey results will be used to bring up to
date the weighting design and lists of items priced
for the Consumers’ Price Index. They will also
furnish valuable information on the spending pat
terns of urban consumers at different income levels
and of varying family size and composition. These
data are widely used in marketing and other social
and economic research.
The cities to be surveyed are representative of
all urban places in the United States. The city
sample is large enough to allow detailed analysis
of various major classifications of cities such as
size, geographic areas, and types, including in
dustrial, commercial, institutional, etc.
The method of selecting the cities to be sur
veyed was based on three major considerations:
(1) Choice of cities that are a good sample of the
total urban population from which to estimate
the United States urban spending pattern for var
ious socio-economic groups. (2) Selection of cities
that would make possible reliable estimates of the
expenditure weights for price index purposes for
any city in the United States. (In the past the
Bureau, when asked to make such estimates with
out conducting an actual expenditure study, has
had to rely primarily on data for nearby cities.
More precise estimates of index weights for cities
not surveyed can be made if the sample is designed
with this use in mind.) (3) Procurement and
publication of expenditure data for certain indi
vidual cities which are important marketing, in
dustrial, commercial, or institutional centers. A
Nation-wide urban sample of cities, randomly
selected and supplemented by a purposive selec
T he
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The sample cities were selected to represent all
cities and incorporated places in the United States
having 2,500 inhabitants or more, and other areas
classed as “urban” by the Bureau of the Census.2
Since 1950 population reports were not yet avail
able when the sample was selected, city size was
based on estimates of 1947 population. These
estimates were obtained by adjusting the 1940
population counts by the estimated change in pop
ulation for various areas from 1940 to 1947, as
determined by the Bureau of the Census sample
survey of 1947.3 For cities with 1940 population
of 50,000 or more, the whole Census urbanized
area around each city 4 was treated as a single
sampling unit. All other urban places not in
cluded within an urbanized area were treated as
separate sampling units. On this basis, there
were 2,798 sampling units with a total 1947 esti
mated population of about 91 million. The dis
tribution of all cities and sample cities by popula
tion size class is shown in table 1.
T able
1 .— D i s t r i b u t i o n o f a l l c i t i e s a n d s a m p l e c i t i e s b y
p o p u la tio n size
Sample selected
Purposive
from Latin
selection
Total
Square design
N um
population
Population size group ber of
(1947
cities
estim ates) Num
N um Total
Total
ber of
ber of popula
cities population cities
tion
Group A : 1,000,000
and over_
__
13
Group B: 240,000 to
1,000,000__________
42
Group C : 30,500 to
240,000____________ 216
Group D : 2,500 to
30,500_____________ 2, 527
35,500,000
1 13 35, 500,000
0
0
»9
5,161,000
3 12
5, 678,000
18,400,000
9
1,057,000
4 21
2,210,000
18,400,000
16
167, 500
17
174, 500
47 41,885, 500
50
8,062,500
18,400,000
Total................... 2, 798 90,700,000
1 Includes two cities surveyed in 1947-48.
3 Includes one city surveyed in 1948.
3 Includes two cities surveyed in 1948-49.
4 Includes one city surveyed in 1947.
Sample Design
The first two conditions for sampling, mentioned
earlier, were: (1) A national urban sample; and
(2) a sample from which estimated index weights
could be made for any city in the United States.
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
SELECTION OF CITIES FOR CPI
All 13 largest urbanized areas, having a total
population of 35.5 million, were selected for their
extreme importance from almost any point of
view. These are hereafter referred to as Group A
cities. The remaining cities have a total popula
tion of about 55.2 million. They were divided
into three groups of equal population—18.4
million each: Group B—42 cities from 240,000 to
1 million; Group C—216 cities from 30,500 to
240,000; and Group D—2,527 cities from 2,500
to 30,500.
To satisfy the condition for a national sample
it would have been possible to sample randomly
from each of these groups of cities. Such a sample
could also have been used to make estimates
covering any other city by some detailed correla
tion analysis of expenditures based on known
population characteristics. Estimating the total
expenditure pattern requires the estimating of
several thousand statistics on the detail of ex
penditures. Such correlation analysis represents
a prohibitive amount of work. However, the dis
tribution of expenditures among the important
classes of goods and services may be approximated
by easier methods. This is especially true in
estimating only that degree of detail required for
class or group weights for a price index.
Expenditure patterns for cities for which survey
data are not available are often estimated by use
of available data for the nearest city of approxi
mately the same size. Since this method is
subject to an unknown and large amount of error,
it was decided that what was needed was some
method of selecting cities so that estimates could
be made simply, for any unsurveyed city.
In an attempt to do this cities were selected
in the classification diagram which has been
referred to as “the Latin Square” here explained:6
This diagram required classification and arrange
ment of each city by characteristics which are
known to be related to expenditure distributions.
Take, for instance, the 42 cities with populations of
240,000 to a million population. Each city was
classified by density of population, relative
temperature, and community income level. This
information was recorded on cards, one for each
city.
First, the 42 cities were ranked by population
density from the most dense to the least dense.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
431
They were then classified into 3 groups—thick,
medium, and thin density—of about 6.1 million
population in each group.
Next, the cities were ranked according to total
annual degree days (i. e., relative temperature)
from highest to the lowest. The cities again were
classified into 3 groups—hot, mild, and cold—of
about 6.1 million population each.
Finally, the cities were ranked according to
community income level from highest to lowest,
and classified into 3 groups of approximately 6.1
million population each. Each city in each group
was designated as “high,” “moderate,” or “low”
income.
The 42 cities, graded into 3 levels under 3
classifications, were then cross-classified into
27 possible classes of cities representing all com
binations of the levels and classifications as in
table 2. Nine classes of cities—3 in each level
of each classification—were then selected in such
a way that no combination of levels within classi
fications was repeated—no two classes of the same
climate were of the same density or income level,
etc. These 9 classes of cities formed what is
known as a “Latin Square,” with the combinations
of characteristics shown in the accompanying
chart.
Combinations of Characteristics
of the "LATIN SQUARE"
C LIM A TE
PO PU LA TIO N
D E N S IT Y
IN C O M E
LEVEL
1
Cold
Thick
M oderate
2
Cold
M edium
Low
3
Cold
Thin
High
4
Mild
Thick
High
5
Mild
Medium
M od erate
6
Mild
Thin
Low
7
Hot
Thick
Low
8
Hot
Medium
High
9
Hot
Thin
M oderate
432
SELECTION OF CITIES FOR CPI
From each of these nine cells one city was
selected, with the chance of selection proportional
to the size of city. Estimated index weights for
any particular city that is not one of the nine se
lected can be made by using expenditure data
obtained for the nine cities selected. If the city
MONTHLY LABOR
Table 2.—-Diagrams showing classification factors, number
of cities in each cell, and the balanced Latin Square chosen
for the sample— C o n tin u e d
Group D (2,500-30,500 population) 4 x 4 x 4 x 4 diagram—Continued
C lim a te
I n c o m e le v e l
C i t y s iz e
showing classification factors, number
of cities in each cell, and the balanced Latin Square chosen
for the sample 1
D is ta n c e
to m ar
ket s
T able 2. —Diagrams
'L a r g e ________
Group B Cities (240,000 to 1,000,000 population) 3 x 3 x 3 diagram
Climate
M e d iu m
l a r g e ______
Population density
Income
Hot
(Thick_______________
High__________________
(Thin_______________
(Thick_______________
iT hin________________
(Thick_________ _____
(Thin........ .......................
Mild
0
(1)
1
1
0
(2)
(2)
2
6
(1)
2
1
2
(3)
0
0
2
(2)
Cold
M o d e r a te lo w ..
M e d iu m
s m a l l ______
4
2
(2)
(1)
2
2
0
(1)
0
S m a ll..
' L a r g e . .............
Group C Cities (30,500 to 240,000 population) 3 x 3 x 3 diagram
Low_____ ____
Climate
City Size
Income
Hot
(Large----------------------High__________________ (M edium ____________
(Small_______________
(Large----------------------(M edium ____________
ISmall_______________
(Large----------------------(M edium ___ _________
ISmall_______________
Mild
6
(3)
8
4
9
(24)
(2)
4
14
(4)
2
7
3
(1)
6
3
14
(30)
Cold
3
13
(16)
(5)
3
17
0
(6)
9
Group D (2,500-30,500 population) 4 x 4 x 4 x 4 diagram
Climate
Income level
City size
Distance
to mar
ket*
(A ............
Id ------
(A --------Medium
Medium
i c ____
Id ____
(A ............
J B ---------
i c ____
Id ------
c -----Id ____
c -----Id ____
Moderate high..
A --------Medium
IB --------large.......... i c ....... .
Id ____
Medium
small____
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(A --------B ---------
i c ____
(D _____
(A ______
c -----Id ____
Hot
0
0
(3)
1
3
5
1
12
6
4
3
9
4
5
2
10
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
3
3
4
3
(9)
3
5
7
9
Mild
2
4
1
6
5
2
3
6
8
5
6
11
14
(6)
14
13
4
5
3
2
(4)
5
7
6
7
10
13
6
13
9
13
20
Mod
erate
cold
0
13
7
17
1
10
12
(18)
2
21
11
17
4
21
15
26
1
4
4
5
5
12
11
11
1
12
16
19
3
25
(41)
36
Cold
5
8
8
6
1
8
2
9
(7)
4
4
10
7
13
11
20
4
(16)
4
3
9
11
6
9
11
16
15
14
15
28
17
18
...
( A ________
B .
i c ________
D _______
' A _______
B _______
' C ...........
D _______
A _______
B _______
C. .
D _______
A .............
B
C ________
D _______
A ________
B
I c ______
D . ........ .
A ______
Medium
B ______
large_____ C .
D
( A ______
Medium
B ______
small____ C ___
D ______
[ A --------.Small______
c . . ........
Id ______
H ot
6
6
4
1
10
(2)
3
3
6
5
23
6
22
16
23
10
11
2
5
4
22
3
3
11
42
14
27
17
(111)
47
68
25
M ild
5
2
7
2
10
5
16
5
11
9
(151
7
22
7
25
9
2
o
1
(1)
7
2
3
M od
e r a te
c o ld
(1 )
4
3
1
2
7
4
8
7
19
14
14
10
19
20
17
0
o
0
0
2
C o ld
2
2
0
2
14
9
1
25
9
5
40
8
(1 2 )
0
0
0
1
1
o
0
Hi
21
9
23
7
2
(4)
10
6
42
18
3
4
17
17
12
7
38
49
32
17
13
i Sample cells are indicated by parentheses ( ).
* A = Long distance to market.
B = Short distance to small market.
C = Short distance to medium market.
D = Short distance to large market.
happens to fall into one of the nine city classifica
tions selected, then the survey results of the sample
city in that class can be used directly for the city
in which expenditures are to be estimated. If, on
the other hand, the city is in one of the other 18
classes from which a sample city was not selected,
an estimate could be made as follows:
Assume that an estimate of expenditures is
required for a city which is cold, thinly populated,
and with high income level. An average ex
penditure for the nine sample cities is calculated,
and averages based on three cities for each classi
fication characteristics are then calculated for—
Hot cities
Mild cities
Cold cities
Thick cities
Medium cities
Thin cities
High-income cities
Moderate-income cities
Low-income cities
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
SELECTION OF CITIES FOR CPI
The average of the three cities with low income
is not affected by density or temperature charac
teristics since the three cities contain all three
levels of population density and all three levels
of temperature. Thus, each of the foregoing
averages is affected by only one characteristic at
a time. Therefore, the difference between each
of these three-city averages and the grand average
of the nine cities measures the net effect on the
average expenditure of each of the three levels
within each classification. Using the net effects
of each classification characteristic, the average
expenditure can be estimated for a city in a class
from which there was no sample city. The
estimate is calculated by adding to or subtracting
from the average for nine cities, the net effects
measured by the three-city averages.
Suppose that in the example the 9-city average
expenditure was $30, and differed from the 3-city
averages as follows:
+ $3 in the 3 Cold cities
— $1 in the 3 Mild cities
— $2 in the 3 Hot cities
+ $2 in the 3 Thick cities
+ $1 in the 3 Medium cities
— $3 in the 3 Thin cities
+ $1 in the 3 High income cities
0 in the 3 Moderate income cities
— $1 in the 3 Low income cities
Then the estimate for a cold, thinly populated,
high-income city would be $30 (the 9-city average)
plus $3 (the net effect of cold), minus $3 (the net
effect of thinly populated), plus $1 (the net effect
of high income) or $31.
To estimate the average expenditure for all
cities in the population size class 240,000 to 1
million, it is necessary only to estimate an average
for each of the 27 city classes and weight the
classes together by the total population of the
cities contained in each class. To make an
estimate for all cities, the 13 large cities (Group A)
and the estimates of the three size groups (B, C,
and D) of cities are weighted together by their
total aggregates of population.
Estimates for individual cities not included in
the sample are subject to four types of errors:
(1) Sampling error in the average of the sample
city (within-city error); (2) error of using the
sample city average to represent the average of its
class; (3) error of using the average effects of each
characteristic, additively, to estimate the average
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433
of a class from which no city was selected (error
of the estimating formula); and (4) error of using
the estimated average of a class not surveyed to
estimate a given city in that class.
When the survey is completed it will be possible
to estimate expenditure weights for price index
purposes for cities not surveyed and to approxi
mate the error of the estimate.
The success of this method depends, of course,
largely on classifying the cities by variables which
are closely related to expenditure patterns.
Since the thousands of items of expenditures are
affected by so many different characteristics
(e. g., fuel by the climate, housing by density,
and medical care by income level), it is difficult
to find those few characteristics which are com
mon to the greatest number of expenditures.
Also the modes of classification must be in
dependent one from the other; otherwise the threeway classification of the cities shows many blank
cells and a balanced Latin Square cannot be
selected. Cells in the classification diagram might
be selected which contained no city. For instance,
if the Bureau had used temperature as one mode
of classification and geographic location for another
mode of classification, cells classified as hot-north
ern and cold-soutbern would not likely contain
any cities.
The problem of finding modes of classification
which were closely related to expenditure patterns,
but which were mutually unrelated, required study
of many characteristics of cities before making the
final choice for each particular group of cities.
The selection of characteristics was further limited
by the necessity of having comparable data for
selected characteristics for all urban places. For
the group of cities 240,000 to 1 million population,
income level, climate, and population density were
finally used; for the group of cities 30,500 to 240,000, city size, income level, and climate were used.
For cities under 30,500, 4 modes of classification
were used with 4 levels in each classification. The
modes were—income level, climate, population
size, and distance to nearest major market area.
The following paragraphs explain the exact sources
and treatment of the data used.
Income level was based on the average quarterly
pay for employees covered by Old-Age and Survi
vors Insurance tabulations by counties. These
data can be found in Business Establishments,
Employments and Taxable Payrolls under Old-
434
S E L E C T IO N
Age and Survivors Insurance Program, First quar
ter 1947, by Industry Groups and Counties, U. S.
Department of Commerce. The income classi
fication of large cities, where the city population
accounts for the major part of the county, was
based on the published data without adjustment.
For the smallest group of cities (under 30,500),
the community income level was determined by a
cross-classification of these average earnings data
for the county in which the city is located and the
1940 Census average rent for the city. That is,
cities were classified into five earnings levels—low,
moderate low, moderate, moderate high, and
high—by the average taxable earnings for the
counties in which they were located. The mod
T a ble 3. —Cities
erate high level was observed to have a wide range
in 1940 average city rents. It was therefore sub
divided into low and high rent groups; the low
rent portion was combined with the moderate in
come group and assigned to the “ moderate high
income” group; the high rent portion was assigned
to the “ high income” group.
Climate was based on Average Monthly and
Seasonal Degree Days—Base 65° F. as tabulated
in U. S. Weather Bureau, Climatological Data.
Degree days are defined as the sum of the devia
tions below 65° F. in the daily mean temperature.
Population density is the ratio of 1947 estimated
population to area in square miles.
City size consists of 1947 population estimates.
in Group A and Groups B-D cities selected from, the three Latin Squares
Group C
G roup A cities—Urbanized area population, over 1,000,000
Population (1947
estimate)
City
New York, N . Y _______________________________
Northern New Jersey area___________________
San Francisco, Calif
MONTHLY LABOR
O F C IT IE S F O R C P I
_______ ______ ____________
Cleveland, Ohio_______________________________
9,000,000
4. 200,000
3.800.000
3.300.000
2.800.000
2, 600,000
1, 600,000
1, 600,000
1.500.000
1.300.000
1.300.000
1.300.000
1.200.000
cities—P opulation, 30,500 to 240,000
Classification characteristics5
Population
(1947 esti
mate)
City
Huntington-Ashland, W. Va__
Charleston, W. V a _ .________
Group D
G roup B
190.000
87.000
31.000
169.000
138.000
35.000
219.000
140.000
48.000
Cold.
.—do_
. . . do_
Mild
— do.
...do..
H ot.
. . . do.
— do_
Minneapolis-St. Paul, M inn.
Youngstown, Ohio_________
Scranton, P a ______________
Seattle, W ash______________
Cincinnati, Ohio___________
Kansas City, M o_________ Portland, Oreg_____________
Houston, Tex.4..........................
964,000 C old .— Thick— Moder
ate.
317,000 .- .d o ___ T h in ..- High.
240.000
602.000 M ild .... T h ic k ... High.
829,000 -.-d o ___ M edium Moder
ate.
635, 000 -.-d o ___ T hin___ Low.
486.000
Low.
532.000
High.
556.000 ---d o....... T h in .... Moder
ate.
Grand Forks, N . D ak ..
Laconia, N . H ._ ............
Rawlins, W yo................
Sand point, Idaho_____
Grand Island, Nebr___
Ravenna, Ohio...............
Shenandoah, Iowa____
Garrett, In d __________
Shawnee, Okla_______
Middlesboro, K y _____
Pulaski, Va...... ..............
Anna, 111..........................
Lodi, Calif___________
Camden, Ark________
Glendale, Ariz................
Madill, O k la.............
1 Surveyed for 1948.
2 Surveyed for 1947.
8 Climate classification (in normal number of annual degree days): Hot—185
to under 4,417; Mild—4,417 to under 6,144; Cold—6,144 and over.
Population density classification (persons per square mile): Thick—1,773.8
to 3,913.3; Medium—1,386.5 to 1,732.0; Thin—514.1 to 1,269.2.
Income level classification (annual dollar earnings as reported under OA SI):
High—$2,468 and over; Moderate—$2,264 to $2,460; Low—under $2,240.
4 Surveyed in 1948.
* Climate, classification (normal number of annual degree days): Hot—185
to 4,410; Mild—4,417 to 5,936; Cold—5,941 and over.
City size classification (population): Large—154,455 to 235,275; M edium—
85,924 to 154,454; Small—30,273 to 85,923.
Income level classification (annual dollar earnings as reported under OASI):
High—$2,424 and over; Moderate—$2,136 to $2,240; Low—under $2,132.
6
Climate classification (normal number of annual degree days): Hot—under
3,224; Mild—3,224 to under 5,232; Medium cold—5,232 to under 6,282; Cold—
over 6.282.
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Large____
M edium ..
Small........
Large____
M ed ium ..
Small____
Large____
M ed ium ..
Small____
Moderate.
Low.
High.
Low.
High.
Moderate.
High, i
Moderate.
Low.
Classification characteristics9
City
City
Income
level
cities—Population, less than 30,500
cities—Urbanized area population, 240,000 to 1,000,000
Classification characteristics *
Popula
tion (1947
estimate) Climate Popula
Income
tion
level
density
City size
Climate
Popula
tion (1947
estimate)
Climate
17.000 Cold..........
15.000 . ..d o _____
7.000 . ..d o ...........
4.000 . ..d o _____
19.000 Med. cold.
10.000 . ..d o ...........
7.000 . ..d o _____
5.000 . ..d o _____
21,000 M ild____
12,000 ...d o _____
9.000 . ..d o _____
5.000 .- .d o _____
17.000 H ot______
11.000 ...d o _____
6.000 . ..d o _____
2,500 . ..d o _____
City size
Income
level
Distance
to market
Large____
Med. large
Med. small
Sm all____
Large____
Med. large
Med. small
Sm all____
Large____
Med. large
Med. small
S m all____
Large____
Med. large
Med. small
Sm all___
Mod. high
L ow _____
H igh_____
Mod. low.
. . d o ...........
H igh..........
Low_____
Mod. high
Low_____
Mod. high
Mod. lowHigh-------. do_____
Mod. low.
Mod. high
L ow _____
B
C
A
D
A
D
B
C
D
A
C
B
O
B
D
A
City size classification (population): Large city—16,096-30,273; Medium
large—9,512-16,088; M edium small—5,233-9,509; Small—2,500-5,232.
Distance to market classification: A = Long distance to market (over 76 miles
to any marketing area). B = Short distance to small market (less than 76
miles to marketing area with retail sales under $80,386,000). C = Short
distance to medium market (less than 76 miles to marketing area with retail
sales of $80,386,000 to $231,143,000). D = Short distance to large market (less
than 76 miles to marketing area with retail sales over $231,143,000).
Income level classification (earnings as reported under OASI): High—Cities
in counties with average annual dollar earnings over $2,360 and cities with
county average earnings between $2,136 and $2,360 and average city rent
(1940) of $26 and over per month. Moderate high—Cities with county
average earnings between $2,136 and $2,360 and average city rent (1940) under
$26 and cities with county average earnings between $2,036 and $2,136. M od
erate low—Cities with county average earnings between $1,660 and'$2,036.
Low—Cities with county average earnings less than $1,660.
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
SELECTION OF CITIES FOR CPI
Distance to market center (Jor small cities) is
the distance in road miles that the city is to near
est market center. A market center was defined
as any city with retail sales over $40 million in
1947 as reported in Sales Management, March
1948.
Detailed tabulations of the 3 groups of cities
under 1 million population, by the modes of
classification, are given in table 2.
Sample Selection
For the three population groups of cities less
than 1 million (Groups B, C, and D), a sample
of cells was selected from each diagram to produce
a balanced Latin Square as outlined above. The
Latin Square for Groups B and C contained 9
cells and that for Group D, 16 cells.
Only one combination of cells was possible
which would fulfill all the requirements of a
balanced Latin Square for Group B. The reason
is that the diagram contained a number of blank
cells, the characteristic combinations of which
did not describe any city of this size; for example,
Group B contains no high-income, densely popu
lated, hot city. The appearance of these blank
cells in the diagram raises some question as to
the efficiency of the design in estimating expendi
ture weights for cities not surveyed. Data
obtained from cities added by purposive selection
as described below will be used to test the esti
mates derived from the sample. For Group C
there were 8 combinations possible, and for Group
D a very large number of combinations.
The one combination of cells of Group B (just
mentioned) was used in selecting the actual cities
to be surveyed; of the 8 combinations of Group C,
one was selected at random; and from the many
combinations possible in Group D, the one which
had the largest total population was selected.
From each of the selected cells, cities were chosen
at random.
The cities in Group A and those selected from
the three Latin Squares are given in table 3.
435
T a b l e 4. —Additional
cities outside the Latin Square cells,
Groups B-D
Group B additional cities
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n c h a r a c t e r is t ic s 1
P o p u la
t io n
(1947
e s tim a te s )
C ity
7 7 9 .0 0 0
6 2 0 .0 0 0
5 9 1 .0 0 0
5 0 9 .0 0 0
492, 000
4 6 2 .0 0 0
4 3 1 .0 0 0
3 2 6 .0 0 0
2 9 9 .0 0 0
2 8 3 .0 0 0
4 5 3 .0 0 0
4 3 3 .0 0 0
M i l w a u k e e , W i s __________
P r o v i d e n c e , R . I _________
N e w O r le a n s , L a ___ _____
I n d i a n a p o l i s , I n d _________
B i r m i n g h a m , A l a _ _ _____
N o r f o lk -P o r t s m o u th , V a .
L o u i s v i l l e , K y ____________
H a r t f o r d , C o n n ___________
M i a m i , F l a ________________
O m a h a , N e b r _____________
D e n v e r , C o lo .* ____________
M e m p h i s , T e n n . 3_________
C lim a te
C o l d ______
M i l d ______
H o t _______
M i l d ______
H o t _______
_____ d o _____
M i l d ______
_____ d o ..........
H o t _______
M i l d ______
.......... d o ..........
H o t _______
P o p u la t io n
d e n s ity
In com e
le v e l
T h i c k _____
M e d iu m ..
T h i c k _____
M e d iu m ..
_____ d o _____
T h i n ______
H ig h .
M o d e r a te .
Low .
M o d e r a te .
Low .
D o.
D o.
H ig h .
M o d e r a te .
L ow .
D o.
D o.
_____ d o _____
T h i c k _____
M e d iu m ..
...........d o ..........
_____ d o _____
Group C additional cities
Classification characteristics 1
Popula
tion
(1947
estimates)
City
Oklahoma City, Okla___
Des Moines, Iowa______
Manchester, N . H .4_____
Sioux Falls, S. D ak._ . . .
Albuquerque, N . M ex__
Butte, M ont___________
Bangor, M aine_________
Climate
C ity size
Income
level
Moderate.
232,000 M ild . .
___ _do____
Do.
, 000
218; 000 ____do____ ____do____ Low.
193,000 M ild_____ ____do____ High.
182,000 Cold_____ ____do____ Moderate.
154,000 H ot______ M ed iu m .. Low.
137,000 M ild_____ ____do____ Moderate.
____do____ Low.
133, 000
D o.
111,000 Cold_____ ____do____
Do.
96, 000
Do.
9 4 ; 000
Cold_____ ____do____
Do.
84,000 H ot______ Sm all____
Do.
37,000 Cold........ . ____do____
Do.
36,000 M ild____ ____do____
32,000 Cold_____ ____do........ High.
Low.
50, 000 M ild_____
____do____ Moderate.
48,000
____do____ High.
44,000
Do.
42,000 M ild_____ ____do____
36,000 Cold_____ ____do........ Low.
31,000 ____do____ ____do____ Moderate.
220
Group D additional cities
City
Salina, Kans_______
Santa Cruz, Calif . .
Fayetteville, N . C _.
G ran d J u n c t io n ,
Columbia, T e n n .. .
Roseburg, Oreg
...
Classification characteristics 1
Popula
tion
(1947)
esti
mates)
Climate
City size
Income
level
24,000
23,000
22,000
18,000
11,000
Cold
Med. cold.
H ot_____
Med. hot..
Med. cold.
___ _do____
____do___
____do........
Med.large.
High_____
Mod. low .
Mod. high
L ow _____
Low ___
A
B
D
C
A
Cold_____ ____do........ Mod. high.
Med. h ot.. ____do____ M od.low ..
. . . do___ High------Med. hot.. Med. small High------Med. cold ____do____ Mod. high.
........do____ Low -----Cold
____do____ M od.low ..
Hot
5 ,0 0 0
Small........ Mod.high.
5 ;0 0 0
Med. cold. ........do........ High_____
5 ,0 0 0
4 ,0 0 0
H ot______ ____do........ L ow _____
____do___ M od.low ..
2,500 Cold
High
5 ; Ö0Ö ____do........ ____do____
B
D
C
B
C
D
A
A
D
B
C
A
11,000
11,000
10,000
7,000
6,000
5^000
Dis
tance
to
market3
Purposive Selection of Additional Cities
Washington, N . J._
Demopolis, Ala . .
The sample of cities selected randomly from the
Latin Square formed a Nation-wide urban sample
and met the requirements for calculating estimates
for any city in the United States. It did not,
1
Classification characteristics are the same as those used in the construction
of the Latin Square design.
3 Surveyed for 1948.
* Surveyed for 1949.
4 Surveyed for 1947.
5 See footnote 6 to table 3.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
436
SELECTION OF CITIES FOR CPI
however, include a number of cities for which for
particular reasons individual city data is
important. For example, the probability of
drawing many of the relatively small cities in
some geographical regions, especially the South
west and Mountain States in a Nation-wide
sample is slight.
Experimentation with Latin Square designs,
using geographic regions as a classification factor,
indicated that the geographic distribution of
cities selected from such designs would not be
very different from that of the cities selected from
the designs based on climate and income level.
Therefore, it was decided that the need for
individual data for such cities could be met best
by purposive selection.
Furthermore, it was apparent that the varia
bility in expenditure patterns among small places
was considerably larger than that among the
large cities. For this reason it seemed advisable
to expand the coverage of the sample in the small
city strata in order to provide estimates of
expenditure patterns for small cities of various
1
For further discussion, see Revision of the Consumers’ Price Index,
M onthly Labor Review, July 1950 (p. 129), and Consumer Expenditure
Study, 1950, M onthly Labor Review, January 1951, (p. 56).
1
See 16th Census of the U. S. 1940 Population, Volume I, Number of In
habitants, Bureau of the Census and Urbanized Areas, Bureau of the Census,
November 15, 1949. Some States do not incorporate places of less than
10,000 population. The Census Bureau designates places in these States as
urban if (1) they are made up of towns (townships) containing a village hav
ing 2,500 inhabitants or more, or (2) they contain a thickly settled area of
2,500 inhabitants or more which comprises by itself or In combination with
other villages within the same town, more than 50 percent of the total popu
lation of the town.
Another type of unincorporated area classified as urban by the Census
Bureau is made up of townships and other political subdivisions which have
a total population of 10,000 or more and a population density of at least 1,000
persons per square mile.
The Census has designated the closely settled urban fringe in and sur
rounding cities as urbanized areas for the 157 cities which had 50,000 or more
inhabitants in 1940. Places are included in these areas if they are contiguous
to the central city, or if they are contiguous to an area already included.
These places are: (1) incorporated places with 2,500 inhabitants or more;
(2) incorporated places with fewer than 2,500 inhabitants provided the in
corporated place includes an area with a concentration of 100 dwelling units
or more; (3) unincorporated areas w ith at least 500 dwelling units per square
mile; (4) areas devoted to commercial, industrial, transportational, recrea
tional, and other miscellaneous uses functionally related to the central city.
In addition, all outlying areas within l'A miles of a central contiguous urban
area measured along the shortest connecting highway are included as are
those outlying areas within Yi mile of another outlying area which is within
1H miles of a central contiguous urban area.
* The percentage change was obtained as follows: (1) If located in one of
the metropolitan areas of which the population was estimated by the Bureau
of Census Sample Survey of 1947 (p. 21, N o. 35), the percentage derived by
Census was used. This percentage was applied to all places in the metro
politan district. (2) Where a special census was taken (since 1946), that
figure obtained by the special census was used. (3) All other places were
assumed to have increased in population at the same rate as the whole State
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MONTHLY LABOR
types. Additional cities outside the Latin Square
cells were also needed in order to test estimated
expenditure weights derived from the sample
cities. To meet these needs, it was decided to
survey the largest city in each State, providing the
population was 30,500 or more and the State was
not already represented by a city of over 30,500
population in the selection from the Latin Square.
In addition, a city was selected randomly,
proportionate to size, from each of the 6 cells of
the small city classification of Group C (under
86,000) not represented in the original Latin
Square. For Group D another Latin Square
combination of 16 cells, with no cell of the previous
selection included, was selected at random. A
city was chosen within each cell of this set giving
preference to cities in States not represented or to
important regions and areas not covered. These
extra cities, shown above, complete the list of
the 97 cities in the Survey of Consumer Expen
ditures.
— M arvin K ogan
Division of Prices and Cost of Living
after allowance for places coming under (1) and (2) above. State population
increase from Bureau of Census Sample Survey (p. 25, N o. 12, Aug. 9,1948).
A comparison was made between the 1947 estimates and the 1950 prelimi
nary population reports of the Census which have just become available.
M ost of the estimates were within 10 to 15 percent of the 1950 count with the
exception of a number of small cities and certain cities located in the western
and southwestern portions of the United States. In general, the differences
between the estimated and actual figures do not change the relative position
of cities with respect to the population-size classes used in the sample selection.
4 The Census urbanized area consists of a central city or cities by which it is
designated and surrounding urban area both incorporated and unincorporat
ed. For 17 of the 157 urbanized areas established by the Census, theactual de
lineation had not been completed when the selection of cities was made. The
metropolitan district definition was used to designate the urban boundary
for these 17 areas.
Six of the designated urbanized areas were separated into sub-areas which
were considered as more appropriate units for expenditure and price studies.
The sub-areas (other than the central city areas) which were treated as
separate sampling units in the universe follow:
(1) The N ew Jersey portion of the N ew York urbanized area; (2) The
DuPage County, 111., portion of the Chicago urbanized area; (3) The Lake
County, Illinois portion of the Chicago urbanized area; (4) Will County,
111., and Lake and Porter Counties, Ind., portion of the Chicago urbanized
area; (5) The N ew Jersey portion (other than Camden, N . J.) of the
Philadelphia urbanized area; (6) The N ew Kensington (and environs in
Allegheny and Westmoreland counties) portion of the Pittsburgh urbanized
area; (7) The Beaver County portion of the Pittsburgh urbanized area;
(8) The extreme northern part of the San Francisco urbanized area consist
ing of parts of Contra Costa, Solano and Marin Counties of California; (9)
The extreme southern part of the San Francisco urbanized area consisting
of parts of San Mateo, Santa Clara, and Alameda Counties in California;
(10) The Middlesex and Essex Counties, Massachusetts portion of the
Boston urbanized area; and, (11) The extreme southern part of the Boston
urbanized area consisting of parts of Norfolk and Plym outh Counties, Massa
chusetts.
* For further information on the Latin Square see R. A. Fisher, The Design
of Experiments, 3d Edition (Oliver & Boyd Ltd., London 1942), Chapter V;
particularly p. 86.
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
CORRECTION OF NEW UNIT BIAS—CPI
Correction of N ew Unit Bias in
Rent Component of CPI
T h e understatement of the rise in rents during
the past decade reflected by the rent component
of the Consumers’ Price Index, and by the CPI
itself, has been corrected and is here described.
It arose during the war and postwar years from
the failure to reflect the difference between rents
charged for new dwellings when they first enter
the rental market and those of comparable
dwellings already in the market.1 This difference
is equivalent to a price change which properly
should be reflected in an index of rents and prices.
The 3-year revision program of the CPI,
authorized in the fall of 1949, included compre
hensive housing studies in each of the 34 city
areas covered in the CPI and made the correction
possible. From surveys conducted early in 1950,
the Bureau of Labor Statistics is now able to
announce that the correction to the rent index
for the accumulated downward bias for 10 years—
from 1940 to 1950—is 5.5 percent of the January
1950 rent index and 0.8 percent of the "all items”
index for the 34 cities combined. Applying this
correction to the January 1950 index would raise
the rent index by 6.8 index 'points and the all items
index by 1.3 index points. The amount of this
correction is somewhat higher than the 1949 rough
estimate which follows, because it takes into
account the very high rate of new rental construc
tion during 1949 and also because the measurement
was more accurate.
Several rough estimates of the understatement
had previously been made by the Bureau so that
users of the CPI could appraise the extent of this
“ new unit” bias.2 However, they were not
incorporated into the CPI because of the meager
data upon which they were based. In July 1949,
the Bureau made its last rough estimate that, as a
result of this “ downward bias” from 1940 to 1949,
the rent index in February 1949 was too low by
something between 3% and 5 index points, and
that as a result the all-items index was too low
by something between 0.6 and 0.9 index points.
Origin of New Unit Bias
The procedure used in making the correction
for the “new unit” bias in the rent component
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
437
of the CPI was of course conditioned by the basic
concept of the index and can be clarified by a
brief review of how the bias originates.
The CPI measures average changes in retail
prices of a bill of goods and services of constant
quantities and qualities, purchased by moderate
income families. It is designed to show the
influence of price changes only, and to exclude the
effect of changes in the quantities or qualities
purchased. Because of the difficulty of deter
mining which houses are identical in quality, the
Bureau has measured changes in rents for samples
of identical houses as a means of arriving at the
change in rent for dwellings of identical quality.
If the rent for a unit is not reported at the begin
ning and the ending months of the period for
which rental change is measured, that unit is
excluded from the tabulation.
Additions to the rental market (created by
new construction or conversion) do not have an
“earlier” rent when they first come onto the
market, and therefore the procedures for calculat
ing the index do not reflect the difference in rent
between “new” units and comparable existing
units. Consequently the price change—between
average rents for dwellings in one period and the
average rent for identical qualities of housing,
including new dwellings, in a later period—which
properly should be reflected in the index, is
missed.
Normally in a market free from rent controls
there is no consistent differential in price between
“new” units and comparable existing dwellings.
However, during periods of rent control, those
market forces which tend to equate the rents for
“new” and “old” housing of identical quality are
not permitted to function.
Thus, during the war and postwar years—a
prolonged period of rent control and housing
shortages—additions to the rental market almost
always came on the market at higher rents than
those for comparable dwellings already in exist
ence.3 It is the failure of the index to reflect this
difference which introduced the consistent down
ward bias that is referred to as the “new unit
bias” in the rent index.
At the same time, the Bureau has been unable to
bring up to date frequently the sample of tenant
dwellings from which rental data are obtained.
Newly built rented dwellings are drawn into the
samples only when a new sample is drawn. Since
438
CORRECTION OF NEW UNIT BIAS—CPI
1940, the Bureau has been able to revise its
samples in 1942, in 1944-45, and again in 1950 as a
result of the surveys upon which the Bureau based
the present correction of the new unit bias.
Requirements for Making the Correction
Two kinds of data were required in order to
correct the rent index for each city: (1) the propor
tion of the total number of rental dwellings which
were additions to the rental housing market over
the 10-year period; and (2) the average relative
difference in rents between these and comparable
existing dwellings. The volume of additions to
the rental market and the relative importance of
these additions to the total rental housing supply
could only be determined by a sample survey of
housing in each city area.4 While there were some
data on average rents by cities, no source was
available that could supply average rents for
units created prior to 1940 and for units created
in the last 10 years. Here again, to measure rents
by quality classes, a specially designed survey of
housing was required.5
Estimating Volume of New Rental Housing
In order to keep within the strict time schedule
established for the Bureau’s revision program, a
third of the comprehensive housing surveys were
conducted in December 1949, January 1950, and
February 1950, respectively. In order to estimate
the volume of new rental construction in the
housing market area of each city, the surveys were
designed to insure adequate representation of all
kinds of blocks in the area to be covered, and at the
same time to cover that area around the city which
represented its housing market.
Survey Area. Boundaries established for the
survey area determine to an important degree the
accuracy of an estimate of the proportion of new
and old dwellings. In large cities particularly, the
proportion of new buildings in the suburbs has
been greater than in the central city. It was
therefore important that the Bureau should survey
the area which included the city’s primary housing
market and yet not cover housing located beyond
the direct competitive influence of housing in the
central city.
The use of the Census standard metropolitan
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MONTHLY LABOR
area as the survey area was rejected because it
included a territory too large both from the stand
point of survey cost and housing market uni
formity. The metropolitan area is defined as the
entire county in which the central city is located as
well as adjacent counties which are closely related
economically to the central city. As a result, the
area takes in much rural housing, as well as com
munities with housing markets comparatively un
related to that of the central city.
The new Census designation of the urbanized
area, designed to separate urban and rural
population more efficiently in the vicinity of large
cities for the 1950 Census, was found to parallel
closely the primary housing market for most cities.6
Accordingly, these urbanized areas were adopted
in establishing the outer limits to be covered by the
dwelling unit surveys in 28 of the 34 cities. In
Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and
San Francisco, the urbanized areas were too exten
sive to be analyzed economically and were
considered to cover much more than the city’s
primary housing market area. After consultation
with staff members of the Housing and Home
Finance Agency and the Federal Housing Agency,
those portions of the urbanized areas not considered
a part of the primary housing market for the five
cities were dropped. The New York City survey
was confined to the five boroughs.7
Sample Design. To insure an accurate rep
resentation of all types of housing in the area in the
selection of the sample of blocks, separate treat
ment was given to blocks that were densely popu
lated, to blocks occupied largely by a racial minor
ity, and to blocks and areas where housing develop
ment was considered to have been likely since 1940.
On the basis of data available from the 1940 Census
Bulletin of Block Statistics, the blocks in each city
were separated into these strata and sampled sepa
rately. All areas in the city which in 1940 were
geographically large and sparsely developed or en
tirely undeveloped, and the survey areas beyond
the city limits were investigated by a special field
survey team. This was done in order to identify
areas of new construction and blocks containing
apartment developments. These strata of newly
developed areas (built in 1940 and after) and old
developed areas were then sampled separately to
insure a full representation of blocks containing
new housing.
REVIEW. APRIL 1951
Densely populated blocks or blocks containing
apartment developments were sampled relatively
more heavily than small blocks or nonapartment
blocks. However, within the large blocks the
dwelling units were sampled at a less intensive
ratio than in the small blocks. Tbe product of the
“block” ratio and the “within-block” ratio in both
cases equaled the over-all sampling ratio.8
This procedure increased the chances of properly
representing new apartment developments, partic
ularly in those cities containing a relatively small
number of such developments. It also insured a
smaller sampling error on the average rent. The
in-block ratios in both the small and large blocks
were selected so as to yield approximately eight
dwelling units (owned and rented) per block (and
in most cities about four rented units per block).
Analysis of the variability of rents within blocks
and between blocks and the relative costs of
sampling blocks and sampling dwellings within
blocks, showed that, by obtaining approximately
four rental units per block, about the optimum ex
penditure of the funds available for the survey
would be achieved.
The size of the sample in each city was fixed in
order to achieve two standard errors of $1.40 on
the average rent. Considerably larger samples
were required to achieve the stated degree of accu
racy in cities with a high variance in rent than in
those with more uniform rents.
The total number of blocks and the total number
of dwelling units included in the sample for each
of the 34 cities are shown in table 1.
Classifying Units as “Old” and “N ew ” De
scriptive information for each dwelling in the
sample was obtained by personal visit of a Bureau
field representative to the dwelling. The repre
sentatives were instructed to classify each struc
ture by whether it was built before 1920, between
1920 and 1939, or the exact year if “new,” i. e.,
built in 1940 and after. If the occupant could
not state the year the structure was built, agents
attempted to get the information from longtime
residents in the block. In addition, each unit in
the sample was classified by whether it was
created when the structure was built, or by sub
sequent conversion of the structure. This included
structures converted from a nonresidential to a resi
dential use, as well as units created by internal
structural changes to already existing residential
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439
CORRECTION OF NEW UNIT BIAS—CPI
T a b l e 1.— N u m b e r o f b lo c k s a n d d w e llin g u n i t s s a m p l e d
in
th e D e c e m b e r 1 9 4 9 - F e b r u a r y 1 9 5 0 S u r v e y s
Total number
sampled
Total number
sampled
C ity
C ity
A tla n ta ___
Birmingham__
Indianapolis___
Jacksonville___
Kansas C ity___
Los Angeles___
M emphis_____
Blocks
Units
446
1,105
566
793
400
836
434
482
453
785
656
505
448
413
745
393
644
4,300
5,900
4 ; 100
4.500
3,100
5.500
4,000
3.900
3,200
5.500
5,000
4.500
2, 700
3, 200
5,900
2,300
4,900
Blocks
Milwaukee__________
Minneapolis______
M obile______________
New Orleans________
N ew York. _ _______
Norfolk_____________
Philadelphia________
Pittsburgh. ________
Portland, M aine_____
Portland, Oreg......... . .
Richmond.......... ...........
St. Louis____________
San Francisco_______
Savannah___________
Scranton____________
Seattle _ ____ _______
Washington_________
431
510
639
370
1,302
488
790
748
325
602
466
1,134
474
339
518
745
1,367
Units
2,800
3, 700
6,100
3.100
9,800
3,800
5,100
4,300
2,000
3,800
3,200
8,400
3,500
2,700
3,300
4, 700
9,800
dwellings. Typical of structural conversions were
the tearing out or building of partitions, doors, or
walls; or the installation of a sink, toilet, bathtub,
or shower. Regardless of when the structure
was originally built, units created by structural
T a b l e 2. — R e la tiv e p r o p o r tio n s o f a ll r e n te d a n d a ll o w n e r o c c u p ie d d w e llin g s b u ilt o r c r e a te d b y s tr u c tu r a l c o n v e r s io n
i n 194-0 o r a f te r , D e c e m b e r 1 9 4 9 - F e b r u a r y 1 9 5 0
[In percent]
Tenant-occu
pied
Owner-occu
pied
Area
Atlanta____________________ ____ _____
Baltim ore..__________________________
B oston .._____________________________
Buffalo______________ _______ ________
Chicago........................ ............ ............ ...........
Cincinnati________________ __________
Cleveland................................................ .........
Denver______________ ________________
Detroit______________________________
H ouston.. ______ ________________ ____
Jacksonville______ ____ _____ _____ ____
Kansas C ity__________________________
Los Angeles__________________________
Manchester__________________________
M em phis____________________________
Milwaukee _________________________
M obile.*__________ ____ ______________
O ld 3
Old 3
19
30
18
5
16
4
81
70
82
95
84
96
26
22
25
6
16
15
74
78
75
94
84
85
8
7
19
9
33
n
16
92
93
81
91
67
87
84
15
21
28
31
53
20
35
85
79
72
69
47
80
65
18
27
8
20
82
73
92
80
91
91
58
11
38
15
31
16
20
36
89
62
85
69
84
80
64
30
35
15
16
15
22
70
89
65
85
84
85
78
28
17
22
31
4
30
33
72
83
78
69
96
70
67
9
9
42
N ew Orleans____________ ____________
N ew York C ity_______________________
N o rfo lk _____________________ ________
Philadelphia____________ ____________
Pittsburgh___ ________ _____ _________
Portland, M aine_____________ ________Portland, Oreg----- -----------------------------
31
85
90
56
86
90
89
69
R ichm ond___________________________
St. Louis___________________________
San Francisco________________________
Savannah____________________________
Scranton........... ............ ............................. —S eattle... ____________________________
Washington---------------------------------------
17
4
20
22
4
29
40
83
96
80
78
96
71
60
1 N ot in existence prior to 1940.
N ew
N ew 1
15
10
44
14
10
11
1
11
3 In existence prior to 1940.
440
CORRECTION OF NEW UNIT BIAS—CPI
changes in 1940 or after were considered as “new”
additions to the rental market.
For each of the 34 city areas surveyed, the
proportion of all existing dwellings in 1949-50
which were created in 1940 and after is shown in
table 2. In 24 of the 34 cities, the proportions
built in the last 10 years were greater for owneroccupied dwellings than for rented dwellings, con
firming other evidences of the substantial shift
to home ownership since 1940. Among the cities
where a higher proportion of rental units were
built since 1939, are localities where substantial
public- and private-war housing developments
were initiated; for example, Mobile, Norfolk,
Portland, Oreg., and Washington, D. C.
In general, the greatest proportion of new rented
dwellings were in southern cities; the smallest pro
portion was in the northeastern and midwestern
cities. New tenant-occupied dwelling units range
from 44 percent of the total rental market in Nor
folk to 4 percent in Chicago, St. Louis, and
Scranton.
Estimating Rent Differentials
The second step in the computation of the correc
tion for the new unit bias required the separation
of the sample of tenant-occupied dwelling units
into groups having the same characteristics.
Within each of these groupings—or cells of com
parable quality—the average rent for the new and
old units could then be compared to determine the
difference in rent for each quality grouping on the
survey date. These group or cell differences were
combined with weights based on the number of
new units in each quality group (quality cell) to
obtain for each city the average differential in rent
between new and old units of comparable quality.
Measuring Housing Quality. Any precise measure
of housing quality would necessitate an expert
individual appraisal of both structure and location
of each old and new house. However, the size of
the Bureau surveys, involving the sampling of
153,000 dwellings in 34 areas within a short
period, limited the selection of quality character
istics to those that were susceptible to collection in
mass surveys: namely, to those characteristics
which could be ascertained by field representa
tives from a visual inspection of the neighborhood
and the structure, and by objective and easily
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MONTHLY LABOR
understood questions to be asked of the occupants
of the dwelling. By collecting simple and ob
jective data, it was possible to obtain samples of
sufficient size to reduce the sampling error to a
reasonable limit. The data obtained included
descriptions of the dwelling unit, the structure
containing the unit, and the neighborhood.®
The description of the dwelling unit consisted of
such items as the number of rooms and bathroom
and plumbing facilities (ranging from no running
water to two or more private bathrooms). Number
of rooms is of primary importance in differentiating
quality levels among living units in similar neigh
borhoods and structures; the type of bathroom
facilities is highly correlated with over-all housing
quality.10 Additional information obtained on the
kind of facilities available in the dwellings con
sisted of type of cooking fuel, kind of heating
equipment, kind of refrigeration, and utilities and
furniture included in the rent. Quality is gener
ally indicated in most urban housing by the use of
gas or electricity for cooking and by mechanical
refrigeration. A dwelling having a furnace is
symptomatic of a higher housing quality than a
corresponding dwelling having an old-fashioned
installed heating stove.
Structural characteristics taken into account
included the type of exterior building material and
whether the dwelling was a single-family home,
flat, or apartment. Each dwelling in the sample
was classified as “dilapidated” or “not dilapi
dated.” 11 A dwelling was classified as dilapidated
if it had one major defect, a combination of minor
defects, or inadequate original construction.
The neighborhood where each dwelling unit was
located was described by the presence of such
hazards as a railroad or an inter-city truck route.
The extent of commercial or industrial develop
ment and the accessibility of play space and
schools were also reported. At the same time, each
enumerator was required to rate the neighborhood
by general appearance (whether it was well kept,
average, run down, very poor) and to enter his
subjective rating of the quality of the
neighborhood.
Because the appearance and over-all quality
ratings were subjective, an effort was made to
clarify and standardize the basis for each possible
rating in the training sessions held in the cities
prior to each survey. During the field work,
supervisors made frequent checks of the inter-
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
C O R R E C T IO N O F N E W
viewers’ evaluations of all of the items. Post
audit showed that the correlations between the
over-all ratings and the objective characteristics
reported were good, indicating that the ratings
on over-all quality were consistent and reasonable
and consequently could be used in the comparisons.
Construction oj Quality Cells. Although the num
ber of characteristics obtained in the surveys was
limited, the total number of theoretically possible
quality cells was enormous—more than 1.5 million.
Of course, most of them would never occur since
the descriptive characteristics for a dwelling are
highly correlated. For example, a dwelling which
contains two or more complete private bathrooms
never consists of one to three rooms; and an urban
dwelling with one complete private bathroom
usually has modern cooking facilities. Such cor
relation among housing characteristics indicated
the possibility of eliminating certain of the de
scriptive items in the construction of the quality
cells. In turn, any reduction in the amount of
descriptive material needed for matching new and
old units accurately would correspondingly reduce
the complexity and cost of the operation.
To test the practicability of simplifying the
comparisons, various levels of progressively more
detailed specifications were used in an experimental
classification of the units into quality cells. If
there was little change in the average differences
in rent between new and old units, regardless of
whether the units were classified by a few charac
teristics or by many, naturally the smaller number
of characteristics could be used. In this experi
ment with three cities, however, it became ap
parent that all of the characteristics were needed.12
Im puting Cell Differentials. The decision to com
pare units using the most exact descriptions avail
able created a further problem. In the cities
covered experimentally, it was observed that as the
number of characteristics used in describing the
quality cells was increased, there was a greater
number of quality cells of new units into which
the old units failed to fit.
In dealing with these “incomplete” cells, several
alternatives were considered. The problem was
finally handled by assigning to each incomplete
cell the differential in rent from that “complete”
cell nearest to it in quality. When two or more
complete cells were equally near in quality, that
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U N IT B IA S — C P I
441
cell having the nearest average rent (based only
on its new units) was assigned to that of the in
complete cell. This imputation procedure was
required for each of the 34 cities. It raised the
differentials for 15 cities, lowered them for 18
cities, and made no change in 1 city. Typical
comparisons between the differences computed
from complete cells only, and differences computed
from complete cells plus imputed incomplete cells
follow for five cities:
Differential» based on—
Complete cells
Complete
and imputed
cells
incomplete cells
(Old units*» 100]
Atlanta____. _ .
Buffalo.-Chicago___ ______ __
__ __
Kansas City
Milwaukee___________
158
152
131
156
143
166
150
137
152
142
. further refinement of the procedure was
necessary to avoid possible bias resulting from
over-representing any single cell, i. e., assigning
its rent differential to a disproportionate number
of incomplete cells. If one cell difference was
imputed to many incomplete cells the total of
which contained 10 percent or more of the total
number of new units in the sample, the average
differential of the three complete cells nearest in
quality was substituted to provide a more
dependable imputation.
The final average
difference in rent between new and old rental
dwellings of comparable quality obtained for each
of the 34 areas is given in table 3.
Rent Differences by Cities.
T a b l e 3. — P e r c e n ta g e d if fe r e n c e b e tw e e n r e n ta ls o f u n its
c o m in g o n th e m a r k e t i n 1 9 4 0 a n d la te r , a n d r e n ta ls o f
s i m i l a r o ld e r u n i t s , a s o f D e c e m b e r 1 9 4 9 —F e b r u a r y 1 9 5 0
[Old units=l00]
Percent
new unit
rentals
are of
comparable
old unit
rentals
City
Atlanta___________ __
Baltimore__ _
Birmingham____ ___
_ _
Boston^.____
Buffalo___
H ouston_________
166
140
152
166
150
137
153
199
205
149
137
122
115
M em phis..
_____
152
143
176
163
City
M ilw aukee... _ ______
Minneapolis__ _______
M obile_______
.
New O rleans... _ _ _ _ _
N ew York____
Norfolk________
Philadelphia____
Pittsburgh. _ __ .
Portland, M aine_______
Portland’ Oreg _ _ __ __
Richmond__ I . . ___ _
St. Louis_______
San Francisco_________
Savannah_____________
Scranton______
W ashington__________
Percent
new unit
rentals
are of
comparable
old unit
rentals
142
126
114
199
145
138
118
104
107
121
185
156
124
181
114
150
123
442
C O R R E C T IO N
OF NEW
There is some indication of a regional pattern,
with southern cities as a whole showing a greater
difference than northern cities. Outstanding ex
ceptions to the pattern in the South are Jackson
ville, Mobile, and Houston. In these cities,
either public war housing was substantial or
rents were decontrolled.
Index Correction Factor. The relative volume of
new rental housing in relation to total rental
housing (table 2) and the percentage rent differ
ences of new units over old units (table 3) were
combined for each city to estimate the amount
of the new unit bias and to obtain a correction
factor which can be applied directly to the rent
component of the CPI for each city. The actual
procedure is illustrated by the calculation of the
correction factor for Buffalo (rounded figures
used for illustrative purposes):
Percent
Rental units built or converted 1940 or after_______
Rental units built before 1940_____________________
16
84
Total_____________________________________ 100
Rent difference for new units (relative to old units)1. _ 150
Rent difference for old units 2_____________________ 100
1 As estimated.
2 B y definition.
Computation of the rent index correction factor:
Percent
of total
units
New units___________________
Old units____________________
1 6 X 150
84X100
Relative
rent
difference
=
=
100
24. 00
84.00
108. 00
Thus, the correction factor for the rent index is
+8.0 percent.
This correction factor can then be applied
directly to the rent index for Buffalo to obtain
the adjusted rent index as follows:
Rent index
Correction factor
126 X
8%
Correction factors for each city and the effect
of the correction factors on the October 1950 rent
and all items indexes by index points to be added
are shown in table 4.
T a b l e 4. — C o r r e c tio n to th e r e n t in d e x a n d th e “ a ll i t e m s ”
C o n s u m e r s ’ P r i c e I n d e x f o r a c c u m u la te d n e w u n i t b ia s ,
1 9 4 0 to J a n u a r y 1 9 5 0
Effect, for month indicated, on—
City
M onth
Rent index
“ Old series”
Percent
age
adjust
ment 1
34 cities com bined.. Jan. 19502
“All items” index
“ Old series”
Index
points
to be
added
Percent
age
adjust
ment 1
Index
points
to be
added
5.5
6.8
0.8
1.3
12.3
15.5
14.3
13.7
4.2
9.7
2.3
1.4
1.6
2.5
2.7
1.3
2.1
Atlanta. _________
Baltimore________
Birmingham_______
Boston...... ..................
Buffalo___________
C h icago....................
N ov.
Dec.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
1949
1949
1950
1950
1950
1950
C in cin n ati................
C levelan d ..............
Denver..... ..................
Detroit____________
Houston.....................
Indianapolis_______
Jacksonville_______
Jan.
N ov.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Dec.
1950
1949
1950
1950
1950
1950
1949
4.4
7.1
19.7
4.5
Kansas C ity...............
Los Angeles_______
Manchester________
M em phis_________
M ilwaukee________
Minneapolis_______
M obile_______ ____
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Dec.
Dec.
1950
1950
1950
1949
1949
1949
1949
9.3
11.7
5.9
12.8
New Orleans______
N ew York_________
Norfolk________ . . .
Philadelphia_______
Pittsburgh________
Portland, M aine___
Portland, Oreg_____
N ov.
Jan.
N ov.
Jan.
Jan.
Dec.
Jan.
Richmond______ __
St. L ouis....................
San Francisco______
Savannah . . .
Scranton___
___
Seattle_________ . .
Washington____ _ .
Jan.
Dec.
Dec.
Jan.
N ov.
Nov.
N ov.
12.0
9.6
3.6
7.8
1.7
12.2
2.8
2.3
5.2
9.1
24.8
5.9
17.2
3.8
3.3
.6
.9
1 .1
1.8
.3
.5
.5
.9
.8
1.6
2.6
4.3
.7
1.6
.4
.3
11.8
1.2
1.5
.5
6.1
14.8
6.9
16.8
5.1
3.2
7.8
1949
1950
1949
1950
1950
1949
1950
14.5
4.6
17.1
2.5
.4
.7
6.4
16.7
5.0
19.9
3.0
.4
.8
8.3
1.6
1950
1949
1949
1950
1949
1949
1949
14.7
2.5
4.6
17.6
.6
14.7
9.1
17.0
3.0
5.4
20.9
.7
18.4
9.7
1.7
.3
.5
1.9
.1
1.7
1.4
3.9
2.3
1.6
.5
.4
.6
1.2
2.7
.6
.5
1.9
2.5
.9
2.7
.9
.6
1.0
2.7
.7
1.1
1.8
3.1
.5
.3
.1
.1
.6
.1
.1
1.1
2.8
.5
.9
3.2
.1
2.9
2.3
1 Small rounding differences may occur when the figures in this column are
computed from the revised and old indexes for a city.
2 Based on the October 1950 “old series” index the percentage adjustment
in the rent index would be 5.7 percent or 7.1 index points, and for the “all
items” index the percentage adjustment would be 0.7 percent or 1.3 index
points. These percentages were reported with the October 1950 Consumers’
Price Index release.
Index points to be added
=
10
The correction factor to be applied to the “all
items” index in each city was the product of the
rent-index correction factor and the relative
importance of rent to “all items.”
The correction factors for the combined 34-city
indexes were obtained by weighting the correction
factors for each city according to the proportion of
population in that city compared with total
population of all 34 cities.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
U N IT B IA S — C P I
Sampling Error oj Index Multiplier. As indicated,
the index multiplier for each city’s rent index is
determined by the relative importance of new
rental housing to all existing rental housing, and
of the average difference in rent between new units
and comparable old units. Since both of these
figures were obtained from a survey of a sample
of dwellings in each city area, the survey results
may differ from those which would have been
obtained from a complete enumeration of all
dwellings in each city area.
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
C O R R E C T IO N O F N E W
It is possible to estimate the error in the index
multiplier caused by sampling variability. Strictly,
the index multiplier is determined by the propor
tions of new rental units to all existing rental
units multiplied by the difference in rent for new
units, plus the proportion of old rental units to
all existing rental units multiplied by the differ
ence in rent for old units. The difference for old
units is always zero by definition and therefore
cannot contribute any error to the index multi
plier. Since the old units are proportionately
more important than the new units (in 23 cities,
old rental units comprised more than four-fifths
of all the rental dwellings) and since there is no
error contributed by the difference for old units,
it was possible to calculate the index multiplier
without resort to extremely large (and costly)
samples.
Thus, the index multiplier is subject to only
two types of sampling error: (1) the sampling
error of the proportion of new rental units to all
rental units, as well as the proportion of new
rental units in each quality cell to all new rental
units; and (2) the sampling error in the rent
difference for new units within each quality cell
containing new units.
Because of the lengthy and costly tabulations
involved, the calculation of the sampling error of
the index multiplier was limited to six cities. The
cities selected include those with small and large
correction factors, as well as some of the most
heavily populated cities:
Rent index
Correction
factor
Chicago---------Boston_______
New York____
Washington___
Los Angeles___
Houston______
1.7
3. 6
4 .6
9 .2
11.7
12.2
Maximum
difference
66 times
out of 100
±0.5
± .5
± .5
±1.3
±1.6
±1.6
A ll items
Correction
factor
0. 3
.6
.7
1. 4
1. 5
1. 6
Maximum
difference
66 times
out of 100
±0.1
±. 1
±. 1
±.2
±.2
±.2
Figures for the six cities show a strong tendency
for the size of the error to correlate with the size
of the correction factor. On the basis of this
correlation the sampling error for the 34 large
cities combined can be estimated. The chances
are 19 in 20 that the 5.5 percent correction factor
for the 34 large city rent index in January 1950 is
within the range of 5.1 to 5.9 percent; and the
chances are 19 in 20 that the 0.8 percent correction
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U N IT B IA S — C P I
443
T a b l e 5. — E s t i m a te d a c c u m u la tio n o f th e n e w u n i t b ia s f o r
th e p e r io d s 1 9 4 0 - 4 6 a n d 1 9 4 7 - 4 9
Percentage adjust
ment 1940-46 i
Percentage adjust
ment 1947-49 2
City
Rent
index
All items
index
Rent
index
All items
index
34 cities combined
1.4
0.2
4.0
Atlanta________
Baltimore____ _
Birmingham. _ .
Boston___ _________
Buffalo________
Chicago____ _____ _
1.9
3.4
1.7
.7
2.5
.5
.2
10.2
1 2
.4
1 2
.3
8.3
7.8
2.9
5.2
.1
1.2
.2
Cincinnati......... .........
Cleveland______ . . .
Denver_______
D etroit.. _____ .
Houston_________
Indianapolis________
Jacksonville....... ............
.7
2.5
3.0
.1
3.7
4.5
16.2
2.4
9.7
1.9
1.3
Kansas C ity ...........
Los Angeles____ . .
M anchester_________
M em phis________ . .
M ilwaukee. ...... ..................
Minneapolis____ . . .
M obile____ ______ _______
New Orleans___ _______
N ew York_______ _ .
Norfolk..................... . .
Philadelphia_______ .
Pittsburgh__________________
Portland, Maine_______ _____
Portland, Oreg____ ______
Richmond___________ .
St. Louis________________
San Francisco____________ . . .
Savannah______________
Scranton_________ _________
S e a ttle ................... ...........................
Washington......................................
.2
.1
.3
.4
.3
.3
2.1
2.3
.9
.1
1.0
.1
1.4
.2
.2
1
2.1
1.3
.
.3
2.2
.7
.7
4.0
.1
0.6
1.1
5
2.2
1
3
*3
.2
7.8
9.4
4.5
10.4
3.2
1.0
1
.3
4
L3
.1
1.6
.4
2.0
.2
4.0
.7
.4
10.1
1 2
10.6
1.1
.1
.7
.1
.4
3.4
.1
(9
.8
2.6
8.8
.1
6.7
3.2
.3
.2
1
12.3
1.7
(9
.
.3
.9
.7
.5
.7
.2
1.8
.3
.3
2.9
.1
2.1
3.9
5.9
2.0
8.1
.5
7.5
5.7
i
(j)
.3
1.5
J2
1.0
.i
1.0
.9
1 When the adjustments for the 2 periods are multiplied together (after
adding 100.0 to each figure) the total adjustment in table 4 can be obtained
2 Less than 0.05 percent.
factor for the 34 large city “ all items" index in
January 1950 is within the range of 0.7 to 0.9
percent.
Yearly Accumulation oj New Unit Bias. Most of
the understatement in the rent index accumulated
during the period from 1947 through 1949. The
indexes have not been revised by years for 1940-49,
because of lack of precise information on the dif
ference in rent between the new units and the old
units of comparable quality at the time that the
new units entered the market. The present cor
rection was necessarily based on the difference
in rent (between new and old units) existing at the
time that the comprehensive housing surveys were
made. By utilizing the research work involved
in making the Bureau’s earlier estimate of the
new unit bias,13 it is possible to estimate roughly
the yearly fluctuations in the differentials. Using
these rough estimates in conjunction with the
known volume of new construction by year, a
444
C O R R E C T IO N O F N E W
U N IT B IA S — C P I
sumed that the number of dwelling units authorized equalled the number
of dwelling units built. Secondly, it was assumed that all dwelling units in
two-family and multifamily structures were built for rent, and that all single
family structures were built for sale. No information on conversions was
available for individual cities. See Estimate of N ew Unit Bias in C PI Rent
Index, Serial No. R. 1965.
* In the earlier estimate of the new unit bias, the Bureau estimated the
differentials on the basis of general economic data, with the help of opinion
surveys conducted by the price control agencies. N o attempt was made
to estimate differentials separately for each city. See Serial No. R. 1965.
• The urbanized area was determined primarily by housing density and
by transportation ties to the central city. The districts outside the city
lim its which were defined by the Census as a part of the urbanized area in
1949, included those areas contiguous to the central city with a density of at
least 500 dwelling units per square mile. Also Included were noncontiguous
areas with a similar density within 1 M miles of the central contiguous area
by the shortest route. Farther outlying areas within a half mile of the
—George J ohnson and B runo S chiro
secondary urban core and meeting the density requirement were also included.
i There is some evidence to indicate that had the Bureau surveyed the
Division of Prices and Cost of Living
Census standard metropolitan area, rather than the smaller Census urbanized
area, the relative importance of all newly created dwellings (both tenant- and
owner-occupied, built in 1940 or later) might have been somewhat higher.
« References to this problem were made in the following publications:
Rough calculations from Census preliminary April 1950 housing counts for
The Cost of Living Index of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, a mimeographed
the metropolitan areas showed that for most of the 34 cities this proportion
report, February 25, 1944; The Report of the President’s Committee on the
was higher for the standard metropolitan area than for the urbanized area,
Cost of Living, 1945; a technical note released with the September 1946
but for only 10 cities was the difference greater than 5 percentage points.
Consumers’ Price Index; a technical note in the January 1948 M onthly
Much of this difference resulted from the considerably larger proportion of
Labor Review, Residential Rents Under the 1947 Housing and Rent Act;
owner-occupied dwellings constructed in the outlying portions of the standard
a technical note appearing quarterly in Construction, beginning w ith the
metropolitan
area. These differences would therefore not have been as
March 1948 issue; a technical note in the BLS regular M onthly Release of
great for rental dwellings only, which alone affected the calculation of the
the Consumers’ Price Index, beginning in July 1948; The Rent Index: Part
new unit bias correction.
1 —Concept and Measurement, and Part 2: M ethodology of Measurement,
8 For example, in San Francisco, every ninth large or apartment block was
in M onthly Labor Review, December 1948 and January 1949; and Estimate
included in the sample, but only every seventeenth unit was sampled within
of N ew Unit Bias in C PI Rent Index, M onthly Labor Review, July 1949.
these blocks; and every fifty-first small block was included in the sample,
The present article and supplementary information will appear in a forth
but every third dwelling was included in the sample within these small blocks.
coming reprint.
8 It might have been desirable to include among the quality characteristics
2
See the Rent Index: Part 2—M ethodology of Measurement, M onthly
such items as dimensions of rooms, window area, size of closet space, degree
Labor Review, January 1949 (pp. 66-67). Also reprinted as Serial N o. R.
of maintenance, and location within structure. However, this would have
1947; and Estimate of N ew U nit Bias in C PI Rent Index, M onthly Labor
required the services of housing experts rather than the part-time enumerators
Review, July 1949, or Reprint Serial N o. R. 1965.
employed. The alternative of accepting tenants’ opinions on the value of
s Federal rent controls were not in effect until 1942, but additions in 1940
such characteristics would have introduced substantial error.
and after were included as “new ” units because in many cities rents were
10 As an example of the prevalence in many cities of substandard bathroom
“rolled back” to their levels as of January and April 1941, and in Washington,
facilities the percentages of rental dwelling units not having a minimum of
D . O., as of January 1940. Furthermore, in many cities in which rents were
one complete private bathroom are given for six cities: Birmingham 64 per
frozen as of March 1942, voluntary fair rent commissions had been in opera
cent; Savannah 53 percent; Memphis 53 percent; Mobile 44 percent; Atlanta
tion earlier with varying degrees of effectiveness. To some extent, therefore,
39 percent; and St. Louis 35 percent.
new units tended to come onto the market at levels higher than comparable
11 According to the definition of dilapidation developed for the 1950 Census
existing dwellings in these earlier years.
by the Technical Advisory Committee on Housing Statistics.
N ew rental units were controlled by the Federal rent regulations as they
u Although 11 main descriptive characteristics are mentioned, each was
came on the market, but due allowance was made for increased construction
subdivided to provide further detail. As an example, 10 combinations of
costs in setting their controlled rents. As a result the accumulated “new
plumbing and bathroom facilities were possible, 2 descriptive items for cook
unit bias” remained relatively small until 1947; beginning in 1947, it increased
ing equipment, 2 for refrigeration, 3 descriptive items for heating equipment,
sharply because new dwellings created by construction and conversions
6 kinds of exterior building material, etc., to describe a dwelling unit.
In
were removed from rent control while oxisting dwellings remained under
the final comparison, 48 descriptive characteristics were available to describe
control.
the dwelling units, providing a theoretical maximum of 1 . 6 million quality
* In its previous estimate of the extent of the “ new unit bias,” the Bureau
cells, or combinations of characteristics, to describe the housing in a given city.
relied on building permit data published by its Construction Division.
18 See Estimate of N ew Unit Bias in C PI Rent Index, M onthly Labor
Several assumptions had to be made in using these data. First, for individual
Review, July 1949 (p. 44).
cities, no information was available on starts or completions; so it was as
general estimate can be made of the 10-year accu
mulation by years. Table 5 shows the distribu
tion of the correction before 1947, and for the
years 1947 and after. The corrections for most
of the cities in the early years were too small to
affect the over-all index. It must be emphasized
that the estimates appearing in table 5 are subject
to considerable error, but they give the approxi
mate magnitude closely enough to be of use for
research purposes.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Recent Decisions
of interest to Labor1
ment had not sufficiently indicated that it sought a judg
ment for civil contempt, the appellate court concluded
that such a judgment cannot be supported by a proceed
ing which was initiated and carried through solely as one
involving criminal contempt.
Labor Relations
D is c h a r g e f o r
F a ilu r e
to
Take
U n io n
O a th
and
Wages and H ours2
C r i m i n a l C o n te m p t— P a y m e n t o f W a g e R e p a r a t i o n s to E m
A United States appellate court affirmed 3 a dis
trict court’s judgment convicting employers of criminal
contempt of court and sentencing them to pay fines totaling
$10,000 and costs of prosecution, because of their viola
tions of an injunction requiring compliance with specific
provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act. However,
the district court’s award of wage reparations to certain
employees covered by the act was reversed on the ground
that such relief was appropriate only in a civil contempt
action.
In 1941, a suit was commenced by the Secretary of
Labor in a Federal district court against the employers
to restrain violations of the minimum wage, overtime,
“hot goods,” and record-keeping provisions of the FLSA.
The injunction was granted. Three years afterward a
criminal prosecution was instituted in the same forum for
violation of the injunction. A judgment was entered
against the employers directing them to pay overtime
wages which they had withheld in violation of the in
junction.
In 1949, a second prosecution for criminal contempt of
the injunction was instituted in the district court. That
tribunal again rendered a judgment against the employers.
However, in addition to requiring them to pay $10,000 in
fines, it directed the payment of wage reparations to cer
tain employees who had not been compensated for work
performed in excess of 40 hours a week.
In the appellate court, the employers contended that
the award of wage reparations was improper, on the
ground that the Government sought and obtained only a
judgment for criminal, as distinguished from civil, con
tempt, and that the former was actually rendered against
them. They argued that a wage-reparations award is
appropriate only in a judgment for civil contempt, since
it is a compensatory fine payable to its employees.
Upholding the employers’ contention, the court ob
served that Federal courts had previously 4 recognized that
the same acts may constitute both criminal and civil con
tempt, and that a judgment for both types may be had
in a single proceeding. However, both forms of contempt
must be appropriately sought. Stating that the Govern
p lo y e e s .
445
936023— 51
5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A tte n d
Employees who tender periodic dues and initia
tion fees, which are uniformly required as a condition of
acquiring union membership under a union-shop contract,
may not lawfully be discharged from their employment for
failure to take a union loyalty oath and attend union
meetings. A Federal court, affirming a National Labor
Relations Board order directing a union and an employer
to pay back wages to the employees so dismissed, held 5
that their discharge constituted a violation of sections
8 (a) (3) and 8 (b) (2) of the National Labor Relations
Act as amended by the Labor Management Relations
(Taft-Hartley) Act.
The labor organization and employer had executed a
union-shop security contract, which required, as a con
dition of employment, membership in the union within
30 days from date of the contract or from date of employ
ment, whichever was later. Certain employees tendered
the requisite dues and initiation fees, but refused to attend
a meeting in which their membership applications were
to be voted upon, or to take an oath of loyalty to the union.
On advice of a union representative that the employees
were not members in good standing, the employer dis
charged them—not because of failure to pay the dues and
initiation fees, but on the ground that they failed to fulfill
their other union obligations.
Section 8 (a) (3) of the LMRA makes it an unfair labor
practice for an employer, by discrimination in regard to
hire or tenure of employment, to encourage or discourage
membership in any labor organization. The section,
however, does permit him to make an agreement with a
union (commonly referred to as a union-shop contract),
requiring membership in the contracting labor organiza
tion within a certain period as a condition of employment.
An employer may not justify any discrimination against
an employee for nonmembership in a labor organization,
however, if he has reasonable grounds to believe (a) that
membership was not available to the employee on the
same terms and conditions generally applicable to other
members, or (b) that membership was denied or terminated
for reasons other than the payment of periodic dues and
initiation fees uniformly required by the union. Section
8 (b) (2) similarly makes it unlawful for a union to cause
or attempt to cause an employer to discriminate against
an employee when membership was denied or terminated
for reasons other than failure to tender the requisite fees.
Urging that the Board’s order awarding back pay be
set aside, the union argued that since all employees were
required to attend meetings and subscribe to an oath,
M e e tin g s .
446
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
membership was available to the discharged employees
on the same terms applicable to other employees. There
fore, the union contended, the discharge of these employees
could be lawfully demanded on the ground that they had
failed to fulfill nondiscriminatory conditions.
While the court agreed that a union has the right under
the LMRA to withhold membership for nondiscriminatory
reasons, the legislative history of the act, nevertheless, for
bade the union from seeking the dismissal of the employees
on these grounds. This conclusion was gleaned from a
statement by one of the bill’s sponsors: “The union could
refuse the man admission . . . but if he were willing to
enter the union and pay the same dues as other members
of the union, he could not be fired from his job because the
union refused to take him.”
D u e s I n c r e a s e f o r N o n a tte n d a n c e a F in e .
Discharge of an
employee for failure to pay an added union-dues assessment
because of nonattendance at union meetings constituted
an unfair labor practice, since this sum amounted to a fine
rather than “periodic dues,” within the meaning of sections
8 (a) (3) and 8 (b) (2) of the LMRA. This was the ruling of
the NLRB 6 which ordered reinstatement of the employee
and payment to him of back wages by both the employer
and the union.
The union membership passed a motion increasing
monthly dues from $1.50 to $2, with the further provision
that those members who attended each of the monthly
union meetings would be exonerated from payment of the
additional 50 cents. In practice, this additional charge
did not become due until after a member had failed to at
tend a meeting. The constitution of the international
union fixed the monthly dues at $1.50 without indicating
that locals could increase this amount. The constitution
did specifically authorize the levying of “fines” for nonattendance at membership meetings.
Pursuant to a valid maintenance-of-membership agree
ment, the union asked the employer to discharge one of his
employees because of his delinquency in paying the addi
tional charges which had accrued as a result of the em
ployee’s failure to attend a number of union meetings.
This the employer did. As a result, unfair labor practice
proceedings against both union and employer were insti
tuted before the NLRB.
Sections 8(a)(3) and 8(b)(2) prohibit discharge of an
employee under a union-security agreement if union
membership is denied or terminated for reasons other than
the failure “to tender periodic dues and the initiation fees
uniformly required as a condition of acquiring or retaining
membership.” In ordering reinstatement of the employee
and payment of back wages, the Board ruled that the
additional 50-cent charge imposed upon him was not an
element of “periodic dues” which were “uniformly re
quired” of all employees. The Board stated: “A charge
which distinguishes between individual members who
attend particular meetings and those who do not attend
particular meetings, in our opinion, is not one ‘uniformly’
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
applied.” The Board concluded that in order for a charge
to be “uniform,” it must be made against all members
alike, or if not, then any distinctions in amount must be
based upon reasonable general classifications. These
conditions were found lacking.
N L R B J u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r T a x ic a b C o m p a n y .
Applying its
recently formulated policy with respect to the assumption
of jurisdiction, the NLRB ruled 7 that a New York taxicab
company was engaged in interstate commerce within the
meaning of the LMRA. The Board entertained a union
petition for a representation election, thereby reversing an
earlier decision in which it declined to assert jurisdiction
over the same company.
In an earlier proceeding,8 the union filed a petition for a
representation election, seeking to establish its status as
the exclusive bargaining representative of the cab com
pany’s drivers. Evidence showed that 6 percent of the
trip-ticket entries concerned trips to or from terminals of
other interstate common carriers; that all new cabs were
purchased in Michigan through a New York distributor;
and that 40 percent of the company’s purchases of parts
and accessories were made from out-of-State manufacturers
and shipped directly to the purchaser. However, the
company had no carrier or terminal concessions, nor did
it make any trips outside of New York State. The Board
dismissed this proceeding on the ground that the company
was not engaged in interstate commerce.
Since its earlier decision, the Board had re-examined its
policy concerning the exercise of jurisdiction. The present
criterion of jurisdiction demands a mathematical assess
ment of the employer’s interstate contacts, and includes
such factors as the amount of revenues derived from
interstate transactions, the proportion of purchases
made from sources outside the State, and the nature of the
business operations.
In applying the new criterion, the Board reversed its
earlier ruling. It sta ted :“. . . the factors which impelled
us to assert jurisdiction over other such instrumentalities
[of interstate commerce] are operative here.” It further
concluded that the company’s operations were an essential
link in the services performed by the various rail, bus, air,
and water carriers to and from which the taxis made trips.
I n ju n c tio n
A g a in s t
P ic k e t in g
B in d in g
on
N o n e m p lo y e e s .
The Tennessee court of appeals held 9 that an injunction
restricting picketing and forbidding violence during a
strike extended to pickets who were not parties to the
injunction proceeding, were not employees of the employer
involved in the strike, did not wear a picket sign, and had
no intent to violate the injunction. It therefore affirmed
a judgment of contempt against the pickets.
An employer had obtained an injunction against striking
employees, restraining them from picketing en masse and
from threatening violence to nonstriking workers. Not
withstanding the injunction, the strikers continued to
picket in such a way as to block ingress and egress to the
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
D E C IS IO N S O F IN T E R E S T TO L A B O R
employer’s plant. They were joined by two persons who
were not members of the employer’s working force. One
had left his employment prior to the strike. The other
was picketing in place of his mother. Neither bore signs
indicating that they were pickets.
In holding these persons bound by the injunction, and
therefore in contempt for violating its mandate, the court
stated: “In view of the admitted sympathetic attitude of
all the . . . [nonemployees] for the cause, their availa
bility to assist in the act of obstruction, their close prox
imity to those actually effecting the obstruction, and their
obvious approval of the act, it matters not which ones wore
the signs, or physically stood in or walked across the drive
way, or whether they were employees . . .” The court
concluded that a person not a party to the injunction
proceeding is nevertheless punishable for contempt, if, with
knowledge of the injunction, he aids or abets another in
violating it.
L i m i t a t i o n o n F e a th e r b e d d in g B a n .
In an extensive analy
sis of the “featherbedding” provision of the LMRA, the
NLRB ruled 19 that a musicians’ union which refused to
permit “name bands” to appear at a local theater, unless
the management agreed to employ local musicians for a
specified number of days thereafter, did not offend the
featherbedding prohibition contained in section 8 (b) (6)
of the act. The section makes it an unfair labor practice
for a union to cause or attempt to cause an employer to
pay money or other thing of value, in the nature of an
exaction, “for services which are not performed or not to
be performed.”
Prior to the passage of the LMRA, the union made a
practice of demanding payment for local musicians who
stood by while an out-of-town band performed. The ser
vices of these local artists were rarely utilized, and general
ly they failed to appear at the theater on the days for
which they were paid. After enactment of the statute,
the union insisted that a local orchestra be actually em
ployed following the performance by a “name band.” The
theater management refused to accede to this request,
contending that it neither needed nor wanted such services.
Protracted negotiations with respect to the matter proved
unsuccessful. When the union prohibited certain promi
nent musical groups from performing at the movie house,
the management instituted Board proceedings charging
the union with unlawful featherbedding practices.
In dismissing the charges against the union, a majority
of the Board pointed out that under both the Wagner
(NLRA) and the Taft-Hartley (LMRA) Acts, it was and
is perfectly lawful for a labor organization to seek employ
ment for its members.11 The inclusion of section 8(b) (6)
in the latter law, the Board stated, was not intended to
proscribe such activity. Nor was the section meant to
reach cases in which a labor organization seeks actual
employment for its members, even when the employer
does not want, does not need, and is not willing to accept
such services. Observing that nothing in the testimony
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
447
received by the trial examiner indicated that the union
had reverted to its pre-LMRA practices whereunder local
orchestras were paid without giving any performances,
the Board concluded that the union’s insistence upon
actual employment for such orchestras did not constitute
a violation of section 8(b) (6).
Member Reynolds, dissenting, took sharp issue with
the Board’s conclusion. He argued that such a construc
tion of the featherbedding ban would permit unions to
avoid liability in all cases by the simple expedient of in
sisting on the performance of work which did not exist
and which was unwanted. He added that Congressional
concern over stand-by labor practices “did not turn upon
the willingness of the ‘stand-by’ to make his unneeded
services available to the prospective employer because no
distinction was made between the ‘stand-by’ who in
tended to do no work and the ‘stand-by’ who actually
sought to perform unneeded work. The expressed con
cern of the legislature was, rather, with the fact that
‘stand-by’ hiring practices represented a device for securing
payments to persons who did not already enjoy employee
status and whose ‘employment’, in the circumstances,
would yield no corresponding benefit to the employer.”
U n io n “ H i r i n g H a l l ” .
With two members dissenting, the
NLRB 12 held that a collective bargaining contract which,
by its terms, merely requires an employer to notify a union
of vacancies—the union agreeing, when requested, to
supply personnel to the employer within a few days—does
not constitute an illegal closed-shop hiring-hall arrangement
in contravention of the LMRA. The majority of the
Board found that neither the written contract nor any
independent oral understanding stipulated that the work
ers be obtained from the union, or that only union members
be employed.
On October 16, 1948, the employer (a contracting com
pany), the local, and the international union executed an
agreement which provided that when the contractor re
quires employees to perform the work included within the
scope of the agreement, “the contractor agrees to notify
the local union having jurisdiction of the job of the number
of employees and classifications required. When the
local union is requested to furnish men, the union agrees
to supply the contractor” within 2 to 3 days after the date
for which men are requested.
The majority of the Board determined that this phrase
ology did not mean that union workers must be obtained
only from the local union. However, the dissenters found
the contract ambiguous in this regard, and suggested that
attention be directed to the practice of the parties, to
determine the meaning of the provisions. This practice,
according to testimony before the trial examiner, showed
that virtually all employees were obtained from the local’s
hiring hall, where, it appeared, preference was accorded to
members. The minority, therefore, held that the contract
as interpreted by the parties was unlawful. In this respect,
they differed with the majority who were content to look
at the contract alone.
D E C IS IO N S
448
N o r r is -L a G u a r d ia
A ct
A p p lic a b ility
to
F ed era l
O F IN T E R E S T
C o u rt in
A District Court for the Territory of Alaska
held 13 that the Norris-LaGuardia “Anti-Injunction” Act
does not deprive it of jurisdiction to entertain an action
for injunctive relief arising out of a dispute between union
members over the right to control union funds and to exer
cise its authority. The court asserted its general equity
jurisdiction, conferred by other acts of Congress, in granting
the appropriate relief.
The Norris-LaGuardia Act declares that “no court
of the United States shall have jurisdiction to issue any
restraining order or temporary or permanent injunction
in a case involving or growing out of a labor dispute.
. . .” Avoiding the question of whether the action
involved a labor dispute, the court concluded that it was
“obviously not a ‘Court of the United States’ ” within
the meaning of the act. In support of this conclusion,
the court adverted to an earlier appellate decision 14
which construed the statute as inapplicable to a Federal
Court in Hawaii. The appellate court reasoned that the
term “Court of the United States” had reference to those
“constitutional” courts which Congress has established
under Article III of the Federal Constitution, rather than
the “legislative” courts which are governed by Article
IV, whereunder Congress possesses the power “to dispose
of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting
the territory . . .
of the United States.”
A la s k a .
S e n io r ity
N ot
P r o te c te d
in
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Unemployment Insurance
f o r w o rk — L im ita tio n
to
N ig h t
H ou rs
(N ew
H a m p s h i r e ).
H ig h e r
P o s itio n
G r a n te d
in
A Federal District court decided 15
that the reemployment statutes do not confer or protect
seniority beyond that provided under contract, if a veteran
receives after military service a promotion he would in all
probability have received if continuously on the job, but
to which he had no contractual right. A system federa
tion bargained with a railroad, in separate collective
agreements covering laborers and shop-craft helpers and
mechanics. Seniority was in no way made transferable.
Helper seniority in the shop crafts began under the agree
ment only when helper work began. The agreement
covering laborers provided that members of its bargaining
unit should be “given consideration for promotion” to
shop positions; that such promotions were to be based on
ability, merit, and seniority—management to be the judge.
The railroad was not required to and did not fill vacant or
new machinist-helper positions by promoting laborers to
the exclusion of persons not within the laborer unit. Nor
did it advance in strict seniority order such laborers as
were promoted.
Certain veterans inducted as laborers were reinstated
in laborer positions. During their absence many laborers
had been assigned to helper positions and held helper
seniority. The reinstated laborer veterans were immedi
ately promoted to helper positions, and on promotion
began helper work. They were then assigned seniority
V i o l a t i o n o f C o n tr a c t.
dates which would put the veterans ahead of the next
junior laborers promoted during the veterans’ military
service. After a protest by the bargaining agency claim
ing a breach of contract and practice, the system fed
eration and the railroad made an agreement by which the
seniority date of these veterans was changed to the date
upon which each first performed helper work. The vet
erans commenced action claiming that this violated their
right to be restored without loss of seniority. The court
decided no statutory right was violated, and that the new
contract merely rectified a breach of the old.
The controlling rules of law applied by the court were
stated as follows: Seniority rights guaranteed a veteran
by the reemployment statutes are only those provided by
agreement and controlling practice. Seniority as laborer
cannot count as machinist-helper seniority prior to actual
promotion because the seniority is in a different class.
A presumption or strong probability that a veteran would
have been promoted, if he had been present during the
period of his military service, affords no right to seniority
in the promoted position, when such seniority contractually
counts from the beginning of actual work. A contract
between union and employer which reduces a veteran’s
seniority to correct a violation of the existing agreement
is not in conflict with the reemployment statutes.
A v a ila b ility
Veterans Reemployment
MONTHLY LABOR
TO L A B O R
The New Hampshire Supreme Court held18
that a member of the State Legislature, who worked for 4
years on the night shift at a mill, and attended legislative
sessions during the day, was entitled to unemployment
compensation when he lost his mill job. While the State
statute requires that a claimant for benefits be available
for work, a claimant who limits the hours during which
he is willing to work meets that requirement if there is in
the locality a market for his services during the hours that
he offers them.
A l l e r g y to P a i n t G o o d
C au se fo r
R e f u s in g
W ork
{P en n
A stock clerk with 22 years’ experience was
offered a transfer to spray painting when a reduction in
the employer’s business necessitated a lay-off in the
stockroom. He refused the job because he was allergic
to paint, and applied for unemployment compensation.
The Pennsylvania Supreme Court held17 that the claimant
had not “refused suitable work without good cause” so as
to be disqualified for unemployment benefits.
s y l v a n ia ) .
L a b o r -D is p u te
D i s q u a lif ic a tio n — M e a n i n g
of
“ E s ta b lis h
A strike at an automobile plant in Michigan,
which resulted in a temporary stoppage of work at the
company’s assembly plants scattered throughout the
United States, became the basis of recent court decisions
in five States. The question in each case was whether
the assembly plant and the manufacturing plant conm e n t .”
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
D E C IS IO N S O F IN T E R E S T
stituted a single “establishment” within the statutory
provisions of the respective State laws. These provisions
disqualify for unemployment-compensation benefits indi
viduals who are out of work due to a stoppage caused by
a labor dispute at the establishment where they were
last employed.
The Georgia Supreme Court,18 reversing a lower court
decision, held that both plants were engaged in the single
task of producing automobiles, and hence constituted a
single “factory, establishment, or other premises.” The
Minnesota,19 New Jersey,20 and Virginia 21 Supreme Courts,
and the Appellate Division of the New York Supreme
C ourt22 held that the assembly plants in their respective
States were not part of a single establishment with the
company’s manufacturing plant. These courts reasoned
that over-all functional and managerial integration is not
enough to make two plants a single establishment, when
hiring, firing, and seniority are on a local basis, and when
the plants are widely separated geographically.
1 Prepared in the U. S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor.
The cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant
decisions believed to be of special interest. No attem pt has been made to
reflect all recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of
labor law or to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in
which contrary results may be reached, based upon local statutory provisions,
the existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the
issue presented.
TO L A B O R
2
This section is intended merely as a digest of some recent decisions in
volving the Pair Labor Standards Act and the Portal-to-Portal Act. It is
not to be construed and may not be relied upon as interpretation of these
acts by the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division or any agency of
the Department of Labor,
s Tobin v. Pielet (C. A. 7, Jan. 23, 1951).
United States v. United M ine Workers of America (330 U . S. 258 (1947)).
Union Starch & Refining Co. v. N L R B (C. A. 7, Feb. 2, 1951).
In re Electric Auto-Lite Co. (92 N L R B No. 171, Dec. 29, 1950).
i In re Skyview Transportation Co. (92 N L R B N o. 251, Jan. 26,1951). (Sup
plemental decision.)
In re Skyview Transportation Co. (90 N L R B No. 268, Aug. 15, 1950).
• American Snuff Co. v. United Steel Workers of America (CIO) (Tenn. Ct.
App., Jan. 11,1951).
In re American Federation of Musicians, Local No. 24 (92 N L R B No. 210,
Jan. 24, 1951).
n Unless, of course, the conduct involved falls within the proscriptions of
section 8 (b) (4) (D) of the amended act.
I2 In re American Pipe and Steel Corp. (93 N L R B No. 11, Feb. 7,1951).
12 Nashoalook v. Downey (D . C., Alaska, Feb. 2,1951).
International Longshoremen’s Union v. Wirts (170 F. 2d 183 (9th Cir.
1948)).
i* Gregory v. Louisville & Nashville R. R. (D . C., W . D . K y., Sept. 15,
1950).
Sledzianowski v. Board of Review (Pa. Super. Ct., N ov. 16, 1950).
ii Roukey v. Riley (N . H. Sup. Ct., Dec. 5, 1950).
Ford Motor Company v. Abercrombie (Ga. Sup. Ct., N ov. 15,1950).
1» Nordling v. Ford Motor Company (Minn. Sup. Ct., Apr. 28, 1950).
20 Ford Motor Co. v. New Jersey Department of Labor & Industry (N . J.
Sup. Ct., N ov. 6, 1950).
21 Ford Motor Co. v. Unemployment Compensation Commission (Va. Sup.
Ct., Jan. 15,1951).
22 In re Machcinski (N . Y . App. D iv., Jan., 1951).
4
4
6
8
10
14
16
'8
The number of applications for retirement annuities under the Federal rail
road retirement system during the last half of 1950—15,800—was the smallest
for any half-year since 1946. The reduction is attributed mainly to the usual
seasonal decline in the latter months of a calendar year and to the stepped-up
economy as the country moved toward a period of national emergency.
Awards, numbering 15,500, were 24 percent below the total for the first half
of 1950. The average monthly annuity awarded during July-December 1950
was $75.35. About half the annuitants represented in the awards were
credited with 30 years’ service. Nearly a third received disability annuities.
A sharp decline also characterized operations under the Federal railroad
unemployment insurance program during the second half of 1950 as compared
with the same period in 1949. Applications decreased 60 percent (from
453,000 to 181,000) and beneficiaries 71 percent (from 368,000 to 106,000).
Net amount of benefits paid fell 80 percent (from $67.1 million to $13.1
million). Average benefits paid per beneficiary fell from $168 to $110.
— Information taken from Monthly Review, U. S. Railroad Retirement Board,
Chicago, Feb. 1951 (pp. 28-30).
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449
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
On March 8, the Economic Stabilization Administrator
issued General Regulations 9 and 10, establishing wage
and salary rates for employees of new plants, and per
mitting increases in “tandem” relationships, where in
creases would have been automatic and applicable to work
performed on or before February 9, 1951, except for the
over-all wage freeze, respectively. (Source: Federal Reg
ister, vol. 16, No. 48, March 10, 1951, pp. 2222-2223;
for discussion, see p. 409 of this issue.)
February 16
T he N a t io n a l L abor R e l a t io n s B o ard , in the case of
February 15, 1951
T h e W age S ta biliza tio n B oard , in General Regulation
7, granted exemption from its control to religious, chari
table, and educational institutions not required to pay
Federal income taxes. (Source: Federal Register, vol. 16,
No. 38, Feb. 24, 1951, p. 1791.)
On February 16, labor members of the WSB, on orders
from the United Labor Policy Committee (see Chron. item
for December 14, 1950, MLR Feb. 1951), withdrew over a
conflict with public and industry members involving a new
wage formula (General Regulation 6). The regulation,
adopted by the public and industry members, was for
warded to the Economic Stabilization Administrator for
approval. (Source: Washington Post, Feb. 16, 1951.)
On February 27, the Economic Stabilization Adminis
trator approved General Regulation 6, to replace the
general over-all wage freeze of January 26 (see Chron. item
for January 26, 1951, MLR, March 1951) and to permit
pay and salary increases up to 10 percent over January 15,
1950, levels, without Board approval. Overtime premium
payments and other “fringe” benefits, if covered by existing
agreement, are excluded from the 10-percent formula, but
all future “fringe” allowances must come within that limit.
At the same time, the Economic Stabilization Administra
tor asked the WSB to reconvene and requested 7 adjust
ments to the regulation. (Source: Federal Register, vol.
16, No. 41, March 1, 1951, p. 1951; and ESA Press release,
Feb. 27, 1951.)
On February 28, the United Labor Policy Committee
ordered all labor representatives to withdraw from Federal
mobilization agencies. (Source: New York Times, March
1, 1951.)
On March 1, the Economic Stabilization Administrator
issued General Regulation 8, permitting cost-of-living in
creases, under escalator clauses signed prior to the general
wage freeze. (Source: Federal Register, vol. 16, No. 43,
March 3, 1951, p. 2032.)
On March 8, the Economic Stabilization Administrator
issued Amendment 1 to General Regulation 8, permitting
increases for all non-negotiated cost-of-living agreements
that were formally determined and communicated to em
ployees on or before January 25, 1951. (Source: Federal
Register, vol. 16, No. 48, March 10, 1951, p. 2222.)
450
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M i s s o u r i B o ile r a n d S h e e t I r o n W o r k s and J . E . R u s s o m ,
ruled that employer’s use of union’s employment agency
facilities in filling vacancies is not, in itself, violative of
amended NLRA. (Source: Labor Relations Reporter,
vol. 27, No. 33, 27 LRRM, Feb. 26, 1951, p. 1382.)
T he Textile Workers Union of America (CIO) called an
industry-wide strike in the woolen and worsted cloth
industry—the first in its 11-year history. It affected
70,000 workers in 160 plants. (Source: CIO News, Feb.
19, 1951, and Washington Post, Feb. 17, 1951.)
February 17
T he U. S. D e pa r t m e n t of L abor established the Division
of Industrial Services in the Bureau of Employment
Security, to be concerned with the utilization of defense
and essential civilian manpower. (Source: U. S. Depart
ment of Labor Press release, BES 51-2800, Feb. 17, 1951.)
February 19
T h e NLRB, in the case of A m a lg a m a te d M e a t C u tte r s &
(AFL) and
ruled that the union did not violate the
amended NLRA by voting in a union meeting to list an
employer as “unfair,” but that the union violated the
secondary boycott ban of the act by inducing employees
of a secondary employer at their place of work to engage
in boycott activities by telling them about the “unfair”
listing. (Source: NLRB Press release, R-356, Feb. 23,
1951.)
B u tc h e r W o r k m e n o f N o r th A m e r ic a , L o c a l 3 0 3
W e s te r n , I n c .,
T h e Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen (Ind.) pleaded
guilty to a charge of civil and criminal contempt of court
in the strike of switchmen of January 30, 1951 (see Chron.
item for January 30, 1951, MLR March 1951), and was
fined $75,000 by a judge of the Federal District Court in
Washington, D. C. (Source: New York Times, Feb. 20,
1951.)
T h e United Automobile, Aircraft & Agricultural Imple
ment Workers of America (CIO) and the Ford Motor Co.
signed an area-wide seniority agreement covering 5 plants
in the Detroit region. The agreement covers 80,000
workers and insures seniority rights, in case of lay-offs, at
any of the 5 plants. (Source: CIO News, Feb. 26, 1951.)
CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS
February 20
T he*CIO launched a drive to enlist 1.5 million department
store workers under a newly formed Department Store
Workers Organizing Committee. (Source: CIO News,
Feb. 26, 1951.)
February 23
NLRB, in the case of J a m e s to w n B u i l d e r s E x c h a n g e ,
and I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o th e r h o o d o f T e a m s te r s , C h a u ffe u r s ,
W a r e h o u s e m e n & H e lp e r s o f A m e r ic a , L o c a l 6 ^ 9 (AFL),
ruled that in determining whether or not to assert jurisdic
tion in secondary boycott cases under the Labor Manage
ment Relations Act, the Board will consider the operations
of both primary and secondary employers. (Source:
NLRB Press release W-179, Feb. 28, 1951.)
T he
In c.
February 26
T h e S u p r e m e C o u r t o f t h e U n it e d S t a t e s ,
of
M o to r C o a c h E m p lo y e e s o f A m e r ic a , D i v i s io n 9 9 8
v.
in the cases
A m a l g a m a t e d A s s o c i a t i o n o f S tr e e t, E le c tr ic R a i l w a y a n d
W is c o n s in
E m p lo y m e n t
R e la tio n s
B oard
(AFL)
and
et a l.
U n ite d
G a s , C o k e a n d C h e m ic a l W o r k e r s o f A m e r ic a , (CIO), et a l.
v. S a m e , ruled invalid the Wisconsin Public-Utility AntiStrike Law banning strikes and substituting compulsory
arbitration of labor disputes involving public-utility work
ers. (Source: Labor Relations Reporter, vol. 27, No. 33,
Extra Edition Bulletin, Feb. 26, 1951, p. 12.)
in the case
of U n iv e r s a l C a m e r a C o r p . v. N L R B . , ruled that the
Administrative Procedure Act and the LMRA give Fed
eral courts broadened power over NLRB decisions, the
majority holding that “courts must now assume more
responsibility for the reasonableness and fairness of Labor
Board decisions than some courts have shown in the
past” ; and that decisions must be based “on the record
considered as a whole.” (Source: Labor Relations Re
porter, vol. 27, No. 33, Extra Edition Bulletin, Feb. 26,
1951, p. 3.)
T h e S u p r e m e C o u r t o f t h e U n it e d S t a t e s ,
February 27
T h e Office of Price Stabilization of the ESA issued Ceil
ing Price Regulation 7, providing retailers with a margin
type price control for the following commodities: clothing,
shoes, all household textile commodities, yard goods, and
all furniture, rugs and lamps. Ceiling Price Regulations
2 through 6, issued previously, provided price controls,
at different market levels, for cattlehides, kips, calfskins,
coal, anthracite, iron and steel scrap, and fats and oils.
(Source: Federal Register, vol. 16, No. 40, February 28,
1951, p. 1872; and ESA Ceiling Price Regulations 2
through 6, dated Jan. 25, 1951, Feb. 2, 1951, Feb. 2,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
451
1951, Feb. 5, 1951, and Feb. 14, 1951, respectively; for
discussion, see p. 409 of this issue.)
On March 1, the OPS issued Amendment 1 to Ceiling
Price Regulation 1, effective March 2 (see Chron. item
for Dec. 18, 1950, MLR Feb. 1951), increasing the ceiling
prices for new automobiles by 3)4 percent. (Source:
Federal Register, vol. 16, No. 43, March 3, 1951, p. 2030.)
On March 3, the OPS issued Ceiling Price Regulation 8
fixing dollars-and-cents ceiling prices for raw American
upland cotton. (Source: Federal Register, vol. 16, No.
44, Mar. 6, 1951, p. 2060.)
On March 7, the OPS issued Ceiling Price Regulation 9
establishing ceiling prices on all imported commodities
sold in the territories and possessions based upon direct
cost-plus the dollar-and-cents mark-up in effect December
19, 1950, to January 25, 1951. (Source: Federal Register,
vol. 16, No. 47, Mar. 9, 1951, p. 2183.)
On March 8, the OPS issued Ceiling Price Regulation 10,
effective March 12, 1951, establishing specific ceiling prices
for manufacturers of household soaps and cleansers based
on December 1950 levels. (Source: Federal Register,
vol. 16, No. 48, March 10, 1951, p. 2226.)
March 1
F if t e e n
nonoperating railroad unions, representing
approximately 1 million workers, signed an agreement
with railroad carriers, effective February 1, providing a
pay increase of 12)4 cents an hour, a cost-of-living wTage
adjustment, and an annual improvement factor after
July 1, 1952, if Government policy at that time permits
such payments. (Source: New York Times, March 2,
1951.)
March 6
NLRB, in the case of R ic h la n d L a u n d r y & D r y
and L a u n d r y W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n , L o c a l
1 9 7 (AFL), set aside a closed-shop agreement covering
employees working on an atomic energy reservation.
In taking jurisdiction, the Board ruled that its decision
was based solely on the employer’s “relationship to the
national defense effort.” (Source: NLRB Press release,
R-359, March 12, 1951.)
T he
C le a n e r s
March 10
T h e S e c r e t a r y o f L a b o r amended General Order No.
48 (see Chron. item for Sept. 29, 1950, MLR Nov. 1950),
by establishing the Defense Manpower Administration
to replace the Office of Defense Manpower, and to be
headed by an Administrator, with authority to direct,
supervise, and coordinate all of the defense manpower
activities of the Department of Labor. (Source: U. S.
Dept, of Labor General Order No. 48, Amendment No. 1,
March 10, 1951.)
Developments in
Industrial Relations1
during February and
early March included the peaceful conclusion of a
collective bargaining agreement by the Nation’s
railroads and 15 nonoperating railroad unions, a
widespread strike in the woolen and worsted
industry, and organized labor’s withdrawal of its
representatives from various Government defense
agencies as an expression of its dissatisfaction with
wage stabilization, price, and other defense
mobilization policies.
L eading developm ents
Railroads
Approximately 1,000,000 nonoperating rail
road employees (clerks, shop mechanics, truck
men, etc.) are covered by an agreement reached
March 1 between representatives of the Nation’s
rail lines and 15 unions. The National Mediation
Board and Presidential Assistant John R. Steelman
were both active in the final negotiations.
Prominent provisions of the agreement include
a wage increase of 12% cents an hour, effective
February 1, 1951, and a cost-of-living escalator
clause.
The escalator clause provides for a wage change
of 1 cent an hour for each 1-point change, quar
terly, in the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumers’
Price Index. The escalator feature will not
operate when the index drops below 178. The
first adjustment will be made on April 1, 1951.
Under the terms of the agreement, no further
wage changes may be sought by either party until
October 1, 1953, except that representatives of
the railroads and the unions will meet with the
President, or his designee, on or after July 1, 1952,
to consider further wage adjustments. Justifi
cation of any such increases, according to the
agreement, will be related to the then existing
wage-stabilization policies governing annualimprovement wage increases. If the parties fail
452
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
to reach agreement at these meetings, the issue is
to be submitted to arbitration.
The agreement was the first negotiated wage
settlement between the nonoperating unions and
the railroads since 1937. Wage adjustments since
that year have been determined by arbitration
or by Presidential emergency boards.
The wage and rules disputes between the rail
roads and four major operating railroad unions—
Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, Brotherhood
of Locomotive Engineers, Order of Railway
Conductors, and Brotherhood of Locomotive
Firemen and Enginemen—remained unresolved
during February and early March.
On February 8, the Army issued an order,
authorized by President Truman, directing all
striking railroad yard-service employees to return
to their jobs by 4 p. m., February 10, under
penalty of dismissal with consequent loss of their
seniority rights, if they did not comply.2 The
order also provided an interim wage increase of
12% cents an hour for yardmen and yardmasters
and 5 cents an hour for road-service employees
represented by the four major operating unions,
effective October 1, 1950. After the employees
had complied with the Army’s order, representa
tives of the carriers and the unions resumed con
ferences under the auspices of the National
Mediation Board.
The Federal District Court in Washington,
D. C., on February 19, fined the Brotherhood of
Railroad Trainmen $75,000, after the union had
entered a plea of guilty to contempt of court
charges. The Government had charged that the
strike by the union’s yard members in late January
and early February was in contempt of a court
restraining order issued during a similar strike
by union yard members in December. The union
already had been fined $25,000 by the Federal
District Court in Chicago for its participation in
the December strike.
On February 23, W. P. Kennedy, president of
the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, announced
to leaders of the other major operating unions that
pressure from his union’s members required him to
arrange for the best possible settlement as soon
as practicable. Accordingly, representatives of
the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen and the
National Mediation Board began separate confer
ences the following day in an attempt to settle the
dispute between the union and the carriers.
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS DEVELOPMENTS
453
Textiles
Shipbuilding
About 70,000 workers, represented by the Tex
tile Workers Union (CIO), struck on February 16
at more than 160 woolen and worsted mills.
Most of the mills affected by the strike are lo
cated in the New England and Middle Atlantic
States. Before the work stoppage occurred, the
union had proposed a 2-year contract calling for a
wage increase of 15 cents an hour, a cost-of-living
escalator clause, an annual wage improvement
factor of 6 cents an hour, and employer-financed
pensions. The strike began after negotiations be
tween the union and the American Woolen Co. had
become deadlocked.
Contract negotiations affecting approximately
110,000 cotton textile workers, represented by the
Textile Workers Union (CIO) in the Northeastern
States, began on February 23. Existing con
tracts in this area were scheduled to expire on
March 15. Union members were alerted for a
possible strike, if an agreement on a new contract
had not been reached by that date.
The union proposed an immediate wage increase
of 12 percent, an automatic wage increase of 7 per
cent in each of the next 2 years, a cost-of-living
escalator clause, and employer-financed pensions
of at least $100 a month.
The Industrial Union of Marine and Ship
building Workers (CIO) and the Bethlehem Steel
Co., on February 19, reached agreement on wage
increases ranging from 18K cents an hour for
laborers to 23 cents an hour for first-class mechan
ics, effective January 1, 1951. The agreement,
which is subject to the limitations of wage stabi
lization regulations, was reached under wagereopening provisions of an existing contract that
expires December 31, 1951.
Meat Packing
The United Packinghouse Workers (CIO) and
the Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher
Workmen (AFL), on February 11, reached agree
ment with three major meat-packing companies—
Swift, Armour, and Cudahy—on a wage increase
of 9 cents an hour for about 100,000 packinghouse
workers. The wage rise was negotiated under a
reopening clause in existing contracts which expire
in August 1952. It is subject to the limitations
of wage stabilization regulations.
Both unions threatened strike action if the wage
increase is not approved by wage stabilization
authorities. In early March, a 3-man panel,
appointed by the Wage Stabilization Board, met
in Chicago to consider the parties’ claims as to
the permissibility of the wage adjustment under
existing stabilization regulations.
936023— 51
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Labor Union Affairs
United Labor Policy Committee. On February 16,
the United Labor Policy Committee—composed
of leaders of the American Federation of Labor,
the Congress of Industrial Organizations, and the
Railway Labor Executives Association—rejected
a wage formula which was proposed by the
industry and public members of the Wage Stabi
lization Board. With the rejection of the formula,
the ULPC instructed the labor members of the
Board to submit their resignations to President
Truman.
The wage regulation proposed by the public
and industry members of the Board (Regulation
No. 6) permitted a 10-percent increase in wages
since January 15, 1950, subject to the approval of
the Economic Stabilization Administrator. In
contrast, labor members of the WSB had proposed
a more liberal formula permitting wages to be
increased by 12 percent in the period June 15,
1950, to December 15, 1950, and additional wage
adjustments after that period conforming to rises
in consumer’s living costs.
The ULPC emphasized that its decision in
structing the labor members of WSB to resign
did not reflect merely a protest against the wage
regulation proposed by the public and industry
members of the Board. The committee explained
that this action was taken also because they felt
that labor had not been given appropriate rep
resentation at policy-making levels in the defense
mobilization program and their views had been
rejected by the Office of Defense Mobilization in
deference to the recommendations of what it
termed “big business.”
454
IN D U S T R IA L R E L A T IO N S D E V E L O P M E N T S
On February 27, Economic Stabilization Ad
ministrator Eric A. Johnston approved the basic
10-percent pay increase regulation (No. 6) that
was proposed by industry and public members of
WSB. He recommended, however, that the
Board liberalize provisions of the regulations
pertaining to other economic benefits. He sug
gested that escalator clauses, annual wage im
provement provisions in recognition of increased
productivity, and health, welfare, and pension
provisions contained in collective bargaining
agreements in effect on January 25 be allowed to
operate through June 30, 1951, even where they
would exceed the 10-percent wage increase limita
tion. He also suggested that the liberalized
regulation should provide for the correction of
“hardships and inequities.”
A meeting of the Wage Stabilization Board
was held on February 28, but labor members did
not participate. On that date, the United Labor
Policy Committee met and decided “that all
labor representatives of our respective organiza
tions serving on existing defense mobilization
agencies shall resign immediately.”
The committee contended that “there is ab
solutely no desire on the part of Mobilization
Director Charles E. Wilson to give labor a real
voice in the formulation of defense policy.”
It also criticized the price, wage, and manpower
policies pursued by the stabilization agencies
under Mr. Wilson’s guidance.
On March 1, the Economic Stabilization
Administrator issued General Regulation No. 8
which modified existing wage control regulations.
This regulation permitted cost-of-living wage
increases under escalator clauses in contracts
agreed to before January 25, 1951, even if these
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
increases, together with other wage increases,
should exceed the 10-percent formula contained
in the regulation issued on February 16.
Senate Labor Committee Reports. Reports were
issued by the majority members of three subcom
mittees of the Senate Labor and Public Welfare
Committee which have been investigating labormanagement relationships in the Bell Telephone
system and in the oil-tanker and Southern textile
industries.
The telephone report described a deterioration
of bargaining relations between the Communica
tions Workers of America (CIO) and the closely
integrated Bell system. The basic cause was the
alleged practice of the parent company, American
Telephone and Telegraph, of referring such “ na
tional” issues as wages and pensions to regional and
departmental levels for collective bargaining.
The report on the tanker industry charged the
Cities Service Corporation Marine Division with
unfair labor practices. These included labor
espionage, delaying tactics in opposing the recog
nition of the Seafarer’s International Union
(AFL), company unionism, and discriminatory
hiring.
The textile report found that self-organization
and collective bargaining were steadily retrogress
ing in the Southern textile area, as a result of
organized employer campaigns. Much of this,
the report claimed, was in “ shocking violation”
of the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947.
A minority report issued subsequently stated
that these findings were “neither objective nor . . .
factual.”
1 Prepared in the Bureau’s Division of Industrial Relations.
2See M onthly Labor Review, March 1951 (p. 310).
Publications
of Labor Interest
Nova Scotia, Jamaica, Denmark). The second part deals
with the adjustment of industry under the program, in
cluding use of the cooperative method.
D ie
E n tw ic k lu n g
N eu a u fb a u
der
s e it
K o n s u m g e n o s s e n s c h a f te n
1945
b is
zu m
81.
von Ih re m
D ezem ber
1948.
Berlin, Konsum Hauptsekretariat, [1949?]. 160 pp.
Statistical data on development of consumers’ cooper
atives in the Soviet Zone of Germany from 1945 to the
end of 1948, with explanatory text written from the pecul
iar point of view of a Communist-controlled organization.
Housing
E ditor’s N ote.— Correspondence regarding publications to which
T h e H o u s in g S i t u a ti o n , 1 9 5 0 : A n A n a l y s i s o f P r e l i m i n a r y
R e s u lts o f th e 1 9 5 0 H o u s in g C e n s u s .
Washington,
U. S. Housing and Home Finance Agency, Division
of Housing Research, 1951. 30 pp., charts; processed.
reference is made in this list should be addressed to the respective publish
ing agencies mentioned. Data on prices, if readily available, were shown
w ith the title series.
T h e R e la tio n s h ip B e tw e e n S l u m
Cooperative Movement
The
A B C o f C o -o p F in a n c e .
By Leslie A. Woodcock.
Chicago, Cooperative League of the USA, 1950.
35 pp. 25 cents.
By Helen L. Johnston. Wash
ington, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Farm Credit
Administration, and Federal Security Agency, Public
Health Service, 1950. 93 pp., bibliography, illus.
(FCA Bull. No. 60; PHS Bull. No. 308.) 30 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Based chiefly on a study of 48 rural health cooperatives
in the United States, this report describes their methods
and purposes, areas where they are, how they started,
membership, facilities, staff, problems, assets, and bene
fits, and characteristics of groups offering prepaid service.
A final section appraises the cooperatives in terms of
accomplishments and possibilities.
R u r a l H e a lth C o o p e r a tiv e s .
By Glenn
E. Riddell and John H. Heckman. Washington,
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Foreign
Agricultural Relations, 1950. 73 pp., map, illus.
(Foreign Agriculture Report No. 51.)
Results of two field studies made to determine the
ability of cooperatives in western Europe to buy or sell
products that cooperatives in the United States normally
sell or buy in those countries, and the possibility of further
trading transactions. Most of the material relates to
farmers’ marketing associations, but there is some infor
mation on the central organizations of the consumers’
cooperative movement.
B u y i n g a n d S e llin g b y C o o p e r a tiv e s i n E u r o p e .
By Wallace J. Campbell
and Richard Y. Giles. Washington, Public Affairs
Institute, 1950. 72 pp. (Bold New Program Series,
No. 6.) 50 cents.
Deals with cooperatives under the Point Four program
of technical aid to underdeveloped areas. The first part
of the publication shows how cooperatives can be of
assistance in carrying out the program, in terms of exper
ience in various countries (India and Pakistan, Palestine,
H e l p i n g P e o p le H e lp T h e m s e lv e s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C le a r a n c e a n d
U rban R e
Washing
ton, U. S. Housing and Home Finance Agency,
Office of the Administrator, 1950. 15 pp.
The approach to these operations under the Housing
Act of 1949 is described as one of greater flexibility within
each separate field combined with coordination and mutual
assistance.
d e v e lo p m e n t a n d L o w - R e n t P u b l i c H o u s in g .
A
S u m m a r y o f th e E v o lu tio n o f H o u s in g A c t i v i t i e s i n th e
F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t.
Washington, U. S. Housing and
Home Finance Agency, Office of the Administrator,
1950. 24 pp. 10 cents, Superintendent of Docu
ments, Washington.
F a r m H o u s in g i n th e U n ite d S ta te s a n d R e c e n t F a r m H o u s in g
L e g is la tio n .
By Paul E. Grayson. ( I n Journal of
Farm Economics, Menasha, Wis., November 1950,
pp. 590-603. $1.25.)
H o u s in g a n d R e d e v e lo p m e n t— A P o r t i o n o f th e C o m p r e h e n
s iv e P l a n f o r th e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l a n d i t s E n v ir o n s .
Washington, U. S. National Capital Park and Plan
ning Commission, 1950. 40 pp., chart, maps. (Mono
graph No. 3.) 25 cents, Superintendent of Docu
ments, Washington.
F a c ts A b o u t H o u s in g C r e d it C o n tr o ls : 1 - T h r o u g h 4 - F a m i l y
R e s id e n c e s ; M u l t i - U n i t R e s id e n c e s . Washington, U. S.
Housing and Home Finance Agency, Office of the
Administrator, 1951. 10 and 8 pp. 5 cents each,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
H o u s in g P o li c y a n d th e B u i l d i n g I n d u s t r y , [G re a t B r i t a i n ].
(In Planning, P E P (Political and Economic Plan
ning), London, November 20, 1950, pp. 81-100.)
Industrial Accidents; Workmen’s Compensation
A m e r ic a n S ta n d a r d S a fe ty C ode f o r V e n tila tio n a n d O p e ra
T an ks.
New York, American
Standards Association, Inc., 1951. 23 pp., diagrams.
(Z9.1-1951.) 75 cents.
tio n o f O p e n - S u r f a c e
[Cleveland, Ohio], Gray Iron
Founders’ Society, Inc., [1951?]. 14 pp., illus.
455
H o w Y o u C a n W o rk S a fe ly .
MONTHLY LABOR
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
456
I n d u s tr ia l
and
S a fe ty
P r o b le m s
of
N u c le a r
T e c h n o lo g y .
Edited by Morris H. Shamos and Sidney G. Roth.
New York, Harper & Brothers, 1950. xiii, 368 pp.,
bibliographies, diagrams, maps, illus. $4.
Lectures and panel discussions at a 3-day conference
held at New York University in January 1950. One of
the four parts of the volume deals with hazards, safety
measures, and insurance problems; the other parts cover
activities of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, radio
chemistry and isotopes, and the radiochemical laboratory.
o f I n d u s tr ia l D is a b ility .
New York, Oxford
University Press, 1950. 89 pp., illus. $4.
Manual of nontechnical instructions to industrial
physicians for measuring the degree of injury to joints,
prepared by committee of Industrial Accident Commission
of California and California Medical Association for use in
workmen’s compensation cases.
E v a lu a tio n
C o m p e n s a tio n P a y m e n ts , 1 9 4 9 .
( I n Social
Security Bulletin, Federal Security Agency, Social
Security Administration, Washington, December
1950, p. 18. 20 cents, Superintendent of Docu
ments, Washington.)
Includes statistics (preliminary), by State, on com
pensation payments, source of insurance, and medical
and hospitalization costs.
W o r k m e n ’s
C o m p e n s a tio n i n N e w M e x ic o .
By Robert
W. Thomas, Jr. Albuquerque, University of New
Mexico, Department of Economics, 1950. 179 pp.,
bibliography; processed. $2.
Examines operation of the State program, appraises
the law, and makes recommendations. Subjects covered
include coverage, benefits, medical care, attorney fees,
unsafe working conditions, and insurability of coal miners.
The State law, according to the analysis, covers princi
pally extra-hazardous occupations, does not provide for a
State insurance fund, and is court-administered.
W o r k m e n ’s
Answers the more common questions arising in the daily
operation of photofluorographic machines used to take
miniature X-ray chest films for tuberculosis detection.
Briefly outlines the problems of radiation hazards and
control, and precautions which the operator must take to
protect himself and others.
I n d u s t r i a l H y g ie n e S u r v e y ,
By Lawrence
T. Smyth, M.D. { I n Industrial Medicine and Sur
gery, Chicago, January 1951, pp. 35-37. 75 cents.)
C a r d io v a s c u la r D is e a s e i n th e S te e l I n d u s t r y .
I n v e s tig a tio n o f O c c u p a tio n a l D e r m a to s e s i n th e C itr u s F r u it
C a n n in g
I n d u s tr y .
By Donald J. Birmingham,
M.D., and others. { I n A. M. A. Archives of Indus
trial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine, Chicago,
January 1951, pp. 57-63. $1.)
Q F e v e r S t u d i e s i n S o u th e r n C a lif o r n ia .
M .D., and J. A. Bell, M.D.
a n d In d u s tr y .
By Hedwig S. Kuhn, M.D., St.
Louis, C. V. Mosby Co., 1950. 378 pp., bibliogra
phies, charts, forms, illus. $8.50.
Second edition of a book first published in 1944 under
the title Industrial Ophthalmology. It offers a compre
hensive program for effective utilization of vision in in
dustry, by an ophthalmologist of wide industrial contacts.
Selective placement in jobs according to vision require
ments is considered basic in the program, together with
pre-employment and follow-up testing of vision and a plant
program for correcting defects. Among subjects discussed
are eye hazards, injuries and plant treatment, eye pro
tection, and illumination. A chapter is devoted to blind
workers in industry.
E yes
Washington,
Federal Security Agency, Public Health Service, 1950.
69 pp., diagrams, illus. (Publication No. 18.) 45
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
H a n d b o o k f o r P h o to f lu o r o g r a p h ic O p e r a to r s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
By R. J. Huebner,
O b s e r v a tio n s o n th e E p i
o f Q F e v e r i n N o r th e r n C a lif o r n ia .
By
E. II. Lennette, M.D., and W. H. Clark, M.D. { I n
Journal of the American Medical Association, Chi
cago, February 3, 1951, pp. 301-309, charts, bibli
ographical footnotes. 45 cents.)
Q fever is an occupational hazard to workers handling
infected livestock or its products. Well over a third of a
group of 300 infected persons worked in livestock industries.
d e m io lo g y
Industrial Relations
Washington, U. S. Depart
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1951. 7
pp., charts. (Serial No. R. 2017; reprinted from
Monthly Labor Review, January 1951.) Free.
A n a l y s i s o f S tr ik e s , 1 9 2 7 - 4 9 .
L a b o r-M a n a g e m e n t
Industrial Hygiene
C o a l M i n e I n d u s t r y , S ta te o f
[Olympia?], State Department of Health,
Industrial Hygiene Section, [1950?]. 43 pp., map,
diagrams, illus. (I. H. Bull. No. 4.)
W a s h in g to n .
R e la tio n s
in
th e
C em ent
I n d u s tr y .
Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1951. 5 pp., charts. (Serial No.
R. 2016; reprinted from Monthly Labor Review,
January 1951.) Free.
T h e E c o n o m ic I m p a c t o f C o lle c tiv e B a r g a i n i n g i n th e S te e l
By
Albert Rees. Chicago, University of Chicago, Indus
trial Relations Center, [1950?]. 15 pp.; processed.
On the basis of a study of trends of wages, costs, and
prices, the author concludes that collective bargaining has
not been an inflationary force but has “merely reflected
fundamental inflationary trends generated elsewhere in
the economy.” The new types of collective agreements
with elastic provisions such as escalator clauses are also
viewed as essentially noninflationary. Inflation is caused
by “more fundamental economic forces.” If we again
fail to get at the real causes of inflation, “it will not be
the fault of collective bargaining.”
a n d C o a l I n d u s t r i e s D u r in g th e P o s t - W a r P e r io d .
E m p l o y e r ’s O b lig a tio n to P r o d u c e D a t a f o r C o lle c tiv e B a r
g a in in g .
By Herbert L. Sherman, Jr.
{In
Minne-
sota Law Review, Minneapolis, December 1950, pp.
24-46. $1.)
P r o v id in g F a c ts a n d F ig u r e s f o r C o lle c tiv e B a r g a in in g — T h e
C o n tr o lle r ’s R o le .
By Earl Brooks, N. Arnold Tolies,
Richard F. Dean. New York, Controllership Foun
dation, Inc., [1950]. 86 pp. $5.
L is t o f R e fe r e n c e s .
Washington,
Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Rail
way Economics, Library, July 31, 1950. 16 pp.;
processed.
“ F e a th e r b e d d in g ” — A
C o lle c tiv e
A g r e e m e n ts i n
th e
T obacco I n d u s tr y ,
[C a n a d a ].
Labor Gazette, Department of Labor, Ottawa,
February 1951, pp. 168, 169; Collective Agreement
Studies, No. 14.)
(In
A
W o r k s C o u n c il i n A c tio n : A n A c c o u n t o f th e S c h e m e i n
O p e r a tio n a t B o u r n v ille W o r k s .
Cadbury Brothers, Ltd., 1950.
Is.
R echt
und
457
P U B L IC A T IO N S O F L A B O R IN T E R E S T
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
G e r e c h tig k e it
in
der
Bournville, England,
48 pp., charts, illus.
M itb e s tim m u n g — E in
By Eberhard Müller. Stutt
gart, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1950. 82 pp. (Der
Deutschenspiegel, Band 36/37.)
Labor participation in management—termed M i t b e s t i m
m u n g in German—is discussed in the light of Protestant
theology and ethics, and proposals are submitted for set
tling the issue in West Germany.
E v a n g e lis c h e r R a ts c h la g .
Labor Organizations
The
U . S . L a b o r M o v e m e n t.
( I n Fortune, New York,
February 1951, pp. 91-93, 161, et seq., illus. $1.25.)
D ir e c to r y
of
Labor
O r g a n iz a tio n s
in
N ew
Y o rk
S ta te .
New York, State Department of Labor, Division of
Research and Statistics, 1950. 122 pp. (Special
Bull. No. 228.) 50 cents.
S to r e s a n d U n io n s : A S t u d y o f th e G r o w th o f U n i o n i s m i n
D r y G o o d s a n d D e p a r tm e n t S to r e s .
By George G. Kirstein. New York, Fairchild Publications, Inc., 1950.
246 pp., bibliographical footnotes, illus. $7.
The author traces the history of trade-unions in retail
trades; reports, with emphasis on cause and effect, on major
strikes in the industry; and analyzes the attitudes toward
unions that may be expected on the part of management
and employees.
One chapter treats in detail the place of employer asso
ciations in collective bargaining in the retail trades. Bar
gaining by employer associations, although not unique in
this industry, plays a more important role than in most
industries.
The final chapter deals with the impact of unionism on
stores, and illustrates by relevant labor-management con
tract clauses the methods adopted to deal with some of the
more important problems arising between management and
union employees.
R e p o r t [of] T h ir d I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a d e U n io n C o n fe r e n c e o f
Industry Reports—General
[ R e p o r ts
P rep a red fo r
th e E . R . P . [ E u r o p e a n R e c o v e r y P r o g r a m ] , R o m e , A p r i l
B u ild in g ,
C iv il
E n g in e e r in g ,
and
P u b l i c W o r k s C o m m itte e , I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o r O r g a n i
z a tio n , T h ir d S e s s io n , G e n e v a , 1 9 5 1 ] : I , G e n e r a l R e
p o r t; I I , W e lfa r e i n th e C o n s tr u c tio n I n d u s t r y ; I I I ,
S e a s o n a l U n e m p lo y m e n t i n th e C o n s tr u c tio n I n d u s t r y .
Geneva, International Labor Office, 1950 and 1951.
88, 39, 97 pp., respectively. Reports I and III, 50
cents; Report II, 25 cents. Distributed in United
States by Washington Branch of ILO.
T h e J o i n t M a r i t i m e C o m m is s io n a n d th e M a r i t i m e W o r k o f
( I n International Labor Review, Geneva,
November 1950, pp. 337-363. 50 cents. Distributed
in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.)
th e I . L . O .
L a b o r C o n d itio n s i n th e J a p a n e s e C o tto n S p i n n i n g I n d u s t r y .
[Osaka?], All Japan Cotton Spinners’ Association,
1950. 21 pp.
A separate report on cotton industry wages was also
published by the Association in the latter part of 1950.
L a b o r C o n d itio n s i n th e J a p a n e s e R a w S i l k R e e lin g I n d u s t r y .
[Tokyo?], Japan Raw Silk Reelers’ Association, 1950.
17 pp.
R ep o rt on
Labor
S i t u a ti o n
in
Japan
C o v e r in g
T h ir ty -N in th A n n u a l R e p o rt on L a b o r O r g a n iz a tio n in
C a n a d a (f o r th e C a le n d a r Y e a r 1 9 4 9 ) .
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partment of Labor, 1951.
95 pp., chart.
25 cents.
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Colgate University, 1950.
raphy; processed. (Area
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Variously paged, bibliog
Studies, Latin American
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6d. net. $1.75.
Short historical treatment of Soviet trade-unions, de
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final complete subjection to state control. Describes the
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with living and working conditions.
Manpower
S y n th e tic
F ib e r s , W o o le n S p i n n i n g , a n d H a r d a n d B a s t F ib e r s .
[Tokyo?], Japan Chemical Textile Association, 1950.
20 pp.
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P la n n i n g f o r th e E m e r g e n c y .
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MONTHLY LABOR
gram for civil-defense health services in case of atomic,
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specific hazards are discussed.
Migration and Migrants
I m m i g r a t io n P o li c y — A R e a p p r a i s a l .
Edited
by William S. Bernard and others. New York,
Harper & Brothers, 1950. xx, 341 pp., bibliography,
charts. $4.
American immigration policy is described in its histori
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flexibility to the quota system, to make use of occupational
criteria as an auxiliary method of selecting immigrants,
and to grant quotas to peoples now excluded. An immi
gration commission is proposed for the study of “a dem
ocratic alternative to the national origins and quota
system.”
A m e r ic a n
M anpow er
U tiliz a tio n :
S e le c te d
R e fe r e n c e s
on
M anpow er
Ithaca, N. Y., Cornell Univer
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Relations, December 1950. 17 pp.; processed.
P r o b le m s , w ith N o te s .
M a x im u m
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M a n p o w er— A
C heck
Princeton, N. J., Princeton
University, Industrial Relations Section, 1951. 52
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revision of Research Report No. 68.) $1.
L i s t o f C o m p a n y P r a c tic e .
M a n p o w e r P r o b le m s , V o c a tio n a l T r a i n i n g , a n d E m p l o y
m e n t S e r v ic e , [ N e a r a n d M i d d l e E a s t].
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national Labor Office, 1951. 46 pp. 25 cents. Distiibuted in United States by Washington Branch of
ILO.
Report I prepared for ILO Regional Conference for the
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Medical Care and Sickness Insurance
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Chicago, January 1951, pp. 1-24. $1.75.)
E c o n o m ic A s p e c t s o f H o s p i t a l C a r e .
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Paper, $2 to nonmembers, $1 to members of Academy.)
Symposium of articles dealing with fundamental phases
and considerations for effective programming of medical
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experience and position of organized labor as to problems
of medical care; and social security aspects. Other sec
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served by public medical care; and specialized or specialneed programs, in which are included the worker in indus
try, the rural population, and minority groups.
T h e P u e r to R i c a n J o u r n e y . N e w
Y o r k ’s N e w e s t M i g r a n t s .
By C. Wright Mills, Clarence Senior, Rose Kohn
Goldsen. New York, Harper & Brothers, 1950. 238
pp. (Publication of Bureau of Applied Social Re
search, Columbia University.) $3.
A study of Puerto Rican migration to New York City
and of the migrants in their new environment. The
account is based upon a study begun in September 1947,
described by the authors as having nine major phases,
including a detailed questionnaire procedure for obtaining
sample household data by interviews.
M e d ic a l C are f o r A m e r ic a n s .
By Morris Sackman. ( I n
American Federationist, Washington, December
1950, pp. 23-26. 20 cents.)
Comparison of salient administrative provisions of
sickness-insurance laws of Rhode Island, California,
New Jersey, and New York.
T e m p o r a r y D i s a b i l i t y B e n e fits .
U n i t e d S ta te s
C iv il D e f e n s e : H e a lth S e r v ic e s a n d S p e c i a l
D efen se.
Washington, Federal Civil De
fense Administration, 1950. 260 pp., bibliography,
charts, forms. (Pub. AG-11-1.) 60 cents, Super
intendent of Documents, Washington.
Outlines functional responsibilities and presents a pro
W eapons
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Productivity
Wash
ington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1951. 7 pp.; processed. Free.
Another recent report in this series for 1939-49 covers
clay construction products.
P r o d u c t i v i t y i n th e B e e t S u g a r I n d u s t r y , 1 9 3 9 - 4 9 .
M a n -H o u rs
E xpended
per
C ar,
R a ilr o a d
F r e ig h t
C a rs,
Washington, U. S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1950. 23 pp., charts;
processed. Free.
1 9 3 9 -4 8 .
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Washington, U. S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1951. 19 pp., charts; processed. Free.
of
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S o c ia l S e c u r i t y A c t A m e n d m e n ts o f 1 9 5 0 : A S u m m a r y a n d
L e g is la tiv e H i s t o r y .
By Wilbur J. Cohen and Robert
J. Myers. ( I n Social Security Bulletin, Federal
Security Agency, Social Security Administration,
Washington, October 1950, pp. 3-14, chart. 20 cents,
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C h a n g in g T r e n d s U n d e r O ld - A g e a n d S u r v iv o r s I n s u r a n c e ,
1 9 3 5 —1 9 5 0 . By Jacob Perlman.
( I n Industrial and
Labor Relations Review, Ithaca, N. Y., January 1951,
pp. 173-186; also reprinted.)
459
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REVIEW, APRIL 1951
O ld - A g e a n d S u r v iv o r s I n s u r a n c e : C o v e ra g e U n d e r th e I 9 6 0
D e p a r tm e n t
and
W o m e n ’s
R e a d y -to -W e a r
S to r e s ,
1950.
Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1951. 51 pp. (Wage Structure
Series 2, No. 78.) Free.
By George J. Leibowitz. A i d to th e
P e r m a n e n tly a n d T o ta lly D is a b le d .
By Phyllis Hill.
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ber 1950, pp. 3-10, 21; 11-15. 20 cents, Superin
tendent of Documents, Washington.)
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the 1950 revision of the Federal Social Security Act.
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Statistics, [1950?]. 31 pp.; processed.
A similar report is available for cleaning and dyeing
occupations in Connecticut.
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T h e C h a n g in g S ta tu s o f T e a c h e r s u n d e r th e N e w Y o r k S ta te
A m e n d m e n ts .
A n n u a l M e e tin g , N a t i o n a l C o n fe re n c e o f S o c ia l W o r k ,
New York,
Columbia University Press (for National Conference
of Social Work), 1950. xvii, 344 pp. $4.75.
Includes papers on The Economic Situation and its
Effects on Social Welfare Services, Implications of an
Expanded Social Insurance Program, and The Quest for
Economic Security—Whose Responsibility? The latter
article presents points of view of management and labor,
and on the Government’s role.
A tla n tic C ity , N . J ., A p r il 2 3 - 2 8 , 1 9 5 0 .
In s titu t
d ’A s s u r a n c e s
S o c ia le s
d ’H a ï t i — G u id e
P r a tiq u e .
[Port-au-Prince], Département du Travail, 1950.
pp., illus.
29
F i r s t R e p o r t o f th e D e p a r tm e n t o f S o c ia l W e lfa r e , [R e p u b lic
o f I r e la n d ] .
Dublin, 1950. 228 pp. and inserts,
illus. 5s.
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from 1947 to 1949, the volume contains outlines of the
historical background and development of the social wel
fare schemes administered by the department, accom
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By Frantisek Cerny. { I n
Bulletin of the International Social Security Associa
tion, Geneva, August-September 1950, pp. 1-10.)
S o c ia l I n s u r a n c e i n R u m a n i a .
Geneva, Inter
national Labor Office, 1950. 69 pp. 50 cents.
Distributed in United States by Washington Branch
of ILO.
Report III prepared for ILO Regional Conference for
the Near and Middle East, Teheran, April 1951.
S o c ia l S e c u r ity , [ N e a r a n d M i d d l e
T ren d s, 1 9 3 9 -1 9 4 9 .
Washington, U. S. Depart
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, [1951].
9 pp., chart; processed. (Wage Movements Series,
No. 3.) Free.
W age
C h r o n o lo g y
N o.
11:
A lu m in u m
C o.
of
A m e r ic a ,
Washington, U. S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1951. 5 pp. (Serial No.
R. 2015; reprinted from Monthly Labor Review,
December 1950.) Free.
1 9 3 9 -5 0 .
1949 and 1950.
Washington, U. S. Depart
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1951.
35 pp., charts. (Wage Structure Series 2, No. 77.)
Free.
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O c c u p a tio n s —W a g e s ,
H o u r s a n d C o n d itio n s o f E m p lo y m e n t, D e c e m b e r 1 9 4 9 .
By Dwight E. Beecher.
Albany, University of the State of New York, 1950.
39 pp., charts. (Bull. No. 1390.)
S a l a r y L a w , 1 9 4 7 to 1 9 5 0 .
O regon T ea ch ers a n d A d m in is tr a to r s S a la r ie s f o r 1 9 5 0 - 5 1 .
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2 .)
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1 9 4 0 -1 9 4 9 . . .
in
Mont
real, Printing Industry Parity Committee, 1950. 46
pp., charts. (Serial No. PE-11.)
th e P r i n t i n g I n d u s t r y o f M o n tr e a l a n d D i s t r i c t .
Washington,
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1951. 54 pp., bibliography; processed. Free.
Covers premium pay for overtime and night work and
for work on Sundays and holidays.
P r e m i u m P a y P r a c tic e s i n P r iv a te I n d u s t r y .
By William H. Chartener. Washington
(1205 19th Street NW.), Editorial Research Reports,
1950. 17 pp. (Vol. II, 1950, No. 22.) $1.
Digest of relevant provisions of Defense Production Act
and of wage-control experience in World War II, with
discussion of effects of wage control on the economy.
W a g e C o n tr o l.
Miscellaneous
E a s t] .
Wages and Hours of Labor
W age
A
R e a d in g s
in
Labor
E c o n o m ic s
and
I n d u s tr ia l
R e la tio n s .
Edited by Joseph Shister. Philadelphia, J. B.
Lippincott Co., 1951. 661 pp. $4.75.
A wide range of selections from writings of specialists,
for use primarily in college courses. Most of the volume
is devoted to unions and collective bargaining, but several
papers deal with employment and unemployment, income,
and social security.
I n d u s t r i a l S o c io lo g y : A n
I n tr o d u c tio n
to th e S o c io lo g y o f
By Delbert C. Miller and William
H. Form. New York, Harper & Brothers, 1951.
896 pp., bibliographies, charts. $6.
The term “industrial” is given its broader meaning;
the study is not limited to factories. A background
section describes and criticizes the major contributions
to the subject, notably the work of the Elton Mayo group.
The second part of the book, on the social organization of
the work plant, gives attention to the “informal organi
zation of labor” as well as to formal organizations of
management and workers. The third section discusses
placement of workers and relation of teamwork to indus
trial morale. Part four is concerned with the social
W o r k R e la tio n s .
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
460
adjustment of workers from preparation for a job to
retirement. The volume concludes with a consideration
of industry in some of its larger community and social
aspects.
I n tr o d u c tio n to th e
T o ta l T h e o r y o f L a b o r — N e w
P o s itiv e
By Alexander Kokkalis.
Concord, N. H. (P. O. Box 175), the Author, 1950.
232 pp.
F o u n d a tio n
o f E c o n o m ic s .
E n te r p r is e .
By K. William
Kapp. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press,
1950. 287 pp. $4.50.
The author states that many important costs of pro
duction are not included in the accounting systems or
entrepreneurial costs of business enterprises. His study
is a general and as far as possible quantitative analysis
of these costs. Among them are the costs of industrial
injuries, occupational diseases, air pollution, water pollu
tion, premature depletion of various resources, and
unemployment. These and various other costs are de
scribed as social costs borne by the community. The
author argues that failure to take account of these costs
in accounting systems invalidates traditional value and
price analysis. He suggests the need for a fundamental
revision of both economic theory and public policy to take
account of these social costs.
T h e S o c ia l C o s ts o f P r i v a t e
H a n d b o o k o f H u m a n E n g in e e r in g D a t a f o r D e s ig n E n g in e e r s .
Medford, Mass., Tufts College, Institute for Applied
Experimental Psychology, 1949. Variously paged,
bibliographies, charts. $5.
Deals with quantitative measurements of human
capabilities and limitations and their application to
machine design. Among fields considered are vision,
hearing, motor responses, physiological conditions as
determinants of efficiency, and aptitude testing.
By Dwight E.
Gray and John H. Martens. New York, D. Van
Nostrand Co., Inc., 1951. 122 pp., bibliography,
diagrams, illus. $2.
Popular manual for laymen as well as for persons
R a d ia tio n M o n ito r in g in A to m ic D efen se.
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concerned with measurement of atomic radiation, including
those engaged in health protection in industrial establish
ments using radioisotopes. Gives details on use of
standard detection instruments.
o n A to m ic E n e rg y .
By Samuel Glasstone.
New York, D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1950. 546 pp.,
diagrams, illus. $2.90.
Compendium on development and scientific aspects of
atomic energy, prepared under the auspices of the U. S.
Atomic Energy Commission. Contains a chapter on
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S o u rceb o o k
E c o n o m ic D e v e lo p m e n t i n L a t i n A m e r i c a : A n I n tr o d u c tio n
th e E c o n o m ic P r o b le m s o f L a ti n A m e r ic a .
By
Simon G. Hanson. Washington, Inter-American
Affairs Press, 1951. 531 pp., bibliographies, maps,
chart. $7.
Includes a chapter on labor and social legislation and
labor organization.
to
By Lowry Nelson. Minneapolis, University
of Minnesota Press, 1950. 285 pp., bibliography,
charts. $3.50.
Based on a year’s study, in 1945-46, by the author as a
rural sociologist in the U. S. Department of State. Social
stratification, level of living, education, and farming
systems are among the chapter subjects.
R u ra l C uba.
By R. P.
Lynton. London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, Ltd.,
1949. 212 pp., bibliography. 15s. net.
Considers the need for new approaches to the question
of individual worker efficiency, and analyzes the efficacy of
various types of incentives. The book is based in part on
the writer’s experience as a machine operator and in part
on a broad study of literature and of management ex
perience in British industry.
The author is critical of uniform standards set by legis
lation or by industry-wide labor-management agreements,
as interfering with managerial initiative in stimulating
productivity. He urges managements to be more re
sourceful and experimental in exercising the wide latitude
remaining to them.
I n c e n tiv e s a n d M a n a g e m e n t i n B r i t i s h I n d u s t r y .
Current Labor Statistics
A.—Employment and Payrolls
463 Table A -l:
464 Table A-2 :
468 Table A-3 :
470 Table A-4 :
Table A-5 :
Table A-6:
472 Table A-7:
471
Table
Table
Table
473 Table
A-8:
A-9 :
A-10
A -ll
Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division
and group
Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries
Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in
manufacturing industries
Federal civilian employment and payrolls, by branch and agency group
Federal civilian payrolls by branch and agency group 1
Civilian Government employment and payrolls in Washington, D. C.,
by branch and agency group
Personnel and pay of the military branch of the Federal Government 2
Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 3
Employees in manufacturing industries, by States 3
Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance pro
grams, by geographic division and State
B.—Labor Turn-Over
474 Table B -l:
Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in manufacturing
industries, by class of turn-over
475 Table B-2: Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in selected groups
and industries
C.—Earnings and Hours
477 Table C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory
employees
Gross
average weekly earnings of production workers in selected
492 Table C-2:
industries, in current and 1939 dollars
493 Table 0 3 : Gross and net spendable average weekly earnings of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1939 dollars
493 Table C-4: Average hourly earnings, gross and exclusive of overtime, of produc
tion workers in manufacturing industries
Table C-5: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing
industries for selected States and areas 3
1 Beginning with the January 1951 issue payroll data in table A-6 have been combined with table A-5.
2 Beginning with September 1950 issue, omitted for security reasons.
3 This table is included quarterly in the March, June, September, and December issues of the Review.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
461
462
CURRENT LABOR
STA TISTIC S
MONTHLY LABOR
D.—Prices and Cost of Living
494 Table D -l : Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families in large cities, bygroup of commodities
495 Table D-2 Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city, for
selected periods
496 Table D-3 : Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city and
group of commodities
497 Table D-4 : Indexes of retail prices of foods, by group, for selected periods
498 Table D-5 : Indexes of retail prices of foods, by city
499 Table D-6 : Average retail prices and indexes of selected foods
500 Table D-7 : Indexes of wholesale prices, by group of commodities, for selected
periods
501 Table D-8 : Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
E.—Work Stoppages
502 Table E -l : Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
F.—Building and Construction
503 Table F -l
504 Table F-2
505 Table F-3
506 Table F-4
507 Table F-5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Expenditures for new construction
Value of contracts awarded and force account work started on federally
financed new construction, by type of construction
Urban building authorized, by principal class of construction and by
type of building
New nonresidential building authorized in all urban places, by general
type and by geographic division
Number and construction cost of new permanent nonfarm dwelling
units started, by urban or rural location, and by source of funds
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
463
A: EM PLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
A: Employment and Payrolls
T able
A -l: Estimated Total Labor Force Classified by Employment Status, Hours Worked, and Sex
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1 (in thousands)
1950
1951
Labor force
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.2
Oct.
Sept.2
Aug.
July 2
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Total, both sexes
Total labor force 3----------------------------------- .
(9
(9
64, 674
65,453
65,438
65,020
66, 204
65, 742
66,177
64,108
63, 513
63,021
63,003
Civilian labor force.------------ ---------------------Unemployment__________ __________
Unemployed 4 weeks or less________
Unemployed 5-10 weeks______ . . .
Unemployed 11-14 weeks__________
Unemployed 15-26 weeks___________
Unemployed over 26 weeks----- -------Employm ent______ ______ ______ ______
Nonagricultural__________________
Worked 35 hours or more_______
Worked 15-34 hours___________
Worked 1-14 hours 8 . . . . . . __
AVith a job but not at work 6_- . .
Agricultural___________ _______Worked 35 hours or more_______
Worked 15-34 hours____________
Worked 1-14 hours 8______ ____
W ith a job but not at work 8____
61, 313
2,407
1,039
640
276
241
213
58,905
52,976
42,911
5,806
2,236
2,022
5,930
3,790
1,415
370
353
61, 514
2,503
1,184
677
208
251
183
59,010
52, 993
43, 505
5, 561
2,251
1,676
6,018
3, 895
1, 467
308
348
62, 538
2,229
1,153
498
167
217
194
60,308
54,075
44,177
6,002
2,319
1,577
6,234
3,983
1,505
348
399
63, 512
2,240
1,240
475
147
175
204
61, 271
53, 721
43, 546
6,417
2, 331
1,427
7, 551
5, 487
1, 594
306
163
63, 704
1,940
955
420
128
183
257
61, 764
53, 273
42, 720
7,023
1,999
1,531
8, 491
6, 547
1,611
245
88
63, 567
2, 341
1,107
464
201
272
299
61, 226
53, 415
28,042
20,827
1,984
2, 561
7,811
5,259
2,028
356
170
64,867
2,500
1,051
679
221
266
285
62,367
54, 207
43, 835
4, 583
1,545
4, 246
8,160
6,170
1,475
295
223
64, 427
3, 213
1,514
754
249
334
361
61, 214
52, 774
25,072
19, 201
1,650
6,852
8,440
6,348
1,695
238
158
64, 866
3,384
1,629
664
181
474
439
61,482
52,436
43,117
5,153
1,843
2,323
9,046
6, 975
1,739
246
88
62, 788
3,057
1,130
634
252
559
481
59, 731
51, 669
43.033
5,149
1,949
1,537
8,062
5, 970
1, 613
292
187
62,183
3, 515
1,130
686
521
705
475
58,668
51, 473
41,143
6, 552
2,183
1, 597
7,195
5,125
1,503
313
250
61, 675
4,123
1,229
1,143
580
722
449
57, 551
50, 877
41,334
5, 715
2,102
1,725
6, 675
4, 551
1, 575
255
295
61,637
4,684
1,583
1,456
547
650
448
56,953
50,730
41, 433
5, 271
2,085
1,941
6, 223
4, 334
1,271
300
317
Males
Total labor force 3_ _ _____________ ______
(9
(9
45, 644
45, 934
45, 978
46,155
47,132
47,000
46, 718
45, 614
45,429
45,204
45,115
Civilian labor force... ___________________
Unemployment_______________________
Em ploym ent__________ ____ __________
Nonagricultural___________________
Worked 35 hours or more____
Worked 15-34 hours____________
Worked 1-14 hours 8 .
W ith a job but not at work 8____
Agricultural. _ .
______
Worked 35 hours or more_______
Worked 15-34 hours____________
Worked 1-14 hours 8. ..........
With a job but not at work 6____
42.894
1, 594
41,300
35, 980
30,284
3,355
984
1,357
5,320
3, 644
1,077
300
298
43,093
1,659
41, 433
36,072
31,054
2,947
961
1,110
5, 362
3, 724
1,066
253
319
43, 535
1, 459
42,076
36, 585
31,308
3,217
998
1,062
5, 491
3, 751
1,134
268
338
44,019
1,309
42, 710
36, 554
31,175
3,447
980
952
6,156
4, 982
842
200
133
44, 268
1,172
43,096
36, 507
30, 826
3,823
800
1,058
6, 589
5,605
756
146
82
44, 726
1,482
43, 244
36,877
21,103
13, 273
817
1,683
6, 367
4, 875
1,131
219
143
45,818
1,664
44,154
37,455
31, 800
2,508
654
2,494
6, 699
5,573
764
181
183
45, 708
2,126
43, 582
36, 605
18, 905
12, 762
732
4, 207
6, 977
5,789
899
162
126
45, 429
2,200
43, 229
36,216
31. 523
2, 605
756
1,332
7,013
6,031
743
162
78
44,316
2,130
42, 186
35, 597
30,860
2,829
874
1,034
6,589
5,339
895
186
170
44,120
2, 628
41, 492
35, 220
29, 722
3,483
999
1,017
6, 272
4, 891
925
251
205
43,879
3,002
40,877
34, 890
29, 562
3,156
958
1,214
5,987
4,380
1,146
188
274
43, 769
3,426
40,343
34, 698
29,336
2,909
922
1,531
5,645
4,176
942
228
298
Females
Total labor force 3 _______________________
Civilian labor force___________________ ____
U n em p lo y m en t___________ ___________
Employm ent________________________
N onagricultural__________________
Worked 35 hours or more______
Worked 15-34 hours____________
Worked 1-14 hours 8____________
W ith a job but not at work 8___
Agricultural... ___________________
Worked 35 hours or more_______
Worked 15-34 hours____________
Worked 1-14 hours 8_______ ____
With a job but not at work 8___
(9
(9
19,030
19, 519
19, 460
18,865
19,072
18, 742
19, 459
18, 494
18,084
17,817
17,888
18, 419
813
17, 605
16, 996
12, 627
2, 451
1,252
665
610
146
338
70
55
18,421
844
17, 577
16, 921
12, 451
2, 614
1,290
566
656
171
401
55
29
19,003
770
18, 232
17,490
12, 869
2, 785
1,321
515
743
232
371
80
61
19, 493
931
18, 561
17.167
12,371
2,970
1,351
475
1,395
505
752
106
30
19, 436
768
18, 668
16, 766
11, 894
3, 200
1,199
473
1,902
942
855
99
6
18, 841
859
17,982
16, 538
6, 939
7, 554
1,167
878
1, 444
384
897
137
27
19,049
836
18, 213
16, 752
12,035
2,075
891
1, 752
1, 461
597
711
114
40
18, 719
1,087
17,632
16,169
6,167
6,439
918
2,645
1,463
559
796
76
32
19,437
1,184
18, 253
16, 220
11, 594
2, 548
1,087
991
2,033
944
996
84
10
18,472
927
17, 545
16,072
12,173
2,320
1,075
503
1,473
631
718
106
17
18,063
887
17,176
16,253
11,421
3,069
1,184
580
923
234
578
67
45
17, 796
1,121
16, 674
15, 987
11,772
2, 559
1,144
511
688
171
429
67
21
17, 868
1,258
16,610
16,032
12,097
2,362
1,163
410
578
158
329
72
19
1 Estimates are subject to sampling variation which may be large in eases
where the quantities shown are relatively small. Therefore, the smaller
estimates should be used with caution. All data exclude persons in institu
tions. Because of rounding, the individual figures do not necessarily add
to group totals.
2 Census survey week contains legal holiday.
3 Total labor force consists of the civilian labor force and the Armed Forces.
* Beginning with January 1951, data on net strength of the Armed Forces
and total labor force are not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5 Excludes persons engaged only in incidental unpaid family work (less than
15 hours); these persons are classified as not in the labor force.
8 Includes persons who had a job or business, but who did not work during
the census week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor dispute or
because of temporary lay-off with definite instructions to return to work
within 30 days of lay-off. Does not include unpaid family workers.
Source: U . S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
464
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EM PLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able
A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1950
1951
Industry group and industry
Feb.
Total employees.................................................
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1949
1948
45, 294 45, 254 46,601 45,873 45,898 45,684 45,080 44,096 43,945 43,311 42,926 42, 295 41,661 43,006 44, 201
B ituminous-coal----------- ----------------------
938
102.5
36.1
28.4
20.3
939
101.5
36.6
28.1
19.9
946
103.0
37.2
28.1
20.5
922
103.3
36.6
28.4
20.5
946
101.8
36.1
28.0
20.0
940
99.9
35.4
27.9
19.2
933
103.9
35.7
28.8
21.0
73.3
73.2
74.3
74.4
75.0
75.3
73.6
75.3
76.1
75.3
76.9
75.9
77.3
80.0
398.0
402.1
405.0
404.3
405.8
407.0
407.8
382.1
410.4
413.1
419.0
422.9
82.6
399.0
438.2
257.5
Crude petroleum and natural gas pro-
938
103.7
35.9
28.7
20.8
950
102.5
37.0
28.2
20.0
929
104.0
939
98.5
33.8
28.0
19.1
938
98.4
33.9
27.8
19.0
595
97.9
33.6
27.7
18.8
932
100.1
33.7
27.3
20.6
981
105.1
36.6
27.8
21.7
256.4
256.8
254.8
255.5
258.6
261.2
261.9
258.9
253.9
251.4
249.2
249.8
259.0
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying..............
97.0
97.0
98.9
101.9
102.1
102.7
103.4
101.3
100.0
97.3
94.5
90.2
88.6
96.4
100.1
Contract construction----- -------------------------
2,195
2,278
2,393
2,571
2,631
2,626
2,629
2,532
2,414
2,245
2,076
1,907
1,861
2,156
2,165
382
139.8
242.3
428
164.9
262.6
505
208.6
296.3
534
228.5
305.8
540
234.3
305.8
548
240.0
307.5
519
228.8
290.4
493
213.5
279.3
442
182.4
260.0
389
150.2
238.4
328
118.3
210.0
312
110.4
201.9
428
178.1
250.3
416
172.1
243.8
Other special-trade contractors.............
Manufacturing.. -------------------------------------
—
31.6
86
Textile-mill products......... ............................ 1,358
Dyeing and finishing textiles. ______
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings___
Other textile-mill products.......................
Apparel and other finished textile products______________ _____ _________- 1,227
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
Women’s, children’s undergarments__
Other fabricated textile products_____
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)___________________________
Logging camps and contractors______
Sawmills and planing m ills.. _____
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
Miscellaneous wood products..................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2,066
2,097
2,086
2,081
2,013
1,921
1,803
1,687
1,579
1,549
1,727
838
892
905
906
905
870
827
766
702
651
641
753
1,749
797
985
249.3
117.1
120.2
498.7
928
242.6
104.5
118.6
461.9
908
241.7
100.6
118.0
447.2
974
245.8
124.4
125.1
479.0
952
239.7
125.2
124.3
463.1
15, 904 15,768 15,785 15,765 15, 827 15, 685 15, 450 14,777 14,666 14,413 14,162 14,103 13,997 14,146 15,286
Food and kindred products......................... 1,468
Tobacco manufactures.......... .....................
1,965
805
1,091 1,127 1,174 1,192 1,180 1,176 1,143 1,094 1,037
' 285.8 ’ 289.7 ' 294.0 ' 296. 6 ' 293.7 ' 285. 7 278. 7 267.4 257.1
124.3 133.4 147. 4 158.1 157.2 158.3 149.8 140.0 126.7
137.7 139.6 138.7 137.6 135.8 133.7 131.0 127.6 122.0
542.9 563.9 593.9 600.1 593.0 597.9 583.5 558.6 530.8
Durable goods 2--------------- ----------- 8,836
Nondurable goods 3--------------------- 7,068
Ordnance and accessories----------------------
1,896
792
8,734
7,034
30.5
8, 716
7,069
29.5
8,664
7,101
29.0
8,618
7,209
27.7
8, 423
7,262
26.6
8, 294
7,156
25.0
7,978
6, 799
23.7
7,964
6,702
23.7
7,809
6,604
23.2
7,548
6,614
22.8
7,418
6,685
22.4
7,324
6,673
21.8
7,465
6,681
24.8
8, 315
6,970
28.1
1,494 1,534 1,576 1,643 1,739 1,718 1,617 1,519 1,461 1,432 1,420 1,409 1,523 1,536
311.2 314.4 305.7 300.8 295.7 296.6 295.8 292.6 286.3 282.7 285.3 288.7 288.6 271.2
134.1 136.1 139.6 142.8 149.6 156.4 158.7 156.5 148.7 141.4 136.6 134.1 146.2 147.7
155.4 167.5 197.4 253.2 353.1 329.1 250.4 177.0 152.3 144.9 133.9 133.6 207.1 222.0
127.0 124.9 125.2 128.4 129.4 128.6 125.9 124.3 121.2 120.2 120.1 119.3 120.6 117.7
287.5 289. 5 290.9 292.2 290.4 287.7 289.3 283.7 286.7 284.6 282.4 277.9 281.7 282.9
29.4
34.5
34.5
33.5
30.6
28.9
27.0
27.1
26.9
32.7
30.8
51.8
50.7
45.0
96.9 100.2
90.0
90.4
90.6
94.5
96.7
99.6 105. 6 110. 2 114.2 110.5 102.1
88.6
212.0 212. 5 215.4 217.7 230.0 240.1 234.2 224.8 212.8 206.0 205.1 198.2 211.4 218.6
136.3 138.0 139.8 142.7 145.4 144.3 141.8 140.4 135.5 134.1 135.3 133.2 137.6 141.3
88
25.8
41.2
12.0
8. 5
90
26.1
42.2
12.0
9.4
91
26.3
43. 3
12.1
9.3
96
26.2
43.0
12.4
14.0
96
27.1
41.7
12.5
15.2
89
25.6
40.7
12.1
11.4
82
26.1
38.9
11.8
5.4
82
25.4
39.5
12.0
5.1
83
25.5
39.7
12.1
5.7
83
25.5
39.3
12.4
5.5
85
25.4
40.9
12.6
5.9
88
25.5
42.3
12. 7
7.4
94
26.6
44.5
13.0
10.1
100
26.6
48.3
13.7
11.2
1,351 1,350 1,355 1,357 1,347 1,316 1,250 1,264 1,252 1,261 1,272 1,273 1,224 1,362
172. 3 170. 7 171. 5 171.3 169. 5 164.4 156.7 156.4 153.3 154.7 158. 5 159.4 149.3 177.6
632. 3 632.9 637.5 638.7 637.4 625.9 601.5 610.4 602.9 602.8 604.2 600.6 581.9 645.7
251.9 254.1 253.9 256.0 253.0 246.9 228.4 230.9 231.6 236.1 239.8 241.1 231. 4 249.0
86.4
89.2
86.4
86.4
88.3
89.5
89.9
93.5
92.6
84.9
89.8
93.1
93.3
93.6
61.3
60.5
60.9
60.5
60.3
58.9
64.8
62.3
62. 5
62. 4
61. 7
58.1
59.8
59.8
138.6 137.1 136.7 135.5 133.2 129.2 120.3 119.8 117.9 117.8 119.6 121.2 116.0 135.2
1,190 1,182 1,175 1,221 1,218 1,208 1,097 1,093 1,091 1,119 1,174 1,180 1,136 1,162
151. 8 151.1 151. 2 152.4 151.4 152.4 140.6 148.5 143.2 146.0 149.2 148. C 141.5 154.4
268.2
336.8
103. 5
24.4
67. 9
88. 7
148. 5
269.1
328. 4
106.7
21. 5
65. 8
92.1
147.7
271.8
308.4
110. 9
18.4
65.2
97.4
151. 7
273.3
331.9
113.2
22.8
68.9
101.2
157.2
272.3
340.0
111. 1
23.4
68.6
99.0
152.5
270.4
340.3
105.9
23.7
68.5
96.2
150.1
249.3
299.1
95.8
20.2
67.2
86.6
137.9
255.1
281.3
98.9
17.8
65.3
88.6
137.8
256.0
285.2
101.3
18.9
62.6
85.4
137.9
258.6
305.2
105.5
20. 7
63.6
82.6
136.9
262.2
338.9
107.1
26.5
68.4
83.6
138.4
260.8
348.2
106.3
26.5
68.5
82.8
137.9
257.8
328.6
98.9
22.3
63.4
88.2
135.8
269.1
342.4
97.4
22.9
59.5
90.1
125.6
795
66.5
455.0
816
71. 3
470.8
838
77.5
484.3
849
78.4
492.5
853
78.1
498.7
845
78.8
494.5
812
76.2
474.6
803
73.7
467.3
784
67.4
459.1
753
59.2
439.8
738
59.3
429.8
713
49.2
416.1
736
61.4
431.7
812
72.8
472.9
127. 5
82.2
64.1
129.0
80.9
63.7
129.9
82.3
63.8
131.0
82. 7
64.0
130.4
81.8
63.9
129.5
79.7
62.0
124.9
77.5
59.2
124.4
77.9
59.5
122.0
75.5
59.9
120.2
74.4
59.8
117.2
73.2
58.8
116.8
73.0
57.7
110.5
73.3
59.0
119.5
81.8
65.2
T able
465
A: EM PLOYM ENT AND PAYROLLS
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group —Con.
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1950
1951
Industry group and industry
N ov.
Oct.
Feb.
1949
1948
344
247.3
97.1
341
244.9
96.1
315
222.0
94.6
348
247.0
100.9
458
230.6
121.3
105.6
455
230.2
120.5
104.7
453
229.3
120.0
103.7
447
226.9
117.1
103.1
470
240.7
121.4
107.6
736
293.9
51.6
46.0
197.9
40.0
106.2
735
293.5
51.5
45.3
198.9
39.9
105.7
734
291.6
52.0
45.2
199.2
40.1
106.3
732
289.5
52.1
44.8
198.5
40.1
106.7
727
282. 5
53.4
44.6
197.1
41.1
108.0
725
267.5
54. 7
46. 6
197.5
45.1
113.3
670
72.9
198.4
94.2
71.5
30.2
48.2
154.9
671
71.4
195.7
93.1
69.7
36.2
50.0
154.4
675
70.5
194.1
93.4
69.1
41.6
53.2
153.4
671
69.4
191.9
91.1
68.9
40.9
55.3
153.0
665
68.8
189.5
91.4
68.3
38.5
56.2
152.4
664
68.4
192.1
92.3
67.3
34.3
56.1
153.0
699
70.9
210.3
89. 5
70. 7
35. 9
56. 2
165. 0
241
189. 0
21.1
30.5
239
187.8
21.1
30.1
236
186.2
20.7
28.6
234
185.7
20.5
27.8
241
194.8
19.7
26.9
242
195.1
19.6
26.8
245
198. 7
19. 5
27.1
250
199.1
20. 0
30. 8
258
112.8
25.7
119.1
249
111.3
24.1
113.6
247
110.8
24.2
112.4
241
108.1
23.9
108.8
238
106.6
24.1
107.4
237
106.3
24.2
106.1
236
105.8
23.6
106.2
234
106.6
26. 4
100.5
259
121.1
29. 6
107. 9
411
51.9
259.5
99.6
409
51.1
260.4
97.5
390
49.5
252.8
88.1
382
49.6
247.2
84.9
374
49.5
240.4
83.8
379
49.5
244.3
85.4
396
50.0
257.4
88.4
395
50.1
257.4
87.9
388
49. 7
251.0
87.2
310
54. 2
260.1
95.4
532
133.8
42.4
88.0
58.8
98.1
110.5
532
137.9
43.3
87.2
57.4
98.3
107.4
512
130.8
41.7
85.2
55.3
95.5
103.5
511
134.4
42.6
83.0
56.0
93.9
101.4
501
131.7
42.2
80.2
57.6
90.0
99.4
487
128.8
41.5
76.0
57.6
86.4
77.1
478
124.8
40.6
75.5
58.0
84.0
94.7
475
123 9
41. 0
75.2
57.6
83.6
94.1
484
122.6
41.8
79.8
57. 5
84.6
97.1
514
136. 9
40. 9
83. 4
60.6
87. 8
105.9
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Jan.
Dec.
373
370
264.1
105.9
373
266.7
106.3
376
270.5
105.8
378
270.9
107.1
376
269.0
107.1
367
262.1
104.9
350
249.5
100.0
349
249.8
99.5
348
248.5
99.4
347
248.8
98.6
Paper and allied products............................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills........
Paperboard containers and boxes...........
Other paper and allied products.........
498
497
242.1
139.2
115.5
501
244.4
140.9
115.2
500
242.8
141.9
114.9
491
241.7
140.0
109.5
4S8
241.5
137.4
109.2
479
238. 6
131.7
109.1
465
234.8
123.4
106.4
467
235.2
124.2
107.6
459
231.8
121.3
105.7
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.
Newspapers____ ___________________
P eriodicals................................... .............
Books........... ...... ............................ - ..........
Commercial printing------- ------ ---------Lithographing___________ ______ ____
Other printing and publishing-----------
757
755
294.0
53.2
48.3
206.3
40.8
112.7
764
299.4
53.2
48.6
207.0
42.0
114.0
759
295.9
53.3
48.4
205.3
42.4
113.7
754
292.9
52.8
48.4
204.8
42.1
113.1
746
295.1
51.5
48.4
200.1
41.1
110.0
741
292.7
51.8
47.8
198.8
40. 5
108.9
739
295.1
51.7
46.2
198.1
40.0
108.2
739
295.0
51.4
46.3
199.6
40.0
106.8
Chemicals and allied products_________
Industrial inorganic chem icals............. Industrial organic chemicals....................
Drugs and m edicin es..............................
Paints, pigments, and fillers__________
Fertilizers.____ ____________________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats........
Other chemicals and allied products—
735
729
78.0
215.8
101.1
73.6
37.3
57. 0
166.1
724
77.5
214.3
101.3
74.1
32.9
58.7
165.3
720
77.1
211.3
100.2
73.7
32.1
60.9
164.6
720
76.6
208.8
99. 5
74.0
32.9
61.9
166.4
701
69.3
206.4
98.4
74.2
32.7
54.3
165.4
684
68.3
203. 6
96. 7
73.5
29.6
48.7
164.0
669
70.3
199.8
95.9
72.7
28.3
46.8
155.6
Products of petroleum and coal-------Petroleum refining_______________
Coke and byproducts........ ...........—
Other petroleum and coal products.
255
253
201.8
21.3
30.1
254
201.6
21.2
31.2
254
201.5
21.2
30.8
252
199.3
21.4
31.3
251
198.1
21.5
31.2
254
200. 5
21.4
32.5
Rubber products_______
Tires and inner tu b es..
Rubber footwear...........
Other rubber products.
274
275
115.9
30.1
128.6
273
116.8
29.1
127.5
272
117.2
28. 5
126.6
269
115.7
28.0
125.3
265
115.2
26.9
122.5
Leather and leather products............ .........
Leather___________ _____ _____ ______
Footwear (except rubber)................. .......
Other leather products_______________
410
402
51. 8
256.2
94.4
397
51. 9
251.2
93.6
399
51.8
248.4
98.6
406
51.4
253.4
101.5
Stone, clay, and glass products_________
Glass and glass products.........................
Cement, hydraulic__________________
Structural clay products-------------------Pottery and related products..................
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Other stone, clay, and glass products...
549
546
144.3
41 9
86. 8
60. 6
97. 2
114.8
547
144.3
42. 4
87.1
60.8
97.9
114.4
550
145.6
42. 7
88.6
60.9
98.3
113.7
544
144.1
43.1
87.9
58.1
98.5
112.5
Manufacturing—Continued
Furniture and fixtures_____
Household furniture.............. .
Other furniture and fixtures.
Primary metal industries------ --------------- 1,324
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
m ills.---------------------------------- -------Iron and steel foundries------- ------------Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals_______ _______ - ..........
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals..........................................
Nonferrous foundries________________
Other primary metal in d u stries...........
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transporta
tion equipment)............ ....................... 1, 023
Tin cans and other tinware--------------Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware.......
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies---- -------------------Fabricated structural metal products..
M etal stamping, coating, andengraving
Other fabricated metal products............
Machinery (except electrical)--------------- 1, 557
Engines and turbines.......... ................. .
Agricultural machinery and tractors...
Construction and mining machinery...
Metalworking m achin ery.....................
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)____ ____ _
General industrial machinery........ .........
Office and store machines and devices.
Serviee-industry and household ma^
chines.................................. - ..................
Miscellaneous machinery parts.............
See fo otn o te s a t end o f table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
,323
1,315
1,301
1,289
1,276
1, 256
1, 222
621.4
229.7
1,216
616.4
227.7
1,190
606.3
220.8
1,171
599.2
215.7
Mar.
1,144
583.3
208.6
1,137
587.5
203.6
1,101
550.4
217. 0
1,247
612.0
269.3
632.5
250.2
630.5
241.2
55.5
54.8
55.1
54.3
55.2
54.6
54.2
54.4
54.1
52.3
55.6
99.5
96.0
133.9
96.0
92.1
128.7
96.2
91.4
129.2
95.1
87.3
126.1
93.2
84.3
124.1
92.4
83.3
121.6
90.6
80.8
120.8
87.0
75. 8
118.4
103.8
85.2
130. 7
636.8
271.1
636.1
267.1
635.6
262.5
633.7
255.4
57.0
56.6
54.8
103. 8
109. 8
144.1
104.0
109.6
141.7
102.9
106. 6
138.9
102.3
104.8
137.6
101.9
100.7
136.2
1,015
49. 8
169.0
1,020
51. 2
169.4
1,017
50. 2
168.0
1,013
51.9
166.1
996
55.5
163.1
972
55.8
156.7
929
51.3
153.0
923
48.6
156.2
894
45.5
154.3
876
44.6
152.5
863
43.5
151.2
851
41.8
147.3
859
45.8
142.3
976
164.1
209.9
182.9
220.6
158.8
210.3
179.3
211.5
147.2
201.3
172.7
203.1
148.1
198.0
170.7
201.2
144.4
192.4
162.6
194.8
143.9
190.3
156.3
188.0
140.4
187.6
152.9
187.7
137.8
185.1
152.1
187.0
132.0
198. 5
147. 9
192. 4
165.8
157. 9
220.9
186. 7
230.3
161.2
220. 6
186.8
231.1
163.4
219.3
185.6
230.7
164.4
216. 7
184.8
229.1
154.4
172.2
219. 0
1,311 1,533
i, 527 1, 492 1, 459 1, 426 1,368 1,374 1,343 1,341 1,328 1,307 1,283 1,261
72. 5
66. 5
68.7
70.9
73.6
73.5
72.8
70.2
74.8
83,9
72.9
78.8
82.0
181.3 191.3
186. 4 175.1 164.4 163.5 140. 5 179.5 180.1 180.5 180.7 180.5 177.5 175.2
lui.
3 122. 6
93.4
95.2
95.4
95.9
98.1
99.1
101.6
114. 0 112.4 110.9 108.9 105.6
239. 5
267.9 258.8 251.5 242.9 233 5 222.1 212.0 212.3 207.2 204.5 201.6 198.4 208. 7
201.9
171.8
189.3 184.3 180.6 178.2 174.6 168.6 165.3 165.4 162.7 160.8 158.7 157.1
4 209.8
216. 0 212. 2 207.1 203. 0 197.6 191.7 185.0 182.8 181.3 178.8 175.7 174.0 186.
109.1
90.6
85.4
87.0
88.4
88.0
89.3
89.5
90.8
94.4
95.9
97.9
99.2
99.5
180 7
189.0
182.1
186.1
185.5
182.4
182.0
178.2
180.1
171.4
178.6
166.3
178.8
160.5
180.8
158.5
181.5
156.2
175.6
152.6
169.3
149.3
163.9
147.0
145.4 191.3
163.2 1 183.4
466
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EM PLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able
A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1
[In thousands]
1951
Annual
average
1950
Industry group and industry
Manufacturing—Continued
Electrical machinery__________________
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa-
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1949
1948
925
922
935
929
915
872
853
817
810
800
791
779
772
759
869
348.1
77. 2
345.5
348.7
77.4
355.8
344.7
75.9
354. 6
341.5
75.0
345.5
323.5
73.3
326.5
323.9
70.9
318.1
313.8
70.0
297.0
308. 2
68.9
296.1
306.7
67.8
289. 4
303.3
66.6
287.6
300. C 298.1
65.1
65. 5
283. 2 279. 7
295. 2
64. 5
271.1
332.9
69.0
312. 2
151.3
153. 4
154.1
152.8
149.0
139.6
136.2
136.6
136.5
133.7
130. 5
128. 3
154.8
Electrical appliances, lamps, and misTransportation equipment_____________ 1,480
Boat building and repairing_______
Instruments and related products______
Ophthalmic goods
... . ...
Photographic apparatus_______ ______
286
280
27.1
55.3
33. 4
164.3
280
26.9
55. 2
33.9
164.1
277
26.7
55.1
33. 7
161.1
272
26. 2
54. 5
32.8
158.1
265
25. 6
53.9
31. 5
153.5
252
25.1
52. 8
28.0
146.0
242
24. 8
51.0
27.8
138.1
243
24. 8
50.1
28.1
139.8
238
24. 8
49.1
28 0
136.5
238
25 0
48 5
28 5
133.7
234
25 1
48 2
28 9
131.5
232
25 1
48 1
29 3
129.7
238
26 8
52 6
31 4
127.1
260
28. 2
60.3
40. 8
130. 5
495
488
57.1
73.1
63. 2
498
57.2
78. 0
62. 4
508
58. 2
82.0
64. 3
510
58. 2
84. 5
65.7
493
57.2
81. 3
63. 7
471
55.4
78.9
61.1
430
51.1
71. 5
52.1
439
52. 8
72 6
52 4
434
52. 7
70. 3
51. 4
435
52 7
69 5
53.1
433
53 2
67 2
56.5
429
54 4
63 8
59.4
426
55 4
68 7
57.7
466
60.3
80. 8
62.3
294.8
299. 9
303.1
301. 7
290.8
276. 0
254 8
259 8
256 5
Professional and scientific instruments.
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware..
T oys and sporting goods____ . . . . .
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions ._ _
Other miscellaneous manufacturing
261 3
260 0
Transportation and public utilities_______
4,078 4.072 4,125 4,123 4,132 4,139 4,120
Transportation________ ____________ 2, 804 2,859 2,908 2,911 2,912 2, 913 2,891
Interstate railroads_________ _____
1, 426 1,460 1, 465 1, 462 1 458 1 441
Class I railroads_______ _________
1, 253 1, 277 1, 292 1.291 1, 283 1 272
Local railways and bus lines_________
' 145
' 146
145
' 145
145
146
Trucking and warehousing.. . ______
619
622
617
621
621
614
Other transportation and services. . . .
669
684
684
681
688
690
Air transportation (common carrier) _.
75.1
74.6
74.2
74.4
74.7
74.5
Communication_______ _ . . . _____
670
664
668
670
670
671
671
Telephone______________ ______
618. 6 620.4 614. 8 620 9 621 6 622 9
Telegraph.. .
_________ ____ _
48 0
47 2
48. 3
48. 6
48. 0
47. 9
Other public utilities__________________
544
545
547
548
550
555
558
Gas and electric utilities___ . ________
520.9 522. 5 523. 5 525 1 529 5 531 7
Electric light and power utilities____
231.7 232. 6 233. 2 234.0 236. 6 238 6
Gas utilities*________ ____________
116.6 117.4 117. 6 118.1 118. 6 118. 0
Electric light and gas utilities combined*______________________
172.6 172. 5 172. 7 173.0 174. 3 175.1
Local utilities___________________ .
24 7
24 8
24 0
24 6
4,062 4,023
2,839 2,813
1 414 1 407
1 246 1 240
’ 148
147
589
577
682
689
75.7
74.6
667
662
619 5 614 6
3,885
2,685
1 296
\ 135
’ 149
562
678
74.6
659
Trade__________ ____ ________ . . . .
Wholesale trade____________________ . .
Retail trade__________________________
General merchandise stores__________
Food and liquor stores_______________
Automotive and accessories dealers...
Apparel and accessories stores.................
Other retail trade........................................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
128. 8
1,437 1, 410 1, 380 1,394 1,365 1, 347 1,297 1,305 1, 269 1,122 1,100 1,091 1, 212 1,263
900.8 897.1 887.7 922.7 913.3 907.9 883.7 893. 4 862. 4 720. 3 698. 9 689.0 769. 0 792. 8
362.0 341.6 323.4 305.1 286.0 272.8 259. 3 256. 4 253. 9 253. 3 252.4 251.7 255. 6 228.1
244.4 230.4 217.5 205.0 195.8 183.7 172. 8 170. 5 169.0 167.9 166. 5 166.1 169. 7 151.7
63.4
60. 1
52.5
54.1
69.9
66.8
52.8
52.1
50. 7
50. 7
50. 6
50. 2
51. 8
46.7
9.1
8.9
8.5
8.2
7.5
9.3
7. 7
7.8
7.9
7.9
8. 0
7.9
7. 4
8 1
38.4
33.6
35.3
31.5
29.5
27.5
27 3
27 3
26 2
26. 0
26.0
26.3
26.8
22.4
88.9
89.1
95.7
91.8
88.6
91.7
81. 2
80. 9
80.0
79.9
80. 2
81 2 100. 3 140. 7
75.5
75. 8
81. 7
77. 6
75.3
78. 4
70 0
88 2 124. 2
67. 4
66. 4
66. 2
66. 7
68. 3
14.0
14. 2
13.4
13.3
13.3
13.3
14. 5
16.4
13.8
13. 8
13. 2
11.9
11. 2
12.1
66.0
66.0
65. 9
63.0
61. 3
60
1
76
1
64.3
61. 8
63. 5
61. 6
84.8
58 4
59 2
12.2
13.6
13.4
13.1
13.7
12.9
10 9
16. 6
11. 6
11.1
10. 7
10. 1
9. 6
9 1
9, 563 9, 616 10,459
2,603 2,592 2, 619
6, 960 7,024 7,840
1,429 1,477 2,063
1, 254 1,242 1, 262
736
742
753
520
529
644
3,021 3,034 3,118
9, 896
2,618
7, 278
1, 654
1,242
746
565
3,071
9,752
2,625
7,127
1,539
1,219
741
555
3,073
9, 641
2,605
7,036
1,474
1, 210
743
540
3,069
9,474
2, 582
6,892
1,387
1,200
749
491
3,066
262. 8
556
530 4
238 4
117. 6
548
522 3
235 2
115 5
3, 928 3, 873 3, 841 3,979 4,151
2, 733 2,682 2,651 2, 756 2,934
1 356
1 517
1* 188 1* 148
1 327
’ 150
163
550
566
554
673
666
687
77.9
73.7
74.2
73.6
76.7
696
657
654
654
686
634 2
60 8
521
541 ’ 538' ’ 537'
536
537
497 0
232 5
233.5 226.4
113.1 111.7 110.5 no! 2
174 4
171 6
170 2
169 4
169 0
9,390
2,528
6,862
1, 372
1,203
746
501
3,040
9, 411
2,502
6,909
1,411
1,205
733
536
3,024
9,326
2,479
6,847
1,412
1,204
714
533
2,984
9.346
2,477
6, 869
1,466
1,200
706
545
2,952
9,206
2,484
6, 722
1,392
1,192
699
519
2,920
9,152
2,495
6, 657
1,360
1,185
700
496
2,916
9, 438
2,522
6,916
1. 480
1,198
676
554
3,008
9,491
2,533
6,958
1,470
1,195
634
577
3,081
T able
467
A: EM PLOYM ENT AND PAYROLLS
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group
Con
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1950
1951
Industry group and industry
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1949
1948
1,843
1,833
441
62.2
655
675
1.830
439
61.5
656
673
1,820
436
61.1
651
672
1,821
433
60.8
651
676
1,827
433
60.9
654
679
1,837
435
61.4
658
683
1,831
432
61.3
652
686
1,827
427
60.0
646
694
1,812
421
59.2
640
692
1,803
420
58.2
639
686
1,791
419
57.7
637
677
1,777
416
57.2
634
670
1, 763
416
55.5
619
672
1, 716
403
57.9
589
665
4, 630
4, 666
429
353.6
145.3
242
4.695
431
353.1
146.8
242
4, 723
433
353.1
149. 2
243
4,757
441
355.5
151.1
244
4,816
475
357.5
150.0
246
4, 827
512
358.6
147.1
244
4, 841
515
363.4
151.6
245
4, 826
482
362.1
155.9
249
4,790
451
353.7
150.1
236
4, 757
441
347.4
146.1
236
4,708
431
345.5
141.3
236
4, 696
430
345.0
139.7
236
4, 782
464
352.2
146.9
237
4, 799
478
356.1
149.9
241
6,122
2,085
State and local________________________ 4’037
6,088 6,376 6,037 6.039 6,004 5, 793 5,741 5, 832 5, 900 5,915 5, 769 5,742 5,811 5, 613
2,027 2,333 1,980 1,948 1,916 1,841 1,820 1,851 1,890 1,939 1,802 1,800 1,902 1,827
4,061 4,043 4,057 4,091 4,088 3,952 3,921 3,981 4,010 3,976 3,967 3,942 3,911 3,786
1 The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ series of employment in nonagricultural
establishments are based upon reports submitted by cooperating establish
ments and, therefore, differ from employment information obtained by
household interviews, such as the M onthly Report on the Labor Force
(table A -l), in several important respects. The Bureau of Labor Statistics’
data cover all full- and part-time employees in private nonagricultural estab
lishments who worked during, or received pay for, the pay period ending
nearest the 15th of the month; in Federal establishments during the pay
period ending just before the first of the month; and in State and local govern
ment during the pay period ending on or just before the last of the month,
while the M onthly Report on the Labor Force data relate to the calendar
week which contains the 8th day of the month. Proprietors, self-employed
persons, domestic servants, and personnel of the Armed Forces are excluded
from the BLS but not the M R LF series. These employment series have
been adjusted to bench-mark levels indicated by social insurance agency
data through 1947. Revised data in all except the first four columns will be
identified by asterisks the first month they are published.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Oct.
2
Includes: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood products (except
furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass products; primary
metal industries; fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery,
and transportation equipment); machinery (except electrical); electrical
machinery; transportation equipment; instruments and related products;
and miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
_ (j
* Includes: food and kindred products; tobacco manufactures; textile-mill
products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper and allied
products; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and allied
products; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; and leather and
leather products.
< Data by region, from January 1940, are available upon request to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
»New series; data are available from January 1950.
All series may be obtained upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statis
tics. Requests should specify which industry series are desired.
468
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EM PLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able A -3 :
Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1
[In thousands]
1951
Annual
average
1950
Industry group and industry
Feb.
Mining:
Jan.
92.4
32.5
25.3
18.4
Bituminous-coal__________ ____ _______
Crude petroleum and natural gas pro
duction:
Petroleum and natural gas production
Noninetallic mining and quarrying
-----
Dec.
92.0
32.5
25.2
18.1
N ov.
90.9
32.6
24.9
17.7
Oct.
89.7
32.8
24.6
17.4
Sept.
91.1
33.4
24.8
17.9
Aug.
90.8
33.4
24.8
17.5
July
91.4
32.9
24.9
18.0
June
90.0
32.4
24.7
17.4
M ay
88.5
31.8
24.8
16.7
Apr.
87.2
30.3
24.8
16.6
Mar.
87.3
30.5
24.7
16.6
Feb.
86.9
30.2
24.7
16.5
1949
89.0
30.4
24.3
18.1
1948
94.7
33.6
25.0
19.2
68.9
68.8
69.8
69.9
70.5
70.8
69.2
70.8
71.6
70.7
72.3
71.4
72.8
75.8
376.7
380.7
379.6
381.5
381.8
383.0
357.6
385.0
387.9
393.8
398.4
60.0
373.4
413.1
124.1
84.3
124.8
86.5
124.1
89.4
126.0
89.6
128.3
90.2
130.3
90.6
129.7
88.8
127.7
87.6
124.2
85.0
123.5
82.4
123.3
78.3
123.3
77.3
127.1
83.7
127.1
87.6
Manufacturing__________ _____ __________ 13,130 13,017 13,058 13,044 13,133 13,016 12, 802 12,151 12,066 11,841 11, 597 11,549 11,460 11, 597 12, 717
Durable goods *. ________________ 7,325 7, 256 7, 256 7, 210 7, 186 7, 013 6,900 6, 597 6, 596 6, 456 6,195 6,070 5, 982 6,096 6,909
Nondurable goods 3______________ 5,795 5,761 5,802 5,834 5,957 6, 003 5,902 5,554 5, 470 5,385 5,402 5, 479 5,478 5,501 5, 808
Ordnance and accessories______________
25.2
Food and kindred products____________ 1,096
Tobacco manufactures________ ____ ___
79
Tobacco stemming and redrying_____
Textile-mill products,
_______________ 1, 264
Broad-woven fabric mills____________
Dyeing and finishing textiles,.............__
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings___
Other textile-mill products, _____ _
Apparel and other finished textile products_______________ _____ _________ 1,105
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats______
M en’s and boys’ furnishing and work
Women’s, children’s undergarments__
Children’s outerw ear., _____________
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel. .
Other fabricated textile products_____
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)___________________________
Logging camps and contractors_______
Sawmills and planing mills
_______
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
Furniture and fixtures________________
Other furniture and fixtures__________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
728
323
24.4
23.7
23.3
22.3
1,117 1,154 1,196 1, 260
249.9 253.1 244.3 240.0
94. 9
97.0 100.4 101.9
131.4 143.1 171.4 226.3
96.8
93.2
94.9
92.8
188.6 191.1 193.4 196.3
45.8
46.5
26.0
39.9
97.2
93.5
83.4
88.9
149.4
146.3 146.0 148.8
101.1 102.4 104.4 106.6
80
23.2
39.0
10.6
7.4
83
23.5
40.2
10.5
8.3
84
23.7
41.2
10.5
8.3
89
23.7
41.0
11.0
13.0
21.6
20.1
19.0
18.9
18.6
18.3
17.9
17.4
20.2
23.9
1,350 1,331 1,231 1,141 1,090 1, 065 1,060 1,055 1,172 1,197
235.7 235.8 234.8 232.0 227.4 223.3 228.3 231.5 231.3 215.8
99.1
96.7 107.9 111.0
107.4 113.7 116.1 114.4 108.2 102.8
324.2 302. 1 222.8 150.6 126.8 119.9 109.3 109.8 180.8 195.3
93.6
95.3
92.1
92.0
92.2
91.4
98.1
97.7
95.9
94.6
194.3 192.2 193.9 190.7 192.6 191.0 190.0 187.6 191.2 195.5
30.0
22.7
28.5
24.4
22.6
22.9
28.8
24.7
29.5
26.0
85.9
80.9
83.0
78.4
74.6
93.2
85.4
73.8
72.7
73.6
159. 4 169.3 163.5 156.5 146.4 140.9 139.4 134.4 150.6 161.4
99.4 103.8 108.1
98.4 100.7
99.4
108.5 106.1 104.1 103.3
89
24.5
39.5
11.1
14.2
82
23.1
38.6
10.7
10.4
75
23.4
36.8
10.4
4.5
75
22.8
37.3
10.5
4.2
76
22.8
37.6
10.6
4.9
76
22.9
37.2
11.0
4.7
78
22.7
38.7
11.0
5.1
81
22.8
40.2
11.1
6.4
87
24.1
42.4
11.5
9.0
93
24.3
46.2
12.2
10.2
1,257 1,258 1,262 1,264 1, 255 1, 224 1,160 1,174 1,162 1,172 1,183 1,183 1,136 1, 275
161. 8 160. 1 160.9 160. 7 159.2 154.4 146.5 146.4 143.0 144.5 148.7 149.4 140.3 168.5
601.3 603.2 606.3 607.4 606.2 594.6 570. 8 579.9 572.8 572. 7 574.0 570. 5 551. 4 615.3
232. 0 234.0 233. 9 236.3 233.3 227.1 209.4 211.7 212.8 217.9 221.4 222. 5 213.4 231.4
80.4
80.0
80.3
76.9
78.8
83.4
79.6
75.4
76.7
83.7
82.8
76.7
83.3
83.3
57.2
51.2
52.8
52.4
53.7
53.0
54.1
52.7
54.5
53.3
51.0
54.6
55.0
55.0
123.9 122.7 122.3 121.3 119.3 115.4 106.6 106.5 104.4 104.5 106.3 107.8 102.8 121.7
1,071 1,065 1,056 1,100 1,099 1,089
137.5 136. 6 137.0 138.2 137.4 138.2
981
126.9
976
134.6
976 1,003 1,058 1,065 1, 022 1, 049
129.0 131.7 135.5 135.2 128.1 140.1
250.3
302.1
93.6
21. 7
61.9
77.1
126.3
251.1
295.3
96.7
19.0
60.1
80.0
125.7
253.3
274.8
100. 5
15.9
59.6
85.3
130.0
254. 2
297.0
102.5
20.1
63.1
89.0
135.5
253.8
305.3
100.4
20.7
62.5
87.5
131.1
252.0
306.6
95.9
20.9
62.6
85.1
128.1
231.9
265.6
85.8
17.6
61.3
75.9
116.0
237.8
247.9
88.6
15.3
59.2
77.2
115.8
238.6
253.5
91.1
16.4
57.0
74.4
115.8
241.3
271.6
95.4
18.0
58.0
71.8
115.4
244.9
305.4
97.0
23.8
62.6
72.6
116.6
243.6
315.2
96.5
23.4
62.7
72.1
116.2
239.8
294.3
89.4
19.5
58.0
76.5
115.8
250.7
308.7
88.7
20.2
54.7
78.5
107.5
732
62.0
424.1
752
66.7
439.2
773
73.0
452.3
785
73.8
461.5
790
73.6
467.8
783
74.4
464.6
750
71. 4
443.9
741
69.4
436.8
723
62.9
429.8
692
54.7
409.9
677
54.8
399.3
652
45.0
385.7
676
57.6
401.3
752
69.5
442.0
111.2
76.6
57.8
113.0
75.3
57. 4
113.8
76.5
57.4
114.8
77.1
57.7
114.4
76.1
57.6
113. 7
74.1
55.8
109.1
72.1
53.1
108.5
72.4
53. 5
106.2
69.9
54.0
104.4
69.1
54.0
101.7
67.9
53. 5
101.2
67.6
52.4
95.7
67.9
53.1
105. 0
76.0
59.2
321
234.5
86.8
325
238.3
86.7
327
241.5
85.7
329
241.9
86.9
327
240.2
86.9
319
234.2
,.85. 2
303
221.8
80.7
303
222.3
80.4
302
221.4
81.2
303
222.0
80.7
301
220.9
79.9
297
218.2
78.7
272
194.8
77.6
306
221.6
84.1
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
T able
469
A: EM PLOYM ENT AND PAYROLLS
A-3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1—Continued
[In th o u sa n d s]
A nnual
average
1950
1951
I n d u s t r y g r o u p a n d in d u s t r y
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
M a n u f a c t u r i n g — C o n tin u e d
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A p r.
Mar.
F eb.
1949
1948
424
423
208.9
119.6
94.6
428
212.2
121.3
94.6
427
210.7
122.0
94.3
421
210.3
120.4
90.5
418
209.9
118. 2
90.2
410
207.4
113.1
89.9
396
204.1
104.6
87.5
399
204.8
105. 7
88.9
392
201.7
103. 1
86.9
391
200. 7
103.4
86.6
389
200.2
102.6
86.2
386
199. 5
101.4
85.4
382
197.6
99.6
85.2
405
210.8
104.6
89.4
511
511
149.4
34.6
35.9
170.4
31.6
88.8
518
152.7
34.9
36.7
170.8
32.9
89.8
515
150.3
35.0
36.6
170. 2
33.3
89.6
514
149. 7
35. 1
36.6
170.2
33.0
89.2
510
151.1
35. 2
37.2
166.5
32.5
87.0
504
149.6
34.5
36.4
165.0
31.8
86.2
499
149. 6
34.1
34.6
164.4
31.2
85.4
500
150. 1
33.7
35.3
165.7
31.2
84.1
498
149.3
34.5
35. 1
164. 1
31. 1
83.6
497
147.7
35.0
34.9
164.9
30. 9
83.2
496
146.4
35.2
35.2
165.3
31.0
83.3
495
145.3
35. 1
34.9
164.6
30.8
84. 1
495
141.2
36.0
36.4
164, 4
31.9
85.3
501
133. 5
37.3
38.6
165.5
35.1
91.0
532
526
57.1
162.9
67.5
47.5
30.8
45.1
115.1
523
56. 9
162.0
67. 5
48.3
26.5
47.1
114.7
521
56.5
160.2
66.4
48.2
25.7
49.6
114.6
523
55.9
159. 1
65.8
48.7
26.6
50.8
115.8
506
49.7
157.7
64.9
48.7
26.4
43.5
115.0
491
48.9
154.8
63.4
48.6
23.3
38.2
113.8
479
51.2
151.5
62. 5
47.7
22. 1
36.2
108.1
482
54.1
150.0
61.8
46.9
23.9
37.6
108.1
485
53.4
147.8
61.0
45.5
29.9
39.6
107.6
490
52.8
146.0
60.6
45. 1
35.6
42.7
106.9
487
52.3
144.9
58.1
44.9
34.9
44.9
106.8
485
52.2
144.0
58.7
44.7
32.5
45.8
106. 7
485
52.3
145.8
60.8
43.3
28.6
46. 1
108.4
520
54. 7
164.4
59.9
46.9
30.2
46.6
117.6
Products of petroleum and coal..................
Petroleum refining.
Coke and byproducts
Other petroleum and coal p ro d u cts___
191
190
147.3
18.5
24.3
191
147.4
18.4
25.1
191
147.5
18.4
24.6
190
146.5
18.6
25.1
189
144.6
18.7
25.3
193
147.4
18.7
26.4
182
138.5
18.5
24.9
181
137.8
18.5
24.5
177
136. 1
18. 1
23.2
176
135.6
17.9
22.3
182
142.8
17.0
21.8
183
144.0
16.8
21.8
188
148.8
16. 9
22.0
192
148.9
17.5
25.3
Rubber products___ ________ _____ ____
Tires and inner tubes_______
. . ..
Rubber footwear. . . .
Other rubber products_______________
222
223
92.1
24.9
106.1
223
93.0
23.9
105.6
222
93.1
23.2
105.0
219
92.0
22.8
104.1
215
91.7
21.8
101.0
208
89.6
20.7
98.0
200
88.3
19.2
92.8
199
88.0
19.3
92.0
194
85.9
19. 1
88.8
191
84.0
19.3
87.2
189
83.4
19.4
86.2
188
83.1
18.8
86.3
186
83.6
21.6
80.9
209
96.2
24.6
88. 1
Leather and leather products___________
Leather__ _ . . . __ . . . ___
Footwear (except rubber)..
Other leather pro d u cts...________ ___
371
363
47.2
233.7
82.5
359
47.3
229.1
82.3
360
47.2
225.8
86.9
367
46.7
230.3
89.7
372
47.2
236.7
87.9
370
46.6
237.3
85.8
351
44.9
229.8
76.6
343
45.0
224.3
73.7
335
44.9
217.5
72.8
341
45.0
221. 5
74.6
357
45.5
234. 5
77.3
357
45.5
234.5
76.7
347
45.1
226.2
75.8
368
49.5
234. 8
83.5
Stone, clay, and glass products_________
Glass and glass products........................ .
Cement, h y d ra u lic.... . . .
Structural clay products..
Pottery and related products
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Other stone, clay, and glass products . . .
475
472
127.7
36.0
78.6
54. 7
83.0
91.8
473
127.6
36.4
79.0
55. 1
83.4
91.6
477
128.9
36.7
80. 5
55.1
84.4
91. 1
471
127.0
37.0
79.8
52.2
84.5
90.0
458
117.0
36.5
79.8
53. 0
84.1
88.0
459
121.7
37.1
78.9
51.8
84.3
84.9
440
114.4
35.6
77.0
49.8
81.5
81.7
441
118.3
36.5
75.5
50.6
80.2
80.0
432
115.9
36.0
72.8
52. 2
76.4
78.3
419
112.8
35.4
68.6
52.3
73.5
75.9
410
108.9
34.5
68.5
52. 7
71.3
73. 9
408
108.2
35.0
68.3
52. 2
71.3
73. 2
416
106.8
36.0
72.5
52. 2
72.4
75.6
448
119.6
35.5
76.5
55.5
76.4
84. 6
Paper and allied products____ _ _____
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Printing, publishing, andallied industries.
Commercial printing________________
Other printing and publishing________
Chemicals and allied products............. .
Paints, pigments, and fillers. _______
Fertilizers . . . _ ' . . ...................... ...........
Primary metal industries______ . . . . . . 1,149
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
m ills__________________ __________
Iron and steel foundries
________
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals____
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals___ .
Nonferrous foundries _ ____________
Other primary metal industries.
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipm ent)___________________
852
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware
Heating apparatus (except electric)
Fabricated structural metal products
M etal stamping, coating, and engraving
Other fabricated metal products__
Machinery (except electrical)__________ 1,217
Special-industry machinery (except
Office and store machines and devices
Service-industry and household machines . __________________________
Miscellaneous machinery parts_______
S e e fo o tn o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,149
1,142
1,126
1,117
1,105
1,086
1,054
557.8
241.0
556. 0
238.3
553.6
232.8
552.6
226.8
552.2
221.9
550.4
213.3
542.5
202.1
47.5
47.3
45.4
46.3
45.8
45.8
45.1
978
940
522. 5
188.1
506.9
182.1
512.3
177. 1
476.7
188.9
536. 8
230.9
46.0
45. 5
45.2
45. 4
45. 3
43.3
46.8
80.1
77.4
108.0
78.9
73.5
105.1
77.1
70.7
103.3
76. 5
69.8
101.2
75.0
67.8
100.0
70. 6
63.3
97.1
86. 0
73.2
109.1
538.1
200.2
1,026
1,007
1,083
982
529.3
193.5
1,050
87.1
94.3
121.0
87.2
93.9
119.4
85.9
91.3
116.9
85.8
89.7
115.7
85.3
85.7
114.4
83.1
81.7
111.7
79.5
78.0
106.8
845
44.0
143.5
852
45.3
143.6
850
44.2
142.9
850
45.9
141.4
837
49.8
138.3
814
50.2
132.4
773
45.5
129.1
769
43.1
132.6
742
40.1
130.7
722
39.0
129.2
709
38.0
127.6
698
36.3
123.7
701
39.9
118.4
812
42. 2
131.6
129. 9
173. 0
161.5
193.4
132.8
173.0
161. 6
195.2
135.3
171.7
160.9
195. 2
137.1
170.9
160.7
194.3
137.1
165.6
159. 1
187.5
131.9
165. 1
155.8
178.1
120.4
158. 0
149.9
170.0
121.9
154.3
148.1
169.2
118. 6
148.5
140. 5
163.6
117. 7
145. 8
134.4
155. 6
114. 0
142.7
131. 2
155. 8
112. 3
140.6
1.30.4
155. 1
106.0
152.3
125.8
159. 0
137.1
168.7
148.6
183.8
1,191 1,163 1, 133 1,104 1,050 1,060 1,032 1,033 1,022 1,003
53.4
56.0
5 5 .5
56.6
54.7
55.0
52. 1
62.2
60.3
63.8
146.1 135.5 124.8 124. 3 102.3 140.0 140.5 141.2 141. 5 142.4
68.4
68.3
70.4
73.7
71.6
80.6
77.8
83.8
82.3
84.8
211.4 204.7 197.2 189.7 180.9 170.6 161.5 162.6 158.3 155.4
981
51.1
139. 5
68. 1
152.0
960 1,001 1,203
48.9
53.9
63.9
137.4 142.4 151.7
72.4
91.1
66.5
149.2 157.9 186.6
143.5
157.0
84.4
140.4
154.5
83.2
137.6
150. 1
81.9
135. 8
146.7
80.3
132. 2
141.9
79.0
127.4
136.9
75.6
124.3
131.3
74.3
124.6
130. 1
74.2
122. 7
128.8
73.5
120.9
125.9
73.2
119.0
123.3
72.0
117. 7
121.6
70.5
131.1
132.3
75.4
158. 6
154.3
93.0
146.5
153.1
147. 5
150.7
151. 2
148.0
147.6
144.1
146.1
137.9
145.3
133.4
145.5
128.1
147.9
126.5
148.7
124.1
143.3
120.4
137.8
118.2
132. 6
115.7
115.4
120.4
156. 3
147. 5
470
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EM PLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able
A-3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1951
Annual
average
1950
Industry group and industry
Feb.
M a n u f a c t u r in g — C o n tin u e d
E l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e r y _____ _ _________________
E le c tr ic a l g e n e r a tin g , tr a n s m is s io n , d is
t r ib u tio n , a n d in d u s tr ia l a p p a r a tu s
E l e c t r i c a l e q u i p m e n t fo r v e h i c l e s _______
C o m m u n i c a t i o n e q u i p m e n t _____________
E le c tr ic a l a p p lia n c e s , la m p s , a n d m is
c e ll a n e o u s p r o d u c t s . .......................................
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t . . ..............................
A u t o m o b i l e s ..............................................................
A i r c r a f t a n d p a r t s ................. ................................
A i r c r a f t ........................ ............................................
A i r c r a f t e n g i n e s a n d p a r t s ..........................
A ir c r a f t p r o p e lle r s a n d p a r t s __________
O t h e r a ir c r a f t p a r t s a n d e q u i p m e n t . .
S h i p a n d b o a t b u i l d i n g a n d r e p a i r i n g ..
S h i p b u i l d i n g a n d r e p a i r i n g ___________
B o a t b u i l d i n g a n d r e p a ir i n g ___________
R a i l r o a d e q u i p m e n t _______________ _______
O t h e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t ................
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1949
1948
710
724
721
710
673
655
620
615
606
595
580
573
552
656
256.5
62.9
266.4
257.7
63.1
277.9
254.4
61.8
278.4
251.7
60.9
272.2
237.1
59.5
254.6
236.5
57.2
247.8
226.6
56.0
227.5
221.9
55.1
227.1
221.5
58.7
219.9
217.1
52.5
217.2
213.0
50.9
211.6
211.4
50.7
207.3
210.7
49.0
191.8
251.4
54.6
224.4
123.9
125.3
126.2
125.0
121.6
113.1
109.8
110.7
110.6
108.1
104.8
103.3
100.8
125.5
1, 215 1,189 1,165 1,139 1,157 1,134 1,118 1,070 1,078 1,045
771.7 768.5 760.4 794.8 787.8 780.9 756.7 764.7 736.3
272.6 254.9 239.3 224.5 209.4 199.0 188.1 186.6 185.2
185.0 172.6 161.4 151.5 144.5 134.8 126.3 125.1 124.4
51.4
49.2
46.3
43.6
37.3
38.9
37.4
37.0
36.0
___
6.2
6.1
5.9
5.7
5.5
4.9
5.1
5.2
5.3
___ 30.0 27.0 25.7 23.7 22.1 20.4 19.3 19.3
19.5
81.9
78.7
76.1
75.8
76.3
67.9
79.0
68.3
67.2
___ 69.7 66.2 64.4 64.3 64.8 67.5 56.1 55.6 55.2
12.2
12.5
11.7
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.8
12.7
12.0
51.9
52.0
51.7
50.4
49.3
48.2
47.7
48.8
47.5
10.4
11.2
11.8
11.9
11.6
11.0
9.8
9.4
9.1
899
595.3
184.9
123.4
36.1
5.3
20.1
66.6
55.4
11.2
43.5
8.6
879
575.6
184.0
122.2
36.0
5.4
20.4
66.9
56.9
10.0
44.2
8.0
872
567.1
184.0
122.4
35.7
5.4
20.5
67.6
58.5
9.1
45.4
7.5
987 1,031
643.5 657.6
188.5 166.6
126.6 111.5
37.4
33.6
4.9
5.3
16.6
19.2
85.0 123.2
75.0 109.3
13.9
10.0
69.6
61.0
14.5
9.2
708
I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s . . .............
O p h t h a l m i c g o o d s ................................................
P h o t o g r a p h i c a p p a r a t u s ...................................
W a t c h e s a n d c l o c k s _____ _____ ___________
P r o fe s s io n a l a n d s c ie n t if ic in s t r u m e n t s .
215
211
22.2
40.9
28.2
119.9
212
22.0
40.9
28.8
120.3
209
21.8
40.7
28.8
117.8
205
21.3
40.2
28.0
115.3
199
20.8
39.5
27.0
111.6
187
20.2
38.5
23.4
105.3
178
19.9
37.0
23.4
98.1
180
20.0
36.5
23.7
100.2
176
20.1
35.4
23.6
97.0
174
20.2
34.8
24.1
94.8
172
20.2
34.6
24.4
93.2
171
20.3
34.5
24.7
91.8
177
21.9
38.4
26.6
90.1
200
23.8
45.4
35.0
95.4
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g i n d u s t r i e s ..
J e w e l r y , s il v e r w a r e , a n d p l a t e d w a r e — .
T o y s a n d s p o r t i n g g o o d s ___________ _____
C o s t u m e j e w e l r y , b u t t o n s , n o t i o n s _____
O th e r m is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g
i n d u s t r i e s ......................................... .......................
418
412
46.8
63.7
54.3
424
47.0
68.6
53.1
432
47.8
73.0
54.9
436
48.1
75.3
56.2
418
47.2
72.2
54.4
399
45.5
69.8
52.0
358
41.4
62.5
43.9
367
42.5
63.6
44.1
362
42.1
61.5
43.0
363
42.0
60.6
44.7
361
42.3
58.0
48.0
356
43.7
54.5
50.0
354
45.0
59.8
48.3
394
49.8
71.5
53.9
247.0
255.0
256.4
256.1
244.3
232.0
210.2
217.1
215.2
215.4
212.9
207.5
200.5
219.4
1 See footnote 1, table A-2. Production workers refer to all full-and parttime employees engaged in production and related processes, such as fabrieating, processing, assembling, inspecting, storing, packing, shipping, main
tenance and repair, and other activities closely associated w ith production
operations.
T able
See footnote 2, table A-2.
> See footnote 3, table A-2.
2
A-4: Indexes of Production-Worker Employment and Weekly Payrolls in Manufacturing
Industries1
[1939 average=100]
Period
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
Average_____________
Average....... ............... .
Average___ _________
Average_____________
Average_____________
Average_____________
Average____ _________
Average.................... .......
Em ploy
ment
100.0
107. 5
132.8
156.9
183. 3
178.3
157.0
147.8
1 See footnote 1, tables A-2 and A-3.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Weekly
payroll
100.0
113.6
164.9
241.5
331.1
343.7
293. 5
271.7
Period
1948: Average_____________
1949: Average____ _________
1950: February____________
M arch_______________
A pril._____ __________
M ay________________
June________________
Employ
ment
156.2
155.2
141.6
139.9
141.0
141.6
144.5
147.3
Weekly
payroll
326.9
351.4
325.3
330.0
333. 5
337.2
348.0
362.7
Period
August______________
September___________
October______________
November___________
December____ _______
1951: January______ _______
February____________
Employ
ment
148.3
156.3
158.9
160.3
159.2
159.4
158.9
160.2
Weekly
payroll
367.5
394.4
403.2
415.8
414.6
425.8
423.3
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
T able
471
A: EM PLOYM ENT AND PAYROLLS
A-5: Federal Civilian Employment and Payrolls, by Branch and Agency Group
[In thousands]
Execiitive 1
Year and month
Legislative
All branches
Total
Defense
agencies 1
Post Office
Department
Judicial
All other
agencies
Employment—Total (including areas outside continental United States)
1949: Average_________________________
1950: Average.......... - .........- --------------------
2,100. 5
2,080.5
2,089.2
2,068.6
899.2
837.5
511.1
521.4
678.9
709.7
7.7
8.1
3.6
3.8
1950: February________________________
December_______________________
1,970.9
1,970.6
2,110.9
2,061. 9
2,022.2
1,986. 7
2,005.4
2,083.2
2,117.4
2,152.0
2,508. 9
1,959.1
1,958. 8
2,099.0
2,050.1
2,010.3
1,974.9
1,993.4
2,071.4
2,105.3
2,139.9
2,496. 9
782.8
776.3
773.7
775.8
780.6
778.8
806.0
887.3
932.3
970.0
995.9
503.8
504.4
503.9
501.9
497.4
491.8
487.1
485.0
483.8
482.2
811.8
672.5
678.1
821.4
772.4
732.3
704.3
700.3
699.1
689.2
687.7
689.2
8.0
8.0
8.1
8.0
8.1
8.0
8.2
8.0
8.2
8.2
8.1
3.8
3. 8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3. 9
3.9
3. 9
1951: January________________ ____ ____
February________________________
2,204.3
2,265.6
2,192.3
2,253.5
1,017.3
1,076.8
486.5
487.1
688.5
689.6
8.1
8.1
3.9
3. 9
July
..................................................-
September___ _____ _____________
Payrolls--T o ta l (including areas outside continental United States)
$558,273
585,576
$553,973
580,792
$231,856
235,157
$129,895
135,300
$192,222
210,335
$2,870
3,215
$1,430
1,569
December.................................. .............
521,041
583,186
539,430
577,915
573,659
551,510
618,049
601,454
613,359
621,491
672,724
516,525
578,339
534,757
573,026
568,889
546,806
613,138
596,537
608,511
616,609
667, 988
198,064
225,091
192,199
220,044
221,123
212,778
259,451
261,527
267,622
273,633
275,681
131,085
133,461
131,117
130,361
131,202
129,803
130,361
128, 764
129,665
129,869
185,732
187,376
219,787
211,441
222,621
216, 564
204,225
223,326
206,246
211,224
213,107
206,575
3,083
3,222
3,232
3,246
3,214
3,206
3,277
3,200
3,250
3,292
3,207
1,433
1, 625
1,441
1,643
1,556
1,498
1,634
1,717
1, 598
1,590
1,529
1951: January........ ..... ................ ................ .
February________ _____ _____ ____
680,983
627,280
676,007
622, 595
319,738
292,114
132,037
132,454
224,232
198, 027
3,306
3,188
1,670
1, 497
1950: Average__________ ____ _________
July
__________________
Employment—Continental United States
1949: A verage._____________________ _
1050: Average------ ----------------- -------------
1,921.9
1,930.5
1,910.7
1,918.7
761.4
732.3
509.1
519. 4
640.2
667.0
7.7
8.1
3.5
3.7
1950: February________________________
December_______________________
1,820.7
1,821.5
1,959. 8
1,910.2
1,871.2
1,839.4
1,861.0
1,935.9
1,968.3
2,000. 3
2, 352.8
1,809.0
1,809.8
1,948.0
1,898. 5
1,859. 4
1,827. 7
1,849.1
1,924.1
1,956.3
1, 088.3
2,340.9
675.3
670.6
668.2
670.1
674.6
677.2
707.1
785.3
828.3
862.9
8S5.6
502.0
502.6
502.0
500.0
495.5
489.9
485.2
483.1
482.0
480.4
808.9
631.7
636.6
777.8
728.4
689.3
660.6
656.8
655.7
646.0
645.0
646.4
8.0
8.0
8.1
8.Q
8.1
8.0
8.2
8.0
8.2
8.2
8.1
3.7
3. 7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3. 8
3.8
3. 8
3.8
1951: January___________________ _____
February__________________ _____
2,047.4
2,105.0
2,035.5
2,093.1
905.1
961.0
484.7
485.3
645.7
646.8
8.1
8.1
3.8
3. 8
July
.
_______________________
September_________ ____ ________
Payrolls—Continental United States
$519,529
549,328
$515,269
544,587
$203,548
211,508
$129,416
134,792
$182,305
198,287
$2,870
3,215
$1,390
1,526
December________________ ______
488,138
546,866
506, 707
541,195
536,052
516,924
580,732
563,900
576,155
583,978
634,578
483,662
542,061
502,074
536,351
531,325
512,261
575,867
559,029
571,357
579,140
629,886
176,371
201,071
171,555
196,249
196,921
191,109
235,435
237,332
243,233
248,667
250,324
130, 599
132,969
130,629
129,841
130,704
129,316
129, 870
128,278
129,178
129,413
185,044
176,692
208,021
199,890
210,261
203, 700
191,836
210,562
193,419
198,946
201,060
194,518
3,083
3,222
3,232
3,246
3,214
3,206
3,277
3,200
3,250
3,292
3,207
1,393
1y 683
1,401
1, 598
1,513
1,457
1,588
1,671
1,548
1,546
1,485
1951: January__ ______ _______ _________
February________________ _____
641,387
592,217
636,455
587,573
292,875
268, 279
131,549
131, 963
212,031
187,331
3,306
3,188
1,626
1,456
1949: Average____ ________________ ____
1950: Average______________________ _
July
....................... .........
1 See footnote 2, table A-7.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 See footnote 3, table A-7.
472
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EM PLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able
A-7: Civilian Government Employment and Payrolls in Washington, D. C.,1 by Branch and
Agency Group
[In thousands]
Federal
Year and month
District of
Total
Columbia
government government
E xecutive2
Total
Legislative
All agencies
Defense
agencies3
Post Office
Department
Judicial
All other
agencies
Employment
1949: Average______ ____ ________
1950: Average.......................................
241.8
242.3
19.5
20.1
222.3
222.2
214.0
213.4
70.4
67.5
8.2
8.1
135.4
137.8
7.7
8.1
0.6
.7
1950: February__________________
March_______________ ____ _
April______________________
M ay___________________ _
June_________ ___________
July---------------------------------A ugust-.. . ______. . . . . .
September___ ___________
O ctober__________________
November_________________
December_________________
238.7
238.9
239.8
240.0
238.7
239.1
240.7
243.7
244.8
247.9
256.2
20.2
20.1
20.0
20.2
20.0
19.8
19.8
20.0
20.1
20.4
20.3
218.5
218.8
219.8
219.8
218.7
219.3
220.9
223.7
224.7
227.5
235.9
209.8
210.1
211.0
211.1
209.9
210.6
212.0
215.0
215.8
218.7
227.1
65.5
65.5
65.4
65.6
64.8
65.2
66.1
69.3
70.8
72.4
74.1
7.6
7.8
7.9
7.8
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.6
7.5
7.6
12.7
136.7
136.8
137.7
137.7
137.4
137.7
138.2
138.1
137. 5
138.7
140.3
8.0
8.0
8.1
8.0
8.1
8.0
8.2
8.0
8.2
8.1
8.1
.7
.7
.7
.*
t. 7
1951: January................... ..................
February...................................
253.7
259.0
20.5
20.6
233.2
238.4
224.4
229.6
74.8
77.4
7.8
7.7
141.8
144.5
8.1
8.1
.7
.7
.7
,;
.7
.7
Payrolls
1949: Average___________________
1950: Average.....................................
$75, 570
81, 602
$5, 050
5,321
$70, 520
76, 281
$67, 410
72, 780
$21,119
22,888
$2, 791
2,937
$43, 500
46, 955
$2, 870
3, 215
$240
286
1950: February__________________
March______ ______________
April______________________
M ay. _______________ __
June______________________
J u ly .-------- -----------------------August____________________
September___________ _____
O ctober____________ ______
N ovem ber.________________
D ecem ber.._______________
73,142
83,331
74, 469
84, 018
82, 733
77, 713
85, 472
82, 280
84, 657
85, 380
85,285
5,218
5,699
5,029
5, 705
5,590
4,192
4, 514
5, 347
5,680
5, 796
5, 558
67,924
77, 632
69,440
78,313
77,143
73, 521
80,958
76, 933
78, 977
79, 584
79, 727
64, 586
74,132
65, 944
74, 785
73, 656
70, 043
77, 372
73, 415
75, 424
75, 991
76, 228
19, 387
22, 744
20, 416
22,607
22,186
21, 399
24, 459
24, 951
24, 495
24, 545
24, 786
2,787
2, 926
2, 786
2,872
2,867
2,755
2,918
2, 856
2,892
2, 888
3, 835
42, 412
48, 462
42, 742
49, 306
48, 603
45, 889
49, 995
45, 608
48, 037
48, 558
47, 607
3, 083
3, 222
3,232
3, 246
3, 214
3,206
3, 277
3,200
3, 250
3,292
3,207
255
278
264
282
273
272
309
318
303
301
292
1951: January_____________ _____ _
February________ ______ ___
88,105
79,038
5,919
5,177
82,186
73, 861
78, 564
70,388
26, 543
23,884
2,944
2,839
49, 077
43,665
3, 306
3,188
316
285
1 Data for the executive branch of the Federal Government also include
areas in Maryland and Virginia which are within the metropolitan area, as
defined by the Bureau of the Census.
2 Includes Government corporations (including Federal Reserve Banks
and mixed-ownership banks of the Farm Credit Administration) and other
activities performed by Governmental personnel in establishments such as
navy yards, arsenals, hospitals, and force-account construction. Data which
are based mainly on reports to the Civil Service Commission are adjusted to
maintain continuity of coverage and definition.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 Covers civilian employees of the Department of Defense (Secretary of
Defense, Army, Air Force, and N avy). National Advisory Committee for
Aeronautics, the Panama Canal, Philippine Alien Property Administration,
Philippine War Damage Commission, Selective Service System, National
Security Resources Board, National Security Council, War Claims Commis
sion.
473
A: EM PLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
T able A -ll: Insured Unemployment Under State Unemployment Insurance Programs,1by Geographic
Division and State
[In thousands]
Jan.
Dec.
N ew Hampshire_______________
Rhode Isla n d ...___ _________ . .
Connecticut___________________
M iddle Atlantic___________________
1
Pennsylvania_________________
.Slast North Central_____________
Y Ohio ________________________
Wisconsin____________________
W est North C e n tr a l________ _____
M innesota___ _______________
.
North Dakota_________________
South Dakota_________________
Nebraska______ _____________
Kansas------------- --------------------
M aryland.. . . .
----------------District of Columbia---------------West Virginia_________________
North Carolina________________
South Carolina________________
Florida
__________________ ---
E ast South C en tra l_______________
M ississippi________________ --W est South Central-----------------------
Texas-------------------------------- --M ountain________________________
____ . . . . . . Montana ___
Idaho. ______________ ________
W yoming______ _______ ______
Colorado_____ _____________
N ew Mexico________________
U tah_______________ _____ ____
N evada___ _____________ . . .
Washington___________________
California_____________________
July
June
M ay
April
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Jan.
Oct.
Sept.
845.7 1, 063. 2 1, 388. 4 1, 521.1 1, 700.3 1, 908.8 2,112.1 2,325. 9 2,380. 9 1, 586. 2
895.3
782.8
89.0
11.4
6.3
1.7
49.0
9.3
11.3
77.4
10.3
6.8
1.3
41.9
6.9
10.2
65.9
6.8
5.8
1.1
35.6
6.3
10.3
74.5
5.2
6.5
1.4
42.1
8.4
10.9
105.0
7.4
8.8
2.1
55.8
13.7
17.2
155.3
10.1
10.8
3.1
85.3
20.1
25.9
186.5
13.0
12.9
3.4
107.1
26.6
23.5
224.6
19.6
15.6
4.0
124.8
33.6
27.0
225.1
22.7
16.3
4. 6
123.6
25.9
32.0
162.5
17.5
13.1
4. 5
78.0
15.4
34.0
181.5
19.5
12.3
5. 5
89.6
16.3
38.3
202.8
21.8
13.1
6.1
101.4
19.2
41.2
163.8
13.1
9.6
3 1
87.2
21.5
29.3
351.4
217.5
51.3
82.6
355.1
238.4
41.1
75.6
354.1
257.8
38.7
57.6
319.0
226.2
35.4
57.4
318.4
221.6
34.3
62.5
369.1
242.2
44.6
82.3
478.4
311.0
60.7
106.7
495.4
307.4
68. 1
119.9
481.5
269.2
79.6
132.7
526.0
292.2
84.9
148.9
594.2
319.3
88.3
186.6
622.2
343.1
92.1
187.0
685.5
379.1
101.5
204.9
472.3
300.3
67.4
104.6
200.7
40.9
14.7
76.5
54.8
13.8
178.0
36.4
13.3
68.2
49.8
10.3
129.0
30.2
8.6
58.6
23.3
8.3
113.1
28.5
9.4
57.5
12.8
4.9
133.6
32.3
7.9
71.3
16.1
6.0
178.4
41.0
8.9
103.6
18.2
6.7
218.4
57.5
13.1
117.5
22.0
8.3
242.4
65.0
14.5
128.6
24.6
9.7
304.0
81.6
19.2
147.6
42.7
12.9
373.4
103.5
26.7
148.1
75.9
19.2
417.6
130.9
34.6
133.2
94.6
24.3
462.3
146.9
38.6
148.4
98.6
29.8
477.9
157.4
38.8
158.4
89.3
34.0
253.8
58.7
29.6
82.6
62.5
20.4
65.6
19.3
7.0
24.3
2.4
2.1
4.1
6.4
48.5
12.0
4.3
22.9
1.3
1.1
2.1
4.8
34.7
6.8
2.9
20.0
.3
.5
1.0
3.2
28.4
5.5
2.6
16.2
.2
.3
.8
2.8
29.2
6.3
3.5
15.2
.2
.3
.9
2.8
38.8
8.3
4.5
20.0
.3
.4
1.3
4.0
49.0
10.8
4.8
25.5
.4
.4
1.9
5.2
57.4
13.1
5.1
29.7
.7
.5
2.3
6.0
77.7
23.2
6.2
34.6
2.2
1.0
3.3
7.2
101.7
32.8
8.9
39.3
3.7
1.9
5.4
9.7
124.9
37.8
13.5
44.5
4.6
2.9
8.4
13.2
140.6
40.1
15.8
50.2
4.8
3. 5
9.5
16.7
130.8
34.7
15.2
50.2
3.8
3.0
7.9
16.0
73.3
20.9
8.4
30.1
1.4
1.4
3.7
7.4
94.3
1.9
13.2
3.3
8.7
14.2
18.0
9.4
14.1
11.5
85.5
1.4
11.2
2.8
7.7
13.0
16.8
8.7
12.9
11.0
70.4
.8
8.5
2.7
5.6
9.4
14.5
8.3
9.7
10.9
69.8
1.0
7.7
2.6
5.3
10.4
12.6
8.8
7.6
13.8
85.3
.9
10.3
3.0
7.2
13.4
15.1
9.6
8.9
16.9
113.0
1.2
16.1
3.4
13.7
16.7
19.0
11.4
12.4
19.1
157.8
1.8
22.1
4.0
22. 1
21.8
30.8
15.8
18.9
20.5
165.5
1.9
25.3
4.1
24.1
24.1
33.7
15.4
21.1
15.8
167.7
2.3
29.1
4.6
18.9
23.4
36.7
14.8
23.2
14.7
164.0
2.7
29.3
5.9
15.7
21.8
37.3
14.4
22.8
14.1
172.2
3.5
25.1
6.5
20.9
26.2
34.1
15.5
25.0
15.4
181.1
3.8
29.6
6.6
21.6
27.6
32.5
15.9
26.5
17.0
180.3
3.8
31.8
5.0
20.6
28.7
30.3
15.8
24.7
19.6
128.8
2.0
23.0
4.1
13.8
13.6
26.9
10.8
17.9
16.7
65.0
14.3
25.8
15.1
9.8
57.5
13.6
22.2
13.8
7.9
46.6
12.0
16.9
12.3
5.4
42.9
11.5
14.5
12.1
4.8
48.9
12.4
16.5
14.2
5.8
62.1
15.3
22.2
16.9
7.7
78.8
19.4
27.3
22. 1
10.0
87.4
22.3
32.6
21.9
10.6
99.5
24.8
36.8
25.4
12.5
105.4
25.2
40.1
25.9
14.2
116.8
29.7
41.9
28.3
16.9
122.9
30.7
45.0
28.6
18.6
113.2
26.7
42.5
27.1
16.9
82.5
16.9
40.0
16.0
9.6
54.0
11.1
18.1
11.1
13.7
43.8
8.4
13.9
9. 2
12.3
36.0
6.2
11.7
7.6
10.5
34.8
5.2
12.4
7.0
10.2
41.5
6.9
14.3
8.0
12.3
52.1
7.7
18. 1
9.8
16.5
62.8
9.4
21.3
11.4
20.7
69.9
10.4
22.5
12.6
24.4
83.4
14.0
25.8
14.8
28.8
95.0
17.6
29.9
16.9
30.6
107.6
19.9
33.4
19.2
35.1
116.4
23.2
36.4
21.7
35.1
100.4
20. 4
30.0
20.1
29.9
55.2
13.5
15.2
11.4
15.1
28.6
6.2
6.2
1.6
3. 1
2.0
3.2
4.4
1.9
19.8
3.7
4.3
.9
2.5
1.7
2.8
2.4
1.5
13.4
1.9
2.0
.4
2.1
1.2
2.6
1.9
1.3
10.2
1.2
.9
.3
1.7
1.0
2.6
1.5
1.0
11.2
1.0
1.0
.3
2. 1
1.2
2.9
1.7
1.0
14.6
1.4
1.4
.4
3.2
1.6
3.4
2.1
1.1
18.6
1.9
1.7
.7
4.2
2.0
3.6
3.1
1.4
20.5
2.5
1.5
.9
4.7
2.2
3.6
3.5
1.6
27.8
4.6
3.0
1.4
5.6
2.7
4.2
4.3
2.0
37.9
8.2
5.6
2.0
5.6
3.4
4.7
5.9
2.5
53.9
11.8
9.8
3.2
7.0
4.4
5.8
8.6
3.3
65.7
13.3
12.8
3.9
8.6
5.0
7.1
11.1
3.9
60.1
11.3
11.7
3.1
8. 5
4.3
7.0
10.3
3.9
34.1
4. 6
6.2
1.1
4.3
2.0
5. 1
8.4
2.4
193.2
31.2
22.4
139.6
167.9
26.2
17.9
123.8
133.8
19.0
13.7
101.1
98.8
11.7
7.6
79.5
103.2
11.1
6.4
85.7
129.9
13.2
7.5
109.2
169.4
15.6
9.6
144.2
196.1
16.5
8.3
171.3
234.2
23.9
12.3
198.0
280.4
36.0
20.6
223.8
362.7
54.3
35.0
273.4
432.9
82.6
57.1
293.2
430.1
87.4
56.8
285.9
322.4
53.7
31.9
236.8
1 Prior to August 1950, m onthly data represent averages of weeks ended in
dataadtuste^for
w ith earlier data. For a technical description of this series, see the April
1950 M onthly Labor Review (p. 382).
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Aug.
N ov.
91.6
10.2
5.8
1.7
49.8
10.5
13.6
Continental United States------------- 1,144. 6 1, 045. 0
New England_______ ____ _________
1949
1950
1951
Geographic division and
State
Figures may not add to exact column totals because of rounding,
SouECE:
S- -Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security,
MONTHLY LABOR
B: LABOR TURN-OVER
474
B : Labor Turn-Over
T able
B -l: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Manufacturing Industries, by
Class of Turn-Over 1
Class of tum-over and year
Total separation:
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
N ov.
Dec.
2 4. 2
3.1
4.6
4.3
4.9
6.8
3.2
3.0
4.1
4.2
4.5
6.3
2.6
2.9
4.8
4.5
4.9
6.6
3.1
2.8
4.8
4.7
5.2
6.3
3.5
3.1
5.2
4.3
5.4
6.3
3.5
3.0
4.3
4.5
4.7
5.7
3.3
2.9
3.8
4.4
4.6
5.8
3.3
4.2
4.0
5.1
5.3
6.6
3.0
4.9
4.2
5.4
5.9
6.9
2.8
4.3
4.1
4.5
5.0
6.3
2.9
3.8
4.0
4.1
4.0
4.9
3.0
3.6
3.2
4.3
3.7
4.5
3.5
2 2.2
1.1
1.7
2.6
3.5
4.3
.9
1.0
1.4
2.5
3.2
3.9
.6
1.2
1.6
2.8
3.5
4. 2
.8
1.3
1.7
3.0
3.7
4.3
.8
1.6
1.6
2.8
3.5
4.2
.7
1.7
1.5
2.9
3.1
4.0
.7
1.8
1.4
2.9
3.1
4.6
.7
2.9
1.8
3.4
4.0
5.3
.8
3.4
2.1
3.9
4.5
5.3
1.1
2.7
1.5
2.8
3.6
4.7
.9
2.1
1.2
2.2
2.7
3.7
.8
1.7
.9
1.7
2.3
3.0
.7
2 .3
o
.3
.4
.4
.5
.1
.2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.1
.2
.3
.4
.4
.4
.1
.2
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.1
.3
.2
.4
.4
.3
.1
.3
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1
.4
.3
.4
.4
.4
.1
.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1
.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.2
.3
.2
.4
.4
.4
.2
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.1
2 1. 0
1.7
2.5
1.2
.9
1.8
2.2
1.7
2.3
1.2
.8
1.7
1.9
1.4
2.8
1.2
.9
1.8
2.2
1.2
2.8
1.2
1.0
1.4
2.6
1.1
3.3
1.1
1.4
1.5
2.7
.9
2.5
1.1
1.1
1.2
2.5
.6
2.1
1.0
1.0
.6
2.5
.6
1.8
1.2
.8
.7
2.1
.7
1.8
1.0
.9
1.0
1.6
.8
2.3
1.2
.9
1.0
1.8
1.1
2.5
1.4
.8
.7
2.0
1.3
2.0
2.2
.9
1.0
2.7
1950___________________________
1949___________________________
1948___________________________
1947______ _____ _______________
1946___ ____ ___________________
2 .7
,i
,i
,i
,i
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
Total accession:
1951
1950___________________________
1949___________________________
1948___________________________
1947___________________________
1946___________________________
1939___________________________
2 5.1
3.6
3.2
4.6
6.0
8.5
4.1
3.2
2.9
3.9
5.0
6.8
3.1
3.6
3.0
4.0
5.1
7.1
3.3
3.5
2.9
4.0
5.1
6.7
2.9
4.4
3.5
4.1
4.8
6.1
3.3
4.8
4.4
5.7
5.5
6.7
3.9
4.7
3.5
4.7
4.9
7.4
4.2
6.6
4.4
5.0
6.3
7.0
5.1
5.7
4.1
5.1
5.9
7.1
6.2
5.2
3.7
4.5
5.5
6.8
5.9
4.0
3.3
3.9
4.8
5.7
4.1
3.0
3.2
2.7
3.6
4.3
2.8
1950.______ ____________________
1949___________________________
1948___________________________
1947___________________________
1946___________________________
1939___________________________
Quit:
1950___________________________
1949___________________________
1948___________________________
1947--------------- ------------------------1939 2__________________________
Discharge:
1950
__________________
1949
. _____________ _____
1948___________________________
1947___________________________
1946___________________________
1939------- --------- -----------------------Lay-off:
1950__________________ _____ ___
1949___________________________
1948.................................. ...................
1947__________________ _____ ___
1946___________________________
1 939....________________________
Miscellaneous, including military:
i Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing indus
tries as indicated by labor turn-over rates are not comparable with the
changes shown by the Bureau’s employment and payroll reports, for the
following reasons:
(1) Accessions and separations are computed for the entire calendar month;
the employment and payroll reports, for the most part, refer to a 1-week pay
period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
(2) The turn-over sample is not so large as that of the employment
and payroll sample and includes proportionately fewer small plants; certain
industries are not covered. The major industries excluded are: printing,
publishing, and allied industries; canning and preserving fruits, vegetables,
and sea foods; women’s, misses’ and children’s outerwear; and fertilizers.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(3) Plants are not included in the tum-over computations in months when
work stoppages are in progress; the influence of such stoppage is reflected,
however, in the employment and payroll figures. Prior to 1943, rates relate
to production workers only.
2 Preliminary figures.
* Prior to 1940, miscellaneous separations were included with quits.
N ote: Information on concepts, methodology, and special studies, etc., is
given in a “Technical Note on Labor Turn-Over,” October 1949, which is
available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
T
able
B: LABOR TURN-OVER
475
B-2: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and Industries i
Separation
Total
Industry group and industry
Jan.
1951
Quit
Dec.
1950
Jan.
1951
Discharge
Dec.
1950
Jan.
1951
Dec.
1950
Jan.
1951
Total accession
Mise., faci,
military
Lay-off
Dec.
1950
Jan.
1951
Dec.
1950
Jan.
1951
Dec.
1950
Manufacturing
Durable goods 2____ ____ _______________
Nondurable goods 8____________________
Ordnance and accessories...............................
Food and kindred products________ ____
M eat products...................................... .
Grain-mill products________________
Bakery products................... ...................
Beverages:
M alt liquors........ ...............................
Tobacco manufactures_________________
Cigarettes____ _____________________
Cigars_____________________________
Tobacco and snuff__________________
Textile-mill products___________________
Yarn and thread m ills_____ _________
Broad-woven fabric m ills______ ____ Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber_____
Woolen and worsted____________
Knitting mills_____________________
Full-fashioned hosiery__________
Seamless hosiery-------------- --------Knit underwear.......... ................... .
Dyeing and finishing textiles________
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings.....
Apparel and other finished textile products-------- ----------------------------------------M en’s and boys’ suits and coats_____
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing----- -------- -----------------------Lumber and wood products (except furniture)______________________________
Logging camps and contractors______
Sawmills and planing m ills_________
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products....................
Furniture and fixtures__________________
Household furniture________________
Other furniture and fixtures_________
Paper and allied products______________
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes____
Chemicals and allied products_____ _____
Industrial inorganic chemicals_______
Industrial organic chemicals_________
Synthetic fibers________________
Drugs and m edicines.............................
Paints, pigments, and fillers_________
Products of petroleum and coal_________
Petroleum refining_________________
Rubber products________ ______________
Tires and inner tubes_______________
Rubber footwear___________________
Other rubber products_____. . . ____
Leather and leather products___________
Leather._ _________________________
Footwear (except rubber)__________
Stone, clay, and glass products__________
Glass and glass products______ . . . _
Cement, hydraulic____ ____________
Structural clay products.___________
Pottery and related products________
Primary metal industries_______________
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
m ills.. __________________________
Iron and steel foundries______ ______
Gray-iron foundries. ___________
Malleable-iron foundries________
Steel foundries........ ...........................
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals:
Primary smelting and refining of
copper, lead, and zinc____ . . .
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals:
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
copper__________ ____________
Nonferrous foundries_______________
Other primary metal industries:
Iron and steel forgings__________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4.8
3.5
3.9
2.9
2.4
1.9
1.8
1.5
(9
4.6
5.8
3.7
3.7
2.2
4.9
5.8
2.9
4.6
(9
2.1
2.3
2.3
2.4
.7
1.7
2.2
1.6
1.7
3.6
4.3
3.0
5.7
1.9
3.6
3.8
4.0
3.7
5.7
3.1
2.5
3.7
3.3
2.6
2.4
3.4
2.1
1.5
2.4
2.7
2.6
2.7
2.7
2.4
3.1
2.7
1.7
2.3
3.8
1.8
1.6
.8
2.3
1.2
3.2
1.2
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.0
1.0
2.0
1.7
1.9
2.8
1.2
1.1
3.7
2.3
3.2
2.7
0.4
.2
0.3
.2
1.2
.8
1.4
1.0
.4
.6
.6
.3
.2
.4
.7
.3
.3
(9
1.5
2.0
.1
.6
1.0
2.5
2.4
.5
2.4
.7
1.3
.6
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.5
.7
1.5
1.3
1.2
2.0
.9
.8
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
.4
.2
.1
2.4
1.1
.8
1.7
(9
.8
1.0
.8
.5
3.6
.6
.3
1.4
.3
.4
.1
2.4
.6
.5
.6
.6
.9
1.0
.9
.5
2.1
.9
.2
.9
1.3
.4
.4
.3
.8
.9
.7
.5
.8
.8
1.0
.9
.9
.3
.3
.3
.1
.8
1.1
2.7
1.5
2.3
2.0
.1
.1
.2
.1
.6
.5
.6
.5
(9
0.4
.2
5.8
4.0
3.4
2.4
.3
.3
.5
.5
.2
(9
4.6
6.3
4.7
3.5
1.8
3.8
6.3
3.2
2.3
.2
.1
.3
.3
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
.3
3.4
3.7
2.0
4.7
3.8
3.9
4.9
4.4
4.2
6.6
2.8
2.0
2.5
5.6
4.0
2.0
2.8
1.3
.4
1.0
4.1
2.1
2.3
2. 4
2. 4
2. 7
1.5
1.2
1.4
2.0
1.9
1.2
.3
.2
.1
.1
4.1
2.4
2.3
3.2
0.8
.6
(9
.6
.9
.7
.4
(9
4.9
3.5
3.6
2.5
.1
.2
.9
.7
.3
.1
5.0
2.1
6.4
17.7
5.5
6.1
14.0
6.2
2.7
4.9
2.4
2.5
3.5
2.5
.3
.4
.2
.2
.4
.2
2.7
11.9
2.3
3.1
9.6
3.2
.7
.5
.6
.3
.5
.3
5.0
10.3
4.6
2.6
3.7
2.4
4.6
5.8
6.3
4.7
3.4
2.7
4.4
2.1
2.7
1.5
1.1
1.4
2.5
.9
.8
3.3
2.5
5.0
3.6
4.2
3.8
4.4
3.6
4.5
2.1
3.5
3.3
3.5
3.0
5.2
5.7
4.0
2.4
2.0
3.0
1.6
2.2
1.2
1.3
1.0
1.7
1.2
.7
2.6
1.4
3.0
3.6
2.9
2.9
2.7
2.7
3.6
2.3
2.7
2.3
2.5
2.2
3.5
3.7
3.2
1.7
1.2
2.6
1.0
1.5
.8
.4
.8
1.4
.4
.3
1.9
1.0
3.5
2.4
2.8
1.5
3.3
1.8
1.5
1.1
2.0
2.0
1.8
1.7
2.8
2.8
2.8
1.4
1.0
2.0
.8
1.2
.6
.5
.7
.7
.4
.2
1.5
.7
2.5
2.1
1.9
1.4
1.8
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.7
1.5
1.4
.4
.5
.5
.4
.3
.2
.4
.2
.5
.2
.1
.4
.5
.3
.2
.2
.3
.2
.4
.1
.1
.1
.3
.1
.9
1.7
2.1
.6
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.4
.3
.4
.2
.7
.4
.1
1.0
.7
1.1
.7
.7
1.5
.4
.5
.2
.4
.9
.9
.9
.8
.9
1.0
.9
.6
.6
.4
.3
.4
.6
.4
.4
.6
.5
1.1
.5
.5
.6
.5
.7
.9
.7
.7
.6
.8
.3
.3
.3
.3
.4
.4
.4
.3
.4
.3
.3
.2
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.3
.1
.2
.1
.4
.6
.5
.2
.3
.4
3.9
6.1
5.9
6.8
3.7
2.9
5.0
3.0
4.0
2.6
.9
1.8
2.8
1.3
.9
4.3
2.6
8.3
5.0
5.4
3.5
5.4
4.2
4.4
2.0
4.6
4.7
4.2
2.3
2.9
2.5
3.9
2.0
1.7
2.3
1.7
3.0
1.2
1.1
1.7
1.7
.8
.5
2.5
1.3
6.6
2.8
3.1
2.8
3.8
2.7
2.9
1.3
2.8
2.7
3.0
2.6
5.7
4.8
5.2
4.7
1.8
4.0
4.5
3.6
3.4
1.3
3.3
2.8
3.3
3.5
.2
.4
.7
.1
.3
.9
.7
.6
1.1
.4
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
2.9
7.3
6.0
7.0
7.8
2.1
5.1
3.9
5.1
6.9
1.7
1.4
.3
.6
.3
2.3
1.8
2.4
6.6
3.3
.2
.1
.2
.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
1.1
.9
1.2
.3
.5
.3
.5
.3
.1
.1
.4
.1
.3
.1
.1
.6
.9
.2
.3
.6
1.5
.3
.8
1.8
.1
.5
.3
.5
1.0
2.6
2.8
2.6
2.3
.2
.8
.7
.7
.7
.1
.7
.7
.7
.6
.2
.9
.7
.1
.1
.8
.7
.3
.1
1.6
4.2
1.2
2.4
1.0
2.1
.1
.7
.2
.5
.4
2.1
.2
1.3
.7
1.4
.2
.3
2.5
5.8
1.6
5.1
2.4
2.0
1.7
.5
.3
.2
.1
.6
.3
4.3
3.6
(9
.1
.3
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
476
MONTHLY LABOR
B : L A B O R T U R N -O V E R
T able
B-2: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and Indus
tries 1—Continued
S e p a r a t io n
Jan.
1951
Manufacturing—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware-----
Heating apparatus (except electric)
Dec.
1950
4.6
4.1
2.7
4.0
4.7
3.7
2.9
1.8
2.4
3.6
Jan.
1951
Jan.
1951
Dec.
1950
2.4
2.4
1.9
2.2
2.7
1.6
1.7
1.0
1.2
2.2
M ise., incl.
military
Lay-off
Discharge
Quit
Total
Industry group and industry
Dec.
1950
Jan.
1941
Dec.
1950
0.4
.4
.3
.4
.4
0.3
.3
.2
.2
.5
1.1
.7
.1
.5
1.0
1.4
.6
.4
.8
.6
Dec.
1950
Jan.
1951
0.7
.6
.4
.9
0.4
.3
.2
.2
Jan.
1951
5.3
4.6
3. 5
3.8
5.3
Dec.
1950
3.3
3.2
1.4
3.1
3.7
fi 1
3.5
2.6
1.8
.5
.4
1.3
1.0
.7
.4
5.1
2.3
plumbers’
4.6
2.8
2.9
1.9
.6
.4
.4
.1
.7
.4
4.3
2.8
Oil burners, nonelectric heating
and cooking apparatus, not
fi fi
4.0
3.6
2.3
2.3
1.6
1.7
.4
.4
.5
.4
2.0
1.3
1.6
1.1
.8
.3
5.8
5.3
1.7
3.7
5.0
3.6
3.6
(4)
3.7
4.4
4.7
5.3
2.5
3.2
2.7
2.3
2.7
2.8
2.7
2.1
2.2
(4)
2.3
2.7
2.9
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.8
1.9
.3
.5
.6
1.3
.3
.1
(4)
.1
.3
.1
2.9
.3
.8
.2
.1
.2
,i
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.8
.3
.4
.5
.3
.4
.5
.6
.6
.7
.9
.4
.3
.4
.5
.3
.2
.2
7.0
6.0
6.4
(4)
6. 4
8.5
9.7
3.7
3.7
3.6
3.7
3. 8
5.0
5.5
3.0
4.9
2.0
3.6
2.1
2.6
1.4
1.9
.3
.8
.3
.6
.1
1.1
.5
.4
.3
.3
5.1
7.9
2.6
6.1
3.5
3.5
2.3
2.0
2.7
1.5
2.0
2.0
1.3
1.3
1.7
1.1
.5
.6
.2
.3
.5
.2
.5
.3
.1
.2
.2
.1
.5
.6
.7
.2
.3
.1
5.3
5.6
3.8
3.3
4.1
2.1
3.3
3.3
4.9
2.5
2.3
3.3
1.3
1.9
2.3
1.1
1.3
1.7
.4
.5
.5
.2
.4
.3
.8
.2
1.3
.5
.3
1.0
.8
.7
.8
.7
.3
.3
5.4
5.5
5.3
2.8
3.3
2.7
3.7
5.8
2.3
4.6
1.9
2.5
1.3
2.2
.3
.5
.2
.3
1.0
1.9
.4
1.8
.5
.9
.4
.3
4.2
6.3
2.4
2.9
6.8
6.1
2.8
2.5
.7
.5
2.2
2.8
1.1
.3
7.1
2.9
1.1
.1
.1
(')
.2
.4
.3
2.3
1.5
.2
.3
.3
.4
.4
.4
.1
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.1
.9
1.9
1.9
.1
.1
(5)
(5)
.7
3.4
4.1
.1
.1
(s)
(5)
.7
.9
.9
.8
.9
.5
1.0
.3
.4
.4
.4
.4
.2
.2
3.6
9.2
7.3
10.8
11.8
8.8
3.3
3.0
5.3
3.7
7.0
7.4
6.4
3. 5
.4
.5
.8
.1
.1
.1
(')
9.1
3.2
.6
5.8
2.7
.2
.2
.6
.8
.9
.7
1.0
.4
.5
(4)
.9
.3
.3
.3
.4
.2
.2
.3
.3
.4
8.0
(4)
6.2
4.9
7.9
4.1
4.0
(4)
3.7
6.3
14.8
5. 0
4.4
5.7
1.4
3.0
2.0
1.5
.1
1.6
1.1
.5
.8
.7
.3
.3
.2
4.1
5.6
4.2
3.8
2.9
1.3
.5
.7
.7
.8
.8
.8
.3
.4
.5
.6
.6
.2
.2
.2
4.7
2.6
5.4
4.2
2.2
2.4
5.0
1.9
5.8
4.2
1.4
1.5
Sanitary
ware and
Fabricated structural metal products..
Metal stamping, coating, and en-
Agricultural machinerv and tractors..
Construction and mining machinery..
Metalworking machinery (except
Special-industry
machinery
metal-
Office and store machines and devices..
Service-industry and household ma-
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appaRadios, phonographs, television
Telephone and telegraph equipElectrical
appliances,
lamps,
1.6
and
Other transportation equipm ent-........
Professional
and
scientific
instru-
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware..
N onmanufacturing
1.1
3.8
6.0
6.3
3.7
4.2
2.4
1.8
2.9
6.1
6.8
2.6
2.7
1.9
1.4
2.0
2.9
3.2
2.4
2.8
1.5
.7
1.7
2.0
2.0
1.8
1.9
1.4
1.1
3.0
5.8
2.7
9.4
4.7
3.5
(4)
6.2
2.3
13.4
4. 5
2.2
6.9
4.0
1.9
1.0
2.3
1.7
(4)
1. 4
1.2
1.7
.8
1.8
(4)
2.6
1.5
3.2
.9
1.1
.8
1.1
1.1
.5
1.2
.1
.1
(4)
3.4
.7
6.6
3.3
1.0
(4)
2.6
3.2
5.7
3.8
2.2
4.1
3.2
1.8
3.1
2.4
1.3
1.9
1.7
.3
.3
.2
.5
.3
.2
.6
1.5
.5
3.7
1.8
4.5
3.9
1.8
2.3
4.4
2.4
4.3
3.3
1.8
1.9
2.5
.8
3.3
2.3
1.2
1.5
2.7
1.0
3.3
2.3
1.2
1.2
.4
.1
.3
.4
.1
.1
.7
.1
.4
.3
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.3
Aircraft engines and parts----------Aircraft propellers and parts-------Other aircraft parts and equipShip and boat building and repairing - .
1.7
«
Communication:
(4)
(4)
1.3
1.6
(4)
(4)
1 S e e f o o t n o t e 1, t a b l e B - l . D a t a fo r t h e c u r r e n t m o n t h a r e s u b j e c t t o
r e v i s i o n w i t h o u t n o t a t i o n ; r e v i s e d f ig u r e s fo r e a r lie r m o n t h s w i l l b e i n d ic a te d b y fo o tn o te s.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(4)
1.0
1.0
(4)
(4)
C4)
(4)
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
(5)
.3
(5)
(5)
.1
(5)
(4)
(4)
(5)
vs)
(4)
.8
(4)
.5
.4
.4
.1
.3
(4)
(4)
2 S e e f o o t n o t e 2, t a b l e A - 2 .
_
3 S e e f o o tn o te 3, ta b le A - 2 . P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g ,
a n d a llie d in d u s tr ie s a re e x c lu d e d .
.2
.3
(4)
(4)
1.1
1.4
4 N o t a v a ila b le ,
8 L e s s t h a n 0 .0 5 .
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
477
C: Earnings and Hours
T able
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1
Mining
Metal
Year and month
Total: Metal
Avg. Avg.
w kly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Coal
Iron
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Copper
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1948: Average___ . $60. 80
1949: Average_____ 61.55
42.4 $1.434 $58.32
40.9 1.505 59.06
41.3 $1.412 $65.81
39.8 1.484 63.96
1950: January-------February____
March_______
April________
M ay ________
June________
July_________
August____ .
September___
October_____
N ovem ber___
December____
63.71
62.81
61.81
62.90
63.11
63.40
63.17
64.48
66.38
69.84
69.92
73. 41
42.0
41.9
41.1
41.6
41.6
41.6
41.1
41.9
42.2
43.9
43.0
43.8
1.517
1.499
1.504
1.512
1.517
1.524
1. 537
1.539
1. 573
1.591
1.626
1.676
58.68
59. 62
57. 57
59.62
59.33
60. 75
61. 51
60.97
62.80
66. 53
63. 77
70.94
39.7
40.5
38.9
40.2
39.9
40.8
40.9
40.7
41.1
43.4
41.6
42.3
1.478
1.472
1.480
1.483
1.487
1.489
1.504
1.498
1.528
1. 533
1.533
1.677
1951: January_____
73.92
43.2
1.711
68.72
40.4
1.701
Lead and zinc
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn wkly.
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn
ings hours
45.2 $1. 456 $61.37
42.3 1.512 64.79
41.3 $1. 486 $66.57
41.4 1.565 56.78
71.96
68. 49
68. 58
68.13
69.42
69. 55
67. 95
71. 53
72.46
75.68
78. 78
79.48
45.4
44.3
44.3
43.9
44.5
44.3
42.9
44.9
45.2
46.4
46.1
47.2
1.585
1.546
1.548
1.552
1.560
1.570
1.584
1. 593
1.603
1.631
1.709
1.684
65.18
63.38
63.45
63.55
63. 71
63.38
62.96
64.73
68. 06
71.95
73.01
74.99
42.3
41.7
41.8
41.4
41.4
40.5
39.7
41.1
41.2
42.8
42.3
42.9
1.541
1.520
1. 518
1.535
1.539
1. 565
1. 586
1.575
1.652
1.681
1.726
1.748
82. 68
47.3
1.748
75.42
43.0
1.754
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Bituminous
Avg.
wkly. wAvg.
kly.
earn
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
36.8 $1.809 $72.12
30.2 1.880 63.28
38.0
32.6
$1.898
1.941
44.60
40.23
80.01
57.25
68. 81
64. 94
68.59
65. 77
68.45
75.59
60. 85
64.68
23.9
20.6
41.5
29.0
34.7
32.6
34.8
33.2
34.5
37.2
31.0
32.5
1.866
1.953
1.928
1.974
1.983
1.992
1.971
1.981
1.984
2.032
1.963
1.990
47. 36
49.83
78. 75
72.79
68.37
69.92
69.68
71.04
71.92
72.99
73.27
77.30
24.5
25.4
39.2
36.0
34.1
34.7
34.6
35.5
35.5
36.1
36.4
38.4
1.933
1.962
2 nog
2.022
2.005
2.015
2.014
2.001
2.026
2.022
2.013
2.013
71.28
35.8
1.991
76.96
37.8
2.036
Contract construction
Mining—Continued
Crude petroleum and
natural gas production
Petroleum and
natural gas production
(except contract
services)
Anthracite
Nonbuilding construction
Nonmetallic mining
and quarrying
Total: Contract con
struction
Total: Nonbuilding
construction
1948: Average-------- $66.68
1949: Average—........ 71.48
40.0 $1.667 $55.31
40.2 1.778 56.38
1950: January-------February-----M a rc h --.........
April________
M ay ________
June________
July_________
August---------September___
October_____
N ovem ber----December........
76.24
71.88
70.88
74.41
70.88
71.08
75. 59
71.01
73. 47
77.67
76. 21
75.42
41.8
40.0
39.8
41.2
40.0
40.0
41.6
40.3
40.5
41.4
40.6
40.2
1.824
1.797
1.781
1.806
1.772
1.777
1.817
1.762
1.814
1.876
1.877
1.876
53.36
54.36
55. 37
58.03
59.45
60.39
60.92
61.74
62. 51
64.03
63. 31
62.19
41.4
41.4
41.6
43.6
44.4
44.9
44.6
45.2
45.1
45.8
44.9
43.7
1.289
1.313
1.331
1.331
1.339
1.345
1.366
1.366
1.386
1.398
1.410
1.423
1951: January_____
77.29
40.7
1.899
62.30
43.6
1.429
44.5 $1.243 $68.25
43.3 1.302 70.81
Highway and street
Other nonbuiiding
construction
38.1 $1. 790 $66. 61
37.8 1.874 70.44
40.6 $1.639 $62.41
40.9 1.723 65.65
41.6 $1. 500 $68. 67
41.5 1.583 73.66
40.0
40.5
$1. 716
1.820
68.01
66.89
68.59
70.93
72. 74
73. 76
74.06
75.96
75.89
77.92
77. 52
76.86
35.2
34.3
35.1
36.6
37.3
38.0
37.9
38.6
37.7
38.5
38.0
37.2
1.932
1.950
1.954
1.938
1.950
1.941
1.954
1.968
2.013
2.024
2.040
2.066
65.56
66.94
68. 34
71.41
71. 71
73. 75
73.70
76. 48
75.86
77. 65
75.42
74.73
37.4
37.8
38.7
40.9
40.7
42.0
41.5
42.7
41.5
42.5
40.9
40.2
1.753
1.771
1.766
1.746
1.762
1.756
1.776
1.791
1.828
1.827
1.844
1.859
58. 43
61.96
63.68
66.54
68.06
69.86
69.31
73. 88
70.84
73. 32
70.91
68.49
35.5
37.3
38.2
40.7
41.0
42.6
41.5
44.0
41.5
42.8
41.2
39.5
1.646
1.661
1.667
1.635
1.660
1.640
1.670
1.679
1.707
1.713
1.721
1.734
69.57
69.50
70. 76
74.33
74.20
76.84
77.19
78.33
79.72
80.92
78.59
78. 56
38.5
38.0
38.9
41.0
40.5
41.6
41.5
41.6
41.5
42.3
40.7
40.6
1.807
1.892
1.819
1.813
1.832
1.847
1.860
1.883
1.921
1.913
1.931
1.935
77.71
37.2
2.089
74.73
39.6
1.887
65.68
38.1
1.724
79.79
40.4
1.975
Contract construction—Continued
Building construction
Special-trade contractors
Total: Building con
struction
General contractors
Total: Special-trade Plumbing and heating
contractors
37.3 $1.848 $64.64
36.7 1.935 67.16
$68. 85
70.95
1950: Janu ary...
February .
M arch___
April..........
M a y ..........
-rJune...........
fl'I t'J u ly ...........
August___
September.
O ctober...
H
November.
December.
68. 76
67.00
68. 83
70.70
72.93
73.82
74.02
75.99
75.86
77.87
78.07
77.45
34.8
33.7
34.5
35.6
36.5
37.0
36.9
37.6
36.7
37.4
37.3
36.6
1.976
1.988
1.995
1.986
1.998
1.995
2.006
2.021
2.067
2.082
2.093
2.116
63.58
61.60
63.80
65.98
67.87
68.33
68. 77
70.87
70. 73
72. 71
72.94
71.71
34.0
32.8
33.9
35.3
36.1
36.6
36.6
37.2
36.2
37.0
36.8
35.8
1.870
1.878
1.882
1.869
1.880
1.867
1.879
1.905
1.954
1.965
1.982
2.003
1951: January...
78.32
36.7
2.134
72. 27
36.1
2.002
m
^
See footnotes at end of table.
936023— 51---------- 7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
38.0 $1.946 $76.83
37.2 2.034 78.60
39.2 $1.960 $69. 77
38.6 2.037 70.75
73.49
71.00
72. 59
74.49
76.95
77.92
78.16
79. 72
79.62
81.95
82.00
81. 51
35.5
34.3
34.9
35.9
36.8
37.3
37.2
37.8
37.0
37.8
37.7
37.1
2.070
2.070
2.080
2.075
2.091
2.089
2.101
2.109
2.152
2.168
2.175
2.197
78.32
75.65
78.02
78.78
81.14
82.64
80.45
81.56
83.67
84.65
85.08
85. 80
38.0
36.9
37.6
37.8
38.4
39.0
38.0
38.6
38.4
38.9
39.1
38.7
2.061
2.050
2. 075
2.084
2.113
2.119
2.117
2.113
2.179
2.176
2.176
2.217
82. 66
37.1
2. 228
86.01
38.5
2.234
36.6 $1. 766 $73.87
36.2 1.855 75.70
1948: Average-..
1949: A verage...
Painting and
decorating
Electrical work
36.3 $1.925 $83.01
35.7 1.982 86.57
39.8
39.2
$2.084
2. 211
67.49
67.16
66.30
66. 61
69.06
69.15
71.62
73.33
72.89
76.62
74.93
73.60
33.9
33.8
33.5
34.3
35.0
35.3
36.1
36.3
35.8
36.8
36.2
35.4
1.991
1.987
1.979
1.942
1.973
1.959
1.984
2.020
2.036
2.082
2.070
2.079
86.88
87. 58
83. 62
84.85
86.18
87.55
86. 60
89.16
92.38
94.04
95.01
96.15
38.7
38.7
37.0
37.1
37.8
38.4
37.9
38.7
38.7
39.2
39.1
39.6
2.245
2. 263
2.260
2.287
2.280
2. 280
2.285
2.304
2.387
2. 399
2.430
2.428
73.92
35.0
2.112
99.56
40.0
2.489
478
MONTHLY LABOR
C: E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S
T able C -l:
Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Contract construction—Continued
Building construction—Continued
Special-trade contractors—Continued
Year and month
Other special-trade
contractors
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Plastering and lath
ing
Masonry
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
mgs
Avg.
hrly.
earnmgs
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
w kly. wAvg.
kly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earnings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Excavation and foun
dation work
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
36.1 $2.175 $67. 98
34.9 2.301 67.14
37.9 $1. 792 $62. 47
36.6 1.837 62.86
36.5 $1,710 $66. 44
35.7 1.759 69. 66
38.9
37.8
$1. 709
1.844
75. 57
75. 44
81.09
83.66
88. 86
90. 65
91.73
93.11
92. 89
93. 07
87. 49
90. 85
32.6
32.2
33.9
34.7
35.7
36.1
36.2
36.4
36.6
36.2
34.9
35.6
2. 318
2. 343
2.392
2.411
2. 489
2. 511
2. 534
2. 558
2.538
2. 571
2. 507
2. 552
66. 51
58. 66
63. 49
64. 79
65. 58
67. 40
67.90
70. 50
71.17
71.17
72.80
72.45
35.7
32.0
34.3
36.5
36.7
37.3
37.7
38.4
38.2
37.4
37.8
36.7
1.863
1.833
1.851
1. 775
1.787
1.807
1.801
1. 836
1.863
1.903
1.926
1.974
58. 50
53. 64
57. 99
61.64
65.05
65. 70
65. 77
68. 50
65. 99
68.19
67.64
66.11
32.3
30.0
31.9
34.3
35.9
36.6
36.4
37.7
36.2
36.8
36.6
35.6
1.811
1.788
1.818
1.797
1.812
1.795
1.807
1.817
1.823
1.853
1.848
1.857
65.57
62.62
67.69
73. 59
74.10
74. 74
73. 57
77. 26
75. 01
78. 40
79. 97
81.27
34.4
33.2
35.7
39.1
39.0
39.4
38.7
40.6
38.0
38.6
38.3
39.3
1.906
1.886
1.896
1.882
1.900
1.897
1.901
1.903
1.974
2.031
2. 088
2.068
89.45
35.3
2.534
75. 94
37.1
2.047
66. 56
35.2
1.891
80.66
39.1
2. 063
36.9 $1. 888 $69. 61
36.1 1.979 68. 72
35.4 $1. 969 $78. 52
33.8 2. 033 80.39
67. 87
February____ 64.12
M arch_______ 67. 76
71.44
74. 46
75. 81
76. 75
July___ ____
78. 57
September___ 76. 59
October______ 79.06
November___ 79. 07
December........ 77.65
33.4
31.6
33.1
35.0
36.2
36.8
36.9
37.7
36.3
37.1
37.0
36.1
2. 032
2.029
2. 047
2.041
2. 057
2. 060
2. 080
2. 084
2.110
2.131
2.137
2.151
61.68
54.29
58. 00
67. 39
70. 98
74. 27
73. 91
76. 50
71.88
77. 36
80. 53
70.11
30.0
26.1
28.1
32.2
33.8
35.1
34.7
36.0
33.2
35.6
37.3
32.7
2. 056
2. 080
2. 064
2. 093
2.100
2.116
2.130
2.125
2.165
2.173
2.159
2.144
1951: January......... . 78. 81
36.2
2.177
74.75
34.4
2.173
1948: Average_____ $69. 65
71.39
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Roofing and sheetmetal work
Carpentry
Manufacturing
Food and kindred products
Total: Manufacturing
1948: Average_____ $54.14
1949: Average............ 54. 92
1950: January_____
February____
M arch______
M ay________
June_________
July_________
Septem ber.. .
October______
November___
December____
Durable goods s
40.1 $1.350 $57.11
39.2 1.401 58.03
Nondurable goods *
accessories
Total: Food and kin
dred products
Meat products
40.5 $1. 410 $50. 61
39.5 1.469 51.41
39.6 $1. 278 $57. 20
38.8 1.325 58.76
41.6 $1. 375 $51.87
40.0 1.469 53.58
42.0 $1,235 $58.37
41.5 1.291 57.44
43.3
41.5
$1.348
1.384
56.29
56.37
56.53
56.93
57. 54
58.85
59. 21
60.32
60.64
61.99
62.23
63.84
39.7
39.7
39.7
39.7
39.9
40.5
40.5
41.2
41.0
41.3
41.1
41.4
1.418
1.420
1.424
1.434
1.442
1.453
1.462
1. 464
1.479
1.501
1.514
1.542
59. 40
59. 47
59. 74
61.01
61. 57
62.86
63.01
64.33
65.14
66.39
66.34
68.24
40.0
40.1
40.2
40.7
40.8
41.3
41.1
41.8
41.7
42.1
41.8
42.2
1.485
1.483
1.486
1.499
1.509
1. 522
1.533
1.539
1.562
1.577
1. 587
1.617
52. 91
53. 06
53. 04
52.17
52. 83
53.92
54. 73
55. 65
55. 30
56. 58
57.19
58. 44
39.4
39.3
39.2
38. 5
38.9
39.5
39.8
40.5
40.1
40.3
40.3
40.5
1.343
1.350
1.353
1.355
1.358
1.365
1.375
1.374
1.379
1.404
1.419
1.443
60. 70
60.88
61.31
61.43
61.66
61.90
64. 92
66.12
67.41
68.64
70. 53
68.43
40.2
40.4
40.6
40.6
40.7
40.7
42.6
42.6
43.1
43.2
43.4
42.5
1.510
1. 507
1.510
1. 513
1.515
1.521
1.524
1.552
1.564
1.589
1.625
1.610
54.94
54. 05
54. 42
54.14
54. 90
56. 01
56. 94
56.19
56. 36
56.83
58. 07
59.81
41.4
40.7
40.7
40.4
41.0
41.8
42.3
41.9
42.0
41.6
41.9
42.3
1.327
1.328
1.337
1.340
1.339
1.340
1.346
1.341
1.342
1.366
1.386
1.414
60.19
55. 99
56.14
55.64
57.10
58.11
59.31
57. 92
62. 59
61.24
65.49
69. 96
42.9
40.4
40.3
39.8
40.7
41.3
41.8
40.7
41.7
40.8
43.4
45.4
1.403
1.386
1.393
1.398
1.403
1.407
1.419
1.423
1.501
1.501
1.509
1.541
63.67
41.0
1.553
67. 52
41.5
1.627
58.76
40.3
1.458
68. 93
41.7
1.653
60.21
41.9
1.437
65. 99
43.1
1.531
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Meat packing
1948: Average........... $59.15
1949: Average______ 58. 02
Sausages and casings
Dairy products
43.4 $1. 363 $55. 51
41.5 1.398 57. 44
42.5 $1. 306 $52. 26
41.9 1.371 54.61
Condensed and evap
orated milk
lee cream and ices
Canning and preserv
ing
45.4 $1.151 $54.17
44.8 1.219 56.13
46.3 $1. 170 $52.33
45.3 1. 239 55.00
44.8 $1.168 $42.63
44.9 1.225 43.77
38.2
38.8
$1,116
1.128
1950: January.. _
February____
M arch_______
April_______
M ay________
June________
J u ly ...........
August______
September___
O ctober... . .
November.
December........
61.16
56. 50
56. 92
56. 22
57. 55
58. 65
60.01
58.48
63. 77
62.23
66. 55
71. 57
43.1
40.3
40.4
39.7
40.5
41.1
41.7
40.5
41.6
40.7
43.3
45.7
1.419
1.402
1.409
1.416
1.421
1.427
1.439
1.444
1.533
1.529
1.537
1.566
57.24
56. 91
57. 31
57.04
60. 67
61.39
62.60
60.69
62. 45
00. 78
65. 58
67.15
41.6
41.3
41.2
40.6
43.0
43.6
43.9
42.8
42.8
41.4
43.2
43.8
1.376
1.378
1.391
1.405
1.411
1.408
1.426
1.418
1.459
1.468
1.518
1.533
55. 67
54.88
54.63
54. 79
55. 02
55.85
57. 21
56. 57
56. 81
56.74
56. 62
57. 64
44.5
43.8
43.7
43.9
44.3
45.0
45.3
45.0
44.7
44. 5
44.1
44.2
1.251
1.253
1.250
1.248
1.242
1.241
1.263
1.257
1.271
1.275
1.284
1.304
56.09
55. 37
55. 57
56. 51
56. 61
58. 02
58.86
58.16
58. 59
57. 58
57.91
59. 20
44.8
44.4
44.6
45.5
45.8
46.9
46.2
46.6
46.1
45.7
45.1
45.4
1. 252
1. 247
1. 246
1. 242
1. 236
1. 237
1. 274
1. 248
1. 271
1. 260
1. 284
1. 304
55.93
56. 50
56.44
56.10
56. 20
54.99
57.49
57. 50
58.43
58. 74
58. 76
59. 92
43.9
44.0
44.2
44.0
44.5
43.3
44.6
44.2
44.2
44.1
43.4
43.8
1.274
1.284
1. 277
1.275
1.263
1.270
1.289
1.301
1.322
1.332
1.354
1.368
45.15
44.94
44. 79
44.32
45. 01
45.94
47. 73
47. 91
47.18
49.05
48. 06
46.71
38.2
37.7
36.8
36.3
37.2
38.9
41.4
40.6
41.1
40.5
38.6
37.4
1.182
1.192
1.217
1.221
1.210
1.181
1.153
1.180
1.148
1.211
1.245
1.249
1951: January_____
67.27
43.4
1. 550
66. 22
43.0
1.540
59.23
44.1
1.343
61.29
45.3
1. 353
60.80
43.9
1.385
49. 74
38.5
1.292
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
T able
C
479
C : E A R N IN G S AN D H O U R S
Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
1:
M anufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Year and month
G r a in -m ill p r o d u c ts
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
F lo u r a n d o th e r
g r a in - m il l p r o d u c t s
P r e p a r e d feed s
B a k e r y p r o d u c ts
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
Cane-sugar refining
Sugar
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn wkly.
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
1948: Average..
1949: Average..
. $54. 53
4 4 .3
4 3 .8
$ 1 .2 3 1
1 .3 0 0
$ 5 7 .2 3
58. 91
4 6 .3
4 4 .7
$ 1 ,2 3 6
1 .3 1 8
$ 5 1 .0 1
54. 98
4 5 .3
4 6 .2
$ 1 .1 2 6
1 .1 9 0
$ 4 9 .3 5
5 1 .6 7
4 2 .4
4 1 .7
$ 1 .1 6 4
1 .2 3 9
$ 5 2 .0 4
5 6 .0 1
4 1 .8
4 2 .4
$ 1 .2 4 5
1 .3 2 1
$51. 74
56.62
42.0
42.1
$1,232
1.345
1950: January___
February...
M arch____
April...........
M a y ............
June............
Ju ly.............
August........
September.
October___
Novem ber.
December..
.
.
_
5 6 .4 6
5 5 .4 8
5 6 .8 3
.
.
_
_
.
.
_
5 6 .3 5
68. 47
6 0 .6 0
6 3 .6 5
61 34
5 9 .9 7
5 9 .7 8
6 2 .7 2
4 2 .9
4 2 .0
4 2 .6
4 2 .1
4 2 .4
4 3 .9
4 4 .3
4 5 .4
4 4 .0
4 3 .3
42. 7
4 3 .8
1 .3 1 6
1 .3 2 1
1 .3 3 4
1 .3 2 1
1 .3 2 9
1 .3 3 2
1 .3 6 8
1 .4 0 2
1 .3 9 4
1 .3 8 5
1 .4 0 0
1 .4 3 2
6 0 .0 3
5 8 .0 2
58. 28
5 6 .1 6
5 7 .3 6
58. 51
6 1 .8 6
6 7 .3 5
6 4 .6 6
60. 85
6 1 .4 2
6 5 .7 8
4 4 .3
4 3 .2
4 3 .3
4 2 .1
4 2 .9
4 3 .5
4 4 .6
4 6 .8
4 5 .5
4 3 .4
4 3 .5
4 5 .4
1 .3 5 5
1 .3 4 3
1 .3 4 6
1 .3 3 4
1 .3 3 7
1 .3 4 5
1 .3 8 7
1 .4 3 9
1 .4 2 1
1 .4 0 2
1 .4 1 2
1 .4 4 9
5 3 .2 2
5 1 .3 7
5 4 .8 6
5 6 .0 6
55. 72
5 7 .6 3
6 0 .9 6
57. 62
5 9 .1 4
5 9 .8 9
5 9 .0 0
6 0 .4 7
4 4 .5
4 2 .7
4 4 .6
4 5 .5
4 4 .9
4 6 .7
4 7 .7
4 5 .3
4 5 .7
4 6 .0
4 4 .7
4 5 .4
1 .1 9 6
1 .2 0 3
1. 230
1 .2 3 2
1 .2 4 1
1 .2 3 4
1 .2 7 8
1 .2 7 2
1 .2 9 4
1 .3 0 2
1 .3 2 0
1 .3 3 2
5 2 .0 7
52. 96
52. 75
5 2 .3 7
5 3 .1 2
5 3 .2 1
5 3 .8 8
5 4 .3 4
53. 85
5 4 .1 9
5 4 .4 7
5 5 .3 7
4 1 .1
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 1 .2
4 1 .6
4 1 .9
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
4 1 .2
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
1 .2 6 7
1 .2 7 3
1 .2 7 1
1 .2 7 1
1 .2 7 7
1 .2 7 0
1 .2 9 2
1 .3 0 0
1 .3 0 7
1 .3 0 9
1 .3 1 9
1 .3 3 1
55. 78
55. 44
5 5 .9 2
5 5 .3 2
57. 59
59. 23
6 6 .3 6
6 4 .6 4
63. 54
5 6 .9 0
6 1 .1 0
6 4 .0 3
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
4 0 .2
3 9 .4
41. 4
42. 4
45. 7
4 5 .3
43. 7
4 1 .9
4 5 .7
4 5 .9
1. 398
1 .3 9 3
1 .3 9 1
1 .4 0 4
1.3 9 1
1 .3 9 7
1. 452
1 .4 2 7
1 .4 5 4
1 .3 5 8
1 .3 3 7
1 .3 9 5
56. 42
55.36
56. 84
55.00
61.11
62.12
73.01
71.43
69.01
56.83
57.29
68. 57
40.1
39.8
40.6
39.4
43.4
43.9
49.4
48.2
45.7
39.6
40.4
45.5
1.407
1.391
1.400
1.396
1.408
1.415
1.478
1.482
1.510
1.435
1.418
1.507
1951: January___
_
6 4 .3 0
4 4 .5
1 .4 4 5
6 7 .0 5
4 5 .8
1 .4 6 4
6 1 .4 2
4 5 .8
1 .3 4 1
5 5 .0 5
4 1 .3
1 .3 3 3
5 9 .5 1
4 0 .1
1 .4 8 4
62.54
42.0
.-Wk
-
i
«I
1.489
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Beet sug ar
*- 1948: Average___
1949: Average___
$53.48
56.09
1950: January___
February..
M arch____
A p ril..........
M ay............
June______
Ju ly ______
August___
September.
Oetober___
Novem ber.
D ecember..
1951: January.
Confectionery and
related products
Confectionery
Beverages
Bottled soft drinks
M alt liquors
41.3 $1.295 $44.00
42.3 1.326 45.12
40.0 $1.100 $41.46
40.0 1.128 42.63
39.6 $1,047 $61.43
39.8 1.071 64.21
41.9 $1.466 $46.26
41.0 1.566 48.40
44.1 $1,049 566.40
43.8 1.105 69.46
42.0
41.1
$1.581
1.690
56. 97
56. 42
54. (38
57. 74
52. 25
54.29
56. 37
56.01
58.04
67.36
64.07
61.42
38.7
39.4
38. 7
39.6
37.7
39.2
38.9
40. 5
40. 9
42.8
47.6
44.7
1.472
1.432
1.413
1.458
1.386
1. 385
1. 449
1.383
1.419
1.340
1.346
1.374
45.59
45.26
45.19
43. 77
45.36
46.37
45. 98
47.99
49.35
49.00
48.15
47.55
40.2
39.7
39.4
37.9
39.1
39.6
38.8
40.5
41.3
41.0
40.5
40.3
1.134
1.340
1.147
1.155
1.160
1.171
1.185
1.185
1.195
1.195
1.189
1.180
42.75
42.60
42.92
41.59
43. 56
44.36
44.16
45.82
47.13
47.19
47.10
47.37
39.8
39.3
39.2
37.6
39.0
39.4
38.6
40.3
41.2
41.0
41.1
41.7
1.074
1.084
1.095
1.106
1.117
1.126
1.144
1.137
1.144
1.151
1.146
1.136
63.52
64.52
65.16
66.38
66. 71
68.96
71.11
68.39
67.86
68.14
67.81
68.23
39.7
40.0
40.1
40.7
41.1
42.0
42.3
41.3
41.2
41.0
40.9
40.3
1.600
1.613
1.625
1.631
1.623
1.642
1.681
1.656
1.647
1.662
1. 658
1.693
46.67
46.98
46. 72
47.90
48.64
51.29
50.34
49.78
49.53
49.92
50.30
50.54
42. 5
42.4
41. 9
42. 5
43. 2
44.1
43.1
43.1
42. 7
43.0
43.1
42.9
1.098
1 108
1 11*
1.127
1.126
1.103
1 108
1.1**
1 100
1 101
1.107
1.178
68. 52
69.32
70. 42
72.19
72.82
74.95
77.86
73. 25
72. 71
72.48
73.02
73.15
39.7
40.0
40.1
40.9
41.4
42.2
42.9
40.9
40.8
40.2
40.5
39.5
1.726
1.733
1.756
1.765
1. 759
1. 776
1.815
1.791
1.782
1.803
1.803
1.852
56.43
38.1
1.481
49.69
40.6
1.224
48.52
41.4
1.172
71.39
41.1
1.737
50.38
42.8
1.177
76.30
40.5
1.884
M anufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
D istilled, rectified,
and blended liquors
Miscellaneous food
products
Tobacco manufactures
Total: Tobacco
manufactures
1948: Average_____ $54.92
1949: Average_____ 57.00
40.5 $1.356 $49. 74
39.2 1.454 52.17
42.3 $1.176 $36.50
41.9 1.245 37. 25
1950: January_____
February____
M arch_______
April.................
M a y ..................
June..................
Ju ly ..... .............
A ugust______
September___
October...........
Novem ber___
December____
65.18
64. 95
65.31
66.75
39.8
38.5
39.2
38.8
38.7
39.7
39.2
41.8
42.0
40.8
41.6
41.9
1.500
1.524
1.491
1.486
1.485
1. 495
1.518
1.579
1. 552
1.592
1.570
1.593
53. 21
52. 65
53. 71
53.15
53.16
54.82
56.15
56.50
56.16
56.06
58. 44
57.08
41.8
41.1
41.6
41.2
41.6
42.2
42.8
43.0
43.0
42.6
42.5
42.5
1.273
1.281
1.291
1.290
1.278
1.299
1.312
1.314
1.306
1.316
1.328
1.343
1951: January..........
73. 72
43.7
1.687
58.88
42. 7
1.379
59. 70
58.67
58.45
57.66
57.47
59. 35
59. 51
66.00
See fo o tn o te s a t end o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cigarettes
Cigars
Tobacco and snuff
38.1 $0.958 $44. 51
37.1 1.004 46.33
38.6 $1.153 $32.71
37.7 1.229 32.41
37.6 $0.870 $37.21
36.7
.884 39.10
37.7
37.2
$0.987
1.051
39. 25
38. 48
39. 49
38. 59
39.67
41.59
42.12
43.37
42.02
41.21
42.45
43.57
38.0
36.2
36.7
35.5
36.7
38.3
38.4
39.5
39.2
38.3
37.8
38.8
1.033
1.063
1.076
1.087
1.081
1.086
1.097
1.098
1.072
1.076
1.123
1.123
49.15
46. 96
48. 65
48.41
47.99
51. 21
52. 50
57.94
50.30
45.10
50.07
54.03
39.1
37.3
38.7
38.0
37.7
40.1
40.6
43.6
39.5
35.4
37.9
40.2
1. 257
1.259
1.257
1 274
1.273
1.277
1.293
1.329
l. 275
1.274
1.321
1.344
33. 25
33.87
33.71
31.38
34.49
35.49
35.11
36.11
37. 57
39.35
39.50
38.17
36.5
35.8
35.3
33.0
36.3
37.2
36.8
37.5
38.1
39.0
38.5
37.9
.911
.946
.955
.951
.950
.954
.954
.963
.986
1.009
1.026
1.007
40.69
40.04
40.92
41.96
40.88
43.31
44.54
45. 77
44.23
44.24
42.97
44.81
37.4
36.3
36.8
37.4
35.7
38.5
38.9
39.7
39.0
38.5
36.6
38.1
1.088
1.103
1.112
1.122
1.145
1.125
1.145
1.153
1.134
1.149
1.174
1.176
43.85
38.5
1.139
55.12
40.5
1.361
37.80
37.2
1.016
44.66
37.5
1.191
480
MONTHLY LABOR
G: E A R N I N G S A N D H O U R S
T able C -l:
Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Tobacco manufac
tures—Con.
Tobacco stemming
and redrying
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
w kly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Textile-mill products
Total: Textile-mill
Y am and thread
Broad-woven fabric
Yarn mills
Cotton, silk, synthetic fibe
United States
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
39.2 $1. 163 $41.49
37.7 1.189 40.51
38.1 $1.089 $41. 42
36.4 1.113 40.55
37.9
36.3
Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
kly.
earn earn w
ings
ings hours
$1.093 $46.13
1.117 44.48
1948: Average-------- $34.24
1949: Average............ 34.20
40.0 t0. 856 $45. 59
.893 44.83
38.3
i960: January......... - 37.58
35.34
39.58
39.14
37.19
40.11
July
_____ 40.16
35. 24
September----- 39. 26
37.37
November----- 34.53
December........ 38. 52
41.8
35.3
38.5
38.0
36.5
38.6
39.1
38.1
43.1
41.2
35.6
40.0
.899
1.001
1.028
1.030
1.019
1.039
1.027
.925
.911
.907
.970
.963
47.36
47.88
47.39
45. 51
45.63
46.75
47.27
49.33
49.98
52. 58
53.19
53.49
39.4
39.6
39.2
37.8
37.9
38.7
39.0
40.5
40.7
40.6
40.7
40.8
1.202
1.209
1.209
1.204
1.204
1.208
1.212
1.218
1.228
1.295
1.307
1.311
43.67
43.84
42.67
40. 80
41.62
42.68
43.24
44.96
46.40
49.33
49. 57
49.73
39.2
39.0
38.0
36.4
36.9
37.8
38.2
39.4
40.1
40.2
40.3
40.5
1.114
1.124
1.123
1.121
1.128
1.129
1.132
1.141
1.157
1.227
1.230
1.228
43.60
43.88
42.60
40. 65
41.77
42. 79
43.36
45. 34
46.56
49.16
49. 61
49.69
39.0
38.9
37.8
36.1
36.8
37.7
38.1
39.6
40.0
40.0
40.2
40.4
1.118
1.128
1.127
1.126
1.135
1.135
1.138
1.145
1.164
1.229
1.234
1.230
48.16
48.16
47.72
45.81
45.82
46.92
47. 52
49. 29
49.90
53.17
53.68
54.28
39.22
40.1
.978
54.14
40.8
1.327
49. 61
40.5
1.225
49.29
40.2
1.226
54. 57
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
39.6 $1.165 $44.36
37.5 1.186 42.89
39.4
37.2
$1.126
1.153
40.0
40.1
39.8
38.4
38.5
39.2
39.5
40.8
41.1
40.9
41.1
41.4
1.204
1.201
1.199
1.193
1.190
1.197
1.203
1.208
1.214
1.300
1.306
1.311
47.04
47.07
46.88
44.66
44.35
45.24
45.90
47.86
48.62
52.29
52.62
53.38
40.1
40.2
40.0
38.4
38.3
38.9
39.3
40.7
41.1
41.3
41.4
41.7
1.173
1.171
1.172
1.163
1.158
1.163
1.168
1.176
1.183
1.266
1.271
1.280
41.5
1.315
53.50
41.8
1.280
M anufacturing— Continued
Textile-mill products—Continued
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber-—Continued
1949: A verage.......... $46.36
38.0 $1.220 $41.92
1950: January-------- 49.94
February------ 50.06
M a r c h . .. ---- 49.57
47.98
47.74
48.27
49.03
50.80
September----- 51.58
55.94
N ovem ber----- 56.16
December------ 56.23
40.5
40.6
40.2
39.1
39.0
39.4
39.8
41.0
41.1
41.5
41.6
41.5
1.233
1.233
1.233
1.227
1.224
1.225
1.232
1.239
1.255
1.348
1.350
1.355
46.04
46. 20
46.00
43.70
43.40
44.31
45.08
46.97
47.83
51.25
51. 50
52.38
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
Knitting mills
South
North
1951: January...........
Full-fashioned hosiery
Woolen and worsted
North
United States
37.0 $1.133
$52.45
51.19
40.1 $1.308 $41.14
38.9 1.316 41.47
37.5 $1.097 $52.85
36.8 1.127 52.09
39.9
40.1
39.9
38.2
38.1
38.7
39.2
40.6
41.2
41.3
41.3
41.7
1.154
1.152
1.153
1.144
1.139
1.145
1.150
1.157
1.161
1.241
1.247
1.256
52.92
52. 51
51.00
50.94
51.94
53.36
53.51
54.21
54.81
56.30
58.08
58.32
39.7
39.6
38.9
38.8
39.5
40.3
40.2
40.7
40.9
39.1
40.0
40.0
1.333
1.326
1.311
1.313
1.315
1.324
1.331
1.332
1.340
1.440
1.452
1.458
41.73
43.38
43. 55
40.60
40.67
41.85
42.77
45.67
45.63
47.67
47.91
47.29
36.8
37.2
37.0
35.0
35.0
36.2
37.0
39.2
38.9
39.2
38.7
38.2
1.134
1.166
1.177
1.160
1.162
1.156
1.156
1.165
1.173
1.216
1.238
1.238
(2)
(2)
58.40
40.0
1.460
48.20
38.1
1.265
38.8 $1.362
37.5 1.389 $53.98
36.9
$1.463
51.53
53.16
54.25
49.02
49. 76
50.62
52.06
54.94
54.35
57.87
58.73
57.41
36.6
37.2
38.1
35.6
36.4
37.3
38.0
39.7
39.1
39.5
39.1
38.4
1.408
1.429
1.424
1.377
1.367
1.357
1.370
1.384
1.390
1.465
1.502
1.495
53.10
55.65
55.80
48.82
49.90
50.42
50.73
55.06
54.12
58.52
60.29
58.14
36.0
37.2
37.5
35.4
36.4
37.4
37.3
39.7
39.3
39.3
39.1
37.9
1.475
1.496
1.488
1.379
1.371
1.348
1.360
1.387
1.377
1.489
1.542
1.534
59.60
38.4
1.552
(2)
(2)
(2)
M anufacturing—Continued
Textile-mill products—Continued
Full-fashioned ho
siery—Continued
South
1949: Average.......... $50.31
1950: January------February-----
September--November _
December—
1951: January------- -
Knit outerwear
North
United States
38.2 $1.317
$30.27
31.45
35.2 $0.860
35.5
.886 $35.06
Knit underwear
South
37.7 $0.930 $30.78
35.1 $0.877
$39.75
40.96
38.0 $1.046 $37.40
38.1 1.075 36.34
37.7
36.2
$0.992
1.004
50.18
51.14
53.02
49.09
49.61
50.82
53.19
54. 83
54.68
57.18
57.47
56.87
37.2
37.3
38.7
35.7
36.4
37.2
38.6
39.7
39.0
39.6
39.2
38.9
1.349
1.371
1.370
1.375
1.363
1.366
1.378
1. 381
1.402
1.444
1.466
1.462
32.92
34.50
33.29
31.78
31.17
33.13
33.36
37.11
36.98
38.08
38.31
37.92
36.3
36.2
34.5
32.8
32.2
34.3
35.0
38.1
37.5
37.7
37.6
37.1
.907
.953
.965
.969
.968
.966
.953
.974
.986
1.010
1.019
1.022
35.78
36.88
36.47
35.90
36. 47
36.83
35.88
39.42
39.62
40.35
41.59
41.21
37.9
38.1
37.4
36.6
37.1
37.5
36.8
39.5
39.0
39.1
39.5
39.1
.944
.968
.975
.981
.983
.982
.975
.998
1.016
1.032
1.053
1.054
32.40
34.11
32.65
31.01
30.11
32.42
32.93
36.63
36.46
37.59
37.65
37. 25
36.0
35.9
33.9
32.1
31.2
33.7
34.7
37.8
37.2
37.4
37.2
36.7
.900
.950
.963
.966
.965
.962
.949
.969
.980
1.005
1.012
1.015
41.47
42.74
43.80
43.05
42.75
43.42
42.14
43.90
42. 75
46.43
46.10
45. 57
37.8
38.3
38.9
38.2
37.9
38.7
37.9
39.3
38.0
40.2
39.4
38.2
1.097
1.116
1.126
1.127
1.128
1.122
1.112
1.117
1.125
1.155
1.170
1.193
37.29
38.42
38.40
35.71
35.26
36.30
38.31
41.17
42.63
43.43
43.06
43.10
36.7
37.3
37.1
34.5
34.0
35.0
36.8
39.4
40.1
39.7
39.0
38.9
1.016
1.030
1.035
1.035
1.037
1.037
1.041
1.045
1.063
1.094
1.104
1.108
(2)
(2)
(2)
38.15
37.0
1.031
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
47.50
39.0
1.218
43.27
38.5
1.124
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Seamless hosiery
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
481
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a b l e C -l: Honrs and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M anufac tur ing—Continued
Apparel and other
fin is h e d t e x t ile
products
Textile-mill products—Continued
Year and month
Dyeing and finishing
textiles
Avg.
wkly. wAvg.
kly.
earn
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Carpets, rugs, other
floor coverings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Wool carpets, rugs,
and carpet yam
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn
ings hours
Other textile-mill
products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Fur-felt hats and hat
bodies
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Total: Apparel and
other finished tex
tile products
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
39.7 $1.208 $49.17
38.9 1.231 49.21
36.5 $1.347 $42. 79
35.3 1.394 41.89
36.2
35.8
$1.182
1.170
49.80
50. 91
49.75
49.29
49.95
51.44
51.92
53.16
53.37
54. 77
55. 88
56.64
40.0
40.6
39.8
39.4
39.8
40.5
40.5
41.4
40.9
40.9
41.3
41.8
1.245
1.254
1.250
1. 251
1.255
1.270
1.282
1.284
1.305
1.339
1.353
1.355
53.44
53.03
44. 84
40.02
48. 72
52. 69
52.19
54.44
50. 87
50.48
51.98
59.13
37.5
37.4
32.9
29.0
34.6
37.0
36.7
38.1
35.8
35.5
36.1
39.5
1.425
1.418
1.363
1.380
1.408
1.424
1.422
1.429
1.421
1.422
1.440
1.497
42.70
44. 48
43. 50
40.80
41.27
41.89
43.22
46.06
43.09
45. 51
44. 50
45.93
36.0
36.7
36.4
35.2
35.7
35.8
36.2
37.6
35.7
37.3
36.9
36.6
1.186
1.212
1.195
1.159
1.156
1.170
1.194
1.225
1.207
1.220
1.206
1.255
56.78
41.6
1.365
60. 56
40.0
1.514
47.45
36.9
1.286
1948: Average_____ $51.00
1949: Average_____ 51.50
41.0 $1.244 $58.13
40.3 1.278 56.80
42.0 $1.384 $58.09
39.5 1.438 56.23
41.7 $1.393 $47. 96
38.7 1.453 47. 89
1950: J a n u a r y .____
February____
March_______
April________
M ay ________
June______ . .
July-----------August______
September___
October______
N ovem ber___
December........
52.03
53.37
52.42
50. 89
49.25
51.18
50.84
66.03
55.76
56. 26
58.19
58. 66
40.3
41.5
40.7
39.6
38.3
39.8
39.5
42.9
42.6
41.4
41.8
41.9
1.291
1.286
1.288
1.285
1.286
1.286
1.287
1.306
1.309
1.359
1.392
1.400
60.44
60.80
60.99
59.15
60.61
61.17
59. 86
61.44
62.94
66. 46
66.82
67.07
41.4
41.5
41.6
40.4
41.2
41.5
40.5
41.4
41.6
42.6
42.4
42.1
1.460
1.465
1.466
1.464
1.471
1.474
1.478
1.484
1.513
1.560
1.576
1.593
61.41
61.62
61.81
60.48
61.68
61.99
60.07
61.46
62.19
66.36
66. 63
66.46
41.3
41.3
41.4
40.4
41.2
41.3
40.1
40.7
40.7
42.0
41.8
41.2
1.487
1.492
1.493
1.497
1.497
1.501
1.498
1.510
1.528
1.580
1.594
1.613
1951: J a n u a ry .____
59.05
41.7
1.416
66.63
41.8
1.594
66.86
41.3
1.619
Manufacturing—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
M en’s and boys’
suits and coats
M en’s and boys’ fur
nishings and work
clothing
Shirts, collars, and
nightwear
Women’s outerwear
Work shirts
Separate trousers
35.7 $0. 742 $51.49
.773 49. 69
35.5
35.1
34.7
$1.467
1.432
27.80
30.55
30.43
29. 75
31.18
30. 66
31.52
33.00
33.03
32. 95
32.18
33.12
35.6
35.4
35.3
34.0
35.8
35.4
36.1
37.8
37.2
36.9
35.6
36.0
.781
.863
.862
.875
.871
.866
.873
.873
.888
.893
.904
.920
50. 86
52. 63
49. 67
46.06
45.57
45. 87
49.62
54.01
46.43
50.94
48.37
51.96
35.0
35.9
35.4
34.5
34.6
33.8
34.7
36.2
32.2
34.7
34.6
35.2
1.453
1.466
1.403
1.335
1.317
1.357
1.430
1.492
1.442
1.468
1.398
1.476
33.52
36.4
.921
55.27
36.1
1.531
1948: Average___
$50.11
1949: Average_____ 46.67
36.6 $1.369 $33.20
34.7 1.345 33.30
36.2 $0.917 $33.50
36.2
.920 33.37
36.1 $0.928 $35.31
36.0
.927 34.91
35.7 $0. 989 $26. 49
35.7
.978 27.44
1950: January... . . .
February____
M arch_______
April________
M a y ___
J u n e......... .......
July_________
August______
September___
October______
N ovem ber___
December........
47. 72
49.88
50.81
47.46
48.92
48.99
49.22
51.08
47.75
51.77
52. 57
55.28
35.4
37.0
37.5
35.5
36.7
36.7
36.9
37. 7
35.4
37.9
37.9
37.5
1.348
1.348
1.355
1.337
1.333
1.335
1.334
1.355
1.349
1.366
1.387
1.474
33.63
35. 64
35.62
35.00
35. 29
35. 55
35.34
37.43
37.18
38.38
38.53
38. 58
36.2
36.4
36.2
35.5
35.9
36.2
36.1
38.0
37.4
38.3
37.7
37.1
.929
.979
.984
.986
.983
.982
.979
.985
.994
1.002
1.022
1.040
33.43
35.19
35.40
35.02
34. 81
34. 82
34.55
36. 71
37.20
38.02
39.35
39.38
35.6
36.2
36.2
35.7
35.7
35.6
35.4
37. 5
37.5
38.4
38.2
37.4
.939
.972
.978
.981
.975
.978
.976
.979
.992
.990
1.030
1.053
36.47
39. 26
39. 77
39.33
39.81
39.34
s8. 52
40.08
38.45
40.91
40.32
40. 59
36.8
37.9
38.2
38.0
38.1
37.9
37.4
38.5
36.9
38.7
38.0
37.1
.991
1.036
1.041
1.035
1.045
1.038
1.030
1.041
1.042
1.057
1.061
1.094
1951: January______ 55.09
37.1
1.485
38. 99
37.1
1.051
38.90
36.7
1.060
42. 22
37.7
1.120
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
W omen’s dresses
Household apparel
34.8 $1.400 $31.59
34.4 1.372 32.23
1950: January_____
February____
M arch_______
April_______
M ay ______ _
June_________
July_________
August______
September___
October______
N ovem ber___
December____
48.30
48.89
49.37
49.44
48. 71
45. 69
45.53
50.23
44.37
47. 66
47.37
49. 81
34.9
35.4
35.8
35.7
35.3
34.1
34.7
35.7
31.9
33.8
34.2
35.2
1.384
1.381
1.379
1.385
1.380
1.340
1.312
1.407
1.391
1.410
1.385
1.415
31.38
34.95
35.53
34.99
35.31
32.92
32.27
34.64
35. 28
36.43
36.64
35.41
35.1
37.1
37.4
36.6
36.4
33.7
33.2
36.2
36.6
37.4
37.5
35.8
.894
.942
. 950
.956
.970
.977
.972
.957
.964
.974
.977
.989
1951: January______ 52.49
36.2
1.450
36.70
36.3
1.011
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Women’s and chil
dren's undergar
ments
U n d erw ea r and
nightwear, except
corsets
35.0 $2.017 $35.32
33.8 1.964 35. 79
36.6 $0. 965 $34.12
36.6
.978 34.08
66.97
69.83
60.70
51.19
50.13
58.41
66.46
73.26
57. 91
66.25
60.12
67.11
34.7
35.5
32.6
29.1
29.7
33.9
35.5
37.0
30.1
33.8
32.1
34.1
1.930
1.967
1.862
1.759
1.688
1.723
1.872
1.980
1.924
1.960
1.873
1.968
36.58
37. 52
37. 87
36. 22
36.15
36.43
37.13
40.04
39. 95
41.76
40. 96
39.24
36.8
37.0
36.8
35.2
35.2
35.4
36.3
38.5
37.8
39.1
38.1
36.4
.994
1.014
1.029
1.029
1.027
1.029
1.023
1.040
1.057
1.068
1.075
1.078
34.78
36.03
35.68
34.09
33.69
34.25
35.60
38.24
38.35
40.16
39.25
36.96
72.42
35.5
2.040
40.44
36.6
1.105
37.10
36.1 $0. 875 $70.60
36.5
.883 66.38
1948: Average_____ $48. 72
1949: Average_____ 47.20
See footnotes at end of table.
W omen’s suits, coats,
and skirts
Millinery
36.3 $0.940 $50.22
.944 53.55
36.1
34.8
35.3
$1.443
1.517
36.5
36.5
36.0
34.3
34.1
34.6
36.0
38.2
37.6
38.8
37.6
35.4
.953
.987
.991
.994
.988
.990
.989
1.001
1.020
1.035
1.044
1.044
55.11
64.36
62.56
44. 91
46.06
49. 72
50.62
62. OS
53.56
53.27
47.53
51.93
36.4
40.2
39.2
30.7
31.7
33.1
33.7
38.8
33.9
35.0
31.6
34.6
1.514
1.601
1.596
1.463
1.453
1.502
1.502
1.600
1.580
1.522
1.504
1.501
35.1
1.057
60.48
38.4
1.575
482
C: EARNIN 08 AND HOURS
M O N TH LY LABO R
T a b l e C—1: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
Manufacturing— Continued
Lumber and wood
products (except
furniture)
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
Year and month
Children’s outerwear
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn horns
ings
1948: Average1949: Average.
$36.72
37.06
Fur goods and mis
cellaneous apparel
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Other fabricated
textile products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Curtains and
draperies
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Total: Lumber and
wood products (ex
cept furniture)
Textile bags
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$51.38
51.72
41.5
40.6
$1.238
1. 274
39.2
39.8
40.4
40.7
40.7
41 6
41.1
42.0
41.2
41.9
41.0
40.9
1.225
1.270
1.293
1.311
1.336
1.353
1.369
1.388
1.404
1.404
1.391
1.372
40.4
1.360
36.5 $1.006 $42. 21
36.3 1.021 42.05
36.7 $1.150 $38. 49
36.0 1.168 39.74
1950: January..
38.25
February
40. 28
M a rch ...
38.76
April.......
35.97
M ay.......
37.46
Ju n e___
38.08
Ju ly ........
39.13
August-..
40.92
September___ 38.12
October.
40.48
November___ 39.29
December___ 39. 78
36.5
37.3
36.5
35.3
36.4
36.3
36.6
37.2
35.3
37.0
37.0
36.1
1.048
1.080
1.062
1.019
1.029
1.049
1. 069
1.100
1. 080
1.094
1.062
1.102
40.23
40.50
40.76
39.33
41.70
42. 59
43.86
45. 84
44. 59
47.91
46. 05
45.25
35.6
36.1
36.1
34.9
35.7
35.7
36.4
38.2
37.1
38.7
37.5
37.0
1.130
1.122
1.129
1.127
1.168
1.193
1. 205
1.200
1.202
1.238
1.228
1.223
40.99
40.84
40.32
39. 81
40. 77
42.21
42.61
43.43
43.88
43.45
42. 86
43.62
38.2
38.1
37.4
37.1
37.4
38.3
38. 7
39.3
38.8
39.0
38.1
38.2
1.073
1.072
1.078
1.073
1.090
1.102
1.101
1.105
1.131 $37.33
1.114 39.82
1.125 38.31
1.142 39.20
36.6 $1. 020 $43. 93
38.4 1.037 44.19
36.8 1.041 43. 30
37.4 1.048 44.09
39.4 $1.115
39.6 1.116
38.9 1.113
39.3 1.122
48.02
50. 55
52. 24
53.36
54.38
56. 28
56.27
58.30
57.84
58. 83
57.03
56.11
1951: January.........
36.7
1.138
45.35
36.4
1.246
44.35
38.7
1.146
37.5
39.5
1.135
54.94
41.76
38.0 $1.013
38.1 1.043
39. 60
1.056
44.83
Manufacturing—Continued
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)—Continued
Logging camps and
ccn tractors
Sawmills and planing mills
Sawmills and planing mills, general
United States
South
Millwork, plywood,
and prefabricated
s t r u c t u r a l wood
products
West
1948: Average.......... $60. 26
1949: Average........... 61.31
38.7 $1.557 $51.83
39.1 1.568 52.37
41.5 $1.249 $51.87
40.6 1.290 53.06
41.4 $1.253
40.6 1.307 $35.66
42.1 $0.847 $67.12
38.8 $1.730
1950: January..........
February........
M arch.............
A pril..............
M ay................
June................
July.................
A ugust...........
September---October...........
November___
December.......
50.23
54. 86
62.94
65.31
67.37
67.85
68.04
73.98
70.07
70.31
65. 40
61.60
37.4
37.6
38.4
39.2
39.7
39.7
39.4
41.1
38.8
38.8
37.2
37.4
1.343
1.459
1.639
1.666
1. 697
1.709
1.727
1.800
1.806
1.812
1.758
1.647
47. 38
50.59
51.85
53.10
54.19
56.08
55.95
57.95
57.69
58.56
56.53
55. 27
38.3
39.4
40.1
40.5
■*0.5
41.6
40.9
41.9
41.0
41.8
40.7
40.4
1. 237
1.284
1.293
1.311
1.338
1.348
1.368
1.383
1.407
1.401
1.389
1.368
47.77
51.17
52.31
53.73
54.86
56.95
56. 67
58. 49
58. 49
59. 34
57.15
55.74
38.0
39.3
39.9
40.4
40.4
41.6
40.8
41.6
40.9
41.7
40.5
40.1
1.257
1.302
1.311
1.330
1.358
1.369
1.389
1.406
1. 430
1.423
1.411
1.390
35.34
36.90
37.13
37.97
38.11
39.19
38.98
40.13
39.63
41.25
40.34
40. 05
40.9
40.5
40.8
41.5
41.6
42.5
42.1
43.2
42.2
43.6
42.6
42.2
.864
.911
.910
.915
.916
.922
.926
.929
.939
.946
.947
.949
58.34
64.14
66. 43
67.82
69.07
73. 93
72. 74
74.28
74.33
74. 82
72.96
71.67
34.4
37.4
38.8
39.0
39.0
40.4
39.3
40.0
39.1
39.4
38.5
38.0
1951: Ja n u ary ......... 57.84
36.4
1.589
54.32
40.0
1.358
54.67
39.7
1.377
(’)
«
(2)
(2)
(!)
$54.95
55.06
43.3
41.9
$1. 269
1.314
1.696
1.715
1.712
1.739
1. 771
1.830
1.851
1.857
1.901
1.899
1.895
1.886
56.14
57.04
57.74
59.00
59.25
61.27
59.85
61. 55
62.06
63. 71
63.12
6-*. 15
42.4
42.5
42.9
43.0
43.0
43.7
-.2.9
43.5
43.4
44.0
43.5
43.7
1.324
1.342
1.346
1.372
1.378
1.402
1.395
1.415
1.430
1.448
1.451
1.468
m
62.73
42.7
1.469
M anufacture g—Continued
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)—Continued
IViillwor k
1948: Average1949: Average.
$53.40
54.23
Wooden containers
43.2 $1. 236 $41.57
42.2 1.285 41.90
Wooden boxes, other
than cigar
Furniture and fixtures
Miscellaneous wood
products
Total: Furniture
and fixtures
Household furniture
41.4 $1.004 $42.39
40.6 1.032 42.48
42.1 $1.007 $44.06
41.0 1.036 44.16
42.0 $1. 049 $48.99
40.7 1. 085 49.48
41.1 $1.192 $46.76
40.1 1.234 47.04
40.8
39.8
$1.146
1.182
1950: January....... . 56.07
February....... 55.76
M arch...........
56.49
April.............. 57.56
M ay............... 57.83
June............... 59.69
J u ly ............... 58. 57
August........... 59. 39
Septem ber... 60.63
October......... 61.81
November___ 61. 52
December..
61.93
42.9
42.4
42.7
42. 7
42.9
43.7
43.1
43.1
43.4
43.9
43.6
43. 4
1.307
1.315
1.323
1.348
1.348
1.366
1.359
1.378
1.397
1.408
1.411
1.427
41.27
42.82
42.85
43.81
44.47
46. 48
47.68
48.10
47.50
48. 74
48. 50
48.47
39.8
39.5
39.6
39.9
40.1
40.7
41.0
41.5
40.7
41.8
41.7
41.5
1.037
1.084
1. 082
1.098
1.109
1.142
1.163
1.159
1.167
1.166
1.163
1.168
41.94
43.05
43.30
44.87
44. 79
47.13
48. 40
48.57
47.64
49.31
49.16
49. 59
40.4
39.9
40.2
41.2
40.9
41.6
41.8
42.2
41.5
42.8
42.6
42.9
1. 038
1.079
1. 077
1.089
1. 095
1.133
1.158
1.151
1.148
1.152
1.154
1.156
43.85
44.69
44. 91
45.33
44. 89
46.16
46.88
48.35
49.10
49.80
50. 07
50.08
40.3
40.3
40.5
40.8
40.3
41.1
41.3
42.3
42.4
42.6
42.5
42.3
1. 088
1. 109
1. 109
1. 111
1. 114
1. 123
1. 135
1. 143
1. 158
1. 169
1. 178
1. 184
51.13
52. 29
52.17
51.67
51. 50
52. 50
52.03
54. 87
55.42
56. 27
56.87
56.59
41.1
41.7
41.7
41.3
41.2
41.8
41.0
42.8
42.6
42.6
42.6
42.2
1. 244
1.254
1. 251
1.251
1.250
1.256
1. 269
1.282
1.301
1.321
1.335
1.341
49.36
50. 87
50. 70
49.85
50.14
50.71
49.53
52.91
53.84
54.57
55.30
54.65
41.2
41.9
41.9
41.2
41.4
41.7
40.6
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.1
1.198
1.214
1.210
1.210
1.211
1. 216
1.220
1.239
1.261
1.278
1.295
1.298
1951: January_____
42.4
1. 425
48.25
41.2
1.171
49.23
42.4
1.161
50.56
42.2
1. 198
56.63
41.7
1.358
54. 24
41.5
1.307
60.42
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
T able C -l:
C: E A R N IN 0 8
483
AND HOURS
Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Paper and allied products
Furniture and fixtures—Continued
Year and month
Wood household
furniture, except
upholstered
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Wood household fur
niture, upholstered
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Mattresses and
bedsprings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
40.1 $1.255 $50.85
38.9 1.290 51.69
Total: Paper and
allied products
Other furniture
and fixtures
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
40.1 $1.268 $54. 59
39.7 1.302 55.47
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
41.7 $1.309 $55. 25
40.7 1.363 55.96
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Pulp, paper, and
paperboard mills
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
42.8 $1.291 $59.88
41.7 1.342 59.83
44.0
42.4
$1,361
1.411
1.364
1.360
1.363
1.376
1.373
1.396
1.417
1.426
1.434
1.438
1.472
1.493
61.62
61.71
61.89
62.42
61.82
64. 21
65.74
66.99
66.89
67. 20
69.00
70.67
43.0
43.4
43.4
43.2
43.2
43.8
44.0
44.6
44.3
44.5
44.4
44.9
1.433
1. 422
1.426
1.445
1.431
1.466
1.494
1. 502
1.510
1.510
1. 554
1. 574
1.504
70.56
44.6
1.582
1948: Average........... $43.84
1949: A verage.......... 43.68
41.2 $1. 064 $50.33
40.0 1.092 50.18
1950: January_____
February.........
March............
April________
M ay..................
June_________
J u ly .................
A u gu st............
September___
October.......... .
November___
December____
46.08
46.70
47. 21
46.40
47.17
47.52
46.44
49.19
49.97
51.39
51.58
51.12
41.7
42.0
42.3
41.5
42.0
42.2
41.1
43.0
43.0
43.4
43.2
42.6
1.105
1.112
1. 116
1. 118
1.123
1.126
1.130
1.144
1.162
1.184
1.194
1. 200
52.78
54.95
54.60
54.42
54. 42
54. 54
52. 87
56.66
58.61
60.49
60.65
60. 51
40.2
41.5
40.9
40.7
40.7
40.7
39.9
42.0
42.5
42.9
42.5
42.2
1.313
1.324
1.335
1.337
1.337
1.340
1.325
1.349
1.379
1.410
1.427
1.434
54. 54
57.43
57.03
54.28
53.97
55. 57
54.31
58.42
59.59
57.69
61.70
60.61
40.7
41.8
41.6
40.0
39.8
40.8
39.7
42.3
42.2
40.8
42.0
41.4
1.340
1.374
1.371
1.357
1.356
1.362
1.368
1.381
1.412
1.414
1.469
1.464
56.13
56.28
56.14
56. 52
55.41
57.60
58.86
60.24
59. 71
61.24
61.25
61.97
41.0
41.2
41.1
41.5
40.8
42.2
42.1
43.0
42.2
42.5
42.3
42.5
1.369
1.366
1.366
1.362
1.358
1.365
1.398
1.401
1.415
1.441
1.448
1.458
57. 56
57.80
58.06
58. 20
58.08
60.03
61.36
62.74
63.10
63.27
64.92
66.29
42.2
42.5
42.6
42.3
42.3
43.0
43.3
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.1
44.4
1951: January............ 51.15
42.2
1.212
56.99
39.8
1.432
61.46
41.5
1.481
62.94
42.1
1.495
65.88
43.8
Manufacturing—Continued
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Paper and allied products—Continued
Paperboard con
tainers and boxes
Other paper and
allied products
Total: Printing,
publishing, and
allied industries
Books
Periodicals
Newspapers
1948: Average_____ $50.96
1949: Average_____ 52.45
41.7 $1.222 $49.48
41.2 1.273 51.07
41.3 $1.198 $66.73
40.6 1.258 70.28
39.3 $1. 698 $74.00
38.7 1.816 78.37
37.6 $1.968 $69. 55
37.3 2.101 70.21
1950: January_____
February.. ..
M arch..
April________
M ay_____ _
June_________
July_________
August______
September___
October______
November . .
December____
53.57
54.17
54. 77
54.03
54.74
56. 62
57.70
59. 75
60.96
61.18
62.16
63.79
41.4
41.7
42.0
41.4
41.5
42.6
42.9
44.0
44.3
44.4
44.4
44.7
1.294
1.299
1.304
1.305
1.319
1.329
1.345
1.358
1.376
1.378
1.400
1.427
52.69
53.03
53.20
53. 27
53.35
54. 59
55.36
56. 79
57.06
57.11
59.07
60.04
41.2
41.4
41.5
41.2
41.2
41.7
42.0
42.7
42.9
42.4
42.9
43.1
1.279
1.281
1. 282
1.293
1.295
1.309
1.318
1.330
1.330
1.347
1.377
1.393
70.49
70. 75
72.14
72.18
72.64
72.72
72.30
73.17
74.48
74. 22
74. 52
76.38
38.5
38.2
38.6
38.6
38.7
38.7
38.5
38.9
39.2
39.0
39.2
39.8
1.831
1.852
1.869
1.870
1.877
1.879
1.878
1.881
1.900
1.903
1.901
1.919
76.43
76.38
78.42
79. 88
81.05
80.76
79.20
78.84
81.11
81.07
82.29
85. 27
36.5
36.3
36.8
37.1
37.3
37.2
36.6
36.5
36.9
36.8
37.2
38.1
2.094
2.104
2.131
2.153
2.173
2.171
2.164
2.160
2.198
2.203
2.212
2.238
69.94
72.15
74.12
72.41
71.60
71.92
72.83
75.08
79.98
77.33
76.07
76.38
1951: January........... 62.64
43.5
1.440
59.98
42.6
1.408
73.92
38.7
1.910
78.75
35.7
2.206
78.03
40.6 $1,713 $57.43
38.9 1.805 61.07
38.7
38.6
$1.484
1.582
38.6
39.3
39.7
39.1
38.6
39.0
39.2
39.6
41.1
40.4
39.7
39.7
1.812
1.836
1.867
1.852
1.855
1.844
1.858
1.896
1.946
1.914
1.916
1.924
61.76
60.50
62.79
64.05
64.33
64.11
63.34
67.31
64.70
64.16
64.52
66.50
38.1
37.3
38.5
39.2
39.3
39.5
39.0
40.5
39.5
39.1
39.1
39.7
1.621
1.622
1.631
1.634
1.637
1.623
1.624
1.662
1.638
1.641
1.650
1.675
40.2
1.941
66.31
39.4
1.683
Manufacturing—Continued
Chemicals and allied products
Printing, publishing, and allied industries—Continued
Commercial printing
JLitnograpmng
Total: Chemicals
and allied products
publishing
39.3 $1. 525 $56. 23
38.7 1.619 58.63
40.3 $1. 646 $64.15
39.7 1.749 69.17
39.5 $1.624 $59.93
39.3 1.760 62.66
1950: January. .
F ebruary.. . .
March__ _
A p r il... ___
M ay_______
June__ _
July_________
August______
September___
October. __ __
November . . .
December____
70.80
70.70
71.56
70.88
71.68
71.79
71.95
72. 38
73.61
73.78
73.42
75.65
40.0
39.3
39.6
39.4
39.8
39.6
39.6
40.1
40.6
39.9
40.1
41.0
1.770
1.799
1.807
1.799
1.801
1.813
1.817
1.805
1.813
1.849
1.831
1.845
69.03
70.07
71.34
71.58
71.74
72.23
73.11
76.22
75.67
76.09
74.89
75.30
38.5
38.8
39.2
39.2
39.7
39.6
39.8
41.2
40.9
41.4
40.9
41.1
1.793
1.806
1.820
1.826
1.807
1.824
1.837
1.850
1.850
1.838
1.831
1.832
64.48
64.77
65.16
64. 54
63.39
64.00
64.58
65.82
65.90
65.69
66.59
67.16
39.2
38.9
38.9
38.9
38.3
38.6
39.0
39.2
38.9
39.5
39.9
40.0
1.645
1.665
1.675
1.659
1.655
1.658
1.656
1.679
1.694
1.663
1.669
1.679
60.05
59.96
60.09
60. 56
61.18
62.39
62.99
63.48
64.16
64. 55
65. 52
66.43
41.3
41.1
41.1
41.2
41.2
41.4
41.2
41.6
41.8
42.0
42.0
42.1
1.454
1.459
1.462
1.470
1.485
1.507
1. 529
1. 526
1.535
1.537
1.560
1.578
1951: January_____
74.02
40.1
1.846
73. 75
39.8
1.853
67.44
40.0
1.686
66. 87
41.9
1.596
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Industrial organic
chemicals
40.9 $1.519 $57.69
40.6 1.574 60.83
40.4
39.5
$1.428
1.540
64.64
65.12
65. 48
65.77
65.85
65.32
68.85
68.97
68.24
71.13
71.91
72.63
40.2
40.7
40.8
40.9
40.7
39.9
41.2
41.6
40.4
41.4
41.4
41.6
1.608
1.600
1.605
1.608
1.618
1.637
1.671
1.658
1.689
1.718
1.737
1.746
63.63
62.64
62.56
63.12
63.91
65.16
66.02
65.85
67.52
67.98
69.34
69. 50
40.3
40.0
40.0
40.1
40. 5
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.8
40.9
41.2
41.1
1.579
1. 566
1.564
1. 574
1.578
1.597
1.622
1.618
1.655
1. 662
1.683
1.691
73.21
41.2
1.777
70.06
40.9
1.713
41.5 $1.355 $62.13
41.0 1.430 63.90
1948: A verage___ $66.33
1949: Average_____ 69.44
See footnotes at end of table.
Industrial inorganic
chemicals
484
M O N TH LY
C: E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S
LABO R
T a b l e C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Year and month
Plastics, except syn
thetic rubber
Avg. Avg.
wklv. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Synthetic rubber
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
kly.
earn earn w
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Synthetic fibers
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Drugs and medicines
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Paints, pigments,
and fillers
Avg.
wkly. wAvg.
kly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Fertilizers
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
42.2 $1. 384 $42. 33
41.0 1.458 44. 72
41.5
41.6
$1,020
1.075
61.21
61.98
62.38
62. 89
63. 53
64.91
64.86
66. 99
67.35
67.45
66. 79
66.78
41.0
41.4
41.7
41.9
42.3
42.9
42.5
43.5
43.2
42.8
42.3
42.0
1.493
1.497
1.496
1.501
1.502
1.513
1. 526
1.540
1. 559
1. 576
1. 579
1.590
44.80
44. 40
44.84
46.44
47. 92
49. 52
49.20
47.83
48.18
46.80
47.31
48. 76
40.8
40.7
41.1
41.8
41.6
42.0
41.8
41.2
41.5
40.8
41.0
41.5
1.098
1.091
1.091
1. I ll
1.152
1.179
1.177
1.161
1.161
1.147
1.154
1.175
68.34
42.5
1.608
49. 80
42.2
1.180
1948: Average_____ $58. 75
1949: Average_____ 60.36
41.4 $1,419 $62.88
40.4 1.494 66. 74
39.9 $1. 576 $53.05
39.8 1.677 55.20
39.5 $1.343 $53. 71
38.6 1.430 56.60
40.6 $1,323 $58. 40
40.4 1.401 59.78
1950: January_____
February____
M arch__ _ .
April___ _ __
M a y________
June................ .
J u ly _________
August______
September___
October.
Novem ber___
December........
63.84
61.96
62.36
62. 53
63.37
65.23
66. 41
65.07
67.48
67.83
69. 20
70.01
42.0
40.9
41.0
41.0
41.2
42.0
42.6
41.5
42.6
42.0
42.4
42.1
1.520
1. 515
1.521
1. 525
1.538
1. 553
1. 559
1. 568
1.584
1.615
1.632
1.663
68.48
68. 22
68.93
70. 96
70. 48
70. 78
72. 52
71. 52
72. 58
72.16
76. 63
77.60
39.7
40.2
40.5
41.4
41.0
40.7
40.4
41.2
40.3
41.0
41. 2
41.7
1. 725
1. 697
1.702
1.714
1.719
1.739
1.795
1. 736
1.S01
1.760
1. 860
1.861
56.45
55. 99
55. 97
56. 52
57.35
57. 76
57.81
58. 99
59.94
60.45
61.10
61.45
39.2
39.1
39.0
38.9
39.5
39.4
38.9
39.3
39.2
39.2
39.6
39.8
1.440
1.432
1.435
1.453
1.452
1.466
1.486
1.501
1.529
1.542
1. 543
1.544
57.37
58.04
58.53
58. 67
58. 75
59. 27
58. 47
59. 68
60.19
61.12
62.00
62.91
40.6
40.7
40.9
40.8
40.8
41.1
40.1
40.6
41.2
41.3
41.5
41.5
1.413
1.426
1.431
1.438
1. 440
1.442
1.458
1.470
1.461
1.480
1.494
1.516
1951: January..........
71.82
42.7
1. 682
76. 92
41.0
1.876
61.66
39.6
1. 557
63.58
41.5
1.532
Manufacturing—Continued
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Vegetable and ani
mal oils and fats
Other chemicals and
allied products
Products of petroleum and coal
Soap and glycerin
Total: Products of
petroleum and coal
Petroleum refining
Coke and byproducts
1948: Average_____ $50.39
1949: Average_____ 51. 12
47.4 $1,063 $57. 90
47.2 1.083 60. 67
41.3 $1. 402 $65.90
40.8 1.487 66. 54
42.0 $1. 569 $69. 23
40.9 1. 627 72.36
40.7 $1. 701 $72.06
40.4 1.791 75.33
40.3 $1. 788 $58. 56
40.2 1.874 61.07
39.7
39.3
$1.475
1.554
1950: January_____
February____
M arch_______
Anril___ ____
M a y .. _ _ . . .
June_________
July_________
August.............
September___
October.
Novem ber.......
December____
49. 89
50. 71
50.82
51. 57
52. 82
53.87
55.46
55.11
55.03
54. 41
55. 58
56. 75
47.2
45.2
44.5
44.3
44.2
43.9
43.6
44.3
45.9
47.6
46.9
46.9
1.057
1.122
1. 142
1. 164
1. 195
1. 227
1.272
1.244
1.199
1.143
1.185
1.210
62. 79
62. 62
62. 87
62. 82
62. 28
63.38
63.29
64. 62
66.13
66.24
66.89
68. 62
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.3
41.0
41.4
41. 1
41.8
42.2
41.9
41.7
42.1
1.524
1. 520
1.526
1. 521
1. 519
1.531
1. 540
1. 546
1. 567
1. 581
1. 604
1.630
68.14
68. 51
69. 50
68. 88
68. 74
69. 96
69. 99
74.08
74. 99
74. 59
75.85
77. 96
40.9
41.1
41.2
40.9
40.7
41.2
41.0
42.7
43.0
42.5
42.4
43.0
1. 666
1. 667
1. 687
1. 684
1. 689
1.698
1.707
1. 735
1.744
1. 755
1. 789
1. 813
73.79
71.64
71.54
73. 85
73. 28
74.37
76. 09
73. 73
76. 77
77.71
78.32
79. 10
40.7
39.8
39.7
40.8
40.6
41.0
41.6
40.6
41.7
41.6
41.2
41.2
1.813
1.800
1.802
1.810
1.805
1.814
1.829
1.816
1.841
1.868
1.901
1.920
77.41
74.84
74. 88
77.11
75. 73
76. 82
78.93
75. 29
79. 72
80. 93
81.64
82. 05
40.7
39.6
39.6
40.5
39.9
40.2
41.0
39.4
41.2
41.1
40.7
40.7
1.902
1.890
1.891
1.904
1.898
1.911
1.925
1. 911
1. 935
1. 969
2. 006
2.016
61. 93
61.17
58. 90
62.60
61.85
62.73
63.36
63.12
63. 91
63.68
63. 60
67.54
39.8
39.8
38.1
40.0
39.8
39.7
39.6
39.8
39.6
40.2
40.0
40.2
1.556
1.537
1. 546
1. 565
1.554
1.580
1.600
1.586
1.614
1.584
1.590
1.680
1951: January............ 56.69
45.9
1. 235
69. 05
42.0
1.644
77.53
42.6
1.820
79. 66
41.0
1.943
82. 95
40.7
2.038
68.69
40.1
1.713
Manufacturing—Continued
Products of petro
leum and coal—Con.
Other petroleum and
coal products
1948: Average____
1949: Average____
$60. 59
61.18
1950: January........
February___
M arch_____
April______
M a y _______
June_______
July_______
August____
Septem ber..
October____
N ovem ber...
December__
1951: January........
Leather and leather
products
Rubber products
Total: Rubber
products
Tires and inner
tubes
Other rubber
products
Total: Leather and
leather products
44.1 $1.374 $56. 78
42.9 1.426 57.79
39.0 $1.456 $62.16
38.3 1.509 63. 26
37.2 $1. 671 $51.75
36.4 1.738 48.94
41.8 $1. 238 $52.47
38.6 1. 268 54.38
40.3 $1.302 $41. 66
40.1 1.356 41.61
37.2
36.6
$1.120
1.137
58. 56
58.94
60.00
63.00
67.44
69.13
70.38
71.82
69. 76
69.94
69.15
69. 67
41.3
41.3
41.9
43.3
45.2
46.3
46.7
47.5
46.2
45.8
44.9
44.6
1.418
1.427
1.432
1. 455
1. 492
1.493
1. 507
1.512
1.510
1. 527
1.540
1. 562
60. 52
59. 90
59. 70
61. 76
64.52
65. 08
65. 59
66. 25
66.58
66. 29
66. 52
68. 81
39.4
39.2
39.3
40.0
41.2
41.4
41.2
41.8
41.9
41.9
41.5
41.6
1. 536
1. 528
1. 519
1.544
1. 566
1. 572
1.592
1. 585
1. 589
1. 582
1. 603
1.654
67.70
67. 22
65. 26
69.23
74. 60
74.05
75. 22
76.01
75.46
73. 12
73.70
76. 63
38.4
38.3
37.4
39.0
41.1
40.6
40.4
40.8
40.9
40.2
40.1
40.1
1. 763
1.755
1. 745
1.775
1.815
1.824
1. 862
1. 863
1.845
1.819
1.838
1. 911
45. 87
43.06
51.04
50.36
50. 20
52.07
52. 13
53. 93
53.95
56. 00
54. 52
59.34
35.7
34.2
40.0
39.5
39.4
40.3
39.7
41.9
41.5
42.2
42.0
42.6
1. 285
1.259
1.276
1. 275
1. 274
1.292
1.313
1.287
1.300
1.327
1.298
1.393
57. 04
56. 43
56.16
57.13
57. 92
59.23
59.08
60.13
61.30
62.48
62. 71
64.20
41.3
41. 1
40.9
41.1
41.7
42.4
42.2
42.8
42.9
43.3
42.6
42.8
1.381
1.373
1. 373
1.390
1.389
1.397
1.400
1.405
1.429
1. 443
1.472
1. 500
42. 90
44. 08
44.15
41.96
41.56
43. 60
44.73
46.49
45.72
46. 04
45.94
47. 22
37.7
38.1
37.9
35.8
35.4
37. 2
38.1
39.2
38.1
37.8
37.5
38.3
1.138
1.157
1.165
1.172
1.174
1.172
1.174
1.186
1.200
1.218
1.225
1.233
67.65
43.2
1.566
67. 07
40.6
1.652
74.38
38.6
1. 927
57. 67
41. 7
1.383
62.83
42.0
1.496
48.42
38.8
1.248
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
485
T a b l e C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
M anufacturing— C ontinued
Leather and leather products—Continued
Year and month
Footwear (except
rubber)
Leather
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
$53. 26
54.11
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Stone, clay and glass products
Other leather
products
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Total: Stone, clay,
and glass products
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Glass and glass
products
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
39.6 $1,345 $39. 71
38.9 1.391 39.35
36.6 $1,085 $40.49
35.9 1.096 41.10
37.7 $1.074 $53.46
37.5 1.096 54.45
40.9 $1,307 $54.06
39.8 1.368 56.71
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Glass containers
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
39.2 $1,379 $52.05
39.0 1.454 53.80
39.7
39.3
$1,311
1.369
1950: January.........
February____
M arch............
April................
M ay............... .
June________
J u ly ............ .
August______
September___
October........ .
November___
55.34
55.29
54.89
54. 44
55.00
56.57
56. 73
58. 40
58.64
59.44
59. 79
61.13
39.0
39.1
38.9
38.5
38.9
39.7
39.7
40.5
40.3
40.3
40.4
40.7
1.419
1.414
1.411
1.414
1.414
1.425
1.429
1.442
1.455
1.475
1.480
1.502
40.77
42.22
42.15
39.18
38. 48
40.84
42.53
44.39
43.32
42. 76
42.23
43.87
37.4
37.8
37.4
34.7
34.2
36.4
37.7
38.8
37.6
36.7
36.0
37.4
1.090
1.117
1.127
1.129
1.125
1.122
1.128
1.144
1.152
1.165
1.173
1.173
42.21
42.90
43.73
42. 75
42. 58
44.39
44.16
45.70
45.00
47.64
47. 96
48. 59
38.1
38.2
38.7
37.5
36.9
38.3
38.2
39.5
38.1
39.5
39.7
39.5
1.108
1.123
1.130
1.140
1.154
1.159
1.156
1.157
1.181
1.206
1.208
1.230
55.32
55. 56
55.70
56. 56
57.28
58.12
58.57
59.40
60.88
63.11
63.66
63.49
39.8
40.0
40.1
40.4
40.8
41.1
40.9
41.6
41.5
42.5
42.3
42.1
1.390
1.389
1.389
1.400
1.404
1.414
1. 432
1.428
1.467
1.485
1.505
1.508
59.31
59.36
59.35
59. 58
59. 78
59.74
60. 24
59.10
61.31
65. 66
67.03
65. 57
39.7
40.0
40.1
40.2
40.5
40.2
39.5
39.8
39.0
41.4
41.3
40.8
1.494
1.484
1.4S0
1.482
1.476
1.486
1.525
1.485
1.572
1.586
1.623
1.607
55.28
54.93
54. 79
55.42
54. 98
55.23
55. 40
53.31
54 69
61.19
59.94
59.98
39.6
39.6
39.7
40. 1
40.4
40.4
39.6
38.8
37.1
40.9
40.5
40.5
1.396
1.387
1.380
1.382
1.361
1.367
1.399
1.374
1.474
1.496
1.480
1.481
1951: January.
61.50
40.7
1.511
45. 96
38.4
1.197
47.92
38.9
1.232
63.33
41.5
1.526
66.14
40.7
1.625
61.16
40.5
1.510
Manufacturing—Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Pressed and blown
glass
Cement, hydraulic
1948: Average_____ $47. 61
1949: Average______ 50.30
38.8 $1.227 $54. 76
38.6 1.303 57.49
1950: January_____
February____
M arch_____ .
April________
M ay ___
June_________
July-------------August______
September___
October______
N ovem ber___
December........
51.39
50. 90
51.29
49.87
50. 96
50. 27
49.93
51.61
56.70
58. 24
61.15
58. 61
38.9
39.0
39.3
38.6
39.2
38.4
38.0
39.7
40.5
41.1
41.4
40.9
1.321
1.305
1.305
1 292
1.300
1.309
1.314
1.300
1.400
1.417
1.477
1.433
1951: January_____
57.32
40.0
1.433
Structural clay
products
Brick and hollow
tile
Sewer pipe
Pottery and related
products
41.9 $1,307 $49. 57
41.6 1.382 49.73
40.4 $1. 227 $49.05
39.0 1.275 49.57
42.5 $1,154 $47.96
41.8 1.186 48.61
40.0 $1.199 $49.46
39.2 1.240 48. 85
38.7
36.4
$1.278
1.342
57. 55
57.73
57.47
58. 88
59.13
60.27
61.30
61.13
61.66
61.59
62.10
62.41
40.9
41.5
41.2
41.7
41.7
42.0
41.7
42.1
41.8
41.9
42.1
41.8
1.407
1.391
1.395
1.412
1.418
1.435
1. 470
1.452
1.475
1.470
1.475
1.493
49.52
49.37
49.90
52.37
53.27
54.09
54.40
55. 27
56.00
57.73
57. 86
57.83
38.6
38.6
38.8
40.1
40.2
40.7
40.9
41.4
41.3
41.8
41.3
41.1
1.283
1.279
1.286
1.306
1.325
1.329
1.330
1.335
1.356
1.381
1.401
1.407
47.81
47.14
48. 26
51.27
54.16
54.63
54.89
55.71
55.73
57. 77
57. 51
57.07
41.0
40.5
41.0
42.3
43.4
43.6
43.6
43.9
43.2
44.2
43.7
43.5
1.166
1.164
1.177
1.212
1.248
1.253
1.259
1.269
1.290
1.307
1.316
1.312
47.50
46.78
48.30
50.63
49. 96
54. 85
54.60
53.85
54.88
55.05
54.14
52.86
38.4
38.0
38.0
40.8
38.4
41.3
41.3
40.4
40.5
40.3
39.2
38.5
1.237
1.231
1.271
1.241
1.301
1.328
1.322
1.333
1.355
1.366
1.381
1.373
48. 99
50.00
50.37
50.26
50. 46
48.71
49.13
52.59
53. 70
55.91
57. 47
56.92
36.1
36.9
37.2
36.9
37.1
35.3
35.5
38.0
38.3
39.4
39.8
38.8
1.357
1.355
1.354
1.362
1.360
1.380
1.384
1.384
1.402
1.419
1.444
1.467
62. 29
41.2
1. 512
58.18
40.6
1.433
55.49
42.2
1.315
54.32
38.8
1.400
56.53
38.3
1.476
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Concrete, gypsum,
and plaster products
Concrete products
Primary metal industries
Other stone, clay,
and glass products
Total: Primary
metal industries
Blast furnaces, steel
works, and rolling
mills
40.1 $1. 522 $62. 41
38.3 1.587 63.04
1948: Average............ $56.49
1949: Average_____ 57. 77
44.8 $1.261 $56.92
43.8 1.319 59.31
44.4 $1.282 $55.10
43.8 1.354 54.72
41.0 $1.344 $61.03
39.2 1.396 60. 78
1950: January_____
February.........
M arch..............
April........... .
M a y ________
June..................
July............. .
A u g u st...........
September___
October______
November___
'
December........
w prg
1951: January........... .
58.16
58. 55
59.13
59. 76
60. 75
62. 06
63.06
64.44
65.35
66.38
65. 57
65. 95
43.6
43.6
43.9
44.1
44.7
45.2
45.4
45.7
45.7
46.0
45.6
45.7
1.334
1.343
1.347
1.355
1.359
1.373
1.389
1.410
1.430
1.443
1.438
1.443
56.80
55. 71
57.48
59.25
60.20
61.07
60.78
62.62
63.59
64.09
63.64
65.14
42.2
41.3
42.2
43.5
44.3
45.1
44.2
44.6
44.5
44.6
44.1
44.8
1.346
1.349
1.362
1.362
1.359
1.354
1.375
1.404
1.429
1.437
1.443
1.454
55.33
55.69
55. 75
56.22
58.07
60.09
60.17
62.20
64.52
65. 79
66. 55
67.43
39.3
39.3
39.4
39.4
40.3
41.7
41.3
42.4
42.9
43.2
43.1
43.5
1.408
1.417
1.415
1.427
1.441
1.441
1.457
1. 467
1.504
1.523
1. 544
1. 550
63.79
63.48
62.40
65.00
65. 57
66.50
66. 95
67.36
69.10
69.81
70.14
74.54
39.5
39.6
38.9
40.4
40.5
40.8
40.7
41.1
41.4
41.9
41.8
42.4
1.615
1.603
1.604
1.609
1.619
1.630
1.645
1.639
1.669
1.666
1.678
1.758
65.83
64. SI
61.84
66.08
65. 86
66.63
67.83
67.37
69.30
68.87
69.03
75.03
64.40
44.2
1.457
63.14
43.1
1.465
66.98
42.8
1.565
74. 96
41.9
1.789
77.27
See footnotes at end of table.
936023— 51---------- 8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Iron and steel
foundries
39.5 $1. 580 $58.45
38.3 1.646 55.09
40.7
37.2
$1.436
1.481
39.3
39.3
37.5
40.0
39.7
39.8
39.9
40.1
40.2
40.8
40.8
41.0
1. 675
1.649
1.649
1. 652
1.659
1.674
1.700
1.680
1.724
1.688
1.692
1.830
58.17
59.11
60.33
62.37
63.19
64. 72
64.37
66.07
67. 57
70.04
69.23
72.49
38.7
39.2
39.9
40.9
41.3
42.0
41.8
42.6
42.9
43.8
43.0
44.2
1.503
1.508
1. 512
1.525
1.530
1.541
1.540
1.551
1.575
1.599
1.610
1.640
41.1
1.880
71.95
43.5
1.654
486
M O N TH LY LABO R
G: E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S
T a b l e C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal industries—Continued
Year and month
Gray-iron foundries
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Malleable-iron
foundries
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Steel foundries
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
P rim ary sm e ltin g
and refining of
nonferrous metals
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
P rim ary sm eltin g
and refining of
copper, lead, and
zinc
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Primary refining of
aluminum
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
1948: Average........... $57.46
1949: Average_____ 54.38
40.9 $1.405 $59.19
37.5 1.450 54.30
40.4 $1. 465 $59. 93
35.7 1.521 56.73
40.6 $1, 476 $58. 22
37.3 1.521 60. 36
41.0 $1.420 $57.14
40.4 1.494 58.99
40.9 $1.397 $58. 95
40.1 1.471 61.95
41.4
41.3
$1.424
1.500
1950: January...........
February____
M a r c h ..........
April...............
M a y...............
June...... .........
July________
August...........
September__
October_____
November___
December___
57.74
58. 91
59.81
62.03
63. 24
64.08
63.88
. 36
67. 97
70. 26
69.18
72.05
39.2
39.7
40.3
41.3
41.8
42.3
42.0
43.2
43.6
44.3
43.4
44.5
1.473
1.484
1.484
1.502
1.513
1.515
1.521
1.536
1.559
1. 586
1.594
1.619
59.25
59. 25
61.70
63.25
63. 28
65.87
64.80
. 32
67.69
69.18
69. 28
72.06
38.3
38.6
39.6
40.6
40.8
41.9
41.3
42.0
42.2
42.6
42.5
43.7
1.547
1.535
1.558
1. 558
1.551
1.572
1.569
1.579
1.604
1.624
1.630
1.649
57.75
59.83
60. 61
62.79
63.30
65. 65
65.31
65. 73
. 08
69.38
69.17
72. 52
37.6
38.7
39.1
40.3
40.6
41.5
41.6
41.6
41.3
42.8
42.2
43.4
1.536
1.546
1.550
1.558
1.559
1.582
1. 570
1.580
1.600
1.621
1.639
1.671
62.07
60. 24
61.13
61.61
61.98
62. 54
62. 83
63.15
64.44
66.40
67. 73
69. 60
41.3
40.4
40.7
40.8
40.8
40.9
40.3
40.9
41.2
41.5
41.0
41.8
1. 503
1.491
1.502
1.510
1.519
1.529
1.559
1.544
1. 564
1.600
1.652
1.665
61.35
59.00
59.79
60.38
60.29
61.44
61.37
61.89
63.18
65.01
66.30
68.10
41.4
40.3
40.7
40.8
40.6
40.8
39.9
40.8
41.0
41.7
40.9
41.6
1.482
1.464
1.469
1.480
1.485
1.506
1.538
1.517
1.541
1.559
1.621
1.637
61.16
61.66
62. 25
62.03
62. 73
62.44
63.06
62.87
63.47
67. 23
68.84
70.01
40.8
41.0
40.9
40.7
41.0
41.0
41.0
40.8
41.0
40.4
41.0
41.7
1.499
1.504
1.522
1.524
1.530
1.523
1.538
1.541
1.548
1.664
1.679
1.679
1951: January_____
70.68
43.6
1.621
71.30
42.8
1.666
73.44
43.0
1.708
71.35
41.7
1.711
70. 21
41.4
1.696
69.75
41.1
1.697
66
66
66
Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal industries—Continued
R o llin g , draw ing,
and alloying of
nonferrous metals
R o llin g , draw ing,
and alloying of
copper
R o llin g , draw ing,
and alloying of
aluminum
Nonferrous foundries
Other primary metal
industries
1948: Average_____ $57.81
1949: Average_____ 58.05
40.2 $1. 438 $60.42
38.7 1.500 59.29
40.8 $1. 481 $53.88
38.5 1.540 56. 21
39.1 $1.378 $59.96
38.9 1.445 60.92
40.0 $1.499 $63.08
39.0 1.562 63. 34
1950: January_____
February____
M arch______
A pril................
M ay________
June.................
July— ..........
A ugust............
September___
October_____
November___
December___
61.97
63. 29
64. 29
64. 29
66.63
67. 75
67.76
68.48
65. 21
. 05
69.18
72.97
40.5
41.1
41.4
41.4
42.2
42.8
42.4
42.8
41.4
41.8
41.7
43.1
1.530
1.540
1.553
1.553
1.579
1.583
1.598
1.600
1.575
1.628
1.659
1.693
64.53
. 30
66.96
67.61
70. 72
72. 26
73. 46
73.67
68.09
70.22
71.48
77.04
41.1
41.7
41.9
42.1
43.2
43.9
44.2
44.3
41.8
42.1
41.8
44.2
1.570
1.590
1.598
1.606
1.637
1.646
1.662
1.663
1.629
1.710
1.743
57.37
57. 91
59. 54
58. 53
58.73
58. 26
57.02
58. 51
57. 56
63. 59
64. 43
66.01
39.4
39.8
40.5
40.2
40.2
40.4
39.0
39.8
39.4
40.4
40.6
40.9
1.456
1.455
1.470
1.456
1.461
1.442
1.462
1.470
1.461
1.574
1.587
1.614
62.73
62.29
63.04
64.03
65. 36
. 52
64.27
66.36
70. 61
72. 29
72.80
76.21
39.6
39.5
40.1
40.5
40.9
41.6
40.5
41.4
42.9
42.8
42.8
43.9
1.584
1.577
1. 572
1.581
1.598
1.599
1.587
1.603
1.646
1.689
1.701
1.736
68.92
41.1
1. 677
70. 29
41.2
1.706
65. 61
40.4
1.624
72.67
42.3
1.718
1951: January_____
68
66
1.668
66
Iron and steel
forgings
40.8 $1.546 $65.16
39.1 1.620 63.18
40.8
38.2
$1.597
1.654
65. 44
67.28
67.23
67.61
69.68
70. 39
70. 47
71.95
74.13
75.17
76. 65
77. 56
40.0
40.8
40.4
40.8
41.6
41.8
41.6
42.2
42.8
43.3
43.8
43.5
1.636
1.649
1.664
1.657
1.675
1.684
1.694
1.705
1.732
1.736
1.750
1.783
66.94
68. 75
68.80
72.94
72. 21
73.08
74.63
77.83
80. 29
82.86
80. 75
38.6
39.4
39.9
40.0
41.8
41.5
41.5
41.6
42.6
43.4
44.1
43.3
1.681
1.699
1.723
1.720
1.745
1.740
1.761
1.794
1.827
1.850
1.879
1.865
77.90
42.8
1.820
82.36
43.3
1.902
64.89
Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal in
dustries—Con.
Wire drawing
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)
T o ta l: F a b ricated
m e ta l p r o d u c ts
(except ordnance,
m a c h in er y , and
tr a n s p o r ta tio n
equipment)
Tin cans and other
tinware
Cutlery, hand tools,
and hardware
Cutlery and edge
tools
1948: Average.......... $62.17
1949: Average_____ 63. 66
40.5 $1. 535 $56.68
39.2 1.624 57.82
40.6 $1.396 $54.07
39.6 1.460 56.24
40.9 $1. 322 $54. 22
40.4 1.392 54.82
40.8 $1.329 $51.13
39.3 1.395 50.84
1950: January...
February.
March__
68.05
71.06
68.82
69.89
70.39
72.93
72.89
74. 25
77.86
77. 00
78.80
80. 77
40.6
42.2
40.7
41.6
41.6
42.4
42.6
43.5
44.8
44.2
45.0
44. 6
1.676
1.684
1.691
1.680
1.692
1.720
1.711
1.707
1.738
1.742
1.751
1.811
59.93
59.68
59.64
60. 56
60. 89
62.87
62.55
64. 79
65.72
66.66
66. 20
68. 31
40.3
40.3
40.3
40.7
40.7
41.5
41.1
42.1
42.1
42.3
41.9
42.4
1.487
1.481
1.480
1.488
1.496
1.515
1.522
1.539
1.561
1.576
1.580
1.611
56.76
56.80
56.98
58. 77
59. 20
60.94
64.14
67. 46
63. 90
60. 56
58.85
62. 41
40.4
40.2
40.3
40.7
41.0
41.8
42.9
44.5
43.0
41.0
40.2
41.8
1.405
1.413
1.414
1.444
1.444
1.458
1.495
1.516
1.486
1.477
1.464
1.493
57.55
58. 20
58.83
58. 79
57.57
60. 61
59. 57
61.03
62.96
64.99
64.09
66.87
40.5
40.7
41.2
41.2
40.6
41.6
40.8
41.6
42.0
42.9
42.0
43.0
1.421
1.430
1.428
1.427
1.418
1.457
1.460
1.467
1.499
1. 515
1.526
1.555
82.43
44.2
1.865
67. 56
41.6
1.624
63.14
41.0
1.540
65.24
41.9
1.557
M ay.
June.
July..
Septem ber...
October.........
N ovem ber.. .
December__
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Hand tools
41.3 $1.238 $56.07
40.0 1.271 54.54
40.9
38.6
$1.371
1.413
50.79
51.22
53.07
53. 49
52.16
54.41
51.34
56.08
57.14
60. 71
60. 56
62. 91
39.9
40.3
41.2
41.4
40.5
41.6
39.4
42.2
42.2
43.9
43.1
43.9
1.273
1.271
1.288
1.292
1.288
1.308
1.303
1.329
1.354
1.383
1.405
1.433
55. 92
55.87
56. 77
57. 32
58. 20
59.16
59. 38
63.11
64.63
66.13
67.31
. 56
68
39.3
39.1
39.7
40.0
40.5
40.8
40.7
42.1
42.3
42.8
42.9
43.2
1.423
1.429
1.430
1.433
1.437
1.450
1.459
1.499
1.528
1.545
1.569
1.587
60. 76
42.7
1.423
68.64
42.9
1.600
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
C: E A R N IN G S AN D H O U R S
487
T a b l e C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M anufactur ing—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—Continued
Year and month
Hardware
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn
ings hours
Heating apparatus
(except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Sanitary ware and
plumbers’ supplies
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Oil burners, non
electric heating and
cooking apparatus,
not elsewhere
classified
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Fabricated struc
tural metal products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Structural steel and
ornamental
metalwork
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
1948: Average......... $54.26
1949: A verage...... 56.28
40.4 $1.343 $57.53
39.3 1.432 57.04
40.2 $1,431 $60.40
38.7 1.474 59. 79
40.4 $1,495 $55.80
38.5 1.553 55.45
40.0 $1,395 $58.17
38.8 1.429 59.90
41.2 $1,412 $57.68
40.5 1.479 60. 91
41.2
41.1
$1,400
1.482
1950: January____
February___
March_____
April..............
May........... .
June...............
July...............
August.........
September...
October____
November__
December___
60.19
61.04
61.15
60. 71
58. 87
62. 93
61.88
61. 91
64.23
65. 82
63. 97
67. 55
41.0
41.3
41.6
41.5
4U. 6
41. 9
41.2
41.3
41.9
42.6
41.3
42. 7
1.468
1.478
1.470
1.463
1.450
1. 502
1.502
1.499
1.533
1. 545
1. 549
1.582
59.23
59. 59
60.20
60. 76
61.30
62.11
63.28
65. 53
66.83
68.09
67.27
68. 71
39.7
39.7
40.0
40.0
40.3
40.7
41.2
41.9
42.3
42.4
41.6
42.1
1.492
1.501
1.505
1.519
1.521
1.526
1.536
1.564
1. 580
1.606
1.617
1.632
62.24
63. 54
63.86
63. 91
63. 91
65.27
67.43
67.51
71.18
72. 41
72.85
74.39
40.0
40.5
40.6
40.4
40.4
41.1
41.7
41.8
42.8
43.1
42.6
43.3
1.556
1.569
1.573
1.582
1.582
1.588
1.617
1.615
1.663
1.680
1.710
1.718
57.14
56.76
57.62
58.63
59.30
59. 90
60.20
64.20
64.13
65.20
63.67
64. 96
39.6 1.443
39.2 1.448
39.6 1.455
39.8 1.473
40.2 1.475
40. 5 1.479
40.9 1.472
42.1 1.525
42.0 1.527
41.9 1.556
41.0 1.553
41.3 1.573
60.30
59. 81
60.38
61.31
61.66
62.65
61.39
64.22
65.02
65.93
66.25
68.16
40.2
39.9
40.2
40.6
40.7
41.0
40.1
41.7
41.6
42.1
42.2
42.1
1.500
1.499
1.502
1.510
1.515
1.528
1.531
1.540
1.563
1.566
1.570
1.619
61.51
61.01
61.43
62.09
62.25
63.40
60.39
63.63
63.44
64. 85
65.80
67.30
41.2
40.7
40.9
41.2
41.2
41.6
39.6
41.7
41.3
42.0
42.1
41.7
1.493
1.499
1. 502
1.507
1.511
1.524
1.525
1.526
1.536
1.544
1.563
1.614
1951: January........
65. 81
41.6
1.582
68.35
41.1
1.663
73.90
42.3
1.747
65.04
40.5
68.64
41.8
1.642
68.10
41.5
1.641
1.606
Manufacturing—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—Continued
Machinery (except
(electrical)
Metal stamping,
coating, and
engraving
Total: Machinery
(except electrical)
Boiler-shop products
Sheet-metal work
Stamped and pressed
metal products
Other fabricated
metal products
1948: Average_____ $58. 79
1949: Average_____ 59. 78
41.2 $1,427 $56.64
40.2 1.487 57.60
40.6 $1.395 $56. 66
39.7 1.451 58.54
40.1 $1,413 $58.39
39.5 1.482 60.30
40.3 $1.449 $56.88
39.7 1.519 58.38
40.4 $1,408 $60.52
39.5 1.478 60.44
41.2
39.5
$1.469
1.530
1950: January_____
February____
March........... .
April...............
M ay...............
June................
July.................
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
38.9 1.507
39.1 1.495
39.3 1.496
39.9 1.498
40.0 1.490
40. 6 1.508
40. 5 1.519
41.1 1.517
41.4 1.555
41.4 1. 570
42.2 1. 562
42.2 1.617
58.93
58.89
58.39
58.76
60.40
60.28
61.04
63. 52
63.90
65.77
64. 96
67.38
39.9
40.2
39.8
40.0
40.7
40.4
40.8
41.9
41.6
42.6
41.8
42.3
1.477
1.465
1.467
1.469
1.484
1.492
1.496
1.516
1.536
1.544
1.554
1.593
61.02
60. 67
60.63
61.19
61.55
64.16
63. 58
65. 69
66.34
67.05
66. 77
68. 91
40.2
40.5
40.5
40.9
40.6
41.8
41.1
42.0
41.7
41.8
41.5
42.2
1.518
1.498
1.497
1.496
1.516
1.535
1.547
1.564
1.591
1.604
1.609
1.633
63.37
62.35
62. 59
62. 92
63.55
66.31
65.46
67. 86
68.46
68.60
68.64
70.73
40.7
40.7
40.8
41.1
41.0
42.1
41.3
42.2
41.9
41.7
41.6
42.2
1.557
1.532
1.534
1.531
1. 550
1.575
1.585
1.608
1.634
1.645
1.650
1.676
61.51
60.47
59.14
61.16
62.43
64.82
63. 94
66.17
67.32
68.66
67. 85
70.27
40.6
40.5
39.8
40.8
41.1
42.2
41.6
42.5
42.5
42.7
42.3
42.9
1.515 61.57
1.493 62.55
1.486 63.34
1.499 64.33
1.519 65.09
1.536 65.69
1.537 66.35
1.557 67.98
1.584 68. 94
1.608 71.00
1.604 72.03
1.638 74.25
39.8
40.3
40.6
41.0
41.3
41.5
41.6
42.3
42.4
42.9
43.0
43.7
1.547
1.552
1.560
1. 569
1. 576
1.583
1.595
1.607
1.626
1.655
1.675
1.699
41.5
66.58
41.3
1.612
68.06
41.6
1.636
69.35
41.4
1.675
68.27
41.6
1.641
43.4
1.713
58.62
58.45
58. 79
59. 77
59. 60
61.22
61. 52
62.35
64.38
65.00
65. 92
68.24
1951: January........... 68.23
1.644
74.34
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Engines and
turbines
Agricultural
machinery
and tractors
Agricultural
machinery
(except tractors)
Tractors
Construction and
mining
machinery
Metalworking
machinery
1948: Average........... $63.50
1949: Average_____ 63.13
40.5 $1,568 $60. 59
38.9 1. 623 61.11
40.5 $1.496 $62.05
39.3 1.555 61.86
40.5 $1.532 $58. 62
39.2 1.578 59.93
40.4 $1.451 $60.33
39.3 1.525 58.74
42.1 $1,433 $62. 94
39.8 1.476 61.11
42.1
39.5
$1,495
1.547
1950: January....... .
February........
March.............
April................
May________
June________
July.................
August______
September___
October.........
November___
December.......
63.88
63.69
63.96
68. 72
68. 79
68. 70
68. 91
70.83
70. 81
69.48
74. 57
78.95
39.0
39.0
39.0
41.0
40.8
40.7
40.3
41.3
41.0
40.0
42.2
43.5
1.638
1.633
1.640
1.676
1.686
1.688
1. 710
1.715
1.727
1.737
1.767
1.815
61.58
63.24
62.92
62.96
63.88
63.84
63.88
65.29
64.35
64. 82
67. 51
70.66
39.1
40.0
39.6
39.7
40.1
40.2
40.1
40.3
40.5
39.5
40.4
41.3
1.575
1.581
1.589
1. 586
1.593
1.588
1.593
1.620
1.589
1.641
1.671
1.711
61. 92
64.28
63. 92
64.68
65.49
65.16
65.08
67.39
65. 97
65.27
69. 50
73. 72
38.8
40.2
39.7
40.1
40.4
40.5
40.3
40.5
40.5
38.9
41.1
42.1
1.596
1.599
1.610
1.613
1.621
1.609
1.615
1.664
1.629
1.678
1.691
1.751
60.91
61.93
61.66
60.68
61.77
62.16
62.25
62.36
62.37
64.00
64.69
66.45
39.4
39.8
39.5
39.1
39.7
39.9
39.8
40.0
40.5
40.2
39.4
40.2
1.546
1.556
1.561
1.552
1.556
1.558
1.564
1. 559
1.540
1.592
1.642
1.653
60.28
61.36
62.36
63.11
63.70
65.20
65.06
66.60
67.62
69. 96
70.31
72.22
40.4
40.8
41.3
41.6
41.8
42.7
42.3
42.8
42.8
43.7
43.4
44.2
1.492
1.504
1.510
1.517
1.524
1.527
1.538
1. 556
1.580
1.601
1.620
1.634
61.42
63.86
65.10
67.21
68.57
69.81
71.16
73.42
73.24
77.83
78.23
80.59
39.4
40.6
41.1
41.8
42.3
42.8
43.1
44.2
43.7
45.2
45.3
46.0
1.559
1.573
1.584
1.608
1.621
1.631
1.651
1.661
1.676
1.722
1. 727
1.752
1951: January_____
78.16
42.9
1.822
71.76
41.1
1.746
74. 71
41.9
1.783
67.89
40.1
1.693
72.86
44.0
1.656
80. 75
45.8
1.763
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
488
MONTHLY LABOR
G: E A R N I N G S A N D H O U R S
T a b l e C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M anufacturing— Cont inued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Year and month
Machine tools
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
1948: Average____
1949: Average------
$61. 57
59.15
1950: January____
February—
M arch.........
April______
M a y_______
June..........
July----------August____
Septem ber..
October____
N ovem ber..
D ecem ber.. .
: January------
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Metalworking
machinery (except
machine tools)
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Special-industry
machinery (except
metalworking
machinery)
Machine-tool
accessories
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
General industrial
machinery
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
$1.496
1.583
1.520
1.521
1.527
1.535
1.547
1.560
1.575
1.572
1.610
1.630
1.649
1.674
63.84
63.64
63.16
63. 60
63.96
64. 52
65.85
67.63
69. 55
70.89
71.11
73.62
39.8
39.9
39.8
40.1
40.1
40.5
40.9
41.8
42.0
42.3
42.2
43.0
1.604
1.595
1.587
1.586
1.595
1.593
1.610
1.618
1.656
1.676
1.685
1.712
1.682
71.48
41.9
1.706
63.64
65.37
66.95
69.56
72.25
74.34
76.69
76.16
75. 64
82.72
81.26
82.07
39.6
40.6
41.1
41.8
42.8
43.6
44.2
44.0
43.9
45.6
45.6
45.9
1.607
1.610
1.629
1.664
1.688
1.705
1. 735
1.731
1.723
1.814
1.782
1.788
61.45
61.80
62.26
62. 65
63. 55
53.91
63.92
65.75
67.44
69.49
70.86
73. 21
40.4
40.5
40.8
41.0
41.4
41.5
41.4
42.2
42.6
43.0
43.1
44.1
1.521
1.526
1.526
1.528
1. 535
1.540
1.544
1.558
1.583
1.616
1.644
1.660
60.04
59.93
60.93
62.01
63.89
64.43
65.99
66. 65
68.91
71.39
72.23
74.33
39.5
39.4
39.9
40.4
41.3
41.3
41.9
42.4
42.8
43.8
43.8
44.4
82.34
45.9
1.794
73.68
44.2
1.667
74.34
44.2
59.66
61.86
63. 00
64. 69
65.46
66.58
66.88
71.16
72. 24
76. 78
77. 51
81.09
39.2
40.3
40.8
41.6
41.8
42.3
42.3
44.2
44.1
45.7
45.7
46.9
1.522
1.535
1.544
1.555
1.566
1. 574
1.581
1.610
1.638
1.680
1.696
1.729
61.94
66.17
67.10
68.95
69.69
70.10
71.87
73.01
71.64
73.12
73.69
76.47
39.3
41.2
41.6
42.2
42.6
42.9
43.4
44.3
42.9
43.6
43.4
44.1
1.576
1.606
1.613
1.634
1.636
1.634
1.656
1.648
1.670
1.677
1.698
1.734
81.50
47.0
1.734
76.82
43.6
1.762
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.1
39.5
42.3 $1. 433 $59. 78
40.3 1.503 59. 53
42.1 $1. 496 $65. 21
39.8 1.554 64.16
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
41.2 $1. 451 $61.49
39.5 1.507 62. 53
41.8 $1. 560 $60.62
39.7 1.616 60. 57
42.2 $1. 459 $62.98
39.3 1.505 61.85
Office and store
machines and devices
M anufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Computing machines
and cash registers
Service-industry and Refrigerators and airconditioning units
household machines
Typewriters
40.4 $1.460 $58. 29
39.7 1.528 59.98
Miscellaneous ma
chinery parts
39.9 $1.461 $57. 62
39.0 1.538 57.59
Machine shops (job
and repair)
40.1 $1.437 $58. 77
38.6 1.492 58. 70
40.2
39.0
$1.462
1. 505
1.506
1.518
1.531
1.534
1.530
1.542
1.560
1.578
1.601
1.616
1.639
1.671
59.86
60.79
60.42
61.92
62. 72
63.86
64.89
66.06
65.79
68.79
69.54
72.96
39.8
40.1
39.8
40.6
41.1
41.6
41.7
42.4
41.8
43.1
42.9
44.3
1.504
1.516
1.518
1.525
1.526
1.535
1.556
1.558
1.574
1.596
1.621
1.647
1.693
74.01
44.0
1.682
1948: Average_____ $66. 54
1949: Average-------- 67.87
41.2 $1.615 $55.65
39.9 1.701 56.04
41.1 $1. 354 $58.98
39.0 1.437 60.66
1950: January_____
February------M arch_______
April_____ . .
M a y ________
Juno________
July-------------August______
September___
October______
N ovem ber___
December____
69.60
68.84
68. 05
68.56
69.20
69.58
71.07
72.19
74.56
76.00
73.89
77.38
40.3
40.0
39.7
40.0
40.3
40.5
40.8
41.3
41.7
42.2
41.3
42.4
1.727
1.721
1.714
1.714
1.717
1. 718
1.742
1.748
1.788
1.801
1.789
1.825
55.77
56.41
56. 47
57.41
58.19
58.33
60.63
63. 90
66.60
67.14
69.61
69.07
38.7
39.2
39.3
39.7
40.1
40.2
41.3
42.8
43.5
43.4
44.0
43.8
1.441
1.439
1.437
1.446
1.451
1.451
1.468
1.493
1.531
1. 547
1.582
1.577
63.24
63.87
66.14
65.88
67. 20
67.55
67.17
66.93
67.90
70. 60
70.26
69.30
40.8
41.1
42.1
41.8
42.4
42.3
41.9
41.6
41.4
42.3
41.6
41.2
1.550
1.554
1. 571
1.576
1.585
1.597
1.603
1.609
1.640
1.669
1.689
1.682
62.16
63.65
66.12
66.29
68.50
68.02
67. 67
66.22
64.95
67.73
68.45
66.04
40.1
40.7
41.9
41.8
43.0
42.3
41.8
40.8
39.7
40.8
40.5
39.5
1.550
1.564
1.578
1.586
1.593
1.608
1.619
1.623
1.636
1.660
1.690
1.672
59.64
61.18
62.01
63.05
62.42
63.22
65.21
67.54
68.68
70.46
71.30
73.86
39.6
40.3
40.5
41.1
40.8
41.0
41.8
42.8
42.9
43.6
43.5
44.2
1951: January_____
74.90
41.2
1.818
67.47
42.7
1.580
69.16
40.8
1.695
65.49
39.1
1.675
74.83
44.2
M anufacturing— C ontinued
Electrical machinery
Total: Electrical
machinery
Electrical generating,
transmission, dis
tribution, and indus
trial apparatus
Motors, generators,
transformers, and
industrial controls
Electrical equipment
for vehicles
Communication
equipment
39.8 $1.309 $48. 53
39.5 1.356 50.68
39.2
39.5
$1.238
1.283
1.355
1.356
1.347
1.339
1.341
1.346
1.344
1.354
1.376
1.412
1.428
1.439
53.05
52.62
52.54
52. 21
51.82
51.93
52. 37
52.89
54.44
57.03
56. 32
56.98
41.0
40.6
40.6
40.6
40.2
40.1
40.5
40.5
40.9
41.6
40.9
41.2
1.294
1.296
1.294
1.286
1.289
1.295
1.293
1.306
1.331
1.371
1.377
1.383
1.458
57. 55
40.9
1.407
1948: Average-------- $55.66
1949: Average------- 56.96
40.1 $1.388 $58.34
39.5 1.442 59.61
40.4 $1.444 $59. 55
39.5 1.509 61.30
40.4 $1. 474 $56.77
39.7 1.544 59.16
1950: January_____
February___
March___ —_
April________
M a y _______
June________
July_________
August______
September___
October_____
N ovem ber___
December____
58.44
58. 26
58.44
58.71
59.28
58.62
59. 44
60.15
61.48
64.12
64. .33
65.35
40.5
40.4
40.5
40.6
40.8
40.4
40.6
41.0
41.4
42.1
41.8
42.0
1.443
1.442
1.443
1.446
1.453
1.451
1.464
1.467
1.485
1.523
1.539
1.556
60.46
60.04
60. 51
60.97
61.85
61.95
62. 52
64. 25
64.85
67.35
68.48
69. 28
40.2
40.0
40.1
40.3
40.8
40.7
40.6
41.4
41.6
42.2
42.3
42.4
1.504
1.501
1.509
1.513
1.516
1.522
1.540
1.552
1.559
1.596
1.619
1.634
62.02
61.16
61.79
62.65
63.19
63.05
63.94
65.30
65.45
68. 36
69.13
69.51
40.3
40.0
40.1
40.6
40.9
40.6
40.7
41.3
41.4
42.2
42.1
42.0
1. 539
1.529
1.541
1.543
1.545
1.553
1.571
1.581
1.581
1.620
1.642
1.655
60.19
61.38
63.73
64. 78
69.12
66. 40
65.78
66. 41
67. 33
70. 44
67.89
69.97
39.7
40.3
41.3
41.9
43.8
42.0
41.4
41.9
41.9
42.9
41.5
42.0
1.516
1. 523
1. 543
1.546
1. 578
1.581
1.589
1.585
1.607
1.642
1.636
1.666
55.56
55.32
54.82
54.23
53.77
54.11
54.43
55.11
56.69
59.02
58.83
59.86
41.0
40.8
40.7
40.5
40.1
40.2
40.5
40.7
41.2
41.8
41.2
41.6
1951: January_____
64.38
41.4
1.555
68.33
42.0
1.627
69.47
41.9
1.658
65.85
40.2
1.638
60.07
41.2
See fo otno te s a t end o f table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
39.7 $1. 430 $52.10
39.1 1.513 53. 56
Radios, phonographs,
television sets, and
equipment
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
489
C: E A R N IN 0 8 A N D H O U R S
T a b l e C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees
Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Electrical machinery—Continued
Year and month
Telephone and tele
graph equipment
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Transportation equipment
Electrical appliances,
lamps, and miscel Total: Transportation
equipment
laneous products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Automobiles
Aircraft and parts
Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly. earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
1948: Average-..
1949: Average.._
. $59. 54
40.7 $1. 463 $56.08
39. 3 1. 563 56. 52
40.2 $1. 395 $61. 58
39.5 1.431 64.95
39.0 $1. 579 $61.86
39.2 1.657 65. 97
38.4 $1. 611 $61.21
38.9 1.696 63.62
41.0
40.6
$1.493
1.567
1950: January...
February.
March___
April.........
M ay____
June.........
July-------August__
September.
October__
November.
December.
. 63.68
39.7
39. 5
39. 2
39. 4
39. 6
39.8
39. 6
40.0
40. 7
40.8
40. 9
41. 6
1.604 59.09
1.611 58. 78
1.605 58.68
1. 618 60.34
1.622 60. 60
1.624 57.62
1. 617 60. 30
1.636 59.74
1.649 62.43
1. 657 65. 71
1. 721 66.18
1. 729 67. 55
40.5 1.459 68.12
40.4 1.455 66.58
40.3 1.456 67.46
40.8 1.479 70. 46
41.0 1.478 69. 62
39.6 1.455 72. 53
40.5 1.489 71.71
40.5 1.475 72.87
41.4 1.508 72. 39
42.2 1.557 73.02
42.1 1.572 71.78
42.3 1.597 75.02
40.5
39.7
40.2
41.3
41.0
42.0
41.5
42.0
40.9
41.0
40.1
41.4
1.682
1. 677
1.678
1.706
1.698
1.727
1. 728
1.735
1. 770
1.781
1.790
1.812
70.14
67. 64
69.08
73. 77
71.66
75.76
74. 35
75. 21
73. 81
75. 21
72. 76
76.11
40.9
39.6
40.4
42.2
41.4
42.8
42.1
42.3
40.6
41.1
39.5
40.9
1.715 65. 20
1. 708 65. 69
1.710 65. 29
1.748 64. 96
1.731 65. 61
1.770 65. 32
1.766 66.54
1.778 68. 94
1.818 71.18
1.830 70.18
1.842 71. 78
1.861 74. 69
40.7
40.7
40.5
40. 3
40.8
40.7
41.2
42.4
42. 7
41. 9
42.4
43.2
1951: January__
. 71.15
41.2
1. 727
41.1
39.9
1.794
71.02
38.6
1.840
43.6
1. 602
1. 614
1. 612
1.612
1. 608
1.605
1. 615
1. 626
1. 667
1. 675
1.693
1.729
Ü&I!
1. 728
64. 53
1.570
71.58
75.34
M anufacturing—Continued
Transportation equipment—Continued
Aircraft engines and
parts
Aircraft
Aircraft propellers
and parts
Other aircraft parts
and equipment
Ship and boat building and repairing
1948: Average_____
1949: Average....... .
$60. 21
62. 69
41.1 $1. 465 $63. 40
40.5 1. 548 65. 24
40.9 $1.550 $62.13
40.7 1.603 66.83
39.7 $1. 565 $63. 59
41.0 1.630 65.08
41.0 $1. 551 $60.68
40.4 1.611 61.67
38. 7
38.0
$1. 568
1.623
1950: January.......... .
February____
M arch_______
April............... .
M ay................ .
June................ .
Ju ly ................
August.............
September.......
October............
November___
December........
64. 63
65. 00
64. 36
64. 24
64. 68
64. 48
40.1
40.7
41.1
40.7
41.6
41.5
42.7
42.1
43.8
39. 7
45.0
45.4
1.621 68.88
1.630 70.18
1.630 66. 65
1.624 67.06
1.643 63. 85
1.635 67.25
1.661 71.87
1.685 78.68
1.703 77.62
1.750 81.17
1.796 80.67
1.842 88. 54
42.0
41.6
40.2
40.3
39.1
40.2
42.2
44.4
43.9
44.6
43.3
45.9
1.640
1.687
1.658
1.664
1.633
1. 673
1.703
1.772
1.768
1.820
1.863
1.929
67.40
67.81
67.97
67. 06
67.73
67. 98
69.04
68.22
67.53
77.08
75.91
79. 61
40.9
41.0
40.8
40.4
40.9
40.9
41.0
40.8
39.7
43.6
43.6
45.0
1.648
1. 654
1. 666
1.660
1.656
1.662
1.684
1. 672
1. 701
1.768
1.741
1.769
61. 46
61.16
62.53
62. 08
63. 21
62.39
64.20
64.84
62. 89
62.89
64. 47
66.31
37.8
37. 5
38. 2
37. 9
38.4
38.3
38.1
39. 2
38.3
38.3
38. 7
39.8
1 626
1. 631
1. 637
68. 29
70. 50
69.17
08. 72
71. 53
40.7 1.588 65.00
40.6 1.601 66.34
40.3 1.597 66. 99
40. 2 1. 598 66.10
40. 6 1.593 68.35
40. 5 1.592 67.85
40.8 1.593 70. 92
42.6 1.603 70.94
42. 7 1.651 74. 59
42.1 1.643 69.48
41. 5 1. 656 80.82
42.3 1.691 83. 63
1. 642
1. 642
1. 666
1.666
1951: January....... .
72.93
43.1
45.1
1.834
45.3
1.922
79. 61
44.5
1.789
63.95
38.5
1.661
1.692
82. 71
87.07
1. 63fl
1 646
1 629
1 685
1.654
Manufacturing—Continued
Transportation equipment—Continued
Shipbuilding and
repairing
1948: Average...
1949: Average...
$61. 22
61.88
1950: Jan u ary ...
February..
M arch___
April........ .
M ay......... .
June......... .
July.......... .
August___
September.
October__
November.
December..
61.74
61. 55
63.30
62. 57
1951: January__
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Boat building and
repairing
Railroad equipment
Locomotives and
parts
Railroad and street
cars
38.7 $1. 582 $51. 59
37.8 1. 637 54.84
39.5 $1. 306 $62.24
40.5 1.354 63.54
40.0 $1. 556 $63.80
39.2 1.621 65.47
39.6 $1,611 $60.82
39.3 1.666 61.70
40.2
38.9
$1. 513
1.586
62.91
65. 04
65. 62
63. 36
63. 23
65.08
66.97
37.6
37.3
38. 2
37. 6
38. 2
37. 9
37.9
39. 2
38.1
38.0
38. 6
39.7
1.642
1.650
1.657
1.664
1.676
1.660
1. 716
1.674
1. 663
1.664
1. 686
1.687
56.00
54. 79
52.83
55.08
55. 34
56.62
56.24
55.70
55. 50
57.12
56. 54
57. 73
40.7
40.2
38.7
40.5
40.9
42.0
40.9
39.9
40.1
41.3
40.1
40.6
1.376
1.363
1.365
1.360
1.353
1.348
1.375
1.396
1.384
1.383
1.410
1.422
61.60
64.89
64. 21
64. 52
64.99
64. 56
64.40
65. 29
68. 72
69.04
69. 51
72.42
38.0
39.4
39.2
39.2
39.8
39.2
39.1
39.5
40.4
40.0
40.2
40.8
1.621
1.647
1.638
1.646
1.633
1.647
1.647
1.653
1.701
1.726
1.729
1.775
63. 29
67. 48
67.42
67.46
68. 59
67.86
68. 64
68.68
73.05
74.74
73. 53
76.33
38.9
40.0
40.2
40.2
40.9
39.5
40.4
40.0
40.9
41.0
40.4
40.6
1.627
1.687
1.677
1.678
1.677
1.718
1.699
1.717
1.786
1.823
1.820
1.880
59. 77
62.07
60.93
61.19
61.02
61.58
60.14
61.85
64.12
62.86
65.36
67.98
37.1
38. 7
38. 2
38.1
38. 5
39.0
37.8
39.0
39.8
38.9
40.1
41.0
1.611
1. 604
1. 695
1. 606
1. 585
1.579
1. 591
1. 586
1. 611
1. 616
1.630
1.658
64. 47
38.4
1. 679
58.89
40.7
1.447
72.98
41.3
1.767
77.88
41.6
1.872
67.86
41.2
1.647
490
M O N TH LY LABO R
C: E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S
T a b l e C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
T r a n s p o r ta tio n
e q u ip m e n t— C o n .
I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s
O th e r t r a n s p o r t a t io n
e q u ip m e n t
Y e a r a n d m o n th
T o ta l: I n s tr u m e n ts
a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s
P h o to g r a p h ic
a p p a r a tu s
O p h t h a lm ic g o o d s
W a t c h e s a n d c lo c k s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k iy .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
1948: Average............................ .
1949: Average-............................
$ 5 8 .1 4
5 7 .6 0
4 0 .8
3 9 .7
$1. 425
1 .4 5 1
$ 5 3 .4 5
5 5 .2 8
4 0 .1
3 9 .6
$ 1 .3 3 3
1 .3 9 6
$45. 54
4 7 .0 4
3 9 .7
3 9 .6
$ 1 .1 4 7
1 .1 8 8
$58. 64
5 9 .9 1
4 0 .5
3 9 .7
$1. 448
1 .5 0 9
$ 4 8 .8 4
4 9 .5 3
4 0 .1
3 9 .0
$ 1 .2 1 8
1 .2 7 0
1950: January---------------------February.................... —
March-----------------------April— ........ - ............ —
M a y ..................- ..............
June....................- ..............
July__________________
August— ..........................
September........................
October...... .......................
November
............—
December...................... .
5 8 .6 7
6 0 .0 3
5 8 .1 3
58. 58
6 0 .2 2
6 1 .0 6
6 0 .0 9
6 0 .3 0
7 3 .8 8
69. 86
7 0 .7 3
7 2 .2 5
4 1 .0
4 0 .4
3 9 .2
3 9 .5
4 0 .2
4 0 .9
4 0 .3
3 9 .8
4 6 .0
4 3 .5
4 4 .4
4 4 .6
1 .4 3 1
1 .4 8 6
1 .4 8 3
1 .4 8 3
1 .4 9 8
1 .4 9 3
1 .4 9 1
1 .5 1 5
1 .6 0 6
1 .6 0 6
1. 593
1 .6 2 0
5 6 .4 9
5 6 .8 9
5 7 .4 0
57. 52
5 8 .3 4
5 8 .9 3
5 8 .9 8
6 1 .1 3
6 3 .5 8
6 4 .7 7
6 5 .4 7
6 6 .1 6
3 9 .7
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 1 .7
4 2 .5
4 2 .5
4 2 .4
4 2 .3
1 .4 2 3
1 .4 2 5
1 .4 3 5
1 .4 3 8
1 .4 4 4
1 .4 4 8
1 .4 4 2
1 .4 6 6
1 .4 9 6
1. 524
1 .5 4 4
1. 564
4 6 .8 8
4 7 .6 0
4 7 .1 5
4 7 .6 3
49. 74
5 1 .2 1
5 1 .1 3
5 2 .1 7
5 2 .1 7
5 4 .1 3
54. 50
5 5 .7 4
3 9 .2
3 9 .6
3 9 .0
3 9 .2
4 0 .6
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .7
4 1 .6
4 2 .1
1 .1 9 6
1 .2 0 2
1 .2 0 9
1 .2 1 5
1 .2 2 5
1 .2 4 3
1 .2 5 0
1 .2 5 4
1 .2 5 4
1 .2 9 8
1 .3 1 0
1 .3 2 4
6 1 .6 0
6 1 .9 5
6 2 .2 3
63. 05
63. 21
6 3 .5 3
6 3 .3 2
65. 72
6 9 .1 5
69. 22
6 9 .6 0
7 0 .7 3
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
4 0 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
4 1 .7
4 2 .4
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
4 2 .1
1 .5 4 0
1 .5 4 5
1 .5 4 8
1 .5 5 3
1 .5 5 3
1.561
1 .5 5 2
1. 576
1 .6 3 1
1 .6 4 8
1 .6 6 5
1 .6 8 0
49. 86
5 0 .1 8
50. 57
5 0 .0 1
4 9 .9 7
49. 72
5 1 .2 5
5 1 .9 8
5 5 .1 5
5 8 .0 6
5 9 .4 7
5 8 .9 5
3 8 .8
3 8 .9
3 8 .9
3 8 .5
3 8 .2
3 8 .1
3 9 .0
3 9 .8
4 0 .7
4 1 .8
4 2 .0
4 1 .4
1 .2 8 5
1 .2 9 0
1 .3 0 0
1 .2 9 9
1 .3 0 8
1 .3 0 5
1 .3 1 4
1 .3 0 6
1 .3 5 5
1 .3 8 9
1 .4 1 6
1 .4 2 4
1951: January............................ .
6 7 .0 1
4 1 .8
1 .6 0 3
64. 82
4 1 .5
1 .5 6 2
5 5 .6 4
4 1 .9
1 .3 2 8
6 9 .9 7
4 1 .8
1 .6 7 4
5 5 .0 6
3 8 .5
1 .4 3 0
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
In str u m e n ts a n d
r e la t e d p r o d u c t s —
C o n tin u e d
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s
P r o fe s s io n a l a n d
s c ie n t if i c i n s t r u m e n t s
1948: A v e r a g e . . .
1949: A v e r a g e —
T o t a l: M is c e lla n e o u s
m a n u fa c tu r in g
in d u s tr ie s
J e w e lr y , s ilv e r w a r e ,
a n d p la te d w a re
J e w e l r y a n d f in d in g s
S i lv e r w a r e a n d
p la te d w a re
$54. 78
5 7 .0 1
4 0 .1
3 9 .7
$ 1 .3 6 6
1 .4 3 6
$ 5 0 .0 6
5 0 .2 3
4 0 .9
3 9 .9
$1. 224
1 .2 5 9
$57. 25
5 5 .0 6
4 3 .6
4 1 .4
$ 1 ,3 1 3
1 .3 3 0
$ 5 0 .4 7
5 1 .3 3
4 1 .2
4 0 .8
$ 1 .2 2 5
1 .2 5 8
$ 6 2 .3 8
5 8 .3 0
4 5 .4
4 2 .0
$ 1 .3 7 4
1 .3 8 8
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 0 .8
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 2 .1
4 3 .1
4 3 .0
4 2 .9
4 2 .6
1 .4 6 6
1 .4 6 4
1 .4 7 4
1 .4 7 5
1 .4 8 1
1 .4 7 9
1 .4 6 9
1 .4 9 9
1. 525
1 .5 5 3
1. 575
1 .6 0 0
5 1 .7 8
5 1 .6 2
5 1 .8 2
5 1 .9 4
52. 47
5 2 .6 9
5 2 .4 7
5 4 .8 7
5 6 .0 4
5 6 .9 8
5 7 .0 1
5 7 .3 8
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .5
4 0 .3
4 1 .6
4 2 .1
4 2 .3
4 2 .2
4 1 .7
1 .2 8 8
1 .2 8 4
1 .2 8 9
1 .2 9 2
1 .3 0 2
1 .3 0 1
1 .3 0 2
1 .3 1 9
1 .3 3 1
1 .3 4 7
1 .3 5 1
1 .3 7 6
5 5 .5 2
5 5 .9 3
57. 25
5 6 .1 6
5 6 .4 0
5 6 .0 0
5 6 .2 5
5 9 .9 8
6 3 .4 8
6 5 .0 6
6 5 .1 9
6 3 .0 3
4 1 .9
4 1 .4
4 2 .0
4 1 .2
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 3 .4
4 4 .8
4 4 .9
4 4 .9
4 3 .8
1 .3 2 5
1 .3 5 1
1 .3 6 3
1 .3 6 3
1 .3 5 9
1 .3 5 6
1 .3 6 2
1 .3 8 2
1 .4 1 7
1 .4 4 9
1 .4 5 2
1. 439
5 1 .9 1
5 1 .3 1
5 2 .0 9
5 1 .8 9
52. 50
5 1 .5 5
5 0 .1 2
5 3 .6 8
5 7 .0 6
5 9 .0 3
5 8 .3 7
5 7 .3 5
4 1 .0
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .1
4 0 .7
4 0 .4
3 9 .4
4 2 .0
4 3 .0
4 3 .5
4 3 .4
4 2 .8
1 .2 6 6
1 .2 7 0
1 .2 8 3
1 .2 9 4
1 .2 9 0
1 .2 7 6
1 .2 7 2
1 .2 7 8
1 .3 2 7
1 .3 5 7
1 .3 4 5
1 .3 4 0
5 8 .4 0
6 0 .2 1
6 1 .4 2
5 9 .7 4
5 9 .5 7
5 9 .7 4
6 1 .1 0
6 5 .4 2
6 9 .5 6
7 0 .9 3
7 1 .5 6
6 8 .1 9
4 2 .6
4 2 .4
4 3 .1
4 2 .1
4 2 .1
4 2 .1
4 2 .7
4 4 .5
4 6 .5
4 6 .3
4 6 .2
4 4 .6
1 .3 7 1
1 .4 2 0
1 .4 2 5
1 .4 1 9
1 .4 1 5
1 .4 1 9
1 .4 3 1
1 .4 7 0
1 .4 9 6
1 .5 3 2
1 .5 4 9
1 .5 2 9
4 2 .1
1 .5 9 5
6 7 .4 5
4 1 .3
1 .3 9 1
6 2 .1 4
4 3 .3
1 .4 3 5
5 7 .6 1
4 2 .9
1 .3 4 3
6 5 .9 7
4 3 .2
1 .5 2 7
1950: J a n u a r y ___
F e b r u a r y ..
M a r c h _____
A p r i l ______
M a y .............
J u n e _______
J u l y . ............
A u g u s t ____
S e p te m b e r .
O c t o b e r ...
N ovem ber.
D ecem b er-
.
5 8 .6 4
5 8 .7 1
5 9 .5 5
5 9 .5 9
6 0 .4 2
6 1 .0 8
6 0 .8 2
6 3 .1 1
6 5 .7 3
6 6 .7 8
6 7 .5 7
6 8 .1 6
1951: J a n u a r y . . .
.
6 7 .1 5
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s t r ie s — C o n tin u e d
T o y s a n d s p o r tin g
goods
C o s t u m e je w e lr y ,
b u t t o n s , n o t io n s
O t h e r m is c e ll a n e o u s
m a n u fa c tu r in g
in d u s tr ie s
C l a s s I r a il r o a d s 4
L o c a l r a ilw a y s a n d
b u s l in e s *
1948: A verage......................... .
1949: Average...........................
. $ 4 7 .2 4
. 4 7 .0 0
4 0 .1
3 9 .1
$ 1 .1 7 8
1 .2 0 2
$ 4 5 .3 6
4 6 .0 6
4 0 .0
3 9 .3
$ 1 .1 3 4
1 .1 7 2
$ 5 0 .3 9
5 1 .2 0
4 0 .7
4 0 .0
$ 1 .2 3 8
1 .2 8 0
$ 6 0 .3 4
6 1 .7 3
4 6 .1
4 3 .5
$ 1 .3 0 9
1 .4 1 9
$ 6 1 .7 3
6 4 .6 1
4 6 .1
4 4 .9
$ 1 ,3 3 9
1 .4 3 9
1950: January.......... ............. .
February.............. ..........
March......................... .
April................................
M ay................................ .
J u n e.............................. .
July________________ _
August____ _________
September.....................
October______ ______
November___________
December.......................
.
.
_
_
_
.
.
_
.
.
.
.
4 8 .0 6
4 8 .4 7
4 9 .2 4
4 9 .8 8
4 9 .8 4
4 9 .5 6
4 9 .2 7
5 1 .9 0
5 2 .1 1
5 3 .4 2
5 3 .9 0
5 3 .2 4
3 9 .3
3 9 .6
3 9 .9
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
3 9 .7
4 0 .9
4 1 .1
4 1 .7
4 1 .4
4 0 .8
1 .2 2 3
1 .2 2 4
1 .2 3 4
1 .2 5 0
1 .2 4 6
1 .2 4 2
1 .2 4 1
1 .2 6 9
1 .2 6 8
1 .2 8 1
1 .3 0 2
1 .3 0 5
4 7 .2 4
4 7 .2 4
4 7 .6 3
47. 54
4 7 .5 8
4 7 .3 4
4 8 .0 9
50. 55
5 1 .4 2
51. 40
52. 66
5 3 .2 2
3 9 .4
3 9 .3
3 9 .2
3 8 .9
3 9 .0
3 8 .8
3 9 .1
4 0 .7
4 1 .2
4 0 .6
4 1 .3
4 1 .1
1 .1 9 9
1 .2 0 2
1 .2 1 5
1 .2 2 2
1 .2 2 0
1 .2 2 0
1. 230
1 .2 4 2
1 .2 4 8
1 .2 6 6
1 .2 7 5
1 .2 9 5
5 2 .8 3
52. 59
5 2 .4 6
52. 55
5 3 .4 5
5 3 .9 8
5 3 .6 7
5 5 .6 2
5 6 .6 6
5 7 .7 5
5 7 .3 0
5 8 .3 8
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
4 1 .6
4 2 .0
4 2 .4
4 2 .1
4 1 .7
1 .3 1 1
1 .3 0 5
1 .3 0 5
1 .3 0 4
1 .3 2 3
1 .3 2 3
1 .3 2 2
1 .3 3 7
1 .3 4 9
1 .3 6 2
1 .3 6 1
1 .4 0 0
6 1 .6 9
6 2 .3 7
6 3 .7 3
6 1 .6 9
6 1 .7 5
6 4 .1 9
6 1 .1 9
6 5 .4 6
6 3 .1 8
64. 54
6 4 .6 3
6 3 .0 0
3 9 .8
3 9 .8
4 1 .6
3 9 .9
4 0 .2
4 1 .9
3 9 .4
4 2 .7
4 0 .5
4 1 .8
4 1 .4
4 0 .0
1 .5 5 0
1 .5 6 7
1 .5 3 2
1 .5 4 6
1 .5 3 6
1 .5 3 2
1 .5 5 3
1 .5 3 3
1 .5 6 0
1 .5 4 4
1 .5 6 1
1 .5 7 5
6 5 .1 1
6 5 .2 2
6 5 .5 3
6 5 .9 0
66. 56
6 7 .4 1
6 7 .4 7
6 6 .8 4
6 7 .4 2
6 7 .7 7
68. 26
7 0 .1 6
4 4 .2
4 4 .4
4 4 .4
4 4 .5
4 4 .8
4 5 .3
4 5 .1
4 4 .8
4 5 .1
4 5 .3
4 5 .6
4 6 .4
1 .4 7 3
1 .4 6 9
1 .4 7 6
1 .4 8 1
1 .4 8 6
1 .4 8 8
1 .4 9 6
1 .4 9 2
1 .4 9 5
1. 496
1 .4 9 7
1 .5 1 2
1951: January..........................
.
5 2 .7 5
4 0 .3
1 .3 0 9
5 3 .6 3
4 0 .6
1 .3 2 1
58. 56
4 1 .3
1 .4 1 8
7 0 .5 0
4 5 .9
1 .5 3 6
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
R E V IE W , A P R IL
T
a b l e
1951
491
C: E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Transportation and public utilities —Continued
Communication
Year and month
Telephone 8
Avg.
Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Switchboard oper
ating employees 7
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Other public utilities
Line construction, in
stallation, and main
tenance employees 8
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Telegraph >
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Gas and electric
utilities
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
1948: Average___________________________ $48.92
1949: Average___________________________ 51.78
39.2 $1. 248
38.5 1.345
1950: January___________________________
February_______________
March_________ . ____
___
April________ . . . ___ _ ________
M a y .. . ______ _____________ ______
June_____________________ ____ . . .
Ju ly ______________________________
A ugust___________________________
September_________
.
_______
October_________________________ _
Novem ber. _____
_
. . . . . .
December_________________________
53.13
53.69
52.98
53.44
53. 72
54.19
54.96
54.71
55.80
56.18
54.04
56.42
38.5
38.6
38.5
38.7
38.9
39.1
39.4
39.3
39.6
39.4
38.0
39.1
1.380 $44. 58
1.391 45.82
1.376 45.03
1.381 46.19
1.381 46. 20
1.386 46.61
1.395 47.73
1.392 47.90
1.409 48.00
1.426 49.00
1.422 44.93
1.443 47.41
36.3 $1.228 $72. 46
36.8 1.245 72. 33
36.7 1.227 70. 55
37.4 1.235 70.76
37.5 1.232 71.48
37.8 1.233 72.28
38.4 1.243 72. 96
38.6 1. 241 72.64
38.4 1.250 76.02
38.4 1.276 75. 91
36.0 1.248 74.37
37.3 1.271 77.95
42.3 $1,713
42.2 1.714
41.6 1.696
41.6 1.701
41.8 1.710
42.0 1.721
42.1 1.733
41.7 1.742
42.9 1.772
42.5 1.786
41.5 1.792
42.9 1.817
62.84
62. 97
62.93
64.13
65.38
64. 21
64.13
63.99
64.49
64.74
64. 25
65.05
44.1
44.1
44.1
44.6
45.4
44.9
45.0
45.0
44.6
44.8
44.4
44.8
1.425
1.428
1.427
1.438
1.440
1.430
1.425
1.422
1.446
1.445
1.447
1.452
66.09
65.08
64. 81
65.17
65.17
65.99
66. 52
65. 65
67.35
67.93
68.68
70.39
41.7
41.4
41.2
41.3
41.3
41.5
41.6
41.5
41.6
41.8
41.8
42.2
1.585
1. 572
1.573
1.578
1.578
1.590
1.599
1.582
1.619
1.625
1.643
1.668
1951: January___________ ____ _____ _____
56.34
38.8
1.452
37.3
42.6
64. 57
44.5
1.451
70.31
42.1
1.670
$60 26
62. 85
47.78
1.281
77. 53
1.820
Transportation and
public utilities—
Continued
44 7 $1 248
44 7 1 4f)fi
ira a e
Other public
utilities—Continued
Retail trade
Wholesale trade
Electric light and
power utilities
Retail trade (except
eating and drinking
places)
General merehan-
Department stores
and general mailorder houses
1948: Average___________________ _______ $61.70
1949: A verage____________ ____ _________ 64.91
42.0 $1.469 $55.58
41.5 1.564 57.55
40.9 $1.359 $43.85
40.7 1.414 45.93
40.3 $1.088 $33.31
40.4 1.137 34.87
36.6 $0. 910 $37.36
36.7
.950 39.31
37.7
37.8
$0.991
1.040
1950: January___________________________
February____________ ____________
M arch____________________________
A pril... _________________
_____
M ay___________________ _________
June______________________________
July______________________________
August___ . . . _ __________________
September_____________ _________
October__________________ _______
N ovem ber__________
. . . _______
December_____ ______ ____________
66.01
65. 28
64. 85
64.97
65.09
65. 74
68.13
66.39
68.60
69.18
69.97
71.57
41.7
41.5
41.2
41.2
41.3
41.4
41.8
41.6
41.6
41.8
41.6
41.9
1. 583
1.573
1.574
1.577
1.576
1. 588
1.630
1.603
1.649
1.655
1.682
1.708
58.14
58. 27
58.56
58.79
59.11
59.93
61.10
60.90
60.93
61.68
61.98
63.60
40.6
40.3
40.3
40.1
40.4
40.6
40.9
40.9
40.7
40.9
40.8
41.3
1. 432
1.446
1.453
1.466
1.463
1.476
1.494
1.489
1.497
1.508
1.519
1.540
46. 58
46. 26
46. 26
46.47
46.94
48. 06
48.99
48.99
48. 48
48. 32
47. 92
47.86
40.4
40.4
40.3
40.2
40.4
40.9
41.2
41.1
40.4
40.3
40.0
40.7
1.153
1.145
1.148
1.156
1.162
1.175
1.189
1.192
1.200
1.199
1.198
1.176
35.68
35. 44
35.04
34.66
35.49
36.60
37.32
37. 06
36.11
36. 01
35. 24
35.81
36.9
36.8
36.5
36.1
36.4
37.2
37.7
37.4
36.4
36.3
36.0
38.1
.967
.963
.960
.960
.975
.984
.990
.991
.992
.992
.979
.940
40.21
39. 85
39. 57
39.83
40. 82
41.86
42.58
42.33
42.03
42.03
41.24
43.20
37.9
37.7
37.4
37.4
37.8
38.3
38.6
38.2
37.8
37.9
37.8
40.6
1.061
1.057
1.058
1.065
1.080
1.093
1.103
1.108
1.112
1.109
1.091
1.064
1951: January_________________ ________
71.49
42.1
1.698
63.44
40.8
1.555
49.82
40.5
1.230
37.46
36.8
1.018
43. 55
38.3
1.137
Trade—Continued
Retail trade—Continued
Food and liquor
stores
Automotive and
accessories dealers
Other retail trade
Apparel and
accessories stores
Furniture and
appliance stores
1948: Average_________________________ $47.15
1949: Average__________________________ 49.93
40.3 $1.170 $56.07
40.2 1.242 58.92
45.4 $1. 235 $39.60
45.6 1.292 40.66
36.5 $1.085 $51.15
36.7 1.108 53.30
1950: January_____________________ ____
February__ ______________________
March____________________________
A pril.____________________________
M a y ..____ _ ____________________
June____ ______________ . ______
July______________________________
August___________________________
September_____
_____________ _
October_____
_ _____________ _
N o v e m b e r ___
. ____________
D ecem b er___ _ __________ _____
50.68
50.85
50.76
50.93
50.81
51.82
53.37
53.04
52.12
51.80
52.40
52.91
40.0
40.1
40.0
40.1
40.1
40.8
41.5
41.5
40.4
40.0
40.0
40.3
1.267
1.268
1.269
1.270
1.267
1.270
1.286
1.278
1.290
1.295
1.310
1.313
58.72
57.76
59.22
60.36
60. 50
62.29
63.71
63.66
63.52
63.94
63.07
63.52
45.8
45.3
45.8
45.8
45.9
45.9
45.7
45.6
45.6
45.9
45.8
45.8
1.282
1.275
1.293
1.318
1.318
1.357
1.394
1.396
1.393
1.393
1.377
1.387
41.07
40. 07
39.64
40.17
40.37
40. 92
40. 77
40. 70
40.98
40.95
40. 65
42.00
36.7
36.9
36.5
35.9
36.5
36.8
36.9
37.0
36.2
36.3
36.1
37.0
1.119
1.086
1.086
1.109
1.106
1.112
1.105
1.100
1.132
1.128
1.126
1.135
54.81
53. 25
53.30
54. 21
54.89
55.67
56.16
57.03
58.07
57.68
57.90
59.80
1951: January_____________________ _____
53.24
40.0
1.331
64.62
45.7
1 .4 1 4
43.25
37.0
1.169
58.16
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Lumber and hardware-supply stores
42.7 $1.198 $49.37
43.4 1.228 51. 84
43.5
43.6
$1.135
1.189
43.6
43.4
43.3
43.4
43.6
43.7
43.5
43.5
43.4
43.5
43.5
44.2
1.257
1.227
1. 231
1.249
1.259
1.274
1.291
1.311
1.338
1.326
1.331
1.353
51. 58
51.72
51.89
52.84
54.08
55.06
55. 55
55.91
56.36
56.93
55.98
56.16
43.2
43.1
43.1
43.6
43.9
44.4
44.3
44.2
44.1
44.1
43.6
43.6
1.194
1.200
1.204
1.212
1.232
1.240
1. 254
1.265
1.278
1.291
1.284
1.288
43.6
1.334
57.25
43.7
1.310
492
T
M O N TH LY
C: E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S
a b l e
LABOR
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Service
Finance 10
Banks
and
trust
com
panies
Year and month
Security
Insur
dealers
ance
and
carriers
ex
changes
Hotels, year-round 11
Laundries
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
w kly.
hours
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
wkly.
wkly.
w kly.
wkly.
earnings earnings earnings earnings
Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings
M otionpicture
produc
tion
and
distri
bution 10
Cleaning and dyeing
plants
Avg.
Avg.
w kly.
hrly.
earnings earnings
Avg.
w kly.
hours
Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
w kly.
earnings earnings
1948: Average-------------------------1949: Average_________________
$41.51
43.64
$66.83
68.32
$54.93
56.47
$31.41
32.84
44.3
44.2
$0. 709
.743
$34. 23
34.98
41.9
41.5
$0.817
.843
$39.50
40.71
41.1
41.2
$0.961
.988
$92. 27
92.17
1950: January.. ______________
F e b r u a r y .------- -----------March___ ____________
A p r i l . _____ _ _____ _
M ay__________ ________
June___ ______________
July_______ ____ ________
A ugust_________________
45.29
45.52
45.37
45.83
45.54
45.42
46.34
46.36
46. 75
47.78
48.18
48.95
75.78
77.61
80.08
83. 53
82.70
81.31
79.88
79.09
79.29
84.94
85.62
88.84
57.78
57.68
57.19
58.16
58.02
58.06
59.09
58.81
58. 20
58.91
59.27
60.69
33.06
33.51
33.07
33. 26
33.34
33.33
33.51
33.92
34.30
34.67
34. 74
35.29
43.9
43.8
43.8
44.0
44.1
43.8
43.8
44.0
43.8
44.0
43.7
44.0
.753
.765
.755
.756
.756
.761
.765
.771
.783
.788
.795
.802
35.15
34.39
34.56
34. 85
35.74
36.33
35.61
34.83
35.93
35.79
35.86
36.33
41.5
40.8
41.0
41.0
41.7
42.0
41.5
40.6
41.3
41.0
40.8
4L 1
.847
.843
.843
.850
.857
.865
.858
.858
.870
.873
.879
.884
40.75
31.26
40.40
4 0. 48
4 3.69
44 .03
4 2.02
40 .16
42.56
42.15
42.23
42.37
41.2
39.9
40.6
40.4
43.0
43.0
41.4
40.0
41.6
41.0
41.2
41.3
.989
.984
.995
1.002
1.016
1.024
1.015
1.004
1.023
1.028
1.025
1.026
87.82
88.94
91.01
91.23
94.09
94. 73
91.64
90. 70
93.44
95.08
95.68
97.70
1951: January_______ _____ . . .
49.55
91.43
61.53
34.94
43.3
.807
36.61
40.9
.895
43.12
41.3
1.044
97.09
1 These figures are based on reports from cooperating establishments
covering both full- and part-time employees who worked during, or received
pay for, the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. For the mining,
manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants industries, data
relate to production and related workers only. For the remaining industries,
unless otherwise noted, data relate to nonsupervisory employees and working
supervisors. All series are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics. Such requests should specify which industry series are desired.
Data for the three current months are subject to revision without notation;
revised figures for earlier months will be identified by asterisks the first
month they are published.
2 Includes: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood products (except
furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay,and glass products; primary metal
industries; fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and
transportation equipment) ; machinery (except electrical) ; electrical machin
ery; transportation equipment; instruments and related products; miscel
laneous manufacturing industries.
2 Includes: food and kindred products; tobacco manufactures; textile-mill
products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper and allied prod
ucts; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and allied prod
ucts; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; leather and leather
products.
T
a b l e
* Data relate to hourly rated employees reported by individual railroads
(exclusive of switching and terminal companies) to the Interstate Commerce
Commission. Annual averages include any retroactive payments made,
which are excluded from monthly averages.
5 Data include privately and municipally operated local railways and bus
lines.
8 Through M ay 1949 the averages relate mainly to the hours and earnings of
employees subject to the Fair Labor Standards Act. Beginning with June
1949 the averages relate to the hours and earnings of nonsupervisory employ
ees. Data for June comparable with the earlier series are $51.47, 38.5 hours,
and $1,337.
7 Data include employees such as switchboard operators, service assistants,
operating-room instructors, and pay-station attendants.
8 Data include employees such as central office craftsmen; installation and
exchange renair craftsmen; line, cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers.
s Data relate mainly to land-line employees, excluding employees com
pensated on a commission basis, general and divisional headquarters per
sonnel, trainees in school, and messengers.
10 Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not avail
able.
11 M oney payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips, not included.
C-2: Gross Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Selected Industries, in Current
and 1939 Dollars 1
Manufacturing
Bituminouscoal mining
Manufacturing
Laundries
Current 1939 Current 1939 Current
1939
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars
Average_________
Average__________
Average__________
Average__________
$23. 86
29. 58
43. 82
54.14
54.92
$23.86
27. 95
31.27
31. 43
32.28
$23.88
30. 86
58.03
72.12
63.28
$23.88
29.16
41. 41
41.87
37.20
$17.69
19.00
30.30
34.23
34.98
$17.69
17. 95
21.62
19.87
20. 56
1950: January.....................
February_________
M arch___________
April_____________
56.29
56.37
56. 53
56.93
33. 27
33.37
33. 37
33.58
47. 36
49.83
78. 75
72.79
27. 99
29. 50
46.48
42.94
35.15
34.39
34. 56
34.85
20. 77
20. 36
20. 40
20. 56
1 These series indicate changes in the level of weekly earnings prior to and
after adjustment for changes in purchasing power as determined from the
Bureau’s Consumers’ Price Index, the year 1939 having been selected for the
base period. Estimates of World War II and postwar understatement by
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Laundries
Year and month
Year and month
1941:
1946:
1948:
1949:
Bituminouscoal mining
Current 1939 Current 1939 Current 1939
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars
$57. 54
58.85
59.21
60. 32
September________ 60.64
October-. _______
61.99
62.23
December 2_______
63.84
Julv______________
1951: January2______ . . .
63. 67
$33. 78
34. 37
34. 22
34.58
34. 52
35.09
35.07
35.49
$68.37
69.92
69. 68
71.04
71.92
72.99
73. 27
77.30
$40.14
40.83
40. 27
40.72
40.94
41.32
41. 29
42. 97
$35. 74
36.33
35. 61
34.83
35.93
35. 79
35.86
36.33
$20. 98
21.22
20. 58
19.97
20.45
20.26
20. 21
20.20
34.87
76.96
42.15
36. 61
20. 05
the Consumers’ Price Index were not included. See the M onthly Labor
Review, March 1947, p. 498. Data from January 1939 are available upon
request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
2 Preliminary. See note, table C-3.
R E V IE W , A P R IL
T
a b l e
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
1951
C-3: Gross and Net Spendable Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Manufactur
ing Industries, in Current and 1939 Dollars 1
Gross average
weekly earnings
N et spendable average weekly
earnings
Worker with
no dependents
Period
Index
Amount (1939=
100)
1941: January.
1945: January.
July.......
1946: June___
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
Worker with
3 dependents
Cur
1939
rent
dollars dollars
Cur
rent
dollars
1939
dollars
$26.64
47.50
45. 45
43.31
111.7
199.1
190. 5
181.5
$25.41
39.40
37.80
37.30
$25.06
30. 81
29.04
27.81
$26.37
45.17
43.57
42.78
$26.00
35.33
33.47
31.90
23.86
25. 20
29.58
36.65
43.14
46.08
44.39
43.82
49.97
54.14
54.92
100.0
105.6
124.0
153. 6
180.8
193.1
186.0
183.7
209.4
226.9
230.2
23.58
24.69
28.05
31.77
36.01
38. 29
36.97
37.72
42. 76
47.43
48.09
23. 58
24. 49
26. 51
27.11
28.97
30.32
28. 61
26. 92
26.70
27.54
28.27
23.62
24.95
29.28
36.28
41.39
44. 06
42.74
43.20
48.24
53.17
53.83
23.62
24.75
27.67
30.96
33.30
34.89
33.08
30.83
30.12
30.87
31.64
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
1 N et spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, social security and income taxes for which
the specified type of worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability
depends, of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker
as well as on the level of his gross income. N et spendable earnings have
therefore, been computed for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker
with no dependents: (2) A worker with 3 dependents.
The computation of net spendable earnings for both factory worker with
no dependents and the factory worker with 3 dependents are based upon the
gross average weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing
industries without direct regard to marital status and family composition.
T
a b l e
Gross average
weekly earnings
N et spendable average weekly
earnings
Worker with
no dependents
Period
Index
Amount (1939=
100)
1950: January______
February_____ _
March____
April_____
M ay____________
June....................
July__________
AugustSeptember____
October_______
N ovem b er___
December2-
Worker with
3 dependents
Cur
rent
dollars
Cur
1939
rent
dollars dollars
$28 92
1939
dollars
$56. 29
56. 37
56.53
56.93
57. 54
58. 85
59,21
60! 32
60.64
61.99
62.23
63.84
235.9
236.3
236 9
238. 6
241.2
246. 6
248. 2
252 8
254 1
259.8
260.8
267. 6
$48 94
52 16
52 35
53.64
29! 82
60. 72
33! 76
63. 67
266.8
53.42
29.26
60.48
33.12
1951: January 2___
49. 00
29. 01
49 13
49 46
49.95
29.33
51
51
52
52
29
29
29
29
54. 76
32. 42
55! 74
32. 73
29 18
03
32
24
50
80
66
95
89
29 53
29 50
The primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative changes
in disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers. That series does not,
therefore, reflect actual differences in levels of earnings for workers of varying
age, occupation, skill, family composition, etc. Comparable data from
January 1939 are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
2 Preliminary.
N ote: Data for series based on 1939 dollars revised beginning January
1950 to conform to the Adjusted Series Consumers’ Price Index.
M onthly data for 1950, based on Old Series Consumers’ Price Index, are
available upon request.
C-4: Average Hourly Earnings, Gross and Exclusive of Overtime, of Production Workers in
Manufacturing Industries 1
Durable
goods
Manufacturing
Excluding
overtime
Period
Gross
amount
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
493
Gross
Index
Amount (1939=
100)
A verage..- Average____
Average____
Average____
Average..
Average____
Average____
Average........
Average____
$0. 729
.853
.961
1.019
1.023
1. 086
1.237
1.350
1.401
$0. 702
.805
.894
.947
2.963
1.051
1.198
1.310
1.367
1950: January........
February___
1.418
1. 420
1.380
1. 382
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
Nondurable
goods
Gross
110.9 $0.808 $0. 770 $0. 640
127.2
.947
.881
.723
141.2 1.059
.976
.803
149.6 1.117 1.029
.861
152.1 1. I ll 21. 042
.904
166.0 1.156 1.122 1.015
189.3 1.292 1. 250 1.171
207.0 1.410 1.366 1.278
216.0 1.469 1.434 1.325
218. 0
218.3
1.485
1.483
1.445
1.442
1. 343
1.350
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Excluding
overtime
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
Period
$0. 625
.698
.763
.814
2.858
.981
1.133
1.241
1.292
1950: March_____
April_______
M a y ______
June_______
July_______
A u gu st.........
Septem ber...
October........
November.
December2. .
1.307
1.316
$1. 424
1. 434
1. 442
1.453
1. 462
1.464
1.479
1.501
1. 514
1. 542
$1.385
1.392
1. 399
1. 404
1. 413
1.408
1. 424
1.442
1.456
1.478
1951: January2 . . .
1.553
1.496
1 Overtime is defined as work in excess of 40 hours per week and paid for at
time and one-half. The computation of average hourly earnings exclusive of
overtime makes no allowance for special rates of pay for work done on holi
days. Comparable data from January 1941 are available upon request to
the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Durable
goods
Manufacturing
Gross
amount
Index
Amount (1939=
100)
Gross
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
Nondurable
goods
Gross
218.8 $1.486 $1. 443 $1.353
219.9 1. 499 1. 449 1.355
221.0 1.509 1.459 1.358
221.8 1.522 1.465 1.365
223.2 1.533 1.478 1.375
222.4 1.539 1.475 1. 274
225.0 1.562 1.499 1. 379
227.8 1. 577 1.508 1.404
230.0 1.587 1.521 1.419
233.5 1. 617 1.544 1. 443
236.3
1.627
1.562
1.458
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
$1,319
1.323
1.324
1.326
1.333
1.328
1.334
1.358
1.372
1.393
1.410
2 Eleven-month average. August 1945 excluded because of VJ-holiday
period.
2 Preliminary.
494
D : P R IC E S AN D
M O N TH LY
COST OF L IV IN G
LABO R
D : Prices and Cost of Living
T able D - l :
Consumers’ Price Index 1 for Moderate-Income Families in Large Cities,
Commodities
by
Group of
[1935-39=100]
Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration 3
Year and month
All items *
Food
Apparel
R e n t3
Total
1913:
1914;
1918:
1920;
1929:
1932:
1939:
Average________________
July-----------------------------December. _ -------------June_____ . . . . --------Average________________
Average________________
Average-----------------August 15 -----------------1940: Average_____ ____ ______
1941: A verage.. _____________
January 1.
..
----December 15. _________
1942: Average . . . ------- --------1943: Average------ -- ------------1944: Average________ ______
1945: Average ________ ______
August 15. -----------------1946: Average__________ _____
June 15______ ______ ___
November 15___________
1947: A verage.. _____________
December 15 __________
1948: Average________________
December 1 5 .....................
1949: Average-----------------------December 15........... ............
1950: Average________________
January 15 ---------- -----February 15__________ _
March 15------- ------------April 15_______ . . . . .
M ay 15____________ . . .
June 15_________________
July 15_________________
August 15. -----------------September 15 ------------- _
October 15 . . . . _____
November 15___________
December 15. _.................
1951: January 15. ...................
January 15 ................. .
February 15_________ -.
February 15_____ ________
70.7
71.7
118.0
149.4
122.5
97.6
99.4
98.6
100.2
105.2
100.8
110.5
116.5
123.6
125.5
128.4
129.3
139.3
133.3
152.2
159.2
167.0
171.2
171.4
169.1
167.5
171.9
168.2
167.9
168.4
168.5
169.3
170.2
172.0
173.4
174.6
175.6
176.4
178.8
181.5
181.6
183.8
181S
79.9
81.7
149.6
185.0
132.5
86.5
95.2
93.5
96.6
105.5
97.6
113.1
123.9
138.0
136.1
139.1
140.9
159.6
145.6
187.7
193.8
206.9
210.2
205.0
201.9
197.3
204.4
196.0
194.9
196.6
197.3
199.8
203.1
208.2
209.9
210.0
210.6
210.8
216.3
221.9
m .6
226.0
m .o
69.3
69.8
147.9
209.7
115.3
90.8
100.5
100.3
101.7
106.3
101.2
114.8
124.2
129.7
138.8
145.9
146.4
160.2
157.2
171.0
185.8
191.2
198.0
200.4
190.1
185.8
187.7
185.0
184.9
185.1
184.9
184.7
184.6
184.5
185.7
189.8
193.0
194.3
195.5
198.5
199 7
202.0
SOS. 2
92.2
92.2
97.1
119.1
141.4
116.9
104.3
104.3
104.6
106.2
105.0
108.2
108.5
108.0
108.2
108.3
(«)
108.6
108.5
(0)
111.2
115.4
117.4
119.5
120.8
122.2
131.0
129.4
129.7
129.8
130.1
130.6
130. 9
131.3
131.6
131.8
132.0
132.5
132.9
133.2
126.0
134.0
126.8
i T he “ Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families in large cities”
formerly known as the “ Cost-of-living index” measures average changes in
retail prices of selected goods, rents, and services purchased by wage earners
and lower-salaried workers in large cities. U ntil January 1950, time-to-time
changes in retail prices were weighted by 1934-36 average expenditures of
urban families. Weights used beginning January 1950 have been adjusted to
current spending patterns.
Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin 699, Changes in Cost of Living in Large
Cities in the United States, 1913-41, contains a detailed description of methods
used in constructing this index. Additional information on the Consumers’
Price Index is given in a compilation of reports published by the Office of
Economic Stabilization, Keport of the President’s Committee on the Cost of
Living. See also General Note, below.
Mimeographed tables are available upon request showing indexes for each
of the cities regularly surveyed by the Bureau and for each of the major groups
of living essentials. Indexes for all large cities combined are available since
1913. The beginning date for series of indexes for individual cities varies from
city to city but indexes are available for most of the 34 cities since World
War I.
3 The rent component in the old series did not reflect the differences between
the rents at which newly constructed or converted dwellings enter the rental
market and the rents for comparable existing housing.
61.9
62.3
90.4
104.8
112.5
103.4
99.0
97.5
99.7
102.2
100.8
104.1
105.4
107.7
109.8
110.3
111.4
112.4
110.5
114.8
121.1
127.8
133.9
137.8
137.5
139.7
140.6
140.0
140.1
140.3
140.3
138. 8
139.1
139.4
140.2
141.2
142.0
142.5
142.8
143.3
H i- 5
143.9
145.7
Gas and
electricity
(5)
(s)
(5)
m
(»)
0)
98.9
99.0
98.0
97.1
97.5
96.7
96.7
96.1
95.8
95.0
95.2
92.4
92.1
91.8
92.0
92.6
94.3
95.3
96.7
97.2
96.8
96.7
96.9
96.9
97 0
96.9
96.8
96.9
96.8
96.9
96.8
96.8
96.8
97.2
97.2
97.2
97.2
Other
fuels
(*)
(s)
(5)
(')
0)
(5)
99.1
95.2
101.9
108.3
105.4
113.1
115.1
120.7
126.0
128.3
131.0
136.9
133.0
142.6
156.1
171.1
183.4
191.3
187.7
191.6
194.1
193.1
192.5
193.1
192.8
187.6
189.0
189.9
192.9
196.1
199.2
200.8
201.7
202.3
201.8
204. 5
2 0 4 .7
Housefurnishings
Miscella
neous *
Ice
(*)
(5)
(5)
m
«
«
1 0 0 .2
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .4
104.1
100.3
105.1
110.0
114.2
115.8
115.9
115.8
115.9
115.1
117.9
125.9
129.8
135.2
138.4
141.7
145.5
147.8
145.5
145.5
146.8
146.8
146.8
147.0
147.6
147.6
148.1
149.9
151.3
151.5
152.0
152.9
152. 8
153.5
59.1
60.8
121.2
169.7
111.7
85.4
101.3
100.6
100.5
107.3
100.2
116.8
122.2
125.6
136.4
145.8
146.0
159.2
156.1
171.0
184.4
191.4
195.8
198.6
189.0
185.4
190.2
184.7
185.2
185.3
185.4
185.0
184.8
186.1
189.1
194.2
198.7
201.1
203.2
207.4
208.9
209.7
2 II . 4
50.9
52.0
83.1
100.7
104.6
101.7
100.7
100.4
101.1
104.0
101.8
107.7
110.9
115.8
121.3
124.1
124.5
128.8
127.9
132.5
139.9
144.4
149.9
154.0
154.6
155.5
156.5
155.1
155.1
155.0
154.7
155.1
154. 6
155.2
156.8
157.8
158.3
159.2
160.6
162.1
16S.7
163.2
I6 4 .8
Until 1950, no accurate measure of the resulting “new unit bias” was
possible; but on the basis of comprehensive housing surveys conducted in
early 1950, the Bureau has calculated the effect of the understatement from
1940 to 1950. The improved “rent” and “all items” indexes have been cor
rected beginning with January 1950. The old indexes have not been cor
rected. A complete description of the procedures used for estimating this
factor and the estimates for each city are included in an article in this
issue of the M onthly Labor Review.
3 The group index formerly entitled “ Fuel, electricity, and ice” is now des
ignated “ Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration.” Indexes are comparable with
those previously published for “ Fuel, electricity, and ice.” The subgroup
“ Other fuels and ice” has been discontinued; separate indexes are presented
for “ Other fuels” and “Ice.”
< The Miscellaneous group covers transportation (such as automobiles and
their upkeep and public transportation fares); medical care (including pro
fessional care and medicines); household operation (covering supplies and
different kinds of paid services); recreation (that is, newspapers, motion
pictures, radio, television, and tobacco products); personal care (barber, and
beauty-shop service and toilet articles); etc.
6 Data not available.
6 Rents not surveyed this month.
G e n e r a l N o t e :—In tables D - l through D -6, the indexes beginning with January 1950 are the Consumers’
Price Indexes adjusted to incorporate certain improvements, as announced by the Bureau on October 24, 1950.
Technical notes describing the adjustments are published in this issue of the Monthly Labor Review (p. 421). The
old series of indexes for 1951 are shown in italics for reference.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
R E V IE W , A P R IL
T able
1951
D : P R IC E S A N D
495
COST OF L IV IN G
D-2: Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City,1 for Selected Periods
[1935-39=100]
City
Feb. 15, Jan. 15, Dec. 15, Nov. 15, Oct. 15, Sept. 15, Aug. 15, July 15, June 15, M ay 15, Apr. 15, Mar. 15, Feb. 15, Jan. 15, Feb. 15,
1951
1951
1950
1950
1950
1950
1950
1950
1950
1950
1950
1950
1950
1950
1950*
Average__________________
183.8
181.5
178.8
Atlanta, G a.............................
Baltimore, Md_ _ ________
Birmingham, A la ...............__
Boston, M ass_____________
Buffalo, N . Y _____________
Chicago, 111_______________
Cincinnati, Ohio....................
Cleveland. Ohio.........- ...........
Denver, Colo_____________
Detroit, M ich_____ ____ _
Houston, T e x ..___________
187.5
0
189.8
175.5
(3)
188.5
183.9
186.2
(3
)
(3
)
(3
)
(3
)
184.9
184.2
190.1
Indianapolis, Ind ________
Jacksonville, Fla_____ . . .
Kansas City, M o_________
Los Angeles, Calif. ______
Manchester, N . H _________
Memphis, T enn__________
Milwaukee, W is. ________
Minneapolis, M inn_______
Mobile, Ala______________
N ew Orleans, La_. ______
N ew York, N . Y _____ ____
(3
)
(3
)
(3
)
184.4
Norfolk, Va______________
Philadelphia, P a ....................
Pittsburgh, P a......... ..............
Portland, M aine__________
Portland, Oreg____ ____ _
Richmond, Va____________
St. Louis, M o________ . . .
San Francisco, Calif_______
Savannah, Ga____________
Scranton, P a..... ................ .
Seattle, W ash________ ____
Washington, D . C ________
186.2
191.0
184.1
(3
)
0
187.5
(3
)
0
188.2
173.5
180.8
185.4
182.3
(3
)
(3
)
175.6
181.3
180.6
(3
)
(3
)
0)
0
(3
)
187.9
180.8
177.8
187.1
185.4
185.6
181.0
183.4
(3
)
v3
)
O)
(3
)
(3
)
(3
)
180.8
188.3
179.2
(3
)
(3
)
190.4
179.8
183.1
183.9
171.2
(3
)
183.4
178.4
(3
)
(3)
181.3
186.1
(3
)
185.6
(3
)
178.5
(3
)
182.7
0
177.7
177.1
0)
175.4
(3
)
178.1
180.2
171.3
(3
)
(3
)
(3
)
0
178.8
181.5
(3
)
(3
)
(3
)
(3
)
(3
)
(3
)
(3
)
189.2
176.4
175.6
174.6
173.4
< 180.7
0
0
179.3
169.5
174.1
180.3
176.1
0
178.1
179.1
182.3
0
180.6
179.7
168.2
0
179.5
175.9
0
0
177.5
182.2
* 177.9
0
176.8
(3)
180.8
169.7
(3)
180.6
176.1
179.6
(3)
179.8
183.0
0
0
0
176.2
0
0
180.3
0
0
178.9
0
169.0
174.8
176.6
0
0
0
0
0
180.1
173.2
172.4
179.3
174.1
178.7
173.8
178.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
173.1
183.1
173.5
0
0
184.3
173.8
0
0
183.6
0
0
0
0
181.7
0
173.2
0
179.2
0
172.8
173.9
0
171.7
0
173.1
177.4
168.1
0
0
174.0
175.3
0
0
0
0
1 The indexes are based on time-to-time changes in the cost of goods and
services purchased by moderate-income families in large cities. They do not
indicate whether it costs more to live in one city than in another.
2 See footnote 2, table D -l, p. 494.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
168.1
0
179.0
173.9
176.5
0
175.9
180.6
0
0
0
172.1
0
0
176.6
0
0
172.0
0
0
175.4
167.1
171.5
177.3
172.0
0
172.6
175.0
177.5
174.4
0
166 9
170.1
172.1
0
0
0
0
0
179.6
169.7
169.8
178.8
171.8
176.0
170.4
172.9
0
0
V3
)
0
0
0
171.2
177.3
170.8
0
0
179.3
170.0
0
0
177.7
0
0
0
170.2
169.3
168.5
168.4
167.9
168.2
m .i
0
174.7
171.6
165.5
0
175.1
170.5
0
0
173.5
175.8
171.7
0
170.5
163.6
0
174.5
169.7
171.1
0
172.1
175.3
0
0
169.9
163.0
167.4
172.9
168.1
0
169.7
170.7
175.1
0
172.9
170.0
162.9
0
173.0
168.6
0
0
170.1
175.9
170.8
0
0
169.0
162.4
166.6
172.8
168.5
0
168.8
169.7
175.5
186.7
0
189.6
176.4
0
189.7
184.7
186.4
0
188.0
190.6
171.2
0
0
0
0
176.3
0
169.3
0
172.7
0
169.1
168.2
0
167.0
0
169.1
171.8
164.4
0
0
168.8
172.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
169.5
0
0
172.0
0
0
171.4
0
163.2
169.5
168.0
0
0
0
0
0
174.4
166.1
165.9
173.6
167.4
171.0
166.7
169.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
166.6
174.4
166.8
0
0
175.8
164.7
0
0
173.4
0
0
0
0
175.6
0
169.1
0
172.8
0
167.4
167.4
0
168.2
161.9
0
172.4
168.1
370.3
0
169.5
175.0
0
0
0
168.9
0
0
168.6
0
0
0
162.5
169.4
168.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
173.5
165.1
164.8
0
170.3
165.9
169.4
166.4
170.0
165.5
166.8
169.5
163.7
0
0
168.0
172.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
164.0
174.3
166.0
182.0
0
0
188.1
0
0
188. 6
180.8
0
186.4
185.5
186.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
174.9
164. 6
0
0
172.3
0
0
0
188.4
186.8
179. S
* Through June 1947, consumers’ price indexes were computed monthly for
21 cities and in March, June, September, and December for 13 additional
cities; beginning July 1947 indexes were computed monthly for 10 cities and
once every 3 months for 24 additional cities according to a staggered schedule.
4 Corrected.
496
D : P R IC E S AN D
T
a b l e
CO ST OF L IV IN G
M O N TH LY
LABO R
D-3: Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City and Group of
Commodities 1
[1935-39 = 100]
Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration
Food
Apparel
Rent
Total
Gas and electricity
Feb. 15, Jan. 15,
1951
1951
Feb. 15, Jan. 15,
1951
1951
Housefumishings
Miscellaneous
Feb. 15, Jan. 15,
1951
1951
Feb. 15, Jan. 15,
1951
1951
City
Feb. 15, Jan. 15,
1951
1951
Feb. 15, Jan. 15,
1951
1951
Feb. 15, Jan. 15,
1951
1951
Average--------------------
226.0
221.9
202.0
198.5
134.0
133.2
143.9
143.3
97.2
97.2
209.7
Atlanta, Ga__________
Baltimore, M d _______
Birmingham, Ala____
Boston, M ass................
Buffalo, N . Y ..........
Chicago, 111__________
Cincinnati, Ohio_____
Cleveland, Ohio______
Denver, Colo________
Detroit, M ich________
Houston, Tex________
224.0
237.1
220.8
213.8
217.9
232.9
226.9
232.7
229.0
228.3
235.6
223.4
231.8
219.8
209.1
215.5
225.1
223.7
227.4
227.8
223.7
236.0
211.2
(>)
213.3
187.1
0
204.6
203.6
203.2
0
195.5
218.6
0
(')
210. 7
184.4
193.2
202.3
200.9
(l)
200.9
192.6
216.8
146.4
(2)
192.8
(2)
0
(2)
(2)
143.3
(2)
(2)
167.4
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
136.9
(2)
(2)
(2)
159.2
137.8
(2)
155.9
147.6
138.6
160.0
153.8
138.2
150.8
150.0
113.7
154.1
98.6
154.4
146.8
137.6
159.7
152.1
137. 5
150.8
150.0
113.3
154.1
98.6
83.3
115.3
79.6
117.2
110.0
83.5
101.2
105.6
69.7
90.4
82.1
83.3
115. 5
79.6
117.1
110.0
83. 5
101.2
105.6
69.7
90.4
82.1
210.0
(‘)
198.4
199.5
195.7
198.4
190.9
)
225.9
202.9
241.5
223.4
200.1
Indianapolis, Ind____
Jacksonville, F la_____
Kansas City, M o_____
Los Angeles, Calif____
Manchester, N . H ____
Memphis, T enn______
Milwaukee, W is_____
Minneapolis, M inn___
Mobile, A la_________
N ew Orleans, L a_____
New York, N . Y _____
220.6
231.5
210.5
226.9
218.9
230.8
227.4
217.9
222.5
239.8
227.0
218.6
229.0
208. 5
226.3
215.1
227.6
219.6
213.8
220.4
237. 8
221.0
0
196.2
(l)
194.0
191.3
188.9
)
0
0
(2)
(2)
(2)
159.4
(2)
(2)
158.0
(2)
(2)
136.1
(2)
141.1
(2)
142.5
(2)
126.7
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
114.5
163.9
153.4
128.9
98.7
162.2
141.5
149.7
142.3
130.3
113.2
142.9
163.9
153.0
129.4
98.7
162.2
141.4
148.7
142.3
130.0
113.2
142.1
86.6
102.7
68.3
93.0
103.3
77.0
99.2
78.1
84.7
75.1
101.8
86.6
102.7
68.6
93.0
103.3
77.0
99.2
78.1
84.5
75.1
101.8
0
0
0
201.6
0
0
210.5
(')
0
205.6
200.2
191.1
199.9
210.6
0
0
0
)
0
196.9
Norfolk, Va_______ _
Philadelphia, P a -------Pittsburgh, P a_______
Portland, M aine_____
Portland, Oreg_______
Richmond, Va....... .......
St. Louis, M o________
San Francisco, C a lif...
Savannah, Ga_______
Scranton, P a _________
Seattle, W a sh ........... .
Washington, D . C ........
231.1
222.2
227.4
211.0
247.4
218.3
240.0
235.3
231.5
223. 7
231.7
223.3
225.2
217.7
222.4
207.9
243.4
215.6
234.0
238.0
229.8
217.7
230.2
221.2
146.6
126.1
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
0
(2)
(2)
118.7
148.1
118.1
(2)
(2)
123.7
(2)
144.9
148.5
(2)
(2)
158.5
(2)
(2)
(2)
164.6
149.7
149.9
155.3
135.3
148.3
143.0
86.5
156.6
158.3
132.0
149.1
164.6
148.1
148.8
155.0
135.1
148.3
142.8
86.5
156.4
152.0
131.8
147.4
107.3
104.2
114.2
105.6
93.9
102.2
88.4
76.2
108.6
98.3
92.6
105.5
107.3
104.2
114.2
105.7
93.9
102.2
88.4
76.2
108.6
98.3
92.6
105.5
203.0
220.8
214.7
0
0
(>)
«
0
0
185.7
213.5
222.4
0)
(')
196.9
0
(>)
203.3
(0
0
209.1
200.6
192.5
201.1
232.5
0
)
)
)
0
(')
210. 5
201.8
222.5
0
0
0
0
0
(‘)
195.6
0
196.9
227.0
0
196.5
198.1
)
0
196.1
0
0
0
0
1 Prices of apparel, housefumishings, and miscellaneous goods and services
are obtained monthly in 10 cities and once every 3 months in 24 additional
cities on a staggered schedule.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(0
0
207.4
163.2
162.1
0
0
196.6
197.7
206.1
194.0
194.1
168.5
0
158.7
158.3
0
164.1
162.9
158.6
)
173.3
166.5
0)
0
0
0
0
160.7
0
0
157.6
0
0
150.8
167.0
168.4
0
163.9
159.5
155.3
0
0
0
0
0
165.9
0
195.2
0
219.1
213.9
0
203.1
220.8
0
0
209.8
0
0
0
0
0
161.2
168.0
159.9
0
0
0
0
0)
0
150.5
168.7
164.3
(>)
157.8
157.7
166.8
163.6
162.8
0
156.9
172.6
165.6
0
161.0
159.7
0
166.9
152.4
0
0
165.7
)
0
0
0
2 Rents are surveyed every 3 months in 34 large cities on a staggered
schedule.
T able
497
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
D-4: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods,1 by Group, for Selected Periods
[1935-39=100]
Year and month
December___
November___
Cere Meats,
als
poul
All
and
foods bakery try,
prod and
Total
fish
ucts
124.0
137.4
132. 5
86. 5
95.2
93. 5
96.6
105.5
115.7
107.6
82. 6
94.5
93.4
96.8
101.2
117.8
127.1
79.3
96.6
95.7
95.8
105. 5
113.1
123.9
138.0
136.1
139.1
140.9
97.9
102.5
105.1
107.6
108. 4
109.0
109.1
107.5
111.1
126.0
133.8
129. 9
131.2
131. 8
106.5
109.7
122.5
124.2
117.9
118.0
118.1
159. 6
145. 6
187.7
125.0
122.1
140.6
193.8
210. 2
Fruits and vegetables
Meats
Beef
and
veal
96.6 101.1
95.4 99.6
94.4 102.8
Chick Fish
ens
Pork
Lamb
93.8 101.0
94.6 99.6
94.8 110.6
Can Dried
Fro
zen 2 Fresh ned
Sugar
Bever Fats
and
and
ages
oils sweets
129.4 136.1
127.4 141.7
131.0 143.8
84.9 82.3
95.9 91.0
93.1 90.7
101.4 93.8
169.5
210.8
169.0
103. 5
94.5
92.4
96.5
173.6
226.2
173. 5
105.9
95.1
92.8
97.3
124.8
122.9
124.3
91.1
92.3
91.6
92.4
175.4
152.4
171.0
91.2
93.3
90.3
100.6
131.5 126.2
170.4 145.0
164.8 127.2
112.6 71.1
95.5 87.7
94.9 84.5
92.5 82.2
175.4
120.0
114.3
89.6
100.6
95.6
96.8
112.2
138.1
136.5
161.9
153. 9
164.4
171.4
103.2
110.5
130.8
168.8
168.2
177.1
183.5
104.2
111.0
132.8
178.0
177.2
188.2
196.2
97.9
106.3
121.6
130.6
129.5
130.2
130.3
106. 7
118.3
136.3
158.9
164.5
168.2
168.6
101.5
114.1
122.1
124.8
124.3
124.7
124.7
94.0
108.5
119. 6
126.1
123.3
124.0
124.0
106.4
114.4
126. 5
127.1
126.5
126.5
126.6
165.1 168.8
147.8 147.1
198.5 201.6
182.4
183.5
184.5
190.7
196.7
182.3
140.8 190.4
127.5 172.5
167.7 251.6
139. 6 152.1
125. 4 126.4
167. 8 244.4
143.9
136.2
170.5
88.9
88.0
81.1
99.5
98.8
99.7
110.8
114.4
123. 6
124. 7
118. 7
118. 4
118. 5
100.1
103.2
120.4
119.9
112.2
112. 6
112.6
106.6
108.1
124.1
136.9
134. 5
136.0
136.4
102.1
100.5
122.6
146.1
151.0
154. 4
157.3
161.3
134.0
203.6
150. 8 150. 5
120.4 121.2
197.9 191.0
148.2
114.3
207.1
163.9
139.0
205.4
174.0 236.2
162.8 219. 7
188.9 265.0
155.4
217.1
214.7 213. 6
215.9
220.1
183.2 271.4
186.2 200.8
199.4
201.5
166.2 263.5
186.8 197.5
180.0
170.9
246. 5
243.9 258.5
222. 5
246.8
203.2 312.8
204.8 208.7
205.2
212.4
158.0 246.8
205.0 195.5
174.0
186.7 201.2
208.1
218.8
152.9 227.4
220.7 148.4
176.4
184.7
184.2
183.6
182.4
179.6
178.3
177.8
180.7
184.3
186.9
191.9
192.8
194.0
199.2
204.8
199.3
195.1
198.9
202.2
209.3
211.5
193.4
186.0
189.8
195.7
203.9 100.0
206.1
217.2
208.7
202.0
208.1
213.6
224.3
227.7
196.9
183.9
187.7
195.9
207.3
146.0
143.3
142.7
142.6
142.3
142.0
142.7
142.7
145.7
147.0
151.6
153.2
155.3
144.3
135. 2
133.6
134.3
135.6
137.7
140.1
141.8
153.9
154. 8
152.9
152.9
158.5
179.9
178.9
178.0
177.0
175.1
174.4
174.3
175.7
185.6
185.4
184.8
184.6
184.9
340.6 171.5
342.7 176.5
185.6
186.0
124.5
138.9
163.0
206.5
207.6
217.1
217.8
201. 9
169.7
233.4
229.3 241.3
205.9
251.7
191.5 314.1
November___
December___
204. 5
196. 0
194. 9
196. 6
197.3
199. 8
203.1
208.2
209. 9
210.0
210. 6
210.8
216.3
172. 7
169.0
169.1
169.1
169.3
169. 8
169. 8
171. 5
175. 5
176.9
177. 2
177.6
177.7
243. 6
219. 4
222.0
229.3
231.1
240.2
246. 5
255. 7
260. 7
261.0
253. 3
250.3
253.4
242.0
217.9
220.2
224.1
224.6
238.4
246.7
257. 4
259. 6
260.2
252.0
249.6
253.8
265.7
242.3
241. 8
244. 6
246.4
258. 7
268.6
277.2
282.2
281.7
279. 6
279.2
286.3
203.2
177.3
183. 6
188.3
185.4
202.8
209.1
225.9
225.0
228.3
209.3
201.8
201.0
257.8
234.3
238. 6
246.5
251.9
262.1
268.1
269.0
266.9
264.2
259. 4
264.1
269.0
183.3
158.9
164.9
180.6
187.8
184.4
185.1
189.8
202.3
199.2
187.2
180.1
179.3
1951: January_____
February____
221.9
226.0
185.4
187.1
263.6
270.1
265.5 300.9
271.2 307.0
210.2
215.2
273. 6
279.7
184.3 345.3
193.2 347.8
September__
Dairy
prod Eggs
ucts
Total
1 The Bureau of Labor Statistics retail food prices are obtained monthly
during the first three days of the week containing the fifteenth of the month,
through voluntary reports from chain and independent retail food dealers.
Articles included are selected to represent food sales to moderate-income
families.
The indexes, based on retail prices of 50 foods through 1949 and 59 foods
from January 1950 to date are computed by the fixed-base-weighted-aggregate
method, using weights representing (1) relative importance of chain and
independent store sales, in computing city average prices; (2) food purchases
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
308.5
301.9
294.1
301.8
297. 5
293.7
295.9
297.3
302.8
311.4
328.8
336.6
340.3
112.0
120. 5
125.4
134.6
133.6
133.9
133.4
173.6
152.3
140.8
149. 5
149.8
143. 7
148.4
163.3
182.2
192.1
206.2
205.4
249.4
202. 6 191. 5
204.4 179.8
214.1 100.2 220.0
224.3 100.8 233.4
228.5
223.9
222.1
221.5
221.6
222.9
222.9
222.9
227.6
229.8
236.1
242.2
248.8
160.6 253.4
165.1 256.7
312.5
299.5
303.3
308.5
305.5
299.1
296.5
303.0
321.3
327.3
333.4
325. 5
327.5
by families of wage earners and moderate-income workers, in computing
city indexes; and (3) population weights, in combining city aggregates in
order to derive average prices and indexes for all cities combined.
Indexes of retail food prices in 56 large cities combined, by commodity
groups, for the years 1923 through 1948 (1935-39=100), may be found in Bulle
tin No. 965, “ Retail Prices of Food, 1948,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, U . S.
Department of Labor, table 3, p. 7. Mimeographed tables of the same
data, by months, January 1935 to date, are available upon request.
2 December 1950=100.
498
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
T able
MONTHLY LABOR
D-5: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods, by City
[1935-39=100]
C ity
Feb.
1951
Jan.
1951
D ec.
1950
N ov.
1950
O ct.
1950
S ep t.
1950
A ug.
1950
J u ly
1950
June
1950
M ay
1950
A p r.
1950
M a r.
1950
Feb.
1950
Jan.
1950
Feb.
1951
U n ite d S ta te s ______________
226.0
221.9
216.3
210.8
210.6
210.0
209.9
208.2
203.1
199.8
197.3
196.6
194.9
196.0
m .o
A tla n ta , G a ________________
B altim o re, M d ___ _
B irm in g h a m , A la __________
B o sto n , M a s s ____
B rid g e p o rt, C onn
224.0
237.1
220.8
213.8
224.1
223.4
231.8
219.8
209.1
220.9
217.0
226.4
212.3
204.1
214.6
208.3
220.5
203.0
201.5
209.1
208.6
221.2
202.7
201.9
210.8
210.2
221.8
206.4
200.1
206.8
210.1
222.0
201.5
202.9
208.4
202.0
220.4
199.8
202.0
210.0
195.4
215.6
192.2
196.1
204.0
193.8
210.0
191.8
190.6
199.8
194.1
207.1
189.9
186.6
197.4
195.6
207.1
189.2
187.9
196.9
190.1
205.0
183.0
185.4
192.6
192.5
206.6
186.4
186.6
195.5
2 2 5 .4
B u ffalo, N . Y ____
B u tte , M o n t_____
C e d a r R a p id s, Io w a 1______
C h a rle sto n , S. C ____
C hicago, Ill_ _ _____ _
217.9
222.5
230.6
213.2
232.9
215.5
22C.7
229.2
208.9
225.1
207.5
215.8
225.9
203.2
221.6
205.7
212.2
220.2
195.5
214.8
204.0
212.0
220.6
196.7
215.0
202.6
209.4
219.2
198.9
214.7
203.5
209.1
218.8
199.9
217.0
204.9
204.9
211.9
192.8
214.8
199.0
203.0
208.6
188.0
208.4
193.9
198.5
205.5
186.1
206.0
192.3
196.7
201.1
185.6
201.1
191.6
194.5
201.0
186.8
201.1
189.4
193.9
200.3
183.3
198.6
189.8
194.1
200.3
185.3
199.9
218.8
224.3
233.4
213. Ö
2 3 4 .0
C in c in n a ti, O h io ___
C le v ela n d , O h io ..
C o lu m b u s, O h io . _
D a lla s, T e x ______
D e n v e r, C o lo ______
226.9
232.7
206.7
228.7
229.0
223.7
227.4
200.7
225.9
227.8
215.9
220.9
197.4
221.1
223.6
210.7
217.8
191.1
213.1
216.0
212.6
219.1
192.5
213.5
215.1
214.2
217.5
193.2
215.6
212.2
213.2
218.3
194.0
214.2
214.8
210.2
216.6
189.9
207.2
209.6
205.1
211.2
183.9
201.5
205.9
202.0
205.7
182.1
199.8
203.0
197.7
203.1
179.5
197.1
199.0
198.2
201. 8
179.2
197.0
199.0
197.0
201.7
177.5
197.9
196.6
197.4
202.6
177.2
198.4
196.8
226.9
232. S
208.5
228.8
226.6
D e tr o it, M ic h ______
F a ll R iv e r, M a s s ______
H o u sto n , T e x ____
In d ia n a p o lis, Ind__
J a c k so n , M is s.1. .
228.3
220.8
235.6
220.6
226.4
223.7
216.0
236.0
218.6
223.1
217.2
211.4
227.5
214.9
216.0
213.5
206.2
222.1
208.8
211.6
212.5
207.6
222.3
208.6
213.9
209.7
205.6
223.3
210.3
213.9
208.8
207. 7
221.9
208.8
213.2
208.0
207.2
212.8
203.4
206.0
202.9
200.7
208.1
198.1
201.0
198.7
195.6
206.3
196.1
201.2
194.9
193.7
206.6
193.3
199.9
192.8
192.7
209.2
192.7
198.7
190.8
190.8
206.0
191.2
196.7
191.8
191.9
207.7
192.3
199.9
230.9
223.2
237.8
222.5
226.4
J ack so n v ille, F la ___
K a n sa s C ity , M o ..
K n o x v ille, T e n n .1.
L ittle R o ck , A r k ...
L os A ngeles, C a l ii..
231.5
210.5
253.1
225.2
226.9
229.0
208.5
248.6
222.7
226.3
223.1
203.2
243. 6
217.1
218.0
215.3
198.1
235.0
211.7
212.1
215.2
196.2
235.8
210.9
210.9
219.1
195.8
238.5
211.5
207.8
218.1
194.9
238. 5
210.7
208.6
211.4
195.0
227.9
204.2
204.4
205.8
189.2
223.1
200.1
201.6
202.8
187.2
220.6
196.8
201.3
201.5
184.7
219.3
195.6
201.6
202.3
183.5
218.8
196.0
199.5
199.0
182.8
216.7
195.0
198.9
200.7
183.6
216.7
196.4
201.4
232.2
211.4
253.6
226.5
222.9
L o u isv ille, K y ____
M a n c h e s te r, N . H
M e m p h is, T e n n ................. ..
M ilw au k e e, W is.
M in n ea p o lis, M in n
214.5
218.9
230.8
227.4
217.9
210.0
215.1
227.6
219.6
213.8
203.3
210.1
224.0
216.3
206.8
198.0
207.4
218.3
213.0
202.1
198.0
208.8
220.1
212.3
200.7
199.4
206.2
221.5
212.3
199.1
197.8
207.3
219.4
213.7
200.7
197.6
206.3
213.6
212.7
196.8
192.0
200.6
208.3
206.6
194.1
187.8
196.2
205.8
204.2
191.3
183.1
192.6
203.4
198.9
187.1
184.1
193.3
204.8
199.0
187.2
183.0
190.4
202.9
196.4
187.5
183.7
191.6
203.1
196.3
189.1
215.6
220.8
229.0
228.3
219.0
M o b ile, A la _______
N e w a rk , N . J ___
N e w H a v e n , C o n n ..
N e w O rleans, L a
N e w Y o rk , N . Y
222.5
225.5
220.0
239.8
227.0
220.4
220.2
214.0
237.8
221.0
213.2
215.3
208.7
228.2
216.1
208.8
209.1
203.6
220.7
211.3
207.4
208.2
205.4
221.5
210.2
210.2
206.3
203.6
225.2
210.6
212.6
206.3
203.8
227.0
207.2
204.7
206.8
204.5
218.5
209.2
200.1
203.3
199.8
212.9
203.7
199.8
198.3
194.9
210.8
200.3
199.7
195.7
192.3
211.3
198.7
198.7
193.9
192.3
209.8
197.2
194.8
191.0
190.1
207.4
195.9
196.4
192.4
190.6
209.6
195.9
222.9
222.6
220.4
N o rfo lk, V a_. . . .
O m ah a, N e b r ___
P eo ria , 111_________
P h ila d e lp h ia , P a
P itts b u rg h , P a . .
231.1
216.4
236.5
222.2
227.4
225.2
213.7
233.4
217.7
222.4
214.8
209.8
226.9
212.9
218.0
210.8
203.6
224.4
206.7
213.8
211.8
202.3
225.0
207.9
215.9
216.3
203.5
224.2
208.8
214.6
217.6
203.9
224.3
208.1
213.3
210.3
199.6
221.2
205.9
211.1
205.9
197.2
216.8
201.4
207.5
202.1
195.5
211.9
195.5
205.1
199.1
190.2
208.3
193.6
201.0
198.7
190.0
207.4
193.4
198.5
195.1
188.6
206.5
190.2
198.4
194.8
189.8
205. 9
191.3
199.7
231.7
218.1
239.3
220.2
226.4
P o r tla n d , M a in e ..
P o r tla n d , O reg __
P ro v id en c e, R . I .
R ic h m o n d , V a.
R o ch e ster, N . Y ._ .
211.0
247.4
230.8
218.3
216.2
207.9
243.4
225.1
215.6
212.2
202.9
234.9
219.3
210.3
206.1
198.1
230.7
213.7
201.6
202.6
198.9
228.7
214.4
202.0
204.5
197.7
228.5
213.6
202.9
202.0
198.0
227.5
214.4
202.9
201.7
198.9
224.2
213.5
200.7
203.4
193.0
219.1
207.9
195.2
196.4
189.2
216.6
203.0
191.1
193.7
188.2
212.9
199.6
189.0
189.6
190.3
211.3
198.8
189.3
191.2
186.7
212.1
197.0
187.9
190.0
187.3
210.4
198.3
188.3
190.7
212.3
246.7
233.2
219.3
216.0
S t. L o u is, M o ... _
S t. P a u l, M i n n . ............. .........
S a lt L a k e C ity , U ta h ____
S an F ran cisc o , Calif
S a v a n n a h , G a ...
240.0
212.9
225.6
235.3
231.5
234.0
210.5
222.2
238.0
229.8
229.7
202.8
217.2
229.0
223.0
221.2
198.4
212.4
219.3
214.9
220.2
196.9
211.4
217.0
215.9
220.4
195.3
210.9
214.3
217.9
220.8
195.7
210.1
217.3
219.5
220.1
194.4
202.8
215.9
211.6
210.2
192.5
202.2
211.1
206.3
207.2
189.7
199.2
210.4
203.6
202.6
186.3
196.2
210.8
200.0
204.7
187.0
196.8
210.5
200.0
202.8
186.6
198.8
211.9
195.6
204.6
186.4
198.7
214. 3
197.0
2 4 0 .8
S cran to n , P a . . .
S eattle , W a sh _____
S p rin g field, 111.. ___
W a sh in g to n , D . C
W ic h ita , K a n s .1_____
W in sto n -S a lem , N . C .1..........
223.7
231.7
238.2
223.3
235.9
221.3
217.7
230.2
233.7
221.2
231.1
217.6
212.1
225.7
231.7
216.7
230.0
214.1
207.1
221.8
223.1
208.9
218.4
205.7
207.2
218.0
222.1
208.9
219.0
207.5
208.9
214.1
218.6
207.0
218.9
207.8
209.8
214.6
219.8
207.4
220.4
207.4
209.5
211.4
218.6
205.8
214.0
200.8
204.2
208.6
211.8
201.9
209.4
197.3
199.6
206.9
207.5
196.9
207.6
193.1
194.0
205.6
202.7
194.4
204.6
192.6
194.7
204.4
201.8
194.7
206.9
193.7
191.4
205.3
200.7
194.0
205.0
189.2
192.4
205.8
200.9
194. 4
205.9
191.0
223.4
229.7
237.8
223.3
238.1
222.7
1 J u n e 1940—100,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
237.7
218.7
214.3
2 2 4 -8
2 4 0 .2
226.0
212.7
225.5
236.8
232.8
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
REVIEW, APRIL 1951
T able
D-6: Average Retail Prices and Indexes of Selected Foods
A ver
age
p r ic e
F eb.
1951
C o m m o d it y
C e r e a ls a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s :
C e r e a ls :
F l o u r , w h e a t ___________
C o m f la k e s 1____________
C o r n m e a l ______________
R i c e 2____________________
R o l l e d o a t s 3____________
B a k e r y p ro d u cts:
B r e a d , w h i t e ........... ...........
V a n i l l a c o o k i e s _________
499
I n d e x e s 1 9 3 5 - 3 9 = 100
F eb.
1951
Jan.
1951
D ec.
1950
N ov.
1950
O ct.
1950
S e p t.
1950
A ug.
1950
J u ly
1950
June
1950
M ay
1950
A p r.
1950
M ar.
1950
F eb.
1950
Jan.
1950
Cents
.5 p o u n d s ..
.1 3 o u n c e s . .
____p o u n d . .
______ d o _ _ _
.2 0 o u n c e s . .
5 1 .4
2 0 .7
9 .6
1 8 .2
1 7 .1
1 9 9 .0
1 9 3 .9
2 0 2 .8
1 0 1 .5
1 5 5 .2
1 9 6 .3
1 9 2 .5
2 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .7
1 5 4 .5
1 9 2 .5
1 9 1 .7
1 9 7 .8
1 0 1 .0
1 5 3 .4
1 9 1 .3
1 9 0 .9
1 9 7 .9
9 8 .6
1 5 2 .5
1 9 2 .4
1 8 7 .4
2 0 4 .0
9 7 .5
1 5 0 .3
1 9 2 .9
1 8 2 .7
2 0 5 .4
9 6 .8
1 4 6 .8
1 9 2 .6
1 7 7 .2
2 0 5 .9
9 5 .5
1 4 6 .1
1 9 0 .6
1 7 7 .1
1 9 0 .9
9 2 .4
1 4 5 .8
1 9 0 .5
1 7 6 .5
1 8 1 .9
9 3 .1
1 4 5 .8
1 9 0 .2
1 7 7 .0
1 7 9 .9
9 3 .0
1 4 5 .9
1 8 9 .2
1 7 6 .9
1 7 6 .6
9 2 .8
1 4 5 .9
1 8 8 .1
1 7 7 .0
1 7 6 .3
9 2 .4
1 4 6 .2
1 8 7 .7
1 7 7 .4
1 7 6 .2
9 2 .4
1 4 6 .2
1 8 7 .3
1 7 7 .8
1 7 7 .7
9 2 .2
1 4 6 .4
. ..p o u n d ..
______ d o ____
..........._ d o ____
1 5 .7
4 9 .5
48. 7
1 8 3 .0
2 1 1 .6
1 0 5 .8
1 8 2 .2
2 0 9 .8
1 0 3 .1
1 7 2 .0
2 0 1 .7
1 0 0 .0
1 7 1 .9
2 0 2 .8
1 7 1 .9
2 0 1 .3
1 7 1 .5
2 0 1 .6
1 7 1 .1
1 9 7 .0
1 6 6 .2
1 9 3 .3
1 6 3 .9
1 9 1 .7
1 6 4 .1
1 9 1 .6
1 6 4 .1
1 8 9 .8
1 6 3 .9
1 8 9 .8
1 6 3 .9
1 9 0 .1
1 6 3 .8
1 8 9 .9
1 0 7 .4
8 5 .0
7 3 .0
64 2
6 6 .6
3 1 7 .6
2 9 4 .2
3 2 3 .2
1 0 5 .7
2 1 7 .5
3 1 2 .3
2 8 8 .0
3 1 5 .0
1 0 4 .4
2 1 2 .1
2 9 7 .6
2 7 3 .3
2 9 8 .1
1 0 0 .0
2 0 1 .0
2 8 6 .4
2 6 6 .0
2 8 6 .9
2 8 7 .1
2 6 5 .3
2 8 7 .4
2 8 8 .2
2 7 0 .2
2 8 9 .7
2 9 3 .3
2 7 1 .7
2 9 1 .3
2 9 5 .9
2 7 2 .1
2 9 0 .1
2 8 7 .9
2 6 4 .1
2 7 9 .2
2 7 4 .7
2 5 5 .3
2 6 2 .6
2 5 6 .6
2 4 1 .4
2 4 7 .4
2 5 3 .4
2 3 9 .3
2 4 9 .2
2 5 0 .1
2 3 7 .5
2 4 6 .0
2 5 2 .1
2 3 8 .5
2 4 5 .1
1 9 6 .6
1 9 6 .5
1 9 7 .4
1 9 7 .5
1 8 9 .3
1 8 1 .8
1 7 6 .3
1 6 7 .8
1 6 6 .3
1 6 4 .8
1 6 4 .6
1 2 3 .5
3 0 8 .0
3 0 0 .2
2 8 6 .7
2 8 1 .1
2 8 1 .0
2 8 0 .1
2 7 7 .8
2 7 5 .3
2 7 1 .2
2 6 5 .1
2 5 8 .5
2 6 2 .5
2 6 1 .4
2 5 5 .8
7 7 .9
6 7 .9
6 7 .5
3 9 .6
2 3 5 .6
1 7 8 .0
2 2 9 .7
1 8 7 .5
2 2 8 .1
1 7 5 .9
2 2 4 .9
1 8 6 .7
2 1 6 .6
1 7 1 .9
2 1 2 .7
1 8 4 .5
2 2 1 .8
1 7 4 .8
2 0 4 .9
1 8 3 .6
2 2 9 .9
1 8 3 .9
2 1 0 .7
1 8 4 .8
2 6 1 .2
1 8 4 .3
2 3 3 .6
1 8 3 .1
2 5 3 .5
1 8 1 .7
2 3 6 .4
1 7 9 .6
2 0 8 .6
1 7 1 .4
2 2 9 .7
1 6 4 .8
2 4 3 .5
1 6 1 .9
2 1 5 .8
1 6 0 .5
2 3 8 .0
1 5 7 .4
2 0 6 .6
1 5 2 .5
2 0 6 .6
1 5 4 .1
1 9 3 .6
1 4 9 .3
2 1 0 .0
1 5 5 .1
1 9 8 .0
1 5 2 .2
2 0 0 .7
1 5 4 .7
1 9 5 .3
1 5 0 .2
1 8 6 .9
1 5 4 .7
1 9 2 .5
1 5 3 .2
8 0 .5
2 8 4 .1
1 9 3 .2
2 7 7 .9
1 8 4 .3
2 7 3 .3
1 7 9 .3
2 6 8 .4
1 8 0 .1
2 6 3 .5
1 8 7 .2
2 6 8 .4
1 9 9 .2
2 7 1 .2
2 0 2 .3
2 7 3 .3
1 8 9 .8
2 7 2 .4
1 8 5 .1
2 6 6 .2
1 8 4 .4
2 5 5 .9
1 8 7 .8
2 5 0 .5
1 8 0 .6
2 4 2 .4
1 6 4 .9
2 3 8 .1
1 5 8 .9
(8)
6 2 .0
2 8 3 .7
5 0 1 .1
2 8 3 .0
4 9 3 .7
2 7 9 .5
4 8 4 .5
2 7 8 .5
4 7 3 .1
2 7 7 .1
4 4 6 .9
2 7 6 .2
3 8 1 .1
2 7 2 .8
3 5 7 .9
2 7 0 .0
3 4 4 .8
2 6 8 .4
3 4 4 .1
2 6 4 .9
3 4 6 .4
2 6 9 .4
3 4 7 .4
2 7 3 .6
3 5 1 .5
2 5 9 .1
3 6 5 .4
2 7 2 .2
3 5 5 .9
8 2 .4
5 9 .8
2 2 .7
2 1 .4
31 4
1 4 .3
6 2 .8
2 2 6 .1
2 6 4 .3
1 8 4 .8
1 8 6 .7
1 0 5 .4
2 0 1 .0
1 7 9 .8
2 2 8 .0
2 5 4 .9
1 8 3 .5
1 8 5 .7
1 0 4 .2
1 9 4 .1
1 9 1 .5
2 0 9 .7
2 3 2 .4
1 7 9 .0
1 8 0 .6
100 0
1 8 3 .7
2 4 9 .4
2 0 5 .0
2 3 0 .3
1 7 8 .3
1 8 1 .1
2 0 4 .1
2 2 8 .5
1 7 7 .4
1 8 0 .3
1 9 8 .9
2 2 9 .0
1 7 0 .6
1 7 4 .2
1 9 7 .9
2 2 8 .2
1 6 7 .5
1 7 0 .0
1 9 5 .6
2 2 6 .3
1 6 4 .2
1 6 5 .7
1 9 5 .4
2 2 6 .2
1 6 0 .4
1 6 2 .0
1 9 6 .0
2 2 8 .0
1 6 0 .8
1 6 2 .9
1 9 7 .6
2 2 9 .0
1 6 2 .0
1 6 5 .1
2 0 0 .7
2 3 0 .1
1 6 5 .3
1 6 8 .4
2 0 1 .6
2 3 0 .6
1 6 7 .0
1 6 9 .7
2 0 1 .8
2 3 1 .1
1 6 7 .9
1 7 0 .2
1 8 3 .0
2 0 5 .4
1 8 2 .8
2 0 6 .2
1 8 1 .1
1 9 2 .1
1 7 7 .8
1 8 2 .2
1 7 3 .9
1 6 3 .3
1 7 4 .2
1 4 8 .4
1 7 4 .3
1 4 3 .7
1 7 4 .5
1 4 9 .8
1 7 5 .1
1 4 9 .5
1 7 4 .9
1 4 0 .8
1 7 5 .1
1 5 2 .3
fiQ 4
24 0
2 5 .0
101 a
102^4
9 9 .9
mo s
102! 0
9 9 .1
100 0
100 0
1 0 0 .0
1 1 .0
1 6 .5
4 9 .4
2 0 6 .4
2 7 4 .0
1 7 3 .4
2 0 4 .4
2 6 6 .5
1 5 3 .3
1 9 5 .3
2 7 1 .0
1 6 6 .5
1 8 7 .0
2 6 6 .4
1 7 6 .3
1 9 0 .3
2 6 1 .4
1 9 1 .0
2 2 9 .5
2 4 7 .1
1 7 5 .4
2 3 7 .5
2 6 3 .8
1 7 4 .0
3 4 0 .6
2 6 8 .6
1 8 2 .9
3 0 1 .1
2 7 1 .9
1 7 2 .8
2 5 6 .3
2 7 4 .6
1 6 8 .0
2 2 0 .1
2 7 4 .7
1 7 3 .9
2 0 4 .9
2 7 8 .2
1 7 7 .8
1 8 7 .5
2 7 8 .2
1 7 6 .5
1 7 8 .6
2 7 3 .1
1 5 6 .5
2 6 .3
1 5 .9
1 4 .1
1 5 .7
7 .2
6 4 .8
9 .8
3 3 .3
2 4 4 .8
4 2 5 .2
2 5 8 .7
1 8 9 .3
1 7 3 .2
1 7 7 .6
1 8 9 .7
2 1 8 .7
3 0 3 .5
2 3 9 .6
2 0 6 .0
1 6 4 .3
1 4 4 .0
1 7 2 .3
1 8 2 .5
2 5 4 .7
3 1 0 .6
1 5 8 .5
2 0 3 .8
1 6 7 .6
1 3 3 .1
1 6 3 .8
1 7 7 .5
1 9 3 .6
2 2 8 .4
1 2 5 .6
2 0 3 .1
1 7 3 .3
1 2 8 .9
1 5 4 .0
1 6 1 .2
1 6 7 .9
1 5 4 .5
1 2 6 .5
1 7 7 .0
1 5 9 .2
1 3 3 .8
1 6 3 .5
1 5 9 .3
1 3 1 .6
1 6 0 .1
1 3 4 .3
1 8 0 .2
1 5 5 .8
1 4 8 .7
1 7 8 .8
1 8 4 .8
8 6 .1
1 4 3 .7
1 4 2 .5
1 8 1 .2
1 5 0 .7
1 7 4 .0
2 0 2 .0
2 1 6 .0
1 1 7 .5
1 6 5 .6
1 5 8 .7
1 9 5 .1
1 3 8 .9
1 9 7 .4
2 1 6 .3
1 9 8 .5
2 1 5 .4
1 5 1 .0
1 7 4 .3
1 8 1 .7
1 6 7 .3
1 8 7 .1
2 1 9 .3
2 0 9 .4
2 0 8 .3
2 1 0 .0
1 7 4 .0
1 7 8 .3
1 8 9 .6
1 6 1 .9
2 0 7 .7
2 1 9 .0
1 5 4 .1
1 9 9 .5
1 6 8 .6
1 7 5 .3
1 5 9 .5
1 4 5 .2
1 9 8 .4
2 1 1 .7
1 7 5 .8
1 8 0 .2
1 7 8 .7
1 7 7 .3
1 5 6 .5
1 5 7 .4
1 9 4 .9
2 1 0 .4
1 4 2 .3
2 1 5 .2
1 6 9 .6
1 8 4 .9
1 7 2 .2
1 8 7 .1
1 9 5 .2
2 0 6 .0
1 5 6 .9
2 7 4 .9
1 7 3 .9
2 0 2 .6
2 2 0 .1
2 1 6 .9
1 9 6 .5
2 0 5 .6
1 6 5 .3
3 3 .2
3 8 .8
1 7 2 .8
1 7 8 .5
1 7 2 .1
1 7 7 .5
1 6 8 .2
1 7 6 .1
1 6 6 .7
1 7 6 .0
1 6 4 .6
1 7 5 .7
1 5 8 .3
1 7 5 .0
1 5 1 .5
1 7 4 .8
1 4 2 .4
1 7 2 .7
1 4 0 .1
1 7 2 .0
1 3 8 .2
1 7 1 .9
1 3 8 .4
1 7 3 .1
1 3 9 .1
1 7 3 .7
1 4 0 .1
1 7 3 .6
1 4 1 .8
1 7 4 .2
2 0 .1
1 8 .7
2 1 .9
9 .9
1 6 1 .8
2 0 9 .1
1 1 9 .7
1 0 0 .8
1 5 9 .5
1 9 1 .2
1 1 9 .5
1 0 0 .2
1 5 4 .3
1 7 6 .3
1 1 7 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 5 0 .5
1 7 2 .0
1 1 7 .2
1 4 7 .8
1 6 9 .1
1 1 7 .3
1 4 1 .4
1 6 4 .4
1 1 6 .0
1 3 9 .5
1 6 3 .9
1 1 4 .8
1 3 7 .5
1 6 1 .5
1 1 2 .9
1 3 8 .4
1 6 1 .6
1 1 4 .3
1 3 7 .3
1 6 1 .7
1 1 3 .5
1 3 8 .9
1 6 0 .1
1 1 4 .6
1 3 9 .7
1 5 9 .4
1 1 4 .8
1 4 2 .2
1 5 7 .9
1 1 4 .0
1 4 4 .1
1 5 8 .2
1 1 3 .1
2 7 .5
1 7 .4
2 7 1 .4
2 3 4 .9
2 6 8 .0
2 3 1 .8
2 6 4 .6
2 2 6 .7
2 6 1 .4
2 1 8 .8
2 5 3 .4
2 1 4 .0
2 4 2 .0
2 1 0 .7
2 3 8 .2
2 0 9 .4
2 3 5 .7
2 0 3 .9
2 3 7 .8
2 0 2 .7
2 3 6 .7
2 0 3 .4
2 3 5 .3
2 0 2 .1
2 3 3 .3
2 0 3 .1
2 3 2 .1
2 0 4 .5
2 3 2 .5
2 0 6 .9
8 6 .4
2 8 .3
3 4 3 .5
1 0 7 .9
3 4 0 .7
1 0 7 .8
3 3 1 .4
1 0 0 .0
3 3 2 .5
3 4 3 .2
3 3 6 .1
3 2 8 .1
3 0 3 .6
2 9 4 .9
2 9 8 .4
3 0 6 .9
3 1 0 .9
3 0 4 .0
2 9 8 .9
2 5 .8
4 0 .8
3 9 .6
1 7 3 .3
1 9 7 .4
1 6 4 .2
1 9 9 .5
1 6 6 .3
1 9 1 .2
1 6 1 .4
1 9 3 .9
1 4 9 .5
1 7 5 .1
1 5 2 .9
1 7 9 .9
1 4 2 .0
1 6 9 .4
1 4 8 .9
1 7 3 .0
1 4 2 .6
1 6 9 .0
1 4 8 .4
1 7 3 .8
1 5 6 .1
1 6 8 .2
1 4 8 .1
1 7 4 .5
1 5 7 .9
1 6 6 .1
1 4 6 .9
1 7 3 .7
118. 7
1 5 7 .2
1 4 2 .0
1 6 4 .2
1 1 6 .0
1 5 5 .6
1 4 2 .1
1 6 1 .1
1 1 2 .5
1 5 1 .8
1 4 0 .2
1 6 0 .5
1 0 9 .3
1 4 8 .4
1 3 8 .9
1 6 0 .1
1 1 0 .3
1 4 7 .2
1 3 7 .6
1 5 6 .4
1 0 9 .7
1 4 6 .2
1 3 8 .0
1 5 4 .5
1 1 3 .1
1 4 8 .8
1 3 8 .3
1 5 5 .3
1 8 7 .6
1 0 0 .5
1 8 7 .3
1 0 0 .3
1 8 6 .5
1 0 0 .0
1 8 6 .8
1 8 7 .3
1 8 8 .5
1 8 8 .7
1 7 7 .0
1 7 5 .3
1 7 5 .5
1 7 6 .1
1 7 7 .8
178 9.
1 7 9 .8
M e a t s , p o u l t r y , a n d f is h :
M e a ts:
B eef:
R o u n d s t e a k _______ ______ d o ____
R i b r o a s t . _ _______ ______ d o ____
C h u c k r o a s t _______ ______ d o ____
.......... _ d o_ __
H a m b u r g e r 3_______ ______ d o ____
V e a l:
C u t l e t s ........................ ______ d o ____
PorkC h o p s ______________ ______ d o ____
B a c o n , s l i c e d ______ ______ d o ____
H a m , w h o l e ________ ______ d o ____
S a l t p o r k _______ __ ______ d o ____
Lam b:
L e g --------------------------- ______ d o ____
P o u l t r y ................ .... .............. ______ d o ____
F r y in g c h ic k e n s:
48 8
6 2 .0
F is h :
F i s h ( fr e s h , fr o z e n ) 7_____ d o ____
S a l m o n , p i n k ____ 16 o u n c e c a n . .
D a ir y p r o d u c ts:
B u t t e r _____________ __________ ____p o u n d . .
C h e e s e , A m e r ic a n p r o c e s s . ______ d o ____
M i l k , fr e s h ( d e li v e r e d ) _____ q u a r t __
M i l k , f r e s h (g r o c e r y ) 9 .......... _ d o ____
M i l k , e v a p o r a te d ._ 1 4 V 6 o u n c e * c a n ..
E g g s : E g g s , f r e s h _______________ _____ d o z e n . .
F r u it s a n d v e g e ta b le s :
F r o z e n f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s :
F r e s h f r u it s :
A p p l e s ___________ _______ ____p o u n d . .
B a n a n a s ________________ ______ d o ____
O r a n g e s , s iz e 2 0 0 ______ _____ d o z e n . .
F r e s h v e g e ta b le s :
B e a n s , g r e e n ____________ ____ p o u n d . .
C a b b a g e ________________ ______ d o ____
C a r r o t s ________ _________ ____b u n c h . .
L e t t u c e _________________ ______ h e a d . .
O n i o n s __________________ ____p o u n d . .
P o t a t o e s ________________ 15 p o u n d s . .
S w e e t p o t a t o e s __________ ____p o u n d . .
T o m a t o e s 10__________ __ ______ d o ____
C a n n e d f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s :
C a n n e d f r u it s :
P e a c h e s ___________ N o . 2V6 c a n . .
P in e a p p le
. . . . . _____ d o _____
C a n n e d v e g e ta b le s :
C o m ______ _________ N o . 2 c a n . .
T o m a t o e s ........... ......... ______ d o ____
P e a s 11. . _______ N o . 303 c a n . .
D r i e d f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s :
D r i e d f r u it s , p r u n e s . . . ____p o u n d . .
D r i e d v e g e t a b l e s , n a v y b e a n s . d o ____
B ev era g es:
C o f f e e ________________________ ______ d o ____
F a t s a n d o ils :
L a r d -------- ------------------------------ ____p o u n d . .
S h o r t e n in g , h y d r o g e n a t e d . . . d o ____
S a l a d d r e s s i n g . .................. ______ p i n t . .
M a r g a r i n e . . __________ ____ p o u n d . .
__
3fi O
37! 5
S u g a r a n d sw e e ts:
S u g a r ______________________
.5 p o u n d s ..
G r a p e j e l l y 4_________________ .1 2 o u n c e s ...
5 0 .3
2 4 .0
1 S p e c i f i c a t i o n c h a n g e d t o 13 o u n c e s i n D e c e m b e r .
11 N o . 303 c a n n e d f a n c y g r a d e p e a s i n t r o d u c e d i n A p r i l 1950 i n p l a c e o f
2 J u ly 1947= 100.
6 P r i c e d i n 28 c i t i e s .
N o . 2 c a n s ta n d a r d .
s F eb ru ary 1943=100.
7 1 9 3 8 -3 9 = 1 0 0 .
18 P r i c e d i n 18 c i t i e s b e g i n n i n g J a n u a r y 1 9 5 1 ,1 9 c i t i e s J u l y t h r o u g h D e c e m * D ecem b er 1950=100.
9 A v e r a g e p r ic e n o t c o m p u te d .
b e r 1950. P r i c e d in 56 c i t i e s b e f o r e t h a t d a t e .
. . . . .
9 P r ic e d in 46 c it ie s .
9 S p e c i f i c a t i o n r e v is e d i n N o v e m b e r 1950.
13 P r i c e d i n 3 7 c i t i e s J u l y t h r o u g h D e c e m b e r 1950 a n d i n 3 8 c i t i e s b e g i n n i n g
i° O c t o b e r 1 9 4 9 = 1 0 0 .
J a n u a r y 1951.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
500
MONTHLY LABOR
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
T able
D -7: Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 b y Group Commodities, for Selected Periods
[1 9 2 6 = 1 0 0 ]
A ll
com
m o d i
t ie s e x
cept
fa r m
prod
u cts 2
A ll
com
m o d i
t ie s
ex
cept
fa rm
prod
u cts
and
fo o d s 1
Foods
H id e s
and
le a th e r
prod
u c ts
T ex
t ile
prod
u c ts
F uel
and
lig h t
in g
m a te
r ia ls
M e ta ls
and
m eta l
prod
u cts 2
B u ild
in g
m a te
r ia ls
C h em
ic a l s
and
a l li e d
prod
u c ts
H ou sefu r
n is h
in g
goods
M is
c e lla
neous
com
m o d i
t ie s
R aw
m a te
r ia ls
7 1 .5
7 1 .4
1 5 0 .3
1 6 9 .8
1 0 4 .9
6 4 .2
6 2 .9
1 2 8 .6
1 4 7 .3
9 9 .9
6 8 .1
6 9 .7
1 3 1 .6
1 9 3 .2
1 0 9 .1
5 7 .3
5 5 .3
1 4 2 .6
1 8 8 .3
9 0 .4
6 1 .3
5 5 .7
1 1 4 .3
159. 8
8 3 .0
9 0 .8
7 9 .1
1 4 3 .5
155. 5
1 0 0 .5
5 6 .7
5 2 .9
1 0 1 .8
1 6 4 .4
9 5 .4
8 0 .2
7 7 .9
1 7 8 .0
1 7 3 .7
9 4 .0
5 6 .1
5 6 .7
9 9 .2
1 4 3 .3
9 4 .3
9 3 .1
8 8 .1
1 4 2 .3
1 7 6 .5
8 2 .6
6 8 .8
6 7 .3
1 3 8 .8
163. 4
9 7 .5
7 4 .9
6 7 .8
1 6 2 .7
2 5 3 .0
9 3 .9
6 9 .4
6 6 .9
1 3 0 .4
1 5 7 .8
9 4 .5
6 9 .0
6 5 .7
1 3 1 .0
1 6 5 .4
9 3 .3
7 0 .0
6 5 .7
1 2 9 .9
1 7 0 .6
9 1 .6
6 4 .8
7 7 .1
7 5 .0
7 8 .6
4 8 .2
6 5 .3
6 1 .0
6 7 .7
6 1 .0
7 0 .4
6 7 .2
7 1 .3
7 2 .9
9 5 .6
9 2 .7
1 0 0 .8
5 4 .9
6 9 .7
6 7 .8
7 3 .8
7 0 .3
7 3 .1
7 2 .6
7 1 .7
8 0 .2
9 4 .4
9 3 .2
9 5 .8
7 1 .4
9 0 .5
8 9 .6
9 4 .8
7 3 .9
7 6 .0
7 4 .2
7 7 .0
7 5 .1
8 6 .3
8 5 .6
8 8 .5
6 4 .4
7 4 .8
7 3 .3
7 7 .3
5 5 .1
7 0 .2
6 6 .5
7 1 .9
5 9 .3
7 7 .0
7 4 .5
7 9 .1
7 0 .3
8 0 .4
7 9 .1
8 1 .6
6 8 .3
7 9 .5
7 7 .9
8 0 .8
7 0 .2
8 1 .3
8 0 .1
8 3 .0
1941: A v e r a g e ______
D e c e m b e r ____
1942: A v e r a g e ______
1943: A v e r a g e ______
1944: A v e r a g e ____ __
8 7 .3
9 3 .6
9 8 .8
1 0 3 .1
1 0 4 .0
8 2 .4
9 4 .7
1 0 5 .9
1 2 2 .6
1 2 3 .3
8 2 .7
9 0 .5
9 9 .6
1 0 6 .6
1 0 4 .9
1 0 8 .3
1 1 4 .8
1 1 7 .7
1 1 7 .5
1 1 6 .7
8 4 .8
9 1 .8
9 6 .9
9 7 .4
9 8 .4
7 6 .2
7 8 .4
7 8 .5
8 0 .8
8 3 .0
9 9 .4
1 0 3 .3
1 0 3 .8
1 0 3 .8
1 0 3 .8
1 0 3 .2
1 0 7 .8
1 1 0 .2
1 1 1 .4
1 1 5 .5
8 4 .4
9 0 .4
9 5 .5
9 4 .9
9 5 .2
9 4 .3
1 0 1 .1
1 0 2 .4
1 0 2 .7
1 0 4 .3
8 2 .0
8 7 .6
8 9 .7
9 2 .2
9 3 .6
8 3 .5
9 2 .3
1 0 0 .6
1 1 2 .1
1 1 3 .2
8 6 .9
9 0 .1
9 2 .6
9 2 .9
9 4 .1
8 9 .1
9 4 .6
9 8 .6
1 0 0 .1
1 0 0 .8
8 8 .3
9 3 .3
9 7 .0
9 8 .7
9 9 .6
8 9 .0
9 3 .7
9 5 .5
9 6 .9
9 8 .5
1945: A v e r a g e ______
A u g u s t _______
1 0 5 .8
1 0 5 .7
1 2 8 .2
1 2 6 .9
1 0 6 .2
1 0 6 .4
1 1 8 .1
1 1 8 .0
1 0 0 .1
9 9 .6
8 4 .0
8 4 .8
1 0 4 .7
1 0 4 .7
1 1 7 .8
1 1 7 .8
9 5 .2
9 5 .3
1 0 4 .5
1 0 4 .5
9 4 .7
9 4 .8
1 1 6 .8
1 1 6 .3
9 5 .9
9 5 .5
1 0 1 .8
1 0 1 .8
1 0 0 .8
1 0 0 .9
9 9 .7
9 9 .9
1946: A v e r a g e ______
J u n e ___________
N o v e m b e r ___
1947: A v e r a g e ______
1948: A v e r a g e ______
1949: A v e r a g e ______
1950: A v e r a g e ______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h ________
A p r i l __________
M a y __________
J u n e ___________
J u l y ___________
A u g u s t _______
S e p t e m b e r ___
O c t o b e r . ___
N o v e m b e r ___
D e c e m b e r ____
1 2 1 .1
1 1 2 .9
1 3 9 .7
1 5 2 .1
1 6 5 .1
1 5 5 .0
1 6 1 .5
1 5 2 .7
152. 7
1 5 2 .9
1 5 5 .9
1 5 7 .3
1 6 2 .9
1 6 6 .4
1 6 9 .5
1 6 9 .1
1 7 1 .7
1 7 5 .3
1 4 8 .9
1 4 0 .1
1 6 9 .8
1 8 1 .2
1 8 8 .3
1 6 5 .5
1 7 0 .4
1 5 9 .1
1 5 9 .4
1 5 9 .3
1 6 4 .7
1 6 5 .9
1 7 6 .0
1 7 7 .6
1 8 0 .4
1 7 7 .8
1 8 3 .7
1 8 7 .4
1 3 0 .7
1 1 2 .9
1 6 5 .4
1 6 8 .7
1 7 9 .1
1 6 1 .4
1 6 6 .1
1 5 6 .7
155. 5
1 5 5 .3
1 5 9 .9
1 6 2 .1
1 7 1 .4
1 7 4 .6
1 7 7 .2
1 7 2 .5
1 7 5 .2
1 7 9 .0
1 3 7 .2
1 2 2 .4
1 7 2 .5
1 8 2 .4
1 8 8 .8
1 8 0 .4
1 9 1 .9
1 7 9 .0
1 7 9 .6
179. 4
1 8 1 .0
1 8 2 .6
1 8 7 .2
1 9 5 .6
2 0 2 .9
2 0 8 .5
2 1 1 .6
2 1 8 .8
1 1 6 .3
1 0 9 .2
1 3 1 .6
1 4 1 .7
1 4 9 .8
1 4 0 .4
1 4 8 .0
1 3 8 .2
1 3 7 .3
1 3 6 .4
1 3 6 .1
1 3 6 .8
1 4 2 .6
1 4 9 .5
1 5 8 .3
1 6 3 .1
1 6 6 .7
1 7 1 .2
9 0 .1
8 7 .8
9 4 .5
1 0 8 .7
1 3 4 .2
131. 7
1 3 3 .3
1 3 1 .3
1 3 1 .5
1 3 1 .2
1 3 2 .1
1 3 2 .7
1 3 3 .4
1 3 4 .4
1 3 5 .1
1 3 5 .4
1 3 5 .6
1 3 5 .6
1 1 5 .5
1 1 2 .2
1 3 0 .2
1 4 5 .0
1 6 3 .6
1 7 0 .2
1 7 3 .6
1 6 8 .6
1 6 8 .5
1 6 8 .7
169. 7
1 7 1 .9
1 7 2 .4
1 7 4 .3
1 7 6 .7
1 7 8 .6
1 8 0 .4
1 8 4 .8
1 3 2 .6
1 2 9 .9
145. 5
1 7 9 .7
1 9 9 .1
1 9 3 .4
2 0 6 .0
1 9 2 .8
1 9 4 .2
194. 8
1 9 8 .1
2 0 2 .1
2 0 7 .3
2 1 3 .9
2 1 9 .6
2 1 8 .9
2 1 7 .8
« 2 2 1 .4
1 0 1 .4
9 6 .4
1 1 8 .9
1 2 7 .3
1 3 5 .7
1 1 8 .6
1 2 2 .7
1 1 5 .2
1 1 6 .3
1 1 7 .1
1 1 6 .4
1 1 4 .5
1 1 8 .1
1 2 2 .5
1 2 8 .6
1 3 2 .2
135. 0
1 3 9 .6
1 1 1 .6
1 1 0 .4
1 1 8 .2
1 3 1 .1
1 4 4 .5
1 4 5 .3
1 5 3 .2
1 4 5 .2
1 4 5 .5
1 4 5 .8
1 4 6 .6
1 4 6 .9
1 4 8 .7
1 5 3 .9
1 5 9 .2
1 6 3 .8
1 6 6 .9
1 6 9 .9
1 0 0 .3
9 8 .5
1 0 6 .5
115. 5
1 2 0 .5
1 1 2 .3
1 2 0 .9
1 1 0 .0
1 1 0 .7
1 1 2 .6
1 1 4 .7
1 1 4 .7
1 1 9 .0
1 2 4 .3
1 2 7 .4
1 3 1 .3
1 3 7 .6
1 4 0 .5
1 3 4 .7
1 2 6 .3
1 5 3 .4
1 6 5 .6
1 7 8 .4
1 6 3 .9
1 7 2 .4
1 6 2 .4
1 6 2 .8
1 6 2 .5
1 6 6 .3
1 6 7 .7
1 7 5 .8
1 7 9 .1
1 8 1 .8
1 8 0 .2
1 8 4 .5
1 8 7 .1
1 1 0 .8
1 0 5 .7
1 2 9 .1
1 4 8 .5
1 5 8 .0
1 5 0 .2
1 5 6 .0
1 4 4 .3
1 4 4 .1
143. 9
1 4 5 .6
1 4 8 .4
1 5 2 .9
1 5 9 .2
1 6 5 .7
1 6 9 .3
1 7 3 .0
1 7 8 .1
1 1 6 .1
1 0 7 .3
1 3 4 .7
1 4 6 .0
1 5 9 .4
1 5 1 .2
1 5 6 .8
1 4 9 .1
1 4 8 .9
1 4 9 .4
1 5 2 .2
1 5 3 .5
1 5 8 .0
1 6 1 .2
1 6 4 .0
1 6 3 .5
1 6 5 .1
1 6 8 .9
1 1 4 .9
1 0 6 .7
1 3 2 .9
1 4 5 .5
1 5 9 .8
1 5 2 .4
1 5 9 .2
1 5 1 .1
1 5 1 .0
1 5 1 .2
1 5 3 .7
1 5 5 .2
1 5 9 .8
1 6 3 .7
1 6 6 .9
1 6 6 .9
1 6 8 .8
1 7 2 .3
1 0 9 .5
1 0 5 .6
1 2 0 .7
1 3 5 .2
1 5 1 .0
1 4 7 .3
1 5 3 .2
1 4 5 .9
1 4 6 .1
1 4 6 .4
1 4 7 .6
1 4 8 .8
1 5 1 .5
1 5 5 .5
1 5 9 .2
1 6 1 .5
1 6 3 .7
1 6 6 .6
1951: J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y _____
« 1 8 0 .1
1 8 3 .6
» 1 9 4 .2
2 0 2 .6
1 8 2 .3
1 8 7 .7
« 2 3 4 .8
2 3 8 .9
1 7 8 .3
1 8 0 .9
1 3 6 .4
1 3 8 .1
1 8 7 .4
1 8 7 .9
« 226. 2
2 2 8 .1
» 144. 4
1 4 7 .2
« 174. 7
1 7 5 .3
1 4 2 .4
1 4 2 .7
« 1 9 2 .6
1 9 9 .0
1 8 5 .0
1 8 7 .0
« 1 7 3 .1
1 7 5 .5
« 1 7 6 .8
1 7 9 .2
« 1 7 0 .3
1 7 1 .8
A ll
com
m o d i
t ie s 2
F arm
prod
u cts
A v era g e-J u l y ___________
N o v e m b e r ____
M a y __________
A v e r a g e ______
6 9 .8
6 7 .3
1 3 6 .3
1 6 7 .2
9 5 .3
1 9 3 2 : A v e r a g e ______
1939: A v e r a g e ______
A u g u s t ______
1940: A v e r a g e . ...........
Y ea r a n d m o n th
1913:
1914:
1918:
1920:
1929:
1 B L S w h o l e s a l e p r ic e d a t a , for t h e m o s t p a r t , r e p r e s e n t p r i c e s i n p r i m a r y
m a r k e t s . T h e y a r e p r ic e s c h a r g e d b y m a n u f a c t u r e r s o r p r o d u c e r s o r a r e
p r i c e s p r e v a i l i n g o n o r g a n i z e d e x c h a n g e s . T h e w e e k l y i n d e x is c a lc u l a t e d
f r o m 1 - d a y -a - w e e k p r ic e s ; t h e m o n t h l y i n d e x f r o m a n a v e r a g e o f t h e s e p r ic e s .
M o n t h l y i n d e x e s fo r t h e l a s t 2 m o n t h s a r e p r e l i m i n a r y .
T h e i n d e x e s c u r r e n t l y a r e c o m p u t e d b y t h e f ix e d b a s e a g g r e g a t e m e t h o d ,
w i t h w e i g h t s r e p r e s e n t in g q u a n t i t i e s p r o d u c e d fo r s a le i n 1 9 2 9 -3 1 . ( F o r a
d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t io n o f t h e m e t h o d o f c a lc u l a t io n s e e “ R e v i s e d M e t h o d o f
C a lc u la tio n o f t h e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a tis tic s W h o le s a le P r ic e I n d e x ,” in
t h e J o u r n a l o f t h e A m e r ic a n S t a t i s t i c a l A s s o c i a t i o n , D e c e m b e r 193 7 .)
M im e o g r a p h e d ta b le s a re a v a ila b le , u p o n r e q u e s t to t h e B u r e a u , g iv in g
m o n t h l y in d e x e s for m a jo r g r o u p s o f c o m m o d i t i e s s in c e 1890 a n d fo r s u b g r o u p s
a n d e c o n o m i c g r o u p s s in c e 1913. T h e w e e k l y w h o l e s a l e p r i c e in d e x e s a r e
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
S e m i
m a n ufa c tu red
a r t i c le s
M anu
fa c
tu red
prod
u cts 1
a v a i l a b l e i n s u m m a r y fo r m s i n c e 1947 for a ll c o m m o d i t i e s ; a ll c o m m o d i t i e s
l e s s f a r m p r o d u c t s a n d fo o d s ; f a r m p r o d u c t s ; fo o d s ; t e x t i l e p r o d u c t s ; f u e l a n d
l i g h t i n g m a t e r i a l s ; m e t a l s a n d m e t a l p r o d u c t s ; b u i l d i n g m a t e r ia l s , a n d
c h e m i c a l s a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s . W e e k l y i n d e x e s a r e a l s o a v a i l a b l e for t h e
s u b g r o u p s o f g r a in s , l i v e s t o c k , a n d m e a t s .
2 I n c l u d e s c u r r e n t m o t o r v e h i c l e p r ic e s b e g i n n i n g w i t h O c t o b e r 1946. T h e
r a t e o f p r o d u c t i o n o f m o t o r v e h i c l e s in O c t o b e r 1946 e x c e e d e d t h e m o n t h l y
a v e r a g e r a t e o f c i v i l i a n p r o d u c t io n i n 1941, a n d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e a n
n o u n c e m e n t m a d e i n S e p t e m b e r 1946, t h e B u r e a u i n t r o d u c e d c u r r e n t p r ic e s
for m o t o r v e h i c l e s i n t h e O c t o b e r c a l c u l a t i o n s . D u r i n g t h e w a r , m o t o r
v e h i c l e s w e r e n o t p r o d u c e d fo r g e n e r a l c i v i l i a n s a le a n d t h e B u r e a u c a r r ie d
A p r i l 1942 p r i c e s f o r w a r d i n e a c h c o m p u t a t i o n t h r o u g h S e p t e m b e r 1946.
0 C o r r e c te d .
R E V IE W , A P R IL
T
able
1951
D : P R IC E S A N D
501
CO ST OF L IV IN G
D-8: Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group and Subgroup of Commodities
[1926=100]
1951
1950
1946
1939
June
Aug.
Group and subgroup
Feb.
All com m odities2...................
183. 6
Farm products___ ________ 202.6
Grains________________ 192.0
Livestock and poultry r_ 238.2
L ivestockr________
268.0
94.3
P ou ltry r......... ..........
Other farm products___ 182.8
117.0
E g g s’-------------------187.7
Foods._____ _ ___________
Dairy products________ 173.0
166.8
Cereal products_______
Fruits and vegetables... 142.4
255. 2
Meats, poultry, fish ' —
Meats r. . . ........ ......... 274.8
107.0
Poultry r....................
159.0
Other foods__________
Hides and leather products.. 238.9
Shoes_________________ 225. 0
320.6
Hides and skins_______
Leather...... ........................ 229.1
Other leather products.. 188.0
180.9
Textile products__________
Clothing______________
163.9
240.4
Cotton goods____ _____
Hosiery and underwear. 115.3
43.1
Rayon and nylon r------89.2
S ilk ' _________________
Woolen and worsted___ 225.5
Other textile products... 243.8
Fuel and lighting materials.
138.1
156.5
Anthracite____________
197.5
Bituminous coal---------Coke_______________ . 234.1
Electricity____________
(3)
Gas__________________
(3)
Petroleum and products’ 119.4
Metals and metal products2. 187.9
Agricultural machinery
and equip m entr------156.9
Farm machinery
159.3
185.5
Iron and steel...................
186.2
Steel mill products---196.2
Semi-finished........
Finished________
184.9
Motor vehicles r_______
178.9
Passenger cars_____
187.1
Trucks____________ 142.9
Nonferrous m etals.......... 191.1
Plumbing and heating
183.7
139.4
P lum bingr____ _______
Building materials________
228.1
181.7
Brick and tile_________
147.1
Cement t -------------- -----Lumber--------------- . . . 359. 8
Paint, paint materials ’
164.0
153.3
Prepared p a in tr___
Paint materials ’___ 178.9
Plumbing and heating ’. 183.7
139.4
Plumbing r----------------Structural steel_______
204.3
Othes bldg, m aterials... 198.2
Chemicals and allied prod
147.2
ucts ------------ -------------Chemicals____________
139. 0
Drug and pharmaceu
185.4
tical materials____ _
118. 1
Fertilizer materials____
108.3
Mixed fprtilizers_______
217.3
Oils and fa ts._________
Housefurnishing goods_____ 175.3
187.0
Furnishings___________
Furniture r____________ 163.0
M iscellaneous_____________ 142.7
Tires and tubes r______
82.8
229.6
Cattle feed____________
Paper and pulp----------196.5
Paperboard........ ....... 221.0
Paper_____ ______ _ 174.2
Wood pulp________
272.5
147.3
Rubber, crude.................
137.6
Other miscellaneous___
Soaps and detergents r__ 162.5
Jan.
« 180.1
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
175.3
171.7
169.1
169.5
166.4
162.9
157.3
155.9
152.9
152.7
152.7
112.9
75.0
187.4
« 194.2
186.6
180.9
222.2
204.9
250.6
231.8
84.7
74.5
177.4
» 178. 2
116.5
149.5
182.3
179.0
164.4
171.5
157.7
163.5
• 136.1 « 138.0
242.7
233.7
261.5
251.9
98.2
92.3
157.7
161.5
» 234. 8
218.8
e 219. 2
209.4
318.8
277.5
213.8
224.8
188.0
173.9
171.2
178.3
161.6
155. 4
239.1
236.1
115.2
113.7
43.1
43.0
87.6
75.0
217.4
195.3
229.6
238.5
136.4
135.6
145.7
145.8
193.2
193.2
232.8
232.7
65.7
(3)
90.2
90.0
119.4
118.0
187.4
184.8
183.7
172.1
197.3
222.6
74.9
177.4
148.2
175.2
164.1
154.1
140.4
223.4
240.5
90.8
158.9
211.6
204.0
269.3
204.9
164.9
166.7
151.4
231.7
111.4
42.7
69.0
192.5
210.4
135.6
144.7
193.3
232.5
65.5
90.5
118.1
180.4
177.8
165.3
198.7
223.8
77.1
167.4
141.0
172.5
160.8
153.8
129.5
223.7
240.8
90.2
156.4
208.5
200.3
266.3
201.3
164.9
163.1
147.7
225.7
109.2
42.5
65.3
188.9
207.3
135.4
143.9
193.3
231.1
65.2
88.9
118.0
178.6
180.4
166.5
211.3
237.5
85.3
164.4
128.8
177.2
154.7
155.5
131.0
241.0
259.5
99.0
158.7
202.9
194.8
264.7
196.8
151.3
158.3
146. 7
221.6
105.3
41.7
64.9
178.7
191.3
135.1
142.8
193.1
225.6
65.6
89.0
117.8
176.7
177.6
167.7
217.3
243.8
90.2
155.3
110.1
174.6
148.0
154.9
132.0
240.2
258.3
103.5
154.1
195.6
191.4
238.2
192.3
151.3
149.5
145.2
206.8
101.2
41.3
65.6
157.7
181.5
134.4
142.1
192.5
225.6
65.5
88.1
116.8
174.3
176.0
173.5
215.8
242.5
87.6
151.8
103.8
171.4
141.8
151.2
137.0
240.7
260.1
97.9
145.1
187.2
185.8
219.8
185.3
143.1
142.6
144.3
190.7
99.2
40.7
60.3
150.9
168.5
133.4
141.0
191.9
225.6
67.0
88.3
115.5
172.4
165.9
169.3
197.5
222.4
77.2
145.0
91.3
162.1
135.9
145.6
140.5
223.7
241.4
91.5
133.1
182.6
184.8
202.1
180.6
143.1
136. 8
143.8
173.8
97.7
39.9
49.3
148.3
164.5
132.7
140.1
192.1
225.6
67.0
87.3
113.9
171.9
164.7
172.3
194.6
218.5
79.6
143.7
85.4
159.9
138.0
146.0
139.2
217.1
234.0
90.0
130.9
181.0
185.0
194.4
179.3
143.1
136.1
143.8
172.0
97.7
39.9
49.3
146.2
164.6
132.1
139.2
192.6
225.6
66.6
87.2
112.6
169.7
159.3
169. 6
178.0
197.9
84.0
144.2
90.7
155.3
141.1
145.9
137.6
200.6
214.7
89.9
129.3
179.4
184.3
187.2
179.1
143.1
136.4
144.2
172.8
97.7
39.9
49.1
146.1
165. 8
131.2
142.6
193. 4
225.6
67.8
86.8
109.5
168.7
4159. 4
165.4
180.3
199.7
89.7
144.2
94.:6
155.5
144.8
145. 6
134.9
200.0
213.6
92.7
129.8
179.6
184.3
190.4
177.9
143.1
137.3
143.5
176.5
98.0
39.9
49.1
146.3
166.9
131.5
141.9
198.5
224.7
67.9
88.3
108.6
168.5
159.1
161.3
179.9
200.6
81.4
144.9
87.3
156.7
147.5
144.8
138.2
201.6
216.3
86.8
129.6
179.0
184.3
188.2
176.6
143.1
138.2
143.1
178. 4
98.6
39.9
50.1
147.2
170.3
131.3
139.3
196.7
223.7
69.6
87.4
109.4
168.6
140.1
151.8
137.4
143.4
(3)
137.5
97.3
112.9
127.3
101.7
136.1
110.1
116.6
(3)
98.1
122.4
129.5
121.5
110.7
115.2
109.2
120.3
139.4
75.8
30.2
(3)
112.7
112.3
87.8
106.1
132. 8
133.5
67.2
79.6
64.0
112.2
61.0
51.5
66.0
67.7
(3)
60.1
47.5
67.2
67.9
71.9
58.5
73.7
78.1
(3)
60.3
92.7
100.8
77.2
84.0
97.1
67.8
81.5
65.5
61.5
28.5
44.3
75.5
63.7
72.6
72.1
96.0
104.2
75.8
86.7
51.7
93.2
156.1
o 158. 4
185.6
186.1
196.2
184.9
178.8
187.1
« 142. 2
187.9
183.7
« 139. 4
« 226.2
« 181. 6
« 147. 2
” 356.8
162.1
152.1
176.2
183.7
' 139. 4
204.3
« 195.8
154.6
157.1
182.1
183.2
196.2
181.6
178.4
187.1
140.6
182.5
183.6
139.3
» 221. 4
179.9
141.2
348.4
« 154.9
« 147.3
166. 2
183.6
139.3
204.3
193.8
153.2
155.7
174.0
172.8
185.4
171.2
17.6.9
187.1
133.9
181.7
182.5
137.3
217.8
178.5
140.8
347.6
148.2
143.6
156.1
182.5
137.3
191.6
189.4
152.0
154.5
173.2
172.7
185. 4
171.1
176.8
187.0
133.9
173.3
177.2
132.0
218.9
178.1
140.2
358.4
145. 7
142.4
152.1
177.2
132.0
191.6
186.6
150.3
152.7
172.2
172.5
185.4
170.9
176.5
186.6
133.9
166.1
166.9
125.4
219. 6
168.7
136.3
371.5
145.9
142.4
152.4
166.9
125.4
191.6
182.5
145.5
147.7
171.0
172.3
185.4
170.6
176.1
186.4
133.1
156.3
164.6
123.9
213.9
167.8
135.5
357.6
142.4
141.3
146.2
164.6
123.9
191.6
178.7
143.9
146.2
169.8
172.3
185.4
170.6
175.1
185.2
133.0
150.6
156. 5
116.9
207.3
167.4
135.3
338.0
138.6
138.6
141.3
156. 5
116.9
191.6
177.4
143.7
146.0
169.4
172.2
185.4
170.4
175.1
185.2
133.0
148.4
156.3
116.7
202.1
164.3
134.9
322.6
137.7
138.5
139.5
156.3
116.7
191.6
175.0
143.7
146.0
168.5
171.8
184.9
170.1
175.1
185.2
133.0
136.3
156.4
116.6
198.1
163.9
134.9
310.8
136.8
138.5
137.6
156.4
116.6
191.6
172.7
143.4
145.8
168.9
171.7
184.7
170.1
175.1
185.2
132.7
128.9
154.7
(*)
194.8
163.4
134.9
299.4
136.7
138.5
137.3
154.7
l4)
191.6
172.0
143.1
145.6
169.0
171.7
184.7
170.0
175.1
185.2
132.8
127.2
151.9
(4)
194.2
163.3
134.9
295. 9
138.2
138. 5
140. 5
151.9
i,4)
191.6
172.2
143.1
145.7
108.8
171.7
184.7
170.0
175.6
185.7
133.0
128.1
148.7
l4)
192.8
163.2
134.9
292.1
139.0
138.5
142.2
148.7
(4)
191.6
171.1
104.5
104.9
110.1
112.2
108.9
112.8
135.5
142.8
104.3
99.2
106.0
(4>
129.9
121.3
102.6
176.0
108.6
99.3
120.9
106.0
(4)
120.1
118.4
93.5
94.7
95.1
98.6
96.0
99.0
92.5
95.6
77.4
74.6
79.3
(4)
89.6
90.5
91.3
90.1
82.1
92.9
71.8
79.3
(4)
107.3
89.5
» 144. 4
138.1
139. 6
136.1
135.6
134.3
132.2
131.6
128.6
125.4
122. 5
122.1
118.1
119.3
114.5
117.3
116.4
116. 5
117.1
116.4
116.3
115.4
115.2
114.7
96.4
98.0
74.2
83.8
184.6
117.3
« 108. 3
200.4
« 174.7
c 186. 2
162.7
142.4
82.8
226.3
196.5
221.1
174.2
272.1
148.4
137.1
157.8
175.1
115.6
107.4
180.9
169.9
180.2
159.2
140.5
82.5
224.4
189.0
214.0
173.3
222.6
146.1
136.6
152.3
163. 8
112.0
104.7
171.5
166.9
176.6
156.7
137.6
82.3
211.4
178.7
193.0
16'». 5
222.6
150. 5
134.7
144. *
161.1
111.2
103.1
160.3
163.8
173.7
153.5
131.3
78.1
199.6
173.4
184.3
159.4
222.6
131.5
130.5
143.2
153.4
111.4
103.1
163.9
159.2
168.1
149.9
127.4
77.4
203.8
167.1
171.6
157.3
201.8
114.7
127.8
140.0
135.0
112.1
103.1
141.5
153.9
162.8
144.6
124.3
75.0
205.6
163.9
165.5
154.5
201.5
106.1
125.4
130.5
129.1
110.1
103.0
125.7
148.7
156.2
141.0
119.0
68.7
240. 5
159.9
152.8
152.0
203.1
78.4
121.7
122.0
122. 7
108.4
103.3
111.9
146.9
154.2
139.4
114.7
67.0
213. 2
155.6
146. 6
150.3
186.9
63.4
120.7
122.1
122.3
116.8
103.3
122.2
146.6
154.1
138.9
114.7
65.8
235.5
155.4
146.5
150.3
184.8
58.4
120.5
122.8
122.0
117.4
103.5
127.5
145.8
152.6
138.8
112.6
65.0
215.6
155. 4
146.5
150.3
185.0
48.7
120.3
122.9
121.9
117.3
103.5
125.6
145.5
152.2
138.6
110.7
64.3
193.7
155. 5
147.3
150.3
184.3
41.3
120.4
122.9
121.4
116.9
103.5
120.9
145.2
151.8
138.4
110.0
64.3
177.3
155.6
147.3
150.5
183.8
41.1
120.4
123.0
109.4
82.7
86.6
102.1
110.4
114.5
108.5
98.5
65.7
197.8
115.6
115.6
107.3
154.1
46.2
101.0
101.3
77.1
65.5
73.1
40.6
85.6
90.0
81.1
73.3
59.5
68.4
80.0
66.2
83.9
69.6
34.9
81-3
78.9
1 See footnote 1, table D-7. 2 See footnote 2, table D-7. 3 N ot available.
M ay 1950. « Corrected. r Revised.
fRevised indexes for dates prior to August 1949 available upon request.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
July
4 Index based on old series not available.
Revised series first used in indexJn
M O NTH LY LABO R
E: WORK STOPPAGES
502
E: Work Stoppages
T
able
E -l: Work Stoppages Resulting From Labor-Management Disputes 1
Workers involved in stoppages
Number of stoppages
M onth and year
1945.
19461947_____ _____________ _________ ____
19481949._____ ________ _____ ________ _____ ____________
1950. ___________ ________ _____ _________ __________
Beginning
in month or
year
In effect dur
ing month
2,862
4,750
4,985
3^ 693
3, 419
3i 606
4,843
Beginning
in month or
year
In effect dur
ing month
Man-days idle during month
or year
Number
16,900,000
38,000,000
116,000, 000
34, 600,000
34,100,000
50, 500,000
38,800,000
1,130,000
3, 470, 000
4,600,000
; 170,000
1,960,000
3; 030:000
2,410,000
2
8
Percent of
estimated
working time
0.27
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
206
298
407
485
483
463
635
56, 500
85, 200
159,000
354,000
278,000
224,000
346,000
527,000
566,000
294,000
508,000
373,000
389, 000
441,000
, 590,000
3,870, 000
3, 280, 000
3,270,000
2,630,000
2, 750,000
2,660,000
1.39
.51
.49
.44
.34
.39
.32
December___________________________________ . . .
521
550
329
218
358
453
605
723
768
732
918
3, 510,000
2, 590,000
2, 050,000
912,000
.48
.32
.27
.12
1: January2_______________________________________
February2. . ............ - .................................... ............... .
400
400
550
600
185,000
220,000
215,000
300, 000
1,200, 000
1, 700, 000
.15
.25
): February___ _______________________ __________
March_________________________________________
April__________________________________________
M a y __________ _ _____________________________
________
June_________ ____________
July_______________________________________ ____
August___________________ ____ _____ _ ________
September_____ _____ . . . _ _ _______ . . .
O c to b e r______________ ______________ ____ ________
N o v e m b e r ___________________________ ________ __
1 A l l k n o w n w o r k s t o p p a g e s , a r is i n g o u t o f l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t d i s p u t e s ,
in v o lv in g s ix o r m o r e w o r k e r s a n d c o n t in u in g a s lo n g a s a f u ll d a y or s h ift
a r e in c lu d e d in r e p o r ts o f t h e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a tis tic s . F ig u r e s o n “ w o r k e r s
i n v o l v e d ” a n d “ m a n - d a y s i d l e ” c o v e r a l l w o r k e r s m a d e i d l e fo r o n e o r m o r e
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
820
801
605
423
270,000
197, 000
200,000
61,100
450,000
330, 000
308,000
114, 000
s h ift s in e s ta b lis h m e n t s d ir e c t ly in v o lv e d in a s to p p a g e . T h e y d o n o t
m e a s u r e t h e i n d ir e c t o r s e c o n d a r y e f f e c t s o n o t h e r e s t a b l i s h m e n t s o r i n d u s t r i e s
w h o s e e m p l o y e e s a r e m a d e i d l e a s a r e s u l t o f m a t e r ia l o r s e r v i c e s h o r t a g e s .
3 P r e lim in a r y .
R E V IE W , A P R IL
1951
F : B U ILD IN G
AND
CO N STR U C TIO N
503
F: Building and Construction
T
a b l e
F - l: Expenditures for New Construction 1
[Value of work put in place]
Expenditures (in millions)
Type of construction
1951
Mar.9 Feb.»
1950
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
1950
1949
Total
Total
Total new construction 4________________ $2,122 $1,933 $2,068 $2,235 $2,554 $2, 750 $2,816 $2,799 $2,676 $2,535 $2,282 $1,988 $1,750 $27, 715 $22,594
Private construction_____________ ____
1,578
Residential building (nonfarm)............
848
N ew dwelling units_____________
775
Additions and alterations.............
57
Nonhousekeeping 8__ _________
16
Nonresidential building (nonfarm)8. . .
396
142
Industrial.. _________ ________
Commercial____________________
126
Warehouses, office and loft
buildings_________________
44
Stores, restaurants, and garages_____________________
82
Other nonresidential building____
128
R eligious...... ................ ..............
35
Educational________________
26
Social and r e c r e a tio n a l...___
16
Hospital and institutional7. . .
32
Miscellaneous____ ____ _____
19
Farm construction__________ _______
83
Public utilities_____________________
246
Railroad_____________ ________
Telephone and telegraph___. . . .
36
Other public utilities____________
190
All other private8. _______________
5
Public construction____________________
544
Residential building 9_______________
35
Nonresidential building (other than
military or naval facilities)________
229
Industrial_______ _______ _______
39
Educational . _______________
115
Hospital and institutional- ____
39
Other nonresidential.. _____ .
36
Military and naval facilities 18. ____
34
Highways. ________________
115
Sewer and water______ _ ________
53
Miscellaneous public service enterprises !1____________________ .
13
Conservation and development______
58
All other public 1»___________ _____
7
20
1
1,501
820
750
53
17
383
135
1,571
901
830
54
17
376
128
1,686
1.885
1,126
1,035
73
18
401
119
147
2,006
1,237
1,135
84
18
379
122
980
900
62
18
392
125
138
46
47
47
46
75
127
36
27
17
31
16
74
219
15
31
173
5
432
29
75
126
37
28
18
30
13
69
91
129
39
30
101
29
30
13
74
277
28
40
209
7
669
31
121
198
30
108
31
29
29
65
49
8
49
5
220
22
20
11
66
29
169
5
497
29
243
24
34
185
5
549
28
214
34
209
29
110
37
33
27
105
52
10
54
6
110
37
33
25
155
55
11
60
6
Joint estimates of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, IT. S. Department of
Labor, and the Building Materials Division, U . S.' Department of Com
merce. Estimated construction expenditures represent the monetary value
of the volume of work accomplished during the given period of time. These
figures should be differentiated from permit valuation data reported in the
tabulations for building authorized (tables F-3 and F-4) and the data on
value of contract awards reported in table F-2.
Preliminary.
Revised.
Includes major additions and alterations.
Includes hotels, dormitories, and tourist courts and cabins.
Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential
building are included under “Public utilities.”
2
8
4
8
8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
135
40
30
22
221
30
112
40
39
26
240
59
17
67
8
2.072
1,306
1,195
94
17
352
2,074
1,310
1,689
1,035
940
82
13
274
73
92
1,313
741
675
55
135
1,883
1,171
1,065
92
14
306
78
1,482
882
800
70
101
121
93
17
332
90
114
1,998
1,253
1,145
93
15
325
84
116
248
70
76
42
39
35
31
28
26
93
133
39
29
23
30
82
130
38
28
23
29
79
128
37
26
24
30
85
125
35
25
23
30
82
118
33
23
66
109
30
30
19
29
295
29
40
226
7
744
30
106
301
30
43
228
7
744
28
116
305
30
45
230
113
296
29
45
725
27
678
24
108
285
28
42
215
13
652
28
267
27
41
199
13
593
28
214
22
205
19
22
40
44
16
305
58
196
18
98
37
43
191
16
94
39
42
187
17
90
40
40
275
56
250
55
18
91
17
92
9
111
12
88
230
31
114
42
43
28
290
62
20
76
8
7
8
9
29
12
108
40
44
310
60
20
82
8
1,200
11
11
102
21
85
8
12
222
11
10
8
110
21
11
10
249
69
77
11
20,648
12, 500
11,425
900
175
3, 767
1,059
1,282
16,204
8,290
7,280
825
185
3,228
972
1,027
24
25
398
321
52
52
103
28
17
27
17
27
884
1,426
407
298
247
342
132
1,087
3,182
310
470
2,402
706
1,229
360
269
262
12
21
102
28
20
10
100
10
88
8
210
54
15
82
9
253
26
40
187
11
506
28
178
13
87
40
38
9
145
52
13
73
8
21
10
79
235
21
38
176
9
437
28
112
7,067
341
202
136
1,292
3,316
352
533
2,431
78
, 390
359
6
170
2,310
84
40
35
1,158
470
462
180
2,425
655
2,056
177
934
477
468
137
2,129
619
185
875
96
203
792
95
11
8
100
49
11
62
9
220
Includes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program.
Covers privately owned sewer and water facilities, roads and bridges,
and miscellaneous nonbuilding items such as parks and playgrounds.
Includes nonhousekeeping public residential construction as well as
housekeeping units.
Covers all construction, building as well as nonbuilding.
*■ Covers primarily publicly owned airports, electric light and power sys
tems, and local transit facilities.
Covers public construction not elsewhere classified, such as parks, play
grounds, and memorials.
12
504
T
F: B U ILD IF G AND
a b l e
C O N STR U C TIO N
M O N TH LY
LABO R
F-2: Value of Contracts Awarded and Force-Account Work Started on Federally Financed
New Construction, by Type of Construction 1
Value (in thousands)
Conservation and
development
Building
Period
1935____________
1936____________
1937____________
1938____________
1939____________
1940____________
1941____________
1942____________
1943____________
1944____________
1945____________
1946____________
1947.........................
1948____________
1949____________
1950 »___________
Total
new
con
struc
tion 2
Nonresidential
Air
ports8
Total
$1,478,073 0
$442, 782
1,533,439 0
561,394
990,410 (n
344, 567
1,609, 208 (7)
676, 542
1, 586,604 $4, 753 669,222
2,316,467 137,112 1, 537,910
5,931, 536 499,427 4, 422,131
7,871, 986 579,176 , 226,878
2,877,044 243,443 2, 068, 337
1,861,449 110, 872 1,438,849
1,092,181 41,219 806,917
1, 502, 701 15,068 617,132
1,473,910 25,075 454, 593
1,906,466 55, 577 543,118
2,172, 333 49,317 878, 231
2, 503,818 39, 847 1,125, 259
6
1949: January___
February...
March____
April_____
M ay....... .
June______
July---------August____
Septem ber.
October___
November..
D ecem ber..
97,047 5, 520
101,298
242
182, 992 4,288
133, 535 4,212
257, 834 7,233
325, 997 12,262
142, 768 4,818
272, 671 3, 385
171, 714 1,902
103, 616 3,413
222, 263
790
160, 598 1,252
40,410
45,058
45,051
34,148
71.383
143,870
37,979
134, 548
82,101
36, 718
131,881
75,084
1950: January___
February...
March____
April______
M ay____
June______
July______
August____
Septem ber.
October___
November..
December
126,308
112,191
203,476
151,822
209,410
327.028
145,157
133, 914
171, 590
236, 225
140,268
546, 429
4,383
2,899
7,997
5, 556
3,258
3,066
2, 929
2,709
1,535
3,382
1,266
867
46, 513
35, 443
26, 727
59, 780
51,413
122,303
46, 410
26, 250
76,475
142, 524
22, 558
468,863
1951: January * ...
356,349
9,081
50, 743
_1
Resi
den
tial
Total
Hospitals and
institutional
Edu
ca
tional4
Total
Vet
erans
Other
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
$7,833 $434,949 (8)
63, 465 497,929 (8)
17,239 327,328 t8)
31,809 644, 733 (8)
231,071 438,151
(8)
244, 671 1,293,239
(8)
322,248 4,099,883
(8)
565, 247 5, 661, 631
(8)
405, 537 , 662,800 (8)
117,504 1,321, 345 (8)
60, 535 746,382
452, 204 164, 928 $14, 664 $14,281 $9,032 $5,249
60, 694 393,899 47, 750 101, 992 96,140
5, 852
47,198 495,920 1,424 263,296 168, 616 94, 680
46.800 831,431 1,041 353,671 123,967 229, 704
14, 508 1,110,751 2, 630 307,053 115, 937 191,116
1
0
101
40,309
42, 523
40,449
29, 650
65,138
120,853
37,158
134,499
81,655
36,046
131,872
71, 279
148
635
109
46,404
127
35,316
25, 691
1,036
3,406
56,374
49, 920
1,493
5, 223 117,080
634
45, 776
33
26, 217
1,284
75,191
C 142,324
22,325
233
730 468,133
144
138
2,535
4, 602
4,498
6,245
23,017
821
49
416
672
9
3,805
20
817
49,926
0
18
30
0
10
140
0
0
60
0
8,192
12,651
26,663
21,352
23,649
64, 985
22, 756
43, 544
56,125
15,004
16, 600
42,150
17
27,477
30,676
19, 901
35, 797
27,558
41, 655
31,177
11, 595
33,915
18, 734
14,314
14, 254
96
12, 756
20
70
0
1,430
616
174
0
2
IS
Excludes projects classified as “secret”by the military. Data for Federalaid programs cover amounts contributed by both owner and the Federal
Government. Force-account work is done not through a contractor, but
directly by a government agency, using a separate work force to perform non
maintenance construction on the agency's own properties.
Includes major additions and alterations.
Excludes hangars and other buildings, which are included under “Other
nonresidential’’ building construction.
Includes educational facilities under the Federal temporary re-use edu
cational facilities program.
Includes post offices, armories, offices, and customhouses. Includes
contract awards for construction at United Nations Headquarters in New
York City, the principal awards having been for the Secretariat Building
2
3
4
5
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
428
5,477
9, 612
1,204
1,045
14,814
202
25,492
26, 500
, 737
7,387
23,069
8
19, 328
17,302
14, 391
21, 459
13, 299
7, 629
8,007
200
12, 957
643
676
46
110
Ad
minis
trative
and
gen
eral 3
Other
non-
Total
Rec
lama
tion
dential
High
ways
All
other 8
725 $158,027 $280, 698 $381,037 $215,529
0
0 $438,
189, 710 73, 797 115,913 511,685 270,650
0
0 133,010
59,051 73,959 360,865 151,968
0
0 303,874 175,382
372,238 256, 554
0
0 225,423 115, 612 128,492
109,811 355,701 331, 505
0
0
589 69,028 128, 561 , 364,048 79,808
0
0 197,
199, 684 41,880 157,804 446,903 363,391
0
0 217,
795 150, 708 67, 087 347,988 500,149
0
0 155, 737
54,467 161,852 247,675
0
0 112,415 101,270
66, 679 45, 736 111, 805 87, 508
0
0
72,150 30, 765 41, 385 100,969 70,926
0
0
$9, 713 $126,270 290,163 149,870 140, 293 534, 653 45,685
32, 550
29, 926
88,856
56,388
211,607
201, 274
387,863
744, 680
307, 695 75,483
494,871 147, 732
497, 557 184,803
421,181 195, 767
7,764
7,174
17,051
20,148
22,604
50,171
22, 554
18,052
29, 625
6,267
9, 213
19,081
25,008
6,961
22, 719
, 518
1, 747 12,039
949
7,331
13, 658 27,801
10,564 45,304
2,018 12,374
969 89,846
538 24,992
4, 333 16, 709
5,308 109,904
1,045 28,084
15,141
24,032
84,342
39,899
89, 536
80, 530
22,115
52,304
20, 679
12,914
42,186
13,879
7,596
3,083
22, 546
18, 778
61,537
26,603
6,822
12, 375
10,179
1,091
5, 677
8,516
8,149
13, 374
5,510
14,338
14, 259
34,026
23,170
11,395
20, 958
18,091
13, 638
14, 208
12,805
5,978
1,052
3, 450
3, 457
2,313
2, 364 18,143
2, 474 19,888
25,187 48,808
2,172 11,811
1, 732 12,716
1, 532 39, 744
1,226 122,345
1,846
6,163
541 »453,321
25, 578
25, 537
, 266
19,063
67,473
76, 898
13,474
15,516
16,084
19, 537
32,497
, 258
17,933
7,087
69, 797
2, 763
7,726
43, 620
10, 531
8,364
9,762
13,471
1, 753
2,960
12, 646
River,
har
bor,
and
flood
control
6
661
101
8
36,413 212,417 »206,044
232,212
347,139
312, 754
225, 414
, 659, 645
767,460
690, 469
832,974
26,902
45,440
56, 759
84, 557
7,545
20,949
61, 796
34,465
29,000
41, 646
52,099
83, 769
80,348
75,448
79,020
63,035
49,910
38,100
63, 629
1,511
2,966
7, 665
3,177
5,913
8,987
2,408
3,414
3,997
661
9,306
, 754
7,645 40, 998
18,450 42,357
31,469 61,026
16,300 63,453
59, 747 80. 618
33, 278 110, 963
2,943 77,869
7,152 83, 292
6,322 72,300
6,066 55, 531
30, 744 81,135
5,298 63,432
8,836
5,955
6,460
3,970
6,648
13, 798
4,475
6,147
5,196
15,251
2,812
5,009
74,129
9,979
21,121
27.999
53, 927
15,293
39,929
10, 500
11,823
36, 509
5,363
6,373
6
(January 1949: $23,810,000), for the Meeting Hall (January 1950: $11,238,000),
and for the General Assembly Building (June 1950: $10,704,000).
Includes electrification projects, water-supply and sewage-disposal
systems, railroad construction, and other types of projects not elsewhere
classified.
Included in “All other.”
Unavailable.
* Preliminary.
Revised.
Includes primarily construction projects for the Atomic Energy Com
mission.
Includes primarily steam-electric generating projects for the Tennes
see Valley Authority.
8
2
8
10
11
12
R E V IE W , A P R IL
T a ble F -3 :
1951
F : B U IL D IN G
AND
CO N STR U C TIO N
505
Urban Building Authorized, by Principal Class of Construction and by Type of Building 1
Number of new dwelling units—House
keeping only
Valuation (in thousands)
N ew residential building
Period
Housekeeping
T o t a l a ll
c la s s e s J
Privately financed dwelling units
T o ta l
1942..
1946..
1947-,
1948..
1949..
1950«.
1950:« January__
February..
M arch___
April_____
M ay _____
June_____
July....... .
August___
September.
October__
November.
December.
1951: January i.
P r i v a t e l y f in a n c e d
1 - f a m il y
2-fam
ily 5
$2, 707, 573
4,743,414
5, 563,348
, 972, 784
7,396, 274
10,408,292
$598, 570
2,114,833
2,885,374
3,422, 927
3, 724, 924
5,803, 912
$478, 658
1,830, 260
2,361, 752
2, 745,219
2,845, 399
4,845,104
$42, 629
103,042
151,036
181,493
132,365
179, 214
579,262
576,563
855, 825
923, 723
1,056,835
1,045, 894
1,065,117
1,097,651
848, 041
870,325
707, 673
781,384
320, 227
355,115
543, 323
577, 702
644,098
613, 915
589, 643
606, 346
438, 852
428,078
341,335
345, 278
243,486
283, 452
442,046
481, 674
534, 758
518,444
512, 594
501, 489
375, 214
363, 263
297,465
291, 219
11,452
11,880
21,187
18,046
752,490
379,022
329, 480
6
1
M ulti
family «
ing
units
Nonhousekeeping«
N ew nonresidential
building
8, 396
15,421
17, 321
17,328
13,308
12, 782
11,192
9,297
65, 289
59, 783
80,090
77, 982
89,340
80,050
59, 728
87, 529
50, 330
52,033
32, 678
44, 762
1,506
9,197
14,677
28,041
4,584
41,997
36, 510
37, 237
14, 460
29, 261
76,095
2,421
2,972
9,018
4,725
22,184
5,093
7,935
8,690
6,599
4, 406
5,546
4,919
182,302
156, 734
208, 538
238, 650
261, 512
308,910
313, 522
330,836
266, 006
329,426
250,616
280, 717
14,097
35,445
9,066
3,123
265,052
20, 000
Addi
tions,
altera
tions,
and
repairs
T o ta l
$77, 283 $296, 933 $22, 910 $1, 510, 688 $278, 472 184,892
181, 531 355, 587 43,369 1,458, 602 771, 023 430,195
372, 586
42,249 29,831 1,713, 489 892, 404 502, 312
496, 215 139, 334 38,034 2,367, 940 1,004, 5411 516,179
747,160 285, 627 39, 785 2,408, 445 937, 493 575,286
779, 594 301,961 84, 508 3,127, 769 1,090, 142 796,143
Building for which building permits were issued and Federal contracts
awarded in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken
in some smaller urban places that do not issue permits.
The data cover federally and nonfederally financed building construction
combined. Estimates of non-Federal (private and State and local govern
ment) urban building construction are based primarily on building-permit
reports received from places containing about 85 percent of the urban popula
tion of the country; estimates of federally financed projects are compiled from
notifications of construction contracts awarded, which are obtained from
other Federal agencies. Data from building permits are not adjusted to allow
for lapsed permits or for lag between permit issuance and the start of construc
tion. Thus, the estimates do not represent construction actually started
during the month.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
P u b lic ly
fin a n c e d
d w e ll
65, 917
60, 236
85. 749
87, 969
1 - fa m
ily
138, 908
358,151
393, 606
392, 532
413, 543
623,330
2-fam
ily »
Multifam
ily «
Pub
l i c l y f i
nanced
15, 747 30, 237
24, 326 47, 718
33,423 75, 283
36,306 87,341
26, 431 135,312
33,302 139, 511
95, 946
98, 310
5, 833
15,114
32,194
34, 363
868
115, 268
99, 346
93,955
80,915
74,375
49, 596
53,141
79,190
81,188
, 814
82,934
79, 473
79,140
58,172
55, 210
44, 588
44, 697
36,026
40, 234
59, 787
63,382
69,377
66,885
64,586
61, 740
46, 498
43. 761
36, 244
34,810
2, 306
2,375
4,235
3, 237
3, 859
2,828
3,118
2,992
2, 236
2,313
2,056
1,747
11,264
10, 532
15,168
14, 569
15, 578
13, 221
11, 769
14,408
9,438
9,136
6,288
8,140
177
1,135
1,766
3, 271
513
4,590
4,041
4,154
1,619
2,940
9,289
96, 227
48, 767
39,329
2,811
6,627
972
101,001
113,391
112,020
88
Urban, as defined by the Bureau of the Census, covers all incorporated
places of 2,500 population or more in 1940, and, by special rule, a small num
ber of unincorporated civil divisions.
Covers additions, alterations, and repairs, as well as new residential and
nonresidential building.
Includes units in 1-family and 2-family structures with stores.
* Includes units in multifamily structures with stores.
* Covers hotels, dormitories, tourist cabins, and other nonhousekeeping
residential buildings.
Revised.
Preliminary.
2
3
8
7
506
T
a b l e
F : B U IL D IN G
AND
CO N STR U C TIO N
M O N TH LY LABO R
F-4: New Nonresidential Building Authorized in All Urban Places,1 by General Type and by
Geographic Division 2
Valuation (in thousands)
Geographic division and
type of new nonresi
dential building
1951
1950 3
J a n .4
D e c .3
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Jan.
Feb.
1950 3
1949
Total
Total
All types_________ ____ $265,052 $280,717 $250, 616 $329,426 $266,006 $330,836 $313,522 $308,910 $261,512 $238, 650 $208,538 $156,734 $182,302 $3,127,769 $2,408,445
New England_____
10, 474 16, 463 13,675 15, 652 12, 701 21,082 19,819 13, 728 17,966 15, 523 11,973 17, 451 17, 356
193,386
115, 582
M iddle Atlantic___
41,761 36, 916 47, 556 68,678 45,953 41,646 50,614 62,541 41,651 30,617 25,807 20, 653 43,951
516,583
429,042
East North Central. 62,375 42,105 46, 313 95, 545 62, 556 71,914 63,031 65,130 59, 978 69,232 47,328 28,423 24,003
675, 555
492' 384
West North Central. 20,627 17, 797 21,064 25,098 24, 489 27,800 24,731 40,841 24, 910 22,422 15,939 10,674
, 976
262,737
203,409
South Atlantic____
37, 526 37,650 25,316 26, 447 31,628 42,836 35,38C 35,010 35,008 29,360 27, 538 22,434 27,196
375! 803
311, 540
East South Central. 11,347 10,826
7,905 16, 440
, 407 13, 430 16,478 16, 438
8,889 11,134 10,638 10,505 12,994
144,084
133', 377
West South Central. 34,999 60,882 28,016 34,900 30,808 43,115 43, 248 33,131 28, 827 22,876 22, 513 16,359 23, 528
388,201
270,407
M ountain..... ............
6,678
8,610
, 929
6,955 13, 453 15,286
, 43C 10,813
7,310
7,353 16,307
5,740
3,077
112,265
104,112
Pacific...... ................ . 39,265 49,468 51,845 39, 708 36,014 53, 731 51,795 31,280 36, 970 30,133 30,496 24, 498 23, 218
459,155
348', 592
6
8
8
8
Industrial buildings 3— 36,675 26,646 27,228
New England_____
1,415
1,062
1,653
M iddle Atlantic___
5,705
11, 703
2,586
East North Central.
8,074
, 566
9,619
W est North Central.
1,696
2,266
5,149
South Atlantic___
3,168
1,495
963
East South Central.
1,832
1,972
1,456
W est South Central2,612
903
1,677
M ountain_________
440
789
190
4,673
Pacific____________
4,950
3, 936
Commercial buildings ». 103,099 119,091 95, 985
New England...........
3, 783
7,244
2,115
M iddle Atlantic___
17, 582 14,622 28,391
East North Central. 18,072 15,107 15, 971
West North Central.
5,809
6,873
5,045
South Atlantic......... 17,325 17, 467
8,553
East South Central7,065
4,208
2,226
West South Central. 16,115 35,996 15,383
M ountain----- -------2, 424
3,014
3,620
14, 924 14, 560 14,682
Pacific___________
Community buildings 7. 89,726 98,545 85,024
New England....... .
4, 556
6,630
9,025
Middle Atlantic___
10,470
7,959 12,862
East North Central. 24,816 14,077 16,401
W est North Central. 11,277
, 796
6,673
South Atlantic.......... 13,753 15,096 13,191
East South Central.
1,653
3,036
3,860
West South Central.
7,393 17, 552
9,257
M ountain_________
2,937
3,756
4,164
P acific... . ---------12,871 23,643
9,593
Public buildings 8-------13,967
9,226 19,225
N ew England_____
33
809
M iddle Atlantic___
662
2,495
247
East North Central.
3,997
527
642
West North Central.
48
1,621
South Atlantic____
653
826
92
East South Central.
366
35
West South Central.
6,195
303
178
M ountain. .............
451
695
29
Pacific____ . .
1,928
1, 584 18,001
Public works and utility
buildings8. . . . . . .
9,507 17,939
7,119
New England___ _
323
279
119
M iddle Atlantic___
5,358
1,322
East North Central.
4, 576
3,260
206
West North Central.
750
323
1,534
South Atlantic___ .
842
1,766
340
East South Central.
647
7
West South Central.
903
4,310
254
M ountain____ ____
38
125
Pacific........................
1,998
3,211
1,996
All other buildings 10___ 12,078
9, 270 16,036
New England_____
364
439
763
M iddle Atlantic___
1,278
777
2,148
East North Central.
2,348
1,060
3,474
W est North Central.
477
488
2, 663
South Atlantic.........
1,785
2,177
East South Central.
786
597
321
West South Central.
1,781
1,818
1,267
M ountain__ . . . .
388
356
801
Pacific__________
2,871
2,735
2,422
8
6
0
0
0
66
11
0
1,000
1
44,892 29,203 31,373 29,866 24, 575 20,893 18,962
1,755
1,558
1,282
2,173
928
1,225
1,415
7,281
4,762 11,235
4,308
3,927
5,219
2, 734
23,745 13,572 11,948
7,005
9,077
,955
6,217
3,077
1,143
, 22c
2,906
, 10t
, 200
1,329
1,017
1,033
1,297
, 61S
3, 298
778
1,168
946
& 417
234
1,708
2,388
1,815
2,332
2,025
1,411
691
1,664
278
846
592
16 161
1,420
288
i 330
4,182
3,983
4,042
2, 751
2,99C
3,302
2,36c
117,952 93,691 124,698 96,505 97,177 90,895 83,198
5,343
5,700
3,270
5,170
4,767
6,327
6,241
37,017 14,293 18,846 13,096 16, 498 12,825 13,227
17,697 18,152 24, 797
, 37( 20, 683 18,857 15,242
,335 10,336 10, 984
7 ,72(
8,81c 10,780 10,371
11,877 10,28C 16,071 12,397 13,016 11,678 10,904
3,344
4,055
4 ,72C
5,255
5,662
4,060
3, 512
14, 578 10,612 21,801 16,006 12,645 11, 236 10,431
3,308
4,758
3,94$
, 994
3,425
3,662
3,639
16, 453 15, 505 17,216 12, 543
9,631
11,469
118,820 111,346 130,167 136,091 127,38Ï 114,538 107,971
7,238
3, 520 11,839 11,74c
, 528
5,632
9,151
20, 957 24,137 13, 764 19, 772 18,84S 18,825 10, 797
37,411 21,658 24,964 26, 598 26,119 24, 911 42,280
, 808
8,636 10,417
7,002 26,763
, 585
7,863
11,327 19,003 17,949 17,873 11,921 20, 295 14,214
3,438
2,281
6,803
8,236
9,439
4,401
3,728
12, 641 13,942 14, 980 22,370 14,177 11,632
7,273
1,709
, 563
4,929
3,280
2,387
1,946
13, 291 11,607 24, 522 19,611 10,311 15,024 13, 567
11,719
5,087
7,229 15,506 35,215
6,093
5,615
70
30
53
216
481
542
128
611
557
20,306
734
992
329
742
382
1,561
3,411
684
557
30
711
108
1,079
262
425
558
372
3,869
952
4,496
1,337
176
7,966
171
318
92
331
820
2, 566
185
573
1,859
145
966
494
186
247
1,159
235
70
759
604
925 10,885
2,106
2,901
1,130
15,353
431
3,000
5, 457
i 844
1,019
1,264
851
349
2,139
85,687
4,338
11,261
16,952
8,209
11,642
3,395
10,144
5, 560
14,187
87, 787
6,487
9,544
20,153
5,101
13,469
5,155
8,798
9,787
9,293
1,702
96
14,235
161
554
10,279
266
835
70
433
180
1,457
21,807
1,085
2,258
6,084
2, 501
833
454
4,040
986
3, 566
2
1
1
1,000 1,888
6
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,201
20
8
6
11,668
6
10
8
6
2,888
688 1,211
111
0
7,432
941
759
607
2,233
105
370
543
338
1,536
19, 247
952
1,899
7,825
2,111
835
755
1,329
762
2,779
0
0
9,954
2,769
1,263
1,830
606
240
225
170
361
2,490
27,416
978
2, 323
7,993
2,176
3,088
511
3, 647
2,163
4, 536
Building for which permits were issued and Federal contracts awarded
in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken in some
smaller urban places that do not issue permits. Sums of components do not
always equal totals exactly because of rounding.
For scope and source of urban estimated, see table F-3, footnote 1.
Revised.
Preliminary.
Includes factories, navy yards, army ordnance plants, bakeries, ice plants,
industrial warehouses, and other buildings at the site of these and s im ila r
production plants.
Includes amusement and recreation buildings, stores and other mercantile
buildings, commercial garages, gasoline and service stations, etc.
33
4
3
6
2
11,318
491
2,908
1,759
622
1,281
494
147
370
3, 246
24,236
917
2,392
5,738
7,056
1,580
605
2,127
1,063
2,759
7
8
6,403
248
325
1,111
1,207
623
257
799
474
1,359
18,152
776
2,636
4,729
1,870
1, 656
345
2,240
1,055
2,846
6,681
49
1,385
2,348
318
592
221
1,239
41
488
22, 890
1,086
2,405
6,223
2, 765
1,489
554
3,884
697
3,786
5,404
569
1,333
424
760
540
80
812
406
480
17,023
1,124
1,792
4,512
1,674
1,164
1,102
1,730
962
2,962
110
11,896
328
1,406
4, 706
984
522
885
784
90
2,191
55,617
1,380
10,059
9,930
3,454
10,387
2,893
6,290
4,070
7,154
71,427
15,233
7,827
9,967
4,458
8,320
6,352
7,006
1,142
11,122
4,159
0
234
58
132
52
177
300
1,823
477
15
581
71
56
1,682
5, 558
236
532
2,287
319
366
308
663
5,153
187
307
0
2
845
12,449
385
1,360
2,245
1,408
910
516
1,580
594
3,451
0
2,112
'977
765
0
292
73
440
8,483
323
1,002
1,531
501
617
375
1,916
309
1,909
15, 916
296,803
203, 699
190
13,999
’ 450
3, 516
55, 679
40,386
4,455
110,829
77,037
709
23,369
15, 689
2,778
17,019
19,173
416
13,355
8^736
1,262
17,800
6,859
135
5,469
4,370
39, 284
2,454
24, 999
62,088 1,122, 583
752' 810
1,780
53,675
36,668
22,509
212,645
127' 049
7, 558
201,314
147,620
3,185
94,104
52,907
5,718
139,990
106,037
2,747
46,076
36,020
10,005
175,129
101,025
1,483
47,481
25,589
7,103
152,169
119,895
70,973 1,260,078 1,018' 637
14,515
107,541
43^770
3,744
169,036
179| 463
10, 490
275,029
', 808
2,503
105,603
^282
16,977
179,635
103,' 666
62, 529
5,800
71,114
7,061
146,688
135,620
43,296
746
59j 923
170,721
9,137
122; 991
14,119
134,894
153' 103
158
2, 584
4,863
12,174
40,178
36,154
268
9; 513
8,157
192
4,896
9' 560
375
15,008
50', 313
9,279
6,257
126
| 268
5,041
54
3,240
5’ 436
771
41,928
27,322
6
201
100
0
8,968
'430
823
361
149
204
638
3,982
332
2,049
10,238
283
1,185
871
238
1,144
3,393
1,092
327
1,704
8
106,164
, 478
16,868
26, 585
9,314
7, 658
3; 316
13, 646
2,702
19; 597
207,247
9,109
22,177
52, 285
25,451
16, 493
9, 529
26, 670
10,077
35,456
6
148,375
16^ 012
27' 651
22,302
l l ' 337
23|281
7,223
11,944
2, 566
26,059
13fi 821
7', 819
18’ 339
351 460
13,634
9,070
4,027
9^918
5,228
27,326
Includes churches, hospitals, and other institutional buildings, schools,
libraries, etc.
Includes Federal, State, county, and municipal buildings, such as post
offices, courthouses, city halls, fire and police stations, jails, prisons, arsenals,
armories, army barracks, etc.
Includes railroad, bus and airport buildings, roundhouses, radio stations,
gas and electric plants, public comfort stations, etc.
Includes private garages, sheds, stables and barns, and other building
not elsewhere classified.
6
10
R E V IE W , A P R IL
T
able
1951
F : B U IL D IN G
AND
507
C O N STR U C TIO N
F-5: Number and Construction Cost of New Permanent Nonfarm Dwelling Units Started, byUrban or Rural Location, and by Source of Funds 1
Number of new dwelling units started
All units
Privately financed
Period
Total
non
farm
Urban
Rural
non
farm
Total
non
farm
Urban
Rural
nonfarm
1925___________________________
937,000
1933 3__________________________
93.000
1941 *__________________________
706,100
1944 8__________________________
141, 800
1946___________________________
670, 500
849,000
1947....................................................
1948 __________________________
931, 600
1949 8__________________________ 1,025,100
752, 000
45,000
434, 300
96, 200
403, 700
479, 800
524, 900
588,800
185,000
48,000
271, 800
45, 600
266, 800
369, 200
406, 700
436,300
937, 000
93, 000
619,500
138, 700
662, 500
845, 600
913, 500
988, 800
752,000
45,000
369, 500
93, 200
395, 700
476, 400
510,000
556, 600
185,000
48,000
250,000
45,500
266, 800
369, 200
403, 500
432,200
1949: First quarter______________
January. _______
February_________
M arch____________
Second quarter. ________
April
________
M a y _____________
June______________
Third quarter____ ______
July______________
August . . . . _____
September________
Fourth quarter__________
October...................
N ovem ber____ ____
D ecem ber.. ______
169, 800
50,000
50, 400
69, 400
279, 200
88,300
95, 400
95, 500
298,000
96. 100
99, 000
102,900
278,100
104, 300
95, 500
78, 300
94, 200
29, 500
28, 000
36, 700
157, 300
49, 500
53, 900
53, 900
171, 600
53, 300
55, 900
62, 400
165, 700
60,000
56, 700
49,000
75, 600
20, 500
22, 400
32, 700
121,900
38, 800
41, 500
41, 600
126, 400
42, 800
43,100
40, 500
112, 400
44,300
38, 800
29, 300
159, 400
46, 300
47, 800
65,300
267, 200
85,000
91,200
91,000
289, 900
92, 700
96,600
, 600
272,300
101,900
93, 400
77,000
84,100
25, 800
25, 500
32, 800
147, 800
46, 700
50, 600
50, 500
164, 500
50,100
54, 300
60,100
160, 200
57, 700
54, 700
47,800
75, 300
20, 500
22, 300
32, 500
119,400
38,300
40, 600
40, 500
125, 400
42,600
42,300
40, 500
1950: First quarter........ ....................
January.. _______
February_________
M arch____________
Second quarter. ________
April___ __________
M ay___________ _
June______________
Third quarter__ __________
Ju ly______________
A u g u st.. ________
September_______
Fourth quarter. _________
October___________
November 8_______
December_________
278,900
78, 700
82,900
117,300
426, 800
133,400
149,100
144,300
406, 900
144, 400
141, 900
, 600
284,800
102, 500
87, 300
95,000
167, 800
48, 200
51,000
, 600
247,000
78,800
85, 500
82, 700
238, 200
84, 200
83, 600
70,400
111, 100
276,100
77,800
82,300
116,000
420, 700
131,300
145,800
143, 600
393,900
139,800
137, 800
116,300
263,800
100, 900
82,800
80,100
165, 600
47,300
50, 800
67, 500
241, 500
77,000
82, 300
82, 200
225, 500
79, 600
79, 600
66,300
110, 500
30, 500
31, 500
48, 500
179, 200
54,300
63, 500
61,400
168, 400
60, 200
58, 200
50,000
57, 800
48, 600
(»)
43,100
34, 200
(9)
1951: January 18______ _____ ____
87,000
83, 500
C)
1
120
68
59, 400
53,100
00
0)
30, 500
31, 900
48, 700
179, 800
54,600
63,600
61, 600
168, 700
60, 200
58,300
50, 200
43,100
34, 200
(')
(9)
100
The estimates shown here do not include temporary units, conversions,
dormitory accommodations, trailers, or military barracks. They do in
clude prefabricated housing units.
These estimates are based on building-permit records, which, beginning
with 1945, have been adjusted for lapsed permits and for lag between permit
issuance and start of construction. They are based also on reports of
Federal construction contract awards and beginning in 1946 on field surveys
in non-permit-issuing places. The data in this table refer to nonfarm
dwelling units started, and not to urban dwelling units authorized, as shown
in table F-3.
All of these estimates contain some error. For example, if the estimate
of nonfarm starts is 50,000, the chances are about 19 out of 20 that an actual
enumeration would produce a figure between 48,000 and 52,000.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Estimated construction cost
(in thousands) 2
Publicly financed
112,100
44, 200
38, 700
29, 200
0
Total
non
farm
0
0
Urban
0
0
Rural
non
farm
64, 800
3, 000
21,800
3, 400
18,100
36,300
3, 400
14, 900
32, 200
3,200
4,100
10, 400
3, 700
, 600
4,100
, 000
3, 300
4, 200
4, 500
10,100
2
12
8,100
3, 400
2, 400
2, 300
5,800
2,400
3,700
2, 500
3,900
9, 500
, 800
3, 300
3,400
7,100
3, 200
1,600
2,300
5, 500
2,300
2
2,100 2,000
1,300
1, 200
2,800
2,200
900
900
600
200
1,300
1,100
6,100 5, 500
2,100 1,800
3,300
700
13,000
4, 600
4,100
4,300
, 000
1,600
4, 500
14, 900
3,200
500
12, 700
4, 600
4,000
4,100
3, 500
m
21
1,600
4, 500
(»)
Privately
financed
Publicly
financed
0 $4,475, 000
0 285, 446
2,825, 895
100 495, 054
0 3, 769, 767
0 5, 642, 798
86,600
3,100
8,000 8,000
Total
300
(7)
$4, 475,000
285, 446
2, 530, 765
483, 231
3. 713, 776
5, 617, 425
7, 203,119 7, 028, 980
7, 702, 971 7,374, 269
0
0
$295,130
11, 823
55,991
25,373
174,139
328, 702
1, 287, 228
374, 020
382, 778
530, 430
2,120, 637
666,969
733, 967
719, 701
2,222,103
710,341
743, 389
768, 373
2, 073,003
776, 674
723, 097
573, 232
1,189, 640
340, 973
357, 270
491, 397
2,007, 563
637,170
692, 063
678, 330
2,153, 937
682, 863
722, 208
748, 866
2,023,129
756, 712
704, 220
562,197
97, 588
33,047
25; 508
39,033
113,074
29, 799
41, 904
41, 371
68,166
27, 478
21,181
19,507
49, 874
19, 962
18, 877
11, 035
(7)
(7)
(*)
2,162, 636
589, 997
637, 753
934, 886
3, 564,158
1, 093, 920
1, 233, 672
1, 236, 566
3, 564, 509
1,253,102
1, 267, 746
1, 043, 661
2,515,714
916, 663
769,386
829,665
2,138, 565
581,497
632, 690
924, 379
3, 511,204
1,075, 644
1, 204,978
1, 230, 582
3, 446, 722
1, 210, 745
1, 230, 238
1,005, 739
2,332,834
902,190
724,876
705, 768
24, 071
8,500
5,063
10, 508
52, 954
18,276
28, 694
5,984
117, 787
42,357
37, 508
37, 922
182,880
14, 473
44, 510
123,897
(«)
765,986
736, 849
29,137
100
200
2,500
500
900
1,100
1,000
200
800
(7)
300
100
100
100
600
0
200
400
600
300
100
200
300
(7)
100
200
2
Private construction costs are based on permit valuation, adjusted for
understatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public construc
tion costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for
individual projects.
Depression, low year.
* Recovery peak year prior to wartime limitations.
Last full year under wartime control.
Housing peak year.
Less than 50 units.
Revised.
N ot available.
Preliminary.
3
5
8
7
8
8
10
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1951
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
@FedFRASER