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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ROYAL MEEKER, Commissioner
MONTHLY REVIEW
OF THE
U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
VOLUME II
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
APRIL. 1916—NUMBER 4
I
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1916
SERIES OF BULLETINS PUBLISHED BY THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
[The p u b lica tio n o f th e A n n u a l a n d Special R eports a n d o f th e b im o n th ly B u lle tin has
been d isc o n tin u ed , a n d since J u ly , 1912, a B u lle tin has been p u b lish e d a t irregular intervals.
Each n u m b e r co n ta in s m a tte r devoted to one o f a series o f general su b je cts. T hese B u lle
tin s are n u m b e re d consecutively in each series and also carry a consecutive whole n u m b e r,
beginning w ith N o. 101. A list o f th e series, together w ith th e in d ivid u a l B u lle tin s fa llin g
u n d er each, is given' below. A list o f th e R eports a n d B u lle tin s o f th e B ureau issued p rior
to J u ly 1, 1912, w ill be fu rn is h e d on application.]
Wholesale Prices.
No. 1. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1912. (Bui. No. 114.)
No. 2. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1913. (Bui. No. 149.)
No. 3. Index numbers of wholesale prices in the United States and foreign countries. (Bui. No. 173.)
No. 4. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1914. (Bui. No. 181.)
Retail Prices and Cost of Living.
No. 1. Retail prices, 1890 to 1911: Part I. (Bui. No. 105: P art I.)
Retail prices, 1890 to 1911: Part II—General tables. (Bui. No. 105: Part II.)
No. 2. Retail prices, 1890 to June, 1912: Part I. (Bui. No. 106: P art I.)
Retail prices, 1890 to June, 1912: P art II—General tables. (Bui. No. 106: P art II.)
No. 3. Retail prices, 1890 to August, 1912. (Bui. No. 108.)
No. 4. Retail prices, 1890 to October, 1912. (Bui. No. 110.)
No. 5. Retail prices, 1890 to December, 1912. (Bui. No. 113.)
No. 6. Retail prices, 1890 to February, 1913. (Bui. No. 115.)
No. 7. Sugar prices, from refiner to consumer. (Bui. No. 121.)
No. 8. Retail prices, 1890 to April, 1913. (Bui. No. 125.)
No. 9. Wheat and flour prices, from farmer to consumer. (Bui. No. 130.)
No. 10. Retail prices, 1890 to June, 1913. (Bui. No. 132.)
No. 11. Retail prices, 1890 to August, 1913. (Bui. No. 136.)
No. 12. Retail prices, 1890 to October, 1913. (Bui. No. 138.)
No. 13. Retail prices, 1890 to December, 1913. (Bui. No. 140.)
No. 14. Retail prices, 1907 to December, 1914. (Bui. No. 156.)
No. 15. Butter prices, from producer to consumer. (Bui. No. 164.)
No. 16. Retail prices, 1907 to Juno, 1915. (Bui. No. 184.)
Wages and Hours of Labor. .
No. 1. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1890 to 1912. (Bui. No. 128.)
No. 2. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber, millwork, and furniture industries, 1890 to 1912. (Bui.
No. 129.)
No. 3. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, 1907 to 1912. (Bui. No. 131.)
No. 4. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe and hosiery and knit goods industries, 1890 to
1912. (Bui. No. 134.)
No. 5. Wages and hours of labor in the cigar and clothing industries, 1911 and 1912. (Bui. No. 135.)
No. 6. Wages and hours of labor in the building and repairing of steam railroad cars, 1890 to 1912.
(Bui. No. 137.)
■ No. 7. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, May 15,1913. (Bui. No. 143.)
No. 8. Wages and regularity of employment in the dress and waist industry of New York City. (Bui.
No. 146.)
No. 9. Wages and regularity of employment in the cloak, suit, and skirt industry. (Bui. No. 147.)
No. 10. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1907 to 1913. (Bui. No.
150.)
No. 11. Wages and hours of labor in the iron and steel industry in the United States, 1907 to 1912.
(Bui. No. 151.)
No. 12. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber, millwork, and furniture industries, 1907 to 1913.
(Bui. No. 153.)
No. 13. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe and hosiery and underwear industries, 1907 to
1913. (Bui. No. 154.)
No. 14. Wages and hours of labor in the clothing and cigar industries, 1911 to 1913. (Bui. No. 161.)
No. 15. Wages and hours of labor in the building and repairing of steam railroad cars, 1907 to 1913.
(Bui. No. 163.)
No. 16. Wages aud hours of labor in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1913. (Bui. No. 168.)
No. 17. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, May 1,1914. (Bui. No. 171.)
No. 18. Wages and hours of labor in the hosiery and underwear industry, 1907 to 1914. (Bui. No. 177.)
No. 19. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe industry, 1907 to 1914. (Bui. No. 178.)
No. 20. Wages and hours of labor in the clothing industry, 1911 to 1914. (Bui.No. 187.) [In press.]
No. 21. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1907 to 1914. (Bui. No. 190.)
[In press.]
No. 22. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, May 1,1915: (Bui. No. 194.) [In press.]
Employment and Unemployment.
No. 1. Proceedings of the American Association of Public Employment Offices. (Bui. No. 192.) [In
press.]
No. 2 . Unemployment in the United States. (Bui. No. 195.) [In press.]
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No. 3. Proceedings of Unemployment Managers’ Conference. (Bui. No. 196.) [In press.]
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[See also th ir d page o f cover.
{C on tin ued from teco n d paste o f cover.)
Women In Industry.
No. 1. Hours, earnings, and duration of employment of wage-earning women in selected Industries in
the District of Columbia. (Bui. No. 116.)
No. 2. Working hours of women in the pea canneries of Wisconsin. (Bui. No. 119.)
No. 3. Employment of women in power laundries in Milwaukee. (Bui. No. 122.)
No. 4. Hours, earnings, and conditions of labor of women in Indiana mercantile establishments and
garment factories. (Bui. No. 160.)
No. 5. Summary of the report on condition of woman and child wage earners in the United States.
(Bui. No. 176.)
No. 6. Effect of minimum-wage determinations in Oregon. (Bui. No. 176.)
No. 7. Women in the boot and shoe industry in Massachusetts. (Bui. No. 180.)
No. 8. E xtent and causes of unemployment among women in departm ent and other retail stores of
Boston, Mass. (Bui. No. 182.) [In press.]
Workmen’s Insurance and Compensation (including laws relating thereto).
No. 1. Care of tuberculous wage earners in Germany. (Bui. No. 101.)
No. 2. British National Insurance Act, 1911. (Bui. No. 102.)
No. 3. Sickness and accident insurance law of Switzerland. (Bui. No. 103.)
No. 4. Law relating to insurance of salaried employees in Germany. (Bui. No. 107.)
No. 5. Workmen’s compensation laws of the United States and foreign countries. (Bui. No. 136.)
JTo. 6. Compensation for accidents to employees of the United States. (Bui. No. 155.)
No. 7. Workmen’s compensation legislation of 1914 and 1915. (Bui. No. 185.)
Industrial Accidents and Hygiene.
No. 1. Lead poisoning in potteries, tile works, and porcelain enameled sanitary ware factories. (Bui.
No. 104.)
No. 2. Hygiene of the painters’ trade. (Bui. No. 120.)
No. 3. Dangers to workers from dusts and fumes, and methods of protection. (Bui. No. 127.)
No. 4. Lead poisoning in the smelting and refining of lead. (Bui. No. 141.)
No. 5. Industrial accident statistics. ( Bui. No. 157.)
No. 6. Lead poisoning in the manufacture of storage batteries. (Bui. No. 165.)
No. 7. Industrial poisons used in the rubber industry. (Bui. No. 179.)
Conciliation and Arbitration (including strikes and lockouts).
No. 1. Conciliation and arbitration in the building trades of Greater New' York. (Bui. No. 124.)
No. 2. Report of the industrial council of the British Board of Trade on its inquiry into Industrial
agreements. (Bui. No. 133.)
No. 3. Michigan copper district strike. (Bui. No. 139.)
No. 4. Industrial court of the cloak, suit., and skirt industry of New York City. (Bui. No. 144.)
No. 5. Conciliation, arbitration, and sanitation in the dress and waist industry of New York City.
(Bui. No. 145.)
Labor Laws of the United States (Including decisions of courts relating to labor).
No. 1. Labor legislation of 1912. (Bui. No. 111.)
No. 2. Deolsions of oourts and opinions aSecting labor, 1912. (Bui. No. 112.)
No. 3. Labor laws of the United States, with decisions of courts relating thereto. (Bui. No. 148.)
No. 4. Decisions of courts and opinions aSecting labor, 1913. (Bui. No. 152.)
No. 5. Labor legislation of 1914. (Bui, No. 166.)
No. 6. Decisions of courts aSecting labor, 1914. (Bui. No. 169.)
No. 7. Labor legislation of 1915. (Bui. No. 186.)
Foreign Labor Laws.
No. 1. Administration of labor laws and factory inspection in certain European countries. (Bui.
No. 142.)
Miscellaneous Series.
No. 1. Statistic» of unemployment and the work of employment offices in the United States. (Bui.
No. 109.)
No. 2. Prohibition of night work of young persons. (Bui. No. 117.)
No. 3. Ten-hour maximum working-day for women and young persons. (Bui. No. 118.)
No. 4. Employers’ welfare work. (Bui. No. 123.)
No. 5. Government aid to home owning and housing of working people in foreign countries. (Bui.
No. 158.)
No. 6. Short-unit courses for wage earners, and a factory school experiment. (Bui. No. 159.)
No. 7. Vocational education survey of Richmond, Va. (Bui. No. 162.)
No. 8. Minimum-wage legislation in the United States and foreign countries. (Bui. No. 167.)
No. 9. Foreign food prices as affected by the war. (Bui. No. 170.)
No. 10. Unemployment in New York City, N. Y. (Bui. No. 172.)
No. 11. Subject Index of the publications of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics up to May 1,
1915. (Bui. No. 174.)
No. 12. Regularity of employment in the women’s ready-to-wear garment industry. (Bui. No. 183.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ROYAL MEEKER, Commissioner
MONTHLY REVIEW
OP THE
U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
VOLUME n —APRIL, 1916— NUMBER 4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1916
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CONTENTS.
Page.
Federal employment work of the Department of Labor......................................
1-3
3, 4
Conciliation work of the Department of Labor, Feb. 16 to Mar. 15, 1916...........
Immigration in January, 1916................................................................................
4, 5
Employment in selected industries in February, 1916.........................................
6, 7
Work of State and municipal employment bureaus............................................. 8-11
Land settlements and unemployment in England............................................... 11-13
13-26
Strikes and lockouts in the United States in 1915.......................................... .
Strikes reported by the American Federation of Labor, 1914-1915.................... 26-28
New street railway wage agreements in Washington, D. C................................. 28-35
Regularity of employment in Ohio, 1914.............................................................. 36-40
Collective bargaining in the anthracite coal industry.......................................... 40-47
Report of the Colorado Coal Commission............................................................... 47-49
Retail prices of food in the United States............................................................. 49-51
Prices and cost of living in Canada........................................................................ 51-54
Recent reports relating to workmen’s compensation and industrial accidents:
Illinois............................................................................................................... 54, 55
Kentucky.......................................................................................................... 56,57
Maryland.......................................................................................................... 57-60
Michigan........................................................................................................... 60-62
New York.............................................................................................'........... 63-72
Memorandum on accident reports from Federal Government shops......................73-76
Conference of State mine inspectors...................................................................... 76-78
Workmen’s compensation in South America......................................................... 78-80
Wages of miners in Germany during the first yearof the war............................. 80, 81
Restrictions on the output of textile establishments in Germany.......................... 81, 82
Mortality and morbidity of Italian iron and steel workers................................... 82-84
Eight-hour law in Uruguay.....................
84, 85
Publications of the International Association on Unemployment and of its
national sections.................................................................................................. 85-91
Official reports relating to labor:
United States.................................................................................................... 92-97
Foreign countries............................................................................................ 97-108
Periodical publications relating to lab o r.......................................................... 109-111
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in
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY REVIEW
OF THE
U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
WASHINGTON
VOL. II—NO. 4
APRIL, 1916
FEDERAL EMPLOYMENT WORK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF
LABOR.
During February, 1916, the Division of Information of the De
partment of Labor placed 4,185 persons in employment as com
pared with 3,419 during January, 1916. As there were 14,257
applications for work, 29.35 per cent were therefore placed as com
pared with 22.77 per cent for January. The operations of the divis
ion by months since May, 1915, when fuller reports began to be made,
are contained in the following statement:
OPERATIONS OF T H E DIVISION OF INFORM ATION, BUREAU OF IMMIGRATION,DURING T IIE MONTHS OF MAY, 1915, TO FEB RU A R Y , 1916.
Month.
1915
May............................................
Ju n e...........................................
Ju ly ............................................
August.......................................
September.................................
October......................................
November.................................
December..................................
1916
January......................................
February...................................
Number of Number of Number of Number
Number
applica
referred
ap applicants
actually
tions for persons
employ employed.
plied for. for places. to ment.
help.
63S
1,249
1,160
1,279
Per cent
of appli
cants
placed.
1,201
1,104
847
698
3,826
3,601
8,665
7,931
4,551
5,423
4,650
3,588
12,132
14,530
18,061
17,827
13,334
12,215
11,908
11,902
3,752
5,131
6,360
7,321
5,671
5,460
4,459
2,622
3,495
4,646
6,035
6,757
5,405
5,006
4,146
2,170
28.81
31.98
33.41
37.90
40.54
40.98
34.82
18.23
933
1,423
5,063
6,413
15,015
14,257
4,300
5,036
3,419
4,185
22. 78
29.35
The following statement of the employment work of the 18 sepa
rate zones of operation covering the whole country gives the usual
details for January and Feburary, 1916.
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[319]
2
M O N T H L Y R EV IEW OE T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES FOR TH E MONTHS OF JANUARY AND FEB RU A R Y , 1916.
Opportunities received.
Zone.
Applications
for help.
Applications for employment.
Number of
persons
applied for.
Applications Referred to
employment.
received.
Number
actually
employed.
Janu Febru Janu Febru Janu Febru Janu Febru Janu Febru*
ary.
ary.
ary.
ary.
ary.
ary.
ary.
ary.
ary.
ary.
1. Boston, Mass.......................
Portland, Me.......................
2
1
1
3
44
3
26
1
1
Total................................
2
1
3
1
47
26
1
2. New York, N. Y ................
Buffalo, N. Y .....................
91
33
106
50
186
730
1,189
1,787
1,069
830
1,122
855
431
685
500
638
1
332
449
363
498
Total................................
124
156
916
2,976
1,899
1,977
1,116
1,138
781
861
3. Philadelphia, P a ................
Pittsburg, P a ......................
74
19
93
117
18
559
977
412
508
271
428
227
206
231
174
166
8
773
1,381
Total................................
93
101
2,154
135
1,536
920
699
433
405
254
4. Baltimore, Md....................
21
24
33
47
354
233
264
173
264
173
5. Norfolk, V a.........................
12
25
92
29
64
95
15
18
20
22
9
98
74
72
7
1
Miami, F la .’. .......................
Charleston, S. C .................
Savannah, G a.....................
Mobile, Ala.........................
17
16
5
5
64
2
8
33
12
25
40
374
1
34
93
59
55
14
Total................................
27
27
109
440
255
7. New Orleans, L a ................
Gulfport, M iss...................
Memphis, T enn..................
7
3
3
1
1
2
7
Total................................
8
8. Galveston, Tex...................
5
6 . Jacksonville, F la ................
Amarillo, T ex .....................
Houston, T ex.....................
Laredo, Tex..............
Albuquerque, N. Mex
1
1
1
1
2
58
44
1
32
24
13
56
30
260
53
123
35
99
96
47
38
12
20
3
18
21
1
1
22
36
17
44
6
8
26
97
181
12
21
6
6
13
93
70
1
19
10
159
155
8
1
1
6
1
6
88
9
1
1
5
1
1
1
3
2
11
1
5
8
Total................................
7
14
8
23
265
234
2
24
1
16
9. Cleveland, Ohio..................
23
33
82
365
126
197
38
124
15
42
10. Chicago, 111..........................
Detroit, Mich.................
Sault Ste. Marie, Mich.......
Indianapolis, In d ...............
76
95
64
7
33
654
9
31
45
159
156 5,299
147
77
44
54
235
279
2,503
137
45
309
1,083
19
14
148
850
82
35
250
1,032
14
14
138
840
79
34
250
1,203
Total................................
116
199
858
592
5,699
2,994
1,264
1,217
1,198
11. Minneapolis, M in n ............
32
103
36
114
36
63
13
31
13
29
12. St. Louis, Mo......................
Kansas City, Mo.................
9
13
13
41
18
45
31
93
212
317
237
493
16
45
29
45
15
45
23
40
Total................................
22
54
63
124
529
730
61
74
60
63
13. Denver, Colo.......................
Salt Lake City, Utah
6
15
7
17
72
126
30
50
3
11
82
126
30
50
3
11
21
18
1
11
5
5
1
2
21
18
6
16
3
Total................................
6
15
7
17
14. Helena, Mont......................
Moscow, Idaho...................
2
2
2
2
5
Total................................
2
4
2
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2
[320]
7
10
3
M O N T H L Y R EV IEW OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S,
SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES FOR T H E MONTHS OF JANUARY AND FEB R U A R Y , 1916—
Concluded.
Opportunities received.
Zone.
Applications
for help.
Applications for employment.
Number of
persons
applied for.
Applications
received.
Number
Referred to j actually
employment. employed.
Janu Febru Janu Febru Janu Febru Janu Febru Janu Febru
ary.
ary.
ary.
ary.
ary.
ary.
ary.
ary.
ary.
ary.
15. Seattle, W ash.....................
Aberdeen, W ash.................
Bellingham, W ash.............
Everett, W ash....................
North Y akima, W ash.......
Spokane, W ash..................
Takoma, W ash...................
Walla Walla, W ash...........
62
3
7
13
122
Total................................
16. Portland, Oreg...................
23
25
33
40
41
57
53
58
3
103
3
16
16
168
65
116
340
5
8
17. San Francisco, Cal.............
Fresno, Cal..........................
183
6
2
26
322
175
94
25
487
137
538
308
5
103
77
346
142
47
28
186
79
141
129
199
521
1,098
2,086
195
22
13
96
126
20
174
227
215
1,600
2,180
221
10
9
5
11
8
111
24
33
29
41
9
33
8
3
103
165
38
2
16
’
12
464
191
456
2
16
18
8
308
177
184
184
s’
Total................................
183
174
227
215
1,600
2,180
221
308
177
5
6
1
432
1
4
136
1
235
3
1
774
5
540
29
1,241
5
126
3
1
1
Total................................
‘134
139
244
768
1,211
Total for m onth..............
933
1,423
5,063
1
285
8
8
64
18. Los Angeles, Cal.................
Bakersfield, Cal..................
San Diego, 'Cal....................
Tucson, Ariz.......................
5
761
28
41
164
38
109
60
110
12
22
5
808
230
1
5
753
1,811
290
814
234
759
6,413 15,015 14,257
4,300
5,036
3,419
4 , 1&5
CONCILIATION WORK OF THE DEPARTMENT
FEBRUARY 16 TO MARCH 15, 1916.
OF LABOR,
On the authority contained in the organic act of the department
to mediate in labor disputes and to appoint commissioners of con
ciliation in its discretion, the Secretary of Labor, through the com
missioners of conciliation, exercised his good offices in 33 labor dis
putes between February 16 and March 15, 1916. The strike of the
brewery workers, Washington, D. C., reported in the statement of
February 15, 1916, in last month’s R e v i e w , has been adjusted.
The companies involved in the 33 controversies, the number of
employees affected, and the results secured, as far as available, are
shown in the statement following.
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[321]
4
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
NUMBER OF LABOR DISPU TES HANDLED BY THE DEPA RTM EN T OF LABOR,
THROUGH ITS COMMISSIONERS OF CONCILIATION, FEB . 16 TO MAR. 15, 1916.
W orkmen affected—
Name.
Directly.
Alaskan I t . P .....................................................................................
Allegheny Dye Works, Philadelphia, P a.......................................
Baltimore lUohio R. R. a,rid machinists, Baltimore. Md............
Jacob Tierces ¿k Co., Philadelphia, P a.............................................
Berkshire Mills, Frankford, Philadelphia. P a ...............................
Christi’s Silk Hosiery, Philadelphia, P a .........................................
Continental T)ye Works, Philadelphia, P a ....................................
Dnnhlerlay Page Printing Co.. New York C ity ............................
Firth fr. Foster Co., Philadelpnia, P a .............................................
Ford Silk Hosiery, Philadelphia, P a...............................................
Frnnkfnrd Dyeing, Blear;him? Works, Philadelphia. P a ............
General Prooessing Co., Philadelphia, P a ......................................
Germantown Dye*Works, Philadelphia, P a..................................
Globe Dye Works, Philadelphia, P a .. .1........................................
Greer’s T)ye Works, Philadelphia, P a.............................................
Wm Korlward Dyeing Co., Philadelphia, P a ...............................
George Taffart spinner and dyer, Philadelphia, P a .....................
Machinists Howards Valve Co., East Chicago, I n d .....................
Machinists and the Contract Shop, Norfolk, V a............................
Motormen and conductors employed by Capital Traction Co.
and W ashington Railway & Electric Light Co., Washington,
D .C.i
New York, New Haven & Hartford R . R. and mechanical force..
N aot York Ontario A: Western R. R., Middletown. N. Y ...........
New York 7Post, New York City.....................................................
Nicefown Dye W^orks, Philadelphia, Pa ........................................
Orinoco Dye Whrks, Philadelphia, P a ...........................................
Philadelphia Dye W o r k s ..... ...................................................
Philadelphia Tapestry Works, Philadelphia, P a ..........................
Quaker Dye A: Bleach Works, Philadelphia, P a ...........................
Karl Schlatter Dye Works, Philadelphia, P a ................................
ftfead Ar Miller’s Dye Works, Philadelphia, P a .............................
Stewart Hartshorn Co., Harrison, N. J ...........................................
Times-TTnion Jacksonville, F la.......................................................
Wallace Wilson’s Dye Works, Philadelphia., Pa___
____
1,514
65
1,500
Indi
rectly.
Pending.
Do.
Adjusted.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Pending.
Do.
Do.
Adjusted.
Pending.
Adjusted.
Pending.
Do.
Adjusted.
Pending.
Adjusted.
Pending.
300 Adjusted.
Do.
4,000
30
Result.
1,200
Pending.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Adjusted.
Pending.
Adjusted.
Do.
Pending.
Adjusted.
(2)
Pending.
Adjusted.
1 For full account of this strike, see pp. 28 to 36.
2 The company has closed its machine shop at Harrison, N. J., and insists th at the strike is a closed
incident.
IMMIGRATION IN JANUARY, 1916.
There were 1,608, or 8.5 per cent, fewer alien immigrant arrivals
into the United States in January, 1916, than in December, 1915.
Compared with January, 1915, there were 1,812, or 11.7 per cent,
more arrivals in January, 1916, but 27,415, or 61.3 per cent, less than in
January, 1914. The number of arrivals in February, 1916, was 7,446,
or 43.1 per cent, greater than in January preceding, and 10,866, or
78.3 per cent, greater than in February, 1915, but 22,134, or 89.5
per cent, less than in February, 1914. The following table shows
the total number of immigrant aliens admitted to the United States
during the last three months, December, 1915, and January and
February, 1916, as compared with the same months in 1914 and 1915:
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
122 ]
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR ST A T IST IC S.
5
IMMIGRANT ALIENS ADM ITTED TO TH E UN ITED STATES, IN SPEC IFIED MONTHS,
IN 1914, 1915, AND 1916.
Month.
1914
December..................................................................................................
January................................................................................................
February......................................................................
1915
20,944
44,708
46,873
18,901
15,481
13,873
Classified by races, the immigrant arrivals into and departures
from the United States for January, 1916, the latest month for which
such detailed figures are available, and for the same month of 1915,
were as follows:
IMMIGRANT A LIENS ADM ITTED TO AND EMIGRANT ALIENS D EPA RTIN G FROM T H E
U N ITE D STATES DURING JANUARY, 1915, AND JANUARY, 1916.
Admitted.
Departed.
Race.
January, January, January, January,
1915
1916
1915'
1916
African (black)..........................................
Armenian....................................................
Bohemian and Moravian..........................
Bulgarian, Servian, Montenegrin............
Chinese....... ...............................................
Croatian and Slavonian............................
Cuban.........................................................
Dalmatian, Bosnian, and Herzegovinian
Dutch and Flem ish...................................
E ast Indian......................................... ......
English.......................................................
Finnish.......................................................
French.........................................................
German.......................................................
Greek...........................................................
Hebrew.......................................................
Irish............................................................
Italian (n o rth )...........................................
Italian (south)...........................................
Japanese.....................................................
Korean........................................................
L ithuanian.................................................
Magyar........................................................
Mexican......................................................
Pacific Islander..........................................
P olish............................................. ...........
Portuguese..................................................
Roum anian................................................
Russian.......................................................
Ruthenian (R ussniak)..............................
Scandinavian.............................................
Scotch.........................................................
Slovak.........................................................
Spanish.......................................................
Spanish-American.....................................
Syrian.........................................................
Turkish.......................................................
W elsh.........................................................
West Indian (except Cuban)...................
Other peoples.............................................
Not specified.................................... ...........
113
44
42
153
225
37
78
5
422
1
2,232
114
681
1,068
9i5
753
867
734
2,994
651
16
35
44
712
87
116
24
107
59
666
878
25
252
100
64
7
50
29
81
Total..................
Per cent increase, 1916.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
15,481
1 Decline.
[3231
131
74
46
108
146
61
105
5
367
7
2,499
284
1,034
911
1,619
1,477
953
429
1,923
651
14
59
108
57
82
7
4
426
216
8
158
66
11
3
8
266
3
120
120
52
211
496
39
154
55
226
7
1,126
33
108
783
24
151
679
10,209
72
3
5
20
12
139
222
2,253
65
2
1
6
15
50
363
714
42
57
519
76
604
977
99
421
104
58
15
57
47
49
889
21
14
71
3
230
182
176
104
219
122
17,293
11.7
31
2
221
48
9
3
1
2
2
163
41
4
8
43
58
977
11
IS
30
27
700
17,238
5,915
i 65.7
6
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
EMPLOYMENT IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES IN FEBRUARY, 1916.
Continuing the subject begun in the January R e v i e w , figures are
here given showing the changes in the amount of employment in
February, 1916, as compared with January, 1916, and with February,
1915. The scope of the work has been enlarged by the inclusion of
two new industries, car building and repairing, and men’s ready-made
clothing. It is hoped that the figures will be of such interest and
service to manufacturers that a larger number of returns will be
made for succeeding months. Inquiries are being sent only to cer
tain representative establishments throughout the United States,
but it is desirable that the Bureau enlarge the scope of the work by
covering more establishments in the industries now carried, and by
extending the inquiry to still other industries.
The table for February, 1916, and January, 1916, shows that the
number of employees in February, 1916, was greater in all industries
than in January, 1916, except in the silk industry, where there was
a decrease of 2.6 per cent. The greatest increase was in the woolen
industry, where 2.4 per cent more employees were on the pay roll in
February, 1916, than in January, 1916. A larger amount of money
was paid to employees in the industries covered in this table in Feb
ruary, 1916, than in January, 1916, in all industries except boots and
shoes, where there was a decrease of 0.9 per cent. The largest in
crease in the amount of pay roll, in any industry, in February, 1916,
over January, 1916, was in the iron and steel industry, where the in
crease was 13.3 per cent. Cotton manufacturing and the woolen
industry showed approximately the same percentage of increase,
while cotton finishing and hosiery and underwear showed exactly the
same percentage of increase.
COMPARISON OF EMPLOYMENT IN IDENTICAL ESTABLISHM ENTS IN JANUARY, 1916,
AND FEB R U A R Y , 1916.
Industry.
,
Boots and shoes................
Cotton m anufacturing___
Cotton finishing _.
Hosiery and underwear...
W oolen.
.......................
Silk.....................................
Iron and steel....................
Estab
lish
ments
to
which
in
quiries
were
sent.
85
92
19
82
24
62
139
Estab
Employees.
Earnings.
lish
ments
re
Per Amount of pay roll
Number on pay
port
cent
in—
of
roll in—
ing for Period
of in
pay
roll.
Janu
crease
ary
)
Janu
Febru
Janu Febru or(+de
and
ary,
ary,
ary,
ary,
Feb
crease
1916.
1916.
1916.
1916.
ruary.
(-)•
1 week.. 52,792
. ..d o ...... 43,061
.. .do ...... 11,937
.. .d o ..... 29', 325
.. .do...... 11,987
2 weeks. 16,485
86 1 month. 125,096
63
57
16
58
18
36
52,897
43,617
12,018
29', 574
12,271
16,054
128,031
Per
cent
of in
crease
(+ )
or de
crease
(-)•
+ 0.2 $704,155 1698,160 - 0 . 9
359,791
388,315 + 7.9
+ 1.3
132,315
138,328 + 4.5
+ .7
273', 726 286i 041 + 4.5
+ .8
139,703 + 7.6
+ 2.4
129,840
- 2.6
318,137 334,859 + 5.3
+ 2.3 3,956,609 4,482,205 + 13.3
An examination of the table giving number of employees and their
earnings for February, 1915, and February, 1916, shows that the
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[324]
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
7
number of employees in February, 1916, was greater in all industries
than in February, 1915, except in the cotton manufacturing and
men's ready-made clothing industries. In the men’s ready-made
clothing industry the number of employees in February, 1916, was
0.6 per cent less than in February, 1915. The greatest increase was
in the car building and repairing industry, where the number of
employees in February, 1916, was 46.3 per cent more than in Febru
ary, 1915. In all the industries more money was paid to employees
in February, 1916, than in February, 1915, the greatest increase in the
amount of pay roll being in the iron and steel industry, where the
the amount paid to employees in February, 1916, was 73 per cent
greater than in February, 1915. Employees of the car building and
repairing industry received 70.2 per cent more in wages in February,
1916, than in February, 1915. The smallest increase in the amount of
money paid to employees was in the cotton manufacturing industry,
where employees received 5.2 per cent more in February, 1916, than in
February, 1915.
COMPARISON OF EM PLOYM ENT IN IDENTICAL ESTABLISHM ENTS IN FEB RU A R Y , 1915,
AND FEB R U A R Y , 1916.
Industry.
Employees.
Estab Estab
lish lish
ments ments
to report Period
which ing for of pay
inFebroll.
quiries ruary
were both
sent. years.
Boots and shoes..............
Cotton m anufacturing...
Cotton finishing..............
Hosiery and underwear..
Woolen............................
Siik...................................
Men’s ready-made clothmg.
Iron and steel..................
Car building and repair
ing.
Earnings.
Per
Amount of pay roll Per
cent
cent
in—
of in
of increase
( + )o r
(+ ) °r
Febru Febru de
Febru
Febru
de
ary, 1915. ary, 1916. crease ary, 1915. ary, 1916. crease
(-)•
(-)•
Number on pay
roll in—
85
92
19
82
24
61
88
67 1 week..
61 . ..d o ......
16 . ..d o ......
58 . ..d o ......
20 .. do.
40 2 weeks.
39 1 week..
47,537
45,676
11,254
27,156
13,945
17,014
19,053
139
73
93 ¿m onth.
39 . ..d o .......
94,200
32, 775
54,942
45,666
12,018
30,059
16 180
17,869
18,940
+ 15.6
0)
+ 6.8
+ 10.7
+ 16.0
+ 5.0
- .6
$563,306
382,220
119.458
221,040
129,964
311,215
227,085
$726,567 + 29.0
402,012 + 5.2
138,328 + 15.8
286,944 + 29.8
174,291 +34.1
364,856 . +17.2
241,799 + 6.5
134,920 +43.2 2,737,536 4,737,278
47,956 +46.3
865,315 1,472,617
+ 73.0
+ 70.2
1 Decrease of less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
In addition to the data presented in the above tables for number of
employees on the pay roll, 90 plants in the iron and steel industry
reported 113,112 employees as actually working on the last full day of
the pay period reported for in February, 1916, as against 78,026 for the
reported pay-roll period in February, 1915, an increase of 45 per cent.
Figures given by 83 establishments in the iron and steel industry for
February, 1916, and January, 1916, show that 110,725 employees were
actually working on the last full day of the pay period reported for in
February, 1916, as against 107,144 for the reported period in Jan
uary, 1916, an increase of 3.3 per cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[325]
8
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
WORK OF STATE AND MUNICIPAL EMPLOYMENT BUREAUS.
The publication of data relative to the operations of free public
employment offices begun in the January, 1916, issue of the R e v i e w
is continued in this number. In the table following, information is
given for State employment bureaus in 13 States, municipal employ
ment bureaus in 9 States, State-city employment bureaus in 1 State,
and a Federal-municipal employment bureau in 1 State. Data are
given for January, 1915, and January, 1916, from bureaus not
included in the preceding publication but which have reported those
data since the publication of the March issue of the R e v i e w , and for
February, 1916, from all bureaus rendering reports for that month,,
Figures for February, 1915, from such bureaus as have furnished
that information are also presented for comparative purposes.
OPERATIONS OP PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT OFFICES, JANUARY AND F E B R U A R Y OF
1915 AND 1916.
State and city.
Number
of
appli
cations
from em
ployers.
of persons
Number Number
applying for work. Number
of
of
Number
persons
of
asked for
referred positions
New
by em
Re
to
filled.
regis
ployers. trations.
newals. positions.
California ( m u n ic ip a l).
Berkeley:
January, 1915..........................................
January, 1916..........................................
February, 1915........................................
February, 1916...............................
Sacramento:
January, 1915...........................
January, 1916..........................................
February, 1915........................................
February, 1916........................................
100
131
120
150
113
133
100
175
174
182
184
189
112
118
103
142
171
267
(B
6)
747
617
653
533
112
112
131
117
146
173
70
96
55
0)
(B
590
(B
(B
(B
131
117
146
171
267
147
234
(B
(B
171
267
147
234
Colorado (State).
Colorado Springs:
February, 1915............................
February, 1916............
Denver No. 1 :
February, 1915................
February, 1916.........
Denver No. 2:
February, 1915...................
F eb ru ary ,1916...................................
Pueblo:
February, 1915........................
February, 1916........................
211
(B
(B
0)
348
0)
(!)
50
145
(B
186
(B
(B
(B
(B
0)
107
159
(B
277
(B
(B
(B
0)
6)
566
156
(0
187
(B
(B
(B
207
337
(B
95
(B
159
(B
149
(B
54
107
56
Connecticut (State).
Bridgeport:
January, 1915....................... . .....
January, 1916...........
Hartford:
January, 1 915..:..............
January, 1916...........
New Haven:
January, 1915.......................
January, 1916................
Norwich:
January, 1915....................
January, 1916...........................
W aterbury:
January, 1915...........................
January, 1916..............................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
168
652
0)
(B
0)
(B
(B
(B
(B
(B
145
570
170
480
(B
(B
G)
0)
(B
(B
(B
«
146
380
129
444
(B
0)
(B
0)
(B
(B
(B
(B
103
312
31
190
(B
(B
(B
(B
(B
(B
(B
(B
25
178
139
(B
174
0)
1 Not reported.
(B
0)
(B
(B
(B
(B
103
[3261
111
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR ST A T IST IC S.
9
OPERATIONS OF PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT OFFICES, JANUARY AND FE B R U A R Y OF
1915 AND 1916—Continued.
State and city.
Number
of
appli
cations
from em
ployers.
Number Number of persons Number
of
applying for work.
of
Number
persons
persons
of
asked for
referred
positions
New
by em
Re
filled.
• to
regis
ployers. trations. newals. positions
Illin o is (m u n ic ip a l).
Chicago: February, 1916..............................
725
600
(2)
725
485
(2)
(2)
107
123
s 245
3 212
(2)
(2)
107
125
115
118
(2)
(2)
127
138
3 288
3 197
(2)
(2)
134
134
119
(2)
(2)
87
162
3 450
3 300
(2)
(2)
92
155
78
145
(2)
(2)
168
311
3 651
3 413
(2)
(2)
151
248
174
228
(2)
(s)
234
(2)
3 328
(2)
(2)
(2)
230
(2)
26
10
53
108
4
112
317
802
785
1,462
953
1,782
4 612
< 1,008
93
126
93
148
302
578
131
In d ia n a (S ta te).
Evansville:
February, 1915........................................
February, 1916........................................
Fort Wayne:
February, 1915........................................
February, 1916........................................
Indianapolis:
February, 1915........................................
February, 1916........................................
South Bend:
February, 1915........................................
February, 1916........................................
Terre Haute:
February, 1915........................................
February, 1916........................................
122
214
(2)
K a n sa s (S ta te).
Topeka:
February, 1915................ ......................
February, 1916...................................
30
8
5
17
114
62
(2)
(2)
5 1,759
3 2; 914
836
1,366
4 33
*8
(2)
(2)
3 79
s 134
75
117
318
765
<105
4 270
(2)
(2)
3 374
s 958
243
637
265
734
408
943
4 458
4 526
(2)
(2)
6 584
61,182
306
563
(2)
1,562
(2)
601
(2)
3,984
' 564
601
(2)
33,615
(2)
3 577
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
564
577
981
3,596
(2)
577
1915.................
1916..............
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
389
485
1915.........
1916.....................
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
876
1,266
1915..............
1916..............
(2)
(2)
(2)
. (2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
409
715
3568
3173
3 192
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
132
3 387
3 570
»361
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
361
463
359
6
18
K en tu ck y (m u n ic ip a l).
Louisville: February, 1916.......................
(2)
M assachusetts (S ta te).
Boston:
February, 1915.....................................
February, 1916.................................
Fall River:
February, 1915.................................
February, 1916...............................
Springfield:
February, 1915..............................
February, 1916..............................
Worcester:
February, 1915..........................
Februarv, 1916.............................
M ichigan (State).
Detroit:
February, 1915..............
February, 1916.......
Flint: February, 1916...........
Saginaw: February, 1916.........
( 2)
M innesota (State).
Duluth:
February,
February,
Minneapolis:
February,
February,
St. Paul:
February,
February,
M issouri (State).
Kansas City:
January, 1915....................
179
(*)
January, 1916................
112
(2)
February, 1916.....................
135
(2)
St. Joseph:
January, 1915................................
361
(2)
January, 1916...........................
535
(2)
February, 1916......................................
432
(2)
St. Louis:
January, 1915........................................
283
(2)
January, 1916.................................
239
(2)
February, 1916......................................
364
(2)
1 Number of requisitions.
3 Number applying for work.
2 Not reported.
4 Number who were registered.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[327]
173
102
267
3289
(2)
(2)
192
3 730
(2)
(2)
283
3 451
(2)
(2)
6 Number of offers of position.
10
M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OP T H E BU R EA U OP LABOR STA TISTICS.
OPERATIONS OF PUBLIC EM PLOYM ENT O FFICES, JANUARY AND F EB R U A R Y OF
1915 AND 1916—Continued.
State and city.
Number
of
appli
cations
from em
ployers.
of persons
Number Number
applying for work. Number
of
Number
of
persons
persons
of
referred positions
asked for
New
to
filled.
by em
Re
regis
ployers. trations.
newals. positions.
M o ntana (m u n ic ip a l).
Butte:
January, 1915..........................................
January, 1916..........................................
F ebruary,1915........................................
February, 1916........................................
124
407
156
367
124
407
P)
P)
P)
P)
120
P)
P)
P)
P)
p)
315
626
380
280
530
350
154
338
P)
P)
1,214
536
2,139
1,356
446
855
1,659
1,005
621
208
520
902
439
460
N ew Y o r k (m u n ic ip a l.)
New York City:
February, 1915........................................
February, 1916........................................
300
1,467
648
1,639
3, 059
1,805
260
540
940
644
477
311
779
1,559
959
624
394
646
1,447
619
493
N ew Y o r k (State).
Albany: February, 1916...............................
Bufialb: February. 1916...............................
New York City (Brooklyn): February, 1916.
Rochester: February, 1916..........................
Syracuse: February, 1916............................
265
357
428
381
123
Ohio (S ta te -c ity ).
Akron: February, 1916.................................
Cincinnati :
February, 1915........................................
February, 1916........................................
Cleveland:
February, 1915........................................
February, 1916........................................
Columbus:
F eb ru ary ,1915........................................
February, 1916........................................
Dayton:
February, 1915........................................
February, 1916................. .....................
Toledo:
February, 1915........................................
February, 1916........................................
Youngstown: February, 1916......................
P)
1,309
619
1,662
1,149
880
0)
2,724
1,288
2,070
1,614
8,449
4,488
2,818
1,274
2,433
776
P)
4,398
6,267
3,241
2,006
13,179
8,166
4,428
4,485
4,090
3,484
C1)
0)
1,703
1,474
993
777
4,604
2,506
1,724
1,465
1,425
1,129
C1)
414
959
399
684
1,678
1,209
395
769
311
719
619
2,559
973
1,507
1,029
720
2,150
2,291
960
591
2,076
972
549
1,544
765
93
73
P)
P)
2 117
2 165
P)
P)
P)
P)
57
64
64
191
P)
2 100
C1)
2 199
P)
P)
P)
P)
64
167
57
206
P)
P)
2 287
2 301
P)
P)
P)
P)
166
P)
2 216
P)
P)
P)
P)
2,496
569
P)
3,052
8,717
3,052
8,717
304
44
446
228
31
311
P)
C1)
P)
p)
P)
P)
O klahom a (State).
Enid:
February, 1915...................................... .
February, 1916........................................
Muscogee:
February, 1915........................................
February, 1916........................................
Oklahoma City:
February, 1915........................................
February, 1916........................................
Tulsa:
February, 1915........................................
February, 1916........................................
P)
P)
P)
230
56
P)
211
Oregon (m u n icip a l).
Portland:
January, 1916..........................................
February, 1916........................................
1,274
8,930
3,223
P)
2,000
P en n sylva n ia (State).
Harrirburg: February, 1916........................
Johnstown: February, 1916.........................
Philadelphia: February, 1916.....................
38
131
53
777
C1)
0)
176
59
442
11
314
Rhode Isla n d (S ta te).
Providence:
February, 1915........................................
February, 1916........................................
1 Not reported.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
180
210
870
1,080
130
249
129
124
2 Numbi;r applying for work.
[828 ]
0)
0)
878
249
M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR ST A T IST IC S.
11
OPERATIONS OF PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT OFFIC ES, JA NUARY AND FE B R U A Y OF
1915 AND 1916—Concluded.
Number
of
appli
cations
from em
ployers.
State and city.
of persons
Number Number
applying for work. Number
of
of
Number
persons
persons
of
asked for
referred
positions
New
by em
to
filled.
Re
regis
ployers. trations. newals. positions.
Texas (m u n ic ip a l).
Dallas:
February,
February,
Fort W orth:
February,
February,
1915........................................
1916........................................
48
157
65
180
85
72
1915........................................
1916........................................
55
71
152
i 752
100
89
227
392
306
211
0
8
12
106
184
65
180
106
79
158
149
325
343
179
68
Virginia (m u n ic ip a l ).
Richmond:
February, 1915........................................
February, 1916........................................
0
519
0
0
120
W ashington (m u n ic ip a l ).
Everett:
February, 1915........................................
February, 1916........................................
Seattle:
January, 1916..........................................
February, 1916......................................
Spokane:
February, 1915........................................
February, 1916........................................
Tacoma (Fecleral-municipal):3
January, 1915..........................................
January, 1916..........................................
February, 1915........................................
February, 1916........................................
(2)
(2)
0
0
680
1,251
1,348
3,253
0
0
750
0
0
1,165
232
193
234
275
308
275
283
463
339
370
0
0
0
160
120
238
54
498
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,348
3,246
680
1,244
75
745
1,131
570
1,131
70
318
275
289
475
308
273
283
463
124
46
0
0
0
300
W isconsin (State).
La Crosse:
February,
February,
Milwaukee:
February,
February,
Oshkosh:
February,
February,
Superior:
February,
February,
1915........................................
1916........................................
112
91
155
236
<256
<285
1915........................................
1916........................................
851
1,293
1,869
3,053
1915........................................
1916........................................
72
104
1915........................................
1916........................................
193
241
1 Number applying for work.
2 Not reported.
0
0
210
86
<3,120
<2,880
0
0
1,938
2,747
1,345
1,987
84
119
<374
<224
0
0
67
119
56
79
333
704
4 474
0
0
424
744
301
535
<718
3 Since February, 1916.
<Registrations.
LAND SETTLEMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN ENGLAND.
Land settlement for the relief of unemployment contemplates two
purposes: Relief from the congestion of industrial workers in urban
centers and an increase in the agricultural production of the country
by the addition of new supplies of labor upon the land. Such a policy
of land settlement was outlined in general terms in the annual report
of the Secretary of Labor for the fiscal year 1914-15. It was pointed
out there that the mere securing of jobs for men was not a sufficient
relief for involuntary unemployment, and there was held to be
necessary such a “ development of the national resources of this
country as will tend to make opportunities for workers greater than
the demands for work, and to keep them so” (p. 44). This was to
be done by an extension of the homestead legislation in such ways as
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[329]
12
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STATISTICS-.
to make possible by the Federal Government the colonization of
workmen upon available public lands. It was felt that “ the day of
the individual pioneer is over.”
Referring to this recommendation of the Secretary of Labor it is
noteworthy that a recent committee of the British Board of Agri
culture and Fisheries,1 although in a somewhat different connection,
makes a similar recommendation:
We consider it essential that any scheme of land settlement by the State should be
on the colony system. * * * It would be quite impracticable for the State to
undertake the provision of isolated holdings all over the country and it would he impos
sible under such a system to provide the. expert guidance and business organization
which will he so necessary if ex-service men are to he settled on the land with the best
prospects of success. Association in groups is not only necessary for such men for
these purposes, but it is also desirable in order to provide them with the social life
to which they have become accustomed during their service with the colors. More
over, there are fewer competitors for large blocks of land than for small properties,
and it is often possible to obtain the land at wholesale instead of retail prices.
This committee was appointed to consider the question of the set
tlement for employment on the land of discharged sailors and soldiers
upon the termination of the war. The first part of the report of
this committee has recently appeared.
On the assumption that many of the discharged soldiers who may
previously have engaged in agriculture will, on the termination of
the war, be unwilling to return to that pursuit without special induce
ment, the committee deemed that State action would be necessary
in order to supplement the existing machinery of the counties pro
viding small holdings. It was pointed out that the efforts of the
county councils in England and Wales had succeeded in providing
land directly for only about 15,000 applicants in seven years, and as
many of the returning soldiery will be men without any experience
in farm work and life the difficulties of the future would be aggravated.
The committee recommends three types of grouped small holdings:
(1) Fruit or market gardens, (2) dairy farms, (3) mixed farms, includ
ing possibly arable dairy farms. Assuming a minimum of at least
100 families to each village community, the minimum area should be
1,000 acres for a fruit and market garden settlement and 2,000 for
a dairy or mixed-farm settlement.
It is contemplated that use shall be made of the expert agricul
tural advice of the department and provision be made for the organi
zation of proper business methods, particularly along cooperative
lines. It is proposed to provide a resident director for each colony
for the preliminary instruction of the settlers, to give advice regarding
1 Introduction and P art I of the Final Report of the Departmental Committee appointed by the presi
dent of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries to consider the settlement or employment on the land in
England and Wales of discharged sailors and soldiers. L ondon,1916. 30 pp. fold, chart. A short summary
m ay be found in the Board of Trade Labor Gazette, London, 1916. Vol. 24, No. 2 (February), p. 47.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[330]
M O N T H L Y E EV IE W OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
13
the cultivation of their holdings, the purchase of supplies, and the
disposal of products.
It is not recommended that the State should directly supply capital
for the undertaking, but that it should take part in promoting, with
State assistance, cooperative credit societies.
STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1915.
Statistics of strikes and lockouts in the United States covering the
years 1881 to 1905, inclusive, have been the subject of four annual
reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, published in 1887, 1894,
1901, and 1906. The data for these reports were secured by thorough
investigations by trained field agents, and it is probable that few
strikes and lockouts were omitted. Because of the time and expense
involved the Bureau has not considered it possible to continue this
method, although it is probably the only one likely to secure com
plete returns.
In 1914 an attempt was made to compile a record of strikes and
lockouts entirely from printed sources—newspapers, labor journals,
trade-union periodicals, and manufacturers’, trade, and other papers.
In 1915 the same method was continued, and in connection with
about 1,400 strikes an attempt was made to supplement the infor
mation thus obtained by sending a schedule of inquiry to persons
thought to have detailed knowledge concerning them. About twothirds of these schedules went to strikers or organizations represent
ing them and one-third to employers or their organizations. In a
number of cases schedules were sent to more than one person regard
ing the same strike. Seven hundred and forty-eight schedules were
returned answered in whole or in part. In addition, a number of
letters and circulars were sent asking for supplemental information.
This report is based on the data secured from newspapers and from
other sources, modified by the replies made to schedules and letters.
The number of strikes and lockouts covered in 1914 was 1,080,
which has since been increased to 1,204, by examination of reports
made after the close of the year. The number recorded in 1915, includ
ing those pending on the last day of 1914 and settled during the year
1915, was 1,246 strikes and 159 lockouts, a total of 1,405, which will
probably be increased to 1,500 if the additional number found in
reports this year approximates that found last year.
Whether strikes and lockouts have increased in number in the
United States since 1905, the last year covered by the Bureau’s field
investigation, is not shown by the figures gathered during the last
two years. It would be manifestly incorrect to compare the incom
plete data so collected with the more comprehensive reports secured
32602°—16---- 2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[331]
14
M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
in the former investigations. In spite of the incompleteness of the
data for 1915, however, the figures give considerable information of
value in regard to the labor disputes which occurred in that year.
It is often difficult to determine from the wording of a newspaper
item whether the disturbance is a strike or not. Many papers refer
to every misunderstanding between employers and their employees
as a strike, and many employers refuse to admit that any disturbance
in their establishments, ever progressed beyond a misunderstanding.
When there has been any question as to the classification of a dispute,
effort has been made to secure statements from both sides, in two
cases schedules having been sent to as many as five persons, and the
decision as to the classification has been based upon the statements
received. The rule has been to omit doubtful cases.
Under strikes have been included all disputes where the employees
refused to work unless the management complied with certain
demands, and under lockouts all disputes where the management
refused to allow the employees to work except under conditions
dictated by the employers.
The number of strikes occurring during the late summer and early
fall largely exceeded those occurring at other times of the year.
Two-thirds of those starting during the last six months of the year
1915 were for increase of wages or decrease of working hours. They
were successful in most cases.
The so-called munitions strikes attracted special attention in 1915.
These strikes started in Bridgeport, Conn., during the latter part of
July, and spread rapidly to Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New York,
Ohio, and other States where metal goods are manufactured. They
consisted generally of a demand for a shorter working-day without
reduction of wages, and in some cases the demand was for increased
wages, though the strikers rarely got all the increase asked for.
The strikes in the clothing industry in New York, Boston, Phila
delphia, Baltimore, and Chicago involved a large number of strikers,
but their duration was comparatively short, except in Chicago, where
the strike lasted for about three months and involved from 6,000 to
25,000 people.
Other strikes attracting wide attention were those in the building
trades in Chicago from April to July, which practically paralyzed the
building industry of that city for the time; the oil and chemical strikes
in Elizabeth, N. J., and neighboring cities during the summer, which,
though short, were accompanied with rioting and loss of life; the
street-car strike in Chicago in June; and the strike of the silverworkers in Connecticut in October, which had not been settled at the close
of the year. Though the long-continued coal strike in Colorado was
brought to an end just before the’opening of the year, the attention of
the public continued to be directed to it through the efforts made by
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1332]
M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
15
the mine owners to settle the many questions that had not been
finally considered at the termination of the strike. The coal strikes
in the middle west were settled late in the fall of 1914 and early in
1915, with the exception of the eastern Ohio strikes, which were not
settled until May. The copper mine strike in Arizona was settled
just after the close of the year.
The causes of strikes and lockouts during the year were numerous.
In few cases was the cause confined to one matter in dispute. In the
following table an effort has been made to show the principal causes of
the strikes tabulated, though this has been difficult in many cases on
account of the indefinite character of the information available.
NUMBER OF STR IK ES AND LOCKOUTS, BY CAUSES, 1915.
Matter of dispute.
Strikes. Lockouts.
Increase of wages......................
Decrease of wages.....................
Nonpayment of wages..............
Increase of hours.......................
Decrease of hours......................
Wages and hours......................
General conditions...................
Conditions and wages..............
Conditions and hours...............
Conditions, wages, and h ours..
Recognition of the union.........
Recognition and wages............
Recognition and hours............
Recognition, wages,and hours.
286
90
10
7
67
133
35
28
6
11
37
26
6
10
12
10
1
7
2
4
1
1
15
1
Matter of dispute.
For organizing..........................
For open or closed shop
Discharge of foreman wanted .
Because of discharge of union
m en.................
Because of employment of
nonunion men .
Discrimination......................
Sym pathetic.......
Jurisdictional............................
Miscellaneous...........
Not reported........
1
Total................................
Strikes. Lockouts.
20
11
12
12
60
13
40
5
9
25
118
208
1
8
1,246
22
39
159
The results of the disputes are difficult to state because in many
cases both sides claimed the victory. When the question related to
wage increase or reduction of working hours the unions generally
asked for more than they expected to get and accepted less than they
demanded but more than they were receiving before the strike.
Again, strikes were frequently called when there was but one point at
issue, but in their settlement that point was ignored and other matters
settled that would not have been considered if there had been no
strike. Each case has been considered by itself in making the follow
ing table and a larger number have been placed in the compromise
class than either side to the controversy would probably admit was
warranted.
RESULTS OF STR IK ES AND LOCKOUTS, 1915.
Result.
Strikes. Lockouts.
W on............................................. ..................«...................................................
Compromised.........................................................................................................
Lost ..............................................................................................................................
Rmnlnvees returned. nendins' arbitration ______ _____ ___________________
164
273
128
28
16
30
17
2
Total _________________ _____________
Pending..................................................................................................................................
593
140
513
65
31
63
.............................:............
1,246
159
Not, renorted................................................................... ........................ ...........
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[333]
16
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
As shown in the following table the duration of the strikes that
ended in 1915 varied from less than one day to three years and
nine months, the latter being the strike of federated shopmen
on the Harriman lines that was finally called off in June.
DURATION OF STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS.
Duration.
T,p.ss than one day......................
r d a y ............................................
2 days...........................................
3 days...........................................
4 days...........................................
5 days...........................................
6 d ays .......................................
7 days...........................................
8 d avs
.............................
9 days...........................................
10 days ....................................
11 days ....................................
12 days.........................................
13 days.........................................
14 days.........................................
15 to 18 d ay s...............................
Duration.
Strikes. Lockouts.
10
30
43
41
26
29
23
24
19
12
18
12
6
13
16
16
1
1
2
2
3
2
1
1
2
1
Strikes. Lockouts.
19 to 21 days................... .-__ _
22 to 24 days............................
25 to 28 d ays...........................
29 to 31 days............................
32 to 35 days............................
36 to 42 days............................
43 to 49 d ay s............................
50 to 63 days............................
64 to 77 d ay s............................
78 to 91 days............................
92 to 199 d ay s..........................
200 to 1,367 days......................
20
22
3
12
21
4
Total..............................
14
13
9
1
2
1
20
12
4
22
7
531
49
13
15
2
2
2
5
The total duration of these strikes was 18,973 days and of the
lockouts 3,075 days, the average duration of the strikes being 36
days and of the lockouts 63 days. If, however, the 37 strikes and 9
lockouts which lasted more than three months are omitted from
consideration, the average was 17 days for strikes and 27 days for
lockouts.
The number of strikes and lockouts starting each month during
the year is shown in the following table:
NUM BER OF STR IK ES AND LOCKOUTS BY MONTHS IN WHICH STARTED, 1915.
Month.
Pivnrlrmr T)eo. .81; 1Q14
January
Fohroary
March
May
June
Ju ly .............................................
August, .
Month.
Strikes. Lockouts.
37
19
72
88
110
52
94
137
17
13
Strikes. Lockouts.
146
14
7
70
10
8
1,104
142
148
12
September...............................
October..... ..............................
November...............................
December.................................
102
102
10
6
Total..............................
Month not stated ....................
Grand t o t a l ..................
1,246
159
14
16
14
7
11
In the above table only those strikes are counted as pending
December 31, 1914, which were actually settled during the year 1915.
In 701 strikes and 144 lockouts the employees were connected with
unions; in 117 strikes and 3 lockouts they were nonunion employees;
in 29 strikes they were nonunion at the time of striking but organized
almost immediately after; the relation of employees to unions was
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[334]
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR ST A T IST IC S.
17
not reported for 399 strikes and 12 lockouts. In 926 strikes and
128 lockouts all the employees directly affected were men, and in 31
strikes and 4 lockouts all were women, while both sexes were affected
in 113 strikes and 18 lockouts; the sex of employees was not reported
for 176 strikes and 9 lockouts.
The number of persons involved in strikes and lockouts in 1915 is
shown in the following table:
NUM BER OF STR IK E S AND LOCKOUTS BY CLASSIFIED NUM BER OF PERSONS
INVOLVED, 1915.
Group of persons involved.
Strikes. Lockouts.
1 to 5............................................
6 to 10..........................................
11 to 15.........................................
16 to 20 .......................................
21 to 25.........................................
26 to 30.........................................
31 to 40.........................................
41 to 50.........................................
51 to 60.......................................
61 to 70.........................................
71 to 80.........................................
81 to 90.........................................
91 to 100.......................................
101 to 125.....................................
126 to 150......................
151 to 175.....................................
176 to 200....................................
201 to 250.........................
251 to 300................................
300 to 350.....................................
45
22
29
27
25
36
38
17
12
8
6
7
2
12
9
21
2
2
22
8
4
12
4
9
i
5
3
i
18
27
35
37
43
31
24
13
l
1
2
Group of persons involved.
351 to 400
401 to 450
451 to 500
501 to 600
601 to 700
701 to 800
801 to 1 000
1,001 to 1,200
1,201 to 1 500
1,501 to 2 000
2,001 to 3,000
3,001 to 5,000
5,001 to 10,000
10,001 to 30 000
Total
Not reported
Strikes. Lockouts.
18
9
1
22
2
19
13
14
17
15
16
19
14
U
9
1
1
3
2
2
i
752
121
494
38
1,246
159
There were 468,983 persons involved in the 752 strikes for which
information was available and 35,298 in the 121 lockouts, the pro
portion of males to females being about 9 to 1. The average
employees per strike was 624 and per lockout 293, but omitting the
41 strikes and 1 lockout involving 2,000 persons and upward, the
average was 261 per strike and 145 per lockout.
In 1,198 disturbances the number of establishments involved in
each was stated. In each case only 1 establishment was involved
by 929 strikes and 107 lockouts, or 86 per cent of all disputes for
which this information was available; 2 by 46 strikes and 11 lock
outs; 3 by 12 strikes and 8 lockouts; 4 by 11 strikes and 1 lockout;
from 5 to 86 by 49 strikes and 16 lockouts; from 111 to 500 by 6
strikes, while one strike involved 700 and one 1,200 establishments.
The following tables show the number of strikes and lockouts in
the 13 industry groups and in the 14 individual occupations in
which the largest number of strikes occurred. Corresponding figures
for 1914 are given from the report of last year. In comparing the two
years, allowance should be made for the incompleteness of the figures,
unavoidable under the method adopted for securing the data.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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18
M O N T H L Y R E V IE W OE T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
N U M B E R OF ST R IK E S IN TH E 13 IN D U S T R Y G R OUPS IN W HICH THE LARGEST
N U M B E R OF ST R IK E S OCCURRED, 1914 A N D 1915.
1915
1914
Strikes. Lockouts.
Strikes
and
lockouts.
Industry.
M etaltrades
Building t,rad AS
Clothing industries
T' pyt.i 1o work
- - ............ - ...........................................................
............ , ........................................................................
................ ............................ .......................
.......... .............................................................................
Baking
........................................................................................
Iron and steel workers
..............................................
T' p.qrning
....................................................................................
Theatrical employees
Transportation
____ ____ ______ ____________________
..................................................................................
Printing and publishing
..................... ..............................................
280
204
127
77
65
30
30
28
16
14
17
13
4
41
27
12
7
2
33
2
4
5
129
275
78
54
51
47
14
34
18
20
52
40
1
1
20
3
N U M B E R OP ST R IK E S IN TH E 14 IN D IV ID U A L OCCUPATIONS IN W HICH TH E LA RG EST
N U M B E R OF ST R IK E S OCCURRED, 1914 A N D 1915.
1915
1914
Strikes. Lockouts.
Strikes
and
lockouts.
Occupation.
Mochi in ists
..................................................................................................
Bakers
......................................................................................................
Miners coal
..................................................................................................
Carpenters
-- ........................... ................... .........................
Mefp 1poi ish era
....................................................................................
Molders
..................................................................................................
pii]mt)Ars and steam fitters...............................................................................
T earn stars
.............................................................................................
Tailors
.....................................................................................................
gpppp.t-pq.jByay employees .............................................................................
Painters
........................................................................................
Sheet-metal workers
.................................................................
Electrical workers
............................... .......................... .
163
30
55
42
37
42
34
28
26
22
20
21
20
19
16
33
2
8
13
6
9
2
1
2
4
2
1
44
47
48
35
26
27
83
30
14
27
61
13
9
4
The following table shows the number of strikes and lockouts in
1914 and 1915 by States and by sections of the country; on account
of their incompleteness the figures for the two years do not admit of
close comparison:
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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[336]
M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
19
NUMBER OF STRIKES, BY STATES AND SECTIONS, 1914 AND 1915.
1914
State or section.
Alabama....................
Alaska........................
Arizona......................
Arkansas...................
California...................
Colorado....................
Connecticut...............
Delaware...................
Dist. of Columbia__
Florida.......................
Georgia......................
Idaho.........................
Illinois.......................
Indiana......................
Iowa...........................
Kansas.......................
K entucky..................
Louisiana..................
Maine.........................
Maryland...................
Massachusetts...........
Michigan....................
Minnesota..................
Mississippi................
Missouri*...................
Montana....................
Nebraska...................
Nevada......................
New Hampshire.......
New Jersey................
New York.................
1915
1914
Lock
Strikes. Lock
outs. Strikes. outs.
6
1
1
3
4
49
7
4
4
3
20
1
4
2
1
2
4
1
1
6
2
21
4
141
14
8
1
3
1
9
2
84
38
11
52
21
4
15
9
1
1
1
14
3
2
1
1
1
12
1
7
5
11
11
18
96
27
19
3
9
5
28
5
1
1
10
3
21
11
6
9
6
11
1
11
]
37
3
2
2
. 7
71
150
3
6
5
100
196
Lock
Strikes. Lock
outs. Strikes. outs.
3
North Carolina.........
North Dakota. .
O hio.. . .
Oklahoma__
Oregon.. ..
Pennsylvania.
Porto Rico.
Rhode Island
South Carolina.........
South T)a,trota,
Tennessee
Texans
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
IVa sh in gt,on
West. Virginia.
Wisconsin
Wyoming. . .
In several States_
7,
3
Total
3 North of the Ohio
and east of the Mis4
sissippi
South of the Ohio
and east of the TVfississippi..
West, of the Missis9
s ip p i.. .
131
29
1915
State, or section.
3
1
5
86
6
8
102
2
5
13
3
1
14
30
9
1
5
1
115
to
J
148
1
1%
1
5
6
7
22
9
4
1
1
2
5
12
1
9
g
2
4
39
o
4
9
6
5
5
23
15
3
5
1
1
4
1,100
104
1,246
159
793
61
1,024
124
22
76
6
75
12
231
37
147
23
The largest number of disputes occurred in the leading manufac
turing States, New York, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Massachusetts,
and Ohio, having 801, or considerably more than half the strikes and
lockouts shown for 1915.
The following table shows the number of strikes and lockouts in
cities in which 10 or more disputes occurred during 1915, with the
number of disturbances occurring in the same city for the year 1914.
Allowance for incompleteness of data should be made in comparing
the two years.
CITIES IN W HICH 10 OR MORE STR IK ES OCCURRED IN 1914 AND 1915.
City.
New York, N. Y ................
Bridgeport, Conn...............
Philadelphia, P a ................
C h ic a g o ,T il.....................
Cleveland, Ohio.................
Boston, Mass......................
Springfield, Mass...............
Worcester, Mass.................
Pittsburgh, P a ...................
Toledo, Ohio......................
Detroit, Mich.....................
Elizabeth, N. J ..................
Jersey City, N. J ................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1915
1914
Strikes. Lock
outs.
Strikes
and
lock
outs.
127
51
36
25
32
26
15
16
16
17
16
4
3
22
20
21
2
6
15
3
3
1
2
1
74
3
19
24
18
27
6
8
20
8
22
2
5
City.
Hartford, C onn...
New Haven, Conn.......
St. Louis, Mo..
Newark, Î7. J
Wilmington, Del..............
Kansas City , Mo.
Seattle, W ash.......
Baltimore, Md..............
Wheeling, W. V a.........
Waterbury, Conn...........
Trenton, N. J .........
Cincinnati, Ohio
Reading, P a ......................
[337]
1915
1914
Strikes. Lock
outs.
Strikes
and
lock
outs.
1
15
16
14
13
13
2
2
9
9
1
2
2
11
11
11
12
11
10
2
2
1
3
2
9
9
2
17
5
14
1
1
9
11
3
20
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
NUMBER OF STR IK ES AND LOCKOUTS IN SPEC IFIED OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES, 1915.
STRIKES.
Building trades.
States, etc.
Agri
cul
tural Bak Bar
work ers. bers.
ers.
Arkansas
Colorado
Conn roti out ..
Cala war a
D i s t r i c t of
Columbia
Illinois .
Tndiaria
Towa. Louisiana __
Maryland
Massachusetts. . .
Minnesota
Missouri
Montana
N ehraska _
Now Hampshire
Now Jersey,.
New Y ork.__
North Carolina..
North D ak o ta...
O h i o .........
i
i
Total.........
2
1
8
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
La
bor
ers
and Paint
hod ers.
car
riers.
11
11
1
3
2
1
1
1
2
i
1
4
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
3
8
3
3
2
21
i
1
i
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
3
2
4
1
21
21
2
Ì
6
1
2
35
13
3
4
4
1
i
i
1
1
Oklahoma.
Oregon
Pennsylvania , .
Porto P ic o ..
Rhode Island..
Tennessee
Texas. . .
U tah .
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Brass
Broom
and Brew
and
brass ery Brickmak
brush- Brick Car Elec
work
goods
trical L ath
work
ers.
work ers.
ers.
ers. layers. pen
ters. work
ers.
ers.
2
21
45
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
3
1
3
30
6
12
15
6
2
3
42
20
2
11
5
7
20
LOCKOUTS.
California..
Connecticut. . .
Geòrgia.......
Illinois........
Indiana........
Towa..
Kansas.......
Massachusetts ..
Missouri
New Jersey..
New York.
Ohio............
Pennsylvania
Porto Rico. .
Tennessee
Washington
Wisconsin
Total.
1 Hod carriers.
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
6
1
1
2
1
4
10
1
4
1
2
1
1
1
1
33
1
2 Building laborers.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
3 Including 2 of glaziers.
[338]
8
1
4 Including 1 of paper hangers.
4
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
21
NUM BER OF STR IK E S AND LOCKOUTS IN S P EC IFIED OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES,
1915—Continued.
STRIKES.
Building trades—Concluded.
States, etc.
Arkansas.................
California.................
Connecticut.............
Delaware.................
Georgia.....................
Illinois......................
Indiana....................
Iowa.........................
K entucky................
Maine.......................
Massachusetts.........
Michigan..................
Minnesota................
Missouri...................
Montana...................
New Hampshire__
New Jersey..............
New York................
Ohio.........................
Oklahoma................
Pennsylvania..........
Rhode Island..........
Tennessee................
Texas.......................
U tah .........................
W ashington............
West Virginia.........
Wisconsin................
Total..............
Clothing.
car
Oc- riage
and
Plum b Sheet Struc
cu- wag
Plas ers metal tural- Tile
pater and work iron lay Tin tion on
ers. steam ers. work ers. smiths. not work
fitters.
ers.
spec ers.
ified.
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
23
22
1
1
33
2
2
2
1
1
62
61
65
61
94
1
1
10
1
61
101
2
1
34
1
72
1
3
2
1
1
3
7
1
1
i
1
1
1
1
1
21
1
Cloak,
waist,
and
skirt
mak
ers.
1
1
Cor
set
mak
ers.
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
8
81
14
2
1
3
81
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
4
2
1
41
22
1
1
1
Chem
ical Boot
ut
work- and B
ton
ers.i shoe mak
mak ers.
ers.
1
2
1
7
5
3
33
1
3
21
10
3
4
6
LOCKOUTS.
Alabama..................
California.................
Illinois.....................
Indiana....................
Iowa.........................
K entucky................
Minnesota................
New Y ork................
Ohio.........................
Pennsylvania..........
Tennessee................
Washington............
Total..............
*
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
61
1
41
1
1
61
81
2
1
9
1
2
1
1
1 Includes bleachers, soap makers, paint makers, powder makers, refiners, etc.
2 Including 1 of plumbers.
8 Comprising 1 of plumbers and 2 of steam fitters.
4 Coppersmiths.
6 Plumbers.
8 Including 3 of plumbers and 1 of steam fitters.
7 Including 1 of coppersmiths.
8 Automobile workers.
9 Comprising 3 of plumbers and 1 of steam fitters.
10 Steam fitters.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[339]
1
22
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
NUMBER OF STR IK ES AND LOCKOUTS IN S P EC IFIED OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES,
1915—Continued.
STRIKES.
Freight handling
and teaming.
Elec
tric
and
Coop gas
La
ers. sup Freight Long
dies’ Men’s
Tai
cloth cloth
p ly
han shore Team
ing lors.
work dlers.
ing mak
men. sters.
mak ers.
ers.
ers.
Clothing—Concluded.
States, etc.
California.................
Connecticut.............
Illinois......................
Kansas ..
K entucky................
Maryland_
Massachusetts.........
Michigan..................
Minnesota. . .
Missouri
New Jersey..............
New York
Glove
mak
ers.
Hat
and
cap
mak
ers.
Chil
Rain Shirt dren’s
coat
dress
mak mak
ers. ers. mak
ers.
1
1
1
1
2
2
5
3
3
i
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
i
2
1
1
1
1
1
i 19
4
3
20
2
12
Pennsjd vania..........
Smith Dakota.
Texas
Virginia
Washington
W est, Virginia
9
4
4
2
2
2
21
1
6
1
O h io
O re g o n
2
6
4
2
5
5
2
4
1
1
1
1
15
28
1
1
1
1
W is c o n s in
1
.....
Total..............
1
3
2
2
20
4
2
4
25
21
26
7
5
17
LOCKOUTS.
Illinois
Maryland
Massach nsetts
Missouri
New York
Ohio
W ash i n gt.on
Wisconsin
Total
1
1
1
2
..........
1
i
2
1
1
1
i
i
i
5
2
1 Including 15 of millinery and straw hat workers.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[340]
1
1
2 Shirt ironers.
2
M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR ST A T IST IC S.
23
NUM BER OF STR IK ES AND LOCKOUTS IN SP E C IF IE D OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES,
1915—Continued.
STRIKES.
Furniture
workers.
States, etc.
Alabama................
Arizona...................
California................
Connecticut
Delaware.......
Illinois....................
Indiana...................
Iowa.......................
Kansas ................
Kentucky
L ouisiana..............
Maryland...............
Massachusetts
Michigan ............
Missouri.................
New Jersey............
New York..............
Ohio........................
Oregon ................
Pennsylvania __
Rhode Island .
Texas......................
Virginia
............
W ashington .......
West Virginia........
W isconsin..............
Total............
Cab
inet
mak
ers
and
carv
ers.
Metal trades.
Lum
Iron Laun Leath ber Meat
and dry
and cutters
Oc- Glass Hard
ware
Horseer
cu- work work shoers. steel work work tim and
Up- pawork
ber butch Black Boil
ers.
ers.
ers.
ers.
er
hol- tion
work ers. smiths.
ers.
mak
ster- not
ers.
ers.
ers. spec
ified.
1
2
1
3
8
i
i
3
4
1
1
1
2
1
i
1
1
1
1
1
2
i
1
1
1
2
5
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
4
1
2
6
3
7
14
1
3
3
i
4
2
3
2
1
1
9
4
11
3
3
i
1
3
1
6
7
2
30
1
1
2
15
5
13
1
1
2
7
9
13
LOCKOUTS.
California................
Illinois
..............
Indiana
.............
Louisiana...............
New Jersey............
New York..............
Ohio........................
Oklahoma..............
Pennsylvania __
Washington .......
W pst; Virginia,
Total............
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
3
1
1
1
1
3
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
2
2
[3411
2
1
24
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
NUMBER OF STR IK E S AND LOCKOUTS IN S P E C IF IE D OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES,
1915—Continued.
STRIKES.
Metal trades—Concluded.
States, etc.
Arizona....................
California.................
Connecticut.............
Delaware.................
Georgia....................
Illinois.....................
Indiana....................
K ansas.....................
Kentucky................
Maine.......................
Maryland.................
Massachusetts.........
Michigan..................
Minnesota................
Missouri...................
New Jersey..............
New Y ork................
North Carolina........
Ohio.........................
Oklahoma................
Oregon.....................
Pennsylyauia..........
Rhode Island..........
Tennessee................
Texas.......................
U tah.........................
Virginia...................
W ashington............
West Virginia.........
Wisconsin................
W yoming................
Total..............
Musicians and the
atrical employees.
Miners.
Occu
Paper
pation
Paper goods
Mov
not
P at Stove speci
ing
Or Stage mak
Ma Metal Mold- tern
ers. mak
ers.
chin pol ers. mak mount fied. Coal. Ore. pict ches emure tras. ployists. ishers.
ers.
ers.
oper
ees.
ators.
1
38
2
3
3
4
i 16
4
13
18
1
18
1
i
41
|
3
1
1
1
1
1
10
1
1
5
5
4
1
1
1
1
1
Total..............
i
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
5
1
5
3
1
3
1
1
8
1
i
1
1
1
2
22
10
.........
i
13
4
7
2
1
1
1
1
29
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
1
1
163
37
42
6
3
7
55
10
5
3
7
14
LOCKOUTS.
Alabama..................
Arkansas.................
Connecticut.............
Illinois.....................
Indiana....................
Massachusetts.........
Michigan.................
New Jersey..............
New Y ork...............
Ohio.........................
Oregon.....................
Pennsylvania..........
Tennessee................
Washington............
Wisconsin................
2
2
2
3
1
3
1
20
8
3
1
3
1
1
1
3
1
1
5
34
1
2
1
3
1
1
i
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
i
i
1
16
i
13
1 Including 12 of silver workers.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
i
6
1
2
2 Including 1 of bandsmen.
[342]
2
3
1
3 Including 1 of silver workers.
4
25
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
NUM BER OF S T R IK E S AND LOCKOUTS IN S P E C IF IE D OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES,
1915—Continued.
STRIKES.
Pot
ters.
States, etc.
California..................
Connecticut..............
Delaware..................
Georgia.....................
Illinois.......................
Indiana...................
Iow a..........................
Louisiana..................
Maine........................
Maryland................
Massachusetts..........
Michigan...................
Missouri....................
New H am pshire.. . .
New Jersey...............
New Y ork................
Ohio.......................
Pennsylvania...........
Rhode Island...........
South Carolina.........
U tah .........................
Vermont...................
Virginia.................
W ashington..........
West Virginia...........
Wisconsin.................
Not specified__
Total.............
P rint
ing
and
pub
lish
ing.
Rail
road
transportation.
2
Textile
Stone
workers.
workers.
Sta
Teletion
Street Street graph
and
rail and
R ub ary
Cot
sewer way tele
ber engi
ton
em phone Car and
work neers Gran Quar em
and ite
ploy ploy opera pet woolers.
ry
mak enees.
fire cu t work ees.
tors. ers.
men. ters. ers.
workers.
2
21
7
i
1
’1
1
__ i
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
31
1
1
4
1
5
i
i
4
1
i
21
2
4
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
3
21
i
10
9
1
1
1
5
1
6
1
1
i
1
T otal...............
2
3
5
1
1
1
8
4
17
9
5
10
22
3
LOCKOUTS.
California..................
Georgia.....................
Iowa..........................
Michigan..................
Minnesota.................
Missouri....................
Pennsylvania...........
West Virginia...........
Wisconsin.................
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
«1
1
i
1
3
1
1
2
1
’Wireless operators.
H aving cutters.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
2
3 Aluminum reduction workers.
i Porcelain workers.
[343]
26
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
NUMBER OF STR IK ES AND LOCKOUTS IN SPEC IFIED OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES,
1915—Concluded.
STRIKES.
Textile workers—Concluded.
States, etc.
California..................
Connecticut..............
Delaware..................
Georgia......................
Iowa..........................
Illinois.......................
Indiana.....................
Kentucky.................
Maine.. ...................
Massachusetts..........
Mississippi................
Missouri....................
Nebraska..................
New Ham pshire___
New Jersey...............
New Y ork................
North Carolina.........
Ohio..........................
Pennsylvania...........
Porto Rico................
Rhode Island......... .
South Carolina.........
Tennessee..................
Texas........................
Vermont...................
Washington..............
■West Virginia..........
Wisconsin.................
Total...............
Ho
Occu
siery
pa
and Lace Print Silk Spin Weav tion
Dyers. knit work cut work ners. ers.
not
goods ers. ters. ers.
speci
work
fied.
ers.
1
2
1
W ait
ers,
Mis
To Trunk
and
cooks,
cella
bacco bag
and
neous
work mak bar- work
ers.
ers. tend ers.
ers.
11
1
2
1
1
3
3
1
8
11
1
6
22
i
1
1
.......
1
2
2
1
1
i
8
i
3
1
1
I
1
6
3
2
i
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
2
12
12
1
1
i
11
2
8
35
6
5
1
1
5
1
2
1
3
1
1
7
8
1
3
9
4
19
18
8
2
12
58
LOCKOUTS.
Arizona.....................
Illinois.......................
New Jersey...............
Pennsylvania...........
Rhode Island...........
Vermont...................
Total...............
|
2
2
41
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1 Walters.
2 Comprising 1 of waiters and 1 of bartenders.
1
2
1
1
1
3 Comprising 2 of waiters and 3 of waiters and bartenders.
* Waiters and cooks.
STRIKES REPORTED BY THE AMERICAN FEDERATION OF
LABOR, 1914-15.
At the annual meeting of the American Federation of Labor in
November, 1915, a statement was made in regard to the number of
strikes occurring during the year preceding the meeting. This state
ment was made up from reports filed by the individual unions that
compose the Federation. The total number of these disturbances
and their results were as follows. The figures for the preceding year
are also given.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[344]
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
1914-15
Result.
W DU
Com prom ised
Doth! in g
Total
27
1913-14
..............................................................................................................
552
115
218
119
543
118
236
60
....................................................................................................
1,004
957
....................................................................................................
......................................................................
In using the following statement for 1914-15, it must he borne in
mind that the report is entirely by unions, and not by occupations,
that no strikes are included in which the members were not connected
with unions affiliated with the Federation, that only strikes officially
recognized by the national bodies are included, that where no strikes
are given for a union it means that that union made no report, that
the year covered in this report ended some time before the 1st of
November, and that the list includes some strikes in Canada as well
as in the United States. This latter number is probably small, since
the Canadian Department of Labor reports that only 43 strikes
occurred in Canada during 1915.
STR IK ES IN SP E C IF IE D UNIONS, AND T H E IR RESU LTS * AS R E P O R T E D BY TH E
AMERICAN FE D E R A T IO N OF LABOR, 1914-15.
N u m b e r of s t r i k e s a n d l o c k o u t s —
U n io n s .
W on.
C om
p ro
m is e d .
Pend
in g .
Lost.
T o t a l.
8
4
10
5
3
26
4
1
3
1
2
7
8
1
2
A m e ric a n Tori o r a t i o n of L a b o r l o c a l s ..................................
A s b e s to s w o r k e r s
..........................................................
B a rb e rs
.....................................................................................
B i ll p o s te r s .......................................................................................
B l a c k s m i th s
.................................................................................
B o ile r m a k e r s .....................................................................................
B o o k b in d e rs
...................................................................................
B o o t a n d shoe w o rk e rs
........................................................
B r e w e r y w o r k e r s ............................................................................
B r i c k t i l e a n d terrH-oot,t,H w o r k e r s
B r o o m m a k e r s ..............................................................................
B ru sh m ak e rs
...............................................................................
C a r p e n te r s B r o t h e r h o o d ........................................................
C a r v e rs w o o d
C ig a r m a k e r s .....................................................................................
C lo th h a t a n d c a p m a k e r s ........................................................
C o m m e r c ia l t e l e g r a p h e r s
....................................................
C o o p e rs
............................................................................................
E l e c t r ic a l w o r k e r s ............................................................................
E l e v a t o r c o n s tr u c to r s
...............................................
E n g i n e e r s s te a m ..........................................................................
.................................................
F ire m e n s ta tio n a r y
F o u n d r y e m p lo y e e s
.................. ........
F u r w o rk e rs
G a rm e n t w o rk e rs U n ite d
...........................................
G a r m e n t w o r k e r s la,dies*
...........................................
G la s s w o r k e r s f li n t
.......................
(jjQ yg w o r k e r s
- - - ....... ............................................
G r a n it e c u t t e r s
.............................................................
H o d c a rr ie r s
....................................................
H o rsesh o ers
- ......... .....................................
H o t e l a n d r e s t a u r a n t e m p l o y e e s .............................................
TrAn o n 4 ctoal woukfvrs
_ _ . _________
L a c e o p e r a t i v e s ...................................................................... ..........
L a u n d r y w o rk e rs
......................................................................
Leatlicr' workers on horse goods.............................................
i Lockout.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[345]
1
1
1
3
11
1
3
2
12
6
3
29
3
11
1
6
11
1
8
5
6
1
17
14
1
62
2
1
1
3
8
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
9
i 1
3
2
5
4
3
2
2
2
6
1
2
10
9
1
4
3
24
15
2
9
3
90
6
1
14
2
2
2
7
10
6
7
1
1
3
2
7
1
1
1
7
1
3
28
2
4
3
16
8
15
40
2
4
19
1
15
16
1
8
2
2
2
N um ber
of
p e rs o n s
in v o lv e d .
4 ,837
400
344
15
75
1,048
164
3 ,7 2 6
80
35
16,200
24
925
600
200
140
3,7 6 0
55
59
864
180
10,000
700
5 ,5 0 0
589
1,930
5 ,0 0 0
2 ,000
281
2 ,090
1,200
200
1,400
320
15
28
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
STR IK ES IN SP E C IF IE D UNIONS, AND T H E IR RESU LTS, AS R E P O R T E D BY T H E
AMERICAN FED E R A T IO N OF LABOR, 1914-15—Concluded.
Number of strikes and lockouts—
Unions.
Won.
Com
pro
mised.
12
2
43
7
3
51
30
7
1
1
5
3
15
1
1
20
4
Lithographers.................................................................
Longshoremen................................................................
Machine printers and color mixers..............................
Machinists..... .................................................................
Maintenance of way employees....................................
Meat cutters and butcher workmen............................
Metal polishers................................................................
Metal workers, sheet......................................................
Mine workers, United....................................................
Miners, Western Federation of.....................................
Molders, iron...................................................................
Pattern m akers..............................................................
Paving cutters................................................................
Photoengravers..............................................................
Plasterers........................................................................
Plumbers and steam fitters...........................................
Potters, operative..........................................................
Printing pressmen.........................................................
Pulp and sulphite workers...........................................
Quarry workers..............................................................
Railway carmen.............................................................
Railway employees, street............................................
Slate and tile roofers......................................................
Spinners..........................................................................
Stage employees, theatrical
....................................
Stone cutters.................................................................
Stove m ounters..............................................................
Tailors.............................................................................
T eam sters......................................................................
Textile workers..............................................................
Tile layers.......................................................................
Timber w o rk ers............................................................
Travelers’ goods and leather novelty workers............
Typographical Union
...............................................
Upholsterers...................................................................
Total.....................................................................
1 In strikes pending.
12
5
1
26
39
1
6
Pend
ing.
Lost.
1
1
2
1
1
3
4
1
13
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
12
1
3
80
2
4
10
26
37
5
55
5
12
15
218
119
1,004
1
1
3
60
i
2
4
24
10
3
26
1
5
3
7
5
552
115
10
1
1
2
1
15
3
101
1
1
53
16
1
3
20
36
5
2
27
58
2
1
1
1
10
Number
of
persons
Total. involved.
1
10
2
5
1
6
1
255
3
80
6,000
40
i 11,500
343
720
500
13,000
7,000
1,091
166
250
2,177
2,755
90
18
650
1,600
40
20,980
140
150
550
100
90
50
3,600
5,226
250
300
295
225
144,932
2 Lockouts.
NEW STREET RAILWAY WAGE AGREEMENTS IN WASHING
TON, D. C.
Following a dispute concerning rates of wages, hours of labor, and
working conditions, and a two days’ strike—March 5 and 6—on the
two street railway lines in Washington, D. C., conciliation was
affected by the Hon. Oliver P. Newman, president of the Board of
Commissioners of the District of Columbia, and Mr. William Black
man, acting as a conciliator for the United States Department of
Labor, whereby the employees returned to work pending conferences
between the company officials and committees of their employees.
Agreements were reached March 11 by the officials and employees
of both companies, which agreements are here set forth. The agree
ment between the Washington Railway & Electric Co. and its
employees is presented verbatim:
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[346]
M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OE T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR ST A T IST IC S.
29
A greem ent.
W a s h in g t o n , D. C.,
M arch 11, 1916.
For the purpose of settling all controversies now existing between the Washington
Railway & Electric Co. and its employees, it is hereby agreed:
That the following employees shall be reinstated to their former positions (23
names):
For the adjustment of grievances which may arise in future, the committee which
signs this agreement shall be constituted a grievance committee, with power to fill
any vacancies which may occur in the committee hereafter. Should any question
arise under this agreement as to the true intent and meaning thereof, or as to justice
in the action of the company in discharging or disciplining any employee, or any
grievances which can not be adjusted by conference between the interested employee
and the officials of the company, or by the said officials and the grievance committee,
then such question upon application of the grievance committee shall be referred for
decision to the Public Utilities Commission of the District of Columbia as a board of
arbitration, whose decision shall be final.
It is agreed that the members of the grievance committee shall be granted leave of
absence on grievance business when such leave should be required, provided that in
cases of extraordinary requirements in service leaves of absence should not be re
quested or granted.
1. H o u r s a n d c o n d itio n s o f w o rk .—It is agreed that at least eight hours continuous
rest will be allowed each conductor and motorman between the termination of his
run on one day and the beginning of his work on the following day, except in cases
of unusual traffic demands due to extraordinary conditions. No regular man shall be
required to perform extra duty when an extra man is available, and where motormen
and conductors are called to report for extra duty, and for any cause not their own,
they do not go out within one hour they shall be paid from the end of said hour until
relieved at their regular rate of wages. When men are asked to report for snow-plow
or sand-car work they shall be paid from the time of reporting until relieved from
duty.
2. W ages .—The wages of all motormen and conductors shall be as follows:
Cents
per hour.
First year...................................................... ..........................................................
Second, third, fourth and fifth years.....................................................................
Sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth years....................................................
After 10 years of service.........................................................................................
23^
24£
25J
27
The present practice in the assignment of runs shall be continued.
3. It is understood and agreed that this agreement constitutes a full settlement of
all controversies now existing between the company and its employees.
4. This agreement shall be binding upon the company and its employees for a
period of one year from date.
The wage increase provided for herein shall be effective on and after March 15,
1916; other provisions of this agreement which differ from the present practice of the
company shall be put into effect at the earliest possible date, and not later than April
15, 1916, this to permit the necessary changes and adjustments in existing schedules
and regulations.
The above agreement was signed by the president of the company
and a committee of three employees and attested by the president
of the Board of Commissioners of the District of Columbia.
32602°—16---- 3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[347]
30
M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
The agreement of the Capital Traction Co. is nearly the same as
that of the Washington Railway & Electric Co. Five men to be
reinstated are named in the agreement. In the paragraph on hours
and conditions of work the words, “ and where motormen and
conductors are called to report for extra duty, and for any cause
not their own they do not go out within one hour they shall be paid
from the end of said hour until relieved at their regular rate of wages,”
do not appear in the Capital Traction agreement, while the agree
ment of that company contains the following:
The present practice in the assignment of runs and in the method of payment of
conductors and motormen called to report for extra duty shall be continued.
The wages for the Capital Traction Co. also differ slightly from
those of the Washington Railway & Electric Co., the scale being:
Cents
per hour.
First year.....................................................................................................................
Second, third, and fourth years........................... .....................................................
Fifth and sixth years..................................................................................................
Seventh, eighth, and ninth years............ ..................................................................
Tenth year and over...................................................................................................
23^
24^
25\
26^
27
For more than a year the United States Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics has been compiling a voluminous report concerning wages,
hours of labor, and working conditions in street railway operation in
the United States. Data were collected by special agents of the
Bureau in 81 cities, and much material has been collected by corre
spondence from other cities. The figures taken were for a pay period
in 1914. The report has required a great amount of labor in com
pilation and is not yet entirely finished. As a part of this study,
data were obtained for the two companies in Washington, D. C.
The wage scales for these companies are here given in advance.
According to the scale of the Capital Traction Co., all motormen
and conductors were paid a flat rate of 22.5 cents an hour. Under
a merit system, based on satisfactory service, this company has also
paid annually on July 1 a bonus, varying in amount according to
the number of years of satisfactory service completed before that
date, as follows: $25 after one year, $50 after two to four years,
$75 after five to nine years, and $100 after ten years. An employee
is not paid a bonus if his service is unsatisfactory during the 12
months immediately preceding the date of the annual bonus pay
ments, but credit for preceding years of good service is revived by a
subsequent year of good service.
The following table shows the hourly rate of pay of employees,
classified as to period of service as of November, 1914, with allow
ances added for bonus payments as of July 1, 1914. Employees are
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[348]
M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
31
off duty an average of one day in eight and have two weeks’ vacation
each year, during which they receive no pay. Assuming 300 full
working days of 10 hours each a year, the hourly rate equivalent of
the bonus was computed and added to the flat rate of 22.5 cents to
ascertain the full rate for employees who received bonuses. This
gave a rate of 23.3 cents per hour for those receiving a $25 bonus,
24.2 cents for those receiving $50, 25 cents for those receiving $75,
and 25.8 cents for those receiving $100. For purposes of comparison
the table also shows the scale of March 11, 1916.
H O URLY WAGES, INCLUDING BONUSES, OF MOTORMEN AND CONDUCTORS OF THE
CAPITAL TRACTION CO. IN NOVEMBER, 1914, AND RATES UNDER SCALE OF MAR.
11, 1916.
Period of service.
First year...
Second year.
Third year..
Fourth year.
Fifth year...
Sixth year
Seventh year............
Eighth year............ .
Ninth y e a r ..............
Tenth year and over
Total and average:
Motormen, regular.
Motormen, ex tra...
Conductors, regular
Conductors, ex tra..
Number of employees at Per cent of employees of
Rate
specified years of service
each rate.
of pay
Rate
or less.
per
per
hour,
hour
includ Motormen.
under
Conductors.
Motormen.
Conductors. scale of
ing
bonus
Mar. 11,
Nov.,
1916.
1914. Regu Extra. Regu Extra. Regu Extra. Regu Extra.
lar.
lar.
lar.
lar.
0. 225
.225
.233
' .225
.233
.242
.225
.233
.242
.225
.233
.242
.225
.233
.242
.250
.225
.242
.250
.225
.250
.225
.250
.225
.233
.242
.250
.258
.240
.227
.234
.227
38
24
6
16
7
6
1
3
11
2
1
13
1
1
13
3
1
7
6
1
14
1
8
5
1
1
12
54
257
75
35
11
19
18
4
2
6
8
2
45
6
1
1
2
2
1
12
2
1
10
6
1
5
5
1
2
64
15
26
70
81
29
47
75
86
$0.23%
38
86
64
91
• 24J
44
91
70
94
.24%
i
50
91
75
95
. 25%
1
57
94
82
95
.25%
94
87
95
.26%
•24è
1
1
1
62
5
1 }
68
94
89
97
.26%
4
1 |
72
94
90
98
.26%
l 100
100
100
100
.27
6
19
2
49
4
3 }
]
1 [
2
1 ]
f
1
255
1
1
.
65
To make clear the information contained in this table, take the
“ Third year” as an illustration: The flat rate of 22.5 cents per hour
was received by 16 regular motormen, 1 extra motorman, and by
19 regular conductors; that is, these men received no bonus. The
lowest bonus, $25, was paid to 7 regular motormen, 18 regular
conductors, and 1 extra conductor, making their hourly rate 23.3
cents. The next higher bonus of $50 per year (making the hourly
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[349]
32
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
rate 24.2 cents) was paid to 6 regular motormen, 4 regular con
ductors, and 2 each of the extra conductors and motormen. These
were all third-year men. The table is to he read in similar manner
for fourth, fifth, etc., year men, bearing in mind that the numbers
listed as receiving 25 cents per hour were those receiving a $75
bonus and those receiving 25.8 cents were those getting the
$100 bonus. The company will discontinue these bonuses under
the new agreement, which increases the rates for all employees by
years of service to the amount stated in the last column of the table.
Under the heading “ Per cent of employees of specified years of
service or less” are shown the per cent in each occupation who have
worked for the company the stated period of service or less; for in
stance, 15 per cent of the regular motormen and 70 per cent of the
extras had worked 1 year or less, 26 per cent of the regular mo
tormen and 81 per cent of the extras had worked 2 years or less;
and in the same manner it is shown that 47 per cent of the regular
and 86 per cent of the extra conductors had worked 2 years or less.
The following table shows for the Washington Railway & Electric
Co. the flat hourly rate of pay in May, 1914, and the rate including
the hourly equivalent of the amount allowed in 1914 from the profitsharing fund. For purposes of comparison the scale of March 11,
1916, is also given.
WAGE RATE OF MOTORMEN AND CONDUCTORS OF THE WASHINGTON RAILWAY
& ELECTRIC CO. IN MAY, 1914, AND RATE U N DER SCALE OF MAR. 11, 1916.
Period of service.
First year..............................- Second to fifth year.................
Sixth to tenth y ear.................
After 10 years...........................
Total and average:
Motormen, regular..
Motormen, extra__
Conductors, regular.
Conductors, extra...
Rate
of
pay
per
hour,
May,
1914.
Number of employees
at each rate.
Per cent of employees
of specified years of
service or less.
Rate
per
hour,
includ
Motormen. Conductors. Motormen. Conductors. ing
1914
profits.
Reg E x Reg E x Reg E x Reg. E x
ular. tra. ular. tra. ular. tra. ular. tra.
i S0.21J
1. 22J
1 • 23|
i .25
6
127
77
91
1 .235
i .216
i .230
i .216
301
97
10
1
1
109
31
154
74
40
299
104
4
1
2
44
70
100
89
98
99
100
10
62
87
100
95 10. 221
99 . 23i
100 .241
. 25J
Rate
per
hour
under
scale
of
Mar.
11,
1916.
» . 23J
. 24|
. 25J
.27
109
l In addition, employees received an allowance from a profit-sharing fund equivalent to approximately
three-fourths of one cent per hour in the calendar year 1914.
The scales shown above have been in effect up to the present agree
ments.
The Washington Railway & Electric Co. has had a profit-sharing
scheme for several years under which employees receive a sum each
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[350]
M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR ST A T IST IC S.
33
year in addition to their wages. The sum has varied from year to
year, and, hence, is included in the table given above for this com
pany on the basis of the facts for the year 1914. - This profit-sharing
fund will he discontinued when the new agreement takes effect. The
fund as heretofore administered is briefly described in a circular issued
by the company, January 2, 1914, addressed to its conductors, motormen, depot clerks, and starters. The circular reads:
Just a word as to what the profit-sharing plan really is: It was founded on the expe
rience of the year 1911, when 26 per cent of our car earnings (less 4 per cent District of
Columbia tax) was paid out for trainmen’s wages, accidents, and damages; the com
pany agreeing that should the 26 per cent amount to more than the said wages, acci
dents, and damages for 1912, the surplus should constitute a profit-sharing fund, and
be distributed in cash at the end of the year. Under this plan each one-year man
received on January 2, 1913, a check for $28.72. To-day it gives to the same man
$42.53.
The figures are as follows:
Gross passenger receipts, less District of Columbia tax of 4 per cent......... $2, 653, 398
689, 883
26 per cent appropriated for trainmen’s wages and accidents....................
Accidents and damages.......................... ....................................... $105, 303
Disbursed for wages....................................................................... 554, 499
------------•
659, 802
Profit-sharing fund........................................................................................
30, 081
The 1914 profits distributed January 2, 1915, were $15,527, with a
payment of $21.17 to each man in service a full year, and proportion
ate amounts for less than one year of service equivalent to an addi
tion to the rate of wages of about three-fourths of a cent per hour.
The circular issued January 3, 1916, stated that “ there is no profitsharing fund for 1915,” and gave the following figures and comment:
Gross passenger receipts, less District of Columbia tax of 4 per cent......... $2, 653, 678
26 per cent appropriated for trainmen’s wages and accidents......................
Accidents and damages.................................................................. $139, 330
Disbursed for wages........................................................................ 558, 023
------------
689, 956
697,353
Deficit...................................................................................................
7, 397
These are facts. What to do under the circumstances has been a problem. After
careful consideration the management decided to appropriate the sum of $15,527, the
same amount as last year, and has directed its distribution in lieu of a profit-sharing
fund.
In accordance with the plan announced as operative for 1915, those employees who
have gone through the year with a clean record have had added to the amount of their
checks the proportion deducted from the share of those who were suspended for viola
tion of rules during the year.
Under this distribution, the payment to men in service one year or
more (if not suspended during the year) was $23.17 and a propor-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[351]
34
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
tionate amount to men in service less than one year, equivalent to
approximately three-fourths of a cent per hour.
Irregularity in the amount of traffic in every city necessitates the
operation of more cars at certain hours of the day than at other times.
This gives rise to split or swing runs and trippers. Split runs are reg
ular runs composed of two or more periods of duty with an interval or
intervals of time between them. Trippers are extra cars put on at
rush hours and are generally assigned to extra men; that is, men
who are held available for irregular work.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics in its study of working conditions
in the street-railway industry gathered data as to hours on duty perday on regular runs and spread of duty, or outside time, in which
regular runs were made. Two tables are given below for the regular
runs of the two Washington companies in 1914. One table relates to
the hours on duty and the other to the outside time; that is, the time
between the beginning and the end of the day’s work. Trippers are
not included in these tables.
NUM BER OF REGULAR RUNS, BY HOURS ACTUALLY ON DUTY.
[The Capital Traction Co. figures are for November, 1914, and the Washington Railway & Electric Co.
figures for May, 1914.]
Capital Traction
Co.
Washington Railway & Elec
tric Co.
Monday
to Satur Sunday.
day.
Monday
to Fri Saturday. Sunday.
day.
Number of runs in which the hours of actual duty
were—
Under 10....................................................................
10
.......................................................................
Over 10 and under 104.............................................
10J and under 11.......................................................
11 and under 111.......................................................
I l i an(I under 12.......................................................
12 and under 1 2 4 ......................................................
191 anrl under 1 3 .....................................................
13 and under 134.......................................................
173
6
24
33
12
6
5
1
Total.......................................................................
260
Per cent of runs w ith over 10 hours on d u ty ...............
31.2
214
74
6
91
69
47
23
3
63
4
83
75
54
25
10
4
4
240
313
324
268
10.8
74.4
79.3
61.6
16
5
2
1
2
100
3
69
61
25
9
1
12
i One 14-144; one 141,-15.
Entirely apart from the question as to whether the men desired
to work the longer hours or were required to do so these tables show
that a large percentage of schedule runs required more than 10 hours
per day of running or platform time. In the case of the Capital
Traction Co. 31.2 per cent of all regular runs from Monday to Satur
day required more than 10 hours of running time; Sunday runs were
so arranged that 10.8 per cent required more than 10 hours.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[352]
M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
35
The Washington Railway & Electric Co. required more than 10
hours for 74.4 per cent of its regular runs from Monday to Friday;
79.3 per cent of its Saturday and 61.6 per cent of its Sunday regular
runs. By the terms of the new agreement 10 hours is to be the
maximum of actual running time per day. The 10 hours’ working
time are to be completed within 16 hours under the new agreement»
The table herewith presented shows the “ spread of duty” or “ out
side time” in force prior to the strike of March 5, 1916.
NUM BER OF REGULAR RUNS, BY HOURS W ITH IN W HICH COM PLETED.
[The Capital Traction Co. figures are for November, 1914, and the Washington Railway & Electric Co.
figures for May, 1914.]
Capital Traction
Co.
Washington Railway & Elec
tric Co.
Monday
to Satur Sunday.
day.
Monday
to Fri Saturday. Sunday.
day.
Number of runs completed w ithin—
Under 10 hours.........................................................
10 and under 10i hours............................................
10J and under 11 hours............................................
11 and under 11J hours............................................
11J and under 12 hours..................................■.........
12 and under 12| hours............................................
12J and under 13 hours............................................
13*and under 13J hours............................................
13J and under 14 hours............................................
14 and under 14J hours............................................
14J and under 15 hours............................................
15 and under 15§ hours............................................
15-J and under 16 hours............................................
16hours.....................................................................
Over 16 and under 16J hours...................................
16J and under 17 hours............................................
17~and under 17J hours............................................
17J and under 18 hours............................................
18~hours and over.....................................................
119
16
24
14
11
9
4
7
3
23
6
211
16
6
2
1
1
1
12
2
13
2
Total.......................................................................
260
4.2
7
240
14
42
27
14
13
27
43
27
12
10
7
84
59
40
17
18
4
3
9
0
4
3
4
6
2
8
ii
1
11
5
i
9
16
16
13
ii
8
1
Per cent of runs w ith outside tim e of over 16 hours...
14
37
25
14
17
27
37
30
13
19
17
14
14
3
2
1
313
324
268
2 0 .8
23.1
4.1
The Capital Traction Co. scheduled 4.2 per cent of its runs so that
more than 16 hours were required to complete the day’s work on
those runs; though none of their Sunday runs required more than
16 hours. The Washington Railway & Electric Co.’s regular runs
from Monday to Friday required more than 16 hours “ outside time”
in 20.8 per cent of the cases; 23.1 per cent of the Saturday regular
runs; and 4.1 per cent of Sunday runs had more than 16 hours of
“ completed within” or outside time.
It will be noted that the agreement for a maximum of 10 hours
work to be completed within 16 hours spread of duty, and 8 consecu
tive hours of rest will require a somewhat radical revision of the
schedule of regular runs.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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36
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
REGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT IN OHIO, 1914.
Wages and hours of labor and the steadiness of employment in
ordinary wage earning occupations and in commercial and office
work have been the subject of an investigation made under the
direction of the Industrial Commission of Ohio.1
This study under review, which was prepared by the department
of investigation and statistics, canvassed 14,776 employers in Ohio,
who employ 779,929 employees. As a result of the investigation it
appeared that on the whole wage earners in manufacturing estab
lishments earned relatively less wages and suffered from more irregu
larity in employment than did employees in office and commercial
positions. This was true of workers of both sexes. Thus less than
$12 per week was the rate of wages for 29.6 per cent of the adult male
wage earners, but for only 19.7 per cent of the adult male book
keepers, stenographers, and office clerks. And as higher wage groups
are reached the difference in the proportion of the different classes of
employees earning specified wages becomes even more marked. The
rate of wages for 56.9 per cent of the adult male wage earners was less
than $15 per week, while only 34.2 per cent of the adult male book
keepers, stenographers, and office clerks were in that class, and only
36.4 per cent of the adult salesmen; less than $25 per week was the
rate of wages for 94.1 per cent of the adult male wage earners,
77 per cent of the adult male bookkeepers, stenographers, and office
clerks, and 79.6 per cent of the adult salesmen.
Remarkable regularity of employment, the report declares, is
noted for bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks as compared
with wage earners. On the other hand, no definite statement can be
made as to the relative hours of labor for the different classes of
occupation. According to industrial groups it appears, however,
that the largest proportion of workers in agriculture, or 56.8 per cent,
work 60 hours per week; in construction work the largest proportion,
or 48.2 per cent, worked 48 hours and under per week; in manufac
tories the largest proportion, or 23 per cent, were found employed
over 54 and under 60 hours per week; in the general industrial group
“ service,” which includes restaurants, hotels, etc., the largest pro
portion, or 24.6 per cent, worked 54 hours per week; in those occu
pations coming under the general term “ trade,” which includes
office and clerical help very largely, the largest proportion of em
ployees within that group, or 28.5 per cent, worked 60 hours per
week, while in transportation and public utilities the largest propor
tion, or 26.8 per cent, worked 54 hours per week.
i The Industrial Commission of Ohio. Department of Investigation and Statistics, Report No. 16:
Rates of Wages, Hours of Labor, and Fluctuation of Employment in Ohio in 1914. Columbus Ohio
317 pp.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
37
Tlie report includes wage data for 779,929 employees, of whom
634,231 are males and 145,698 are females. Of the total number of
males 98.4 per cent were 18 years of age and over, and of the females,
95.3 per cent. The number concerning whom information was
secured, classified by three principal groups, was as follows:
NUMBER FO R WHOM WAGE DATA W E R E SECURED.
Number 18 years of age and
oyer.
Occupations.
Males.
Females.
Total.
Males.
Females.
Total.
Wage, earners.................................................
Bookkeepers, stenographers, and office
clerks...........................................................
Sales people (not traveling).........................
582,031
101, 710
683,741
573,245
96,181
669,426
36, 710
15,490
25,321
18,667
62, 031
34,157
35,382
15,169
24,442
18,225
59,824
33,394
Total.....................................................
634,231
145,698
779,929
623, 796
138,848
762,644
In order to ascertain the relative wages of the three occupation
groups concerned in the inquiry on the fairest basis the classified
earnings of persons 18 years of age and over were ascertained, and are
presented in the subjoined table. This table shows quite clearly
that the relative earnings of bookkeepers, stenographers, office clerks,
and sales people were somewhat better than those of wage earners in
the industrial establishments of the State. A relatively lower per
centage of the former in all instances earned less than a certain speci
fied amount. The table follows:
P E R CENT OF ADULT EM PLOYEES (18 YEARS AND OVER) EA RNING LESS THAN SPECI
F IE D AMOUNTS P E R W EEK .
M ales.
Wage
earners.
Classified wages per week.
Less than
Less than
Less than
Less than
L ass than
$10.....................................................................................
$12.....................................................................................
$15.....................................................................................
$ 1 8 .................................................................................
$25. ...................................................................................
11.7
Book
keepers,
stenog
raphers,
office
clerks.
11.0
Sales
people
(not
travel
ing).
11.0
Total.
11.5
29.6
56.9
76.0
94.1
19.7
34.2
53.5
77.0
19.0
36.4
56.7
79.6
28.6
54.9
74.0
92.5
21.4
40.5
58.4
71.7
82.4
92.9
97.9
7.0
14.5
24.1
35.2
45.0
63.9
82.0
40.5
55.3
67.5
74.8
85.3
92.5
20.1
18.7
36.0
52. 0
64.8
74.9
86.9
94.5
F em ales.
Less than $6 .......................................................................................
Less than $7.......................................................................................
Less than $8 .......................................................................................
Less than $9.......................................................................................
Less than $10................................................. *..................................
L ass than $12
...............................................................................
L ass than $15
......................................................................
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38
M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OP T H E B U R EA U OP LABOR STA TISTICS.
Returns showing the number of persons employed on the 15th of
each month were secured from 14,149 establishments and the results
concerning fluctuations in employment were presented according to
the three occupation groups adopted throughout the report. The
fluctuation in employment was measured by the per cent of variation
in the number employed as compared with the maximum month of
the year.
The maximum number of wage earners employed in the 14,149
establishments in Ohio in 1914 was 576,394 in April, the minimum
was 505,549, reported for December, “ which means that if there was a
complete exchange of employees between industries and between
individual employers, there were 70,845 wage earners, or 12.3 per
cent of the maximum number, out of employment at one time.”
The maximum of employment for male wage earners was reached
in April and the minimum in December, with a variation from the
maximum of 13.2 per cent. The maximum of employment for female
wage earners was reached in March and the minimum in December,
with a variation of 9.3 per cent.
Comparing the results of the fluctuation in number of wage earners
employed in manufacture in Ohio, as shown by the United States
Census reports of 1910 for the year 1909, with those obtained in the
present investigation, there is indicated a substantial agreement.
Thus, all industries in 1909, according to the United States Census
figures, showed a fluctuation of 13.8 per cent between the maximum
and minimum number employed, while the study under review showed
a fluctuation of 13 per cent. The canning and preserving industry,
according to both reports, showed the largest fluctuation between the
maximum and minimum number employed during the respective
years—1909 and 1914—being 90.1 per cent according to the census
figures and 87.3 per cent according to the investigation under review.
The general results of the Ohio investigation concerning fluctuation
of employment are contained in the following table:
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
39
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM EM PLOYM ENT OF WAGE E A R N E R S IN SEL EC TE D IMPORTANT IN D U STR IE S IN 1914.
Male wage earners.
Female wage earners.
Number
of es
tablish Maximum Minimum Variation Maximum Minimum Variation
ments re number number
from
number number
from
porting.
em
em
maximum
em
em
maximum
ployed.
ployed. (per cent). ployed.
ployed. (per cent).
Industry.
CONSTRUCTION.
Brick, stone, and cement
work...................................
General contracting..............
Street, road, and sewer contracting..............................
266
682
4,240
16; 353
1,763
7,566
58.4
53.7
233
8,504
1,954
77.0
MANUFACTURES.
Agricultural implements__
Automobiles, i n c l u d i n g
bodies and parts................
Blast furnace products........
Boots and shoes, including
cut stock and findings.......
Bread and other bakery
products.............................
Brick and tile.......................
Canning and preserving
fruits and vegetables.........
Carriages, wagons, and materials..................................
Cash registers and calculatbig machines.....................
Clothing, men’s, including
shirts...................................
Clothing, women’s...............
Copper, tin, and sheet-iron
products.............................
Cutlery and tools.................
Electrical machinery, apparatus and supplies............
Foundry and machine shop
products.............................
Furniture and refrigerators..
Gas and electric fixtures
and lamps and reflectors. .
Glass......................................
Hosiery and knit goods.......
Liquors, m alt.......................
Lumber and planing mill
products.............................
Paper and wood p ulp..........
Pottery, terra cotta, and
fire clay products..............
Printing and publishing__
Rubber goods.......................
Steel works and rolling mills
Stoves and furnaces.............
Tobacco manufactures.........
41
5,081
2,970
41.5
72
36
23,948
4,521
18,514
2,959
22.7
34.5
1,022
690
32.5
65
9,712
7,367
24.1
6,127
4,582
25.2
269
212
3,582
9,032
3,431
5,995
4.2
33.6
1,061
960
9.5
80
2,714
349
87.1
2,414
278
88.5
200
5,781
4,314
25.4
256
154
39.8
6
5,675
4,004
29.4
475
381
19.8
226
79
3,278
2,664
2,831
1,880
13.6
29.4
6,999
4,564
6,039
2,967
13.7
35.0
146
49
7,266
4,244
6,240
3,141
14.1
26.0
1,369
341
1,098
258
19.8
24.3
61
6,465
5,612
13.2
1,009
667
33.9
778
157
64,760
10,386
54,115
8,483
16.4
18.3
822
476
674
392
18.0
17.6
38
36
39
111
3,265
10,373
812
5,885
2,663
6,267
648
4,708
18.4
39.6
20.2
20.0
2,964
933
3,459
1,957
570
2,768
34.0
38.9
20.0
433
44
10,262
4; 209
8,373
3; 797
18.4
9.8
609
538
11.7
144
636
41
63
90
209
13,491
12,070
22,500
49,381
8,008
4; 397
11,854
11,625
16,595
33,418
6,818
3; 803
12.1
3.7
26.2
32.3
14.9
13.5
2,301
3,705
2,646
2,111
3,259
2,048
8.3
12.0
22.6
9,430
8,342
11.5
166
237
3,467
2,225
3,288
2,127
5.2
4.4
2,054
4, 767
1,979
4,326
3.7
9.3
2, 708
17,010
16,231
4.6
5,190
4,133
20.4
58
50
297
14,177
4,820
3; 894
11,605
2,494
3; 231
18.1
48.3
17.0
6,252
5,860
6.3
SERVICE.
Hotels....................................
Laundries and dry cleaners.
TRADE.
Retail and wholesale stores..
t r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d
pu b
-
LIC UTILITIES.
Electric railroads..................
Natural gas............................
Telegraph and telephone__
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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40
M O N T H L Y R EV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
The report notes that the total figures for any single industry do
not show fully fluctuations of employment, because a decrease in the
number employed in any one industry may be offset by an increase
in the number employed in another industry, and because it may or
may not be possible for employees to pass with facility from one in
dustry to another.
To show what may be disclosed as to fluctuations in employment
there was made a more detailed analysis of the reports received from
a limited class of establishments, and as a result there was found a
considerable variation in the number employed in the course of the
year. Thus the per cent of variation from the maximum number
employed was 64.1 per cent in the case of male wage earners engaged
in fertilizer manufacture and 32.3 per cent for those engaged in steel
works and rolling mills; in clothing manufacture the variation was
29.4 per cent for male wage earners and 35 per cent for female wage
earners. On the other hand, remarkable regularity of employment
is noted for bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks as com
pared with wage earners. For bookkeepers, stenographers, and
clerks the variation was 2.6 per cent for males and 1.8 per cent in the
case of females. The number of salesmen showed a variation of 4.8
per cent and saleswomen a considerably higher variation, or 26.9 per
cent.
COLLECTIVE BARGAINING IN THE ANTHRACITE COAL
INDUSTRY.
Collective bargaining in the anthracite coal industry furnishes a
striking example of the possibility of trade agreements and the
peaceful settlement of labor disputes between a group of employers
strongly united and a body of unskilled workers composed largely
of recent immigrants inexperienced in collective action and un
trained in American unionism. The basis for this development was
established in the short period beginning with the strike of 1900 and
ending with the arbitration of the Anthracite Coal Strike Commission
in 1902-3. Out of this has grown a well-developed form of collec
tive bargaining and an unusually efficient system of conciliation and
arbitration of disputes.
The anthracite coal industry is peculiar in several respects: (1)
Nearly all of the anthracite coal production of the United States is
confined to five counties of Pennsylvania. (2) It is concentrated
in its financial control. Seven large mining companies, which have
been under the ownership and control of the anthracite coal-carry
ing railroads, and united in a community of interest which has been
dominated by a group of financial interests in New York City,
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M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
41
produced over half of the anthracite coal and purchased the output
of a large proportion of the independent operators. (3) The evo
lution in coal consumption has tended to give anthracite a market
free from direct competition with bituminous, except in certain small
sizes. (4) In spite of the geographical and industrial concentration
of the industry, conditions of work differ greatly because of the
pitch of the tunnels, the size and direction of the veins, the pro
portion of slate and sulphur in the coal, the methods of mining,
etc., necessitating unusually elaborate systems of differential rates
of pay.
The conditions under which collective bargaining was introduced and
has been carried on in the anthracite field possess some features which
are of special interest. Opposed to a highly concentrated control
of the industry on the employers’ side has been a mass of workers
which had become more and more heterogeneous from the stand
point of race and nationality. A change in the racial composition
of the mine workers occurred during the same period in which the
concentration in the control of the industry was consummated.
The introduction of the collective bargaining principle in their
industrial relations came at the time when the employers were
perhaps most united and the employees least homogeneous. The
manner in which the trade agreement was established in the anthra
cite field was fundamentally different from the manner in which it
was established in the bituminous industry. In the latter the trade
agreement was the outgrowth of the efforts of the operators and
miners themselves to settle their differences, and these efforts had
extended over a long period of years. In the former the trade agree
ment was forced upon the operators by a body of workers, powerfulfy aided by popular opinion, in a very short period of time. The
creation of a permanent board of conciliation for an entire industry
as a method of settling disputes arising under agreements and of
preventing strikes was unique, and the provisions for the adjudica
tion of such disputes as could not be settled by conciliation by an
umpire appointed by a Federal judge was a step far in advance of
what had been done in the coal industry in this country, as well as
in other industries of a national scope.
In spite of the fact that on three occasions—in 1906, 1909, and
1912—when new agreements were negotiated, obstacles in the way
of maintaining peaceful relations appeared to be serious, the relations
between employers and employees have been maintained without
a break. Although there have been elements and factors which
naturally would seem to be peculiarly unfavorable to collective bar
gaining and the preservation of industrial peace, a habit of collective
bargaining has been established, fairly well recognized precedents in
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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
the manner of negotiating agreements have grown up, and a system
of settling disputes and grievances, which has so far been successful
in continuing and furthering peaceful relations and avoiding conflicts,
has been developed.
The development of a system of collective bargaining in the an
thracite coal industry and the results secured may be briefly summarized. The earliest attempts on the part of mine workers, begin
ning in 1848 and continuing until 1888, to secure a permanent basis
for trade agreements were unsuccessful. From 1888 until 1900 no
further attempts were made. In 1899 the United Mine Workers of
America entered the anthracite field and began organizing the mine
workers, and in the following year the first great strike occurred,
which resulted in a wage increase and certain other concessions from
the operators. The 1900 strike was a preliminary struggle, in the
sense that it enabled the union to increase its strength in the anthra
cite fields and to educate the mine workers in unionism. In 1902 the
second great strike occurred, which had for its main object the recog
nition of the United Mine Workers of America and the making of a
trade agreement. As in the case of the 1900 strike, the operators were
forced by public opinion as well as by other considerations to recede
from their position of refusing to make any concessions, and in the fall
of 1902 they agreed to arbitration by a commission appointed by the
President of the United States. This body, the Anthracite Coal Strike
Commission, announced its awards early in 1903. The awards pro
vided for certain wage increases, reductions in hours, and changes in
other working conditions, and for a system of conciliation and arbi
tration of disputes arising during the period of three years for which
the awards were to be in force. The commission contemplated in its
plan of conciliation and arbitration, as well as in its findings in gen
eral, the establishment of a permanent basis for better relations be
tween employers and employees in the industry. Its work apparently
laid such a foundation, as subsequent history of industrial relations in
the anthracite field has so far shown.
In the three agreements that have been made in the industry
since the expiration of the awards in 1906 several tendencies appear.
While the principal issues of wages, hours, recognition of the union,
and questions connected with the presence of a union and methods
of settling disputes have been brought up in each series of negotia
tions, there have been: (a) A tendency to amend the awards of 1903
with more freedom in each agreement; (b ) a tendency toward more
businesslike methods in negotiations and toward, a better under
standing between the representatives of the bargaining parties; (c)
a tendency to grant more complete recognition of the union as a
party to agreements. On only one occasion (in the agreement of
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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
43
4912) has an increase in wages been stipulated, and the provisions of
the agreements have, in so far as they have gone beyond a mere con
tinuance of the 1903 awards, related principally to methods of
settling disputes and grievances.
The system of settling disputes and grievances provided by the
awards of the Anthracite Coal Strike Commission has been consider
ably modified by adding machinery for the conciliation of disputes
at the collieries where they occur and in the districts in which the
collieries are located. The most important change of this character
was the provision in the 1912 agreement for local or colliery “ griev
ance committees” to represent the workers at any mine in dealing
with the mine boss or superintendent. These changes have had the
effect of affording experience and education to the mine workers
in collective action, of strengthening the union, and of allowing a
larger number of grievances to be aired and settled. The matters
arising for settlement have exhibited a tendency to become more
important in their character. While there has been complaint of delay
in settlements, the system of conciliation appears to have worked
efficiently, and there have been practically no instances of repudia
tion of the settlements or of the decisions. The method of referring
to umpires matters on which settlement by means of conciliation
could not he made, as provided by the Anthracite Coal Strike Com
mission’s awards, has been so successful that no suggestion of change
has been made. In the settlement of disputes a great majority of
the settlements and decisions have been interpretative in their char
acter; but where it has been necessary, the board of conciliation has
not hesitated to make settlements which were essentially amendments
of the awards and of the agreements, and such settlements have been
upheld in the decisions of umpires.
The success of the agreements, judged from the standpoint of
collective bargaining, is seen in the fact that at no time has there
been any repudiation of any agreement. A number of infrac
tions have occurred in the form of local strikes, arising because of
hasty group action on grievances and because of efforts to compel
nonunion workers to become members of unions. The local griev
ances strikes have been much more rare than the “ button strikes,”
and have been discountenanced by union officials as well as by the
operators. The success of the agreements appears also to be indicated
in the attitude of mine workers and operators; while both parties
have expressed dissatisfaction wfith certain features of the agreements
and of the system of conciliating disputes and grievances, the principle
of collective bargaining is looked upon favorably by many repre
sentative operators as well as by union officials.
The measure of authority attached to the awards of the Anthracite
Coal Strike Commission has been a factor in the enforcement of the
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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
agreements which is not without its importance. Much of the
respect in which its awards have been held has been undoubtedly
due to its singularly effective work and to the fact that it marked the
end of a struggle whose memories are unpleasant to both sides even
to-day, hut a great deal of the reverence for its decisions in 1903 has
been due to its governmental character. The fact has not been for
gotten that it was a body named by the President of the United
States. Naturally there has been a tendency, which has been pointed
out in the foregoing pages, to amend and add to the awards and to
take away some of their constitutional character; yet they have per
formed the service of a constitution at a time when such service was
perhaps of vital importance. Only as the habit of peaceful relations
has grown has the usefulness of the awards as a constitution of indus
trial relations become less important and necessary.
With the successive agreements the employees have made impor
tant gains in wages, hours, and conditions of employment. Since
1900 there have been three horizontal increases in the rates of wages.
Each of these increases have been of 10 per cent, applying to all em
ployees except in one instance in 1903, in which a 5 per cent increase
only was granted for one small group of employees. These increases
were secured in 1900, 1903, and 1912. The first was the result of the
strike of 1900, the second of arbritation by the Anthracite Coal Strike
Commission, and the third of a joint agreement. In addition to this
the 1903 award provided for a sliding scale with the rates existing in
1902, plus the horizontal increase, as a minimum.
The awards of 1903 contained four distinct provisions affecting
wages, relating to: (1) Horizontal increases; (2) retroactive effect
of increases; (3) shortened shifts; and (4) the sliding scale. As
the result, contract miners received an increase of 11.1 per cent.
Taking into account employees paid on a time basis, the results were:
Water-hoisting engineers and firemen received an increase in hourly
rate of 50 per cent, other engineers and pump men an increase in
hourly rate of 22.5 per cent, and company men an increase in hourly
rate of 25 per cent. It was estimated that this wage advance a little
more than compensated for the increase in prices of food and other
articles of consumption in the anthracite field since 1900, the cost
of living being 10 per cent higher in 1903 than in 1900 and 6 per
cent higher than in 1901.
The average per cent of increase received by the mine workers
under the sliding scale during the nine years of its existence, from
1903 to 1912, was 4.2 per cent above the wages as increased by other
provisions of the 1903 award. The 1912 agreement provided that
the contract rates and wage scales for all employees should be
increased 10 per cent over and above the contract rates and wage
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45
scales established by the Anthracite Coal Strike Commission in 1093,
and that the sliding scale should be abolished. The net effect of this
provision was to increase the average wages of all workmen 5.6 per
cent above the wages paid in 1911.
The only provisions relating to hours in any of the agreements
and other stipulations resulting from collective bargaining in the
anthracite field since 1900 were contained in the 1903 awards,
although the mine workers have consistently demanded an eight-hour
day for all time workers in the making of subsequent agreements.
The 1903 award provided for eight-hour shifts for water-hoisting engi
neers ; Sundays off for hoisting and other engineers and pump men, other
than those employed in hoisting water; eight-hour shifts for firemen;
nine-hour day for all company employees on time basis, with same
pay as for the former ten-hour day, and overtime in excess of nine
hours. This meant that for engineers, pump men, and firemen a uni
form eight-hour shift was provided, since these positions were such
as required continuous manning. For other time employees of the
company the nine-hour day was to prevail so far as the rate of pay
was concerned. In practice these employees could be kept at work
as long as the employers wished at overtime rates, which were no
higher than the regular rates. It was claimed, although the award
had been in operation for over a year, that the nine-hour day was
no shorter and no more profitable than the former ten-hour day.
The demand for an eight-hour day for all work connected with
the mines has until recently been based on the usual reasons given
by labor unions. Since the new reason for this demand may throw
light on future agreement making, it may be well to state it here.
While the development of narrower veins of coal, imposing more
arduous working conditions upon miners and reducing their earning
capacity, has been urged in support of demands for shorter hours
and higher rates of pay, the installation of a new coal-cutting ma
chine since the 1912 agreement was signed is put forward as addi
tional ground for the eight-hour day demand. In the Scranton or
northern field, it is asserted, certain operators are working veins
varying from 2-J to 3 feet in thickness. The new coal-cutting ma
chine which has been introduced takes out the coal, after driving
the gangways, without removing the bottom layer of rock. The
miners employed in these chambers are compelled to work in ex
tremely cramped and uncomfortable positions and the laborers who
load the coal must move about on their hands and knees. The pay
ment of these miners and their laborers on an eight-hour day time
basis instead of by the ton is now urged.
The degree in which the maintenance of discipline has been affected
by trade agreements and by the development of the principle of
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collective bargaining is, of course, a matter of opinion on the part
of those who provide and enforce regulations and of those who are
expected to obey them. The point of view of each side, therefore,
must be taken into consideration.
The right of the employer to maintain discipline in the operation
of his mine was clearly and definitely recognized by the Anthracite
Coal Strike Commission. The question of discipline had been
emphasized by the operators before the commission by urging that
recognition of the union would endanger the discipline necessary
and proper to the efficient operation of the mine. “ The union must
not undertake to assume, or to interfere with, the management of
the business of the employer,’’ said the commission in its report in
discussing the proper attitude of a union in order to be recognized.
Again, in referring to discrimination by either the employer or the
workers, lawlessness, boycotting, and blacklisting, the commission
said: “ There is no industry in which discipline is more essential
than in mining. The hazardous nature of the work calls for the
best discipline; it is to the interest of the employer and employee to
see that it is maintained. Each should aid the other in establishing
the best methods not only for securing discipline, but in preserving
it. Discrimination and interference weaken all discipline.” Only
two of a number of cases, involving the question of discharge as a
means to enforce discipline, coming up before the board of concilia
tion were acted upon, and on both of these the union and employer
members deadlocked, the cases, therefore, going to umpire. In both
of these cases the right of the employer to discharge an employee for
breaking colliery regulations was upheld, although in both instances
the employers were censured by the umpire for the manner in which
the employee was treated, on the ground that the spirit of the award,
i. e., the preservation of peace between employer and employee, was
not observed, and in one case on the additional ground that punish
ment had been too severe.
While no specific provisions appeared in the 1903 awards or in the
subsequent agreements relating to the maintenance of discipline, it is
evident that the Anthracite Coal Strike Commission's idea, which was
later upheld in the decision of umpires, was that, while the employer
had the right to enforce discipline, even to the extent of suspending or
discharging the offending employee, the cause of discipline could
best be served by cooperation between employer and employee rather
than by an exhibition of domineering authority on the employer’s
part or of assumption of unwarranted “ rights” on the employee’s
part.
The point of view of the employer as regards the meaning of
discipline and the method of enforcing it has undergone some modi
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47
fication since 1900. A canvass of representative mining company
superintendents, who come into daily contact with conditions, shows
that while they believe the necessary discipline has been weakened
by the results of collective bargaining, they are inclined to have
greater confidence in the ability of the mine workers’ organization to
cooperate with them in the future.
Taking the operators as a whole, however, while they believe that
dealing with any organization of employees is detrimental to disci
pline, particularly through local grievance committees, the mainte
nance of discipline under conditions where trade agreements exist is
a matter of education of the worker. They are gradually feeling a
greater confidence in the ability of the union leaders to understand
the difference between questions affecting recognition, wages, hours,
and conditions of labor and regulations for the efficient and safe con
duct of the colliery, and those affecting the education and control of
the untutored and raw worker in the mine. Perhaps it is not too
much to say that the average operator has had to learn to see this
difference himself.
The question of discipline, involving, as it does, the entire question
of the operator s authority, goes to the heart of the problem. Upon
the success of the maintenance of discipline under conditions of
collective bargaining largely rests the success of collective bargaining
itself so far as the operator is concerned. That there has been great
progress made in the anthracite field there can be little doubt. The
operators have more confidence in the union officials; the union real
izes its own responsibility more than ever before; the substitution
of the cooperative spirit for the old condition of master against
worker is perceptible; and there is a very evident disposition on the
part of the employer to trust the union still further as the union is
able to control the heterogeneous elements that comprise its member
ship.
REPORT OF THE COLORADO COAL COMMISSION.1
In 1914 the President appointed a commission to report upon the
labor difficulties in the coal fields of Colorado during the years 1914
and 1915. The commission consisted of Seth Low, of New York
City; Charles W. Mills, of Philadelphia; and Patrick Gilday, of Clear
field, Pa. This commission submitted its final report under date of
February 23, 1916.
The report is very brief, containing merely a summary of findings,
based for the most part upon a personal visit of the commission to
1 Report of the Colorado Coal Commission on the labor difficulties in th e coal fields of Colorado during
the years 1914 and 1915, House Doc. No. 859, 64th Cong., 1st sess.
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M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
the Colorado coal fields. In scope it is concerned primarily with con
ditions in the coal fields as they existed after the strike disturbances.
In its survey of conditions growing out of the strike, the commis
sion emphasizes two factors as of particular importance: The crea
tion of the Colorado Industrial Commission, with extensive authority
in industrial disputes, and the plan of the Colorado Fuel & Iron Co.1
for regulating the relations between the corporation and its employees.
The Colorado Industrial Commission, under its creative act, is given
the power of compulsory investigation of labor disputes, and for a
period of 30 days during which the investigation is pending, strikes or
lockouts are forbidden under penalty.
Particular attention was devoted by the commission to the opera
tion of the industrial representation plan of the Colorado Fuel &
Iron Co. Its conclusion is that the plan was adopted by the com
pany “ in entire good faith and is being operated with a single-hearted
desire to make it successful.” The opposition of organized labor to
the plan is noted and commented upon as follows:
It must be said that there is no effort being made on the part of the organization to
ascertain whether the company is acting in good faith or not. Their contention
that the miners are not free under the industrial plan to express their real opinions
and that they dare not avow their membership in the union could readily be tested
if one of their representatives would express his real opinion and any action were
taken by the company against such individual. Your commission, upon hearing
the complaints to the effect that a member of their organization would be promptly
discharged if he made his membership known to the foreman or his associates, endeav
ored to have some individual follow this course in order that your commission might
discover if there was any real discrimination on account of membership in the organi
zation, but we were unsuccessful in getting any of the leaders with whom we conferred
to agree to such a course unless we would guarantee that anyone doing so would not
lose his place. That, evidently, was not our province, neither was it in our power to do.
The charge of discrimination against former strikers is not regarded
as well founded by the commission. Its conclusion is that such
discrimination exists in some degree in the northern field, but little
if at all in the southern field. Referring to the fear of discrimina
tion on the part of miners in the southern field, the report says:
“ Your commission is under the impression that the fear said to be
entertained by the miners, so far as the companies are concerned, is
probably exaggerated and is an imaginary fear rather than a real
fear.”
The commission speaks very favorably of the general living condi
tions of the miners:
The housing conditions for the miners are exceptionally well provided, and every
camp that we saw appeared to be doing much for the comfort and welfare of its employ
ees . Bathing houses are provided in some instances free and in some instances operated
for a charge of $1 per month. If there is any charge, the attendant looks after washing
1 For an analysis of this plan see the R e v ie w for December, 1915, pp. 12-22.
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49
out tfie clothes and hanging them up to dry and keeping the place in order. Many of
the camps have clubhouses with pool tables, a reading room, and various games for
the enjoyment of the members, and all of the clubs are free for the use of the employees.
Schools are maintained for the benefit of the children of the miners. In some
instances these schools are provided by the company, at least to the extent of furnish
ing the building for the same, though the instruction is paid for by the county. In
every instance, however, the school is within easy walking distance, if not in the
center of the town or camp.
As regards the indictment and imprisonment of striking miners, the
report comments as follows:
Your commission became aware of only one disturbing element in the industrial
situation. About 400 indictments were found after the strike, and all of these were of
strikers. Some of the citizens of Colorado believe that many illegal acts were com
mitted on the part of the operators, and the justice which finds all of the indictments on
one side does not seem to them even-handed. Your commission naturally expresses
no opinion as to the correctness of this belief. It simply calls attention to the existence
of this feeling.
Again, it is believed by some, even among the operators, that in many of these
cases the State has not sufficient evidence to convict. In such cases—and your
commission believes that there are such—the men affected are suffering from great
injustice, in that they are either confined in jails, unable to get bond, or it out on bond
they are refused employment in Colorado on account of the indictment against them,
and are prevented from leaving Colorado or the jurisdiction of the court by their
bondsmen. As long as this condition of affairs exists the industrial health of Colo
rado will be weakened by this festering sore. It is not the business of your commission
to weigh the rights and wrongs of the case, but we should fall short of our duty if we did
not call attention to this feature of the situation and emphasize the importance to
the State of providing a prompt remedy.
RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD IN THE UNITED STATES.
Reports to the Bureau of Labor Statistics from approximately
725 retail dealers in 44 of the principal industrial cities of the United
States covering the principal staple articles show that for the month
from December 15, 1915, to January 15, 1916, the price of food,i
taken as a whole, made no change. As to the articles considered
separately, practically all meats advanced slightly in price. The
most marked changes which occurred during the month were in
potatoes, which advanced 28 per cent; in onions, which advanced
16 per cent, and in eggs, which declined 9 per cent.
A table showing relatively the retail prices of food on December
15, 1915, and on January 15, 1916, is given herewith. The relative
numbers shown are simply percentages in which the average price for
the entire year 1915 is taken as the base.
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RELA TIV E R E T A IL PRICES OE FOOD ON DEC. 15, 1915, AND JAN. 15, 1916.
[Average price for the year 1915=100.]
Sirloin, steak
.....................................................................................................................
Round steak
.
....................................................... •.............................................
Rib roast
........................................................................................................................
Chuck roast
.....................................................................................................................
Plate boiling beef
.....................................................................................................
Pork chops................................................................................................... -........................
"Bacon smoked
.......................................................................................................
Ham smoked
..............................................................................................................
Lard pure ..........................................................................................................................
Hens
..........................................................................................................................
Flour wheat.......................................................................... .
Corn meal ..........................................................................................................................
TCggs strictly fresh ............................................................................................................
Butter creamery
.........................................................................................................
Potatoes Irish
................................................................................................................
Sugar granulated
..................................................................................................
Cheese
.......................................................................................................................
Rice
..
.......................................................................................................
Beans
...........................................................................................................
Coffee
.....................................................................................................
Tea
......................................................................................
Salmon
......................................................................................
Onions
...............................................................................................
Prunes
..........................................................................................
Raisins
.......................................................................................................................
Milk
..........................................................................................
All articles combined
Jan. 15,
1916.
Dec. 15,
1915.
Articles.
98
98
99
•98
98
91
100
99
100
103
98
98
91
99
137
108
104
99
104
95
99
124
107
153
101
120
103
102
100
114
100
100
100
101
98
100
100
106
................................................................................................
99
99
93
101
102
105
100
117
100
100
100
117
98
101
101
106
The following table shows the relative retail prices of food on
January 15 of each year from 1912 to 1916, with the average for
the year 1915 taken as the base or 100:
R ELA TIV E R E T A IL PRICES OF FOOD IN JANUARY OF EACH Y E A R , 1912 TO 1916, AS
COMPARED W ITH AVERAGE PRICES FOR T H E Y EA R 1915.
[Average price for the year 1915=100.]
J anuary—
Articles.
1912
Sirloin steak......................................................................................
Round steak......................................................................................
Rib roast...........................................................................................
Chuck ro ast.......................................................................................
Plate boiling beef.............................................................................
Pork chops........................................................................................
Bacon, smoked.................................................................................
Ham, smoked.................................................. ...............................
Lard, pure.........................................................................................
Hens ...............................................................................................
Flour, w heat....................................................................................
Corn m eal..........................................................................................
Eggs, strictly fresh...........................................................................
Butter, creamery.............................................................................
Potatoes, Irish..'...............................................................................
Sugar, granulated.............................................................................
Cheese.....................
....................................................
Rice.......................
................................................
Beans, navy...........
....................................................
Coffee. ___' ....
......................................
Tea...............
.
...........................................................
Salmon, canned................................................................................
Onions, yellow.................................................................................
P runes...............................................................................................
Raisins, seeded..
.
........................................
Milk, fresh.........................................................................................
All articles combined.
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1913
81
77
84
93
89
93
84
92
94
96
104
97
80
91
86
89
92
92
82
90
129
120
164
102
110
114
103
89
1914
98
99
99
103
101
102
98
101
107
102
78
96
128
111
122
79
98
101
103
97
97
102
1915
99
99
99
101
102
92
101
101
104
98
99
100
131
108
95
91
100
100
93
100
100
100
98
101
100
101
101
1916
100
99
100
99
99
93
101
104
99
104
95
99
124
107
153
102
100
117
100
100
100
105
117
98
101
101
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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
51
As shown by the preceding table, the price of food, taken as a
whole, from January, 1912, to January, 1913, made no change, but
from January, 1913, to January, 1914, the price of food advanced
5 per cent. Between January, 1914, and January, 1915, there was
a decrease of 1 per cent, but by January, 1916, there was an increase
of 5 per cent over January, 1915, an advance as great as between
January, 1913, and January, 1914, making the advance 9 per cent
in the four years from January, 1912, to January, 1916.
In the year from January, 1915, to January, 1916, there was a
slight advance in the price of most meats, but the two cheaper cuts,
chuck roast and plate boiling beef, declined in price. The most
noticeable changes occurring during this year were advances of
61 per cent in potatoes, 26 per cent in beans, 19 per cent in onions,
and 12 per cent in sugar.
PRICES AND COST OF LIVING IN CANADA.
On August 1, 1914, the board of inquiry into the cost of living in
Canada, which had been appointed December 20, 1913, submitted
its report to the Prime Minister of Canada.1
This is a comprehensive report of two volumes and consists of a
compilation and discussion of existing material in official, semi
official, and private publications regarding prices and cost of living
in Canada. It covers a series of years and terminates, generally
speaking, with the year 1913, but contains some data for the year
1914.
The board used data from practically all aspects of economic
development capable of quantitative or statistical measurement and
having a bearing upon the problem in hand. The available official
statistics of wholesale and retail prices for foreign countries were
utilized by the board for purposes of comparison with the movement
in Canada, generally for the period 1900 to 1913. Among the topics
considered in Volume I were the following: Movement of population
from the land; standard of living (necessities and luxuries); indus
trial efficiency; adulteration and inspection of staple commodities;
waste and extravagance; uneconomical household expenditures; rents,
houses, town planning; public utilities; land speculation; cold stor
age; monopolies, industrial combinations, mergers, and trusts; lum
ber and other building material; amount and value of produce and
prices of clothing, leather, rubber, boots and shoes, cereals, flour and
bread, fish, live stock, meats, dairy products, etc.; cooperation; mar
kets and marketing; stockyards, refrigeration; mixed farming and
land settlement; agricultural credit, regulation of industry (bureaus
1Board of Inquiry into Cost of Living: Report of the Board, Ottawa, 1915. 2 vols. (Vol. I: 955 pp.;
Vol. II: 1108 pp.)
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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
of information, unemployment); customs tariff; gold production,
supply and demand.
Volume I contains the principal report of the board, while Volume
II is a supplementary report prepared by Mr. Coats, of the Depart
ment of Labor and the member of the board who did not sign the first
volume of its report. Under a separate title,1 Mr. Coats sets forth
under the two heads of “ the facts’1and “ the causes” his views on the
rise in prices and the cost of living in Canada on the basis of material
furnished by the Department of Labor (statistical branch). Part
of the material is also found in Volume I of the board’s report in
the form of appendices. A summary of Volume II is also published
separately.2
The conclusions of the board may be set forth very briefly. The
board is of the opinion that the principal factor in the increase in
prices has been the relatively large increase in the supply of gold in
all the leading commercial nations since 1897. Among other causes
which have increased the cost of living have been the enormous
expenditures on railways and public works and large investments in
nonproductive lines; manifold forms of wastage, public and private,
individual and social; expenditure on a large scale for luxuries;
wasteful methods in the household; restrictions in the supply of com
modities as a result of the withdrawal of population from the land and
the consequent decreased proportion of persons engaged in producing
the food supply; uneconomic methods of distribution; concentration
of population in cities, thereby increasing the proportion of nonpro
ducing food consumers; and a general advance in the standard of
living.
Tne remedies suggested by the board are the encouragement of land
settlement; greater attention to mixed farming; increased produc
tion, with standardization and improvement of quality in farm
products and by the adoption of the principle of cooperation in their
distribution; extension of the parcel-post system and the making of
good roads, thereby reducing the cost of producing the staple farm
products; cheaper and more accessible working capital for the farmer;
and, finally, vocational training to promote and maintain industrial
efficiency.
I t may be interesting to note that the board advocates municipal
ownership of all public utilities in cities and towns.
1The Rise in Prices and the Cost of Living in Canada, 1900-1914. A statistical examination of economic
causes. (Prices of commodities, wholesale and retail; prices of services; rents; wages; prices of securities;
interest; monetary conditions; capital; labor; production; distribution; the standard of living.) Exhibit
by the Statistical Branch, Department of Labor. Prepared under direction of R. H . Coats, member of
the board of inquiry. Laid before the Board of Inquiry into the Cost of Living, 1915. [Ottawa 1915 ]
1108 p p .
2The Rise in Prices and the Cost of Living in Canada, 1900-1914. A statistical examination of economic
causes. Synopsis of exhibit by the statistical branch, Department of Labor. Laid before the Board of
Inquiry into the Cost of Living, 1915. Ottawa, 1915. 83 pp.
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53
It is generally agreed that during the past 15 years there has been
a rise in the cost of living in Canada of approximately 50 per cent.
The wholesale prices of 272 representative articles have risen 48 per
cent since 1900; and retail prices of over 30 articles of domestic con
sumption have advanced approximately 40 per cent. Rents increased
60 to 70 per cent. It is also agreed that the rise in prices has been a
world-wide phenomenon. “ Averaging the returns for the nine lead
ing countries of Europe, together with Japan, Australia, New Zealand,
the United States, and Canada—14 in all—the rise in wholesale prices
has been about 24 per cent, and in retail about 31 per cent.” This
increase in prices has differed considerably in extent in the different
countries, and different commodities and groups of commodities have
responded in varying degrees.
In analyzing the situation, like the board, Mr. Coats appears to
see the effect of the increased production of gold upon the general
level of prices, but he lays more emphasis on the actual situation as
regards production in Canada, which has been drawn “ at an exceed
ingly rapid pace into the world trade scheme as a source of supply for
raw materials, particularly cereals.” “ Around this hinges a general
scheme of economic progress in Canada during the last 12 years, and
in its various manifestations are to be sought perhaps three-fourths
of the explanation of the course that has been followed by prices.”
This generalization he arrived at as a result of the statistical
examination of the growth and distribution of capital between 1900
and 1914. During the period 1900 to 1910 the proportion between
the capital equipment of the primary industries of agriculture,
fishing, and mining and the secondary industries (railways, canals,
factories, municipalities, public works) changed from 4 to 1 to 5 or
6 to 1. The absorption of outside capital since 1900 has been nowhere
more rapid than in Canada.
The second active agent of production, namely labor, has taken the
same direction of increase. Thus, the population from 1900 to 1910
increased 35 per cent (45 per cent to 1913), a rise more rapid than
that of any other country. A similar increase has taken place in
the volume of production within the basic industries.
In the field of distribution the addition of distributive costs fol
lowing an enlargement of the areas in which demand and supply are
equalized has been the great factor at work. And, finally, there is
noted a rise in the standard of living as indicated by increased per
capita consumption of the common foods, increased use of luxuries,
and increased social expenditures directed toward a higher standard
of living.
The so-called causes of the rise in prices, namely, expensiveness of
business methods, extravagance, the existence of the middleman,
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mergers, and big business, customs duties, decline in municipal
markets, increasing use of cold storage, higher wages, strikes, land
speculation, wars, and militarism, etc., are phenomena in the main
incidental; “ they are not the tide—they are rather waves upon the
tide—and explanations of the rise in prices should not treat them as
fundamental.” On the contrary, “ the great rise in prices that has
taken place in Canada is accordingly found to center largely in the
new distribution problem which has been created by the lessening of
local food supply during an era of heavy expenditures on capital
account.”
The only course, therefore, suggested by Mr. Coats as a relief
against high prices lies in increasing the productive power of the coun
try, placing a larger proportion of the population in the basic or
extractive industries of the country.
RECENT REPORTS RELATING TO WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION
AND INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS.
ILLINOIS.1
The second annual report of the industrial board of Illinois deals
largely with workmen’s compensation. I t is a pamphlet of 39 pages
giving the report of the operations of the board up to June 30, 1915.
Following an introductory chapter summarizing the board’s activi
ties and presenting nearly 4 pages of general rules adopted by that
organization, the work of the year is given in the individual reports of
the secretary, security department, arbitration department, and sta
tistical department.
Employers in Illinois are compelled to secure the payment of com
pensation to the employee. The act provides four methods of secu
rity, and it is optional with the employer which method he shall elect.
They are as follows: (1) By carrying his own risk, (2) by filing a bond,
(3) by insuring, and (4) by some other method approved by the
board. The work of the security department is to pass upon applica
tions received under each method and when an insurance policy is
allowed to expire the security department immediately makes a
demand upon the employer either to renew his insurance or furnish
security by one of the methods enumerated in the act. Up to the
date of the report 201 employers had furnished proof of financial
ability to carry their own risk, while 17,688 were protected by work
men’s compensation insurance policies. Thirteen hundred and eightynine had not complied with the demand of the department to elect
one of the foregoing methods of paying compensation.
1Illinois:
Second annual report of the industrial board, June 30,1915. Springfield, 1915. 39 pp.
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55
The secretary’s report includes a financial statement of the board
for the period July 1, 1913, to June 1, 1915, of which the following is
a summary:
SUMMARY OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF THE BOARD FOR PER IO D JU LY 1, 1913, TO
JUNE 1, 1915.
Items.
Original appropriation (July 1, 1913, to June 1, 1915):
Secretary and clerk hire....................................................................
.....................................................
Furniture and office, expense
Fees, arbitration agents, medical examiners, and attorney..........
Traveling expenses of members, etc................................................
Office r e n t .........................................................................................
Appropri
ated.
Paid out.
$15,600
16,000
15,000
3,000
115,600. 00
6,000.00
16,000. 00
2,691. 31
3,000. 00
6,000
Balance.
$12,308.69
...........................................................................................
55,600
43,291.31
12,308.69
Emergency appropriation (Apr. 1,1915, to June 1,1915):
Incidental expenses...........................................................................
Medical examiner, clerks, stenographers, e tc .................................
8,685
21,180
3,687.65
3,160.46
4,997.35
18,019.54
Total................................................................................................
29,865
6,848.11
23,016.89
Grand to tal.....................................................................................
85,465
50,139.42
35,325.58
Total
Applications for adjustment of claims filed with the arbitration
department numbered 2,314, and the total compensation awarded
to date amounted to $1,590,041. The average amount allowed in
fatal cases was $2,081.77.
The work of the statistical department extended over only six
months of the year, since it was not formally organized until January,
1915. However, the tabulations include all compensable accidents;
that is, those extending over six days, which occurred from January
1, 1914, to June 30, 1915. The following table presents a summary of
all compensable accidents reported during this period, showing the
amount of compensation and medical and hospital benefits paid:
SUMMARY OF ALL COMPENSABLE ACCIDENTS R E P O R T E D DURING THE P ER IO D
JAN. 1, 1914, TO JUNE 30, 1915, SHOWING AVERAGE B E N E FIT P E R ACCIDENT.
Six months ending June 30,1914.
Kind of acci
Num Com
dent, all
Medi
ber of pensa cal and Total Average
industries.
acci
tion hospital benefits. per case.
dents. paid. service.
Fatal.................
53 $113,065
Nonfatal........... 7,134 341,094
Total....... 7,187
454,159
$1,357 $114,422 $2,158.90
77,921 419,015
58.73
79,278
533,437
74. 22
Year ending June 30,1915.
Num
ber of
acci
dents.
Com Medi
Average
pensa cal and
Total
tion hospital benefits. per case.
paid. service.
$912
73 $165,031
12,167 390,589 102,804
12,240 555,620 103,716
$165,943 $2,273.19
493,393
40. 55
659,336
53.87
The report includes other tables showing for each branch of indus
try the fatal and nonfatal accidents from January 1, 1914, to June
30, 1915, by counties, occupation, sex, conjugal condition, average
wage and average age, and by cause and nature of injury for the year
ending June 30, 1915.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[373]
56
MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
KENTUCKY.
Following the action of the court of appeals holding unconstitu
tional the compensation law enacted by the legislature of that State
in 1914, a voluntary commission was formed by persons interested,
representing the State federation of labor, the manufacturers’ and
shippers’ association and the mine owners’ association of the State,
and the attorney general’s department. This commission has sub
mitted a report with the draft of a bill for the consideration of the
State legislature now in session.
The report presents, first, a brief account of the circumstances
leading up to its organization, including the grounds on which the
earlier law was declared unconstitutional. The desirability of a com
pensation law for the State was assumed, the only question being
the form necessary to satisfy the constitution, and the provisions,
adequate but not burdensome, for relief and administration.
The difficulty with the earlier act, as set forth by the court, was
in brief that though elective in form the presumption of election by
the employee in case the employer elected was a deprivation of rights,
that the abrogation of defenses where employers rejected the pro
visions of the act made it in effect compulsory, and that these and
other provisions of the act violated section 54 of the constitution of
the State, which denies to the legislature “ the power to limit the
amount of recovery for injuries resulting in death, or for injuries to
property.” On a petition for a rehearing, which was overruled, the
foregoing opinion was modified to the extent of holding that the
provisions as to the employer were not in conflict with any pro
visions of the constitution. The commissioners were confronted,
therefore, with the necessity of drafting a bill that would avoid the
difficulties which led to the holding of unconstitutionality of the
former bill. This was accomplished by making the act an elective
one, subject to choice or rejection by both parties, each necessarily
taking affirmative action to secure election. The employer’s de
fenses in case of failure to elect are abrogated.
The law is general in its scope, covering municipal employments
and all private employments in which there are three or more em
ployees, domestic and agricultural labor and railroad employments in
which Federal statutes control being excepted. An administrative
board of ‘three persons is contemplated, having the power of decision
in cases in which the interested parties fail to reach voluntary agree
ments; limited appeals to courts on these decisions are allowed.
Compensation is on a basis of 65 per cent of the weekly wages, with
provision for medical, etc., expenses, and a schedule for mannings in
lieu of other compensation for such injuries.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[374]
M O N T H L Y R EV IEW OF T H E B U R E A U OF LABOR ST A T IST IC S.
57
À11 interesting discussion relates to the question of insurance under
the act, so-called “ monopolistic insurance,” whether by the State
or by stock companies, being condemned. The experience of the
States of Ohio, Washington, and West Virginia with State funds of
exclusive operation is discussed, partly independently and partly by
reference to the report of a commission which reported to the senate
of the State of Missouri on this subject. The conclusion is that the
advantages of lower cost, which are supposed to represent the chief
advantage of State administration, are not sufficient to warrant the
assumption of such an undertaking, while other disadvantages, both
financial and social, were charged. Provision was made, therefore,
for self-insurance in cases approved by the commission, for mutual
insurance, reciprocal insurance associations, and insurance in stock
companies; also for the establishment of a State institution to be
known as the Kentucky Employees Insurance Association, patterned
after the corresponding association of the State of Massachusetts.
A tax of 4 per cent of all insurance premiums is proposed for the
raising of funds to meet costs of administration.
The commission recommended an amendment to the constitution
to remove the difficulty found with section 54, and while disclaiming
any desire to interfere in any way with the legislature in the discharge
of its duties, its draft of the bill for compensation was complete.
Means of identification are not at hand, but it seems a fair inference
that single bills on the subject which have been introduced in the
senate and house, respectively—one to provide a compensation sys
tem and one to amend the constitution—are those that the commis
sion recommended. The house committee on industrial insurance,
to which the bill in that body was referred, subsequently reported a
substitute for the compensation bill, the nature of which is not indi
cated in the source from which information on this point was secured.
MARYLAND.1
The experience of the workmen’s compensation law in Maryland
for the first year that it has been in effect, November 1, 1914, to
October 31, 1915, is presented in a 79-page pamphlet issued by the
State industrial accident commission under date of December 31,
1915. It was to take the place of a previous statute which the report
characterizes as “ archaic and unworkable” that the present compen
sation law was passed, and the first “ year’s experience under the law
has demonstrated that in respect of injuries occurring in prosecution
of employments therein enumerated the act affords certain and
1 First Annual Report of the State Industrial Aceident Commission of Maryland for the year Nov. 1,
1914, to Oet. 31,1915. Baltimore, 1915. 79 pp. Illustrated.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[375]
58
M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OE T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
prompt pecuniary relief” ; that “ the elimination of the ingredient of
fault as a cause of the injury has greatly narrowed the debatable
ground as to the right of relief ” ; that “ so far as the employers are con
cerned the element of certainty as to the cost of compensation and
the state of satisfaction of their employees resulting from the assur
ance of relief in case of accident have been decided advantages in the
prosecution of business,” the best evidence of which is the “ fact
that no serious suggestion has been made by employers, as has hap
pened in other States, to attack its constitutionality.”
The report emphasizes three outstanding features of the law: (1)
It is compulsory; (2) it requires that unless an employer can furnish
satisfactory proof of financial ability to pay compensation as it might
accrue he shall insure that compensation in an approved insurance
company or association or in the State accident fund administered
by the commission; and (3) it provides for the operation of the State
fund in competition with private insurance companies, which enables
it to protect the employer against unduly high insurance rates. As a
result of the first year’s experience the rates have been reduced ap
proximately 15 per cent.
Of the 12,000 employers who came under the act during the year,
11,035 (92 per cent) insured with stock companies, 842 (7 per cent)
insured in the State accident fund, and 123 (1 per cent) were granted
the right to carry their own insurance. A table is presented showing
the number of employers under each employment group adopting
each specified method of insurance. Five hundred and three acci
dents were adjusted under the policies of the State accident fund.
The condition of this fund on October 31, 1915, was as follows:
ASSETS.
Cash on deposit, State treasu ry ........................................................ $48, 501. 59
Policyholders’ accounts................... . ................................................
6,114. 83
Total assets...................................................................................................... $54, 616. 42
LIABILITIES.
Reserve
Reserve
Reserve
Reserve
for losses.................................................................................
for unearned p rem ium s......................................................
for special surplus 1.............................................................
for surplus..............................................................................
$4, 213. 93
3,145. 64
4, 682. 88
42, 573. 97
Total reserves
54,616. 42
INCOME AND DISBURSEMENTS.
Income.
N et prem ium s w ritte n ........................................................................ $46, 826. 81
Interest on deposits to Oct. 15, 1915...............................................
293. 84
Transferred from appropriations for 1914 of th e State in d u s
trial accident comm ission.............................................................. 15, 000. 00
Total incom e...................................................................................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[376]
62,120.65
M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OE T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
59
Disbursements.
Losses
Losses
Losses
Losses
Losses
paid,
paid,
paid,
paid,
paid,
m ed ical.........................................................................
tem porary total d isab ility .....................................
perm anent partial d isa b ility ....................................
death (dependency)....................................................
death (no d ep en d en cy )..............................................
$2, 315. 88
3, 521. 89
1, 281. 71
324. 75
60. 00
Total losses p a id ............................................................................................
Reserve for losses.................................................................................
4, 213. 93
3,145. 64
Reserve for unearned prem ium s......... ...........................................
Reserve for special surplus 1.............................................................
4, 682. 88
Reserve for surplus.............................................................................. 42, 573. 97
$7, 504. 23
Total reserves..................................................................................................
54, 616. 42
Total losses and reserves................ ..............................................................
62,120. 65
Accidents to the number of 20,348 were reported in the 12-month
period; of these 121 were fatal. Of the 3,443 claims filed, 3,352 were
nonfatal and 91 fatal. Compensation was awarded in 2,977 2 cases
and disallowed in 199 cases, leaving 267 cases unsettled on Novem
ber 1, 1915. The total number of accidents is classified according
to the character and cause of the injuries, the age, sex, marital con
dition, and wages of the persons injured, and charts and diagrams
graphically depicting most of these tables are presented. Similar
classification is made of the 503 accidents occurring in employments
insured under the State accident fund. Two hundred and fortynine claims were contested, of which 131 were settled in favor of the
claimants.
Compensation under the Maryland law is 50 per cent of the average
weekly wage. In death cases, widows and minor children or other
dependents receive 50 per cent of the deceased employee’s average
weekly wage for a period not exceeding eight years. In all cases of
temporary disability, whether total or partial in character, no com
pensation is paid for the first two weeks, but the injured employee
is entitled to limited medical and hospital service. The benefits
which accrued to workmen or dependents during the first year are
shown in the following table.
1 As provided in sec. 23, ch. 800, acts of 1914.
2 This is the statement of the claims bureau; it does not agree with the total number of awards given
in the table. This discrepancy is not explained.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
60
M O N T H L Y EE V I E W OF T H E B U E E A U OP LABOE STA TISTICS.
B EN EFITS D ERIVED BY BEN EFICIA RIES OF TH E MARYLAND WORKMEN’S COMPEN
SATION LAW DURING TH E Y EA R ENDING OCT. 31, 1915.
Num Compen
sation
ber of
paid.
awards.
Compen
sation
outstand
ing.
Other
payments.
Total.
66 $13,633.42 $165,317.12
Fatal accidents.....................................................
19,429.64
225 25,020.57
Permanent partial disability..............................
Temporary total disability
83,713.64
i 2,960
Temporary partial disability
33.31
5
Medical service in compensation cases...............
Medical service in cases that did not reach
compensation
...............................................
Funeral expenses__
$37,321.08
$178,950.54
44,450.21
83,713.64
33.31
37,321.08
53,843.10
5,720.65
53,843.10
5,720.65
184,746.76
90,884.83
404,032.53
Payments made for—
Total............................................................
3,256
122,400.94
1 Includes 310 cases in which weekly payments amounting to $2,049.83 were being made on Nov. 1,1915.
It is quite likely that this statement includes some awards made
between November 1 and the date the report was written; otherwise
no explanation is found for the discrepancy between the total num
ber of awards as given in this table and the total number of awards
(2,977) reported by the claims bureau.
The ratio of claims to accidents was 16.9 per cent. Drowning
showed the highest percentage of accidents resulting seriously (100
per cent) and the lowest percentage (5.9 per cent) was due to asphyx
iation or suffocation. The report includes some important rulings
of the commission and a “ gallery of beneficiaries” showing the pic
tures of a few of those receiving compensation, and closes with a
copy of the rules of procedure established by the State Industrial
Accident Commission.
MICHIGAN.1
The annual report of the industrial accident board of Michigan
for the year ending December 31, 1915, embodies statistical facts
and figures classified according to industry, nature, and extent of
injury and method of carrying risk. An employer may elect to
cover his risk by stock insurance, mutual insurance, State insurance,
or he may carry his own risk. The 15,106 employers and 505,025
employees which the report states are affected by the workmen's
compensation act are divided according to method of insurance as
follows:
EM PLOYERS AND EM PLOYEES A FFEC TED BY TH E W ORKM EN’S COMPENSATION
ACT, SHOWING NUMBER AND P E R CENT U N DER EACH METHOD OF INSURANCE.
Employ Per cent. Employ Per cent.
ers.
ees.
Method of insurance.
Stock...................................................................................................
Mutual................................................................................................
State....................................................................................................
Own risk.............................................................................................
13,325
767
559
455
88.2
5.1
3.7
3.0
294,312
38; 881
14,078
157; 754
31.2
Total.........................................................................................
15,106
100.0
505,025
100.0
1 Report of the industrial accident hoard for the year 1915. Lansing, 1916. 16 pp.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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7.7
2.8
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
61
In addition to these, all the municipalities are subject to the law
without election on their part, and this includes the 84 counties,
108 cities, 338 villages, 1,245 townships, and 7,362 school districts.
The law also covers the employees of the State except the State
board of agriculture and the regents of the university.
The total number of accidents during the year was 39,781, of
which 26,289 caused general disability for less than 2 weeks.1 The
remainder, 13,492, were compensable and classified according to
industry as follows :
NUMBER AND P E R CENT OF COMPENSABLE ACCIDENTS UNDER EACH SPEC IFIED
INDUSTRY BY NATURE OF DISABILITY.
Fatal.
Permanent par
tial.
Temporary
total.
Total.
Industry.
Num
ber.
Per
cent.
Num
ber.
17
.88
2.11
260
30
Auto and auto p arts.............................
Construction..........................................
Engine and machinery manufacturing
Food products manufacturing............
I oundry and machine shops..............
Implement and tool m anufacturing..
Light and power...................................
Lumber..................................................
Metal and metal products...................
Mining, coal...........................................
Mining, iron..........................................
Mining, copper.....................................
Miscellaneous manufacturing..............
Municipalities.......................................
Paints and chemicals...........................
Printing and binding...........................
Railroads, steam ... 7...........................
Railroads, electric................................
Woodworking and furniture manufacturing.............................................
Unclassified...........................................
29
■, 7
C
39
58
19
4
Total............................................
21
1
4
5
3
11
11
.44
.79
1.05
1.68
5.09
2.32
1.33
4.35
4.50
4.31
1.60
2.38
4.26
22
22
38
22
8
83
57
6
24
43
132
8
Per
cent.
Num
ber.
Per
cent.
Num
ber.
13.38
3.02
9.69
4.34
7.95
12.29
3.70
6.65
10.82
4.35
2.76
3.20
11.13
4.70
5.81
4 60
5.84
7.78
1,666
943
204
481
435
154
197
1,137
'463
126
805
1,244
1,035
156
232
85.74
94.87
89.86
94.87
91.00
86.03
91.20
91.03
87.85
91.30
92.74
92.48
87.27
92.86
89.92
1,943
'994
227
507
478
179
216
1,249
'527
138
1,345
l' 186
'168
258
100.00
100 00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
730
143
88.80
85.63
822
167
100.00
100.00
868
Per
cent.
100.00
100.00
ion oo
11
5.35
6.59
15
4
48
13
7
35
1.31
2.19
77
60
14.39
3.75
451
1,503
84.30
94.05
535
1,598
100.00
100.00
332
2.46
972
7.20
12,188
90.33
13,492
100.00
44
I nder the provisions of the Michigan law the compensation is
payable in weekly installments, the amount generally being 50 per
cent of the average weekly wage. In fatal cases the payments con
tinue for 300 weeks and in cases of permanent total disability the
payments may continue as long as 500 weeks. It is therefore apparent,
says the report, that in a considerable number of cases the payments
of compensation will run on for a number of months or years accord
ing to the nature of the accident or extent of disability, and that
such cases will remain open until final payment is made. Under the
system in vogue receipts signed by the injured workmen or dependents
are regularly filed for the weekly payments until the entire compen
sation required in the case is paid, at which time they are checked
up, balanced, attached to the final settlement receipt and filed away
1 The report does not show what accidents are reportable under the practice of the Michigan board. A
disability to be compensable must last 2 weeks, but payment is made from the date of injury if the disa
bility lasts 8 weeks or more.
32602°—16— 5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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62
M O N T H L Y R EV IEW OP T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
among the completed cases. The number of cases so completed in
the year 1915 was 11,881, of which 60, or 0.5 per cent, were fatal;
1,154, or 9.7 per cent, were permanent partial; 6, or 0.05 per cent,
were permanent total; 2,448, or 20.6 per cent, lasted eight weeks or
more; and 8,213, or 69.1 per cent, lasted less than eight weeks.
About one-half, 50.5 per cent or 5,998, were insured in stock com
panies, 9.7 per cent (1,157) were insured in mutual companies, 2.3
per cent (272) were insured in the State fund, while in 37.5 per cent
(4,454) of the cases the risk was carried by the employers. The
average total compensation paid per case was 876.38. The average
medical aid paid per case in 5,165 cases was $28.77.
The report states that the total amount paid during the year to
injured workers and their dependents was $1,213,103.32, and in
addition to this $148,615.20 was paid in medical and hospital service.
The medical and hospital expense paid by employers under the State
accident fund is not included in the above statement, as the State
was not authorized to cover medical and hospital service until the
going into effect of the act passed for that purpose in 1915.
The report suggests the necessity for a change in the method of
handling disputed administrative questions such as the nature and
extent of the injury, continuance of disability, stoppage of compen
sation, disputed medical and hospital charges, and the like. At
present most of these matters are handled on petitions filed with the
board and since the established rules of evidence are held to be
binding on the board, ex parte affidavits, doctor’s certificates, and
like papers are not admissible as evidence at such hearings, have no
legal standing, and can not be made the basis for action by the
board. This fact, it is pointed out, necessitates the taking of formal
depositions involving much time and expense and causing delay in
the awarding of compensation. The board suggests a new system
which it is claimed would bring together in the locality where they
reside ail the parties to these disputed questions, who in consultation
with an officer or representative of the board would be able to sift
out and settle such matters at a great saving in time and money to
injured workers as well as to the employers and insurance carriers.
The work of administration would be expedited, it is believed, and
the benefits of the law brought more quickly and surely to all parties
concerned. The field work necessary to put this plan into operation
is briefly outlined and the additional expense thus incurred would be
offset by saving in correspondence, postage, stationery, and other
work.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 380 ]
M O N T H L Y R E V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR ST A T IST IC S.
63
NEW YORK.
STATE INSURANCE FUND.
“ The State fund—Its right to compete,” is the title of a pamphlet
issued by the State Insurance Fund of New York with the indorse
ment of the Industrial Commission. The four parts of the booklet
comprise a statement by the commission, with a letter from Vice
President Rowe of the Aetna Life Insurance Co. protesting against
alleged unfair treatment by the State officials managing the insur
ance fund, Gov. Whitman’s reply, and the statement of Mr. Bald
win, manager of the State Insurance Fund.
Vice President Rowe’s protest alleged an “ unfair and unwarranted
attem pt” on the part of an official of the State of New York “ to
disparage and discredit the motives and honesty” of stock companies
writing workmen’s compensation insurance. Two points in partic
ular were complained of, one that a letter addressed to an employer
formerly insured in the State fund, but about to withdraw and take
insurance in a stock company, declared that “ all arguments against
State fund insurance are worthless, and in point of fact they are
only conjured up for the purpose of confusing and disturbing em
ployers in order to mulct them for agents’ commissions and stock
holders’ profits” ; the other point related to a provision of the law
relative to notice of withdrawal. I t was claimed that only by estab
lishing a cut-rate insurance system, endowed by a subsidy from the
State treasury for administration expenses, free from supervision and
taxation, employing unlicensed solicitors and agents, and “ clothed
with authority to offer unfair inducements denied to all other com
petitors,” could the State fund take its stand. It was further de
clared that this condition existed by the action of the legislature
which had set up the fund, endowing it with special privileges. It
was argued that the compensation act was restricted in its applica
tion, so that all the employees of an employer insured under it were
not necessarily covered; that a common-law liability, as for the loss
of service in the case of parents or husband and wife remains unpro
vided for; that personal injuries or disfigurements not mentioned in
the act might give rise to suit for damages; that classes of employees
for whom admiralty law might afford relief could collect damages;
that in case of the unconstitutionality of the act no protection would
be furnished by the fund, eminent legal authorities being still in doubt
as to its constitutionality; that extra assessments might be enforced;
and that the State fund was being conducted by a new and inexpe
rienced organization, as compared with the expert quality of service
offered by private stock companies. On all these points it was claimed
that the private stock companies offered complete protection as
against the incomplete or doubtful benefits of the State fund.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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64
M O N T H L Y R EV IEW OE T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
The governor’s reply did not enter upon the merits of the question
other than to sustain the right of the manager of the fund to depart
from ordinary official conduct in view of the fact that the business
was a competitive one, which was held to justify as proper the state
ments that the manager had made. Points of the law were men
tioned, the construction of which by the attorney general of the State
met certain objections raised, taking the opposite view from that
contended for by Mr. Rowe.
The statement by Manager Baldwin took up, point by point, the
objections raised, sustaining the original statement as made, but not
as quoted by Mr. Rowe, setting forth the nature of the fund as offer
ing insurance at absolute cost, and subsidized only in its initiation in
order to gain a footing as a fund with sufficient assets to afford safety.
On the question of coverage it was pointed out that common-law
liabilities were abrogated where the lav/ applies, and that all employees
of an employer entitled to insure under the act were covered by it;
the availability of proceedings in admiralty where the employment
permitted it was conceded. Constructions of the law by the attorney
general and by the State courts were presented as rebutting certain
charges, especially the one as to doubtful constitutionality, and the
one relating to the power of making assessments, which it was held
did not exist. The experience of the stock companies was declared to
be offset by the fact of the safety engineering department maintained
by the fund and its cooperation with the inspection bureau of the
labor department of the State. The question of disfigurement, which
the act does not cover, was held undecided until the court of appeals
should pass upon it, though the fact that in the case cited insurance
was in a stock company and not in the State fund was pointed out,
and the suggestion made under that, that if insurance had been in
the State fund, the abrogation of common-law actions would have
prevented the suit. The conclusion was reached that “ the claim of
superior service advanced by the stock companies is without founda
tion in fact,” an attitude which the Industrial Commission indorses,
together with the right of the State fund to compete for business, as
was also indicated in the governor’s reply.
REPORT OF STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF INSURANCE.1
In a pamphlet of 62 pages the New York State superintendent of
insurance presents the preliminary text and tables of the forthcoming
fifty-seventh annual report of the department for the year ending
December 31, 1915.
Discussing workmen's compensation, the report indicates that
“notwithstanding the higher cost of stock insurance with its agency
i New York. Preliminary text and tables, fifty-seventh annual report of the superintendent of insurance,
covering transactions of calendar year closing Dec. 31,1915. Albany, 1916. 62 pp.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[382]
M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
65
expense, the employers, as a whole, seem to prefer that form of pro
tection,” which appears to be supported by the statement that 76 per
cent of the workmen’s compensation risks are carried by stock com
panies, 11 per cent by mutual companies, and 13 per cent in the State
insurance fund. Eight of the mutual companies, it is stated, received
less than $50,000 per annum in premiums, while the remaining 9 are
doing about 90 per cent of the mutual business. All but one or two,
it appears from the report, declared dividends ranging up to 20 per
cent, the maximum permitted by the department. They carry catas
trophe reinsurance or are required to maintain a reserve against the
Catastrophe hazard. If reinsurance is carried the catastrophe reserve
is not required but instead the companies are permitted to treat the
catastrophe fund as an accumulation of surplus to meet unforeseen
losses of all kinds. No mutual company in New York may now be
organized unless it has a prospective annual premium income of at
least $25,000.
As to State insurance, the report says:
The com petition offered b y th e State fund is upon a basis w hich makes difficult any
comparison betw een it and the p riv ate insurance carriers. The fund is not u n d er th e
supervision of this departm ent and is not subject to the wise restrictions w hich have
been placed by law upon th e private companies. Insurance in th e fund relieves an
em ployer from liab ility and to further attract him th e S tate bears all th e expenses of
the fund u n til the year 1917. W ith these advantages th e S tate fund, given tim e
enough, should prove a form idable com petitor against stock insurance. I t can not
be, however, th a t it was th e in te n t of th e legislature w hich created th e fund, to place
it upon such a basis of disparity. This p art of th e New York w orkm en’s compensa
tion law is borrowed from Ohio, w here th e insurance plan is an absolute State monop
oly. The New York program depends for its success upon th e highest q u ality of
service a t the lowest possible legitim ate cost.
I t is a question in m y m ind w hether th e subsidy granted to th e fund should not be
repaid from its earnings so th a t even tu ally th e v en tu re w ill have cost nothing to th e
State. A t all events there is ground for assuming th a t th e fund is well able to bear
its own current expenses w ithout further assistance from th e State. T he law should
be so am ended as to m ake possible th is desirable economy. I would go further and
suggest for your consideration th e possible ad v isab ility of reorganizing th e fund as a
bona lide m utual corporation w ith power to w rite all lines of lia b ility insurance col
lateral or incidental to w orkm en’s compensation.
Rates for compensation insurance are based upon pay roll expendi
tures and various business enterprises are classified according to the
relative accident hazard, the class rate being adjusted by the deter
mination of an individual rate. The insurance department approves
the manual of tariff rates and the general rules governing merit rating,
or the departure from tariff rates in arriving at individual rates. The
companies themselves classify the risks and audit the pay rolls of
their assured for the purpose of ascertaining the actual premuims to
be charged. The physical features are measured and rated by means
of a schedule, this process being called schedule rating, and supple
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[383]
66
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OE T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
mental to this a plan known as experience rating has been devised for
the purpose of measuring the moral hazard. A compensation inspec
tion rating board insures impartial treatment in the application of
merit rating. With reference to maintaining adequate rates and
avoiding opportunities for indiscriminate rate cutting, whether
through wrongful classification, misapplication of individual rate, or
dishonest audit of pay rolls, the superintendent of insurance contends
that the law should be changed to provide regulatory power ample to
prescribe methods of procedure and rules of conduct so that the
system of rating may be scientifically developed and impartially
administered. It is believed that the law should compel member
ship in a rating association conducted under such rules and regula
tions as may be prescribed by the superintendent of insurance, thus
giving him authority to establish a practice of submitting all risks
placed for insurance to such rating association for independent review
and determination of rate.
The necessity for revision of rates is recognized and reference is
made to the joint conference held in New York City on September
28 and 30, and December 3, 1915, for the purpose of considering the
revision of workmen’s compensation rates, classifications, and rules.1
The report discusses at some length the subject of liability and
compensation loss reserves, referring to a recommendation reported
to the national convention of insurance commissioners, that liability
and compensation reserves be computed separately on the basis of a
fixed ratio (percentage for each class to be determined later) instead
of a fixed ratio of 54 per cent as had been previously recommended
and adopted by the convention as a temporary expedient to afford
relief to certain companies “ against which there had been unjust
discrimination.” The enactment of legislation to effectuate this
plan is suggested. Under the present construction of the law com
panies engaged in the liability business 10 years or more reserve on
December 31, 1915, their liability business on the basis of their lia
bility experience, and their compensation business on a 54 per cent
loss ratio. Companies which have not been engaged in the liability
business 10 years reserve both liability and compensation business on
the ratio fixed by statute, viz, 54 per cent on December 31, 1915.
JOINT CONFERENCE ON WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION INSURANCE RATES.2
For the purpose of effecting uniform revision of basic rates for
workmen’s compensation insurance, there was held in New York
City on September 28 and 30 and December 3, 1915, a general con
ference of rating bureaus composed of representatives of the Work1 An extended account of this conference is given below.
2 State of New York Insurance Department, Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Workmen’s Com
pensation Insurance Rates. Albany, 1915. 39 pp.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[384]
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OP T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR ST A T IST IC S.
67
men’s Compensation Service Bureau of New York, the Compensa
tion Inspection Rating Board of New York and the Massachusetts
Rating and Inspection Bureau. Representatives of the insurance
departments of New York, Massachusetts, California, Maryland, and
Pennsylvania, and of the Industrial Commission of Wisconsin par
ticipated in committee work.
A record of the activities of four committees appointed by the
conference—rules, classifications, basic pure premiums, and loadings
and differentials constitutes about half of a 39-page report issued
by the New York State insurance department in which the proceed
ings of the conference are briefly set forth.
The rules committee recommended an increase from $10 to $20
on compensation policies covering contractors and suggested four
fundamental principles for pay-roll division, as follows:
1. T he operative procedure w ith in a given p la n t shall n o t be subject to division
into several m anual classifications w here th e employees are engaged, or th e different
operations are conducted in such m anner th a t th ey are all brought together, th e em
ployees being commonly exposed to th e general hazards of th e enterprise w hich is
best represented b y its governing classifications.
2. W here there are d istin ct enterprises conducted in a given class b y th e same
em ployer and th e entire work in each enterprise is conducted eith er in a separate
building or on a separate floor or floors of a building, th e em ployer conducting each of
such enterprises as a separate undertaking, w ith a separate pay-roll record, i t is com
pulsory th a t such undertak in g be separately classified and rated.
3. No operation norm ally prevailing in th e work covered b y th e governing classifi
cation shall be considered a d istin ct enterprise.
4. Certain pay rolls, such as drivers and helpers, chauffeurs and helpers, clerical
office employees, etc., m ust alw ays be separately stated and rated unless th e classifi
cation to be used specifically prohibits it.
An effort was made to harmonize these rules with the classifications
in order to eliminate difficulties which had existed.
The work of the classification committee was “ to establish classifi
cations which properly described industrial enterprises, eliminating
doubt as to the scope of the classifications, simplifying the use of the
manual and insuring so far as possible uniformity of treatment in the
application of the classifications.”
In the determination of basic pure premiums that committee
decided that consideration should first be given to Massachusetts’
experience, then to the experience of New Jersey, Illinois, Michigan,
and Wisconsin, that the aggregate or individual experience of these
latter states should be used in connection with that of Massachusetts
and reduced to the Massachusetts level by the application of suitable
factors to reflect the difference in law and accident frequency. The
establishment of a standing committee on manual rules, classifica
tions, and rates was recommended for the primary purpose of clearing
all proposed amendments through one source and thus insure
standardization of practices.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[385]
CS
M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E BU REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
The committee on loadings and differentials considered allowance
for (1) differences in compensation acts governing benefits; (2)
underestimate of outstanding losses; (3) increasing claim costs; (4)
industrial diseases; (5) variation in rates due to merit rating; (6)
differences in accident frequency; and (7) loadings for expense,
profit, and catastrophe. The attention of the committee seems to
have been directed primarily to a consideration of industrial diseases.
An exhibit is presented showing the probable relative cost of com
pensation for industrial diseases and industrial accidents based on
the statistics of experience in the United Kingdom, since in this
country there is no direct basis of estimate of cost of occupational
diseases. It is stated that mine diseases of the eye and skin, anthrax,1
and phosphorus poisoning apparently do not exist to an appreciable
extent in America, and that if these are excluded the health hazard
by far predominating in both countries is lead poisoning. Since the
British statistics show the disease cost of compensation by industries
and not by diseases it is impossible, declares the report, to determine
exactly the division of cost between what may be termed “ American”
and “ non-American” diseases in the British data. By deducting the
cost of all mine diseases, £350,691 ($1,706,637.75) and an estimated
total cost of £3,374 ($16,419.57) for 197 cases of anthrax and 2 cases
of phosphorus poisoning from the total cost of disease compensation,
£464,637 ($2,261,155.96) for seven * industries—mines, quarries,
railways, factories, harbors and docks, constructional work, and
shipping—-a balance of £110,572 ($538,098.64) is obtained which is
estimated to be the approximate cost in the United Kingdom of
American occupational diseases in industries in which the total acci
dent cost was £16,182,753 ($78,753,367.47). That is, the British
cost of American occupational diseases was about 0.68 per cent of the
corresponding accident cost. Making no allowance for tuberculosis,
pneumonia, bronchitis, etc., not in the British category of 25 specified
diseases, the expected American cost would, according to the report,
be about twice 0.68 per cent or 1.4 per cent for the same industries and
the same distribution of workmen. The inclusion of tuberculosis
alone, however, is estimated to increase this cost to about 2 per cen t2
and this is proposed as a proper estimate of the probable relative cost
of the particular diseases studied to the cost of accident coverage in
this country, in the industries mentioned, assuming similar industrial
distribution of workers in both countries.
A table is presented showing for the seven industries mentioned the
probable relative cost of disease to accident in the actual occupa1 This assumption is clearly unwarranted so far as anthrax is concerned, since the report of the Massa
chusetts Industrial Accident Board for 1914 showed 8 cases, 2 of which wore fatal.
2 The report states that this figure may be expected to "be reduced by a third as American regulation of
industrial poisons improves, and by another third if occupational tuberculosis can at the same time be
obliterated.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[386]
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U
OF
LABOR ST A T IST IC S.
69
tional distribution in a given State as Massachusetts. The table also
indicates the actual British disease cost and the cost with nonAmerican diseases eliminated, to which reference has been made. In
this comparison allowance has been made by estimate, first, for the
practical absence of certain English mine diseases in this country and
the full addition of various diseases that would be admitted in Ameri
can acts compensating occupational diseases, and second, for the
difference in distribution of workers in Great Britain and Massachu
setts, for which state data were available as to accident cost and
distribution by classifications. The committee concluded that 1 per
cent a of the present total nominal accident cost is considered as a
proper amount for distribution over the disease-hazardous classifica
tions of Massachusetts, in addition to a 1 per cent flat loading on all
industries for complete industrial disease coverage.
In Massachusetts the total cost of accidents relative to pay roll,
during the period July 1 , 1912, to September 30, 1913, was 0.39 per
cent; 1 per cent of this is approximately 0.004. All preliminary
estimated premiums for disease were accordingly cut in two with the
results exhibited in the following table. In view of the lack of defi
nite data as to occupational diseases in the United States the premium
rates are largely estimated, with the tendency, probably, to put them
high enough to meet all contingencies.
E FFE C T OF ADDITION OF 1 P E R CENT TO ALL ACCIDENT PU R E PREMIUMS FOR OCCU
PATIONAL DISEASES, BASED ON TOTAL COST OF ACCIDENTS IN MASSACHUSETTS,
JULY 1, 1912, TO SEPT EM B E R 30, 1913, SHOWING INDUSTRIAL H E A LT H HAZARDS
INVOLVED IN EACH SPEC IFIED PROCESS .6
[It m ust Be remembered th a t in addition to the premiums indicated in the following table it
is proposed to apply a flat 1 per cent of the accident pure prem ium on every classification.]
Code
num
ber.
Process.
Industrial health hazards.
Addi
tional
pure
pre
mium
for oc
cupa
tional
disease.
Cents.
0100,1
Tree pruning, spraying, fumigating, etc. Potassium, cyanide, prussic acid, arsenate of
4
lead, vitriol.
1412 Gold refining (no ore reduction)........... Sulphuric acid fumes, heat, mercury, lead,
3
potassium cyanide.
1421,3 Iron smelting.................................... ...... Carbonmonoxide, fumes, heat, moisture, tem6
perature change, fatigue, metal dust, clay
dust, glare.
1466 Graphite manufacturing........................ D ust, heat, temperature change........................
2
a In the table referred to it is estimated th at 1.5 per cent additional of the total cost of accidents should
be distributed according to disease hazard over those classifications now recognized as health hazards, and
th at 1 per cent should be added to all accident pure premiums to make provision for the occupational
diseases th a t might require coverage in this country.
6 The committee makes it clear th a t the table m ust not be supposed to apply only to Massachusetts.
The pure premium for occupational disease for any classification as determined for Massachusetts is
assumed to apply to any State in which th at classification occurs; the total cost of disease coverage relativeto
accident depending on the industries in the State, of course, and in general differing from the present total
of 1 per cent in_ Massachusetts. The disease pure premiums for classifications under which there was no
issue in Massachusetts between July 1, 1912, and September 30, 1913, have not at the present tim e been
estimated. These and others th a t may be required in any State may be estimated quite satisfactorily by
comparison w ith the premiums here assigned to classifications known to have comparable disease hazards.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[387]
70
MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
E F F E C T O F A D D IT IO N O F 1 P E R C E N T T O A L L A C C ID E N T P U R E P R E M IU M S F O R O CCU
P A T I O N A.L D I S E A S E S , B A S E D O N T O T A L C O S T O F A C C I D E N T S I N
J U L Y 1, 1912, T O
IN V O L V E D IN
SEPTEM BER
EACH
30, 1913,
S P E C IF IE D
S H O W IN G
IN D U S T R IA L
M ASSACH USETTS,
H EALTH
HAZARDS
P R O C E S S — C o n tin u e d .
Code
num
ber.
Process.
Industrial health hazards.
1652
Lime manufacturing............................. Lime dust, fumes, irritants of eyes and skin,
1700
1704
1741
1743
1745
1780
Adamant plaster manufacturing..........
Stone crushing.......................................
Emery crushing, grinding....................
Silica grinding.......................................
Soapstone manufacturing..................
Emery, carborundum wheel manufac
turing.
Stock yards..........................................
Slaughtermen........................................
Packing houses......................................
Cigar, cigarette manufacturing (by
hand).
Tobacco manufacturing (snuff)............
Wool combing, scouring, carbonizing..
Waterproofing cloth (rubber)...............
2 080
2081
2082
2171
2175
2 2 6 0 ,3
2410
2411
2413
2414
2 430
2431
2 440
2530
2 5 8 0 -2
2583
2600
Laundries.................................................
Dyeing, cleaning.....................................
Fur manufacturing (preparing skins)..
2 610
2620
2621
2622
2623
Degreasing skins......................................
Leather manufacturing (enamel)..........
Morocco dressing.....................................
Leather dressing (n. o. c.)......................
Tanning....................................................
2624
2 940
2941
3083
3084
3085
Curriers............................................. ......
Lead pencil m anufacturing................!.
Crayon manufacturing...........................
Foundries (n. o. c.).................................
Foundries (bell)......................................
Foundries (brass)....................................
3 1 2 0 -2
3302
Razor, cutlery m anufacturing...............
Bedstead manufacturing (m etal)..........
3 3 1 2 ,3
Copper, zinc goods manufacturing (no
smelt ing-rolling).
Lead works—sheet, pipe, shot (no
smelting).
Tin foil m anufacturing...........................
B abbitt metal manufacturing...............
Galvanizing, tinning sheet m etal..........
Oxy-acetylene, electric cutting, welding
Plating......................................................
3334
3335
3337
3 3 6 0 -3
3 3 7 0 ,2
3631
3 640
3641
364 2
3683
3 687
3 688
Infection...............................................
....... do................................................
Heat, dampness, steam, solder................ !
D ust, fatigue.........................................................
D ust...................................................................
Dust, fumes.........................................
Carbon disulphide, sulphur chloride, benzine,
antimony, lead, wood alcohol, naphtha,
mercury.
Waterproofing cloth (not rubber)........ Fum es...................................................................
Textile dyeing, finishing, printing Dyestuffs, potassium cyanide............
(new goods).......................................
Bleacheries............................................
Oilcloth manufacturing.........................
Linoleum, cork carpet manufacturing..
Wool separation....................................
Hat manufacturing (felt)......................
3331
carbon dioxide..................................
D ust......................................................
....... do................................................
....... do...........................................................
....... do...........................................................’ ’
....... do..............................................................
Dust, heat, temperature change........................
Machine shops, with foundry..............
Storage battery manufacturing from
lead plates.
Storage battery manufacturing from
iron, nickel plates.
Dry battery manufacturing...................
Thermometer manufacturing..... .........
Photographic supplies manufacturing .
Photographic films, dry plates..............
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Chlorine, hypochlorites........................................
F umes, lead, irritants...............................
Dust, fumes, lead, irritants..........................
Dust, fumes..........................................................
Mercury, fur dust, steam heat, sheliacj wood
alcohol, grease, carbon monoxide, emery
sandpaper, nitric acid, arsenic, dyestuffs.
Heat, dampness, fatigue, bleaching compounds.
Dyestuffs, benzine, ammonia...................
Lime, arsenic, mercury dyes, fur dust, infec
tion.
Benzine.............................................
Heat, anilins, amyl acetate fumes'
Heat, fumes..........................................................
Heat, fumes, chrome, anilins...................
Lime, lead dust, naphtha, am yl acetate,
chrome, ammonia.
D ust..................................
....... do.........................................
Dust pigm ents.....................................................
Heat, fumes, dust, glare, dam pness..................
Heat, fumes, glare.........................................
Lead poisoning, fumes, heat, dampness, "tern-’
perature, change, dust.
Dust, lead, potassium cyanide...........................
Lead, dust, wood alcohol, benzine, amyl ace
tate.
Copper, arsenic, lead, antimony, zinc............
Lead, arsenic, antim ony.....................................
A d d i
t io n a l
pure
p re
m iu m
fo r oc
cupa
t io n a l
d ise a se .
Cents
4
4
3
2
3
3
1
3
2
2
2
3
2
3
3
1
3
6
3
3
3
9
2
3
8
3
4
4
4
6
4
2
3
4
4
6
4
7
4
20
Lead.......................................................................
Lead, h eat........................................................' ’
Acid fumes......................................
Actinic rays, cyanides..........................................
Lead, mercury, acid, fumes, benzine, potassium
cyanide.
(See Foundries)....................................................
Lead, acid fum es........................................... **’ '
4
18
Fum es....................................................................
2
Dust, fumes, benzol, acids..................................
Mercury.................................................................
Mercury, cyanides, vanadium ............................
Mercury, cyanides, fumes, nitrocellulose..........
4
[388]
4
7
3
4
3
8
3
4
M O N T H L Y R E V IE W OF T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR ST A T IST IC S.
71
EFFECT OF ADDITION OF 1 P E R CENT TO ALL ACCIDENT P U R E PREMIUMS FO R OCCU
PATIONAL DISEASES, BASED ON TOTAL COST OF ACCIDENTS IN MASSACHUSETTS,
JU LY 1, 1912, TO SEPT EM B E R 30, 1913, SHOW ING IN D U STR IA L H E A LT H HAZARDS
INVOLVED IN EACH S P EC IFIED PROCESS—Continued.
Code
num
ber.
4014
4052
4100,10
4111
4113
4131
4133
4150,2,3
4205
4278
4301
4350
4360
4400
4410
4432
4440
4500,2
4510
Industrial health hazards.
Potteries, earthenware manufactur
ing—tiling, gas retorts, sewer pipes.
Earthenware manufacturing—house
hold utensils, art objects.
Glass manufacturing.............................
Bottle manufacturing (no machine
blowing).
Glass manufacturing (cut)....................
Mirror manufacturing (no glass manu
facturing).
Cathedral, art, stained glass manufacfacturing.
Optical goods, eye-glass, glass-eye
manufacturing.
Pulp manufacturing (sulphite)............
Fly paper (no paper m anufacturing)...
Wall paper manufacturing—designing,
printing, etc. (no paper manufactur
ing).
Electrotyping..........................................
Motion picture (film development).
Rubber reclaiming..................................
|R u b b er goods manufacturing................
Celluloid manufacturing........................
Baking powder, soda (bicarbonate)
manufacturing.
Acid manufacturing (n. o. c.)................
Dust, heat, dampness, lead pigments, sulphur.
4554
4557
4558
4560
4561
4580
4590-2
4601
4602
4606
4607
4630
4633
4634
4651,3
4714
4740
4741
4762
4763
18
12
Heat, light, lead, dust of glass, emery, sand
paper.
Heat, light, blowing............................................
6
Lead, dust, hydrofluoric acid..............................
Mercury, acid fumes............................................
6
8
Fumes of turpentine, amyl acetate, wood alco
hol, benzine, lead poisoning, chrome.
Dust, chrome........................................................
3
Lime, sulphuric acid, fumes, moisture, dye
stuffs.
Formaldehyde fum es..........................................
Arsenic, acid fumes, chrome, anilins.................
Lead, arsenic, dust, acids....................................
(See Photography).............................................
Benzine, naphtha, gasoline, carbon disulphide.
(Carbon disulphide,sulphur chloride, lead, naphI tha, benzine, wood alcohol, m ercury, acids.
Nitrocellulose, dust, fumes.................................
Carbon dioxide.....................................................
Fumes, hydrocyanic, hydrochloric, hydro
fluoric, nitric, etc.
Various chemicals...............................................
Fumes, lime..........................................................
Fum es...................................................................
Chlorine, formaldehyde, sulphur, carbolic acid.
Ammonia, benzol, bromin, carbon disulphide,
chlorine, iodine, nitrous gases, carbolic acid,
etc.
Bleaching powder manufacturing.
Chlorine, lime.......................................................
Creosote manufacturing.................
Fum es...................................................................
Camphor manufacturing...............
.......do.....................................................................
White lead manufacturing............
Lead......................................................................
Anilin, alizarin manufacturing__
Wood alcohol, methyl bromide, methyl iodide,
nitrous gases.
Color manufacturing (dry).................... Anilins. ammonia, sulphuretted hydrogen__
Ink manufacturing (printing)............... Pyrogalic acid, tanins.........................................
P aint manufacturing (no lead manu Lead, chrome, antimony, turpentine................
facturing).
W hiting manufacturing....................... . D ust..................................................... ................
Varnish manufacturing......................... Ammonia, wood alcohol, turpentine.................
Fertilizer manufacturing...................... . Bone dust, phosphates, nitric, nitrous, sul
phuric, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, and other
acids, benzine, infection.
Blackings, polishes.................................. Dust, fumes..........................................................
Drug m anufacturing............................... Compounds, alkaloids, etc..................................
Essential oils manufacturing................. Vapors................................................................. .
Perfumery, flavoring m anufacturing... Dimethyl sulphate, essential oils, nitro benzol..
Pharmaceutists....................................... Chemicals and drugs...........................................
Aerated, mineral water manufacturing. Carbon dioxide............................... .....................
Carbonic acid gas manufacturing.......... Fum es...................................................................
Oxygen, hydrogen manufacturing........ Carbon monoxide, chloride of lime....................
Glue, mucilage m anufacturing.............. Fumes, dust, infection........................................
Soap powder m anufacturing................. Chlorine, dust...................... ...............................
Oil refining............................................... Carbon disulphide, fumes..................... ............
Tar manufacturing (no coke oven Phenol, fumes, sulphuric acid............................
operation).
Cartridge manufacturing........................ Brass......................................................................
Acetylene gas tank charging stations, Fum es..................................................................
operation.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cents.
Dust, pigments..... .............................................
4511 Analytical chemists...............................
4520 Alcohol, acetic acid manufacturing.......
4521 Ammonia manufacturing.......................
4523 Disinfectant manufacturing...................
4524 Chemical manufacturing (n. o. c.)........
4527
4528
4530
4551
4553
Addi
tional
pure
pre
mium
for oc
cupa
tional
disease.
[389]
5
6
4
5
15
4
3
4
6
2
2
10
4
2
8
13
12
15
4
3
22
4
4
4
16
4
4
3
2
4
4
4
4
2
10
2
2
2
4
12
4
7
72
MONTHLY EEVIEW OE THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
EFFECT OF ADDITION OF 1 P E R CENT TO ALL ACCIDENT PUR E PREMIUMS FOR OCCU
PATIONAL DISEASES, BASED ON TOTAL COST OF ACCIDENTS IN MASSACHUSETTS,
JU LY 1, 1912, TO S EPT EM B E R 30, 1913, SHOW ING IN D U STR IA L H E A LT H HAZARDS
INVOLVED IN EACH SP E C IF IE D PROCESS—Concluded.
Code
num
ber.
Process.
Industrial health hazards.
5461
Painting, decorating, exterior................ Lead, turpentine, wood alcohol, benzine,
naphtha.
5462 Glaziers (away from shop)..................... Lead..............................................................
5490 Painting,' decorating, interior (away Lead, dust from sandpapering, dampness, turfrom shop).
pentine, wood alcohol, benzine, naphtha.
6250,3 Caisson w ork............................................ Compressed air, carbon dioxide.........................
6254 Subway tunneling................................... Carbon dioxide.....................................................
6300 Sewer building........................................ Carbon dioxide, devitalized air..........................
7206 Towel, etc., distributing........................ Infection..........................................................
7500 Gas works.'................... ........................... Carbon monoxide, cyanides, sulphuretted hydrogen.
Carbon dioxide sulphuretted hydrogen
7585 Sewer cleaning....................................
7590 Garbage works......................................... Infection............................................................
8100,5 Hide, leather dealers...... . .................... .......do..........................
8200 Paper stock, rag dealers.......................... ....... do.....................................................................
8801 Hospital employees................................. .......do.....................................................................
9210 Fumigation of buildings......................... Hydrocyanic acid, formaldehyde and potassium permanganate, sulphur.
9501 Painting, shop only................................ Lead, dust, fumes, dampness ..........................
9502 Sign painting* lettering, interior........... As compared with ordinary painting, less lead
in paint; less turpentine, benzine, naphtha
in paint; little sandpapering; gloves worn.
9504 Enameling (no metal working)............. Lead, dust, heat, arsenic....................................
9541 Sign painting, lettering, exterior........... ( See Sign painting, interior)...............................
9600 Taxidermists . . . . . A ............................... Arsenic, mercury .. ......... ..........................
9620 Undertakers............................................. Formaldehyde ' ..................................................
Addi
tional
pure
pre
mium
for oc
cupa
tional
disease.
Cents.
9
8
14
ID
5
5
2
3
12
2
2
2
2
6
17
9
15
7
6
4
The committee found that the average expense ratio based on the
transactions of the year 1914 was approximately 40 per cent of the
compensation premium income. Inasmuch as both acquisition and
administration expenses necessarily vary in the different compensa
tion states, being a percentage of the gross premium income, the com
mittee recognized that a flat loading for all States would be improper
and inequitable. Accordingly the States were arranged in four
groups, the percentage loading ranging from 35 per cent where the
differential is 1.75 and over to 421 per cent where the differential is
1.25 or less.
In studying catastrophe experience the committee considered cer
tain serious accidents in the United States covering the period 1892
to 1913, inclusive, and assigned approximate values to each fatal
and nonfatai accident using the total thus determined as a basis for
an outside estimate. Assuming that the basic pure premium will
provide for an inherent catastrophe hazard in particular classifica
tions, such as, for example, coal mines, it was recommended that a
loading of 2 cents per $100 pay roll should be added to the gross pre
mium of all classifications in New York and that a loading of 1 per
cent per $100 pay roll should be provided for other States,.
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73
MEMORANDUM ON ACCIDENT REPORTS FROM FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT SHOPS.1
BY H. S. HANNA.
The accident reports from the Government shops, under the Fed
eral Compensation Act, show uniformly what appears to be an exceed
ingly large proportion of injuries terminating in the third week. In
most instances the number reported as terminating in the third week
is greater than the number for the second week. As such a distribu
tion is contrary to all other experience of which there is record where
accidents are fully reported, it has frequently been interpreted as
indicating a practice on the part of injured workers of stretching
short-time disabilities into the third week in order to benefit from
the Compensation Act. The temptation to do so, it is argued, inheres
in the form of the act, which allows no compensation for the first two
weeks of disability but gives full wages for all of the time lost if
the disability extends over 15 days. Thus, an injured worker who
returns to work on or before the 15th day receives no compensation,
whereas if he returns on the 16th day he receives compensation for
the full disability period.
It is the contention in this article that, whatever may be the truth
regarding the practice of malingering, the figures cited do not in any
way establish its existence; that the excessive proportion of injuries
reported as terminating in the third week, as well as other peculiari
ties in their distribution, can be much more logically explained on
the ground that there is a gross deficiency in the accident reports for
short-time disabilities. The reasons for this contention are briefly
as follows.
The distribution of disabilities in the Government shops, according
to week of termination, is shown by numbers in Table 1 and by per
centages in Table 2. There are also shown the corresponding data
for the iron and steel industry and the machine budding industry.
The information for these two industries was obtained in the course
of current investigations of 'the Bureau of Labor Statistics. There
is reason to believe that the data obtained are substantially accurate.
Any error that may exist would be chiefly the result of failure to
obtain full reports for the very short time disabilities and would thus
show the accidents for the early weeks, principally the first week,
as smaller than they should be.
A study of the data of these tables shows some striking facts.
First, it will be noted that the percentage of injuries terminating
in both the first and second weeks is very much smaller for the
1 The Government shop data used as a basis for this discussion are from the tabulations made by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics for its study, now in preparation, of Accidents and Accident Prevention in the
Machine Building Industry. Similar tabulations are given in Bulletin No. 155 (report on operation of
the Federal Compensation Act) but the form of tabulation there used does not permit of easy comparison
with other industries.
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Government shops than for the steel or machine building nidustries. Thus, taking the experience of the navy yards for 1914 as
fairly representative of all the Government shop experience as
reported, it appears that only 38 per cent of all reported injuries
terminated in the first two weeks, whereas in the steel and machine
building nidus tries the percentages were, respectively, 74 per cent
and 81 per cent. Nor is this the only striking peculiarity. For
injuries terminating in the sixth week and later the navy yards
show a percentage of 19 as against 6 and 5, respectively, in the steel
and machine building industries.
These comparisons themselves would indicate probable error in
the reports for the Government shops. The probability becomes
even stronger when the comparisons are based upon the accident
reports for the third week and over, all those for the first and second
weeks being excluded. This is done in Table 3. It is then seen that
when the first two weeks are excluded the experience of the Gov
ernment shops is substantially the same as that of the steel and
machine building industries. Particularly, it may be noted that
the excessive percentage of Government shop disabilities termmat
ing in the sixth week and over disappears, becoming 30 as against
25 and 27, respectively, for the steel and machine building industries.
This substantial harmony in the distribution of disability periods
for three distinct industrial groups is a strong argument for the
basic accuracy of such distribution. If so, there is nothing abnormal
in the percentages for the Government shops for injuries terminat
ing in the third and later weeks. For the short-time disabilities,
however, the distribution for the Government shops is so abnormal
that it seems impossible to explain it except on the ground of ex
tremely faulty reporting.
The comparisons so far made have been in the form of percent
ages. If, in place of percentages, accident frequency rates are
used the conclusion as to the incompleteness of reporting becomes
even more evident. Table 4 shows the accident rates distributed
by week of the termination of disability. Thus, the total accident
rate for navy yards, 1914, was 112 per 1,000 300-day workers. Of
these 112 accidents per 1,000 workers, 33 caused disability of less
than a week, 9 caused disability of between one and two weeks,
and so on. Rates of the same character are shown for the steel and
machine building industries.
Comparing the data in the last three columns of the table, the
most striking fact is, that for disabilities terminating in the third
and later weeks, the accident rates in the navy yards are practically
the same as those for the steel industry, the respective rates being:
For the third week, 24 against 29; for the fourth week, 16 against 16;
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75
for the fifth week, 9 against 12; and for the sixth and later weeks, 21
against 19. This close harmony of experience for the third and later
weeks would suggest, with a reasonable degree of conclusiveness,
that the true accident hazard in Government shops is about the same
as in the iroiy and steel industry. If this is so, then there should
be a similar harmony in accident rates for the first and second
weeks, inasmuch as there is nothing in the character of the work
in the Government shops to warrant radical departure from the ex
perience of other industries. Examination of the accident rates for
the first and second weeks, however, show extraordinary lack of har
mony. For the first week the accident rate in navy yards for 1914
was only 33, according to the reports, as against 152 in the steel
industry and in the second week only 9 as against 68.
Inasmuch as it is known that the accident rates of the steel industry
err, if at all, in the direction of being too low for the early weeks, the
conclusion seems clear that the rates as shown for the navy yards (as
also for the arsenals) are entirely too low, an error that could only be
explained by failure to report short-time disabilities in full. Estimat
ing the true situation from the data of the table, it would appear that
perhaps as many as three-fifths of the minor accidents in Government
shops are not reported.
The above argument would seem to establish the fact that the pecu
liarities in the accident reports from Government shops are explainable
on the ground of faulty reporting. Moreover, as regards the specific
charge of malingering, the following point may be emphasized: If the
practice of stretching disabilities from the first and second week to the
third week (in order to benefit from the Compensation Act) existed in
any considerable degree, whether from actual malingering or in the
administration of the law, the accident rate for the third week would
necessarily show an undue swelling as compared with rates for the other
weeks. The data in Table 4, however, show no indication of this.
For the navy yards, 1914, the rate for the third week is 24 and the high
est rate in any of the years and shops listed is 28, as against a rate
of 29 for the steel industry. In other words, the Government shops,
as a whole, show slightly lower rates for the third week than does the
steel industry. Similar comparison can not be made directly with
the machine building industry, inasmuch as the total hazard for
machine building is so much lower than for the steel industry. It
may be noted, however, that the machine building rate for the third
week is, in proportion to its lower total rate, not very different from
the corresponding rate for the steel industry. Thus if the total rate
for machine building (103) is raised to a level with the total of the steel
industry (296) then the machine building rate for the third week
would be approximately 22, which is but slightly lower than the navy
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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
yard rate for 1914 and is higher than the Government shop rates in
three of the six years listed.
ACCIDENT R E PO R T S IN GOVERNMENT SHOPS AND IN TH E IN D U STR IES OF IRON
AND STEEL AND MACHINE BUILDING.
Government shops.
Week in which disability
terminated.
Arsenals.
1912
1914
1913
Iron and Machine
building.
steel
(1912).
(1910).
Navy yards.
1912
1913
1914
T able 1.—N u m b e r o f D isabilities T e rm in a tin g in Specified Week.
First week......................................
Second week...................................
Third week.....................................
Fourth week...................................
Fifth week......................................
Sixth week and later.....................
89
27
57
57
15
55
138
26
69
52
24
36
197
46
S9
61
19
57
Total......................................
300
345
469
535
153 •
339
257
129
320
1,733
534
136
432
271
125
304
501
140
362
240
132
321
9,889
4,433
1,915
1,014
807
1,251
7,680
2,048
869
512
272
621
1,802
1,696
19,309
12,002
30
51
23
64
17
7
4
Table 2.—P ercentages.
First week......................................
Second week..................................
Third week.....................................
Fourth week..................................
Fifth week......................................
Sixth week and later.....................
30
9
19
19
5
18
40
42
15
7
19
13
4
10
12
15
7
18
24
15
7
17
T o tal....................................
100
100
100
100
101
8
20
10
31
9
20
30
8
8
21
10
14
5
4
8
19
2
5
6
100
100
~
100
Table 3.—P ercentages (E xcluding A ll Under th e T h ird W eek).
Third week.....................................
Fourth week...................................
Fifth week......................................
Sixth week and later.....................
31
31
T otal.....................................
100
8
30
38
. 29
13
39
27
32
25
20
25
31
27
34
23
13
30
100
100
100
100
100
8
12
38
24
11
39
20
38
23
16
25
100
100
33
9
24
16
9
152
66
12
27
T able 4.—A ccid en t F requency R ates (per 1,000 300-Day W orkers).
First week......................................
Second week...................................
Third week.....................................
Fourth week...................................
Fifth week......................................
Sixth week and later.....................
22
T otal.....................................
Number 300-day workers..............
75
3,992
7
14
14
4
14
35
7
18
13
9
88
34
10
10
22
19
13
4
6
3,950
43
12
101
4, 612
17
8
21
112
15,608
35
9
28
18
68
29
16
12
18
8
4
8
20
21
19
5
2
118
15,226
15,094
112
296
65,147
103
115,703
CONFERENCE OF STATE MINE INSPECTORS.
A conference of State mine inspectors and representatives of
industrial compensation commissions, which was the result of an
invitation issued by the Secretary of the Interior to the governors
of the various States, was held in Washington, D. C., February 24
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77
and 25. There were 30 State and Federal officials present in addi
tion to a number of representatives of insurance organizations, and
others interested in the matter of safety as related to industrial
plants.
The meeting was an enthusiastic one and those present showed
the spirit of cooperation, all apparently being in agreement as to the
necessity of standardizing all data relating to the reporting of acci
dents, and their classification. One of the principal objects of the
meeting was to bring about a cooperative arrangement between the
various State organizations and Federal bureaus interested in the
collection of statistics relating to the mining industry.
With the view of simplifying the collection of statistics and at the
same time relieving the operator from rendering so many reports, it
was the consensus of opinion that data should be so collected by the
State organization as to be sufficient for all purposes. It was the
purpose of this meeting so to standardize and broaden the collection
of data as to include in one report sufficient information for the
State mine inspector, the industrial compensation commission, and
Federal bureaus.
The question of the calendar year was brought up and all agreed
that the calendar year should be adopted in preference to any fiscal
year, and the representatives of the States where the fiscal year is at
variance with the calendar year pledged themselves to do all they
could to bring about legislation to have the calendar year adopted.
One of the arguments in favor of the calendar year was that with the
enactment of the Federal income tax law a report under oath was
required of the exact financial condition of the company on the 31st
of December. This law, being Federal, applies to all of the States,
and is an important argument in favor of the calendar year.
The principal question discussed at the meeting was the matter
of standard forms for recording and publishing matter relating to
mine equipment, labor, and accidents. For information relative to
mine equipment the form should call for a directory of mines in actual
operation during a calendar year; data relating to power equipment;
ventilating equipment; mining methods; and haulage systems.
With reference to accidents, standard forms for the reporting of
fatal and nonfatal accidents were discussed, to be so drawn that suffi
cient information would be available for anyone interested in the
study of accidents. The forms proposed were applicable not only to
coal and metal mines, but to metallurgical plants, quarries, and coke
ovens.
The result of the meeting was the appointment of a committee to
prepare an official report of the proceedings, which will be published
by the Bureau of Mines as a bulletin and will contain copies of all of
the standard forms as agreed to at the meeting or revised by the
committee.
32602°—16-----6
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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
The coal-mining industry is represented on this committee by
James E. Roderick, chairman, chief, department of mines, Harris
burg, Pa., and James Dalrymple, chief inspector of mines, Denver, Colo.
The metal-mining industry is represented by George II. Bolin, State
mine inspector, Phoenix, Ariz.; and W. B. Orem, State metal-mine
inspector, Helena, Mont. The other members of the committee are
L. W. Hatch, chief statistician, New York Industrial Commission,
Albany, N. Y.; John Bohlander, president, Illinois State mining
board, Pekin, 111.; and Albert II. Fay, mining engineer, Bureau of
Mines, as secretary of the committee.
There was a formal discussion concerning the standardization of
mining laws and regulations as relating to safety in coal mines, the
point being made that the miners are migratory and in going from
one State to another a different set of laws, rules, and regulations is
encountered, with which they are not necessarily familiar. It was
agreed that the Bureau of Mines should draft a standard set of rules
and regulations for coal mines, similar to that prepared by the bureau
relating to metal mines and published as its Bulletin No. 75.
Another subject discussed was the adoption of certain universal
danger signals, so that a miner from one State would meet the same
type of signals in a mine in another State, and at once recognize its
meaning.
WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION IN SOUTH AMERICA.
A few years ago the statement was frequently made that in the
progressive industrial countries of Europe more adequate provision
for redress for industrial injuries was being made than in the United
States. Later it was said that even the less progressive countries
were taking precedence in this respect; and while a majority of the
States of the Union have now adopted the principle of compensation
in lieu of that of liability, this country is not yet able to boast of
any superiority as compared with others, some of them even of slight
industrial development.
The latest countries to adopt the principle of workmen’s compensa
tion, of which the bureau has knowledge, are Argentina and Colombia.
The former country passed an act dated September 27, 1915, estab
lishing workmen’s compensation and including in its scope factories,
workshops, and industrial establishments in which any power other
than human power is used for the work, and also forest and agricul
tural industries in which mechanical motive power is used. Trans
portation, mining, quarrying, and building work are mentioned,
while the list may be extended to other industries or undertakings
by the executive authority. All employees are covered whose annual
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79
wages do not exceed ISjOOO.1 No responsibility exists where the
accident was intentionally caused by the injured person, or resulted
exclusively from his serious fault; so also when the accident was due
to force majeure not connected with the work. The employer must
furnish medicines and medical treatment until recovery, death, or
a determination of permanent disability, unless the employee declines
the provision offered. To entitle to compensation the disability must
continue for more than six days. The compensation includes burial
expenses not exceeding $100, and a benefit equal to a thousand days’
wages, but not more than $6,000. This benefit is payable either in
case of death or for permanent total disability. For permanent
partial disability the compensation is to be 1,000 times the amount
of the reduction of the daily wages due to the injury; while for tem
porary total disability half the daily wage is to be paid until the
injured person is able to return to work. After the lapse of one year,
if such total incapacity still exists, it is to be considered as permanent
and so compensated, the first year’s payment being considered as
part of the total award. Employers may insure their liability under
the act, but must not reduce the amount of the benefits provided in
it. The executive power issues regulations and is to schedule injuries
to be considered as total and partial disablements. Nonresident alien
dependents are excluded from benefits.
Industrial diseases are compensated subject to proof of having
originated exclusively from the class of work carried on by the victim
during the year previous to his incapacity.
Administration and enforcement provisions are added, and com
pensation payments are exempted from execution, assignment, etc.
Another enactment bearing date of June 18, 1913, is applicable only
to employment on public works. The provisions of this act for
death and for permanent total disability are the same as in the later
law above described. For permanent partial disability compensa
tion is to be awarded according to the degree of incapacity, and a
schedule of specific percentages is established ranging from 60 per
cent of total disability for the loss of a right arm or hand, 50 per cent
for the loss of a left arm or hand or of a leg or foot, 25 per cent for
the total loss of an eye, and on downward for various fingers, the
lowest rate being reached in a rate of 5 per cent for the loss of the
great toe and 3 per cent for the loss of any other toe. No reference
is made to industrial diseases in this act.
The statute of Colombia bears date of November 15, 1915, and is
compulsory in its effect, being applicable to public lighting plants,
waterworks, railways and street cars, breweries and distilleries,
building and masonry work where more than 15 workmen are emlAmounts are stated in Argentina paper currency of a value of approximately 44 cents on the dollar.
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ployed, mines and quarries, large boats, Government works, and
manufacturing plants using mechanical power. The law of Colom
bia is less liberal than that of Argentina in respect to the cases ex
cluded on account of fault, imprudence, and voluntary causative act
of the injured person. There are four classes of compensation: For
temporary incapacity, for which there must be payment of twothirds of the wages for its duration; for permanent partial incapacity,
calling for the payment of full wages for periods ranging from 90 to
140 days, according to its extent; for permanent total incapacity,
calling for the payment of one year’s wages; and for death within 60
days following the accident, calling for a payment of one year’s wages
to the heirs. In every case medical attendance is to be furnished at
the employer’s cost. Employers having less than $1,0001capital are
not required to pay compensation, but must furnish the prescribed
medical attendance. Insurance of the prescribed obligations is
authorized.
WAGES OF MINERS IN GERMANY DURING THE FIRST YEAR
OF THE WAR.2
According to statistics recently published by the Prussian superior
mine offices the average wages per shift paid to coal miners during the
first four quarterly periods after the outbreak of the war were as fol
lows :
WAGES P E R SH IFT OF COAL MINERS IN GERMANY, 1914 AND 1915.
1914
1915
District.
Upper Silesia..........................................
Lower Silesia . .................................
Ruhr district......................................
Saar district (State mines)...............................
Aix la Chapelle district......................................
Left Lower Rhine district...............................
Third
quarter.
Fourth
quarter.
First
quarter.
SO. 869
.828
1.242
1.052
1.142
1.307
$0. 814
.807
1.197
$0.857
.812
1.233
1.004
1.114
1.278
1.012
1.095
1.271
Second
quarter.
$0.902
.857
1.283
1.026
1.138
1.349
From the above table it is evident that during the second half
of 1914, i. e., during the period in which, on account of the outbreak
of the war, the increase of the cost of living was largest, the wages
of coal miners decreased. The miners’ federations made represen
tations to the minister of commerce which resulted in pressure being
brought to bear on the mine owners to increase the shift wages of
their workmen, and in the second quarter of 1915 small increases
were granted, in all mines. In the State mines, however, the average
1 The Colombian gold dollar lias the same value as that of the United States; the paper dollar, just above
95 cents.
2 Die Entlohnung der Bergarbeiter im ersten Kriegsjahre in Soziale Praxis und Archiv für Volkswohl
fahrt. Berlin, 1915, Vol. XXV, No. 4, Oct. 28, 1915, p. 89.
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81
wage paid during the second quarter of 1915 is still below that paid
during the corresponding quarter of 1914.
In considering the average wages shown here it should not be
forgotten that the character of the working force in the coal mines
has changed since the beginning of the war. Large numbers of coal
miners were called to military duty and unskilled juvenile and female
workers took their places, which naturally decreased the average
working efficiency, a fact which became evident in the earnings of
contract workers paid on a tonnage basis. The wages of miners
proper, i. e., miners and apprentice miners working below ground,
show larger increases than those of unskilled workers.
The average daily wages for the individual classes of mine workers
during the second quarter of 1914 and of 1915 are shown in the table
following:
AVERAGE DAILY WAGES OF MINE W ORKERS IN GERMANY DURING THE SECOND
QUARTER OF 1914 AND OF 1915.
Average daily wages of—
District.
Other work Workmen em
Miners proper. men employed ployed above Male juvenile F emale work
workers.
ers.
below ground.
ground.
1914
Upper Silesia............................
Lower Silesia.............................
Ruhr district....................
Saar district (State mines)___
Aix la Chapelle district............
Left Lower Rhine d istrict...'..
1915
1914
1915
1914
1915
1914
1915
1914
$1.159 51,257 $0.840 50.909 $0. 771 80.838 80. 295 80. 336 $0.309
.935
.978
.830
.871
.754
.802 .319
.359
.412
1.473 1.585 1. 075 1.116 1.040 1.100
.343
.393
1.209 1.209
.983
.981
.916
.933
.340
.367
1.292 1.342 1.031 1.061
.981 1.026
.390
.400
1.461 1.552 1. 188 1.216 1.050 1.109
.376
.376
1915
80.343
.431
RESTRICTIONS ON THE OUTPUT OF TEXTILE ESTABLISH
MENTS IN GERMANY.
According to the Reichs-Arbeitsblatt (November, 1915), the great
shortage of raw materials for textile manufacture in Geimany caused
the Federal Council to enact measures limiting the output of textile
establishments. A decree of November 7, 1915, provides that in
industrial establishments in which yarns, threads, fabrics, plaited
or knit goods, cordage, machine lace, wadding, or felt are entirely or
partially manufactured from cotton, wool, shoddy, flax, jute, ramie,
hemp, or other cordage fibers, workmen may be employed only dur
ing a maximum of five days per week, while the daily hours of labor
may not exceed the average daily hours of labor current during
June, 1915, and may in no instance be in excess of 10 hours per day
exclusive of rest periods. The central State authorities, if they so
desire, may place further limitations upon the daily hours of work and
the number of days per week in establishments of the kind indicated.
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For infractions of the decree by employers, fines are authorized up to
1,500 marks ($357) or imprisonment up to three months.
An article in Soziale Praxis (Berlin), of November 11, 1915, notes
that these restrictions are working great hardship on the textile
workers, inasmuch as in normal times their wages are generally con
siderably lower than those of workers in other industries. Weekly
wages of from 7 to 10 marks ($1.67 to $2.38) for female workers, and
from 14 to 15 marks ($3.33 to $3.57) for male workers represent the
average wages paid in some important textile districts.
These wages in normal times, it is claimed, are hardly sufficient for
a bare existence at a minimum standard of living, while few of the
workers can manage to make any savings. Their present lessened
earnings, having regard for the prevailing high cost of living, have con
sequently made their condition so precarious that numerous munici
palities have been compelled to give them pecuniary unemployment
aid; hut as municipal aid was in frequent instances lacking or insuffi
cient, the Federal States have proposed ameliorating measures. A
Government committee has been formed to deal with the problem in
Saxony and also in Bavaria and some of its districts. In Bavaria it is
proposed to give aid to all unemployed and part-time workers
through the municipalities and district towns. Two-thirds of the
required fund are to be raised by the Empire and State while employ
ers have promised to contribute one-sixth and the municipalities
themselves are to raise the remaining one-sixth.
In Baden, Bavaria, and Saxony recent reports indicate that
textile workers are now receiving adequate assistance, while some
difficulty has been encountered in the matter in Prussia. In Silesia,
Prussia, it is reported that the problem is being met by establishing
sewing rooms and distributing work to be done at home.
MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY OF ITALIAN IRON AND STEEL
WORKERS.
Based on statistics of the morbidity and mortality of the working
force of an iron and steel company (s o c i e t a s i d e r u r g i c a ) of Savona,
Italy, during the two decades 1894-1913, Dr. A. P e ri1has made an in=
teresting contribution to the study of the hygiene of iron and steel
workers. After 15 years of medical practice, especially among iron
and steel workers in the large industrial center, Sestri Ponente, the
author has come to the conclusion that the iron and steel industry is
a comparatively healthful one, as shown by the longevity of the great
majority of the workers and their resistance to infection in general,
particularly tuberculosis.
1La patologia professionale degli operai siderurgici, Dr. A. Peri in Bollettino dell’ Ufficio del Lavoro
(semimonthly issue): Rome, 1915, Vol. I l l , No. 20, Oct. 10, p. 250.
'
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The author makes a study of 23,887 diagnoses collected between
1894 and 1913 by the workers’ aid fund in the establishment at
Savona. He attributes only a relative value to these diagnoses, as
they could not subsequently be confirmed or modified by the physi
cians who had entered them in the register on the first day of sick
ness. Moreover, it is only since 1904 that the total number of
workmen employed in the establishment is known for each year, so
that the- rate of morbidity and of mortality can only be determined
for the last decade.
During the 20-year period under review, the annual average num
ber of cases of sickness was 1,194, and that of deaths 8. The lowest
morbidity, with 300 cases of sickness, was established for 1894 and the
highest, with 2,028 cases of sickness, for 1909. The death rate was
lowest in 1897 (2 deaths) and highest in 1913 (18 deaths). The death
rate per 100 sick workmen was lowest in 1897 and 1899 (0.3 per cent)
and highest in 1896 (1.2 per cent), while the average rate was 0.6 per
cent. During the second decade the death rate computed per 100
workmen varied between 0.1 in 1906 and 1908 and 0.5 in 1904 and
1913, the average being 0.3.
The rate of morbidity for the last decade varied between 41 per 100
workmen in 1905 and 64.2 in 1907, the average rate for the decade
being 53.4. The morbidity risk is, therefore, rather high, as more
than half of the employed workmen were taken sick each year. If,
however, the combined case§ of sickness are examined, it is found that
the most frequently observed cases are not of a serious character.
Iron and steel workers must possess physical qualities and special
aptitude not always required for other occupations. They must be
of robust constitution, have considerable development of the muscles,
and sufficient organic resistance to be able to perform fatiguing
tasks in overheated surroundings. Normal visual and aural capacity
is required. Those employed in rolling mills must, moreover, possess
great agility in their movements, a true eye, and promptness in action.
The author calls attention to the frequent cases of malnutrition
observed in these workers after several years of employment. Steel
workers, especially, are often found to suffer from excessive corpulency
and obesity; cases of chronic articular and muscular rheumatism,
gout, vitiated metabolism, and diabetes are quite frequent.
The heavy tools and working materials produce occupational
stigmata on the tissues, especially on the epidermis of the palm of the
hand and the inside of the fingers, such as bursæ, tenosynovitis (com
bined inflamation of a tendon and of its sheath), etc., and in the case
of old iron and steel workers, even incomplete extension of the fingers,
which gives to the hand a clawlike appearance.
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Acute carbon-monoxide poisonings, which sometimes result in
death, are frequent among blast furnace workers, but very rare
among workers in the other departments, only a few cases having
occurred among attendants of gas generators in the steelworks.
Cases of neuralgia and lumbago are also frequent, which the author
ascribes to the predisposition of individuals with vitiated metabolism
to the influences of the rapid changes of temperature. Cases of
influenza are also numerous. Under this diagnosis are included
several forms of fever with vague pains, especially in the loins, which
some physicians diagnose as so-called rheumatic fever.
Cases of hernia are more frequently found among iron and steel
workers than among workers in other industries.
The rate of infectious diseases, especially tuberculosis in its various
forms, is very low, only 11.3 per 1,000 of all cases being cases of
tuberculosis of the lungs. The diseases of the digestive system show
a rate of 259.9 per 1,000 cases of sickness.
To throw further light on the forms, of sickness characteristic of
iron and steelworkers, the author concludes, would require a medical
examination of the workers.
EIGHT-HOUR LAW IN URUGUAY.
The Diario Oficial de la Republica Oriental del Uruguay, volume
41, No. 2971, published the text of an eight-hour law enacted on
November 17, 1915, and becoming effective three months from the
date of publication.
The act makes it an offense for any person to work more than
eight hours per day in any factory, workshop, shipyard, stoneyard,
and earthworks or in harbors, on coasts or on rivers, or as clerks and
laborers in industrial or commercial establishments, in railroad and
street railway service, in loading and unloading ships, and in all
occupations similar to those mentioned, as well as on public works.
The executive authority may permit an extension of the hours in
exceptional cases, but in no case may the hours of actual labor exceed
48 for each six days’ labor.
Daily rest periods are to be determined by the executive authority
according to the needs of each industry.
No person employed the full legal hours in an establishment is
permitted to be employed in any other establishment, but a person
employed in one establishment for only a portion of the hours named
may do additional work for another employer up to eight hours per
day altogether.
Both the employer and the employee are subject to penalties for
violations of the law in regard to overtime work, and the employer
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is required to furnish all necessary information in that connection
demanded by the labor inspectors, and becomes liable to penalties
for refusing to give such information or for any obstruction in the
exercise of the inspector’s duties.
I or the enforcement of the law 25 special inspectors are provided,
and placed under the supervision of the Treasury Department. The
law provides that the inspectors shall receive 1,800 pesos ($1,861)
each a year if employed in Montevideo, and 900 pesos ($1,003) if
employed elsewhere.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF
UNEMPLOYMENT AND OF ITS NATIONAL SECTIONS.
lhe International Association on Unemployment was organized in
1910 as a result of the joint efforts of numerous specialists and experts
in the field of unemployment, students of the problem representing
both employers and employees, municipal administrative officers and
others dealing with problems of unemployment and their relief. The
way may be said to have been prepared, however, for such an organiza
tion by the congress which had been held at Milan, Italy, in 1906,1 as
a part of a general international exposition. The International Con
gress of 1906 was called together by the Milan welfare society, Uman
itaria. lh e congress of 1910, known as the Second International
Congress on Unemployment—that of 1906 being known as the first—
was called as a result of the efforts of a committee which met in
Paris in 1909, composed very largely of representatives from Belgium,
France, and Germany, university professors and official adminis
trators, who were interested in the subject of unemployment. This
committee perfected an international committee which organized
the congress and prepared its program. The proceedings and papers
of the congress were published in 1911.2
As stated in the by-laws which were drafted and adopted at the
1910 congress at Paris, the object of the association is to coordinate
all efforts made in different countries to combat unemployment.
Among the methods adopted to realize this purpose there may be
noted the following: (1) The organization of a permanent inter
national office to centralize, classify, and hold at the disposition of
those interested, the documents relating to the various aspects of the
struggle against unemployment in different countries; (2) the organiza
tion of periodical international meetings, either public or private;
(3) the organization of special studies on certain aspects of the
problem of unemployment and the answering of inquiries on these
1Le Chômage, publié sous les auspices de la Società Umanitaria. Paris, 1907.
2Compte-rendu de la Conférence Internationale du Chômage. Internationale
273, [1] pp.
Konfernz über Arbeitelosigkeit. International Conference on Unemployment. Paris, 18-21 septembre, 1910. Paris, 1911.
3 vols.
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matters; (4) the publication of essays and of a journal on unemploy
ment ; (5) negotiations with private institutions or the public authori
ties of each country with the object of advancing legislation on unem
ployment and obtaining comparable statistics and possibly agree
ments or treaties concerning matters of unemployment.
The membership consists of those attending the international con
gress of 1910, and those subsequently elected by the administrative
committee.
The association is directed by a committee whose members are
elected by the members of each of the national sections of the asso
ciation. Each national association counting at least 10 members is
entitled to one delegate on this committee and to one additional
delegate for every 25 additional members, but not exceeding seven
delegates in all. This committee appoints the executive officers of
the international association, consisting of a president, vice presi
dent, secretary, assistant secretary and treasurer, who are ex officio
members of this committee. The committee and officers remain in
office from one congress to another and may be reelected.
It is the purpose of the International Association on Unemploy
ment to cooperate with the Permanent International Committee on
Social Insurance and with the International Association for Labor
Legislation, and eventually with all societies of similar aim. The
right of representation at the periodical congresses of the association,
on the committee, and possibly among the officers of the association,
may be granted to these cooperating associations. It is proposed to
cooperate with these associations also in the holding of meetings and
perhaps to collaborate with them in the issue of certain publications.
In actual practice it has worked out in some instances that the
national sections of the International Association for Labor Legisla
tion or of the Permanent International Committee on Social Insurance
form likewise the national section of the International Association on
Unemployment.
The first committee of the international association was chosen at
the congress of 1910, which met in Paris and consisted of representa
tives from the following countries: France 4, Great Britain 4, Ger
many 4, Belgium 4, Switzerland 3, Holland 3, United States 3,
Austria 2, Hungary 2, Italy 3, Sweden 1, Denmark 1, Russia, 1, Fin
land 1, Spain 1, Norway 1, Luxemburg 1, Australia 1, and Argen
tina 1.
The first general meeting of the association was héld at Ghent,
September 3 to 6, 1913. I t is sometimes known as the Third Inter
national Congress on Unemployment, as it was in reality a continu
ation of the first one at Milan in 1906 and the second one at Paris
in 1910. No congress has since been held. The international com
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mittee, the directing body of the association, however, held an inter
national conference from September 6 to 9, 1912, at Zurich, Switzer
land, as part of a so-called “ social week/’ during which time there
were in session at that place the International Association for Labor
Legislation, the Second International Congress on Home Work, and
the Third International Conference on Social Insurance.
The list of the publications of the international association and
of its national sections, which follows, is in the nature of an annotated
bibliography and has been cast into library cataloging form. Since
the outbreak of the war, issues of periodicals of the international
association and its national sections have been somewhat irregular
in their appearance, while the bulletin of the international associ
ation has ceased to appear.
In te r n a tio n a l A sso c ia tio n o n U n e m p lo ym en t. B u ll e ti n trim estriel de V A s so c ia tio n in te r
n a tio n a le p o u r la lu tte contre le chômage. Q u arterly J o u r n a l o f the In te r n a tio n a l
A sso c ia tio n o n U n e m p lo ym en t.
Vierteljahreshefte der In te r n a tio n a le n V erein ig u n g
z u r B e k a m p fu n g der A rb e itslo sig k eit. R édacteur en chef, M a x L a za rd , 84 , rue de
B a b ylo n e, P a ris. A n n é e 1 to date. 1911 to date. P a ris, 1911 to date.
T he first issue of th e b u lletin appeared for th e th ird quarter of 1911. I t is devoted
prim arily to insurance against unem ploym ent. B ulletin No. 2, for th e la s t q u arter
of 1911, relates particularly to em ploym ent offices, th e ir history and operations.
No. 1, 2 (consolidated issue) of 1912 is devoted to unem ploym ent in its relation to
th e em ploym ent of children; No. 3, to unem ploym ent and th e m ovem ent of labor, and
th e placing of agricultural laborers; No. 4, to proceedings of th e th ird m eeting of
th e international com m ittee on unem ploym ent.
No. 1 of 1913 is devoted to unem ploym ent relief p rin cip ally ; No. 2, to statistics of
unem ploym ent; No. 3, to in ternational in q u iry relativ e to th e work of em ploym ent
offices; No. 4, to unem ploym ent and th e m ovem ent of labor.
Nos. 1 and 2 of 1914 are devoted to a report of th e proceedings of th e general m eet
ing of the association at G hent, Septem ber 5 and 6, 1913; No. 2 also contains reports
on unem ploym ent insurance and on pu b lic works in th e ir relation to unem ploym ent.
[A le tte r to this B ureau from th e editor states th a t th e b u lletin will not appear
during th e war.]
■
--------- S ta tu ts — s ta tu te n —sta tu tes.
G hent, 1910.
[10] p p .
Contains th e by-laws of th e In tern atio n al Association on U nem ploym ent, prin ted
in French, G erman, and English, together w ith a list of th e m em bers of th e first
international com m ittee and its officers.
--------- S t a tu t s —sta tu te n —sta tu te s. [G hent, 1911.] 114 p p .
Contains th e by-law s of th e in tern atio n al association, p rin ted in F rench, German,
and English, also a list of th e m em bers of th e in tern atio n al and n ational com m ittees
and th eir officers, together w ith a list of th e founders of th e association.
---------G eneral m e etin g , G hent, 1913.
ber, 1913.
[G hent, 1913.]
F ir s t general m e e tin g ____ G hent, 3 -6 .
[30] p p .
S e p te m
T his pam phlet is issued in French, G erman, English, and D u tch and contains
th e announcem ent of th e general m eeting of th e association to be h eld a t G hent,
B elgium , Septem ber 3-6, 1913; also a list of th e executive officers of th e association,
a list of th e m em bers of th e in tern atio n al com m ittee, and a statem ent of th e general
subjects to be discussed at th e m eeting. T he by-law s of th e association are ap pended.
—------G eneral m eetin g , G hent, 1913. R a p p o rts. P a ris, 1913, 1914. 4 v.
■ ---------------- P ro ces-verbaux des r é u n io n s et d o cu m en ts annexes. P a ris, 1914. 204 p p .
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I n te r n a tio n a l A sso c ia tio n o n U n e m p lo y m e n t. S u p p le m e n t a u x procès-verbaux des ré
u n io n s . R a p p o r t de M . E d o u a rd F a s te r su r V A ssurance-chôm age. P a ris, 1914.
36 p p .
T he R a p p o r ts are four in num ber and have also been published in th e issues of
th e quarterly b u lletin of th e association. T he first is a prelim in ary report on in te r
national unem ploym ent statistics, prepared for th e use of th e joint conference, at
Zurich, Septem ber 9, 1912, of th e special com m ittees appointed b y th e In ternational
S tatistical In stitu te and th e In tern atio n al Association on U nem ploym ent. I t was
prepared b y Louis Variez. I t contains, also, schedules used b y various official
bodies in different countries engaged in collecting unem ploym ent statistics. The
second contains th e result of th e in tern atio n al in q u iry into unem ploym ent offices,
th eir organization and statistics of operations; th e th ird is th e report of th e inves
tigations in different countries on th e relation of unem ploym ent and th e m obility
of m igratory seasonal labor; and th e fourth treats of unem ploym ent insurance, and
unem ploym ent in its relations to pub lic works, th e ir organization and execution.
T he P ro cès-verbaux are th e proceedings of th e m eeting of 1913 a t G hent and contain
th e te x t of all resolutions passed, these appearing in F rench, English, and German.
T he supplem ent to th e proceedings is a report on unem ploym ent insurance. In
th e resolutions of th e general m eeting Mr. F uster was asked to continue his in v e s ti
gations on th e subject.
--------- I n te r n a tio n a l co m m ittee.
[M iscellaneous p a m p h le ts.] G hent, 1912.
(1) R a p
p o r t général ,
. . A g e n d a de la séance, 1912. (2) R a p p o r t p ré lim in a ire su r
la sta tistiq u e in te rn a tio n a le d u chôm age, p a r L . Variez, 1912.
(3 ) R a p p o r t su r
La m atière de la b ibliographie d u chômage, p a r M M rs . S za b o , V a riez, 1912. (4) R a p
p o r t de M . W . F . T reub . . . su r V in flu en c e que p e u t exercer su r le chômage le
■mode P exécu tio n des tra v a u x p u b lic s, 1912. (5) R a p p o r t su r le chômage et des m ig ra
tio n s in te rn a tio n a le s de trava illeu rs
.
. . par I.
F erenczi, 1912. ( 6 ) R a p
p o rt . . . r e la tif à la sta tistiq u e in te rn a tio n a le d u p la cem en t, 1912.
These six unnum bered pam phlets, issued b y th e in tern atio n al com m ittee w hich
acts as a governing body of th e In tern atio n al Association on U nem ploym ent, contain
th e sum m aries of th e reports m ade to th e intern atio n al com m ittee w hich m et at
Zurich, Sw itzerland, S eptem ber 6-9, 1912. As arranged, w hen bound in one
volume, No. 1 contains a report of th e work of th e com m ittee and th e program for its
m eeting of 1912; No. 2, a p relim inary report upon th e statistics of unem ploym ent b y
Louis Variez, secretary of th e special com m ittee appointed jo in tly b y th e In tern atio n al
In stitu te of Statistics an d th e In tern atio n al Association on U nem ploym ent; No. 3,
principles involved and a te n ta tiv e outline for th e preparation of an in ternational
bibliography on unem ploym ent, reported in connection w ith th e proposal b y the
association to issue through th e m u nicipal lib rary of B udapest, H ungary, a com pre
hensive bibliography on unem ploym ent. T he outline classification of th is bibliog
rap h y consists of two parts. T he first p a rt deals w ith unem ploym ent theoretically
and descriptively, w hile p a rt two relates to rem edies for unem ploym ent; No. 4, a report
b y M. W. F. T reub, president of th e D u tch section of th e in tern atio n al association,
discussing th e relation of unem ploym ent to th e execution of p u b lic works; No. 5, th e
problem of unem ploym ent in its relation to th e in tern atio n al m ovem ent of labor,
b y Dr. I. Ferenczi, secretary of th e H ungarian section; No. 6, a rep o rt of th e secretary
general on th e p lan sub m itted b y Drs. F reu n d and Zacher relativ e to in ternational
em ploym ent office statistics.
---------A m e ric a n section.
U n e m p lo ym en t: a pro b lem o f in d u s tr y , F e w Y o rk,
1914-
295 p p .
U nder this title was issued volum e 4, No. 2, May, 1914, of th e A m erican Labor Legis
lation Review , w hich contains th e proceedings of th e first national conference on unem
ploym ent, in New Y ork City, F eb ru ary 27 and 28, 1914.
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A t th e close of the fifth annual m eeting of th e Am erican Association for Labor Legis
lation, in 1911, a com m ittee was appointed to represent th a t organization in its rela
tions w ith th e International Association on U nem ploym ent. This com m ittee was in
tu rn represented subsequently in Septem ber, 1912, at th e intern atio n al conference in
Zurich, Sw itzerland. Growing out of th is cooperation w ith th e Intern atio n al Associa
tion on U nem ploym ent there was formed out of th e A m erican com m ittee th e American
section of th e In ternation al Association on Lhuemployment, w hich section is practi
cally id en tical w ith the Am erican Association for Labor Legislation.
The program of the conference in clu d ed th e discussion of organization to combat
unem ploym ent; the irregularity of em ploym ent; p ublic responsibility for th e exist
ence of unem ploym ent; insurance against unem ploym ent; constructive proposals;
em ploym ent exchanges in th e U nited States; present status of unem ploym ent insur
ance; and new legislation on unem ploym ent exchanges. There is appended a brief
list of references on unem ploym ent, em ploym ent exchanges, and unem ploym ent
insurance prepared in cooperation b y th e Am erican Association for Labor Legisla
tion, th e U nited States B ureau of Labor Statistics, and th e L ibrary of Congress.
Resolutions of the conference urged th e establishm ent in th e Federal D epartm ent
of Labor of a bureau of distribution, w ith power to establish em ploym ent exchanges
throughout the country to supplem ent th e work of State and m unicipal bureaus, to
act as a clearing house of inform ation, and to promote th e distribution of labor. Upon
the State legislatures th e conference urged th e establishm ent or reconstitution of State
free em ploym ent agencies conforming to certain essential principles as laid down.
I n te r n a tio n a l A s so c ia tio n o n U n e m p lo y m e n t. A m e ric a n section. A practical program
f o r the p re v e n tio n o f u n e m p lo y m e n t i n A m e r ic a , s u b m itte d f o r criticism a n d sugges
tio n s by J o h n B . A n d re w s. N e w Y o r k , A m e ric a n A sso c ia tio n o n U n e m p lo ym en t,
1914. 18 p p .
Consists of an outline of a general scheme of economic reconstruction and organiza
tion relating to the problem of unem ploym ent. The outline presents six principal
topics: (1) R egularization of in d u stry ; (2) establishm ent of p ublic em ploym ent
exchanges; (3) system atic distribution of pu b lic work ; (4) prevention or distribution
of surplus labor; (5) unem ploym ent insurance; (6) constructive care of the unem
ployed.
---------- A u s tr ia n section. S y stèm e der a rb e itslo sen u n te rstiitzu n g :
V ortrag gchalten i n
der G esellschaft Oesterreichischer. V olksw irte v o n H o f rat P ro f. D r. E . S ch w ied la n d .
V ie n n a , 1914. 16 p p . ( F lu g h e ft 1.)
The report of a lecture before th e A ustrian Economic Association. Dr. E. Schwied-’
land suggests a system of subsidized unem ploym ent insurance, w ithout contribution
from the workers, w hich will include both organized and unorganized workmen. I t
is proposed to pay m unicip al subsidies to organized workmen through th e m u nicipal
em ploym ent exchanges. H e notes th a t this system differs from th e three already in
existence, comm only known as th e G hent system, th e Scandinavian system, and the
English system.
•------ — B e lg ia n section. L a lu tte contre le chômage.
A n n é e 1, M ay, 1 9 12-1914. G hent, 1912-1914.
Organe de la S e c tio n belge . . .
This is th e official periodical organ of the Belgian section of th e In tern atio n al Asso
ciation. T he first num ber appeared for May, 1912, and three num bers com pleted the
year. For 1913 there appeared three issues; and only one num ber (Jan u ary to March)
appeared in 1914, since w hich tim e it has ceased to appear. T he usual articles re
lating to unem ploym ent, labor exchanges, unem ploym ent insurance, irreg u larity of
em ploym ent, and the execution of pu b lic works in relation to unem ploym ent ap
peared in its pages, w ith p a rticu lar reference, however, to Belgium. E ach num ber
contains book reviews and bibliographical notices.
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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I n te r n a tio n a l A sso c ia tio n o n U n e m p lo y m e n t. D u tch section.
T ijd sc h rift der N a tio n a le
vereen ig in g legen de w erkloosheid. O rgaan der V ereeniging v a n nederlandsche arbeids-.
beurzen . . . ja a rg . 1 to date. 1912 to date. H a a rlem , B o is se v a in en C o., 1912
to date.
This periodical constitutes th e organ of the N ational Association on U nem ploym ent
for the N etherlands, and of th e association of D u tch em ploym ent exchanges; the
former of w hich is th e D u tch section of th e In tern atio n al Association on U nem ploy
m ent. I t appears in four or five issues each year, although occasionally some issues are
consolidated. T he first issue appeared in 1912, w hile th e latest received in th e B ureau
is th a t for January,-1916. T he usual topics on unem ploym ent in its various aspects are
discussed in its pages, w ith p articu lar reference, however, to th e N etherlands. E ach
num ber contains book reviews and bibliographical notices.
---------- F ren ch section. L e p la ce m e n t p u b lic à P a ris, s itu a tio n actuelle et p ro je ts de
reform e, p a r L o u is V ariez, Ch. P ic q u en a rd , D a r d s Georges A lf a s s a et M a x L aza rd .
P a ris, 1913. 325 p p .
T his volum e contains th e stenographic reports of five p ublic conferences h eld
under th e auspices of th e F rench section in March, 1912, a t th e Ecole des H autes
É tu d es Sociales. T here were discussed th e following topics: Germ an and English
em ploym ent office m ethods; th e placem ent of labor in Paris; abuses and defects
in th e work of em ploym ent offices; th e placem ent of women and ch ild ren ; p u b lic
em ploym ent offices of Paris and th e program of th e F ren ch association on un em p lo y
m ent; M ethods of th e p ublic em ploym ent office of B erlin.
—------------------- C irculaires d u secrétariat général. N o . 6 -7 , 9 -1 2 , 1 5 -1 9 , 2 2 -3 3 . N o .
6 -1 9 n b t m o n o g ra p h s; N o . 22 , L a guerre et le chômage en F rance, 1915; N o . 23, L e
chômage et le guerre e n G rande-B retagne; N o . 24, L a lu tte contre le chômage a u
D a n e m a rk p e n d a n t la guerre; N o . 25 , L e p la ce m e n t p u b lic en G rande-B retagne
p e n d a n t la guerre; N o . 26 , L a guerre et le chômage en N orvège; N o . 27, L e recrute
m e n t de la m a in - d ’œ u vre agricole e n F rance; N o . 28 , L a guerre et le chômage a u x
P a y s -B a s ; N o . 2 9 , L ’o rg a n isa tio n d u p la ce m e n t p u b lic e n F ra n ce; N o . 30, L e
guerre e t le chômage en É sp a g n e ; N o . 31, L ’o rie n ta tio n p ro fe ssio n n e lle de la jeu n esse
ouvrière et la crise de l ’appren tissa g e; N o . 32 , N o te s u r l ’assem blée générale s ta tu
taire d u 29 Octobre 1915; N o . 33, L a guerre et le chômage e n I ta lie .
These are fugitive circulars w hich, beginning w ith No. 22, have appeared as separate
monographs, w hile num bers prior thereto have d ea lt w ith two or more subjects d is
cussed a t th e m eetings of th e french association on unem ploym ent. T he contents
of th e monographs are as follows: No. 22, T he war and unem ploym ent in France;
No. 23, T he war and unem ploym ent in G reat B ritain ; No. 24, T h e struggle against
unem ploym ent in D enm ark during th e war; No. 25, Work of pu b lic em ploym ent
exchanges in Great B ritain during th e war; No. 26, T he war and unem ploym ent in
Norway; No. 27, R ecruiting agricultural labor in F rance; No. 28, T he war and u n em
ploym ent in th e N etherlands; No. 29, T h e organization of pu b lic em ploym ent offices
in France; No. 30, T he war and unem ploym ent in S pain; No. 31, V ocational guidance
of youth and th e present crisis in th e evolution of apprenticeship; No. 32, T he general
m eeting of October 29, 1915; No. 33, T h e war and unem ploym ent in Ita ly .
---------- G erm a n section. S c h rifte n der D eu tsch en gesellschaft z u r belcäm pfung[ der arbeitslo sig keit. B e r lin . N o . 1. D ie V ergebung der ö ffe n tlic h en arbeiten i n deutschlancl i m k ä m p fe gegen die arbeitslosigkeit, by D r. E r n s t B ern h a rd t. B e r lin , 1913.
55 p p . N o . 2 . D er gegenw ärtige sta n d der arbeitslosenfürsorge u n d Versicherung in
D e u tsch la n d . B e r lin , 1912. 138 p p .
T he first volum e noted above is th e beginning of a series of monographs p ublished
b y th e G erman section of th e In tern atio n al Association on U nem ploym ent. In p u r
suance of a resolution of th e in ternational association, th e in d iv id u a l national sections
had undertaken an investigation as to th e influence of th e proper d istrib u tio n of pub lic
works upon unem ploym ent. T h e resu lt of th e in v estigation m ade in G erm any is
subm itted under th e p rincipal heads following: T he problem of th e m ovem ent of
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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
91
labor and th e principles for its solution; Measures tak en in th a t respect b y pu b lic
corporations; Present m ethods em ployed b y th e E m pire and th e F ederal States,
including th e State adm inistration of railroads; T he economic and technical difficul
ties connected w ith th e m ovem ent of labor in relation to th e condition of th e labor
m arket; D istribution of public works in large German m u n icipalities in periods of
economic depression; Difficulties in th e m ovem ent of labor as experienced b y m u n ici
palities; T he awarding of pu b lic contracts b y trades, and its im portance for th e state
of th e labor m arket.
T he second monograph gives th e results of an in q u iry into th e developm ent and
present state of th e care for th e unem ployed and of unem ploym ent insurance in Ger
m an m unicipalities and towns. I t is an historical and statistical account of th e
developm ent of institutions dealing w ith th e problem s of unem ploym ent an d its
relief. T he te x t of com m unal ordinances regidating th e care for th e unem ployed is
reproduced in an appendix.
I n te r n a tio n a l A s so c ia tio n o n U n e m p lo y m e n t. H u n g a r ia n section. A M u n k a n e lk u lise g
e lle n i Icuzdelem m agyarorszdgi, egyesuletenek Iciadvdnyai. B u d a p e s t, 1911-1915.
( P u b lic a tio n s o f the H u n g a r ia n A sso c ia tio n o n U n e m p lo y m e n t.)
These are serially num bered monographs, constituting th e publications of the
H ungarian section, n ine of w hich have already appeared. The first num ber, w hich
appeared in 1911, contains miscellaneous groups of articles relating to th e international
conference of 1910 a t Paris, an account of th e international association and of th e
H ungarian section, together w ith th e by-laws of these two associations. T he contents
of Nos. 2 to 9 are as follows: No. 2, 1913, U nem ploym ent and the migration of laborers;
No. 4, 1914,1 The economic situation and unem ploym ent (proceedings of th e H unga
rian section, A pr. 30, 1913); No. 5, 1914, U nem ploym ent and labor in th e m unition
industries (Septem ber conference, 1914); No. 6, 1915, U nem ploym ent and crop
insurance, 1914 (February conference, 1915); No. 7, 1915, The war and its effect on
the earning capacity of women (March conference, 1915); No. 8, 1915, U nem ploym ent
and the disturbed conditions of work in agriculture in H ungary, b y B ela Balkanyo;
No. 9, 1915, T he economic status of incap acitated persons (April conference, 1915).
----------------------A M unlcanel/ciiliseg e lle n i ku zd elem . A N e m ze tko zi egyesulet m a g ya r osztaly d n a k ko zlem en yei. B u d a p e s t, 1912 to date. ( The struggle a g a in st u n e m p lo y m e n t;
organ o f the H u n g a r ia n section o f the I n te r n a tio n a l A sso c ia tio n o n U n e m p lo y m e n t.
E d . D r. Im r e F eren czi.)
This is the official periodical organ of th e H ungarian section of th e in ternational
association, th e first volum e of w hich appeared Decem ber, 1912, w ith th e latest issue
received, th a t of June, 1915. T here are discussed in its pages th e usual problem s of
unem ploym ent in its various aspects. P articu lar reference is, how ever, given to
unem ploym ent among agricultural laborers, as farming plays such a large share in the
economic situation in H ungary.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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[409]
OFFICIAL REPORTS RELATING TO LABOR.
UNITED STATES.
C alifornia.—I n d u s tr ia l W eljare C o m m issio n .
vegetable e a n n in g in d u stry .
R e p o r t o n wage board i n the f r u i t a n d
[S a n F rancisco, 1916.] 16 p p .
M inim um wages adopted b y th e wage board Jan u ary , 1916, for women employees
in th e canning industry, after presentation of recom m endations b y b o th employers
and employees. Hearings are to be held by th e commission before th e final adoption
of th e scales recom m ended b y th e board.
--------- L os A n g e l e s .
1914-15.
M u n ic ip a l F ree E m p lo y m e n t B u re a u .
[L o s A n g eles, 1915.] 16 p p .
S e co n d a n n u a l report,
T he b u reau was established on Jan u ary 2,1914, and th is is a report of its operations
for th e fiscal year ending Ju n e 30, 1915. The work of th e b ureau is d iv id ed into
three divisions—comm ercial, ind u strial for m en, and household for women.
T he following sum m ary shows th e results of th e b u re a u ’s operations for th e year:
Applica
Persons
tions by
registered. employers.
Divisions.
Positions
filled.
Industrial (men).......................................................................................
Household (women).................................................................................
Commercial................................................................................................
11.917
6,095
4.0S0
19,315
6,762
1,825
18,677
5,446
1,215
Total................................................................................................
22,092
27,902
25,338
Based upon th e num ber of vacancies registered b y employers and the positions
filled, th e bureau can claim 90.8 per cent efficiency.
M assachusetts.— B u re a u o f S ta tis tic s .
N in th a n n u a l rep o rt o n the S ta te fre e e m p lo y
m e n t offices f o r the yecur ended N o vem b er 30, 1915. B o s to n , 1916. 43 p p .
The four State free em ploym ent offices of Massachusetts are located, respectively, at
Boston, Springfield, W orcester, and F all R iver. During the nine years since the
first office was opened in Boston 197,041 positions have been filled b y them . During
the first year of th eir operations, 1907, there were filled 15,510 positions. The m axi
m um filled, 29,117, was in 1913. The positions filled b y all offices during the year
ended November 30, 1915, were d istrib u ted among several industries as follows:
NUMBER OF MALES AND FEM ALES SECURING POSITIONS THROUGH T H E STATE
EMPLOYMENT OFFICES DURING YEAR E N D ED NOV. 30, 1915.
Males.
Occupations.
Agricultural pursuits..........................................................................................
Apprentices.........................................................................................................
Domestic and personal service..........................................................................
Manufacturing"and mechanical pursuits..........................................................
Professional service.............................................................................................
Trade and transportation ................................................................................
Other trades.........................................................................................................
Total
................................................ ....................................
92
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[410]
Females.
Total.
1,798
166
6,270
4,631
28
1,697
63
9,925
1,631
435
31
1, 798
172
16,195
6,262
36
2,132
94
14,653
12,036
26,689
6
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MONTHLY BEVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
93
These conditions show an im provem ent over conditions prevailing during th e pre
ceding year, an im provem ent w hich is also substantiated by th e personal report of the
different superintendents.
The operations of the four offices during th e year ending N ovember 30, 1915, are
contained in the following table:
V O L U M E O F B U S IN E S S D O N E B Y S T A T E
IN G
Classification.
Boston..........................
Springfield........................
Worcester.........
Fall R iver................
E M P L O Y M E N T O F F IC E S D U R IN G Y E A R E N D -
NOV.
3 0 , 1915.
Number
Work of appli
ing
cations
days. from em
ployers.
304
i 305
1 305
1 279
Total for four offices................
Per cent
Aggregate
of
number Positions Positions positions
of persons offered.
filled.
filled of
called for.
persons
called for.
15,130
6,2 9 6
5 ,9 2 6
1,104
17,847
7,571
7,316
1,172
3 0 ,532
9 ,615
10,365
1,068
14,491
6,106
5 ,150
942
81.20
80.65
70.39
80.38
2S, 456
3 3 ,906
5 1 ,580
2 6 ,689
78.71
1 Springfield, W orcester, and Fall River offices had 26 working days in June.
The actual expenses of the four offices for th e year were $33,420.51, there having
been appropriated $35,500.
The director of the bureau of statistics, u n d er whose jurisdiction th e offices are
placed, recom m ends th a t a special board be established to have charge of these offices
in the future on the ground the m anagem ent of such offices should be a specialized
function.
M a ssa c h u se tts.—-State B o a rd o f L a b o r a n d In d u strie s. L icen sed w orkers i n in d u stria l
hom e w o rk i n M assachusetts; a n a lysis o f current records u n d e r the auspices o f the
B u r e a u o f Research, W o m e n ’s E d u c a tio n a l a n d In d u s tr ia l U n io n . B o s to n , J915.
153 p p . ( In d u s tr ia l B u ll e ti n N o . 4 .)
In 1913 the State board of labor and industries organized a home-work division
and em ployed investigators to enforce th e home-work law. In Ju ly , 1914, th e attorney
general held th a t these investigators were inspectors u n d er th e law, and as th e full
quota of authorized inspectors had been filled th e continued em ploym ent of th e
home-work investigators would have been illegal. The division was therefore dis
continued. However, as a result of its activ ities during 10 m onths a considerable
am ount of d ata concerning home work in M assachusetts was collected. These have
now been analyzed and presented in th e work listed above.
In the 10 m onths of its existence th e home-work d ep artm en t m ade 11,830 visits
for the purpose of granting licenses and of regulating conditions u n d er th e home-work
act. As a result 6,218 persons out of th e 7,765 applying received licenses. Only
175 applicants were refused licenses and for th e following reasons: Because of disease,
23 per cent; poor sanitation, 51 p er cen t; other causes, 26 p er cent. B u t as other
applicants d id not desire work or h ad moved or given th e wrong address, an addi
tional 1,372 should be added to th e above num ber, so th a t 1,547, or 20 per cent, failed
to secure licenses.
The analysis of the schedules of inspection collected by the home-work division
during its existence threw lig h t upon th e different phases of hom e work; i t disclosed
the location of home workers in the State; th e location and character of th e industries
giving out home work; housing conditions; conditions of th e workroom; n a tiv ity of
workers; n a tiv ity and age of fam ily members; th e share and responsibility of mothers
in the work of fam ily groups; in short, the economic status of the fam ilies in general.
32602°—16------7
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
The results of the investigation show th a t betw een 6,000 and 7,000 licenses for
home work are granted each year; th a t 8,000 applications are received each year;
th a t the granting of licenses requires about 12,000 visits, or about tw o for each license
(practically one-half of th e visits are fu tile ); th a t th e proportion of refusals because of
disease, poor sanitation, etc., is very small (about 2 per cent of th e applications in 10
months); th a t th e num ber of revocations is sm all (4.8 per cent of th e num ber granted);
th a t th e grade of th e fam ily as determ ined b y condition and cleanliness of th e house,
yard, and workroom and of th e in d iv id u al occupants, to w hich licenses are granted,
is good. As to th e location of hom e-working industries i t appears th a t th e workers
are concentrated in th e m etropolitan a re a of Boston, although a large num ber of
workers are scattered throughout th e State. Cities and towns w here licenses are
granted are grouped m ostly in th e eastern p a rt of th e State.
T he industries w hich m anufacture w earing apparel are th e only ones in which
home workers have been licensed b y th e S tate, and th e num ber of workers studied
in th e analysis was 2,643, found in 14 different occupations of th a t industry.
As to housing conditions, i t appeared th a t of th e 2,379 houses in w hich licenses
were granted 42 per cent were tenem ents and 58 per cen t were dwellings. T he average
fam ily group is m ade up of three to four people, w hile th e prevailing condition is
th a t of one and one-half rooms for one person.
T he work is carried on for th e most p art in th e k itch en or dining room. In 24 per
cent of all cases reported th e work was done in the k itchen. The ventilatio n and
heat of workrooms were reported as being “ very good, ” or “ good. ”
As to n a tiv ity , more th an one-half of th e workers were born in th e U n ited States,
the ranking foreign nationalities being Italian , Canadian, and Irish.
The largest num ber of m others an d fathers are 25 to 35 years of age, w ith alm ost an
equal num ber 35 to 45 years. A surprisingly large n um ber of workers were over 60
years of age.
In more th a n three-fourths of the fam ilies w here home work is done th e father is
living (78 per cen t of th e total 2,223 families). Of th e en tire num ber of families 81
per cen t have no children a t w ork; also of these 41 per cen t have no d ep en d en t children;
21 per cen t only one d ep en d en t child and 18 per cent two or more children.
T he m axim um incom e from home work is $5 per week. The hourly rate of earnings
for the m ajority of workers is from 7 to 10 cents. A large m ajority of those in th e
lowest incom e group (under $520 per annum ) supplem ent their incom e b y taking
boarders or lodgers.
As a result of its investigations the board m ade certain recom m endations, among
w hich were: Total prohibition of home work as the ultim ate goal, w ith a present
adjustm ent prohibiting m anufacturing and m ercantile establishm ents giving out
home work requiring work on ch ild ren ’s clothing, dolls, toys, foods, table linen,
h a n d k e r c h i e f s , etc.; requirem ent of m anufacturing and m ercantile establishm ents to
report m onthly a list of employees engaged on home work; and an appropriation of
$10,000 to enforce the present law on home work.
M is s o u r i.— Kansas City.— B o a rd o f P u b lic W elfare.
1 9 1 4 -A p r il 20, 1915. K a n sa s C ity, M o. [1916.]
S ix th a n n u a l report, A p r i l 21,
206 p p .
T he board of public welfare of Kansas City is a body w hich combines un d er one
head the interests of the com m unity expressed in such activ ities as those of factory
inspection and research, recreation, charity, free legal aid, welfare of th e homeless, the
unem ployed and the delinquent, and social service of various kinds. T he cost during
the year to m aintain the board was $147,058, an am ount e v id en tly insufficient, as consid
erable retrenchm ent in expenses and in th e scope of the work was found necessary.
D uring the year the research bureau of th e board m ade an investigation of th e cost
of housing working people in K ansas City and of th e e x te n t of child labor. T his
bureau also com piled a new directory of the charities of th e city.
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95
The survey of working children inclu d ed 1,000 who were tin d er 16 years of age,
together w ith all colored children graduated in 1914 from th e grade schools. The
purpose of the survey was to ascertain the age a t w hich children leave school, w hy
they leave, in w hat occupations th ey are found, th eir success th erein, and in w hat
w ay the com m unity either through its schools or other m eans can serve th eir interests.
D ata concerning 900 boys u n d er 16 years of age show th a t th e largest num ber, 317,
or 35.2 per cent, were newsboys; th e n e x t largest num ber, 133, or 14.8 per cent, were
in shops and stores; the th ird largest num ber, 108, or 12 per cent, were in d epartm ent
stores; w hile 101, or 11.2 per cent, were doing office and errand work.
A lthough the survey is said to have been so lim ited as to preclude th e draw ing of
any definite conclusions, certain fundam ental facts were, how ever, disclosed b y th e
investigation. The principal reasons for w ithdraw al from school were found to be
economic pressure, dissatisfaction, and th e idea th a t further schooling was unnecessary.
Positions are secured in a careless, haphazard fashion; there is m uch shifting around
from job to job; “ blind-alley jo b s” are frequently tak en up ; and m uch of th e work
th a t is entered upon is demoralizing; w hile no regard is given to proper vocational
training.
I t is recom m ended as a result of th e investigation th a t th ere b e a com plete and con
tinuous system of registering children of school age; th a t there b e organized a d epart
m ent of vocational guidance; th e establishm ent of closer relation betw een th e work
of th e attendance office, th e n ig h t school and child ren a t work; registration of child
labor perm its issued to th e em ployer and th e ir reissuance w ith each change in posi
tion, as well as th e use of special vacation perm its and increasing th e age lim it for
night work in messenger service from 16 to 21 years.
T he legal aid bureau handled 6,262 cases during th e year, of w hich 2,494 were claims
for wages, varying in am ounts from 25 cents to $50. T here was collected b y th e
bureau $7,705.
The free em ploym ent bureau filled 2,834 p erm anent positions and 24,810 tem porary
jobs.
New Y ork . — In su ra n ce D e p a rtm e n t.— P roceedings o f the j o i n t conference o n w o rk m e n 's
co m p en sa tio n in su ra n ce rates, 1915.
A lb a n y , 1915.
39 p p .
This report will be found summarized in this number of the R eview on p. 66.
-------- N ew Y ork City .— B u re a u o f M u n ic ip a l In v e s tig a tio n a n d S ta tis tic s (D e p a rt
m e n t o f F in a n c e ). R e p o r t relative to p ro p o sed leg isla tio n p ro v id in g p e n sio n s to
w id o w s w ith children. J a n u a ry 25, 1915. [N ew Y o r k , 1915.] 26 p p .
----------------------M u n ic ip a l L o d g in g H ouses.
A d v iso r y S o c ia l Service C om m ittee.
The
m e n we lodge: A rep o rt to the com m issio n er o f p u b lic charities, city o f N e w Y o r k ,
by the a d visory social service com m ittee o f the m u n ic ip a l lo d g in g houses. S e p te m b e r,
1915. [N ew Y o r k , 1915.] 42 p p .
This is a stu d y into th e character, conditions and causes of d ependency of 1,500
homeless m en who applied for shelter in th e m unicipal lodging houses of New York
City during March, 1914. The result of th e investigation shows th a t a su bstantial
proportion of th e men who applied a t th e m un icip al lodging houses are unem ployable.
Of 2,000 m en who were given m edical exam ination 1,774 were declared physically
able to work in th e judgm ent of th e exam ining physicians, and 226, or 11 p er cent,
were declared u nable to work. Physical d isability, retarded m en tality , in eb riety ,
h ab itu al idleness, lack of training, an d old age were some of th e factors w hich con
trib u ted to th e inefficiency of these men.
This report was also p rin ted in th e A m erican Labor Legislation Review , New York
City, for N ovem ber, 1915 (Yol. 5, No. 3, P u b licatio n No. 30).
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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
O h io .— In d u s tr ia l C o m m issio n .— R a tes o f toages, h o u rs o f labor, a n d flu c tu a tio n o f
e m p lo y m e n t i n Ohio i n 1914■ C o lu m b u s, 1915. 317 p p . (B u lle tin o f the I n d u s tr ia l
C o m m issio n o f Ohio, vol. 2, N o . 4; d ep a rtm en t o f in v e stig a tio n a n d statistics,
R e p o r t N o . 16).
A statement concerning this investigation will be found on page 30 et seq. of this
number of the R eview .
----------------------U n io n scale o f wages a n d h o u rs o f labor i n Ohio o n M ay 15, 1915.
C o lu m b u s, 1916. 107 p p . (B u lle tin o f the In d u s tr ia l C o m m issio n o f Ohio, vo l. 2,
N o . 8; d e p a rtm e n t o f in v e stig a tio n a n d statistics, report N o . 20.)
This report shows th e union scale of wages and hours of labor on May 15, 1915, in
occupations in w hich a considerable n u m b er of th e employees are organized in most
cities. I t includes data from 14 cities in Ohio having a population in 1910 of 25,000
or more. The inform ation is classified b y trades and b y localities.
A dvance in rate of wages’ was secured during th e tw elve-m onth period ending
May 15, 1915, b y about 18,000, or 24 per cent, of th e 75,000 trad e unionists covered
in th e report. These advances ranged generally from 50 cents to $4 per week. Onesixth of th e workers benefiting b y these advances secured th em through strikes, while
th e rem aining five-sixths gained th em through conferences, agreem ents, or other
methods.
P e n n s y lv a n ia .— D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r a n d In d u s tr y . R u le s a n d r u lin g s o f the P e n n s y l
v a n ia w o rk m e n 's c o m p en sa tio n board issu e d by the w o rk m e n ’s co m p en sa tio n bureau
o f the d e p a rtm e n t o f labor a n d in d u s tr y . H a rrisb u rg , 1916. (B u lle tin N o . 2.)
This b u lletin contains rules and instructions for th e execution of compensation
agreements, rules of procedure, rulings of th e board, and a list of forms as adopted b y
th e compensation bureau in its adm inistration of th e State w orkm en’s compensa
tion act.
---------- D e p a rtm e n t o f M in es.
R ep o rt, 1914•
H a rrisb u rg , 1915.
2 vols.
P art I covers in detail th e operations in th e 21 anthracite districts, and P art I I
operations in th e 28 bitum inous districts, as retu rn ed by th e inspectors. O bservations
and suggestions are offered relating to m ine subjects, w ith special reference to im proved
physical and sociological conditions, first-aid and rescue work, relief funds, needed
legislation, and accident prevention. T he im portant facts are sum m arized in th e
introduction :
T he coal production of Pennsylvania for th e year 1914 was 237,074,171 n e t tons,
of w hich 91,189,041 tons were an th racite and 145,884,530 tons bitum inous. T he coke
production was 17,164,124 n e t tons. Both coal an d coke showed a reduction from
th e high record of 1913. T he decrease in th e an th racite o u tp u t was 437,323 tons; in
th e bitum inous, 27,081,129 tons; and in th e coke, 7,554,114 tons.
T here was a notable decrease in th e n u m b er of accidents in b oth regions. The
anthracite fatalities num bered 600, as against 624 in 1913; th e bitum inous num bered
413, as against 611. T he nonfatal accidents in th e an th racite region num bered 1,014,
as against 1,125 in 1913, and in th e bitum inous region 963, as against 1,082. N otw ith
standing th e reduced tonnage, th e nu m b er of employees was considerably greater
th an in 1913, th e reduction in tonnage being due to a reduction in th e nu m b er of days
worked. T he anthracite region reported 180,899 employees, as against 175,310 in
1913; th e bitum inous reported 196,038, as against 189,909.
S o u th C arolin a.— D e p a rtm e n t o f A g ric u ltu re , Com m erce, a n d In d u strie s.
sio n . S e v e n th a n n u a l report. C o lu m b ia , 1916. 1 4 4 , \ l \ p p .
L a b o r D iv i
A detailed report of th e work of th e division for th e year 1915, w ith a discussion of
th e social and economic conditions obtaining in th e State, and recom m endations for
legislative enactm ents; also statistical tables an d in d u strial directory.
T he average n um ber of employees in South Carolina industries was 76,452, of whom
57,933 were males and 18,519 females. In these figures are inclu d ed 4,660 male and
3,280 fem ale workers u n d er 16 years of age.
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97
In 1909 there were 726 children u n d er 12 years of age em ployed in th e te x tile indus
tries, b u t no such employees have been so engaged for th e four past years. T here
were 28 prosecutions for violation of th e child labor law, and 48 orders for dismissal of
children under age, and an investigation of alleged violation of th e 60-hour a week
law was conducted.
T he following legislative recom m endations are m ade: An intellig ib le an d enforce
able 60-hour-a-week law; prohibition of th e em ploym ent of children u n d er 14 years
of age; prohibition of the use of th e suction sh u ttle in te x tile p lants; establishm ent
of a board of arbitration and conciliation; prohibiting professional performances of
any child under 14 years of age in theaters, etc.; enlarging th e scope of th e messenger
boy act; requiring lire escapes and other m eans of safety in case of fire, guarding of
dangerous m achinery, workshop v entilation and sanitation; bakery inspection; super
vision of em ploym ent agencies; accident reports; creation of a commission to inves
tigate problem s of w orkm en’s compensation and accident insurance. T he State
factory inspectors recom m end th e passage of a compulsory education law.
U nited S tates .— B u re a u o f N a tu r a liz a tio n {D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r).
A n o u tlin e course i n
c itize n sh ip to be u sed i n the p u b lic schools f o r the in s tr u c tio n o f the fo r e ig n a n d n a tiv e
born candidate f o r a d u lt-c itize n sh ip re sp o n sib ilities.
W a sh in g to n , 1916. 28 p p .
The introductory statem ent notes th a t this is a p relim in ary and im perfect outline,
and m erely m eant to be suggestive; i t was prepared in response to dem ands upon th e
B ureau to prepare such a course. Em phasis is laid on th e d e sirab ility of having all
instruction in the E nglish language. Besides courses in civics, courses in dom estic
science are urged, in cludin g such m atters as th e care of ch ild ren and infants.
•---------- C h ild ren 's B u re a u (D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r). C hild-labor leg isla tio n i n the U nited
S ta te s. W a sh in g to n , 1915. 1131 p p . a n d one fo ld e r . {B u re a u p u b lic a tio n N o . 1 0 .)
A com pilation of all child-labor legislation in force in th e various States and out
lying possessions of th e U n ited States, as of O ctober 1, 1915. P a rt 1 consists of 7
analytical tables of certain im p o rtan t provisions regulating th e em ploym ent of chil
dren, com pulsory school attendance, etc.
P a rt 2 consists of a reproduction of all such laws as are noted in th e tables, and such
as were not general in ty p e or not of p rim ary im portance, and therefore were not
included in th e tab u lar statem ents presented.
-------- B u r e a u o f Im m ig r a tio n (D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r).
Im m ig r a tio n law s. R u le s o f
N o vem b er 15, 1911. E d itio n o f F eb ru a ry 12, 1916, w ith a m e n d m e n ts to ru les 6,
12, 19, 22, a n d 28. W a sh in g to n , 1916. 71 p p .
FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
Canada.
B o a rd o f I n q u ir y in to the Cost o f L iv in g .
2 vo lu m es.
R e p o r t o f the B o a rd .
O ttaw a, 1915.
------ — D ep a rtm en t o f L a b o r {sta tistica l branch). _ T he rise i n prices a n d the cost o f liv in g
i n C anada, 1900-1914. A sta tistic a l e x a m in a tio n o f econom ic causes. S y n o p s is
o f exh ib it by the sta tistic a l branch o f the D e p a rtm e n t o f L ab o r. L a id before the board
o f in q u ir y in to the cost o f liv in g , 1915. O ttaw a, 1915. 83 p p .
A sum m ary of th is report w ill be found elsewhere in th is issue of th e R
p. 51.)
e v ie w
.
(See
D enm ark.— S ta te n s S ta tis tis k e D e p a rtm e n t. S ta tis t isle aarbog 1915, 20de aargang.
C openhagen, 1915. x x iv , 230, [5] p p .
This volum e constitutes th e tw e n tie th issue of th e statistical yearbook for D enm ark,
containing a classified table of contents b oth in th e vernacular and in French, divided
into eleven sections. I t carries a d etailed su b ject ind ex . The d ata are brought to
th e end of th e calendar year 1914, or up to th e fiscal year ended March 31, 1915. The
volum e contains tables of retail and wholesale prices—in d ex num bers for th e l a t t e r sickness insurance statistics, statistics of m utual benefit societies, unem ploym ent
[415]
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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
insurance, accident insurance, old-age pensions, strikes and lockouts, wages, hours of
labor, im m igration, trad e unions, cooperation, etc., etc.
G erm an y.— A llg e m e in e r K n a p p sc h a fts v e re in z u B o c h u m .
J a h r 1914. B o c h u m , 1915. 2 vols.
V erw allungsbericht f u r das
These two volum es contain a report of th e general m iners’ fund in Bochum for th e
year 1914, one of the adm in istrativ e bodies through w hich th e w orkm en’s insurance law
applicable to m iners is enforced. T here is noted a decrease in th e m em bership and
receipts and an increase in ex penditures w ith consequent reduction of th e annual
surplus, explained b y th e report as a resu lt of th e war.
T he average m em bership in 1914 was 388,385 in th e sick fund, 313,672 in th e pension
and aid fund, and 375,485 in th e in v a lid ity and survivors’ fund. The com bined
assets of th e 3 departm ents am ounted to 298,052,535.74 m arks ($70,936,503.51).
T he report contains detailed d ata as to th e general condition of th e h ealth of the
m em bers and as to certain diseases.
•---------- S la listic h e s A m t . D ie K ra n k e n v e rsic h e r u n g im Jahre 1913.
17, 60 p p . (S ta tis tik des D e u tsc h en R eichs, B a n d 2 7 7 .)
B e r lin ,
1915.
This is th e tw en tieth annual report on th e activities of th e G erm an sick funds and
relates to th e year 1913. M edical care is provided from th e first day of sickness;
pecuniary aid is given beginning w ith th e fourth day of sickness. Compensation
continues for 26 weeks a t th e most. From this report and previous ones for th e years
1911 and 1912 the following table was prepared by th e R eichs-A rbeitsblatt:
RESULTS OF THE OPERATION OF GERMAN IN D U STR IA L SICK FUNDS, 1911 TO 1913.
[Source: Reichs-Arbeitsblatt, vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 233 ff. Berlin, 1915.]
Total, all funds.
1911
1912
Per member.
1913
1911
1912
1913
Number of fu n d s...............................................
23,109
21,659
21,342
Average m em bership........................................ 13,619^ 048 13,217', 705 13,566,473
Average membership per fund .........................
589.34
610.26
635.67
Cases of sickness of "members involving disability...............................................................
5,772,388
5,633,956
5,710,251 0.42 0. 43 0. 42
Days of sickness involving paym ent of pecuniary benefits or hospital treatm ent............ 115,128,905 112,249,064 117,436,644 8. 45 8. 49 8. 66
Ordinary receipts (interest, entrance fees,
contributions, subsidies, and miscellaneous
receipts, exclusive of receipts for invalidity
insurance)........................................................ $98,125,165 $99,390,722 $104,909,309 $7. 20 $7.52 $7.73
Contributions and entrance fees....................... 92,449,305 93,679,394
98,588,587 6. 79 7.09 7.27
Ordinary disbursements (costs of sickness,
refund of contribution and entrance fees,
costs of administration, exclusive of those
for invalidity insurance, miscellaneous dis94,018,781 103,000,076 6.86 7.11 7.59
bursem ents)..................................................... 93,420,889
Costs of sickness................................................. 85,077,474
85,617,576 92,983,399 6.25 6. 48 6.85
Medical treatm ent....................................... 19,933,505 20,380,724 22,358,051 1.46 1.54 1.65
13,020,038
14,355,602
.93
.99 1.06
Medicines and other curatives................... 12,654,754
Pecuniary sick benefits.............................. 36,552,748 35,794,829 38,446,843 2.68 2. 71 2.83
1,618,199
1,715,038
1,803,748
. 12 .13
.13
Maternity benefits.......................................
2,029,064
1,911,602 . 15 .14
1,888,035
.14
Death (funeral) benefits.............................
12,745,733
14,026,202 .90
.96 1.03
Hospital treatm ent..................................... 12,223,171
.005 .005 .007
Care of convalescents..................................
66,036
73,179
81,352
Costs of administration (exclusive of those for
5,281,065
5,140,414
6,157,354
.39
.39
.45
invalidity insurance)......................................
73,133,115
73,986,569 5.47 5.53 5. 45
Excess of assets over liabilities......................... 74,096,997
------------------ -— S tr e ik s u n d A u s s p e r r u n g e n im Jahre, 1914S ta tis tik des D eu tsch en R eichs, B a n d 279.
B e r lin , 1915.
23, 43 p p .
T his volum e constitutes th e six teen th an n u al report on labor disputes b y the
Im perial S tatistical Office. T he rep o rt states th a t after th e outb reak of th e war all
pending labor disputes quickly term inated, while during th e war strikes occurred only
to a negligible ex ten t. T h u s of all strikes reported during th e year, 88.6 p e r cent fell
into th e period before th e war, an ad ditional 9.4 per cen t were term inated soon after
the outbreak of th e war, w hile only 2 per cent began and term inated after the out
break of the war. T his 2 p er c en t of th e nu m b er of strikes, however, included only
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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
99
1.2 per cen t of the total n um ber of strikers involved. No lockout was reported in
1914 during th e war months. The following table shows th e d istrib u tio n b y indus
tries of persons involved in strikes and lockouts during th e 5-year periods 1904-1908
1909-1913, and 1914:
D ISTRIBU TION, BY IN D U STR IE S, OF PERSONS INVOLVED IN S T R IK E S AND LOCK
OUTS IN GERMANY, 1904-1908, 1909-1913, AND 1914.
Industry groups.
Annual average of striking and locked- Striking and lockedout workers—
Number
out workers—
of industrial
workers
1904-1908
1909-1913
1914
on June
12, 1907
(Indus
Per cent
Per cent
Per cent
trial
of in
of in Number.
of in
Census). Number. dustrial Number. dustrial
dustrial
workers.
workers.
workers.
Gardening, stock raising, and
fishing.........................
81,105
Mining, etc........................
817,504
Stones'and earths.............
694,546
Metal working, machinery, e tc .. 1,641,835
Chemical industry.........
134,138
Forest by-products, etc..............
71,014
T extiles...............
857, 855
Paper..................
193,065
Leather, e tc..............
141,695
Woodworking___
526, 478
Food products.......................
766, 229
Clothing and cleaning.............
648,841
Building trades.................
1,273,150
Printing, engraving, e tc.........
167,796
Commerce............
731,703
Transportation..............
274,190
Hotels, saloons, restaurants, etc. 294,611
Public performances, and not
specified industries..............
40,974
Total........................
9,356,729
633
58,109
10,758
52,343
1,818
502
23,061
2,886
4,160
18,276
7,405
15,190
69,933
1,848
6,536
6,131
81
0.8
7.1
1.5
3.2
1.4
.7
2.7
1.5
2.9
3.5
1.0
2.3
5.5
1.1
.9
2.2
.0
595
69,332
12,396
86,325
2,640
'833
19,465
2,488
2,577
13,397
9! I ll
16,946
77,668
1,931
3,487
7,992
'284
0.7
8. 5
1.8
5.3
2.0
1.2
2.3
1.3
1. 8
2.5
1. 2
2.6
6.1
1.2
.5
2.9
325
2,292
10,571
15,656
04
3
1*5
i n
498
3
103
25,566
"968
1,093
4 995
1,793
2 936
18' 577
95
1,512
7,991
*1
3.0
5
.8
9
2
5
15
j
9
2
9
147
.4
126
.3
76
.2
279,817
3.0
327,593
3.5
95,140
1.0
I
A total of 1,115 strikes were reported during 1914, involving 5,213 establishm ents
em ploying 193,414 workers, of whom 58,682 w ent on strike. The largest nu m b er of
strikes, 381, affecting 14,919 strikers, lasted for a period of from 1 to 5 days.
As in former years, wage disputes were th e m ost frequent cause for strikes; 884
strikes w ith 48,029 strikers related to wages, w hile 230 strikes w ith 15,266 strikers re
lated to the hours of labor, and 594 strikes w ith 36,355 strikers involved otherdem ands.
As to the results obtained 17 p er cent of th e strikes were w holly successful an d 38.1 per
cent were partially successful for th e strikers, w hile 38.5 per cen t were term inated
w ithout result for them .
The num ber of lockouts reported during 1914 was 108. T hey inv o lv ed 833 estab
lishm ents and 36,458 workers. The m ost im p o rtan t lockouts involving 446 establish
m ents and 23,823 workmen took place in th e te x tile in d u stry in th e L usatia district.
Considered from the view point of the em ployers 43.5 p er cen t of th e lockouts were
term inated w ith full success, 50.9 per cen t were compromised, and 5.6 p er cen t ended
w ithout result.
G erm any. S ta tistisch es A m t . D ie V o lkszä h lu n g iin D eutschen Reiche a m i .
D ezem ber
1910. E rste r T eil: E in le itu n g u n d D a rste llu n g der haup tsä ch lich en E rgebnisse.
B e r lin , 1915. v ii, 155 p p . (S ta tis tik des D eutschen R eichs, v o l. 240, p a r t 1 .)
This quarto volum e constitutes a sum m ary of th e G erm an census of population of
D ecem ber 1, 1910, ascertaining th e usual inform ation gathered b y census inquiries
regarding th e sex, age, conjugal condition, occupation, religion, citizenship, etc., of
the population. A census of dwellings was also und ertak en in connection w ith it.
The F ederal law of F ebruary 10, 1910, left th e direction and responsibility for the taking
of the census to the in d iv id u al communes.
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100
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
According to this census th e population of G erm any was 64,925,993 on Decem ber 1,
1910, or an increase of 7.07 per cent since D ecem ber 1, 1905. The absolute increase
of 4,284,504 was the largest ever recorded in an y five-year period since 1871, th e year
of th e foundation of the German E m pire. The relative increase, however, was ex
ceeded in both 1900 (7.82 per cent) and in 1905 (7.58 per cent). Of th e increase during
the five-year period, the excess of im m igration over em igration accounted for 159,904.
T he annual increase in population during th e period 1905 to 1910 was 1.36 per cent.
The annual increase in population in th e U nited States for th e 10-year period, 19001910, was 1.93 per cent. The d ensity of population was 310.9 persons per square mile,
as com pared w ith 157 per square m ile in 1840, or nearly doubled th a t of th e la tte r date.
T he exodus of th e rural population to u rb an centers has continued in G erm any during
the last five years according to th is census. Thus in 1905, 43 per cent of th e popula
tion lived in rural communes of less th an 2,000 population, while in 1910 this propor
tion had decreased to 40 per cent. Of th e urban increase th e larger proportion of i t
w ent to cities having a population of 100,000 and over, as th e proportion of those living
in cities ranging from 2,000 to 100,000 was p ractically th e same a t both th e censuses of
1905 and 1910, while for th e former class of cities th e proportion in 1905 was 19 p er cent,
and in 1910 it was 21 per cent.
Germany.— Z e n tr a l V erein f ü r A rb eitsnachw eis z u B e r lin .
1 9 14-15.
B e r lin , 1915.
Geschäftsbericht f ü r das Jahr
34 p p .
D uring th e year ending March 31, 1915, th e B erlin central em ploym ent exchange,
sem ipublic and State subsidized, through its own central office and its nine subdopartm ents registered 480,812 applications for work. I t was notified of 355,031
vacant situations and succeeded in filling 292,971 vacancies. These figures ind icate
an average of 135 applicants for each 100 vacancies, and th a t situations were secured
for 60.9 per cent of th e applicants registered. The num ber of applicants for each
100 vacancies was the largest in August, 1914—i. e., 270—and lowest in March, 1915—
l. e., 86. Since th e outbreak of th e war u p to March 31, 1915, th e exchange placed
40,762 applicants for work w ith th e arm y as trench diggers. In order to m eet th e
large am ount of unem ploym ent among fem ale workers, th e exchange, in August,
1914, opened workshops for th e m anufacture of war supplies, so th a t a t th e end of
Septem ber about 3,000 were em ployed in th e m anufacture of cartridge belts, bags
for hard-tack and bread, h elm et covers, etc. The report comments in term s of praise
upon th e successful work of th e exchange as compared w ith th e inefficient work done
during the Avar b y the em ploym ent exchanges organized b y employers.
-------- Munich.—S c h u lr a t.— A ch ter Jahresbericht der m ä n n lic h e n F o rtb ild u n g s- u n d
G ewerbeschulen M ü n ch en s f ü r das S c h u lja h r 1913-14.
G. K ersch en stein er. M u n ich , 1914. 446 p p .
E rsta tte t v o n S c h u lr a t D r.
This is th e eighth annual report on im provem ent and trade schools for boys in
Mu n ich, containing general statistics for th e en tire system of these schools and
detailed data as to attendance, curriculum , teaching staff, etc., for each in d iv id u al
school.
---------P russia.— S ta tistich e s L a n d e sa m t.
S ta a t, 1913, vo l. 11.
B e r lin , 1914.
Sta tistisch es Jalxrbuch f u r den preussischen
x lii, 693 p p .
In th e present eleventh issue of th e yearbook for Prussia th e Prussian State S ta
tistical Office presents in 21 sections and an ap p en d ix statistical data on practically
the same topics as in former issues. Section six is exclusively devoted to labor con
ditions and gives data on em ploym ent offices, wages, hours of labor, strikes and
lockouts, and establishm ents and employees working u n d er collective agreem ents.
O ther sections contain statistical m aterial on cooperative societies, hours of labor
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M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
101
and rest periods of railroad employees, retail prices of foodstuffs, w orkm en’s in su r
ance, housing of workmen, and w orkm en’s colonies. The volum e is provided w ith
a detailed in d ex giving th e sources of all data.
Germany.— Saxony .— Sta tistisch es L a n d e sa m t.
reich Sach sen ,
vo l. 42, 1914/15.
Sta tistisch es Jahrbuch f ü r das K ö n ig
D resden, 1915. 362 p p .
This is th e forty-second issue of th e yearbook published by th e State S tatistical
Office of Saxony and presents th e usual inform ation contained in such publications.
The m aterial is grouped in 21 sections and indexed alphabetically. I t contains
statistical data relating to daily hours of labor and rest periods; em ploym ent bureaus;
unem ploym ent; strikes and lockouts; collective agreem ents; current wages b y locali
ties; wages of m iners; wages and labor conditions in th e State railroad service;
wages in several cities; and wages of workmen insured in trad e accident associations;
num ber of industrial establishm ents em ploying more th an ten workmen and num ber
of th e workmen em ployed, by industries; retail prices of foodstuffs in selected cities;
and statistics of cooperative societies.
Great Britain.
B o a rd o f Trade.
Vehicle m a k in g a n d m iscella n eo u s m eta l trades.
P rep a red o n b e h a lf o f the B o a rd o f Trade f o r the u se o f advisory com m ittees f o r ju v e n ile
e m p lo y m e n t i n Greater L o n d o n . L o n d o n , 1915. 43 p p . ( H a n d b o o ks o n L o n d o n
trades.)
This handbook is one of a series prepared for th e use of vocational guidance com
m ittees in th eir work of advising boys and girls as to th e choice of suitable em ploy
m ent. This particular pam phlet gives brief descriptions of th e different occupations
w hich enter into wagon m anufacture and in different m etal trades. I t describes con
ditions of work, hours and wages, generally prevailing, and notes opportunities for
entrance in th e various occupations so far as those m atters concern young workers.
"
R a ilw a y accidents. S u m m a r y o f accidents a n d casualties reported to the
board o f trade by the several ra ilw a y com p a n ies i n the U nited K in g d o m d u rin g the
three m o n th s en d in g 31 M arch, 1915, together w ith reports to the B o a rd o f Trade by the
in sp e c tin g officers [etc.] u p o n certain accidents w hich were in q u ir e d in to . L o n d o n .
1915. 143 p p .
Contains te x t statem ents concerning special investigations m ade of railw ay acci
dents b y officers of th e board of trad e during th e first quarter of 1915.
‘
C h ie f R eg istra r o f F rie n d ly S ocieties. R ep o rts o f the c h ie f registrar o f fr ie n d ly
societies f o r the year e n d in g D ecem ber 31, 1914. P a r t A : G eneral report. L o n d o n
1915. 250 p p .
This report is based upon returns from friendly, collecting, cooperative, and building
societies, and trade unions, and other sim ilar organizations. The general report shows
the m em bership, incom e, expenses for benefits and m anagem ent, and balances for th e
year 1914, by classes of societies, w hile th e sum m ary tables cover th e operations for
th e year 1913. A study of th e origin, growth, and developm ent of friendly societies
m ay be found in th e tw enty-fourth annual report of this bureau, 1909, volum e 2, page
1550 et seq.
---------D e p a rtm e n ta l C om m ittee o n L a n d S e ttle m e n t f o r S a ilo r s a n d S o ld ie rs.
I n tr o
d u c tio n a n d P a r t I o f the f in a l report o f the d e p a rtm e n ta l com m ittee a p p o in te d by the
p resid en t o f the B o a rd o f A g ric u ltu r e a n d F isheries. L o n d o n , 1916. 30 v v
fo ld
chart.
'
A statement concerning this report may be found on pages 11 to 13 of this number
of the R eview.
-----
H o m e D e p a rtm e n t.
1914. L o n d o n , 1915.
M ines a n d quarries; general report, w ith
2 vols: P a r t I I , L a b o r; P a r t I I I , O u tp u t.
sta tistics, f o r
This report appears regularly in th ree parts. The general sum m ary, or p art one,
was listed and a brief abstract m ade in th e D ecember, 1915, issue of th e R eview .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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102
M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
Great B ritain .— L o c a l G o v ern m e n t B o a rd .
M a tern a l m o r ta lity i n co n n ectio n w ith child
hearing a n d its re la tio n to i n fa n t m o r ta lity . L o n d o n , 140 p p . ( I t s fo r ty -fo u r th
a n n u a l rep o rt, 1914-15; S u p p le m e n t i n c o n tin u a tio n o f the report o f the m edical
officer o f the hoard f o r 1 914-15.)
--------- M a n u a l o f em ergency leg isla tio n c o m p risin g a ll the acts o f P a rlia m e n t, procla
m a tio n s, orders, etc., passed a n d m ade i n consequence o f the w ar.
5 ro ls.
L o n d o n , 1 9 1 4 ,1 9 1 5 .
This single volum e and four supplem ents, all to ld some 2,000 pages, comprise
B ritish emergency legislation during substantially th e first year of th e war or to
A ugust 31, 1915.
—
•■■■■P o s t Office.
1915. 22 p p .
S ta n d in g C om m ittee o n B o y L a b o r.
F if t h a n n u a l report.
London,
The standing com m ittee on boy labor in the post office of G reat B ritain was ap
pointed to investigate and m ake recom m endations concerning th e em ploym ent of
boys betw een the ages of 14 and 16 in th e post office departm ent, w ith a mew to
m aking th eir em ploym ent profitable to them upon th e ir discharge, preparing them
for work outside of the office, and giving advice regarding th eir physical training,
education, etc. I t m ade its first report N ovem ber 21, 1910.
---------R o y a l C o m m issio n o n the C ivil Service. S i x t h report o f the com m issioner; m i n
u tes o f evidence, F eb ru a ry 11 to J u ly 8, 1915, ivith appendices.
vols.
L o n d o n , 1915.
2
The civil-service commission Avas appointed in 1912 to investigate th e m ethods
of m aking application and prom otions in the civil service, the diplom atic and consular
services and the legal departm ent, and to investigate in general th e system of com
p etitiv e exam ination for civil-ser\dcc appointm ent, w ith a view to m aking recom
m endations for any alterations or im provem ents w hich m ight be advisable.
The commission presented 5 reports an d w ent out of existence. A new appointm ent
was m ade January, 1915, and th e above report, called th e sixth report of th e com
mission, was issued regarding conditions of ap pointm ent and prom otion of employees
in th e judicial departm en t of Great B ritain. As th e legal d ep artm en t of E ngland and
Scotland differ m aterially, th is report Avas divided in tw o parts, one devoted to the
system of each country.
-------- B lackburn.—P u b lic H ea lth D e p a rtm e n t.
B la c k b u r n f o r the year 1914■
B la c k b u r n , 1915.
A n n u a l report u p o n the health o f
x v , 186 p p . a n d sta tistic a l fo ld ers.
Contains matter relating to the health and sanitary conditions of the borough of
Blackburn, year ending December 31, 1914; also vital and mortality statistics, some
material relating to the inspection of factories and workshops and the operations of
the house and town planning act of 1909. Death rates among persons engaged in the
cotton industry of the city are given for 1914 and average rates for the period 1889 to
1914, by causes; operatives are classified into four occupational groups—weavers,
spinners, Avinders and Avarpers, and card-room hands.
India (M adras ).—-J u d ic ia l D e p a rtm e n t.
F actories rep o rt, 1914.
M adras, 1915.
18 p p .
Italy .— M in istero d i A g ric o ltu ra , L nd u stria e C om m ercio. D irezione Generale del Credito e della P revid en za . A t t i del co n sig lio della p revidenza e della assicurazione so ciali.
S e ssio n s del 1915. R o m e , 1915. 550 p p . ( A n n a l i del credito e della p revidenza.
S eries IL , N o . 15).
The m inutes of th e m eeting of th e council of savings and social insurance (Apr.
12-16, 1915)'. The m eeting discussed questions relating to m u tu al aid societies,
life insurance, insurance in stitu te s for th e em ployees of common carriers and ques
tions of social insurance in general.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[420]
M O N T H L Y R EV IEW OF T H E B U R E A U OF LABOR ST A T IST IC S.
Italy .— Isp e tlo ra to Generate del C om m ercio.
1915.
I n d ic i e c o n o m ic , 1903-1914; 1914
103
Rom e
2 vols.
These two volumes form an additio n to th e statistical literatu re of so-called business
barom etrics, and have been gathered by th e Ita lia n Inspectorate G eneral of Commerce
from various official sources. These d ata w ill be continued in th e future in a regular
m onthly publication. T here are presented such d ata as th e discount rate of Ita lia n
banks of issue, holdings of comm ercial paper by banks of issue, and p riv ate financial
institutions; gold and silver in banks of issue, rates of foreign exchange, Ita lia n Gov
ernm ent bond quotations, pub lic revenues, clearing-house transactions, taxes on
business, stam p taxes, m ovem ent of railroad traffic, im ports and exports and trade
balance, im ports and exports of certain articles, stock quotations, deposits in postal
savings banks, relative prices of foodstuffs and grains, im m igration, and strikes and
lockouts.
-------— -------- P ro v v e d im e n ti i n m ateria d i econom ía e d i fin a n z a i n séq u ito a lia querrá
E u ro p e a . F a r t 1: A u g u s t 1, 1914, to J u l y 31, 1915.
n a li del crédito e della previdenza, Series I I , v o l. 10.)
R o m e , 1915.
620 p p
(A n -
The first volum e of a collection of economic and financial m easures enacted in Ita ly
during th e E uropean war. The volum e covers th e period A ugust I, 1914, to Ju ly 31
1915, and reproduces laws, decrees, m in isterial circular orders, orders of th e m ilitary
authorities, and policy forms and prem ium tariffs adopted by th e N ational Insurance
In stitu te and th e N ational A ccident Insurance F u n d for W ar Risks.
*------------;------ P ro v v e d im e n ti m m ateria d i econom ia e d i fin a n za e m a n a ti i n A u s tr ia i n
seg u ito a lla guerra E u ro p e a . P a r t I . A u g u s t 1 , 1914, to M arch 31, 1915.
1915. ( A n n a li del credito e della p revidenza, Series I I , vo l. 13.) 386 p p .
Rom e
A reproduction of w ar measures of an economic and financial character enacted in
A ustria betw een A ugust 1, 1914, and M arch 31, 1915.
N etherlands.— C entraal B u re a u voor de StatisticJc.
N ed erla n d gedurende, 1913. T he H ague, 1915.
tiek v a n N ed erla n d , n ew series, N o . 216.)
W erksta kin g en en u its lu ilin g e n i n
lii, 207 p p . (B ijd ra g e n to t de S ta tis -
T his volum e reports 400 strikes in th e N etherlands during 1913, of w hich num ber
383 involved 23,990 strikers and 1,878 establishm ents. Of th e total reported 362 were
for an increase in wages, 24 against a decrease in wages, 89 due to other wage questions,
84 due to dem ands as to hours of labor, 14 caused by a dem and for unionism , 38 for
reinstatem ent of discharged employees, / in relation to shop rules, 39 involving ques
tions of th e contract of hire, and 101 for other dem ands not known. T he strikers
succeeded in 91 instances, were p artially successful in 159, failed in 116, and con
cerning 27 disputes th e resu lt was unknow n or doubtful. More th a n one-half, or 228
strikes, lasted less th a n one week.
D uring th e year 1913, 27 lockouts were reported affecting 404 establishm ents and
6,171 employees. Of these one failed, 18 were partially successful, 6 were wholly suc
cessful, and for 2 no report is ma.de.
—— - D e p a rte m en t v a n L a n d b o u w , N ijv e rh e id en H a n d e l.
der kam ers v a n arbeid over 1914.
The H a g u e, 1915.
Overzicht v a n de verslaqen
Ixi, 59, i i p p .
A report of th e operations of th e labor councils in th e N etherlands in 1914. These
councils are equipartisan bodies composed of representatives elected b y employers
and by employees, serving eith er for a trad e or for a locality. T hey h av e considerable
authority in all questions as to labor conditions, hours, wages, etc.; th e y also ac t as
conciliators and arbitrators in labor disputes and in in te rp re tin g disp u ted points in
labor agreem ents. T heir advice and influence are particularly notew orthy in govern
m ent work, both State and m unicipal. Of 85 organized councils a t th e close of 1914,
3 m ade no report.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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104
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OE LABOR STA TISTICS.
Netherlands.— D irectie v a n den A rb eid .
I)e H a n d v la sse rij i n F riesla n d .
Uitgegeven
voor reken in g v a n het De/par Lenient v a n L a n d b o u w , N ijv e rh e id en H a n d el. The
H a g u e, 1915. 37 p p .
This volum e contains th e report of an investigation of th e flax spinning in d u stry in
the Province of Friesland in th e N etherlands m ade during th e w inter of 1913-14 by
the inspectors of th e labor office. The in q u iry covered 2,341 work places in which
3,587 persons were em ployed. T he sm all nu m b er of persons em ployed in proportion
to th e num ber of work places shows q u ite clearly th a t th e in d u stry is predom inately a
hand-w orking one. The fact th a t 24 per cent worked on th e ir own account is also a
partial indication of its being a handicraft prim arily, w hile it also appeared th a t in th e
case of 1,174 establishm ents 506 were reported as em ploying only one workman each.
I t is likewise a highly seasonal industry, as indicated b y th e fact th a t out of a total of
2,273 from whom returns were received, 439, th e largest proportion, or 19.3 per cent,
worked only 10 weeks out of th e year, w hile only 57, or 2.5 per cent, worked 20 weeks
and over.
In former tim es the preparation and spinning of flax was entirely a hand operation,
b u t in recent years it is noted th a t small m achines are being introduced to a consider
able extent.
-------------------Verslag over het haventoezicht u itg eo effen d i n 1914■
x ii, 84 p p -
[ The H a g u e ] 1915.
(P u b lic a tio n N o . 17.)
T his is th e fifth special report issued b y th e D u tch labor dep artm en t on conditions
in dock labor at th e principal coast harbors in H olland. T he first report was one m ade
as of Jan u ary 1, 1910, and subsequent reports have appeared an n u ally for th e years
1910 to 1913. T he volum e here listed notes conditions prevailing in 1914. The
inspections and investigations are m ade b y district labor inspectors. T he reports
relate m ainly to R otterdam and D ordrecht, A m sterdam, Zaandam , Velsen, and
W estzaan, and includes such m atters as hours, wages, accidents, and living condi
tions. A brief survey is also inclu d ed for several sm aller harbors treated separately.
T he 1914 report presents a special chapter also concerning conditions in dock labor
resulting from th e war. No general sum m ary is presented.
A special law, it is noted, was enacted October 16,1914, for th e protection of steve
dores and other dock laborers.
New South W ales.— D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r a n d In d u s tr y .
the fa cto rie s a n d sh o p s act, 1912, d u rin g the year 1914■
R e p o r t o n the w o rk in g s o f
S y d n e y , 1915. 59 p p .
T he average num ber of persons employed in th e factories of New South Wales
in 1914 was reported as 90,141, as com pared w ith 95,584 in 1913. T he num ber of
factories was 5,993 in 1914 as compared w ith 5,561 in 1913. Of th e num ber of
employees reported for 1914, 70 per cent were males and 30 per cent females. T here
were 2,128 m ales under 16 years of age and 2,480 females.
T here were reported 442 accidents during th e year, of w hich 9 were fatal.
D uring 1914, 177 inform ations were laid for violation of th e act, out of w hich 168
convictions were had. T he num ber of informations laid in 1913 was 90 and th e
num ber of prosecutions 89.
--------- G o vern m e n t S ta tis tic ia n .
S y d n e y , 1915.
The
official yearbook
o f N ew S o u th Wales', 1914.
1,010 p p .
An historical and statistical descriptive m anual of New South Wales.
New Zealand.— N a tio n a l P r o v id e n t F u n d .
year ended D ecem ber 31, 1914.
F o u r th a n n u a l report o f the board f o r the
W e llin g to n , 1915. 2 p p .
T he N ational P roviden t F u n d of New Zealand was established b y law in 1910 and
came into operation on M arch 1, 1911. I t is a governm ent insurance schem e whose
purpose is to provide for an n u ities in old age, supplem ented, however, b y m atern ity
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
105
and sickness benefits. T he system is open to an y persons betw een th e ages of 16 and
45 years residing in New Zealand and whose average incom e during th ree years prior
to joining has not exceeded approxim ately $1,000 a year.
Norway.— R ik sjo rsik rin g sa n sta lten .
1915.
(N orges officielle sta tis tic .
F iskerfo rsikrin g en f o r A a r
V I , 54-) 16*, 43 p p .
1914.
C hristiania,
This is a report of the operation of th e law of A ugust 8, 1908, and am endm ent of
August 18, 1911, establishing accident insurance in Norway for fishermen and sealers.
From 1909 to 1914 there had been paid in prem ium s 810,120.70 crowns ($217,112.35),
while the am ount of compensation paid for th e period was 978,171.37 crowns
($262,149.93). The difference betw een the prem ium s and com pensation is paid b y
the State harbor fund.
ACCIDENTS R E P O R T E D AND COMPENSATED AND RA TE P E R 10,000 PERSONS INSURED,
F ISH E R M E N ’S ACCIDENT INSURANCE D E PA R TM EN T, NORW AY, 1909 TO 1914.
Accidents reported.
Compensated accidents resulting
in—
Compen Not com Total.
sated. pensated.
Death.
Disability.
Rate
per
10 , 000. Num Rate
Num Rate
per
per
ber.
ber.
10, 000.
10,000.
Number
insured.
Year.
1909..............................
1910...............................
1911...............................
1912................................
1913................................
1914................................
91,240
89,925
87,832
89,911
89,197
87,614
422
342
291
271
297
270
Total...................
535,719
1,893
116
122
538
464
, 383
375
388
392
59.0
51.6
43.6
41.7
43.5
44.7
186
199
163
137
187
151
647
2,540
47.4
1,023
122
92
104
91
20.4
22.1
18.6
15.2
21.0
17.2
19.1
236
143
128
134
119
25.9
15.9
14.6
14.9
12.3
13.6
870
16.2
110
For further inform ation concerning accidents in Norway fisheries, reference is made
to B u lletin No. 157 of this B ureau, pp. 139-141.
--------- R ik sfo rs ik rin g sa n s ta lten .
39, 90 p p .
I n d u s tr is ta tis tik f o r A a re t 1913.
(N orges officielle sta tis tik , V I, 53.)
C h ristia n ia , 1915.
This volum e consists of a report issued b y the Royal W orkm en’s Insurance In stitu te .
, The report of th e office is lim ited in th e sense th a t th e law of J u ly 23, 1894, and am end
m ents thereto, June 9, 1911, authorizes supervision only of insured in d u strial estab
lishm ents. I t is the purpose of th e present report to show th e in d u strial develop
m ent in Norway from 1897 to 1913, w ith particular reference to conditions prevailing
in 1913. D etail statistical tables are prepared showing th e num ber of insured estab
lishm ents, average num ber of insured employees, days of work, wages, etc., by
industries and occupations, and b y Provinces.
Q ueensland .— D e p a rtm e n t o f Labor.
o f fa cto ries a n d shops.
R ep o rt o f the director o f labor a n d c h ie f inspector
Year e n d in g J u n e 30, 1915. B risb a n e, 1915. 139 p p .
Statistical report of th e governm ent labor exchange and th e work of th e d epartm ent
in the inspection of factories and workshops.
--------- R eg istra r o f F rie n d ly Societies.
T h irtieth report o f the R eg istra r o f fr ie n d ly
societies, b u ild in g societies, a n d trade u n io n s . B risb a n e, 1915. 38 p p .
F riendly societies m ay be briefly described as a m utual aid or benefit systems organ
ized as a rule b y persons of m oderate means. T hey are essentially m u tu al insurance
societies supported by contributions from th e ir members. T hey are recognized and
favored by law b u t m ust su b m it to a degree of adm inistrative supervision of their
finances and operations by th e State authorities.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[423]
106
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
The report here listed relates to th e operation of friendly societies, b uilding socie
ties, and trade-unions in Queensland in th e year 1914, although data as to registrations
is com plete u p to Septem ber 30, 1915. The m em bership of friendly societies on
D ecem ber 31, 1914, was 52,247, as compared w ith 32,164 in 1905. There was paid out
in benefits in 1914 to m em bers and th eir dependents £112,020 ($545,145) in 1914, as
compared w ith £77,733 ($378,288) in 1905. T he adm inistrative expenses for the
years indicated was £28,076 ($136,631.85) and £73,359 ($357,002), respectively.
T h at p a rt of this report relating to b uilding associations shows 16 such societies in
existence a t th e end of 1914.
The num ber of trade-unions was 36 and em ployers’ association 7. The expendi
tures of the trades-unions in 1914 were as follows: Strike p ay £549 ($2,672); sickness,
£1,143 ($5,562); superannuation, £438 ($2,131); funeral benefits, £346 ($1,684); unem
ploym ent relief, £606 ($2,949); other benevolent grants, £61 ($297), a total of £3,143
($15,295) for benefits. E xpenses of m anagem ent m ade up £8,797 ($42,811), or 56.5
per cent of the total £15,576 ($75,801). The rem ainder £3,636 ($17,695) consisted of
certain m iscellaneous item s of ex penditure.
S c o tla n d .— G o vern m en t C om m ittee o n W ar O rg a n iza tio n i n the D is tr ib u tin g Trades i n
S c o tla n d .
F ir s t report.
E d in b u r g h , 1915.
11 p p .
The com m ittee was appointed to determ ine how far it would be p racticable to read
just conditions of em ploym ent in th e selling trades in Scotland so as to release a larger
num ber of men for enlisting or other national service w ith th e m inim um of interfer
ence w ith th e necessary conduct of th e trades. The problem was of some m om ent
when i t is known th a t there were em ployed in th e d istrib u tin g trades in Scotland,
according to the census of 1911, 152,081 persons out of a total population of 4,760,904.
Consideration was given b y th e com m ittee to th e m atter of su b stitu tin g women and
girls for the em ploym ent of m en and boys, and it is recom m ended th a t in so far as the
character and conditions of th e work perform ed by women approxim ate to th a t p er
formed b y m en th e p ay of th e ■women should approxim ate th a t of th e m en. I t was
also suggested th a t a uniform system of shorter hours m ight be adopted. One very
definite recom m endation was to th e effect th a t th e release of m en from th e trades for
service in th e arm y or navy or m unition factories should be accom panied b y guarantee
of reinstatem ent for them after th e war, if they desire to retu rn to th e work and are
suitable for it.
S o u th A u s tr a lia .— S ta tis tic a l D ep a rtm e n t. S ta tis tic a l register o f the S ta te o f S o u th
A u s tr a lia f o r the year 1914■
[A delaide,] 1915. x x i p p .
F a r t I I I . — P ro d u c tio n (.section 1.
P re fa to ry report).
S tatistical report of agricultural and industrial production in the State of South
A ustralia, y ear ending Ju n e 30, 1915.
S w e d e n .— P en sio n sstyrelse n . A rsberâttelse, 1914■ S to c k h o lm , 1915. 35 p p .
T he general law on old-age pensions, enacted Ju n e 30, 1913, becam e applicable in
Sw eden January 1,1914. T he report here listed gives th e results of operations for the
first year of its application. T he law provides for pensions to Swedish citizens who
have arrived a t the age of 67, or have suffered p erm anent in capacity for work. The
law is a contributory m easure, although th e S tate supplies a subsidy. T he basic
contribution of the insured person is 3 crowns per year, together w ith an additional
prem ium graded according to th e incom e of th e insured. Contributions are m ade by
the insured during the period of from 15 to 66 years of age. T he annual pension forms
30 per cent of the total am ount of th e prem ium s co ntributed (principal and interest)
in th e case of m en and 24 per cen t for women, w ith a gradual reduction corresponding
to th e increasing age of those who have com pleted their tw enty-fifth year a t the tim e
the law becam e effective.
T he num ber of insured persons paying prem ium s in 1914 was 3,225,700, of whom
890,200 lived in cities and 2,335,500 lived in rural districts. T he total am ount of
basic prem ium s paid in am ounted to 8,162,900 crowns ($2,187,657.20), m unicipal
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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M O N T H L Y R EV IEW OF T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR ST A T IST IC S.
107
contributions proportional to basic contributions of insured persons am ounted to
1,514,200 crowns ($405,805.60), and th e am ount of prem ium s p aid b y insured persons
supplem entary to basic prem ium s am ounted to 4,893,900 crowns ($1,311,565.20), a
total of 14,571,000 crowns ($3,905,028.00). During th e year 43,495 in d iv id u als made
claims for pensions, of whom 32.4 were males. The n um ber actu ally receiving p en
sions was 33,138, and the am ount paid out was 1,875,456.65 crowns ($502,622.38), or
an average of 56.60 crowns ($15.17) for each pensioner during th e year.
U nder the voluntary feature of the law w hich perm its persons who so desire to
make contributions of at least 30 crowns per year, so as to secure a larger pension th an
under the compulsory system, 628 persons were registered a t th e end of th e year.
Sw eden.—S o cia lstyrelsen .
K o lle k tiv a v ta l i Sverig e âr 1914 .
(Sverig es ojjiciella s ta tis tik . S o c ia lsta tis tik .)
S to c k h o lm , 1915.
39 p p .
Since 1908 th a t office of the Swedish G overnm ent concerned w ith th e investigation
of labor problem s and the adm inistration of th e labor laws has published annual
accounts of collective agreem ents entered into betw een em ployers and employees.
The publication here listed presents th a t inform ation for 1914. D uring th e year 226
agreements were recorded w hich fixed th e conditions of em ploym ent betw een 59,980
workmen and 1,572 employers. As far as data are available, th e following table shows
the relative e x ten t of th e agreem ents in force on Jan u ary 1, 1914, and Jan u ary 1, 1915:
NUM BER AND P E R CENT OF INDUSTRIAL EM PLOYEES IN CERTAIN INDUSTRIES IN
SW EDEN EM PLOYED U N D ER TRADE AGREEM ENTS, 1914 AND 1915.
Number and per ce at under trade agreements on—
Total
wage
earners
1913.
Industry groups.
Jan. 1, 1914.
Jan. 1,1915.
Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent.
Mining and metal industries..........................................
Earth, stone, and clay industries..................................
Woodworking..................................................................
Paper, printing, and publishing...................................
Food products.................................................................
Textiles and clothing......................................................
Leather, hair, and rubber..............................................
Chemicals.........................................................................
i
119,698
45,274
62,633
38,288
45,692
52,479
20,055
14,469
63,522
21,534
20, 513
20, 519
18,330
13,444
10,180
3,208
53.1
47.6
32.8
53.6
40.1
25.6
50.8
22.2
63,613
22, 050
18,603
21,367
19,150
23,260
11,743
5,275
53.1
48.7
29.7
55.8
41.9
44.3
58.6
36.5
T he total num ber of agreem ents in force on Jan u ary 1, 1915, was 1,408, involving
8,168 employers and 244,390 employees, as com pared w ith 1,448 in force on Jan u ary
1, 1914, w hich included 8,300 employers and 233,020 employees w ith in th eir terms.
Of th e 226 agreem ents w hich becam e operative in th e course of th e year 1914, 117
were concluded b y organized employers, and 109 b y unorganized employers; 217
b y organized workmen and 9 b y unorganized workmen. T he m ajority of th e agree
ments, or 148, were concluded betw een employers of one or more employees; 71 were
local in th eir scope, and 7 were of natio n al ex ten t. These latter, however, involved
the largest portion of workmen, i. e., 33,900. The relative num ber of specified duration
has been as follows during those years for w hich reports have been received:
Two
Three
year
Less than One
but years but
but not years
one year. over
over not over
two. not
three.
four.
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
............................................................
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
32.3
18.9
16.1
9. 6
12.0
12.2
20.3
[425]
37.6
43.6
15.2
12.8
9.5
13.9
13.3
22.3
26.3
10.2
10.5
20.3
47. 7
35.0
2. 6
5.3
40.2
4.1
15.5
14.3
15.5
Over
four
years.
4.4
16.5
60. 3
41.1
11.0
13.3
Duration
not
specified.
5.2
1.5
1.8
2.7
1.6
.8
2.6
108
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
The num ber of workmen affected and th e relative num ber of collective agreem ents
is shown in th e following table in relation to th e hours of labor specified in th e agree
m ents entered in to in 1914.
P E R CENT OF AGREEM ENTS ESTABLISHING SPEC IFIED CLASSIFIED W E EK L Y HOURS
OF LABOR, T O G ET H ER W ITH NUM BER OF W ORKM EN A FFEC TE D , 1914.
Classified weekly hours of
labor.
48 hours and less
49 t o .53 h o u r s
54 hours.........
55 to 56 hours............................
57 hours.........
Number Per cent
of work of agree
men.
ments.
3,998
5,383
'696
1,636
10,166
6.7
9.0
1.2
2.7
17.0
Classified weekly hours of
labor.
Number Per cent
of work of agree
men.
ments.
59 hours......................................
60 hours......................................
Over 60 hours............................
13,225
21,098
296
22.1
Total................................
59,844
100.0
35.2
.5
Tim e rates were established in 43 of th e 226 agreements, affecting 6,884 workmen;
the rem aining contracts established piece rates or a com bination of th e two methods
of paym ent. A m inim um tim e rate was guaranteed to piece workers in 26 instances,
affecting 942 workmen. Provision for sickness, accident relief figured in several of
the agreements. A nother provision of several agreem ents related to th e ir interpre
tation by arbitration or otherwise. In 139 agreem ents affecting 56,813 workmen
there was a clause to th e effect th a t th e em ployer reserved th e right to h ire and dis
charge his m en unhindered and to take on indiscrim inately organized or unorganized
workmen. Freedom of association was specifically recognized in 154 agreem ents
affecting 49,820 workmen. Provisions relative to apprentices were found in 36 agree
m ents affecting 8,752 workmen.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[42G]
PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR.
LABOR D EPA R TM EN TS AND BUREAUS.
A ustralia — C o m m o n w ea lth B u re a u o f C ensus a n d S ta tistic s .
B ra n ch .
L a b o r b u lle tin (p u b lish ed quarterly).
L a b o r a n d In d u s tr ia l
M elbourne.
J u ly -S e p te m b e r , 1915 (N o . 11). — In d u strial conditions; U nem ploym ent; R etail
prices, house rents, and cost of living; W holesale prices; In d u stria l disputes; Changes
in rates of wages; Current rate of wages; O perations under arb itra tio n and wages
board acts; Assisted im m igrants; S tate free em ploym ent bureaus; In d u stria l acci
dents; Preference to unionists; R eports of departm ents and bureaus; Im p erial and
foreign publications. A ppendix—M inim um rate of wages.
Canada .
The L a b o r Gazette issu ed by the D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r by order o f P a rlia m e n t.
O ttaw a.
F eb ru ary, 1916. —Notes on current m atters of in d u strial interest. In d u stria l and
labor conditions, 1916: General sum m ary; R eports of local correspondents; Reports
of women correspondents. Proceedings under th e in d u strial disputes investigation act,
1907; A nnual convention of th e B ritish Colum bia federation of labor; Review of trade
disputes, 1915; Changes in rates of wages and hours of labor, fourth quarter, 1915;
Wholesale and retail prices, January, 1916; R eports of em ploym ent bureaus; F air
wages schedules in G overnm ent contracts, January, ‘1916; Trade disputes, Jan u ary ,
1916; In d u strial accidents, January, 1916; Im m igration, em igration, colonization;
B uilding perm its, January, 1916; Previews; R ecent legal decisions affecting labor.
Chile.— B o le tin de la O ficina del T rabajo.
S a n tia g o de Chile.
B ie n n ia l.
S e co n d h a lf, 1914 ( v o l. 4, N o . 9 ).—Labor conditions in th e saltpeter district of
Iq u iq u e; A ctivities of th e labor exchanges; W orkm en’s dw ellings; Cost of living;
Compensation for accidents; In d u strial statistics; A ccident statistics, 1914; A ccident
insurance in France and A ustria and its a p p licab ility to Chile; Proposed legislation
and social m ovem ent in Chile and in foreign countries; D istrib u tiv e cooperative
societies in various countries.
D enm ark .— S ta tis tis k e E fte rre tn in g e r u d g ive t a f det S ta tis tis k e D e p a rtm e n t.
C o p en
hagen.
F eb ru a ry 5, 1916 (vo l. 8, N o . 2 ).—G overnm ent prices of grain, 1915; Crop production,
1915; D airying in D enm ark; U nem ploym ent, N ovember, 1915; In d e x n um ber of th e
Economist.
F eb ru a ry 25, 1916 (vo l. 8, N o . 3 ).—Population of D enm ark, F eb ru ary 1, 1916;
Increase in prices since th e outbreak of th e war; R etail prices, F ebruary, 1916; U nem
ploym ent, Decem ber, 1915.
Great B ritain.— The B o a rd o f Trade L a b o r G azette.
London.
F eb ru a ry, 1916,— E m ploym ent chart; T he labor m arket; O rganization of w om en’s
work on th e la n d ; Special articles on retail food prices in th e U n ited K ingdom, B erlin,
V ienna, Ita ly , and Sw itzerland; E m ploym ent in G erm any in D ecem ber; T h e war and
em ploym ent in France; E m ploym ent of women in m u nition factories; H ours of work
in m unition factories; Land settlem ent for sailors and soldiers; Work of th e Board of
T rade labor exchanges in 1915; R eports on em ploym ent in th e p rincipal industries;
Labor in foreign countries—H olland, Norway, Sweden, Ita ly , U nited States; Board of
T rade labor exchanges. S tatistical tables: T rade disputes; Changes in rates of wages;
Farm servants’ wages in Scotland; Sliding scale changes in wages; Prices of wheat,
flour, and bread; Pauperism ; U nem ploym ent insurance; Diseases of occupations;
F atal industrial accidents; Foreign trade; Distress com m ittees; Passenger m ovem ent
to and from th e U nited Kingdom. Legal cases, official notices, etc.
32602°— 16— 8
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[427]
109
I
110
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
Italy.— B o lle ttin o d e ll ’ Ufficio del L a vo ro . M im ste ro d i A g r ic o ltu r a , I n d u s tr ia e C o vim ercio. R o m e . (S e m im o n th ly .)
F eb ru a ry 1, 1916 .—Labor m arket, b y localities and industries; Labor disputes, De
cem ber, 1915, and first half of January, 1916; E m ployers’ and em ployees’ associa
tions; Congresses and conventions; R etail prices and in d ex num bers of foodstuffs in
Italy , D ecember, 1915; R etail prices and in d ex num bers of foodstuffs in Ita lia n cities,
first six m onths, 1914, and D ecem ber, 1915; R etail prices of foodstuffs in foreign
countries—Germany, B erlin (increase in N ovember, 1915, over Ju ly , 1914); A ustria,
V ienna (increase in October, 1915, over Ju ly , 1914); A ctivities of th e Labor Office.
F eb ru a ry 16, 1916 .—Labor m arket b y localities and industries; Labor disputes,
second half of January, 1916; Housing of workmen, second quarter, 1915; E m ployers’
and em ployees’ associations; Congresses and conventions; A ctivities of th e B ureau of
Labor; D isinfection of hides and skins infected w ith an th rax germs; Insurance against
occupational diseases in Canada; Court decisions relating to labor.
New York.— The B u lle tin issu ed m o n th ly by the N e w Y o rh S ta te In d u s tr ia l C o m m issio n .
A lb a n y .
F eb ru a ry, 1916 ( v o l. 1, N o . 5 ).—A m ended “ rule No. 2 ,” requiring th e inclosure of
stairw ays in buildings five stories or less in height; R ecen t variations g ranted; Com
m issions’ decisions; T he labor m arket; Inspections to date; B ureau activities; The
State fund, etc.
New Zealand.— J o u r n a l o f the D e p a rtm e n t o f L ab o r. W e llin g to n .
J a n u a r y , 1 9 1 6 .—Conditions of em ploym ent and trade, Decem ber, 1915; R eports
of th e w om en’s em ploym ent branches; R eports of unions; R ecen t legal decisions;
Scaffolding inspection act; Cases u n d er th e w orkers’ com pensation act; S tatistics of
persons placed in em ploym ent, cooperative works, accidents, trade-unions, current
retail prices; Control of prices and supplies in Germ any.
Norway.— S o cia le M eddelelser u tg it av S o cia la v d elin g e n u n d er D ep a rtem en tet f o r Sociale
S a ker, H a n d el, I n d u s tr i og F iske ri.
C h ristia n ia .
N o . 6, 1915 ( p rin te d 1916 ).—Labor m arket O ctober to Decem ber, 1915; R etail
prices (actual and relative), fourth quarter 1915, 1911 to 1915; Consum ption of beers,
wines, and whiskies, etc., 1910 to 1914; Proposed law on accident insurance in Sweden;
Swedish universal pension system.
Pennsylvania.— M o n th ly B u ll e ti n o f the P e n n s y lv a n ia D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r a n d In d u s
try.
H a rrisb u rg .
December, 19 1 5 .—P opular appeals to safeguard workers; T im ely h ints to em ployers
and em ployees; State-w ide efforts to p rev en t fatalities and property loss b y fire;
Slogans for safety; Protecting workers from poisonous dust; Self-oiling bearings as
factors for safety; K eep th e wash rooms clean; T he State bureau of em ploym ent;
New form of accident reports; New production report; W orkm en’s com pensation
bureau; R ulings of th e State w orkm en’s com pensation board; U nderw riting compen
sation insurance; Ladders m ust be b u ilt according to regulations; Safety standards
for ladders.
Spain.—B o le tín del I n s t i tu t o de R efo rm a s S o ciales. P u b lic a c ió n M e n su a l. M adrid.
J a n u a r y , 1916 .—R eport of th e secretary’s office and of th e special divisions; Labor
disputes and cost of living; Social progress; Legislation, in cluding decree establishing
board of postal savings a n d decree prohibiting deductions b y em ployers from wages
for m edical treatm en t; Ju d icial decisions of courts; Strikes an d lockouts; The war
and em ploym ent in France; Means of securing an ad equate supply in G reat B ritain
of articles of prim e necessity and raw m aterials.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[428]
M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
H I
MISCELLANEOUS.
A ustria. — A m tlic h e N ach richten des k. k.
M in is te riu m s des I n n e r n betreffend die
U nfallversich eru n g u n d die K ra n k e n ve rsic h eru n g der A rb e ite r. V ie n n a .
J a n u a r y , 1 9 1 6 — Pension insurance of salaried employees: Decree, D ecem ber 17,
1915, of th e m inister of th e in terio r providing for extension of th e w aiting period.
A ccident insurance: Jo in t decree, Decem ber 30, 1915, of th e m inisters of th e interior
and of public works relating to th e prem ium tariff of th e m iners’ accident insurance
in stitu te; D eterm ination of th e risk classes of th e m iners’ accident insurance in stitu te,
in force Jan u ary 1,1915, to D ecem ber 31, 1917, approved b y m in isterial decree Decem
ber 30, 1915; P rinciples governing th e determ in atio n of th e prem ium tariff and risk
classes of th e m iners’ accident insurance in stitu te .
Germany .— A m tlic h e N a chrichten des R eichsversicherungsam ts.
B e r lin .
{ M o n th ly .)
D ecem ber 2 0 , 1 9 1 5 — General part: Order, October 15, 1915, of the im perial chancellor
providing for annual reports of the insurance offices and superior insurance offices;
Notification, D ecem ber 16,1915, of th e im perial insurance office as to th e election and
appointm ent of nonperm anent alternate mem bers of the im perial insurance office.
A ccident insurance: Order, N ovem ber 24, 1915, of the im perial insurance office as to
extension of the present risk tariff of th e accid en t insurance association of transfer,
cab, etc., companies; Decisions on appeals, other decisions. Sickness, in v alid ity , and
survivors’ insurance: Decisions of the decision senates; D isbursem ents of th e in v alid ity
insurance institutes, October, 1915, for pensions and benefits to insured persons and
their survivors; R eceipts from the sale of contribution stamps, N ovember, 1915.
Italy.
B o lle ttin o dell
delV E m ig ra zio n e .
E m ig ra zio n e . M in istero
R o m e . { M o n th ly .)
degli
A ff a r i
E s te r i ,
C om issariato
O ctober-D ecem ber, 1915 {consolidated issu e ). —M inutes of the m eetings of the council
of em igration; A ppendix: R eport of the commissioner general on the supervision of
emigration a t ports of departure; Prohibition of th e admission of illiterate aliens to the
U nited States; Proposed construction of an em igrant station in N aples; Changes in the
personnel of th e commission of em igration.
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